0). The definition of the water table is the surface where the pressure head is equal to atmospheric pressure (where gauge","title":"Aquifer"},{"id":"17447784","text":"Freshwater inflow Environmental flows can be broken down into instream flow, freshwater inflow, and outflow, as shown in the depiction below. Instream flow is the freshwater water flowing in rivers or streams. Freshwater inflow is the freshwater that flows into an estuary. Outflow is the flow from an estuary to the ocean. This article's focus is upon freshwater inflow. Freshwater inflow: Freshwater flows into an estuary and mixes with the marine water of the estuarine ecosystem. The mixing of freshwater inflow and the marine water of the estuarine ecosystem occurs spatially and temporally from climatic influences including tidal action, seasonal","title":"Freshwater inflow"},{"id":"14945970","text":"depends on the solar-powered global water cycle, the evaporation from oceans and land to form water vapour that later condenses from clouds as rain, which then becomes the renewable part of the freshwater supply. Awareness of the global importance of preserving water for ecosystem services has only recently emerged as, during the 20th century, more than half the world’s wetlands have been lost along with their valuable environmental services. Biodiversity-rich freshwater ecosystems are currently declining faster than marine or land ecosystems making them the world's most vulnerable habitats. Increasing urbanization pollutes clean water supplies and much of the world still","title":"Sustainability and environmental management"},{"id":"20923360","text":"is the world's largest example of an artesian basin and associated artesian springs. GAB artesian springs are the primary sources of permanent fresh water within the arid zone since at least the late Pleistocene (the last 1.8 million years) and are therefore a unique feature of the arid Australian landscape. As the primary natural source of permanent fresh water in most of the arid zone, GAB artesian springs represent vital habitat for more widespread terrestrial vertebrates, and invertebrates with aquatic larvae. Elizabeth Springs is one of a suite of important artesian discharge GAB Springs that are outstanding examples of the","title":"Elizabeth Springs"},{"id":"1758975","text":"the survival of all ecosystems. The use of water by humans for activities such as irrigation and industrial applications can have adverse impacts on down-stream ecosystems. Fresh water withdrawal is the quantity of water removed from available sources for use in any purpose, excluding evaporation losses. Water drawn off is not necessarily entirely consumed and some portion may be returned for further use downstream. Pollution from human activity, including oil spills and also presents a problem for freshwater resources. The largest petroleum spill that has ever occurred in fresh water was caused by a Royal Dutch Shell tank ship in","title":"Fresh water"},{"id":"4068122","text":"Antarctic ice sheet The Antarctic ice sheet is one of the two polar ice caps of the Earth. It covers about 98% of the Antarctic continent and is the largest single mass of ice on Earth. It covers an area of almost and contains of ice. A cubic kilometer of ice weighs approximately one metric gigaton, meaning that the ice sheet weighs 26,500,000 gigatons. Approximately 61 percent of all fresh water on the Earth is held in the Antarctic ice sheet, an amount equivalent to about 58 m of sea-level rise. In East Antarctica, the ice sheet rests on a","title":"Antarctic ice sheet"},{"id":"1980804","text":"leeward side of mountains, desert climates can exist due to the dry air caused by compressional heating. Most precipitation occurs within the tropics and is caused by convection. The movement of the monsoon trough, or intertropical convergence zone, brings rainy seasons to savannah climes. Precipitation is a major component of the water cycle, and is responsible for depositing the fresh water on the planet. Approximately of water falls as precipitation each year; of it over the oceans and over land. Given the Earth's surface area, that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is , but over land it is only","title":"Precipitation"},{"id":"17447787","text":"supports beaches and provision the inter-tidal wetlands. Organic material delivered to estuaries by freshwater inflows the primary energy source for organisms living in the estuary. Estuarine ecosystems need freshwater inflow to maintain their productivity, or to continue to produce biomass. Estuarine ecosystems are fundamentally important and necessary to protect through the management of freshwater inflow because of the many ecosystem services they produce. An ecosystem service is something provided by nature that is of value to humans. Estuarine ecosystems are among the most productive ecosystems on the planet. Estuaries house such species as the blue crab, red fish, flounder, spotted","title":"Freshwater inflow"},{"id":"12243076","text":"water and groundwater from aquifers, exchanging flow between rivers and aquifers that may be fully charged or depleted. This is especially significant in karst areas where pot-holes and underground rivers are common. Groundwater is fresh water located in the subsurface pore space of soil and rocks. It is also water that is flowing within aquifers below the water table. Sometimes it is useful to make a distinction between groundwater that is closely associated with surface water and deep groundwater in an aquifer (sometimes called \"fossil water\"). Groundwater can be thought of in the same terms as surface water: inputs, outputs","title":"Water resources"},{"id":"5607299","text":"Deep ocean water Deep ocean water (DOW) is the name for cold, salty water found deep below the surface of Earth's oceans. Ocean water differs in temperature and salinity. Warm surface water is generally saltier than the cooler deep or polar waters; in polar regions, the upper layers of ocean water are cold and fresh. Deep ocean water makes up about 90% of the volume of the oceans. Deep ocean water has a very uniform temperature, around 0-3°C, and a salinity of about 3.5% or as oceanographers state as 35 ppt (parts per thousand). In specialized locations such as the","title":"Deep ocean water"},{"id":"12633735","text":"Farm water Farm water, also known as agricultural water, is water committed for use in the production of food and fiber. On average, 80 percent of the fresh water withdrawn from rivers and groundwater is used to produce food and other agricultural products. Farm water may include water used in the irrigation of crops or the watering of livestock. Water is one of the most fundamental parts of the global economy. It has been shown that in areas without healthy water resources or sanitation services, economic growth cannot be sustained. Without access to clean water, nearly every industry would suffer,","title":"Farm water"},{"id":"9141373","text":"largest reserves of fresh water, occupying 12% of its surface. It has 3% of the world's renewable fresh water, whereas it has only 0.1% of its population. More than half a million lakes, including 30 with an area greater than , and 4,500 rivers pour their torrents into the Atlantic Ocean, through the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the Arctic Ocean, by James, Hudson, and Ungava bays. The largest inland body of water is the Caniapiscau Reservoir, created in the realization of the James Bay Project to produce hydroelectric power. Lake Mistassini is the largest natural lake in Quebec. The","title":"Quebec"},{"id":"10662118","text":"Water export Water exports involve exporting freshwater from one country to another. Large increases in human population and economic growth throughout the world during the twentieth century placed a huge stress on the world’s freshwater resources. Combined with climate change, they will place an even greater demand on water resources in this century. Water shortages have become an international concern, and freshwater has been described as “blue gold” and “the oil of the 21st Century.” Canada has 7% of the world’s renewable supply of freshwater. Freshwater export between Canada and the US currently takes place at a small scale, mostly","title":"Water export"},{"id":"5909807","text":"Guarani Aquifer The Guarani Aquifer, located beneath the surface of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay, is likely to be the largest known aquifer system in the world and is an important source of fresh water. Named after the Guarani people, it covers , with a volume of about , a thickness of between and and a maximum depth of about . It is estimated to contain about of water, with a total recharge rate of about 166 km³/year from precipitation. It is said that this vast underground reservoir could supply fresh drinking water to the world for 200 years. However,","title":"Guarani Aquifer"},{"id":"5607303","text":"agricultural production where crops would normally not be able to grow. This technique is sometimes referred to as \"cold agriculture\" or \"cold-bed agriculture\". Deep ocean water Deep ocean water (DOW) is the name for cold, salty water found deep below the surface of Earth's oceans. Ocean water differs in temperature and salinity. Warm surface water is generally saltier than the cooler deep or polar waters; in polar regions, the upper layers of ocean water are cold and fresh. Deep ocean water makes up about 90% of the volume of the oceans. Deep ocean water has a very uniform temperature, around","title":"Deep ocean water"},{"id":"2475167","text":"those derived from erosion of the continents. However, little of the sediment is from current rivers; some 60–70% of the sediment on the world's shelves is \"relict sediment\", deposited during the last ice age, when sea level was 100–120 m lower than it is now. Sediments usually become increasingly fine with distance from the coast; sand is limited to shallow, wave-agitated waters, while silt and clays are deposited in quieter, deep water far offshore. These accumulate 15–40 cm every millennium, much faster than deep-sea pelagic sediments. Continental shelves teem with life, because of the sunlight available in shallow waters, in","title":"Continental shelf"},{"id":"582685","text":"the global climate and in climate model response to global changes. The term deglaciation describes the retreat of cryospheric features. Cryology is the study of cryospheres. Frozen water is found on the Earth’s surface primarily as snow cover, freshwater ice in lakes and rivers, sea ice, glaciers, ice sheets, and frozen ground and permafrost (permanently frozen ground). The residence time of water in each of these cryospheric sub-systems varies widely. Snow cover and freshwater ice are essentially seasonal, and most sea ice, except for ice in the central Arctic, lasts only a few years if it is not seasonal. A","title":"Cryosphere"},{"id":"1758977","text":"activity that consumes the most fresh water, this can put a severe strain on local freshwater resources resulting in the destruction of local ecosystems. In Australia, over-abstraction of fresh water for intensive irrigation activities has caused 33% of the land area to be at risk of salination. With regards to agriculture, the World Bank targets food production and water management as an increasingly global issue that will foster debate. One in eight people in the world do not having access to safe water Innapropriate use of water may contribute to this problem. The following tables provide some indicators of water","title":"Fresh water"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"1758968\",\n \"text\": \"Africa. Out of all the water on Earth, saline water in oceans, seas and saline groundwater make up about 97% of it. Only 2.5–2.75% is fresh water, including 1.75–2% frozen in glaciers, ice and snow, 0.5–0.75% as fresh groundwater and soil moisture, and less than 0.01% of it as surface water in lakes, swamps and rivers. Freshwater lakes contain about 87% of this fresh surface water, including 29% in the African Great Lakes, 22% in Lake Baikal in Russia, 21% in the North American Great Lakes, and 14% in other lakes. Swamps have most of the balance with only a\",\n \"title\": \"Fresh water\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1758963\",\n \"text\": \"Fresh water Fresh water (or freshwater) is any naturally occurring water except seawater and brackish water. Fresh water includes water in ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers, icebergs, bogs, ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, and even underground water called groundwater. Fresh water is generally characterized by having low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. Though the term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water, it does include mineral-rich waters such as chalybeate springs. Fresh water is not the same as potable water (or drinking water). Much of the earth's fresh water (on the surface and groundwater) is unsuitable for drinking\",\n \"title\": \"Fresh water\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8440976\",\n \"text\": \"water is also very unevenly distributed. Although in warm periods such as the Mesozoic and Paleogene when there were no glaciers anywhere on the planet all fresh water was found in rivers and streams, today most fresh water exists in the form of ice, snow, groundwater and soil moisture, with only 0.3% in liquid form on the surface. Of the liquid surface fresh water, 87% is contained in lakes, 11% in swamps, and only 2% in rivers. Small quantities of water also exist in the atmosphere and in living beings. Of these sources, only river water is generally valuable. Most\",\n \"title\": \"Water distribution on Earth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1758965\",\n \"text\": \"including ponds, lakes, swamps and mires ; lotic which are running-water systems; or groundwaters which flow in rocks and aquifers. There is, in addition, a zone which bridges between groundwater and lotic systems, which is the hyporheic zone, which underlies many larger rivers and can contain substantially more water than is seen in the open channel. It may also be in direct contact with the underlying underground water. The majority of fresh water on Earth is in ice caps. The source of almost all fresh water is precipitation from the atmosphere, in the form of mist, rain and snow. Fresh\",\n \"title\": \"Fresh water\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11601329\",\n \"text\": \"world's supply of clean, fresh water is under increasing demand for human activities. The world has an estimated 1.34 billion cubic kilometers of water, but 96.5% of it is salty. Almost 70% of fresh water can be found in the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland. Less than 1% of this water on Earth is accessible to humans, the rest is contained in soil moisture or deep underground. Accessible freshwater is located in lakes, rivers, reservoirs and shallow underground sources. Rainwater and snowfall do very little to replenish many underground sources. The amount of available freshwater supply in some regions\",\n \"title\": \"Peak water\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12243070\",\n \"text\": \"Water resources Water resources are natural resources of water that are potentially useful. Uses of water include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities. All living things require water to grow and reproduce. 97% of the water on the Earth is salt water and only three percent is fresh water; slightly over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. The remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as groundwater, with only a small fraction present above ground or in the air. Fresh water is a renewable resource, yet the world's supply of groundwater is steadily decreasing,\",\n \"title\": \"Water resources\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1294137\",\n \"text\": \"of this amount. Fresh water accounts for only 2.5%. Of this fresh water, 68.9% is in the form of ice and permanent snow cover in the Arctic, the Antarctic, and mountain glaciers. 30.8% is in the form of fresh groundwater. Only 0.3% of the fresh water on Earth is in easily accessible lakes, reservoirs and river systems. The total mass of the Earth's hydrosphere is about 1.4 × 10 tonnes, which is about 0.023% of Earth's total mass. About 20 × 10 tonnes of this is in Earth's atmosphere (for practical purposes, 1 cubic meter of water weighs one tonne).\",\n \"title\": \"Hydrosphere\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12323862\",\n \"text\": \"of Earth's water is frozen, found in the sea ice covering the Arctic Ocean, the ice cap covering Antarctica and its adjacent seas, and various glaciers and surface deposits around the world. The remainder (about 0.65% of the whole) form underground reservoirs or various stages of the water cycle, containing the freshwater encountered and used by most terrestrial life: vapor in the air, the clouds it slowly forms, the rain falling from them, and the lakes and rivers spontaneously formed as its waters flow again and again to the sea. The sea's dominance of the planet is such that the\",\n \"title\": \"Sea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1758969\",\n \"text\": \"small amount in rivers, most notably the Amazon River. The atmosphere contains 0.04% water. In areas with no fresh water on the ground surface, fresh water derived from precipitation may, because of its lower density, overlie saline ground water in lenses or layers. Most of the world's fresh water is frozen in ice sheets. Many areas suffer from lack of distribution of fresh water, such as deserts. Water is a critical issue for the survival of all living organisms. Some can use salt water but many organisms including the great majority of higher plants and most mammals must have access\",\n \"title\": \"Fresh water\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3473690\",\n \"text\": \"water on Earth is fresh water, with the rest being salt water. 69% of fresh water is frozen in ice caps located on Antarctica and Greenland, so only 30% of the 2.5% of fresh water is available for consumption. Fresh water is an exceptionally important resource, since life on Earth is ultimately dependent on it. Water transports nutrients, minerals and chemicals within the biosphere to all forms of life, sustains both plants and animals, and moulds the surface of the Earth with transportation and deposition of materials. The current top three uses of fresh water account for 95% of its\",\n \"title\": \"Environmental degradation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8440980\",\n \"text\": \"frequent and almost always not seriously considered when they were first developed. The total volume of water on Earth is estimated at 1.386 billion km³ (333 million cubic miles), with 97.5% being salt water and 2.5% being fresh water. Of the fresh water, only 0.3% is in liquid form on the surface. In addition, the lower mantle of inner earth may hold as much as 5 times more water than all surface water combined (all oceans, all lakes, all rivers). The total volume of water in rivers is estimated at 2,120 km³ (510 cubic miles), or 2% of the surface\",\n \"title\": \"Water distribution on Earth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8440972\",\n \"text\": \"Water distribution on Earth Water is distributed across earth. Most water in the Earth's atmosphere and crust comes from the world ocean's saline seawater, while freshwater accounts for only 2.5% of the total. Because the oceans that cover roughly 78% of the area of the Earth reflect blue light, the Earth appears blue from space, and is often referred to as the \\\"blue planet\\\" and the \\\"Pale Blue Dot\\\". An estimated 1.5 to 11 times the amount of water in the oceans may be found hundreds of miles deep within the Earth's interior, although not in liquid form. The oceanic\",\n \"title\": \"Water distribution on Earth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12243116\",\n \"text\": \"or some combination of the two. An increasing dimension to consider is the flexibility of the water supply system. Water resources Water resources are natural resources of water that are potentially useful. Uses of water include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities. All living things require water to grow and reproduce. 97% of the water on the Earth is salt water and only three percent is fresh water; slightly over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. The remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as groundwater, with only a small fraction present above ground\",\n \"title\": \"Water resources\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8440977\",\n \"text\": \"lakes are in very inhospitable regions such as the glacial lakes of Canada, Lake Baikal in Russia, Lake Khövsgöl in Mongolia, and the African Great Lakes. The North American Great Lakes, which contain 21% of the world's fresh water by volume, are the exception. They are located in a hospitable region, which is heavily populated. The Great Lakes Basin is home to 33 million people. The Canadian cities of Toronto, Hamilton, Ontario, St. Catharines, Niagara, Oshawa, Windsor, and Barrie, and the United States cities of Duluth, Milwaukee, Chicago, Gary, Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo, and Rochester, are all located on shores of\",\n \"title\": \"Water distribution on Earth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8440975\",\n \"text\": \"a globally significant amount of water. \\\"Saline\\\" groundwater is seldom considered except when evaluating water quality in arid regions. The remainder of the Earth's water constitutes the planet's \\\"fresh water\\\" resource. Typically, fresh water is defined as water with a salinity of \\\"less than 1 percent that of the oceans\\\" - i.e. below around 0.35‰. Water with a salinity between this level and 1‰ is typically referred to as \\\"marginal water\\\" because it is marginal for many uses by humans and animals. The ratio of salt water to fresh water on Earth is around 40 to 1. The planet's fresh\",\n \"title\": \"Water distribution on Earth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8440981\",\n \"text\": \"fresh water on Earth. Rivers and basins are often compared not according to their static volume, but to their flow of water, or surface runoff. The distribution of river runoff across the Earth's surface is very uneven. There can be huge variations within these regions. For example, as much as a quarter of Australia's limited renewable fresh water supply is found in almost uninhabited Cape York Peninsula. Also, even in well-watered continents, there are areas that are extremely short of water, such as Texas in North America, whose renewable water supply totals only 26 km³/year in an area of 695,622\",\n \"title\": \"Water distribution on Earth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8918449\",\n \"text\": \"unfrozen freshwater is mainly found as groundwater, with only a small fraction present in the air, or on the ground surface. Surface water is stored in wetlands or lakes or flows in a stream or river, and is the most commonly utilized resource for water. In places, surface water can be stored in a reservoir behind a dam, and then used for municipal and industrial water supply, for irrigation and to generate power in the form of hydroelectricity. Sub-surface groundwater, although stored in the pore space of soil and rock; it is utilized most as water flowing within aquifers below\",\n \"title\": \"Water politics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1676577\",\n \"text\": \"(subsidence) that cannot be renewed. 97.5% of the water on the Earth is salt water, and 3% is fresh water; slightly over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. The remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as groundwater, with only a small fraction (0.008%) present above ground or in the air. Water pollution is one of the main concerns regarding water resources. It is estimated that 22% of worldwide water is used in industry. Major industrial users include hydroelectric dams, thermoelectric power plants (which use water for cooling), ore and oil refineries (which use water\",\n \"title\": \"Renewable resource\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1758964\",\n \"text\": \"without some treatment. Fresh water can easily become polluted by human activities or due to naturally occurring processes, such as erosion. Water is critical to the survival of all living organisms. Some organisms can thrive on salt water, but the great majority of higher plants and most mammals need fresh water to live. Fresh water can be defined as water with less than 500 parts per million (ppm) of dissolved salts. Other sources give higher upper salinity limits for fresh water, e.g. 1000 ppm or 3000 ppm. Fresh water habitats are classified as either lentic systems, which are the still-waters\",\n \"title\": \"Fresh water\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8918448\",\n \"text\": \"levels required. This occurs for many varied reasons. It has resulted in conflict and often results in a reduced level or quantity of fresh water per capita consumption; this situation leads toward disease, and at times, to starvation and death. The source of virtually all freshwater is precipitation from the atmosphere, in the form of mist, rain and snow, as part of the water cycle over eons, millennia and in the present day. Freshwater constitutes only 3% of all water on Earth, and of that, slightly over two thirds is stored frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. The remaining\",\n \"title\": \"Water politics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1758978\",\n \"text\": \"use. Table 1 Recommended basic water requirements for human needs (per person) Table 2. Water Requirements of different classes of livestock Table 3 Approximate values of seasonal crop water needs Fresh water Fresh water (or freshwater) is any naturally occurring water except seawater and brackish water. Fresh water includes water in ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers, icebergs, bogs, ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, and even underground water called groundwater. Fresh water is generally characterized by having low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. Though the term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water, it does include mineral-rich waters such\",\n \"title\": \"Fresh water\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8440974\",\n \"text\": \"in the oceans as a result of evaporation returning the fresh water to land as rain and snow. As a result, the vast bulk of the water on Earth is regarded as \\\"saline\\\" or \\\"salt water\\\", with an average salinity of 35‰ (or 3.5%, roughly equivalent to 34 grams of salts in 1 kg of seawater), though this varies slightly according to the amount of runoff received from surrounding land. In all, water from oceans and marginal seas, saline groundwater and water from saline closed lakes amount to over 97% of the water on Earth, though no closed lake stores\",\n \"title\": \"Water distribution on Earth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1758972\",\n \"text\": \"nasal gland and they sneeze out a very salty excretion. Freshwater molluscs include freshwater snails and freshwater bivalves. Freshwater crustaceans include freshwater crabs and crayfish. Fresh water is a renewable and variable, but finite natural resource. Fresh water can only be replenished through the process of the water cycle,in which water from seas, lakes, forests, land, rivers, and reservoirs evaporates, forms clouds, and returns as precipitation. Locally however, if more fresh water is consumed through human activities than is naturally restored, this may result in reduced fresh water availability from surface and underground sources and can cause serious damage to\",\n \"title\": \"Fresh water\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"111090\",\n \"text\": \"of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean with a depth of . The mass of the oceans is approximately 1.35 metric tons or about 1/4400 of Earth's total mass. The oceans cover an area of with a mean depth of , resulting in an estimated volume of . If all of Earth's crustal surface were at the same elevation as a smooth sphere, the depth of the resulting world ocean would be . About 97.5% of the water is saline; the remaining 2.5% is fresh water. Most fresh water, about 68.7%, is present as ice in ice caps and\",\n \"title\": \"Earth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8440989\",\n \"text\": \"based on tests on a sample of ringwoodite. Further evidence for large quantities of water in the mantle was found in observations of melting in the transition zone from the USArray project. Liquid water is not present within the ringwoodite, rather the components of water (hydrogen and oxygen) are held within as hydroxide ions. Water distribution on Earth Water is distributed across earth. Most water in the Earth's atmosphere and crust comes from the world ocean's saline seawater, while freshwater accounts for only 2.5% of the total. Because the oceans that cover roughly 78% of the area of the Earth\",\n \"title\": \"Water distribution on Earth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1908152\",\n \"text\": \"the extent, depth and thickness of water-bearing sediments and rocks. Before an investment is made in production wells, test wells may be drilled to measure the depths at which water is encountered and collect samples of soils, rock and water for laboratory analyses. Pumping tests can be performed in test wells to determine flow characteristics of the aquifer. Groundwater makes up about twenty percent of the world's fresh water supply, which is about 0.61% of the entire world's water, including oceans and permanent ice. Global groundwater storage is roughly equal to the total amount of freshwater stored in the snow\",\n \"title\": \"Groundwater\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1758973\",\n \"text\": \"surrounding and associated environments. Fresh and unpolluted water accounts for 0.003% of total water available globally. The increase in the world population and the increase in per capita water use puts increasing strains on the finite resources availability of clean fresh water. The World Bank adds that the response by freshwater ecosystems to a changing climate can be described in terms of three interrelated components: water quality, water quantity or volume, and water timing. A change in one often leads to shifts in the others as well. Water pollution and subsequent eutrophication also reduces the availability of fresh water. Many\",\n \"title\": \"Fresh water\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12370061\",\n \"text\": \"precipitation falling on land each year (about ), is used by rain-fed agriculture and about half is subject to evaporation and transpiration in forests and other natural or quasi-natural landscapes. The remainder, which goes to groundwater replenishment and surface runoff, is sometimes called “total actual renewable freshwater resources”. Its magnitude was in 2012 estimated at /year. It represents water that can be used either in-stream or after withdrawal from surface and groundwater sources. Of this remainder, about were withdrawn in 2007, of which , or 69 percent, were used by agriculture, and , or 19 percent, by other industry. Most\",\n \"title\": \"Water footprint\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12323861\",\n \"text\": \"a freshwater lake. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea states that all of the ocean is \\\"sea\\\". Earth is the only known planet with seas of liquid water on its surface, although Mars possesses ice caps and similar planets in other solar systems may have oceans. It is still unclear where Earth's water came from, but, seen from space, our planet appears as a \\\"blue marble\\\" of its various forms: oceans, ice caps, clouds. Earth's of sea contain about 97.2 percent of its known water and cover more than 70 percent of its surface. Another 2.15%\",\n \"title\": \"Sea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17447789\",\n \"text\": \"flows making it to estuarine ecosystems. Since the 1960s dewatering, or removal of water from streams and rivers, has doubled and around 60% of the Earth’s runoff is captured. The removal of freshwater from rivers and streams for anthropogenic use before it reaches the coast is having a negative impact on many estuaries. Half of the world’s major cities are within 50 km of the coast, and coastal populations are 2.6 times denser than those further inland. Technological advances in the collection of freshwater is continually improving, further straining available freshwater resources. As the human population grows and the strain\",\n \"title\": \"Freshwater inflow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8440978\",\n \"text\": \"the Great Lakes. Although the total volume of groundwater is known to be much greater than that of river runoff, a large proportion of this groundwater is saline and should therefore be classified with the saline water above. There is also a lot of \\\"fossil\\\" groundwater in arid regions that has never been renewed for thousands of years; this must not be seen as renewable water. However, fresh groundwater is of great value, especially in arid countries such as India. Its distribution is broadly similar to that of surface river water, but it is easier to store in hot and\",\n \"title\": \"Water distribution on Earth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11474395\",\n \"text\": \"freshwater such as groundwater and glaciers have become more developed sources of freshwater, becoming the main source of clean water. Groundwater is water that has pooled below the surface of the Earth and can provide a usable quantity of water through springs or wells. These areas where groundwater is collected are also known as aquifers. Glaciers provide freshwater in the form meltwater, or freshwater melted from snow or ice, that supply streams or springs as temperatures rise. More and more of these sources are being drawn upon as conventional sources' usability decreases due to factors such as pollution or disappearance\",\n \"title\": \"Water scarcity\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1366328\",\n \"text\": \"wetland degradation and loss include: Water is an essential resource needed to survive everyday life. In fact, we would only be able to last around a week without consuming any water. Even historically, water has had a profound influence on a nation and people's prosperity and success around the world. As of right now, groundwater is considered to be a non-renewable resource and it actually serves as ninety-eight percent of all the earth's available fresh water. Groundwater is known to be used to supply things such as wells and aquifers for private, agricultural, and public use. Of all the groundwater\",\n \"title\": \"Resource depletion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5224799\",\n \"text\": \"Aquatic ecosystem An aquatic ecosystem is an ecosystem in a body of water. Communities of organisms that are dependent on each other and on their environment live in aquatic ecosystems. The two main types of aquatic ecosystems are marine ecosystems and freshwater ecosystems. Marine ecosystems, the largest of all ecosystems, cover approximately 71% of the Earth's surface and contain approximately 97% of the planet's water. They generate 32% of the world's net primary production. They are distinguished from freshwater ecosystems by the presence of dissolved compounds, especially salts, in the water. Approximately 85% of the dissolved materials in seawater are\",\n \"title\": \"Aquatic ecosystem\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12198364\",\n \"text\": \"dimming, the decrease is estimated to have been about 4% between 1960 and 1990 although the trend has subsequently reversed. Global dimming may have disturbed the global water cycle by reducing evaporation and rainfall in some areas. It also creates a cooling effect and this may have partially masked the effect of greenhouse gases on global warming. Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface. Of this, 97.5% is the salty water of the oceans and only 2.5% freshwater, most of which is locked up in the Antarctic ice sheet. The remaining freshwater is found in glaciers, lakes, rivers, wetlands, the\",\n \"title\": \"Sustainability\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"98008\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"drink\\\". The term \\\"drink\\\" is theoretically neutral, but often is used in a way that suggests alcoholic content. Drinks such as soda pop, sparkling water, iced tea, lemonade, root beer, fruit punch, milk, hot chocolate, tea, coffee, milkshakes, and tap water and energy drinks are all soft drinks. Water is the world's most consumed drink, however, 97% of water on Earth is non-drinkable salt water. Fresh water is found in rivers, lakes, wetlands, groundwater, and frozen glaciers. Less than 1% of the Earth's fresh water supplies are accessible through surface water and underground sources which are cost effective to retrieve.\",\n \"title\": \"Drink\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12323996\",\n \"text\": \"about 0.023% of Earth's total mass. Less than 3% is freshwater; the rest is saltwater, almost all of which is in the ocean. The area of the World Ocean is about 361.9 million square kilometers (139.7 million square miles), which covers about 70.9% of Earth's surface, and its volume is approximately 1.335 billion cubic kilometers (320.3 million cubic miles). This can be thought of as a cube of water with an edge length of . Its average depth is about , and its maximum depth is at the Mariana Trench. Nearly half of the world's marine waters are over deep.\",\n \"title\": \"Ocean\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5328258\",\n \"text\": \"an area of with a mean depth of , resulting in an estimated volume of . If all of Earth's crustal surface was at the same elevation as a smooth sphere, the depth of the resulting world ocean would be 2.7 to 2.8 km. About 97.5% of the water is saline; the remaining 2.5% is fresh water. Most fresh water, about 68.7%, is present as ice in ice caps and glaciers. The average salinity of Earth's oceans is about 35 grams of salt per kilogram of sea water (3.5% salt). Most of the salt in the ocean comes from the\",\n \"title\": \"Marine life\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11474384\",\n \"text\": \"entire water cycle: from source to distribution, economic use, treatment, recycling, reuse and return to the environment. The total amount of easily accessible freshwater on Earth, in the form of surface water (rivers and lakes) or groundwater (in aquifers, for example), is 14.000 cubic kilometres (nearly 3359 cubic miles). Of this total amount, 'just' 5.000 cubic kilometres are being used and reused by humanity. Hence, in theory, there is more than enough freshwater available to meet the demands of the current world population of 7 billion people, and even support population growth to 9 billion or more. Due to the\",\n \"title\": \"Water scarcity\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1626566\",\n \"text\": \"caps and glaciers, which can store frozen water for thousands of years. Most water falls back into the oceans or onto land as rain, where the water flows over the ground as surface runoff. A portion of runoff enters rivers in valleys in the landscape, with streamflow moving water towards the oceans. Runoff and water emerging from the ground (groundwater) may be stored as freshwater in lakes. Not all runoff flows into rivers, much of it soaks into the ground as infiltration. Some water infiltrates deep into the ground and replenishes aquifers, which can store freshwater for long periods of\",\n \"title\": \"Water cycle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1758966\",\n \"text\": \"water falling as mist, rain or snow contains materials dissolved from the atmosphere and material from the sea and land over which the rain bearing clouds have traveled. In industrialized areas rain is typically acidic because of dissolved oxides of sulfur and nitrogen formed from burning of fossil fuels in cars, factories, trains and aircraft and from the atmospheric emissions of industry. In some cases this acid rain results in pollution of lakes and rivers. In coastal areas fresh water may contain significant concentrations of salts derived from the sea if windy conditions have lifted drops of seawater into the\",\n \"title\": \"Fresh water\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5845220\",\n \"text\": \"up in ice caps and glaciers. Of the remaining one percent, a fifth is in remote, inaccessible areas and much seasonal rainfall in monsoonal deluges and floods cannot easily be used. As time advances, water is becoming scarcer and having access to clean, safe, drinking water is limited among countries. At present only about 0.08 percent of all the world’s fresh water is exploited by mankind in ever increasing demand for sanitation, drinking, manufacturing, leisure and agriculture. Due to the small percentage of water remaining, optimizing the fresh water we have left from natural resources has been a continuous difficulty\",\n \"title\": \"Water resource management\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"151961\",\n \"text\": \"by total volume, containing 21% of the world's surface fresh water by volume. The total surface is , and the total volume (measured at the low water datum) is , slightly less than the volume of Lake Baikal (, 22–23% of the world's surface fresh water). Due to their sea-like characteristics (rolling waves, sustained winds, strong currents, great depths, and distant horizons) the five Great Lakes have also long been referred to as \\\"inland seas\\\". Not counting Lake Michigan-Huron, Lake Superior is the second largest lake in the world by area, and the largest freshwater lake by area. Lake Michigan\",\n \"title\": \"Great Lakes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"582711\",\n \"text\": \"or lakes and internal dynamics. The latter results from gravity-driven creep flow (\\\"glacial flow\\\") within the ice body and sliding on the underlying land, which leads to thinning and horizontal spreading. Any imbalance of this dynamic equilibrium between mass gain, loss and transport due to flow results in either growing or shrinking ice bodies. Ice sheets are the greatest potential source of global freshwater, holding approximately 77% of the global total. This corresponds to 80 m of world sea-level equivalent, with Antarctica accounting for 90% of this. Greenland accounts for most of the remaining 10%, with other ice bodies and\",\n \"title\": \"Cryosphere\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"158320\",\n \"text\": \"of . Greenland and Patagonia also have huge expanses of continental glaciers. Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of fresh water on Earth. Many glaciers from temperate, alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt, creating a water source that is especially important for plants, animals and human uses when other sources may be scant. Within high-altitude and Antarctic environments, the seasonal temperature difference is often not sufficient to release meltwater. Since glacial mass is affected by\",\n \"title\": \"Glacier\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"289894\",\n \"text\": \"in oceans and other large bodies of water, with 1.6% of water below ground in aquifers and 0.001% in the air as vapor, clouds, and precipitation. Oceans hold 97% of surface water, glaciers, and polar ice caps 2.4%, and other land surface water such as rivers, lakes, and ponds 0.6%. Additionally, a minute amount of the Earth's water is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products. An ocean is a major body of saline water, and a principal component of the hydrosphere. Approximately 71% of the Earth's surface (an area of some 361 million square kilometers) is covered by ocean,\",\n \"title\": \"Nature\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11474380\",\n \"text\": \"in the world face severe water scarcity all year round. Half of the world’s largest cities experience water scarcity. A mere 0.014% of all water on Earth is both fresh and easily accessible. Of the remaining water, 97% is saline and a little less than 3% is hard to access. Technically, there is a sufficient amount of freshwater on a global scale. However, due to unequal distribution (exacerbated by climate change) resulting in some very wet and some very dry geographic locations, plus a sharp rise in global freshwater demand in recent decades driven by industry, humanity is facing a\",\n \"title\": \"Water scarcity\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16764\",\n \"text\": \"in the world. In an average dry season, of land are water-covered, while in the wet season, the flooded area of the Amazon basin rises to . The quantity of water released by the Amazon to the Atlantic Ocean is enormous: up to in the rainy season, with an average of from 1973 to 1990. The Amazon is responsible for about 20% of the Earth's fresh water entering the ocean. The river pushes a vast plume of fresh water into the ocean. The plume is about long and between wide. The fresh water, being lighter, flows on top of the\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon River\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"196594\",\n \"text\": \"typical conditions related to winter sports and tires of a vehicle on ice, melting of a thin ice layer due to the frictional heating is the primary reason for the slipperiness. The term that collectively describes all of the parts of the Earth's surface where water is in frozen form is the \\\"cryosphere.\\\" Ice is an important component of the global climate, particularly in regard to the water cycle. Glaciers and snowpacks are an important storage mechanism for fresh water; over time, they may sublimate or melt. Snowmelt is an important source of seasonal fresh water. The World Meteorological Organization\",\n \"title\": \"Ice\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1294141\",\n \"text\": \"land surface (119,000 - 74,200 = 44,800 km/year) represents the total runoff of the Earth's rivers (42,700 km/year) and direct groundwater runoff to the ocean (2100 km/year). These are the principal sources of fresh water to support life necessities and man's economic activities.\\\" Water is a basic necessity of life. Since 2/3 of the Earth is covered by water, the Earth is also called the blue planet and the watery planet. Hydrosphere plays an important role in the existence of the atmosphere in its present form. Oceans are important in this regard. When the Earth was formed it had only\",\n \"title\": \"Hydrosphere\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1619578\",\n \"text\": \"(salt) replacement. Water intoxication (which results in hyponatremia), the process of consuming too much water too quickly, can be fatal. Water covers some 70% of the Earth's surface. Approximately 97.2% of it is saline, just 2.8% fresh. Potable water is available in almost all populated areas of the Earth, although it may be expensive and the supply may not always be sustainable. Sources where water may be obtained include: Springs are often used as sources for bottled waters. Tap water, delivered by domestic water systems refers to water piped to homes and delivered to a tap or spigot. For these\",\n \"title\": \"Drinking water\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3347849\",\n \"text\": \"Freshwater ecosystem Freshwater ecosystems are a subset of Earth's aquatic ecosystems. They include lakes and ponds, rivers, streams, springs,Bogs, and wetlands. They can be contrasted with marine ecosystems, which have a larger salt content. Freshwater habitats can be classified by different factors, including temperature, light penetration, nutrients, and vegetation. Freshwater ecosystems can be divided into lentic ecosystems (still water) and lotic ecosystems (flowing water). Limnology (and its branch freshwater biology) is a study about freshwater ecosystems. It is a part of hydrobiology. Original attempts to understand and monitor freshwater ecosystems were spurred on by threats to human health (ex. Cholera\",\n \"title\": \"Freshwater ecosystem\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14945969\",\n \"text\": \"also act as a convenient dumping ground for human waste. Remedial strategies include: more careful waste management, statutory control of overfishing by adoption of sustainable fishing practices and the use of environmentally sensitive and sustainable aquaculture and fish farming, reduction of fossil fuel emissions and restoration of coastal and other marine habitat. Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface. Of this, 97.5% is the salty water of the oceans and only 2.5% freshwater, most of which is locked up in the Antarctic ice sheet. The remaining freshwater is found in lakes, rivers, wetlands, the soil, aquifers and atmosphere. All life\",\n \"title\": \"Sustainability and environmental management\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16506896\",\n \"text\": \"logically, accessing local surface water requires far less energy than pumping groundwater, reclaiming wastewater or desalinating seawater. Irrigation is more energy intensive than rain-fed agriculture, and drip irrigation is more intensive yet since the water must be pressurized. Food production is by far the largest consumer of global fresh water supplies. Globally, agriculture is responsible for an average of 70% of fresh water consumption by humans; in some countries that figure jumps to 80%-90%. Agriculture is therefore also responsible for much of fresh water over-exploitation. Food production further impacts the water sector through land degradation, changes in runoff, disruption of\",\n \"title\": \"Water, energy and food security nexus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2767266\",\n \"text\": \"African Great Lakes The African Great Lakes () are a series of lakes constituting the part of the Rift Valley lakes in and around the East African Rift. They include Lake Victoria, the third-largest fresh water lake in the world by area, and Lake Tanganyika, the world's second-largest freshwater lake by volume and depth. Collectively, they contain 31,000 km (7400 cu mi) of water, which is more than either Lake Baikal or the North American Great Lakes. This total constitutes about 25% of the planet's unfrozen surface fresh water. The large rift lakes of Africa are the ancient home of\",\n \"title\": \"African Great Lakes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12931671\",\n \"text\": \"between competing users is increasingly determined by application of market-based pricing for either water licenses or actual water. Water, in absolute terms, is not in short supply planet-wide. But, according to the United Nations water organization, UN-Water, the total usable freshwater supply for ecosystems and humans is only about 200,000 km of water – less than one percent (<1%) of all freshwater resources. Usable fresh water includes water not contaminated or degraded by water-altering chemicals, such as sewage or any other harmful chemicals from continuous previous use. In the 20th century, water use has been growing at more than twice\",\n \"title\": \"Water security\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7964530\",\n \"text\": \"Marine ecosystem Marine ecosystems are among the largest of Earth's aquatic ecosystems and are distinguished by waters that have a high salt content. These systems contrast with freshwater ecosystems, which have a lower salt content. Marine waters cover more than 70% of the surface of the Earth and account for more than 97% of Earth's water supply and 90% of habitable space on Earth. Marine ecosystems include nearshore systems, such as the salt marshes, mudflats, seagrass meadows, mangroves, rocky intertidal systems and coral reefs. They also extend outwards from the coast to include offshore systems, such as the surface ocean,\",\n \"title\": \"Marine ecosystem\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5845219\",\n \"text\": \"Water resource management Water resource management is the activity of planning, developing, distributing and managing the optimum use of water resources. It is a sub-set of water cycle management. Ideally, water resource management planning has regard to all the competing demands for water and seeks to allocate water on an equitable basis to satisfy all uses and demands. As with other resource management, this is rarely possible in practice. Water is an essential resource for all life on the planet. Of the water resources on Earth only three percent of it is fresh and two-thirds of the freshwater is locked\",\n \"title\": \"Water resource management\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"664696\",\n \"text\": \"Great Artesian Basin The Great Artesian Basin (GAB), located in Australia, is the largest and deepest artesian basin in the world, stretching over , with measured water temperatures ranging from . The basin provides the only source of fresh water through much of inland Australia. The Basin underlies 22% of the continent, including the states and territories of Queensland (most of), the Northern Territory (the south-east corner of), South Australia (the north-east part of), and New South Wales (northern part of). The basin is deep in places and is estimated to contain of groundwater. The Great Artesian Basin Coordinating Committee\",\n \"title\": \"Great Artesian Basin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"111061\",\n \"text\": \"the Moon causes ocean tides, stabilizes Earth's orientation on its axis, and gradually slows its rotation. Earth is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four terrestrial planets. Earth's lithosphere is divided into several rigid tectonic plates that migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years. About 71% of Earth's surface is covered with water, mostly by oceans. The remaining 29% is land consisting of continents and islands that together have many lakes, rivers and other sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere. The majority of Earth's polar regions are covered\",\n \"title\": \"Earth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11601331\",\n \"text\": \"future. Agriculture represents 70% of freshwater use worldwide. Agriculture, industrialization and urbanization all serve to increase water consumption. The highest total annual consumption of water comes from India, China and the United States, countries with large populations, extensive agricultural irrigation, and demand for food. See the following table: India has 20 percent of the Earth's population, but only four percent of its water. Water tables are dropping rapidly in some of India's main agricultural areas. The Indus and Ganges rivers are tapped so heavily that, except in rare wet years, they no longer reach the sea. India has the largest\",\n \"title\": \"Peak water\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"462203\",\n \"text\": \"suspended in air), and precipitation (0.001%). Water plays an important role in the world economy. Approximately 70% of the freshwater used by humans goes to agriculture. Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies is a major source of food for many parts of the world. Much of long-distance trade of commodities (such as oil and natural gas) and manufactured products is transported by boats through seas, rivers, lakes, and canals. Large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and heating, in industry and homes. Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of chemical substances; as\",\n \"title\": \"Water\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"462223\",\n \"text\": \"important, since clean, fresh water is essential to human and other land-based life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply. Sea water contains about 3.5% sodium chloride on average, plus smaller amounts of other substances. The physical properties of sea water differ from fresh water in some important respects. It freezes at a lower temperature (about ) and its density increases with decreasing temperature to the freezing point, instead of reaching maximum density at a temperature above freezing. The salinity of water in major seas varies from about 0.7% in the Baltic Sea to 4.0% in\",\n \"title\": \"Water\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17447788\",\n \"text\": \"seatrout, and many others for some point of the species’ life cycle. Marine habitats, such as those found in estuarine ecosystems, are valued at providing an estimated US14$ trillion worth of ecosystem goods and services annually, or 43% of the global total. Some economically important estuarine habitats include tidal flats, salt marshes, sea grass beds, oyster reefs, and mangroves. This is why estuaries are important to protect and conserve. Global changes caused largely by anthropogenic influences, or human impacts, are altering the amount of freshwater inflows to estuaries. Humans are diverting water from rivers and streams, decreasing the amount of\",\n \"title\": \"Freshwater inflow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7964537\",\n \"text\": \"ecosystem services. Marine ecosystem Marine ecosystems are among the largest of Earth's aquatic ecosystems and are distinguished by waters that have a high salt content. These systems contrast with freshwater ecosystems, which have a lower salt content. Marine waters cover more than 70% of the surface of the Earth and account for more than 97% of Earth's water supply and 90% of habitable space on Earth. Marine ecosystems include nearshore systems, such as the salt marshes, mudflats, seagrass meadows, mangroves, rocky intertidal systems and coral reefs. They also extend outwards from the coast to include offshore systems, such as the\",\n \"title\": \"Marine ecosystem\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12324073\",\n \"text\": \"the following five characteristics: With the exception of the seawater intrusion criterion, the others have been accepted or elaborated upon by other hydrology publications. The majority of lakes on Earth are freshwater, and most lie in the Northern Hemisphere at higher latitudes. Canada, with a deranged drainage system has an estimated 31,752 lakes larger than and an unknown total number of lakes, but is estimated to be at least 2 million. Finland has 187,888 lakes or larger, of which 56,000 are large ( or larger). Most lakes have at least one natural outflow in the form of a river or\",\n \"title\": \"Lake\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"151974\",\n \"text\": \"been set in 1964. By April 2015 the water level had recovered to 7 inches (17.5 cm) more than the \\\"long term monthly average\\\". The Great Lakes contain 21% of the world's surface fresh water: , or 6.0×10 U.S. gallons, that is 6 quadrillion U.S gallons, (2.3×10 liters). This is enough water to cover the 48 contiguous U.S. states to a uniform depth of . Although the lakes contain a large percentage of the world's fresh water, the Great Lakes supply only a small portion of U.S. drinking water on a national basis. The total surface area of the lakes\",\n \"title\": \"Great Lakes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11474407\",\n \"text\": \"but still experience various water related problems. It can be observed that tropical countries in Asia and Africa have low availability of freshwater resources. The following table displays the average annual renewable freshwater supply by country including both surface-water and groundwater supplies. This table represents data from the UN FAO AQUASTAT, much of which are produced by modeling or estimation as opposed to actual measurements. The United Nations (UN) estimates that, of 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (1 quadrillion acre-feet) of water on Earth, just 200,000 cubic kilometers (162.1 billion acre-feet) represent fresh water available for human consumption. More than one\",\n \"title\": \"Water scarcity\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7496102\",\n \"text\": \"only expected to worsen as the population increases. Potential problems with dependence on desalination are reviewed below, however, the majority of the world's freshwater supply is contained in the polar icecaps, and underground river systems accessible through springs and wells. Fresh water can be obtained from salt water by desalination. For example, Malta derives two thirds of its freshwater by desalination. A number of nuclear powered desalination plants exist; however, the high costs of desalination, especially for poor countries, make impractical the transport of large amounts of desalinated seawater to interiors of large countries. The cost of desalination varies; Israel\",\n \"title\": \"Human overpopulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"462202\",\n \"text\": \"fog. Clouds are formed from suspended droplets of water and ice, its solid state. When finely divided, crystalline ice may precipitate in the form of snow. The gaseous state of water is steam or water vapor. Water moves continually through the water cycle of evaporation, transpiration (evapotranspiration), condensation, precipitation, and runoff, usually reaching the sea. Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface, mostly in seas and oceans. Small portions of water occur as groundwater (1.7%), in the glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland (1.7%), and in the air as vapor, clouds (formed of ice and liquid water\",\n \"title\": \"Water\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12370090\",\n \"text\": \"billion cu.m of freshwater withdrawn in that year can be compared with the nation’s annual freshwater yield (estimated as streamflow) of 3,472 billion cu.m. Sectoral distribution is different in many respects in the US, where agriculture accounts for about 39% of fresh water withdrawals, thermoelectric power generation 38%, industrial 4%, residential 1%, and mining (including oil and gas) 1%. Within the agricultural sector, withdrawn water use is for irrigation and for livestock. Whereas all irrigation in the US (including loss in conveyance of irrigation water) is estimated to account for about 38 percent of US withdrawn freshwater use, the irrigation\",\n \"title\": \"Water footprint\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12243075\",\n \"text\": \"water to be \\\"lost\\\" (i.e. become unusable) through pollution. Brazil is estimated to have the largest supply of fresh water in the world, followed by Russia and Canada. Throughout the course of a river, the total volume of water transported downstream will often be a combination of the visible free water flow together with a substantial contribution flowing through rocks and sediments that underlie the river and its floodplain called the hyporheic zone. For many rivers in large valleys, this unseen component of flow may greatly exceed the visible flow. The hyporheic zone often forms a dynamic interface between surface\",\n \"title\": \"Water resources\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8204739\",\n \"text\": \"open lakes are usually fresh water: dissolved solids do not accumulate. Open lakes form in areas where precipitation is greater than evaporation. Because most of the world's water is found in areas of highly effective rainfall, most lakes are open lakes whose water eventually reaches the sea. For instance, the Great Lakes' water flows into the St. Lawrence River and eventually the Atlantic Ocean. Open lakes typically have stable levels which do not fluctuate because input is always matched by outflow to rivers downstream. If more water enters an open lake than was previously leaving it, then more water will\",\n \"title\": \"Open and closed lakes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12370062\",\n \"text\": \"agricultural use of withdrawn water is for irrigation, which uses about 5.1 percent of total actual renewable freshwater resources. World water use has been growing rapidly in the last hundred years (see graph from \\\"New Scientist\\\" article). The \\\"blue water footprint\\\" is the volume of water that has been sourced from surface or groundwater resources (lakes, rivers, wetlands and aquifers) and has either evaporated (for example while irrigating crops), incorporated into a product or taken from one body of water and returned to another, or returned at a different time. Irrigated agriculture, industry and domestic water use can each have\",\n \"title\": \"Water footprint\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"560025\",\n \"text\": \"oceans. A map of Freshwater Ecoregions of the World, released in 2008, has 426 ecoregions covering virtually the entire non-marine surface of the earth. World Wildlife Fund (WWF) identifies twelve major habitat types of freshwater ecoregions: Large lakes, large river deltas, polar freshwaters, montane freshwaters, temperate coastal rivers, temperate floodplain rivers and wetlands, temperate upland rivers, tropical and subtropical coastal rivers, tropical and subtropical floodplain rivers and wetlands, tropical and subtropical upland rivers, xeric freshwaters and endorheic basins, and oceanic islands. The freshwater major habitat types reflect groupings of ecoregions with similar biological, chemical, and physical characteristics and are roughly\",\n \"title\": \"Ecoregion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19484988\",\n \"text\": \"reef. Once they believed they had located the reef they dredged the bottom to confirm that this was its location. The process of finding the reef took about three years before an official announcement was made about its discovery. The Amazon River is home to about 20 percent of the world's fresh water supply, placing the Amazon Reef at the mouth of the largest river in the world, where every day one fifth of the world's water flows into the ocean from the Amazon River. Because of this, the Amazon Reef is less biologically diverse compared to other reefs of\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Reef\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1758970\",\n \"text\": \"to fresh water to live. Some terrestrial mammals, especially desert rodents appear to survive without drinking but they do generate water through the metabolism of cereal seeds and they also have mechanisms to conserve water to the maximum degree. Fresh water creates a hypotonic environment for aquatic organisms. This is problematic for some organisms with pervious skins or with gill membranes, whose cell membranes may burst if excess water is not excreted. Some protists accomplish this using contractile vacuoles, while freshwater fish excrete excess water via the kidney. Although most aquatic organisms have a limited ability to regulate their osmotic\",\n \"title\": \"Fresh water\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3347854\",\n \"text\": \"by using preserved indicators such as diatom valves, macrophyte pollen, insect chitin and fish scales can be used to determine conditions prior to large scale human disturbance. These temporal reference conditions are often easier to reconstruct in standing water than moving water because stable sediments can better preserve biological indicator materials. Freshwater ecosystem Freshwater ecosystems are a subset of Earth's aquatic ecosystems. They include lakes and ponds, rivers, streams, springs,Bogs, and wetlands. They can be contrasted with marine ecosystems, which have a larger salt content. Freshwater habitats can be classified by different factors, including temperature, light penetration, nutrients, and vegetation.\",\n \"title\": \"Freshwater ecosystem\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1758976\",\n \"text\": \"Magdalena, Argentina, on 15 January 1999, polluting the environment, drinkable water, plants and animals. Chemical contamination of fresh water can also seriously damage eco-systems. Water used for agriculture is called \\\"agricultural water\\\" or \\\"farm water.\\\" Changing landscape for the use of agriculture has a great effect on the flow of fresh water. Changes in landscape by the removal of trees and soils changes the flow of fresh water in the local environment and also affects the cycle of fresh water. As a result, more fresh water is stored in the soil which benefits agriculture. However, since agriculture is the human\",\n \"title\": \"Fresh water\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14155199\",\n \"text\": \"cities. Global warming may also cause changes in the precipitation pattern globally, including wetter conditions at high latitudes and in some wet tropical areas, and drier conditions in parts of the subtropics and middle latitudes. Precipitation is a major component of the water cycle, and is responsible for depositing most of the fresh water on the planet. Approximately of water falls as precipitation each year; of it over the oceans. Given the Earth's surface area, that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is . Climate classification systems such as the Köppen climate classification system use average annual rainfall to help\",\n \"title\": \"Earth rainfall climatology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2886331\",\n \"text\": \"several 'separate' oceans, these waters comprise one global, interconnected body of salt water often referred to as the World Ocean or global ocean. The deep seabeds are more than half the Earth's surface, and are among the least-modified natural environments. The major oceanic divisions are defined in part by the continents, various archipelagos, and other criteria: these divisions are (in descending order of size) the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean and the Arctic Ocean. A river is a natural watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing toward an ocean, a lake, a sea or another river. A\",\n \"title\": \"Natural environment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"111089\",\n \"text\": \"and subject to soil formation processes. The total arable land is 10.9% of the land surface, with 1.3% being permanent cropland. Close to 40% of Earth's land surface is used for agriculture, or an estimated of cropland and of pastureland. The abundance of water on Earth's surface is a unique feature that distinguishes the \\\"Blue Planet\\\" from other planets in the Solar System. Earth's hydrosphere consists chiefly of the oceans, but technically includes all water surfaces in the world, including inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground waters down to a depth of . The deepest underwater location is Challenger Deep\",\n \"title\": \"Earth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"582075\",\n \"text\": \"do not necessarily contain fresh water. The Earth's crust can be divided into two regions: the \\\"saturated zone\\\" or \\\"phreatic zone\\\" (e.g., aquifers, aquitards, etc.), where all available spaces are filled with water, and the \\\"unsaturated zone\\\" (also called the vadose zone), where there are still pockets of air that contain some water, but can be filled with more water. Saturated means the pressure head of the water is greater than atmospheric pressure (it has a gauge pressure > 0). The definition of the water table is the surface where the pressure head is equal to atmospheric pressure (where gauge\",\n \"title\": \"Aquifer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17447784\",\n \"text\": \"Freshwater inflow Environmental flows can be broken down into instream flow, freshwater inflow, and outflow, as shown in the depiction below. Instream flow is the freshwater water flowing in rivers or streams. Freshwater inflow is the freshwater that flows into an estuary. Outflow is the flow from an estuary to the ocean. This article's focus is upon freshwater inflow. Freshwater inflow: Freshwater flows into an estuary and mixes with the marine water of the estuarine ecosystem. The mixing of freshwater inflow and the marine water of the estuarine ecosystem occurs spatially and temporally from climatic influences including tidal action, seasonal\",\n \"title\": \"Freshwater inflow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14945970\",\n \"text\": \"depends on the solar-powered global water cycle, the evaporation from oceans and land to form water vapour that later condenses from clouds as rain, which then becomes the renewable part of the freshwater supply. Awareness of the global importance of preserving water for ecosystem services has only recently emerged as, during the 20th century, more than half the world’s wetlands have been lost along with their valuable environmental services. Biodiversity-rich freshwater ecosystems are currently declining faster than marine or land ecosystems making them the world's most vulnerable habitats. Increasing urbanization pollutes clean water supplies and much of the world still\",\n \"title\": \"Sustainability and environmental management\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20923360\",\n \"text\": \"is the world's largest example of an artesian basin and associated artesian springs. GAB artesian springs are the primary sources of permanent fresh water within the arid zone since at least the late Pleistocene (the last 1.8 million years) and are therefore a unique feature of the arid Australian landscape. As the primary natural source of permanent fresh water in most of the arid zone, GAB artesian springs represent vital habitat for more widespread terrestrial vertebrates, and invertebrates with aquatic larvae. Elizabeth Springs is one of a suite of important artesian discharge GAB Springs that are outstanding examples of the\",\n \"title\": \"Elizabeth Springs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1758975\",\n \"text\": \"the survival of all ecosystems. The use of water by humans for activities such as irrigation and industrial applications can have adverse impacts on down-stream ecosystems. Fresh water withdrawal is the quantity of water removed from available sources for use in any purpose, excluding evaporation losses. Water drawn off is not necessarily entirely consumed and some portion may be returned for further use downstream. Pollution from human activity, including oil spills and also presents a problem for freshwater resources. The largest petroleum spill that has ever occurred in fresh water was caused by a Royal Dutch Shell tank ship in\",\n \"title\": \"Fresh water\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4068122\",\n \"text\": \"Antarctic ice sheet The Antarctic ice sheet is one of the two polar ice caps of the Earth. It covers about 98% of the Antarctic continent and is the largest single mass of ice on Earth. It covers an area of almost and contains of ice. A cubic kilometer of ice weighs approximately one metric gigaton, meaning that the ice sheet weighs 26,500,000 gigatons. Approximately 61 percent of all fresh water on the Earth is held in the Antarctic ice sheet, an amount equivalent to about 58 m of sea-level rise. In East Antarctica, the ice sheet rests on a\",\n \"title\": \"Antarctic ice sheet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1980804\",\n \"text\": \"leeward side of mountains, desert climates can exist due to the dry air caused by compressional heating. Most precipitation occurs within the tropics and is caused by convection. The movement of the monsoon trough, or intertropical convergence zone, brings rainy seasons to savannah climes. Precipitation is a major component of the water cycle, and is responsible for depositing the fresh water on the planet. Approximately of water falls as precipitation each year; of it over the oceans and over land. Given the Earth's surface area, that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is , but over land it is only\",\n \"title\": \"Precipitation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17447787\",\n \"text\": \"supports beaches and provision the inter-tidal wetlands. Organic material delivered to estuaries by freshwater inflows the primary energy source for organisms living in the estuary. Estuarine ecosystems need freshwater inflow to maintain their productivity, or to continue to produce biomass. Estuarine ecosystems are fundamentally important and necessary to protect through the management of freshwater inflow because of the many ecosystem services they produce. An ecosystem service is something provided by nature that is of value to humans. Estuarine ecosystems are among the most productive ecosystems on the planet. Estuaries house such species as the blue crab, red fish, flounder, spotted\",\n \"title\": \"Freshwater inflow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12243076\",\n \"text\": \"water and groundwater from aquifers, exchanging flow between rivers and aquifers that may be fully charged or depleted. This is especially significant in karst areas where pot-holes and underground rivers are common. Groundwater is fresh water located in the subsurface pore space of soil and rocks. It is also water that is flowing within aquifers below the water table. Sometimes it is useful to make a distinction between groundwater that is closely associated with surface water and deep groundwater in an aquifer (sometimes called \\\"fossil water\\\"). Groundwater can be thought of in the same terms as surface water: inputs, outputs\",\n \"title\": \"Water resources\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5607299\",\n \"text\": \"Deep ocean water Deep ocean water (DOW) is the name for cold, salty water found deep below the surface of Earth's oceans. Ocean water differs in temperature and salinity. Warm surface water is generally saltier than the cooler deep or polar waters; in polar regions, the upper layers of ocean water are cold and fresh. Deep ocean water makes up about 90% of the volume of the oceans. Deep ocean water has a very uniform temperature, around 0-3°C, and a salinity of about 3.5% or as oceanographers state as 35 ppt (parts per thousand). In specialized locations such as the\",\n \"title\": \"Deep ocean water\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12633735\",\n \"text\": \"Farm water Farm water, also known as agricultural water, is water committed for use in the production of food and fiber. On average, 80 percent of the fresh water withdrawn from rivers and groundwater is used to produce food and other agricultural products. Farm water may include water used in the irrigation of crops or the watering of livestock. Water is one of the most fundamental parts of the global economy. It has been shown that in areas without healthy water resources or sanitation services, economic growth cannot be sustained. Without access to clean water, nearly every industry would suffer,\",\n \"title\": \"Farm water\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9141373\",\n \"text\": \"largest reserves of fresh water, occupying 12% of its surface. It has 3% of the world's renewable fresh water, whereas it has only 0.1% of its population. More than half a million lakes, including 30 with an area greater than , and 4,500 rivers pour their torrents into the Atlantic Ocean, through the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the Arctic Ocean, by James, Hudson, and Ungava bays. The largest inland body of water is the Caniapiscau Reservoir, created in the realization of the James Bay Project to produce hydroelectric power. Lake Mistassini is the largest natural lake in Quebec. The\",\n \"title\": \"Quebec\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10662118\",\n \"text\": \"Water export Water exports involve exporting freshwater from one country to another. Large increases in human population and economic growth throughout the world during the twentieth century placed a huge stress on the world’s freshwater resources. Combined with climate change, they will place an even greater demand on water resources in this century. Water shortages have become an international concern, and freshwater has been described as “blue gold” and “the oil of the 21st Century.” Canada has 7% of the world’s renewable supply of freshwater. Freshwater export between Canada and the US currently takes place at a small scale, mostly\",\n \"title\": \"Water export\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5909807\",\n \"text\": \"Guarani Aquifer The Guarani Aquifer, located beneath the surface of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay, is likely to be the largest known aquifer system in the world and is an important source of fresh water. Named after the Guarani people, it covers , with a volume of about , a thickness of between and and a maximum depth of about . It is estimated to contain about of water, with a total recharge rate of about 166 km³/year from precipitation. It is said that this vast underground reservoir could supply fresh drinking water to the world for 200 years. However,\",\n \"title\": \"Guarani Aquifer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5607303\",\n \"text\": \"agricultural production where crops would normally not be able to grow. This technique is sometimes referred to as \\\"cold agriculture\\\" or \\\"cold-bed agriculture\\\". Deep ocean water Deep ocean water (DOW) is the name for cold, salty water found deep below the surface of Earth's oceans. Ocean water differs in temperature and salinity. Warm surface water is generally saltier than the cooler deep or polar waters; in polar regions, the upper layers of ocean water are cold and fresh. Deep ocean water makes up about 90% of the volume of the oceans. Deep ocean water has a very uniform temperature, around\",\n \"title\": \"Deep ocean water\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2475167\",\n \"text\": \"those derived from erosion of the continents. However, little of the sediment is from current rivers; some 60–70% of the sediment on the world's shelves is \\\"relict sediment\\\", deposited during the last ice age, when sea level was 100–120 m lower than it is now. Sediments usually become increasingly fine with distance from the coast; sand is limited to shallow, wave-agitated waters, while silt and clays are deposited in quieter, deep water far offshore. These accumulate 15–40 cm every millennium, much faster than deep-sea pelagic sediments. Continental shelves teem with life, because of the sunlight available in shallow waters, in\",\n \"title\": \"Continental shelf\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"582685\",\n \"text\": \"the global climate and in climate model response to global changes. The term deglaciation describes the retreat of cryospheric features. Cryology is the study of cryospheres. Frozen water is found on the Earth’s surface primarily as snow cover, freshwater ice in lakes and rivers, sea ice, glaciers, ice sheets, and frozen ground and permafrost (permanently frozen ground). The residence time of water in each of these cryospheric sub-systems varies widely. Snow cover and freshwater ice are essentially seasonal, and most sea ice, except for ice in the central Arctic, lasts only a few years if it is not seasonal. A\",\n \"title\": \"Cryosphere\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1758977\",\n \"text\": \"activity that consumes the most fresh water, this can put a severe strain on local freshwater resources resulting in the destruction of local ecosystems. In Australia, over-abstraction of fresh water for intensive irrigation activities has caused 33% of the land area to be at risk of salination. With regards to agriculture, the World Bank targets food production and water management as an increasingly global issue that will foster debate. One in eight people in the world do not having access to safe water Innapropriate use of water may contribute to this problem. The following tables provide some indicators of water\",\n \"title\": \"Fresh water\"\n }\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"where is the majority of earth's fresh water found"}}},{"rowIdx":8377,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["beak of rooster"],"string":"[\n \"beak of rooster\"\n]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"890664","text":"de gallo\" (\"rooster's beak\") is named thus because originally people ate it by pinching pieces between the thumb and forefinger. In their book \"Authentic Mexican: Regional Cooking from the Heart of Mexico\", Rick Bayless and Deann Groen speculate that the name might allude to the bird feed-like texture and appearance of the mince. Many native residents of the Sonoran Mexico region explain that the salsa is thus named because the serrano pepper resembles a rooster's beak in shape. Pico de gallo In Mexican cuisine, pico de gallo (, ), also called salsa fresca or salsa cruda, is made from chopped","title":"Pico de gallo"},{"id":"890663","text":"it is normally called salsa mexicana (Mexican sauce). Because the colours of the red tomato, white onion, green chili and cilantro are reminiscent of the colours of the Mexican flag, it is also sometimes called salsa bandera (flag sauce). In many regions of Mexico the term refers to any of a variety of salads (including fruit salads), salsa, or fillings made with tomato, tomatillo, avocado, orange, jícama, cucumber, papaya, or mild chilis. The ingredients are tossed in lime juice and either hot sauce or chamoy, then sprinkled with a salty chili powder. According to food writer Sharon Tyler Herbst, \"pico","title":"Pico de gallo"},{"id":"890662","text":"Pico de gallo In Mexican cuisine, pico de gallo (, ), also called salsa fresca or salsa cruda, is made from chopped tomato, onion, cilantro, fresh serranos (jalapeños or habaneros are used as alternatives), salt, and lime juice. Other ingredients, such as shrimp, or avocado, are also sometimes added. \"Pico de gallo\" can be used in much the same way as other Mexican liquid salsas, but since it contains less liquid, it can also be used as a main ingredient in dishes such as tacos and fajitas. The tomato-based variety is widely known as salsa picada (minced/chopped sauce). In Mexico","title":"Pico de gallo"},{"id":"19093807","text":"Pobre Gallo Pobre Gallo: No por mucho madrugar amanece más temprano \"(Poor Rooster (guy) : Getting up early doesn't lead to an earlier sunrise) \" in English\")\" is a 2016 Chilean telenovela produced and broadcast by Mega. Álvaro Rudolphy, Paola Volpato and Ingrid Cruz will star as the protagonists. Pedro Campos, Otilio Castro, Gabriela Hernández, Diego Muñoz and Antonia Zegers are antagonists. Augusto Schuster, Mariana Di Girolamo, Monserrat Ballarin and Ignacio Garmendia are teen protagonists. \"Poor Guy\" tells the story about the life of a workaholic man named Nicolas Pérez de Castro (Álvaro Rudolphy), who in the most important day","title":"Pobre Gallo"},{"id":"9195676","text":"pico de gallo with tacos of cochinita pibil or other preparations. Pico de gallo is also made with onion, coriander and tomato. In the Dominican Republic it is called wasakaka and usually has lime or sour orange juice. The word \"pebre\" in Catalan means pepper of any type, in this case ají cultivars of chilli pepper. The origin of Pebre as a sauce in Chile dates to the arrival of Catalan engineers and highly skilled masons under the supervision of the Italian architect Joaquin Toesca, for the construction of the Tajamares de Santiago, the fluvial channels, river walls and bridges","title":"Pebre"},{"id":"2500972","text":"canned, and bottled salsa and picante sauces sold in the United States in grocery stores are forms of \"salsa cruda\" or \"pico de gallo\", and typically have a semi-liquid texture. To increase their shelf lives, these salsas have been cooked to a temperature of , and are thus not truly \"cruda\" (raw). Some have added vinegar, and some use pickled peppers instead of fresh ones. Tomatoes are strongly acidic by nature, which, along with the heat processing, is enough to stabilize the product for grocery distribution. \"Picante\" sauce of the American type is often thinner in consistency than what is","title":"Salsa (sauce)"},{"id":"5792207","text":"Misa de Gallo Misa de Gallo (Spanish for \"rooster's mass\", also \"Misa de los Pastores\", \"shepherd's mass;\" Portuguese: Missa do Galo) is a name for the Roman Catholic Mass celebrated around midnight of Christmas Eve and sometimes in the days immediately preceding Christmas. The tradition of midnight mass on Christmas Eve was first chronicled by Egeria, the Galician woman who went on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land around 381–384. She witnessed how the early Catholics of Jerusalem honored the Christmas mystery with a midnight vigil at Bethlehem. This was followed by a torchlight procession to Jerusalem, arriving at the","title":"Misa de Gallo"},{"id":"5792211","text":"of a series of masses during dawn called “\"Misa de Aguinaldo\"”. The name comes from the Spanish word for “\"Christmas box\"”. The masses are held for nine days and culminate on Christmas Eve. Puerto Ricans celebrate the mass by singing Christmas songs, which they also call \"aguinaldos\". The more religious versions of these songs are called villancicos and the ones with a Criollo inspiration are called \"décimas navideñas\". Misa de Gallo Misa de Gallo (Spanish for \"rooster's mass\", also \"Misa de los Pastores\", \"shepherd's mass;\" Portuguese: Missa do Galo) is a name for the Roman Catholic Mass celebrated around midnight","title":"Misa de Gallo"},{"id":"5792210","text":"celebration. Bolivians attend Christmas Eve mass, and the celebration is followed by a sit-down meal featuring a traditional bowl of \"picana del pollo\". It is a stew made of chicken with peas, carrots, and potatoes. \"Simbáng Gabi\" (Tagalog for \"night Mass\"), is the Filipino version of the \"Misa de Gallo\" (sometimes referred to as \"Misa de Aguinaldo\", \"gift mass\") and in Zamboangueño Chavacano it is only called as \"Misa de Gallo\" or \"Misa de Aguinaldo\" or \"Misa de los Pastores\", and traditionally begins on December 16 and ends on December 24. In Venezuela, the Misa de Gallo is only one","title":"Misa de Gallo"},{"id":"5606366","text":"and mazorca (corn on the cob), depending on the region. Some top it off with fresh cilantro, onion and squeezed lime — a sort of \"pico de gallo\", minus the tomato. It is also served with a side of sliced avocado and a plate of white rice, which is usually dipped in with each spoonful of soup. In the \"Sierra\" of Ecuador, sancocho, also known as fritada, is a comfort food made with pork. In the coastal region, it is similar to the Colombian sancocho. It has the typical ingredients: \"yuca\", plantain, and corn \"choclo\". It can be made of","title":"Sancocho"},{"id":"3210175","text":"subsequent transformation (\"Gallicisation\") of English, along with the Norman language. Gallo continued as the language of Higher Brittany, Maine and some neighbouring portions of Normandy until the introduction of universal education across France, but today Gallo is spoken by only a small minority of the population, having been largely superseded by standard French. As an Oïl language, Gallo forms part of a dialect continuum which includes Norman, Picard and the Poitevin dialect, among others. One of the features that distinguish it from Norman is the absence of Old Norse influence. There is some limited mutual intelligibility with adjacent varieties of","title":"Gallo language"},{"id":"19031509","text":"made. The dryness in pork rind pairs perfectly with humidity and softness in \"pico de gallo\" (diced tomato, avocado, onion, cilantro [coriander leaf], and chili mix) and both fill perfectly a corn tortilla as taco. A byproduct in frying rinds is the decanted residues in fryer called \"asiento\" or \"boronas\" (grounds). The process requires uniformly cooking rinds, and while the product dehydrates, it cracks, losing small pieces, which are collected afterwards and become a thick, fatty salsa, that can be mixed as an ingredient in other\" salsa de chicharrón \"recipes or used for its flavor and fat in pan frying.","title":"Pork rind"},{"id":"19093808","text":"of his life, falls sick on the airport floor. ¿Diagnostic? He needs to travel to Yerbas Buenas, with his 2 kids: Borja and Camila Pérez de Castro (Augusto Schuster and Montserrat Ballarín). In the town he meets Patricia Flores (Paola Volpato), the Major and Sub Officer of the town Yerbas Buenas of Chilean police officers. But, Carola (Íngrid Cruz) a blast from the past will stop at nothing to regain the heart of her beloved Nicolas. Pobre Gallo Pobre Gallo: No por mucho madrugar amanece más temprano \"(Poor Rooster (guy) : Getting up early doesn't lead to an earlier sunrise)","title":"Pobre Gallo"},{"id":"2801450","text":"cheese and picadillos. Tortillas are used to accompany most meals. Costa Ricans will often fill their tortillas with whatever they are eating and eat it in the form of a gallo (direct translation: rooster, however, it resembles a soft Mexican taco). White cheese is non-processed cheese that is made by adding salt to milk in production. Picadillos are meat and vegetable combinations where one or more vegetables are diced, mixed with beef and garnished with spices. Common vegetables used in picadillos are potatoes, green beans, squash, ayote, chayote and arracache. Often, picadillos are eaten in the form of gallos. Salvadoran","title":"Latin American cuisine"},{"id":"7397405","text":"popular choices of meats are sausage, chorizo (red sausage), salami, longaniza (white sausage), and bacon. They are cooked in a charcoal grill and hot sauce is offered at customer's request. In Mexico, often called \"dogos\" or \"jochos\", is common to top hot dogs with \"Pico de Gallo\", ketchup, mustard, mayonnaise and wrapping the sausage with bacon. Other parts of the country may include chips, mushrooms, beef or other ingredients besides the bun and sausage. The Sonoran-style or Estilo Sonora hot dog, found in Sonora, is a hot dog wrapped in mesquite-smoked bacon then cooked on a grill or on a","title":"Hot dog variations"},{"id":"13342481","text":"instead of remaining in steak form. Another variant is to place pico de gallo on top of the eggs instead of parsley, onion and beets. Another variant marinates the meat using ingredients including soy sauce. Silpancho can be found in a type of sandwich called \"Trancapecho\", containing all the ingredients (even rice). Silpancho Silpancho (original Quechua word: Sillp'anchu) is a typical, popular Bolivian food from the city of Cochabamba. When prepared properly, this tends to be a large and filling meal laden with carbohydrates and fat. It consists of a base layer of rice, usually white, followed by a layer","title":"Silpancho"},{"id":"18600574","text":"El padre Gallo El padre Gallo (English title:\"The priest Gallo\") is a Mexican telenovela produced by Juan Osorio for Televisa in 1986. It is an original story of Arturo Moya Grau, adapted by M.J. Rubio and directed by Gonzalo Martínez Ortega. It starred first actor Ernesto Gómez Cruz with Alejandra Ávalos and Fernando Ciangherotti. The setting is the small town of Cuetzalan which El Gallo, a bandit fugitive from justice who plans to avoid being found reaches. He decides on hiding in the village so no one ever suspect where he is. There he is confused by the village faithful","title":"El padre Gallo"},{"id":"8661165","text":"Tripas Tripas, in Mexican cuisine (known as chitterlings in English-speaking countries), are the small intestines of farm animals that have been cleaned, boiled and grilled. \"Tripas\" are used as filling for tacos, then dressed with condiments such as cilantro, chopped onions, and chile sauce. They are also served with \"pico de gallo\" and \"guacamole\". Tripas as prepared Mexican style require care by the cook, to avoid becoming rubbery. They are traditionally cooked in a \"\"Disco\"\" which is constructed of two tilling discs (commonly used in the farming industry) welded to an iron pole in the center of the discs to","title":"Tripas"},{"id":"7837545","text":"orange, and yellow. Serrano peppers do better in soils with a pH between 7.0 and 8.5 in warm temperatures above 75°F (24°C), with a low tolerance for frost. The Scoville rating of the serrano pepper is 10,000 to 23,000. They are typically eaten raw and have a bright and biting flavor that is notably hotter than the jalapeño pepper. Serrano peppers are also commonly used in making \"pico de gallo\" and salsa, as the chili is particularly fleshy compared to others, making it ideal for such dishes. It is the second most used chili pepper in Mexican cuisine. The Mexican","title":"Serrano pepper"},{"id":"10381472","text":"Pico and Sepulveda \"Pico and Sepulveda\" is a 1947 song by Freddy Martin and his orchestra. Composed by Eddie Maxwell and Jule Styne (Ambassador Records, 1947—b/w \"She of the Coffee Brown Eyes\"), it features a Latin-style beat, and Martin used the alias \"Felix Figueroa\" when performing and recording the song. It was frequently played on the Dr. Demento radio show in the 1970s, serving as the show's opening theme. The lyrics are primarily a recitation of Los Angeles-area streetnames: Doheny, Cahuenga, La Brea, La Jolla, Sequoia, Alvarado, Santa Monica, Beverly Drive, and Vine (Figueroa is also a Los Angeles street).","title":"Pico and Sepulveda"},{"id":"18348812","text":"released on 20 August 2015 in Mexico in 2D and 3D theaters, where it became a major commercial success and grossed $167.8 million pesos during its theatrical run in the country. The film is the highest-grossing animated film produced in Mexico, and the seventh in the industry of all time. Pantelion Films released this film in the United States on 4 September 2015 in the original Spanish-language format with English subtitles, where is it was a surprise box-office success. Learning his home is in bankruptcy and being sold, a timid young rooster named Toto (Bruno Bichir/Zachary Gordon) summons the courage","title":"Un gallo con muchos huevos"},{"id":"8661167","text":"stomach, and in the form of \"Tripas à moda do Porto\" (tripe with white beans) is considered the traditional dish of the city of Porto, whose inhabitants are informally known as \"tripeiros\". Tripas Tripas, in Mexican cuisine (known as chitterlings in English-speaking countries), are the small intestines of farm animals that have been cleaned, boiled and grilled. \"Tripas\" are used as filling for tacos, then dressed with condiments such as cilantro, chopped onions, and chile sauce. They are also served with \"pico de gallo\" and \"guacamole\". Tripas as prepared Mexican style require care by the cook, to avoid becoming rubbery.","title":"Tripas"},{"id":"5792209","text":"number of attendees at the evening celebration. The tradition of Misa de Gallo is still observed today mostly by Spanish-speaking Roman Catholic countries in Latin America and in the Philippines. In Spain, locals begin Christmas Eve by lighting small oil lamps in every home, then proceed to church to hear Midnight Mass. The most popular of these holy services is in the Basílica de Montserrat also known as Santa Maria de Montserrat, a Benedictine monastery built on the steep cliffs of the Montserrat mountain range. The Escolania de Montserrat, Europe's oldest boys' choir known for their angelic voices, graces the","title":"Misa de Gallo"},{"id":"3210177","text":"Locminé (\"Lominoec\"), Vannes (\"Vannes\") and ending in the south, east of the Rhuys peninsula, in Morbihan. The term \"gallo\" is sometimes spelled \"galo\" or \"gallot\". It is also referred to as \"langue gallèse\" or \"britto-roman\" in Brittany. In south Lower Normandy and in the west of Pays de la Loire it is often referred to as patois, though this is a matter of some contention. \"Gallo\" comes from the Breton word \"gall\", meaning \"foreigner\", \"French\" or \"non-Breton\". The Celts settled in Armorica toward the 8th century BCE. Some of early groups mentioned in the written records of the Greeks were","title":"Gallo language"},{"id":"3210174","text":"Gallo language Gallo is a regional language of France. It is not as commonly spoken as it once was, as the standard form of French now predominates. Gallo is classified as one of the Oïl languages. Gallo was originally spoken in the Marches of Neustria, which now corresponds to the border lands of Brittany and Normandy and its former heart in Le Mans, Maine. Gallo was the shared spoken language of several of those who took part in the Norman conquest of England, most of whom originated in Lower Brittany and Lower Normandy. Thus, Gallo was a vehicle for the","title":"Gallo language"},{"id":"18010343","text":"Gallo (surname) Gallo is a surname. As of 2014, 36.1% of all known bearers of the surname \"Gallo\" were residents of Italy (frequency 1:680), 11.8% of Argentina (1:1,451), 11.7% of the United States (1:12,385), 7.1% of Colombia (1:2,691), 5.9% of the Philippines (1:6,855), 5.6% of Brazil (1:14,574), 3.0% of Mexico (1:16,388), 2.6% of Peru (1:4,966), 2.2% of Spain (1:8,604), 2.0% of Ecuador (1:3,181), 2.0% of France (1:13,504) and 1.0% of Uruguay (1:1,357). In Italy, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:680) in the following regions: In Spain, the frequency of the surname was higher than national","title":"Gallo (surname)"},{"id":"18534372","text":"Mount Pico de Loro Mount Palay-Palay,also known as \"Mount Pico de Loro\", is a dormant volcano in Cavite province on the island of Luzon, Philippines. The mountain rises to an elevation of above mean sea level and is the highest peak of the Mounts Palay-Palay–Mataas-na-Gulod Protected Landscape. The mountain is one of the ancient volcanic features of Bataan Arc. Pico de Loro was first named by Spanish sea-farers which means \"Parrot's Beak\" as its pointed summit resembles the shape of a parrot's beak from afar and it is commonly used as a signal by sea-farers to turn east to get","title":"Mount Pico de Loro"},{"id":"13373630","text":"Torre del Gallo The Torre del Gallo is a historical building located in Florence, Italy, located at Pian de' Giullari, in the hills of Arcetri, on top of a ridge overlooking the city where there is a magnificent panorama. In ancient times it was part of a genuinely fortified castle on the hill, strategically close to Florence. According to some historians, it belonged to the family Galli (or Gallo), who were of very ancient origin. An emblem written in Gothic calligraphy still remains in stone near a plaque located on one of the walls of the courtyard. Taking advantage of","title":"Torre del Gallo"},{"id":"15012395","text":"De pictura De pictura (English: \"On Painting\") is a treatise written by the Italian architect and art theorist Leon Battista Alberti. The first version, written in vernacular Italian in 1435 under the title Della pittura, was for a general audience. The Latin version, the \"De pictura\" of 1439–41, was more technical and intended for scholars. The work is the first in a trilogy of treatises on the \"Major arts\" which had a widespread circulation during the Renaissance, the others being \"De re aedificatoria\" (\"On Architecture\", 1454) and \"De statua\" (\"On Sculpture\", 1462). Alberti was a member of Florentine family exiled","title":"De pictura"},{"id":"2443808","text":"Carpe diem is the second-person singular present active imperative of \"carpō\" \"pick or pluck\" used by Horace to mean \"enjoy, seize, use, make use of\". \"Diem\" is the accusative of \"dies\" \"day\". A more literal translation of would thus be \"pluck the day [as it is ripe]\"—that is, enjoy the moment. Text from \"Odes\" : Perhaps the first written expression of the concept is the advice given by Siduri to Gilgamesh, telling him to forgo his mourning and embrace life although some scholars see it as simply urging Gilgamesh to abandon his mourning, \"reversing the liminal rituals of mourning and","title":"Carpe diem"},{"id":"2443813","text":"diem\" as his guiding philosophy. Carpe diem is the second-person singular present active imperative of \"carpō\" \"pick or pluck\" used by Horace to mean \"enjoy, seize, use, make use of\". \"Diem\" is the accusative of \"dies\" \"day\". A more literal translation of would thus be \"pluck the day [as it is ripe]\"—that is, enjoy the moment. Text from \"Odes\" : Perhaps the first written expression of the concept is the advice given by Siduri to Gilgamesh, telling him to forgo his mourning and embrace life although some scholars see it as simply urging Gilgamesh to abandon his mourning, \"reversing the","title":"Carpe diem"},{"id":"6771065","text":"El Canto del Loco El Canto del Loco (\"The Singing of the Madman\" in English) was a Spanish pop rock band, although its members recognize that some of their songs are more in the style of power pop. The name of the band comes from the song \"El Canto del Gallo\" by Radio Futura. The group sometimes known through the abbreviation ECDL was created in 1994 by Dani Martín and Ivan Ganchegui (who left the group in 2002) although the final line up would not come together until years later. Influenced mainly by other Spanish groups from the 1980s and","title":"El Canto del Loco"},{"id":"6771085","text":"Goat), M Clan. El Canto De Loco collaborated with Mexican singer, Natalia Lafourcade in the song Contigo, which became popular in Mexico. El Canto De Loco has also collaborated with Spanish band, Sueño De Morfeo El Canto del Loco El Canto del Loco (\"The Singing of the Madman\" in English) was a Spanish pop rock band, although its members recognize that some of their songs are more in the style of power pop. The name of the band comes from the song \"El Canto del Gallo\" by Radio Futura. The group sometimes known through the abbreviation ECDL was created in","title":"El Canto del Loco"},{"id":"14237164","text":"Ecco Domani Ecco Domani is the brand of an Italian wine company selling in the United States, Canada, and Northern Europe, with marketing and distribution by E & J Gallo Winery. It was founded in 1996 and is led by Fabrizio Gatto. \"Market Watch\" named it one of the \"hot brands\" in 1998. Ecco Domani has used marketing strategies that went \"into people's lifestyles\" and advertisements aimed at young consumers. One of the company's campaigns in print publications featured a \"young woman kicking up her heels, with a statement that: 'Red wine is for meat, white wine is for fish.","title":"Ecco Domani"},{"id":"18600577","text":"Therefore, two lovers appear only at night, when Ray can show your true self and live freely her relationship with Patricio without arousing suspicion. El padre Gallo El padre Gallo (English title:\"The priest Gallo\") is a Mexican telenovela produced by Juan Osorio for Televisa in 1986. It is an original story of Arturo Moya Grau, adapted by M.J. Rubio and directed by Gonzalo Martínez Ortega. It starred first actor Ernesto Gómez Cruz with Alejandra Ávalos and Fernando Ciangherotti. The setting is the small town of Cuetzalan which El Gallo, a bandit fugitive from justice who plans to avoid being found","title":"El padre Gallo"},{"id":"8317800","text":"slices of jalapeño or serrano peppers. It is then grilled in an oven until the cheese melts. The frijoles refritos are \"frijol mantequilla\" known outside of the region as \"pinto beans\". The traditional cheeses used were the queso ranchero, asadero or queso menonita. The queso ranchero is most similar to Parmesan with less aging, the asadero is a creamy provolone and the menonita most closely resembles Havarti. \"Molletes\" in southern Mexico can be served with salsa or \"pico de gallo\" or topped with sliced ham, chorizo, bacon or mushrooms. \"Molletes\" are considered a distant cousin of the Italian bruschetta dish.","title":"Mollete"},{"id":"13373637","text":"converted into residences. Torre del Gallo The Torre del Gallo is a historical building located in Florence, Italy, located at Pian de' Giullari, in the hills of Arcetri, on top of a ridge overlooking the city where there is a magnificent panorama. In ancient times it was part of a genuinely fortified castle on the hill, strategically close to Florence. According to some historians, it belonged to the family Galli (or Gallo), who were of very ancient origin. An emblem written in Gothic calligraphy still remains in stone near a plaque located on one of the walls of the courtyard.","title":"Torre del Gallo"},{"id":"14329568","text":"Queijo do Pico Cheese of Pico () is a cheese originating from the island of Pico in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. It has been classified as a \"Denomination of Protected Origin\", in accordance with the laws of the European Union since October 1996. It is unknown when \"Queijo do Pico\" was first made, but there are references to its fabrication dating as far back as the end of the 18th century; the manner of its preparation has been handed down to descendants since it was first cured. This cured cheese is produced from cow milk, from a slow","title":"Queijo do Pico"},{"id":"15936118","text":"where one of his actresses won best supporting actress; in Maryland: The Greenbelt Arts Center [AR W], Silver Spring Stage/PF, and St. John's Church; as well as other venues in Virginia, Delaware, Pennsylvania and Massachusetts. Three of his plays (Margherita, Eugenio, and Lincoln and God)are under contract to the Nederlander Producing Group for production in New York City. Margherita was scheduled to be jointly produced by Brown-Nederlander and the Seventh Street Playhouse in 2012. ,” a play about the relationship between Benito Mussolini and his Jewish mistress of 25 years, based on the Book of Judith. [R2, R14] The playwright","title":"Anthony E. Gallo"},{"id":"11616703","text":"the collection \"The Collected Poems of Octavio Paz, 1957–1987\". In 1991 this translation was joined with the original poem in a single volume published by New Directions Books (New York). This edition also featured illustrations of the Aztec calendar taken from Mariano Fernandez de Echeverria y Veytia's \"Los calendrios mexicanos\", completed in 1782 and published posthumously in 1836. Piedra de Sol \"Piedra de Sol\" (\"Sunstone\") is a poem by Octavio Paz, written in 1957. It was praised as a \"magnificent\" example of surrealist poetry in the presentation speech of his Nobel Prize. It is a circular poem based on the","title":"Piedra de Sol"},{"id":"1712083","text":"Vincent Gallo Vincent Gallo (; born April 11, 1961) is an American actor, director, model, musician and painter. Though he has had minor roles in mainstream films such as \"Arizona Dream\", \"The Funeral\" and \"Palookaville\", he is most associated with independent movies, including \"Buffalo '66\", which he wrote, directed, scored and starred in and \"The Brown Bunny\", which he also wrote, directed, produced, starred in and photographed. In the early 2000s, he released several solo recordings on Warp Records. Vincent Gallo was born in Buffalo, New York, the son of Janet, a hairdresser, and Vincenzo Vito Gallo, also a hairdresser","title":"Vincent Gallo"},{"id":"18996019","text":"2, directed by Eloy de La Iglesia and Deprisa, Deprisa by Carlos Saura and later \"La Estanquera De Vallecas\", among others. These films were starring by unknown young untrained actors. Set in the Basque country in a cold and dark atmosphere, \"El Pico\" employs a rough, neo-realitic style. The film was de la Iglesia's biggest box-office hit and it spin off a sequel: El pico 2. Paco and Urko, two teenagers living in Bilbao in Spain, become best friends while attending the same Academy. They come from different backgrounds. Paco has two younger sisters; his mother, Eulalia, is a traditional","title":"El pico"},{"id":"5792208","text":"Church of the Resurrection at dawn. Half a century later, Pope Sixtus III, inspired by the midnight vigil, instituted the practice of a midnight mass after the cockcrow in the grotto-like oratory of the famed Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore. There are discrepancies, however, with the exact time of the cockcrow due to the fact that the ancient Romans set it at the start of the day. In 1587, the head monk from the Convent of San Agustin Acolman, San Diego de Soria, petitioned the Pope to allow holding the mass outdoors because the church could not accommodate the large","title":"Misa de Gallo"},{"id":"13269987","text":"de la Tierra\" in other countries are: Vino de la tierra Vino de la tierra is a quality of Spanish wine that designates the rung below the mainstream quality wine indication of \"denominación de origen\" (DO). It is the equivalent of the French \"vin de pays\". It covers not only still wine but also sparkling wine and fortified wine. It represents a higher quality than table wine. The labels of \"vino de la tierra\" wines are allowed to state the year of vintage and the grape varieties used in production. In 2008 there were 43 registered \"vino de la tierra\"","title":"Vino de la tierra"},{"id":"11616702","text":"Piedra de Sol \"Piedra de Sol\" (\"Sunstone\") is a poem by Octavio Paz, written in 1957. It was praised as a \"magnificent\" example of surrealist poetry in the presentation speech of his Nobel Prize. It is a circular poem based on the circular Aztec calendar, and consists of a single cyclical sentence reflecting the synodic period of the planet Venus. The poem has 584 lines corresponding to this 584-day period. The first six lines of the poem are repeated again at the end of the poem. A translation into English by Eliot Weinberger was published in 1987 as part of","title":"Piedra de Sol"},{"id":"16974853","text":"Carmine Gallo Carmine Gallo (born July 26, 1965) is an American author, columnist, keynote speaker, and former journalist and news anchor. Carmine Gallo was born in San Jose, California, son of Francesco Gallo, an Italian immigrant who was held in a British concentration camp until the end of the World War II. After returning to Italy, Franco married Giuseppina Gugliemo, his childhood sweetheart. In 1956, they moved to America where Franco worked as an engineer for Palo Alto-based Varian Associates for more than thirty years. In 1983, Carmine graduated from Bellarmine College Preparatory, in San Jose, CA. He went on","title":"Carmine Gallo"},{"id":"7110676","text":"Lone Star Cafe. Hunter sang Russell's \"Gallo Del Cielo\" at the Glastonbury Festival in the UK. Andrew Hardin remained Russell's full-time sideman until April, 2006. \"Gallo del Cielo\" became one of Russell's most fabled songs and has been recorded by Ian Tyson, Joe Ely, Brian Burns, Jason Boland and the Stragglers, and Katie Lee. The song has been cited as a favorite by Bob Dylan and Bruce Springsteen (as noted in Clarence Clemons' book \"Big Man\".]] Between 1984 and 1994, the Tom Russell Band, composed of Russell on acoustic guitar and vocals, Andrew Hardin (guitar), Fats Kaplin (pedal steel, fiddle,","title":"Tom Russell"},{"id":"1594536","text":"In the Philippines, where strong cultural influences persist from Spanish colonial times, the Posadas tradition is illustrated by the Panunulúyan pageant. Sometimes it is performed immediately before the Misa de Gallo (Midnight Mass), sometimes on each of the nine nights. The main difference from Mexico is that actors are used for Mary and Joseph instead of statues, and sing the requests for accommodation. The lines of the \"innkeepers\" are also often sung, but sometimes these respond without singing. Another difference is that the lyrics are not in Spanish but in a local language, such as Tagalog. In Nicaragua the older","title":"Las Posadas"},{"id":"10381473","text":"The intersection of West Pico Boulevard and South Sepulveda Boulevard is in the Rancho Park neighborhood. The song was featured in the soundtrack of Richard Elfman's 1980 underground cult film, \"Forbidden Zone\". \"Pico and Sepulveda\" was covered in 2002 by Lee Presson and the Nails on their album \"El Bando En Fuego!\". Several amateur versions were submitted to and played on the Dr. Demento radio program by such groups as the Roto Rooter Good Time Christmas Band. Pico and Sepulveda \"Pico and Sepulveda\" is a 1947 song by Freddy Martin and his orchestra. Composed by Eddie Maxwell and Jule Styne","title":"Pico and Sepulveda"},{"id":"18348815","text":"grossed $9,080,818 at North American theaters and $16,161,585 from international markets, giving it a worldwide total of $25,242,403. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 63% based on 16 reviews, with an average rating of 5.8/10. According to CinemaScore, audiences gave the film a rare grade of \"A+\" on an A+ to F scale. \"Un gallo con muchos huevos\" was originally rumored to be the final installment of the franchise. However, it was announced that the fourth and fifth installments are in development and will be respectively released in 2019 and 2022. Both of the films will","title":"Un gallo con muchos huevos"},{"id":"4764343","text":"salad, known to jalisquillos (Guadalajara's natives) as pico de gallo, was consumed from a large bowl during breakfast, the remaining juice was saved and poured on a small and narrow clay cup, which itself would be the precursor of the tequila shot glass. In essence, the recipe of the original sangrita is thought to be that and the same recipe of the fruit salad from which it was strained. In almost all cases the drink took its bright red color from a mix of the fine pepper powder, spices, and pomegranate, while the base was mainly orange or sweetened lime","title":"Sangrita"},{"id":"15936112","text":"Anthony E. Gallo Anthony Ernest (Tony) Gallo (born February 3, 1939) is an American playwright. He has written over 60 dramatic works and is currently filming his first motion picture which is based on one of his plays. Anthony Gallo was born on February 3, 1939, and raised in Vandergrift, Pennsylvania (also the title of one of his plays), a steel town 40 miles north of Pittsburgh, the son of an impoverished factory worker. His parents were Domenic and Saveria Raso Gallo. His father suffered poor health, largely the result of his only other son’s death in a house fire","title":"Anthony E. Gallo"},{"id":"2001072","text":"home cooking. In many restaurants, the fajita meat and vegetables is brought to the table sizzling loudly on a metal platter or skillet, along with warmed tortillas and condiments such as guacamole, pico de gallo, queso, salsa, shredded cheese, and/or sour cream. Fajita A fajita (; ) in Tex-Mex cuisine is any grilled meat that is served as a taco on a flour or corn tortilla. The term originally referred to skirt steak, the cut of beef first used in the dish. Popular meats today also include chicken and other cuts of beef, as well as vegetables instead of meat.","title":"Fajita"},{"id":"4843727","text":"raw egg is usually added to each plate when served and it is slowly cooked by the warm soup, similar to egg drop soup. It is a very popular dish in fondas around downtown Mexico city, especially in Tepito. There is also a Tex-Mex variation of Mexican migas. This includes additional ingredients, such as diced onions, sliced chile peppers, diced fresh tomatoes, or cheese, as well as various spices and condiments (e.g., salsa or \"pico de gallo\"). Migas is typically served with refried beans, and corn or flour tortillas may be used to enfold all of the ingredients into tacos.","title":"Migas"},{"id":"18348813","text":"to fight a rooster boxing champion Bankivoide (Sergio Sendel) at el Palenque to save his home. The film was released in theaters in the United States on 4 September 2015 by Pantelion Films in 395 theaters across the country. It expanded to 616 theaters the following week, making it the first time a Mexican animated feature had received a wide release in the United States. \"We're very pleased about the quality we achieved,\" Gabriel Riva said in an interview. He also stated that being able to debut the film in the U.S. \"is a dream come true\". In Mexico, the","title":"Un gallo con muchos huevos"},{"id":"10775772","text":"Pici Pici (; ) is thick, hand-rolled pasta, like fat spaghetti. It originates in the province of Siena in Tuscany; in the Montalcino area they are also referred to as pinci (). The dough is typically made from flour and water only. The addition of egg is optional, being determined by family traditions. Alternatively, finely chopped or shredded spinach can be used in place of water. The dough is rolled out in a thick flat sheet, then cut into strips. In some families, the strip of dough is rolled between one palm and the table, while the other hand is","title":"Pici"},{"id":"14329569","text":"coagulation process that takes 20 to 30 days. The cheese is produced in cylinders, in sizes ranging from to in diameter and heights of to , while weights average to . Its fat content ranges from between 45% and 49%, and it is considered a fatty cheese. The ripening of the cheese forms a yellow exterior irregular crust and yellowish-white, soft and pasty interior. Pico cheese has a salty taste and a characteristically intense aroma. Queijo do Pico Cheese of Pico () is a cheese originating from the island of Pico in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. It has","title":"Queijo do Pico"},{"id":"10775773","text":"wrapped with the rest of the strip. It can also be formed by rolling the strip between the palms. Either method forms a thick pasta, slightly thinner than a common pencil. Unlike spaghetti or macaroni, this pasta is not uniform in size and has variations of thickness along its length. It is eaten with a variety of foods, particularly: Pici Pici (; ) is thick, hand-rolled pasta, like fat spaghetti. It originates in the province of Siena in Tuscany; in the Montalcino area they are also referred to as pinci (). The dough is typically made from flour and water","title":"Pici"},{"id":"18010344","text":"average (1:8,604) in the following autonomous communities: In Argentina, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:1,451) in the following provinces: Fictional characters: Gallo (surname) Gallo is a surname. As of 2014, 36.1% of all known bearers of the surname \"Gallo\" were residents of Italy (frequency 1:680), 11.8% of Argentina (1:1,451), 11.7% of the United States (1:12,385), 7.1% of Colombia (1:2,691), 5.9% of the Philippines (1:6,855), 5.6% of Brazil (1:14,574), 3.0% of Mexico (1:16,388), 2.6% of Peru (1:4,966), 2.2% of Spain (1:8,604), 2.0% of Ecuador (1:3,181), 2.0% of France (1:13,504) and 1.0% of Uruguay (1:1,357). In Italy,","title":"Gallo (surname)"},{"id":"18674475","text":"accompaniment to rice. Cookbook author Jila Dana-Haeri describes it as a refreshing dish during the summer. Shirazi salad has been described as being akin to a national salad in Iran, and it is a common meal accompaniment. It may also be used in a manner similar to that of a condiment, to reduce the spiciness of stews. It typically has a crisp and moist texture, and is somewhat similar to pico de gallo and Israeli salad. The primary ingredients of Shirazi salad consist of small, finely-diced cucumber, tomato and onion, which is mixed with fresh lemon or lime juice and","title":"Shirazi salad"},{"id":"10185348","text":", at an elevation of 203 feet (62 m) above sea level. Picacho was the setting of Zane Grey’s 1923 novel \"Wanderer of the Wasteland\", later made into a silent film. Picacho, California Picacho is an unincorporated community in Imperial County, California. It is located on the Colorado River south-southeast of Palo Verde, at an elevation of 203 feet (62 m). Picacho, now a ghost town, was an early mining town on the Colorado River. It was named \"Picacho\" (Spanish for \"big peak\") after a nearby mountain of the same name. The original townsite itself is beneath Imperial Reservoir, but","title":"Picacho, California"},{"id":"7110674","text":"during which time they recorded the second of their two studio albums. They eventually split in 1979, at which point Russell drifted out of the music industry for a year. It was during this hiatus that Russell wrote his classic song \"Gallo Del Cielo\". Both Hardin & Russell albums (\"Ring of Bone\" and \"Wax Museum\") received high critical acclaim, and the first was reviewed in \"Rolling Stone\" by Chet Flippo. During this period Russell was also the winner of the first Woody Guthrie - William Oliver Award for songwriting, as well as the professional country category in the first American","title":"Tom Russell"},{"id":"2387858","text":"the summer with their sheep, goats, cows, and an occasional pig. The area is famed for its piquant blue cheeses, such as Cabrales cheese and Picón Tresviso Bejes. Picos de Europa The Picos de Europa (\"Peaks of Europe\", also the Picos) are a mountain range extending for about 20 km, forming part of the Cantabrian Mountains in northern Spain. The range is situated in the Autonomous Communities of Asturias, Cantabria and Castile and León. The highest peak is Torre de Cerredo, at an elevation of . A widely accepted origin for the name is that they were the first sight","title":"Picos de Europa"},{"id":"2001068","text":"Fajita A fajita (; ) in Tex-Mex cuisine is any grilled meat that is served as a taco on a flour or corn tortilla. The term originally referred to skirt steak, the cut of beef first used in the dish. Popular meats today also include chicken and other cuts of beef, as well as vegetables instead of meat. In restaurants, the meat is usually cooked with onions and bell peppers. Popular condiments include shredded lettuce, sour cream, guacamole, salsa, pico de gallo, shredded cheese, refried beans, and diced tomatoes. Arrachera is a northern Mexican variant of the dish. \"Fajita\" is","title":"Fajita"},{"id":"4834737","text":"Days in Europa Days in Europa is the second album by Scottish punk rock and new wave band Skids. It was released in 1979 by record label Virgin. A rough translation of \"Dulce et Decorum Est (Pro Patria Mori)\" is \"It is a sweet and glorious thing (to die for one's country)\". \"Dulce et Decorum Est\" is also the name of a poem by Wilfred Owen. Thanatos is the Greek word for \"death\" and the ancient Greek god of death, and is used in Freudian psychology to refer to the death wish/destructive urge, as opposed to Eros, the reproductive urge.","title":"Days in Europa"},{"id":"13576451","text":"For A Job” / Anti-Social, Young American Christmas Lovers Brigade” in 2015, and “Little Tokyo / “Prince of Pico Blvd.” in 2017 In 2010, Calamar's first book was published by Sterling Publishing -- \"Record Store Days: From Vinyl to Digital and Back Again\"—co-authored by music journalist Phil Gallo. The lavishly-illustrated volume features a foreword by R.E.M.'s Peter Buck and tells the story of the development of record stores. Gary Calamar lives with his wife Ali and daughter Zoe in the Laurel Canyon area of Los Angeles. Gary Calamar Gary Calamar is an American DJ and 5-time Grammy Award-nominated film and","title":"Gary Calamar"},{"id":"9877440","text":"Cerro del Topo Chico Cerro del Topo Chico (literal English: \"Little Mole Hill\") is a mountain located in the western portion of the city of San Nicolás de los Garza and within the northern limits of the Monterrey metropolitan area (both cities are in the Mexican state of Nuevo León). The gray areas depicted on the photos are limestone quarries from which raw material is extracted to manufacture cement. The mountain also gives its name to a popular mineral water brand bottled in Monterrey, Topo Chico. Some other known mountains or elevations of the zone are: the Cerro de la","title":"Cerro del Topo Chico"},{"id":"19233348","text":"Tempo de Amar Tempo de Amar (English: Time to Love) is a Brazilian telenovela produced and broadcast by Rede Globo. It premiered on 26 September 2017, replacing \"Novo Mundo\" and concluded its run on 19 March 2018. It is created by Alcides Nogueira. The telenovela is based on the works of Rubem Fonseca and features writing collaborations by Tarcísio Lara Puiati and Bíbi Da Pieve. Adriano Melo and Jayme Monjardim serve as the main directors. It stars Bruno Cabrerizo, Vitória Strada, Jayme Matarazzo, Tony Ramos, Letícia Sabatella, Regina Duarte, Henri Castelli, Marisa Orth, Bruno Ferrari, Cássio Gabus Mendes, Nívea Maria","title":"Tempo de Amar"},{"id":"2268738","text":"was buried in the old Calvary Cemetery on North Broadway in Downtown Los Angeles, but his remains, as well as those of his wife, were relocated in 1921 to a modest tomb in El Campo Santo Cemetery, now in the Homestead Museum in the City of Industry. Pico held three different nationalities during his lifetime. He was born a Spaniard in New Spain, became a Mexican citizen as a young man, and finally a United States citizen. He was known for his extravagant lifestyle, with fine clothes, expensive furnishings, and heavy gambling. In 1927, Pío Pico State Historic Park was","title":"Pío Pico"},{"id":"13682769","text":"all. Joseph Edward Gallo (September 11, 1919 – February 17, 2007) was a prominent California rancher. He founded one of the largest family-owned dairy operations in the world, Joseph Gallo Farms, which produces dairy products including a variety of cheeses. The company is now run by his son, CEO Michael Gallo. He was the younger brother of Ernest and Julio, founders of E & J Gallo Winery. Joseph was sued by his brothers and forced to stop using the Gallo name on his cheese, thereafter labeled Joseph Farms. Gallo family The Gallo family is an American wine family. The father,","title":"Gallo family"},{"id":"10458897","text":"the Sidney Poitier-Bill Cosby film \"A Piece of the Action\". The group's previous albums were also named after films starring Poitier and Cosby. The song \"Ganja Lounge\" contains a sample from the voiceover at the beginning of the 1995 film \"Friday\". Black Hollywood Black Hollywood is the third album by Hip Hop duo Camp Lo, released on July 24, 2007, on Good Hands Records. It is the duo's first album in five years. The album is entirely produced by long-time collaborator Ski, who produced the majority of the group's first two albums, \"Uptown Saturday Night\" and \"Let's Do It Again\".","title":"Black Hollywood"},{"id":"8226889","text":"Vila do Flamengo, Paraibinha, Paroquial (Chão dos Padres), Parque de Exposição, Passagem das Pedras, Pedrinhas, Pedro Brito, São José, São Sebastião (Malvinas), Trisidela andUmari e Unha de Gato (3º BECnst). The city is served by Sen. Helvídio Nunes Airport. Public schools include E. Téc. Est. Petrônio Portela (PREMEM), Esc. Normal Official De Picos, U.E. Antonio Marques, U.E. Araújo Luz, U.E. Cel, Fco. Santos, U.E. Coelho Rodrigues, U.E. Dirceu Mendes Arcoverde, U.E. Jorge Leopoldo, U.E. José De Deus Barros, U.E. Julieta Neiva Nunes, U.E. Landri Sales, E. Pol. Marcos Parente, U.E. Mario Martins, U.E Miguel Lidiano, U.E. Ozildo Albano, U.E. Petrônio","title":"Picos"},{"id":"12877478","text":"The Warner Huntington Park Theatre originally seated 1,468 people. Huntington Park also boasted of the third Pussycat Theater to open in California. It was called The Lyric and was located at 7208 Pacific Boulevard. El Gallo Giro (Lat. Am. Sp., for \"The Yellow Rooster\") is ranked among the 10 highest grossing restaurants in the Los Angeles area. \"El Gallo Giro\" was started in 1990. By the year 2000, it had become the 7th most profitable restaurant in L.A. county ranked by annual gross sales, with receipts of $6.7M that year. Despite its casual dining and working class clientele, its sales","title":"Pacific Boulevard"},{"id":"4849664","text":"originated. One theory suggests that gallo pinto was brought into Latin America by African slaves. Gallo pinto means \"spotted rooster\" in Spanish. The name is said to originate in the multi-colored or speckled appearance that results from cooking the rice and the use of pinto beans. It is called \"pinto\" by Costa Ricans. Gallo pinto is one of many various Latin American plates which involve the preparation of the most integral ingredients for many cultures: rice and beans. Gallo pinto is considered to be a product of metizos; a combination of beans, cultivated by Indigenous people of pre-Colombian time, and","title":"Gallo pinto"},{"id":"1638526","text":"the two foods \"chicharrón\" and \"frijoles\". Accompanied with rice and \"pico de gallo\", a fresh salsa, this snack is often served with tortilla chips. Olla de carne, or \"pot of beef\", is a stew that comes from the Spanish influences in post-colonial era Costa Rica and contains beef, cassava (a starchy tuber used in \"Tico\" cooking), potatoes, corn, green plantains, squash or chayote, and other vegetables. Small snack stands or stores, called \"sodas\", often sell corn turnovers called empanadas filled with ground beef, chicken, cheese, or a fruit mixture. Another popular snack or side dish is yuca frita, or fried","title":"Costa Rican cuisine"},{"id":"7617977","text":"Picadillo Picadillo (, \"mince\") is a traditional dish in many Latin American countries and the Philippines (where it is known as \"giniling\", and also \"arroz a la Cubana\") that is similar to \"hash\". It is made with ground beef, tomatoes (tomato sauce may be used as a substitute), raisins, olives, and other ingredients that vary by region. It is often served with rice or used as a filling in dishes such as tacos, savoury pastries or croquettes. The name comes from the Spanish word \"picar\", which means \"to mince\". Costa Rican versions always include the name of the vegetable which","title":"Picadillo"},{"id":"20827119","text":"O Tempo não Para O Tempo não Para (English: Crashing Into the Future) is a Brazilian telenovela produced by Rede Globo. It premiered on 31 July 2018, replacing \"Deus Salve o Rei\". It is created by Mario Teixeira, with the collaboration of Bíbi Da Pieve, Tarcísio Lara Puiati, Marcos Lazarini, Marcelo Travesso, and Adriano Melo. The artistic director is Leonardo Nogueira. It stars Juliana Paiva, Nicolas Prattes, Cleo Pires, Edson Celulari, Rosi Campos, Christiane Torloni, Carol Castro, Eva Wilma, Regiane Alves, João Baldasserini and Adriane Galisteu in the main roles. The story begins in 1886 and features the Sabino Machado","title":"O Tempo não Para"},{"id":"15467033","text":"Other international brands such as Heineken, Baltika or Corona are offered in the beer market, but also distributed (with lower sales) by the subsidiaries mentioned above. The most famous beer is Gallo and its varieties Gallo Light and Chopp Gallo among others like Victoria, Dorada Light, Dorada Draft, Montecarlo and Moza all manufactured by Cervecería Centro Americana S.A. locally. The big Honduran beers are Salva Vida, Imperial, Port Royal and Barena. All four are owned by the Cerveceria Hondureña, owner of the Coca-Cola brand and other drinks. Salva Vida is a lager, Imperial is a dark pilsner, Port Royal is","title":"Beer in Central America"},{"id":"2387853","text":"Picos de Europa The Picos de Europa (\"Peaks of Europe\", also the Picos) are a mountain range extending for about 20 km, forming part of the Cantabrian Mountains in northern Spain. The range is situated in the Autonomous Communities of Asturias, Cantabria and Castile and León. The highest peak is Torre de Cerredo, at an elevation of . A widely accepted origin for the name is that they were the first sight of Europe for ships arriving from the Americas. The name can be traced to Lucio Marineo Sículo, who mentions the \" Rupes Europae\" in 1530. Ambrosio Morales, chronist","title":"Picos de Europa"},{"id":"6771067","text":"1994 when Dani Martín was studying at the Cristina Rota School of Dramatic Arts. There, he met Iván Ganchegui, a guitarist, and their shared musical tastes resulted in the formation of the band. Both were fans of Radio Futura and in particular of their song \"El canto del gallo\" (The Song of the Rooster), which led them to name the group El Canto del Loco. At this time the group also included a female drummer, a bassist and another guitarist. However, the latter soon left the group because of other commitments, and the day before their first concert David Otero,","title":"El Canto del Loco"},{"id":"4914816","text":"Gallo has been trialling in the San Joaquin Valley is the French wine grape Ederena. E & J Gallo Winery was named the \"Bon Appetit Winery of the Year\" in the 1996, 1998, and 2001 San Francisco International Wine Competitions. Intangible Business, a brand valuation firm, rated Gallo as the world's \"Most Powerful Wine Brand\" in 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009. E & J Gallo Winery E & J Gallo Winery is a winery and distributor headquartered in Modesto, California. It was founded in 1933 by Ernest Gallo and Julio Gallo, and is the largest exporter of California wines. The","title":"E & J Gallo Winery"},{"id":"13682766","text":"Gallo family The Gallo family is an American wine family. The father, Giuseppe \"Joseph\" Gallo, Sr., immigrant from Fossano, Italy, after a period of menial labor started farming grapes, founded a winery, and died in a murder suicide when he shot his wife and then took his own life. Ernest and Julio Gallo started E. & J. Gallo Winery, which today is the largest exporter of California wines. A third brother, Joseph, was a rancher, cheese maker, and founder of Joseph Gallo Farms. Julio Gallo (March 21, 1910 – May 2, 1993) is one of the founders of the E","title":"Gallo family"},{"id":"2749202","text":"Denis Villeneuve Denis Villeneuve, (; born October 3, 1967) is a French Canadian film director and writer. He is a four-time recipient of the Canadian Screen Award (formerly Genie Award) for Best Direction, for \"Maelström\" in 2001, \"Polytechnique\" in 2009, \"Incendies\" in 2011, and \"Enemy\" in 2014. The first three of these films also won the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television Award for Best Motion Picture. Internationally, he is known for directing several critically acclaimed films, such as the thriller films \"Prisoners\" (2013) and \"Sicario\" (2015), and the science fiction films \"Arrival\" (2016) and \"Blade Runner 2049\" (2017). For","title":"Denis Villeneuve"},{"id":"2268739","text":"created from the ruins of his \"Rancho de Bartolo (El Ranchito)\" in Whittier, and Casa Pico mansion. Pico Boulevard, a major east-west thoroughfare in Los Angeles, is named for him. An elementary and middle school in Los Angeles' Mid-City district is also named in his honor. Pico Rivera, a city located in southeastern Los Angeles County, is named for the last Mexican governor. The actor Will Kuluva played Pico in the 1966 episode \"The Firebrand\" of the syndicated western television series, \"Death Valley Days\". Robert Anderson (1920-1996) was cast as General Philip Kearny, with Gregg Barton as Commodore Robert F.","title":"Pío Pico"},{"id":"751545","text":"Picric acid Picric acid is an organic compound with the formula (ON)CHOH. Its IUPAC name is 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP). The name \"picric\" comes from the Greek πικρός (\"pikros\"), meaning \"bitter\", reflecting its bitter taste. It is one of the most acidic phenols. Like other highly nitrated organic compounds, picric acid is an explosive, hence its primary use. It has also been used in medicine (antiseptic, burn treatments) and dyes. Picric acid was probably first mentioned in the alchemical writings of Johann Rudolf Glauber. Initially, it was made by nitrating substances such as animal horn, silk, indigo, and natural resin, the synthesis","title":"Picric acid"},{"id":"3210176","text":"the Norman language along the linguistic frontier and with Guernésiais and Jèrriais. However, as the dialect continuum shades towards Mayennais, there is a less clear isogloss. The clearest isogloss is that distinguishing Gallo from Breton, a Brittonic Celtic language traditionally spoken in the western territory of Brittany. In the west, the vocabulary of Gallo has been influenced by contact with Breton, but remains overwhelmingly Latinate. The influence of Breton decreases eastwards across Gallo-speaking territory. , Gallo's western extent stretches from Plouha (\"Plóha\"), in Côtes-d'Armor, south of Paimpol (\"Paimpol\"), passing through Châtelaudren (\"Châtié\"), Corlay (\"Corlaè\"), Loudéac (\"Loudia\"), east of Pontivy (\"Pontivy\"),","title":"Gallo language"},{"id":"495969","text":"turned down the film because the script did not resemble Raymond's work. He received the \"America Award\" in memory, from the Italy-USA Foundation in 2014. Sergio Leone Sergio Leone (; ; 3 January 1929 – 30 April 1989) was an Italian film director, producer and screenwriter, credited as the inventor of the Spaghetti Western genre. Leone's film-making style includes juxtaposing extreme close-up shots with lengthy long shots. His movies include the sword and sandal action films \"The Last Days of Pompeii\" (1959) and \"The Colossus of Rhodes\" (1961), the Dollars Trilogy of Westerns featuring Clint Eastwood: \"A Fistful of Dollars\"","title":"Sergio Leone"},{"id":"13269986","text":"Vino de la tierra Vino de la tierra is a quality of Spanish wine that designates the rung below the mainstream quality wine indication of \"denominación de origen\" (DO). It is the equivalent of the French \"vin de pays\". It covers not only still wine but also sparkling wine and fortified wine. It represents a higher quality than table wine. The labels of \"vino de la tierra\" wines are allowed to state the year of vintage and the grape varieties used in production. In 2008 there were 43 registered \"vino de la tierra\" wines in Spain. Levels corresponding to \"Vino","title":"Vino de la tierra"},{"id":"2387854","text":"of Felipe II of Spain, mentions the \"Montañas de Europa\" in 1572.. Prudencio de Sandoval calls them the \"Peñas o Sierras de Europa\" in 1601. The range consists of three major massifs: Central (also known as \"Urrieles\"), Eastern (Ándara) and Western (also known as the \"Picos de Cornión\"). The Central and Western massifs are separated by the deep Cares Gorge (\"Garganta del Cares\"), with the village of Caín at its head. The waters in the Cares mostly arise from cave resurgences. Some of the water in the Cares river is diverted through a hydroelectric scheme, with a canal running in","title":"Picos de Europa"},{"id":"10386408","text":"Cesária Cesária is a Cape Verdean morna and coladeira album by Cesária Évora. The album was released by Paris-based Lusafrica on 18 July 1995. The album was nominated for a Grammy Award in the World Music category in 1996. It was certified gold in France by SNEP which sold more than 100,000 copies. As of 1997, in United States the album has sold 150,000 copies. Selected translations: \"Tudo dia e dia\" is \"Everyday, Everyday\",\" Flor na Paul\" is \"Flower of Paul\" and \"Doce Guerra\" is \"Sweet War\". Also there was an earlier album released by herself titled \"Cesária\" which was","title":"Cesária"},{"id":"3801330","text":"Joe Gallo Joseph Gallo (April 7, 1929 April 7, 1972), also known as \"Crazy Joe\" and \"Joe the Blond\", was a New York City gangster for the Profaci crime family, later known as the Colombo crime family. Joe Gallo was born and raised in the Red Hook area of Brooklyn, New York. His parents were Umberto and Mary Gallo. A bootlegger during Prohibition, Umberto did little to discourage his three sons from participating in the local criminal activity. In 1949, after viewing the film \"Kiss of Death\", Joe Gallo began mimicking Richard Widmark's gangster character \"Tommy Udo\" and reciting movie","title":"Joe Gallo"},{"id":"7770999","text":"were populated walnut, a wood prized by Native Americans for making their bows. The spelling and pronunciation of the Native American name underwent several consecutive changes to language contact. Thus do we find the form on a map Pikanook 1906 Wright Township, Pickanok on that of the Ministry of Mines and Fisheries of 1925 and on the Pickinock County Hull, also from 1925. The current form \"Picanoc\" appears on a map of the Department of Lands and Forests in 1927. Picanoc also means a bridge, three lanes of communication and a small stream; the term was also used in the","title":"Picanoc River"},{"id":"2443811","text":"will someday die. It is medieval Latin, dating to 1287. Related but distinct is the expression \"memento mori\" (remember that you are mortal) which carries some of the same connotation as . For Horace, mindfulness of our own mortality is key in making us realize the importance of the moment. \"Remember that you are mortal, so seize the day.\" Over time the phrase also came to be associated with penitence, as suggested in many vanitas paintings. Today many listeners will take the two phrases as representing almost opposite approaches, with urging us to savour life and urging us to resist","title":"Carpe diem"},{"id":"18813344","text":"are kept a secret from the wrestling fans. Originally he teamed up with his brother as \"Estrella de Jalisco I\", while his brother was known as \"Estrella de Jalisco II\", but changed his ring character to El Gallo in 2006. \"El Gallo\" is Spanish for \"The Rooster\", a name that is reflected in his mask, which is adorned by a Cockscomb and fabric wattles on his chin. In 2012 El Gallo began being accompanied to the ring by \"El Gallito\" (\"Little Rooster\") a \"Mini-Estrella mascota\" version of himself. The wrestler who would later be known as El Gallo was born","title":"El Gallo (wrestler)"},{"id":"6067730","text":"Ki\"\") and \"\"El Gallo Espuelérico\"\" (loosely translated as \"The Spurless Rooster\") were humorous takes on real life events. On the first one Don Mon told the story of Rafael, a gambler who loses all his money rolling dice and is then assaulted by his wife Luz María with a broomstick, while their daughters laugh the incident off (one of the girls' laughter is the basis for the song's name). \"\"El Gallo Espuelérico\"\" tells the story of Américo, a guy who brags boastfully about a gamecock he carried with him to a fight. The bird is killed soon after the fight","title":"Mon Rivera"},{"id":"495814","text":"by everybody in Brittany, and it is the mother tongue of most people. Nonetheless, French was not widely known before the 19th century, and two regional languages exist in Brittany: Breton and Gallo. They are separated by a language border that has constantly moved back since the Middle Ages. The current border runs from Plouha on the English Channel to the Rhuys Peninsula on the Bay of Biscay. Because of their origins and practice, Breton and Gallo can be compared to Scottish Gaelic and Scots language in Scotland. Both have been recognised as \"Langues de Bretagne\" (\"languages of Brittany\") by","title":"Brittany"},{"id":"3801351","text":"Gage, the movie was directed by Carlo Lizzani and starred Peter Boyle as the title character. Gallo is the main character in Bob Dylan's biographical, twelve-verse ballad \"Joey\". The song appears in Dylan's 1976 album \"Desire\". Dylan was criticized for overly romanticizing Gallo's life in the song. Sebastian Maniscalco plays Gallo in the movie \"The Irishman\". Joe Gallo Joseph Gallo (April 7, 1929 April 7, 1972), also known as \"Crazy Joe\" and \"Joe the Blond\", was a New York City gangster for the Profaci crime family, later known as the Colombo crime family. Joe Gallo was born and raised in","title":"Joe Gallo"},{"id":"5244847","text":"Pichakaree Pichakaree (or pichakaaree) is an Indo-Trinidadian form of music, which originated in Trinidad and Tobago. It is named after the long syringe-like tubes used to spray abir during Phagwah celebrations. Pichakaree songs are generally social commentary, and are sung using a mixture of Hindi, English and Bhojpuri words. The musical form was devised by RaviJi, spiritual leader of the Hindu Prachar Kendra, as an Indo-Trinidadian counterpoint to calypso. Pichakaree competitions are an integral part of Phagwa celebrations hosted by the Hindu Prachar Kendra. This has been criticised by Satnarayan Maharaj of the Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha (the largest Hindu","title":"Pichakaree"},{"id":"14089465","text":"Kris Aquino) and Best Director (for Joel Lamangan). \"Mano Po\" was among the top-grossing films in time for the Metro Manila Filmfest. The film's success was followed by another episode, \"Mano Po 2: My Home\" and a spin-off, \"\" that was released in 2007. Don Luis Go (Eddie Garcia) is a Chinese immigrant and has a Filipino wife Elisa (Boots Anson-Roa). In 1949, the young Luis (Cogie Domingo) brought Elisa (Maxene Magalona) to China. There Elisa suffered discrimination from Luis' parents. There she decided to go back to the Philippines. But, Luis decided to join her. There, he became a","title":"Mano Po"},{"id":"4934479","text":"cut and hauled by horses to the river. During the early years all wood was 'driven' in the spring, down the Pic and White Otter rivers. In later years roads supplanted the trails, but until 1982 there was a Camp near the White Otter River operated by American Can. Dynamite caches were located at strategic places along the river so that log jams could be cleared. Two possibilities exist for the origin of the name of the river. It may be from either Ojibwe \"bikodinaa\" or French meaning \"be a high ground\" for the promontory found at the mouth of","title":"Pic River"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"890664\",\n \"text\": \"de gallo\\\" (\\\"rooster's beak\\\") is named thus because originally people ate it by pinching pieces between the thumb and forefinger. In their book \\\"Authentic Mexican: Regional Cooking from the Heart of Mexico\\\", Rick Bayless and Deann Groen speculate that the name might allude to the bird feed-like texture and appearance of the mince. Many native residents of the Sonoran Mexico region explain that the salsa is thus named because the serrano pepper resembles a rooster's beak in shape. Pico de gallo In Mexican cuisine, pico de gallo (, ), also called salsa fresca or salsa cruda, is made from chopped\",\n \"title\": \"Pico de gallo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"890663\",\n \"text\": \"it is normally called salsa mexicana (Mexican sauce). Because the colours of the red tomato, white onion, green chili and cilantro are reminiscent of the colours of the Mexican flag, it is also sometimes called salsa bandera (flag sauce). In many regions of Mexico the term refers to any of a variety of salads (including fruit salads), salsa, or fillings made with tomato, tomatillo, avocado, orange, jícama, cucumber, papaya, or mild chilis. The ingredients are tossed in lime juice and either hot sauce or chamoy, then sprinkled with a salty chili powder. According to food writer Sharon Tyler Herbst, \\\"pico\",\n \"title\": \"Pico de gallo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"890662\",\n \"text\": \"Pico de gallo In Mexican cuisine, pico de gallo (, ), also called salsa fresca or salsa cruda, is made from chopped tomato, onion, cilantro, fresh serranos (jalapeños or habaneros are used as alternatives), salt, and lime juice. Other ingredients, such as shrimp, or avocado, are also sometimes added. \\\"Pico de gallo\\\" can be used in much the same way as other Mexican liquid salsas, but since it contains less liquid, it can also be used as a main ingredient in dishes such as tacos and fajitas. The tomato-based variety is widely known as salsa picada (minced/chopped sauce). In Mexico\",\n \"title\": \"Pico de gallo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19093807\",\n \"text\": \"Pobre Gallo Pobre Gallo: No por mucho madrugar amanece más temprano \\\"(Poor Rooster (guy) : Getting up early doesn't lead to an earlier sunrise) \\\" in English\\\")\\\" is a 2016 Chilean telenovela produced and broadcast by Mega. Álvaro Rudolphy, Paola Volpato and Ingrid Cruz will star as the protagonists. Pedro Campos, Otilio Castro, Gabriela Hernández, Diego Muñoz and Antonia Zegers are antagonists. Augusto Schuster, Mariana Di Girolamo, Monserrat Ballarin and Ignacio Garmendia are teen protagonists. \\\"Poor Guy\\\" tells the story about the life of a workaholic man named Nicolas Pérez de Castro (Álvaro Rudolphy), who in the most important day\",\n \"title\": \"Pobre Gallo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9195676\",\n \"text\": \"pico de gallo with tacos of cochinita pibil or other preparations. Pico de gallo is also made with onion, coriander and tomato. In the Dominican Republic it is called wasakaka and usually has lime or sour orange juice. The word \\\"pebre\\\" in Catalan means pepper of any type, in this case ají cultivars of chilli pepper. The origin of Pebre as a sauce in Chile dates to the arrival of Catalan engineers and highly skilled masons under the supervision of the Italian architect Joaquin Toesca, for the construction of the Tajamares de Santiago, the fluvial channels, river walls and bridges\",\n \"title\": \"Pebre\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2500972\",\n \"text\": \"canned, and bottled salsa and picante sauces sold in the United States in grocery stores are forms of \\\"salsa cruda\\\" or \\\"pico de gallo\\\", and typically have a semi-liquid texture. To increase their shelf lives, these salsas have been cooked to a temperature of , and are thus not truly \\\"cruda\\\" (raw). Some have added vinegar, and some use pickled peppers instead of fresh ones. Tomatoes are strongly acidic by nature, which, along with the heat processing, is enough to stabilize the product for grocery distribution. \\\"Picante\\\" sauce of the American type is often thinner in consistency than what is\",\n \"title\": \"Salsa (sauce)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5792207\",\n \"text\": \"Misa de Gallo Misa de Gallo (Spanish for \\\"rooster's mass\\\", also \\\"Misa de los Pastores\\\", \\\"shepherd's mass;\\\" Portuguese: Missa do Galo) is a name for the Roman Catholic Mass celebrated around midnight of Christmas Eve and sometimes in the days immediately preceding Christmas. The tradition of midnight mass on Christmas Eve was first chronicled by Egeria, the Galician woman who went on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land around 381–384. She witnessed how the early Catholics of Jerusalem honored the Christmas mystery with a midnight vigil at Bethlehem. This was followed by a torchlight procession to Jerusalem, arriving at the\",\n \"title\": \"Misa de Gallo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5792211\",\n \"text\": \"of a series of masses during dawn called “\\\"Misa de Aguinaldo\\\"”. The name comes from the Spanish word for “\\\"Christmas box\\\"”. The masses are held for nine days and culminate on Christmas Eve. Puerto Ricans celebrate the mass by singing Christmas songs, which they also call \\\"aguinaldos\\\". The more religious versions of these songs are called villancicos and the ones with a Criollo inspiration are called \\\"décimas navideñas\\\". Misa de Gallo Misa de Gallo (Spanish for \\\"rooster's mass\\\", also \\\"Misa de los Pastores\\\", \\\"shepherd's mass;\\\" Portuguese: Missa do Galo) is a name for the Roman Catholic Mass celebrated around midnight\",\n \"title\": \"Misa de Gallo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5792210\",\n \"text\": \"celebration. Bolivians attend Christmas Eve mass, and the celebration is followed by a sit-down meal featuring a traditional bowl of \\\"picana del pollo\\\". It is a stew made of chicken with peas, carrots, and potatoes. \\\"Simbáng Gabi\\\" (Tagalog for \\\"night Mass\\\"), is the Filipino version of the \\\"Misa de Gallo\\\" (sometimes referred to as \\\"Misa de Aguinaldo\\\", \\\"gift mass\\\") and in Zamboangueño Chavacano it is only called as \\\"Misa de Gallo\\\" or \\\"Misa de Aguinaldo\\\" or \\\"Misa de los Pastores\\\", and traditionally begins on December 16 and ends on December 24. In Venezuela, the Misa de Gallo is only one\",\n \"title\": \"Misa de Gallo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5606366\",\n \"text\": \"and mazorca (corn on the cob), depending on the region. Some top it off with fresh cilantro, onion and squeezed lime — a sort of \\\"pico de gallo\\\", minus the tomato. It is also served with a side of sliced avocado and a plate of white rice, which is usually dipped in with each spoonful of soup. In the \\\"Sierra\\\" of Ecuador, sancocho, also known as fritada, is a comfort food made with pork. In the coastal region, it is similar to the Colombian sancocho. It has the typical ingredients: \\\"yuca\\\", plantain, and corn \\\"choclo\\\". It can be made of\",\n \"title\": \"Sancocho\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3210175\",\n \"text\": \"subsequent transformation (\\\"Gallicisation\\\") of English, along with the Norman language. Gallo continued as the language of Higher Brittany, Maine and some neighbouring portions of Normandy until the introduction of universal education across France, but today Gallo is spoken by only a small minority of the population, having been largely superseded by standard French. As an Oïl language, Gallo forms part of a dialect continuum which includes Norman, Picard and the Poitevin dialect, among others. One of the features that distinguish it from Norman is the absence of Old Norse influence. There is some limited mutual intelligibility with adjacent varieties of\",\n \"title\": \"Gallo language\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19031509\",\n \"text\": \"made. The dryness in pork rind pairs perfectly with humidity and softness in \\\"pico de gallo\\\" (diced tomato, avocado, onion, cilantro [coriander leaf], and chili mix) and both fill perfectly a corn tortilla as taco. A byproduct in frying rinds is the decanted residues in fryer called \\\"asiento\\\" or \\\"boronas\\\" (grounds). The process requires uniformly cooking rinds, and while the product dehydrates, it cracks, losing small pieces, which are collected afterwards and become a thick, fatty salsa, that can be mixed as an ingredient in other\\\" salsa de chicharrón \\\"recipes or used for its flavor and fat in pan frying.\",\n \"title\": \"Pork rind\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19093808\",\n \"text\": \"of his life, falls sick on the airport floor. ¿Diagnostic? He needs to travel to Yerbas Buenas, with his 2 kids: Borja and Camila Pérez de Castro (Augusto Schuster and Montserrat Ballarín). In the town he meets Patricia Flores (Paola Volpato), the Major and Sub Officer of the town Yerbas Buenas of Chilean police officers. But, Carola (Íngrid Cruz) a blast from the past will stop at nothing to regain the heart of her beloved Nicolas. Pobre Gallo Pobre Gallo: No por mucho madrugar amanece más temprano \\\"(Poor Rooster (guy) : Getting up early doesn't lead to an earlier sunrise)\",\n \"title\": \"Pobre Gallo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2801450\",\n \"text\": \"cheese and picadillos. Tortillas are used to accompany most meals. Costa Ricans will often fill their tortillas with whatever they are eating and eat it in the form of a gallo (direct translation: rooster, however, it resembles a soft Mexican taco). White cheese is non-processed cheese that is made by adding salt to milk in production. Picadillos are meat and vegetable combinations where one or more vegetables are diced, mixed with beef and garnished with spices. Common vegetables used in picadillos are potatoes, green beans, squash, ayote, chayote and arracache. Often, picadillos are eaten in the form of gallos. Salvadoran\",\n \"title\": \"Latin American cuisine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7397405\",\n \"text\": \"popular choices of meats are sausage, chorizo (red sausage), salami, longaniza (white sausage), and bacon. They are cooked in a charcoal grill and hot sauce is offered at customer's request. In Mexico, often called \\\"dogos\\\" or \\\"jochos\\\", is common to top hot dogs with \\\"Pico de Gallo\\\", ketchup, mustard, mayonnaise and wrapping the sausage with bacon. Other parts of the country may include chips, mushrooms, beef or other ingredients besides the bun and sausage. The Sonoran-style or Estilo Sonora hot dog, found in Sonora, is a hot dog wrapped in mesquite-smoked bacon then cooked on a grill or on a\",\n \"title\": \"Hot dog variations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13342481\",\n \"text\": \"instead of remaining in steak form. Another variant is to place pico de gallo on top of the eggs instead of parsley, onion and beets. Another variant marinates the meat using ingredients including soy sauce. Silpancho can be found in a type of sandwich called \\\"Trancapecho\\\", containing all the ingredients (even rice). Silpancho Silpancho (original Quechua word: Sillp'anchu) is a typical, popular Bolivian food from the city of Cochabamba. When prepared properly, this tends to be a large and filling meal laden with carbohydrates and fat. It consists of a base layer of rice, usually white, followed by a layer\",\n \"title\": \"Silpancho\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18600574\",\n \"text\": \"El padre Gallo El padre Gallo (English title:\\\"The priest Gallo\\\") is a Mexican telenovela produced by Juan Osorio for Televisa in 1986. It is an original story of Arturo Moya Grau, adapted by M.J. Rubio and directed by Gonzalo Martínez Ortega. It starred first actor Ernesto Gómez Cruz with Alejandra Ávalos and Fernando Ciangherotti. The setting is the small town of Cuetzalan which El Gallo, a bandit fugitive from justice who plans to avoid being found reaches. He decides on hiding in the village so no one ever suspect where he is. There he is confused by the village faithful\",\n \"title\": \"El padre Gallo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8661165\",\n \"text\": \"Tripas Tripas, in Mexican cuisine (known as chitterlings in English-speaking countries), are the small intestines of farm animals that have been cleaned, boiled and grilled. \\\"Tripas\\\" are used as filling for tacos, then dressed with condiments such as cilantro, chopped onions, and chile sauce. They are also served with \\\"pico de gallo\\\" and \\\"guacamole\\\". Tripas as prepared Mexican style require care by the cook, to avoid becoming rubbery. They are traditionally cooked in a \\\"\\\"Disco\\\"\\\" which is constructed of two tilling discs (commonly used in the farming industry) welded to an iron pole in the center of the discs to\",\n \"title\": \"Tripas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7837545\",\n \"text\": \"orange, and yellow. Serrano peppers do better in soils with a pH between 7.0 and 8.5 in warm temperatures above 75°F (24°C), with a low tolerance for frost. The Scoville rating of the serrano pepper is 10,000 to 23,000. They are typically eaten raw and have a bright and biting flavor that is notably hotter than the jalapeño pepper. Serrano peppers are also commonly used in making \\\"pico de gallo\\\" and salsa, as the chili is particularly fleshy compared to others, making it ideal for such dishes. It is the second most used chili pepper in Mexican cuisine. The Mexican\",\n \"title\": \"Serrano pepper\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10381472\",\n \"text\": \"Pico and Sepulveda \\\"Pico and Sepulveda\\\" is a 1947 song by Freddy Martin and his orchestra. Composed by Eddie Maxwell and Jule Styne (Ambassador Records, 1947—b/w \\\"She of the Coffee Brown Eyes\\\"), it features a Latin-style beat, and Martin used the alias \\\"Felix Figueroa\\\" when performing and recording the song. It was frequently played on the Dr. Demento radio show in the 1970s, serving as the show's opening theme. The lyrics are primarily a recitation of Los Angeles-area streetnames: Doheny, Cahuenga, La Brea, La Jolla, Sequoia, Alvarado, Santa Monica, Beverly Drive, and Vine (Figueroa is also a Los Angeles street).\",\n \"title\": \"Pico and Sepulveda\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18348812\",\n \"text\": \"released on 20 August 2015 in Mexico in 2D and 3D theaters, where it became a major commercial success and grossed $167.8 million pesos during its theatrical run in the country. The film is the highest-grossing animated film produced in Mexico, and the seventh in the industry of all time. Pantelion Films released this film in the United States on 4 September 2015 in the original Spanish-language format with English subtitles, where is it was a surprise box-office success. Learning his home is in bankruptcy and being sold, a timid young rooster named Toto (Bruno Bichir/Zachary Gordon) summons the courage\",\n \"title\": \"Un gallo con muchos huevos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8661167\",\n \"text\": \"stomach, and in the form of \\\"Tripas à moda do Porto\\\" (tripe with white beans) is considered the traditional dish of the city of Porto, whose inhabitants are informally known as \\\"tripeiros\\\". Tripas Tripas, in Mexican cuisine (known as chitterlings in English-speaking countries), are the small intestines of farm animals that have been cleaned, boiled and grilled. \\\"Tripas\\\" are used as filling for tacos, then dressed with condiments such as cilantro, chopped onions, and chile sauce. They are also served with \\\"pico de gallo\\\" and \\\"guacamole\\\". Tripas as prepared Mexican style require care by the cook, to avoid becoming rubbery.\",\n \"title\": \"Tripas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5792209\",\n \"text\": \"number of attendees at the evening celebration. The tradition of Misa de Gallo is still observed today mostly by Spanish-speaking Roman Catholic countries in Latin America and in the Philippines. In Spain, locals begin Christmas Eve by lighting small oil lamps in every home, then proceed to church to hear Midnight Mass. The most popular of these holy services is in the Basílica de Montserrat also known as Santa Maria de Montserrat, a Benedictine monastery built on the steep cliffs of the Montserrat mountain range. The Escolania de Montserrat, Europe's oldest boys' choir known for their angelic voices, graces the\",\n \"title\": \"Misa de Gallo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3210177\",\n \"text\": \"Locminé (\\\"Lominoec\\\"), Vannes (\\\"Vannes\\\") and ending in the south, east of the Rhuys peninsula, in Morbihan. The term \\\"gallo\\\" is sometimes spelled \\\"galo\\\" or \\\"gallot\\\". It is also referred to as \\\"langue gallèse\\\" or \\\"britto-roman\\\" in Brittany. In south Lower Normandy and in the west of Pays de la Loire it is often referred to as patois, though this is a matter of some contention. \\\"Gallo\\\" comes from the Breton word \\\"gall\\\", meaning \\\"foreigner\\\", \\\"French\\\" or \\\"non-Breton\\\". The Celts settled in Armorica toward the 8th century BCE. Some of early groups mentioned in the written records of the Greeks were\",\n \"title\": \"Gallo language\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3210174\",\n \"text\": \"Gallo language Gallo is a regional language of France. It is not as commonly spoken as it once was, as the standard form of French now predominates. Gallo is classified as one of the Oïl languages. Gallo was originally spoken in the Marches of Neustria, which now corresponds to the border lands of Brittany and Normandy and its former heart in Le Mans, Maine. Gallo was the shared spoken language of several of those who took part in the Norman conquest of England, most of whom originated in Lower Brittany and Lower Normandy. Thus, Gallo was a vehicle for the\",\n \"title\": \"Gallo language\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18010343\",\n \"text\": \"Gallo (surname) Gallo is a surname. As of 2014, 36.1% of all known bearers of the surname \\\"Gallo\\\" were residents of Italy (frequency 1:680), 11.8% of Argentina (1:1,451), 11.7% of the United States (1:12,385), 7.1% of Colombia (1:2,691), 5.9% of the Philippines (1:6,855), 5.6% of Brazil (1:14,574), 3.0% of Mexico (1:16,388), 2.6% of Peru (1:4,966), 2.2% of Spain (1:8,604), 2.0% of Ecuador (1:3,181), 2.0% of France (1:13,504) and 1.0% of Uruguay (1:1,357). In Italy, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:680) in the following regions: In Spain, the frequency of the surname was higher than national\",\n \"title\": \"Gallo (surname)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18534372\",\n \"text\": \"Mount Pico de Loro Mount Palay-Palay,also known as \\\"Mount Pico de Loro\\\", is a dormant volcano in Cavite province on the island of Luzon, Philippines. The mountain rises to an elevation of above mean sea level and is the highest peak of the Mounts Palay-Palay–Mataas-na-Gulod Protected Landscape. The mountain is one of the ancient volcanic features of Bataan Arc. Pico de Loro was first named by Spanish sea-farers which means \\\"Parrot's Beak\\\" as its pointed summit resembles the shape of a parrot's beak from afar and it is commonly used as a signal by sea-farers to turn east to get\",\n \"title\": \"Mount Pico de Loro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13373630\",\n \"text\": \"Torre del Gallo The Torre del Gallo is a historical building located in Florence, Italy, located at Pian de' Giullari, in the hills of Arcetri, on top of a ridge overlooking the city where there is a magnificent panorama. In ancient times it was part of a genuinely fortified castle on the hill, strategically close to Florence. According to some historians, it belonged to the family Galli (or Gallo), who were of very ancient origin. An emblem written in Gothic calligraphy still remains in stone near a plaque located on one of the walls of the courtyard. Taking advantage of\",\n \"title\": \"Torre del Gallo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15012395\",\n \"text\": \"De pictura De pictura (English: \\\"On Painting\\\") is a treatise written by the Italian architect and art theorist Leon Battista Alberti. The first version, written in vernacular Italian in 1435 under the title Della pittura, was for a general audience. The Latin version, the \\\"De pictura\\\" of 1439–41, was more technical and intended for scholars. The work is the first in a trilogy of treatises on the \\\"Major arts\\\" which had a widespread circulation during the Renaissance, the others being \\\"De re aedificatoria\\\" (\\\"On Architecture\\\", 1454) and \\\"De statua\\\" (\\\"On Sculpture\\\", 1462). Alberti was a member of Florentine family exiled\",\n \"title\": \"De pictura\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2443808\",\n \"text\": \"Carpe diem is the second-person singular present active imperative of \\\"carpō\\\" \\\"pick or pluck\\\" used by Horace to mean \\\"enjoy, seize, use, make use of\\\". \\\"Diem\\\" is the accusative of \\\"dies\\\" \\\"day\\\". A more literal translation of would thus be \\\"pluck the day [as it is ripe]\\\"—that is, enjoy the moment. Text from \\\"Odes\\\" : Perhaps the first written expression of the concept is the advice given by Siduri to Gilgamesh, telling him to forgo his mourning and embrace life although some scholars see it as simply urging Gilgamesh to abandon his mourning, \\\"reversing the liminal rituals of mourning and\",\n \"title\": \"Carpe diem\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2443813\",\n \"text\": \"diem\\\" as his guiding philosophy. Carpe diem is the second-person singular present active imperative of \\\"carpō\\\" \\\"pick or pluck\\\" used by Horace to mean \\\"enjoy, seize, use, make use of\\\". \\\"Diem\\\" is the accusative of \\\"dies\\\" \\\"day\\\". A more literal translation of would thus be \\\"pluck the day [as it is ripe]\\\"—that is, enjoy the moment. Text from \\\"Odes\\\" : Perhaps the first written expression of the concept is the advice given by Siduri to Gilgamesh, telling him to forgo his mourning and embrace life although some scholars see it as simply urging Gilgamesh to abandon his mourning, \\\"reversing the\",\n \"title\": \"Carpe diem\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6771065\",\n \"text\": \"El Canto del Loco El Canto del Loco (\\\"The Singing of the Madman\\\" in English) was a Spanish pop rock band, although its members recognize that some of their songs are more in the style of power pop. The name of the band comes from the song \\\"El Canto del Gallo\\\" by Radio Futura. The group sometimes known through the abbreviation ECDL was created in 1994 by Dani Martín and Ivan Ganchegui (who left the group in 2002) although the final line up would not come together until years later. Influenced mainly by other Spanish groups from the 1980s and\",\n \"title\": \"El Canto del Loco\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6771085\",\n \"text\": \"Goat), M Clan. El Canto De Loco collaborated with Mexican singer, Natalia Lafourcade in the song Contigo, which became popular in Mexico. El Canto De Loco has also collaborated with Spanish band, Sueño De Morfeo El Canto del Loco El Canto del Loco (\\\"The Singing of the Madman\\\" in English) was a Spanish pop rock band, although its members recognize that some of their songs are more in the style of power pop. The name of the band comes from the song \\\"El Canto del Gallo\\\" by Radio Futura. The group sometimes known through the abbreviation ECDL was created in\",\n \"title\": \"El Canto del Loco\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14237164\",\n \"text\": \"Ecco Domani Ecco Domani is the brand of an Italian wine company selling in the United States, Canada, and Northern Europe, with marketing and distribution by E & J Gallo Winery. It was founded in 1996 and is led by Fabrizio Gatto. \\\"Market Watch\\\" named it one of the \\\"hot brands\\\" in 1998. Ecco Domani has used marketing strategies that went \\\"into people's lifestyles\\\" and advertisements aimed at young consumers. One of the company's campaigns in print publications featured a \\\"young woman kicking up her heels, with a statement that: 'Red wine is for meat, white wine is for fish.\",\n \"title\": \"Ecco Domani\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18600577\",\n \"text\": \"Therefore, two lovers appear only at night, when Ray can show your true self and live freely her relationship with Patricio without arousing suspicion. El padre Gallo El padre Gallo (English title:\\\"The priest Gallo\\\") is a Mexican telenovela produced by Juan Osorio for Televisa in 1986. It is an original story of Arturo Moya Grau, adapted by M.J. Rubio and directed by Gonzalo Martínez Ortega. It starred first actor Ernesto Gómez Cruz with Alejandra Ávalos and Fernando Ciangherotti. The setting is the small town of Cuetzalan which El Gallo, a bandit fugitive from justice who plans to avoid being found\",\n \"title\": \"El padre Gallo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8317800\",\n \"text\": \"slices of jalapeño or serrano peppers. It is then grilled in an oven until the cheese melts. The frijoles refritos are \\\"frijol mantequilla\\\" known outside of the region as \\\"pinto beans\\\". The traditional cheeses used were the queso ranchero, asadero or queso menonita. The queso ranchero is most similar to Parmesan with less aging, the asadero is a creamy provolone and the menonita most closely resembles Havarti. \\\"Molletes\\\" in southern Mexico can be served with salsa or \\\"pico de gallo\\\" or topped with sliced ham, chorizo, bacon or mushrooms. \\\"Molletes\\\" are considered a distant cousin of the Italian bruschetta dish.\",\n \"title\": \"Mollete\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13373637\",\n \"text\": \"converted into residences. Torre del Gallo The Torre del Gallo is a historical building located in Florence, Italy, located at Pian de' Giullari, in the hills of Arcetri, on top of a ridge overlooking the city where there is a magnificent panorama. In ancient times it was part of a genuinely fortified castle on the hill, strategically close to Florence. According to some historians, it belonged to the family Galli (or Gallo), who were of very ancient origin. An emblem written in Gothic calligraphy still remains in stone near a plaque located on one of the walls of the courtyard.\",\n \"title\": \"Torre del Gallo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14329568\",\n \"text\": \"Queijo do Pico Cheese of Pico () is a cheese originating from the island of Pico in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. It has been classified as a \\\"Denomination of Protected Origin\\\", in accordance with the laws of the European Union since October 1996. It is unknown when \\\"Queijo do Pico\\\" was first made, but there are references to its fabrication dating as far back as the end of the 18th century; the manner of its preparation has been handed down to descendants since it was first cured. This cured cheese is produced from cow milk, from a slow\",\n \"title\": \"Queijo do Pico\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15936118\",\n \"text\": \"where one of his actresses won best supporting actress; in Maryland: The Greenbelt Arts Center [AR W], Silver Spring Stage/PF, and St. John's Church; as well as other venues in Virginia, Delaware, Pennsylvania and Massachusetts. Three of his plays (Margherita, Eugenio, and Lincoln and God)are under contract to the Nederlander Producing Group for production in New York City. Margherita was scheduled to be jointly produced by Brown-Nederlander and the Seventh Street Playhouse in 2012. ,” a play about the relationship between Benito Mussolini and his Jewish mistress of 25 years, based on the Book of Judith. [R2, R14] The playwright\",\n \"title\": \"Anthony E. Gallo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11616703\",\n \"text\": \"the collection \\\"The Collected Poems of Octavio Paz, 1957–1987\\\". In 1991 this translation was joined with the original poem in a single volume published by New Directions Books (New York). This edition also featured illustrations of the Aztec calendar taken from Mariano Fernandez de Echeverria y Veytia's \\\"Los calendrios mexicanos\\\", completed in 1782 and published posthumously in 1836. Piedra de Sol \\\"Piedra de Sol\\\" (\\\"Sunstone\\\") is a poem by Octavio Paz, written in 1957. It was praised as a \\\"magnificent\\\" example of surrealist poetry in the presentation speech of his Nobel Prize. It is a circular poem based on the\",\n \"title\": \"Piedra de Sol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1712083\",\n \"text\": \"Vincent Gallo Vincent Gallo (; born April 11, 1961) is an American actor, director, model, musician and painter. Though he has had minor roles in mainstream films such as \\\"Arizona Dream\\\", \\\"The Funeral\\\" and \\\"Palookaville\\\", he is most associated with independent movies, including \\\"Buffalo '66\\\", which he wrote, directed, scored and starred in and \\\"The Brown Bunny\\\", which he also wrote, directed, produced, starred in and photographed. In the early 2000s, he released several solo recordings on Warp Records. Vincent Gallo was born in Buffalo, New York, the son of Janet, a hairdresser, and Vincenzo Vito Gallo, also a hairdresser\",\n \"title\": \"Vincent Gallo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18996019\",\n \"text\": \"2, directed by Eloy de La Iglesia and Deprisa, Deprisa by Carlos Saura and later \\\"La Estanquera De Vallecas\\\", among others. These films were starring by unknown young untrained actors. Set in the Basque country in a cold and dark atmosphere, \\\"El Pico\\\" employs a rough, neo-realitic style. The film was de la Iglesia's biggest box-office hit and it spin off a sequel: El pico 2. Paco and Urko, two teenagers living in Bilbao in Spain, become best friends while attending the same Academy. They come from different backgrounds. Paco has two younger sisters; his mother, Eulalia, is a traditional\",\n \"title\": \"El pico\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5792208\",\n \"text\": \"Church of the Resurrection at dawn. Half a century later, Pope Sixtus III, inspired by the midnight vigil, instituted the practice of a midnight mass after the cockcrow in the grotto-like oratory of the famed Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore. There are discrepancies, however, with the exact time of the cockcrow due to the fact that the ancient Romans set it at the start of the day. In 1587, the head monk from the Convent of San Agustin Acolman, San Diego de Soria, petitioned the Pope to allow holding the mass outdoors because the church could not accommodate the large\",\n \"title\": \"Misa de Gallo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13269987\",\n \"text\": \"de la Tierra\\\" in other countries are: Vino de la tierra Vino de la tierra is a quality of Spanish wine that designates the rung below the mainstream quality wine indication of \\\"denominación de origen\\\" (DO). It is the equivalent of the French \\\"vin de pays\\\". It covers not only still wine but also sparkling wine and fortified wine. It represents a higher quality than table wine. The labels of \\\"vino de la tierra\\\" wines are allowed to state the year of vintage and the grape varieties used in production. In 2008 there were 43 registered \\\"vino de la tierra\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Vino de la tierra\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11616702\",\n \"text\": \"Piedra de Sol \\\"Piedra de Sol\\\" (\\\"Sunstone\\\") is a poem by Octavio Paz, written in 1957. It was praised as a \\\"magnificent\\\" example of surrealist poetry in the presentation speech of his Nobel Prize. It is a circular poem based on the circular Aztec calendar, and consists of a single cyclical sentence reflecting the synodic period of the planet Venus. The poem has 584 lines corresponding to this 584-day period. The first six lines of the poem are repeated again at the end of the poem. A translation into English by Eliot Weinberger was published in 1987 as part of\",\n \"title\": \"Piedra de Sol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16974853\",\n \"text\": \"Carmine Gallo Carmine Gallo (born July 26, 1965) is an American author, columnist, keynote speaker, and former journalist and news anchor. Carmine Gallo was born in San Jose, California, son of Francesco Gallo, an Italian immigrant who was held in a British concentration camp until the end of the World War II. After returning to Italy, Franco married Giuseppina Gugliemo, his childhood sweetheart. In 1956, they moved to America where Franco worked as an engineer for Palo Alto-based Varian Associates for more than thirty years. In 1983, Carmine graduated from Bellarmine College Preparatory, in San Jose, CA. He went on\",\n \"title\": \"Carmine Gallo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7110676\",\n \"text\": \"Lone Star Cafe. Hunter sang Russell's \\\"Gallo Del Cielo\\\" at the Glastonbury Festival in the UK. Andrew Hardin remained Russell's full-time sideman until April, 2006. \\\"Gallo del Cielo\\\" became one of Russell's most fabled songs and has been recorded by Ian Tyson, Joe Ely, Brian Burns, Jason Boland and the Stragglers, and Katie Lee. The song has been cited as a favorite by Bob Dylan and Bruce Springsteen (as noted in Clarence Clemons' book \\\"Big Man\\\".]] Between 1984 and 1994, the Tom Russell Band, composed of Russell on acoustic guitar and vocals, Andrew Hardin (guitar), Fats Kaplin (pedal steel, fiddle,\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Russell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1594536\",\n \"text\": \"In the Philippines, where strong cultural influences persist from Spanish colonial times, the Posadas tradition is illustrated by the Panunulúyan pageant. Sometimes it is performed immediately before the Misa de Gallo (Midnight Mass), sometimes on each of the nine nights. The main difference from Mexico is that actors are used for Mary and Joseph instead of statues, and sing the requests for accommodation. The lines of the \\\"innkeepers\\\" are also often sung, but sometimes these respond without singing. Another difference is that the lyrics are not in Spanish but in a local language, such as Tagalog. In Nicaragua the older\",\n \"title\": \"Las Posadas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10381473\",\n \"text\": \"The intersection of West Pico Boulevard and South Sepulveda Boulevard is in the Rancho Park neighborhood. The song was featured in the soundtrack of Richard Elfman's 1980 underground cult film, \\\"Forbidden Zone\\\". \\\"Pico and Sepulveda\\\" was covered in 2002 by Lee Presson and the Nails on their album \\\"El Bando En Fuego!\\\". Several amateur versions were submitted to and played on the Dr. Demento radio program by such groups as the Roto Rooter Good Time Christmas Band. Pico and Sepulveda \\\"Pico and Sepulveda\\\" is a 1947 song by Freddy Martin and his orchestra. Composed by Eddie Maxwell and Jule Styne\",\n \"title\": \"Pico and Sepulveda\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18348815\",\n \"text\": \"grossed $9,080,818 at North American theaters and $16,161,585 from international markets, giving it a worldwide total of $25,242,403. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 63% based on 16 reviews, with an average rating of 5.8/10. According to CinemaScore, audiences gave the film a rare grade of \\\"A+\\\" on an A+ to F scale. \\\"Un gallo con muchos huevos\\\" was originally rumored to be the final installment of the franchise. However, it was announced that the fourth and fifth installments are in development and will be respectively released in 2019 and 2022. Both of the films will\",\n \"title\": \"Un gallo con muchos huevos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4764343\",\n \"text\": \"salad, known to jalisquillos (Guadalajara's natives) as pico de gallo, was consumed from a large bowl during breakfast, the remaining juice was saved and poured on a small and narrow clay cup, which itself would be the precursor of the tequila shot glass. In essence, the recipe of the original sangrita is thought to be that and the same recipe of the fruit salad from which it was strained. In almost all cases the drink took its bright red color from a mix of the fine pepper powder, spices, and pomegranate, while the base was mainly orange or sweetened lime\",\n \"title\": \"Sangrita\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15936112\",\n \"text\": \"Anthony E. Gallo Anthony Ernest (Tony) Gallo (born February 3, 1939) is an American playwright. He has written over 60 dramatic works and is currently filming his first motion picture which is based on one of his plays. Anthony Gallo was born on February 3, 1939, and raised in Vandergrift, Pennsylvania (also the title of one of his plays), a steel town 40 miles north of Pittsburgh, the son of an impoverished factory worker. His parents were Domenic and Saveria Raso Gallo. His father suffered poor health, largely the result of his only other son’s death in a house fire\",\n \"title\": \"Anthony E. Gallo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2001072\",\n \"text\": \"home cooking. In many restaurants, the fajita meat and vegetables is brought to the table sizzling loudly on a metal platter or skillet, along with warmed tortillas and condiments such as guacamole, pico de gallo, queso, salsa, shredded cheese, and/or sour cream. Fajita A fajita (; ) in Tex-Mex cuisine is any grilled meat that is served as a taco on a flour or corn tortilla. The term originally referred to skirt steak, the cut of beef first used in the dish. Popular meats today also include chicken and other cuts of beef, as well as vegetables instead of meat.\",\n \"title\": \"Fajita\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4843727\",\n \"text\": \"raw egg is usually added to each plate when served and it is slowly cooked by the warm soup, similar to egg drop soup. It is a very popular dish in fondas around downtown Mexico city, especially in Tepito. There is also a Tex-Mex variation of Mexican migas. This includes additional ingredients, such as diced onions, sliced chile peppers, diced fresh tomatoes, or cheese, as well as various spices and condiments (e.g., salsa or \\\"pico de gallo\\\"). Migas is typically served with refried beans, and corn or flour tortillas may be used to enfold all of the ingredients into tacos.\",\n \"title\": \"Migas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18348813\",\n \"text\": \"to fight a rooster boxing champion Bankivoide (Sergio Sendel) at el Palenque to save his home. The film was released in theaters in the United States on 4 September 2015 by Pantelion Films in 395 theaters across the country. It expanded to 616 theaters the following week, making it the first time a Mexican animated feature had received a wide release in the United States. \\\"We're very pleased about the quality we achieved,\\\" Gabriel Riva said in an interview. He also stated that being able to debut the film in the U.S. \\\"is a dream come true\\\". In Mexico, the\",\n \"title\": \"Un gallo con muchos huevos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10775772\",\n \"text\": \"Pici Pici (; ) is thick, hand-rolled pasta, like fat spaghetti. It originates in the province of Siena in Tuscany; in the Montalcino area they are also referred to as pinci (). The dough is typically made from flour and water only. The addition of egg is optional, being determined by family traditions. Alternatively, finely chopped or shredded spinach can be used in place of water. The dough is rolled out in a thick flat sheet, then cut into strips. In some families, the strip of dough is rolled between one palm and the table, while the other hand is\",\n \"title\": \"Pici\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14329569\",\n \"text\": \"coagulation process that takes 20 to 30 days. The cheese is produced in cylinders, in sizes ranging from to in diameter and heights of to , while weights average to . Its fat content ranges from between 45% and 49%, and it is considered a fatty cheese. The ripening of the cheese forms a yellow exterior irregular crust and yellowish-white, soft and pasty interior. Pico cheese has a salty taste and a characteristically intense aroma. Queijo do Pico Cheese of Pico () is a cheese originating from the island of Pico in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. It has\",\n \"title\": \"Queijo do Pico\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10775773\",\n \"text\": \"wrapped with the rest of the strip. It can also be formed by rolling the strip between the palms. Either method forms a thick pasta, slightly thinner than a common pencil. Unlike spaghetti or macaroni, this pasta is not uniform in size and has variations of thickness along its length. It is eaten with a variety of foods, particularly: Pici Pici (; ) is thick, hand-rolled pasta, like fat spaghetti. It originates in the province of Siena in Tuscany; in the Montalcino area they are also referred to as pinci (). The dough is typically made from flour and water\",\n \"title\": \"Pici\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18010344\",\n \"text\": \"average (1:8,604) in the following autonomous communities: In Argentina, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:1,451) in the following provinces: Fictional characters: Gallo (surname) Gallo is a surname. As of 2014, 36.1% of all known bearers of the surname \\\"Gallo\\\" were residents of Italy (frequency 1:680), 11.8% of Argentina (1:1,451), 11.7% of the United States (1:12,385), 7.1% of Colombia (1:2,691), 5.9% of the Philippines (1:6,855), 5.6% of Brazil (1:14,574), 3.0% of Mexico (1:16,388), 2.6% of Peru (1:4,966), 2.2% of Spain (1:8,604), 2.0% of Ecuador (1:3,181), 2.0% of France (1:13,504) and 1.0% of Uruguay (1:1,357). In Italy,\",\n \"title\": \"Gallo (surname)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18674475\",\n \"text\": \"accompaniment to rice. Cookbook author Jila Dana-Haeri describes it as a refreshing dish during the summer. Shirazi salad has been described as being akin to a national salad in Iran, and it is a common meal accompaniment. It may also be used in a manner similar to that of a condiment, to reduce the spiciness of stews. It typically has a crisp and moist texture, and is somewhat similar to pico de gallo and Israeli salad. The primary ingredients of Shirazi salad consist of small, finely-diced cucumber, tomato and onion, which is mixed with fresh lemon or lime juice and\",\n \"title\": \"Shirazi salad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10185348\",\n \"text\": \", at an elevation of 203 feet (62 m) above sea level. Picacho was the setting of Zane Grey’s 1923 novel \\\"Wanderer of the Wasteland\\\", later made into a silent film. Picacho, California Picacho is an unincorporated community in Imperial County, California. It is located on the Colorado River south-southeast of Palo Verde, at an elevation of 203 feet (62 m). Picacho, now a ghost town, was an early mining town on the Colorado River. It was named \\\"Picacho\\\" (Spanish for \\\"big peak\\\") after a nearby mountain of the same name. The original townsite itself is beneath Imperial Reservoir, but\",\n \"title\": \"Picacho, California\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7110674\",\n \"text\": \"during which time they recorded the second of their two studio albums. They eventually split in 1979, at which point Russell drifted out of the music industry for a year. It was during this hiatus that Russell wrote his classic song \\\"Gallo Del Cielo\\\". Both Hardin & Russell albums (\\\"Ring of Bone\\\" and \\\"Wax Museum\\\") received high critical acclaim, and the first was reviewed in \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" by Chet Flippo. During this period Russell was also the winner of the first Woody Guthrie - William Oliver Award for songwriting, as well as the professional country category in the first American\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Russell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2387858\",\n \"text\": \"the summer with their sheep, goats, cows, and an occasional pig. The area is famed for its piquant blue cheeses, such as Cabrales cheese and Picón Tresviso Bejes. Picos de Europa The Picos de Europa (\\\"Peaks of Europe\\\", also the Picos) are a mountain range extending for about 20 km, forming part of the Cantabrian Mountains in northern Spain. The range is situated in the Autonomous Communities of Asturias, Cantabria and Castile and León. The highest peak is Torre de Cerredo, at an elevation of . A widely accepted origin for the name is that they were the first sight\",\n \"title\": \"Picos de Europa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2001068\",\n \"text\": \"Fajita A fajita (; ) in Tex-Mex cuisine is any grilled meat that is served as a taco on a flour or corn tortilla. The term originally referred to skirt steak, the cut of beef first used in the dish. Popular meats today also include chicken and other cuts of beef, as well as vegetables instead of meat. In restaurants, the meat is usually cooked with onions and bell peppers. Popular condiments include shredded lettuce, sour cream, guacamole, salsa, pico de gallo, shredded cheese, refried beans, and diced tomatoes. Arrachera is a northern Mexican variant of the dish. \\\"Fajita\\\" is\",\n \"title\": \"Fajita\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4834737\",\n \"text\": \"Days in Europa Days in Europa is the second album by Scottish punk rock and new wave band Skids. It was released in 1979 by record label Virgin. A rough translation of \\\"Dulce et Decorum Est (Pro Patria Mori)\\\" is \\\"It is a sweet and glorious thing (to die for one's country)\\\". \\\"Dulce et Decorum Est\\\" is also the name of a poem by Wilfred Owen. Thanatos is the Greek word for \\\"death\\\" and the ancient Greek god of death, and is used in Freudian psychology to refer to the death wish/destructive urge, as opposed to Eros, the reproductive urge.\",\n \"title\": \"Days in Europa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13576451\",\n \"text\": \"For A Job” / Anti-Social, Young American Christmas Lovers Brigade” in 2015, and “Little Tokyo / “Prince of Pico Blvd.” in 2017 In 2010, Calamar's first book was published by Sterling Publishing -- \\\"Record Store Days: From Vinyl to Digital and Back Again\\\"—co-authored by music journalist Phil Gallo. The lavishly-illustrated volume features a foreword by R.E.M.'s Peter Buck and tells the story of the development of record stores. Gary Calamar lives with his wife Ali and daughter Zoe in the Laurel Canyon area of Los Angeles. Gary Calamar Gary Calamar is an American DJ and 5-time Grammy Award-nominated film and\",\n \"title\": \"Gary Calamar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9877440\",\n \"text\": \"Cerro del Topo Chico Cerro del Topo Chico (literal English: \\\"Little Mole Hill\\\") is a mountain located in the western portion of the city of San Nicolás de los Garza and within the northern limits of the Monterrey metropolitan area (both cities are in the Mexican state of Nuevo León). The gray areas depicted on the photos are limestone quarries from which raw material is extracted to manufacture cement. The mountain also gives its name to a popular mineral water brand bottled in Monterrey, Topo Chico. Some other known mountains or elevations of the zone are: the Cerro de la\",\n \"title\": \"Cerro del Topo Chico\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19233348\",\n \"text\": \"Tempo de Amar Tempo de Amar (English: Time to Love) is a Brazilian telenovela produced and broadcast by Rede Globo. It premiered on 26 September 2017, replacing \\\"Novo Mundo\\\" and concluded its run on 19 March 2018. It is created by Alcides Nogueira. The telenovela is based on the works of Rubem Fonseca and features writing collaborations by Tarcísio Lara Puiati and Bíbi Da Pieve. Adriano Melo and Jayme Monjardim serve as the main directors. It stars Bruno Cabrerizo, Vitória Strada, Jayme Matarazzo, Tony Ramos, Letícia Sabatella, Regina Duarte, Henri Castelli, Marisa Orth, Bruno Ferrari, Cássio Gabus Mendes, Nívea Maria\",\n \"title\": \"Tempo de Amar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2268738\",\n \"text\": \"was buried in the old Calvary Cemetery on North Broadway in Downtown Los Angeles, but his remains, as well as those of his wife, were relocated in 1921 to a modest tomb in El Campo Santo Cemetery, now in the Homestead Museum in the City of Industry. Pico held three different nationalities during his lifetime. He was born a Spaniard in New Spain, became a Mexican citizen as a young man, and finally a United States citizen. He was known for his extravagant lifestyle, with fine clothes, expensive furnishings, and heavy gambling. In 1927, Pío Pico State Historic Park was\",\n \"title\": \"Pío Pico\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13682769\",\n \"text\": \"all. Joseph Edward Gallo (September 11, 1919 – February 17, 2007) was a prominent California rancher. He founded one of the largest family-owned dairy operations in the world, Joseph Gallo Farms, which produces dairy products including a variety of cheeses. The company is now run by his son, CEO Michael Gallo. He was the younger brother of Ernest and Julio, founders of E & J Gallo Winery. Joseph was sued by his brothers and forced to stop using the Gallo name on his cheese, thereafter labeled Joseph Farms. Gallo family The Gallo family is an American wine family. The father,\",\n \"title\": \"Gallo family\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10458897\",\n \"text\": \"the Sidney Poitier-Bill Cosby film \\\"A Piece of the Action\\\". The group's previous albums were also named after films starring Poitier and Cosby. The song \\\"Ganja Lounge\\\" contains a sample from the voiceover at the beginning of the 1995 film \\\"Friday\\\". Black Hollywood Black Hollywood is the third album by Hip Hop duo Camp Lo, released on July 24, 2007, on Good Hands Records. It is the duo's first album in five years. The album is entirely produced by long-time collaborator Ski, who produced the majority of the group's first two albums, \\\"Uptown Saturday Night\\\" and \\\"Let's Do It Again\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Black Hollywood\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8226889\",\n \"text\": \"Vila do Flamengo, Paraibinha, Paroquial (Chão dos Padres), Parque de Exposição, Passagem das Pedras, Pedrinhas, Pedro Brito, São José, São Sebastião (Malvinas), Trisidela andUmari e Unha de Gato (3º BECnst). The city is served by Sen. Helvídio Nunes Airport. Public schools include E. Téc. Est. Petrônio Portela (PREMEM), Esc. Normal Official De Picos, U.E. Antonio Marques, U.E. Araújo Luz, U.E. Cel, Fco. Santos, U.E. Coelho Rodrigues, U.E. Dirceu Mendes Arcoverde, U.E. Jorge Leopoldo, U.E. José De Deus Barros, U.E. Julieta Neiva Nunes, U.E. Landri Sales, E. Pol. Marcos Parente, U.E. Mario Martins, U.E Miguel Lidiano, U.E. Ozildo Albano, U.E. Petrônio\",\n \"title\": \"Picos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12877478\",\n \"text\": \"The Warner Huntington Park Theatre originally seated 1,468 people. Huntington Park also boasted of the third Pussycat Theater to open in California. It was called The Lyric and was located at 7208 Pacific Boulevard. El Gallo Giro (Lat. Am. Sp., for \\\"The Yellow Rooster\\\") is ranked among the 10 highest grossing restaurants in the Los Angeles area. \\\"El Gallo Giro\\\" was started in 1990. By the year 2000, it had become the 7th most profitable restaurant in L.A. county ranked by annual gross sales, with receipts of $6.7M that year. Despite its casual dining and working class clientele, its sales\",\n \"title\": \"Pacific Boulevard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4849664\",\n \"text\": \"originated. One theory suggests that gallo pinto was brought into Latin America by African slaves. Gallo pinto means \\\"spotted rooster\\\" in Spanish. The name is said to originate in the multi-colored or speckled appearance that results from cooking the rice and the use of pinto beans. It is called \\\"pinto\\\" by Costa Ricans. Gallo pinto is one of many various Latin American plates which involve the preparation of the most integral ingredients for many cultures: rice and beans. Gallo pinto is considered to be a product of metizos; a combination of beans, cultivated by Indigenous people of pre-Colombian time, and\",\n \"title\": \"Gallo pinto\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1638526\",\n \"text\": \"the two foods \\\"chicharrón\\\" and \\\"frijoles\\\". Accompanied with rice and \\\"pico de gallo\\\", a fresh salsa, this snack is often served with tortilla chips. Olla de carne, or \\\"pot of beef\\\", is a stew that comes from the Spanish influences in post-colonial era Costa Rica and contains beef, cassava (a starchy tuber used in \\\"Tico\\\" cooking), potatoes, corn, green plantains, squash or chayote, and other vegetables. Small snack stands or stores, called \\\"sodas\\\", often sell corn turnovers called empanadas filled with ground beef, chicken, cheese, or a fruit mixture. Another popular snack or side dish is yuca frita, or fried\",\n \"title\": \"Costa Rican cuisine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7617977\",\n \"text\": \"Picadillo Picadillo (, \\\"mince\\\") is a traditional dish in many Latin American countries and the Philippines (where it is known as \\\"giniling\\\", and also \\\"arroz a la Cubana\\\") that is similar to \\\"hash\\\". It is made with ground beef, tomatoes (tomato sauce may be used as a substitute), raisins, olives, and other ingredients that vary by region. It is often served with rice or used as a filling in dishes such as tacos, savoury pastries or croquettes. The name comes from the Spanish word \\\"picar\\\", which means \\\"to mince\\\". Costa Rican versions always include the name of the vegetable which\",\n \"title\": \"Picadillo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20827119\",\n \"text\": \"O Tempo não Para O Tempo não Para (English: Crashing Into the Future) is a Brazilian telenovela produced by Rede Globo. It premiered on 31 July 2018, replacing \\\"Deus Salve o Rei\\\". It is created by Mario Teixeira, with the collaboration of Bíbi Da Pieve, Tarcísio Lara Puiati, Marcos Lazarini, Marcelo Travesso, and Adriano Melo. The artistic director is Leonardo Nogueira. It stars Juliana Paiva, Nicolas Prattes, Cleo Pires, Edson Celulari, Rosi Campos, Christiane Torloni, Carol Castro, Eva Wilma, Regiane Alves, João Baldasserini and Adriane Galisteu in the main roles. The story begins in 1886 and features the Sabino Machado\",\n \"title\": \"O Tempo não Para\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15467033\",\n \"text\": \"Other international brands such as Heineken, Baltika or Corona are offered in the beer market, but also distributed (with lower sales) by the subsidiaries mentioned above. The most famous beer is Gallo and its varieties Gallo Light and Chopp Gallo among others like Victoria, Dorada Light, Dorada Draft, Montecarlo and Moza all manufactured by Cervecería Centro Americana S.A. locally. The big Honduran beers are Salva Vida, Imperial, Port Royal and Barena. All four are owned by the Cerveceria Hondureña, owner of the Coca-Cola brand and other drinks. Salva Vida is a lager, Imperial is a dark pilsner, Port Royal is\",\n \"title\": \"Beer in Central America\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2387853\",\n \"text\": \"Picos de Europa The Picos de Europa (\\\"Peaks of Europe\\\", also the Picos) are a mountain range extending for about 20 km, forming part of the Cantabrian Mountains in northern Spain. The range is situated in the Autonomous Communities of Asturias, Cantabria and Castile and León. The highest peak is Torre de Cerredo, at an elevation of . A widely accepted origin for the name is that they were the first sight of Europe for ships arriving from the Americas. The name can be traced to Lucio Marineo Sículo, who mentions the \\\" Rupes Europae\\\" in 1530. Ambrosio Morales, chronist\",\n \"title\": \"Picos de Europa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6771067\",\n \"text\": \"1994 when Dani Martín was studying at the Cristina Rota School of Dramatic Arts. There, he met Iván Ganchegui, a guitarist, and their shared musical tastes resulted in the formation of the band. Both were fans of Radio Futura and in particular of their song \\\"El canto del gallo\\\" (The Song of the Rooster), which led them to name the group El Canto del Loco. At this time the group also included a female drummer, a bassist and another guitarist. However, the latter soon left the group because of other commitments, and the day before their first concert David Otero,\",\n \"title\": \"El Canto del Loco\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4914816\",\n \"text\": \"Gallo has been trialling in the San Joaquin Valley is the French wine grape Ederena. E & J Gallo Winery was named the \\\"Bon Appetit Winery of the Year\\\" in the 1996, 1998, and 2001 San Francisco International Wine Competitions. Intangible Business, a brand valuation firm, rated Gallo as the world's \\\"Most Powerful Wine Brand\\\" in 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009. E & J Gallo Winery E & J Gallo Winery is a winery and distributor headquartered in Modesto, California. It was founded in 1933 by Ernest Gallo and Julio Gallo, and is the largest exporter of California wines. The\",\n \"title\": \"E & J Gallo Winery\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13682766\",\n \"text\": \"Gallo family The Gallo family is an American wine family. The father, Giuseppe \\\"Joseph\\\" Gallo, Sr., immigrant from Fossano, Italy, after a period of menial labor started farming grapes, founded a winery, and died in a murder suicide when he shot his wife and then took his own life. Ernest and Julio Gallo started E. & J. Gallo Winery, which today is the largest exporter of California wines. A third brother, Joseph, was a rancher, cheese maker, and founder of Joseph Gallo Farms. Julio Gallo (March 21, 1910 – May 2, 1993) is one of the founders of the E\",\n \"title\": \"Gallo family\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2749202\",\n \"text\": \"Denis Villeneuve Denis Villeneuve, (; born October 3, 1967) is a French Canadian film director and writer. He is a four-time recipient of the Canadian Screen Award (formerly Genie Award) for Best Direction, for \\\"Maelström\\\" in 2001, \\\"Polytechnique\\\" in 2009, \\\"Incendies\\\" in 2011, and \\\"Enemy\\\" in 2014. The first three of these films also won the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television Award for Best Motion Picture. Internationally, he is known for directing several critically acclaimed films, such as the thriller films \\\"Prisoners\\\" (2013) and \\\"Sicario\\\" (2015), and the science fiction films \\\"Arrival\\\" (2016) and \\\"Blade Runner 2049\\\" (2017). For\",\n \"title\": \"Denis Villeneuve\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2268739\",\n \"text\": \"created from the ruins of his \\\"Rancho de Bartolo (El Ranchito)\\\" in Whittier, and Casa Pico mansion. Pico Boulevard, a major east-west thoroughfare in Los Angeles, is named for him. An elementary and middle school in Los Angeles' Mid-City district is also named in his honor. Pico Rivera, a city located in southeastern Los Angeles County, is named for the last Mexican governor. The actor Will Kuluva played Pico in the 1966 episode \\\"The Firebrand\\\" of the syndicated western television series, \\\"Death Valley Days\\\". Robert Anderson (1920-1996) was cast as General Philip Kearny, with Gregg Barton as Commodore Robert F.\",\n \"title\": \"Pío Pico\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"751545\",\n \"text\": \"Picric acid Picric acid is an organic compound with the formula (ON)CHOH. Its IUPAC name is 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP). The name \\\"picric\\\" comes from the Greek πικρός (\\\"pikros\\\"), meaning \\\"bitter\\\", reflecting its bitter taste. It is one of the most acidic phenols. Like other highly nitrated organic compounds, picric acid is an explosive, hence its primary use. It has also been used in medicine (antiseptic, burn treatments) and dyes. Picric acid was probably first mentioned in the alchemical writings of Johann Rudolf Glauber. Initially, it was made by nitrating substances such as animal horn, silk, indigo, and natural resin, the synthesis\",\n \"title\": \"Picric acid\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3210176\",\n \"text\": \"the Norman language along the linguistic frontier and with Guernésiais and Jèrriais. However, as the dialect continuum shades towards Mayennais, there is a less clear isogloss. The clearest isogloss is that distinguishing Gallo from Breton, a Brittonic Celtic language traditionally spoken in the western territory of Brittany. In the west, the vocabulary of Gallo has been influenced by contact with Breton, but remains overwhelmingly Latinate. The influence of Breton decreases eastwards across Gallo-speaking territory. , Gallo's western extent stretches from Plouha (\\\"Plóha\\\"), in Côtes-d'Armor, south of Paimpol (\\\"Paimpol\\\"), passing through Châtelaudren (\\\"Châtié\\\"), Corlay (\\\"Corlaè\\\"), Loudéac (\\\"Loudia\\\"), east of Pontivy (\\\"Pontivy\\\"),\",\n \"title\": \"Gallo language\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"495969\",\n \"text\": \"turned down the film because the script did not resemble Raymond's work. He received the \\\"America Award\\\" in memory, from the Italy-USA Foundation in 2014. Sergio Leone Sergio Leone (; ; 3 January 1929 – 30 April 1989) was an Italian film director, producer and screenwriter, credited as the inventor of the Spaghetti Western genre. Leone's film-making style includes juxtaposing extreme close-up shots with lengthy long shots. His movies include the sword and sandal action films \\\"The Last Days of Pompeii\\\" (1959) and \\\"The Colossus of Rhodes\\\" (1961), the Dollars Trilogy of Westerns featuring Clint Eastwood: \\\"A Fistful of Dollars\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Sergio Leone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13269986\",\n \"text\": \"Vino de la tierra Vino de la tierra is a quality of Spanish wine that designates the rung below the mainstream quality wine indication of \\\"denominación de origen\\\" (DO). It is the equivalent of the French \\\"vin de pays\\\". It covers not only still wine but also sparkling wine and fortified wine. It represents a higher quality than table wine. The labels of \\\"vino de la tierra\\\" wines are allowed to state the year of vintage and the grape varieties used in production. In 2008 there were 43 registered \\\"vino de la tierra\\\" wines in Spain. Levels corresponding to \\\"Vino\",\n \"title\": \"Vino de la tierra\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2387854\",\n \"text\": \"of Felipe II of Spain, mentions the \\\"Montañas de Europa\\\" in 1572.. Prudencio de Sandoval calls them the \\\"Peñas o Sierras de Europa\\\" in 1601. The range consists of three major massifs: Central (also known as \\\"Urrieles\\\"), Eastern (Ándara) and Western (also known as the \\\"Picos de Cornión\\\"). The Central and Western massifs are separated by the deep Cares Gorge (\\\"Garganta del Cares\\\"), with the village of Caín at its head. The waters in the Cares mostly arise from cave resurgences. Some of the water in the Cares river is diverted through a hydroelectric scheme, with a canal running in\",\n \"title\": \"Picos de Europa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10386408\",\n \"text\": \"Cesária Cesária is a Cape Verdean morna and coladeira album by Cesária Évora. The album was released by Paris-based Lusafrica on 18 July 1995. The album was nominated for a Grammy Award in the World Music category in 1996. It was certified gold in France by SNEP which sold more than 100,000 copies. As of 1997, in United States the album has sold 150,000 copies. Selected translations: \\\"Tudo dia e dia\\\" is \\\"Everyday, Everyday\\\",\\\" Flor na Paul\\\" is \\\"Flower of Paul\\\" and \\\"Doce Guerra\\\" is \\\"Sweet War\\\". Also there was an earlier album released by herself titled \\\"Cesária\\\" which was\",\n \"title\": \"Cesária\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3801330\",\n \"text\": \"Joe Gallo Joseph Gallo (April 7, 1929 April 7, 1972), also known as \\\"Crazy Joe\\\" and \\\"Joe the Blond\\\", was a New York City gangster for the Profaci crime family, later known as the Colombo crime family. Joe Gallo was born and raised in the Red Hook area of Brooklyn, New York. His parents were Umberto and Mary Gallo. A bootlegger during Prohibition, Umberto did little to discourage his three sons from participating in the local criminal activity. In 1949, after viewing the film \\\"Kiss of Death\\\", Joe Gallo began mimicking Richard Widmark's gangster character \\\"Tommy Udo\\\" and reciting movie\",\n \"title\": \"Joe Gallo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7770999\",\n \"text\": \"were populated walnut, a wood prized by Native Americans for making their bows. The spelling and pronunciation of the Native American name underwent several consecutive changes to language contact. Thus do we find the form on a map Pikanook 1906 Wright Township, Pickanok on that of the Ministry of Mines and Fisheries of 1925 and on the Pickinock County Hull, also from 1925. The current form \\\"Picanoc\\\" appears on a map of the Department of Lands and Forests in 1927. Picanoc also means a bridge, three lanes of communication and a small stream; the term was also used in the\",\n \"title\": \"Picanoc River\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2443811\",\n \"text\": \"will someday die. It is medieval Latin, dating to 1287. Related but distinct is the expression \\\"memento mori\\\" (remember that you are mortal) which carries some of the same connotation as . For Horace, mindfulness of our own mortality is key in making us realize the importance of the moment. \\\"Remember that you are mortal, so seize the day.\\\" Over time the phrase also came to be associated with penitence, as suggested in many vanitas paintings. Today many listeners will take the two phrases as representing almost opposite approaches, with urging us to savour life and urging us to resist\",\n \"title\": \"Carpe diem\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18813344\",\n \"text\": \"are kept a secret from the wrestling fans. Originally he teamed up with his brother as \\\"Estrella de Jalisco I\\\", while his brother was known as \\\"Estrella de Jalisco II\\\", but changed his ring character to El Gallo in 2006. \\\"El Gallo\\\" is Spanish for \\\"The Rooster\\\", a name that is reflected in his mask, which is adorned by a Cockscomb and fabric wattles on his chin. In 2012 El Gallo began being accompanied to the ring by \\\"El Gallito\\\" (\\\"Little Rooster\\\") a \\\"Mini-Estrella mascota\\\" version of himself. The wrestler who would later be known as El Gallo was born\",\n \"title\": \"El Gallo (wrestler)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6067730\",\n \"text\": \"Ki\\\"\\\") and \\\"\\\"El Gallo Espuelérico\\\"\\\" (loosely translated as \\\"The Spurless Rooster\\\") were humorous takes on real life events. On the first one Don Mon told the story of Rafael, a gambler who loses all his money rolling dice and is then assaulted by his wife Luz María with a broomstick, while their daughters laugh the incident off (one of the girls' laughter is the basis for the song's name). \\\"\\\"El Gallo Espuelérico\\\"\\\" tells the story of Américo, a guy who brags boastfully about a gamecock he carried with him to a fight. The bird is killed soon after the fight\",\n \"title\": \"Mon Rivera\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"495814\",\n \"text\": \"by everybody in Brittany, and it is the mother tongue of most people. Nonetheless, French was not widely known before the 19th century, and two regional languages exist in Brittany: Breton and Gallo. They are separated by a language border that has constantly moved back since the Middle Ages. The current border runs from Plouha on the English Channel to the Rhuys Peninsula on the Bay of Biscay. Because of their origins and practice, Breton and Gallo can be compared to Scottish Gaelic and Scots language in Scotland. Both have been recognised as \\\"Langues de Bretagne\\\" (\\\"languages of Brittany\\\") by\",\n \"title\": \"Brittany\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3801351\",\n \"text\": \"Gage, the movie was directed by Carlo Lizzani and starred Peter Boyle as the title character. Gallo is the main character in Bob Dylan's biographical, twelve-verse ballad \\\"Joey\\\". The song appears in Dylan's 1976 album \\\"Desire\\\". Dylan was criticized for overly romanticizing Gallo's life in the song. Sebastian Maniscalco plays Gallo in the movie \\\"The Irishman\\\". Joe Gallo Joseph Gallo (April 7, 1929 April 7, 1972), also known as \\\"Crazy Joe\\\" and \\\"Joe the Blond\\\", was a New York City gangster for the Profaci crime family, later known as the Colombo crime family. Joe Gallo was born and raised in\",\n \"title\": \"Joe Gallo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5244847\",\n \"text\": \"Pichakaree Pichakaree (or pichakaaree) is an Indo-Trinidadian form of music, which originated in Trinidad and Tobago. It is named after the long syringe-like tubes used to spray abir during Phagwah celebrations. Pichakaree songs are generally social commentary, and are sung using a mixture of Hindi, English and Bhojpuri words. The musical form was devised by RaviJi, spiritual leader of the Hindu Prachar Kendra, as an Indo-Trinidadian counterpoint to calypso. Pichakaree competitions are an integral part of Phagwa celebrations hosted by the Hindu Prachar Kendra. This has been criticised by Satnarayan Maharaj of the Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha (the largest Hindu\",\n \"title\": \"Pichakaree\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14089465\",\n \"text\": \"Kris Aquino) and Best Director (for Joel Lamangan). \\\"Mano Po\\\" was among the top-grossing films in time for the Metro Manila Filmfest. The film's success was followed by another episode, \\\"Mano Po 2: My Home\\\" and a spin-off, \\\"\\\" that was released in 2007. Don Luis Go (Eddie Garcia) is a Chinese immigrant and has a Filipino wife Elisa (Boots Anson-Roa). In 1949, the young Luis (Cogie Domingo) brought Elisa (Maxene Magalona) to China. There Elisa suffered discrimination from Luis' parents. There she decided to go back to the Philippines. But, Luis decided to join her. There, he became a\",\n \"title\": \"Mano Po\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4934479\",\n \"text\": \"cut and hauled by horses to the river. During the early years all wood was 'driven' in the spring, down the Pic and White Otter rivers. In later years roads supplanted the trails, but until 1982 there was a Camp near the White Otter River operated by American Can. Dynamite caches were located at strategic places along the river so that log jams could be cleared. Two possibilities exist for the origin of the name of the river. It may be from either Ojibwe \\\"bikodinaa\\\" or French meaning \\\"be a high ground\\\" for the promontory found at the mouth of\",\n \"title\": \"Pic River\"\n }\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"what is the translation of pico de gallo"}}},{"rowIdx":8378,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["suicidal feelings"],"string":"[\n \"suicidal feelings\"\n]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"10783012","text":"perhaps Bonezzi's most famous composition. On the fifth anniversary of his death, the song \"Fade to Black\" was released as a tribute to him. It was written and recorded by his long time friend, actress, singer Tres Hanley. Bonezzi was found dead in his home on 30 August 2012. It is reported that his last Facebook posts to friends was “I’m fading to black”. Which is where the title of the song comes from. The music video for \"Fade To Black\" features clips from Bonezzi’s home movies as well as clips with Los Zombies. Bernardo Bonezzi Bernardo Silvano Bonezzi Nahón","title":"Bernardo Bonezzi"},{"id":"19173909","text":"Fade (Kanye West song) \"Fade\" is a song by American rapper Kanye West, featuring vocals from American rappers Post Malone and Ty Dolla Sign. It was released as the third and final single from West's seventh studio album, \"The Life of Pablo\" (2016), on September 20, 2016. The Tidal-exclusive music video premiered at the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards. The song has peaked at number 47 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100. \"Fade\" features vocals from rappers Post Malone and Ty Dolla Sign. It also samples several different songs. The bass line and melody is sampled from Chicago house track","title":"Fade (Kanye West song)"},{"id":"11342072","text":"Fade (Staind song) \"Fade\" is a song by American rock band Staind. It was the third single off of their album \"Break the Cycle\". The song was a crossover success for the band, peaking at number 3 and 4 on the \"Billboard\" Mainstream Rock and Modern Rock song charts respectively, and at number 62 on the \"Billboard\" all-format Hot 100 chart. The origins of the song trace back the recording sessions in the late 1990s, prior to the band releasing their second studio album, their first major record label album \"Dysfunction\" in 1999. The song's guitar riff was initially written","title":"Fade (Staind song)"},{"id":"15108462","text":"by One\" from her album \"A Day Without Rain\" (2000). The song was recorded by Sandy Vee at The Bunker Studio's in Paris, France in 2010. Musically, the song features a piano and violin led instrumental whilst lyrically, \"Fading\" is about the female protagonist leaving her boyfriend because she feels that they have become distant and their relationship has faded. The lyrics of the song feature Rihanna adopting a vocal diction which urges her boyfriend to leave and walk away from the relationship, \"Go on, be gone/ Bye bye so long/ Can't you see we're fading away\". As noted by","title":"Fading (song)"},{"id":"11342077","text":"to while growing up as a child. \"Spin\", in its dedicated song review, praised the track for being \"another moody, well-crafted ballad\" by the band. Fade (Staind song) \"Fade\" is a song by American rock band Staind. It was the third single off of their album \"Break the Cycle\". The song was a crossover success for the band, peaking at number 3 and 4 on the \"Billboard\" Mainstream Rock and Modern Rock song charts respectively, and at number 62 on the \"Billboard\" all-format Hot 100 chart. The origins of the song trace back the recording sessions in the late 1990s,","title":"Fade (Staind song)"},{"id":"19173915","text":"tail, which is used to foreshadow for things to come in the future. Due to her being the lead star in the video, Taylor was exposed to people that weren't aware of who she was before. The video won Best Choreography at the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards, as well as Best Dance Performance at the 2016 Soul Train Music Awards. Fade (Kanye West song) \"Fade\" is a song by American rapper Kanye West, featuring vocals from American rappers Post Malone and Ty Dolla Sign. It was released as the third and final single from West's seventh studio album, \"The","title":"Fade (Kanye West song)"},{"id":"5701183","text":"lines \"I got something to say / It's better to burn out than fade away\"; the same lines were used in the movie \"Highlander\" by The Kurgan and used in the Queen song \"Gimme The Prize (Kurgan's Theme)\" on their \"A Kind Of Magic\" album. Metalcore band Killswitch Engage have quoted the line in their song \"New Awakening\". The lyrics of the song, in particular \"out of the blue and into the black\", are an epigraph and also a prominent feature in Stephen King's \"It\". Lana Del Rey mentions the song through the lyrics \"out of the black, into the","title":"Hey Hey, My My (Into the Black)"},{"id":"9614062","text":"she refers is more likely heroin, to which she was openly addicted; \"black\" is the second most common street name for heroin in Los Angeles. \"Back to Black\" explores elements of old school soul music. The song's sound and beat have been described as similar to vintage girl groups from the 1960s. Its production was noted for its Wall of Sound. Winehouse expresses feelings of hurt and bitterness for a boyfriend who has left her; however, throughout the lyrics she \"remains strong\" exemplified in the opening lines, \"He left no time to regret, Kept his dick wet, With his same","title":"Back to Black (song)"},{"id":"19173911","text":"And we just kept on going. I went in the studio with Kanye and we just recorded the scratch vocals and then I wrote over it… He was just a normal guy, like me, and super cool. He was wearing all camo, just all camo. He was very quiet and he was very, very humble,\" Post stated in an interview with \"The Fader\". \"Fade\" was announced as the third single from \"The Life of Pablo\" in June 2016. It was serviced to US urban and pop radio on September 20, 2016. On May 12, 2017, the song was certified Silver","title":"Fade (Kanye West song)"},{"id":"15108459","text":"Fading (song) \"Fading\" is a song by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna from her fifth studio album, \"Loud\" (2010). The song was written by Jamal Jones and Ester Dean, whilst production of the song was completed by Jones under his production name, Polow da Don. Musically, the song samples Irish instrumentalist and singer-songwriter Enyas \"One by One\", whilst lyrically, the song is about leaving a man in a relationship. After \"Loud\" had strong digital download sales in the United Kingdom, \"Fading\" charted at number 187 on that country's singles chart in November 2010. The song received generally positive reviews from music","title":"Fading (song)"},{"id":"11342075","text":"on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. A live version of the song was released on the compilation album \"The Family Values Tour 2001\", while an acoustic version of the song later appeared on the release \"Staind - MTV Unplugged\" in November 2002. The song also received its own music video, which alternates between the band performing in a crumbling watch tower and footage of a man in an office space. The song maintains a standard verse-chorus song structure, with a bridge prior to the final chorus. The verses contains strummed, clean electric guitar notes being played, before expanding into loud,","title":"Fade (Staind song)"},{"id":"8135003","text":"\"\", \"True Blood\", \"Psych\", \"Friends from College\", \"Ray Donovan\", \"Felicity\", Californication and \"Suits (Ben Harper version). Fade into You \"Fade into You\" is a song by rock group Mazzy Star from their album \"So Tonight That I Might See\". The song was written by lyricist Hope Sandoval and composer David Roback, who also served as producer. It reached number three on the \"Billboard\" Modern Rock chart in 1994, and is Mazzy Star's only single to make the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, peaking at number 44. The song also charted at number 48 on the UK Singles Chart. The group had two","title":"Fade into You"},{"id":"5701172","text":"My, Hey Hey (Out of the Blue)\" – \"to fade away\") or to burn out. A line from the acoustic version of the song, \"it's better to burn out than to fade away,\" became infamous after being quoted in Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain's suicide note. Young later said that he was so shaken that he dedicated his 1994 album \"Sleeps with Angels\" to Cobain. The song \"Hey, Hey, My, My...\" and the title phrase of the album, \"rust never sleeps\" on which it was featured sprang from Young's encounters with Devo and in particular Mark Mothersbaugh. Devo was asked by","title":"Hey Hey, My My (Into the Black)"},{"id":"9614063","text":"old safe bet, Me and my head high, And my tears dry, Get on without my guy\". The song's lyrical content consists of a sad goodbye to a relationship with the lyrics being frank. Slant Magazine writer Sal Cinquemani suggested that the protagonist's lover may be committed to cocaine instead of another woman. John Murphy of musicOMH compared the song's introduction to songs by Jimmy Mack, adding that it continues to a \"much darker place\" than the aforementioned artist's work. The song has received universal critical acclaim by music critics. A writer from the website 4Music awarded the song ten","title":"Back to Black (song)"},{"id":"9008895","text":"with \"Blake\", referring to her ex-husband, Blake Fielder-Civil, who served time in prison for charges relating to grievous bodily harm. \"Back to Black\" explores elements of old-school soul music. The song's sound and beat have been described as similar to vintage girl groups from the 1960s. Its production was noted for its Wall of Sound. Winehouse expresses feelings of hurt and bitterness for a boyfriend who has left her; however, throughout the lyrics she \"remains strong\" exemplified in the opening lines, \"He left no time to regret, Kept his wet, With his same old safe bet, Me and my head","title":"Back to Black"},{"id":"9023661","text":"Faded Love \"Faded Love\" is a Western swing song written by Bob Wills, his father John Wills, and his brother, Billy Jack Wills. The tune is considered to be an exemplar of the Western swing fiddle component of American fiddle.The melody came from an 1856 ballad, Darling Nelly Gray, which John Wills knew as a fiddle tune. \"Faded Love\" is a sentimental song about lost love. The name comes from the refrain that follows each verse: I remember our faded love. The song was a major hit for Bob Wills and The Texas Playboys (MGM 10786) reaching number eight on","title":"Faded Love"},{"id":"4110765","text":"on February 15, 1995. It would later sign off fellow longtime rock stations 94 WYSP in Philadelphia on September 2, 2011 and Power 97 in Winnipeg on January 29, 2015. Fade to Black (song) \"Fade to Black\" is a song and the first power ballad by American heavy metal band Metallica, released as the first promotional single from its second studio album, \"Ride the Lightning\". The song was ranked as having the 24th best guitar solo ever by \"Guitar World\" readers. The song peaked at number 100 on Swiss Singles Chart in 2008. The song is certified gold by the","title":"Fade to Black (song)"},{"id":"7333662","text":"the video for David Bowie's no.1 hit \"Ashes to Ashes\", a song which helped to propel the burgeoning New Romantic fashion movement into the mainstream (although Bowie himself was never directly associated with it). Later that year, Visage signed a new record deal with the major label Polydor and released their second single, \"Fade to Grey\". The single became a top 10 hit in the UK and several other European countries, reaching number one in Germany and Switzerland. As the public face of the band, Strange shot to stardom in Britain and other parts of Europe. Visage enjoyed a string","title":"Steve Strange"},{"id":"15108469","text":"Boy\", \"Fading\", \"Don't Stop the Music\" and \"Take a Bow\". Credits and personnel adapted from the liner notes of \"Loud\". Fading (song) \"Fading\" is a song by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna from her fifth studio album, \"Loud\" (2010). The song was written by Jamal Jones and Ester Dean, whilst production of the song was completed by Jones under his production name, Polow da Don. Musically, the song samples Irish instrumentalist and singer-songwriter Enyas \"One by One\", whilst lyrically, the song is about leaving a man in a relationship. After \"Loud\" had strong digital download sales in the United Kingdom, \"Fading\"","title":"Fading (song)"},{"id":"11342074","text":"recorded. The song's first official release was on May 8, 2001, on the band's third studio album, \"Break the Cycle\", a release that would eventually be certified five times platinum by the RIAA, indicated 5 million units shipped. After the release of \"It's Been Awhile\" and \"Outside\", \"Fade\" would later be released as the album's third single on September 4, 2001. The song performed well at rock radio radio, peaking at number 3 and 4 respectively on the US \"Billboard\" Mainstream Rock and Mondern Rock song charts respectively, and even crossed over to the all-format radio stations, peaking at 62","title":"Fade (Staind song)"},{"id":"14880058","text":"Fade Like a Shadow \"Fade Like a Shadow\" is a 2010 song by Scottish singer/songwriter KT Tunstall. It was released as the U.S. lead single for her third studio album \"Tiger Suit\" (2010). In August 2010, Tunstall performed an acoustic rendition of the track in 13 July at the Hiro Ballroom in Manhattan, using live looping to get the layering and harmonizing effects in the chorus. The song talks about accepting that a relationship has run its course, with the lovers parting ways. The song is more upbeat and urgent than Tunstall's UK lead single, \"(Still a) Weirdo\". The singer's","title":"Fade Like a Shadow"},{"id":"2460620","text":"the name of an ability performed by Mordekaiser in the game \"League of Legends\". It is also an assignment for the L96 in \"Battlefield 3\". The phrase \"creeping death\" is also used in the H.P. Lovecraft short story, The Lurking Fear, possibly being a partial influence for the title of the song. The song has also been covered by American hard rock band Stone Sour Creeping Death \"Creeping Death\" is a song by the American heavy metal band Metallica, released as the lead and only commercial single from their second studio album \"Ride the Lightning\" (1984) (\"Fade to Black\" and","title":"Creeping Death"},{"id":"9008899","text":"in the United States in March 2007, with a remix of \"You Know I'm No Good\" featuring rap vocals by Ghostface Killah as its lead single. A third UK single, \"Back to Black\", was released on 30 April 2007. Having previously peaked at number 25 on the UK chart, the track climbed to number eight in late July 2011, following Winehouse's death. Two further singles were released from the album: \"Tears Dry on Their Own\" was released on 13 August 2007, and peaked at number 16 in the UK, while \"Love Is a Losing Game\", released on 10 December 2007,","title":"Back to Black"},{"id":"13438259","text":"contributed to the album, including The Hockey Theme Canadian composer Dolores Claman and Phantom of the Opera Lyricist Charles Hart On August 30, 2017 she released \"Fade To Black\" . It was the first pre-released single from her forth album, \"Shades of Darkness\" (release early 2019). Mostly original compositions by Hanley and her \"Siren's Odyssey\" collaborator Daniel Moctezuma, the album was inspired by her friend composer and musician Bernardo Bonezzi. The song \"Fade to Black\" was written as a tribute to Bonezzi. Hanley and Bonezzi met while she was filming Boca a Boca (English: \"Mouth to Mouth\") and became lifelong","title":"Trés Hanley"},{"id":"5701177","text":"line \"It's better to burn out than to fade away\" (actually only spoken in full in the acoustic \"My My, Hey Hey\" and the \"Human Highway\" film recording). Kurt Cobain's suicide note ended with the same line, shaking Young and inadvertently cementing his place as the so-called \"Godfather of Grunge\". Ex-Beatle John Lennon commented on the message of the song in a 1980 interview with David Sheff from \"Playboy\": Young would reply two years later when asked to respond to Lennon's comments: The rock'n'roll spirit is not survival. Of course the people who play rock'n'roll should survive. But the essence","title":"Hey Hey, My My (Into the Black)"},{"id":"15828135","text":"Fade into Darkness \"Fade into Darkness\" is a song by Swedish house producer and DJ Avicii. It features uncredited vocals from Andreas Moe. The single was released on 16 July 2011. The song incorporates elements from \"Perpetuum Mobile\" by Penguin Cafe Orchestra, as written by Simon Jeffes. Prior to its commercial release, the song was referred to as \"Penguin\", which was solely an instrumental track, unlike the following lyrical version. When \"Fade into Darkness\" was referred to as \"Penguin\", the song received comparisons to Leona Lewis' 2011 song \"Collide\". The song (\"Collide\") originally credited Lewis as the only artist on","title":"Fade into Darkness"},{"id":"19173913","text":"and recognizable sound. The gym setting of the video is important in drawing this parallel as the workout aesthetic is generally associated with the 1980s. The 80s are significant as that was the moment when house DJs like Frankie Knuckles and Ron Hardy, as well as the radio collective Hot Mix 5, made the genre more than just a music subculture in Chicago. The music video for the song was released on August 28, 2016 on music streaming service Tidal, after being unveiled at the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards. The video was directed by Eli Linnetz and was uploaded","title":"Fade (Kanye West song)"},{"id":"8135002","text":"the Crescent Hotel) and neighboring Stockton Street tunnel, coupled with genuine footage of the same sites shot in the 1930s. Only the latter music video was broadcast internationally. All songs written and composed by Hope Sandoval and David Roback, except where noted. The song can be heard in the films \"Angus\", \"Starship Troopers\", \"Swept Away\", \"Lord of War\", \"Burlesque\", \"End of Watch\", \"Chasing Mavericks\", \"The To Do List\", \"Thank You For Your Service\" and \"American Honey\" along with the television shows \"Gilmore Girls\", \"Roswell\", \"Without a Trace\", \"Cold Case\", \"\", \"Person of Interest\", \"Fringe\", \"Waterloo Road\", \"My Mad Fat Diary\",","title":"Fade into You"},{"id":"9614060","text":"year and decade-end lists of the best in music and was further considered to be one of the singer's signature songs. The single peaked at number eight on the UK Singles Chart in the United Kingdom and is Winehouse's third best-selling single in that country. Many cover versions by various artists were recorded for the song; most notably, Beyoncé and André 3000 covered it for the of the 2013 film adaptation of the novel \"The Great Gatsby\" (1925). A documentary film based on the life and death of Winehouse, \"Amy\" (2015) features a videoed tape of Winehouse recording the song","title":"Back to Black (song)"},{"id":"4110761","text":"Fade to Black (song) \"Fade to Black\" is a song and the first power ballad by American heavy metal band Metallica, released as the first promotional single from its second studio album, \"Ride the Lightning\". The song was ranked as having the 24th best guitar solo ever by \"Guitar World\" readers. The song peaked at number 100 on Swiss Singles Chart in 2008. The song is certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America. In an interview with drummer Lars Ulrich on the set of the production \"\" in 2003, he recalls how he and vocalist/rhythm guitarist James Hetfield","title":"Fade to Black (song)"},{"id":"19173912","text":"in the UK. Both the sampling of \"Mystery of Love\" and the workout aesthetic of the music video are direct allusions to the specific moment when black artists produced house music in Chicago during the 1980s. The genre was an important development in American black music history because it was a reclamation of disco techniques–a genre that had lost its black roots once it entered the mainstream market. The technique of house is essentially a distillation of disco techniques, because it draws on the same bass lines and rhythms, but house was produced much more cheaply, giving it its distinct","title":"Fade (Kanye West song)"},{"id":"17180586","text":"Fade (Jakwob song) \"Fade\" is a song by British music producer and DJ Jakwob, with vocals courtesy of Maiday. The song was released as a single on 15 March 2013 as a digital download in the UK. The song has peaked to number 35 on the UK Singles Chart. A music video to accompany the release of \"Fade\" was first released onto YouTube and VEVO on 10 February 2013 at a total length of three minutes and twenty-six seconds. The music video was directed by Billy Boyd Cape and features a performance from Nicole O'Neill. In just 40 days the","title":"Fade (Jakwob song)"},{"id":"9008896","text":"high, And my tears dry, Get on without my guy\". The song's lyrical content consists of a sad goodbye to a relationship with the lyrics being frank. John Murphy of \"musicOMH\" compared the song's introduction to the Martha and the Vandellas song \"Jimmy Mack\", adding that it continues to a \"much darker place\". A deluxe edition of \"Back to Black\" was released in mainland Europe in November 2007 and in the United Kingdom on 3 December 2007. The reissue features the original studio album remastered as well as a bonus disc containing various B-sides, rare, and live tracks, including Winehouse's","title":"Back to Black"},{"id":"9614071","text":"went further on the song's main theme of goodbye. As of October 2018, the video has over 360 million views on YouTube. \"Back to Black\" was covered by American singer Beyoncé and American rapper André 3000 for the of the 2013 film \"The Great Gatsby\". The song premiered in April 2013 after several snippets of it appeared online and it was used in the trailer for the film. Jay Z, who served as an executive producer for the soundtrack, suggested the song to its producer Baz Luhrmann. It was the final song recorded for the album and was included after","title":"Back to Black (song)"},{"id":"10302369","text":"To Be Young, Gifted and Black \"To Be Young, Gifted and Black\" is a song by Nina Simone with lyrics by Weldon Irvine. It was written in memory of Simone's late friend Lorraine Hansberry, author of the play \"A Raisin in the Sun\", who had died in 1965 aged 34. The song was originally recorded and released by Simone in 1969, also featuring on her 1970 album \"Black Gold\", and was a Civil Rights Movement anthem. Released as a single, it peaked at number eight on the R&B chart and number 76 on the Hot 100. Notable cover versions of","title":"To Be Young, Gifted and Black"},{"id":"246436","text":"chords and reserved singing was incongruous for thrash metal bands at the time and disappointed some of Metallica's fans. The song's structure foreshadows later Metallica ballads, \"Welcome Home (Sanitarium)\", \"One\" and \"The Day That Never Comes. \"Fade to Black\" was released as a promotional single in 1984, in glow in the dark green. \"Trapped Under Ice\" is about a person who wakes from a cryonic state. Realizing there is nowhere to go, and no-one will come to the rescue, the person helplessly awaits impending doom. The song is built on a fast-picked galloping riff, reminiscent of the album's opener. It","title":"Ride the Lightning"},{"id":"19173914","text":"to West's Vevo channel on September 6, 2016. The video features GOOD Music label mate Teyana Taylor and her husband, Sacramento Kings guard Iman Shumpert. The video draws inspirations from a variety of subjects including 80's pornography, \"Flashdance\", John Carpenter films, \"The Fly\", \"Dancing with the Stars\", the Olympics and the NBA championship. The video was meant to be shot using a different dancer, but Kanye West cancelled it due to 3 weeks after her giving birth in order to give her time to get in shape. The video ends with a shot of Taylor with a lioness face and","title":"Fade (Kanye West song)"},{"id":"5701182","text":"song was included at #93 in Bob Mersereau's book \"The Top 100 Canadian Singles\" (2010). Peter Buck of R.E.M. has acknowledged in interviews that his band's first hit, \"The One I Love\", is actually a rewriting on Neil Young's \"Hey Hey, My My\". Courtney Love, singer for Hole and Cobain's widow, alludes both to this song and her husband's suicide note in the song \"Reasons To Be Beautiful\" from the album \"Celebrity Skin\". In \"Reasons To Be Beautiful,\" she changes the verse to \"It's better to rise than fade away.\" Def Leppard begins their song \"Rock of Ages\" with the","title":"Hey Hey, My My (Into the Black)"},{"id":"15828140","text":"at making this record the hit it deserves to be.\" The music video for \"Fade into Darkness\" was directed by Tobias Hansson and Karl Aulin, starring Linn Asplund and Jim Cargill. The video portrays a female assassin who fell for her target. To protect him, she left him a note that said not to look for her. But he did and when he finds her she eventually kills him. Credits adapted from liner notes. Fade into Darkness \"Fade into Darkness\" is a song by Swedish house producer and DJ Avicii. It features uncredited vocals from Andreas Moe. The single was","title":"Fade into Darkness"},{"id":"9614061","text":"with Mark Ronson, in March 2006 and an a cappella melody was featured on the film's soundtrack. \"Back to Black\" was written by Amy Winehouse and Mark Ronson with the latter also serving as its producer. The track was recorded in three studios – Chung King Studios and Daptone Studios located in New York City and Metropolis Studios in London. \"Back to Black\" was inspired by her relationship with Blake Fielder-Civil. He had left Winehouse for an ex-girlfriend, leaving her going to \"black,\" which to the listener may appear to refer to drinking and depression. However, the \"black\" to which","title":"Back to Black (song)"},{"id":"9614067","text":"to be one of Winehouse's signature songs. Justin Myers writing for the Official Charts Company remarked that it was the singer's most \"anguished\" song while also being \"[h]eartbreakingly autobiographical\" at the same time. Tim Chester of \"NME\" also wrote that \"Back to Black\" was a song by which the singer should be remembered following her death, with Motown influence in her trademark vocal performance along with its powerful lyrics. Pre-release, the song charted in the UK Singles Chart on downloads alone for five consecutive weeks, peaking at number 40. The single charted at number 25 in 2007 once it had","title":"Back to Black (song)"},{"id":"4110762","text":"were \"obsessed with death\" at the time the album and song were produced. The song's lyrics address suicidal feelings. It begins with an acoustic guitar introduction and becomes progressively heavier as the song goes on, similar to their future songs, \"Welcome Home (Sanitarium)\", \"One\", and \"The Day That Never Comes\". James Hetfield commented on the song in a 1991 interview with \"Guitar World\": Since its release, \"Fade to Black\" has been a fixture in Metallica's live performances. It was also the last song that Metallica performed live with former bassist Jason Newsted before he left the band. Newsted's last gig","title":"Fade to Black (song)"},{"id":"9614059","text":"Back to Black (song) \"Back to Black\" is a song by English singer and songwriter Amy Winehouse. It was released by Island Records on 30 April 2007 as the third single from Winehouse's second and final studio album of the same name. The song was written by Winehouse and Mark Ronson, and produced by Ronson. \"Back to Black\" was inspired by Winehouse's relationship with Blake Fielder-Civil, who had left her for an ex-girlfriend. \"Back to Black\" received universal acclaim by music critics, who generally praised its throwback sound to girl groups from the 1960s. It was included on several compiled","title":"Back to Black (song)"},{"id":"8920489","text":"and the True Stories Behind Their Lyrics\". He discusses the impact of Metallica's “Fade to Black” on him as a lyricist, in a chapter about the song that also examines its social and cultural significance. Moody co-starred with Shawn Crahan in Darren Lynn Bousman's short horror musical film \"The Devil's Carnival\", which screened in April 2012. On June 12, 2017, Moody stated during a concert in Tilburg, Netherlands, that it will be his last show with Five Finger Death Punch. The band released a statement saying they would keep moving forward. Moody checked himself into rehab and was replaced for","title":"Ivan L. Moody"},{"id":"19256813","text":"upon its release, topping Norwegian, Finnish and Swedish singles charts, as well as entering the top 3 in the Danish singles chart. The song peaked at number one in more than ten countries and in the top 5 in more than 25 countries. It also charted in various countries including Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Malaysia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Switzerland, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It also reached number one on the Shazam Worldwide Top 100 Popular Songs in February 2016, and by March 2016, had become the world's most Shazamed","title":"Faded (Alan Walker song)"},{"id":"14880060","text":"the song to M Is For Music: \"The song is about when I met someone who had a really negative effect on me, and even though they were still alive, I experienced these almost visitation-like hauntings that I couldn't shake off. I took to wearing a t-shirt with the person's name on to try and exorcise them, which finally worked.\" Sara Anderson from AOL Music said that \"The song's title may sound melancholy, however, the track's chord progression is quite the opposite, backed by peppy, uplifting keyboard chords. James Berry from Yahoo! Music said, that:\" There's the energy of electronic","title":"Fade Like a Shadow"},{"id":"17180587","text":"video peaked 1 million views. As of February 2016 its view count is over 2.9 million. On 24 March 2013 the song entered the UK Singles Chart at number 35, becoming his first top 40 single in the UK. On 14 April 2013 the song re-entered the Top 40 at 37. Fade (Jakwob song) \"Fade\" is a song by British music producer and DJ Jakwob, with vocals courtesy of Maiday. The song was released as a single on 15 March 2013 as a digital download in the UK. The song has peaked to number 35 on the UK Singles Chart.","title":"Fade (Jakwob song)"},{"id":"9614065","text":"of vocal depth that Marc Almond has always dreamed of\". AllMusic writer John Bush found universality in the song and opined that even Joss Stone could take it to the top of the music charts. Alex Denney from the website Drowned in Sound found \"grit and gravitas\" in \"Back to Black\" best shown in its title song with a \"heart-stopping shuffle\" and lyrics about a man's philander. In 2007, the song was included at the position of 39 on Popjustice's list of the year's best in music. Slant Magazine also mentioned it in their respective list of the best singles","title":"Back to Black (song)"},{"id":"14880059","text":"record company chose it for the American market as they felt the tune would play better at US radio. Tunstall told Billboard magazine just after the song's release: \"I may lose some fans of the old stuff, but I get the feeling I've already made a few new ones by embracing a bit of experimentation.\" The song talks about a person who haunted Tunstall for many months. She told Music Remedy, \"The person is still very much alive, but my interactions with them led to these weird, almost visitation-like feelings that I found difficult to shake off.\" Tunstall expanded on","title":"Fade Like a Shadow"},{"id":"8134999","text":"Fade into You \"Fade into You\" is a song by rock group Mazzy Star from their album \"So Tonight That I Might See\". The song was written by lyricist Hope Sandoval and composer David Roback, who also served as producer. It reached number three on the \"Billboard\" Modern Rock chart in 1994, and is Mazzy Star's only single to make the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, peaking at number 44. The song also charted at number 48 on the UK Singles Chart. The group had two other songs make the Modern Rock Top 40 (\"Halah\" and \"Blue Flower\"), but they did not","title":"Fade into You"},{"id":"9008885","text":"Back to Black Back to Black is the second and final studio album by English singer and songwriter Amy Winehouse. It was released on 27 October 2006 by Island Records. The album spawned five singles: \"Rehab\", \"You Know I'm No Good\", \"Back to Black\", \"Tears Dry on Their Own\" and \"Love Is a Losing Game\". \"Back to Black\" was acclaimed by music critics, who praised Winehouse's songwriting and emotive singing style as well as Salaam Remi and Mark Ronson's production. At the 50th Annual Grammy Awards ceremony, \"Back to Black\" won Best Pop Vocal Album and was also nominated for","title":"Back to Black"},{"id":"11862914","text":"Mustard. It samples \"Freak Like Me\" by Adina Howard. Taylor announced that it will be the lead single from her upcoming second studio album. On August 28, 2016, at the MTV Video Music Awards, Kanye West released the world premiere of the music video for his single, \"FADE\", which features Taylor performing a dance routine, in a likeness to the 1983 film \"Flashdance\". The video, directed by Eli Russell Linnetz, features Taylor dancing throughout a gymnasium and there is also an appearance by her husband, Iman Shumpert. In April 2018, Kanye West announced two new albums, a solo album and","title":"Teyana Taylor"},{"id":"1506638","text":"16, 2016. The song \"Fade to Black\" was played with lead singer James Hetfield dedicating the song to the late Cliff Burton. During the song Hetfield yells, 'Can you hear us Cliff?'. In 2017, it was revealed that Burton's parents had been \"quietly\" donating his posthumous royalty payments to a scholarship fund for music students at his alma mater Castro Valley High School. In 2018, the Alameda County, California, Board of Supervisors issued a proclamation declaring February 10, 2018 (what would have been Burton's 56th birthday) as \"Cliff Burton Day\" after a fan petition successfully passed. In January 2013, guitar","title":"Cliff Burton"},{"id":"13865979","text":"Pitney that many listeners assumed that \"Black Is Black\" was a Pitney single. In August 1966, the song debuted at number 100 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles chart. It peaked at number four in October, and spent 12 weeks on the chart. The song reached number one on the Canadian Singles Chart, and peaked at number two in the UK Singles Chart. The single also sold two million copies in Spain. Shortly after the September 11, 2001 attacks, American media conglomerate company Clear Channel Communications distributed the 2001 Clear Channel memorandum to program directors at the more than","title":"Black Is Black"},{"id":"9008888","text":"the UK Albums Chart at the time of its release, and was eventually certified triple Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). In 2004, Winehouse was nominated for British Female Solo Artist and British Urban Act at the Brit Awards, while \"Frank\" made the shortlist for the Mercury Prize. That same year, the album's first single, \"Stronger Than Me\", earned Winehouse and Remi an Ivor Novello Award for Best Contemporary Song. In contrast to her jazz-influenced debut album \"Frank\", Winehouse's focus shifted to the girl groups of the 1950s and 1960s. Winehouse hired New York singer Sharon Jones's longtime band,","title":"Back to Black"},{"id":"2167502","text":"Ure recalled the way that \"music video changed after that. All these things that became video clichés – cropping the top and bottom off the screen, shooting on film as opposed to videotape, making it look like a movie ... we were quite a groundbreaking act for a while.\" The same year that Ultravox released the \"Vienna\" album, Visage also released their debut album which made the UK Top 20 and featured the hit single \"Fade to Grey\" (co-written by Ure and Currie with Chris Payne), also influential in the direction of the New Romantic electropop music scene. For a","title":"Midge Ure"},{"id":"17591539","text":"Maiday Rachel Moulden, better known as Maiday (stylized as MΔîDΔY), is an English singer-songwriter from Worcestershire, now living in Bow, East London. Maiday has written for a number of other artists including Wretch 32, Leona Lewis, Girls Aloud and Josh Kumra. She co-wrote and produced the UK number one single \"Don't Go\" for Wretch 32 and her vocals have been featured on a number of international hits including \"Fade\" by Jakwob that became a top 40 hit on the UK Singles Chart and on \"Skydive\" by Chuckie, a dance hit that has charted on European mainstream charts, notably in Belgium,","title":"Maiday"},{"id":"9008898","text":"October 2006, based solely on download sales, it entered the UK Singles Chart at number 19, and when the physical single was released the following week, it climbed to number seven. Following a performance of \"Rehab\" at the 2007 MTV Movie Awards on 3 June 2007, the song rose to number 10 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 for the week of 23 June, peaking at number nine the following week. \"You Know I'm No Good\" was released on 8 January 2007 as the album's second single, reaching number 18 on the UK Singles Chart. \"Back to Black\" was released","title":"Back to Black"},{"id":"13387355","text":"the band Weezer recorded a cover version in 2018 that peaked at number 51 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and number one on the \"Billboard\" Alternative Songs chart. In the U.S., the single was initially certified gold by the RIAA in 1991. However, since its renewed popularity, sales of both the original Toto single and the Weezer cover have surged, with the original single certified platinum in 2017, and most recently 4x Platinum in October 2018. The initial idea and lyrics for the song came from David Paich. Jeff Porcaro explains the idea behind the song: \"A white boy is","title":"Africa (Toto song)"},{"id":"9614080","text":"affair\" because of the lyrics, which according to him were connected with Amy Winehouse's death, and the film's noirish bent. He further commented that \"it strikes us as an unusually dark side of King Bey[oncé], who's supposed to be literally the most poised human being alive\". Speaking about the modification of the lyrics, he noted that it was \"but a little odd\" and concluded the review by saying, \"It's eerie but cool, and a fitting tribute to Winehouse's legacy.\" The full version of the song premiered on Mark Ronson's East Village Radio show on 26 April 2013. Upon its release,","title":"Back to Black (song)"},{"id":"5607535","text":"initial release, the song has remained influential as the first number one hit featuring a sitar, particularly in the UK where it has charted on two other occasions, and has been the subject of multiple cover versions, compilation albums, and film appearances. The song's lyrics are, for the most part, meant to describe blackness and depression through the use of colour-based metaphors. Initially, \"Paint It Black\" was written as a standard pop arrangement, humorously compared by Mick Jagger to \"Songs for Jewish weddings\". The song describes the extreme grief suffered by one stunned by the sudden and unexpected loss of","title":"Paint It Black"},{"id":"9023662","text":"the Country charts in 1950. It became one of his signature songs. Leon McAuliffe had two Top 40 hits with \"Faded Love\", both reaching number 22 (Cimarron 4057, 1962, and MGM 14249, 1971). The former was an instrumental version, and the latter rendition was a collaboration with Tompall & the Glaser Brothers. Also in 1962, it was a modest hit for Jackie DeShannon, reaching No.97 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The song had even greater success when Patsy Cline covered it in 1963. Her version became a hit, reaching number seven on the U.S. Country charts and No.96 on the","title":"Faded Love"},{"id":"20798947","text":"William DuVall ended up writing the lyrics for the song at Studio X in Seattle in the summer of 2017. He wrote and recorded the track alone in the studio until 3am. \"Never Fade\" is DuVall's major composition in \"Rainier Fog\". The song features the lyrics \"\"all my friends are leaving\"\". DuVall's grandmother, described by him as a pillar in his life, died at the age of 105 while the band was recording the album, and he wrote the lyrics to \"Never Fade\" thinking about his grandmother and the late Soundgarden lead vocalist Chris Cornell, who died a month before","title":"Never Fade (Alice in Chains song)"},{"id":"16256739","text":"Faded (Tyga song) \"Faded\" is a song by American rapper Tyga featuring Young Money-founder Lil Wayne. The song was first released on January 13, 2012 as the fourth single from the rapper's debut studio album, \"\" (2012). For the chart dated May 27, 2012, \"Faded\" debuted at number 36 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, marking Tyga's second highest-charting single after \"Rack City\"; which peaked at number seven. It was released to US rhythmic radio stations on March 13, 2012. Complex named the song No. 42 of the best 50 songs of 2012. The music video was released on March 31,","title":"Faded (Tyga song)"},{"id":"5607536","text":"wife, lover or partner. It is often claimed that Jagger took inspiration from novelist James Joyce's 1922 book \"Ulysses\", taking the excerpt \"I have to turn my head until my darkness goes\", referring to the novel's theme of a worldwide view of desperation and desolation. The song itself came to fruition when the band's leader Brian Jones took an interest in Moroccan music. It was their first song to feature a sitar instrumental. \"Paint It Black\" came at a pivotal period in the Rolling Stones' recording history, a time that saw the songwriting collaboration of Jagger and Keith Richards assert","title":"Paint It Black"},{"id":"9614076","text":"things beneath the surface. We were looking for a song that would speak to the almost 'Sid and Nancy' addictive love that Gatsby and Daisy have found themselves re-engaging in. Everybody knows the Amy Winehouse version of this song, and I think this is a very interesting interpretation. It plunges you further into this particular kind of lovesickness. I think it works very well in the film, where it blends between a jazz recording that The Bryan Ferry Orchestra did and the version on the album with Beyoncé and André 3000. That combination helps to deepen the resonance of what","title":"Back to Black (song)"},{"id":"6917100","text":"United States as well, peaking at #22 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The single was the biggest hit internationally for soulDecision's and the biggest hit of the band's lifespan. It peaked at #23 in Australia on 21 January 2001. Faded (soulDecision song) \"Faded\" is song by Canadian boy band soulDecision. It was released in March 2000 as the lead single from their debut album, \"No One Does It Better\" The song reached number-one in Canada and peaked at number 22 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100. and being nominated for song of the year at 2001 Juno Awards. The song","title":"Faded (soulDecision song)"},{"id":"9614068","text":"been released in physical format which also became its peak position in that country.; The song has spent 34 non-consecutive weeks on the UK Singles Chart to date. It has re-entered with \"Rehab\" together on the chart. The song featured on BBC Radio 1's \"The B List\" Playlist during the week commencing 2 May. With sales of 96,000, \"Back to Black\" finished as the UK's 85th biggest-selling single of 2007. On 31 July 2011, following her death, the song re-entered the UK Singles Chart at 8, also giving the song a new peak position and second top ten hit in","title":"Back to Black (song)"},{"id":"15108468","text":"of a televised performance, the song was featured on the set list of select dates of the Loud Tour. Rihanna performed the song on June 6 and 7, 2011, at the Air Canada Centre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, where the song was featured near the end of the set. As noted by Jane Stevenson of the \"Toronto Sun\", after performing a selection of ballads from the singer's repertoire, including \"Unfaithful\", \"Hate That I Love You\" and \"California King Bed\", Rihanna re-appeared on stage wearing a rainbow colored feathered coat, denim bra and short shorts to perform \"What's My Name?\", \"Rude","title":"Fading (song)"},{"id":"13389554","text":"song became a hit, and the song has been recorded by many artists since then. Frankie Laine's 1946 version was featured in the 2011 video game \"L.A. Noire\", as part of the in-game radio station, K.T.I. Radio. The song is also featured in the prologue of Ralph Ellison's novel \"Invisible Man\" (1952) as its protagonist, while hiding underground, listens to the song being played very loudly and descends into a dream regarding \"the blackness of Blackness,\" all after smoking a marijuana cigarette. Black and Blue (Fats Waller song) \"(What Did I Do to Be So) Black and Blue\" is a","title":"Black and Blue (Fats Waller song)"},{"id":"6917098","text":"Faded (soulDecision song) \"Faded\" is song by Canadian boy band soulDecision. It was released in March 2000 as the lead single from their debut album, \"No One Does It Better\" The song reached number-one in Canada and peaked at number 22 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100. and being nominated for song of the year at 2001 Juno Awards. The song has three versions: one with the beginning lyrics \"\"When I get you all alone, I'm gonna take off all your clothes\"\"; an edited version with \"\"When I get you all alone, I'm gonna move in nice and close\"\"; and","title":"Faded (soulDecision song)"},{"id":"3505622","text":"Rough Trade folded in late 1990, briefly leaving Mazzy Star without a record label. Within weeks, the duo's contract was picked up by Capitol, who re-released \"She Hangs Brightly\" on November 4, 1990, and released their follow-up, \"So Tonight That I Might See\" on September 27, 1993. A year after its release, the album yielded an unexpected hit single. \"Fade into You\" peaked at No. 44 to become their first \"Billboard\" Hot 100 single, while also reaching a career-high peak of No. 3 on the \"Modern Rock Tracks\" chart. On April 19, 1995, the album was certified platinum by the","title":"Mazzy Star"},{"id":"9614069","text":"UK. As of September 2014, \"Back to Black\" has sold 340.000 copies in the UK and is Winehouse's third best-selling single in that country. In America, due to strong digital sales of the single over the years, \"Back to Black\" was certified platinum for over 1,000,000 sales/downloads by the RIAA in January 2015. The music video was directed by Phil Griffin and features a funeral procession in which Winehouse mourns over a grave that reads \"R.I.P. the Heart of Amy Winehouse\". The shot of the headstone was edited out after the singer's death in 2011. The video was primarily shot","title":"Back to Black (song)"},{"id":"8135000","text":"approach the success of \"Fade into You\". Pitchfork Media included the song at number 19 on their \"Top 200 Tracks of the 90s\". Australian alternative music radio station Triple J ranked the song the 32nd greatest of 1994. J Mascis (of Dinosaur Jr.) covered the song in 2014 and performed it on \"Late Night with Seth Meyers\". Two music videos were completed for \"Fade Into You.\" The first was directed by Kevin Kerslake and premiered on MTV in late October 1993, several weeks after the album's release. It features the band performing in front of a projection depicting white clouds","title":"Fade into You"},{"id":"11342076","text":"harmonized, distorted guitar parts. \"Rolling Stone\" described the song as having the heavy, minor key guitar riffs of nu metal, but that Lewis's dramatic vocal delivery made the music more comparable to the work of (alternative metal) band Alice in Chains than (nu metal) band Korn. Lyrically, Lewis describes the song as being about parental neglect, namely his belief that \"parents, on the whole, have forgotten how to be parents\". He explains the lyrics of \"I just needed someone to talk to/You were just too busy with yourself\" were about him feeling as if he had no one to turn","title":"Fade (Staind song)"},{"id":"7288345","text":"broader audience. Released posthumously on his album \"Greatest Hits\", the song talks about all of the different issues that were related to Tupac's era of influence - notably racism, police brutality, drugs and gang violence. The \"Huey\" that 2Pac mentions in the song (\"\"two shots in the dark, now Huey's dead\"\") is Huey P. Newton, founder of the Black Panther Party. The song refers to the possibility of a black president of the United States, claiming \"we ain't ready\". Further, the last verse of the song refers to Tupac's premonition about being shot to death, mimicking the sound of the","title":"Changes (Tupac Shakur song)"},{"id":"8135001","text":"in a black sky, and is interlaced with slow-motion footage of the band in various locales in the Mojave Desert. Portions of this video were filmed at the same location U2 shot the artwork for \"The Joshua Tree\". A second music video was directed by Merlyn Rosenberg and first aired in February 1994. Known as the Black and White version for its monochromic content throughout, the intentionally grainy, distorted footage shows the band performing in a darkened Burlesque-era ballroom, and is interspersed with footage of Sandoval and Roback at various sites around San Francisco, including the All Seasons Hotel (now","title":"Fade into You"},{"id":"8556579","text":"track list prior to the earlier PlayStation 2 version, and the three songs \"Teenagers,\" \"Famous Last Words\" and \"This Is How I Disappear\" are available for download. \"The Black Parade\" has sold three million copies in the United States as of 2016, and four million worldwide. The record was reissued as \"The Black Parade/Living with Ghosts\" on September 23, 2016, in celebration of the tenth anniversary of the album's release. \"The Black Parade\" is a rock opera centering around the character of \"The Patient\". It is about his passage out of life and the memories he has of it. \"The","title":"The Black Parade"},{"id":"7134422","text":"Faded (Kate DeAraugo song) \"Faded\" is a pop rock song written by Matthew Gerrard, Jessica Origliasso, Lisa Origliasso and Robbie Nevil, produced by Gerrard and Bryon Jones for Kate DeAraugo's first album \"A Place I've Never Been\" (2005). It was released as the album's second single in Australia on 19 February 2006 as a CD single and digital download. In February 2007, the song was covered by American girl band Everlife and included on their second studio album, \"Everlife\". Everlife's version was later featured on MTV's \"The Hills\" Season 3 Episode 10. This was DeAraugo's second top ten single following","title":"Faded (Kate DeAraugo song)"},{"id":"13719185","text":"led them basing the lyrics in general on that theme and even quoting Kurt Cobain's last words in his suicide note \"Best to burn out bright than fade into the night\" in the final seconds of the track. In early November 2009 Tin Alley made the top 100 on the ARIA Charts and in the weeks to follow \"Out Of Control\" also made No.1 spots on AIR Charts and AMO \"Australian Music Office\" Charts for six consecutive weeks and later peaked at number 7 on the ARIA Australian Singles Chart in early December. The track \"Out Of Control\" also featured","title":"Tin Alley"},{"id":"19256917","text":"vocal version of \"Fade\". It was released on 8 December and featured uncredited Naustdal pop singer Iselin Solheim. The single topped the year-end charts in Austria, Germany, Switzerland and Sweden, iTunes charts in 32 countries, as well as entering top 10 in Spotify Global Chart. The music video on YouTube has over 2 billion views and 13 million likes, placing it among the top 10 most liked YouTube videos. It has over 780 million plays on Spotify, and is also one of the Top 10 Most Shazamed tracks of 2016. The single also received official remixes from Tiësto, Dash Berlin","title":"Alan Walker (music producer)"},{"id":"19256810","text":"Faded (Alan Walker song) \"Faded\" is a song by Norwegian record producer and DJ Alan Walker. Incorporating vocals provided by Norwegian recording artist Iselin Solheim, the single was originally set to be released on 25 November 2015, but was delayed to 3 December 2015. The song was highly successful, peaking in the top 10 in most of the countries it charted in, and reached the top spot in more than 10 countries. It is currently the 25th most viewed video on YouTube, with over 2.1 billion views as of December 2018. Walker debuted a live performance of \"Faded\" with Iselin","title":"Faded (Alan Walker song)"},{"id":"2876152","text":"Darkness II\" features Type O Negative's \"Black No. 1\" in its multiplayer lobby, played at random amongst other songs. Type O Negative performed and recorded numerous covers. The Doors' \"Light My Fire\" has been covered live numerous times, mostly during the 90s. Steele has described the song as \"probably the greatest song ever written\" before apologizing for having \"destroyed it\". Seals and Crofts' \"Summer Breeze\" appears on \"Bloody Kisses\", and Neil Young's \"Cinnamon Girl\" appears on \"October Rust\". The tongue-in-cheek \"Angry Inch\" (from \"Hedwig and the Angry Inch\") appears on \"Life is Killing Me\". \"World Coming Down\" includes a Beatles","title":"Type O Negative"},{"id":"5701173","text":"Young in 1977 to participate in the creating of his film \"Human Highway\". A scene in the film shows Young playing the song in its entirety with Devo, who clearly want little to do with anything \"radio-friendly\" (of note is Mothersbaugh changing \"Johnny Rotten\" to \"Johnny Spud\"). The famous line \"It's better to burn out than it is to rust\" is often credited to Young's friend Jeff Blackburn of The Ducks. Some reviewers viewed Young's career as skidding after the release of \"American Stars 'N Bars\" and \"Comes a Time\". With the explosion of punk in 1977, some punks felt","title":"Hey Hey, My My (Into the Black)"},{"id":"10962834","text":"band's 7Bros. Records in conjunction with ADA Label Services on April 15. Black (Sevendust song) \"Black\" is the debut single by Sevendust and lead single from their self-titled debut album. \"Black\" is a fan favorite song and was included on their \"Best of (Chapter One 1997-2004)\". Live, acoustic versions were also included on the \"Seasons\" limited edition DVD and the band's first live album, \"\", in 2004. \"Black\" is on the \"Swimfan\" soundtrack and video game \"Test Drive Off-Road 2\". It was the opening song for almost every Sevendust concert until 2004. \"Black\" is ranked No.47 in Hit Parader's 100","title":"Black (Sevendust song)"},{"id":"9331956","text":"Association Best Book for Young Adults and an American Library Association Quick Pick for Reluctant Young Adult Readers. \"Fade to Black\" (2005) is perhaps Flinn's second-best known realistic novel and a frequent high school required read. Alex Crusan, a 16-year-old HIV positive high school junior, is attacked in his car early one morning and sent to the hospital. The novel is written in the perspective of three people: Alex Crusan, the victim; Clinton Cole, the suspect; and the witness, Daria Bickel, a young woman with Down's syndrome. \"Beastly\" is a 2007 novel by Alex Flinn. It was chosen as a","title":"Alex Flinn"},{"id":"1882814","text":"Dark\" premiered at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival to standing ovations and controversy, but was nonetheless awarded the Palme d'Or, along with the Best Actress award for Björk. The song \"I've Seen It All\", with Thom Yorke, was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song but lost to \"Things Have Changed\" by Bob Dylan from \"Wonder Boys\". The film continues to polarize critics, being seen by some as melodramatic and by others as one of the most important films of the 21st century. In Washington state in 1964, Selma Ježková, a Czech immigrant has moved to the United","title":"Dancer in the Dark"},{"id":"5646549","text":"the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. In the UK, the single became the first single by an American to go into the singles chart at number one since 1960, when \"It's Now or Never\" by Elvis Presley did in the same manner. Around the world, \"Black or White\" hit number one in 20 countries, including the US, the UK, Canada, Mexico, Cuba, Turkey, Zimbabwe, Australia, New Zealand, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the Eurochart Hot 100, number two in Germany and Austria and number three in the Netherlands. The single was certified platinum in","title":"Black or White"},{"id":"19256815","text":"Håvik (vocalist of Highasakite), Tove Styrke, Alexandra Rotan, Angelina Jordan, Zara Larsson and Torine Michelle. On November 4, 2017 Alan Walker performed the song live with Against the Current at the 2017 League of Legends World Championship closing ceremony in Beijing. A music video was released, featuring Shahab Salehi as the protagonist. The video was shot in Rummu quarry in Estonia, and produced and edited by Bror Bror and directed by Rikkard and Tobias Häggbom, with Rikkard Häggbom also as director of photography. The video shows a young man dressed in black bloc styled attire including a mask, roaming with","title":"Faded (Alan Walker song)"},{"id":"13368111","text":"following \"Say It's Gonna Rain\" from 1988. Remixes for the track were done by Shep Pettibone. Fading Away \"Fading Away\" is a song by the Florida-based dance-pop group Will to Power. It appears on their 1988 self-titled debut album and was released as a single in early 1989. The song reached #65 on the US pop chart in February 1989 and #84 on the UK pop chart in March of that year. The song was more successful on dance charts in the US, reaching #2 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Dance Singles Sales chart and spending two weeks at top the","title":"Fading Away"},{"id":"20101502","text":"the United States as a teenager. While the original title translates to \"Out of Nothing\" in English, the English title is taken from the song of the same name by American rock band Queens of the Stone Age, whose lead singer, Josh Homme, wrote the film's score. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 77% based on 132 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \"\"In the Fade\" proves Diane Kruger is more than up to the task of carrying a movie — even if the end result doesn't quite","title":"In the Fade"},{"id":"10835147","text":"\"Billboard\" Hot 100 in the US. The album's second single, \"You Know I'm No Good\", reached number 18 in the UK. Other singles included the title track, which peaked at number eight in the UK, \"Tears Dry on Their Own\" and \"Love Is a Losing Game\". A deluxe edition of the album was released in the UK in November 2007 and also topped the UK chart. By October 2018, \"Back to Black\" had sold 3.93 million copies, becoming the 13th best-selling album in the UK of all time. Winehouse collaborated with other artists, as a vocalist on the song \"Valerie\"","title":"Amy Winehouse discography"},{"id":"10962832","text":"Black (Sevendust song) \"Black\" is the debut single by Sevendust and lead single from their self-titled debut album. \"Black\" is a fan favorite song and was included on their \"Best of (Chapter One 1997-2004)\". Live, acoustic versions were also included on the \"Seasons\" limited edition DVD and the band's first live album, \"\", in 2004. \"Black\" is on the \"Swimfan\" soundtrack and video game \"Test Drive Off-Road 2\". It was the opening song for almost every Sevendust concert until 2004. \"Black\" is ranked No.47 in Hit Parader's 100 heavy metal top songs all-time. Sevendust tried to pull \"Black\" off of","title":"Black (Sevendust song)"},{"id":"17009643","text":"shower curtain display case\" in July 2013 On November 5th the 12\" of \"Super Kiwi\" was released. The title song was recorded during the \"Fade\" sessions with John McEntire. On the B-side there is a cover of the Beach Boys' \"A Day in the Life of a Tree\". \"Fade\" debuted at number 26 on the Billboard 200 chart upon its release in January 2013, with sales of 14,000 copies. It marked the band's all-time chart peak as well as the first time a Yo La Tengo record has entered the top 40. There are three different editions of the vinyl","title":"Fade (Yo La Tengo album)"},{"id":"6917099","text":"a third version featuring a verse by rapper Thrust. The video was shot in Vancouver in an apartment building having various rooms. One room was a house party, another of the band performing in an all white room, and another of the band singing together. The video was released in 1999 in Canada and then internationally in 2000. The video reached the #4 spot on MTV's TRL and #5 on MuchMusic Countdown. US Single Canada Maxi-CD Canada Vinyl, 12\", Promo \"22 Green\" and \"Morning Sun Dubly\" remixes were reproduced and mixed by Mark Ryan. The single proved successful in the","title":"Faded (soulDecision song)"},{"id":"19257743","text":"new partnership. They later on wrote the text, melody and produced the song \"The Wizard of Us\" together. In late 2015 and early 2016, her vocals were uncredited on Alan Walker's EDM songs \"Faded\" and \"Sing Me to Sleep\". In 2018, she released her new single, \"Bathtub\". Iselin Solheim Iselin Løken Solheim (born 20 June 1990), known mononymously as Iselin, is a Norwegian singer and songwriter. She is known for her vocals in Alan Walker's singles \"Faded\" and \"Sing Me to Sleep\". Iselin Løken Solheim was born in Naustdal, located in Sogn og Fjordane, Norway and started singing at a","title":"Iselin Solheim"},{"id":"594268","text":"their dedication after a white prison guard was found not guilty of shooting and killing three black prisoners from the prison tower. They retaliated by killing a white prison guard. Numerous popular cultural expressions associated with black power appeared at this time. Released in August 1968, the number one Rhythm & Blues single for the Billboard Year-End list was James Brown's \"Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud\". In October 1968, Tommie Smith and John Carlos, while being awarded the gold and bronze medals, respectively, at the 1968 Summer Olympics, donned human rights badges and each raised a","title":"Civil rights movement"},{"id":"10302371","text":"the original, it was later reissued on the compilation album \"Covers as Sung by Elton John\". The song has also become a popular sample amongst various modern R&B/hip-hop pieces, including Rah Digga's 2003 unreleased record \"On the Move\", Faith Evans' 2014 single \"I Deserve It\", featuring Missy Elliott and Sharaya J, and on the title track of Rapsody's 2017 album \"Laila's Wisdom\". To Be Young, Gifted and Black \"To Be Young, Gifted and Black\" is a song by Nina Simone with lyrics by Weldon Irvine. It was written in memory of Simone's late friend Lorraine Hansberry, author of the play","title":"To Be Young, Gifted and Black"},{"id":"10726911","text":"Fade to Grey (Jars of Clay song) \"Fade to Grey\" is the first song ever written by Jars of Clay. It originally was recorded for the group's debut demo album, \"Frail\", which was released in 1994. However, when the group recorded tracks for their self-titled debut album, time and budget issues were problems in being able to record the track. For the group's second album, \"Much Afraid\", they decided to include the song, though many changes were made with the new recording, including some lyrical and overall arrangement changes. The new version was released as the third radio single from","title":"Fade to Grey (Jars of Clay song)"},{"id":"19256814","text":"song. Its music video on YouTube reached 1 billion views on 26 March 2017, and has received over 2.1 billion views to date, making it the 25th most viewed YouTube video. It is also one of the 10 most liked YouTube videos with over 13.8 million likes. On Spotify, \"Faded\" has over 920 million streams and is one of the 30 most streamed songs. Several female vocalists have performed the song Faded live with Alan Walker. In addition to Iselin Solheim who also is the original singer on the recording, the song has also been performed live with Ingrid Helene","title":"Faded (Alan Walker song)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"10783012\",\n \"text\": \"perhaps Bonezzi's most famous composition. On the fifth anniversary of his death, the song \\\"Fade to Black\\\" was released as a tribute to him. It was written and recorded by his long time friend, actress, singer Tres Hanley. Bonezzi was found dead in his home on 30 August 2012. It is reported that his last Facebook posts to friends was “I’m fading to black”. Which is where the title of the song comes from. The music video for \\\"Fade To Black\\\" features clips from Bonezzi’s home movies as well as clips with Los Zombies. Bernardo Bonezzi Bernardo Silvano Bonezzi Nahón\",\n \"title\": \"Bernardo Bonezzi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19173909\",\n \"text\": \"Fade (Kanye West song) \\\"Fade\\\" is a song by American rapper Kanye West, featuring vocals from American rappers Post Malone and Ty Dolla Sign. It was released as the third and final single from West's seventh studio album, \\\"The Life of Pablo\\\" (2016), on September 20, 2016. The Tidal-exclusive music video premiered at the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards. The song has peaked at number 47 on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. \\\"Fade\\\" features vocals from rappers Post Malone and Ty Dolla Sign. It also samples several different songs. The bass line and melody is sampled from Chicago house track\",\n \"title\": \"Fade (Kanye West song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11342072\",\n \"text\": \"Fade (Staind song) \\\"Fade\\\" is a song by American rock band Staind. It was the third single off of their album \\\"Break the Cycle\\\". The song was a crossover success for the band, peaking at number 3 and 4 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Mainstream Rock and Modern Rock song charts respectively, and at number 62 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" all-format Hot 100 chart. The origins of the song trace back the recording sessions in the late 1990s, prior to the band releasing their second studio album, their first major record label album \\\"Dysfunction\\\" in 1999. The song's guitar riff was initially written\",\n \"title\": \"Fade (Staind song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15108462\",\n \"text\": \"by One\\\" from her album \\\"A Day Without Rain\\\" (2000). The song was recorded by Sandy Vee at The Bunker Studio's in Paris, France in 2010. Musically, the song features a piano and violin led instrumental whilst lyrically, \\\"Fading\\\" is about the female protagonist leaving her boyfriend because she feels that they have become distant and their relationship has faded. The lyrics of the song feature Rihanna adopting a vocal diction which urges her boyfriend to leave and walk away from the relationship, \\\"Go on, be gone/ Bye bye so long/ Can't you see we're fading away\\\". As noted by\",\n \"title\": \"Fading (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11342077\",\n \"text\": \"to while growing up as a child. \\\"Spin\\\", in its dedicated song review, praised the track for being \\\"another moody, well-crafted ballad\\\" by the band. Fade (Staind song) \\\"Fade\\\" is a song by American rock band Staind. It was the third single off of their album \\\"Break the Cycle\\\". The song was a crossover success for the band, peaking at number 3 and 4 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Mainstream Rock and Modern Rock song charts respectively, and at number 62 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" all-format Hot 100 chart. The origins of the song trace back the recording sessions in the late 1990s,\",\n \"title\": \"Fade (Staind song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19173915\",\n \"text\": \"tail, which is used to foreshadow for things to come in the future. Due to her being the lead star in the video, Taylor was exposed to people that weren't aware of who she was before. The video won Best Choreography at the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards, as well as Best Dance Performance at the 2016 Soul Train Music Awards. Fade (Kanye West song) \\\"Fade\\\" is a song by American rapper Kanye West, featuring vocals from American rappers Post Malone and Ty Dolla Sign. It was released as the third and final single from West's seventh studio album, \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"Fade (Kanye West song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5701183\",\n \"text\": \"lines \\\"I got something to say / It's better to burn out than fade away\\\"; the same lines were used in the movie \\\"Highlander\\\" by The Kurgan and used in the Queen song \\\"Gimme The Prize (Kurgan's Theme)\\\" on their \\\"A Kind Of Magic\\\" album. Metalcore band Killswitch Engage have quoted the line in their song \\\"New Awakening\\\". The lyrics of the song, in particular \\\"out of the blue and into the black\\\", are an epigraph and also a prominent feature in Stephen King's \\\"It\\\". Lana Del Rey mentions the song through the lyrics \\\"out of the black, into the\",\n \"title\": \"Hey Hey, My My (Into the Black)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9614062\",\n \"text\": \"she refers is more likely heroin, to which she was openly addicted; \\\"black\\\" is the second most common street name for heroin in Los Angeles. \\\"Back to Black\\\" explores elements of old school soul music. The song's sound and beat have been described as similar to vintage girl groups from the 1960s. Its production was noted for its Wall of Sound. Winehouse expresses feelings of hurt and bitterness for a boyfriend who has left her; however, throughout the lyrics she \\\"remains strong\\\" exemplified in the opening lines, \\\"He left no time to regret, Kept his dick wet, With his same\",\n \"title\": \"Back to Black (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19173911\",\n \"text\": \"And we just kept on going. I went in the studio with Kanye and we just recorded the scratch vocals and then I wrote over it… He was just a normal guy, like me, and super cool. He was wearing all camo, just all camo. He was very quiet and he was very, very humble,\\\" Post stated in an interview with \\\"The Fader\\\". \\\"Fade\\\" was announced as the third single from \\\"The Life of Pablo\\\" in June 2016. It was serviced to US urban and pop radio on September 20, 2016. On May 12, 2017, the song was certified Silver\",\n \"title\": \"Fade (Kanye West song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15108459\",\n \"text\": \"Fading (song) \\\"Fading\\\" is a song by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna from her fifth studio album, \\\"Loud\\\" (2010). The song was written by Jamal Jones and Ester Dean, whilst production of the song was completed by Jones under his production name, Polow da Don. Musically, the song samples Irish instrumentalist and singer-songwriter Enyas \\\"One by One\\\", whilst lyrically, the song is about leaving a man in a relationship. After \\\"Loud\\\" had strong digital download sales in the United Kingdom, \\\"Fading\\\" charted at number 187 on that country's singles chart in November 2010. The song received generally positive reviews from music\",\n \"title\": \"Fading (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11342075\",\n \"text\": \"on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. A live version of the song was released on the compilation album \\\"The Family Values Tour 2001\\\", while an acoustic version of the song later appeared on the release \\\"Staind - MTV Unplugged\\\" in November 2002. The song also received its own music video, which alternates between the band performing in a crumbling watch tower and footage of a man in an office space. The song maintains a standard verse-chorus song structure, with a bridge prior to the final chorus. The verses contains strummed, clean electric guitar notes being played, before expanding into loud,\",\n \"title\": \"Fade (Staind song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8135003\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"\\\", \\\"True Blood\\\", \\\"Psych\\\", \\\"Friends from College\\\", \\\"Ray Donovan\\\", \\\"Felicity\\\", Californication and \\\"Suits (Ben Harper version). Fade into You \\\"Fade into You\\\" is a song by rock group Mazzy Star from their album \\\"So Tonight That I Might See\\\". The song was written by lyricist Hope Sandoval and composer David Roback, who also served as producer. It reached number three on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Modern Rock chart in 1994, and is Mazzy Star's only single to make the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, peaking at number 44. The song also charted at number 48 on the UK Singles Chart. The group had two\",\n \"title\": \"Fade into You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5701172\",\n \"text\": \"My, Hey Hey (Out of the Blue)\\\" – \\\"to fade away\\\") or to burn out. A line from the acoustic version of the song, \\\"it's better to burn out than to fade away,\\\" became infamous after being quoted in Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain's suicide note. Young later said that he was so shaken that he dedicated his 1994 album \\\"Sleeps with Angels\\\" to Cobain. The song \\\"Hey, Hey, My, My...\\\" and the title phrase of the album, \\\"rust never sleeps\\\" on which it was featured sprang from Young's encounters with Devo and in particular Mark Mothersbaugh. Devo was asked by\",\n \"title\": \"Hey Hey, My My (Into the Black)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9614063\",\n \"text\": \"old safe bet, Me and my head high, And my tears dry, Get on without my guy\\\". The song's lyrical content consists of a sad goodbye to a relationship with the lyrics being frank. Slant Magazine writer Sal Cinquemani suggested that the protagonist's lover may be committed to cocaine instead of another woman. John Murphy of musicOMH compared the song's introduction to songs by Jimmy Mack, adding that it continues to a \\\"much darker place\\\" than the aforementioned artist's work. The song has received universal critical acclaim by music critics. A writer from the website 4Music awarded the song ten\",\n \"title\": \"Back to Black (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9008895\",\n \"text\": \"with \\\"Blake\\\", referring to her ex-husband, Blake Fielder-Civil, who served time in prison for charges relating to grievous bodily harm. \\\"Back to Black\\\" explores elements of old-school soul music. The song's sound and beat have been described as similar to vintage girl groups from the 1960s. Its production was noted for its Wall of Sound. Winehouse expresses feelings of hurt and bitterness for a boyfriend who has left her; however, throughout the lyrics she \\\"remains strong\\\" exemplified in the opening lines, \\\"He left no time to regret, Kept his wet, With his same old safe bet, Me and my head\",\n \"title\": \"Back to Black\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9023661\",\n \"text\": \"Faded Love \\\"Faded Love\\\" is a Western swing song written by Bob Wills, his father John Wills, and his brother, Billy Jack Wills. The tune is considered to be an exemplar of the Western swing fiddle component of American fiddle.The melody came from an 1856 ballad, Darling Nelly Gray, which John Wills knew as a fiddle tune. \\\"Faded Love\\\" is a sentimental song about lost love. The name comes from the refrain that follows each verse: I remember our faded love. The song was a major hit for Bob Wills and The Texas Playboys (MGM 10786) reaching number eight on\",\n \"title\": \"Faded Love\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4110765\",\n \"text\": \"on February 15, 1995. It would later sign off fellow longtime rock stations 94 WYSP in Philadelphia on September 2, 2011 and Power 97 in Winnipeg on January 29, 2015. Fade to Black (song) \\\"Fade to Black\\\" is a song and the first power ballad by American heavy metal band Metallica, released as the first promotional single from its second studio album, \\\"Ride the Lightning\\\". The song was ranked as having the 24th best guitar solo ever by \\\"Guitar World\\\" readers. The song peaked at number 100 on Swiss Singles Chart in 2008. The song is certified gold by the\",\n \"title\": \"Fade to Black (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7333662\",\n \"text\": \"the video for David Bowie's no.1 hit \\\"Ashes to Ashes\\\", a song which helped to propel the burgeoning New Romantic fashion movement into the mainstream (although Bowie himself was never directly associated with it). Later that year, Visage signed a new record deal with the major label Polydor and released their second single, \\\"Fade to Grey\\\". The single became a top 10 hit in the UK and several other European countries, reaching number one in Germany and Switzerland. As the public face of the band, Strange shot to stardom in Britain and other parts of Europe. Visage enjoyed a string\",\n \"title\": \"Steve Strange\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15108469\",\n \"text\": \"Boy\\\", \\\"Fading\\\", \\\"Don't Stop the Music\\\" and \\\"Take a Bow\\\". Credits and personnel adapted from the liner notes of \\\"Loud\\\". Fading (song) \\\"Fading\\\" is a song by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna from her fifth studio album, \\\"Loud\\\" (2010). The song was written by Jamal Jones and Ester Dean, whilst production of the song was completed by Jones under his production name, Polow da Don. Musically, the song samples Irish instrumentalist and singer-songwriter Enyas \\\"One by One\\\", whilst lyrically, the song is about leaving a man in a relationship. After \\\"Loud\\\" had strong digital download sales in the United Kingdom, \\\"Fading\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Fading (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11342074\",\n \"text\": \"recorded. The song's first official release was on May 8, 2001, on the band's third studio album, \\\"Break the Cycle\\\", a release that would eventually be certified five times platinum by the RIAA, indicated 5 million units shipped. After the release of \\\"It's Been Awhile\\\" and \\\"Outside\\\", \\\"Fade\\\" would later be released as the album's third single on September 4, 2001. The song performed well at rock radio radio, peaking at number 3 and 4 respectively on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Mainstream Rock and Mondern Rock song charts respectively, and even crossed over to the all-format radio stations, peaking at 62\",\n \"title\": \"Fade (Staind song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14880058\",\n \"text\": \"Fade Like a Shadow \\\"Fade Like a Shadow\\\" is a 2010 song by Scottish singer/songwriter KT Tunstall. It was released as the U.S. lead single for her third studio album \\\"Tiger Suit\\\" (2010). In August 2010, Tunstall performed an acoustic rendition of the track in 13 July at the Hiro Ballroom in Manhattan, using live looping to get the layering and harmonizing effects in the chorus. The song talks about accepting that a relationship has run its course, with the lovers parting ways. The song is more upbeat and urgent than Tunstall's UK lead single, \\\"(Still a) Weirdo\\\". The singer's\",\n \"title\": \"Fade Like a Shadow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2460620\",\n \"text\": \"the name of an ability performed by Mordekaiser in the game \\\"League of Legends\\\". It is also an assignment for the L96 in \\\"Battlefield 3\\\". The phrase \\\"creeping death\\\" is also used in the H.P. Lovecraft short story, The Lurking Fear, possibly being a partial influence for the title of the song. The song has also been covered by American hard rock band Stone Sour Creeping Death \\\"Creeping Death\\\" is a song by the American heavy metal band Metallica, released as the lead and only commercial single from their second studio album \\\"Ride the Lightning\\\" (1984) (\\\"Fade to Black\\\" and\",\n \"title\": \"Creeping Death\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9008899\",\n \"text\": \"in the United States in March 2007, with a remix of \\\"You Know I'm No Good\\\" featuring rap vocals by Ghostface Killah as its lead single. A third UK single, \\\"Back to Black\\\", was released on 30 April 2007. Having previously peaked at number 25 on the UK chart, the track climbed to number eight in late July 2011, following Winehouse's death. Two further singles were released from the album: \\\"Tears Dry on Their Own\\\" was released on 13 August 2007, and peaked at number 16 in the UK, while \\\"Love Is a Losing Game\\\", released on 10 December 2007,\",\n \"title\": \"Back to Black\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13438259\",\n \"text\": \"contributed to the album, including The Hockey Theme Canadian composer Dolores Claman and Phantom of the Opera Lyricist Charles Hart On August 30, 2017 she released \\\"Fade To Black\\\" . It was the first pre-released single from her forth album, \\\"Shades of Darkness\\\" (release early 2019). Mostly original compositions by Hanley and her \\\"Siren's Odyssey\\\" collaborator Daniel Moctezuma, the album was inspired by her friend composer and musician Bernardo Bonezzi. The song \\\"Fade to Black\\\" was written as a tribute to Bonezzi. Hanley and Bonezzi met while she was filming Boca a Boca (English: \\\"Mouth to Mouth\\\") and became lifelong\",\n \"title\": \"Trés Hanley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5701177\",\n \"text\": \"line \\\"It's better to burn out than to fade away\\\" (actually only spoken in full in the acoustic \\\"My My, Hey Hey\\\" and the \\\"Human Highway\\\" film recording). Kurt Cobain's suicide note ended with the same line, shaking Young and inadvertently cementing his place as the so-called \\\"Godfather of Grunge\\\". Ex-Beatle John Lennon commented on the message of the song in a 1980 interview with David Sheff from \\\"Playboy\\\": Young would reply two years later when asked to respond to Lennon's comments: The rock'n'roll spirit is not survival. Of course the people who play rock'n'roll should survive. But the essence\",\n \"title\": \"Hey Hey, My My (Into the Black)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15828135\",\n \"text\": \"Fade into Darkness \\\"Fade into Darkness\\\" is a song by Swedish house producer and DJ Avicii. It features uncredited vocals from Andreas Moe. The single was released on 16 July 2011. The song incorporates elements from \\\"Perpetuum Mobile\\\" by Penguin Cafe Orchestra, as written by Simon Jeffes. Prior to its commercial release, the song was referred to as \\\"Penguin\\\", which was solely an instrumental track, unlike the following lyrical version. When \\\"Fade into Darkness\\\" was referred to as \\\"Penguin\\\", the song received comparisons to Leona Lewis' 2011 song \\\"Collide\\\". The song (\\\"Collide\\\") originally credited Lewis as the only artist on\",\n \"title\": \"Fade into Darkness\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19173913\",\n \"text\": \"and recognizable sound. The gym setting of the video is important in drawing this parallel as the workout aesthetic is generally associated with the 1980s. The 80s are significant as that was the moment when house DJs like Frankie Knuckles and Ron Hardy, as well as the radio collective Hot Mix 5, made the genre more than just a music subculture in Chicago. The music video for the song was released on August 28, 2016 on music streaming service Tidal, after being unveiled at the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards. The video was directed by Eli Linnetz and was uploaded\",\n \"title\": \"Fade (Kanye West song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8135002\",\n \"text\": \"the Crescent Hotel) and neighboring Stockton Street tunnel, coupled with genuine footage of the same sites shot in the 1930s. Only the latter music video was broadcast internationally. All songs written and composed by Hope Sandoval and David Roback, except where noted. The song can be heard in the films \\\"Angus\\\", \\\"Starship Troopers\\\", \\\"Swept Away\\\", \\\"Lord of War\\\", \\\"Burlesque\\\", \\\"End of Watch\\\", \\\"Chasing Mavericks\\\", \\\"The To Do List\\\", \\\"Thank You For Your Service\\\" and \\\"American Honey\\\" along with the television shows \\\"Gilmore Girls\\\", \\\"Roswell\\\", \\\"Without a Trace\\\", \\\"Cold Case\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"Person of Interest\\\", \\\"Fringe\\\", \\\"Waterloo Road\\\", \\\"My Mad Fat Diary\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Fade into You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9614060\",\n \"text\": \"year and decade-end lists of the best in music and was further considered to be one of the singer's signature songs. The single peaked at number eight on the UK Singles Chart in the United Kingdom and is Winehouse's third best-selling single in that country. Many cover versions by various artists were recorded for the song; most notably, Beyoncé and André 3000 covered it for the of the 2013 film adaptation of the novel \\\"The Great Gatsby\\\" (1925). A documentary film based on the life and death of Winehouse, \\\"Amy\\\" (2015) features a videoed tape of Winehouse recording the song\",\n \"title\": \"Back to Black (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4110761\",\n \"text\": \"Fade to Black (song) \\\"Fade to Black\\\" is a song and the first power ballad by American heavy metal band Metallica, released as the first promotional single from its second studio album, \\\"Ride the Lightning\\\". The song was ranked as having the 24th best guitar solo ever by \\\"Guitar World\\\" readers. The song peaked at number 100 on Swiss Singles Chart in 2008. The song is certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America. In an interview with drummer Lars Ulrich on the set of the production \\\"\\\" in 2003, he recalls how he and vocalist/rhythm guitarist James Hetfield\",\n \"title\": \"Fade to Black (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19173912\",\n \"text\": \"in the UK. Both the sampling of \\\"Mystery of Love\\\" and the workout aesthetic of the music video are direct allusions to the specific moment when black artists produced house music in Chicago during the 1980s. The genre was an important development in American black music history because it was a reclamation of disco techniques–a genre that had lost its black roots once it entered the mainstream market. The technique of house is essentially a distillation of disco techniques, because it draws on the same bass lines and rhythms, but house was produced much more cheaply, giving it its distinct\",\n \"title\": \"Fade (Kanye West song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17180586\",\n \"text\": \"Fade (Jakwob song) \\\"Fade\\\" is a song by British music producer and DJ Jakwob, with vocals courtesy of Maiday. The song was released as a single on 15 March 2013 as a digital download in the UK. The song has peaked to number 35 on the UK Singles Chart. A music video to accompany the release of \\\"Fade\\\" was first released onto YouTube and VEVO on 10 February 2013 at a total length of three minutes and twenty-six seconds. The music video was directed by Billy Boyd Cape and features a performance from Nicole O'Neill. In just 40 days the\",\n \"title\": \"Fade (Jakwob song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9008896\",\n \"text\": \"high, And my tears dry, Get on without my guy\\\". The song's lyrical content consists of a sad goodbye to a relationship with the lyrics being frank. John Murphy of \\\"musicOMH\\\" compared the song's introduction to the Martha and the Vandellas song \\\"Jimmy Mack\\\", adding that it continues to a \\\"much darker place\\\". A deluxe edition of \\\"Back to Black\\\" was released in mainland Europe in November 2007 and in the United Kingdom on 3 December 2007. The reissue features the original studio album remastered as well as a bonus disc containing various B-sides, rare, and live tracks, including Winehouse's\",\n \"title\": \"Back to Black\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9614071\",\n \"text\": \"went further on the song's main theme of goodbye. As of October 2018, the video has over 360 million views on YouTube. \\\"Back to Black\\\" was covered by American singer Beyoncé and American rapper André 3000 for the of the 2013 film \\\"The Great Gatsby\\\". The song premiered in April 2013 after several snippets of it appeared online and it was used in the trailer for the film. Jay Z, who served as an executive producer for the soundtrack, suggested the song to its producer Baz Luhrmann. It was the final song recorded for the album and was included after\",\n \"title\": \"Back to Black (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10302369\",\n \"text\": \"To Be Young, Gifted and Black \\\"To Be Young, Gifted and Black\\\" is a song by Nina Simone with lyrics by Weldon Irvine. It was written in memory of Simone's late friend Lorraine Hansberry, author of the play \\\"A Raisin in the Sun\\\", who had died in 1965 aged 34. The song was originally recorded and released by Simone in 1969, also featuring on her 1970 album \\\"Black Gold\\\", and was a Civil Rights Movement anthem. Released as a single, it peaked at number eight on the R&B chart and number 76 on the Hot 100. Notable cover versions of\",\n \"title\": \"To Be Young, Gifted and Black\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"246436\",\n \"text\": \"chords and reserved singing was incongruous for thrash metal bands at the time and disappointed some of Metallica's fans. The song's structure foreshadows later Metallica ballads, \\\"Welcome Home (Sanitarium)\\\", \\\"One\\\" and \\\"The Day That Never Comes. \\\"Fade to Black\\\" was released as a promotional single in 1984, in glow in the dark green. \\\"Trapped Under Ice\\\" is about a person who wakes from a cryonic state. Realizing there is nowhere to go, and no-one will come to the rescue, the person helplessly awaits impending doom. The song is built on a fast-picked galloping riff, reminiscent of the album's opener. It\",\n \"title\": \"Ride the Lightning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19173914\",\n \"text\": \"to West's Vevo channel on September 6, 2016. The video features GOOD Music label mate Teyana Taylor and her husband, Sacramento Kings guard Iman Shumpert. The video draws inspirations from a variety of subjects including 80's pornography, \\\"Flashdance\\\", John Carpenter films, \\\"The Fly\\\", \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\", the Olympics and the NBA championship. The video was meant to be shot using a different dancer, but Kanye West cancelled it due to 3 weeks after her giving birth in order to give her time to get in shape. The video ends with a shot of Taylor with a lioness face and\",\n \"title\": \"Fade (Kanye West song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5701182\",\n \"text\": \"song was included at #93 in Bob Mersereau's book \\\"The Top 100 Canadian Singles\\\" (2010). Peter Buck of R.E.M. has acknowledged in interviews that his band's first hit, \\\"The One I Love\\\", is actually a rewriting on Neil Young's \\\"Hey Hey, My My\\\". Courtney Love, singer for Hole and Cobain's widow, alludes both to this song and her husband's suicide note in the song \\\"Reasons To Be Beautiful\\\" from the album \\\"Celebrity Skin\\\". In \\\"Reasons To Be Beautiful,\\\" she changes the verse to \\\"It's better to rise than fade away.\\\" Def Leppard begins their song \\\"Rock of Ages\\\" with the\",\n \"title\": \"Hey Hey, My My (Into the Black)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15828140\",\n \"text\": \"at making this record the hit it deserves to be.\\\" The music video for \\\"Fade into Darkness\\\" was directed by Tobias Hansson and Karl Aulin, starring Linn Asplund and Jim Cargill. The video portrays a female assassin who fell for her target. To protect him, she left him a note that said not to look for her. But he did and when he finds her she eventually kills him. Credits adapted from liner notes. Fade into Darkness \\\"Fade into Darkness\\\" is a song by Swedish house producer and DJ Avicii. It features uncredited vocals from Andreas Moe. The single was\",\n \"title\": \"Fade into Darkness\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9614061\",\n \"text\": \"with Mark Ronson, in March 2006 and an a cappella melody was featured on the film's soundtrack. \\\"Back to Black\\\" was written by Amy Winehouse and Mark Ronson with the latter also serving as its producer. The track was recorded in three studios – Chung King Studios and Daptone Studios located in New York City and Metropolis Studios in London. \\\"Back to Black\\\" was inspired by her relationship with Blake Fielder-Civil. He had left Winehouse for an ex-girlfriend, leaving her going to \\\"black,\\\" which to the listener may appear to refer to drinking and depression. However, the \\\"black\\\" to which\",\n \"title\": \"Back to Black (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9614067\",\n \"text\": \"to be one of Winehouse's signature songs. Justin Myers writing for the Official Charts Company remarked that it was the singer's most \\\"anguished\\\" song while also being \\\"[h]eartbreakingly autobiographical\\\" at the same time. Tim Chester of \\\"NME\\\" also wrote that \\\"Back to Black\\\" was a song by which the singer should be remembered following her death, with Motown influence in her trademark vocal performance along with its powerful lyrics. Pre-release, the song charted in the UK Singles Chart on downloads alone for five consecutive weeks, peaking at number 40. The single charted at number 25 in 2007 once it had\",\n \"title\": \"Back to Black (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4110762\",\n \"text\": \"were \\\"obsessed with death\\\" at the time the album and song were produced. The song's lyrics address suicidal feelings. It begins with an acoustic guitar introduction and becomes progressively heavier as the song goes on, similar to their future songs, \\\"Welcome Home (Sanitarium)\\\", \\\"One\\\", and \\\"The Day That Never Comes\\\". James Hetfield commented on the song in a 1991 interview with \\\"Guitar World\\\": Since its release, \\\"Fade to Black\\\" has been a fixture in Metallica's live performances. It was also the last song that Metallica performed live with former bassist Jason Newsted before he left the band. Newsted's last gig\",\n \"title\": \"Fade to Black (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9614059\",\n \"text\": \"Back to Black (song) \\\"Back to Black\\\" is a song by English singer and songwriter Amy Winehouse. It was released by Island Records on 30 April 2007 as the third single from Winehouse's second and final studio album of the same name. The song was written by Winehouse and Mark Ronson, and produced by Ronson. \\\"Back to Black\\\" was inspired by Winehouse's relationship with Blake Fielder-Civil, who had left her for an ex-girlfriend. \\\"Back to Black\\\" received universal acclaim by music critics, who generally praised its throwback sound to girl groups from the 1960s. It was included on several compiled\",\n \"title\": \"Back to Black (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8920489\",\n \"text\": \"and the True Stories Behind Their Lyrics\\\". He discusses the impact of Metallica's “Fade to Black” on him as a lyricist, in a chapter about the song that also examines its social and cultural significance. Moody co-starred with Shawn Crahan in Darren Lynn Bousman's short horror musical film \\\"The Devil's Carnival\\\", which screened in April 2012. On June 12, 2017, Moody stated during a concert in Tilburg, Netherlands, that it will be his last show with Five Finger Death Punch. The band released a statement saying they would keep moving forward. Moody checked himself into rehab and was replaced for\",\n \"title\": \"Ivan L. Moody\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19256813\",\n \"text\": \"upon its release, topping Norwegian, Finnish and Swedish singles charts, as well as entering the top 3 in the Danish singles chart. The song peaked at number one in more than ten countries and in the top 5 in more than 25 countries. It also charted in various countries including Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Malaysia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Switzerland, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It also reached number one on the Shazam Worldwide Top 100 Popular Songs in February 2016, and by March 2016, had become the world's most Shazamed\",\n \"title\": \"Faded (Alan Walker song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14880060\",\n \"text\": \"the song to M Is For Music: \\\"The song is about when I met someone who had a really negative effect on me, and even though they were still alive, I experienced these almost visitation-like hauntings that I couldn't shake off. I took to wearing a t-shirt with the person's name on to try and exorcise them, which finally worked.\\\" Sara Anderson from AOL Music said that \\\"The song's title may sound melancholy, however, the track's chord progression is quite the opposite, backed by peppy, uplifting keyboard chords. James Berry from Yahoo! Music said, that:\\\" There's the energy of electronic\",\n \"title\": \"Fade Like a Shadow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17180587\",\n \"text\": \"video peaked 1 million views. As of February 2016 its view count is over 2.9 million. On 24 March 2013 the song entered the UK Singles Chart at number 35, becoming his first top 40 single in the UK. On 14 April 2013 the song re-entered the Top 40 at 37. Fade (Jakwob song) \\\"Fade\\\" is a song by British music producer and DJ Jakwob, with vocals courtesy of Maiday. The song was released as a single on 15 March 2013 as a digital download in the UK. The song has peaked to number 35 on the UK Singles Chart.\",\n \"title\": \"Fade (Jakwob song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9614065\",\n \"text\": \"of vocal depth that Marc Almond has always dreamed of\\\". AllMusic writer John Bush found universality in the song and opined that even Joss Stone could take it to the top of the music charts. Alex Denney from the website Drowned in Sound found \\\"grit and gravitas\\\" in \\\"Back to Black\\\" best shown in its title song with a \\\"heart-stopping shuffle\\\" and lyrics about a man's philander. In 2007, the song was included at the position of 39 on Popjustice's list of the year's best in music. Slant Magazine also mentioned it in their respective list of the best singles\",\n \"title\": \"Back to Black (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14880059\",\n \"text\": \"record company chose it for the American market as they felt the tune would play better at US radio. Tunstall told Billboard magazine just after the song's release: \\\"I may lose some fans of the old stuff, but I get the feeling I've already made a few new ones by embracing a bit of experimentation.\\\" The song talks about a person who haunted Tunstall for many months. She told Music Remedy, \\\"The person is still very much alive, but my interactions with them led to these weird, almost visitation-like feelings that I found difficult to shake off.\\\" Tunstall expanded on\",\n \"title\": \"Fade Like a Shadow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8134999\",\n \"text\": \"Fade into You \\\"Fade into You\\\" is a song by rock group Mazzy Star from their album \\\"So Tonight That I Might See\\\". The song was written by lyricist Hope Sandoval and composer David Roback, who also served as producer. It reached number three on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Modern Rock chart in 1994, and is Mazzy Star's only single to make the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, peaking at number 44. The song also charted at number 48 on the UK Singles Chart. The group had two other songs make the Modern Rock Top 40 (\\\"Halah\\\" and \\\"Blue Flower\\\"), but they did not\",\n \"title\": \"Fade into You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9008885\",\n \"text\": \"Back to Black Back to Black is the second and final studio album by English singer and songwriter Amy Winehouse. It was released on 27 October 2006 by Island Records. The album spawned five singles: \\\"Rehab\\\", \\\"You Know I'm No Good\\\", \\\"Back to Black\\\", \\\"Tears Dry on Their Own\\\" and \\\"Love Is a Losing Game\\\". \\\"Back to Black\\\" was acclaimed by music critics, who praised Winehouse's songwriting and emotive singing style as well as Salaam Remi and Mark Ronson's production. At the 50th Annual Grammy Awards ceremony, \\\"Back to Black\\\" won Best Pop Vocal Album and was also nominated for\",\n \"title\": \"Back to Black\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11862914\",\n \"text\": \"Mustard. It samples \\\"Freak Like Me\\\" by Adina Howard. Taylor announced that it will be the lead single from her upcoming second studio album. On August 28, 2016, at the MTV Video Music Awards, Kanye West released the world premiere of the music video for his single, \\\"FADE\\\", which features Taylor performing a dance routine, in a likeness to the 1983 film \\\"Flashdance\\\". The video, directed by Eli Russell Linnetz, features Taylor dancing throughout a gymnasium and there is also an appearance by her husband, Iman Shumpert. In April 2018, Kanye West announced two new albums, a solo album and\",\n \"title\": \"Teyana Taylor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1506638\",\n \"text\": \"16, 2016. The song \\\"Fade to Black\\\" was played with lead singer James Hetfield dedicating the song to the late Cliff Burton. During the song Hetfield yells, 'Can you hear us Cliff?'. In 2017, it was revealed that Burton's parents had been \\\"quietly\\\" donating his posthumous royalty payments to a scholarship fund for music students at his alma mater Castro Valley High School. In 2018, the Alameda County, California, Board of Supervisors issued a proclamation declaring February 10, 2018 (what would have been Burton's 56th birthday) as \\\"Cliff Burton Day\\\" after a fan petition successfully passed. In January 2013, guitar\",\n \"title\": \"Cliff Burton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13865979\",\n \"text\": \"Pitney that many listeners assumed that \\\"Black Is Black\\\" was a Pitney single. In August 1966, the song debuted at number 100 on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 singles chart. It peaked at number four in October, and spent 12 weeks on the chart. The song reached number one on the Canadian Singles Chart, and peaked at number two in the UK Singles Chart. The single also sold two million copies in Spain. Shortly after the September 11, 2001 attacks, American media conglomerate company Clear Channel Communications distributed the 2001 Clear Channel memorandum to program directors at the more than\",\n \"title\": \"Black Is Black\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9008888\",\n \"text\": \"the UK Albums Chart at the time of its release, and was eventually certified triple Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). In 2004, Winehouse was nominated for British Female Solo Artist and British Urban Act at the Brit Awards, while \\\"Frank\\\" made the shortlist for the Mercury Prize. That same year, the album's first single, \\\"Stronger Than Me\\\", earned Winehouse and Remi an Ivor Novello Award for Best Contemporary Song. In contrast to her jazz-influenced debut album \\\"Frank\\\", Winehouse's focus shifted to the girl groups of the 1950s and 1960s. Winehouse hired New York singer Sharon Jones's longtime band,\",\n \"title\": \"Back to Black\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2167502\",\n \"text\": \"Ure recalled the way that \\\"music video changed after that. All these things that became video clichés – cropping the top and bottom off the screen, shooting on film as opposed to videotape, making it look like a movie ... we were quite a groundbreaking act for a while.\\\" The same year that Ultravox released the \\\"Vienna\\\" album, Visage also released their debut album which made the UK Top 20 and featured the hit single \\\"Fade to Grey\\\" (co-written by Ure and Currie with Chris Payne), also influential in the direction of the New Romantic electropop music scene. For a\",\n \"title\": \"Midge Ure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17591539\",\n \"text\": \"Maiday Rachel Moulden, better known as Maiday (stylized as MΔîDΔY), is an English singer-songwriter from Worcestershire, now living in Bow, East London. Maiday has written for a number of other artists including Wretch 32, Leona Lewis, Girls Aloud and Josh Kumra. She co-wrote and produced the UK number one single \\\"Don't Go\\\" for Wretch 32 and her vocals have been featured on a number of international hits including \\\"Fade\\\" by Jakwob that became a top 40 hit on the UK Singles Chart and on \\\"Skydive\\\" by Chuckie, a dance hit that has charted on European mainstream charts, notably in Belgium,\",\n \"title\": \"Maiday\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9008898\",\n \"text\": \"October 2006, based solely on download sales, it entered the UK Singles Chart at number 19, and when the physical single was released the following week, it climbed to number seven. Following a performance of \\\"Rehab\\\" at the 2007 MTV Movie Awards on 3 June 2007, the song rose to number 10 on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 for the week of 23 June, peaking at number nine the following week. \\\"You Know I'm No Good\\\" was released on 8 January 2007 as the album's second single, reaching number 18 on the UK Singles Chart. \\\"Back to Black\\\" was released\",\n \"title\": \"Back to Black\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13387355\",\n \"text\": \"the band Weezer recorded a cover version in 2018 that peaked at number 51 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 and number one on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Alternative Songs chart. In the U.S., the single was initially certified gold by the RIAA in 1991. However, since its renewed popularity, sales of both the original Toto single and the Weezer cover have surged, with the original single certified platinum in 2017, and most recently 4x Platinum in October 2018. The initial idea and lyrics for the song came from David Paich. Jeff Porcaro explains the idea behind the song: \\\"A white boy is\",\n \"title\": \"Africa (Toto song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9614080\",\n \"text\": \"affair\\\" because of the lyrics, which according to him were connected with Amy Winehouse's death, and the film's noirish bent. He further commented that \\\"it strikes us as an unusually dark side of King Bey[oncé], who's supposed to be literally the most poised human being alive\\\". Speaking about the modification of the lyrics, he noted that it was \\\"but a little odd\\\" and concluded the review by saying, \\\"It's eerie but cool, and a fitting tribute to Winehouse's legacy.\\\" The full version of the song premiered on Mark Ronson's East Village Radio show on 26 April 2013. Upon its release,\",\n \"title\": \"Back to Black (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5607535\",\n \"text\": \"initial release, the song has remained influential as the first number one hit featuring a sitar, particularly in the UK where it has charted on two other occasions, and has been the subject of multiple cover versions, compilation albums, and film appearances. The song's lyrics are, for the most part, meant to describe blackness and depression through the use of colour-based metaphors. Initially, \\\"Paint It Black\\\" was written as a standard pop arrangement, humorously compared by Mick Jagger to \\\"Songs for Jewish weddings\\\". The song describes the extreme grief suffered by one stunned by the sudden and unexpected loss of\",\n \"title\": \"Paint It Black\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9023662\",\n \"text\": \"the Country charts in 1950. It became one of his signature songs. Leon McAuliffe had two Top 40 hits with \\\"Faded Love\\\", both reaching number 22 (Cimarron 4057, 1962, and MGM 14249, 1971). The former was an instrumental version, and the latter rendition was a collaboration with Tompall & the Glaser Brothers. Also in 1962, it was a modest hit for Jackie DeShannon, reaching No.97 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. The song had even greater success when Patsy Cline covered it in 1963. Her version became a hit, reaching number seven on the U.S. Country charts and No.96 on the\",\n \"title\": \"Faded Love\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20798947\",\n \"text\": \"William DuVall ended up writing the lyrics for the song at Studio X in Seattle in the summer of 2017. He wrote and recorded the track alone in the studio until 3am. \\\"Never Fade\\\" is DuVall's major composition in \\\"Rainier Fog\\\". The song features the lyrics \\\"\\\"all my friends are leaving\\\"\\\". DuVall's grandmother, described by him as a pillar in his life, died at the age of 105 while the band was recording the album, and he wrote the lyrics to \\\"Never Fade\\\" thinking about his grandmother and the late Soundgarden lead vocalist Chris Cornell, who died a month before\",\n \"title\": \"Never Fade (Alice in Chains song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16256739\",\n \"text\": \"Faded (Tyga song) \\\"Faded\\\" is a song by American rapper Tyga featuring Young Money-founder Lil Wayne. The song was first released on January 13, 2012 as the fourth single from the rapper's debut studio album, \\\"\\\" (2012). For the chart dated May 27, 2012, \\\"Faded\\\" debuted at number 36 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, marking Tyga's second highest-charting single after \\\"Rack City\\\"; which peaked at number seven. It was released to US rhythmic radio stations on March 13, 2012. Complex named the song No. 42 of the best 50 songs of 2012. The music video was released on March 31,\",\n \"title\": \"Faded (Tyga song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5607536\",\n \"text\": \"wife, lover or partner. It is often claimed that Jagger took inspiration from novelist James Joyce's 1922 book \\\"Ulysses\\\", taking the excerpt \\\"I have to turn my head until my darkness goes\\\", referring to the novel's theme of a worldwide view of desperation and desolation. The song itself came to fruition when the band's leader Brian Jones took an interest in Moroccan music. It was their first song to feature a sitar instrumental. \\\"Paint It Black\\\" came at a pivotal period in the Rolling Stones' recording history, a time that saw the songwriting collaboration of Jagger and Keith Richards assert\",\n \"title\": \"Paint It Black\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9614076\",\n \"text\": \"things beneath the surface. We were looking for a song that would speak to the almost 'Sid and Nancy' addictive love that Gatsby and Daisy have found themselves re-engaging in. Everybody knows the Amy Winehouse version of this song, and I think this is a very interesting interpretation. It plunges you further into this particular kind of lovesickness. I think it works very well in the film, where it blends between a jazz recording that The Bryan Ferry Orchestra did and the version on the album with Beyoncé and André 3000. That combination helps to deepen the resonance of what\",\n \"title\": \"Back to Black (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6917100\",\n \"text\": \"United States as well, peaking at #22 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. The single was the biggest hit internationally for soulDecision's and the biggest hit of the band's lifespan. It peaked at #23 in Australia on 21 January 2001. Faded (soulDecision song) \\\"Faded\\\" is song by Canadian boy band soulDecision. It was released in March 2000 as the lead single from their debut album, \\\"No One Does It Better\\\" The song reached number-one in Canada and peaked at number 22 on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. and being nominated for song of the year at 2001 Juno Awards. The song\",\n \"title\": \"Faded (soulDecision song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9614068\",\n \"text\": \"been released in physical format which also became its peak position in that country.; The song has spent 34 non-consecutive weeks on the UK Singles Chart to date. It has re-entered with \\\"Rehab\\\" together on the chart. The song featured on BBC Radio 1's \\\"The B List\\\" Playlist during the week commencing 2 May. With sales of 96,000, \\\"Back to Black\\\" finished as the UK's 85th biggest-selling single of 2007. On 31 July 2011, following her death, the song re-entered the UK Singles Chart at 8, also giving the song a new peak position and second top ten hit in\",\n \"title\": \"Back to Black (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15108468\",\n \"text\": \"of a televised performance, the song was featured on the set list of select dates of the Loud Tour. Rihanna performed the song on June 6 and 7, 2011, at the Air Canada Centre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, where the song was featured near the end of the set. As noted by Jane Stevenson of the \\\"Toronto Sun\\\", after performing a selection of ballads from the singer's repertoire, including \\\"Unfaithful\\\", \\\"Hate That I Love You\\\" and \\\"California King Bed\\\", Rihanna re-appeared on stage wearing a rainbow colored feathered coat, denim bra and short shorts to perform \\\"What's My Name?\\\", \\\"Rude\",\n \"title\": \"Fading (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13389554\",\n \"text\": \"song became a hit, and the song has been recorded by many artists since then. Frankie Laine's 1946 version was featured in the 2011 video game \\\"L.A. Noire\\\", as part of the in-game radio station, K.T.I. Radio. The song is also featured in the prologue of Ralph Ellison's novel \\\"Invisible Man\\\" (1952) as its protagonist, while hiding underground, listens to the song being played very loudly and descends into a dream regarding \\\"the blackness of Blackness,\\\" all after smoking a marijuana cigarette. Black and Blue (Fats Waller song) \\\"(What Did I Do to Be So) Black and Blue\\\" is a\",\n \"title\": \"Black and Blue (Fats Waller song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6917098\",\n \"text\": \"Faded (soulDecision song) \\\"Faded\\\" is song by Canadian boy band soulDecision. It was released in March 2000 as the lead single from their debut album, \\\"No One Does It Better\\\" The song reached number-one in Canada and peaked at number 22 on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. and being nominated for song of the year at 2001 Juno Awards. The song has three versions: one with the beginning lyrics \\\"\\\"When I get you all alone, I'm gonna take off all your clothes\\\"\\\"; an edited version with \\\"\\\"When I get you all alone, I'm gonna move in nice and close\\\"\\\"; and\",\n \"title\": \"Faded (soulDecision song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3505622\",\n \"text\": \"Rough Trade folded in late 1990, briefly leaving Mazzy Star without a record label. Within weeks, the duo's contract was picked up by Capitol, who re-released \\\"She Hangs Brightly\\\" on November 4, 1990, and released their follow-up, \\\"So Tonight That I Might See\\\" on September 27, 1993. A year after its release, the album yielded an unexpected hit single. \\\"Fade into You\\\" peaked at No. 44 to become their first \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 single, while also reaching a career-high peak of No. 3 on the \\\"Modern Rock Tracks\\\" chart. On April 19, 1995, the album was certified platinum by the\",\n \"title\": \"Mazzy Star\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9614069\",\n \"text\": \"UK. As of September 2014, \\\"Back to Black\\\" has sold 340.000 copies in the UK and is Winehouse's third best-selling single in that country. In America, due to strong digital sales of the single over the years, \\\"Back to Black\\\" was certified platinum for over 1,000,000 sales/downloads by the RIAA in January 2015. The music video was directed by Phil Griffin and features a funeral procession in which Winehouse mourns over a grave that reads \\\"R.I.P. the Heart of Amy Winehouse\\\". The shot of the headstone was edited out after the singer's death in 2011. The video was primarily shot\",\n \"title\": \"Back to Black (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8135000\",\n \"text\": \"approach the success of \\\"Fade into You\\\". Pitchfork Media included the song at number 19 on their \\\"Top 200 Tracks of the 90s\\\". Australian alternative music radio station Triple J ranked the song the 32nd greatest of 1994. J Mascis (of Dinosaur Jr.) covered the song in 2014 and performed it on \\\"Late Night with Seth Meyers\\\". Two music videos were completed for \\\"Fade Into You.\\\" The first was directed by Kevin Kerslake and premiered on MTV in late October 1993, several weeks after the album's release. It features the band performing in front of a projection depicting white clouds\",\n \"title\": \"Fade into You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11342076\",\n \"text\": \"harmonized, distorted guitar parts. \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" described the song as having the heavy, minor key guitar riffs of nu metal, but that Lewis's dramatic vocal delivery made the music more comparable to the work of (alternative metal) band Alice in Chains than (nu metal) band Korn. Lyrically, Lewis describes the song as being about parental neglect, namely his belief that \\\"parents, on the whole, have forgotten how to be parents\\\". He explains the lyrics of \\\"I just needed someone to talk to/You were just too busy with yourself\\\" were about him feeling as if he had no one to turn\",\n \"title\": \"Fade (Staind song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7288345\",\n \"text\": \"broader audience. Released posthumously on his album \\\"Greatest Hits\\\", the song talks about all of the different issues that were related to Tupac's era of influence - notably racism, police brutality, drugs and gang violence. The \\\"Huey\\\" that 2Pac mentions in the song (\\\"\\\"two shots in the dark, now Huey's dead\\\"\\\") is Huey P. Newton, founder of the Black Panther Party. The song refers to the possibility of a black president of the United States, claiming \\\"we ain't ready\\\". Further, the last verse of the song refers to Tupac's premonition about being shot to death, mimicking the sound of the\",\n \"title\": \"Changes (Tupac Shakur song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8135001\",\n \"text\": \"in a black sky, and is interlaced with slow-motion footage of the band in various locales in the Mojave Desert. Portions of this video were filmed at the same location U2 shot the artwork for \\\"The Joshua Tree\\\". A second music video was directed by Merlyn Rosenberg and first aired in February 1994. Known as the Black and White version for its monochromic content throughout, the intentionally grainy, distorted footage shows the band performing in a darkened Burlesque-era ballroom, and is interspersed with footage of Sandoval and Roback at various sites around San Francisco, including the All Seasons Hotel (now\",\n \"title\": \"Fade into You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8556579\",\n \"text\": \"track list prior to the earlier PlayStation 2 version, and the three songs \\\"Teenagers,\\\" \\\"Famous Last Words\\\" and \\\"This Is How I Disappear\\\" are available for download. \\\"The Black Parade\\\" has sold three million copies in the United States as of 2016, and four million worldwide. The record was reissued as \\\"The Black Parade/Living with Ghosts\\\" on September 23, 2016, in celebration of the tenth anniversary of the album's release. \\\"The Black Parade\\\" is a rock opera centering around the character of \\\"The Patient\\\". It is about his passage out of life and the memories he has of it. \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"The Black Parade\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7134422\",\n \"text\": \"Faded (Kate DeAraugo song) \\\"Faded\\\" is a pop rock song written by Matthew Gerrard, Jessica Origliasso, Lisa Origliasso and Robbie Nevil, produced by Gerrard and Bryon Jones for Kate DeAraugo's first album \\\"A Place I've Never Been\\\" (2005). It was released as the album's second single in Australia on 19 February 2006 as a CD single and digital download. In February 2007, the song was covered by American girl band Everlife and included on their second studio album, \\\"Everlife\\\". Everlife's version was later featured on MTV's \\\"The Hills\\\" Season 3 Episode 10. This was DeAraugo's second top ten single following\",\n \"title\": \"Faded (Kate DeAraugo song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13719185\",\n \"text\": \"led them basing the lyrics in general on that theme and even quoting Kurt Cobain's last words in his suicide note \\\"Best to burn out bright than fade into the night\\\" in the final seconds of the track. In early November 2009 Tin Alley made the top 100 on the ARIA Charts and in the weeks to follow \\\"Out Of Control\\\" also made No.1 spots on AIR Charts and AMO \\\"Australian Music Office\\\" Charts for six consecutive weeks and later peaked at number 7 on the ARIA Australian Singles Chart in early December. The track \\\"Out Of Control\\\" also featured\",\n \"title\": \"Tin Alley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19256917\",\n \"text\": \"vocal version of \\\"Fade\\\". It was released on 8 December and featured uncredited Naustdal pop singer Iselin Solheim. The single topped the year-end charts in Austria, Germany, Switzerland and Sweden, iTunes charts in 32 countries, as well as entering top 10 in Spotify Global Chart. The music video on YouTube has over 2 billion views and 13 million likes, placing it among the top 10 most liked YouTube videos. It has over 780 million plays on Spotify, and is also one of the Top 10 Most Shazamed tracks of 2016. The single also received official remixes from Tiësto, Dash Berlin\",\n \"title\": \"Alan Walker (music producer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19256810\",\n \"text\": \"Faded (Alan Walker song) \\\"Faded\\\" is a song by Norwegian record producer and DJ Alan Walker. Incorporating vocals provided by Norwegian recording artist Iselin Solheim, the single was originally set to be released on 25 November 2015, but was delayed to 3 December 2015. The song was highly successful, peaking in the top 10 in most of the countries it charted in, and reached the top spot in more than 10 countries. It is currently the 25th most viewed video on YouTube, with over 2.1 billion views as of December 2018. Walker debuted a live performance of \\\"Faded\\\" with Iselin\",\n \"title\": \"Faded (Alan Walker song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2876152\",\n \"text\": \"Darkness II\\\" features Type O Negative's \\\"Black No. 1\\\" in its multiplayer lobby, played at random amongst other songs. Type O Negative performed and recorded numerous covers. The Doors' \\\"Light My Fire\\\" has been covered live numerous times, mostly during the 90s. Steele has described the song as \\\"probably the greatest song ever written\\\" before apologizing for having \\\"destroyed it\\\". Seals and Crofts' \\\"Summer Breeze\\\" appears on \\\"Bloody Kisses\\\", and Neil Young's \\\"Cinnamon Girl\\\" appears on \\\"October Rust\\\". The tongue-in-cheek \\\"Angry Inch\\\" (from \\\"Hedwig and the Angry Inch\\\") appears on \\\"Life is Killing Me\\\". \\\"World Coming Down\\\" includes a Beatles\",\n \"title\": \"Type O Negative\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5701173\",\n \"text\": \"Young in 1977 to participate in the creating of his film \\\"Human Highway\\\". A scene in the film shows Young playing the song in its entirety with Devo, who clearly want little to do with anything \\\"radio-friendly\\\" (of note is Mothersbaugh changing \\\"Johnny Rotten\\\" to \\\"Johnny Spud\\\"). The famous line \\\"It's better to burn out than it is to rust\\\" is often credited to Young's friend Jeff Blackburn of The Ducks. Some reviewers viewed Young's career as skidding after the release of \\\"American Stars 'N Bars\\\" and \\\"Comes a Time\\\". With the explosion of punk in 1977, some punks felt\",\n \"title\": \"Hey Hey, My My (Into the Black)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10962834\",\n \"text\": \"band's 7Bros. Records in conjunction with ADA Label Services on April 15. Black (Sevendust song) \\\"Black\\\" is the debut single by Sevendust and lead single from their self-titled debut album. \\\"Black\\\" is a fan favorite song and was included on their \\\"Best of (Chapter One 1997-2004)\\\". Live, acoustic versions were also included on the \\\"Seasons\\\" limited edition DVD and the band's first live album, \\\"\\\", in 2004. \\\"Black\\\" is on the \\\"Swimfan\\\" soundtrack and video game \\\"Test Drive Off-Road 2\\\". It was the opening song for almost every Sevendust concert until 2004. \\\"Black\\\" is ranked No.47 in Hit Parader's 100\",\n \"title\": \"Black (Sevendust song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9331956\",\n \"text\": \"Association Best Book for Young Adults and an American Library Association Quick Pick for Reluctant Young Adult Readers. \\\"Fade to Black\\\" (2005) is perhaps Flinn's second-best known realistic novel and a frequent high school required read. Alex Crusan, a 16-year-old HIV positive high school junior, is attacked in his car early one morning and sent to the hospital. The novel is written in the perspective of three people: Alex Crusan, the victim; Clinton Cole, the suspect; and the witness, Daria Bickel, a young woman with Down's syndrome. \\\"Beastly\\\" is a 2007 novel by Alex Flinn. It was chosen as a\",\n \"title\": \"Alex Flinn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1882814\",\n \"text\": \"Dark\\\" premiered at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival to standing ovations and controversy, but was nonetheless awarded the Palme d'Or, along with the Best Actress award for Björk. The song \\\"I've Seen It All\\\", with Thom Yorke, was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song but lost to \\\"Things Have Changed\\\" by Bob Dylan from \\\"Wonder Boys\\\". The film continues to polarize critics, being seen by some as melodramatic and by others as one of the most important films of the 21st century. In Washington state in 1964, Selma Ježková, a Czech immigrant has moved to the United\",\n \"title\": \"Dancer in the Dark\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5646549\",\n \"text\": \"the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. In the UK, the single became the first single by an American to go into the singles chart at number one since 1960, when \\\"It's Now or Never\\\" by Elvis Presley did in the same manner. Around the world, \\\"Black or White\\\" hit number one in 20 countries, including the US, the UK, Canada, Mexico, Cuba, Turkey, Zimbabwe, Australia, New Zealand, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the Eurochart Hot 100, number two in Germany and Austria and number three in the Netherlands. The single was certified platinum in\",\n \"title\": \"Black or White\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19256815\",\n \"text\": \"Håvik (vocalist of Highasakite), Tove Styrke, Alexandra Rotan, Angelina Jordan, Zara Larsson and Torine Michelle. On November 4, 2017 Alan Walker performed the song live with Against the Current at the 2017 League of Legends World Championship closing ceremony in Beijing. A music video was released, featuring Shahab Salehi as the protagonist. The video was shot in Rummu quarry in Estonia, and produced and edited by Bror Bror and directed by Rikkard and Tobias Häggbom, with Rikkard Häggbom also as director of photography. The video shows a young man dressed in black bloc styled attire including a mask, roaming with\",\n \"title\": \"Faded (Alan Walker song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13368111\",\n \"text\": \"following \\\"Say It's Gonna Rain\\\" from 1988. Remixes for the track were done by Shep Pettibone. Fading Away \\\"Fading Away\\\" is a song by the Florida-based dance-pop group Will to Power. It appears on their 1988 self-titled debut album and was released as a single in early 1989. The song reached #65 on the US pop chart in February 1989 and #84 on the UK pop chart in March of that year. The song was more successful on dance charts in the US, reaching #2 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Dance Singles Sales chart and spending two weeks at top the\",\n \"title\": \"Fading Away\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20101502\",\n \"text\": \"the United States as a teenager. While the original title translates to \\\"Out of Nothing\\\" in English, the English title is taken from the song of the same name by American rock band Queens of the Stone Age, whose lead singer, Josh Homme, wrote the film's score. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 77% based on 132 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \\\"\\\"In the Fade\\\" proves Diane Kruger is more than up to the task of carrying a movie — even if the end result doesn't quite\",\n \"title\": \"In the Fade\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10835147\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 in the US. The album's second single, \\\"You Know I'm No Good\\\", reached number 18 in the UK. Other singles included the title track, which peaked at number eight in the UK, \\\"Tears Dry on Their Own\\\" and \\\"Love Is a Losing Game\\\". A deluxe edition of the album was released in the UK in November 2007 and also topped the UK chart. By October 2018, \\\"Back to Black\\\" had sold 3.93 million copies, becoming the 13th best-selling album in the UK of all time. Winehouse collaborated with other artists, as a vocalist on the song \\\"Valerie\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Amy Winehouse discography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10962832\",\n \"text\": \"Black (Sevendust song) \\\"Black\\\" is the debut single by Sevendust and lead single from their self-titled debut album. \\\"Black\\\" is a fan favorite song and was included on their \\\"Best of (Chapter One 1997-2004)\\\". Live, acoustic versions were also included on the \\\"Seasons\\\" limited edition DVD and the band's first live album, \\\"\\\", in 2004. \\\"Black\\\" is on the \\\"Swimfan\\\" soundtrack and video game \\\"Test Drive Off-Road 2\\\". It was the opening song for almost every Sevendust concert until 2004. \\\"Black\\\" is ranked No.47 in Hit Parader's 100 heavy metal top songs all-time. Sevendust tried to pull \\\"Black\\\" off of\",\n \"title\": \"Black (Sevendust song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17009643\",\n \"text\": \"shower curtain display case\\\" in July 2013 On November 5th the 12\\\" of \\\"Super Kiwi\\\" was released. The title song was recorded during the \\\"Fade\\\" sessions with John McEntire. On the B-side there is a cover of the Beach Boys' \\\"A Day in the Life of a Tree\\\". \\\"Fade\\\" debuted at number 26 on the Billboard 200 chart upon its release in January 2013, with sales of 14,000 copies. It marked the band's all-time chart peak as well as the first time a Yo La Tengo record has entered the top 40. There are three different editions of the vinyl\",\n \"title\": \"Fade (Yo La Tengo album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6917099\",\n \"text\": \"a third version featuring a verse by rapper Thrust. The video was shot in Vancouver in an apartment building having various rooms. One room was a house party, another of the band performing in an all white room, and another of the band singing together. The video was released in 1999 in Canada and then internationally in 2000. The video reached the #4 spot on MTV's TRL and #5 on MuchMusic Countdown. US Single Canada Maxi-CD Canada Vinyl, 12\\\", Promo \\\"22 Green\\\" and \\\"Morning Sun Dubly\\\" remixes were reproduced and mixed by Mark Ryan. The single proved successful in the\",\n \"title\": \"Faded (soulDecision song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19257743\",\n \"text\": \"new partnership. They later on wrote the text, melody and produced the song \\\"The Wizard of Us\\\" together. In late 2015 and early 2016, her vocals were uncredited on Alan Walker's EDM songs \\\"Faded\\\" and \\\"Sing Me to Sleep\\\". In 2018, she released her new single, \\\"Bathtub\\\". Iselin Solheim Iselin Løken Solheim (born 20 June 1990), known mononymously as Iselin, is a Norwegian singer and songwriter. She is known for her vocals in Alan Walker's singles \\\"Faded\\\" and \\\"Sing Me to Sleep\\\". Iselin Løken Solheim was born in Naustdal, located in Sogn og Fjordane, Norway and started singing at a\",\n \"title\": \"Iselin Solheim\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"594268\",\n \"text\": \"their dedication after a white prison guard was found not guilty of shooting and killing three black prisoners from the prison tower. They retaliated by killing a white prison guard. Numerous popular cultural expressions associated with black power appeared at this time. Released in August 1968, the number one Rhythm & Blues single for the Billboard Year-End list was James Brown's \\\"Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud\\\". In October 1968, Tommie Smith and John Carlos, while being awarded the gold and bronze medals, respectively, at the 1968 Summer Olympics, donned human rights badges and each raised a\",\n \"title\": \"Civil rights movement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10302371\",\n \"text\": \"the original, it was later reissued on the compilation album \\\"Covers as Sung by Elton John\\\". The song has also become a popular sample amongst various modern R&B/hip-hop pieces, including Rah Digga's 2003 unreleased record \\\"On the Move\\\", Faith Evans' 2014 single \\\"I Deserve It\\\", featuring Missy Elliott and Sharaya J, and on the title track of Rapsody's 2017 album \\\"Laila's Wisdom\\\". To Be Young, Gifted and Black \\\"To Be Young, Gifted and Black\\\" is a song by Nina Simone with lyrics by Weldon Irvine. It was written in memory of Simone's late friend Lorraine Hansberry, author of the play\",\n \"title\": \"To Be Young, Gifted and Black\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10726911\",\n \"text\": \"Fade to Grey (Jars of Clay song) \\\"Fade to Grey\\\" is the first song ever written by Jars of Clay. It originally was recorded for the group's debut demo album, \\\"Frail\\\", which was released in 1994. However, when the group recorded tracks for their self-titled debut album, time and budget issues were problems in being able to record the track. For the group's second album, \\\"Much Afraid\\\", they decided to include the song, though many changes were made with the new recording, including some lyrical and overall arrangement changes. The new version was released as the third radio single from\",\n \"title\": \"Fade to Grey (Jars of Clay song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19256814\",\n \"text\": \"song. Its music video on YouTube reached 1 billion views on 26 March 2017, and has received over 2.1 billion views to date, making it the 25th most viewed YouTube video. It is also one of the 10 most liked YouTube videos with over 13.8 million likes. On Spotify, \\\"Faded\\\" has over 920 million streams and is one of the 30 most streamed songs. Several female vocalists have performed the song Faded live with Alan Walker. In addition to Iselin Solheim who also is the original singer on the recording, the song has also been performed live with Ingrid Helene\",\n \"title\": \"Faded (Alan Walker song)\"\n }\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"what is the song fade to black about"}}},{"rowIdx":8379,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["E.G. Daily"],"string":"[\n \"E.G. Daily\"\n]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"14037462","text":"enough for the emperor penguins to climb out of the crevice and reunite with their families. Live action cast featured Septimus Caton as the guitarist and Ivan Vunich as the beanie man. Elijah Wood, Robin Williams, Magda Szubanski and Hugo Weaving reprised their previous performances as Mumble, Ramón, Lovelace, Ms. Viola and Noah. Nicole Kidman and Hugh Jackman make a brief cameo as Norma Jean and Memphis. Also returning for the film are Carlos Alazraqui, Johnny A. Sanchez, Lombardo Boyar and Jeffrey Garcia as Nestor, Lombardo, Raul, and Rinaldo. No other actors repeated their earlier performances. Miriam Margolyes didn't come","title":"Happy Feet Two"},{"id":"14037449","text":"Happy Feet Two Happy Feet Two is a 2011 Australian-American 3D computer-animated family comedy film directed, produced and co-written by George Miller. It is the sequel to the 2006 film \"Happy Feet\", and features Elijah Wood, Robin Williams, Hugo Weaving, Magda Szubanski and Anthony LaPaglia reprising their roles from the first film. Pink voiced Gloria due to Brittany Murphy's death in 2009, and Richard Carter who portrayed a human character and voiced Barry in the first film, voices Bryan the beachmaster in this one, respectively. Common also replaced Fat Joe as Seymour. The original cast is joined by new characters","title":"Happy Feet Two"},{"id":"14037470","text":"taking the place of Brittany Murphy from the first film. The deluxe edition of the album contains an addition of 5 songs performed by Ozomatli; these songs and more can also be found on the soundtrack for the video game, which was released on iTunes on November 8, 2011. In a 2011 interview director George Miller was asked if he had any plans for \"Happy Feet Three\". Happy Feet Two Happy Feet Two is a 2011 Australian-American 3D computer-animated family comedy film directed, produced and co-written by George Miller. It is the sequel to the 2006 film \"Happy Feet\", and","title":"Happy Feet Two"},{"id":"14037463","text":"back for the sequel as Mrs Astrakhan before she was written out of the sequel. Fat Joe was replaced by Common as Seymour. Brittany Murphy, who originally voiced Mumble's love interest Gloria, was set to reprise her role and scheduled to begin recording some time in 2010, but died from pneumonia and anemia on December 20, 2009. Steve Irwin, who voiced Trev the elephant seal and an albatross, died of a stingray injury on September 4, 2006. Pink replaced Murphy's roles (Pink had already contributed a song \"Tell Me Something Good\" to the soundtrack of the first film). Brad Pitt","title":"Happy Feet Two"},{"id":"14037461","text":"Beach where Bryan is in the middle of a fight of dominance between another large male. Mumble pleads to the elephant seals to help free the emperor penguins. Hesitant to return a favor at such a pivotal time of the year, Bryan declines. Using his singing abilities, Erik commends Mumble for his bravery and lectures Bryan for his lack of kindness. The elephant seals travel en-masse to Emperor-Land. The penguins and the seals begin slamming the ice to the beat of Queen's song Under Pressure, joined by Will, Bill and their krill swarm below the ice. Finally, the iceberg crumbles","title":"Happy Feet Two"},{"id":"14037464","text":"and Matt Damon voiced the tiny krill, Will and Bill. Hank Azaria also signed on to voice The Mighty Sven. E.G. Daily, who played young Mumble in the previous film, played the vocals for Mumble's choreophobic son Erik and the daughter of Miss Viola, Boadicea, as well as additional voices. Sofía Vergara appears in the film as a new character. There is a live action scene in the movie as in the first \"Happy Feet\". Mitchell Hicks signed up as the movie's choreographer. The DVD, Blu-ray, and 3D Blu-ray release of \"Happy Feet Two\" were released on March 13, 2012","title":"Happy Feet Two"},{"id":"14037469","text":"Video Game\" was developed by KMM Games for PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and Wii. WayForward Technologies developed the Nintendo 3DS and Nintendo DS versions. The soundtrack album for the film was released by WaterTower Music on CD on November 21, 2011 and on iTunes on November 15, 2011. Unlike the previous film's two album releases—one for its songs and one for its score—both the songs and John Powell's score are included on this album. The songs \"Happy Feet Two Opening Medley,\" \"Bridge of Light,\" and \"Under Pressure/Rhythm Nation\" are led by Pink, who lends her vocals to the character Gloria,","title":"Happy Feet Two"},{"id":"14037451","text":"$150 million against its $135 million budget, resulting in the closure of Miller's Dr. D Studios. Erik, son of the penguins Mumble and Gloria, is unable to dance like the other penguins. Erik and his two best friends, Bodicea and Atticus, follow Ramon to Adélie-Land and find that Adélie-Land has been ruled by a God-like \"penguin\" named Sven. Sven is actually a puffin in Adélie-Land who survived the loss of his native fishing grounds due to his \"miraculous\" ability to fly. Erik instantly becomes enamored with Sven, who takes a liking to him. Sven and Lovelace tell the others that","title":"Happy Feet Two"},{"id":"4585701","text":"NDS, and Wii. Artificial Life, Inc. has also developed a mobile game for the Japan market. \"Happy Feet Two\" was produced at Dr. D Studios and released on November 18, 2011. Wood and Williams reprised their roles for the sequel. Murphy was set to reprise her role and begin recording sometime in 2010, but was replaced by P!nk after Murphy died from pneumonia on December 20, 2009. Matt Damon and Brad Pitt signed on as Bill the Krill and Will the Krill respectively. In an interview with Collider.com, Miller mentioned the small possibility of \"Happy Feet Three\", stating that if","title":"Happy Feet"},{"id":"14037450","text":"voiced by Hank Azaria, Brad Pitt, Matt Damon, and Sofía Vergara. Kennedy Miller Mitchell and Dr. D Studios from Sydney, Australia, produced the film, which premiered in North American theaters on November 18, 2011 in Digital 3D and IMAX 3D. The film was released with a \"Looney Tunes\" short called \"I Tawt I Taw a Puddy Tat\" starring Sylvester Cat and Tweety Bird. A different short, \"Daffy's Rhapsody\", was slated to premiere with this movie, and was switched in production. \"Daffy's Rhapsody\" instead premiered with Journey 2: The Mysterious Island in 2012. The film received mixed reviews and grossed just","title":"Happy Feet Two"},{"id":"16315172","text":"Thomas Meilstrup Thomas Meilstrup also known as just Thomas (born in Denmark on 23 January 1998) is a Danish singer and actor. He was in Eventyrteatret (Adventure Theatre) where he took lessons in acting, dancing and singing. He was invited to sing in the Stig Rossens Christmas special, also singing at various festivals. In 2008 he played the role of Læris in the film \"Frode og alle de andre rødder\" directed by Bubber. He has also sung for cartoon series like \"Tordenguden Thor\", in the film \"Far til fire på japansk\", and memorably in \"Happy Feet Two\", where he sings","title":"Thomas Meilstrup"},{"id":"14037460","text":"of the dancing and proves himself to be a worthy dancer despite public outcry against him. He leads the remaining Adélies in dance while Erik and Mumble venture off to the elephant seal beach. Meanwhile, Will, weary from the dangers he experienced as a predator on the surface, ventures back into the sea to find Bill, but not before experiencing the penguin's dancing. He is suddenly forced down a crack in the ice and into the sea beneath Emperor-Land. Reuniting with Bill and his swarm, the krill enter the inaccessible ice below Emperor-Land. Mumble and Erik arrive at Elephant Seal","title":"Happy Feet Two"},{"id":"4585683","text":"A sequel, \"Happy Feet Two\", was released on November 18, 2011. Every emperor penguin sings a unique song called a \"heartsong\" to attract a mate. If the male penguin's heartsong matches the female's song, the two penguins mate. Norma Jean, a female penguin, falls for Memphis, a male penguin and they become mates. They lay an egg, which is left in Memphis' care, while Norma Jean leaves with the other females to fish. While the males struggle through the harsh winter, Memphis briefly drops the egg. As a result, their son, Mumble, is unable to sing, but he can tap","title":"Happy Feet"},{"id":"2421015","text":"Eminem. In 2007, he appeared in the video for Godhead's \"Hey You\". In 2015 he appeared in the Rihanna video \"Bitch Better Have My Money\" and in Chris Cornell's video for \"Nearly Forgot My Broken Heart.\" He appeared as a panelist on the television game show \"Hollywood Squares\". In February 2009, Oscar nominee Mickey Rourke, who starred with Roberts in \"The Pope of Greenwich Village\", said he hoped that Roberts would soon be offered a role which would resurrect his career in the way that \"The Wrestler\" rejuvenated Rourke's. He portrayed Seth Blanchard on the second season of the Starz","title":"Eric Roberts"},{"id":"11813783","text":"similar in their protectable elements as a matter of law\". In November 2010, Owen Wilson, Larry the Cable Guy, Michael Caine, Emily Mortimer, Jason Isaacs, Joe Mantegna, Peter Jacobson, Bonnie Hunt, Tony Shalhoub, Cheech Marin, and Thomas Kretschmann were confirmed as the voice talent featured in the film. From November 2010 until May 2011, Disney released information about the other voice talent, including Jenifer Lewis, Katherine Helmond, Michael Wallis, Darrell Waltrip, Franco Nero, Vanessa Redgrave, Bruce Campbell, Sig Hansen, Michel Michelis, Jeff Gordon, Lewis Hamilton, Brent Musburger, David Hobbs, John Turturro, and Eddie Izzard. The \"Cars 2\" soundtrack was released","title":"Cars 2"},{"id":"13388682","text":"at Sydney's Comedy Store is the basis for his stand-up CD, \"Gary Eck Live!\" In 2010, Eck, alongside George Miller wrote a screenplay for \"Happy Feet Two\". The film was released on November 18, 2011. He also provided additional voices. He was nominated for a 2004 ARIA award as a writer for comedy album \"The Hollywood Motel\", a collection of impressions by Lee Perry. Eck was schooled in Canberra, attending Latham Primary School, Belconnen High School and Hawker College. Gary Eck Gary Eck is an Australian comedian and actor. Gary Eck has starred in several Australian movies, including 2003's \"You","title":"Gary Eck"},{"id":"7433040","text":"the writer in the 2011 thriller short \"Undiagnosed\". He voiced a penguin in \"Happy Feet\". Collins has made guest appearances on live action television series, including as Eric Burton in \"\", \"Blossom\", \"Grace Under Fire\", \"In the House\", \"Roc\", \"The Practice\" and \"Without a Trace\". Rickey D'Shon Collins Rickey D'Shon Collins (born January 17, 1983) is an American actor, most notable for providing the voice of Vince LaSalle in Disney's hit show \"Recess\". He also voiced Tucker Foley in the Nickelodeon show \"Danny Phantom\". He has done voice overs for other television shows such as \"Static Shock\" and \"Justice League\".","title":"Rickey D'Shon Collins"},{"id":"14037458","text":"penguins transporting food over such a distance. Erik urges Sven to teach the penguins how to fly, but Sven reveals that he is not a penguin but an Atlantic puffin. He admits that after the loss of Svenland, he was lonely and grew to love the penguins who accepted him as a family. Mumble, after watching snow fall into a crevice between chunks of iceberg, begins to tap-dance on the ice and lead the Adélie penguins in a dance to force snow between the ice and weaken it. The plan works until several chunks break loose, sending Bo, Atticus, and","title":"Happy Feet Two"},{"id":"2648840","text":"later played Greg Brady in the Brady Bunch parody movies. He starred as \"Leonard Rickets\" in the sitcom \"Malcolm & Eddie\". He appeared in \"Beverly Hills, 90210\", \"Clueless\", \"Wings\", \"Blossom\", \"JAG\", \"American Dreamer\", \"The Golden Girls\", \"Touched by an Angel\", \"Herman's Head\", \"Time Trax\", \"7th Heaven\", \"Empty Nest\", \"Girlfriends\", \"CBS Schoolbreak Special\" and \"ABC Weekend Specials\". He had an uncredited cameo as one of John Jameson's groomsmen in \"Spider-Man 2\". At age 16 in 1989, Barnes voiced Prince Eric in \"The Little Mermaid\" and he reprised the role of Eric in 2006 for \"Kingdom Hearts II\". He was unable to","title":"Christopher Daniel Barnes"},{"id":"14037456","text":"Mumble off to hunt for fish, calming Erik and the rest of the hysterical Emperor-Land. In the process, Bill becomes inspired to create another swarm of krill but Will refuses, preferring to adhere to his new predator lifestyle. The next morning, a large flock of skua attack the trapped Emperor-Land. Noah the Elder encourages the penguins to stand up to the birds through perseverance and unity. When all hope seems lost, Bo returns with the entire Adélie-Land, led by Sven, to aid the trapped emperor penguins. Sven orchestrates a cooperative effort to feed the trapped emperor penguins through hunting and","title":"Happy Feet Two"},{"id":"7430703","text":"Best Film. Following the success of Babe, he also went on to serve as a producer on its sequel, \"\". With George and Doug Mitchell, he produced the computer-animated film \"Happy Feet\", a musical epic about the life of penguins in Antarctica, featuring the voices of Robin Williams, Elijah Wood, Nicole Kidman, Hugh Jackman, Anthony La Paglia, Magda Szubanski, Hugo Weaving and Brittany Murphy. Prior to starting production he took part in a six-week expedition to south Antarctica. The Warner Brothers-distributed film was released in late 2006, and went on to become one of Australia's most successful animated film projects.","title":"Bill Miller (film producer)"},{"id":"17433829","text":"\"The Faculty\" (both 1998). He is best known for his high-profile leading role as Frodo Baggins in Peter Jackson's \"The Lord of the Rings\" trilogy (2001–2003) and its prequel \"\" (2012). Since then, he has resisted typecasting by choosing varied roles in critically acclaimed films such as \"Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind\" (2004), \"Sin City\", \"Green Street\" and \"Everything Is Illuminated\" (all 2005) and \"Bobby\" (2006). Wood has also provided the voices of the main character in the award-winning animated musical films \"Happy Feet\" (2006) and \"Happy Feet Two\" (2011), as well as the lead, 9, in the Tim","title":"Elijah Wood filmography"},{"id":"13561398","text":"(\"The Ringmaster General\" and \"The Blackbird Diaries\"); Rod Stewart (\"Soulbook\"); Robbie Williams (\"Intensive Care\"); She is a featured vocalist for albums such as \"\" by George Benson, \"I'll Take Romance\" by Steve Tyrell, \"The Last Ai\" by Ai and \"That's Life\" by Landau Eugene Murphy, Jr.. She has also provides vocals for soundtracks such as \"Dr. Seuss' The Lorax: Original Songs from the Motion Picture\", \"Happy Feet Two (Soundtrack)\", A number of Hill's original ballads, including \"Desperation\" produced by Brian West, were featured in the 2012 Spike Lee film \"Red Hook Summer\" which premiered at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival.","title":"Judith Hill"},{"id":"14037467","text":"aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 46% of critics gave positive reviews, based on 111 reviews, with a general consensus being that \"the animation is as eye-popping as ever, but \"Happy Feet Two\" narrative is too noisily incoherent to recapture the Oscar-winning charm of its predecessor.\" On Metacritic the film has a score of 50 out of 100 based on reviews from 35 critics. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"B+\" on an A+ to F scale. Richard Corliss of \"Time\" gave the film a positive review and said that Miller is \"not content to duplicate","title":"Happy Feet Two"},{"id":"10668217","text":"Eric Shea Eric Shea (born February 14, 1960), is an American actor. A professional child actor, active from age six through seventeen, he is best known for his roles in the blockbuster feature films \"Yours, Mine and Ours\" (1968) and \"The Poseidon Adventure\" (1972), as well as his numerous guest-starring appearances throughout the 1960s and 1970s on such popular television series as \"Batman\", \"Gunsmoke\", \"The Flying Nun\", \"Nanny and the Professor\", \"The Brady Bunch\", and \"Little House on the Prairie\", among others. Shea's brothers Christopher and Stephen both voiced Linus van Pelt for the \"Peanuts\" TV animation specials in the","title":"Eric Shea"},{"id":"9587211","text":"Eric Anderson (actor) Eric Anderson (born December 14, 1972) is an American actor and singer. On Broadway, he has originated roles in \"Waitress\", \"Kinky Boots\", \"The Last Ship\", \"Rocky\", and \"Soul Doctor\", and was nominated for a Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Musical. He portrayed Mr. O’Malley in \"The Greatest Showman\" (2017). In 2006, Anderson won the inaugural Joel Hirschhorn award for outstanding achievement in musical theatre, awarded by the Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle. He received two San Diego Critics Circle Craig Noel Awards and multiple Back Stage West Garland Awards as best actor in a","title":"Eric Anderson (actor)"},{"id":"2902141","text":"Ryan Merriman Ryan Earl Merriman (born April 10, 1983) is an American actor. He began his career at the age of ten and has appeared in several feature films and television shows. He is best known for a handful of Disney Channel original movies and for portraying Jake Pierce in \"The Ring Two\", Kevin Fischer in \"Final Destination 3\" and Ian Thomas in \"Pretty Little Liars\". Merriman was born in Choctaw, Oklahoma, the son of Earl and Nonalyn Merriman. He has a sister named Monica. At a young age, he began acting in commercials, print work, vocal performances, and local","title":"Ryan Merriman"},{"id":"3127114","text":"was released as a bonus track. Robson has also written songs for the singing groups Dream and Youngstown. He also remixed two of Mandy Moore's songs from her album \"I Wanna Be with You\". Robson choreographed the animated feature film \"Happy Feet Two\", which was released in 2011. He was originally set to direct \"Step Up Revolution\", (released in 2012), but dropped out of the project for personal reasons. He was replaced by Scott Speer. In 2011, Wade was hired to direct his first theatrical motion picture \"Step Up 4\". In 2012, Robson was the creative director for Demi Lovato's","title":"Wade Robson"},{"id":"8534104","text":"Connor Paolo Connor Paolo (born July 11, 1990) is an American actor. He is known for his roles as Eric van der Woodsen on The CW's teen drama series \"Gossip Girl\" and Declan Porter on the ABC drama series \"Revenge\". He has also appeared in two Oliver Stone films, \"Alexander\" (2004) and \"World Trade Center\" (2006). Paolo was born in New York City, the son of Julia Mendelsohn, a vocal coach and classical pianist, and Colin Paolo, a writer and screenwriter. Paolo is Jewish. He attended, beginning in 2006, the Professional Performing Arts School alongside Sarah Hyland, Paul Iacono and","title":"Connor Paolo"},{"id":"1466171","text":"\"Tick\" Belrose/Mitzi Del Bra in the comedy-drama \"The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert\" (1994); and multiple roles in the science fiction film \"Cloud Atlas\" (2012). His roles as a voice actor include the roles as Rex The Male Sheepdog whilst in \"Babe\", Noah The Leading Elder Emperor Penguin whilst in \"Happy Feet\" and in \"Happy Feet Two\" and as Megatron whilst in \"The Transformers Franchise’s Films\". Weaving's awards for acting include a Satellite Award, MTV Movie Award and six Australian Film Institute Awards. Weaving was born in Nigeria to English parents. Born at the University of Ibadan Teaching","title":"Hugo Weaving"},{"id":"5659525","text":"\"Evita\", \"Annie Get Your Gun\", \"The Sound Of Music\", \"My Fair Lady\", \"A Little Night Music\", and \"Copacabana\", starring alongside the likes of Lauren Bacall, Maria Freidman, and Suzi Quatro. He originated the role of Bobby in Stephen Sondheim's \"Company\". Eric Flynn died of cancer at his home in Pembrokeshire, Wales, on 4 March 2002, aged 62. Flynn's sons by his first marriage, Jerome and Daniel Flynn are both actors. He also had a daughter, Kerry, by his first marriage. Flynn married his second wife Caroline, a South African, in 1981. His daughter from his second marriage, Lillie Flynn, finished","title":"Eric Flynn"},{"id":"14613865","text":"Tightrope (Janelle Monáe song) \"Tightrope\" is a 2010 song by American singer Janelle Monáe, the second official single from \"The ArchAndroid\". The single premiered on February 11 on Pitchfork Media website, earning an immediate 9/10 rating and its coveted \"Best New Music\" tag. The companion song, \"Cold War,\" debuted on February 12 via Monáe's official website. The official remix, titled \"Tightrope (Wondamix)\", features rappers B.o.B and Lupe Fiasco. The solo version of the song without Big Boi is also featured in the video game \"Just Dance 3\". It was featured during the end credits for \"Happy Feet Two\", in a","title":"Tightrope (Janelle Monáe song)"},{"id":"14037452","text":"they were saved by humans. The two eventually flee (under Sven's mistaken assumption that the humans were going to eat them) and end up on Antarctica, where Sven performs his first miracle by revealing moss to the local penguins. Sven uses his power of \"Sven Think\" to help Ramón find a mate. Ramón instantly falls in love with Carmen, another Adélie penguin who is uninterested. Mumble follows the chicks' footprints to Adélie-Land and orders them to return to Emperor-Land, but they refuse. Sven sends Erik back to Emperor-Land with Mumble. Meanwhile, a couple of krill are in the midst of","title":"Happy Feet Two"},{"id":"14037455","text":"of ice. Bo ventures out to Adélie-Land to recruit the help of Ramón, the Amigos and the Adélie penguins to bring fish to the doomed Emperor penguins. Meanwhile, Mumble, Erik and Atticus deliver meager supplies of fish to the trapped penguins. Erik attempts to deliver a fish to Gloria by flying and nearly tossing himself over the edge of the iceberg. Mumble scolds Erik for his beliefs, saying that no penguin can fly and that none of the emperor penguins will be able to escape. Once Erik realizes Emperor-Land is destined to die, he begins to break down. Gloria sends","title":"Happy Feet Two"},{"id":"14037468","text":"the pleasures of his first penguin film; he dares to go bigger, deeper, higher — happier.\" However, Roger Ebert of the \"Chicago Sun-Times\" gave the film two-and-a-half stars (out of four) stating that \"The animation is bright and attractive, the music gives the characters something to do, but the movie has too much dialogue in the areas of philosophy and analysis.\" Similarly, British newspaper \"The Telegraph\" named \"Happy Feet Two\" one of the ten worst films of 2011, saying \"\"Happy Feet Two\" is an appalling 3D animated sequel about a colony of all‑singin', all-dancin', all-infuriatin' penguins.\" \"Happy Feet Two: The","title":"Happy Feet Two"},{"id":"4585681","text":"Happy Feet Happy Feet is a 2006 Australian-American computer-animated musical family comedy film directed, produced, and co-written by George Miller. It stars Elijah Wood, Robin Williams, Brittany Murphy, Hugh Jackman, Nicole Kidman, Hugo Weaving, and E.G. Daily. It was produced at Sydney-based visual effects and animation studio Animal Logic for Warner Bros., Village Roadshow Pictures, and Kingdom Feature Productions, and was released in North American theaters on November 17, 2006. It is the first animated film produced by Kennedy Miller and Animal Logic. Though primarily an animated film, the film does incorporate motion capture of live action humans in certain","title":"Happy Feet"},{"id":"6145144","text":"it topped the Kent Music Report. Despite the success, this was his third and final number one single. In the United States, the song was his first and biggest hit, peaking at number 12 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. There are two versions of the cover. The first has Adam and the Ants across the top of the sleeve and the later version just Adam Ant. This is probably due to the confusion around the timing of Adam going solo, particularly as the song was performed by three fifths of the band Ant, Pirroni and Hughes. There are also two","title":"Goody Two Shoes (song)"},{"id":"4157315","text":"rock songs; the live album \"Live in Japan\" (2006); and the DVD \"Live at the Marquee\" (2006). Singer has also played in the band Avantasia, replacing drummer Alex Holzwarth after a guest performance in the song \"Into the Unknown\" from the album \"The Metal Opera Part II\". Two EPs and one full album have been released with Singer's performance on the drums: \"Lost in Space Part I\", \"Lost in Space Part II\", and \"The Scarecrow\", and on several songs from \"The Wicked Symphony\" and \"Angel of Babylon\". In 1989, he made a brief appearance in the Wes Craven film \"Shocker\",","title":"Eric Singer"},{"id":"8534108","text":"2013, after his character was written off the second season finale. Connor Paolo Connor Paolo (born July 11, 1990) is an American actor. He is known for his roles as Eric van der Woodsen on The CW's teen drama series \"Gossip Girl\" and Declan Porter on the ABC drama series \"Revenge\". He has also appeared in two Oliver Stone films, \"Alexander\" (2004) and \"World Trade Center\" (2006). Paolo was born in New York City, the son of Julia Mendelsohn, a vocal coach and classical pianist, and Colin Paolo, a writer and screenwriter. Paolo is Jewish. He attended, beginning in 2006,","title":"Connor Paolo"},{"id":"2421010","text":"he won the Theatre World Award for his Broadway debut performance in \"Burn This\". Roberts' other starring roles included \"Raggedy Man\" (1981), \"The Pope of Greenwich Village\" (1984), \"The Coca-Cola Kid\" (1985), \"Nobody's Fool\" (1986), \"Best of the Best\" (1989), \"By the Sword\" (1991), \"Best of the Best 2\" (1993), \"The Immortals\" (1995), \"La Cucaracha\" (1998), \"Purgatory\" (1999), and \"Stiletto Dance\" (2001). He also had major supporting roles in the films \"Final Analysis\" (1992), \"The Specialist\" (1994), and \"Shannon's Rainbow\" (2009). He played the Archangel Michael in \"The Prophecy II\" (1997). In 1996, he appeared in the \"Doctor Who\" Television","title":"Eric Roberts"},{"id":"16318189","text":"played Eric, one of the leaders of the faction Dauntless, in the film \"Divergent\" (2014). Later, he starred in \"Unbroken\", where he played Hugh \"Cup\" Cuppernell and \"The Water Diviner\" as Lt. Col. Hughes. He reprised his role of Eric in the sequel \"\" (2015), which began filming May 2014 and was released 20 March 2015. Courtney played one of the leads, Kyle Reese, in the science fiction action film \"Terminator Genisys\". Filming on \"Terminator Genisys\" began in April/May 2014, and the film was released on 1 July 2015. Courtney worked on \"Terminator\" and \"Insurgent\" concurrently. Courtney provided backing vocals","title":"Jai Courtney"},{"id":"17496782","text":"Mehrdad Raissi Ardali Mehrdad Raissi Ardali (), born in Iran, is a prolific Iranian voice actor, dubbing director, founder, director, CEO and Quality Control Manager of Glory Entertainment (The Association of Tehran Young Voice Actors). He has also provided Persian voices for several animation characters, including famous characters such as Donkey in \"Shrek\", Marty in \"Madagascar\", \"\" and \"\", Buck in \"\", Bolt in \"Bolt\", Carl Fredricksen in \"Up\", Flynn Rider in \"Tangled\", The Once-ler in \"The Lorax\", RJ in \"Over the Hedge\", Francesco Bernoulli in \"Cars 2\", Mr. Ping in \"Kung fu Panda\", Ramon in \"Happy Feet 2\", The","title":"Mehrdad Raissi Ardali"},{"id":"8731813","text":"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner","title":"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"},{"id":"13765829","text":"Eric Ladin Eric Ladin (born February 16, 1978) is an American actor. Ladin was born in Houston, Texas and studied at the USC School of Dramatic Arts. Ladin has guest starred as William Hofstadt on multiple episodes of the AMC show \"Mad Men\" and the HBO miniseries \"Generation Kill\" as Corporal James Chaffin. He has appeared in the films \"Toolbox Murders\", \"Cursed\" and \"Left in Darkness\". He is also the voice of the character Ellis in the cooperative first-person shooter game \"Left 4 Dead 2\", as well as the voice of Cole MacGrath, the lead character of \"Infamous\", in all","title":"Eric Ladin"},{"id":"1699776","text":"Pink's debut in 2000 and is dedicated to her fans who have been supporting her over the years. The song reached the top of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, becoming Pink's tenth Top 10 hit, and her third number-one on the chart. She released the compilation album on November 12, 2010, and almost a month later she released the album's second single, named \"Fuckin' Perfect\". The song reached number two on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, and peaked at number one in Germany. Pink voiced the character of Gloria in \"Happy Feet Two\", which premiered on November 18, 2011 in the United","title":"Pink (singer)"},{"id":"1419416","text":"voice of Spyro the Dragon in the \"Legend of Spyro\" game trilogy, as well as reprising Mumble in the game version of \"Happy Feet\". He also contributed his talents to fellow \"Lord of the Rings\" star Viggo Mortensen's album \"Pandemoniumfromamerica\", singing and playing various instruments on the album. On April 11, 2008, Wood was the guest host of Channel 4's \"Friday Night Project\". On April 25, 2009, Wood was honored with the Midnight Award by the San Francisco International Film Festival as an American actor who \"has made outstanding contributions to independent and Hollywood cinema, and who brings striking intelligence,","title":"Elijah Wood"},{"id":"16927800","text":"The following week it climbed to a new peak of number 23, and then again the week after to #19, and is now Murs' eighth UK top 20 single in three years. Its current peak as of March 2013 is now #12. The song has also performed well on the UK radio airplay chart, becoming Murs' fourth #1 airplay hit. The song is now also Murs' second top 20 hit in Australia, having peaked at #19 in April 2013. The official music video was premiered on Valentine's Day 2013 on Murs' official Vevo account. It was directed by Vaughan Arnell","title":"Army of Two (Olly Murs song)"},{"id":"16133618","text":"\"The Ellen DeGeneres Show\", where he performed his first rap single as Lil' P-Nut, \"You Might Be the One for Me\"; it was released on September 25, 2010. He then appeared on Cymphonique's song, \"All That\". His other raps include \"Bad Dream\" and \"Choosin'\". Flores appeared in an episode of the TBS sitcom \"Are We There Yet?\", and played Atticus the rapping penguin in the animated film \"Happy Feet 2\", in 2011. He made a cameo appearance in Yo Gotti's music video for \"Look In The Mirror\". Flores appeared in the film \"Ride Along\", which was released in January 2014.","title":"Benjamin Flores Jr."},{"id":"5220096","text":"Kyle Chandler Kyle Martin Chandler is an American actor. He has held roles such as Gary Hobson on \"Early Edition\" and as Coach Eric Taylor in the drama series \"Friday Night Lights\", for which he won a Primetime Emmy Award in 2011. He has starred in the films \"King Kong\" (2005), \"The Day the Earth Stood Still\" (2008), \"Super 8\" (2011), \"Argo\" (2012), \"Zero Dark Thirty\" (2012), \"The Wolf of Wall Street\" (2013), \"Carol\" (2015), \"Manchester by the Sea\" (2016), and \"Game Night\" (2018). From 2015 to 2017, he starred in Netflix's drama series \"Bloodline\", for which he received his","title":"Kyle Chandler"},{"id":"14205647","text":"were also shot in the actual city of Pompeii itself. The film was a modest box office success and received mixed reviews from critics. That year, Harington also voiced Eret in \"How to Train Your Dragon 2\", which was a critically acclaimed, box-office success, won the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film and received an Academy Award nomination. In 2014, Harington also appeared alongside Jeff Bridges in the film \"Seventh Son\", a poorly received fantasy–adventure film. Harington played Billy Bradley, Jeff Bridges first apprentice killed early in the movie by a character played by Julianne Moore. Ben Barnes,","title":"Kit Harington"},{"id":"2421014","text":"the first season of \"Heroes\" as Thompson, an associate of Mr. Bennet. He then reprised the role in the third-season episode \"Villains\" and in the fourth-season \"The Wall\". In 2002 Roberts portrayed an FBI detective in Ja Rule's music video for his song \"Down Ass Bitch\", as well as its sequel \"Down 4 U\". Roberts also appeared in The Killers' music video for their song \"Mr. Brightside\" and \"Miss Atomic Bomb\" as well as in the music videos for Mariah Carey's \"We Belong Together\" and \"It's Like That\". In 2006, he appeared in the video for Akon's \"Smack That\", featuring","title":"Eric Roberts"},{"id":"16698653","text":"and his hunter instincts kick in, prompting him to chase Daffy throughout the short while Daffy sings to the tune of Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2, initially unaware of Elmer but soon realizing the danger. This short was initially scheduled to be released theatrically preceding \"Happy Feet Two\" in 2011, but the studio decided that \"I Tawt I Taw a Puddy Tat\" was more suitable for the film starring penguins. Daffy's Rhapsody Daffy's Rhapsody is a 2012 theatrical 3D computer-animated short film starring Mel Blanc as Daffy Duck (via an archive recording of a song, \"Daffy Duck's Rhapsody\", which was recorded","title":"Daffy's Rhapsody"},{"id":"17302654","text":"The music video heavily samples clips of the movie. \"Credited personnel list adapted from track info on Tidal.\" Ooh La La (Britney Spears song) \"Ooh La La\" is a song recorded by American singer Britney Spears for the soundtrack of the 2013 family film \"The Smurfs 2\". It was written and produced by Lukasz \"Dr. Luke\" Gottwald, Joshua \"Ammo\" Coleman, Henry \"Cirkut\" Walter, with additional writing from Bonnie McKee, Jacob Kasher Hindlin, Lola Blanc, and Fransisca Hall. \"Ooh La La\" was written by Ammo, Fransisca Hall, and Lola Blanc, and was intended to become Blanc's debut single as it was","title":"Ooh La La (Britney Spears song)"},{"id":"1419396","text":"(both 1994), \"Flipper\" (1996), \"The Ice Storm\" (1997), \"Deep Impact\" and \"The Faculty\" (both 1998). Following the success of \"Lord of the Rings\", Wood has appeared in a wide range of films, including \"Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind\" (2004), \"Sin City\", \"Green Street\", \"Everything Is Illuminated\" (all 2005), \"Paris, je t'aime\", \"Bobby\" (both 2006), \"Celeste and Jesse Forever\", \"Maniac\" (both 2012), \"Grand Piano\" (2013), \"The Last Witch Hunter\" (2015), \"The Trust\" (2016), and \"I Don't Feel at Home in This World Anymore\" (2017). Wood's voice work includes the role of Mumble in \"Happy Feet\" (2006) and its sequel; the","title":"Elijah Wood"},{"id":"10668218","text":"1960s and 1970s, respectively. Eric Shea Eric Shea (born February 14, 1960), is an American actor. A professional child actor, active from age six through seventeen, he is best known for his roles in the blockbuster feature films \"Yours, Mine and Ours\" (1968) and \"The Poseidon Adventure\" (1972), as well as his numerous guest-starring appearances throughout the 1960s and 1970s on such popular television series as \"Batman\", \"Gunsmoke\", \"The Flying Nun\", \"Nanny and the Professor\", \"The Brady Bunch\", and \"Little House on the Prairie\", among others. Shea's brothers Christopher and Stephen both voiced Linus van Pelt for the \"Peanuts\" TV","title":"Eric Shea"},{"id":"8248349","text":"appeared as Bobby in David Fickas', \"\", which was an official selection of the Slamdance Film Festival. He has also voiced the role of Eddie in the video game version of \"Reservoir Dogs\". Michael is also well known as Jabba the Hutt and Admiral Ackbar in Patrick T. Gorman's critically acclaimed, \"The Star Wars Trilogy in Thirty Minutes\". Some of his voicework includes Bouncing Boy in the 2006 animated series \"Legion of Super Heroes\", the voice of Candy from \"Driver Parallel Lines\" as well as Frankie the skua in the Academy Award Winning animated film \"Happy Feet\" and its sequel,","title":"Michael Cornacchia"},{"id":"128685","text":"Turkish club Galatasaray. Clapton's music has appeared in dozens of movies and television shows as far back as 1973's \"Mean Streets\", which featured the song \"I Looked Away\". Other appearances in media include in the \"Miami Vice\" series (\"Wonderful Tonight\", \"Knock on Wood\", \"She's Waiting\", and \"Layla\"), \"Back to the Future\" (\"Heaven Is One Step Away\"), \"The Color of Money\" (\"It's In The Way That You Use It\"), \"Lethal Weapon 2\" (\"Knockin' On Heaven's Door\"), \"Goodfellas\" (\"Layla\" and \"Sunshine of Your Love\"), \"Freaks and Geeks\" episode \"I'm With the Band\" (\"Sunshine of Your Love\", \"White Room\" and \"Crossroads (song)\"), \"Friends\"","title":"Eric Clapton"},{"id":"2902145","text":"of Wake Forest University. Merriman was married to Micol Duncan from 2004 to 2011. On January 1, 2012, he became engaged to Kristen McMullen. They were married in September 2014. Ryan Merriman Ryan Earl Merriman (born April 10, 1983) is an American actor. He began his career at the age of ten and has appeared in several feature films and television shows. He is best known for a handful of Disney Channel original movies and for portraying Jake Pierce in \"The Ring Two\", Kevin Fischer in \"Final Destination 3\" and Ian Thomas in \"Pretty Little Liars\". Merriman was born in","title":"Ryan Merriman"},{"id":"7430704","text":"A worldwide box office success, it was nominated for various awards including a Golden Globe, going on to win the Academy Award Oscar for Best Animated Feature and the equivalent British BAFTA award. Miller followed up as producer on the animated sequel, \"Happy Feet 2\", released worldwide in late 2011. He has since been developing projects for film, television and live theatre. Bill Miller (film producer) Bill Miller (born 1960) is an award-winning Sydney-based feature film producer. Bill Miller was born in Queensland and along with his older brother George Miller, attended Sydney Boys High School. Like George, who gave","title":"Bill Miller (film producer)"},{"id":"1344836","text":"Omnilab Media. Following the financially unsuccessful release of \"Happy Feet Two\" (2011) and the long delay of \"\" (2015), the studio closed down in 2013. His legacy includes his unrealized projects. Miller was married to actress Sandy Gore; they have a daughter Augusta. He married film editor Margaret Sixel in 1995; they have two sons. The two initially met during the production of \"Flirting\", and Sixel has since worked on all of Miller's directorial efforts in some capacity. Miller is the Patron of the Australian Film Institute and the BIFF (Brisbane International Film Festival) and a co-patron of the Sydney","title":"George Miller (director)"},{"id":"11609247","text":"of Night\", \"Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire\", \"Total Eclipse of the Heart\"), Roseanna Vitro (\"Reaching for the Moon\"), Jim Steinman (\"Bad for Good\"), James Taylor, Carly Simon, Julian Lennon, Billy Joel (\"An Innocent Man\"), Frankie Miller (\"Double Trouble\"), Rick Derringer, Ian Hunter (\"All of the Good Ones Are Taken\"), Aerosmith, Kiss, Garland Jeffreys, Lou Reed (\"New Sensations\"), Celine Dion and Meat Loaf (\"Couldn't Have Said It Better\"). In 1980, Troyer scored a minor solo hit with \"Mirage\", peaking at #92 in the Hot 100 chart. However, it fared better on the AC, peaking at #43. An accompanying album titled \"String","title":"Eric Troyer"},{"id":"8242005","text":"Alex Norton Alexander Hugh \"Alex\" Norton (born 27 January 1950) is a Scottish television, film and voice actor. He is perhaps best known for his roles as DCI Matt Burke in the STV detective drama series \"Taggart\", Eric Baird in BBC Two sitcom \"Two Doors Down\", DCS Wallace in \"Extremely Dangerous\", Gerard Findlay in \"Waterloo Road\" and Eddie in the \"Renford Rejects\". He has also had roles in internationally successful films including \"Braveheart\", \"Local Hero\" and \"Les Misérables\". Norton was born in Househillwood, Glasgow and spent his childhood in Moffat Street in the Gorbals before moving to Pollokshaws. He was","title":"Alex Norton"},{"id":"5469344","text":"game in certain situations—such as combat, puzzles, danger or suspense—the game's soundtrack actively changes. Music from both \"Soul Reaver\" and \"Soul Reaver 2\" was released on a promotional soundtrack in 2001. Gordon Hunt returned as the game's recording director, with Kris Zimmerman as casting director. Voice actors from both \"Blood Omen\" and \"Soul Reaver\" reprised their roles, with Michael Bell playing Raziel and Simon Templeman portraying Kain. The Elder God was again voiced by Tony Jay, Richard Doyle voiced Moebius, and Anna Gunn played Ariel. Paul Lukather, absent from \"Soul Reaver\", rejoined the cast as Vorador. René Auberjonois, the only","title":"Soul Reaver 2"},{"id":"128686","text":"episodes \"The One with the Proposal, Part 2\" (\"Wonderful Tonight\") and \"The One Where Rachel Has A Baby\" (\"River of Tears\"), \"School Of Rock\" (\"Sunshine Of Your Love)\", \"Men in Black III\" (\"Strange Brew\"), \"Captain Phillips (film)\" (\"Wonderful Tonight\"), \"\" (\"Lay Down Sally\"), for which it was a significant part of the soundtrack, being played in the intro and twice more later on, \"Good Girls Revolt\" episode \"The Year-Ender\" (\"White Room)\" and \"Rick and Morty\" episode \"Summer's Future\" (\"It's In The Way That You Use It\"). Both Opel and Vauxhall used the guitar riff from \"Layla\" in their advertising campaigns","title":"Eric Clapton"},{"id":"1438978","text":"a krill named Bill in \"Happy Feet Two\". In January 2012, it was announced that Damon had signed a multiyear deal to be the voice of TD Ameritrade advertisements, replacing Sam Waterston as the discount brokerage's spokesman. Damon donates all fees from the advertisements to charity. In 2013, Damon appeared in a 20-second advertisement for Nespresso, directed by Grant Heslov, with whom he worked on \"The Monuments Men\". The deal earned Damon $3 million. Damon also provided voice-over for United Airlines's resurrected \"Fly the Friendly Skies\" advertisement campaign in 2013. Damon was the founder of H2O Africa Foundation, the charitable","title":"Matt Damon"},{"id":"15061094","text":"and feature on the EP \"Balladeer / For All The Guys I've Loved Before\" (2010: Boompa). Eagleowl also collaborated with Woodpigeon on their 2010 UK tour, culminating with a main stage set at End of the Road Festival. The creative friendship is celebrated in the Woodpigeon song \"Woodpigeon vs. Eagleowl (Strength in Numbers)\". Bartholomew Owl has appeared as guest vocalist on the Meursault single \"William Henry Miller Pt. 2\" (2009: Song, by Toad Records) and on Withered Hand's album \"Good News\" (2009: SL Records). Malcolm Benzie and Rob St John played on Withered Hand's album 'New Gods' (2014: Fortuna Pop!,","title":"Eagleowl"},{"id":"14037457","text":"bringing back a flow of fish from the sea. Meanwhile, Will becomes increasingly agitated with Bill's behavior and leaves him into the Adélie feeding swarm, to join \"fellow predators\". In the process he is attached to a fish carried by Sven and down into the trapped Emperor-Land. The humans who saved Sven and Lovelace come to Antarctica again to help the penguins find a way out. However, a blizzard approaches and causes the humans to flee and not return. Sven reports that the ocean has frozen over significantly and there is no chance of the humans returning or the Adélie","title":"Happy Feet Two"},{"id":"7566803","text":"movie The Green Mile”. (p. 5) The strong sound and direction the two forged together finally convinced Capitol Nashville that he was ready. His first single, \"How 'Bout You\" peaked at No. 14 on Hot Country Songs and led off his debut album \"Sinners Like Me\". In April 2006, he performed on the Grand Ole Opry for the first time. The album's other two singles, \"Two Pink Lines\" and \"Guys Like Me\", both reached the Top 20 as well. The fourth single, the title track, peaked at No. 51. An additional track from the album, \"Lightning\", was made into a","title":"Eric Church"},{"id":"16616050","text":"The video was directed by P.R. Brown. The video features Turner performing the song at various scenes, including on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, inside a recording studio and in the main showroom of an art gallery. Professor Green, Wretch 32 and Kardinal Offishall all make cameo appearances in the video, performing their respective parts of the song. Stylechanger \"Stylechanger\" is a song by Swedish-American singer-songwriter Eric Turner, featuring Canadian rapper Kardinal Offishall and British rappers Wretch 32 and Professor Green. The song was released as Turner's second solo single in the United States on February 24, 2012. It was","title":"Stylechanger"},{"id":"2333704","text":"Eric Burdon Eric Victor Burdon (born 11 May 1941) is an English singer-songwriter and actor. He was previously the vocalist of rock band The Animals and funk band War. He is regarded as one of the British Invasion's most distinct singers with his deep, powerful blues-rock voice. He is also known for his aggressive stage performances. In 2008, he was ranked 57th in \"Rolling Stone\"' s list \"The 100 Greatest Singers of All Time\". Eric Burdon was born in 1941 in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. His father, Matt, was originally from Tyneside. His mother, Rene, was originally from Ireland and moved","title":"Eric Burdon"},{"id":"7566812","text":"no fanfare and no promotional advertisements. It was produced by \"The Outsiders\" producer Jay Joyce and executive producer Arturo Buenahora, Jr. The first single, the title track, was released to radio on November 9, 2015. The first live performance and debut of the title track was at the 2015 CMA Awards. The song peaked at #15 on the airplay chart on February 6, 2016. \"Record Year\" is the album's second single. The album's final track, \"Three Year Old\", pays tribute to all the lesson's Eric has learned from his three-year-old son Boone McCoy. Boone McCoy was also credited with naming","title":"Eric Church"},{"id":"14037459","text":"a portion of the Adélies as well as several chinstrap, little blue and Magellanic penguins into the doomed crevice. Erik and Lovelace tumble towards the edge, and Mumble grabs the thread from Lovelace's vest. The thread snaps and Lovelace falls on Sven. Mumble and the Amigos pull on the thread that Erik is holding onto and pull him up but Mumble injures his foot, unable to dance and lead the Adélies. Ramón realizes Carmen is trapped below and, risking his own life, jumps off the iceberg to be with her and professes their love to each other. Sven becomes aware","title":"Happy Feet Two"},{"id":"14229749","text":"ten different albums, ranging from 1975 to 2008, all of which were remixed by Mike Fraser for possible film inclusion. Only two songs (\"Shoot to Thrill\" and \"Highway to Hell\") were used completely in the film, while one song (\"Back in Black\") was actually featured in the previous film. \"Thunderstruck\", \"War Machine\", and \"The Razors Edge\" were used in trailers and commercials for the film. On January 26, 2010, a music video was released featuring \"Shoot to Thrill\" with exclusive footage from the film \"Iron Man 2\". The live concert footage used in the video was filmed in late 2009","title":"Iron Man 2 (soundtrack)"},{"id":"1344826","text":"on almost all the films in Miller's later career, since the death of his original producing partner Byron Kennedy. In 2006, Miller won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for \"Happy Feet\" (2006). He has been nominated for five other Academy Awards: Best Original Screenplay in 1992 for \"Lorenzo's Oil\", Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay in 1995 for \"Babe\", and Best Picture and Best Director for \"Fury Road\" in 2015. Miller was born in Brisbane, Queensland, to Greek immigrant parents: Dimitri (Jim) Castrisios Miller and Angela Balson. Dimitri was from the Greek island of Kythira, and anglicised his","title":"George Miller (director)"},{"id":"17963097","text":"1\", \"Born II Sing Vol. 2\", and \"Born II Sing Vol. 3\". Bellinger released his debut studio album, \"The Rebirth\", on May 17, 2014, as a double album. \"The REbirth### peaked at 23 on the US R&B/Hip Hop charts, and 15 on the US R&B chart, and also entered the Heatseakers Albums chart. Bellinger followed \"The Rebirth\" with the studio albums, \"Cuffing Season\" and \"Cuffing Season, Part 2\", which released in July 2015 and December 2015, respectively. \"Cuffing Season\" peaked at 6 on the US R&B chart, while \"Cuffing Season, Part 2\" peaked at 23. Bellinger released two mixtapes in","title":"Eric Bellinger"},{"id":"2833624","text":"Wes Bentley Wesley Cook Bentley (born September 4, 1978) is an American actor known for blockbusters and independent films. Bentley is best known for his roles as Ricky Fitts in \"American Beauty\" (1999), which earned him a nomination for a BAFTA Award for Supporting Actor, Seneca Crane in \"The Hunger Games\" (2012), Doyle in \"Interstellar\" (2014) and Eric in \"\". He was one of four subjects in the documentary \"My Big Break\" (2009), which covered his fame after \"American Beauty\" and struggles with substance abuse. Rebuilding his career, he starred in the premiere of \"Venus in Fur\" by David Ives","title":"Wes Bentley"},{"id":"13717035","text":"his programming again. \"Iron Man 2\" was written by \"The Invincible Iron Man\" scribe Matt Fraction, Sega creative director Kyle Brink, with additional writing by Sega writer Phil Campbell and Sega associate producer Stephen Frost. The game features an exclusive song recorded by Lamb of God, \"Hit the Wall\", along with a soundtrack composed by other bands. Unlike the original \"Iron Man\" video game, Robert Downey, Jr. does not voice Iron Man, who is instead voiced by Eric Loomis (who would go on to play the character in \"\" animated series and the video game \"\"). Don Cheadle and Samuel","title":"Iron Man 2 (video game)"},{"id":"10314230","text":"Ashley Hamilton Ashley George Hamilton (born September 30, 1974) is an American actor, comedian and singer-songwriter. He made his acting debut in the 1993 film \"Beethoven's 2nd\". He has since starred in films such as \"Lost in Africa\" (1994), \"Off Key\" (2001), \"Lost Angeles\" (2012), \"Iron Man 3\" (2013), and \"Cats Dancing on Jupiter\" (2015). He portrayed the role of Cole Deschanel in the first season of the NBC television series \"Sunset Beach\" (1997). Hamilton was born in Los Angeles, the son of actors George Hamilton and Alana Stewart, and the now ex-stepson of musician Rod Stewart. At 19, Hamilton","title":"Ashley Hamilton"},{"id":"10241705","text":"Christopher DeFaria Christopher \"Chris\" DeFaria (born May 20, 1959) born San Francisco, California, is an American film producer and production manager of such films as \"\" (2015), \"Gravity\" (2013) and \"Happy Feet Two\" (2011). He served as president of animation and innovative technology at Warner Bros. Pictures for the past four years. In January 2017, he joined DreamWorks Animation in the newly-created position of president of the DreamWorks Feature Animation Group. As president, DeFaria will oversee all aspects of DWA's feature animation business, including slate strategy, development, production; innovation and technology; and business affairs. As a child, he was a","title":"Christopher DeFaria"},{"id":"13001622","text":"Eric Darius Eric Darius (born December 3, 1982), is an American Contemporary Jazz/R&B/Pop saxophonist, vocalist, songwriter, producer, and educator. Darius arrived on the music scene as a recording artist at the age of 17. He now has six albums under his belt. Three are Number One hit singles, and eight are Top 10 radio hits on Nielsen's R&R/Billboard Contemporary Jazz Charts. He also won a SESAC Top 10 Jazz Artist of the Year award in 2015. Named Debut Artist of the Year by Smooth Jazz News in 2004, Darius has shared the stage with many world renown, Grammy Award-winning artists,","title":"Eric Darius"},{"id":"2367117","text":"James Badge Dale James Badgett Dale (born May 1, 1978), known professionally as James Badge Dale, is an American actor. He is known for playing Simon in \"Lord of the Flies\", Chase Edmunds in \"24\", State Trooper Barrigan in Martin Scorsese's \"The Departed\", Robert Leckie in \"The Pacific\", and Eric Savin in \"Iron Man 3\". Born in New York City, Dale is the only child of actor, dancer, and choreographer Grover Dale (born 1935) and actress and singer Anita Morris (1943–1994). At age 10, he was picked out of his fifth grade class at Wonderland Elementary School in Laurel Canyon,","title":"James Badge Dale"},{"id":"2423433","text":"James Cromwell James Oliver Cromwell (born January 27, 1940) is an American actor. Some of his more notable films include \"Babe\" (1995), \"\" (1996), \"L.A. Confidential\" (1997), \"The Green Mile\" (1999), \"Space Cowboys\" (2000), \"The Sum of All Fears\" (2002), \"I, Robot\" (2004), \"The Longest Yard\" (2005), \"The Queen\" (2006), \"Secretariat\" (2010), \"The Artist\" (2011), \"Big Hero 6\" (2014), and \"Marshall\" (2017), as well as the television series \"Angels in America\" (2003), \"Six Feet Under\" (2003–2005), and \"Halt and Catch Fire\" (2015). Cromwell has been nominated for four Primetime Emmy Awards and four Screen Actors Guild Awards, as well as","title":"James Cromwell"},{"id":"8478998","text":"will continue to enhance his stature as a performer. His favorite pastime is running Brando his Rottweiler, playing in the NBA Entertainment Basketball League and competing in fund raising sporting events. He won 1st place in the 2012, Celebrity division Malibu Nautica Triathlon. He is a strong advocate for helping to raise funds for the Theatre Arts program for Hollygrove Children & Family Services, a Home for Abused Children. Eric Etebari Eric Etebari (born December 5, 1969) is an Iranian-American actor, model and musician. He appeared in \"Witchblade\", \"2 Fast 2 Furious\" and \"Lincoln Lawyer\". He is also known for","title":"Eric Etebari"},{"id":"5662885","text":"UK Singles Chart. The video-clip which accompanied \"I Remember\" was filmed in Manchester, England. The single became his second chart topper on the Billboard dance chart. The follow-up single, \"Angel on My Shoulder\" with Tamra Keenan, also found success on the dance chart, placing at number 5 on Billboard's Hot Dance Airplay Chart. His song \"Step One Two\" was the last single from the album, being released late in 2008. In 2010, he added another number one Billboard Hot Dance Airplay track to his credit with \"Dynasty\", featuring Haley Gibby on vocals. In March 2012, Kaskade headlined at Ultra Music","title":"Kaskade"},{"id":"14037453","text":"a swarm. Will is an adventurous and existentialist krill determined to discover what lies beyond the swarm. His boyfriend, Bill, reluctantly follows him to ensure his safety. Once separated from the swarm, Will and Bill realize that krill are at the bottom of the food chain, created to be eaten. Inspired, Will ventures out to evolve and \"move up the food chain\" by eating a real creature instead of being eaten. Mumble tells Erik that he is unique to the world and that he will someday find his calling, but Erik is oblivious. While trying to cross a perilous ice","title":"Happy Feet Two"},{"id":"5395732","text":"one of the residents of a retirement home, \"Bugsy\" (1991), \"Almost Dead\" (1994), \"Air Bud\" (1997), and his final feature film \"MouseHunt\" (1997). Christmas also made guest appearances on many television shows, including \"Adventures in Rainbow Country\", \"Due South\", \"ER\", \"Night Court\", \"Wiseguy\" (as Harry \"The Hunch\" Shanstra), \"Seinfeld\" (as Jeffery Harharwood in \"The Gum\"—Episode 120, first airing on 14 December 1995), \"Cheers\", \"Home Improvement\" (as Sir Larry the Magician), \"Coach\" (as Brian Currie), \"The Golden Palace\", \"The X-Files\", \"Booker\", \"Matlock\", \"Walker Texas Ranger\", \"Roseanne\", \"L.A. Law\" (as Buzz Carr), \"Major Dad\", and \"Ally McBeal\". From 1995-96 he played Father","title":"Eric Christmas"},{"id":"13001623","text":"such as Prince, Jamie Foxx, Mary J. Blige, David Foster, Carlos Santana, Babyface, and George Benson, just to name a few. His music crosses over music boundaries from Jazz, R&B, Hip-Hop, to Pop. Eric Darius was born in New Jersey to a father of Haitian descent and a mother of Jamaican descent, but grew up in Tampa, Florida. Born into a musical family (his father plays bass, his mother and sister sing, and his older brother plays drums and trumpet) Eric grew up listening to Stevie Wonder, Michael Jackson, Earth, Wind and Fire, Marvin Gaye, Al Green, Grover Washington, Jr.,","title":"Eric Darius"},{"id":"3056405","text":"Maxwell Caulfield Maxwell Caulfield (né Newby; born 23 November 1959) is a British-American film, stage, and television actor and singer. He has appeared in films such as \"Grease 2\" (1982), \"Electric Dreams\" (1984), \"The Boys Next Door\" (1985), \"The Supernaturals\" (1986), \"\" (1989), \"Waxwork 2\" (1992), \"Gettysburg\" (1993), \"Empire Records\" (1995), \"The Real Blonde\" (1997), and \"The Man Who Knew Too Little\" (1997). A recent appearance is as the king in \"A Prince for Christmas\" (2015). Beginning 28 May 2015, he toured Australia with his wife, Juliet Mills, and sister-in-law, Hayley Mills, in the comedy \"Legends!\" by Pulitzer Prize winner","title":"Maxwell Caulfield"},{"id":"16616049","text":"Stylechanger \"Stylechanger\" is a song by Swedish-American singer-songwriter Eric Turner, featuring Canadian rapper Kardinal Offishall and British rappers Wretch 32 and Professor Green. The song was released as Turner's second solo single in the United States on February 24, 2012. It was made available as part of a mixtape/EP containing seven other tracks. \"Stylechanger\" was written by Turner, Professor Green, Wretch 32, Kardinal Offishall and \"iSHi\" Mughal, and produced by the latter. The song was first leaked online on January 4, 2012, before being officially released on February 24, 2012. The music video was also released on January 4, 2012.","title":"Stylechanger"},{"id":"20362007","text":"\"The Iron Age\" set for release on March 2, 2018 on Kobalt Music Recordings. \"The Illusionist\" single from the EP was released September 29, 2017. As CLARA-NOVA, Wayser’s version of the Simple Minds’ ballad \"Belfast Child\" was used in the trailer for Ridley Scott’s biblical film \"Exodus: Gods and Kings\" in 2014. A year later, \"Dear God,\" an XTC song covered by the band Lawless featuring Wayser on vocals was featured in a trailer for the Academy Award-winning film, \"Spotlight.\" That same song version provided the music for \"Outlander\"s season 2 trailer in 2016. The trailer for 2017’s Netflix film,","title":"CLARA-NOVA"},{"id":"20205589","text":"Between the Bars \"Between the Bars\" is the fourth track of Elliott Smith's 1997 album \"Either/Or\". It is written as a short ballad in the key of G Minor. The song is one of three tracks from \"Either/Or\" that was used in the soundtrack of \"Good Will Hunting\". It is also featured in the 2012 indie film, \"Stuck in Love\", and in the seventh episode of season two of \"Rick and Morty\". As of October 2017, the song is his most streamed track on the popular music streaming services Spotify and Apple Music. A cover version of the song performed","title":"Between the Bars"},{"id":"3131285","text":"Omar Epps Omar Hashim Epps (born July 20, 1973) is an American actor, rapper, songwriter and record producer. His film roles include \"Juice\", \"Higher Learning\", \"The Wood\", \"In Too Deep\" and \"Love and Basketball\". His television work includes the role of Dr. Dennis Gant on the medical drama series \"ER\", J. Martin Bellamy in \"Resurrection\" and Dr. Eric Foreman on the Fox medical drama series \"House\" from 2004 to 2012. Epps was born in Brooklyn, New York. His parents divorced during his childhood and he was raised by his mother, Bonnie Maria Epps, an elementary school principal. He lived in","title":"Omar Epps"},{"id":"5255091","text":"4 in their list of The 150 Greatest Singles of All Time. The same magazine voted \"Kiss\" the best single of the year 1986. The song featured in the 2006 animated film \"Happy Feet\" as part of a mashup with \"Heartbreak Hotel\" by Elvis Presley performed by Nicole Kidman and Hugh Jackman, respectively. Following Prince's death, the song re-charted on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 at number 28 and jumped to number 23 the week after. The song also reached number two on the French Singles Chart. As of April 30, 2016, it has sold 1,330,336 copies in the United States.","title":"Kiss (Prince song)"},{"id":"3131293","text":"1990. Epps co-produced, along with Marlon and Shawn Wayans, the 1997−99 theme song used for the sitcom \"The Wayans Brothers\". Omar Epps Omar Hashim Epps (born July 20, 1973) is an American actor, rapper, songwriter and record producer. His film roles include \"Juice\", \"Higher Learning\", \"The Wood\", \"In Too Deep\" and \"Love and Basketball\". His television work includes the role of Dr. Dennis Gant on the medical drama series \"ER\", J. Martin Bellamy in \"Resurrection\" and Dr. Eric Foreman on the Fox medical drama series \"House\" from 2004 to 2012. Epps was born in Brooklyn, New York. His parents divorced","title":"Omar Epps"},{"id":"2554640","text":"Topher Grace Christopher John Grace (; born July 12, 1978) is an American actor. He is known for playing Eric Forman in the Fox sitcom \"That '70s Show\", Eddie Brock / Venom in Sam Raimi's film \"Spider-Man 3\", Pete Monash in \"Win a Date with Tad Hamilton!\", Carter Duryea in \"In Good Company\", Edwin in \"Predators\", Getty in \"Interstellar\", Adrian Yates in \"American Ultra\", and David Duke in Spike Lee's film \"BlacKkKlansman\". His other film roles include \"Traffic\", \"Mona Lisa Smile\", \"Valentine's Day\", \"Take Me Home Tonight\", \"The Big Wedding\", \"War Machine\", and \"Under the Silver Lake\". Grace was born","title":"Topher Grace"},{"id":"14037454","text":"bridge, the penguins encounter Elephant Seal Bryan the Beach Master and his two young sons, who refuse to let the penguins pass. Suddenly the ice gives away and Bryan is trapped in a deep crevice below the ice. Mumble sets out to free Bryan by luring a leopard seal to chase him down. Seeking acceptance from Erik, Mumble is devastated to learn Erik attributed the feat of courage to Sven Think. Bryan returns to the southern elephant seal beach. When the penguins return to Emperor-Land they discover that a large iceberg has trapped the emperor penguin population below large walls","title":"Happy Feet Two"},{"id":"19495009","text":"with the pre-order of the soundtrack. It debuted at number 1 on the \"Billboard\" Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles. The song is produced by Sam Hollander and Josh Edmondson who wrote the song with Grant Michaels and Charity Daw. \"What's My Name\", performed by China Anne McClain, Thomas Doherty and Dylan Playfair, premiered on Radio Disney and then was officially released as second single on June 2, 2017. \"Rather Be With You\", from \"\", performed by Dove Cameron, Sofia Carson, Lauryn McClain and Brenna D'Amico, was released as first promotional single on October 28, 2016. \"Evil\", from Wicked World, performed","title":"Descendants 2"},{"id":"12146165","text":"number one in the UK Albums Chart for a total of twelve weeks. However, it was the follow-up album, \"Prince Charming\" which produced the biggest hit singles with \"Stand and Deliver\" and the title track, achieving five weeks and four weeks respectively as number one singles on the UK Singles Chart. In the United States, Ant's biggest chart success was his solo debut, 1982's \"Friend or Foe\" album, which reached the Top 20 on the \"Billboard\" 200. It also included the hit single \"Goody Two Shoes\" which was a Top 20 hit single on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, as well","title":"Adam Ant discography"},{"id":"14223699","text":"in Finland, #23 in the Belgian (Wallonia) Ultratip, #29 in Austria, #27 in Ireland, #48 in Germany and #76 in the UK. The song was listed at #3 on popjustice.com's list of 45 Best Singles of 2011. The album remix and slow versions of the song were released in Sweden in March 2011. The slow version was named Song of the Day by popjustice.com on 15 May 2011, and the SoundFactory remix was released in Sweden on 25 May; another remix was released on 9 June in Greece. In January 2011 Saade was nominated for six Scandipop Awards: Best Single","title":"Eric Saade"},{"id":"6519506","text":"on the popular TV show. He was seen as \"Enma\" in \"Mirmo!\" and starred in an episode of Disney Channel's \"Even Stevens\". In 2011, he starred in the Broadway musical \"Baby It's You!\" and in 2012 he starred in the Lionsgate release \"The Newest Pledge\". He also starred as \"Arnold\" in the national tour of \"Happy Days, the Musical\". In 2014, he was part of the series \"Summer with Cimorelli\". Barry Pearl Barry Pearl (born Barry Lee Pearl in Lancaster, Pennsylvania on March 29, 1950) is an American actor. Pearl is best known for his role as \"Doody\", one of","title":"Barry Pearl"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"14037462\",\n \"text\": \"enough for the emperor penguins to climb out of the crevice and reunite with their families. Live action cast featured Septimus Caton as the guitarist and Ivan Vunich as the beanie man. Elijah Wood, Robin Williams, Magda Szubanski and Hugo Weaving reprised their previous performances as Mumble, Ramón, Lovelace, Ms. Viola and Noah. Nicole Kidman and Hugh Jackman make a brief cameo as Norma Jean and Memphis. Also returning for the film are Carlos Alazraqui, Johnny A. Sanchez, Lombardo Boyar and Jeffrey Garcia as Nestor, Lombardo, Raul, and Rinaldo. No other actors repeated their earlier performances. Miriam Margolyes didn't come\",\n \"title\": \"Happy Feet Two\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14037449\",\n \"text\": \"Happy Feet Two Happy Feet Two is a 2011 Australian-American 3D computer-animated family comedy film directed, produced and co-written by George Miller. It is the sequel to the 2006 film \\\"Happy Feet\\\", and features Elijah Wood, Robin Williams, Hugo Weaving, Magda Szubanski and Anthony LaPaglia reprising their roles from the first film. Pink voiced Gloria due to Brittany Murphy's death in 2009, and Richard Carter who portrayed a human character and voiced Barry in the first film, voices Bryan the beachmaster in this one, respectively. Common also replaced Fat Joe as Seymour. The original cast is joined by new characters\",\n \"title\": \"Happy Feet Two\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14037470\",\n \"text\": \"taking the place of Brittany Murphy from the first film. The deluxe edition of the album contains an addition of 5 songs performed by Ozomatli; these songs and more can also be found on the soundtrack for the video game, which was released on iTunes on November 8, 2011. In a 2011 interview director George Miller was asked if he had any plans for \\\"Happy Feet Three\\\". Happy Feet Two Happy Feet Two is a 2011 Australian-American 3D computer-animated family comedy film directed, produced and co-written by George Miller. It is the sequel to the 2006 film \\\"Happy Feet\\\", and\",\n \"title\": \"Happy Feet Two\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14037463\",\n \"text\": \"back for the sequel as Mrs Astrakhan before she was written out of the sequel. Fat Joe was replaced by Common as Seymour. Brittany Murphy, who originally voiced Mumble's love interest Gloria, was set to reprise her role and scheduled to begin recording some time in 2010, but died from pneumonia and anemia on December 20, 2009. Steve Irwin, who voiced Trev the elephant seal and an albatross, died of a stingray injury on September 4, 2006. Pink replaced Murphy's roles (Pink had already contributed a song \\\"Tell Me Something Good\\\" to the soundtrack of the first film). Brad Pitt\",\n \"title\": \"Happy Feet Two\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14037461\",\n \"text\": \"Beach where Bryan is in the middle of a fight of dominance between another large male. Mumble pleads to the elephant seals to help free the emperor penguins. Hesitant to return a favor at such a pivotal time of the year, Bryan declines. Using his singing abilities, Erik commends Mumble for his bravery and lectures Bryan for his lack of kindness. The elephant seals travel en-masse to Emperor-Land. The penguins and the seals begin slamming the ice to the beat of Queen's song Under Pressure, joined by Will, Bill and their krill swarm below the ice. Finally, the iceberg crumbles\",\n \"title\": \"Happy Feet Two\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14037464\",\n \"text\": \"and Matt Damon voiced the tiny krill, Will and Bill. Hank Azaria also signed on to voice The Mighty Sven. E.G. Daily, who played young Mumble in the previous film, played the vocals for Mumble's choreophobic son Erik and the daughter of Miss Viola, Boadicea, as well as additional voices. Sofía Vergara appears in the film as a new character. There is a live action scene in the movie as in the first \\\"Happy Feet\\\". Mitchell Hicks signed up as the movie's choreographer. The DVD, Blu-ray, and 3D Blu-ray release of \\\"Happy Feet Two\\\" were released on March 13, 2012\",\n \"title\": \"Happy Feet Two\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14037469\",\n \"text\": \"Video Game\\\" was developed by KMM Games for PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and Wii. WayForward Technologies developed the Nintendo 3DS and Nintendo DS versions. The soundtrack album for the film was released by WaterTower Music on CD on November 21, 2011 and on iTunes on November 15, 2011. Unlike the previous film's two album releases—one for its songs and one for its score—both the songs and John Powell's score are included on this album. The songs \\\"Happy Feet Two Opening Medley,\\\" \\\"Bridge of Light,\\\" and \\\"Under Pressure/Rhythm Nation\\\" are led by Pink, who lends her vocals to the character Gloria,\",\n \"title\": \"Happy Feet Two\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14037451\",\n \"text\": \"$150 million against its $135 million budget, resulting in the closure of Miller's Dr. D Studios. Erik, son of the penguins Mumble and Gloria, is unable to dance like the other penguins. Erik and his two best friends, Bodicea and Atticus, follow Ramon to Adélie-Land and find that Adélie-Land has been ruled by a God-like \\\"penguin\\\" named Sven. Sven is actually a puffin in Adélie-Land who survived the loss of his native fishing grounds due to his \\\"miraculous\\\" ability to fly. Erik instantly becomes enamored with Sven, who takes a liking to him. Sven and Lovelace tell the others that\",\n \"title\": \"Happy Feet Two\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4585701\",\n \"text\": \"NDS, and Wii. Artificial Life, Inc. has also developed a mobile game for the Japan market. \\\"Happy Feet Two\\\" was produced at Dr. D Studios and released on November 18, 2011. Wood and Williams reprised their roles for the sequel. Murphy was set to reprise her role and begin recording sometime in 2010, but was replaced by P!nk after Murphy died from pneumonia on December 20, 2009. Matt Damon and Brad Pitt signed on as Bill the Krill and Will the Krill respectively. In an interview with Collider.com, Miller mentioned the small possibility of \\\"Happy Feet Three\\\", stating that if\",\n \"title\": \"Happy Feet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14037450\",\n \"text\": \"voiced by Hank Azaria, Brad Pitt, Matt Damon, and Sofía Vergara. Kennedy Miller Mitchell and Dr. D Studios from Sydney, Australia, produced the film, which premiered in North American theaters on November 18, 2011 in Digital 3D and IMAX 3D. The film was released with a \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" short called \\\"I Tawt I Taw a Puddy Tat\\\" starring Sylvester Cat and Tweety Bird. A different short, \\\"Daffy's Rhapsody\\\", was slated to premiere with this movie, and was switched in production. \\\"Daffy's Rhapsody\\\" instead premiered with Journey 2: The Mysterious Island in 2012. The film received mixed reviews and grossed just\",\n \"title\": \"Happy Feet Two\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16315172\",\n \"text\": \"Thomas Meilstrup Thomas Meilstrup also known as just Thomas (born in Denmark on 23 January 1998) is a Danish singer and actor. He was in Eventyrteatret (Adventure Theatre) where he took lessons in acting, dancing and singing. He was invited to sing in the Stig Rossens Christmas special, also singing at various festivals. In 2008 he played the role of Læris in the film \\\"Frode og alle de andre rødder\\\" directed by Bubber. He has also sung for cartoon series like \\\"Tordenguden Thor\\\", in the film \\\"Far til fire på japansk\\\", and memorably in \\\"Happy Feet Two\\\", where he sings\",\n \"title\": \"Thomas Meilstrup\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14037460\",\n \"text\": \"of the dancing and proves himself to be a worthy dancer despite public outcry against him. He leads the remaining Adélies in dance while Erik and Mumble venture off to the elephant seal beach. Meanwhile, Will, weary from the dangers he experienced as a predator on the surface, ventures back into the sea to find Bill, but not before experiencing the penguin's dancing. He is suddenly forced down a crack in the ice and into the sea beneath Emperor-Land. Reuniting with Bill and his swarm, the krill enter the inaccessible ice below Emperor-Land. Mumble and Erik arrive at Elephant Seal\",\n \"title\": \"Happy Feet Two\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4585683\",\n \"text\": \"A sequel, \\\"Happy Feet Two\\\", was released on November 18, 2011. Every emperor penguin sings a unique song called a \\\"heartsong\\\" to attract a mate. If the male penguin's heartsong matches the female's song, the two penguins mate. Norma Jean, a female penguin, falls for Memphis, a male penguin and they become mates. They lay an egg, which is left in Memphis' care, while Norma Jean leaves with the other females to fish. While the males struggle through the harsh winter, Memphis briefly drops the egg. As a result, their son, Mumble, is unable to sing, but he can tap\",\n \"title\": \"Happy Feet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2421015\",\n \"text\": \"Eminem. In 2007, he appeared in the video for Godhead's \\\"Hey You\\\". In 2015 he appeared in the Rihanna video \\\"Bitch Better Have My Money\\\" and in Chris Cornell's video for \\\"Nearly Forgot My Broken Heart.\\\" He appeared as a panelist on the television game show \\\"Hollywood Squares\\\". In February 2009, Oscar nominee Mickey Rourke, who starred with Roberts in \\\"The Pope of Greenwich Village\\\", said he hoped that Roberts would soon be offered a role which would resurrect his career in the way that \\\"The Wrestler\\\" rejuvenated Rourke's. He portrayed Seth Blanchard on the second season of the Starz\",\n \"title\": \"Eric Roberts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11813783\",\n \"text\": \"similar in their protectable elements as a matter of law\\\". In November 2010, Owen Wilson, Larry the Cable Guy, Michael Caine, Emily Mortimer, Jason Isaacs, Joe Mantegna, Peter Jacobson, Bonnie Hunt, Tony Shalhoub, Cheech Marin, and Thomas Kretschmann were confirmed as the voice talent featured in the film. From November 2010 until May 2011, Disney released information about the other voice talent, including Jenifer Lewis, Katherine Helmond, Michael Wallis, Darrell Waltrip, Franco Nero, Vanessa Redgrave, Bruce Campbell, Sig Hansen, Michel Michelis, Jeff Gordon, Lewis Hamilton, Brent Musburger, David Hobbs, John Turturro, and Eddie Izzard. The \\\"Cars 2\\\" soundtrack was released\",\n \"title\": \"Cars 2\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13388682\",\n \"text\": \"at Sydney's Comedy Store is the basis for his stand-up CD, \\\"Gary Eck Live!\\\" In 2010, Eck, alongside George Miller wrote a screenplay for \\\"Happy Feet Two\\\". The film was released on November 18, 2011. He also provided additional voices. He was nominated for a 2004 ARIA award as a writer for comedy album \\\"The Hollywood Motel\\\", a collection of impressions by Lee Perry. Eck was schooled in Canberra, attending Latham Primary School, Belconnen High School and Hawker College. Gary Eck Gary Eck is an Australian comedian and actor. Gary Eck has starred in several Australian movies, including 2003's \\\"You\",\n \"title\": \"Gary Eck\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7433040\",\n \"text\": \"the writer in the 2011 thriller short \\\"Undiagnosed\\\". He voiced a penguin in \\\"Happy Feet\\\". Collins has made guest appearances on live action television series, including as Eric Burton in \\\"\\\", \\\"Blossom\\\", \\\"Grace Under Fire\\\", \\\"In the House\\\", \\\"Roc\\\", \\\"The Practice\\\" and \\\"Without a Trace\\\". Rickey D'Shon Collins Rickey D'Shon Collins (born January 17, 1983) is an American actor, most notable for providing the voice of Vince LaSalle in Disney's hit show \\\"Recess\\\". He also voiced Tucker Foley in the Nickelodeon show \\\"Danny Phantom\\\". He has done voice overs for other television shows such as \\\"Static Shock\\\" and \\\"Justice League\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Rickey D'Shon Collins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14037458\",\n \"text\": \"penguins transporting food over such a distance. Erik urges Sven to teach the penguins how to fly, but Sven reveals that he is not a penguin but an Atlantic puffin. He admits that after the loss of Svenland, he was lonely and grew to love the penguins who accepted him as a family. Mumble, after watching snow fall into a crevice between chunks of iceberg, begins to tap-dance on the ice and lead the Adélie penguins in a dance to force snow between the ice and weaken it. The plan works until several chunks break loose, sending Bo, Atticus, and\",\n \"title\": \"Happy Feet Two\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2648840\",\n \"text\": \"later played Greg Brady in the Brady Bunch parody movies. He starred as \\\"Leonard Rickets\\\" in the sitcom \\\"Malcolm & Eddie\\\". He appeared in \\\"Beverly Hills, 90210\\\", \\\"Clueless\\\", \\\"Wings\\\", \\\"Blossom\\\", \\\"JAG\\\", \\\"American Dreamer\\\", \\\"The Golden Girls\\\", \\\"Touched by an Angel\\\", \\\"Herman's Head\\\", \\\"Time Trax\\\", \\\"7th Heaven\\\", \\\"Empty Nest\\\", \\\"Girlfriends\\\", \\\"CBS Schoolbreak Special\\\" and \\\"ABC Weekend Specials\\\". He had an uncredited cameo as one of John Jameson's groomsmen in \\\"Spider-Man 2\\\". At age 16 in 1989, Barnes voiced Prince Eric in \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\" and he reprised the role of Eric in 2006 for \\\"Kingdom Hearts II\\\". He was unable to\",\n \"title\": \"Christopher Daniel Barnes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14037456\",\n \"text\": \"Mumble off to hunt for fish, calming Erik and the rest of the hysterical Emperor-Land. In the process, Bill becomes inspired to create another swarm of krill but Will refuses, preferring to adhere to his new predator lifestyle. The next morning, a large flock of skua attack the trapped Emperor-Land. Noah the Elder encourages the penguins to stand up to the birds through perseverance and unity. When all hope seems lost, Bo returns with the entire Adélie-Land, led by Sven, to aid the trapped emperor penguins. Sven orchestrates a cooperative effort to feed the trapped emperor penguins through hunting and\",\n \"title\": \"Happy Feet Two\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7430703\",\n \"text\": \"Best Film. Following the success of Babe, he also went on to serve as a producer on its sequel, \\\"\\\". With George and Doug Mitchell, he produced the computer-animated film \\\"Happy Feet\\\", a musical epic about the life of penguins in Antarctica, featuring the voices of Robin Williams, Elijah Wood, Nicole Kidman, Hugh Jackman, Anthony La Paglia, Magda Szubanski, Hugo Weaving and Brittany Murphy. Prior to starting production he took part in a six-week expedition to south Antarctica. The Warner Brothers-distributed film was released in late 2006, and went on to become one of Australia's most successful animated film projects.\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Miller (film producer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17433829\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Faculty\\\" (both 1998). He is best known for his high-profile leading role as Frodo Baggins in Peter Jackson's \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" trilogy (2001–2003) and its prequel \\\"\\\" (2012). Since then, he has resisted typecasting by choosing varied roles in critically acclaimed films such as \\\"Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind\\\" (2004), \\\"Sin City\\\", \\\"Green Street\\\" and \\\"Everything Is Illuminated\\\" (all 2005) and \\\"Bobby\\\" (2006). Wood has also provided the voices of the main character in the award-winning animated musical films \\\"Happy Feet\\\" (2006) and \\\"Happy Feet Two\\\" (2011), as well as the lead, 9, in the Tim\",\n \"title\": \"Elijah Wood filmography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13561398\",\n \"text\": \"(\\\"The Ringmaster General\\\" and \\\"The Blackbird Diaries\\\"); Rod Stewart (\\\"Soulbook\\\"); Robbie Williams (\\\"Intensive Care\\\"); She is a featured vocalist for albums such as \\\"\\\" by George Benson, \\\"I'll Take Romance\\\" by Steve Tyrell, \\\"The Last Ai\\\" by Ai and \\\"That's Life\\\" by Landau Eugene Murphy, Jr.. She has also provides vocals for soundtracks such as \\\"Dr. Seuss' The Lorax: Original Songs from the Motion Picture\\\", \\\"Happy Feet Two (Soundtrack)\\\", A number of Hill's original ballads, including \\\"Desperation\\\" produced by Brian West, were featured in the 2012 Spike Lee film \\\"Red Hook Summer\\\" which premiered at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival.\",\n \"title\": \"Judith Hill\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14037467\",\n \"text\": \"aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 46% of critics gave positive reviews, based on 111 reviews, with a general consensus being that \\\"the animation is as eye-popping as ever, but \\\"Happy Feet Two\\\" narrative is too noisily incoherent to recapture the Oscar-winning charm of its predecessor.\\\" On Metacritic the film has a score of 50 out of 100 based on reviews from 35 critics. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \\\"B+\\\" on an A+ to F scale. Richard Corliss of \\\"Time\\\" gave the film a positive review and said that Miller is \\\"not content to duplicate\",\n \"title\": \"Happy Feet Two\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10668217\",\n \"text\": \"Eric Shea Eric Shea (born February 14, 1960), is an American actor. A professional child actor, active from age six through seventeen, he is best known for his roles in the blockbuster feature films \\\"Yours, Mine and Ours\\\" (1968) and \\\"The Poseidon Adventure\\\" (1972), as well as his numerous guest-starring appearances throughout the 1960s and 1970s on such popular television series as \\\"Batman\\\", \\\"Gunsmoke\\\", \\\"The Flying Nun\\\", \\\"Nanny and the Professor\\\", \\\"The Brady Bunch\\\", and \\\"Little House on the Prairie\\\", among others. Shea's brothers Christopher and Stephen both voiced Linus van Pelt for the \\\"Peanuts\\\" TV animation specials in the\",\n \"title\": \"Eric Shea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9587211\",\n \"text\": \"Eric Anderson (actor) Eric Anderson (born December 14, 1972) is an American actor and singer. On Broadway, he has originated roles in \\\"Waitress\\\", \\\"Kinky Boots\\\", \\\"The Last Ship\\\", \\\"Rocky\\\", and \\\"Soul Doctor\\\", and was nominated for a Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Musical. He portrayed Mr. O’Malley in \\\"The Greatest Showman\\\" (2017). In 2006, Anderson won the inaugural Joel Hirschhorn award for outstanding achievement in musical theatre, awarded by the Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle. He received two San Diego Critics Circle Craig Noel Awards and multiple Back Stage West Garland Awards as best actor in a\",\n \"title\": \"Eric Anderson (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2902141\",\n \"text\": \"Ryan Merriman Ryan Earl Merriman (born April 10, 1983) is an American actor. He began his career at the age of ten and has appeared in several feature films and television shows. He is best known for a handful of Disney Channel original movies and for portraying Jake Pierce in \\\"The Ring Two\\\", Kevin Fischer in \\\"Final Destination 3\\\" and Ian Thomas in \\\"Pretty Little Liars\\\". Merriman was born in Choctaw, Oklahoma, the son of Earl and Nonalyn Merriman. He has a sister named Monica. At a young age, he began acting in commercials, print work, vocal performances, and local\",\n \"title\": \"Ryan Merriman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3127114\",\n \"text\": \"was released as a bonus track. Robson has also written songs for the singing groups Dream and Youngstown. He also remixed two of Mandy Moore's songs from her album \\\"I Wanna Be with You\\\". Robson choreographed the animated feature film \\\"Happy Feet Two\\\", which was released in 2011. He was originally set to direct \\\"Step Up Revolution\\\", (released in 2012), but dropped out of the project for personal reasons. He was replaced by Scott Speer. In 2011, Wade was hired to direct his first theatrical motion picture \\\"Step Up 4\\\". In 2012, Robson was the creative director for Demi Lovato's\",\n \"title\": \"Wade Robson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8534104\",\n \"text\": \"Connor Paolo Connor Paolo (born July 11, 1990) is an American actor. He is known for his roles as Eric van der Woodsen on The CW's teen drama series \\\"Gossip Girl\\\" and Declan Porter on the ABC drama series \\\"Revenge\\\". He has also appeared in two Oliver Stone films, \\\"Alexander\\\" (2004) and \\\"World Trade Center\\\" (2006). Paolo was born in New York City, the son of Julia Mendelsohn, a vocal coach and classical pianist, and Colin Paolo, a writer and screenwriter. Paolo is Jewish. He attended, beginning in 2006, the Professional Performing Arts School alongside Sarah Hyland, Paul Iacono and\",\n \"title\": \"Connor Paolo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1466171\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Tick\\\" Belrose/Mitzi Del Bra in the comedy-drama \\\"The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert\\\" (1994); and multiple roles in the science fiction film \\\"Cloud Atlas\\\" (2012). His roles as a voice actor include the roles as Rex The Male Sheepdog whilst in \\\"Babe\\\", Noah The Leading Elder Emperor Penguin whilst in \\\"Happy Feet\\\" and in \\\"Happy Feet Two\\\" and as Megatron whilst in \\\"The Transformers Franchise’s Films\\\". Weaving's awards for acting include a Satellite Award, MTV Movie Award and six Australian Film Institute Awards. Weaving was born in Nigeria to English parents. Born at the University of Ibadan Teaching\",\n \"title\": \"Hugo Weaving\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5659525\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Evita\\\", \\\"Annie Get Your Gun\\\", \\\"The Sound Of Music\\\", \\\"My Fair Lady\\\", \\\"A Little Night Music\\\", and \\\"Copacabana\\\", starring alongside the likes of Lauren Bacall, Maria Freidman, and Suzi Quatro. He originated the role of Bobby in Stephen Sondheim's \\\"Company\\\". Eric Flynn died of cancer at his home in Pembrokeshire, Wales, on 4 March 2002, aged 62. Flynn's sons by his first marriage, Jerome and Daniel Flynn are both actors. He also had a daughter, Kerry, by his first marriage. Flynn married his second wife Caroline, a South African, in 1981. His daughter from his second marriage, Lillie Flynn, finished\",\n \"title\": \"Eric Flynn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14613865\",\n \"text\": \"Tightrope (Janelle Monáe song) \\\"Tightrope\\\" is a 2010 song by American singer Janelle Monáe, the second official single from \\\"The ArchAndroid\\\". The single premiered on February 11 on Pitchfork Media website, earning an immediate 9/10 rating and its coveted \\\"Best New Music\\\" tag. The companion song, \\\"Cold War,\\\" debuted on February 12 via Monáe's official website. The official remix, titled \\\"Tightrope (Wondamix)\\\", features rappers B.o.B and Lupe Fiasco. The solo version of the song without Big Boi is also featured in the video game \\\"Just Dance 3\\\". It was featured during the end credits for \\\"Happy Feet Two\\\", in a\",\n \"title\": \"Tightrope (Janelle Monáe song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14037452\",\n \"text\": \"they were saved by humans. The two eventually flee (under Sven's mistaken assumption that the humans were going to eat them) and end up on Antarctica, where Sven performs his first miracle by revealing moss to the local penguins. Sven uses his power of \\\"Sven Think\\\" to help Ramón find a mate. Ramón instantly falls in love with Carmen, another Adélie penguin who is uninterested. Mumble follows the chicks' footprints to Adélie-Land and orders them to return to Emperor-Land, but they refuse. Sven sends Erik back to Emperor-Land with Mumble. Meanwhile, a couple of krill are in the midst of\",\n \"title\": \"Happy Feet Two\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14037455\",\n \"text\": \"of ice. Bo ventures out to Adélie-Land to recruit the help of Ramón, the Amigos and the Adélie penguins to bring fish to the doomed Emperor penguins. Meanwhile, Mumble, Erik and Atticus deliver meager supplies of fish to the trapped penguins. Erik attempts to deliver a fish to Gloria by flying and nearly tossing himself over the edge of the iceberg. Mumble scolds Erik for his beliefs, saying that no penguin can fly and that none of the emperor penguins will be able to escape. Once Erik realizes Emperor-Land is destined to die, he begins to break down. Gloria sends\",\n \"title\": \"Happy Feet Two\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14037468\",\n \"text\": \"the pleasures of his first penguin film; he dares to go bigger, deeper, higher — happier.\\\" However, Roger Ebert of the \\\"Chicago Sun-Times\\\" gave the film two-and-a-half stars (out of four) stating that \\\"The animation is bright and attractive, the music gives the characters something to do, but the movie has too much dialogue in the areas of philosophy and analysis.\\\" Similarly, British newspaper \\\"The Telegraph\\\" named \\\"Happy Feet Two\\\" one of the ten worst films of 2011, saying \\\"\\\"Happy Feet Two\\\" is an appalling 3D animated sequel about a colony of all‑singin', all-dancin', all-infuriatin' penguins.\\\" \\\"Happy Feet Two: The\",\n \"title\": \"Happy Feet Two\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4585681\",\n \"text\": \"Happy Feet Happy Feet is a 2006 Australian-American computer-animated musical family comedy film directed, produced, and co-written by George Miller. It stars Elijah Wood, Robin Williams, Brittany Murphy, Hugh Jackman, Nicole Kidman, Hugo Weaving, and E.G. Daily. It was produced at Sydney-based visual effects and animation studio Animal Logic for Warner Bros., Village Roadshow Pictures, and Kingdom Feature Productions, and was released in North American theaters on November 17, 2006. It is the first animated film produced by Kennedy Miller and Animal Logic. Though primarily an animated film, the film does incorporate motion capture of live action humans in certain\",\n \"title\": \"Happy Feet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6145144\",\n \"text\": \"it topped the Kent Music Report. Despite the success, this was his third and final number one single. In the United States, the song was his first and biggest hit, peaking at number 12 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. There are two versions of the cover. The first has Adam and the Ants across the top of the sleeve and the later version just Adam Ant. This is probably due to the confusion around the timing of Adam going solo, particularly as the song was performed by three fifths of the band Ant, Pirroni and Hughes. There are also two\",\n \"title\": \"Goody Two Shoes (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4157315\",\n \"text\": \"rock songs; the live album \\\"Live in Japan\\\" (2006); and the DVD \\\"Live at the Marquee\\\" (2006). Singer has also played in the band Avantasia, replacing drummer Alex Holzwarth after a guest performance in the song \\\"Into the Unknown\\\" from the album \\\"The Metal Opera Part II\\\". Two EPs and one full album have been released with Singer's performance on the drums: \\\"Lost in Space Part I\\\", \\\"Lost in Space Part II\\\", and \\\"The Scarecrow\\\", and on several songs from \\\"The Wicked Symphony\\\" and \\\"Angel of Babylon\\\". In 1989, he made a brief appearance in the Wes Craven film \\\"Shocker\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Eric Singer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8534108\",\n \"text\": \"2013, after his character was written off the second season finale. Connor Paolo Connor Paolo (born July 11, 1990) is an American actor. He is known for his roles as Eric van der Woodsen on The CW's teen drama series \\\"Gossip Girl\\\" and Declan Porter on the ABC drama series \\\"Revenge\\\". He has also appeared in two Oliver Stone films, \\\"Alexander\\\" (2004) and \\\"World Trade Center\\\" (2006). Paolo was born in New York City, the son of Julia Mendelsohn, a vocal coach and classical pianist, and Colin Paolo, a writer and screenwriter. Paolo is Jewish. He attended, beginning in 2006,\",\n \"title\": \"Connor Paolo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2421010\",\n \"text\": \"he won the Theatre World Award for his Broadway debut performance in \\\"Burn This\\\". Roberts' other starring roles included \\\"Raggedy Man\\\" (1981), \\\"The Pope of Greenwich Village\\\" (1984), \\\"The Coca-Cola Kid\\\" (1985), \\\"Nobody's Fool\\\" (1986), \\\"Best of the Best\\\" (1989), \\\"By the Sword\\\" (1991), \\\"Best of the Best 2\\\" (1993), \\\"The Immortals\\\" (1995), \\\"La Cucaracha\\\" (1998), \\\"Purgatory\\\" (1999), and \\\"Stiletto Dance\\\" (2001). He also had major supporting roles in the films \\\"Final Analysis\\\" (1992), \\\"The Specialist\\\" (1994), and \\\"Shannon's Rainbow\\\" (2009). He played the Archangel Michael in \\\"The Prophecy II\\\" (1997). In 1996, he appeared in the \\\"Doctor Who\\\" Television\",\n \"title\": \"Eric Roberts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16318189\",\n \"text\": \"played Eric, one of the leaders of the faction Dauntless, in the film \\\"Divergent\\\" (2014). Later, he starred in \\\"Unbroken\\\", where he played Hugh \\\"Cup\\\" Cuppernell and \\\"The Water Diviner\\\" as Lt. Col. Hughes. He reprised his role of Eric in the sequel \\\"\\\" (2015), which began filming May 2014 and was released 20 March 2015. Courtney played one of the leads, Kyle Reese, in the science fiction action film \\\"Terminator Genisys\\\". Filming on \\\"Terminator Genisys\\\" began in April/May 2014, and the film was released on 1 July 2015. Courtney worked on \\\"Terminator\\\" and \\\"Insurgent\\\" concurrently. Courtney provided backing vocals\",\n \"title\": \"Jai Courtney\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17496782\",\n \"text\": \"Mehrdad Raissi Ardali Mehrdad Raissi Ardali (), born in Iran, is a prolific Iranian voice actor, dubbing director, founder, director, CEO and Quality Control Manager of Glory Entertainment (The Association of Tehran Young Voice Actors). He has also provided Persian voices for several animation characters, including famous characters such as Donkey in \\\"Shrek\\\", Marty in \\\"Madagascar\\\", \\\"\\\" and \\\"\\\", Buck in \\\"\\\", Bolt in \\\"Bolt\\\", Carl Fredricksen in \\\"Up\\\", Flynn Rider in \\\"Tangled\\\", The Once-ler in \\\"The Lorax\\\", RJ in \\\"Over the Hedge\\\", Francesco Bernoulli in \\\"Cars 2\\\", Mr. Ping in \\\"Kung fu Panda\\\", Ramon in \\\"Happy Feet 2\\\", The\",\n \"title\": \"Mehrdad Raissi Ardali\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8731813\",\n \"text\": \"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner\",\n \"title\": \"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13765829\",\n \"text\": \"Eric Ladin Eric Ladin (born February 16, 1978) is an American actor. Ladin was born in Houston, Texas and studied at the USC School of Dramatic Arts. Ladin has guest starred as William Hofstadt on multiple episodes of the AMC show \\\"Mad Men\\\" and the HBO miniseries \\\"Generation Kill\\\" as Corporal James Chaffin. He has appeared in the films \\\"Toolbox Murders\\\", \\\"Cursed\\\" and \\\"Left in Darkness\\\". He is also the voice of the character Ellis in the cooperative first-person shooter game \\\"Left 4 Dead 2\\\", as well as the voice of Cole MacGrath, the lead character of \\\"Infamous\\\", in all\",\n \"title\": \"Eric Ladin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1699776\",\n \"text\": \"Pink's debut in 2000 and is dedicated to her fans who have been supporting her over the years. The song reached the top of the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, becoming Pink's tenth Top 10 hit, and her third number-one on the chart. She released the compilation album on November 12, 2010, and almost a month later she released the album's second single, named \\\"Fuckin' Perfect\\\". The song reached number two on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, and peaked at number one in Germany. Pink voiced the character of Gloria in \\\"Happy Feet Two\\\", which premiered on November 18, 2011 in the United\",\n \"title\": \"Pink (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1419416\",\n \"text\": \"voice of Spyro the Dragon in the \\\"Legend of Spyro\\\" game trilogy, as well as reprising Mumble in the game version of \\\"Happy Feet\\\". He also contributed his talents to fellow \\\"Lord of the Rings\\\" star Viggo Mortensen's album \\\"Pandemoniumfromamerica\\\", singing and playing various instruments on the album. On April 11, 2008, Wood was the guest host of Channel 4's \\\"Friday Night Project\\\". On April 25, 2009, Wood was honored with the Midnight Award by the San Francisco International Film Festival as an American actor who \\\"has made outstanding contributions to independent and Hollywood cinema, and who brings striking intelligence,\",\n \"title\": \"Elijah Wood\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16927800\",\n \"text\": \"The following week it climbed to a new peak of number 23, and then again the week after to #19, and is now Murs' eighth UK top 20 single in three years. Its current peak as of March 2013 is now #12. The song has also performed well on the UK radio airplay chart, becoming Murs' fourth #1 airplay hit. The song is now also Murs' second top 20 hit in Australia, having peaked at #19 in April 2013. The official music video was premiered on Valentine's Day 2013 on Murs' official Vevo account. It was directed by Vaughan Arnell\",\n \"title\": \"Army of Two (Olly Murs song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16133618\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Ellen DeGeneres Show\\\", where he performed his first rap single as Lil' P-Nut, \\\"You Might Be the One for Me\\\"; it was released on September 25, 2010. He then appeared on Cymphonique's song, \\\"All That\\\". His other raps include \\\"Bad Dream\\\" and \\\"Choosin'\\\". Flores appeared in an episode of the TBS sitcom \\\"Are We There Yet?\\\", and played Atticus the rapping penguin in the animated film \\\"Happy Feet 2\\\", in 2011. He made a cameo appearance in Yo Gotti's music video for \\\"Look In The Mirror\\\". Flores appeared in the film \\\"Ride Along\\\", which was released in January 2014.\",\n \"title\": \"Benjamin Flores Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5220096\",\n \"text\": \"Kyle Chandler Kyle Martin Chandler is an American actor. He has held roles such as Gary Hobson on \\\"Early Edition\\\" and as Coach Eric Taylor in the drama series \\\"Friday Night Lights\\\", for which he won a Primetime Emmy Award in 2011. He has starred in the films \\\"King Kong\\\" (2005), \\\"The Day the Earth Stood Still\\\" (2008), \\\"Super 8\\\" (2011), \\\"Argo\\\" (2012), \\\"Zero Dark Thirty\\\" (2012), \\\"The Wolf of Wall Street\\\" (2013), \\\"Carol\\\" (2015), \\\"Manchester by the Sea\\\" (2016), and \\\"Game Night\\\" (2018). From 2015 to 2017, he starred in Netflix's drama series \\\"Bloodline\\\", for which he received his\",\n \"title\": \"Kyle Chandler\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14205647\",\n \"text\": \"were also shot in the actual city of Pompeii itself. The film was a modest box office success and received mixed reviews from critics. That year, Harington also voiced Eret in \\\"How to Train Your Dragon 2\\\", which was a critically acclaimed, box-office success, won the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film and received an Academy Award nomination. In 2014, Harington also appeared alongside Jeff Bridges in the film \\\"Seventh Son\\\", a poorly received fantasy–adventure film. Harington played Billy Bradley, Jeff Bridges first apprentice killed early in the movie by a character played by Julianne Moore. Ben Barnes,\",\n \"title\": \"Kit Harington\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2421014\",\n \"text\": \"the first season of \\\"Heroes\\\" as Thompson, an associate of Mr. Bennet. He then reprised the role in the third-season episode \\\"Villains\\\" and in the fourth-season \\\"The Wall\\\". In 2002 Roberts portrayed an FBI detective in Ja Rule's music video for his song \\\"Down Ass Bitch\\\", as well as its sequel \\\"Down 4 U\\\". Roberts also appeared in The Killers' music video for their song \\\"Mr. Brightside\\\" and \\\"Miss Atomic Bomb\\\" as well as in the music videos for Mariah Carey's \\\"We Belong Together\\\" and \\\"It's Like That\\\". In 2006, he appeared in the video for Akon's \\\"Smack That\\\", featuring\",\n \"title\": \"Eric Roberts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16698653\",\n \"text\": \"and his hunter instincts kick in, prompting him to chase Daffy throughout the short while Daffy sings to the tune of Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2, initially unaware of Elmer but soon realizing the danger. This short was initially scheduled to be released theatrically preceding \\\"Happy Feet Two\\\" in 2011, but the studio decided that \\\"I Tawt I Taw a Puddy Tat\\\" was more suitable for the film starring penguins. Daffy's Rhapsody Daffy's Rhapsody is a 2012 theatrical 3D computer-animated short film starring Mel Blanc as Daffy Duck (via an archive recording of a song, \\\"Daffy Duck's Rhapsody\\\", which was recorded\",\n \"title\": \"Daffy's Rhapsody\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17302654\",\n \"text\": \"The music video heavily samples clips of the movie. \\\"Credited personnel list adapted from track info on Tidal.\\\" Ooh La La (Britney Spears song) \\\"Ooh La La\\\" is a song recorded by American singer Britney Spears for the soundtrack of the 2013 family film \\\"The Smurfs 2\\\". It was written and produced by Lukasz \\\"Dr. Luke\\\" Gottwald, Joshua \\\"Ammo\\\" Coleman, Henry \\\"Cirkut\\\" Walter, with additional writing from Bonnie McKee, Jacob Kasher Hindlin, Lola Blanc, and Fransisca Hall. \\\"Ooh La La\\\" was written by Ammo, Fransisca Hall, and Lola Blanc, and was intended to become Blanc's debut single as it was\",\n \"title\": \"Ooh La La (Britney Spears song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1419396\",\n \"text\": \"(both 1994), \\\"Flipper\\\" (1996), \\\"The Ice Storm\\\" (1997), \\\"Deep Impact\\\" and \\\"The Faculty\\\" (both 1998). Following the success of \\\"Lord of the Rings\\\", Wood has appeared in a wide range of films, including \\\"Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind\\\" (2004), \\\"Sin City\\\", \\\"Green Street\\\", \\\"Everything Is Illuminated\\\" (all 2005), \\\"Paris, je t'aime\\\", \\\"Bobby\\\" (both 2006), \\\"Celeste and Jesse Forever\\\", \\\"Maniac\\\" (both 2012), \\\"Grand Piano\\\" (2013), \\\"The Last Witch Hunter\\\" (2015), \\\"The Trust\\\" (2016), and \\\"I Don't Feel at Home in This World Anymore\\\" (2017). Wood's voice work includes the role of Mumble in \\\"Happy Feet\\\" (2006) and its sequel; the\",\n \"title\": \"Elijah Wood\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10668218\",\n \"text\": \"1960s and 1970s, respectively. Eric Shea Eric Shea (born February 14, 1960), is an American actor. A professional child actor, active from age six through seventeen, he is best known for his roles in the blockbuster feature films \\\"Yours, Mine and Ours\\\" (1968) and \\\"The Poseidon Adventure\\\" (1972), as well as his numerous guest-starring appearances throughout the 1960s and 1970s on such popular television series as \\\"Batman\\\", \\\"Gunsmoke\\\", \\\"The Flying Nun\\\", \\\"Nanny and the Professor\\\", \\\"The Brady Bunch\\\", and \\\"Little House on the Prairie\\\", among others. Shea's brothers Christopher and Stephen both voiced Linus van Pelt for the \\\"Peanuts\\\" TV\",\n \"title\": \"Eric Shea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8248349\",\n \"text\": \"appeared as Bobby in David Fickas', \\\"\\\", which was an official selection of the Slamdance Film Festival. He has also voiced the role of Eddie in the video game version of \\\"Reservoir Dogs\\\". Michael is also well known as Jabba the Hutt and Admiral Ackbar in Patrick T. Gorman's critically acclaimed, \\\"The Star Wars Trilogy in Thirty Minutes\\\". Some of his voicework includes Bouncing Boy in the 2006 animated series \\\"Legion of Super Heroes\\\", the voice of Candy from \\\"Driver Parallel Lines\\\" as well as Frankie the skua in the Academy Award Winning animated film \\\"Happy Feet\\\" and its sequel,\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Cornacchia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"128685\",\n \"text\": \"Turkish club Galatasaray. Clapton's music has appeared in dozens of movies and television shows as far back as 1973's \\\"Mean Streets\\\", which featured the song \\\"I Looked Away\\\". Other appearances in media include in the \\\"Miami Vice\\\" series (\\\"Wonderful Tonight\\\", \\\"Knock on Wood\\\", \\\"She's Waiting\\\", and \\\"Layla\\\"), \\\"Back to the Future\\\" (\\\"Heaven Is One Step Away\\\"), \\\"The Color of Money\\\" (\\\"It's In The Way That You Use It\\\"), \\\"Lethal Weapon 2\\\" (\\\"Knockin' On Heaven's Door\\\"), \\\"Goodfellas\\\" (\\\"Layla\\\" and \\\"Sunshine of Your Love\\\"), \\\"Freaks and Geeks\\\" episode \\\"I'm With the Band\\\" (\\\"Sunshine of Your Love\\\", \\\"White Room\\\" and \\\"Crossroads (song)\\\"), \\\"Friends\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Eric Clapton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2902145\",\n \"text\": \"of Wake Forest University. Merriman was married to Micol Duncan from 2004 to 2011. On January 1, 2012, he became engaged to Kristen McMullen. They were married in September 2014. Ryan Merriman Ryan Earl Merriman (born April 10, 1983) is an American actor. He began his career at the age of ten and has appeared in several feature films and television shows. He is best known for a handful of Disney Channel original movies and for portraying Jake Pierce in \\\"The Ring Two\\\", Kevin Fischer in \\\"Final Destination 3\\\" and Ian Thomas in \\\"Pretty Little Liars\\\". Merriman was born in\",\n \"title\": \"Ryan Merriman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7430704\",\n \"text\": \"A worldwide box office success, it was nominated for various awards including a Golden Globe, going on to win the Academy Award Oscar for Best Animated Feature and the equivalent British BAFTA award. Miller followed up as producer on the animated sequel, \\\"Happy Feet 2\\\", released worldwide in late 2011. He has since been developing projects for film, television and live theatre. Bill Miller (film producer) Bill Miller (born 1960) is an award-winning Sydney-based feature film producer. Bill Miller was born in Queensland and along with his older brother George Miller, attended Sydney Boys High School. Like George, who gave\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Miller (film producer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1344836\",\n \"text\": \"Omnilab Media. Following the financially unsuccessful release of \\\"Happy Feet Two\\\" (2011) and the long delay of \\\"\\\" (2015), the studio closed down in 2013. His legacy includes his unrealized projects. Miller was married to actress Sandy Gore; they have a daughter Augusta. He married film editor Margaret Sixel in 1995; they have two sons. The two initially met during the production of \\\"Flirting\\\", and Sixel has since worked on all of Miller's directorial efforts in some capacity. Miller is the Patron of the Australian Film Institute and the BIFF (Brisbane International Film Festival) and a co-patron of the Sydney\",\n \"title\": \"George Miller (director)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11609247\",\n \"text\": \"of Night\\\", \\\"Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire\\\", \\\"Total Eclipse of the Heart\\\"), Roseanna Vitro (\\\"Reaching for the Moon\\\"), Jim Steinman (\\\"Bad for Good\\\"), James Taylor, Carly Simon, Julian Lennon, Billy Joel (\\\"An Innocent Man\\\"), Frankie Miller (\\\"Double Trouble\\\"), Rick Derringer, Ian Hunter (\\\"All of the Good Ones Are Taken\\\"), Aerosmith, Kiss, Garland Jeffreys, Lou Reed (\\\"New Sensations\\\"), Celine Dion and Meat Loaf (\\\"Couldn't Have Said It Better\\\"). In 1980, Troyer scored a minor solo hit with \\\"Mirage\\\", peaking at #92 in the Hot 100 chart. However, it fared better on the AC, peaking at #43. An accompanying album titled \\\"String\",\n \"title\": \"Eric Troyer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8242005\",\n \"text\": \"Alex Norton Alexander Hugh \\\"Alex\\\" Norton (born 27 January 1950) is a Scottish television, film and voice actor. He is perhaps best known for his roles as DCI Matt Burke in the STV detective drama series \\\"Taggart\\\", Eric Baird in BBC Two sitcom \\\"Two Doors Down\\\", DCS Wallace in \\\"Extremely Dangerous\\\", Gerard Findlay in \\\"Waterloo Road\\\" and Eddie in the \\\"Renford Rejects\\\". He has also had roles in internationally successful films including \\\"Braveheart\\\", \\\"Local Hero\\\" and \\\"Les Misérables\\\". Norton was born in Househillwood, Glasgow and spent his childhood in Moffat Street in the Gorbals before moving to Pollokshaws. He was\",\n \"title\": \"Alex Norton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5469344\",\n \"text\": \"game in certain situations—such as combat, puzzles, danger or suspense—the game's soundtrack actively changes. Music from both \\\"Soul Reaver\\\" and \\\"Soul Reaver 2\\\" was released on a promotional soundtrack in 2001. Gordon Hunt returned as the game's recording director, with Kris Zimmerman as casting director. Voice actors from both \\\"Blood Omen\\\" and \\\"Soul Reaver\\\" reprised their roles, with Michael Bell playing Raziel and Simon Templeman portraying Kain. The Elder God was again voiced by Tony Jay, Richard Doyle voiced Moebius, and Anna Gunn played Ariel. Paul Lukather, absent from \\\"Soul Reaver\\\", rejoined the cast as Vorador. René Auberjonois, the only\",\n \"title\": \"Soul Reaver 2\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"128686\",\n \"text\": \"episodes \\\"The One with the Proposal, Part 2\\\" (\\\"Wonderful Tonight\\\") and \\\"The One Where Rachel Has A Baby\\\" (\\\"River of Tears\\\"), \\\"School Of Rock\\\" (\\\"Sunshine Of Your Love)\\\", \\\"Men in Black III\\\" (\\\"Strange Brew\\\"), \\\"Captain Phillips (film)\\\" (\\\"Wonderful Tonight\\\"), \\\"\\\" (\\\"Lay Down Sally\\\"), for which it was a significant part of the soundtrack, being played in the intro and twice more later on, \\\"Good Girls Revolt\\\" episode \\\"The Year-Ender\\\" (\\\"White Room)\\\" and \\\"Rick and Morty\\\" episode \\\"Summer's Future\\\" (\\\"It's In The Way That You Use It\\\"). Both Opel and Vauxhall used the guitar riff from \\\"Layla\\\" in their advertising campaigns\",\n \"title\": \"Eric Clapton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1438978\",\n \"text\": \"a krill named Bill in \\\"Happy Feet Two\\\". In January 2012, it was announced that Damon had signed a multiyear deal to be the voice of TD Ameritrade advertisements, replacing Sam Waterston as the discount brokerage's spokesman. Damon donates all fees from the advertisements to charity. In 2013, Damon appeared in a 20-second advertisement for Nespresso, directed by Grant Heslov, with whom he worked on \\\"The Monuments Men\\\". The deal earned Damon $3 million. Damon also provided voice-over for United Airlines's resurrected \\\"Fly the Friendly Skies\\\" advertisement campaign in 2013. Damon was the founder of H2O Africa Foundation, the charitable\",\n \"title\": \"Matt Damon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15061094\",\n \"text\": \"and feature on the EP \\\"Balladeer / For All The Guys I've Loved Before\\\" (2010: Boompa). Eagleowl also collaborated with Woodpigeon on their 2010 UK tour, culminating with a main stage set at End of the Road Festival. The creative friendship is celebrated in the Woodpigeon song \\\"Woodpigeon vs. Eagleowl (Strength in Numbers)\\\". Bartholomew Owl has appeared as guest vocalist on the Meursault single \\\"William Henry Miller Pt. 2\\\" (2009: Song, by Toad Records) and on Withered Hand's album \\\"Good News\\\" (2009: SL Records). Malcolm Benzie and Rob St John played on Withered Hand's album 'New Gods' (2014: Fortuna Pop!,\",\n \"title\": \"Eagleowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14037457\",\n \"text\": \"bringing back a flow of fish from the sea. Meanwhile, Will becomes increasingly agitated with Bill's behavior and leaves him into the Adélie feeding swarm, to join \\\"fellow predators\\\". In the process he is attached to a fish carried by Sven and down into the trapped Emperor-Land. The humans who saved Sven and Lovelace come to Antarctica again to help the penguins find a way out. However, a blizzard approaches and causes the humans to flee and not return. Sven reports that the ocean has frozen over significantly and there is no chance of the humans returning or the Adélie\",\n \"title\": \"Happy Feet Two\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7566803\",\n \"text\": \"movie The Green Mile”. (p. 5) The strong sound and direction the two forged together finally convinced Capitol Nashville that he was ready. His first single, \\\"How 'Bout You\\\" peaked at No. 14 on Hot Country Songs and led off his debut album \\\"Sinners Like Me\\\". In April 2006, he performed on the Grand Ole Opry for the first time. The album's other two singles, \\\"Two Pink Lines\\\" and \\\"Guys Like Me\\\", both reached the Top 20 as well. The fourth single, the title track, peaked at No. 51. An additional track from the album, \\\"Lightning\\\", was made into a\",\n \"title\": \"Eric Church\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16616050\",\n \"text\": \"The video was directed by P.R. Brown. The video features Turner performing the song at various scenes, including on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, inside a recording studio and in the main showroom of an art gallery. Professor Green, Wretch 32 and Kardinal Offishall all make cameo appearances in the video, performing their respective parts of the song. Stylechanger \\\"Stylechanger\\\" is a song by Swedish-American singer-songwriter Eric Turner, featuring Canadian rapper Kardinal Offishall and British rappers Wretch 32 and Professor Green. The song was released as Turner's second solo single in the United States on February 24, 2012. It was\",\n \"title\": \"Stylechanger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2333704\",\n \"text\": \"Eric Burdon Eric Victor Burdon (born 11 May 1941) is an English singer-songwriter and actor. He was previously the vocalist of rock band The Animals and funk band War. He is regarded as one of the British Invasion's most distinct singers with his deep, powerful blues-rock voice. He is also known for his aggressive stage performances. In 2008, he was ranked 57th in \\\"Rolling Stone\\\"' s list \\\"The 100 Greatest Singers of All Time\\\". Eric Burdon was born in 1941 in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. His father, Matt, was originally from Tyneside. His mother, Rene, was originally from Ireland and moved\",\n \"title\": \"Eric Burdon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7566812\",\n \"text\": \"no fanfare and no promotional advertisements. It was produced by \\\"The Outsiders\\\" producer Jay Joyce and executive producer Arturo Buenahora, Jr. The first single, the title track, was released to radio on November 9, 2015. The first live performance and debut of the title track was at the 2015 CMA Awards. The song peaked at #15 on the airplay chart on February 6, 2016. \\\"Record Year\\\" is the album's second single. The album's final track, \\\"Three Year Old\\\", pays tribute to all the lesson's Eric has learned from his three-year-old son Boone McCoy. Boone McCoy was also credited with naming\",\n \"title\": \"Eric Church\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14037459\",\n \"text\": \"a portion of the Adélies as well as several chinstrap, little blue and Magellanic penguins into the doomed crevice. Erik and Lovelace tumble towards the edge, and Mumble grabs the thread from Lovelace's vest. The thread snaps and Lovelace falls on Sven. Mumble and the Amigos pull on the thread that Erik is holding onto and pull him up but Mumble injures his foot, unable to dance and lead the Adélies. Ramón realizes Carmen is trapped below and, risking his own life, jumps off the iceberg to be with her and professes their love to each other. Sven becomes aware\",\n \"title\": \"Happy Feet Two\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14229749\",\n \"text\": \"ten different albums, ranging from 1975 to 2008, all of which were remixed by Mike Fraser for possible film inclusion. Only two songs (\\\"Shoot to Thrill\\\" and \\\"Highway to Hell\\\") were used completely in the film, while one song (\\\"Back in Black\\\") was actually featured in the previous film. \\\"Thunderstruck\\\", \\\"War Machine\\\", and \\\"The Razors Edge\\\" were used in trailers and commercials for the film. On January 26, 2010, a music video was released featuring \\\"Shoot to Thrill\\\" with exclusive footage from the film \\\"Iron Man 2\\\". The live concert footage used in the video was filmed in late 2009\",\n \"title\": \"Iron Man 2 (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1344826\",\n \"text\": \"on almost all the films in Miller's later career, since the death of his original producing partner Byron Kennedy. In 2006, Miller won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for \\\"Happy Feet\\\" (2006). He has been nominated for five other Academy Awards: Best Original Screenplay in 1992 for \\\"Lorenzo's Oil\\\", Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay in 1995 for \\\"Babe\\\", and Best Picture and Best Director for \\\"Fury Road\\\" in 2015. Miller was born in Brisbane, Queensland, to Greek immigrant parents: Dimitri (Jim) Castrisios Miller and Angela Balson. Dimitri was from the Greek island of Kythira, and anglicised his\",\n \"title\": \"George Miller (director)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17963097\",\n \"text\": \"1\\\", \\\"Born II Sing Vol. 2\\\", and \\\"Born II Sing Vol. 3\\\". Bellinger released his debut studio album, \\\"The Rebirth\\\", on May 17, 2014, as a double album. \\\"The REbirth### peaked at 23 on the US R&B/Hip Hop charts, and 15 on the US R&B chart, and also entered the Heatseakers Albums chart. Bellinger followed \\\"The Rebirth\\\" with the studio albums, \\\"Cuffing Season\\\" and \\\"Cuffing Season, Part 2\\\", which released in July 2015 and December 2015, respectively. \\\"Cuffing Season\\\" peaked at 6 on the US R&B chart, while \\\"Cuffing Season, Part 2\\\" peaked at 23. Bellinger released two mixtapes in\",\n \"title\": \"Eric Bellinger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2833624\",\n \"text\": \"Wes Bentley Wesley Cook Bentley (born September 4, 1978) is an American actor known for blockbusters and independent films. Bentley is best known for his roles as Ricky Fitts in \\\"American Beauty\\\" (1999), which earned him a nomination for a BAFTA Award for Supporting Actor, Seneca Crane in \\\"The Hunger Games\\\" (2012), Doyle in \\\"Interstellar\\\" (2014) and Eric in \\\"\\\". He was one of four subjects in the documentary \\\"My Big Break\\\" (2009), which covered his fame after \\\"American Beauty\\\" and struggles with substance abuse. Rebuilding his career, he starred in the premiere of \\\"Venus in Fur\\\" by David Ives\",\n \"title\": \"Wes Bentley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13717035\",\n \"text\": \"his programming again. \\\"Iron Man 2\\\" was written by \\\"The Invincible Iron Man\\\" scribe Matt Fraction, Sega creative director Kyle Brink, with additional writing by Sega writer Phil Campbell and Sega associate producer Stephen Frost. The game features an exclusive song recorded by Lamb of God, \\\"Hit the Wall\\\", along with a soundtrack composed by other bands. Unlike the original \\\"Iron Man\\\" video game, Robert Downey, Jr. does not voice Iron Man, who is instead voiced by Eric Loomis (who would go on to play the character in \\\"\\\" animated series and the video game \\\"\\\"). Don Cheadle and Samuel\",\n \"title\": \"Iron Man 2 (video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10314230\",\n \"text\": \"Ashley Hamilton Ashley George Hamilton (born September 30, 1974) is an American actor, comedian and singer-songwriter. He made his acting debut in the 1993 film \\\"Beethoven's 2nd\\\". He has since starred in films such as \\\"Lost in Africa\\\" (1994), \\\"Off Key\\\" (2001), \\\"Lost Angeles\\\" (2012), \\\"Iron Man 3\\\" (2013), and \\\"Cats Dancing on Jupiter\\\" (2015). He portrayed the role of Cole Deschanel in the first season of the NBC television series \\\"Sunset Beach\\\" (1997). Hamilton was born in Los Angeles, the son of actors George Hamilton and Alana Stewart, and the now ex-stepson of musician Rod Stewart. At 19, Hamilton\",\n \"title\": \"Ashley Hamilton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10241705\",\n \"text\": \"Christopher DeFaria Christopher \\\"Chris\\\" DeFaria (born May 20, 1959) born San Francisco, California, is an American film producer and production manager of such films as \\\"\\\" (2015), \\\"Gravity\\\" (2013) and \\\"Happy Feet Two\\\" (2011). He served as president of animation and innovative technology at Warner Bros. Pictures for the past four years. In January 2017, he joined DreamWorks Animation in the newly-created position of president of the DreamWorks Feature Animation Group. As president, DeFaria will oversee all aspects of DWA's feature animation business, including slate strategy, development, production; innovation and technology; and business affairs. As a child, he was a\",\n \"title\": \"Christopher DeFaria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13001622\",\n \"text\": \"Eric Darius Eric Darius (born December 3, 1982), is an American Contemporary Jazz/R&B/Pop saxophonist, vocalist, songwriter, producer, and educator. Darius arrived on the music scene as a recording artist at the age of 17. He now has six albums under his belt. Three are Number One hit singles, and eight are Top 10 radio hits on Nielsen's R&R/Billboard Contemporary Jazz Charts. He also won a SESAC Top 10 Jazz Artist of the Year award in 2015. Named Debut Artist of the Year by Smooth Jazz News in 2004, Darius has shared the stage with many world renown, Grammy Award-winning artists,\",\n \"title\": \"Eric Darius\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2367117\",\n \"text\": \"James Badge Dale James Badgett Dale (born May 1, 1978), known professionally as James Badge Dale, is an American actor. He is known for playing Simon in \\\"Lord of the Flies\\\", Chase Edmunds in \\\"24\\\", State Trooper Barrigan in Martin Scorsese's \\\"The Departed\\\", Robert Leckie in \\\"The Pacific\\\", and Eric Savin in \\\"Iron Man 3\\\". Born in New York City, Dale is the only child of actor, dancer, and choreographer Grover Dale (born 1935) and actress and singer Anita Morris (1943–1994). At age 10, he was picked out of his fifth grade class at Wonderland Elementary School in Laurel Canyon,\",\n \"title\": \"James Badge Dale\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2423433\",\n \"text\": \"James Cromwell James Oliver Cromwell (born January 27, 1940) is an American actor. Some of his more notable films include \\\"Babe\\\" (1995), \\\"\\\" (1996), \\\"L.A. Confidential\\\" (1997), \\\"The Green Mile\\\" (1999), \\\"Space Cowboys\\\" (2000), \\\"The Sum of All Fears\\\" (2002), \\\"I, Robot\\\" (2004), \\\"The Longest Yard\\\" (2005), \\\"The Queen\\\" (2006), \\\"Secretariat\\\" (2010), \\\"The Artist\\\" (2011), \\\"Big Hero 6\\\" (2014), and \\\"Marshall\\\" (2017), as well as the television series \\\"Angels in America\\\" (2003), \\\"Six Feet Under\\\" (2003–2005), and \\\"Halt and Catch Fire\\\" (2015). Cromwell has been nominated for four Primetime Emmy Awards and four Screen Actors Guild Awards, as well as\",\n \"title\": \"James Cromwell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8478998\",\n \"text\": \"will continue to enhance his stature as a performer. His favorite pastime is running Brando his Rottweiler, playing in the NBA Entertainment Basketball League and competing in fund raising sporting events. He won 1st place in the 2012, Celebrity division Malibu Nautica Triathlon. He is a strong advocate for helping to raise funds for the Theatre Arts program for Hollygrove Children & Family Services, a Home for Abused Children. Eric Etebari Eric Etebari (born December 5, 1969) is an Iranian-American actor, model and musician. He appeared in \\\"Witchblade\\\", \\\"2 Fast 2 Furious\\\" and \\\"Lincoln Lawyer\\\". He is also known for\",\n \"title\": \"Eric Etebari\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5662885\",\n \"text\": \"UK Singles Chart. The video-clip which accompanied \\\"I Remember\\\" was filmed in Manchester, England. The single became his second chart topper on the Billboard dance chart. The follow-up single, \\\"Angel on My Shoulder\\\" with Tamra Keenan, also found success on the dance chart, placing at number 5 on Billboard's Hot Dance Airplay Chart. His song \\\"Step One Two\\\" was the last single from the album, being released late in 2008. In 2010, he added another number one Billboard Hot Dance Airplay track to his credit with \\\"Dynasty\\\", featuring Haley Gibby on vocals. In March 2012, Kaskade headlined at Ultra Music\",\n \"title\": \"Kaskade\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14037453\",\n \"text\": \"a swarm. Will is an adventurous and existentialist krill determined to discover what lies beyond the swarm. His boyfriend, Bill, reluctantly follows him to ensure his safety. Once separated from the swarm, Will and Bill realize that krill are at the bottom of the food chain, created to be eaten. Inspired, Will ventures out to evolve and \\\"move up the food chain\\\" by eating a real creature instead of being eaten. Mumble tells Erik that he is unique to the world and that he will someday find his calling, but Erik is oblivious. While trying to cross a perilous ice\",\n \"title\": \"Happy Feet Two\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5395732\",\n \"text\": \"one of the residents of a retirement home, \\\"Bugsy\\\" (1991), \\\"Almost Dead\\\" (1994), \\\"Air Bud\\\" (1997), and his final feature film \\\"MouseHunt\\\" (1997). Christmas also made guest appearances on many television shows, including \\\"Adventures in Rainbow Country\\\", \\\"Due South\\\", \\\"ER\\\", \\\"Night Court\\\", \\\"Wiseguy\\\" (as Harry \\\"The Hunch\\\" Shanstra), \\\"Seinfeld\\\" (as Jeffery Harharwood in \\\"The Gum\\\"—Episode 120, first airing on 14 December 1995), \\\"Cheers\\\", \\\"Home Improvement\\\" (as Sir Larry the Magician), \\\"Coach\\\" (as Brian Currie), \\\"The Golden Palace\\\", \\\"The X-Files\\\", \\\"Booker\\\", \\\"Matlock\\\", \\\"Walker Texas Ranger\\\", \\\"Roseanne\\\", \\\"L.A. Law\\\" (as Buzz Carr), \\\"Major Dad\\\", and \\\"Ally McBeal\\\". From 1995-96 he played Father\",\n \"title\": \"Eric Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13001623\",\n \"text\": \"such as Prince, Jamie Foxx, Mary J. Blige, David Foster, Carlos Santana, Babyface, and George Benson, just to name a few. His music crosses over music boundaries from Jazz, R&B, Hip-Hop, to Pop. Eric Darius was born in New Jersey to a father of Haitian descent and a mother of Jamaican descent, but grew up in Tampa, Florida. Born into a musical family (his father plays bass, his mother and sister sing, and his older brother plays drums and trumpet) Eric grew up listening to Stevie Wonder, Michael Jackson, Earth, Wind and Fire, Marvin Gaye, Al Green, Grover Washington, Jr.,\",\n \"title\": \"Eric Darius\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3056405\",\n \"text\": \"Maxwell Caulfield Maxwell Caulfield (né Newby; born 23 November 1959) is a British-American film, stage, and television actor and singer. He has appeared in films such as \\\"Grease 2\\\" (1982), \\\"Electric Dreams\\\" (1984), \\\"The Boys Next Door\\\" (1985), \\\"The Supernaturals\\\" (1986), \\\"\\\" (1989), \\\"Waxwork 2\\\" (1992), \\\"Gettysburg\\\" (1993), \\\"Empire Records\\\" (1995), \\\"The Real Blonde\\\" (1997), and \\\"The Man Who Knew Too Little\\\" (1997). A recent appearance is as the king in \\\"A Prince for Christmas\\\" (2015). Beginning 28 May 2015, he toured Australia with his wife, Juliet Mills, and sister-in-law, Hayley Mills, in the comedy \\\"Legends!\\\" by Pulitzer Prize winner\",\n \"title\": \"Maxwell Caulfield\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16616049\",\n \"text\": \"Stylechanger \\\"Stylechanger\\\" is a song by Swedish-American singer-songwriter Eric Turner, featuring Canadian rapper Kardinal Offishall and British rappers Wretch 32 and Professor Green. The song was released as Turner's second solo single in the United States on February 24, 2012. It was made available as part of a mixtape/EP containing seven other tracks. \\\"Stylechanger\\\" was written by Turner, Professor Green, Wretch 32, Kardinal Offishall and \\\"iSHi\\\" Mughal, and produced by the latter. The song was first leaked online on January 4, 2012, before being officially released on February 24, 2012. The music video was also released on January 4, 2012.\",\n \"title\": \"Stylechanger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20362007\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Iron Age\\\" set for release on March 2, 2018 on Kobalt Music Recordings. \\\"The Illusionist\\\" single from the EP was released September 29, 2017. As CLARA-NOVA, Wayser’s version of the Simple Minds’ ballad \\\"Belfast Child\\\" was used in the trailer for Ridley Scott’s biblical film \\\"Exodus: Gods and Kings\\\" in 2014. A year later, \\\"Dear God,\\\" an XTC song covered by the band Lawless featuring Wayser on vocals was featured in a trailer for the Academy Award-winning film, \\\"Spotlight.\\\" That same song version provided the music for \\\"Outlander\\\"s season 2 trailer in 2016. The trailer for 2017’s Netflix film,\",\n \"title\": \"CLARA-NOVA\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20205589\",\n \"text\": \"Between the Bars \\\"Between the Bars\\\" is the fourth track of Elliott Smith's 1997 album \\\"Either/Or\\\". It is written as a short ballad in the key of G Minor. The song is one of three tracks from \\\"Either/Or\\\" that was used in the soundtrack of \\\"Good Will Hunting\\\". It is also featured in the 2012 indie film, \\\"Stuck in Love\\\", and in the seventh episode of season two of \\\"Rick and Morty\\\". As of October 2017, the song is his most streamed track on the popular music streaming services Spotify and Apple Music. A cover version of the song performed\",\n \"title\": \"Between the Bars\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3131285\",\n \"text\": \"Omar Epps Omar Hashim Epps (born July 20, 1973) is an American actor, rapper, songwriter and record producer. His film roles include \\\"Juice\\\", \\\"Higher Learning\\\", \\\"The Wood\\\", \\\"In Too Deep\\\" and \\\"Love and Basketball\\\". His television work includes the role of Dr. Dennis Gant on the medical drama series \\\"ER\\\", J. Martin Bellamy in \\\"Resurrection\\\" and Dr. Eric Foreman on the Fox medical drama series \\\"House\\\" from 2004 to 2012. Epps was born in Brooklyn, New York. His parents divorced during his childhood and he was raised by his mother, Bonnie Maria Epps, an elementary school principal. He lived in\",\n \"title\": \"Omar Epps\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5255091\",\n \"text\": \"4 in their list of The 150 Greatest Singles of All Time. The same magazine voted \\\"Kiss\\\" the best single of the year 1986. The song featured in the 2006 animated film \\\"Happy Feet\\\" as part of a mashup with \\\"Heartbreak Hotel\\\" by Elvis Presley performed by Nicole Kidman and Hugh Jackman, respectively. Following Prince's death, the song re-charted on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 at number 28 and jumped to number 23 the week after. The song also reached number two on the French Singles Chart. As of April 30, 2016, it has sold 1,330,336 copies in the United States.\",\n \"title\": \"Kiss (Prince song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3131293\",\n \"text\": \"1990. Epps co-produced, along with Marlon and Shawn Wayans, the 1997−99 theme song used for the sitcom \\\"The Wayans Brothers\\\". Omar Epps Omar Hashim Epps (born July 20, 1973) is an American actor, rapper, songwriter and record producer. His film roles include \\\"Juice\\\", \\\"Higher Learning\\\", \\\"The Wood\\\", \\\"In Too Deep\\\" and \\\"Love and Basketball\\\". His television work includes the role of Dr. Dennis Gant on the medical drama series \\\"ER\\\", J. Martin Bellamy in \\\"Resurrection\\\" and Dr. Eric Foreman on the Fox medical drama series \\\"House\\\" from 2004 to 2012. Epps was born in Brooklyn, New York. His parents divorced\",\n \"title\": \"Omar Epps\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2554640\",\n \"text\": \"Topher Grace Christopher John Grace (; born July 12, 1978) is an American actor. He is known for playing Eric Forman in the Fox sitcom \\\"That '70s Show\\\", Eddie Brock / Venom in Sam Raimi's film \\\"Spider-Man 3\\\", Pete Monash in \\\"Win a Date with Tad Hamilton!\\\", Carter Duryea in \\\"In Good Company\\\", Edwin in \\\"Predators\\\", Getty in \\\"Interstellar\\\", Adrian Yates in \\\"American Ultra\\\", and David Duke in Spike Lee's film \\\"BlacKkKlansman\\\". His other film roles include \\\"Traffic\\\", \\\"Mona Lisa Smile\\\", \\\"Valentine's Day\\\", \\\"Take Me Home Tonight\\\", \\\"The Big Wedding\\\", \\\"War Machine\\\", and \\\"Under the Silver Lake\\\". Grace was born\",\n \"title\": \"Topher Grace\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14037454\",\n \"text\": \"bridge, the penguins encounter Elephant Seal Bryan the Beach Master and his two young sons, who refuse to let the penguins pass. Suddenly the ice gives away and Bryan is trapped in a deep crevice below the ice. Mumble sets out to free Bryan by luring a leopard seal to chase him down. Seeking acceptance from Erik, Mumble is devastated to learn Erik attributed the feat of courage to Sven Think. Bryan returns to the southern elephant seal beach. When the penguins return to Emperor-Land they discover that a large iceberg has trapped the emperor penguin population below large walls\",\n \"title\": \"Happy Feet Two\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19495009\",\n \"text\": \"with the pre-order of the soundtrack. It debuted at number 1 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles. The song is produced by Sam Hollander and Josh Edmondson who wrote the song with Grant Michaels and Charity Daw. \\\"What's My Name\\\", performed by China Anne McClain, Thomas Doherty and Dylan Playfair, premiered on Radio Disney and then was officially released as second single on June 2, 2017. \\\"Rather Be With You\\\", from \\\"\\\", performed by Dove Cameron, Sofia Carson, Lauryn McClain and Brenna D'Amico, was released as first promotional single on October 28, 2016. \\\"Evil\\\", from Wicked World, performed\",\n \"title\": \"Descendants 2\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12146165\",\n \"text\": \"number one in the UK Albums Chart for a total of twelve weeks. However, it was the follow-up album, \\\"Prince Charming\\\" which produced the biggest hit singles with \\\"Stand and Deliver\\\" and the title track, achieving five weeks and four weeks respectively as number one singles on the UK Singles Chart. In the United States, Ant's biggest chart success was his solo debut, 1982's \\\"Friend or Foe\\\" album, which reached the Top 20 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" 200. It also included the hit single \\\"Goody Two Shoes\\\" which was a Top 20 hit single on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, as well\",\n \"title\": \"Adam Ant discography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14223699\",\n \"text\": \"in Finland, #23 in the Belgian (Wallonia) Ultratip, #29 in Austria, #27 in Ireland, #48 in Germany and #76 in the UK. The song was listed at #3 on popjustice.com's list of 45 Best Singles of 2011. The album remix and slow versions of the song were released in Sweden in March 2011. The slow version was named Song of the Day by popjustice.com on 15 May 2011, and the SoundFactory remix was released in Sweden on 25 May; another remix was released on 9 June in Greece. In January 2011 Saade was nominated for six Scandipop Awards: Best Single\",\n \"title\": \"Eric Saade\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6519506\",\n \"text\": \"on the popular TV show. He was seen as \\\"Enma\\\" in \\\"Mirmo!\\\" and starred in an episode of Disney Channel's \\\"Even Stevens\\\". In 2011, he starred in the Broadway musical \\\"Baby It's You!\\\" and in 2012 he starred in the Lionsgate release \\\"The Newest Pledge\\\". He also starred as \\\"Arnold\\\" in the national tour of \\\"Happy Days, the Musical\\\". In 2014, he was part of the series \\\"Summer with Cimorelli\\\". Barry Pearl Barry Pearl (born Barry Lee Pearl in Lancaster, Pennsylvania on March 29, 1950) is an American actor. Pearl is best known for his role as \\\"Doody\\\", one of\",\n \"title\": \"Barry Pearl\"\n }\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who sings for eric in happy feet two"}}},{"rowIdx":8380,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Ringo Starr"],"string":"[\n \"Ringo Starr\"\n]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"5579791","text":"Live at the BBC Volume 2\". Starr performed a live version of the song, as a tribute to Harrison for their fondness of Perkins, at the Concert for George at London's Royal Albert Hall in 2002. Paul McCartney's publishing company MPL Communications administers the rights to the song, originally published by Hi Lo Music, Inc., BMI. Along with \"Matchbox\", \"Honey Don't\" is one of the rare songs that all four Beatles have recorded or performed on stage (see section below). Honey Don't \"Honey Don't\" is a song written by Carl Perkins, originally released on January 1, 1956 as the B-side","title":"Honey Don't"},{"id":"5579789","text":"along with \"Blue Suede Shoes\", during their television debut on ABC-TV's \"Ozark Jubilee\" on March 17, 1956. The Beatles recorded their version on 26 October 1964 one of the last songs recorded for \"Beatles for Sale\", which was released in the United Kingdom on 4 December 1964. The North American release was on 15 December on \"Beatles '65\". Although John Lennon had previously sung the song live, Ringo Starr performed it for the album, his usual one lead vocal per album (although he sang two lead vocals on \"The Beatles\" double album and none on \"A Hard Day's Night\", \"Magical","title":"Honey Don't"},{"id":"5579787","text":"Honey Don't \"Honey Don't\" is a song written by Carl Perkins, originally released on January 1, 1956 as the B-side of the \"Blue Suede Shoes\" single, Sun 234. Both songs became rockabilly classics. Bill Dahl of Allmusic praised the song saying, \"'Honey Don't' actually outclasses its more celebrated platter-mate in some ways.\" It has been covered by more than 20 other artists, including The Beatles, Ronnie Hawkins and Johnny Rivers. The song also appeared in the movies \"Prince of Tides\", \"Diner\", and \"Perfect Sisters\". According to David McGee, author of \"Go, Cat, Go! The Life and Times of Carl Perkins,","title":"Honey Don't"},{"id":"961633","text":"\"Ozark Jubilee\", his television debut (Presley performed it for the second time that same night on CBS-TV's \"Stage Show\"; he'd first sung it on the program on February 11). In the United Kingdom, the song reached number 10 on the British charts. It was the first record by a Sun artist to sell a million copies. The B side, \"Honey Don't\", was covered by the Beatles, Wanda Jackson and (in the 1970s) T. Rex. John Lennon sang lead on the song when the Beatles performed it, before it was given to Ringo Starr to sing. Lennon also performed the song","title":"Carl Perkins"},{"id":"1477659","text":"other songwriter outside the band, except Larry Williams, who also added three songs to their discography. (Curiously, none of these three were sung by the Beatles' regular lead vocalists—\"Honey Don't\" (sung by Ringo) and \"Everybody's Trying to be my Baby\" (sung by George) from \"Beatles for Sale\" (1964) and \"Matchbox\" (sung by Ringo) on the \"Long Tall Sally\" EP (1964)). Long after the band broke up, the members continued to show their interest in rockabilly. In 1975, Lennon recorded an album called \"Rock 'n' Roll\", featuring versions of rockabilly hits and a cover photo showing him in full Gene Vincent","title":"Rockabilly"},{"id":"5580764","text":"A Taste of Honey (song) \"A Taste of Honey\" is a pop standard written by Bobby Scott and Ric Marlow. It was originally an instrumental track (or recurring theme) written for the 1960 Broadway version of the 1958 British play \"A Taste of Honey\" (which was also made into the film of the same name in 1961). Both the original and a later recording by Herb Alpert in 1965 earned the song four Grammy Awards. A vocal version of the song, first recorded by Billy Dee Williams (and released in 1961 on the Prestige label), was recorded by the Beatles","title":"A Taste of Honey (song)"},{"id":"5579790","text":"Mystery Tour\", and \"Let It Be\"). During the song, he makes self-referential remarks leading into George Harrison's guitar riffs, saying, \"Rock on George, one time for me!\" and then \"Rock on, George, for Ringo one time!\" The Monkees referenced the latter remark leading into the instrumental break of their song \"No Time\" from their 1967 album Headquarters. The Beatles performed the song twice for the BBC for the \"From Us To You\" and \"Top Gear\" programs. A version sung by Lennon is available on \"Live at the BBC\". and a version sung by Starr was released on \"On Air –","title":"Honey Don't"},{"id":"5176639","text":"& Patti, The Pixies, and John Pizzarelli, among others. In the 1978 film \"Sextette\", Dom DeLuise performed the song. Phish covered the song, with many other \"White Album\" songs, on the album \"Live Phish Volume 13\". In 2016 Wesley Schultz sang it in \"Beat Bugs\" episode 12b. The Beatles Additional musicians Honey Pie \"Honey Pie\" is a song by the Beatles, from their 1968 eponymous album \"The Beatles\", also known as \"the White Album\". The song was written entirely by Paul McCartney, but is credited to Lennon–McCartney. The song is a direct homage to the British music hall style. It","title":"Honey Pie"},{"id":"5579731","text":"No Reply (song) \"No Reply\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1964 album \"Beatles for Sale\". In North America, it was issued on Capitol Records' variant on the British release, \"Beatles '65\". The song was written mainly by John Lennon and credited to Lennon–McCartney. Lennon originally gave the song to another artist managed by Brian Epstein, Tommy Quickly, in June 1964, but Quickly decided not to use it. The Beatles recorded the track in London soon after returning from their first full tour of the United States. The lyrics typify Lennon's more introspective and","title":"No Reply (song)"},{"id":"961646","text":"the tour, Perkins attended a party where he sat on the floor sharing stories, playing guitar, and singing songs while surrounded by the Beatles. Ringo Starr asked if he could record \"Honey Don't\". Perkins answered, \"Man, go ahead, have at it.\" The Beatles went on to record covers of \"Matchbox\", \"Honey Don't\" and \"Everybody's Trying to Be My Baby\" (recorded by Perkins, adapted from a song originally recorded by Rex Griffin in 1936, with new music by Perkins; a song with the same title was recorded by Roy Newman in 1938). The Beatles recorded two versions of \"Glad All Over\"","title":"Carl Perkins"},{"id":"5061797","text":"Honey (Mariah Carey song) \"Honey\" is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey. It was released on August 29, 1997 by Columbia Records as the lead single from her sixth studio album \"Butterfly\" (1997). The song was written and produced by Carey, Sean \"Puff Daddy\" Combs, Kamaal \"Q-Tip\" Fareed, and Steven \"Stevie J\" Jordan. The song samples \"Hey DJ\" by the World's Famous Supreme Team, and \"The Body Rock\" by the Treacherous Three. \"Honey\" was a re-defining song in Carey's career, pushing her further into the hip hop music world. \"Honey\" was acclaimed by music critics, who called","title":"Honey (Mariah Carey song)"},{"id":"5176638","text":"by George Martin was recorded two days later on 4 October. McCartney added a final vocal overdub at the end of the session. Before recording sessions for the \"White Album\" began, the Beatles recorded a demo of \"Honey Pie\" at George Harrison's Esher home studios. This version contained slightly different lyrics and lacked the introduction of the final version. The demo was later released in 1996 on \"Anthology 3\" and the 2018 Super Deluxe edition of the \"White Album\". The song has been covered by Alan Klein (1969), Barbra Streisand, the King's Singers, Don Partridge, the Golden Gate Quartet, Tuck","title":"Honey Pie"},{"id":"5061828","text":"since July 2017 on her second concert residency, The Butterfly Returns (2018). CD single US CD maxi-single UK CD single part 1 UK CD single part 2 Credits adapted from the \"Butterfly\" liner notes. Honey (Mariah Carey song) \"Honey\" is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey. It was released on August 29, 1997 by Columbia Records as the lead single from her sixth studio album \"Butterfly\" (1997). The song was written and produced by Carey, Sean \"Puff Daddy\" Combs, Kamaal \"Q-Tip\" Fareed, and Steven \"Stevie J\" Jordan. The song samples \"Hey DJ\" by the World's Famous Supreme","title":"Honey (Mariah Carey song)"},{"id":"5579739","text":"Dayz Nite\". According to Ian MacDonald: The Beatles Additional personnel No Reply (song) \"No Reply\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1964 album \"Beatles for Sale\". In North America, it was issued on Capitol Records' variant on the British release, \"Beatles '65\". The song was written mainly by John Lennon and credited to Lennon–McCartney. Lennon originally gave the song to another artist managed by Brian Epstein, Tommy Quickly, in June 1964, but Quickly decided not to use it. The Beatles recorded the track in London soon after returning from their first full tour of","title":"No Reply (song)"},{"id":"4336364","text":"in 1996 as did Fairport Convention, featuring Dan Ar Braz, at the Cropredy Festival in 1997. Todd Rundgren has also covered the song, as has the late Dan Fogelberg, who reprised it as part of his own cover of \"Rhythm of the Rain\". The Grateful Dead played it twenty times throughout the early 1990s. The Beatles tribute act derives its name from the song. In 2016 Aloe Blacc sings it as Boris the Frog in the eponymous Beat Bugs episode 3b. Rain (Beatles song) \"Rain\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles that was first released in","title":"Rain (Beatles song)"},{"id":"5579788","text":"the King of Rockabilly\", Carl Perkins first brought the song to a rehearsal with his band which at the time comprised the Perkins brothers and W.S. Holland: When Carl first played the song to Jay, Jay protested what sounded to him like an odd chord choice, going to a C7 chord after the E instead of the natural blues progression choice of A. At first, Jay refused to go along, but Carl convinced him it was something different, and today the chord choice is one of the most interesting aspects of the song. Perkins and his band performed the song,","title":"Honey Don't"},{"id":"7542119","text":"Singles and Country Singles charts and it was his first song to top the Adult Contemporary chart. \"Billboard\" ranked the record as the No. 3 song for 1968. \"Honey\" reached No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart and a re-release of the single in the United Kingdom in 1975 (see 1975 in music) reached No. 2 again. In Australia, it spent four weeks at No. 1 on the ARIA Charts, replacing The Beatles' \"Lady Madonna\", and was the No. 6 song of 1968. \"The Cincinnati Enquirer\" reported that the song frequently appears on \"worst songs of all-time\" lists, and in","title":"Honey (Bobby Goldsboro song)"},{"id":"820428","text":"and two by Carl Perkins: \"Everybody's Trying to Be My Baby\", sung by Harrison, and \"Honey Don't\", sung by Starr. \"Mr. Moonlight\", which was originally recorded by Dr. Feelgood and the Interns, was Lennon's \"beloved obscurity\", according to Erlewine, and the subject of a remake towards the end of the \"Beatles for Sale\" sessions. A cover of Little Willie John's \"Leave My Kitten Alone\" was taped on 14 August, during the same session as the discarded version of \"Mr. Moonlight\", but was omitted from the album. A medley of \"Kansas City\" and \"Hey, Hey, Hey, Hey\" was sequenced as the","title":"Beatles for Sale"},{"id":"5434358","text":"accompanying promotional video) is very similar to the intro on Carl Perkins's \"Honey Don't\", as sung by The Beatles on \"Beatles for Sale\". According to producer Don Was, there were two outtakes from the album: \"Shirley Temple Doesn't Live Here Anymore\" (which Dylan co-wrote with Was and David Weiss) and \"Heartland\" (which Dylan later sang with Willie Nelson on Nelson's 1993 album \"Across the Borderline\"). \"Shirley Temple Doesn't Live Here Anymore\" was later recorded by Don Was's group Was (Not Was) for their 2008 album \"Boo!\" as \"Mr. Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore\". Dylan recorded and released the nursery rhyme","title":"Under the Red Sky"},{"id":"5559881","text":"The song has been covered by alt-country band the Gourds, by the Southern rock band the Georgia Satellites on their 1988 album, \"Open All Night\", and by the Punkles on their 2004 album, \"Pistol\". The Swedish pop group ABBA made an unofficial parody of this song, but it was not released until their medley \"Undeleted\" in 1994. Phish covered the song live, with most other songs on The Beatles on the album \"Live Phish Volume 13\". Ringo Starr released a re-recording of the song as a bonus track on his 2017 album \"Give More Love\". Don't Pass Me By \"Don't","title":"Don't Pass Me By"},{"id":"5580765","text":"for their first album in 1963. Barbra Streisand had performed the song as part of her cabaret act during 1962, and recorded it for her debut album The Barbra Streisand Album on Columbia, which won a Grammy for Album of the Year (1963). The original recorded versions of the song \"A Taste of Honey\", \"A Taste of Honey (refrain)\" and \"A Taste of Honey (closing theme)\", appeared on Bobby Scott's 1960 album, also titled \"A Taste of Honey\", on Atlantic 1355. The composition won Best Instrumental Theme at the Grammy Awards of 1963. The Beatles performed Lenny Welch's adaptation, slightly","title":"A Taste of Honey (song)"},{"id":"5580766","text":"changing the lyrics in the chorus, as part of their repertoire in 1962 and as the instrumental version by Acker Bilk was popular in the United Kingdom at the time, the song was chosen to be recorded for their 1963 debut album, \"Please Please Me\". A version from this time was released in 1977 on the album \"Live! at the Star-Club in Hamburg, Germany; 1962\". In the US, this song first appeared on the VeeJay Records album \"Introducing... The Beatles\". They also performed \"A Taste of Honey\" seven times for BBC radio shows, including \"Here We Go\", \"Side by Side\",","title":"A Taste of Honey (song)"},{"id":"4375880","text":"Wait (Beatles song) \"Wait\" is a song released by the Beatles, on their 1965 album \"Rubber Soul\". The songwriting credit is Lennon–McCartney, although in the 1997 book, \"Many Years from Now,\" McCartney recalls it as entirely his. This is supported by a 1970 interview with John Lennon by Ray Connolly. John could not remember writing it. \"That must be one of Paul's,\" he said. The song was originally recorded for \"Help!\" in June 1965 but was rejected for inclusion on the album. When \"Rubber Soul\" fell one song short for a Christmas release, \"Wait\" was brought back. Overdubs were added","title":"Wait (Beatles song)"},{"id":"5601548","text":"Julia (Beatles song) \"Julia\" is a song by the Beatles, but performed as a solo work by John Lennon. The song was written by Lennon (though credited to Lennon–McCartney) regarding his mother Julia Lennon, who died in 1958 at age 44. The track is the final song on side two (disc one on CD) of the band's 1968 double album, \"The Beatles\" (also known as \"White Album\") and was the last song recorded for the album. It was also released as the \"B side\" of the Beatles single \"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da\" in 1976. \"Julia\" was written by John Lennon (credited to","title":"Julia (Beatles song)"},{"id":"5643059","text":"Good Night (Beatles song) \"Good Night\" is a song by the Beatles, composed by John Lennon, but credited to Lennon–McCartney. It is sung by Ringo Starr, the only Beatle to appear on the track. The music was provided by an orchestra arranged and conducted by George Martin. It is the last song on the Beatles' 1968 album \"The Beatles\" (also known as the \"White Album\"). John Lennon wrote the song as a lullaby for his five-year-old son Julian. The original version of \"Good Night\" featured George Harrison and John Lennon playing the melody on guitars with them and Paul McCartney","title":"Good Night (Beatles song)"},{"id":"7646530","text":"and also reached the top 5 in Austria, Spain and Switzerland. In the United States, \"Honey, Honey\" was moderately successful compared to the group's later singles. It reached No.27 on both the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and Adult Contemporary charts; the 1st ABBA single to reach the AC chart. ABBA Honey, Honey \"Honey, Honey\" is a song by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was released as the second single from their second studio album, \"Waterloo\", after the success of the title track at the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest. \"Honey, Honey\" was written by Björn Ulvaeus, Benny Andersson and Stig Anderson,","title":"Honey, Honey"},{"id":"5239545","text":"Lonely Hearts Club Band\" soundtrack. It was also released as Robin Gibb's fourth solo single. It reached number 15 on the \"Billboard\" pop chart and number 22 in the US Adult Contemporary Charts on 7 October 1978. It was Gibb's highest charting single in the United States. Oh! Darling \"Oh! Darling\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles, composed by Paul McCartney (credited to Lennon–McCartney), and appearing as the fourth song on the 1969 album \"Abbey Road\". Its working title was \"Oh! Darling (I'll Never Do You No Harm)\". Although not issued as a single in either","title":"Oh! Darling"},{"id":"4336347","text":"Rain (Beatles song) \"Rain\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles that was first released in May 1966 as the B-side of their \"Paperback Writer\" single. Both songs were recorded during the sessions for the album \"Revolver\" although neither appears on that album. The song was written by John Lennon and credited to Lennon–McCartney. It is noted for its slowed-down rhythm track, an example of the tape-manipulation techniques the band embraced at this time, and backwards vocals over the song's coda. The single's release marked the first time that reversed sounds had appeared in a pop song,","title":"Rain (Beatles song)"},{"id":"6277292","text":"and Attitudes. Attitudes (band) Attitudes was a rock band from Los Angeles consisting of keyboardist David Foster, guitarist Danny Kortchmar, bass guitarist Paul Stallworth and drummer Jim Keltner. Its four members came together while working as session musicians during the recording of George Harrison's album \"Extra Texture (Read All About It)\". One single by the band, \"Sweet Summer Music\" reached #94 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in 1976. James Taylor later covered their single \"Honey Don't Leave L.A.\" and that version reached #61 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in 1978. All songs produced by Lee Kiefer and Attitudes. Produced by","title":"Attitudes (band)"},{"id":"8088516","text":"the 1970 film \"The Grasshopper\"); and \"Little Green Apples\", which won a Song of the Year Grammy Award for him in 1968 from the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. \"Little Green Apples\" was a big hit for O.C. Smith in the USA and covered by Roger Miller in the U.K. The song was a particular favourite of Frank Sinatra. He wrote the song \"Honey\", which was a hit for Bobby Goldsboro in 1968, spending five weeks at the top of the Billboard Pop Singles Chart. Russell wrote the ballad \"Do You Know Who I Am\", which was recorded","title":"Bobby Russell"},{"id":"402521","text":"sold more singles in the UK than any other act. In 2008, the group topped \"Billboard\" magazine's list of the all-time most successful artists; , they hold the record for most number-one hits on the Hot 100 chart with twenty. They have received seven Grammy Awards, an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score and fifteen Ivor Novello Awards. They were also collectively included in \"Time\" magazine's compilation of . In March 1957, John Lennon, then aged sixteen, formed a skiffle group with several friends from Quarry Bank High School in Liverpool. They briefly called themselves the Blackjacks, before changing","title":"The Beatles"},{"id":"823627","text":"was the acoustic guitar, and thus many of the songs on \"The Beatles\" were written and first performed on that instrument. Some of these songs remained acoustic on \"The Beatles\" and were recorded solo, or only by part of the group (including \"Wild Honey Pie\", \"Blackbird\", \"Julia\", \"I Will\" and \"Mother Nature's Son\"). McCartney wrote \"Back in the U.S.S.R.\" as a parody of Chuck Berry's song \"Back in the U.S.A.\" and the Beach Boys. A field recording of a jet aeroplane taking off and landing was used at the start of the track, and intermittently throughout it. The backing vocals","title":"The Beatles (album)"},{"id":"6277291","text":"Attitudes (band) Attitudes was a rock band from Los Angeles consisting of keyboardist David Foster, guitarist Danny Kortchmar, bass guitarist Paul Stallworth and drummer Jim Keltner. Its four members came together while working as session musicians during the recording of George Harrison's album \"Extra Texture (Read All About It)\". One single by the band, \"Sweet Summer Music\" reached #94 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in 1976. James Taylor later covered their single \"Honey Don't Leave L.A.\" and that version reached #61 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in 1978. All songs produced by Lee Kiefer and Attitudes. Produced by Jay Lewis","title":"Attitudes (band)"},{"id":"5643063","text":"brings the album to a close. The song has been covered by several artists, including Jarvis Cocker, Pedro Aznar, the Carpenters, Ramsey Lewis, Kenny Loggins, Kidsongs, Linda Ronstadt, Cyril Stapleton, the Manhattan Transfer, Matthew Sweet, and Monkees drummer Micky Dolenz and the \"Forces Sweetheart\" Vera Lynn who released it as a single and performed it on a BBC TV variety show. Barbra Streisand recorded it in 1969 for her album \"What About Today?\" It was also chosen by the British band Coldplay to play out after the band had left the stage at concerts on their 2005–2006 Twisted Logic Tour.","title":"Good Night (Beatles song)"},{"id":"5601554","text":"overlaps with the beginning of the next phrase. \"Julia\" was originally released as the final song on side two of \"The Beatles\" on 22 November 1968. In 1976, it was released as the B-side of the \"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da\" single. In 1988 \"Julia\" was one of the nine Beatles songs on the soundtrack album \"\". A portion of the song also appeared on the \"Love\" album mixed with \"Eleanor Rigby\". \"Julia\" has been covered by Ramsey Lewis, Bongwater, Chocolate Genius, Medeski, Scofield, Martin & Wood, Jacob Fred Jazz Odyssey, Waltari, Priscilla Ahn, Pedro Aznar, Mike Patton & Carla Hassett as a","title":"Julia (Beatles song)"},{"id":"5061809","text":"\"Honey\" became Carey's third single to debut atop the \"Billboard\" Hot 100; the most number one debuts of any artist to this day. Additionally, the song became her 12th chart topper, breaking the fifth place record she had shared with Whitney Houston and Madonna. It replaced \"Mo Money Mo Problems\" by The Notorious B.I.G. featuring Puff Daddy and Mase, and it was replaced by Boyz II Men's \"4 Seasons of Loneliness\". At this point, Carey was tied with The Supremes for fourth most US number ones, behind Michael Jackson with thirteen, and Elvis Presley and The Beatles with 17 and","title":"Honey (Mariah Carey song)"},{"id":"5061798","text":"Carey's musical transition \"genuine\". \"Honey\" was successful in the United States, becoming Carey's third single to debut atop the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, a feat that has yet to be duplicated. The single stayed at number one for three consecutive weeks. \"Honey\" hit the top-five in Canada, New Zealand, Spain, and the United Kingdom, the top-ten in Australia and Sweden, and the top 20 in the majority of charts worldwide. \"Honey\" was nominated in two categories at the 40th Annual Grammy Awards (1997), for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance and Best R&B Song. Carey included the song in the set-list","title":"Honey (Mariah Carey song)"},{"id":"4342872","text":"Nowhere Man (song) \"Nowhere Man\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles. It was released in December 1965 on their album \"Rubber Soul\", except for in the United States and Canada, where it was first issued as a single A-side in February 1966 before appearing on the album \"Yesterday and Today\". The song was written by John Lennon and credited to Lennon–McCartney. In the US, the single peaked at number 3 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and number 1 on the chart compiled by \"Record World\" magazine, as it did the \"RPM\" 100 chart in Canada. The","title":"Nowhere Man (song)"},{"id":"5559770","text":"(Fm on \"son\") to get back to the C major key. It is sung by all four Beatles, Ringo's then-wife Maureen, and Yoko Ono (providing the only female lead vocal on a Beatles' recording, for the line \"Not when he looked so fierce\"). The Mellotron reappears during the verses, played by Lennon, using mandolin samples, and during the outro, played by Thomas, using trombone samples. Lennon, who wrote the song, is the primary lead singer. Like the majority of Beatles songs written by either Lennon or Paul McCartney, it is credited to Lennon–McCartney. The song was recorded by the Beatles","title":"The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill"},{"id":"5556994","text":"time on \"You Can't Do That\" and gave the song its distinctive chiming sound. The song was first released as the B-side of the \"Can't Buy Me Love\" single on 16 March 1964 in the United States by Capitol Records and on 20 March 1964 in the United Kingdom by Parlophone. It was the Beatles seventh US single and sixth UK single. It was later included in the \"A Hard Day's Night\" album in the UK, and \"The Beatles' Second Album\" in the US. The Beatles were filmed miming to \"You Can't Do That\" as part of the final concert","title":"You Can't Do That"},{"id":"4336358","text":"up to that time. On the final mix of the single, Lennon played a 1965 Gretsch Nashville, Paul McCartney a 1964 Rickenbacker 4001S bass, Harrison a 1964 Gibson SG, and Ringo Starr used Ludwig drums. First released as a B-side to \"Paperback Writer\" in the United States (Capitol 5651) on 30 May 1966 and in the UK on 10 June, the single was later released part of a Record Store Day reissue in 2010. It later appeared on the compilations \"Hey Jude\" in the US and \"Rarities\" in the UK. It also appeared on the \"Past Masters\" CD. In the","title":"Rain (Beatles song)"},{"id":"10370141","text":"Honey (Moby song) \"Honey\" is a song by American electronica musician Moby. It was released as the first single from his fifth studio album \"Play\" on August 24, 1998. The song incorporates vocal samples from \"Sometimes\" by American blues singer Bessie Jones, while its instrumentation is built around a repeating piano riff sampled from the song \"\"Woman to Woman\"\" by Joe Cocker (released in 1972). Moby discovered the \"Sometimes\" sample while listening to albums of folk music recordings compiled by field collector Alan Lomax. He subsequently composed \"Honey\", along with several other songs from \"Play\", using the Lomax recordings. \"Honey\"","title":"Honey (Moby song)"},{"id":"9600894","text":"by The Basics, as well as on their 2010 live album. The song is also heard in the 2016 film \"Nine Lives.\" Three Cool Cats \"Three Cool Cats\" is a 1958 song written by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. It was originally recorded by The Coasters and released as the B-side of their hit single, \"Charlie Brown.\" \"Three Cool Cats\" was one of the fifteen songs recorded by The Beatles for their Decca Records audition on New Year's Day in 1962 in London. The Beatles' cover version featured George Harrison's vocals and Pete Best on drums. The Beatles' manager, Brian","title":"Three Cool Cats"},{"id":"7646528","text":"Honey, Honey \"Honey, Honey\" is a song by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was released as the second single from their second studio album, \"Waterloo\", after the success of the title track at the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest. \"Honey, Honey\" was written by Björn Ulvaeus, Benny Andersson and Stig Anderson, with shared vocals by Agnetha Fältskog, Anni-Frid Lyngstad and Ulvaeus. As well as the English version, ABBA also recorded \"Honey, Honey\" in Swedish on January 30, 1974 at Metronome Studio, Stockholm. This was the last official recording by the group in their own language, and was released as a","title":"Honey, Honey"},{"id":"5176636","text":"Honey Pie \"Honey Pie\" is a song by the Beatles, from their 1968 eponymous album \"The Beatles\", also known as \"the White Album\". The song was written entirely by Paul McCartney, but is credited to Lennon–McCartney. The song is a direct homage to the British music hall style. It concerns a famed actress, called only by the term of endearment \"Honey Pie\", who becomes famous in the United States, and her old lover, who wishes for her to rejoin him in England. The premise – a humble admirer yearning for the return of his lover – is not unlike a","title":"Honey Pie"},{"id":"5643064","text":"A one-second clip of the song is heard on the Paul McCartney album \"Liverpool Sound Collage\" at 3:38 on the track \"Plastic Beetle\". Good Night (Beatles song) \"Good Night\" is a song by the Beatles, composed by John Lennon, but credited to Lennon–McCartney. It is sung by Ringo Starr, the only Beatle to appear on the track. The music was provided by an orchestra arranged and conducted by George Martin. It is the last song on the Beatles' 1968 album \"The Beatles\" (also known as the \"White Album\"). John Lennon wrote the song as a lullaby for his five-year-old son","title":"Good Night (Beatles song)"},{"id":"10524618","text":"J.C. Lodge J.C. Lodge, (born June Carol Lodge, 1 December 1958, London, England), is a reggae singer, actress and fine artist. Her breakthrough hit \"Someone Loves You, Honey\" became the best-selling single of 1982 in the Netherlands. Lodge is also an accomplished painter, having exhibited in Kingston art galleries, and has acted in several theatre productions. British born to a Jamaican father and British mother, J.C. Lodge was taken to Jamaica as a child. There, the Beatles fan soon became immersed in R&B and reggae, and sang along to everything she heard. Toward the end of high school, a relationship","title":"J.C. Lodge"},{"id":"4622763","text":"Kishori Amonkar (1932–2017), Rashid Khan (b. 1966) and Ajoy Chakrabarty (b. 1952). Other vocalists such as Amir Khan have played around with it privately but preferred the simpler, less intrusive tanpura for accompaniment. The Beatles' 1967 single \"Strawberry Fields Forever\" features a swarmandal, played by George Harrison, as does \"Within You Without You\", from the band's \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\" album. Swarmandal The swarmandal ( ) or Indian harp is a zither, originating from the Indian subcontinent, similar to the qanun that is today most commonly used as an accompanying instrument for vocal Indian classical music. The name","title":"Swarmandal"},{"id":"12164663","text":"Ric Marlow Eric \"Ric\" Marlow (born Sanford Phillip Schafler; December 21, 1925 – February 28, 2017) was an American songwriter and actor, best known for co-writing with Bobby Scott the song \"A Taste of Honey\" which won a Grammy in 1962. The song has been recorded by approximately 200 artists internationally, including The Beatles, Herb Alpert & The Tijuana Brass, Barbra Streisand, Tony Bennett, and Johnny Mathis. He also had several acting roles, most notably on the television programs, \"Bonanza\", \"Hawaii Five-O\" and \"Magnum, P.I.\". Marlow was born to Bernice (née Berney) and Arthur Schafler in the Bronx, New York.","title":"Ric Marlow"},{"id":"9154381","text":"September in the Rain \"September in the Rain\" is a popular song by Harry Warren and Al Dubin, published in 1937. The song was introduced by James Melton in the film \"Melody for Two\". It has become a standard, having been recorded by many artists since. There were three charted versions in 1937 by Guy Lombardo, James Melton and Rhythm Wreckers (vocal by Pauline Byrns). The song became popular again in 1948 and 1949 when versions by Sam Donahue and the George Shearing Quintet briefly reached the charts. In 1962, the Beatles recorded a rock and roll interpretation during their","title":"September in the Rain"},{"id":"1413702","text":"spot in the musical magazines \"New Musical Express\" and \"Melody Maker\" but not on the chart published by \"Record Retailer\" (now \"Music Week\"). On the other hand, \"Strawberry Fields Forever\" was part of a double A-side single along with \"Penny Lane\". This single had peaked at number 2 in the charts, behind Engelbert Humperdinck's single \"Release Me\". This album is essentially a combination of both the US and UK versions of the earlier album \"20 Greatest Hits\", with the addition of \"Something\" (which was left off \"20 Greatest Hits\" because of time constraints). On \"1\", \"Hey Jude\" was released in","title":"1 (Beatles album)"},{"id":"5580581","text":"also create the Dorian progression i-IV-i. The song achieves a thick sound through its double-tracked vocal, reverbed guitars, and busy drumming. The elaborate percussion lends the song a Latin rhythm accentuated by its stop-time structure. On some late-1970s Canadian stereo pressings of \"Meet the Beatles!\", an alternate version of the song with an extra ‘don't’ sung at 2:08 is included in place of the standard stereo version. They recorded the song on 11 and 12 September 1963. They were not satisfied with the version recorded on the eleventh which was recorded in seven takes and did a remake on the","title":"Don't Bother Me"},{"id":"11506308","text":"Ronnie Weiser's Rollin' Rock Records. In 1970, Mac Curtis had two hits on \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart, \"Early In The Morning\" (#35) and \"Honey, Don't\" (#43). As a singer he was still active in the 1980s and 1990s. He was later elected to the Rockabilly Hall of Fame. He died on September 16, 2013 at age 74, following injuries received in a car accident a month earlier, after which he had undergone rehabilitation at a nursing home. Mac Curtis Wesley Erwin \"Mac\" Curtis, Jr. (January 16, 1939 – September 16, 2013) was an American rockabilly musician. Born in Fort","title":"Mac Curtis"},{"id":"5061811","text":"weeks, and ranked 18 on the \"RPM\" Year-end chart for 1997. The song debuted on the UK Singles Chart on September 6, 1997 at its peak of number three, and spent a total of eight weeks in the chart. \"Honey\" is Carey's 15th best-selling single in the United Kingdom as of 2010, with estimated sales of over 200,000. In Australia, \"Honey\" peaked at number eight on the charts, spending a total of 19 weeks in the chart. It was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), denoting shipments of over 35,000 units. In New Zealand, the song peaked","title":"Honey (Mariah Carey song)"},{"id":"18436513","text":"No Type \"No Type\" is a song by American hip hop duo Rae Sremmurd. It was released on September 15, 2014, by EarDrummers Entertainment and Interscope Records, as the second single from their debut studio album \"SremmLife\" (2015). The song was produced by Mike Will Made It with additional production from Swae Lee. The song has peaked at number 16 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, becoming their second highest-charting single behind \"Black Beatles\". The music video was released on August 11, 2014 and has received over 700 million views on YouTube. There were two remixes, one was by","title":"No Type"},{"id":"5579735","text":"after we did this one and saying, 'You're getting better now – that was a complete story.' Apparently, before that, he thought my songs wandered off.\" The song is in the key of C major. The song form is standard AABA (verse-verse-bridge-verse), without a chorus as such, but including the refrain \"No reply\". The main instrumentation on the Beatles recording comprises acoustic guitars (played by Lennon and Harrison on their Gibson J-160Es), bass guitar and drums. In addition to handclaps by all four members of the group, the overdubs included a piano part by their producer, George Martin, and electric","title":"No Reply (song)"},{"id":"3025848","text":"Songs: An Informed Fan's Guide\" by Stephen J. Spignesi and Michael Lewis. The song is ranked third on the 100 Best Beatles Songs list, behind \"A Day in the Life\" and \"Strawberry Fields Forever\". Film of the Beatles performance was shown on \"The Ed Sullivan Show\" on 15 February 1970. Although the song is performed regularly during McCartney's performances, there are a few notable performances. The Beatles Additional musicians Per John Winn's \"That Magic Feeling\", Mark Lewisohn's \"The Complete Beatles Chronicle\", and Steve Sullivan's \"Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings, Volume 1\". The Beatles: On the US charts, the song","title":"Let It Be (song)"},{"id":"5559876","text":"Don't Pass Me By \"Don't Pass Me By\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from the double album\" The Beatles\" (also known as the \"White Album\"). It was the first solo composition by Ringo Starr. The song was released as a single in Scandinavia and peaked at number 1 in Denmark in April 1969. Starr first played his song for the other Beatles soon after he joined the group in August 1962. During an interview, Ringo commented on the songwriting process, saying: \"I wrote Don't Pass Me By when I was sitting round at home. I","title":"Don't Pass Me By"},{"id":"9600892","text":"Three Cool Cats \"Three Cool Cats\" is a 1958 song written by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. It was originally recorded by The Coasters and released as the B-side of their hit single, \"Charlie Brown.\" \"Three Cool Cats\" was one of the fifteen songs recorded by The Beatles for their Decca Records audition on New Year's Day in 1962 in London. The Beatles' cover version featured George Harrison's vocals and Pete Best on drums. The Beatles' manager, Brian Epstein, personally chose this and the fourteen other audition numbers from the band's Merseyside dance hall and rock club repertoire. The recording","title":"Three Cool Cats"},{"id":"16045035","text":"was released as a bootleg video by Media Home Entertainment. A video segment from the special appears in \"\" documentary film. Songs from the special appear on the \"Anthology 1\" compilation. The Beatles' musical set features the only recorded performance of \"Shout\" by the group. The footage of them singing \"Can't Buy Me Love\" is now included on the video disk of the 2015 reissue of the compilation \"1\". All of the songs performed by the Beatles in the special were released on home video in 1985 by EMI and Dave Clark Productions as \"Ready Steady Go! Special Edition The","title":"Around the Beatles"},{"id":"6185077","text":"time that any single released by any member of the Beatles hit the \"Billboard\" R&B chart. It was McCartney's record 28th song to hit number one on the Billboard 100. In 2008, the song was ranked at #59 on \"Billboard\"'s Greatest Songs of all time. In 2013, it was ranked #69 on the Billboard list of the Hot 100 songs of all-time. The song was derided as \"saccharine\" and was later named as the tenth worst song of all time by \"Blender\" magazine in April 2009. In October 2007, it was named the worst duet in history by BBC 6","title":"Ebony and Ivory"},{"id":"19748392","text":"Black Beatles \"Black Beatles\" is a song by American hip hop duo Rae Sremmurd. It was released on September 13, 2016 by EarDrummers and Interscope Records as the third single from their second studio album \"SremmLife 2\". The song features guest vocals from American rapper Gucci Mane and is produced by Mike Will Made It. Following viral exposure, due in large part to its role in the Mannequin Challenge trend, it became both Rae Sremmurd's and Gucci Mane's first number-one single on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and their first top ten appearance in countries such as Australia, Canada, New","title":"Black Beatles"},{"id":"5061810","text":"20, respectively. \"Honey\" was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting shipments of over one million units. The song stalled at number two on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (behind \"You Make Me Wanna...\" by Usher), spending 22 weeks in the chart. \"Honey\" finished number 32 on the \"Billboard\" end of year chart for 1997. In Canada, the song debuted on the \"RPM\" Singles Chart at forty-eight on the \"RPM\" issue dated August 18, 1997, and reached the top of the chart on September 22, 1997. It was present on the chart for a total of 20","title":"Honey (Mariah Carey song)"},{"id":"6076941","text":"recordings) also was released by Capitol Records in 1992. On March 10, 2016, two of The Honeys participated in concert at the Coffee Gallery Backstage in Altadena, California as part of a tribute to their long-time friend and 1960s songwriting legend P.F. Sloan. The Honeys The Honeys were an American girl group formed in Los Angeles in 1963. Their line-up consisted of Marilyn Rovell (later Marilyn Wilson-Ruthorford), her sister Diane Rovell, and their friend Ginger Blake. The group were a kind of female counterpart to the Beach Boys. Bandleader Brian Wilson served as the Honeys' record producer and chief songwriter,","title":"The Honeys"},{"id":"19748396","text":"on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, becoming both Rae Sremmurd's and Gucci Mane's first number one single and the most successful yet of their careers, and replaced The Chainsmokers and Halsey's \"Closer\" for the top spot, which had held that for 12 consecutive weeks. The song has topped the chart for seven non-consecutive weeks. On the issue dated January 7, 2017, it lost the top spot to \"Starboy\" by The Weeknd featuring Daft Punk, though returned to number one the following week. It also peaked at number one in Indonesia and New Zealand. The song had already entered the top","title":"Black Beatles"},{"id":"19522354","text":"So How Come (No One Loves Me) \"So How Come (No One Loves Me)\" is a song written by Felice and Boudleaux Bryant and originally recorded by the Everly Brothers for their fourth album, \"A Date with the Everly Brothers\", in 1960. The Beatles recorded their version on 10 July 1963 for the \"Pop Go the Beatles\" radio show, with George Harrison on lead vocals. The song was recorded at the Aeolian Hall in London, and was first broadcast thirteen days later on 23 July 1963. The song appears on the 1994 album \"Live at the BBC\" and the title","title":"So How Come (No One Loves Me)"},{"id":"5580767","text":"and \"Easy Beat\". In 1967, McCartney was inspired to compose “Your Mother Should Know” based on a line taken from the screenplay. Engineered by Norman Smith Lenny Welch recorded an early vocal version. It was released as a single in September 1962 on the Cadence Records label and included on his 1963 album \"Since I Fell for You\". This version also credits Lee Morris as a writer but it is not known if it was he who provided the lyrics. This credit does not appear on any covers of the song, with only Marlow/Scott credited. Johnny Rivers covered the song","title":"A Taste of Honey (song)"},{"id":"15468543","text":"aired on Great American Country. The song was first recorded by the Motown singer Chuck Jackson, whose single reached number 43 on the R&B charts in 1969. In December 1969, Don Ho also released it as a single. Campbell's 1970 single was one of many recordings of the song that year - there were versions by: Honey Come Back (song) \"Honey Come Back\" is a song written by Jimmy Webb and recorded by the American country music artist Glen Campbell. It was released in January 1970 as the second single from his album \"Try a Little Kindness\". The song peaked","title":"Honey Come Back (song)"},{"id":"2542324","text":"backed by Starr's composition \"Don't Pass Me By\". In 1973, three years after the Beatles' break-up, the song was included on the band's double album compilation \"1967–1970\", as one of only three tracks representing the White Album. On 25 June 1976, the song was issued as a single by Parlophone in the UK to promote the compilation album \"Rock 'n' Roll Music\". The B-side was \"Twist and Shout\", making it the first EMI single by the Beatles to include a non-original composition. It peaked at number 19 on the UK Singles Chart, number 11 in Ireland, and number 19 in","title":"Back in the U.S.S.R."},{"id":"19522355","text":"is erroneously shown as \"Top So How Come (No One Loves Me).\" Personnel per \"The Beatles Bible\" So How Come (No One Loves Me) \"So How Come (No One Loves Me)\" is a song written by Felice and Boudleaux Bryant and originally recorded by the Everly Brothers for their fourth album, \"A Date with the Everly Brothers\", in 1960. The Beatles recorded their version on 10 July 1963 for the \"Pop Go the Beatles\" radio show, with George Harrison on lead vocals. The song was recorded at the Aeolian Hall in London, and was first broadcast thirteen days later on","title":"So How Come (No One Loves Me)"},{"id":"20485844","text":"There's a Honey \"There's a Honey\" is a song by English indie pop band Pale Waves. The band's debut single, it was released through Dirty Hit on 20 February 2017 and is the lead single of their expected debut studio album, \"My Mind Makes Noises\" (2018)\".\" It was re-released on 10 November as a limited-edition double 7\", coupled with \"Television Romance\". Upon it's re-release, it debuted at #83 on the Scottish Singles Chart on 17 November and at #2 on the UK Vinyl Singles and UK Singles Sales Charts. The song was originally released on 20 February 2017 as a","title":"There's a Honey"},{"id":"8772128","text":"Songs of the Beatles Songs of the Beatles is a 1981 album by Sarah Vaughan of songs by The Beatles. The album contains songs written and originally performed by The Beatles with contemporaneous pop and jazz arrangements. On \"Something\" Vaughan was accompanied by the Brazilian singer and musician Marcos Valle. It was recorded in 1977 but was not released until 1981 due to a recording contract problem. On balance, \"Los Angeles Times\" jazz writer Leonard Feather is favorable in his assessment, awarding the album three and a half stars, notwithstanding some ill-advised commercial trimmings: \"Recorded several years ago, inexplicably shelved","title":"Songs of the Beatles"},{"id":"12814020","text":"of The Beatles into the video. Body doubles, vetted by the Apple Corps shareholders, appear in some shots. On September 8, 2009, Dhani Harrison appeared as a guest on \"The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien\" to promote the game. Harrison and O'Brien (along with \"Tonight Show\" web manager Aaron Bleyaert and The Tonight Show Band member Mark Pender) performed the song \"Birthday\" at the close of the show. The game includes 45 songs from 12 of The Beatles albums recorded during their 1963–1970 tenure with EMI Records. With the exception of \"Magical Mystery Tour\", track information is based on the","title":"The Beatles: Rock Band"},{"id":"7624212","text":"Wild Honey (The Beach Boys song) \"Wild Honey\" is a song written by Brian Wilson and Mike Love for the American rock band The Beach Boys. It was released on their 1967 album \"Wild Honey\". It was also released as a single, with the B-side of the single being \"Wind Chimes\". The single peaked at #31 in the U.S. and #29 in the U.K. In a 1992 issue of \"Goldmine\", Mike Love explained the idea for the lyrics of the song: Recording for the song began on September 26, 1967 at Brian Wilson's home studio in Bel Air, California with","title":"Wild Honey (The Beach Boys song)"},{"id":"8308062","text":"Johnny Russell (singer) John Bright Russell (January 23, 1940 – July 3, 2001) was an American country singer, songwriter, and comedian best known for his song \"Act Naturally\", which was made famous by Buck Owens, who recorded it in 1963, and The Beatles in 1965. His songs have been recorded by Burl Ives, Jim Reeves, Jerry Garcia, Dolly Parton, Emmylou Harris, and Linda Ronstadt. Born in Moorhead, Mississippi, he moved with his family at age 11 to Fresno, California, where he began writing songs and entering talent contests while still attending Fresno High School, from which he graduated in 1958.","title":"Johnny Russell (singer)"},{"id":"7017387","text":"original recordings had been subject to general release, though a version of \"Christmas Time (Is Here Again)\", an original composition which appeared in edited form on the 1967 record, eventually gained an official release in 1995, as part of \"The Beatles Anthology\" project. A vinyl box set of all the records was released in December 2017. The first Christmas recording from the Beatles featured several renditions of the traditional carol \"Good King Wenceslas\" and individual messages from the four, ending with a closing chorus of \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Ringo\". This offering, as well as 1964's, was scripted by Beatles' press","title":"The Beatles' Christmas records"},{"id":"12818974","text":"Dave Goddard alongside guitarist Lewis Clayton, pianist Neil 'Nutrocker' and drummer Buzz Baker. In recent years the Sunsets has been fronted by Shakin' Stevens' nephew, Levi Barratt. Because of Steven's commercial success since the 1980s, many of the original records issued by him and the group are now collectors items. For example, their recording of \"Honey Don't\" (issued on CBS Records in Sweden, 1973) sold for more than UK£ 340 in 2013. Other records that have sold for over £100 include their Parlophone issued single \"Spirit Of Wood Stock\" and their debut album, \"A Legend\". Shakin' Stevens and the Sunsets","title":"Shakin' Stevens and the Sunsets"},{"id":"823631","text":"record the same backing track repetitively, and pinpoints this session as a key indication that the Beatles were going to break up. McCartney attempted to remake the backing track for a third time, but this was abandoned after a few takes and the second version was used as the final mix. The group, save for McCartney, had lost interest in the track by the end of recording, and refused to release it as a single. Marmalade recorded a version that became a number one hit. McCartney recorded \"Wild Honey Pie\" on 20 August at the end of the session for","title":"The Beatles (album)"},{"id":"12815996","text":"Billboard Top Rock'n'Roll Hits: 1967 Billboard Top Rock'n'Roll Hits: 1967 is a compilation album released by Rhino Records in 1989, featuring 10 hit recordings from 1967. The original album includes six songs that reached the top of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. The remaining four tracks each reached the Hot 100's Top 10. A re-issue in 1993 followed, replacing tracks by the Monkees, The Buckinghams, and Paul Revere & The Raiders with songs by Aretha Franklin, The Young Rascals, and Sam & Dave. Absent from the track lineup were songs by The Beatles. A disclaimer on the back of the","title":"Billboard Top Rock'n'Roll Hits: 1967"},{"id":"1388772","text":"a Top 10 single in the UK in 1968 (US number 20) and was ranked 48th in \"Rolling Stone\" magazine's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. Another famous example is the Beatles' cover of \"Twist and Shout\", originally by the Top Notes, and their cover of the song, \"Til There Was You\", by Meredith Willson, among many others. The term \"cover\" goes back decades when cover version originally described a rival version of a tune recorded to compete with the recently released (original) version. The \"Chicago Tribune\" described the term in 1952: \"trade jargon meaning to record a tune that","title":"Cover version"},{"id":"4336359","text":"United States, the song peaked at number 23 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 on 9 July 1966, and remained in that position the following week. The \"Paperback Writer\" single reached number 1 in the UK (for two weeks starting on 23 June). \"Rolling Stone\" magazine ranks \"Rain\" 463rd in its list of \"The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time\". On a similar list compiled by the New York radio station Q104.3, the song appeared at number 382. \"Rain\" is notable for Ringo Starr's drumming, which Starr rates as his best recorded performance. Both Ian MacDonald and \"Rolling Stone\" described his","title":"Rain (Beatles song)"},{"id":"819951","text":"With the Beatles With the Beatles is the second studio album by the English rock band the Beatles. It was released on 22 November 1963, on Parlophone, and was recorded four months after the band's debut \"Please Please Me\". The album features eight original compositions (seven by Lennon–McCartney and \"Don't Bother Me\", George Harrison's first recorded solo composition and his first released on a Beatles album) and six covers (mostly of Motown, rock and roll, and R&B hits). The cover photograph was taken by the fashion photographer Robert Freeman, and it has been mimicked by several music groups over the","title":"With the Beatles"},{"id":"18120113","text":"Essential James Taylor\". Honey Don't Leave L.A. \"Honey Don't Leave L.A.\" is a song written by Danny Kortchmar. It was first recorded by Attitudes, a band consisting of Kortchmar, Paul Stallworth, Jim Keltner and David Foster, who met while backing George Harrison on his album \"Extra Texture (Read All About It)\". It was released on Attitudes' self-titled debut album in 1976. It was also released as a promotional single on Harrison's Dark Horse Records label. The lyrics of \"Honey Don't Leave L.A.\" are a plea to an \"errant paramour.\" Following a live solo performance in 2013, Kortchmar noted that he","title":"Honey Don't Leave L.A."},{"id":"5580665","text":"Not a Second Time \"Not a Second Time\" is a song by John Lennon (credited to Lennon–McCartney) performed by English rock group the Beatles on their second British album, \"With the Beatles\", and the American album \"Meet the Beatles!\". Lennon said he was \"trying to write a Smokey Robinson or something at the time.\" This song inspired a musical analysis from William Mann of \"The Times\", citing the \"Aeolian cadence\" (Aeolian harmony) of Lennon's vocals as the song draws to a close, and noting that the same chord progression appears at the end of the final movement of Mahler's \"Das","title":"Not a Second Time"},{"id":"7949209","text":"of Honey\" was coincidentally recorded less than three weeks later by the Beatles for their 1963 debut album, \"Please Please Me\". \"Happy Days Are Here Again\" was released as Columbia single 42631 with \"When the Sun Comes Out\" on the b-side, but it did not chart. Notwithstanding, at the 1964 Grammy Awards, \"The Barbra Streisand Album\" won awards in the categories of Album of the Year, Best Female Vocal Performance, and Best Album Cover - Other Than Classical, the latter presented to art director John Berg. The only song recorded but not included on this album was \"Bewitched, Bothered and","title":"The Barbra Streisand Album"},{"id":"3567773","text":"for her 1970 album with guitarist Gabor Szabo, titled \"Lena & Gabor\". An instrumental version by Booker T. & the M.G.'s, from their \"Abbey Road\" tribute album \"McLemore Avenue\", peaked at number 76 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in August 1970. Other artists who released covers of the song that year include Della Reese, Nancy Sinatra, Perry Como, Karina (Spanish singer), Duane Eddy, the Ray Conniff Singers, Jerry Butler, Johnny Mathis, Engelbert Humperdinck, Isaac Hayes, King Curtis, Martha Reeves & the Vandellas, Ferrante & Teicher and the Shadows. Ray Charles issued his version on the album \"Volcanic Action of My","title":"Something (Beatles song)"},{"id":"11518498","text":"last, with only two points, from West Germany. At the Swedish singles chart, it peaked at #3. The song was at Svensktoppen for four weeks during the period 17 April 1977 – 8 May 1977, peaking at #6. Beatles (song) \"Beatles\", written by Sven Olov Bagge and Claes Bure, was the song that, performed by Swedish dansband Forbes, won the Swedish Melodifestivalen 1977. The song's lyrics are about the popular 1960s British rock group the Beatles and include the phrase \"Yeah, yeah, yeah\" as an homage to the Beatles song \"She Loves You\". Forbes took the song to the United","title":"Beatles (song)"},{"id":"4153008","text":"Love Me Do \"Love Me Do\" is the debut single by the English rock band the Beatles, backed by \"P.S. I Love You\". When the single was originally released in the United Kingdom on 5 October 1962, it peaked at No. 17; in 1982 it was re-promoted (not re-issued, retaining the same catalogue number) and reached No. 4. In the United States the single was a No. 1 hit in 1964. In 2013, recordings of the song that were released in 1962 entered the public domain in Europe. The song was written several years before it was recorded, and prior","title":"Love Me Do"},{"id":"19748399","text":"similar lyrics. This version peaked at 65 in the United States and 78 in Canada. Soulja Boy Tell 'Em released a freestyle to the song, also using the song's instrumentation as well as similar lyrics. It was included on his 2016 mixtape \"King Soulja 7\". Rae Sremmurd makes a cameo appearance in the 2017 film \"Boo 2! A Madea Halloween\", in which they perform \"Black Beatles\". Credits adapted from \"SremmLife 2\" booklet. Black Beatles \"Black Beatles\" is a song by American hip hop duo Rae Sremmurd. It was released on September 13, 2016 by EarDrummers and Interscope Records as the","title":"Black Beatles"},{"id":"4656433","text":"Bobby Goldsboro Bobby Goldsboro (born January 18, 1941) is an American pop and country singer-songwriter. He had a string of pop and country hits in the 1960s and 1970s, including his signature No. 1 hit \"Honey\", which sold over one million copies in the United States. Goldsboro was born in Marianna, Florida. During his first year of life, his family moved north from Marianna to Dothan, Alabama. He graduated from Dothan High School in 1959 and later enrolled at Auburn University. Goldsboro left college after his second year to pursue a musical career. He played guitar for Roy Orbison from","title":"Bobby Goldsboro"},{"id":"11163602","text":"Wild Honey (U2 song) \"Wild Honey\" is a song by the rock band U2. It is the seventh track on their 2000 album \"All That You Can't Leave Behind\". The song was played eleven times during the Elevation Tour. \"Wild Honey\" runs for 3:47 and is played in common time at a tempo of 125 beats per minute According to guitarist The Edge, \"Wild Honey\" broke up the album before the next track \"Peace On Earth\", and its placement in the running order was a misjudgement. The guitarist compared the song with The Beatles' \"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da\". There was a lot","title":"Wild Honey (U2 song)"},{"id":"4014974","text":"'65\" by Duke Ellington on Reprise Records, and \"Brasil '65\" by Sérgio Mendes on the Beatles' own Capitol label. All tracks written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney, except where noted. Note: The Capitol 8-track tape (8XT-2228) adds \"You Can't Do That\" to the end of Program 4 for programming purposes. The complete 8-track running order is as follows: The Beatles Production Beatles '65 Beatles '65 is the Beatles' fifth album issued by Capitol Records, and their seventh American album. It was issued in December 1964. The LP was also issued in Germany on the Odeon label. In 2004, \"Beatles","title":"Beatles '65"},{"id":"4508083","text":"1966 - the performance from their June 30 show at the Nippon Budokan was included in 1996's \"Anthology 2\" - and was also performed during the Get Back/Let It Be Sessions in January 1969. It also served as the title song to the Beatles' 1976 compilation album \"Rock 'n' Roll Music\". The Beatles' version of \"Rock and Roll Music\" was released as a single in some countries. It topped the charts in Finland, Norway, the Netherlands (as double A-side with \"No Reply\"), Sweden and Australia. The single peaked at number 2 in West Germany. Sources have varied in crediting the","title":"Rock and Roll Music"},{"id":"402646","text":"artists, released in 2008 to celebrate the US singles chart's 50th anniversary. , they hold the record for most number-one hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, with twenty. The Recording Industry Association of America certifies that the Beatles have sold 178 million units in the US, more than any other artist. They were collectively included in \"Time\" magazine's compilation of . In 2014, they received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. Principal members Early members Touring musician Timeline The above albums were reissued on CD in 1987, followed by the 1988 compilations \"Past Masters – Volume One\" and \"Past Masters –","title":"The Beatles"},{"id":"1316573","text":"other artists. In 1999, a group called Dope Smugglaz had a UK Top 20 hit with the track \"Double Double Dutch\", which made extensive use of samples from McLaren's original \"Double Dutch\". In 1997, Mariah Carey's \"Honey\" and its \"Bad Boy Remix\" sampled \"Hey DJ\". In 2002, Eminem released a track called \"Without Me\", which incorporated \"Buffalo Gals\". In 2007, McLaren's song \"World's Famous\" was sampled by R&B singer Amerie on the song \"Some Like It\" from her album \"Because I Love It\". In 2001, author Paul Gorman published his book \"\" with a foreword and contributions from McLaren. The","title":"Malcolm McLaren"},{"id":"9600893","text":"was included on the Beatles' \"Anthology 1\". The group also performed this song several times during the Get Back/Let It Be Sessions of January 1969. None of these have ever been officially released by EMI. There have been many other covers of this song. Richard Anthony recorded it in French as \"Nouvelle vague\" (1958). It appears on the 2005 Ry Cooder album \"Chávez Ravine\", with vocals performed by Little Willie G (Willie Garcia). Garage rock band The 5.6.7.8's covered the song for their 1996 EP \"Bomb the Twist\". It is also featured on \"Stand Out/Fit In\", the 2007 studio album","title":"Three Cool Cats"},{"id":"5579821","text":"the Byrds' work in that style. MacDonald describes it as the \"most overt\" country track on \"Beatles for Sale\", an album that is \"dominated by the idiom\". Among the band's biographers, opinions differ on which Beatle sings the low harmony part during the verses, below Lennon's lead vocal. MacDonald lists Harrison as the second vocalist on the track, while John Winn credits McCartney, saying that he sounds \"deceptively like a second Lennon\". According to musicologist Walter Everett, the harmony part is Lennon \"self-duetting\". According to Walter Everett: Rosanne Cash covered the song for her \"Hits 1979-1989\" compilation. Her version went","title":"I Don't Want to Spoil the Party"},{"id":"12814021","text":"United Kingdom-released versions of the albums. Six non-album singles and the mashup track \"Within You Without You/Tomorrow Never Knows\" from the 2006 remix album \"Love\" have also been included. Selections of the soundtrack are under license from Sony/ATV Music Publishing Company. Although Michael Jackson, who owned 50% of the publishing rights to the Beatles songs through Sony/ATV, died in June 2009, the sale of his estate did not affect the songs or the release schedule of \"The Beatles: Rock Band\", according to Harmonix. Additional songs are available for the game as downloadable content. The song \"All You Need Is Love\"","title":"The Beatles: Rock Band"},{"id":"10468811","text":"Beats\" is the full-length version, with an extended intro. The full version of the song wasn't included on \"Exit Planet Dust\" due to an uncleared vocal sample and has not been available since. The sample was \"take this, brother, may it serve you well,\" from The Beatles' song \"Revolution 9\". In fact, the sample still exists in the \"Exit Planet Dust\" version, only it's very faint in the background. They were later miscredited as sampling The Beatles song \"Tomorrow Never Knows\" (which sometimes closed Chemical Brothers DJ sets) in their hits \"Setting Sun\" and \"Let Forever Be\" (both feature Noel","title":"Fourteenth Century Sky"},{"id":"10370146","text":"Music\", author David Kastin notes that \"Honey\" was often singled out in reviews of \"Play\" for special praise. Jim Sullivan of \"The Boston Globe\" cited \"Honey\" as a highlight song from \"Play\", while Gene Stout of \"Seattle Post-Intelligencer\" called it \"one of the album's most riveting tracks.\" The song ranked at number twenty-four on \"The Village Voice\"s annual Pazz & Jop critics' poll for singles. On their year-end list, \"Spin\" named \"Honey\" the tenth best single of 1999. \"Honey\" was released as the lead single from \"Play\" on August 24, 1998 in Europe, months prior to the release of the","title":"Honey (Moby song)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"5579791\",\n \"text\": \"Live at the BBC Volume 2\\\". Starr performed a live version of the song, as a tribute to Harrison for their fondness of Perkins, at the Concert for George at London's Royal Albert Hall in 2002. Paul McCartney's publishing company MPL Communications administers the rights to the song, originally published by Hi Lo Music, Inc., BMI. Along with \\\"Matchbox\\\", \\\"Honey Don't\\\" is one of the rare songs that all four Beatles have recorded or performed on stage (see section below). Honey Don't \\\"Honey Don't\\\" is a song written by Carl Perkins, originally released on January 1, 1956 as the B-side\",\n \"title\": \"Honey Don't\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5579789\",\n \"text\": \"along with \\\"Blue Suede Shoes\\\", during their television debut on ABC-TV's \\\"Ozark Jubilee\\\" on March 17, 1956. The Beatles recorded their version on 26 October 1964 one of the last songs recorded for \\\"Beatles for Sale\\\", which was released in the United Kingdom on 4 December 1964. The North American release was on 15 December on \\\"Beatles '65\\\". Although John Lennon had previously sung the song live, Ringo Starr performed it for the album, his usual one lead vocal per album (although he sang two lead vocals on \\\"The Beatles\\\" double album and none on \\\"A Hard Day's Night\\\", \\\"Magical\",\n \"title\": \"Honey Don't\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5579787\",\n \"text\": \"Honey Don't \\\"Honey Don't\\\" is a song written by Carl Perkins, originally released on January 1, 1956 as the B-side of the \\\"Blue Suede Shoes\\\" single, Sun 234. Both songs became rockabilly classics. Bill Dahl of Allmusic praised the song saying, \\\"'Honey Don't' actually outclasses its more celebrated platter-mate in some ways.\\\" It has been covered by more than 20 other artists, including The Beatles, Ronnie Hawkins and Johnny Rivers. The song also appeared in the movies \\\"Prince of Tides\\\", \\\"Diner\\\", and \\\"Perfect Sisters\\\". According to David McGee, author of \\\"Go, Cat, Go! The Life and Times of Carl Perkins,\",\n \"title\": \"Honey Don't\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"961633\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Ozark Jubilee\\\", his television debut (Presley performed it for the second time that same night on CBS-TV's \\\"Stage Show\\\"; he'd first sung it on the program on February 11). In the United Kingdom, the song reached number 10 on the British charts. It was the first record by a Sun artist to sell a million copies. The B side, \\\"Honey Don't\\\", was covered by the Beatles, Wanda Jackson and (in the 1970s) T. Rex. John Lennon sang lead on the song when the Beatles performed it, before it was given to Ringo Starr to sing. Lennon also performed the song\",\n \"title\": \"Carl Perkins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1477659\",\n \"text\": \"other songwriter outside the band, except Larry Williams, who also added three songs to their discography. (Curiously, none of these three were sung by the Beatles' regular lead vocalists—\\\"Honey Don't\\\" (sung by Ringo) and \\\"Everybody's Trying to be my Baby\\\" (sung by George) from \\\"Beatles for Sale\\\" (1964) and \\\"Matchbox\\\" (sung by Ringo) on the \\\"Long Tall Sally\\\" EP (1964)). Long after the band broke up, the members continued to show their interest in rockabilly. In 1975, Lennon recorded an album called \\\"Rock 'n' Roll\\\", featuring versions of rockabilly hits and a cover photo showing him in full Gene Vincent\",\n \"title\": \"Rockabilly\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5580764\",\n \"text\": \"A Taste of Honey (song) \\\"A Taste of Honey\\\" is a pop standard written by Bobby Scott and Ric Marlow. It was originally an instrumental track (or recurring theme) written for the 1960 Broadway version of the 1958 British play \\\"A Taste of Honey\\\" (which was also made into the film of the same name in 1961). Both the original and a later recording by Herb Alpert in 1965 earned the song four Grammy Awards. A vocal version of the song, first recorded by Billy Dee Williams (and released in 1961 on the Prestige label), was recorded by the Beatles\",\n \"title\": \"A Taste of Honey (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5579790\",\n \"text\": \"Mystery Tour\\\", and \\\"Let It Be\\\"). During the song, he makes self-referential remarks leading into George Harrison's guitar riffs, saying, \\\"Rock on George, one time for me!\\\" and then \\\"Rock on, George, for Ringo one time!\\\" The Monkees referenced the latter remark leading into the instrumental break of their song \\\"No Time\\\" from their 1967 album Headquarters. The Beatles performed the song twice for the BBC for the \\\"From Us To You\\\" and \\\"Top Gear\\\" programs. A version sung by Lennon is available on \\\"Live at the BBC\\\". and a version sung by Starr was released on \\\"On Air –\",\n \"title\": \"Honey Don't\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5176639\",\n \"text\": \"& Patti, The Pixies, and John Pizzarelli, among others. In the 1978 film \\\"Sextette\\\", Dom DeLuise performed the song. Phish covered the song, with many other \\\"White Album\\\" songs, on the album \\\"Live Phish Volume 13\\\". In 2016 Wesley Schultz sang it in \\\"Beat Bugs\\\" episode 12b. The Beatles Additional musicians Honey Pie \\\"Honey Pie\\\" is a song by the Beatles, from their 1968 eponymous album \\\"The Beatles\\\", also known as \\\"the White Album\\\". The song was written entirely by Paul McCartney, but is credited to Lennon–McCartney. The song is a direct homage to the British music hall style. It\",\n \"title\": \"Honey Pie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5579731\",\n \"text\": \"No Reply (song) \\\"No Reply\\\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1964 album \\\"Beatles for Sale\\\". In North America, it was issued on Capitol Records' variant on the British release, \\\"Beatles '65\\\". The song was written mainly by John Lennon and credited to Lennon–McCartney. Lennon originally gave the song to another artist managed by Brian Epstein, Tommy Quickly, in June 1964, but Quickly decided not to use it. The Beatles recorded the track in London soon after returning from their first full tour of the United States. The lyrics typify Lennon's more introspective and\",\n \"title\": \"No Reply (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"961646\",\n \"text\": \"the tour, Perkins attended a party where he sat on the floor sharing stories, playing guitar, and singing songs while surrounded by the Beatles. Ringo Starr asked if he could record \\\"Honey Don't\\\". Perkins answered, \\\"Man, go ahead, have at it.\\\" The Beatles went on to record covers of \\\"Matchbox\\\", \\\"Honey Don't\\\" and \\\"Everybody's Trying to Be My Baby\\\" (recorded by Perkins, adapted from a song originally recorded by Rex Griffin in 1936, with new music by Perkins; a song with the same title was recorded by Roy Newman in 1938). The Beatles recorded two versions of \\\"Glad All Over\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Carl Perkins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5061797\",\n \"text\": \"Honey (Mariah Carey song) \\\"Honey\\\" is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey. It was released on August 29, 1997 by Columbia Records as the lead single from her sixth studio album \\\"Butterfly\\\" (1997). The song was written and produced by Carey, Sean \\\"Puff Daddy\\\" Combs, Kamaal \\\"Q-Tip\\\" Fareed, and Steven \\\"Stevie J\\\" Jordan. The song samples \\\"Hey DJ\\\" by the World's Famous Supreme Team, and \\\"The Body Rock\\\" by the Treacherous Three. \\\"Honey\\\" was a re-defining song in Carey's career, pushing her further into the hip hop music world. \\\"Honey\\\" was acclaimed by music critics, who called\",\n \"title\": \"Honey (Mariah Carey song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5176638\",\n \"text\": \"by George Martin was recorded two days later on 4 October. McCartney added a final vocal overdub at the end of the session. Before recording sessions for the \\\"White Album\\\" began, the Beatles recorded a demo of \\\"Honey Pie\\\" at George Harrison's Esher home studios. This version contained slightly different lyrics and lacked the introduction of the final version. The demo was later released in 1996 on \\\"Anthology 3\\\" and the 2018 Super Deluxe edition of the \\\"White Album\\\". The song has been covered by Alan Klein (1969), Barbra Streisand, the King's Singers, Don Partridge, the Golden Gate Quartet, Tuck\",\n \"title\": \"Honey Pie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5061828\",\n \"text\": \"since July 2017 on her second concert residency, The Butterfly Returns (2018). CD single US CD maxi-single UK CD single part 1 UK CD single part 2 Credits adapted from the \\\"Butterfly\\\" liner notes. Honey (Mariah Carey song) \\\"Honey\\\" is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey. It was released on August 29, 1997 by Columbia Records as the lead single from her sixth studio album \\\"Butterfly\\\" (1997). The song was written and produced by Carey, Sean \\\"Puff Daddy\\\" Combs, Kamaal \\\"Q-Tip\\\" Fareed, and Steven \\\"Stevie J\\\" Jordan. The song samples \\\"Hey DJ\\\" by the World's Famous Supreme\",\n \"title\": \"Honey (Mariah Carey song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5579739\",\n \"text\": \"Dayz Nite\\\". According to Ian MacDonald: The Beatles Additional personnel No Reply (song) \\\"No Reply\\\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1964 album \\\"Beatles for Sale\\\". In North America, it was issued on Capitol Records' variant on the British release, \\\"Beatles '65\\\". The song was written mainly by John Lennon and credited to Lennon–McCartney. Lennon originally gave the song to another artist managed by Brian Epstein, Tommy Quickly, in June 1964, but Quickly decided not to use it. The Beatles recorded the track in London soon after returning from their first full tour of\",\n \"title\": \"No Reply (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4336364\",\n \"text\": \"in 1996 as did Fairport Convention, featuring Dan Ar Braz, at the Cropredy Festival in 1997. Todd Rundgren has also covered the song, as has the late Dan Fogelberg, who reprised it as part of his own cover of \\\"Rhythm of the Rain\\\". The Grateful Dead played it twenty times throughout the early 1990s. The Beatles tribute act derives its name from the song. In 2016 Aloe Blacc sings it as Boris the Frog in the eponymous Beat Bugs episode 3b. Rain (Beatles song) \\\"Rain\\\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles that was first released in\",\n \"title\": \"Rain (Beatles song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5579788\",\n \"text\": \"the King of Rockabilly\\\", Carl Perkins first brought the song to a rehearsal with his band which at the time comprised the Perkins brothers and W.S. Holland: When Carl first played the song to Jay, Jay protested what sounded to him like an odd chord choice, going to a C7 chord after the E instead of the natural blues progression choice of A. At first, Jay refused to go along, but Carl convinced him it was something different, and today the chord choice is one of the most interesting aspects of the song. Perkins and his band performed the song,\",\n \"title\": \"Honey Don't\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7542119\",\n \"text\": \"Singles and Country Singles charts and it was his first song to top the Adult Contemporary chart. \\\"Billboard\\\" ranked the record as the No. 3 song for 1968. \\\"Honey\\\" reached No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart and a re-release of the single in the United Kingdom in 1975 (see 1975 in music) reached No. 2 again. In Australia, it spent four weeks at No. 1 on the ARIA Charts, replacing The Beatles' \\\"Lady Madonna\\\", and was the No. 6 song of 1968. \\\"The Cincinnati Enquirer\\\" reported that the song frequently appears on \\\"worst songs of all-time\\\" lists, and in\",\n \"title\": \"Honey (Bobby Goldsboro song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"820428\",\n \"text\": \"and two by Carl Perkins: \\\"Everybody's Trying to Be My Baby\\\", sung by Harrison, and \\\"Honey Don't\\\", sung by Starr. \\\"Mr. Moonlight\\\", which was originally recorded by Dr. Feelgood and the Interns, was Lennon's \\\"beloved obscurity\\\", according to Erlewine, and the subject of a remake towards the end of the \\\"Beatles for Sale\\\" sessions. A cover of Little Willie John's \\\"Leave My Kitten Alone\\\" was taped on 14 August, during the same session as the discarded version of \\\"Mr. Moonlight\\\", but was omitted from the album. A medley of \\\"Kansas City\\\" and \\\"Hey, Hey, Hey, Hey\\\" was sequenced as the\",\n \"title\": \"Beatles for Sale\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5434358\",\n \"text\": \"accompanying promotional video) is very similar to the intro on Carl Perkins's \\\"Honey Don't\\\", as sung by The Beatles on \\\"Beatles for Sale\\\". According to producer Don Was, there were two outtakes from the album: \\\"Shirley Temple Doesn't Live Here Anymore\\\" (which Dylan co-wrote with Was and David Weiss) and \\\"Heartland\\\" (which Dylan later sang with Willie Nelson on Nelson's 1993 album \\\"Across the Borderline\\\"). \\\"Shirley Temple Doesn't Live Here Anymore\\\" was later recorded by Don Was's group Was (Not Was) for their 2008 album \\\"Boo!\\\" as \\\"Mr. Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore\\\". Dylan recorded and released the nursery rhyme\",\n \"title\": \"Under the Red Sky\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5559881\",\n \"text\": \"The song has been covered by alt-country band the Gourds, by the Southern rock band the Georgia Satellites on their 1988 album, \\\"Open All Night\\\", and by the Punkles on their 2004 album, \\\"Pistol\\\". The Swedish pop group ABBA made an unofficial parody of this song, but it was not released until their medley \\\"Undeleted\\\" in 1994. Phish covered the song live, with most other songs on The Beatles on the album \\\"Live Phish Volume 13\\\". Ringo Starr released a re-recording of the song as a bonus track on his 2017 album \\\"Give More Love\\\". Don't Pass Me By \\\"Don't\",\n \"title\": \"Don't Pass Me By\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5580765\",\n \"text\": \"for their first album in 1963. Barbra Streisand had performed the song as part of her cabaret act during 1962, and recorded it for her debut album The Barbra Streisand Album on Columbia, which won a Grammy for Album of the Year (1963). The original recorded versions of the song \\\"A Taste of Honey\\\", \\\"A Taste of Honey (refrain)\\\" and \\\"A Taste of Honey (closing theme)\\\", appeared on Bobby Scott's 1960 album, also titled \\\"A Taste of Honey\\\", on Atlantic 1355. The composition won Best Instrumental Theme at the Grammy Awards of 1963. The Beatles performed Lenny Welch's adaptation, slightly\",\n \"title\": \"A Taste of Honey (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5580766\",\n \"text\": \"changing the lyrics in the chorus, as part of their repertoire in 1962 and as the instrumental version by Acker Bilk was popular in the United Kingdom at the time, the song was chosen to be recorded for their 1963 debut album, \\\"Please Please Me\\\". A version from this time was released in 1977 on the album \\\"Live! at the Star-Club in Hamburg, Germany; 1962\\\". In the US, this song first appeared on the VeeJay Records album \\\"Introducing... The Beatles\\\". They also performed \\\"A Taste of Honey\\\" seven times for BBC radio shows, including \\\"Here We Go\\\", \\\"Side by Side\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"A Taste of Honey (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4375880\",\n \"text\": \"Wait (Beatles song) \\\"Wait\\\" is a song released by the Beatles, on their 1965 album \\\"Rubber Soul\\\". The songwriting credit is Lennon–McCartney, although in the 1997 book, \\\"Many Years from Now,\\\" McCartney recalls it as entirely his. This is supported by a 1970 interview with John Lennon by Ray Connolly. John could not remember writing it. \\\"That must be one of Paul's,\\\" he said. The song was originally recorded for \\\"Help!\\\" in June 1965 but was rejected for inclusion on the album. When \\\"Rubber Soul\\\" fell one song short for a Christmas release, \\\"Wait\\\" was brought back. Overdubs were added\",\n \"title\": \"Wait (Beatles song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5601548\",\n \"text\": \"Julia (Beatles song) \\\"Julia\\\" is a song by the Beatles, but performed as a solo work by John Lennon. The song was written by Lennon (though credited to Lennon–McCartney) regarding his mother Julia Lennon, who died in 1958 at age 44. The track is the final song on side two (disc one on CD) of the band's 1968 double album, \\\"The Beatles\\\" (also known as \\\"White Album\\\") and was the last song recorded for the album. It was also released as the \\\"B side\\\" of the Beatles single \\\"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da\\\" in 1976. \\\"Julia\\\" was written by John Lennon (credited to\",\n \"title\": \"Julia (Beatles song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5643059\",\n \"text\": \"Good Night (Beatles song) \\\"Good Night\\\" is a song by the Beatles, composed by John Lennon, but credited to Lennon–McCartney. It is sung by Ringo Starr, the only Beatle to appear on the track. The music was provided by an orchestra arranged and conducted by George Martin. It is the last song on the Beatles' 1968 album \\\"The Beatles\\\" (also known as the \\\"White Album\\\"). John Lennon wrote the song as a lullaby for his five-year-old son Julian. The original version of \\\"Good Night\\\" featured George Harrison and John Lennon playing the melody on guitars with them and Paul McCartney\",\n \"title\": \"Good Night (Beatles song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7646530\",\n \"text\": \"and also reached the top 5 in Austria, Spain and Switzerland. In the United States, \\\"Honey, Honey\\\" was moderately successful compared to the group's later singles. It reached No.27 on both the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 and Adult Contemporary charts; the 1st ABBA single to reach the AC chart. ABBA Honey, Honey \\\"Honey, Honey\\\" is a song by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was released as the second single from their second studio album, \\\"Waterloo\\\", after the success of the title track at the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest. \\\"Honey, Honey\\\" was written by Björn Ulvaeus, Benny Andersson and Stig Anderson,\",\n \"title\": \"Honey, Honey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5239545\",\n \"text\": \"Lonely Hearts Club Band\\\" soundtrack. It was also released as Robin Gibb's fourth solo single. It reached number 15 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" pop chart and number 22 in the US Adult Contemporary Charts on 7 October 1978. It was Gibb's highest charting single in the United States. Oh! Darling \\\"Oh! Darling\\\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles, composed by Paul McCartney (credited to Lennon–McCartney), and appearing as the fourth song on the 1969 album \\\"Abbey Road\\\". Its working title was \\\"Oh! Darling (I'll Never Do You No Harm)\\\". Although not issued as a single in either\",\n \"title\": \"Oh! Darling\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4336347\",\n \"text\": \"Rain (Beatles song) \\\"Rain\\\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles that was first released in May 1966 as the B-side of their \\\"Paperback Writer\\\" single. Both songs were recorded during the sessions for the album \\\"Revolver\\\" although neither appears on that album. The song was written by John Lennon and credited to Lennon–McCartney. It is noted for its slowed-down rhythm track, an example of the tape-manipulation techniques the band embraced at this time, and backwards vocals over the song's coda. The single's release marked the first time that reversed sounds had appeared in a pop song,\",\n \"title\": \"Rain (Beatles song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6277292\",\n \"text\": \"and Attitudes. Attitudes (band) Attitudes was a rock band from Los Angeles consisting of keyboardist David Foster, guitarist Danny Kortchmar, bass guitarist Paul Stallworth and drummer Jim Keltner. Its four members came together while working as session musicians during the recording of George Harrison's album \\\"Extra Texture (Read All About It)\\\". One single by the band, \\\"Sweet Summer Music\\\" reached #94 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 in 1976. James Taylor later covered their single \\\"Honey Don't Leave L.A.\\\" and that version reached #61 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 in 1978. All songs produced by Lee Kiefer and Attitudes. Produced by\",\n \"title\": \"Attitudes (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8088516\",\n \"text\": \"the 1970 film \\\"The Grasshopper\\\"); and \\\"Little Green Apples\\\", which won a Song of the Year Grammy Award for him in 1968 from the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. \\\"Little Green Apples\\\" was a big hit for O.C. Smith in the USA and covered by Roger Miller in the U.K. The song was a particular favourite of Frank Sinatra. He wrote the song \\\"Honey\\\", which was a hit for Bobby Goldsboro in 1968, spending five weeks at the top of the Billboard Pop Singles Chart. Russell wrote the ballad \\\"Do You Know Who I Am\\\", which was recorded\",\n \"title\": \"Bobby Russell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"402521\",\n \"text\": \"sold more singles in the UK than any other act. In 2008, the group topped \\\"Billboard\\\" magazine's list of the all-time most successful artists; , they hold the record for most number-one hits on the Hot 100 chart with twenty. They have received seven Grammy Awards, an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score and fifteen Ivor Novello Awards. They were also collectively included in \\\"Time\\\" magazine's compilation of . In March 1957, John Lennon, then aged sixteen, formed a skiffle group with several friends from Quarry Bank High School in Liverpool. They briefly called themselves the Blackjacks, before changing\",\n \"title\": \"The Beatles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"823627\",\n \"text\": \"was the acoustic guitar, and thus many of the songs on \\\"The Beatles\\\" were written and first performed on that instrument. Some of these songs remained acoustic on \\\"The Beatles\\\" and were recorded solo, or only by part of the group (including \\\"Wild Honey Pie\\\", \\\"Blackbird\\\", \\\"Julia\\\", \\\"I Will\\\" and \\\"Mother Nature's Son\\\"). McCartney wrote \\\"Back in the U.S.S.R.\\\" as a parody of Chuck Berry's song \\\"Back in the U.S.A.\\\" and the Beach Boys. A field recording of a jet aeroplane taking off and landing was used at the start of the track, and intermittently throughout it. The backing vocals\",\n \"title\": \"The Beatles (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6277291\",\n \"text\": \"Attitudes (band) Attitudes was a rock band from Los Angeles consisting of keyboardist David Foster, guitarist Danny Kortchmar, bass guitarist Paul Stallworth and drummer Jim Keltner. Its four members came together while working as session musicians during the recording of George Harrison's album \\\"Extra Texture (Read All About It)\\\". One single by the band, \\\"Sweet Summer Music\\\" reached #94 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 in 1976. James Taylor later covered their single \\\"Honey Don't Leave L.A.\\\" and that version reached #61 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 in 1978. All songs produced by Lee Kiefer and Attitudes. Produced by Jay Lewis\",\n \"title\": \"Attitudes (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5643063\",\n \"text\": \"brings the album to a close. The song has been covered by several artists, including Jarvis Cocker, Pedro Aznar, the Carpenters, Ramsey Lewis, Kenny Loggins, Kidsongs, Linda Ronstadt, Cyril Stapleton, the Manhattan Transfer, Matthew Sweet, and Monkees drummer Micky Dolenz and the \\\"Forces Sweetheart\\\" Vera Lynn who released it as a single and performed it on a BBC TV variety show. Barbra Streisand recorded it in 1969 for her album \\\"What About Today?\\\" It was also chosen by the British band Coldplay to play out after the band had left the stage at concerts on their 2005–2006 Twisted Logic Tour.\",\n \"title\": \"Good Night (Beatles song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5601554\",\n \"text\": \"overlaps with the beginning of the next phrase. \\\"Julia\\\" was originally released as the final song on side two of \\\"The Beatles\\\" on 22 November 1968. In 1976, it was released as the B-side of the \\\"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da\\\" single. In 1988 \\\"Julia\\\" was one of the nine Beatles songs on the soundtrack album \\\"\\\". A portion of the song also appeared on the \\\"Love\\\" album mixed with \\\"Eleanor Rigby\\\". \\\"Julia\\\" has been covered by Ramsey Lewis, Bongwater, Chocolate Genius, Medeski, Scofield, Martin & Wood, Jacob Fred Jazz Odyssey, Waltari, Priscilla Ahn, Pedro Aznar, Mike Patton & Carla Hassett as a\",\n \"title\": \"Julia (Beatles song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5061809\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Honey\\\" became Carey's third single to debut atop the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100; the most number one debuts of any artist to this day. Additionally, the song became her 12th chart topper, breaking the fifth place record she had shared with Whitney Houston and Madonna. It replaced \\\"Mo Money Mo Problems\\\" by The Notorious B.I.G. featuring Puff Daddy and Mase, and it was replaced by Boyz II Men's \\\"4 Seasons of Loneliness\\\". At this point, Carey was tied with The Supremes for fourth most US number ones, behind Michael Jackson with thirteen, and Elvis Presley and The Beatles with 17 and\",\n \"title\": \"Honey (Mariah Carey song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5061798\",\n \"text\": \"Carey's musical transition \\\"genuine\\\". \\\"Honey\\\" was successful in the United States, becoming Carey's third single to debut atop the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, a feat that has yet to be duplicated. The single stayed at number one for three consecutive weeks. \\\"Honey\\\" hit the top-five in Canada, New Zealand, Spain, and the United Kingdom, the top-ten in Australia and Sweden, and the top 20 in the majority of charts worldwide. \\\"Honey\\\" was nominated in two categories at the 40th Annual Grammy Awards (1997), for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance and Best R&B Song. Carey included the song in the set-list\",\n \"title\": \"Honey (Mariah Carey song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4342872\",\n \"text\": \"Nowhere Man (song) \\\"Nowhere Man\\\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles. It was released in December 1965 on their album \\\"Rubber Soul\\\", except for in the United States and Canada, where it was first issued as a single A-side in February 1966 before appearing on the album \\\"Yesterday and Today\\\". The song was written by John Lennon and credited to Lennon–McCartney. In the US, the single peaked at number 3 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 and number 1 on the chart compiled by \\\"Record World\\\" magazine, as it did the \\\"RPM\\\" 100 chart in Canada. The\",\n \"title\": \"Nowhere Man (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5559770\",\n \"text\": \"(Fm on \\\"son\\\") to get back to the C major key. It is sung by all four Beatles, Ringo's then-wife Maureen, and Yoko Ono (providing the only female lead vocal on a Beatles' recording, for the line \\\"Not when he looked so fierce\\\"). The Mellotron reappears during the verses, played by Lennon, using mandolin samples, and during the outro, played by Thomas, using trombone samples. Lennon, who wrote the song, is the primary lead singer. Like the majority of Beatles songs written by either Lennon or Paul McCartney, it is credited to Lennon–McCartney. The song was recorded by the Beatles\",\n \"title\": \"The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5556994\",\n \"text\": \"time on \\\"You Can't Do That\\\" and gave the song its distinctive chiming sound. The song was first released as the B-side of the \\\"Can't Buy Me Love\\\" single on 16 March 1964 in the United States by Capitol Records and on 20 March 1964 in the United Kingdom by Parlophone. It was the Beatles seventh US single and sixth UK single. It was later included in the \\\"A Hard Day's Night\\\" album in the UK, and \\\"The Beatles' Second Album\\\" in the US. The Beatles were filmed miming to \\\"You Can't Do That\\\" as part of the final concert\",\n \"title\": \"You Can't Do That\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4336358\",\n \"text\": \"up to that time. On the final mix of the single, Lennon played a 1965 Gretsch Nashville, Paul McCartney a 1964 Rickenbacker 4001S bass, Harrison a 1964 Gibson SG, and Ringo Starr used Ludwig drums. First released as a B-side to \\\"Paperback Writer\\\" in the United States (Capitol 5651) on 30 May 1966 and in the UK on 10 June, the single was later released part of a Record Store Day reissue in 2010. It later appeared on the compilations \\\"Hey Jude\\\" in the US and \\\"Rarities\\\" in the UK. It also appeared on the \\\"Past Masters\\\" CD. In the\",\n \"title\": \"Rain (Beatles song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10370141\",\n \"text\": \"Honey (Moby song) \\\"Honey\\\" is a song by American electronica musician Moby. It was released as the first single from his fifth studio album \\\"Play\\\" on August 24, 1998. The song incorporates vocal samples from \\\"Sometimes\\\" by American blues singer Bessie Jones, while its instrumentation is built around a repeating piano riff sampled from the song \\\"\\\"Woman to Woman\\\"\\\" by Joe Cocker (released in 1972). Moby discovered the \\\"Sometimes\\\" sample while listening to albums of folk music recordings compiled by field collector Alan Lomax. He subsequently composed \\\"Honey\\\", along with several other songs from \\\"Play\\\", using the Lomax recordings. \\\"Honey\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Honey (Moby song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9600894\",\n \"text\": \"by The Basics, as well as on their 2010 live album. The song is also heard in the 2016 film \\\"Nine Lives.\\\" Three Cool Cats \\\"Three Cool Cats\\\" is a 1958 song written by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. It was originally recorded by The Coasters and released as the B-side of their hit single, \\\"Charlie Brown.\\\" \\\"Three Cool Cats\\\" was one of the fifteen songs recorded by The Beatles for their Decca Records audition on New Year's Day in 1962 in London. The Beatles' cover version featured George Harrison's vocals and Pete Best on drums. The Beatles' manager, Brian\",\n \"title\": \"Three Cool Cats\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7646528\",\n \"text\": \"Honey, Honey \\\"Honey, Honey\\\" is a song by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was released as the second single from their second studio album, \\\"Waterloo\\\", after the success of the title track at the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest. \\\"Honey, Honey\\\" was written by Björn Ulvaeus, Benny Andersson and Stig Anderson, with shared vocals by Agnetha Fältskog, Anni-Frid Lyngstad and Ulvaeus. As well as the English version, ABBA also recorded \\\"Honey, Honey\\\" in Swedish on January 30, 1974 at Metronome Studio, Stockholm. This was the last official recording by the group in their own language, and was released as a\",\n \"title\": \"Honey, Honey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5176636\",\n \"text\": \"Honey Pie \\\"Honey Pie\\\" is a song by the Beatles, from their 1968 eponymous album \\\"The Beatles\\\", also known as \\\"the White Album\\\". The song was written entirely by Paul McCartney, but is credited to Lennon–McCartney. The song is a direct homage to the British music hall style. It concerns a famed actress, called only by the term of endearment \\\"Honey Pie\\\", who becomes famous in the United States, and her old lover, who wishes for her to rejoin him in England. The premise – a humble admirer yearning for the return of his lover – is not unlike a\",\n \"title\": \"Honey Pie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5643064\",\n \"text\": \"A one-second clip of the song is heard on the Paul McCartney album \\\"Liverpool Sound Collage\\\" at 3:38 on the track \\\"Plastic Beetle\\\". Good Night (Beatles song) \\\"Good Night\\\" is a song by the Beatles, composed by John Lennon, but credited to Lennon–McCartney. It is sung by Ringo Starr, the only Beatle to appear on the track. The music was provided by an orchestra arranged and conducted by George Martin. It is the last song on the Beatles' 1968 album \\\"The Beatles\\\" (also known as the \\\"White Album\\\"). John Lennon wrote the song as a lullaby for his five-year-old son\",\n \"title\": \"Good Night (Beatles song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10524618\",\n \"text\": \"J.C. Lodge J.C. Lodge, (born June Carol Lodge, 1 December 1958, London, England), is a reggae singer, actress and fine artist. Her breakthrough hit \\\"Someone Loves You, Honey\\\" became the best-selling single of 1982 in the Netherlands. Lodge is also an accomplished painter, having exhibited in Kingston art galleries, and has acted in several theatre productions. British born to a Jamaican father and British mother, J.C. Lodge was taken to Jamaica as a child. There, the Beatles fan soon became immersed in R&B and reggae, and sang along to everything she heard. Toward the end of high school, a relationship\",\n \"title\": \"J.C. Lodge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4622763\",\n \"text\": \"Kishori Amonkar (1932–2017), Rashid Khan (b. 1966) and Ajoy Chakrabarty (b. 1952). Other vocalists such as Amir Khan have played around with it privately but preferred the simpler, less intrusive tanpura for accompaniment. The Beatles' 1967 single \\\"Strawberry Fields Forever\\\" features a swarmandal, played by George Harrison, as does \\\"Within You Without You\\\", from the band's \\\"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\\\" album. Swarmandal The swarmandal ( ) or Indian harp is a zither, originating from the Indian subcontinent, similar to the qanun that is today most commonly used as an accompanying instrument for vocal Indian classical music. The name\",\n \"title\": \"Swarmandal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12164663\",\n \"text\": \"Ric Marlow Eric \\\"Ric\\\" Marlow (born Sanford Phillip Schafler; December 21, 1925 – February 28, 2017) was an American songwriter and actor, best known for co-writing with Bobby Scott the song \\\"A Taste of Honey\\\" which won a Grammy in 1962. The song has been recorded by approximately 200 artists internationally, including The Beatles, Herb Alpert & The Tijuana Brass, Barbra Streisand, Tony Bennett, and Johnny Mathis. He also had several acting roles, most notably on the television programs, \\\"Bonanza\\\", \\\"Hawaii Five-O\\\" and \\\"Magnum, P.I.\\\". Marlow was born to Bernice (née Berney) and Arthur Schafler in the Bronx, New York.\",\n \"title\": \"Ric Marlow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9154381\",\n \"text\": \"September in the Rain \\\"September in the Rain\\\" is a popular song by Harry Warren and Al Dubin, published in 1937. The song was introduced by James Melton in the film \\\"Melody for Two\\\". It has become a standard, having been recorded by many artists since. There were three charted versions in 1937 by Guy Lombardo, James Melton and Rhythm Wreckers (vocal by Pauline Byrns). The song became popular again in 1948 and 1949 when versions by Sam Donahue and the George Shearing Quintet briefly reached the charts. In 1962, the Beatles recorded a rock and roll interpretation during their\",\n \"title\": \"September in the Rain\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1413702\",\n \"text\": \"spot in the musical magazines \\\"New Musical Express\\\" and \\\"Melody Maker\\\" but not on the chart published by \\\"Record Retailer\\\" (now \\\"Music Week\\\"). On the other hand, \\\"Strawberry Fields Forever\\\" was part of a double A-side single along with \\\"Penny Lane\\\". This single had peaked at number 2 in the charts, behind Engelbert Humperdinck's single \\\"Release Me\\\". This album is essentially a combination of both the US and UK versions of the earlier album \\\"20 Greatest Hits\\\", with the addition of \\\"Something\\\" (which was left off \\\"20 Greatest Hits\\\" because of time constraints). On \\\"1\\\", \\\"Hey Jude\\\" was released in\",\n \"title\": \"1 (Beatles album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5580581\",\n \"text\": \"also create the Dorian progression i-IV-i. The song achieves a thick sound through its double-tracked vocal, reverbed guitars, and busy drumming. The elaborate percussion lends the song a Latin rhythm accentuated by its stop-time structure. On some late-1970s Canadian stereo pressings of \\\"Meet the Beatles!\\\", an alternate version of the song with an extra ‘don't’ sung at 2:08 is included in place of the standard stereo version. They recorded the song on 11 and 12 September 1963. They were not satisfied with the version recorded on the eleventh which was recorded in seven takes and did a remake on the\",\n \"title\": \"Don't Bother Me\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11506308\",\n \"text\": \"Ronnie Weiser's Rollin' Rock Records. In 1970, Mac Curtis had two hits on \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Songs chart, \\\"Early In The Morning\\\" (#35) and \\\"Honey, Don't\\\" (#43). As a singer he was still active in the 1980s and 1990s. He was later elected to the Rockabilly Hall of Fame. He died on September 16, 2013 at age 74, following injuries received in a car accident a month earlier, after which he had undergone rehabilitation at a nursing home. Mac Curtis Wesley Erwin \\\"Mac\\\" Curtis, Jr. (January 16, 1939 – September 16, 2013) was an American rockabilly musician. Born in Fort\",\n \"title\": \"Mac Curtis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5061811\",\n \"text\": \"weeks, and ranked 18 on the \\\"RPM\\\" Year-end chart for 1997. The song debuted on the UK Singles Chart on September 6, 1997 at its peak of number three, and spent a total of eight weeks in the chart. \\\"Honey\\\" is Carey's 15th best-selling single in the United Kingdom as of 2010, with estimated sales of over 200,000. In Australia, \\\"Honey\\\" peaked at number eight on the charts, spending a total of 19 weeks in the chart. It was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), denoting shipments of over 35,000 units. In New Zealand, the song peaked\",\n \"title\": \"Honey (Mariah Carey song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18436513\",\n \"text\": \"No Type \\\"No Type\\\" is a song by American hip hop duo Rae Sremmurd. It was released on September 15, 2014, by EarDrummers Entertainment and Interscope Records, as the second single from their debut studio album \\\"SremmLife\\\" (2015). The song was produced by Mike Will Made It with additional production from Swae Lee. The song has peaked at number 16 on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart, becoming their second highest-charting single behind \\\"Black Beatles\\\". The music video was released on August 11, 2014 and has received over 700 million views on YouTube. There were two remixes, one was by\",\n \"title\": \"No Type\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5579735\",\n \"text\": \"after we did this one and saying, 'You're getting better now – that was a complete story.' Apparently, before that, he thought my songs wandered off.\\\" The song is in the key of C major. The song form is standard AABA (verse-verse-bridge-verse), without a chorus as such, but including the refrain \\\"No reply\\\". The main instrumentation on the Beatles recording comprises acoustic guitars (played by Lennon and Harrison on their Gibson J-160Es), bass guitar and drums. In addition to handclaps by all four members of the group, the overdubs included a piano part by their producer, George Martin, and electric\",\n \"title\": \"No Reply (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3025848\",\n \"text\": \"Songs: An Informed Fan's Guide\\\" by Stephen J. Spignesi and Michael Lewis. The song is ranked third on the 100 Best Beatles Songs list, behind \\\"A Day in the Life\\\" and \\\"Strawberry Fields Forever\\\". Film of the Beatles performance was shown on \\\"The Ed Sullivan Show\\\" on 15 February 1970. Although the song is performed regularly during McCartney's performances, there are a few notable performances. The Beatles Additional musicians Per John Winn's \\\"That Magic Feeling\\\", Mark Lewisohn's \\\"The Complete Beatles Chronicle\\\", and Steve Sullivan's \\\"Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings, Volume 1\\\". The Beatles: On the US charts, the song\",\n \"title\": \"Let It Be (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5559876\",\n \"text\": \"Don't Pass Me By \\\"Don't Pass Me By\\\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from the double album\\\" The Beatles\\\" (also known as the \\\"White Album\\\"). It was the first solo composition by Ringo Starr. The song was released as a single in Scandinavia and peaked at number 1 in Denmark in April 1969. Starr first played his song for the other Beatles soon after he joined the group in August 1962. During an interview, Ringo commented on the songwriting process, saying: \\\"I wrote Don't Pass Me By when I was sitting round at home. I\",\n \"title\": \"Don't Pass Me By\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9600892\",\n \"text\": \"Three Cool Cats \\\"Three Cool Cats\\\" is a 1958 song written by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. It was originally recorded by The Coasters and released as the B-side of their hit single, \\\"Charlie Brown.\\\" \\\"Three Cool Cats\\\" was one of the fifteen songs recorded by The Beatles for their Decca Records audition on New Year's Day in 1962 in London. The Beatles' cover version featured George Harrison's vocals and Pete Best on drums. The Beatles' manager, Brian Epstein, personally chose this and the fourteen other audition numbers from the band's Merseyside dance hall and rock club repertoire. The recording\",\n \"title\": \"Three Cool Cats\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16045035\",\n \"text\": \"was released as a bootleg video by Media Home Entertainment. A video segment from the special appears in \\\"\\\" documentary film. Songs from the special appear on the \\\"Anthology 1\\\" compilation. The Beatles' musical set features the only recorded performance of \\\"Shout\\\" by the group. The footage of them singing \\\"Can't Buy Me Love\\\" is now included on the video disk of the 2015 reissue of the compilation \\\"1\\\". All of the songs performed by the Beatles in the special were released on home video in 1985 by EMI and Dave Clark Productions as \\\"Ready Steady Go! Special Edition The\",\n \"title\": \"Around the Beatles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6185077\",\n \"text\": \"time that any single released by any member of the Beatles hit the \\\"Billboard\\\" R&B chart. It was McCartney's record 28th song to hit number one on the Billboard 100. In 2008, the song was ranked at #59 on \\\"Billboard\\\"'s Greatest Songs of all time. In 2013, it was ranked #69 on the Billboard list of the Hot 100 songs of all-time. The song was derided as \\\"saccharine\\\" and was later named as the tenth worst song of all time by \\\"Blender\\\" magazine in April 2009. In October 2007, it was named the worst duet in history by BBC 6\",\n \"title\": \"Ebony and Ivory\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19748392\",\n \"text\": \"Black Beatles \\\"Black Beatles\\\" is a song by American hip hop duo Rae Sremmurd. It was released on September 13, 2016 by EarDrummers and Interscope Records as the third single from their second studio album \\\"SremmLife 2\\\". The song features guest vocals from American rapper Gucci Mane and is produced by Mike Will Made It. Following viral exposure, due in large part to its role in the Mannequin Challenge trend, it became both Rae Sremmurd's and Gucci Mane's first number-one single on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 and their first top ten appearance in countries such as Australia, Canada, New\",\n \"title\": \"Black Beatles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5061810\",\n \"text\": \"20, respectively. \\\"Honey\\\" was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting shipments of over one million units. The song stalled at number two on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (behind \\\"You Make Me Wanna...\\\" by Usher), spending 22 weeks in the chart. \\\"Honey\\\" finished number 32 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" end of year chart for 1997. In Canada, the song debuted on the \\\"RPM\\\" Singles Chart at forty-eight on the \\\"RPM\\\" issue dated August 18, 1997, and reached the top of the chart on September 22, 1997. It was present on the chart for a total of 20\",\n \"title\": \"Honey (Mariah Carey song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6076941\",\n \"text\": \"recordings) also was released by Capitol Records in 1992. On March 10, 2016, two of The Honeys participated in concert at the Coffee Gallery Backstage in Altadena, California as part of a tribute to their long-time friend and 1960s songwriting legend P.F. Sloan. The Honeys The Honeys were an American girl group formed in Los Angeles in 1963. Their line-up consisted of Marilyn Rovell (later Marilyn Wilson-Ruthorford), her sister Diane Rovell, and their friend Ginger Blake. The group were a kind of female counterpart to the Beach Boys. Bandleader Brian Wilson served as the Honeys' record producer and chief songwriter,\",\n \"title\": \"The Honeys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19748396\",\n \"text\": \"on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, becoming both Rae Sremmurd's and Gucci Mane's first number one single and the most successful yet of their careers, and replaced The Chainsmokers and Halsey's \\\"Closer\\\" for the top spot, which had held that for 12 consecutive weeks. The song has topped the chart for seven non-consecutive weeks. On the issue dated January 7, 2017, it lost the top spot to \\\"Starboy\\\" by The Weeknd featuring Daft Punk, though returned to number one the following week. It also peaked at number one in Indonesia and New Zealand. The song had already entered the top\",\n \"title\": \"Black Beatles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19522354\",\n \"text\": \"So How Come (No One Loves Me) \\\"So How Come (No One Loves Me)\\\" is a song written by Felice and Boudleaux Bryant and originally recorded by the Everly Brothers for their fourth album, \\\"A Date with the Everly Brothers\\\", in 1960. The Beatles recorded their version on 10 July 1963 for the \\\"Pop Go the Beatles\\\" radio show, with George Harrison on lead vocals. The song was recorded at the Aeolian Hall in London, and was first broadcast thirteen days later on 23 July 1963. The song appears on the 1994 album \\\"Live at the BBC\\\" and the title\",\n \"title\": \"So How Come (No One Loves Me)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5580767\",\n \"text\": \"and \\\"Easy Beat\\\". In 1967, McCartney was inspired to compose “Your Mother Should Know” based on a line taken from the screenplay. Engineered by Norman Smith Lenny Welch recorded an early vocal version. It was released as a single in September 1962 on the Cadence Records label and included on his 1963 album \\\"Since I Fell for You\\\". This version also credits Lee Morris as a writer but it is not known if it was he who provided the lyrics. This credit does not appear on any covers of the song, with only Marlow/Scott credited. Johnny Rivers covered the song\",\n \"title\": \"A Taste of Honey (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15468543\",\n \"text\": \"aired on Great American Country. The song was first recorded by the Motown singer Chuck Jackson, whose single reached number 43 on the R&B charts in 1969. In December 1969, Don Ho also released it as a single. Campbell's 1970 single was one of many recordings of the song that year - there were versions by: Honey Come Back (song) \\\"Honey Come Back\\\" is a song written by Jimmy Webb and recorded by the American country music artist Glen Campbell. It was released in January 1970 as the second single from his album \\\"Try a Little Kindness\\\". The song peaked\",\n \"title\": \"Honey Come Back (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2542324\",\n \"text\": \"backed by Starr's composition \\\"Don't Pass Me By\\\". In 1973, three years after the Beatles' break-up, the song was included on the band's double album compilation \\\"1967–1970\\\", as one of only three tracks representing the White Album. On 25 June 1976, the song was issued as a single by Parlophone in the UK to promote the compilation album \\\"Rock 'n' Roll Music\\\". The B-side was \\\"Twist and Shout\\\", making it the first EMI single by the Beatles to include a non-original composition. It peaked at number 19 on the UK Singles Chart, number 11 in Ireland, and number 19 in\",\n \"title\": \"Back in the U.S.S.R.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19522355\",\n \"text\": \"is erroneously shown as \\\"Top So How Come (No One Loves Me).\\\" Personnel per \\\"The Beatles Bible\\\" So How Come (No One Loves Me) \\\"So How Come (No One Loves Me)\\\" is a song written by Felice and Boudleaux Bryant and originally recorded by the Everly Brothers for their fourth album, \\\"A Date with the Everly Brothers\\\", in 1960. The Beatles recorded their version on 10 July 1963 for the \\\"Pop Go the Beatles\\\" radio show, with George Harrison on lead vocals. The song was recorded at the Aeolian Hall in London, and was first broadcast thirteen days later on\",\n \"title\": \"So How Come (No One Loves Me)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20485844\",\n \"text\": \"There's a Honey \\\"There's a Honey\\\" is a song by English indie pop band Pale Waves. The band's debut single, it was released through Dirty Hit on 20 February 2017 and is the lead single of their expected debut studio album, \\\"My Mind Makes Noises\\\" (2018)\\\".\\\" It was re-released on 10 November as a limited-edition double 7\\\", coupled with \\\"Television Romance\\\". Upon it's re-release, it debuted at #83 on the Scottish Singles Chart on 17 November and at #2 on the UK Vinyl Singles and UK Singles Sales Charts. The song was originally released on 20 February 2017 as a\",\n \"title\": \"There's a Honey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8772128\",\n \"text\": \"Songs of the Beatles Songs of the Beatles is a 1981 album by Sarah Vaughan of songs by The Beatles. The album contains songs written and originally performed by The Beatles with contemporaneous pop and jazz arrangements. On \\\"Something\\\" Vaughan was accompanied by the Brazilian singer and musician Marcos Valle. It was recorded in 1977 but was not released until 1981 due to a recording contract problem. On balance, \\\"Los Angeles Times\\\" jazz writer Leonard Feather is favorable in his assessment, awarding the album three and a half stars, notwithstanding some ill-advised commercial trimmings: \\\"Recorded several years ago, inexplicably shelved\",\n \"title\": \"Songs of the Beatles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12814020\",\n \"text\": \"of The Beatles into the video. Body doubles, vetted by the Apple Corps shareholders, appear in some shots. On September 8, 2009, Dhani Harrison appeared as a guest on \\\"The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien\\\" to promote the game. Harrison and O'Brien (along with \\\"Tonight Show\\\" web manager Aaron Bleyaert and The Tonight Show Band member Mark Pender) performed the song \\\"Birthday\\\" at the close of the show. The game includes 45 songs from 12 of The Beatles albums recorded during their 1963–1970 tenure with EMI Records. With the exception of \\\"Magical Mystery Tour\\\", track information is based on the\",\n \"title\": \"The Beatles: Rock Band\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7624212\",\n \"text\": \"Wild Honey (The Beach Boys song) \\\"Wild Honey\\\" is a song written by Brian Wilson and Mike Love for the American rock band The Beach Boys. It was released on their 1967 album \\\"Wild Honey\\\". It was also released as a single, with the B-side of the single being \\\"Wind Chimes\\\". The single peaked at #31 in the U.S. and #29 in the U.K. In a 1992 issue of \\\"Goldmine\\\", Mike Love explained the idea for the lyrics of the song: Recording for the song began on September 26, 1967 at Brian Wilson's home studio in Bel Air, California with\",\n \"title\": \"Wild Honey (The Beach Boys song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8308062\",\n \"text\": \"Johnny Russell (singer) John Bright Russell (January 23, 1940 – July 3, 2001) was an American country singer, songwriter, and comedian best known for his song \\\"Act Naturally\\\", which was made famous by Buck Owens, who recorded it in 1963, and The Beatles in 1965. His songs have been recorded by Burl Ives, Jim Reeves, Jerry Garcia, Dolly Parton, Emmylou Harris, and Linda Ronstadt. Born in Moorhead, Mississippi, he moved with his family at age 11 to Fresno, California, where he began writing songs and entering talent contests while still attending Fresno High School, from which he graduated in 1958.\",\n \"title\": \"Johnny Russell (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7017387\",\n \"text\": \"original recordings had been subject to general release, though a version of \\\"Christmas Time (Is Here Again)\\\", an original composition which appeared in edited form on the 1967 record, eventually gained an official release in 1995, as part of \\\"The Beatles Anthology\\\" project. A vinyl box set of all the records was released in December 2017. The first Christmas recording from the Beatles featured several renditions of the traditional carol \\\"Good King Wenceslas\\\" and individual messages from the four, ending with a closing chorus of \\\"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Ringo\\\". This offering, as well as 1964's, was scripted by Beatles' press\",\n \"title\": \"The Beatles' Christmas records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12818974\",\n \"text\": \"Dave Goddard alongside guitarist Lewis Clayton, pianist Neil 'Nutrocker' and drummer Buzz Baker. In recent years the Sunsets has been fronted by Shakin' Stevens' nephew, Levi Barratt. Because of Steven's commercial success since the 1980s, many of the original records issued by him and the group are now collectors items. For example, their recording of \\\"Honey Don't\\\" (issued on CBS Records in Sweden, 1973) sold for more than UK£ 340 in 2013. Other records that have sold for over £100 include their Parlophone issued single \\\"Spirit Of Wood Stock\\\" and their debut album, \\\"A Legend\\\". Shakin' Stevens and the Sunsets\",\n \"title\": \"Shakin' Stevens and the Sunsets\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"823631\",\n \"text\": \"record the same backing track repetitively, and pinpoints this session as a key indication that the Beatles were going to break up. McCartney attempted to remake the backing track for a third time, but this was abandoned after a few takes and the second version was used as the final mix. The group, save for McCartney, had lost interest in the track by the end of recording, and refused to release it as a single. Marmalade recorded a version that became a number one hit. McCartney recorded \\\"Wild Honey Pie\\\" on 20 August at the end of the session for\",\n \"title\": \"The Beatles (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12815996\",\n \"text\": \"Billboard Top Rock'n'Roll Hits: 1967 Billboard Top Rock'n'Roll Hits: 1967 is a compilation album released by Rhino Records in 1989, featuring 10 hit recordings from 1967. The original album includes six songs that reached the top of the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart. The remaining four tracks each reached the Hot 100's Top 10. A re-issue in 1993 followed, replacing tracks by the Monkees, The Buckinghams, and Paul Revere & The Raiders with songs by Aretha Franklin, The Young Rascals, and Sam & Dave. Absent from the track lineup were songs by The Beatles. A disclaimer on the back of the\",\n \"title\": \"Billboard Top Rock'n'Roll Hits: 1967\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1388772\",\n \"text\": \"a Top 10 single in the UK in 1968 (US number 20) and was ranked 48th in \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" magazine's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. Another famous example is the Beatles' cover of \\\"Twist and Shout\\\", originally by the Top Notes, and their cover of the song, \\\"Til There Was You\\\", by Meredith Willson, among many others. The term \\\"cover\\\" goes back decades when cover version originally described a rival version of a tune recorded to compete with the recently released (original) version. The \\\"Chicago Tribune\\\" described the term in 1952: \\\"trade jargon meaning to record a tune that\",\n \"title\": \"Cover version\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4336359\",\n \"text\": \"United States, the song peaked at number 23 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 on 9 July 1966, and remained in that position the following week. The \\\"Paperback Writer\\\" single reached number 1 in the UK (for two weeks starting on 23 June). \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" magazine ranks \\\"Rain\\\" 463rd in its list of \\\"The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time\\\". On a similar list compiled by the New York radio station Q104.3, the song appeared at number 382. \\\"Rain\\\" is notable for Ringo Starr's drumming, which Starr rates as his best recorded performance. Both Ian MacDonald and \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" described his\",\n \"title\": \"Rain (Beatles song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"819951\",\n \"text\": \"With the Beatles With the Beatles is the second studio album by the English rock band the Beatles. It was released on 22 November 1963, on Parlophone, and was recorded four months after the band's debut \\\"Please Please Me\\\". The album features eight original compositions (seven by Lennon–McCartney and \\\"Don't Bother Me\\\", George Harrison's first recorded solo composition and his first released on a Beatles album) and six covers (mostly of Motown, rock and roll, and R&B hits). The cover photograph was taken by the fashion photographer Robert Freeman, and it has been mimicked by several music groups over the\",\n \"title\": \"With the Beatles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18120113\",\n \"text\": \"Essential James Taylor\\\". Honey Don't Leave L.A. \\\"Honey Don't Leave L.A.\\\" is a song written by Danny Kortchmar. It was first recorded by Attitudes, a band consisting of Kortchmar, Paul Stallworth, Jim Keltner and David Foster, who met while backing George Harrison on his album \\\"Extra Texture (Read All About It)\\\". It was released on Attitudes' self-titled debut album in 1976. It was also released as a promotional single on Harrison's Dark Horse Records label. The lyrics of \\\"Honey Don't Leave L.A.\\\" are a plea to an \\\"errant paramour.\\\" Following a live solo performance in 2013, Kortchmar noted that he\",\n \"title\": \"Honey Don't Leave L.A.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5580665\",\n \"text\": \"Not a Second Time \\\"Not a Second Time\\\" is a song by John Lennon (credited to Lennon–McCartney) performed by English rock group the Beatles on their second British album, \\\"With the Beatles\\\", and the American album \\\"Meet the Beatles!\\\". Lennon said he was \\\"trying to write a Smokey Robinson or something at the time.\\\" This song inspired a musical analysis from William Mann of \\\"The Times\\\", citing the \\\"Aeolian cadence\\\" (Aeolian harmony) of Lennon's vocals as the song draws to a close, and noting that the same chord progression appears at the end of the final movement of Mahler's \\\"Das\",\n \"title\": \"Not a Second Time\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7949209\",\n \"text\": \"of Honey\\\" was coincidentally recorded less than three weeks later by the Beatles for their 1963 debut album, \\\"Please Please Me\\\". \\\"Happy Days Are Here Again\\\" was released as Columbia single 42631 with \\\"When the Sun Comes Out\\\" on the b-side, but it did not chart. Notwithstanding, at the 1964 Grammy Awards, \\\"The Barbra Streisand Album\\\" won awards in the categories of Album of the Year, Best Female Vocal Performance, and Best Album Cover - Other Than Classical, the latter presented to art director John Berg. The only song recorded but not included on this album was \\\"Bewitched, Bothered and\",\n \"title\": \"The Barbra Streisand Album\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3567773\",\n \"text\": \"for her 1970 album with guitarist Gabor Szabo, titled \\\"Lena & Gabor\\\". An instrumental version by Booker T. & the M.G.'s, from their \\\"Abbey Road\\\" tribute album \\\"McLemore Avenue\\\", peaked at number 76 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 in August 1970. Other artists who released covers of the song that year include Della Reese, Nancy Sinatra, Perry Como, Karina (Spanish singer), Duane Eddy, the Ray Conniff Singers, Jerry Butler, Johnny Mathis, Engelbert Humperdinck, Isaac Hayes, King Curtis, Martha Reeves & the Vandellas, Ferrante & Teicher and the Shadows. Ray Charles issued his version on the album \\\"Volcanic Action of My\",\n \"title\": \"Something (Beatles song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11518498\",\n \"text\": \"last, with only two points, from West Germany. At the Swedish singles chart, it peaked at #3. The song was at Svensktoppen for four weeks during the period 17 April 1977 – 8 May 1977, peaking at #6. Beatles (song) \\\"Beatles\\\", written by Sven Olov Bagge and Claes Bure, was the song that, performed by Swedish dansband Forbes, won the Swedish Melodifestivalen 1977. The song's lyrics are about the popular 1960s British rock group the Beatles and include the phrase \\\"Yeah, yeah, yeah\\\" as an homage to the Beatles song \\\"She Loves You\\\". Forbes took the song to the United\",\n \"title\": \"Beatles (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4153008\",\n \"text\": \"Love Me Do \\\"Love Me Do\\\" is the debut single by the English rock band the Beatles, backed by \\\"P.S. I Love You\\\". When the single was originally released in the United Kingdom on 5 October 1962, it peaked at No. 17; in 1982 it was re-promoted (not re-issued, retaining the same catalogue number) and reached No. 4. In the United States the single was a No. 1 hit in 1964. In 2013, recordings of the song that were released in 1962 entered the public domain in Europe. The song was written several years before it was recorded, and prior\",\n \"title\": \"Love Me Do\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19748399\",\n \"text\": \"similar lyrics. This version peaked at 65 in the United States and 78 in Canada. Soulja Boy Tell 'Em released a freestyle to the song, also using the song's instrumentation as well as similar lyrics. It was included on his 2016 mixtape \\\"King Soulja 7\\\". Rae Sremmurd makes a cameo appearance in the 2017 film \\\"Boo 2! A Madea Halloween\\\", in which they perform \\\"Black Beatles\\\". Credits adapted from \\\"SremmLife 2\\\" booklet. Black Beatles \\\"Black Beatles\\\" is a song by American hip hop duo Rae Sremmurd. It was released on September 13, 2016 by EarDrummers and Interscope Records as the\",\n \"title\": \"Black Beatles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4656433\",\n \"text\": \"Bobby Goldsboro Bobby Goldsboro (born January 18, 1941) is an American pop and country singer-songwriter. He had a string of pop and country hits in the 1960s and 1970s, including his signature No. 1 hit \\\"Honey\\\", which sold over one million copies in the United States. Goldsboro was born in Marianna, Florida. During his first year of life, his family moved north from Marianna to Dothan, Alabama. He graduated from Dothan High School in 1959 and later enrolled at Auburn University. Goldsboro left college after his second year to pursue a musical career. He played guitar for Roy Orbison from\",\n \"title\": \"Bobby Goldsboro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11163602\",\n \"text\": \"Wild Honey (U2 song) \\\"Wild Honey\\\" is a song by the rock band U2. It is the seventh track on their 2000 album \\\"All That You Can't Leave Behind\\\". The song was played eleven times during the Elevation Tour. \\\"Wild Honey\\\" runs for 3:47 and is played in common time at a tempo of 125 beats per minute According to guitarist The Edge, \\\"Wild Honey\\\" broke up the album before the next track \\\"Peace On Earth\\\", and its placement in the running order was a misjudgement. The guitarist compared the song with The Beatles' \\\"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da\\\". There was a lot\",\n \"title\": \"Wild Honey (U2 song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4014974\",\n \"text\": \"'65\\\" by Duke Ellington on Reprise Records, and \\\"Brasil '65\\\" by Sérgio Mendes on the Beatles' own Capitol label. All tracks written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney, except where noted. Note: The Capitol 8-track tape (8XT-2228) adds \\\"You Can't Do That\\\" to the end of Program 4 for programming purposes. The complete 8-track running order is as follows: The Beatles Production Beatles '65 Beatles '65 is the Beatles' fifth album issued by Capitol Records, and their seventh American album. It was issued in December 1964. The LP was also issued in Germany on the Odeon label. In 2004, \\\"Beatles\",\n \"title\": \"Beatles '65\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4508083\",\n \"text\": \"1966 - the performance from their June 30 show at the Nippon Budokan was included in 1996's \\\"Anthology 2\\\" - and was also performed during the Get Back/Let It Be Sessions in January 1969. It also served as the title song to the Beatles' 1976 compilation album \\\"Rock 'n' Roll Music\\\". The Beatles' version of \\\"Rock and Roll Music\\\" was released as a single in some countries. It topped the charts in Finland, Norway, the Netherlands (as double A-side with \\\"No Reply\\\"), Sweden and Australia. The single peaked at number 2 in West Germany. Sources have varied in crediting the\",\n \"title\": \"Rock and Roll Music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"402646\",\n \"text\": \"artists, released in 2008 to celebrate the US singles chart's 50th anniversary. , they hold the record for most number-one hits on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, with twenty. The Recording Industry Association of America certifies that the Beatles have sold 178 million units in the US, more than any other artist. They were collectively included in \\\"Time\\\" magazine's compilation of . In 2014, they received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. Principal members Early members Touring musician Timeline The above albums were reissued on CD in 1987, followed by the 1988 compilations \\\"Past Masters – Volume One\\\" and \\\"Past Masters –\",\n \"title\": \"The Beatles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1316573\",\n \"text\": \"other artists. In 1999, a group called Dope Smugglaz had a UK Top 20 hit with the track \\\"Double Double Dutch\\\", which made extensive use of samples from McLaren's original \\\"Double Dutch\\\". In 1997, Mariah Carey's \\\"Honey\\\" and its \\\"Bad Boy Remix\\\" sampled \\\"Hey DJ\\\". In 2002, Eminem released a track called \\\"Without Me\\\", which incorporated \\\"Buffalo Gals\\\". In 2007, McLaren's song \\\"World's Famous\\\" was sampled by R&B singer Amerie on the song \\\"Some Like It\\\" from her album \\\"Because I Love It\\\". In 2001, author Paul Gorman published his book \\\"\\\" with a foreword and contributions from McLaren. The\",\n \"title\": \"Malcolm McLaren\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9600893\",\n \"text\": \"was included on the Beatles' \\\"Anthology 1\\\". The group also performed this song several times during the Get Back/Let It Be Sessions of January 1969. None of these have ever been officially released by EMI. There have been many other covers of this song. Richard Anthony recorded it in French as \\\"Nouvelle vague\\\" (1958). It appears on the 2005 Ry Cooder album \\\"Chávez Ravine\\\", with vocals performed by Little Willie G (Willie Garcia). Garage rock band The 5.6.7.8's covered the song for their 1996 EP \\\"Bomb the Twist\\\". It is also featured on \\\"Stand Out/Fit In\\\", the 2007 studio album\",\n \"title\": \"Three Cool Cats\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5579821\",\n \"text\": \"the Byrds' work in that style. MacDonald describes it as the \\\"most overt\\\" country track on \\\"Beatles for Sale\\\", an album that is \\\"dominated by the idiom\\\". Among the band's biographers, opinions differ on which Beatle sings the low harmony part during the verses, below Lennon's lead vocal. MacDonald lists Harrison as the second vocalist on the track, while John Winn credits McCartney, saying that he sounds \\\"deceptively like a second Lennon\\\". According to musicologist Walter Everett, the harmony part is Lennon \\\"self-duetting\\\". According to Walter Everett: Rosanne Cash covered the song for her \\\"Hits 1979-1989\\\" compilation. Her version went\",\n \"title\": \"I Don't Want to Spoil the Party\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12814021\",\n \"text\": \"United Kingdom-released versions of the albums. Six non-album singles and the mashup track \\\"Within You Without You/Tomorrow Never Knows\\\" from the 2006 remix album \\\"Love\\\" have also been included. Selections of the soundtrack are under license from Sony/ATV Music Publishing Company. Although Michael Jackson, who owned 50% of the publishing rights to the Beatles songs through Sony/ATV, died in June 2009, the sale of his estate did not affect the songs or the release schedule of \\\"The Beatles: Rock Band\\\", according to Harmonix. Additional songs are available for the game as downloadable content. The song \\\"All You Need Is Love\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"The Beatles: Rock Band\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10468811\",\n \"text\": \"Beats\\\" is the full-length version, with an extended intro. The full version of the song wasn't included on \\\"Exit Planet Dust\\\" due to an uncleared vocal sample and has not been available since. The sample was \\\"take this, brother, may it serve you well,\\\" from The Beatles' song \\\"Revolution 9\\\". In fact, the sample still exists in the \\\"Exit Planet Dust\\\" version, only it's very faint in the background. They were later miscredited as sampling The Beatles song \\\"Tomorrow Never Knows\\\" (which sometimes closed Chemical Brothers DJ sets) in their hits \\\"Setting Sun\\\" and \\\"Let Forever Be\\\" (both feature Noel\",\n \"title\": \"Fourteenth Century Sky\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10370146\",\n \"text\": \"Music\\\", author David Kastin notes that \\\"Honey\\\" was often singled out in reviews of \\\"Play\\\" for special praise. Jim Sullivan of \\\"The Boston Globe\\\" cited \\\"Honey\\\" as a highlight song from \\\"Play\\\", while Gene Stout of \\\"Seattle Post-Intelligencer\\\" called it \\\"one of the album's most riveting tracks.\\\" The song ranked at number twenty-four on \\\"The Village Voice\\\"s annual Pazz & Jop critics' poll for singles. On their year-end list, \\\"Spin\\\" named \\\"Honey\\\" the tenth best single of 1999. \\\"Honey\\\" was released as the lead single from \\\"Play\\\" on August 24, 1998 in Europe, months prior to the release of the\",\n \"title\": \"Honey (Moby song)\"\n }\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who sings honey don't by the beatles"}}},{"rowIdx":8381,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Endochondral ossification"],"string":"[\n \"Endochondral ossification\"\n]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"4480285","text":"long bones and other bones. This requires a hyaline cartilage precursor. There are two centers of ossification for endochondral ossification. The primary center In long bones, bone tissue first appears in the diaphysis (middle of shaft). Chondrocytes multiply and form trebeculae. Cartilage is progressively eroded and replaced by hardened bone, extending towards the epiphysis. A perichondrium layer surrounding the cartilage forms the periosteum, which generates osteogenic cells that then go on to make a collar that encircles the outside of the bone and remodels the medullary cavity on the inside. The nutrient artery enters via the nutrient foramen from a","title":"Ossification"},{"id":"4480283","text":"Ossification Ossification (or osteogenesis) in bone remodeling is the process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts. It is synonymous with bone tissue formation. There are two processes resulting in the formation of normal, healthy bone tissue: Intramembranous ossification is the direct laying down of bone into the primitive connective tissue (mesenchyme), while endochondral ossification involves cartilage as a precursor. In fracture healing, endochondral osteogenesis is the most commonly occurring process, for example in fractures of long bones treated by plaster of Paris, whereas fractures treated by open reduction and internal fixation with metal plates, screws, pins,","title":"Ossification"},{"id":"8395352","text":"bone. In long bones the primary centers occur in the diaphysis/shaft and in irregular bones the primary centers occur usually in the body of the bone. Most bones have only one primary center (e.g. all long bones) but some irregular bones such as the os coxa (hip) and vertebrae have multiple primary centers. A secondary ossification center is the area of ossification that appears after the primary ossification center has already appeared – most of which appear during the postnatal and adolescent years. Most bones have more than one secondary ossification center. In long bones, the secondary centres appear in","title":"Ossification center"},{"id":"3383950","text":"Long bone The long bones are those that are longer than they are wide. They are one of five types of bones: long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid. Long bones, especially the femur and tibia, are subjected to most of the load during daily activities and they are crucial for skeletal mobility. They grow primarily by elongation of the diaphysis, with an epiphysis at each end of the growing bone. The ends of epiphyses are covered with hyaline cartilage (\"articular cartilage\"). The longitudinal growth of long bones is a result of endochondral ossification at the epiphyseal plate. Bone growth in","title":"Long bone"},{"id":"4480288","text":"evolving as an osmotic barrier, or as a protective structure. Ossification Ossification (or osteogenesis) in bone remodeling is the process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts. It is synonymous with bone tissue formation. There are two processes resulting in the formation of normal, healthy bone tissue: Intramembranous ossification is the direct laying down of bone into the primitive connective tissue (mesenchyme), while endochondral ossification involves cartilage as a precursor. In fracture healing, endochondral osteogenesis is the most commonly occurring process, for example in fractures of long bones treated by plaster of Paris, whereas fractures treated by","title":"Ossification"},{"id":"4319159","text":"growth. The process of appositional growth occurs when the cartilage model also grows in thickness due to the addition of more extracellular matrix on the peripheral cartilage surface, which is accompanied by new chondroblasts that develop from the perichondrium. The first site of ossification occurs in the primary center of ossification, which is in the middle of diaphysis (shaft). Then: About the time of birth in mammals, a secondary ossification center appears in each end (epiphysis) of long bones. Periosteal buds carry mesenchyme and blood vessels in and the process is similar to that occurring in a primary ossification center.","title":"Endochondral ossification"},{"id":"4480286","text":"small opening in the diaphysis. It invades the primary center of ossification, bringing osteogenic cells (osteoblasts on the outside, osteoclasts on the inside.) The canal of the nutrient foramen is directed away from more active end of bone when one end grows more than the other. When bone grows at same rate at both ends, the nutrient artery is perpendicular to the bone. Most other bones (e.g. vertebrae) also have primary ossification centers, and bone is laid down in a similar manner. Secondary centers The secondary centers generally appear at the epiphysis. Secondary ossification mostly occurs after birth (except for","title":"Ossification"},{"id":"4480287","text":"distal femur and proximal tibia which occurs during 9th month of fetal development). The epiphyseal arteries and osteogenic cells invade the epiphysis, depositing osteoblasts and osteoclasts which erode the cartilage and build bone. This occurs at both ends of long bones but only one end of digits and ribs. Several hypotheses have been proposed for how bone evolved as a structural element in vertebrates. One hypothesis is that bone developed from tissues that evolved to store minerals. Specifically, calcium-based minerals were stored in cartilage and bone was an exaptation development from this calcified cartilage. However, other possibilities include bony tissue","title":"Ossification"},{"id":"48498","text":"certain parts of irregular bones. Secondary ossification occurs after birth, and forms the epiphyses of long bones and the extremities of irregular and flat bones. The diaphysis and both epiphyses of a long bone are separated by a growing zone of cartilage (the epiphyseal plate). At skeletal maturity (18 to 25 years of age), all of the cartilage is replaced by bone, fusing the diaphysis and both epiphyses together (epiphyseal closure). In the upper limbs, only the diaphyses of the long bones and scapula are ossified. The epiphyses, carpal bones, coracoid process, medial border of the scapula, and acromion are","title":"Bone"},{"id":"8395351","text":"of the same row also becomes calcified, and transverse bars of calcified substance stretch across from one calcareous column to another. Thus there are longitudinal groups of the cartilage cells enclosed in oblong cavities, the walls of which are formed of calcified matrix which cuts off all nutrition from the cells; the cells, in consequence, atrophy, leaving spaces called the primary areolæ. There are two types of ossification centers – primary and secondary. A primary ossification center is the first area of a bone to start ossifying. It usually appears during prenatal development in the central part of each developing","title":"Ossification center"},{"id":"48497","text":"development of the periosteum. Endochondral ossification occurs in long bones and most other bones in the body; it involves the development of bone from cartilage. This process includes the development of a cartilage model, its growth and development, development of the primary and secondary ossification centers, and the formation of articular cartilage and the epiphyseal plates. Endochondral ossification begins with points in the cartilage called \"primary ossification centers.\" They mostly appear during fetal development, though a few short bones begin their primary ossification after birth. They are responsible for the formation of the diaphyses of long bones, short bones and","title":"Bone"},{"id":"4480284","text":"rods and nails may heal by intramembranous osteogenesis. Heterotopic ossification is a process resulting in the formation of bone tissue that is often atypical, at an extraskeletal location. Calcification is often confused with ossification. Calcification is synonymous with the formation of calcium-based salts and crystals within cells and tissue. It is a process that occurs during ossification, but not \"vice versa\". The exact mechanisms by which bone development is triggered remains unclear, but it involves growth factors and cytokines in some way. Intramembranous ossification forms the flat bones of the skull, clavicle and mandible. Endochondral ossification is the formation of","title":"Ossification"},{"id":"2087407","text":"appear toward the end of the second month of fetal life, one above each supraorbital margin. From each of these centers, ossification extends upward to form the corresponding half of the squama, and backwards to form the orbital plate. The spine is ossified from a pair of secondary centers, on either side of the middle line; similar centers appear in the nasal part and zygomatic processes. At birth the bone consists of two pieces, separated by the frontal suture, which is usually obliterated, except at its lower part, by the eighth year, but occasionally persists throughout life. It is generally","title":"Frontal bone"},{"id":"2952788","text":"The radius is ossified from \"three\" centers: one for the body, and one for each extremity. That for the body makes its appearance near the center of the bone, during the eighth week of fetal life. Ossification commences in the lower end between 9 and 26 months of age. The ossification center for the upper end appears by the fifth year. The upper epiphysis fuses with the body at the age of seventeen or eighteen years, the lower about the age of twenty. An additional center sometimes found in the radial tuberosity, appears about the fourteenth or fifteenth year. The","title":"Radius (bone)"},{"id":"4319160","text":"The cartilage between the primary and secondary ossification centers is called the epiphyseal plate, and it continues to form new cartilage, which is replaced by bone, a process that results in an increase in length of the bone. Growth continues until the individual is about 20 years old or until the cartilage in the plate is replaced by bone. The point of union of the primary and secondary ossification centers is called the epiphyseal line. The growth in diameter of bones around the diaphysis occurs by deposition of bone beneath the periosteum. Osteoclasts in the interior cavity continue to resorb","title":"Endochondral ossification"},{"id":"8395350","text":"Ossification center The first step in ossification of the cartilage is that the cartilage cells, at the point where ossification is commencing and which is termed as an ossification center, enlarge and arrange themselves in rows. The matrix in which they are imbedded increases in quantity, so that the cells become further separated from each other. A deposit of calcareous material now takes place in this matrix, between the rows of cells, so that they become separated from each other by longitudinal columns of calcified matrix, presenting a granular and opaque appearance. Here and there the matrix between two cells","title":"Ossification center"},{"id":"4319158","text":"Endochondral ossification Endochondral ossification is one of the two essential processes during fetal development of the mammalian skeletal system by which bone tissue is created. Unlike intramembranous ossification, which is the other process by which bone tissue is created, cartilage is present during endochondral ossification. Endochondral ossification is also an essential process during the rudimentary formation of long bones, the growth of the length of long bones, and the natural healing of bone fractures. The cartilage model will grow in length by continuous cell division of chondrocytes, which is accompanied by further secretion of extracellular matrix. This is called interstitial","title":"Endochondral ossification"},{"id":"8395353","text":"the epiphyses. Ossification center The first step in ossification of the cartilage is that the cartilage cells, at the point where ossification is commencing and which is termed as an ossification center, enlarge and arrange themselves in rows. The matrix in which they are imbedded increases in quantity, so that the cells become further separated from each other. A deposit of calcareous material now takes place in this matrix, between the rows of cells, so that they become separated from each other by longitudinal columns of calcified matrix, presenting a granular and opaque appearance. Here and there the matrix between","title":"Ossification center"},{"id":"3381730","text":"long bones include the femurs, tibias, and fibulas of the lower limb, the humeri, radii, and ulnas of the upper limb (arm + forearm), and the phalanges of the fingers and toes. The long bones of the leg comprise nearly half of adult height. The other primary skeletal component of height is the spine and skull. As a child grows the epiphyses become calcified and appear on the x-rays, as do the carpal and tarsal bones of the hands and feet, separated on the x-rays by a layer of invisible cartilage where most of the growth is occurring. As sex","title":"Bone age"},{"id":"3383951","text":"length is stimulated by the production of growth hormone (GH), a secretion of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The long bone includes the femora, tibiae, and fibulae of the legs; the humeri, radii, and ulnae of the arms; metacarpals and metatarsals of the hands and feet, the phalanges of the fingers and toes, and the clavicles or collar bones. The long bones of the human leg comprise nearly half of adult height. The other primary skeletal component of height are the vertebrae and skull. The outside of the bone consists of a layer of connective tissue called the","title":"Long bone"},{"id":"7672933","text":"Ossification of humerus The humerus is ossified from \"eight\" centers, one for each of the following parts: the body, the head, the greater tubercle, the lesser tubercle, the capitulum, the trochlea, and one for each epicondyle. One primary and seven secondary centres . The center for the body appears near the middle of the diaphysis in the eighth week of fetal life, and soon extends toward the extremities. This is the primary centre At birth the humerus is ossified in nearly its whole length, only the extremities remaining cartilaginous. During the first year, sometimes before birth, ossification commences in the","title":"Ossification of humerus"},{"id":"8312596","text":"epiphyseal closure or growth plate fusion. Complete fusion happens between ages 12–16 for girls and 14-19 for boys. Endochondral ossification is responsible for the initial bone development from cartilage in utero and infants and the longitudinal growth of long bones in the epiphyseal plate. The plate's chondrocytes are under constant division by mitosis. These daughter cells stack facing the epiphysis while the older cells are pushed towards the diaphysis. As the older chondrocytes degenerate, osteoblasts ossify the remains to form new bone. In puberty increasing levels of estrogen, in both females and males, leads to increased apoptosis of chondrocytes in","title":"Epiphyseal plate"},{"id":"48496","text":"immobile, then the joint is called a \"suture\". The formation of bone is called ossification. During the fetal stage of development this occurs by two processes: intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. Intramembranous ossification involves the formation of bone from connective tissue whereas endochondral ossification involves the formation of bone from cartilage. Intramembranous ossification mainly occurs during formation of the flat bones of the skull but also the mandible, maxilla, and clavicles; the bone is formed from connective tissue such as mesenchyme tissue rather than from cartilage. The process includes: the development of the ossification center, calcification, trabeculae formation and the","title":"Bone"},{"id":"15527505","text":"developmental changes in the skeleton corresponding to the chronological age of a person. Factors such as gender and ethnicity also play a role in bone age assessment. The only indicator of physical development that can be applied from birth through mature adulthood is bone age. Specifically, the age and maturity of bone can be determined by its state of ossification, the age-related process whereby certain cartilaginous and soft tissue structures are transformed into bone. The condition of epiphyseal plates (growth plates) at the ends of the long bones (which includes those of the arms, hands, legs and feet) is another","title":"Opsismodysplasia"},{"id":"1675485","text":"coated with a thin layer of compact bone. The trabeculæ at the lower end have a more longitudinal direction. The ulna is ossified from three centers: one each for the body, the wrist end, and the elbow end, near the top of the olecranon. Ossification begins near the middle of the body of the ulna, about the eighth week of fetal life, and soon extends through the greater part of the bone. At birth, the ends are cartilaginous. About the fourth year or so, a center appears in the middle of the head, and soon extends into the ulnar styloid","title":"Ulna"},{"id":"1678687","text":"border and the inferior angle are cartilaginous. From the 15th to the 18th month after birth, ossification takes place in the middle of the coracoid process, which as a rule becomes joined with the rest of the bone about the 15th year. Between the 14th and 20th years, the remaining parts ossify in quick succession, and usually in the following order: first, in the root of the coracoid process, in the form of a broad scale; secondly, near the base of the acromion; thirdly, in the inferior angle and contiguous part of the vertebral border; fourthly, near the outer end","title":"Scapula"},{"id":"1570393","text":"the medial, gives attachment to the fibular collateral ligament of the knee-joint. The femur develops from the limb buds as a result of interactions between the ectoderm and the underlying mesoderm, formation occurs roughly around the fourth week of development. By the sixth week of development, the first hyaline cartilage model of the femur is formed by chondrocytes. Endochondral ossification begins by the end of the embryonic period and primary ossification centers are present in all long bones of the limbs, including the femur, by the 12th week of development. The hindlimb development lags behind forelimb development by 1–2 days.","title":"Femur"},{"id":"6524731","text":"in the resorption process. High levels of calcium, magnesium, phosphate and products of collagen will be released into the extracellular fluid as the osteoclasts tunnel into the mineralized bone. Osteoclasts are prominent in the tissue destruction found in psoriatic arthritis and rheumatological disorders. The human body is in a constant state of bone remodeling. Bone remodelling is a process which maintains bone strength and ion homeostasis by replacing discrete parts of old bone with newly synthesized packets of proteinaceous matrix. Bone is resorbed by osteoclasts, and is deposited by osteoblasts in a process called ossification. Osteocyte activity plays a key","title":"Bone resorption"},{"id":"7672934","text":"head of the bone, and during the second year the center for the greater tubercle, and during the fifth that for the lesser tubercle, make their appearance. By the sixth year the centers for the head and tubercles have joined, so as to form a single large epiphysis, which fuses with the body about the twentieth year. The lower end of the humerus is ossified as follows. At the end of the second year ossification begins in the capitulum, and extends medialward, to form the chief part of the articular end of the bone; the center for the medial part","title":"Ossification of humerus"},{"id":"4319635","text":"As growth continues, trabeculae become interconnected and woven bone is formed. The term primary spongiosa is also used to refer to the initial trabecular network. The periosteum is formed around the trabeculae by differentiating mesenchymal cells. The primary center of ossification is the area where bone growth occurs between the periosteum and the bone. Osteogenic cells that originate from the periosteum increase appositional growth and a bone collar is formed. The bone collar is eventually mineralized and lamellar bone is formed. Osteons are components or principal structures of compact bone. During the formation of bone spicules, cytoplasmic processes from osteoblasts","title":"Intramembranous ossification"},{"id":"4319636","text":"interconnect. This becomes the canaliculi of osteons. Since bone spicules tend to form around blood vessels, the perivascular space is greatly reduced as the bone continues to grow. When replacement to compact bone occurs, this blood vessel becomes the central canal of the osteon. Intramembranous ossification Intramembranous ossification is one of the two essential processes during fetal development of the gnathostome (excluding chondrichthyans such as sharks) skeletal system by which rudimentary bone tissue is created. Intramembranous ossification is also an essential process during the natural healing of bone fractures and the rudimentary formation of bones of the head. Unlike endochondral","title":"Intramembranous ossification"},{"id":"15527506","text":"measurement of bone age. The evaluation of both ossification and the state of growth plates in children is often reached through radiography (X-rays) of the carpals (bones of the hand and wrist). In opsismodysplasia, the process of ossification in long bones can be disrupted by a failure of ossification centers (a center of organization in long bones, where cartilage cells designated to await and undergo ossification gather and align in rows) to form. This was observed in a 16-month-old boy with the disorder, who had no apparent ossification centers in the carpals (bones of the hand and wrist) or tarsals","title":"Opsismodysplasia"},{"id":"1828747","text":"they have to support the rest of the body. The ossification or formation of the bone starts from three centers; one in the shaft and one in each extremity. The tibia is categorized as a long bone and is as such composed of a diaphysis and two epiphyses. The diaphysis is the midsection of the tibia, also known as the shaft or body. While the epiphyses are the two rounded extremities of the bone; an upper (also known as superior or proximal) closest to the thigh and a lower (also known as inferior or distal) closest to the foot. The","title":"Tibia"},{"id":"11073088","text":"Cartilaginous joint Cartilaginous joints are connected entirely by cartilage (fibrocartilage or hyaline). Cartilaginous joints allow more movement between bones than a fibrous joint but less than the highly mobile synovial joint. Cartilaginous joints also forms the growth regions of immature long bones and the intervertebral discs of the spinal column. Known as \"synchondrosis\". These bones are connected by hyaline cartilage and sometimes occur between ossification centers. This cartilage may ossify with age. Examples in humans are the \"growth plates\" between ossification centers in long bones. These joints here allow for only a little movement, such as in the spine or","title":"Cartilaginous joint"},{"id":"15200156","text":"sternum which is ossified from six centers: one for the manubrium, four for the body, and one for the xiphoid process. The ossification centers appear in the intervals between the articular depressions for the costal cartilages, in the following order: in the manubrium and first piece of the body, during the sixth month of fetal life; in the second and third pieces of the body, during the seventh month of fetal life; in its fourth piece, during the first year after birth; and in the xiphoid process, between the fifth and eighteenth years. The centers make their appearance at the","title":"Sternum"},{"id":"4656248","text":"a notable lump at the minor joint. The first \"flare-up\" that leads to the formation of FOP bones usually occurs before the age of 10. The bone growth progresses from the top of the body downward, just as bones grow in fetuses. A child with FOP will typically develop bones starting at the neck, then on the shoulders, arms, chest area and finally on the feet. Specifically, ossification is typically first seen in the dorsal, axial, cranial and proximal regions of the body. Later the disease progresses in the ventral, appendicular, caudal and distal regions of the body. However, it","title":"Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva"},{"id":"8781348","text":"Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia Fairbank's disease or multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) is a rare genetic disorder (dominant form: 1 in 10,000 births) that affects the growing ends of bones. Long bones normally elongate by expansion of cartilage in the growth plate (epiphyseal plate) near their ends. As it expands outward from the growth plate, the cartilage mineralizes and hardens to become bone (ossification). In MED, this process is defective. Children with autosomal dominant MED experience joint pain and fatigue after exercising. Their x-rays show small and irregular ossifications centers, most apparent in the hips and knees. There are very small capital","title":"Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia"},{"id":"8395301","text":"osteoblasts, and eventually fills the bony matrix. After the bone is completely ossified, the osteoblasts retract their calcium phosphate secreting tendrils, leaving tiny canals in the bony matrix, known as canaliculi. These canaliculi provide the nutrients needed for the newly transformed osteoblasts, which are now called osteocytes. These cells are responsible for the general maintenance of the bone. A third type of bone cell found in flat bones is called an osteoclast, which destroys the bone using enzymes. There are three reasons that osteoclasts are normally used: the first is for the reparation of bones after a break. They destroy","title":"Flat bone"},{"id":"4319161","text":"bone until its ultimate thickness is achieved, at which point the rate of formation on the outside and degradation from the inside is constant. During endochondral ossification, five distinct zones can be seen at the light-microscope level. During fracture healing, cartilage is often formed and is called callus. This cartilage ultimately develops into new bone tissue through the process of endochondral ossification. Recently it has been shown that biomimetic bone like apatite inhibits formation of bone through endochondral ossification pathway via hyperstimulation of extracellular calcium sensing receptor (CaSR). Endochondral ossification Endochondral ossification is one of the two essential processes during","title":"Endochondral ossification"},{"id":"1860476","text":"for each cornu. Ossification commences in the greater cornua toward the end of fetal development, in the hyoid body shortly afterward, and in the lesser cornua during the first or second year after birth. Until middle age the connection between the body and greater cornu is fibrous. In early life the outer borders of the body are connected to the greater horns by synchondroses; after middle life usually by bony union. Blood is supplied to the hyoid bone via the lingual artery, which runs down from the tongue to the greater horns of the bone. The suprahyoid branch of the","title":"Hyoid bone"},{"id":"2106968","text":"elongated or deviated styloid process can result from calcification of the stylohyoid ligament in a condition known as \"Eagle syndrome\". The temporal bone is ossified from eight centers, exclusive of those for the internal ear and the tympanic ossicles: one for the squama including the zygomatic process, one for the tympanic part, four for the petrous and mastoid parts, and two for the styloid process. Just before the end of prenatal development [Fig. 6] the temporal bone consists of three principal parts: Apart from size increase, the chief changes from birth through puberty in the temporal bone are as follows:","title":"Temporal bone"},{"id":"14407540","text":"acidophilic. The primary ossification occurs in the diaphysis. In contrast, secondary ossification centers appear later at the epiphyses of the cartilage and develop similarly to the diaphysis. Primary bone cancer is a type of sarcoma, a cancer that originates in bone, muscle, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, fat tissue, as well as some other tissues. Primary bone cancer can arise in any of the 206 bones in the body but is mostly seen to originate the arms and the legs. The most common cases are observed in children and young adults. The following list includes types of primary bone cancer: Primary","title":"Primary bone"},{"id":"7672935","text":"of the trochlea appears about the age of twelve. Ossification begins in the medial epicondyle about the fifth year, and in the lateral about the thirteenth or fourteenth year. About the sixteenth or seventeenth year, the lateral epicondyle and both portions of the articulating surface, having already joined, unite with the body, and at the eighteenth year the medial epicondyle becomes joined to it. Ossification of humerus The humerus is ossified from \"eight\" centers, one for each of the following parts: the body, the head, the greater tubercle, the lesser tubercle, the capitulum, the trochlea, and one for each epicondyle.","title":"Ossification of humerus"},{"id":"1801472","text":"of the bone. This orientation of lamellar bone is weak, thus a secondary osteonal reconstruction is required to re-orient the lamellar bone longitudinally. This process takes three to eight weeks. Secondary healing (also known as indirect fracture healing) is the most common form of bone healing. It usually consists of only endochondral ossification. Sometimes, intramembranous ossification occurs together with endochondral ossification. Intramembranous ossification, mediated by perisoteal layer of bone, occurs without formation of callus. For endochondral ossification, deposition of bone only occurs after the mineralised cartilage. This process of healing occurs when the fracture is treated conservatively using orthopaedic cast","title":"Bone healing"},{"id":"2131076","text":"(4 cm proximally and 6 cm distally) The fibula is ossified from \"three\" centers, one for the shaft, and one for either end. Ossification begins in the body about the eighth week of fetal life, and extends toward the extremities. At birth the ends are cartilaginous. Ossification commences in the lower end in the second year, and in the upper about the fourth year. The lower epiphysis, the first to ossify, unites with the body about the twentieth year; the upper epiphysis joins about the twenty-fifth year. The upper extremity or head of the fibula is of an irregular quadrate","title":"Fibula"},{"id":"7371207","text":"the shaft and a secondary centre in the head. This contrasts to the first metacarpal bone where the secondary centre is found in the base. The ossification process begins in the shaft during prenatal life, and in the head between 11th and 22nd months. Second metacarpal bone The second metacarpal bone (metacarpal bone of the index finger) is the longest, and its base the largest, of all the metacarpal bones. Its base is prolonged upward and medialward, forming a prominent ridge. It presents four articular facets, three on the upper surface and one on the ulnar side: The extensor carpi","title":"Second metacarpal bone"},{"id":"8912848","text":"groove, in the angle between the body and greater wing, is a ridge of bone, called the sphenoidal lingula. The posterior surface, quadrilateral in form [Fig. 3], is joined, during infancy and adolescence, to the basilar part of the occipital bone by a plate of cartilage. Between the eighteenth and twenty-fifth years this becomes ossified, ossification commencing above and extending downward. The anterior surface of the body [Fig. 2] presents, in the middle line, a vertical crest, the sphenoidal crest, which articulates with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, and forms part of the nasal septum. On either side of","title":"Body of sphenoid bone"},{"id":"11287877","text":"Bone remodeling Bone remodeling (or bone metabolism) is a lifelong process where mature bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process called \"bone resorption\") and new bone tissue is formed (a process called \"ossification\" or \"new bone formation\"). These processes also control the reshaping or replacement of bone following injuries like fractures but also micro-damage, which occurs during normal activity. Remodeling responds also to functional demands of the mechanical loading. In the first year of life, almost 100% of the skeleton is replaced. In adults, remodeling proceeds at about 10% per year. An imbalance in the regulation of bone","title":"Bone remodeling"},{"id":"5222584","text":"Osteolysis Osteolysis is an active resorption of bone matrix by osteoclasts and can be interpreted as the reverse of ossification. Although osteoclasts are active during the natural formation of healthy bone the term \"osteolysis\" specifically refers to a pathological process. Osteolysis often occurs in the proximity of a prosthesis that causes either an immunological response or changes in the bone's structural load. Osteolysis may also be caused by pathologies like bone tumors, cysts, or chronic inflammation. While bone resorption is commonly associated with many diseases or joint problems, the term \"osteolysis\" generally refers to a problem common to artificial joint","title":"Osteolysis"},{"id":"8781360","text":"before starting the neurological assessment, to exclude the dysplasia. COL91A mutation was discovered in 2001. Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia Fairbank's disease or multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) is a rare genetic disorder (dominant form: 1 in 10,000 births) that affects the growing ends of bones. Long bones normally elongate by expansion of cartilage in the growth plate (epiphyseal plate) near their ends. As it expands outward from the growth plate, the cartilage mineralizes and hardens to become bone (ossification). In MED, this process is defective. Children with autosomal dominant MED experience joint pain and fatigue after exercising. Their x-rays show small and","title":"Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia"},{"id":"867998","text":"deep): the malleus, incus, and stapes, terms that in Latin are translated as \"the hammer, anvil, and stirrup\". Studies have shown that ear bones in mammal embryos are attached to the dentary, which is part of the jaw. These are ossified portions of cartilage—called Meckel's cartilage—that are attached to the jaw. As the embryo develops, the cartilage hardens to form bone. Later in development, the bone structure breaks loose from the jaw and migrates to the inner ear area. The structure is known as the middle ear, and is made up of the stapes, incus, malleus, and tympanic membrane. These","title":"Ossicles"},{"id":"13491770","text":"Nutrient canal All bones possess larger or smaller foramina (openings) for the entrance of blood-vessels; these are known as the nutrient foramina, and are particularly large in the shafts of the larger long bones, where they lead into a nutrient canal, which extends into the medullary cavity. The nutrient canal(foramen)is directed away from the growing end of bone. The growing ends of bones in upper limb are upper end of humerus and lower ends of radius and ulna. In lower limb, the lower end of femur and upper end of tibia are the growing ends. The nutrient arteries along with","title":"Nutrient canal"},{"id":"2489570","text":"of bone formation and bone resorption tends to be negative with age, particularly in post-menopausal women, often leading to a loss of bone serious enough to cause fractures, which is called osteoporosis. Bone is formed by one of two processes: endochondral ossification or intramembranous ossification. Endochondral ossification is the process of forming bone from cartilage and this is the usual method. This form of bone development is the more complex form: it follows the formation of a first skeleton of cartilage made by chondrocytes, which is then removed and replaced by bone, made by osteoblasts. Intramembranous ossification is the direct","title":"Osteoblast"},{"id":"6524730","text":"Bone resorption Bone resorption is resorption of bone tissue, that is, the process by which osteoclasts break down the tissue in bones and release the minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone tissue to the blood. The osteoclasts are multi-nucleated cells that contain numerous mitochondria and lysosomes. These are the cells responsible for the resorption of bone. Osteoclasts are generally present on the outer layer of bone, just beneath the periosteum. Attachment of the osteoclast to the osteon begins the process. The osteoclast then induces an infolding of its cell membrane and secretes collagenase and other enzymes important","title":"Bone resorption"},{"id":"734688","text":"(from within the cartilage) and the ossific centers appear only after birth. The formation of these centers roughly follows a chronological spiral pattern starting in the capitate and hamate during the first year of life. The ulnar bones are then ossified before the radial bones, while the sesamoid pisiform arises in the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris after more than ten years. There are four groups of ligaments in the region of the wrist: The hand is said to be in straight position when the third finger runs over the capitate bone and is in a straight line with","title":"Carpal bones"},{"id":"4340135","text":"load and responding to local and systemic forces and factors. During childhood, the growth plate contains the connecting cartilage enabling the bone to grow; at adulthood (between the ages of 18 to 25 years), the components of the growth plate stop growing altogether and completely ossify into solid bone. In an adult, the metaphysis functions to transfer loads from weight-bearing joint surfaces to the diaphysis. Because of their rich blood supply and vascular stasis, metaphyses of long bones are prone to hematogenous spread of osteomyelitis in children. Metaphyseal tumors or lesions include osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, osteoblastoma, enchondroma, fibrous dysplasia, simple","title":"Metaphysis"},{"id":"3383952","text":"periosteum. Additionally, the outer shell of the long bone is compact bone, then a deeper layer of cancellous bone (spongy bone) which contains in the medullary cavity the bone marrow. The outer shell of the long bone is made of cortical bone also known as compact bone. This is covered by a membrane of connective tissue called the periosteum. Beneath the cortical bone layer is a layer of spongy cancellous bone. Inside this is the medullary cavity which has an inner core of bone marrow, it contains nutrients and help in formation of cells, made up of yellow marrow in","title":"Long bone"},{"id":"1994774","text":"the temporal fascia is attached to it. The \"postero-inferior\" or \"zygomatic border\" affords attachment by its rough edge to the masseter. The zygomatic bone articulates with the frontal bone, sphenoid bone, and paired temporal bones, and maxillary bones. The zygomatic bone is generally described as ossifying from three centers—one for the malar and two for the orbital portion; these appear about the eighth week and fuse about the fifth month of fetal life. Mall describes it as being ossified from one center which appears just beneath and to the lateral side of the orbit. After birth, the bone is sometimes","title":"Zygomatic bone"},{"id":"5222587","text":"Associated findings may include distended joint capsule, soft-tissue swelling, and joint instability. A common surgery to treat recalcitrant DCO is re-sectioning of the distal clavicle, removing a few millimetres of bone from the very end of the bone. Osteolysis Osteolysis is an active resorption of bone matrix by osteoclasts and can be interpreted as the reverse of ossification. Although osteoclasts are active during the natural formation of healthy bone the term \"osteolysis\" specifically refers to a pathological process. Osteolysis often occurs in the proximity of a prosthesis that causes either an immunological response or changes in the bone's structural load.","title":"Osteolysis"},{"id":"4931421","text":"Bone canaliculus Bone canaliculi are microscopic canals between the lacunae of ossified bone. The radiating processes of the osteocytes (called filopodia) project into these canals. These cytoplasmic processes are joined together by gap junctions. Osteocytes do not entirely fill up the canaliculi. The remaining space is known as the periosteocytic space, which is filled with periosteocytic fluid. This fluid contains substances too large to be transported through the gap junctions that connect the osteocytes. In cartilage, the lacunae and hence, the chondrocytes, are isolated from each other. Materials picked up by osteocytes adjacent to blood vessels are distributed throughout the","title":"Bone canaliculus"},{"id":"8395299","text":"(glass-like) table. These bones are composed of two thin layers of compact bone enclosing between them a variable quantity of cancellous bone, which is the location of red bone marrow. In an adult, most red blood cells are formed in flat bones. The intervening cancellous tissue is called the diploë, and this, in the nasal region of the skull, becomes absorbed so as to leave spaces filled with air–the paranasal sinuses between the two tables. Ossification is started by the formation of layers of undifferentiated connective tissue that hold the area where the flat bone is to come. On a","title":"Flat bone"},{"id":"13491771","text":"veins pass through this canal. A nutrient canal is found in long bones, in the mandible and in dental alveoli. In long bones the nutrient canal is found in the shaft. Nutrient canal All bones possess larger or smaller foramina (openings) for the entrance of blood-vessels; these are known as the nutrient foramina, and are particularly large in the shafts of the larger long bones, where they lead into a nutrient canal, which extends into the medullary cavity. The nutrient canal(foramen)is directed away from the growing end of bone. The growing ends of bones in upper limb are upper end","title":"Nutrient canal"},{"id":"4319634","text":"Certain mesenchymal cells group together, usually near or around blood vessels, and differentiate into osteogenic cells which deposit bone matrix constitutively. These aggregates of bony matrix are called bone spicules. Separate mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts, which line up along the surface of the spicule and secrete more osteoid, which increases the size of the spicule. As the spicules continue to grow, they fuse with adjacent spicules and this results in the formation of trabeculae. When osteoblasts become trapped in the matrix they secrete, they differentiate into osteocytes. Osteoblasts continue to line up on the surface which increases the size.","title":"Intramembranous ossification"},{"id":"3199449","text":"Periosteum The periosteum is a membrane that covers the outer surface of all bones, except at the joints of long bones. Endosteum lines the inner surface of the medullary cavity of all long bones. The periosteum consists of dense irregular connective tissue. It is divided into an outer \"fibrous layer\" and inner \"cambium layer\" (or \"osteogenic layer\"). The fibrous layer contains fibroblasts, while the cambium layer contains progenitor cells that develop into osteoblasts. These osteoblasts are responsible for increasing the width of a long bone and the overall size of the other bone types. After a bone fracture the progenitor","title":"Periosteum"},{"id":"2962895","text":"Osteoclast An osteoclast () is a type of bone cell that breaks down bone tissue. This function is critical in the maintenance, repair, and remodelling of bones of the vertebral skeleton. The osteoclast disassembles and digests the composite of hydrated protein and mineral at a molecular level by secreting acid and a collagenase, a process known as \"bone resorption\". This process also helps regulate the level of blood calcium. An odontoclast (/odon·to·clast/; o-don´to-klast) is an osteoclast associated with absorption of the roots of deciduous teeth. An osteoclast is a large multinucleated cell and human osteoclasts on bone typically have five","title":"Osteoclast"},{"id":"11287880","text":"osteoblasts. Together, the cells that are responsible for bone remodeling are known as the basic multicellular unit (BMU), and the temporal duration (i.e. lifespan) of the BMU is referred to as the bone remodeling period. Bone remodeling Bone remodeling (or bone metabolism) is a lifelong process where mature bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process called \"bone resorption\") and new bone tissue is formed (a process called \"ossification\" or \"new bone formation\"). These processes also control the reshaping or replacement of bone following injuries like fractures but also micro-damage, which occurs during normal activity. Remodeling responds also to","title":"Bone remodeling"},{"id":"554379","text":"vertebral arches. During the fifth week the costal processes on the thoracic vertebrae become longer to form the ribs. In the sixth week, the costovertebral joints begin to develop and separate the ribs from the vertebrae. The first seven pairs of ribs, the true ribs join at the front to the sternal bars. By the fetal stage the sternal bars have completely fused. The ribs begin as cartilage that later ossifies – a process called endochondral ossification. Primary ossification centers are located near the angle of each rib, and ossification continues in the direction away from the head and neck.","title":"Rib"},{"id":"5821894","text":"epiphyseal area of the long bones called spongiosa. In the spongiosa, the chondrocytes are arranged in accordance with the epiphyseal growth plate. The spongiosa of the stalk continues with the underlying cancellous bone. Fractures within the stalk causes fibroblastic proliferation and formation of a new bone. Development of bursa takes place over the osteochondroma, which is attached to the perichondrium of the cap. Inflammation of the bone is indicated by the bursal wall lined by the synovium. As a result, patients may have swelling for years related to the location and site of the lesion indicative of mechanical obstruction, nerve","title":"Osteochondroma"},{"id":"8980111","text":"Endosteum The endosteum (plural endostea) is a thin vascular membrane of connective tissue that lines the inner surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones. This endosteal surface is usually resorbed during long periods of malnutrition, resulting in less cortical thickness. The outer surface of a bone is lined by a thin layer of connective tissue that is very similar in morphology and function to endosteum. It is called the periosteum, or the periosteal surface. During bone growth, the width of the bone increases as osteoblasts lay new bone tissue at the periosteum. To prevent","title":"Endosteum"},{"id":"15526931","text":"Risser sign The Risser sign is an indirect measure of skeletal maturity, whereby the degree of ossification of the iliac apophysis by x-ray evaluation is used to judge overall skeletal development. Mineralization of the iliac apophyses begins at the anterolateral crest and progresses medially towards the spine. Fusion of the calcified apophyses to the ilium then progresses in opposite direction, from medial-to-lateral. A typical five-point grading scale is as follows: Risser grading is traditionally used to estimating the future growth potential of the adolescent spine, particularly in the setting of spinal scoliosis. Risser originally recognized that ossification of the iliac","title":"Risser sign"},{"id":"6061488","text":"Arthrodesis Arthrodesis, also known as artificial ankylosis or syndesis, is the artificial induction of joint ossification between two bones by surgery. This is done to relieve intractable pain in a joint which cannot be managed by pain medication, splints, or other normally indicated treatments. The typical causes of such pain are fractures which disrupt the joint, severe sprains, and arthritis. It is most commonly performed on joints in the spine, hand, ankle, and foot. Historically, knee and hip arthrodeses were also performed as pain-relieving procedures, but with the great successes achieved in hip and knee arthroplasty, arthrodesis of these large","title":"Arthrodesis"},{"id":"1642198","text":"hyaline cartilage underneath the periosteum on the articulating surface of the condyle. This is the last growth center of bone in the body and is multidirectional in its growth capacity, unlike a typical long bone. This area of cartilage within the bone grows in length by appositional growth as the individual grows to maturity. Over time, the cartilage is replaced by bone, using endochondral ossification. This mandibular growth center in the condyle allows the increased length of the mandible needed for the larger permanent teeth, as well as for the larger brain capacity of the adult. This growth of the","title":"Temporomandibular joint"},{"id":"48493","text":"of bone is laid down by osteoblasts, which secrete both collagen and ground substance. These synthesise collagen within the cell, and then secrete collagen fibrils. The collagen fibers rapidly polymerise to form collagen strands. At this stage they are not yet mineralised, and are called \"osteoid\". Around the strands calcium and phosphate precipitate on the surface of these strands, within days to weeks becoming crystals of hydroxyapatite. In order to mineralise the bone, the osteoblasts secrete vesicles containing alkaline phosphatase. This cleaves the phosphate groups and acts as the foci for calcium and phosphate deposition. The vesicles then rupture and","title":"Bone"},{"id":"2091566","text":"and become blended together about the middle of fetal life. Each medial pterygoid plate (except its hamulus) is ossified in membrane, and its center probably appears about the ninth or tenth week; the hamulus becomes chondrified during the third month, and almost at once ossifies (Fawcett). The medial joins the lateral pterygoid plate about the sixth month. About the fourth month, a center appears for each lingula and speedily joins the rest of the bone. The presphenoid is united to the postsphenoid about the eighth month, and at birth the sphenoid is in three pieces [Fig. 4]: a central, consisting","title":"Sphenoid bone"},{"id":"1678477","text":"between these morphologies and rotator cuff tear: The acromion has four ossification centers called (from tip to base) pre-acromion, meso-acromion, meta-acromion, and basi-acromion. In most cases, the first three fuse at 15–18 years, whereas the base part fuses to the scapular spine at 12 years. However, in between 1% and 15% of cases, this osseous union fails and the acromion remains separate as an accessory bone. This condition is referred to as \"os acromiale\", but rarely causes pain. Earlier estimates of its prevalence were as low as 1.4%, and this higher estimate was made by Sammarco in the year 2000,","title":"Acromion"},{"id":"10377118","text":"grow or expand, so instead of dimpling, the periosteum tears away and provides ossification on the second edge of the triangle. The main causes for this sign are osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, eumycetoma, and a subperiosteal abscess. Codman triangle Codman triangle (previously referred to as Codman's triangle) is the triangular area of new subperiosteal bone that is created when a lesion, often a tumour, raises the periosteum away from the bone. A Codman triangle is not actually a full triangle. Instead, it is often a pseudotriangle on radiographic findings, with ossification on the original bone and one additional side of the","title":"Codman triangle"},{"id":"1570420","text":"and research. The knee is the largest joint and one of the most important joints in the body. It plays an essential role in movement related to carrying the body weight in horizontal (running and walking) and vertical (jumping) directions. At birth, the kneecap is just formed from cartilage, and this will ossify (change to bone) between the ages of three and five years. Because it is the largest sesamoid bone in the human body, the ossification process takes significantly longer. The main articular bodies of the femur are its lateral and medial condyles. These diverge slightly distally and posteriorly,","title":"Knee"},{"id":"4931422","text":"bone matrix via the canaliculi. Bone canaliculus Bone canaliculi are microscopic canals between the lacunae of ossified bone. The radiating processes of the osteocytes (called filopodia) project into these canals. These cytoplasmic processes are joined together by gap junctions. Osteocytes do not entirely fill up the canaliculi. The remaining space is known as the periosteocytic space, which is filled with periosteocytic fluid. This fluid contains substances too large to be transported through the gap junctions that connect the osteocytes. In cartilage, the lacunae and hence, the chondrocytes, are isolated from each other. Materials picked up by osteocytes adjacent to blood","title":"Bone canaliculus"},{"id":"15284035","text":"of it below and behind the incisor teeth becomes ossified and incorporated with this part of the mandible. About the sixth week of fetal life, intramembranous ossification takes place in the membrane covering the outer surface of the ventral end of Meckel's cartilage, and each half of the bone is formed from a single center which appears, near the mental foramen. By the tenth week, the portion of Meckel's cartilage which lies below and behind the incisor teeth is surrounded and invaded by the dermal bone (also known as the membrane bone). Somewhat later, accessory nuclei of cartilage make their","title":"Mandible"},{"id":"18875029","text":"portion (orbital part). Some adults have a metopic or frontal suture in the vertical portion. In uterine period in right and left half of frontal region of the fetus there is a membrane tissue. On each half a primary ossification center appears about the end of the second month of the fetus. Primary ossification center extends to form the corresponding half of the vertical part (squama) and horizontal part (orbital part) of the frontal bone. At birth the frontal bone contains two portions, separated by the metopic (frontal) suture. Metopism is the condition of having a persistent metopic suture. Metopic","title":"Metopism"},{"id":"3748197","text":"outgrowths connecting it with the underlying osteoderms, which simultaneously fused to each other. On the skull, the middle bone plates first ossified at the snout and the rear rim, with ossification gradually extending towards the middle regions. On the rest of the body, ossification progressed from the neck backward in the direction of the tail. The osteoderms of ankylosaurids were thin in comparison to those of other ankylosaurs, and appear to have been strengthened by randomly distributed cushions of collagen fibers. Structurally similar to Sharpey's fibres, they were embedded directly into the bone tissue, a feature unique to ankylosaurids. This","title":"Ankylosaurus"},{"id":"1678685","text":"At its apex is a slight elevation, the supraglenoid tuberosity, to which the long head of the biceps brachii is attached. The neck of the scapula is the slightly constricted portion which surrounds the head and is more distinct below and behind than above and in front. There are three borders of the scapula: The scapula is ossified from 7 or more centers: one for the body, two for the coracoid process, two for the acromion, one for the vertebral border, and one for the inferior angle. Ossification of the body begins about the second month of fetal life, by","title":"Scapula"},{"id":"4319633","text":"consisting of mineralized osteoid that contains osteocytes and is lined by active osteoblasts. The nidus, that began as a diffuse collection of MSCs, has become rudimentary bone tissue. The first step in the process is the formation of bone spicules which eventually fuse with each other and become trabeculae. The periosteum is formed and bone growth continues at the surface of trabeculae. Much like spicules, the increasing growth of trabeculae result in interconnection and this network is called woven bone. Eventually, woven bone is replaced by lamellar bone. Embryologic mesenchymal cells (MSC) condense into layers of vascularized primitive connective tissue.","title":"Intramembranous ossification"},{"id":"20022030","text":"Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is a process of fibrosis, calcification, and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine, that may involve the spinal dura. Once considered a disorder unique to people of Asian heritage, it is now recognized as an uncommon disorder in a variety of patients with myelopathy. The causes of OPLL are unknown. However, genetic and environmental factors appear to play a role in pathogenesis. OPLL may also be associated with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis Myeolography, including post-myelographic CT is likely the most effective imaging study an","title":"Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament"},{"id":"15284036","text":"appearance: These accessory nuclei possess no separate ossific centers but are invaded by the surrounding dermal bone and undergo absorption. The inner alveolar border, usually described as arising from a separate ossific center (\"splenial center\"), is formed in the human mandible by an ingrowth from the main mass of the bone. At birth the bone consists of two parts, united by a fibrous symphysis, in which ossification takes place during the first year. At birth, the body of the bone is a mere shell, containing the sockets of the two incisor, the canine, and the two deciduous molar teeth, imperfectly","title":"Mandible"},{"id":"8980112","text":"the bone from becoming unnecessarily thick, osteoclasts resorb the bone from the endosteal side. Endosteum The endosteum (plural endostea) is a thin vascular membrane of connective tissue that lines the inner surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones. This endosteal surface is usually resorbed during long periods of malnutrition, resulting in less cortical thickness. The outer surface of a bone is lined by a thin layer of connective tissue that is very similar in morphology and function to endosteum. It is called the periosteum, or the periosteal surface. During bone growth, the width of","title":"Endosteum"},{"id":"7371200","text":"for the fourth metacarpal. The ossification process begins in the shaft during prenatal life, and in the head between 11th and 27th months. Third metacarpal bone The third metacarpal bone (metacarpal bone of the middle finger) is a little smaller than the second. The dorsal aspect of its base presents on its radial side a pyramidal eminence, the styloid process, which extends upward behind the capitate; immediately distal to this is a rough surface for the attachment of the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle. The carpal articular facet is concave behind, flat in front, and articulates with the capitate. On","title":"Third metacarpal bone"},{"id":"1678686","text":"an irregular quadrilateral plate of bone forming, immediately behind the glenoid cavity. This plate extends to form the chief part of the bone, the scapular spine growing up from its dorsal surface about the third month. Ossification starts as membranous ossification before birth. After birth, the cartilaginous components would undergo endochondral ossification. The larger part of the scapula undergoes membranous ossification. Some of the outer parts of the scapula are cartilaginous at birth, and would therefore undergo endochondral ossification. At birth, a large part of the scapula is osseous, but the glenoid cavity, the coracoid process, the acromion, the vertebral","title":"Scapula"},{"id":"2087480","text":"Parietal bone The parietal bones () are two bones in the human skull which, when joined together at a fibrous joint, form the sides and roof of the cranium. Each bone is roughly quadrilateral in form, and has two surfaces, four borders, and four angles. It is named from the Latin \"paries\" (\"-ietis\"), wall. The external surface [Fig. 1] is convex, smooth, and marked near the center by an eminence, the parietal eminence (\"tuber parietale\"), which indicates the point where ossification commenced. Crossing the middle of the bone in an arched direction are two curved lines, the superior and inferior","title":"Parietal bone"},{"id":"2087483","text":"granulations (Pacchionian bodies). In the groove is the internal opening of the parietal foramen when that aperture exists. The parietal bone is ossified in membrane from a single center, which appears at the parietal eminence about the eighth week of fetal life. Ossification gradually extends in a radial manner from the center toward the margins of the bone; the angles are consequently the parts last formed, and it is here that the fontanelles exist. Occasionally the parietal bone is divided into two parts, upper and lower, by an antero-posterior suture. In non-human vertebrates, the parietal bones typically form the rear","title":"Parietal bone"},{"id":"14407539","text":"Primary bone Primary bone is the first bone tissue that appears in embryonic development and in fracture repair. It is characterized by its random position of collagen fibers. In most places in adults this tissue is replaced by secondary bone tissue except, for example, near the sutures of calvara or tooth sockets. The secondary bones have lower amounts of osteocytes so primary bone is much more easily penetrated by x-ray. Primary bone or the primary ossification center is the beginning of the bone building process during the first trimester. Calcificed cartilage is basophilic and new bone being made is more","title":"Primary bone"},{"id":"1570359","text":"surrounding the joint gives an attachment to the joint capsule. The anterior border is concave forward and posterior border is convex backward. The shaft is divided into the medial two-thirds and the lateral one third. The medial part is thicker than the lateral. The medial two-thirds of the shaft has four surfaces and no borders. The lateral third of the shaft has two borders and two surfaces. The collarbone is the first bone to begin the process of ossification (laying down of minerals onto a preformed matrix) during development of the embryo, during the fifth and sixth weeks of gestation.","title":"Clavicle"},{"id":"2489571","text":"ossification of mesenchyme as happens during the formation of the membrane bones of the skull and others. During osteoblast differentiation, the developing progenitor cells express the regulatory transcription factor Cbfa1/Runx2. A second required transcription factor is Sp7 transcription factor. Osteochondroprogenitor cells differentiate under the influence of growth factors, although isolated mesenchymal stem cells in tissue culture, form osteoblasts under permissive conditions that include vitamin C and substrates for alkaline phosphatase, a key enzyme that provides high concentrations of phosphate at the mineral deposition site. Key growth factors in endochondral skeletal differentiation include bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) that determine to a","title":"Osteoblast"},{"id":"7449981","text":"and extension at the elbow. Maximum elbow flexion and extension is made possible because the two fossae accommodates to coronoid and olecranon processes. While the ossification of the capitulum has started a year after birth, the ossification of the trochlea begins at 8–9 years of age; that of the head of radius and the medial epicondyle at 4–5 years and that of the lateral condyle at 10 years. Trochlea of humerus In the human arm, the humeral trochlea is the medial portion of the articular surface of the elbow joint which articulates with the trochlear notch on the ulna in","title":"Trochlea of humerus"},{"id":"7371178","text":"non-completion of puberty. A short fourth metacarpal bone can also be found in Turner syndrome, a disorder involving sex chromosomes. A fracture of the fourth and/or fifth metacarpal bones transverse neck secondary due to axial loading is known as a boxer's fracture. The ossification process begins in the shaft during prenatal life, and in the head between 11th and 37th months. Fourth metacarpal bone The fourth metacarpal bone (metacarpal bone of the ring finger) is shorter and smaller than the third. The base is small and quadrilateral; its superior surface presents two facets, a large one medially for articulation with","title":"Fourth metacarpal bone"},{"id":"7031831","text":"Hypertrophic osteodystrophy Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy (HOD) is a bone disease that occurs in fast-growing large and giant breed dogs. The disorder is sometimes referred to as \"metaphyseal osteopathy\", and typically first presents between the ages of 2 and 7 months. HOD is characterized by decreased blood flow to the metaphysis (the part of the bone adjacent to the joint) leading to a failure of ossification (bone formation) and necrosis and inflammation of cancellous bone. The disease is usually bilateral in the limb bones, especially the distal radius, ulna, and tibia. The Weimaraner, Irish Setter, Boxer, German Shepherd, and Great Dane breeds","title":"Hypertrophic osteodystrophy"},{"id":"3960282","text":"Osteocyte An osteocyte, a star-shaped type of bone cell, is the most commonly found cell in mature bone tissue, and can live as long as the organism itself. The adult human body has about 42 billion osteocytes. Osteocytes have an average half life of 25 years, they do not divide, and they are derived from osteoprogenitors, some of which differentiate into active osteoblasts. Osteoblasts/osteocytes develop in mesenchyme. In mature bone, osteocytes and their processes reside inside spaces called lacunae (Latin for a \"pit\") and canaliculi, respectively. When osteoblasts become trapped in the matrix that they secrete, they become osteocytes. Osteocytes","title":"Osteocyte"},{"id":"3097204","text":"Osteology Osteology is the scientific study of bones, practiced by osteologists. A subdiscipline of anatomy, anthropology, and archaeology, osteology is a detailed study of the structure of bones, skeletal elements, teeth, microbone morphology, function, disease, pathology, the process of ossification (from cartilaginous molds), the resistance and hardness of bones (biophysics), etc. often used by scientists with identification of vertebrate remains with regard to age, death, sex, growth, and development and can be used in a biocultural context. Osteologists frequently work in the public and private sector as consultants for museums, scientists for research laboratories, scientists for medical investigations and/or for","title":"Osteology"},{"id":"2087286","text":"a single piece. Union of the upper and lower portions of the squamous part takes place in the third month of fetal life. An occasional centre (Kerckring) appears in the posterior margin of the foramen magnum during the fifth month; this forms a separate ossicle (sometimes double) which unites with the rest of the squamous part before birth. Each of the lateral parts begins to ossify from a single center during the eighth week of fetal life. The basilar portion is ossified from two centers, one in front of the other; these appear about the sixth week of fetal life","title":"Occipital bone"},{"id":"2973847","text":"Osteomyelitis Osteomyelitis (OM) is an infection of bone. Symptoms may include pain in a specific bone with overlying redness, fever, and weakness. The long bones of the arms and legs are most commonly involved in children, while the feet, spine, and hips are most commonly involved in adults. The cause is usually a bacterial infection; rarely, a fungal infection. It may occur by spread from the blood or from surrounding tissue. Risks for developing osteomyelitis include diabetes, intravenous drug use, prior removal of the spleen, and trauma to the area. Diagnosis is typically suspected based on symptoms. This is then","title":"Osteomyelitis"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"4480285\",\n \"text\": \"long bones and other bones. This requires a hyaline cartilage precursor. There are two centers of ossification for endochondral ossification. The primary center In long bones, bone tissue first appears in the diaphysis (middle of shaft). Chondrocytes multiply and form trebeculae. Cartilage is progressively eroded and replaced by hardened bone, extending towards the epiphysis. A perichondrium layer surrounding the cartilage forms the periosteum, which generates osteogenic cells that then go on to make a collar that encircles the outside of the bone and remodels the medullary cavity on the inside. The nutrient artery enters via the nutrient foramen from a\",\n \"title\": \"Ossification\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4480283\",\n \"text\": \"Ossification Ossification (or osteogenesis) in bone remodeling is the process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts. It is synonymous with bone tissue formation. There are two processes resulting in the formation of normal, healthy bone tissue: Intramembranous ossification is the direct laying down of bone into the primitive connective tissue (mesenchyme), while endochondral ossification involves cartilage as a precursor. In fracture healing, endochondral osteogenesis is the most commonly occurring process, for example in fractures of long bones treated by plaster of Paris, whereas fractures treated by open reduction and internal fixation with metal plates, screws, pins,\",\n \"title\": \"Ossification\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8395352\",\n \"text\": \"bone. In long bones the primary centers occur in the diaphysis/shaft and in irregular bones the primary centers occur usually in the body of the bone. Most bones have only one primary center (e.g. all long bones) but some irregular bones such as the os coxa (hip) and vertebrae have multiple primary centers. A secondary ossification center is the area of ossification that appears after the primary ossification center has already appeared – most of which appear during the postnatal and adolescent years. Most bones have more than one secondary ossification center. In long bones, the secondary centres appear in\",\n \"title\": \"Ossification center\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3383950\",\n \"text\": \"Long bone The long bones are those that are longer than they are wide. They are one of five types of bones: long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid. Long bones, especially the femur and tibia, are subjected to most of the load during daily activities and they are crucial for skeletal mobility. They grow primarily by elongation of the diaphysis, with an epiphysis at each end of the growing bone. The ends of epiphyses are covered with hyaline cartilage (\\\"articular cartilage\\\"). The longitudinal growth of long bones is a result of endochondral ossification at the epiphyseal plate. Bone growth in\",\n \"title\": \"Long bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4480288\",\n \"text\": \"evolving as an osmotic barrier, or as a protective structure. Ossification Ossification (or osteogenesis) in bone remodeling is the process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts. It is synonymous with bone tissue formation. There are two processes resulting in the formation of normal, healthy bone tissue: Intramembranous ossification is the direct laying down of bone into the primitive connective tissue (mesenchyme), while endochondral ossification involves cartilage as a precursor. In fracture healing, endochondral osteogenesis is the most commonly occurring process, for example in fractures of long bones treated by plaster of Paris, whereas fractures treated by\",\n \"title\": \"Ossification\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4319159\",\n \"text\": \"growth. The process of appositional growth occurs when the cartilage model also grows in thickness due to the addition of more extracellular matrix on the peripheral cartilage surface, which is accompanied by new chondroblasts that develop from the perichondrium. The first site of ossification occurs in the primary center of ossification, which is in the middle of diaphysis (shaft). Then: About the time of birth in mammals, a secondary ossification center appears in each end (epiphysis) of long bones. Periosteal buds carry mesenchyme and blood vessels in and the process is similar to that occurring in a primary ossification center.\",\n \"title\": \"Endochondral ossification\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4480286\",\n \"text\": \"small opening in the diaphysis. It invades the primary center of ossification, bringing osteogenic cells (osteoblasts on the outside, osteoclasts on the inside.) The canal of the nutrient foramen is directed away from more active end of bone when one end grows more than the other. When bone grows at same rate at both ends, the nutrient artery is perpendicular to the bone. Most other bones (e.g. vertebrae) also have primary ossification centers, and bone is laid down in a similar manner. Secondary centers The secondary centers generally appear at the epiphysis. Secondary ossification mostly occurs after birth (except for\",\n \"title\": \"Ossification\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4480287\",\n \"text\": \"distal femur and proximal tibia which occurs during 9th month of fetal development). The epiphyseal arteries and osteogenic cells invade the epiphysis, depositing osteoblasts and osteoclasts which erode the cartilage and build bone. This occurs at both ends of long bones but only one end of digits and ribs. Several hypotheses have been proposed for how bone evolved as a structural element in vertebrates. One hypothesis is that bone developed from tissues that evolved to store minerals. Specifically, calcium-based minerals were stored in cartilage and bone was an exaptation development from this calcified cartilage. However, other possibilities include bony tissue\",\n \"title\": \"Ossification\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"48498\",\n \"text\": \"certain parts of irregular bones. Secondary ossification occurs after birth, and forms the epiphyses of long bones and the extremities of irregular and flat bones. The diaphysis and both epiphyses of a long bone are separated by a growing zone of cartilage (the epiphyseal plate). At skeletal maturity (18 to 25 years of age), all of the cartilage is replaced by bone, fusing the diaphysis and both epiphyses together (epiphyseal closure). In the upper limbs, only the diaphyses of the long bones and scapula are ossified. The epiphyses, carpal bones, coracoid process, medial border of the scapula, and acromion are\",\n \"title\": \"Bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8395351\",\n \"text\": \"of the same row also becomes calcified, and transverse bars of calcified substance stretch across from one calcareous column to another. Thus there are longitudinal groups of the cartilage cells enclosed in oblong cavities, the walls of which are formed of calcified matrix which cuts off all nutrition from the cells; the cells, in consequence, atrophy, leaving spaces called the primary areolæ. There are two types of ossification centers – primary and secondary. A primary ossification center is the first area of a bone to start ossifying. It usually appears during prenatal development in the central part of each developing\",\n \"title\": \"Ossification center\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"48497\",\n \"text\": \"development of the periosteum. Endochondral ossification occurs in long bones and most other bones in the body; it involves the development of bone from cartilage. This process includes the development of a cartilage model, its growth and development, development of the primary and secondary ossification centers, and the formation of articular cartilage and the epiphyseal plates. Endochondral ossification begins with points in the cartilage called \\\"primary ossification centers.\\\" They mostly appear during fetal development, though a few short bones begin their primary ossification after birth. They are responsible for the formation of the diaphyses of long bones, short bones and\",\n \"title\": \"Bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4480284\",\n \"text\": \"rods and nails may heal by intramembranous osteogenesis. Heterotopic ossification is a process resulting in the formation of bone tissue that is often atypical, at an extraskeletal location. Calcification is often confused with ossification. Calcification is synonymous with the formation of calcium-based salts and crystals within cells and tissue. It is a process that occurs during ossification, but not \\\"vice versa\\\". The exact mechanisms by which bone development is triggered remains unclear, but it involves growth factors and cytokines in some way. Intramembranous ossification forms the flat bones of the skull, clavicle and mandible. Endochondral ossification is the formation of\",\n \"title\": \"Ossification\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2087407\",\n \"text\": \"appear toward the end of the second month of fetal life, one above each supraorbital margin. From each of these centers, ossification extends upward to form the corresponding half of the squama, and backwards to form the orbital plate. The spine is ossified from a pair of secondary centers, on either side of the middle line; similar centers appear in the nasal part and zygomatic processes. At birth the bone consists of two pieces, separated by the frontal suture, which is usually obliterated, except at its lower part, by the eighth year, but occasionally persists throughout life. It is generally\",\n \"title\": \"Frontal bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2952788\",\n \"text\": \"The radius is ossified from \\\"three\\\" centers: one for the body, and one for each extremity. That for the body makes its appearance near the center of the bone, during the eighth week of fetal life. Ossification commences in the lower end between 9 and 26 months of age. The ossification center for the upper end appears by the fifth year. The upper epiphysis fuses with the body at the age of seventeen or eighteen years, the lower about the age of twenty. An additional center sometimes found in the radial tuberosity, appears about the fourteenth or fifteenth year. The\",\n \"title\": \"Radius (bone)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4319160\",\n \"text\": \"The cartilage between the primary and secondary ossification centers is called the epiphyseal plate, and it continues to form new cartilage, which is replaced by bone, a process that results in an increase in length of the bone. Growth continues until the individual is about 20 years old or until the cartilage in the plate is replaced by bone. The point of union of the primary and secondary ossification centers is called the epiphyseal line. The growth in diameter of bones around the diaphysis occurs by deposition of bone beneath the periosteum. Osteoclasts in the interior cavity continue to resorb\",\n \"title\": \"Endochondral ossification\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8395350\",\n \"text\": \"Ossification center The first step in ossification of the cartilage is that the cartilage cells, at the point where ossification is commencing and which is termed as an ossification center, enlarge and arrange themselves in rows. The matrix in which they are imbedded increases in quantity, so that the cells become further separated from each other. A deposit of calcareous material now takes place in this matrix, between the rows of cells, so that they become separated from each other by longitudinal columns of calcified matrix, presenting a granular and opaque appearance. Here and there the matrix between two cells\",\n \"title\": \"Ossification center\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4319158\",\n \"text\": \"Endochondral ossification Endochondral ossification is one of the two essential processes during fetal development of the mammalian skeletal system by which bone tissue is created. Unlike intramembranous ossification, which is the other process by which bone tissue is created, cartilage is present during endochondral ossification. Endochondral ossification is also an essential process during the rudimentary formation of long bones, the growth of the length of long bones, and the natural healing of bone fractures. The cartilage model will grow in length by continuous cell division of chondrocytes, which is accompanied by further secretion of extracellular matrix. This is called interstitial\",\n \"title\": \"Endochondral ossification\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8395353\",\n \"text\": \"the epiphyses. Ossification center The first step in ossification of the cartilage is that the cartilage cells, at the point where ossification is commencing and which is termed as an ossification center, enlarge and arrange themselves in rows. The matrix in which they are imbedded increases in quantity, so that the cells become further separated from each other. A deposit of calcareous material now takes place in this matrix, between the rows of cells, so that they become separated from each other by longitudinal columns of calcified matrix, presenting a granular and opaque appearance. Here and there the matrix between\",\n \"title\": \"Ossification center\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3381730\",\n \"text\": \"long bones include the femurs, tibias, and fibulas of the lower limb, the humeri, radii, and ulnas of the upper limb (arm + forearm), and the phalanges of the fingers and toes. The long bones of the leg comprise nearly half of adult height. The other primary skeletal component of height is the spine and skull. As a child grows the epiphyses become calcified and appear on the x-rays, as do the carpal and tarsal bones of the hands and feet, separated on the x-rays by a layer of invisible cartilage where most of the growth is occurring. As sex\",\n \"title\": \"Bone age\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3383951\",\n \"text\": \"length is stimulated by the production of growth hormone (GH), a secretion of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The long bone includes the femora, tibiae, and fibulae of the legs; the humeri, radii, and ulnae of the arms; metacarpals and metatarsals of the hands and feet, the phalanges of the fingers and toes, and the clavicles or collar bones. The long bones of the human leg comprise nearly half of adult height. The other primary skeletal component of height are the vertebrae and skull. The outside of the bone consists of a layer of connective tissue called the\",\n \"title\": \"Long bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7672933\",\n \"text\": \"Ossification of humerus The humerus is ossified from \\\"eight\\\" centers, one for each of the following parts: the body, the head, the greater tubercle, the lesser tubercle, the capitulum, the trochlea, and one for each epicondyle. One primary and seven secondary centres . The center for the body appears near the middle of the diaphysis in the eighth week of fetal life, and soon extends toward the extremities. This is the primary centre At birth the humerus is ossified in nearly its whole length, only the extremities remaining cartilaginous. During the first year, sometimes before birth, ossification commences in the\",\n \"title\": \"Ossification of humerus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8312596\",\n \"text\": \"epiphyseal closure or growth plate fusion. Complete fusion happens between ages 12–16 for girls and 14-19 for boys. Endochondral ossification is responsible for the initial bone development from cartilage in utero and infants and the longitudinal growth of long bones in the epiphyseal plate. The plate's chondrocytes are under constant division by mitosis. These daughter cells stack facing the epiphysis while the older cells are pushed towards the diaphysis. As the older chondrocytes degenerate, osteoblasts ossify the remains to form new bone. In puberty increasing levels of estrogen, in both females and males, leads to increased apoptosis of chondrocytes in\",\n \"title\": \"Epiphyseal plate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"48496\",\n \"text\": \"immobile, then the joint is called a \\\"suture\\\". The formation of bone is called ossification. During the fetal stage of development this occurs by two processes: intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. Intramembranous ossification involves the formation of bone from connective tissue whereas endochondral ossification involves the formation of bone from cartilage. Intramembranous ossification mainly occurs during formation of the flat bones of the skull but also the mandible, maxilla, and clavicles; the bone is formed from connective tissue such as mesenchyme tissue rather than from cartilage. The process includes: the development of the ossification center, calcification, trabeculae formation and the\",\n \"title\": \"Bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15527505\",\n \"text\": \"developmental changes in the skeleton corresponding to the chronological age of a person. Factors such as gender and ethnicity also play a role in bone age assessment. The only indicator of physical development that can be applied from birth through mature adulthood is bone age. Specifically, the age and maturity of bone can be determined by its state of ossification, the age-related process whereby certain cartilaginous and soft tissue structures are transformed into bone. The condition of epiphyseal plates (growth plates) at the ends of the long bones (which includes those of the arms, hands, legs and feet) is another\",\n \"title\": \"Opsismodysplasia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1675485\",\n \"text\": \"coated with a thin layer of compact bone. The trabeculæ at the lower end have a more longitudinal direction. The ulna is ossified from three centers: one each for the body, the wrist end, and the elbow end, near the top of the olecranon. Ossification begins near the middle of the body of the ulna, about the eighth week of fetal life, and soon extends through the greater part of the bone. At birth, the ends are cartilaginous. About the fourth year or so, a center appears in the middle of the head, and soon extends into the ulnar styloid\",\n \"title\": \"Ulna\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1678687\",\n \"text\": \"border and the inferior angle are cartilaginous. From the 15th to the 18th month after birth, ossification takes place in the middle of the coracoid process, which as a rule becomes joined with the rest of the bone about the 15th year. Between the 14th and 20th years, the remaining parts ossify in quick succession, and usually in the following order: first, in the root of the coracoid process, in the form of a broad scale; secondly, near the base of the acromion; thirdly, in the inferior angle and contiguous part of the vertebral border; fourthly, near the outer end\",\n \"title\": \"Scapula\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1570393\",\n \"text\": \"the medial, gives attachment to the fibular collateral ligament of the knee-joint. The femur develops from the limb buds as a result of interactions between the ectoderm and the underlying mesoderm, formation occurs roughly around the fourth week of development. By the sixth week of development, the first hyaline cartilage model of the femur is formed by chondrocytes. Endochondral ossification begins by the end of the embryonic period and primary ossification centers are present in all long bones of the limbs, including the femur, by the 12th week of development. The hindlimb development lags behind forelimb development by 1–2 days.\",\n \"title\": \"Femur\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6524731\",\n \"text\": \"in the resorption process. High levels of calcium, magnesium, phosphate and products of collagen will be released into the extracellular fluid as the osteoclasts tunnel into the mineralized bone. Osteoclasts are prominent in the tissue destruction found in psoriatic arthritis and rheumatological disorders. The human body is in a constant state of bone remodeling. Bone remodelling is a process which maintains bone strength and ion homeostasis by replacing discrete parts of old bone with newly synthesized packets of proteinaceous matrix. Bone is resorbed by osteoclasts, and is deposited by osteoblasts in a process called ossification. Osteocyte activity plays a key\",\n \"title\": \"Bone resorption\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7672934\",\n \"text\": \"head of the bone, and during the second year the center for the greater tubercle, and during the fifth that for the lesser tubercle, make their appearance. By the sixth year the centers for the head and tubercles have joined, so as to form a single large epiphysis, which fuses with the body about the twentieth year. The lower end of the humerus is ossified as follows. At the end of the second year ossification begins in the capitulum, and extends medialward, to form the chief part of the articular end of the bone; the center for the medial part\",\n \"title\": \"Ossification of humerus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4319635\",\n \"text\": \"As growth continues, trabeculae become interconnected and woven bone is formed. The term primary spongiosa is also used to refer to the initial trabecular network. The periosteum is formed around the trabeculae by differentiating mesenchymal cells. The primary center of ossification is the area where bone growth occurs between the periosteum and the bone. Osteogenic cells that originate from the periosteum increase appositional growth and a bone collar is formed. The bone collar is eventually mineralized and lamellar bone is formed. Osteons are components or principal structures of compact bone. During the formation of bone spicules, cytoplasmic processes from osteoblasts\",\n \"title\": \"Intramembranous ossification\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4319636\",\n \"text\": \"interconnect. This becomes the canaliculi of osteons. Since bone spicules tend to form around blood vessels, the perivascular space is greatly reduced as the bone continues to grow. When replacement to compact bone occurs, this blood vessel becomes the central canal of the osteon. Intramembranous ossification Intramembranous ossification is one of the two essential processes during fetal development of the gnathostome (excluding chondrichthyans such as sharks) skeletal system by which rudimentary bone tissue is created. Intramembranous ossification is also an essential process during the natural healing of bone fractures and the rudimentary formation of bones of the head. Unlike endochondral\",\n \"title\": \"Intramembranous ossification\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15527506\",\n \"text\": \"measurement of bone age. The evaluation of both ossification and the state of growth plates in children is often reached through radiography (X-rays) of the carpals (bones of the hand and wrist). In opsismodysplasia, the process of ossification in long bones can be disrupted by a failure of ossification centers (a center of organization in long bones, where cartilage cells designated to await and undergo ossification gather and align in rows) to form. This was observed in a 16-month-old boy with the disorder, who had no apparent ossification centers in the carpals (bones of the hand and wrist) or tarsals\",\n \"title\": \"Opsismodysplasia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1828747\",\n \"text\": \"they have to support the rest of the body. The ossification or formation of the bone starts from three centers; one in the shaft and one in each extremity. The tibia is categorized as a long bone and is as such composed of a diaphysis and two epiphyses. The diaphysis is the midsection of the tibia, also known as the shaft or body. While the epiphyses are the two rounded extremities of the bone; an upper (also known as superior or proximal) closest to the thigh and a lower (also known as inferior or distal) closest to the foot. The\",\n \"title\": \"Tibia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11073088\",\n \"text\": \"Cartilaginous joint Cartilaginous joints are connected entirely by cartilage (fibrocartilage or hyaline). Cartilaginous joints allow more movement between bones than a fibrous joint but less than the highly mobile synovial joint. Cartilaginous joints also forms the growth regions of immature long bones and the intervertebral discs of the spinal column. Known as \\\"synchondrosis\\\". These bones are connected by hyaline cartilage and sometimes occur between ossification centers. This cartilage may ossify with age. Examples in humans are the \\\"growth plates\\\" between ossification centers in long bones. These joints here allow for only a little movement, such as in the spine or\",\n \"title\": \"Cartilaginous joint\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15200156\",\n \"text\": \"sternum which is ossified from six centers: one for the manubrium, four for the body, and one for the xiphoid process. The ossification centers appear in the intervals between the articular depressions for the costal cartilages, in the following order: in the manubrium and first piece of the body, during the sixth month of fetal life; in the second and third pieces of the body, during the seventh month of fetal life; in its fourth piece, during the first year after birth; and in the xiphoid process, between the fifth and eighteenth years. The centers make their appearance at the\",\n \"title\": \"Sternum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4656248\",\n \"text\": \"a notable lump at the minor joint. The first \\\"flare-up\\\" that leads to the formation of FOP bones usually occurs before the age of 10. The bone growth progresses from the top of the body downward, just as bones grow in fetuses. A child with FOP will typically develop bones starting at the neck, then on the shoulders, arms, chest area and finally on the feet. Specifically, ossification is typically first seen in the dorsal, axial, cranial and proximal regions of the body. Later the disease progresses in the ventral, appendicular, caudal and distal regions of the body. However, it\",\n \"title\": \"Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8781348\",\n \"text\": \"Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia Fairbank's disease or multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) is a rare genetic disorder (dominant form: 1 in 10,000 births) that affects the growing ends of bones. Long bones normally elongate by expansion of cartilage in the growth plate (epiphyseal plate) near their ends. As it expands outward from the growth plate, the cartilage mineralizes and hardens to become bone (ossification). In MED, this process is defective. Children with autosomal dominant MED experience joint pain and fatigue after exercising. Their x-rays show small and irregular ossifications centers, most apparent in the hips and knees. There are very small capital\",\n \"title\": \"Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8395301\",\n \"text\": \"osteoblasts, and eventually fills the bony matrix. After the bone is completely ossified, the osteoblasts retract their calcium phosphate secreting tendrils, leaving tiny canals in the bony matrix, known as canaliculi. These canaliculi provide the nutrients needed for the newly transformed osteoblasts, which are now called osteocytes. These cells are responsible for the general maintenance of the bone. A third type of bone cell found in flat bones is called an osteoclast, which destroys the bone using enzymes. There are three reasons that osteoclasts are normally used: the first is for the reparation of bones after a break. They destroy\",\n \"title\": \"Flat bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4319161\",\n \"text\": \"bone until its ultimate thickness is achieved, at which point the rate of formation on the outside and degradation from the inside is constant. During endochondral ossification, five distinct zones can be seen at the light-microscope level. During fracture healing, cartilage is often formed and is called callus. This cartilage ultimately develops into new bone tissue through the process of endochondral ossification. Recently it has been shown that biomimetic bone like apatite inhibits formation of bone through endochondral ossification pathway via hyperstimulation of extracellular calcium sensing receptor (CaSR). Endochondral ossification Endochondral ossification is one of the two essential processes during\",\n \"title\": \"Endochondral ossification\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1860476\",\n \"text\": \"for each cornu. Ossification commences in the greater cornua toward the end of fetal development, in the hyoid body shortly afterward, and in the lesser cornua during the first or second year after birth. Until middle age the connection between the body and greater cornu is fibrous. In early life the outer borders of the body are connected to the greater horns by synchondroses; after middle life usually by bony union. Blood is supplied to the hyoid bone via the lingual artery, which runs down from the tongue to the greater horns of the bone. The suprahyoid branch of the\",\n \"title\": \"Hyoid bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2106968\",\n \"text\": \"elongated or deviated styloid process can result from calcification of the stylohyoid ligament in a condition known as \\\"Eagle syndrome\\\". The temporal bone is ossified from eight centers, exclusive of those for the internal ear and the tympanic ossicles: one for the squama including the zygomatic process, one for the tympanic part, four for the petrous and mastoid parts, and two for the styloid process. Just before the end of prenatal development [Fig. 6] the temporal bone consists of three principal parts: Apart from size increase, the chief changes from birth through puberty in the temporal bone are as follows:\",\n \"title\": \"Temporal bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14407540\",\n \"text\": \"acidophilic. The primary ossification occurs in the diaphysis. In contrast, secondary ossification centers appear later at the epiphyses of the cartilage and develop similarly to the diaphysis. Primary bone cancer is a type of sarcoma, a cancer that originates in bone, muscle, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, fat tissue, as well as some other tissues. Primary bone cancer can arise in any of the 206 bones in the body but is mostly seen to originate the arms and the legs. The most common cases are observed in children and young adults. The following list includes types of primary bone cancer: Primary\",\n \"title\": \"Primary bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7672935\",\n \"text\": \"of the trochlea appears about the age of twelve. Ossification begins in the medial epicondyle about the fifth year, and in the lateral about the thirteenth or fourteenth year. About the sixteenth or seventeenth year, the lateral epicondyle and both portions of the articulating surface, having already joined, unite with the body, and at the eighteenth year the medial epicondyle becomes joined to it. Ossification of humerus The humerus is ossified from \\\"eight\\\" centers, one for each of the following parts: the body, the head, the greater tubercle, the lesser tubercle, the capitulum, the trochlea, and one for each epicondyle.\",\n \"title\": \"Ossification of humerus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1801472\",\n \"text\": \"of the bone. This orientation of lamellar bone is weak, thus a secondary osteonal reconstruction is required to re-orient the lamellar bone longitudinally. This process takes three to eight weeks. Secondary healing (also known as indirect fracture healing) is the most common form of bone healing. It usually consists of only endochondral ossification. Sometimes, intramembranous ossification occurs together with endochondral ossification. Intramembranous ossification, mediated by perisoteal layer of bone, occurs without formation of callus. For endochondral ossification, deposition of bone only occurs after the mineralised cartilage. This process of healing occurs when the fracture is treated conservatively using orthopaedic cast\",\n \"title\": \"Bone healing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2131076\",\n \"text\": \"(4 cm proximally and 6 cm distally) The fibula is ossified from \\\"three\\\" centers, one for the shaft, and one for either end. Ossification begins in the body about the eighth week of fetal life, and extends toward the extremities. At birth the ends are cartilaginous. Ossification commences in the lower end in the second year, and in the upper about the fourth year. The lower epiphysis, the first to ossify, unites with the body about the twentieth year; the upper epiphysis joins about the twenty-fifth year. The upper extremity or head of the fibula is of an irregular quadrate\",\n \"title\": \"Fibula\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7371207\",\n \"text\": \"the shaft and a secondary centre in the head. This contrasts to the first metacarpal bone where the secondary centre is found in the base. The ossification process begins in the shaft during prenatal life, and in the head between 11th and 22nd months. Second metacarpal bone The second metacarpal bone (metacarpal bone of the index finger) is the longest, and its base the largest, of all the metacarpal bones. Its base is prolonged upward and medialward, forming a prominent ridge. It presents four articular facets, three on the upper surface and one on the ulnar side: The extensor carpi\",\n \"title\": \"Second metacarpal bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8912848\",\n \"text\": \"groove, in the angle between the body and greater wing, is a ridge of bone, called the sphenoidal lingula. The posterior surface, quadrilateral in form [Fig. 3], is joined, during infancy and adolescence, to the basilar part of the occipital bone by a plate of cartilage. Between the eighteenth and twenty-fifth years this becomes ossified, ossification commencing above and extending downward. The anterior surface of the body [Fig. 2] presents, in the middle line, a vertical crest, the sphenoidal crest, which articulates with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, and forms part of the nasal septum. On either side of\",\n \"title\": \"Body of sphenoid bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11287877\",\n \"text\": \"Bone remodeling Bone remodeling (or bone metabolism) is a lifelong process where mature bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process called \\\"bone resorption\\\") and new bone tissue is formed (a process called \\\"ossification\\\" or \\\"new bone formation\\\"). These processes also control the reshaping or replacement of bone following injuries like fractures but also micro-damage, which occurs during normal activity. Remodeling responds also to functional demands of the mechanical loading. In the first year of life, almost 100% of the skeleton is replaced. In adults, remodeling proceeds at about 10% per year. An imbalance in the regulation of bone\",\n \"title\": \"Bone remodeling\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5222584\",\n \"text\": \"Osteolysis Osteolysis is an active resorption of bone matrix by osteoclasts and can be interpreted as the reverse of ossification. Although osteoclasts are active during the natural formation of healthy bone the term \\\"osteolysis\\\" specifically refers to a pathological process. Osteolysis often occurs in the proximity of a prosthesis that causes either an immunological response or changes in the bone's structural load. Osteolysis may also be caused by pathologies like bone tumors, cysts, or chronic inflammation. While bone resorption is commonly associated with many diseases or joint problems, the term \\\"osteolysis\\\" generally refers to a problem common to artificial joint\",\n \"title\": \"Osteolysis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8781360\",\n \"text\": \"before starting the neurological assessment, to exclude the dysplasia. COL91A mutation was discovered in 2001. Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia Fairbank's disease or multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) is a rare genetic disorder (dominant form: 1 in 10,000 births) that affects the growing ends of bones. Long bones normally elongate by expansion of cartilage in the growth plate (epiphyseal plate) near their ends. As it expands outward from the growth plate, the cartilage mineralizes and hardens to become bone (ossification). In MED, this process is defective. Children with autosomal dominant MED experience joint pain and fatigue after exercising. Their x-rays show small and\",\n \"title\": \"Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"867998\",\n \"text\": \"deep): the malleus, incus, and stapes, terms that in Latin are translated as \\\"the hammer, anvil, and stirrup\\\". Studies have shown that ear bones in mammal embryos are attached to the dentary, which is part of the jaw. These are ossified portions of cartilage—called Meckel's cartilage—that are attached to the jaw. As the embryo develops, the cartilage hardens to form bone. Later in development, the bone structure breaks loose from the jaw and migrates to the inner ear area. The structure is known as the middle ear, and is made up of the stapes, incus, malleus, and tympanic membrane. These\",\n \"title\": \"Ossicles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13491770\",\n \"text\": \"Nutrient canal All bones possess larger or smaller foramina (openings) for the entrance of blood-vessels; these are known as the nutrient foramina, and are particularly large in the shafts of the larger long bones, where they lead into a nutrient canal, which extends into the medullary cavity. The nutrient canal(foramen)is directed away from the growing end of bone. The growing ends of bones in upper limb are upper end of humerus and lower ends of radius and ulna. In lower limb, the lower end of femur and upper end of tibia are the growing ends. The nutrient arteries along with\",\n \"title\": \"Nutrient canal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2489570\",\n \"text\": \"of bone formation and bone resorption tends to be negative with age, particularly in post-menopausal women, often leading to a loss of bone serious enough to cause fractures, which is called osteoporosis. Bone is formed by one of two processes: endochondral ossification or intramembranous ossification. Endochondral ossification is the process of forming bone from cartilage and this is the usual method. This form of bone development is the more complex form: it follows the formation of a first skeleton of cartilage made by chondrocytes, which is then removed and replaced by bone, made by osteoblasts. Intramembranous ossification is the direct\",\n \"title\": \"Osteoblast\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6524730\",\n \"text\": \"Bone resorption Bone resorption is resorption of bone tissue, that is, the process by which osteoclasts break down the tissue in bones and release the minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone tissue to the blood. The osteoclasts are multi-nucleated cells that contain numerous mitochondria and lysosomes. These are the cells responsible for the resorption of bone. Osteoclasts are generally present on the outer layer of bone, just beneath the periosteum. Attachment of the osteoclast to the osteon begins the process. The osteoclast then induces an infolding of its cell membrane and secretes collagenase and other enzymes important\",\n \"title\": \"Bone resorption\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"734688\",\n \"text\": \"(from within the cartilage) and the ossific centers appear only after birth. The formation of these centers roughly follows a chronological spiral pattern starting in the capitate and hamate during the first year of life. The ulnar bones are then ossified before the radial bones, while the sesamoid pisiform arises in the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris after more than ten years. There are four groups of ligaments in the region of the wrist: The hand is said to be in straight position when the third finger runs over the capitate bone and is in a straight line with\",\n \"title\": \"Carpal bones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4340135\",\n \"text\": \"load and responding to local and systemic forces and factors. During childhood, the growth plate contains the connecting cartilage enabling the bone to grow; at adulthood (between the ages of 18 to 25 years), the components of the growth plate stop growing altogether and completely ossify into solid bone. In an adult, the metaphysis functions to transfer loads from weight-bearing joint surfaces to the diaphysis. Because of their rich blood supply and vascular stasis, metaphyses of long bones are prone to hematogenous spread of osteomyelitis in children. Metaphyseal tumors or lesions include osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, osteoblastoma, enchondroma, fibrous dysplasia, simple\",\n \"title\": \"Metaphysis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3383952\",\n \"text\": \"periosteum. Additionally, the outer shell of the long bone is compact bone, then a deeper layer of cancellous bone (spongy bone) which contains in the medullary cavity the bone marrow. The outer shell of the long bone is made of cortical bone also known as compact bone. This is covered by a membrane of connective tissue called the periosteum. Beneath the cortical bone layer is a layer of spongy cancellous bone. Inside this is the medullary cavity which has an inner core of bone marrow, it contains nutrients and help in formation of cells, made up of yellow marrow in\",\n \"title\": \"Long bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1994774\",\n \"text\": \"the temporal fascia is attached to it. The \\\"postero-inferior\\\" or \\\"zygomatic border\\\" affords attachment by its rough edge to the masseter. The zygomatic bone articulates with the frontal bone, sphenoid bone, and paired temporal bones, and maxillary bones. The zygomatic bone is generally described as ossifying from three centers—one for the malar and two for the orbital portion; these appear about the eighth week and fuse about the fifth month of fetal life. Mall describes it as being ossified from one center which appears just beneath and to the lateral side of the orbit. After birth, the bone is sometimes\",\n \"title\": \"Zygomatic bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5222587\",\n \"text\": \"Associated findings may include distended joint capsule, soft-tissue swelling, and joint instability. A common surgery to treat recalcitrant DCO is re-sectioning of the distal clavicle, removing a few millimetres of bone from the very end of the bone. Osteolysis Osteolysis is an active resorption of bone matrix by osteoclasts and can be interpreted as the reverse of ossification. Although osteoclasts are active during the natural formation of healthy bone the term \\\"osteolysis\\\" specifically refers to a pathological process. Osteolysis often occurs in the proximity of a prosthesis that causes either an immunological response or changes in the bone's structural load.\",\n \"title\": \"Osteolysis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4931421\",\n \"text\": \"Bone canaliculus Bone canaliculi are microscopic canals between the lacunae of ossified bone. The radiating processes of the osteocytes (called filopodia) project into these canals. These cytoplasmic processes are joined together by gap junctions. Osteocytes do not entirely fill up the canaliculi. The remaining space is known as the periosteocytic space, which is filled with periosteocytic fluid. This fluid contains substances too large to be transported through the gap junctions that connect the osteocytes. In cartilage, the lacunae and hence, the chondrocytes, are isolated from each other. Materials picked up by osteocytes adjacent to blood vessels are distributed throughout the\",\n \"title\": \"Bone canaliculus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8395299\",\n \"text\": \"(glass-like) table. These bones are composed of two thin layers of compact bone enclosing between them a variable quantity of cancellous bone, which is the location of red bone marrow. In an adult, most red blood cells are formed in flat bones. The intervening cancellous tissue is called the diploë, and this, in the nasal region of the skull, becomes absorbed so as to leave spaces filled with air–the paranasal sinuses between the two tables. Ossification is started by the formation of layers of undifferentiated connective tissue that hold the area where the flat bone is to come. On a\",\n \"title\": \"Flat bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13491771\",\n \"text\": \"veins pass through this canal. A nutrient canal is found in long bones, in the mandible and in dental alveoli. In long bones the nutrient canal is found in the shaft. Nutrient canal All bones possess larger or smaller foramina (openings) for the entrance of blood-vessels; these are known as the nutrient foramina, and are particularly large in the shafts of the larger long bones, where they lead into a nutrient canal, which extends into the medullary cavity. The nutrient canal(foramen)is directed away from the growing end of bone. The growing ends of bones in upper limb are upper end\",\n \"title\": \"Nutrient canal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4319634\",\n \"text\": \"Certain mesenchymal cells group together, usually near or around blood vessels, and differentiate into osteogenic cells which deposit bone matrix constitutively. These aggregates of bony matrix are called bone spicules. Separate mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts, which line up along the surface of the spicule and secrete more osteoid, which increases the size of the spicule. As the spicules continue to grow, they fuse with adjacent spicules and this results in the formation of trabeculae. When osteoblasts become trapped in the matrix they secrete, they differentiate into osteocytes. Osteoblasts continue to line up on the surface which increases the size.\",\n \"title\": \"Intramembranous ossification\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3199449\",\n \"text\": \"Periosteum The periosteum is a membrane that covers the outer surface of all bones, except at the joints of long bones. Endosteum lines the inner surface of the medullary cavity of all long bones. The periosteum consists of dense irregular connective tissue. It is divided into an outer \\\"fibrous layer\\\" and inner \\\"cambium layer\\\" (or \\\"osteogenic layer\\\"). The fibrous layer contains fibroblasts, while the cambium layer contains progenitor cells that develop into osteoblasts. These osteoblasts are responsible for increasing the width of a long bone and the overall size of the other bone types. After a bone fracture the progenitor\",\n \"title\": \"Periosteum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2962895\",\n \"text\": \"Osteoclast An osteoclast () is a type of bone cell that breaks down bone tissue. This function is critical in the maintenance, repair, and remodelling of bones of the vertebral skeleton. The osteoclast disassembles and digests the composite of hydrated protein and mineral at a molecular level by secreting acid and a collagenase, a process known as \\\"bone resorption\\\". This process also helps regulate the level of blood calcium. An odontoclast (/odon·to·clast/; o-don´to-klast) is an osteoclast associated with absorption of the roots of deciduous teeth. An osteoclast is a large multinucleated cell and human osteoclasts on bone typically have five\",\n \"title\": \"Osteoclast\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11287880\",\n \"text\": \"osteoblasts. Together, the cells that are responsible for bone remodeling are known as the basic multicellular unit (BMU), and the temporal duration (i.e. lifespan) of the BMU is referred to as the bone remodeling period. Bone remodeling Bone remodeling (or bone metabolism) is a lifelong process where mature bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process called \\\"bone resorption\\\") and new bone tissue is formed (a process called \\\"ossification\\\" or \\\"new bone formation\\\"). These processes also control the reshaping or replacement of bone following injuries like fractures but also micro-damage, which occurs during normal activity. Remodeling responds also to\",\n \"title\": \"Bone remodeling\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"554379\",\n \"text\": \"vertebral arches. During the fifth week the costal processes on the thoracic vertebrae become longer to form the ribs. In the sixth week, the costovertebral joints begin to develop and separate the ribs from the vertebrae. The first seven pairs of ribs, the true ribs join at the front to the sternal bars. By the fetal stage the sternal bars have completely fused. The ribs begin as cartilage that later ossifies – a process called endochondral ossification. Primary ossification centers are located near the angle of each rib, and ossification continues in the direction away from the head and neck.\",\n \"title\": \"Rib\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5821894\",\n \"text\": \"epiphyseal area of the long bones called spongiosa. In the spongiosa, the chondrocytes are arranged in accordance with the epiphyseal growth plate. The spongiosa of the stalk continues with the underlying cancellous bone. Fractures within the stalk causes fibroblastic proliferation and formation of a new bone. Development of bursa takes place over the osteochondroma, which is attached to the perichondrium of the cap. Inflammation of the bone is indicated by the bursal wall lined by the synovium. As a result, patients may have swelling for years related to the location and site of the lesion indicative of mechanical obstruction, nerve\",\n \"title\": \"Osteochondroma\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8980111\",\n \"text\": \"Endosteum The endosteum (plural endostea) is a thin vascular membrane of connective tissue that lines the inner surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones. This endosteal surface is usually resorbed during long periods of malnutrition, resulting in less cortical thickness. The outer surface of a bone is lined by a thin layer of connective tissue that is very similar in morphology and function to endosteum. It is called the periosteum, or the periosteal surface. During bone growth, the width of the bone increases as osteoblasts lay new bone tissue at the periosteum. To prevent\",\n \"title\": \"Endosteum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15526931\",\n \"text\": \"Risser sign The Risser sign is an indirect measure of skeletal maturity, whereby the degree of ossification of the iliac apophysis by x-ray evaluation is used to judge overall skeletal development. Mineralization of the iliac apophyses begins at the anterolateral crest and progresses medially towards the spine. Fusion of the calcified apophyses to the ilium then progresses in opposite direction, from medial-to-lateral. A typical five-point grading scale is as follows: Risser grading is traditionally used to estimating the future growth potential of the adolescent spine, particularly in the setting of spinal scoliosis. Risser originally recognized that ossification of the iliac\",\n \"title\": \"Risser sign\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6061488\",\n \"text\": \"Arthrodesis Arthrodesis, also known as artificial ankylosis or syndesis, is the artificial induction of joint ossification between two bones by surgery. This is done to relieve intractable pain in a joint which cannot be managed by pain medication, splints, or other normally indicated treatments. The typical causes of such pain are fractures which disrupt the joint, severe sprains, and arthritis. It is most commonly performed on joints in the spine, hand, ankle, and foot. Historically, knee and hip arthrodeses were also performed as pain-relieving procedures, but with the great successes achieved in hip and knee arthroplasty, arthrodesis of these large\",\n \"title\": \"Arthrodesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1642198\",\n \"text\": \"hyaline cartilage underneath the periosteum on the articulating surface of the condyle. This is the last growth center of bone in the body and is multidirectional in its growth capacity, unlike a typical long bone. This area of cartilage within the bone grows in length by appositional growth as the individual grows to maturity. Over time, the cartilage is replaced by bone, using endochondral ossification. This mandibular growth center in the condyle allows the increased length of the mandible needed for the larger permanent teeth, as well as for the larger brain capacity of the adult. This growth of the\",\n \"title\": \"Temporomandibular joint\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"48493\",\n \"text\": \"of bone is laid down by osteoblasts, which secrete both collagen and ground substance. These synthesise collagen within the cell, and then secrete collagen fibrils. The collagen fibers rapidly polymerise to form collagen strands. At this stage they are not yet mineralised, and are called \\\"osteoid\\\". Around the strands calcium and phosphate precipitate on the surface of these strands, within days to weeks becoming crystals of hydroxyapatite. In order to mineralise the bone, the osteoblasts secrete vesicles containing alkaline phosphatase. This cleaves the phosphate groups and acts as the foci for calcium and phosphate deposition. The vesicles then rupture and\",\n \"title\": \"Bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2091566\",\n \"text\": \"and become blended together about the middle of fetal life. Each medial pterygoid plate (except its hamulus) is ossified in membrane, and its center probably appears about the ninth or tenth week; the hamulus becomes chondrified during the third month, and almost at once ossifies (Fawcett). The medial joins the lateral pterygoid plate about the sixth month. About the fourth month, a center appears for each lingula and speedily joins the rest of the bone. The presphenoid is united to the postsphenoid about the eighth month, and at birth the sphenoid is in three pieces [Fig. 4]: a central, consisting\",\n \"title\": \"Sphenoid bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1678477\",\n \"text\": \"between these morphologies and rotator cuff tear: The acromion has four ossification centers called (from tip to base) pre-acromion, meso-acromion, meta-acromion, and basi-acromion. In most cases, the first three fuse at 15–18 years, whereas the base part fuses to the scapular spine at 12 years. However, in between 1% and 15% of cases, this osseous union fails and the acromion remains separate as an accessory bone. This condition is referred to as \\\"os acromiale\\\", but rarely causes pain. Earlier estimates of its prevalence were as low as 1.4%, and this higher estimate was made by Sammarco in the year 2000,\",\n \"title\": \"Acromion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10377118\",\n \"text\": \"grow or expand, so instead of dimpling, the periosteum tears away and provides ossification on the second edge of the triangle. The main causes for this sign are osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, eumycetoma, and a subperiosteal abscess. Codman triangle Codman triangle (previously referred to as Codman's triangle) is the triangular area of new subperiosteal bone that is created when a lesion, often a tumour, raises the periosteum away from the bone. A Codman triangle is not actually a full triangle. Instead, it is often a pseudotriangle on radiographic findings, with ossification on the original bone and one additional side of the\",\n \"title\": \"Codman triangle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1570420\",\n \"text\": \"and research. The knee is the largest joint and one of the most important joints in the body. It plays an essential role in movement related to carrying the body weight in horizontal (running and walking) and vertical (jumping) directions. At birth, the kneecap is just formed from cartilage, and this will ossify (change to bone) between the ages of three and five years. Because it is the largest sesamoid bone in the human body, the ossification process takes significantly longer. The main articular bodies of the femur are its lateral and medial condyles. These diverge slightly distally and posteriorly,\",\n \"title\": \"Knee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4931422\",\n \"text\": \"bone matrix via the canaliculi. Bone canaliculus Bone canaliculi are microscopic canals between the lacunae of ossified bone. The radiating processes of the osteocytes (called filopodia) project into these canals. These cytoplasmic processes are joined together by gap junctions. Osteocytes do not entirely fill up the canaliculi. The remaining space is known as the periosteocytic space, which is filled with periosteocytic fluid. This fluid contains substances too large to be transported through the gap junctions that connect the osteocytes. In cartilage, the lacunae and hence, the chondrocytes, are isolated from each other. Materials picked up by osteocytes adjacent to blood\",\n \"title\": \"Bone canaliculus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15284035\",\n \"text\": \"of it below and behind the incisor teeth becomes ossified and incorporated with this part of the mandible. About the sixth week of fetal life, intramembranous ossification takes place in the membrane covering the outer surface of the ventral end of Meckel's cartilage, and each half of the bone is formed from a single center which appears, near the mental foramen. By the tenth week, the portion of Meckel's cartilage which lies below and behind the incisor teeth is surrounded and invaded by the dermal bone (also known as the membrane bone). Somewhat later, accessory nuclei of cartilage make their\",\n \"title\": \"Mandible\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18875029\",\n \"text\": \"portion (orbital part). Some adults have a metopic or frontal suture in the vertical portion. In uterine period in right and left half of frontal region of the fetus there is a membrane tissue. On each half a primary ossification center appears about the end of the second month of the fetus. Primary ossification center extends to form the corresponding half of the vertical part (squama) and horizontal part (orbital part) of the frontal bone. At birth the frontal bone contains two portions, separated by the metopic (frontal) suture. Metopism is the condition of having a persistent metopic suture. Metopic\",\n \"title\": \"Metopism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3748197\",\n \"text\": \"outgrowths connecting it with the underlying osteoderms, which simultaneously fused to each other. On the skull, the middle bone plates first ossified at the snout and the rear rim, with ossification gradually extending towards the middle regions. On the rest of the body, ossification progressed from the neck backward in the direction of the tail. The osteoderms of ankylosaurids were thin in comparison to those of other ankylosaurs, and appear to have been strengthened by randomly distributed cushions of collagen fibers. Structurally similar to Sharpey's fibres, they were embedded directly into the bone tissue, a feature unique to ankylosaurids. This\",\n \"title\": \"Ankylosaurus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1678685\",\n \"text\": \"At its apex is a slight elevation, the supraglenoid tuberosity, to which the long head of the biceps brachii is attached. The neck of the scapula is the slightly constricted portion which surrounds the head and is more distinct below and behind than above and in front. There are three borders of the scapula: The scapula is ossified from 7 or more centers: one for the body, two for the coracoid process, two for the acromion, one for the vertebral border, and one for the inferior angle. Ossification of the body begins about the second month of fetal life, by\",\n \"title\": \"Scapula\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4319633\",\n \"text\": \"consisting of mineralized osteoid that contains osteocytes and is lined by active osteoblasts. The nidus, that began as a diffuse collection of MSCs, has become rudimentary bone tissue. The first step in the process is the formation of bone spicules which eventually fuse with each other and become trabeculae. The periosteum is formed and bone growth continues at the surface of trabeculae. Much like spicules, the increasing growth of trabeculae result in interconnection and this network is called woven bone. Eventually, woven bone is replaced by lamellar bone. Embryologic mesenchymal cells (MSC) condense into layers of vascularized primitive connective tissue.\",\n \"title\": \"Intramembranous ossification\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20022030\",\n \"text\": \"Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is a process of fibrosis, calcification, and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine, that may involve the spinal dura. Once considered a disorder unique to people of Asian heritage, it is now recognized as an uncommon disorder in a variety of patients with myelopathy. The causes of OPLL are unknown. However, genetic and environmental factors appear to play a role in pathogenesis. OPLL may also be associated with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis Myeolography, including post-myelographic CT is likely the most effective imaging study an\",\n \"title\": \"Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15284036\",\n \"text\": \"appearance: These accessory nuclei possess no separate ossific centers but are invaded by the surrounding dermal bone and undergo absorption. The inner alveolar border, usually described as arising from a separate ossific center (\\\"splenial center\\\"), is formed in the human mandible by an ingrowth from the main mass of the bone. At birth the bone consists of two parts, united by a fibrous symphysis, in which ossification takes place during the first year. At birth, the body of the bone is a mere shell, containing the sockets of the two incisor, the canine, and the two deciduous molar teeth, imperfectly\",\n \"title\": \"Mandible\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8980112\",\n \"text\": \"the bone from becoming unnecessarily thick, osteoclasts resorb the bone from the endosteal side. Endosteum The endosteum (plural endostea) is a thin vascular membrane of connective tissue that lines the inner surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones. This endosteal surface is usually resorbed during long periods of malnutrition, resulting in less cortical thickness. The outer surface of a bone is lined by a thin layer of connective tissue that is very similar in morphology and function to endosteum. It is called the periosteum, or the periosteal surface. During bone growth, the width of\",\n \"title\": \"Endosteum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7371200\",\n \"text\": \"for the fourth metacarpal. The ossification process begins in the shaft during prenatal life, and in the head between 11th and 27th months. Third metacarpal bone The third metacarpal bone (metacarpal bone of the middle finger) is a little smaller than the second. The dorsal aspect of its base presents on its radial side a pyramidal eminence, the styloid process, which extends upward behind the capitate; immediately distal to this is a rough surface for the attachment of the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle. The carpal articular facet is concave behind, flat in front, and articulates with the capitate. On\",\n \"title\": \"Third metacarpal bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1678686\",\n \"text\": \"an irregular quadrilateral plate of bone forming, immediately behind the glenoid cavity. This plate extends to form the chief part of the bone, the scapular spine growing up from its dorsal surface about the third month. Ossification starts as membranous ossification before birth. After birth, the cartilaginous components would undergo endochondral ossification. The larger part of the scapula undergoes membranous ossification. Some of the outer parts of the scapula are cartilaginous at birth, and would therefore undergo endochondral ossification. At birth, a large part of the scapula is osseous, but the glenoid cavity, the coracoid process, the acromion, the vertebral\",\n \"title\": \"Scapula\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2087480\",\n \"text\": \"Parietal bone The parietal bones () are two bones in the human skull which, when joined together at a fibrous joint, form the sides and roof of the cranium. Each bone is roughly quadrilateral in form, and has two surfaces, four borders, and four angles. It is named from the Latin \\\"paries\\\" (\\\"-ietis\\\"), wall. The external surface [Fig. 1] is convex, smooth, and marked near the center by an eminence, the parietal eminence (\\\"tuber parietale\\\"), which indicates the point where ossification commenced. Crossing the middle of the bone in an arched direction are two curved lines, the superior and inferior\",\n \"title\": \"Parietal bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2087483\",\n \"text\": \"granulations (Pacchionian bodies). In the groove is the internal opening of the parietal foramen when that aperture exists. The parietal bone is ossified in membrane from a single center, which appears at the parietal eminence about the eighth week of fetal life. Ossification gradually extends in a radial manner from the center toward the margins of the bone; the angles are consequently the parts last formed, and it is here that the fontanelles exist. Occasionally the parietal bone is divided into two parts, upper and lower, by an antero-posterior suture. In non-human vertebrates, the parietal bones typically form the rear\",\n \"title\": \"Parietal bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14407539\",\n \"text\": \"Primary bone Primary bone is the first bone tissue that appears in embryonic development and in fracture repair. It is characterized by its random position of collagen fibers. In most places in adults this tissue is replaced by secondary bone tissue except, for example, near the sutures of calvara or tooth sockets. The secondary bones have lower amounts of osteocytes so primary bone is much more easily penetrated by x-ray. Primary bone or the primary ossification center is the beginning of the bone building process during the first trimester. Calcificed cartilage is basophilic and new bone being made is more\",\n \"title\": \"Primary bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1570359\",\n \"text\": \"surrounding the joint gives an attachment to the joint capsule. The anterior border is concave forward and posterior border is convex backward. The shaft is divided into the medial two-thirds and the lateral one third. The medial part is thicker than the lateral. The medial two-thirds of the shaft has four surfaces and no borders. The lateral third of the shaft has two borders and two surfaces. The collarbone is the first bone to begin the process of ossification (laying down of minerals onto a preformed matrix) during development of the embryo, during the fifth and sixth weeks of gestation.\",\n \"title\": \"Clavicle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2489571\",\n \"text\": \"ossification of mesenchyme as happens during the formation of the membrane bones of the skull and others. During osteoblast differentiation, the developing progenitor cells express the regulatory transcription factor Cbfa1/Runx2. A second required transcription factor is Sp7 transcription factor. Osteochondroprogenitor cells differentiate under the influence of growth factors, although isolated mesenchymal stem cells in tissue culture, form osteoblasts under permissive conditions that include vitamin C and substrates for alkaline phosphatase, a key enzyme that provides high concentrations of phosphate at the mineral deposition site. Key growth factors in endochondral skeletal differentiation include bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) that determine to a\",\n \"title\": \"Osteoblast\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7449981\",\n \"text\": \"and extension at the elbow. Maximum elbow flexion and extension is made possible because the two fossae accommodates to coronoid and olecranon processes. While the ossification of the capitulum has started a year after birth, the ossification of the trochlea begins at 8–9 years of age; that of the head of radius and the medial epicondyle at 4–5 years and that of the lateral condyle at 10 years. Trochlea of humerus In the human arm, the humeral trochlea is the medial portion of the articular surface of the elbow joint which articulates with the trochlear notch on the ulna in\",\n \"title\": \"Trochlea of humerus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7371178\",\n \"text\": \"non-completion of puberty. A short fourth metacarpal bone can also be found in Turner syndrome, a disorder involving sex chromosomes. A fracture of the fourth and/or fifth metacarpal bones transverse neck secondary due to axial loading is known as a boxer's fracture. The ossification process begins in the shaft during prenatal life, and in the head between 11th and 37th months. Fourth metacarpal bone The fourth metacarpal bone (metacarpal bone of the ring finger) is shorter and smaller than the third. The base is small and quadrilateral; its superior surface presents two facets, a large one medially for articulation with\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth metacarpal bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7031831\",\n \"text\": \"Hypertrophic osteodystrophy Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy (HOD) is a bone disease that occurs in fast-growing large and giant breed dogs. The disorder is sometimes referred to as \\\"metaphyseal osteopathy\\\", and typically first presents between the ages of 2 and 7 months. HOD is characterized by decreased blood flow to the metaphysis (the part of the bone adjacent to the joint) leading to a failure of ossification (bone formation) and necrosis and inflammation of cancellous bone. The disease is usually bilateral in the limb bones, especially the distal radius, ulna, and tibia. The Weimaraner, Irish Setter, Boxer, German Shepherd, and Great Dane breeds\",\n \"title\": \"Hypertrophic osteodystrophy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3960282\",\n \"text\": \"Osteocyte An osteocyte, a star-shaped type of bone cell, is the most commonly found cell in mature bone tissue, and can live as long as the organism itself. The adult human body has about 42 billion osteocytes. Osteocytes have an average half life of 25 years, they do not divide, and they are derived from osteoprogenitors, some of which differentiate into active osteoblasts. Osteoblasts/osteocytes develop in mesenchyme. In mature bone, osteocytes and their processes reside inside spaces called lacunae (Latin for a \\\"pit\\\") and canaliculi, respectively. When osteoblasts become trapped in the matrix that they secrete, they become osteocytes. Osteocytes\",\n \"title\": \"Osteocyte\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3097204\",\n \"text\": \"Osteology Osteology is the scientific study of bones, practiced by osteologists. A subdiscipline of anatomy, anthropology, and archaeology, osteology is a detailed study of the structure of bones, skeletal elements, teeth, microbone morphology, function, disease, pathology, the process of ossification (from cartilaginous molds), the resistance and hardness of bones (biophysics), etc. often used by scientists with identification of vertebrate remains with regard to age, death, sex, growth, and development and can be used in a biocultural context. Osteologists frequently work in the public and private sector as consultants for museums, scientists for research laboratories, scientists for medical investigations and/or for\",\n \"title\": \"Osteology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2087286\",\n \"text\": \"a single piece. Union of the upper and lower portions of the squamous part takes place in the third month of fetal life. An occasional centre (Kerckring) appears in the posterior margin of the foramen magnum during the fifth month; this forms a separate ossicle (sometimes double) which unites with the rest of the squamous part before birth. Each of the lateral parts begins to ossify from a single center during the eighth week of fetal life. The basilar portion is ossified from two centers, one in front of the other; these appear about the sixth week of fetal life\",\n \"title\": \"Occipital bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2973847\",\n \"text\": \"Osteomyelitis Osteomyelitis (OM) is an infection of bone. Symptoms may include pain in a specific bone with overlying redness, fever, and weakness. The long bones of the arms and legs are most commonly involved in children, while the feet, spine, and hips are most commonly involved in adults. The cause is usually a bacterial infection; rarely, a fungal infection. It may occur by spread from the blood or from surrounding tissue. Risks for developing osteomyelitis include diabetes, intravenous drug use, prior removal of the spleen, and trauma to the area. Diagnosis is typically suspected based on symptoms. This is then\",\n \"title\": \"Osteomyelitis\"\n }\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"where does the ossification of long bones begin"}}},{"rowIdx":8382,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Charles Darwin"],"string":"[\n \"Charles Darwin\"\n]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"280146","text":"described natural selection as analogous to artificial selection, a process by which animals and plants with traits considered desirable by human breeders are systematically favoured for reproduction. The concept of natural selection originally developed in the absence of a valid theory of heredity; at the time of Darwin's writing, science had yet to develop modern theories of genetics. The union of traditional Darwinian evolution with subsequent discoveries in classical genetics formed the modern synthesis of the mid-20th century. The addition of molecular genetics has led to evolutionary developmental biology, which explains evolution at the molecular level. While genotypes can slowly","title":"Natural selection"},{"id":"280160","text":"for natural selection by creating genetic diversity. Ernst Mayr recognised the key importance of reproductive isolation for speciation in his \"Systematics and the Origin of Species\" (1942). W. D. Hamilton conceived of kin selection in 1964. This synthesis cemented natural selection as the foundation of evolutionary theory, where it remains today. A second synthesis was brought about at the end of the 20th century by advances in molecular genetics, creating the field of evolutionary developmental biology (\"evo-devo\"), which seeks to explain the evolution of form in terms of the genetic regulatory programs which control the development of the embryo at","title":"Natural selection"},{"id":"280155","text":"of his evidence and conclusions in \"On the Origin of Species\" in 1859. In the 3rd edition of 1861 Darwin acknowledged that others—like William Charles Wells in 1813, and Patrick Matthew in 1831—had proposed similar ideas, but had neither developed them nor presented them in notable scientific publications. Darwin thought of natural selection by analogy to how farmers select crops or livestock for breeding, which he called \"artificial selection\"; in his early manuscripts he referred to a \"Nature\" which would do the selection. At the time, other mechanisms of evolution such as evolution by genetic drift were not yet explicitly","title":"Natural selection"},{"id":"280203","text":"natural selection on genes, the concept of memes—\"units of cultural transmission,\" or culture's equivalents of genes undergoing selection and recombination—has arisen, first described in this form by Richard Dawkins in 1976 and subsequently expanded upon by philosophers such as Daniel Dennett as explanations for complex cultural activities, including human consciousness. In 1922, Alfred J. Lotka proposed that natural selection might be understood as a physical principle that could be described in terms of the use of energy by a system, a concept later developed by Howard T. Odum as the maximum power principle in thermodynamics, whereby evolutionary systems with selective","title":"Natural selection"},{"id":"280159","text":"1900. With the early 20th century integration of evolution with Mendel's laws of inheritance, the so-called modern synthesis, scientists generally came to accept natural selection. The synthesis grew from advances in different fields. Ronald Fisher developed the required mathematical language and wrote \"The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection\" (1930). J. B. S. Haldane introduced the concept of the \"cost\" of natural selection. Sewall Wright elucidated the nature of selection and adaptation. In his book \"Genetics and the Origin of Species\" (1937), Theodosius Dobzhansky established the idea that mutation, once seen as a rival to selection, actually supplied the raw material","title":"Natural selection"},{"id":"280145","text":"common in a population. Over time, this process can result in populations that specialise for particular ecological niches (microevolution) and may eventually result in speciation (the emergence of new species, macroevolution). In other words, natural selection is a key process in the evolution of a population. Natural selection is a cornerstone of modern biology. The concept, published by Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in a joint presentation of papers in 1858, was elaborated in Darwin's influential 1859 book \"On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life\". He","title":"Natural selection"},{"id":"4016942","text":"in the \"Gardener's Chronicle\". Darwin wrote that. Matthew, Darwin and Wallace are the only three people considered to have independently discovered the principle of natural selection as a mechanism for speciation (macroevolution). Others prior to Matthew had proposed natural selection as a mechanism for the generation of varieties or races within a species: James Hutton suggested the mechanism in 1794 as leading to improvement of varieties, and an 1813 paper by William Charles Wells proposed that it would form new varieties. In 1835, after Matthew's book, Edward Blyth published a description of the process as a mechanism preserving the unchanging","title":"Patrick Matthew"},{"id":"280150","text":"awareness of the vast scale of geological time and made plausible the idea that tiny, virtually imperceptible changes in successive generations could produce consequences on the scale of differences between species. The early 19th-century zoologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck suggested the inheritance of acquired characteristics as a mechanism for evolutionary change; adaptive traits acquired by an organism during its lifetime could be inherited by that organism's progeny, eventually causing transmutation of species. This theory, Lamarckism, was an influence on the Soviet biologist Trofim Lysenko's antagonism to mainstream genetic theory as late as the mid 20th century. Between 1835 and 1837, the zoologist","title":"Natural selection"},{"id":"7792","text":"than 750 entries. A more comprehensive list of Wallace's publications that are available online, as well as a full bibliography of all of Wallace's writings, has been compiled by the historian Charles H. Smith at The Alfred Russel Wallace Page. Alfred Russel Wallace Alfred Russel Wallace (8 January 18237 November 1913) was a British naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist, and biologist. He is best known for independently conceiving the theory of evolution through natural selection; his paper on the subject was jointly published with some of Charles Darwin's writings in 1858. This prompted Darwin to publish his own ideas in \"On","title":"Alfred Russel Wallace"},{"id":"280151","text":"Edward Blyth worked on the area of variation, artificial selection, and how a similar process occurs in nature. Darwin acknowledged Blyth's ideas in the first chapter on variation of \"On the Origin of Species\". In 1859, Charles Darwin set out his theory of evolution by natural selection as an explanation for adaptation and speciation. He defined natural selection as the \"principle by which each slight variation [of a trait], if useful, is preserved\". The concept was simple but powerful: individuals best adapted to their environments are more likely to survive and reproduce. As long as there is some variation between","title":"Natural selection"},{"id":"13026609","text":"different species could share a common ancestor. Darwin based his theory on the idea of natural selection: it synthesized a broad range of evidence from animal husbandry, biogeography, geology, morphology, and embryology. Debate over Darwin's work led to the rapid acceptance of the general concept of evolution, but the specific mechanism he proposed, natural selection, was not widely accepted until it was revived by developments in biology that occurred during the 1920s through the 1940s. Before that time most biologists regarded other factors as responsible for evolution. Alternatives to natural selection suggested during \"the eclipse of Darwinism\" (c. 1880 to","title":"History of evolutionary thought"},{"id":"280147","text":"change by random genetic drift, natural selection remains the primary explanation for adaptive evolution. Several philosophers of the classical era, including Empedocles and his intellectual successor, the Roman poet Lucretius, expressed the idea that nature produces a huge variety of creatures, randomly, and that only those creatures that manage to provide for themselves and reproduce successfully persist. Empedocles' idea that organisms arose entirely by the incidental workings of causes such as heat and cold was criticised by Aristotle in Book II of \"Physics\". He posited natural teleology in its place, and believed that form was achieved for a purpose, citing","title":"Natural selection"},{"id":"14021574","text":"Natural Selection (manuscript) Natural Selection is a manuscript written by Charles Darwin, in which he presented his theory of natural selection and its role in biological evolution. He did not publish the work while he was alive, but wrote an abstract, titled \"On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life\", which he published in 1859. Darwin regarded \"Natural Selection\" as his main work, while \"On the Origin of Species\" was written for a wider audience. He always intended to finish \"Natural Selection\", but because of frail health,","title":"Natural Selection (manuscript)"},{"id":"9219562","text":"Charles Darwin Charles Robert Darwin, (; 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution. His proposition that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors is now widely accepted, and considered a foundational concept in science. In a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace, he introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective","title":"Charles Darwin"},{"id":"280152","text":"them and that variation is heritable, there will be an inevitable selection of individuals with the most advantageous variations. If the variations are heritable, then differential reproductive success leads to a progressive evolution of particular populations of a species, and populations that evolve to be sufficiently different eventually become different species. Darwin's ideas were inspired by the observations that he had made on the second voyage of HMS \"Beagle\" (1831–1836), and by the work of a political economist, Thomas Robert Malthus, who, in \"An Essay on the Principle of Population\" (1798), noted that population (if unchecked) increases exponentially, whereas the","title":"Natural selection"},{"id":"280143","text":"Natural selection Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in the heritable traits characteristic of a population over generations. Charles Darwin popularised the term \"natural selection\", contrasting it with artificial selection, which is intentional, whereas natural selection is not. Variation exists within all populations of organisms. This occurs partly because random mutations arise in the genome of an individual organism, and offspring can inherit such mutations. Throughout the lives of the individuals, their genomes interact with their environments to cause variations in traits.","title":"Natural selection"},{"id":"280154","text":"process of writing his \"big book\" to present his research when the naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace independently conceived of the principle and described it in an essay he sent to Darwin to forward to Charles Lyell. Lyell and Joseph Dalton Hooker decided to present his essay together with unpublished writings that Darwin had sent to fellow naturalists, and \"On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection\" was read to the Linnean Society of London announcing co-discovery of the principle in July 1858. Darwin published a detailed account","title":"Natural selection"},{"id":"280156","text":"formulated, and Darwin believed that selection was likely only part of the story: \"I am convinced that Natural Selection has been the main but not exclusive means of modification.\" In a letter to Charles Lyell in September 1860, Darwin regretted the use of the term \"Natural Selection\", preferring the term \"Natural Preservation\". For Darwin and his contemporaries, natural selection was in essence synonymous with evolution by natural selection. After the publication of \"On the Origin of Species\", educated people generally accepted that evolution had occurred in some form. However, natural selection remained controversial as a mechanism, partly because it was","title":"Natural selection"},{"id":"4016931","text":"Patrick Matthew Patrick Matthew (20 October 1790 – 8 June 1874) was a Scottish grain merchant, fruit farmer, forester, and landowner, who contributed to the understanding of horticulture, silviculture, and agriculture in general, with a focus on maintaining the British navy and feeding new colonies. He published the basic concept of natural selection as a mechanism in evolutionary adaptation and speciation in 1831 (i.e. resulting from \"positive\" natural selection, in contrast to its already, widely known, \"negative\" role in removal of individuals in the Struggle for Survival), but failed to develop or publicise his ideas. Consequently, when Charles Darwin later","title":"Patrick Matthew"},{"id":"280199","text":"in the Organism\") in which he suggested that the development of an organism results from a Darwinian competition between the parts of the embryo, occurring at all levels, from molecules to organs. In recent years, a modern version of this theory has been proposed by . According to this cellular Darwinism, random variation at the molecular level generates diversity in cell types whereas cell interactions impose a characteristic order on the developing embryo. The social implications of the theory of evolution by natural selection also became the source of continuing controversy. Friedrich Engels, a German political philosopher and co-originator of","title":"Natural selection"},{"id":"7694","text":"Alfred Russel Wallace Alfred Russel Wallace (8 January 18237 November 1913) was a British naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist, and biologist. He is best known for independently conceiving the theory of evolution through natural selection; his paper on the subject was jointly published with some of Charles Darwin's writings in 1858. This prompted Darwin to publish his own ideas in \"On the Origin of Species.\" Wallace did extensive fieldwork, first in the Amazon River basin and then in the Malay Archipelago, where he identified the faunal divide now termed the Wallace Line, which separates the Indonesian archipelago into two distinct parts:","title":"Alfred Russel Wallace"},{"id":"280149","text":"existence was later described by the Islamic writer Al-Jahiz in the 9th century. The classical arguments were reintroduced in the 18th century by Pierre Louis Maupertuis and others, including Darwin's grandfather, Erasmus Darwin. Until the early 19th century, the prevailing view in Western societies was that differences between individuals of a species were uninteresting departures from their Platonic ideals (or typus) of created kinds. However, the theory of uniformitarianism in geology promoted the idea that simple, weak forces could act continuously over long periods of time to produce radical changes in the Earth's landscape. The success of this theory raised","title":"Natural selection"},{"id":"261419","text":"specialize organisms for particular ecological niches and may eventually result in the speciation (the emergence of new species). Natural selection is one of the cornerstones of modern biology. The term was introduced by Darwin in his groundbreaking 1859 book \"On the Origin of Species\", in which natural selection was described by analogy to artificial selection, a process by which animals and plants with traits considered desirable by human breeders are systematically favored for reproduction. The concept of natural selection was originally developed in the absence of a valid theory of heredity; at the time of Darwin's writing, nothing was known","title":"Microevolution"},{"id":"20592902","text":"19th century in science The 19th century in science saw the birth of science as a profession; the term scientist was coined in 1833 by William Whewell, which soon replaced the older term of (natural) philosopher. Among the most influential ideas of the 19th century were those of Charles Darwin (alongside the independent researches of Alfred Russel Wallace), who in 1859 published the book \"The Origin of Species\", which introduced the idea of evolution by natural selection. Another important landmark in medicine and biology were the successful efforts to prove the germ theory of disease. Following this, Louis Pasteur made","title":"19th century in science"},{"id":"9219629","text":"of Darwinism\", scientists proposed various alternative evolutionary mechanisms, which eventually proved untenable. Ronald Fisher, an English statistician, finally united Mendelian genetics with natural selection, in the period between 1918 and his 1930 book \"The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection\". He gave the theory a mathematical footing and brought broad scientific consensus that natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution, thus founding the basis for population genetics and the modern evolutionary synthesis, with J.B.S. Haldane and Sewall Wright, which set the frame of reference for modern debates and refinements of the theory. During Darwin's lifetime, many geographical features were given","title":"Charles Darwin"},{"id":"20592924","text":"the length scale required for gravitational perturbations to grow in a static nearly homogeneous medium. In chemistry, Dmitri Mendeleev, following the atomic theory of John Dalton, created the first periodic table of elements. In 1859, Charles Darwin published the book \"The Origin of Species\", which introduced the idea of evolution by natural selection. The list of important 19th-century scientists includes: 19th century in science The 19th century in science saw the birth of science as a profession; the term scientist was coined in 1833 by William Whewell, which soon replaced the older term of (natural) philosopher. Among the most influential","title":"19th century in science"},{"id":"295575","text":"creation of reality and mankind. The concept of natural law was documented in ancient Greek philosophy, including Aristotle, and was referred to in Roman philosophy by Cicero. References to natural law are also found in the Old and New Testaments of the Bible, later expounded upon in the Middle Ages by Christian philosophers such as Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas. The School of Salamanca made notable contributions during the Renaissance. Modern natural law theories were greatly developed in the Age of Enlightenment, combining inspiration from Roman law with philosophies like social contract theory. Key proponents were Alberico Gentili, Francisco","title":"Natural law"},{"id":"280158","text":"used by Mr. Herbert Spencer of the Survival of the Fittest is more accurate, and is sometimes equally convenient.\" Although the phrase is still often used by non-biologists, modern biologists avoid it because it is tautological if \"fittest\" is read to mean \"functionally superior\" and is applied to individuals rather than considered as an averaged quantity over populations. Natural selection relies crucially on the idea of heredity, but developed before the basic concepts of genetics. Although the Moravian monk Gregor Mendel, the father of modern genetics, was a contemporary of Darwin's, his work lay in obscurity, only being rediscovered in","title":"Natural selection"},{"id":"188904","text":"prominent, controversial and far-reaching theory in all of science has been the theory of evolution by natural selection put forward by the British naturalist Charles Darwin in his book On the Origin of Species in 1859. Darwin proposed that the features of all living things, including humans, were shaped by natural processes over long periods of time. The theory of evolution in its current form affects almost all areas of biology. Implications of evolution on fields outside of pure science have led to both opposition and support from different parts of society, and profoundly influenced the popular understanding of \"man's","title":"History of science"},{"id":"2135251","text":"of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck; based on the inheritance of acquired characteristics (an inheritance mechanism that was widely accepted until the 20th century), it described a chain of development stretching from the lowliest microbe to humans. The British naturalist Charles Darwin, combining the biogeographical approach of Humboldt, the uniformitarian geology of Lyell, Thomas Malthus's writings on population growth, and his own morphological expertise, created a more successful evolutionary theory based on natural selection; similar evidence led Alfred Russel Wallace to independently reach the same conclusions. The 1859 publication of Darwin's theory in \"On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection,","title":"History of biology"},{"id":"280153","text":"food supply grows only arithmetically; thus, inevitable limitations of resources would have demographic implications, leading to a \"struggle for existence\". When Darwin read Malthus in 1838 he was already primed by his work as a naturalist to appreciate the \"struggle for existence\" in nature. It struck him that as population outgrew resources, \"favourable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavourable ones to be destroyed. The result of this would be the formation of new species.\" Darwin wrote: Once he had his theory, Darwin was meticulous about gathering and refining evidence before making his idea public. He was in the","title":"Natural selection"},{"id":"14021575","text":"the publicity and work involved in publishing six editions of \"On the Origin of Species\", plus other research and publications, he never got around to finish it. \"Natural Selection\" was transcribed after Darwin's death, and first published in 1975. Natural Selection (manuscript) Natural Selection is a manuscript written by Charles Darwin, in which he presented his theory of natural selection and its role in biological evolution. He did not publish the work while he was alive, but wrote an abstract, titled \"On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle","title":"Natural Selection (manuscript)"},{"id":"17266404","text":"Museum of Natural History, Hertford Museum and the National Museum of Wales. The naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist and biologist Alfred Russel Wallace (born 8 January 1823) died on 7 November 1913. He is principally remembered now for having independently conceived the theory of evolution through natural selection, which prompted Charles Darwin to publish \"On the Origin of Species\". Some of his books such as \"The Malay Archipelago\" remain in print; it is considered one of the best accounts of scientific exploration published during the 19th century. Wallace is also remembered for recognizing the presence of a biogeographical boundary, now known","title":"Alfred Russel Wallace centenary"},{"id":"820076","text":"in Usk, Monmouthshire, Wales; died on Nov. 7, 1913, in Broadstone, Dorset, England), was a British naturalist, geographer, and social critic who is most known for formulating the theory of evolution by natural selection before Charles Darwin published his famous work on the same subject, \"The Origin of Species\". An avid traveler and explorer, Wallace became both rich and famous from the work he did identifying new animal species in Indonesia and the Amazon region. Importantly, Wallace discovered and defined the concept of \"speciation,\" which he discussed in a paper he published around 1865 describing his research on butterflies. Speciation","title":"Geographer"},{"id":"280195","text":"occur randomly in any haplotype, it does not produce clear blocks of linkage disequilibrium, although with low recombination it can still lead to slightly negative linkage disequilibrium overall. Darwin's ideas, along with those of Adam Smith and Karl Marx, had a profound influence on 19th century thought, including his radical claim that \"elaborately constructed forms, so different from each other, and dependent on each other in so complex a manner\" evolved from the simplest forms of life by a few simple principles. This inspired some of Darwin's most ardent supporters—and provoked the strongest opposition. Natural selection had the power, according","title":"Natural selection"},{"id":"103796","text":"Darwinism Darwinism is a theory of biological evolution developed by the English naturalist Charles Darwin (1809–1882) and others, stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce. Also called Darwinian theory, it originally included the broad concepts of transmutation of species or of evolution which gained general scientific acceptance after Darwin published \"On the Origin of Species\" in 1859, including concepts which predated Darwin's theories. It subsequently referred to the specific concepts of natural selection, the Weismann barrier, or the central dogma","title":"Darwinism"},{"id":"7751","text":"referred to as reinforcement. Wallace had suggested to Darwin that natural selection could play a role in preventing hybridisation in private correspondence as early as 1868, but had not worked it out to this level of detail. It continues to be a topic of research in evolutionary biology today, with both computer simulation and empirical results supporting its validity. In 1864, Wallace published a paper, \"The Origin of Human Races and the Antiquity of Man Deduced from the Theory of 'Natural Selection'\", applying the theory to humankind. Darwin had not yet publicly addressed the subject, although Thomas Huxley had in","title":"Alfred Russel Wallace"},{"id":"505483","text":"releasing \"phlogiston\" into the air. Joseph Priestley had discovered oxygen in the 18th century, but Lavoisier discovered that combustion was the result of oxidation. He also constructed a table of 33 elements and invented modern chemical nomenclature. Formal biological science remained in its infancy in the 18th century, when the focus lay upon the classification and categorization of natural life. This growth in natural history was led by Carl Linnaeus, whose 1735 taxonomy of the natural world is still in use. Linnaeus in the 1750s introduced scientific names for all his species. By the 19th century, the study of science","title":"Natural science"},{"id":"4016964","text":"to defects in the design and manufacture of the lattice work piers introduced into the design well after Matthew's campaign against the bridge. Notes Citations Patrick Matthew Patrick Matthew (20 October 1790 – 8 June 1874) was a Scottish grain merchant, fruit farmer, forester, and landowner, who contributed to the understanding of horticulture, silviculture, and agriculture in general, with a focus on maintaining the British navy and feeding new colonies. He published the basic concept of natural selection as a mechanism in evolutionary adaptation and speciation in 1831 (i.e. resulting from \"positive\" natural selection, in contrast to its already, widely","title":"Patrick Matthew"},{"id":"6504271","text":"concept. According to Ernst Mayr, Poulton invented the term sympatric in relation to species, and he also invented the term aposematism for warning coloration. Poulton, along with Julian Huxley, J.B.S. Haldane, R.A. Fisher and E.B. Ford, promoted the idea of natural selection through many years when it was denigrated. Poulton was succeeded by G.D. Hale Carpenter as Hope Professor of Entomology at Oxford University from 1933 to 1948. Poulton had over 200 publications spanning over sixty years. Edward Bagnall Poulton Sir Edward Bagnall Poulton, FRS HFRSE FLS (27 January 1856 – 20 November 1943) was a British evolutionary biologist who","title":"Edward Bagnall Poulton"},{"id":"11517993","text":"climates. Between 1767 and 1792 James Burnett, Lord Monboddo included in his writings not only the concept that man had descended from other primates, but also that, in response to their environment, creatures had found methods of transforming their characteristics over long time intervals. He also produced research on the evolution of linguistics, which was cited by Erasmus Darwin in his poem \"Temple of Nature\". Jan-Andrew Henderson states that Monboddo was the first to articulate the theory of natural selection. In 1792, the philosopher Immanuel Kant presented, in his \"Critique of Judgement\", what he referred to as “a daring venture","title":"Evolutionary ideas of the Renaissance and Enlightenment"},{"id":"4022297","text":"William Charles Wells William Charles Wells FRS FRSEd (1757–1817), was a Scottish-American physician and printer. He lived a life of extraordinary variety, did some notable medical research, and made the first clear statement about natural selection. He applied the idea to the origin of different skin colours in human races, and from the context it seems he thought it might be applied more widely. Charles Darwin said: \"\"[Wells] distinctly recognises the principle of natural selection, and this is the first recognition which has been indicated\"\". Wells was the second son of Robert and Mary Wells. Wells' parents were both Scots","title":"William Charles Wells"},{"id":"96940","text":"particular difficulty in believing in natural selection as the main motive force in evolution. Lyell and Hooker were instrumental in arranging the peaceful co-publication of the theory of natural selection by Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in 1858: each had arrived at the theory independently. Lyell's data on stratigraphy were important because Darwin thought that populations of an organism changed slowly, requiring \"geological time\". Although Lyell did not publicly accept evolution (descent with modification) at the time of writing the \"Principles\", after the Darwin–Wallace papers and the \"Origin\" Lyell wrote in his notebook: Lyell's acceptance of natural selection, Darwin's proposed","title":"Charles Lyell"},{"id":"4913221","text":"He presided over the founding conference for the International Humanist and Ethical Union. He wrote fifty books, including \"The Science of Life\", co-authored with H. G. Wells and Wells's son, G. P. Wells. Julian was important as a proponent of natural selection at a time when Darwin's idea was denigrated by many. His master-work \"\" gave the name to a mid-century movement which united biological theory and overcame problems caused by over-specialisation. Julian married Juliette Baillot in 1919. They had two children, and both became scientists: Anthony Julian Huxley, a botanist and horticulturalist, and Francis Huxley, an anthropologist. A Wetherspoon","title":"Huxley family"},{"id":"408821","text":"On the Origin of Species On the Origin of Species (or more completely, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life), published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin","title":"On the Origin of Species"},{"id":"408700","text":"On the Origin of Species On the Origin of Species (or more completely, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life), published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin","title":"On the Origin of Species"},{"id":"4771284","text":"Yan Fu Yan Fu (, IPA: ; courtesy name: Ji Dao, 幾道; 8 January 1854 — 27 October 1921) was a Chinese scholar and translator, most famous for introducing western ideas, including Darwin's \"natural selection\", to China in the late 19th century. On January 8, 1854, Yan Fu was born in what is modern day Fuzhou, Fujian Province to a respectable scholar-gentry family in the trade of Chinese medicine. In his early years, Yan Fu’s father greatly encouraged Yan Fu to obtain a high education and prepare for the Imperial examination. However, the death of his father in 1866 caused","title":"Yan Fu"},{"id":"4707571","text":"Development of Darwin's theory Following the inception of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection in 1838, the development of Darwin's theory to explain the \"mystery of mysteries\" of how new species originated was his \"prime hobby\" in the background to his main occupation of publishing the scientific results of the \"Beagle\" voyage. He was settling into married life, but suffered from bouts of illness and after his first child was born the family moved to rural Down House as a family home away from the pressures of London. The publication in 1839 of his \"Journal and Remarks\" (now known as","title":"Development of Darwin's theory"},{"id":"2135224","text":"from embryology and paleontology, were synthesized in Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. The end of the 19th century saw the fall of spontaneous generation and the rise of the germ theory of disease, though the mechanism of inheritance remained a mystery. In the early 20th century, the rediscovery of Mendel's work led to the rapid development of genetics by Thomas Hunt Morgan and his students, and by the 1930s the combination of population genetics and natural selection in the \"neo-Darwinian synthesis\". New disciplines developed rapidly, especially after Watson and Crick proposed the structure of DNA. Following the","title":"History of biology"},{"id":"13018943","text":"while rightly rejecting Darwin's suggestion that chalkland could have been formed in a similar way. The paper appeared in the \"Proceedings of the Geological Society of London\" in 1838, and was published with a woodcut illustration in the \"Transactions of the Geological Society\" in 1840. From his brain-storming about transmutation towards the end of 1838, Darwin conceived of his theory of natural selection \"by which to work\", as his \"prime hobby\". His main work on the \"Beagle\" collections continued, and in 1842 he published the first of three volumes on geology, \"The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs\". He then","title":"The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms"},{"id":"13026682","text":"was the work of the British biologist and statistician Ronald Fisher. In a series of papers starting in 1918 and culminating in his 1930 book \"The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection\", Fisher showed that the continuous variation measured by the biometricians could be produced by the combined action of many discrete genes, and that natural selection could change gene frequencies in a population, resulting in evolution. In a series of papers beginning in 1924, another British geneticist, J. B. S. Haldane, applied statistical analysis to real-world examples of natural selection, such as the evolution of industrial melanism in peppered moths,","title":"History of evolutionary thought"},{"id":"1266927","text":"likelihood methods among populations. In 1930, \"The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection\" was first published by Clarendon Press and is dedicated to Leonard Darwin. A core work of the neo-Darwinian modern evolutionary synthesis, it helped define population genetics, which Fisher founded alongside Sewall Wright and J. B. S. Haldane, and revived Darwins neglected idea of sexual selection. One of Fischer´s favorite aphorisms was \"Natural selection is a mechanism for generating an exceedingly high degree of improbability.\" Fisher´s fame grew and he began to travel and lecture widely. In 1931, he spent six weeks at the Statistical Laboratory at Iowa State","title":"Ronald Fisher"},{"id":"7734","text":"growth and came up with the idea of natural selection. Wallace said in his autobiography that he was on the island of Ternate at the time; but historians have questioned this, saying that on the basis of the journal he kept at the time, he was on the island of Gilolo. From 1858 to 1861 he rented a house on Ternate from the Dutchman Maarten Dirk van Renesse van Duivenbode. He used this house as a base camp for expeditions to other islands such as Gilolo. Wallace describes how he discovered natural selection as follows: Wallace had once briefly met","title":"Alfred Russel Wallace"},{"id":"4707626","text":"22 April 1856 to amiably argue Huxley and Hooker round towards accepting evolution as a process, without going into the mechanism. Darwin intended to write human beings into \"Natural Selection\" through mid-1857. But his work required a tremendous amount of evidence and facts. He left humans out in part because \"mutiny in India\" had stopped his correspondence with Edward Blyth in Calcutta. Had he included sexual selection, at that time it would have been only the male competition element and not female choice. It was at this stage that Alfred Russel Wallace became involved and Darwin's work took on a","title":"Development of Darwin's theory"},{"id":"5055528","text":"with the sorest of all scientific subjects—a dispute about priority. In \"Evolution Old and New\" (1879), Butler accused Darwin of slighting the evolutionary speculations of Buffon, Lamarck, and his own grandfather, Erasmus Darwin.\" The Kirkus Reviews calls it, \"... an essay devoted to resurrecting the name and importance of Edward Blyth, a 19th-century naturalist. Eiseley credits Blyth with the development of the idea, and even the coining of the words \"natural selection,\" which Darwin absorbed and enlarged upon ... [and] some thoughts on Darwin's Descent of Man; and a concluding speculation on the meaning of evolution. The last piece is","title":"Loren Eiseley"},{"id":"7517626","text":"Quinarian system The quinarian system was a method of zoological classification which was popular in the mid 19th century, especially among British naturalists. It was largely developed by the entomologist William Sharp Macleay in 1819. The system was further promoted in the works of Nicholas Aylward Vigors, William John Swainson and Johann Jakob Kaup. Swainson's work on ornithology gave wide publicity to the idea. The system had opponents even before the publication of Charles Darwin's \"On the Origin of Species\" (1859), which paved the way for evolutionary trees. Quinarianism gets its name from the emphasis on the number five: it","title":"Quinarian system"},{"id":"1296217","text":"Julian Huxley Sir Julian Sorell Huxley FRS (22 June 1887 – 14 February 1975) was a British evolutionary biologist, eugenicist, and internationalist. He was a proponent of natural selection, and a leading figure in the mid-twentieth century modern synthesis. He was secretary of the Zoological Society of London (1935–1942), the first Director of UNESCO, a founding member of the World Wildlife Fund and the first President of the British Humanist Association. Huxley was well known for his presentation of science in books and articles, and on radio and television. He directed an Oscar-winning wildlife film. He was awarded UNESCO's Kalinga","title":"Julian Huxley"},{"id":"280201","text":"a justification for policies of the Nazi state. He wrote \"... selection for toughness, heroism, and social utility ... must be accomplished by some human institution, if mankind, in default of selective factors, is not to be ruined by domestication-induced degeneracy. The racial idea as the basis of our state has already accomplished much in this respect.\" Others have developed ideas that human societies and culture evolve by mechanisms analogous to those that apply to evolution of species. More recently, work among anthropologists and psychologists has led to the development of sociobiology and later of evolutionary psychology, a field that","title":"Natural selection"},{"id":"111261","text":"biological organisation, including the levels of species, individual organisms and molecules. The scientific theory of evolution by natural selection was proposed by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in the mid-19th century and was set out in detail in Darwin's book \"On the Origin of Species\" (1859). Evolution by natural selection was first demonstrated by the observation that more offspring are often produced than can possibly survive. This is followed by three observable facts about living organisms: 1) traits vary among individuals with respect to their morphology, physiology and behaviour (phenotypic variation), 2) different traits confer different rates of survival","title":"Evolution"},{"id":"9330192","text":"can incorporate facts, laws, inferences, and tested hypotheses.\" Theories are formed from hypotheses that have been subjected repeatedly to tests of evidence which attempt to disprove or falsify them. In the case of evolution through natural selection, Darwin conceived the hypothesis around 1839, and made a first draft of the concept three years later in 1842. He discussed this widely with many of his intellectual companions, and conducted further research in the background to his other writings and work. After years of development, he finally published his evidence and theory in \"On the Origin of Species\" in 1859. The \"theory","title":"Evolution as fact and theory"},{"id":"3059673","text":"first used the phrase – after reading Charles Darwin's \"On the Origin of Species\" – in his \"Principles of Biology\" of 1864 in which he drew parallels between his economic theories and Darwin's biological, evolutionary ones, writing, \"This survival of the fittest, which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms, is that which Mr. Darwin has called 'natural selection', or the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life.\" In July 1866 Alfred Russel Wallace wrote to Darwin about readers thinking that the phrase \"natural selection\" personified nature as \"selecting\", and said this misconception could be avoided","title":"Survival of the fittest"},{"id":"9219618","text":"Naturalist on the River Amazons\" by Henry Walter Bates provided empirical evidence of natural selection. Lobbying brought Darwin Britain's highest scientific honour, the Royal Society's Copley Medal, awarded on 3 November 1864. That day, Huxley held the first meeting of what became the influential \"X Club\" devoted to \"science, pure and free, untrammelled by religious dogmas\". By the end of the decade most scientists agreed that evolution occurred, but only a minority supported Darwin's view that the chief mechanism was natural selection. The \"Origin of Species\" was translated into many languages, becoming a staple scientific text attracting thoughtful attention from","title":"Charles Darwin"},{"id":"4016932","text":"published \"On the Origin of Species\" in 1859, he and Alfred Russel Wallace were regarded by their scientific peers as having originated (independently of each other) the theory of evolution by natural selection; it has been suggested that Darwin and/or Wallace had encountered Matthew's earlier work, but there is no hard evidence of this. After the publication of \"On the Origin of Species\", Matthew contacted Darwin, who in subsequent editions of the book acknowledged that the principle of natural selection had been anticipated by Matthew's brief statement, mostly contained in the appendices and \"addendum\" of his 1831 book, \"On Naval","title":"Patrick Matthew"},{"id":"2508452","text":"Group selection Group selection is a proposed mechanism of evolution in which natural selection acts at the level of the group, instead of at the more conventional level of the individual. Early authors such as V. C. Wynne-Edwards and Konrad Lorenz argued that the behavior of animals could affect their survival and reproduction as groups, speaking for instance of actions for the good of the species. From the mid 1960s, evolutionary biologists such as John Maynard Smith argued that natural selection acted primarily at the level of the individual. They argued on the basis of mathematical models that individuals would","title":"Group selection"},{"id":"12596370","text":"\"survival of the fittest\", but this expression originated in Herbert Spencer's \"Principles of Biology\" in 1864, five years after Charles Darwin published his original works. \"Survival of the fittest\" describes the process of natural selection incorrectly, because natural selection is not only about survival and it is not always the fittest that survives. Darwin's theory of natural selection laid the groundwork for modern evolutionary theory, and his experiments and observations showed that the organisms in populations varied from each other, that some of these variations were inherited, and that these differences could be acted on by natural selection. However, he","title":"Introduction to evolution"},{"id":"280157","text":"perceived to be too weak to explain the range of observed characteristics of living organisms, and partly because even supporters of evolution balked at its \"unguided\" and non-progressive nature, a response that has been characterised as the single most significant impediment to the idea's acceptance. However, some thinkers enthusiastically embraced natural selection; after reading Darwin, Herbert Spencer introduced the phrase \"survival of the fittest\", which became a popular summary of the theory. The fifth edition of \"On the Origin of Species\" published in 1869 included Spencer's phrase as an alternative to natural selection, with credit given: \"But the expression often","title":"Natural selection"},{"id":"4947053","text":"History of genetics The history of genetics dates from the classical era with contributions by Hippocrates, Aristotle and Epicurus. Modern biology began with the work of the Augustinian friar Gregor Johann Mendel. His work on pea plants, published in 1866,what is now Mendelian inheritance. Some theories of heredity suggest in the centuries before and for several decades after Mendel's work. The year 1900 marked the \"rediscovery of Mendel\" by Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns and Erich von Tschermak, and by 1915 the basic principles of Mendelian genetics had been applied to a wide variety of organisms—most notably the fruit fly","title":"History of genetics"},{"id":"13026620","text":"(334 – 262 BC) the founder of the Stoic school of philosophy, agreed with Aristotle and other earlier philosophers that nature showed clear evidence of being designed for a purpose; this view is known as teleology. The Roman Stoic philosopher Cicero (106 – 43 BC) wrote that Zeno was known to have held the view, central to Stoic physics, that nature is primarily \"directed and concentrated...to secure for the world...the structure best fitted for survival.\" Epicurus (341 – 270 BC) anticipated the idea of natural selection. The Roman philosopher and atomist Lucretius (c. 99 – 55 BC) explicated these ideas","title":"History of evolutionary thought"},{"id":"1009805","text":"Wallace's father, John Wallace, who was a well-known engineer and surveyor in the area. He had been elected San Joaquin County surveyor. John Wallace was also an elder brother of Alfred Russel Wallace, a leading 19th century British naturalist who independently developed a theory of natural selection around the same time as Charles Darwin. John Wallace had originally come to California for the California Gold Rush, but was unsuccessful as a miner. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which, 98.2% is land and 1.8% is water. The town's post office","title":"Wallace, California"},{"id":"3491683","text":"Darwin apparently mistook Wallace's meaning, writing \"nothing very new... Uses my simile of tree, [but] it seems all creation with him\". However, he spelt out the details of Natural Selection to Lyell, who found the idea hard to accept but urged Darwin to publish to establish priority. On 14 May 1856 Darwin began what became his draft for a book titled \"Natural Selection\". Wallace collected specimens and corresponded with Darwin from Borneo. In December 1857, he wrote to ask if Darwin's book would delve into human origins, to which Darwin responded that \"I think I shall avoid the whole subject,","title":"On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection"},{"id":"3491681","text":"of Edinburgh and the University of Cambridge. Influenced by Charles Lyell's \"Principles of Geology\", he became an able geologist as well as collecting plant and animal specimens, and fossils of gigantic extinct mammals. By the return journey, he was connecting patterns of geographical and historical distribution, and starting to doubt the stability of Species. In September 1838 he conceived his theory of natural selection as the cause of evolution, then as well as developing his career as a geologist and writer worked privately on finding evidence and answering possible objections, and set out his ideas in an essay written in","title":"On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection"},{"id":"1296267","text":"Nations Population Fund marked 12 October 1999 as The Day of Six Billion. Julian Huxley Sir Julian Sorell Huxley FRS (22 June 1887 – 14 February 1975) was a British evolutionary biologist, eugenicist, and internationalist. He was a proponent of natural selection, and a leading figure in the mid-twentieth century modern synthesis. He was secretary of the Zoological Society of London (1935–1942), the first Director of UNESCO, a founding member of the World Wildlife Fund and the first President of the British Humanist Association. Huxley was well known for his presentation of science in books and articles, and on radio","title":"Julian Huxley"},{"id":"280202","text":"attempts to explain features of human psychology in terms of adaptation to the ancestral environment. The most prominent example of evolutionary psychology, notably advanced in the early work of Noam Chomsky and later by Steven Pinker, is the hypothesis that the human brain has adapted to acquire the grammatical rules of natural language. Other aspects of human behaviour and social structures, from specific cultural norms such as incest avoidance to broader patterns such as gender roles, have been hypothesised to have similar origins as adaptations to the early environment in which modern humans evolved. By analogy to the action of","title":"Natural selection"},{"id":"12596364","text":"at these museums. Darwin served as a ship's naturalist on board HMS \"Beagle\", assigned to a five-year research expedition around the world. During his voyage, he observed and collected an abundance of organisms, being very interested in the diverse forms of life along the coasts of South America and the neighboring Galápagos Islands. Darwin gained extensive experience as he collected and studied the natural history of life forms from distant places. Through his studies, he formulated the idea that each species had developed from ancestors with similar features. In 1838, he described how a process he called natural selection would","title":"Introduction to evolution"},{"id":"7758","text":"is the most-cited naturalist in Darwin's \"Descent of Man\", occasionally in strong disagreement. Both Darwin and Wallace agreed on the importance of natural selection, and some of the factors responsible for it: competition between species and geographical isolation. But Wallace believed that evolution had a purpose (\"teleology\") in maintaining species' fitness to their environment, whereas Darwin hesitated to attribute any purpose to a random natural process. Scientific discoveries since the 19th century support Darwin's viewpoint, by identifying several additional mechanisms and triggers: Wallace remained an ardent defender of natural selection for the rest of his life. By the 1880s, evolution","title":"Alfred Russel Wallace"},{"id":"16962428","text":"to his subsequent development of his theory of natural selection. Many years later, FitzRoy also suffered from depression, and committed suicide in 1865. Pringle Stokes was buried at the \"English Cemetery\", two miles from Port Famine. His gravestone is now displayed in the Museo Saleciano in Punta Arenas, about distant. Captain Phillip Parker King used Stokes' journal in preparing his official report of the voyage, but glossed over the suicide. In 2009 the State Library of New South Wales bought the remainder of Stokes' handwritten journal (parts had been eaten by rats) for AU$200,000. Notes Citations Sources Pringle Stokes Pringle","title":"Pringle Stokes"},{"id":"397463","text":"Speciation Speciation is the evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species. The biologist Orator F. Cook coined the term in 1906 for cladogenesis, the splitting of lineages, as opposed to anagenesis, phyletic evolution within lineages. Charles Darwin was the first to describe the role of natural selection in speciation in his 1859 book \"The Origin of Species\". He also identified sexual selection as a likely mechanism, but found it problematic. There are four geographic modes of speciation in nature, based on the extent to which speciating populations are isolated from one another: allopatric, peripatric, parapatric, and sympatric.","title":"Speciation"},{"id":"4771293","text":"several of his most famous essays: Later, from 1898 to 1909, Yan Fu went on to translate the following major works of Western liberal thought: Yan Fu Yan Fu (, IPA: ; courtesy name: Ji Dao, 幾道; 8 January 1854 — 27 October 1921) was a Chinese scholar and translator, most famous for introducing western ideas, including Darwin's \"natural selection\", to China in the late 19th century. On January 8, 1854, Yan Fu was born in what is modern day Fuzhou, Fujian Province to a respectable scholar-gentry family in the trade of Chinese medicine. In his early years, Yan Fu’s","title":"Yan Fu"},{"id":"13026661","text":"how breeders selected traits, led to the inception of Darwin's theory of natural selection. Darwin did not publish his ideas on evolution for 20 years. However, he did share them with certain other naturalists and friends, starting with Joseph Dalton Hooker, with whom he discussed his unpublished 1844 essay on natural selection. During this period he used the time he could spare from his other scientific work to slowly refine his ideas and, aware of the intense controversy around transmutation, amass evidence to support them. In September 1854 he began full-time work on writing his book on natural selection. Unlike","title":"History of evolutionary thought"},{"id":"953773","text":"Modern synthesis (20th century) The modern synthesis was the early 20th-century synthesis reconciling Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and Gregor Mendel's ideas on heredity in a joint mathematical framework. Julian Huxley coined the term in his 1942 book, \"\". The 19th century ideas of natural selection and Mendelian genetics were put together with population genetics, early in the twentieth century. The modern synthesis also addressed the relationship between the broad-scale changes of macroevolution seen by palaeontologists and the small-scale microevolution of local populations of living organisms. The synthesis was defined differently by its founders, with Ernst Mayr in 1959, G.","title":"Modern synthesis (20th century)"},{"id":"4016947","text":"has surely not promulgated it in the Vestiges, and probably neither in conversations. In subsequent editions of \"The Origin of Species\", Darwin acknowledged Matthew's earlier work, stating that Matthew \"clearly saw...the full force of the principle of natural selection\". It is an urban myth that, from 1860 onward, Matthew would claim credit for natural selection and even had calling cards printed with \"Discoverer of the Principle of Natural Selection.\" This probably started with Loren Eiseley (1958. Darwin's Century), who apparently misunderstood a comment made by Darwin in a letter to Hooker (22 and 28 October 1865). Concerning the finding that","title":"Patrick Matthew"},{"id":"12596385","text":"by mutation and by the recombination of genes during sexual reproduction. It defines evolution as the change in allelic frequencies within a population caused by genetic drift, gene flow between sub populations, and natural selection. Natural selection is emphasised as the most important mechanism of evolution; large changes are the result of the gradual accumulation of small changes over long periods of time. The modern evolutionary synthesis is the outcome of a merger of several different scientific fields to produce a more cohesive understanding of evolutionary theory. In the 1920s, Ronald Fisher, J.B.S. Haldane and Sewall Wright combined Darwin's theory","title":"Introduction to evolution"},{"id":"262596","text":"Mendelian inheritance Mendelian inheritance is a type of biological inheritance that follows the laws originally proposed by Gregor Mendel in 1865 and 1866 and re-discovered in 1900. These laws were initially controversial. When Mendel's theories were integrated with the Boveri–Sutton chromosome theory of inheritance by Thomas Hunt Morgan in 1915, they became the core of classical genetics. Ronald Fisher combined these ideas with the theory of natural selection in his 1930 book \"The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection\", putting evolution onto a mathematical footing and forming the basis for population genetics within the modern evolutionary synthesis. The principles of Mendelian","title":"Mendelian inheritance"},{"id":"13026637","text":"such of those of Gottfried Leibniz and Johann Gottfried Herder, regarded evolution as a fundamentally \"spiritual\" process. In 1751, Pierre Louis Maupertuis veered toward more materialist ground. He wrote of natural modifications occurring during reproduction and accumulating over the course of many generations, producing races and even new species, a description that anticipated in general terms the concept of natural selection. Maupertuis' ideas were in opposition to the influence of early taxonomists like John Ray. In the late 17th century, Ray had given the first formal definition of a biological species, which he described as being characterized by essential unchanging","title":"History of evolutionary thought"},{"id":"13026610","text":"1920) included inheritance of acquired characteristics (neo-Lamarckism), an innate drive for change (orthogenesis), and sudden large mutations (saltationism). Mendelian genetics, a series of 19th-century experiments with pea plant variations rediscovered in 1900, was integrated with natural selection by Ronald Fisher, J. B. S. Haldane, and Sewall Wright during the 1910s to 1930s, and resulted in the founding of the new discipline of population genetics. During the 1930s and 1940s population genetics became integrated with other biological fields, resulting in a widely applicable theory of evolution that encompassed much of biology—the modern synthesis. Following the establishment of evolutionary biology, studies of","title":"History of evolutionary thought"},{"id":"280177","text":"selection, if it occurs, acts on groups of organisms, on the assumption that groups replicate and mutate in an analogous way to genes and individuals. There is an ongoing debate over the degree to which group selection occurs in nature. Finally, selection can be classified according to the resource being competed for. Sexual selection results from competition for mates. Sexual selection typically proceeds via fecundity selection, sometimes at the expense of viability. Ecological selection is natural selection via any means other than sexual selection, such as kin selection, competition, and infanticide. Following Darwin, natural selection is sometimes defined as ecological","title":"Natural selection"},{"id":"9330184","text":"changes in trait or gene frequency in a population of organisms from one generation to the next. This has been dubbed the standard genetic definition of evolution. Natural selection is only one of several mechanisms in the theory of evolutionary change that explains how organisms historically adapt to changing environments. The principles of heredity were re-discovered in 1900, after Darwin's death, in Gregor Mendel's research on the inheritance of simple trait variations in peas. Subsequent work into genetics, mutation, paleontology, and developmental biology expanded the applicability and scope of Darwin's original theory. According to Douglas J. Futuyma: The word \"evolution\"","title":"Evolution as fact and theory"},{"id":"11790775","text":"was impressed with a passage that elaborated on how \"the weak and the unhealthy do not live to propagate their infirmities\". These writings, along with Darwin's correspondence via their mutual friend William Yarrell, aided Darwin in the inception of Darwin's theory of natural selection. Darwin's seminal work \"On the Origin of Species\", first published in 1859, cited Sir John's experiments in pigeon breeding, and recalled \"That most skilful breeder, Sir John Sebright, used to say, with respect to pigeons, that 'he would produce any given feather in three years, but it would take him six years to obtain head and","title":"Sebright chicken"},{"id":"2735016","text":"wrote that it was \"certain to take rank as one of the major contributions to the theory of evolution.\" J. B. S. Haldane described it as \"brilliant.\" Reginald Punnett was negative, however. The book was largely overlooked for 40 years, and in particular Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection was misunderstood. The work had a great effect on W. D. Hamilton, who discovered it as an undergraduate at the University of Cambridge and noted in these excerpts from the rear cover of the 1999 variorum edition: The publication of the variorum edition in 1999 led to renewed interest in the","title":"The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection"},{"id":"62880","text":"identified; these may have arisen from a single common ancestor that lived 650 million years ago in the Precambrian. Universal common descent through an evolutionary process was first proposed by the English naturalist Charles Darwin in the concluding sentence of his 1859 book \"On the Origin of Species\": In the 1740s, the French mathematician Pierre Louis Maupertuis made the first known suggestion that all organisms had a common ancestor, and had diverged through random variation and natural selection. In \"Essai de cosmologie\" (1750), Maupertuis noted: May we not say that, in the fortuitous combination of the productions of Nature, since","title":"Common descent"},{"id":"280197","text":"and cosmological natural selection. This unlimited applicability has been called universal Darwinism. How life originated from inorganic matter remains an unresolved problem in biology. One prominent hypothesis is that life first appeared in the form of short self-replicating RNA polymers. On this view, life may have come into existence when RNA chains first experienced the basic conditions, as conceived by Charles Darwin, for natural selection to operate. These conditions are: heritability, variation of type, and competition for limited resources. The fitness of an early RNA replicator would likely have been a function of adaptive capacities that were intrinsic (i.e., determined","title":"Natural selection"},{"id":"280200","text":"the ideology of communism, wrote in 1872 that \"Darwin did not know what a bitter satire he wrote on mankind, and especially on his countrymen, when he showed that free competition, the struggle for existence, which the economists celebrate as the highest historical achievement, is the normal state of the \"animal kingdom\".\" Herbert Spencer and the eugenics advocate Francis Galton's interpretation of natural selection as necessarily progressive, leading to supposed advances in intelligence and civilisation, became a justification for colonialism, eugenics, and social Darwinism. For example, in 1940, Konrad Lorenz, in writings that he subsequently disowned, used the theory as","title":"Natural selection"},{"id":"2636385","text":"E. B. Ford Edmund Brisco \"Henry\" Ford (23 April 1901 – 2 January 1988) was a British ecological geneticist. He was a leader among those British biologists who investigated the role of natural selection in nature. As a schoolboy Ford became interested in lepidoptera, the group of insects which includes butterflies and moths. He went on to study the genetics of natural populations, and invented the field of ecological genetics. Ford was awarded the Royal Society's Darwin Medal in 1954. Ford was born in Dalton-in-Furness, near Ulverston, in Lancashire, England, in 1901. He was the only child of Harold Dodsworth","title":"E. B. Ford"},{"id":"5916825","text":"In 1905, Theodoor Hendrik van de Velde, a Dutch gynecologist, showed that women only ovulate once per menstrual cycle. In the 1920s, Kyusaku Ogino, a Japanese gynecologist, and Hermann Knaus, from Austria, working independently, each made the discovery that ovulation occurs about fourteen days before the next menstrual period. Ogino used his discovery to develop a formula for use in aiding infertile women to time intercourse to achieve pregnancy. In 1930, John Smulders, a Roman Catholic physician from the Netherlands, used Knaus and Ogino's discoveries to create the rhythm method. Smulders published his work with the Dutch Roman Catholic medical","title":"Natural family planning"},{"id":"11659352","text":"John Pringle Nichol; and botanist and evolutionary thinker Hewett Cottrell Watson. Charles Darwin, a medical student in Edinburgh in 1825–7, took part in phrenological discussions at the Plinian Society and returned to Edinburgh in 1838 when formulating his concepts concerning natural selection. Phrenology emerged from the views of the medical doctor and scientific researcher Franz Joseph Gall in 18th-century Vienna. Gall suggested that facets of the mind corresponded to regions of the brain, and that it was possible to determine character traits by examining the shape of a person's skull. This \"craniological\" aspect was greatly extended by his one-time disciple,","title":"Edinburgh Phrenological Society"},{"id":"280196","text":"to Stephen Jay Gould, to \"dethrone some of the deepest and most traditional comforts of Western thought\", such as the belief that humans have a special place in the world. In the words of the philosopher Daniel Dennett, \"Darwin's dangerous idea\" of evolution by natural selection is a \"universal acid,\" which cannot be kept restricted to any vessel or container, as it soon leaks out, working its way into ever-wider surroundings. Thus, in the last decades, the concept of natural selection has spread from evolutionary biology to other disciplines, including evolutionary computation, quantum Darwinism, evolutionary economics, evolutionary epistemology, evolutionary psychology,","title":"Natural selection"},{"id":"157094","text":"inherit traits from their parents has been used since prehistoric times to improve crop plants and animals through selective breeding. The modern science of genetics, seeking to understand this process, began with the work of the Augustinian friar Gregor Mendel in the mid-19th century. Prior to Mendel, Imre Festetics, a Hungarian noble, who lived in Kőszeg before Mendel, was the first who used the word \"genetics.\" He described several rules of genetic inheritance in his work \"The genetic law of the Nature\" (Die genetische Gesätze der Natur, 1819). His second law is the same as what Mendel published. In his","title":"Genetics"},{"id":"15415633","text":"In spite of this he continued to run experiments on hybridization and the acclimation of plants for the production of new species. He studied heredity, and the flora of Brazil, and in 1860 he described twenty kinds of pumpkins. Both Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel studied his work, which is considered a precursor of modern genetics. In the \"Revue Horticole\" (1852), Naudin described the concept of natural selection. J. Arthur Thomson has noted: His main publication is \"Mémoire sur les hybrides du règne végétal\" which appeared in \"Recueil des savants étrangers\" and won him the Grand Prize of the Institute","title":"Charles Victor Naudin"},{"id":"962966","text":"must also change accordingly. Lyell argued that climate changes complemented vegetation changes, thus connecting the environmental surroundings to varying species. This largely influenced Charles Darwin in his development of the theory of evolution. Charles Darwin was a natural theologist who studied around the world, and most importantly in the Galapagos Islands. Darwin introduced the idea of natural selection, as he theorized against previously accepted ideas that species were static or unchanging. His contributions to biogeography and the theory of evolution were different from those of other explorers of his time, because he developed a mechanism to describe the ways that","title":"Biogeography"},{"id":"20352450","text":"Theodosius Dobzhansky was the first to provide a thorough description of the process in 1937, though the term itself was not coined until 1955 by W. Frank Blair. In 1930, Ronald Fisher laid out the first genetic description of the process of reinforcement in \"The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection\", and in 1965 and 1970 the first computer simulations were run to test for its plausibility. Later population genetic and quantitative genetic studies were conducted showing that completely unfit hybrids lead unequivocally to an increase in prezygotic isolation. Dobzhansky's idea gained significant support; he suggested that it illustrated the final","title":"Reinforcement (speciation)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"280146\",\n \"text\": \"described natural selection as analogous to artificial selection, a process by which animals and plants with traits considered desirable by human breeders are systematically favoured for reproduction. The concept of natural selection originally developed in the absence of a valid theory of heredity; at the time of Darwin's writing, science had yet to develop modern theories of genetics. The union of traditional Darwinian evolution with subsequent discoveries in classical genetics formed the modern synthesis of the mid-20th century. The addition of molecular genetics has led to evolutionary developmental biology, which explains evolution at the molecular level. While genotypes can slowly\",\n \"title\": \"Natural selection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"280160\",\n \"text\": \"for natural selection by creating genetic diversity. Ernst Mayr recognised the key importance of reproductive isolation for speciation in his \\\"Systematics and the Origin of Species\\\" (1942). W. D. Hamilton conceived of kin selection in 1964. This synthesis cemented natural selection as the foundation of evolutionary theory, where it remains today. A second synthesis was brought about at the end of the 20th century by advances in molecular genetics, creating the field of evolutionary developmental biology (\\\"evo-devo\\\"), which seeks to explain the evolution of form in terms of the genetic regulatory programs which control the development of the embryo at\",\n \"title\": \"Natural selection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"280155\",\n \"text\": \"of his evidence and conclusions in \\\"On the Origin of Species\\\" in 1859. In the 3rd edition of 1861 Darwin acknowledged that others—like William Charles Wells in 1813, and Patrick Matthew in 1831—had proposed similar ideas, but had neither developed them nor presented them in notable scientific publications. Darwin thought of natural selection by analogy to how farmers select crops or livestock for breeding, which he called \\\"artificial selection\\\"; in his early manuscripts he referred to a \\\"Nature\\\" which would do the selection. At the time, other mechanisms of evolution such as evolution by genetic drift were not yet explicitly\",\n \"title\": \"Natural selection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"280203\",\n \"text\": \"natural selection on genes, the concept of memes—\\\"units of cultural transmission,\\\" or culture's equivalents of genes undergoing selection and recombination—has arisen, first described in this form by Richard Dawkins in 1976 and subsequently expanded upon by philosophers such as Daniel Dennett as explanations for complex cultural activities, including human consciousness. In 1922, Alfred J. Lotka proposed that natural selection might be understood as a physical principle that could be described in terms of the use of energy by a system, a concept later developed by Howard T. Odum as the maximum power principle in thermodynamics, whereby evolutionary systems with selective\",\n \"title\": \"Natural selection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"280159\",\n \"text\": \"1900. With the early 20th century integration of evolution with Mendel's laws of inheritance, the so-called modern synthesis, scientists generally came to accept natural selection. The synthesis grew from advances in different fields. Ronald Fisher developed the required mathematical language and wrote \\\"The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection\\\" (1930). J. B. S. Haldane introduced the concept of the \\\"cost\\\" of natural selection. Sewall Wright elucidated the nature of selection and adaptation. In his book \\\"Genetics and the Origin of Species\\\" (1937), Theodosius Dobzhansky established the idea that mutation, once seen as a rival to selection, actually supplied the raw material\",\n \"title\": \"Natural selection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"280145\",\n \"text\": \"common in a population. Over time, this process can result in populations that specialise for particular ecological niches (microevolution) and may eventually result in speciation (the emergence of new species, macroevolution). In other words, natural selection is a key process in the evolution of a population. Natural selection is a cornerstone of modern biology. The concept, published by Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in a joint presentation of papers in 1858, was elaborated in Darwin's influential 1859 book \\\"On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life\\\". He\",\n \"title\": \"Natural selection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4016942\",\n \"text\": \"in the \\\"Gardener's Chronicle\\\". Darwin wrote that. Matthew, Darwin and Wallace are the only three people considered to have independently discovered the principle of natural selection as a mechanism for speciation (macroevolution). Others prior to Matthew had proposed natural selection as a mechanism for the generation of varieties or races within a species: James Hutton suggested the mechanism in 1794 as leading to improvement of varieties, and an 1813 paper by William Charles Wells proposed that it would form new varieties. In 1835, after Matthew's book, Edward Blyth published a description of the process as a mechanism preserving the unchanging\",\n \"title\": \"Patrick Matthew\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"280150\",\n \"text\": \"awareness of the vast scale of geological time and made plausible the idea that tiny, virtually imperceptible changes in successive generations could produce consequences on the scale of differences between species. The early 19th-century zoologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck suggested the inheritance of acquired characteristics as a mechanism for evolutionary change; adaptive traits acquired by an organism during its lifetime could be inherited by that organism's progeny, eventually causing transmutation of species. This theory, Lamarckism, was an influence on the Soviet biologist Trofim Lysenko's antagonism to mainstream genetic theory as late as the mid 20th century. Between 1835 and 1837, the zoologist\",\n \"title\": \"Natural selection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7792\",\n \"text\": \"than 750 entries. A more comprehensive list of Wallace's publications that are available online, as well as a full bibliography of all of Wallace's writings, has been compiled by the historian Charles H. Smith at The Alfred Russel Wallace Page. Alfred Russel Wallace Alfred Russel Wallace (8 January 18237 November 1913) was a British naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist, and biologist. He is best known for independently conceiving the theory of evolution through natural selection; his paper on the subject was jointly published with some of Charles Darwin's writings in 1858. This prompted Darwin to publish his own ideas in \\\"On\",\n \"title\": \"Alfred Russel Wallace\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"280151\",\n \"text\": \"Edward Blyth worked on the area of variation, artificial selection, and how a similar process occurs in nature. Darwin acknowledged Blyth's ideas in the first chapter on variation of \\\"On the Origin of Species\\\". In 1859, Charles Darwin set out his theory of evolution by natural selection as an explanation for adaptation and speciation. He defined natural selection as the \\\"principle by which each slight variation [of a trait], if useful, is preserved\\\". The concept was simple but powerful: individuals best adapted to their environments are more likely to survive and reproduce. As long as there is some variation between\",\n \"title\": \"Natural selection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13026609\",\n \"text\": \"different species could share a common ancestor. Darwin based his theory on the idea of natural selection: it synthesized a broad range of evidence from animal husbandry, biogeography, geology, morphology, and embryology. Debate over Darwin's work led to the rapid acceptance of the general concept of evolution, but the specific mechanism he proposed, natural selection, was not widely accepted until it was revived by developments in biology that occurred during the 1920s through the 1940s. Before that time most biologists regarded other factors as responsible for evolution. Alternatives to natural selection suggested during \\\"the eclipse of Darwinism\\\" (c. 1880 to\",\n \"title\": \"History of evolutionary thought\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"280147\",\n \"text\": \"change by random genetic drift, natural selection remains the primary explanation for adaptive evolution. Several philosophers of the classical era, including Empedocles and his intellectual successor, the Roman poet Lucretius, expressed the idea that nature produces a huge variety of creatures, randomly, and that only those creatures that manage to provide for themselves and reproduce successfully persist. Empedocles' idea that organisms arose entirely by the incidental workings of causes such as heat and cold was criticised by Aristotle in Book II of \\\"Physics\\\". He posited natural teleology in its place, and believed that form was achieved for a purpose, citing\",\n \"title\": \"Natural selection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14021574\",\n \"text\": \"Natural Selection (manuscript) Natural Selection is a manuscript written by Charles Darwin, in which he presented his theory of natural selection and its role in biological evolution. He did not publish the work while he was alive, but wrote an abstract, titled \\\"On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life\\\", which he published in 1859. Darwin regarded \\\"Natural Selection\\\" as his main work, while \\\"On the Origin of Species\\\" was written for a wider audience. He always intended to finish \\\"Natural Selection\\\", but because of frail health,\",\n \"title\": \"Natural Selection (manuscript)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9219562\",\n \"text\": \"Charles Darwin Charles Robert Darwin, (; 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution. His proposition that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors is now widely accepted, and considered a foundational concept in science. In a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace, he introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Darwin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"280152\",\n \"text\": \"them and that variation is heritable, there will be an inevitable selection of individuals with the most advantageous variations. If the variations are heritable, then differential reproductive success leads to a progressive evolution of particular populations of a species, and populations that evolve to be sufficiently different eventually become different species. Darwin's ideas were inspired by the observations that he had made on the second voyage of HMS \\\"Beagle\\\" (1831–1836), and by the work of a political economist, Thomas Robert Malthus, who, in \\\"An Essay on the Principle of Population\\\" (1798), noted that population (if unchecked) increases exponentially, whereas the\",\n \"title\": \"Natural selection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"280143\",\n \"text\": \"Natural selection Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in the heritable traits characteristic of a population over generations. Charles Darwin popularised the term \\\"natural selection\\\", contrasting it with artificial selection, which is intentional, whereas natural selection is not. Variation exists within all populations of organisms. This occurs partly because random mutations arise in the genome of an individual organism, and offspring can inherit such mutations. Throughout the lives of the individuals, their genomes interact with their environments to cause variations in traits.\",\n \"title\": \"Natural selection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"280154\",\n \"text\": \"process of writing his \\\"big book\\\" to present his research when the naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace independently conceived of the principle and described it in an essay he sent to Darwin to forward to Charles Lyell. Lyell and Joseph Dalton Hooker decided to present his essay together with unpublished writings that Darwin had sent to fellow naturalists, and \\\"On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection\\\" was read to the Linnean Society of London announcing co-discovery of the principle in July 1858. Darwin published a detailed account\",\n \"title\": \"Natural selection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"280156\",\n \"text\": \"formulated, and Darwin believed that selection was likely only part of the story: \\\"I am convinced that Natural Selection has been the main but not exclusive means of modification.\\\" In a letter to Charles Lyell in September 1860, Darwin regretted the use of the term \\\"Natural Selection\\\", preferring the term \\\"Natural Preservation\\\". For Darwin and his contemporaries, natural selection was in essence synonymous with evolution by natural selection. After the publication of \\\"On the Origin of Species\\\", educated people generally accepted that evolution had occurred in some form. However, natural selection remained controversial as a mechanism, partly because it was\",\n \"title\": \"Natural selection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4016931\",\n \"text\": \"Patrick Matthew Patrick Matthew (20 October 1790 – 8 June 1874) was a Scottish grain merchant, fruit farmer, forester, and landowner, who contributed to the understanding of horticulture, silviculture, and agriculture in general, with a focus on maintaining the British navy and feeding new colonies. He published the basic concept of natural selection as a mechanism in evolutionary adaptation and speciation in 1831 (i.e. resulting from \\\"positive\\\" natural selection, in contrast to its already, widely known, \\\"negative\\\" role in removal of individuals in the Struggle for Survival), but failed to develop or publicise his ideas. Consequently, when Charles Darwin later\",\n \"title\": \"Patrick Matthew\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"280199\",\n \"text\": \"in the Organism\\\") in which he suggested that the development of an organism results from a Darwinian competition between the parts of the embryo, occurring at all levels, from molecules to organs. In recent years, a modern version of this theory has been proposed by . According to this cellular Darwinism, random variation at the molecular level generates diversity in cell types whereas cell interactions impose a characteristic order on the developing embryo. The social implications of the theory of evolution by natural selection also became the source of continuing controversy. Friedrich Engels, a German political philosopher and co-originator of\",\n \"title\": \"Natural selection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7694\",\n \"text\": \"Alfred Russel Wallace Alfred Russel Wallace (8 January 18237 November 1913) was a British naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist, and biologist. He is best known for independently conceiving the theory of evolution through natural selection; his paper on the subject was jointly published with some of Charles Darwin's writings in 1858. This prompted Darwin to publish his own ideas in \\\"On the Origin of Species.\\\" Wallace did extensive fieldwork, first in the Amazon River basin and then in the Malay Archipelago, where he identified the faunal divide now termed the Wallace Line, which separates the Indonesian archipelago into two distinct parts:\",\n \"title\": \"Alfred Russel Wallace\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"280149\",\n \"text\": \"existence was later described by the Islamic writer Al-Jahiz in the 9th century. The classical arguments were reintroduced in the 18th century by Pierre Louis Maupertuis and others, including Darwin's grandfather, Erasmus Darwin. Until the early 19th century, the prevailing view in Western societies was that differences between individuals of a species were uninteresting departures from their Platonic ideals (or typus) of created kinds. However, the theory of uniformitarianism in geology promoted the idea that simple, weak forces could act continuously over long periods of time to produce radical changes in the Earth's landscape. The success of this theory raised\",\n \"title\": \"Natural selection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"261419\",\n \"text\": \"specialize organisms for particular ecological niches and may eventually result in the speciation (the emergence of new species). Natural selection is one of the cornerstones of modern biology. The term was introduced by Darwin in his groundbreaking 1859 book \\\"On the Origin of Species\\\", in which natural selection was described by analogy to artificial selection, a process by which animals and plants with traits considered desirable by human breeders are systematically favored for reproduction. The concept of natural selection was originally developed in the absence of a valid theory of heredity; at the time of Darwin's writing, nothing was known\",\n \"title\": \"Microevolution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20592902\",\n \"text\": \"19th century in science The 19th century in science saw the birth of science as a profession; the term scientist was coined in 1833 by William Whewell, which soon replaced the older term of (natural) philosopher. Among the most influential ideas of the 19th century were those of Charles Darwin (alongside the independent researches of Alfred Russel Wallace), who in 1859 published the book \\\"The Origin of Species\\\", which introduced the idea of evolution by natural selection. Another important landmark in medicine and biology were the successful efforts to prove the germ theory of disease. Following this, Louis Pasteur made\",\n \"title\": \"19th century in science\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9219629\",\n \"text\": \"of Darwinism\\\", scientists proposed various alternative evolutionary mechanisms, which eventually proved untenable. Ronald Fisher, an English statistician, finally united Mendelian genetics with natural selection, in the period between 1918 and his 1930 book \\\"The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection\\\". He gave the theory a mathematical footing and brought broad scientific consensus that natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution, thus founding the basis for population genetics and the modern evolutionary synthesis, with J.B.S. Haldane and Sewall Wright, which set the frame of reference for modern debates and refinements of the theory. During Darwin's lifetime, many geographical features were given\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Darwin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20592924\",\n \"text\": \"the length scale required for gravitational perturbations to grow in a static nearly homogeneous medium. In chemistry, Dmitri Mendeleev, following the atomic theory of John Dalton, created the first periodic table of elements. In 1859, Charles Darwin published the book \\\"The Origin of Species\\\", which introduced the idea of evolution by natural selection. The list of important 19th-century scientists includes: 19th century in science The 19th century in science saw the birth of science as a profession; the term scientist was coined in 1833 by William Whewell, which soon replaced the older term of (natural) philosopher. Among the most influential\",\n \"title\": \"19th century in science\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"295575\",\n \"text\": \"creation of reality and mankind. The concept of natural law was documented in ancient Greek philosophy, including Aristotle, and was referred to in Roman philosophy by Cicero. References to natural law are also found in the Old and New Testaments of the Bible, later expounded upon in the Middle Ages by Christian philosophers such as Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas. The School of Salamanca made notable contributions during the Renaissance. Modern natural law theories were greatly developed in the Age of Enlightenment, combining inspiration from Roman law with philosophies like social contract theory. Key proponents were Alberico Gentili, Francisco\",\n \"title\": \"Natural law\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"280158\",\n \"text\": \"used by Mr. Herbert Spencer of the Survival of the Fittest is more accurate, and is sometimes equally convenient.\\\" Although the phrase is still often used by non-biologists, modern biologists avoid it because it is tautological if \\\"fittest\\\" is read to mean \\\"functionally superior\\\" and is applied to individuals rather than considered as an averaged quantity over populations. Natural selection relies crucially on the idea of heredity, but developed before the basic concepts of genetics. Although the Moravian monk Gregor Mendel, the father of modern genetics, was a contemporary of Darwin's, his work lay in obscurity, only being rediscovered in\",\n \"title\": \"Natural selection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"188904\",\n \"text\": \"prominent, controversial and far-reaching theory in all of science has been the theory of evolution by natural selection put forward by the British naturalist Charles Darwin in his book On the Origin of Species in 1859. Darwin proposed that the features of all living things, including humans, were shaped by natural processes over long periods of time. The theory of evolution in its current form affects almost all areas of biology. Implications of evolution on fields outside of pure science have led to both opposition and support from different parts of society, and profoundly influenced the popular understanding of \\\"man's\",\n \"title\": \"History of science\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2135251\",\n \"text\": \"of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck; based on the inheritance of acquired characteristics (an inheritance mechanism that was widely accepted until the 20th century), it described a chain of development stretching from the lowliest microbe to humans. The British naturalist Charles Darwin, combining the biogeographical approach of Humboldt, the uniformitarian geology of Lyell, Thomas Malthus's writings on population growth, and his own morphological expertise, created a more successful evolutionary theory based on natural selection; similar evidence led Alfred Russel Wallace to independently reach the same conclusions. The 1859 publication of Darwin's theory in \\\"On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection,\",\n \"title\": \"History of biology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"280153\",\n \"text\": \"food supply grows only arithmetically; thus, inevitable limitations of resources would have demographic implications, leading to a \\\"struggle for existence\\\". When Darwin read Malthus in 1838 he was already primed by his work as a naturalist to appreciate the \\\"struggle for existence\\\" in nature. It struck him that as population outgrew resources, \\\"favourable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavourable ones to be destroyed. The result of this would be the formation of new species.\\\" Darwin wrote: Once he had his theory, Darwin was meticulous about gathering and refining evidence before making his idea public. He was in the\",\n \"title\": \"Natural selection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14021575\",\n \"text\": \"the publicity and work involved in publishing six editions of \\\"On the Origin of Species\\\", plus other research and publications, he never got around to finish it. \\\"Natural Selection\\\" was transcribed after Darwin's death, and first published in 1975. Natural Selection (manuscript) Natural Selection is a manuscript written by Charles Darwin, in which he presented his theory of natural selection and its role in biological evolution. He did not publish the work while he was alive, but wrote an abstract, titled \\\"On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle\",\n \"title\": \"Natural Selection (manuscript)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17266404\",\n \"text\": \"Museum of Natural History, Hertford Museum and the National Museum of Wales. The naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist and biologist Alfred Russel Wallace (born 8 January 1823) died on 7 November 1913. He is principally remembered now for having independently conceived the theory of evolution through natural selection, which prompted Charles Darwin to publish \\\"On the Origin of Species\\\". Some of his books such as \\\"The Malay Archipelago\\\" remain in print; it is considered one of the best accounts of scientific exploration published during the 19th century. Wallace is also remembered for recognizing the presence of a biogeographical boundary, now known\",\n \"title\": \"Alfred Russel Wallace centenary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"820076\",\n \"text\": \"in Usk, Monmouthshire, Wales; died on Nov. 7, 1913, in Broadstone, Dorset, England), was a British naturalist, geographer, and social critic who is most known for formulating the theory of evolution by natural selection before Charles Darwin published his famous work on the same subject, \\\"The Origin of Species\\\". An avid traveler and explorer, Wallace became both rich and famous from the work he did identifying new animal species in Indonesia and the Amazon region. Importantly, Wallace discovered and defined the concept of \\\"speciation,\\\" which he discussed in a paper he published around 1865 describing his research on butterflies. Speciation\",\n \"title\": \"Geographer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"280195\",\n \"text\": \"occur randomly in any haplotype, it does not produce clear blocks of linkage disequilibrium, although with low recombination it can still lead to slightly negative linkage disequilibrium overall. Darwin's ideas, along with those of Adam Smith and Karl Marx, had a profound influence on 19th century thought, including his radical claim that \\\"elaborately constructed forms, so different from each other, and dependent on each other in so complex a manner\\\" evolved from the simplest forms of life by a few simple principles. This inspired some of Darwin's most ardent supporters—and provoked the strongest opposition. Natural selection had the power, according\",\n \"title\": \"Natural selection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"103796\",\n \"text\": \"Darwinism Darwinism is a theory of biological evolution developed by the English naturalist Charles Darwin (1809–1882) and others, stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce. Also called Darwinian theory, it originally included the broad concepts of transmutation of species or of evolution which gained general scientific acceptance after Darwin published \\\"On the Origin of Species\\\" in 1859, including concepts which predated Darwin's theories. It subsequently referred to the specific concepts of natural selection, the Weismann barrier, or the central dogma\",\n \"title\": \"Darwinism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7751\",\n \"text\": \"referred to as reinforcement. Wallace had suggested to Darwin that natural selection could play a role in preventing hybridisation in private correspondence as early as 1868, but had not worked it out to this level of detail. It continues to be a topic of research in evolutionary biology today, with both computer simulation and empirical results supporting its validity. In 1864, Wallace published a paper, \\\"The Origin of Human Races and the Antiquity of Man Deduced from the Theory of 'Natural Selection'\\\", applying the theory to humankind. Darwin had not yet publicly addressed the subject, although Thomas Huxley had in\",\n \"title\": \"Alfred Russel Wallace\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"505483\",\n \"text\": \"releasing \\\"phlogiston\\\" into the air. Joseph Priestley had discovered oxygen in the 18th century, but Lavoisier discovered that combustion was the result of oxidation. He also constructed a table of 33 elements and invented modern chemical nomenclature. Formal biological science remained in its infancy in the 18th century, when the focus lay upon the classification and categorization of natural life. This growth in natural history was led by Carl Linnaeus, whose 1735 taxonomy of the natural world is still in use. Linnaeus in the 1750s introduced scientific names for all his species. By the 19th century, the study of science\",\n \"title\": \"Natural science\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4016964\",\n \"text\": \"to defects in the design and manufacture of the lattice work piers introduced into the design well after Matthew's campaign against the bridge. Notes Citations Patrick Matthew Patrick Matthew (20 October 1790 – 8 June 1874) was a Scottish grain merchant, fruit farmer, forester, and landowner, who contributed to the understanding of horticulture, silviculture, and agriculture in general, with a focus on maintaining the British navy and feeding new colonies. He published the basic concept of natural selection as a mechanism in evolutionary adaptation and speciation in 1831 (i.e. resulting from \\\"positive\\\" natural selection, in contrast to its already, widely\",\n \"title\": \"Patrick Matthew\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6504271\",\n \"text\": \"concept. According to Ernst Mayr, Poulton invented the term sympatric in relation to species, and he also invented the term aposematism for warning coloration. Poulton, along with Julian Huxley, J.B.S. Haldane, R.A. Fisher and E.B. Ford, promoted the idea of natural selection through many years when it was denigrated. Poulton was succeeded by G.D. Hale Carpenter as Hope Professor of Entomology at Oxford University from 1933 to 1948. Poulton had over 200 publications spanning over sixty years. Edward Bagnall Poulton Sir Edward Bagnall Poulton, FRS HFRSE FLS (27 January 1856 – 20 November 1943) was a British evolutionary biologist who\",\n \"title\": \"Edward Bagnall Poulton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11517993\",\n \"text\": \"climates. Between 1767 and 1792 James Burnett, Lord Monboddo included in his writings not only the concept that man had descended from other primates, but also that, in response to their environment, creatures had found methods of transforming their characteristics over long time intervals. He also produced research on the evolution of linguistics, which was cited by Erasmus Darwin in his poem \\\"Temple of Nature\\\". Jan-Andrew Henderson states that Monboddo was the first to articulate the theory of natural selection. In 1792, the philosopher Immanuel Kant presented, in his \\\"Critique of Judgement\\\", what he referred to as “a daring venture\",\n \"title\": \"Evolutionary ideas of the Renaissance and Enlightenment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4022297\",\n \"text\": \"William Charles Wells William Charles Wells FRS FRSEd (1757–1817), was a Scottish-American physician and printer. He lived a life of extraordinary variety, did some notable medical research, and made the first clear statement about natural selection. He applied the idea to the origin of different skin colours in human races, and from the context it seems he thought it might be applied more widely. Charles Darwin said: \\\"\\\"[Wells] distinctly recognises the principle of natural selection, and this is the first recognition which has been indicated\\\"\\\". Wells was the second son of Robert and Mary Wells. Wells' parents were both Scots\",\n \"title\": \"William Charles Wells\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"96940\",\n \"text\": \"particular difficulty in believing in natural selection as the main motive force in evolution. Lyell and Hooker were instrumental in arranging the peaceful co-publication of the theory of natural selection by Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in 1858: each had arrived at the theory independently. Lyell's data on stratigraphy were important because Darwin thought that populations of an organism changed slowly, requiring \\\"geological time\\\". Although Lyell did not publicly accept evolution (descent with modification) at the time of writing the \\\"Principles\\\", after the Darwin–Wallace papers and the \\\"Origin\\\" Lyell wrote in his notebook: Lyell's acceptance of natural selection, Darwin's proposed\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Lyell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4913221\",\n \"text\": \"He presided over the founding conference for the International Humanist and Ethical Union. He wrote fifty books, including \\\"The Science of Life\\\", co-authored with H. G. Wells and Wells's son, G. P. Wells. Julian was important as a proponent of natural selection at a time when Darwin's idea was denigrated by many. His master-work \\\"\\\" gave the name to a mid-century movement which united biological theory and overcame problems caused by over-specialisation. Julian married Juliette Baillot in 1919. They had two children, and both became scientists: Anthony Julian Huxley, a botanist and horticulturalist, and Francis Huxley, an anthropologist. A Wetherspoon\",\n \"title\": \"Huxley family\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"408821\",\n \"text\": \"On the Origin of Species On the Origin of Species (or more completely, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life), published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin\",\n \"title\": \"On the Origin of Species\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"408700\",\n \"text\": \"On the Origin of Species On the Origin of Species (or more completely, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life), published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin\",\n \"title\": \"On the Origin of Species\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4771284\",\n \"text\": \"Yan Fu Yan Fu (, IPA: ; courtesy name: Ji Dao, 幾道; 8 January 1854 — 27 October 1921) was a Chinese scholar and translator, most famous for introducing western ideas, including Darwin's \\\"natural selection\\\", to China in the late 19th century. On January 8, 1854, Yan Fu was born in what is modern day Fuzhou, Fujian Province to a respectable scholar-gentry family in the trade of Chinese medicine. In his early years, Yan Fu’s father greatly encouraged Yan Fu to obtain a high education and prepare for the Imperial examination. However, the death of his father in 1866 caused\",\n \"title\": \"Yan Fu\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4707571\",\n \"text\": \"Development of Darwin's theory Following the inception of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection in 1838, the development of Darwin's theory to explain the \\\"mystery of mysteries\\\" of how new species originated was his \\\"prime hobby\\\" in the background to his main occupation of publishing the scientific results of the \\\"Beagle\\\" voyage. He was settling into married life, but suffered from bouts of illness and after his first child was born the family moved to rural Down House as a family home away from the pressures of London. The publication in 1839 of his \\\"Journal and Remarks\\\" (now known as\",\n \"title\": \"Development of Darwin's theory\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2135224\",\n \"text\": \"from embryology and paleontology, were synthesized in Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. The end of the 19th century saw the fall of spontaneous generation and the rise of the germ theory of disease, though the mechanism of inheritance remained a mystery. In the early 20th century, the rediscovery of Mendel's work led to the rapid development of genetics by Thomas Hunt Morgan and his students, and by the 1930s the combination of population genetics and natural selection in the \\\"neo-Darwinian synthesis\\\". New disciplines developed rapidly, especially after Watson and Crick proposed the structure of DNA. Following the\",\n \"title\": \"History of biology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13018943\",\n \"text\": \"while rightly rejecting Darwin's suggestion that chalkland could have been formed in a similar way. The paper appeared in the \\\"Proceedings of the Geological Society of London\\\" in 1838, and was published with a woodcut illustration in the \\\"Transactions of the Geological Society\\\" in 1840. From his brain-storming about transmutation towards the end of 1838, Darwin conceived of his theory of natural selection \\\"by which to work\\\", as his \\\"prime hobby\\\". His main work on the \\\"Beagle\\\" collections continued, and in 1842 he published the first of three volumes on geology, \\\"The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs\\\". He then\",\n \"title\": \"The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13026682\",\n \"text\": \"was the work of the British biologist and statistician Ronald Fisher. In a series of papers starting in 1918 and culminating in his 1930 book \\\"The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection\\\", Fisher showed that the continuous variation measured by the biometricians could be produced by the combined action of many discrete genes, and that natural selection could change gene frequencies in a population, resulting in evolution. In a series of papers beginning in 1924, another British geneticist, J. B. S. Haldane, applied statistical analysis to real-world examples of natural selection, such as the evolution of industrial melanism in peppered moths,\",\n \"title\": \"History of evolutionary thought\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1266927\",\n \"text\": \"likelihood methods among populations. In 1930, \\\"The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection\\\" was first published by Clarendon Press and is dedicated to Leonard Darwin. A core work of the neo-Darwinian modern evolutionary synthesis, it helped define population genetics, which Fisher founded alongside Sewall Wright and J. B. S. Haldane, and revived Darwins neglected idea of sexual selection. One of Fischer´s favorite aphorisms was \\\"Natural selection is a mechanism for generating an exceedingly high degree of improbability.\\\" Fisher´s fame grew and he began to travel and lecture widely. In 1931, he spent six weeks at the Statistical Laboratory at Iowa State\",\n \"title\": \"Ronald Fisher\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7734\",\n \"text\": \"growth and came up with the idea of natural selection. Wallace said in his autobiography that he was on the island of Ternate at the time; but historians have questioned this, saying that on the basis of the journal he kept at the time, he was on the island of Gilolo. From 1858 to 1861 he rented a house on Ternate from the Dutchman Maarten Dirk van Renesse van Duivenbode. He used this house as a base camp for expeditions to other islands such as Gilolo. Wallace describes how he discovered natural selection as follows: Wallace had once briefly met\",\n \"title\": \"Alfred Russel Wallace\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4707626\",\n \"text\": \"22 April 1856 to amiably argue Huxley and Hooker round towards accepting evolution as a process, without going into the mechanism. Darwin intended to write human beings into \\\"Natural Selection\\\" through mid-1857. But his work required a tremendous amount of evidence and facts. He left humans out in part because \\\"mutiny in India\\\" had stopped his correspondence with Edward Blyth in Calcutta. Had he included sexual selection, at that time it would have been only the male competition element and not female choice. It was at this stage that Alfred Russel Wallace became involved and Darwin's work took on a\",\n \"title\": \"Development of Darwin's theory\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5055528\",\n \"text\": \"with the sorest of all scientific subjects—a dispute about priority. In \\\"Evolution Old and New\\\" (1879), Butler accused Darwin of slighting the evolutionary speculations of Buffon, Lamarck, and his own grandfather, Erasmus Darwin.\\\" The Kirkus Reviews calls it, \\\"... an essay devoted to resurrecting the name and importance of Edward Blyth, a 19th-century naturalist. Eiseley credits Blyth with the development of the idea, and even the coining of the words \\\"natural selection,\\\" which Darwin absorbed and enlarged upon ... [and] some thoughts on Darwin's Descent of Man; and a concluding speculation on the meaning of evolution. The last piece is\",\n \"title\": \"Loren Eiseley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7517626\",\n \"text\": \"Quinarian system The quinarian system was a method of zoological classification which was popular in the mid 19th century, especially among British naturalists. It was largely developed by the entomologist William Sharp Macleay in 1819. The system was further promoted in the works of Nicholas Aylward Vigors, William John Swainson and Johann Jakob Kaup. Swainson's work on ornithology gave wide publicity to the idea. The system had opponents even before the publication of Charles Darwin's \\\"On the Origin of Species\\\" (1859), which paved the way for evolutionary trees. Quinarianism gets its name from the emphasis on the number five: it\",\n \"title\": \"Quinarian system\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1296217\",\n \"text\": \"Julian Huxley Sir Julian Sorell Huxley FRS (22 June 1887 – 14 February 1975) was a British evolutionary biologist, eugenicist, and internationalist. He was a proponent of natural selection, and a leading figure in the mid-twentieth century modern synthesis. He was secretary of the Zoological Society of London (1935–1942), the first Director of UNESCO, a founding member of the World Wildlife Fund and the first President of the British Humanist Association. Huxley was well known for his presentation of science in books and articles, and on radio and television. He directed an Oscar-winning wildlife film. He was awarded UNESCO's Kalinga\",\n \"title\": \"Julian Huxley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"280201\",\n \"text\": \"a justification for policies of the Nazi state. He wrote \\\"... selection for toughness, heroism, and social utility ... must be accomplished by some human institution, if mankind, in default of selective factors, is not to be ruined by domestication-induced degeneracy. The racial idea as the basis of our state has already accomplished much in this respect.\\\" Others have developed ideas that human societies and culture evolve by mechanisms analogous to those that apply to evolution of species. More recently, work among anthropologists and psychologists has led to the development of sociobiology and later of evolutionary psychology, a field that\",\n \"title\": \"Natural selection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"111261\",\n \"text\": \"biological organisation, including the levels of species, individual organisms and molecules. The scientific theory of evolution by natural selection was proposed by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in the mid-19th century and was set out in detail in Darwin's book \\\"On the Origin of Species\\\" (1859). Evolution by natural selection was first demonstrated by the observation that more offspring are often produced than can possibly survive. This is followed by three observable facts about living organisms: 1) traits vary among individuals with respect to their morphology, physiology and behaviour (phenotypic variation), 2) different traits confer different rates of survival\",\n \"title\": \"Evolution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9330192\",\n \"text\": \"can incorporate facts, laws, inferences, and tested hypotheses.\\\" Theories are formed from hypotheses that have been subjected repeatedly to tests of evidence which attempt to disprove or falsify them. In the case of evolution through natural selection, Darwin conceived the hypothesis around 1839, and made a first draft of the concept three years later in 1842. He discussed this widely with many of his intellectual companions, and conducted further research in the background to his other writings and work. After years of development, he finally published his evidence and theory in \\\"On the Origin of Species\\\" in 1859. The \\\"theory\",\n \"title\": \"Evolution as fact and theory\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3059673\",\n \"text\": \"first used the phrase – after reading Charles Darwin's \\\"On the Origin of Species\\\" – in his \\\"Principles of Biology\\\" of 1864 in which he drew parallels between his economic theories and Darwin's biological, evolutionary ones, writing, \\\"This survival of the fittest, which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms, is that which Mr. Darwin has called 'natural selection', or the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life.\\\" In July 1866 Alfred Russel Wallace wrote to Darwin about readers thinking that the phrase \\\"natural selection\\\" personified nature as \\\"selecting\\\", and said this misconception could be avoided\",\n \"title\": \"Survival of the fittest\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9219618\",\n \"text\": \"Naturalist on the River Amazons\\\" by Henry Walter Bates provided empirical evidence of natural selection. Lobbying brought Darwin Britain's highest scientific honour, the Royal Society's Copley Medal, awarded on 3 November 1864. That day, Huxley held the first meeting of what became the influential \\\"X Club\\\" devoted to \\\"science, pure and free, untrammelled by religious dogmas\\\". By the end of the decade most scientists agreed that evolution occurred, but only a minority supported Darwin's view that the chief mechanism was natural selection. The \\\"Origin of Species\\\" was translated into many languages, becoming a staple scientific text attracting thoughtful attention from\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Darwin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4016932\",\n \"text\": \"published \\\"On the Origin of Species\\\" in 1859, he and Alfred Russel Wallace were regarded by their scientific peers as having originated (independently of each other) the theory of evolution by natural selection; it has been suggested that Darwin and/or Wallace had encountered Matthew's earlier work, but there is no hard evidence of this. After the publication of \\\"On the Origin of Species\\\", Matthew contacted Darwin, who in subsequent editions of the book acknowledged that the principle of natural selection had been anticipated by Matthew's brief statement, mostly contained in the appendices and \\\"addendum\\\" of his 1831 book, \\\"On Naval\",\n \"title\": \"Patrick Matthew\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2508452\",\n \"text\": \"Group selection Group selection is a proposed mechanism of evolution in which natural selection acts at the level of the group, instead of at the more conventional level of the individual. Early authors such as V. C. Wynne-Edwards and Konrad Lorenz argued that the behavior of animals could affect their survival and reproduction as groups, speaking for instance of actions for the good of the species. From the mid 1960s, evolutionary biologists such as John Maynard Smith argued that natural selection acted primarily at the level of the individual. They argued on the basis of mathematical models that individuals would\",\n \"title\": \"Group selection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12596370\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"survival of the fittest\\\", but this expression originated in Herbert Spencer's \\\"Principles of Biology\\\" in 1864, five years after Charles Darwin published his original works. \\\"Survival of the fittest\\\" describes the process of natural selection incorrectly, because natural selection is not only about survival and it is not always the fittest that survives. Darwin's theory of natural selection laid the groundwork for modern evolutionary theory, and his experiments and observations showed that the organisms in populations varied from each other, that some of these variations were inherited, and that these differences could be acted on by natural selection. However, he\",\n \"title\": \"Introduction to evolution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"280157\",\n \"text\": \"perceived to be too weak to explain the range of observed characteristics of living organisms, and partly because even supporters of evolution balked at its \\\"unguided\\\" and non-progressive nature, a response that has been characterised as the single most significant impediment to the idea's acceptance. However, some thinkers enthusiastically embraced natural selection; after reading Darwin, Herbert Spencer introduced the phrase \\\"survival of the fittest\\\", which became a popular summary of the theory. The fifth edition of \\\"On the Origin of Species\\\" published in 1869 included Spencer's phrase as an alternative to natural selection, with credit given: \\\"But the expression often\",\n \"title\": \"Natural selection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4947053\",\n \"text\": \"History of genetics The history of genetics dates from the classical era with contributions by Hippocrates, Aristotle and Epicurus. Modern biology began with the work of the Augustinian friar Gregor Johann Mendel. His work on pea plants, published in 1866,what is now Mendelian inheritance. Some theories of heredity suggest in the centuries before and for several decades after Mendel's work. The year 1900 marked the \\\"rediscovery of Mendel\\\" by Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns and Erich von Tschermak, and by 1915 the basic principles of Mendelian genetics had been applied to a wide variety of organisms—most notably the fruit fly\",\n \"title\": \"History of genetics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13026620\",\n \"text\": \"(334 – 262 BC) the founder of the Stoic school of philosophy, agreed with Aristotle and other earlier philosophers that nature showed clear evidence of being designed for a purpose; this view is known as teleology. The Roman Stoic philosopher Cicero (106 – 43 BC) wrote that Zeno was known to have held the view, central to Stoic physics, that nature is primarily \\\"directed and concentrated...to secure for the world...the structure best fitted for survival.\\\" Epicurus (341 – 270 BC) anticipated the idea of natural selection. The Roman philosopher and atomist Lucretius (c. 99 – 55 BC) explicated these ideas\",\n \"title\": \"History of evolutionary thought\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1009805\",\n \"text\": \"Wallace's father, John Wallace, who was a well-known engineer and surveyor in the area. He had been elected San Joaquin County surveyor. John Wallace was also an elder brother of Alfred Russel Wallace, a leading 19th century British naturalist who independently developed a theory of natural selection around the same time as Charles Darwin. John Wallace had originally come to California for the California Gold Rush, but was unsuccessful as a miner. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which, 98.2% is land and 1.8% is water. The town's post office\",\n \"title\": \"Wallace, California\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3491683\",\n \"text\": \"Darwin apparently mistook Wallace's meaning, writing \\\"nothing very new... Uses my simile of tree, [but] it seems all creation with him\\\". However, he spelt out the details of Natural Selection to Lyell, who found the idea hard to accept but urged Darwin to publish to establish priority. On 14 May 1856 Darwin began what became his draft for a book titled \\\"Natural Selection\\\". Wallace collected specimens and corresponded with Darwin from Borneo. In December 1857, he wrote to ask if Darwin's book would delve into human origins, to which Darwin responded that \\\"I think I shall avoid the whole subject,\",\n \"title\": \"On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3491681\",\n \"text\": \"of Edinburgh and the University of Cambridge. Influenced by Charles Lyell's \\\"Principles of Geology\\\", he became an able geologist as well as collecting plant and animal specimens, and fossils of gigantic extinct mammals. By the return journey, he was connecting patterns of geographical and historical distribution, and starting to doubt the stability of Species. In September 1838 he conceived his theory of natural selection as the cause of evolution, then as well as developing his career as a geologist and writer worked privately on finding evidence and answering possible objections, and set out his ideas in an essay written in\",\n \"title\": \"On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1296267\",\n \"text\": \"Nations Population Fund marked 12 October 1999 as The Day of Six Billion. Julian Huxley Sir Julian Sorell Huxley FRS (22 June 1887 – 14 February 1975) was a British evolutionary biologist, eugenicist, and internationalist. He was a proponent of natural selection, and a leading figure in the mid-twentieth century modern synthesis. He was secretary of the Zoological Society of London (1935–1942), the first Director of UNESCO, a founding member of the World Wildlife Fund and the first President of the British Humanist Association. Huxley was well known for his presentation of science in books and articles, and on radio\",\n \"title\": \"Julian Huxley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"280202\",\n \"text\": \"attempts to explain features of human psychology in terms of adaptation to the ancestral environment. The most prominent example of evolutionary psychology, notably advanced in the early work of Noam Chomsky and later by Steven Pinker, is the hypothesis that the human brain has adapted to acquire the grammatical rules of natural language. Other aspects of human behaviour and social structures, from specific cultural norms such as incest avoidance to broader patterns such as gender roles, have been hypothesised to have similar origins as adaptations to the early environment in which modern humans evolved. By analogy to the action of\",\n \"title\": \"Natural selection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12596364\",\n \"text\": \"at these museums. Darwin served as a ship's naturalist on board HMS \\\"Beagle\\\", assigned to a five-year research expedition around the world. During his voyage, he observed and collected an abundance of organisms, being very interested in the diverse forms of life along the coasts of South America and the neighboring Galápagos Islands. Darwin gained extensive experience as he collected and studied the natural history of life forms from distant places. Through his studies, he formulated the idea that each species had developed from ancestors with similar features. In 1838, he described how a process he called natural selection would\",\n \"title\": \"Introduction to evolution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7758\",\n \"text\": \"is the most-cited naturalist in Darwin's \\\"Descent of Man\\\", occasionally in strong disagreement. Both Darwin and Wallace agreed on the importance of natural selection, and some of the factors responsible for it: competition between species and geographical isolation. But Wallace believed that evolution had a purpose (\\\"teleology\\\") in maintaining species' fitness to their environment, whereas Darwin hesitated to attribute any purpose to a random natural process. Scientific discoveries since the 19th century support Darwin's viewpoint, by identifying several additional mechanisms and triggers: Wallace remained an ardent defender of natural selection for the rest of his life. By the 1880s, evolution\",\n \"title\": \"Alfred Russel Wallace\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16962428\",\n \"text\": \"to his subsequent development of his theory of natural selection. Many years later, FitzRoy also suffered from depression, and committed suicide in 1865. Pringle Stokes was buried at the \\\"English Cemetery\\\", two miles from Port Famine. His gravestone is now displayed in the Museo Saleciano in Punta Arenas, about distant. Captain Phillip Parker King used Stokes' journal in preparing his official report of the voyage, but glossed over the suicide. In 2009 the State Library of New South Wales bought the remainder of Stokes' handwritten journal (parts had been eaten by rats) for AU$200,000. Notes Citations Sources Pringle Stokes Pringle\",\n \"title\": \"Pringle Stokes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"397463\",\n \"text\": \"Speciation Speciation is the evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species. The biologist Orator F. Cook coined the term in 1906 for cladogenesis, the splitting of lineages, as opposed to anagenesis, phyletic evolution within lineages. Charles Darwin was the first to describe the role of natural selection in speciation in his 1859 book \\\"The Origin of Species\\\". He also identified sexual selection as a likely mechanism, but found it problematic. There are four geographic modes of speciation in nature, based on the extent to which speciating populations are isolated from one another: allopatric, peripatric, parapatric, and sympatric.\",\n \"title\": \"Speciation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4771293\",\n \"text\": \"several of his most famous essays: Later, from 1898 to 1909, Yan Fu went on to translate the following major works of Western liberal thought: Yan Fu Yan Fu (, IPA: ; courtesy name: Ji Dao, 幾道; 8 January 1854 — 27 October 1921) was a Chinese scholar and translator, most famous for introducing western ideas, including Darwin's \\\"natural selection\\\", to China in the late 19th century. On January 8, 1854, Yan Fu was born in what is modern day Fuzhou, Fujian Province to a respectable scholar-gentry family in the trade of Chinese medicine. In his early years, Yan Fu’s\",\n \"title\": \"Yan Fu\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13026661\",\n \"text\": \"how breeders selected traits, led to the inception of Darwin's theory of natural selection. Darwin did not publish his ideas on evolution for 20 years. However, he did share them with certain other naturalists and friends, starting with Joseph Dalton Hooker, with whom he discussed his unpublished 1844 essay on natural selection. During this period he used the time he could spare from his other scientific work to slowly refine his ideas and, aware of the intense controversy around transmutation, amass evidence to support them. In September 1854 he began full-time work on writing his book on natural selection. Unlike\",\n \"title\": \"History of evolutionary thought\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"953773\",\n \"text\": \"Modern synthesis (20th century) The modern synthesis was the early 20th-century synthesis reconciling Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and Gregor Mendel's ideas on heredity in a joint mathematical framework. Julian Huxley coined the term in his 1942 book, \\\"\\\". The 19th century ideas of natural selection and Mendelian genetics were put together with population genetics, early in the twentieth century. The modern synthesis also addressed the relationship between the broad-scale changes of macroevolution seen by palaeontologists and the small-scale microevolution of local populations of living organisms. The synthesis was defined differently by its founders, with Ernst Mayr in 1959, G.\",\n \"title\": \"Modern synthesis (20th century)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4016947\",\n \"text\": \"has surely not promulgated it in the Vestiges, and probably neither in conversations. In subsequent editions of \\\"The Origin of Species\\\", Darwin acknowledged Matthew's earlier work, stating that Matthew \\\"clearly saw...the full force of the principle of natural selection\\\". It is an urban myth that, from 1860 onward, Matthew would claim credit for natural selection and even had calling cards printed with \\\"Discoverer of the Principle of Natural Selection.\\\" This probably started with Loren Eiseley (1958. Darwin's Century), who apparently misunderstood a comment made by Darwin in a letter to Hooker (22 and 28 October 1865). Concerning the finding that\",\n \"title\": \"Patrick Matthew\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12596385\",\n \"text\": \"by mutation and by the recombination of genes during sexual reproduction. It defines evolution as the change in allelic frequencies within a population caused by genetic drift, gene flow between sub populations, and natural selection. Natural selection is emphasised as the most important mechanism of evolution; large changes are the result of the gradual accumulation of small changes over long periods of time. The modern evolutionary synthesis is the outcome of a merger of several different scientific fields to produce a more cohesive understanding of evolutionary theory. In the 1920s, Ronald Fisher, J.B.S. Haldane and Sewall Wright combined Darwin's theory\",\n \"title\": \"Introduction to evolution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"262596\",\n \"text\": \"Mendelian inheritance Mendelian inheritance is a type of biological inheritance that follows the laws originally proposed by Gregor Mendel in 1865 and 1866 and re-discovered in 1900. These laws were initially controversial. When Mendel's theories were integrated with the Boveri–Sutton chromosome theory of inheritance by Thomas Hunt Morgan in 1915, they became the core of classical genetics. Ronald Fisher combined these ideas with the theory of natural selection in his 1930 book \\\"The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection\\\", putting evolution onto a mathematical footing and forming the basis for population genetics within the modern evolutionary synthesis. The principles of Mendelian\",\n \"title\": \"Mendelian inheritance\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13026637\",\n \"text\": \"such of those of Gottfried Leibniz and Johann Gottfried Herder, regarded evolution as a fundamentally \\\"spiritual\\\" process. In 1751, Pierre Louis Maupertuis veered toward more materialist ground. He wrote of natural modifications occurring during reproduction and accumulating over the course of many generations, producing races and even new species, a description that anticipated in general terms the concept of natural selection. Maupertuis' ideas were in opposition to the influence of early taxonomists like John Ray. In the late 17th century, Ray had given the first formal definition of a biological species, which he described as being characterized by essential unchanging\",\n \"title\": \"History of evolutionary thought\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13026610\",\n \"text\": \"1920) included inheritance of acquired characteristics (neo-Lamarckism), an innate drive for change (orthogenesis), and sudden large mutations (saltationism). Mendelian genetics, a series of 19th-century experiments with pea plant variations rediscovered in 1900, was integrated with natural selection by Ronald Fisher, J. B. S. Haldane, and Sewall Wright during the 1910s to 1930s, and resulted in the founding of the new discipline of population genetics. During the 1930s and 1940s population genetics became integrated with other biological fields, resulting in a widely applicable theory of evolution that encompassed much of biology—the modern synthesis. Following the establishment of evolutionary biology, studies of\",\n \"title\": \"History of evolutionary thought\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"280177\",\n \"text\": \"selection, if it occurs, acts on groups of organisms, on the assumption that groups replicate and mutate in an analogous way to genes and individuals. There is an ongoing debate over the degree to which group selection occurs in nature. Finally, selection can be classified according to the resource being competed for. Sexual selection results from competition for mates. Sexual selection typically proceeds via fecundity selection, sometimes at the expense of viability. Ecological selection is natural selection via any means other than sexual selection, such as kin selection, competition, and infanticide. Following Darwin, natural selection is sometimes defined as ecological\",\n \"title\": \"Natural selection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9330184\",\n \"text\": \"changes in trait or gene frequency in a population of organisms from one generation to the next. This has been dubbed the standard genetic definition of evolution. Natural selection is only one of several mechanisms in the theory of evolutionary change that explains how organisms historically adapt to changing environments. The principles of heredity were re-discovered in 1900, after Darwin's death, in Gregor Mendel's research on the inheritance of simple trait variations in peas. Subsequent work into genetics, mutation, paleontology, and developmental biology expanded the applicability and scope of Darwin's original theory. According to Douglas J. Futuyma: The word \\\"evolution\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Evolution as fact and theory\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11790775\",\n \"text\": \"was impressed with a passage that elaborated on how \\\"the weak and the unhealthy do not live to propagate their infirmities\\\". These writings, along with Darwin's correspondence via their mutual friend William Yarrell, aided Darwin in the inception of Darwin's theory of natural selection. Darwin's seminal work \\\"On the Origin of Species\\\", first published in 1859, cited Sir John's experiments in pigeon breeding, and recalled \\\"That most skilful breeder, Sir John Sebright, used to say, with respect to pigeons, that 'he would produce any given feather in three years, but it would take him six years to obtain head and\",\n \"title\": \"Sebright chicken\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2735016\",\n \"text\": \"wrote that it was \\\"certain to take rank as one of the major contributions to the theory of evolution.\\\" J. B. S. Haldane described it as \\\"brilliant.\\\" Reginald Punnett was negative, however. The book was largely overlooked for 40 years, and in particular Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection was misunderstood. The work had a great effect on W. D. Hamilton, who discovered it as an undergraduate at the University of Cambridge and noted in these excerpts from the rear cover of the 1999 variorum edition: The publication of the variorum edition in 1999 led to renewed interest in the\",\n \"title\": \"The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"62880\",\n \"text\": \"identified; these may have arisen from a single common ancestor that lived 650 million years ago in the Precambrian. Universal common descent through an evolutionary process was first proposed by the English naturalist Charles Darwin in the concluding sentence of his 1859 book \\\"On the Origin of Species\\\": In the 1740s, the French mathematician Pierre Louis Maupertuis made the first known suggestion that all organisms had a common ancestor, and had diverged through random variation and natural selection. In \\\"Essai de cosmologie\\\" (1750), Maupertuis noted: May we not say that, in the fortuitous combination of the productions of Nature, since\",\n \"title\": \"Common descent\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"280197\",\n \"text\": \"and cosmological natural selection. This unlimited applicability has been called universal Darwinism. How life originated from inorganic matter remains an unresolved problem in biology. One prominent hypothesis is that life first appeared in the form of short self-replicating RNA polymers. On this view, life may have come into existence when RNA chains first experienced the basic conditions, as conceived by Charles Darwin, for natural selection to operate. These conditions are: heritability, variation of type, and competition for limited resources. The fitness of an early RNA replicator would likely have been a function of adaptive capacities that were intrinsic (i.e., determined\",\n \"title\": \"Natural selection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"280200\",\n \"text\": \"the ideology of communism, wrote in 1872 that \\\"Darwin did not know what a bitter satire he wrote on mankind, and especially on his countrymen, when he showed that free competition, the struggle for existence, which the economists celebrate as the highest historical achievement, is the normal state of the \\\"animal kingdom\\\".\\\" Herbert Spencer and the eugenics advocate Francis Galton's interpretation of natural selection as necessarily progressive, leading to supposed advances in intelligence and civilisation, became a justification for colonialism, eugenics, and social Darwinism. For example, in 1940, Konrad Lorenz, in writings that he subsequently disowned, used the theory as\",\n \"title\": \"Natural selection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2636385\",\n \"text\": \"E. B. Ford Edmund Brisco \\\"Henry\\\" Ford (23 April 1901 – 2 January 1988) was a British ecological geneticist. He was a leader among those British biologists who investigated the role of natural selection in nature. As a schoolboy Ford became interested in lepidoptera, the group of insects which includes butterflies and moths. He went on to study the genetics of natural populations, and invented the field of ecological genetics. Ford was awarded the Royal Society's Darwin Medal in 1954. Ford was born in Dalton-in-Furness, near Ulverston, in Lancashire, England, in 1901. He was the only child of Harold Dodsworth\",\n \"title\": \"E. B. Ford\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5916825\",\n \"text\": \"In 1905, Theodoor Hendrik van de Velde, a Dutch gynecologist, showed that women only ovulate once per menstrual cycle. In the 1920s, Kyusaku Ogino, a Japanese gynecologist, and Hermann Knaus, from Austria, working independently, each made the discovery that ovulation occurs about fourteen days before the next menstrual period. Ogino used his discovery to develop a formula for use in aiding infertile women to time intercourse to achieve pregnancy. In 1930, John Smulders, a Roman Catholic physician from the Netherlands, used Knaus and Ogino's discoveries to create the rhythm method. Smulders published his work with the Dutch Roman Catholic medical\",\n \"title\": \"Natural family planning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11659352\",\n \"text\": \"John Pringle Nichol; and botanist and evolutionary thinker Hewett Cottrell Watson. Charles Darwin, a medical student in Edinburgh in 1825–7, took part in phrenological discussions at the Plinian Society and returned to Edinburgh in 1838 when formulating his concepts concerning natural selection. Phrenology emerged from the views of the medical doctor and scientific researcher Franz Joseph Gall in 18th-century Vienna. Gall suggested that facets of the mind corresponded to regions of the brain, and that it was possible to determine character traits by examining the shape of a person's skull. This \\\"craniological\\\" aspect was greatly extended by his one-time disciple,\",\n \"title\": \"Edinburgh Phrenological Society\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"280196\",\n \"text\": \"to Stephen Jay Gould, to \\\"dethrone some of the deepest and most traditional comforts of Western thought\\\", such as the belief that humans have a special place in the world. In the words of the philosopher Daniel Dennett, \\\"Darwin's dangerous idea\\\" of evolution by natural selection is a \\\"universal acid,\\\" which cannot be kept restricted to any vessel or container, as it soon leaks out, working its way into ever-wider surroundings. Thus, in the last decades, the concept of natural selection has spread from evolutionary biology to other disciplines, including evolutionary computation, quantum Darwinism, evolutionary economics, evolutionary epistemology, evolutionary psychology,\",\n \"title\": \"Natural selection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"157094\",\n \"text\": \"inherit traits from their parents has been used since prehistoric times to improve crop plants and animals through selective breeding. The modern science of genetics, seeking to understand this process, began with the work of the Augustinian friar Gregor Mendel in the mid-19th century. Prior to Mendel, Imre Festetics, a Hungarian noble, who lived in Kőszeg before Mendel, was the first who used the word \\\"genetics.\\\" He described several rules of genetic inheritance in his work \\\"The genetic law of the Nature\\\" (Die genetische Gesätze der Natur, 1819). His second law is the same as what Mendel published. In his\",\n \"title\": \"Genetics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15415633\",\n \"text\": \"In spite of this he continued to run experiments on hybridization and the acclimation of plants for the production of new species. He studied heredity, and the flora of Brazil, and in 1860 he described twenty kinds of pumpkins. Both Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel studied his work, which is considered a precursor of modern genetics. In the \\\"Revue Horticole\\\" (1852), Naudin described the concept of natural selection. J. Arthur Thomson has noted: His main publication is \\\"Mémoire sur les hybrides du règne végétal\\\" which appeared in \\\"Recueil des savants étrangers\\\" and won him the Grand Prize of the Institute\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Victor Naudin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"962966\",\n \"text\": \"must also change accordingly. Lyell argued that climate changes complemented vegetation changes, thus connecting the environmental surroundings to varying species. This largely influenced Charles Darwin in his development of the theory of evolution. Charles Darwin was a natural theologist who studied around the world, and most importantly in the Galapagos Islands. Darwin introduced the idea of natural selection, as he theorized against previously accepted ideas that species were static or unchanging. His contributions to biogeography and the theory of evolution were different from those of other explorers of his time, because he developed a mechanism to describe the ways that\",\n \"title\": \"Biogeography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20352450\",\n \"text\": \"Theodosius Dobzhansky was the first to provide a thorough description of the process in 1937, though the term itself was not coined until 1955 by W. Frank Blair. In 1930, Ronald Fisher laid out the first genetic description of the process of reinforcement in \\\"The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection\\\", and in 1965 and 1970 the first computer simulations were run to test for its plausibility. Later population genetic and quantitative genetic studies were conducted showing that completely unfit hybrids lead unequivocally to an increase in prezygotic isolation. Dobzhansky's idea gained significant support; he suggested that it illustrated the final\",\n \"title\": \"Reinforcement (speciation)\"\n }\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who came up with the process of natural selection"}}},{"rowIdx":8383,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Alan Shearer"],"string":"[\n \"Alan Shearer\"\n]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1721193","text":"In terms of goal-scoring awards, Henry was the European Golden Boot winner in 2004 and 2005 (sharing it with Villarreal's Diego Forlán in 2005). Henry was also the top goalscorer in the Premier League for a record four seasons (2002, 2004, 2005, 2006). In 2006, he became the first player to score more than 20 goals in the league for five consecutive seasons (2002 to 2006). With 175, Henry is currently fifth in the list of all-time Premier League goalscorers, behind Alan Shearer, Andy Cole, Wayne Rooney and Frank Lampard. All of his Premier League goals were for Arsenal, giving","title":"Thierry Henry"},{"id":"142732","text":"and Philippe Coutinho is now the most expensive transfer involving a Premier League club at £106 million. The highest transfer fee paid by a Premier League club is £89 million for Paul Pogba. The Golden Boot is awarded to the top Premier League scorer at the end of each season. Former Blackburn Rovers and Newcastle United striker Alan Shearer holds the record for most Premier League goals with 260. Twenty-eight players have reached the 100-goal mark. Since the first Premier League season in 1992–93, 14 players from 10 clubs have won or shared the top scorers title. Thierry Henry won","title":"Premier League"},{"id":"12946401","text":"given to Chelsea for the third consecutive year. Chelsea collected the Premier League Merit Award for being the first team to score 100 goals in a Premier League season. 2009–10 Premier League The 2009–10 Premier League (known as the Barclays Premier League for sponsorship reasons) was the 18th season of the Premier League since its establishment in 1992. A total of 20 teams competed in the league, with Chelsea unseating the three-time defending champions Manchester United, scoring a then Premier League record 103 goals in the process. The season began on 15 August 2009 and concluded on 9 May 2010.","title":"2009–10 Premier League"},{"id":"15960493","text":"points and goals of every team that has played in the Premier League since its inception in 1992. The table that follows is accurate as of the end of the 2017–18 season. Teams in bold are part of the 2018–19 Premier League. Numbers in bold are the record (highest either positive or negative) numbers in each column. League or status at 2018–19: Premier League records and statistics The top tier of English football was renamed the Premier League for the start of the 1992–93 season. The following page details the football records and statistics of the Premier League. Players currently","title":"Premier League records and statistics"},{"id":"13406463","text":"37 seconds, making it the 12th-fastest hat-trick in Premier League history. On 4 February 2017, Lukaku scored four goals, the first of which was Everton's fastest ever Premier League goal, against Bournemouth in a 6–3 victory at Goodison Park. It was also the 300th hat-trick scored in the Premier League. On 25 February 2017, he equalled Duncan Ferguson's club record for Premier League goals, scoring his 60th EPL goal for the Toffees in a 2–0 victory over Sunderland at Goodison Park. On 5 March, he surpassed Ferguson to become the outright record holder, scoring in a 3–2 loss against Tottenham","title":"Romelu Lukaku"},{"id":"2464315","text":"in June 2001. Schmeichel returned to England with Aston Villa in July 2001, signing a one-year contract with the option to extend it by a further year. On 20 October 2001, Schmeichel became the first goalkeeper to score a Premier League goal, in a 3–2 defeat away to Everton; this feat has been repeated only four times: by Blackburn Rovers' Brad Friedel on 21 February 2004, also from a corner kick; by Tottenham Hotspur's Paul Robinson from a free-kick on 17 March 2007; by Everton's Tim Howard on 4 January 2012; and by Stoke City's Asmir Begović on 2 November","title":"Peter Schmeichel"},{"id":"17113312","text":"by a 2–0 victory over West Bromwich Albion on 7 May. Norwich City, Fulham, and Cardiff City were the bottom three teams and were relegated to the Football League Championship. Two teams (Manchester City and Liverpool) scored more than 100 goals for the first time in league history. The feat has only once been achieved before – by Chelsea in 2009–10. Luis Suárez won the golden boot for most goals with 31, ahead of teammate Daniel Sturridge who came second with 21 goals. Wojciech Szczęsny of Arsenal and Petr Čech of Chelsea led the league with 16 clean sheets each.","title":"2013–14 Premier League"},{"id":"2313304","text":"a 3–2 win. In total during his first season, Van Nistelrooy scored 23 goals in 32 league games. He broke the record he shared with Mark Stein, Alan Shearer and Thierry Henry, by scoring in eight consecutive league games. He also scored ten Champions League goals, and was named the PFA Players' Player of the Year. The following season, he finished as the top Premier League scorer with 25 goals in 34 games, with a goal on the final day against Everton earning him the Golden Boot ahead of Arsenal's Thierry Henry. His tally included three hat-tricks against Newcastle United,","title":"Ruud van Nistelrooy"},{"id":"15960492","text":"Premier League records and statistics The top tier of English football was renamed the Premier League for the start of the 1992–93 season. The following page details the football records and statistics of the Premier League. Players currently playing in the Premier League are highlighted in bold. Players currently playing in the Premier League are highlighted in bold. Players currently playing in the Premier League are highlighted in bold. This is a list of the top 10 youngest players to score a goal in the Premier League. The all-time Premier League table is a cumulative record of all match results,","title":"Premier League records and statistics"},{"id":"142733","text":"his fourth overall scoring title by scoring 27 goals in the 2005–06 season. Andrew Cole and Alan Shearer hold the record for most goals in a season (34) – for Newcastle and Blackburn respectively. Ryan Giggs of Manchester United holds the record for scoring goals in consecutive seasons, having scored in the first 21 seasons of the league. The Premier League maintains two trophies – the genuine trophy (held by the reigning champions) and a spare replica. Two trophies are held in the event that two clubs could win the League on the final day of the season. In the","title":"Premier League"},{"id":"4326843","text":"holds the Premier League record for the most goals scored as a substitute, with 22, as of 11 January 2014. On 19 November 2016, Defoe scored his 150th Premier League goal, becoming the joint tenth-highest goal scorer in Premier League history. Defoe made his England debut in 2004 and has made 57 appearances, scoring 20 goals, including three appearances and a goal at the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Born in Beckton, London, Defoe attended St Joachim Primary School in Custom House, London and St Bonaventure's in Forest Gate, London. Defoe grew up in Canning Town and when his family moved","title":"Jermain Defoe"},{"id":"15240831","text":"The hat-trick, his sixth of the year in the Premier League (eighth in all competitions), also made him the first player in Premier League history to score six hat-tricks in a year. With a total of 56 goals scored in all competitions for the year, he also became Europe's top goal scorer of 2017, breaking the seven-year dominance of Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo as Europe's top goalscorer in a calendar year. In January 2018, he scored twice in the 4–0 home win against Everton, and became Tottenham's top goalscorer in the Premier League era, breaking Teddy Sheringham's record of","title":"Harry Kane"},{"id":"12946389","text":"2009–10 Premier League The 2009–10 Premier League (known as the Barclays Premier League for sponsorship reasons) was the 18th season of the Premier League since its establishment in 1992. A total of 20 teams competed in the league, with Chelsea unseating the three-time defending champions Manchester United, scoring a then Premier League record 103 goals in the process. The season began on 15 August 2009 and concluded on 9 May 2010. Prior to each opening week match, a minute's applause was held in memory of Sir Bobby Robson. Nike provided a new match ball – the T90 Ascente – for","title":"2009–10 Premier League"},{"id":"690125","text":"world's greatest living players. Shearer scored 283 league goals in his career (all in the first tier of English football), including a record 260 in the Premier League (of which 58 were penalties) with a record 11 Premier League hat-tricks, and a total of 422 in all competitions including international at all levels. Until his retirement from international football in 2000, he appeared 63 times for his country and scored 30 goals. Shearer had a goals-to-game ratio of 0.667 throughout his career. Since retiring as a player in 2006, Shearer has worked as a television pundit for the BBC. In","title":"Alan Shearer"},{"id":"15801368","text":"Month and Player of the Season awards were only first bestowed during the 1994–95 season. The first Player of the Season award was given to Blackburn Rovers striker Alan Shearer, who won the Premier League title with his team and the Golden Boot that season. Thierry Henry, Cristiano Ronaldo and Nemanja Vidić have been Player of the Season on two occasions each and are the only players to have won the award more than once, with Ronaldo having achieved this in consecutive years (2007 and 2008). Eight players were the Premier League's leading goalscorer and won the Golden Boot alongside","title":"Premier League Player of the Season"},{"id":"1622601","text":"League goals being the most scored by a player for any single club. Rooney's 208 Premier League goals make him the Premier League's second top scorer of all time behind only Alan Shearer. He also has the third-highest number of assists in the Premier League, with 103. Rooney made his senior international debut for England in February 2003 aged 17, becoming the youngest player to represent England (a record since broken by Theo Walcott) and he is England's youngest ever goalscorer. He played at UEFA Euro 2004 and scored four goals, briefly becoming the youngest goalscorer in the history of","title":"Wayne Rooney"},{"id":"1622650","text":"putting him on 187 Premier League goals, joint second with Andy Cole and behind only Alan Shearer. After an injury-related absence, Rooney returned to the starting line-up on 19 December, making his 500th Manchester United appearance in a 2–1 home loss to Norwich City. On 2 January 2016, Rooney scored in a 2–1 win over Swansea to move ahead of Cole as the Premier League's second top scorer of all time, and with 238 he surpassed Denis Law in United's top scorers of all time, behind only Bobby Charlton's 249. Fifteen days later, he scored the only goal in a","title":"Wayne Rooney"},{"id":"6662889","text":"the highest goals per minute ratio in the history of the competition since its formation in 1992, averaging a goal every 106 minutes, ahead of Thierry Henry. He also holds the joint-record for the most goals scored in a single Premier League match – five – and the fastest to do so, in 23 minutes and 34 seconds of match time. He is the highest non-European scorer in the history of the Premier League, with over 100 goals in the division. In November 2017, Agüero became Manchester City's all-time highest goal-scorer, scoring his 178th City goal against Napoli. Agüero is","title":"Sergio Agüero"},{"id":"142676","text":"old First and Second Divisions with three teams relegated from the league and three promoted. The league held its first season in 1992–93. It was composed of 22 clubs for that season. The first Premier League goal was scored by Brian Deane of Sheffield United in a 2–1 win against Manchester United. The 22 inaugural members of the new Premier League were Arsenal, Aston Villa, Blackburn Rovers, Chelsea, Coventry City, Crystal Palace, Everton, Ipswich Town, Leeds United, Liverpool, Manchester City, Manchester United, Middlesbrough, Norwich City, Nottingham Forest, Oldham Athletic, Queens Park Rangers, Sheffield United, Sheffield Wednesday, Southampton, Tottenham Hotspur, and","title":"Premier League"},{"id":"6642720","text":"they ended the campaign as Division Three champions. Brian Talbot took Rushden & Diamonds, founded just nine years prior, into the Football League as Conference champions. Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink, Chelsea's record signing at £15 million, topped the Premiership goalscoring charts with 23 goals. Marcus Stewart was the Premiership's second-highest goalscorer with 19 goals for newly promoted Ipswich Town, who qualified for the UEFA Cup. Teddy Sheringham, 35, was voted Player of the Year by both the PFA and FWA after helping Manchester United win their third successive Premiership title. Michael Owen helped Liverpool end their six-year trophy drought after his","title":"2000–01 in English football"},{"id":"7272930","text":"City, and this goal took him to the top of the goal scorers list with 5 goals in 6 games. He followed it with two more goals against Liverpool, further solidifying his position as top scorer in the English Premier League. He also scored penalties in 2–1 victories over Portsmouth and Newcastle. At one point he was the third top scorer in the Premier League behind Chelsea's Nicolas Anelka and Manchester City's Robinho who had 15 and 12 respectively to Zaki's 10, however he failed to add to that tally in which Anelka finished top with 19. Wigan Athletic chairman","title":"Amr Zaki"},{"id":"14060018","text":"the Decade. Les Ferdinand was recognised as scorer of the 10,000th Premier League goal, David Seaman was credited as the goalkeeper with most clean sheets in the league (130), and Gary Speed was credited with the most league appearances (352). Football is the most watched sport in England, and the Premier League along with the FA Cup are the two most prestigious English club football competitions. In 1991, league football in England underwent a major change, when the 22 teams in the First Division, the then top division of The Football League system, resigned en-masse to form the Premier League.","title":"Premier League 10 Seasons Awards"},{"id":"14552433","text":"Premier League Golden Boot, with Henry achieving this on two occasions (2004 and 2005). Shearer, Hasselbaink and Van Persie are the only players to win the Golden Boot with two clubs. Andy Cole and Shearer – with 34 goals in 1993–94 and 1994–95, respectively – scored the most goals to win the Golden Boot when the Premier League was a 42-game season, Mohamed Salah with 32 goals in 2017–18 holds the record for the current 38-game season, while Nicolas Anelka scored the fewest to clinch the award outright, with 19 goals in 2008–09. The all-time record for lowest number of","title":"Premier League Golden Boot"},{"id":"142666","text":"to £2.4 billion in 2016–17. The Premier League is the most-watched sports league in the world, broadcast in 212 territories to 643 million homes and a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people. In the 2014–15 season, the average Premier League match attendance exceeded 36,000, second highest of any professional football league behind the Bundesliga's 43,500. Most stadium occupancies are near capacity. The Premier League ranks second in the UEFA coefficients of leagues based on performances in European competitions over the past five seasons, as of 2018. Forty-nine clubs have competed since the inception of the Premier League in 1992.","title":"Premier League"},{"id":"1448232","text":"1894. Reading have lost the two highest-scoring matches in the history of the Premier League; Portsmouth 7–4 Reading on 29 September 2007, and Tottenham Hotspur 6–4 Reading on 29 December 2007, as well as losing the highest-scoring League Cup game, Reading 5–7 Arsenal on 30 October 2012. The player with the most league appearances is Martin Hicks, with 500 from 1978 to 1991. The most capped player is Kevin Doyle, who earned 26 for the Republic of Ireland whilst at the club. The most league goals in total and in a season are held by Ronnie Blackman with 158 from","title":"Reading F.C."},{"id":"14060032","text":"Player of the Year by the Professional Footballers' Association in April 1995. While coming to the end of his spell with Blackburn, in 1996 Shearer became the first player to score 100 Premier League goals. After renewed interest from Manchester United, who initially tried to sign him before Blackburn, a 25-year-old Shearer invoked a release clause in his Blackburn contract and moved to Newcastle United in July 1996 for a world football transfer record of £15m. This nearly doubled the previous British record of £8.5m for Stan Collymore a year earlier. Blackburn had refused Manchester United's offer, and although other","title":"Premier League 10 Seasons Awards"},{"id":"905876","text":"in Division 2 in 1930–31 and from 1951–54). They are one of six teams to have played in every season of the Premier League since its inception in August 1992 – the others being Arsenal, Chelsea, Liverpool, Manchester United, and Tottenham Hotspur. Everton against Aston Villa is the most played fixture in England's top flight. As of the 2012–13 season, the two founding members of the Football League have played a record 196 league games. Everton's community department, Everton in the Community (EitC), is a charity that provides sports and other social activities for the local community including for people","title":"Everton F.C."},{"id":"142664","text":"Premier League The Premier League (often referred to as the English Premier League (EPL) outside England) is the top level of the English football league system. Contested by 20 clubs, it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the English Football League (EFL). The Premier League is a corporation in which the member clubs act as shareholders. Seasons run from August to May with each team playing 38 matches (playing each other home and away). Most games are played on Saturday and Sunday afternoons. The Premier League has featured 47 English and two Welsh clubs since its inception,","title":"Premier League"},{"id":"142667","text":"Six of them have won the title since then: Manchester United (13), Chelsea (5), Arsenal (3), Manchester City (3), Blackburn Rovers (1), and Leicester City (1). Following the 2003–04 season, Arsenal acquired the nickname \"The Invincibles\" as they became, and still remain, the only club to complete a Premier League campaign without losing a single game. The record of most points in a Premier League season is 100 by Manchester City in 2017–18. Despite significant European success in the 1970s and early 1980s, the late 1980s marked a low point for English football. Stadiums were crumbling, supporters endured poor facilities,","title":"Premier League"},{"id":"19987953","text":"2017–18 Premier League The 2017–18 Premier League was the 26th season of the Premier League, the top English professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1992. The season started on 11 August 2017 and concluded on 13 May 2018. Fixtures for the 2017–18 season were announced on 14 June 2017. Chelsea were the defending champions, while Newcastle United, Brighton & Hove Albion and Huddersfield Town entered as the promoted teams from the 2016–17 EFL Championship. Manchester City won their third Premier League title, and fifth English top-flight title overall, with five games to spare. The team broke","title":"2017–18 Premier League"},{"id":"13404231","text":"awarded the effort to Bentley. It became Tottenham's biggest ever Premier League win, the second biggest in Premier League history, and only the second time any team had scored nine goals in the Premier League since its inception in 1992. Defoe also got himself in the record books, becoming only the third player to score five goals in a Premier League match, the others being Andy Cole and Alan Shearer. Tottenham ended the month with a trip to Villa Park to face Aston Villa. Early into the first half, Aston Villa drew first blood with Gabriel Agbonlahor poking the ball","title":"2009–10 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season"},{"id":"14552432","text":"Originally consisting of 22 teams, the league contracted to 20 teams after the 1994–95 season; this reduced the number of games played from 42 to 38. Thierry Henry has won the Golden Boot on four occasions, more than any other player. Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink and Dwight Yorke were the first non-English and non-European winners, respectively, when they shared the award with Michael Owen in 1999. Alan Shearer is the only player other than Henry to win the award in three consecutive seasons. Phillips, Henry, Cristiano Ronaldo and Luis Suárez won the European Golden Shoe in the same season as the","title":"Premier League Golden Boot"},{"id":"3783892","text":"Peter Crouch Peter James Crouch (born 30 January 1981) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for Championship club Stoke City. He was capped 42 times by the England national team between 2005 and 2010, scoring 22 goals for his country in that time, and appearing at two World Cups. Crouch is one of 28 players to have scored 100 or more Premier League goals, holding the record for the most headed goals in Premier League history. Crouch began his career as a trainee with Tottenham Hotspur. He failed to make an appearance for Spurs and after","title":"Peter Crouch"},{"id":"3783937","text":"Peter Crouch Peter James Crouch (born 30 January 1981) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for Championship club Stoke City. He was capped 42 times by the England national team between 2005 and 2010, scoring 22 goals for his country in that time, and appearing at two World Cups. Crouch is one of 28 players to have scored 100 or more Premier League goals, holding the record for the most headed goals in Premier League history. Crouch began his career as a trainee with Tottenham Hotspur. He failed to make an appearance for Spurs and after","title":"Peter Crouch"},{"id":"6103803","text":"7–4 win over Reading, which broke the record for the most goals scored in a Premier League match, and a league match shown on \"Match of the Day\". After Portsmouth's visit to Wigan on 20 October, Benjani became the Premier League's top scorer. Portsmouth boss Harry Redknapp banned Benjani from taking any further penalties after he missed a spot-kick in second-half injury time in a home game against West Ham United. He then made amends for his miss scoring in the 4–1 victory over Newcastle United to bring his total to eight for the season. He then scored his ninth","title":"Benjani Mwaruwari"},{"id":"3790980","text":"Dempsey finished fourth on the FWA Footballer of the Year list behind the winner, Arsenal's Robin van Persie, and Manchester United pair Wayne Rooney and Paul Scholes, who came in second and third, respectively. Dempsey became the first American player to reach the milestone of fifty goals in the Premier League, with a free kick against Sunderland in the last home game of the season. On August 31, 2012, Fulham confirmed Dempsey's transfer to Tottenham Hotspur. On August 31, 2012, Dempsey joined Tottenham Hotspur on a three-year contract for a fee believed to be in the region of $9 million.","title":"Clint Dempsey"},{"id":"16446665","text":"Arsenal, Aston Villa, Chelsea, Everton, Liverpool, Manchester United, and Tottenham Hotspur. In that time, only five teams ever won the League title: Manchester United (twelve times), Arsenal (thrice), Chelsea (thrice), Manchester City (once) and Blackburn Rovers (once). Manchester United were also the most successful team overall, never finishing outside of the top-three positions. The awards were divided into 11 categories. Fans could vote for Best Goal, Best Match, Best Save, Best Celebration and Fantasy XI of the 20 Seasons on the Premier League website. A panel selected winners for Best Player, Best Manager, Best Team, Best Season, Best Quote and","title":"Premier League 20 Seasons Awards"},{"id":"3790958","text":"eventually becoming the club's leading Premier League goalscorer. Dempsey also became the first American player to score a hat-trick in the Premier League during a 5–2 win against Newcastle United in 2012. On August 31, 2012, Tottenham signed Dempsey for a fee of $9.6 million, then a record signing for an American. Dempsey scored 12 goals in one season with Tottenham, giving him 72 goals across all competitions for Premier League clubs—the most by an American in a top-tier European league. He was signed by the Seattle Sounders the following year and played 115 matches for the club, scoring 47","title":"Clint Dempsey"},{"id":"4322785","text":"Gareth Barry Gareth Barry (born 23 February 1981) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for EFL Championship club West Bromwich Albion. A former England international, Barry has made 653 Premier League appearances for Aston Villa, Manchester City, Everton and West Bromwich Albion, the highest number of appearances in the Premier League. Barry moved to Aston Villa from Brighton & Hove Albion as a youngster, and spent 12 years at the club. He captained Aston Villa and is eighth in their all-time list of appearances, with 441 across all competitions, including 365 in the Premier League. He","title":"Gareth Barry"},{"id":"1951313","text":"Northern Ireland, George Best and Pat Jennings; from Scotland, Kenny Dalglish and Jimmy Johnstone; and from Wales, Ian Rush and Ryan Giggs. The first recipient of the Ballon d'Or, Stanley Matthews was knighted while still a player. The English Premier League (formed in 1992 by member clubs of the old Football League First Division) is the most-watched football league in the world, and its biggest clubs include Manchester United, Liverpool, Arsenal, Chelsea, Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester City. Scotland's Celtic and Rangers also have a global fanbase. Leicester City's 2016 Premier League title win is regarded among the greatest sporting upsets","title":"Culture of the United Kingdom"},{"id":"15240832","text":"97 Premier League goals for the club. On 4 February, Kane scored an added-time penalty to equalise in a 2–2 draw with Liverpool at Anfield for his 100th Premier League goal; he achieved the century of league goals in 141 games, beaten only by Alan Shearer's 124. He was named in the PFA Team of the Year for the fourth consecutive season in April 2018, alongside fellow forwards Mohamed Salah and Sergio Agüero. On 8 June, Kane signed a new contract to keep him at the club until 2024. Kane started the season opener against Newcastle United without scoring, before","title":"Harry Kane"},{"id":"17231241","text":"156 goals in all competitions, breaking the previous goal aggregate record of 143 goals set by Manchester United in 1956–57. Their 100th Premier League goal of the season was scored in the 4–0 victory over Aston Villa on 7 May 2014. This was the first time City had scored more than 100 league goals in the top English division in a season since 1957–58. Coincidentally, their 100th goal was notable for another reason, as it became the first goal in all of English league football to be decided via the Hawk-Eye system, which had been rolled out for use in","title":"2013–14 Manchester City F.C. season"},{"id":"14204574","text":"9 December, he made his 200th career appearance for Tottenham and marked the occasion by scoring in a 5–1 Premier League win over Stoke City. The following month, he scored his 50th goal for the club when he netted after just 11 seconds in the 2–0 league win over Manchester United. Eriksen's goal was the third-fastest goal ever scored in the Premier League era, bettered only by Alan Shearer and former Spurs captain Ledley King. On 17 March 2018, Eriksen scored twice in an FA Cup fixture against Swansea to send Spurs to the semi-final for the second season running.","title":"Christian Eriksen"},{"id":"2220468","text":"Robbie Fowler Robert Bernard Fowler (born 9 April 1975) is an English former professional footballer and manager who played as a striker from 1993 to 2012. Fowler was known for being a natural scorer with an instinctive goal-poaching ability. Fowler is best remembered for his time at Liverpool and is the sixth-highest goalscorer in the history of the Premier League. He scored 183 goals in total for Liverpool, 128 of which were scored in the Premier League (162 Premier League goals in total). He earned the nickname \"God\" from the Anfield crowd, becoming a club legend due to his ruthlessness","title":"Robbie Fowler"},{"id":"6662943","text":"over Cardiff City. On 4 November, Agüero scored his 150th Premier League goal in a 6–1 home win over Southampton, which was his 217th Premier League appearance; he became only the ninth player in history to achieve this landmark, and only the third player after Thierry Henry and Wayne Rooney to manage this tally with a single side. He was also the second-fastest player to reach this milestone, after Alan Shearer, who took five fewer appearances. On 11 November 2018, Agüero scored the second goal in a 3–1 win against Manchester United, making him the joint highest scorer in Manchester","title":"Sergio Agüero"},{"id":"13070977","text":"record for the fewest goals needed to win the award, with his return of 10 goals for Kaizer Chiefs in the 2013–14 season earning him the accolade. The award has only been shared once in the Premier Division's history, an occurrence which took place after the 2017–18 season after Rodney Ramagalela of Polokwane City and Percy Tau of Mamelodi Sundowns both ended the campaign on 11 goals. Players from Moroka Swallows and Kaizer Chiefs have won the award the most times, with each club having four unique winners. The award has been won on fourteen occasions by South African nationals,","title":"Lesley Manyathela Golden Boot"},{"id":"3783921","text":"Crouch scored a hat-trick away to Stevenage in the EFL Cup, on 23 August 2016 in a 4–0 win. On 9 January 2017, Crouch signed a new contract with Stoke in a deal lasting until the summer of 2018. Crouch scored four goals in five games at the turn of the year including his 100th Premier League goal, the oldest player to hit the landmark. Crouch made 29 appearances in 2016–17, scoring ten goals, as Stoke finished in 13th position. After the season ended Crouch stated that he wants to continue playing until he is 40. Crouch set a record","title":"Peter Crouch"},{"id":"4047448","text":"coached by ex-Chelsea manager José Mourinho, at the Round of 16 stage. Ancelotti and Mourinho had a tense relationship from the previous season, as managers of Milan and Inter respectively. Chelsea was eliminated from the Champions League on 16 March 2010 after a 1–3 aggregate loss to Inter, having lost 1–2 away and 0–1 at Stamford Bridge. On 9 May 2010, Ancelotti led Chelsea to the Premier League title, beating Manchester United by one point and setting scoring records. The team finished the campaign with 103 goals, becoming the first team in the Premier League to score more than 100","title":"Carlo Ancelotti"},{"id":"14552434","text":"goals scored to be bestowed the award, however, is 18 goals; this was achieved during the 1997–98 and 1998–99 seasons, when the award was shared between three players both times. The latter season marked the last time the Golden Boot was shared until 2010–11, when Dimitar Berbatov and Carlos Tevez both scored 20 goals that season to tie for the award. Harry Kane recorded the highest goals-to-games ratio to win the award, scoring 29 goals in 30 games in 2016–17 for a rate of 0.97. General Specific Premier League Golden Boot The Premier League Golden Boot is an annual association","title":"Premier League Golden Boot"},{"id":"636893","text":"of the 1970s, goalscorers like McDonald often attract fame but Sunderland goalkeeper Jim Montgomery's double save, which helped Sunderland then a second Division club, beat at that time an all conquering Leeds United team to win the 1973 FA Cup Final by an Ian Porterfield goal, is an incident that is frequently and fondly recalled. Great players of the 1980s and 1990s include local born internationals like Peter Beardsley, Paul Gascoigne, Chris Waddle and Alan Shearer. Shearer remains the highest scoring player in Premier League history with 260 goals in 441 appearances. In the early 2000s Middlesbrough also joined the","title":"North East England"},{"id":"1721194","text":"him the record for most goals in the competition for one club, until it was broken by Rooney in 2016. France's all-time record goalscorer was, in his prime in the mid 2000s, regarded by many coaches, footballers and journalists as one of the best players in the world. In November 2007, he was ranked 33rd on the Association of Football Statisticians' compendium for \"Greatest Ever Footballers.\" Arsenal fans honoured their former player in 2008, declaring Henry the greatest Arsenal player. In two other 2008 surveys, Henry emerged as the favourite Premier League player of all time among 32,000 people surveyed","title":"Thierry Henry"},{"id":"19987954","text":"numerous Premier League records over the course of the season, including: most points (100), most wins (32), most away wins (16), most goals (106), most consecutive league wins (18), highest goal difference (+79), most passes in a game (903), fewest minutes behind in matches (153 minutes) and biggest winning points margin (19). All three promoted clubs avoided relegation for the first time since the 2011–12 campaign, and for only the third time in Premier League history. From this season on, club strips can feature sleeve sponsorship, whereby sponsors' logos will appear on the left sleeve of the strip in lieu","title":"2017–18 Premier League"},{"id":"142737","text":"issued annually for Manager of the Season, Player of the Season. and Goal of the Season. The Golden Boot award is given to the top goalscorer of every season, The Playmaker of the Season award is given to the player who make the most assists of every season and the Golden Glove award is given to the goalkeeper with the most clean sheets at the end of the season. From the 2017–18 season, players also receive a milestone award for 100 appearances and every century there after and also players who score 50 goals and multiples thereof. Each player to","title":"Premier League"},{"id":"7548320","text":"top of the table with Manchester United several times, and were briefly leapfrogged by Arsenal, they sealed their third Premier League title in six seasons with an emphatic 8–0 home win over Wigan on the final day of the season. The win also took Chelsea's league goal tally for the season to 103, the highest since Tottenham Hotspur scored 111 in the 1962–63 season, and the first time in Premier League history that a club had scored 100 or more goals in a season. A week later, Chelsea completed the first \"league title and FA Cup double\" in their history","title":"History of Chelsea F.C."},{"id":"2879111","text":"they finished third and qualified for the UEFA Cup. Cole scored 41 total goals in all competitions – breaking the club's goalscoring record which had been set by Hughie Gallacher nearly 70 years earlier (Gallacher still holds the record for the highest number of league goals in a season with 36). His first top division goal was in a 1–1 draw against defending league champions Manchester United (who went on to win the double) at Old Trafford on 21 August. This was Newcastle's first goal in the Premier League. Exactly three months later, Cole scored all three goals as \"the","title":"Andy Cole"},{"id":"20161209","text":"during the season, including: most points (100), most away points (50), most points ahead of second (19), most wins (32), most away wins (16), most goals (106), best goal difference (+79) and most consecutive victories (18). The team also equalled the record for the earliest Premier League title win (5 games to spare), beating of every other team in the league throughout the season and recording the most consecutive away wins (11). An Amazon Original docuseries of the season titled \"\" was released on Amazon Video on 17 August 2018. On 1 November, Sergio Agüero scored his 178th City goal","title":"2017–18 Manchester City F.C. season"},{"id":"5272211","text":"title in their history. This title was also his second time of winning the award in as many seasons. Thierry Henry was named the winner of the Premier League Golden Boot award. The Arsenal striker scored 27 goals in the league and was presented with the award at Arsenal's last ever game at Highbury. Liverpool goalkeeper Pepe Reina won the Premier League Golden Glove award for the first time. He achieved clean sheets in 20 Premier League games. The Premier League Fair Play League was won by Charlton Athletic, ahead of fellow London team Arsenal. The least sporting side was","title":"2005–06 FA Premier League"},{"id":"1711497","text":"Only Manchester United, Liverpool and Arsenal have more all-time points. With 7,733 league goals scored over 119 seasons (as of the end of 2017-18 season), Wolves have the third highest total of all-time league goals: only Manchester United and Liverpool have more. Football League First Division, superseded by the Premier League (Tier 1) EFL Championship/Football League Second Division (1892–1992) (Tier 2) EFL League One/Football League Third Division (Tier 3) Football League Fourth Division (Tier 4) UEFA Cup FA Cup Football League Cup FA Charity Shield Football League Trophy Texaco Cup Wolverhampton Wanderers was a founder member of the Football League","title":"Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C."},{"id":"142738","text":"reach these milestones will receive a presentation box from the Premier League containing a special medallion and a plaque commemorating their achievement. In 2012, the Premier League celebrated its second decade by holding the 20 Seasons Awards: Premier League The Premier League (often referred to as the English Premier League (EPL) outside England) is the top level of the English football league system. Contested by 20 clubs, it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the English Football League (EFL). The Premier League is a corporation in which the member clubs act as shareholders. Seasons run from August","title":"Premier League"},{"id":"525248","text":"establishment in 1992–93. They are ninth in the All-time FA Premier League table, and have the fifth highest total of major honours (20) won by an English club. Aston Villa currently hold the record number of league goals scored by any team in the English top flight; 128 goals were scored in the 1930–31 season, one more than Arsenal who won the league that season for the very first time, with Villa runners-up. Villa legend Archie Hunter became the first player to score in every round of the FA Cup in Villa's victorious 1887 campaign. Villa's longest unbeaten home run","title":"Aston Villa F.C."},{"id":"15240830","text":"a 3–0 group stage win against Cypriot champions APOEL. He was awarded Premier League Player of the Month for the fifth time, and named September 2017 – in which he scored 13 goals in 10 club and international games – as the best month of his career. On 23 December, Kane equalled Alan Shearer's record of 36 Premier League goals in a calendar year, having scored a hat-trick in a 0–3 away win to Burnley. He surpassed Shearer's record the following game with another hat-trick in the 5–2 home win against Southampton, ending the year with 39 Premier League goals.","title":"Harry Kane"},{"id":"12274390","text":"tallied 16 goals in Premier League play. According to Opta statistics, that gives him a minutes per goal ratio of 104.6, which sets the record for the best minutes per goal ratio in Premier League history (minimum 10 goals). Aubameyang became the first player to reach 10 goals in the Premier League, following a brace in Arsenal's 4-2 victory over Tottenham Hotspur in the North London derby. Aubameyang scored the Gunners' opening goal from the penalty spot and later, curled a shot past Hugo Lloris in the second-half; Aubameyang also grabbed an assist for Arsenal's fourth goal, which was Lucas","title":"Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang"},{"id":"14552430","text":"Premier League Golden Boot The Premier League Golden Boot is an annual association football award presented to the leading goalscorer in the Premier League. For sponsorship purposes, it was called the Carling Golden Boot from 1994 to 2001, from 2001 to 2004 as the Barclaycard Golden Boot, and the Barclays Golden Boot (2005–2016). Since 2017, it is known as the Cadbury Golden Boot. In addition to the trophy, winners of the Golden Boot are usually given £1,000 for every goal they scored throughout the season to donate to a charity of their choice, although Robin van Persie was given £30,000","title":"Premier League Golden Boot"},{"id":"1746356","text":"Arsenal. The Premier League Golden Boot award was also won by Ruud van Nistelrooy who scored 25 goals in 38 league matches and 44 in all competitions. He also equalled his record of eight goals in eight successive matches at the beginning of the season, a milestone he had reached the previous season. Van Nistelrooy finished one goal ahead of Arsenal's Thierry Henry while James Beattie managed 23 league goals for Southampton. Since the reduction of the number of games from 42 to 38 in 1996, only Kevin Phillips had scored more Premiership goals in one season – 30 for","title":"2002–03 FA Premier League"},{"id":"19245451","text":"2016–17 Premier League The 2016–17 Premier League was the 25th season of the Premier League, the top English professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1992. The season began on 13 August 2016 and concluded on 21 May 2017. Fixtures for the 2016–17 season were announced on 15 June 2016. Chelsea won their fifth Premier League title, and sixth English title, with two matches to spare following a 1–0 away win over West Bromwich Albion on 12 May. The defending champions were Leicester City, who finished 12th, thereby setting a new record for the worst Premier League","title":"2016–17 Premier League"},{"id":"3667689","text":"One in 2001. He also lifted the League Cup with Blackburn in February 2002, before finally hanging up his boots in July 2002 a few months short of his 39th birthday. Hughes' final career goal came in a 2–1 Premier League defeat to Leicester City on 9 April 2002. At the time, he was the second oldest player to score in the Premier League, behind Stuart Pearce. More than a decade on he is still ranked as third in this category following goals by Teddy Sheringham, who scored his final Premier League goal in December 2006 at the age of","title":"Mark Hughes"},{"id":"16446662","text":"the 2011–12 season, which ended on 13 May 2012. Voting ended on 30 April 2012. Awards included best manager, best player and best goal. Football is the most watched sport in England, and the Premier League along with the FA Cup are the two most prestigious English club football competitions. In 1991, league football in England underwent a major change, when the 22 teams in the First Division, the then top division of The Football League system, resigned en-masse to form the Premier League. Constituted as the Football Association Premier League Ltd, it remained as an official Football Association (The","title":"Premier League 20 Seasons Awards"},{"id":"17882954","text":"Footballer of the Year was awarded to Eden Hazard. The Premier League Golden Boot was won by Sergio Agüero who scored 26 goals. The Premier League Golden Glove was won by Joe Hart who kept 14 clean sheets. West Ham United finished top of the Premier League Fair Play League and therefore qualified for the Europa League first qualifying round after England finished in the top three in the UEFA Fair Play table. 2014–15 Premier League The 2014–15 Premier League (known as the Barclays Premier League for sponsorship reasons) was the 23rd season of the Premier League, the top English","title":"2014–15 Premier League"},{"id":"7304547","text":"On 3 November 2012, he scored his first Premier League goal in just under a year against Sunderland in a run stretching 29 matches. On 6 April 2013, Agbonlahor scored his 60th Premier League goal for Aston Villa, making him joint top Premier League goalscorer for the club alongside Dwight Yorke. On 29 April, in a 6–1 win over Sunderland, Agbonlahor scored his 61st Premier League goal to overtake Yorke as Villa's highest all-time Premier League goal scorer. He scored two goals in a 2–1 win over Norwich on 4 May, moving Aston Villa up to 13th place in the","title":"Gabriel Agbonlahor"},{"id":"16431164","text":"goalscorer in a single season, behind Ian Rush. He had previously also broken the club's record for the Premier League era, surpassing Robbie Fowler's total of 36 goals set in the 1995–96 campaign, and Fernando Torres' record of 33 for the most goals by a Liverpool player in a debut season. After his two goals and assists in the first leg against Roma, Salah featured in the second leg as Liverpool beat Roma 6–7 on aggregate to qualify for the final for the first time in eleven years. He would then become the Premier League's all-time goalscorer for a 38","title":"Mohamed Salah"},{"id":"7155483","text":"and Kamara's first signing Mark Stallard. Tony Pulis guided Gillingham F.C.out of Division Three and was named the Manager of the Season. Alan Shearer topped the Premiership scoring charts with 31 goals, the highest number of goals in the league charted at the time. Shearer was followed closely by Robbie Fowler on 28, Ian Wright and Les Ferdinand, who won the PFA Players' Player of the Year award. Steve McManaman led the assists chart with 25 assists this season, also a new record for the league. Eric Cantona was awarded the FWA Footballer of the Year for his comeback and","title":"1995–96 in English football"},{"id":"16996623","text":"score his first goal of the season in a 3-0 win against Young Boys of Bern. Martial's first league goal came in a 3-2 comeback against Newcastle United where he also started. Since then, Martial has started and scored in every Premier League game as of the November International Break, scoring against Bournemouth, Everton, two goals against Chelsea, and a penalty goal in the Manchester derby. This spell of goal scorer puts Martial as Manchester United's leading season goals scorer so far with seven goals, overtaking Paul Pogba and Romelu Lukaku; in addition, Martial became one of seven players to","title":"Anthony Martial"},{"id":"8155573","text":"January 2014, they had scored 115 goals in all competitions – the most goals scored by any club in Europe. Maintaining such a scoring rate would see them surpass the 143 scored by Manchester United's \"Busby Babes\" in the 1957–58 season. On 2 March 2014, Pellegrini's Manchester City defeated Sunderland 3–1 at Wembley Stadium in the 2014 Football League Cup Final, giving him his first major trophy in European football. On 11 May, Manchester City became Premier League champions, after beating West Ham United 2–0, with goals from Samir Nasri and Vincent Kompany at the City of Manchester Stadium, making","title":"Manuel Pellegrini"},{"id":"10558879","text":"won by Ashley Young of Aston Villa. The shortlist for the award was as follows: The FWA Footballer of the Year award for 2009 was won by Steven Gerrard for the first time. The Liverpool captain saw off the challenges of Manchester United winger Ryan Giggs and forward Wayne Rooney, who finished second and third respectively. Chelsea striker Nicolas Anelka won the Premier League Golden Boot award for the first time. He scored 19 goals in 35 appearances, which ensured he finished as the season's top scorer. Manchester United goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar collected the Premier League Golden Glove","title":"2008–09 Premier League"},{"id":"20138456","text":"Tony Pulis' 100th Premier League game in charge of the club, making him the first Baggies head coach to reach that milestone. On 25 September 2017, Gareth Barry became the all-time leading appearance maker in Premier League history after appearing against Arsenal, playing his 633th premier league game that made him surpass former Manchester United midfielder Ryan Giggs. He was also given the armband in this game. But the team lost 2-0 from a brace of Alexandre Lacazette, stretching Tony Pulis's awful managerial records at the Emirates Stadium. Five days later, they squandered a 2-0 lead they had taken in","title":"2017–18 West Bromwich Albion F.C. season"},{"id":"142703","text":"and the value it brings to English football and the United Kingdom's broadcasting industry. The Premier League includes some of the richest football clubs in the world. Deloitte's \"Football Money League\" listed seven Premier League clubs in the top 20 for the 2009–10 season, and all 20 clubs were in the top 40 globally by the end of the 2013–14 season, largely as a result of increased broadcasting revenue. From 2013, the league generates €2.2 billion per year in domestic and international television rights. Premier League clubs agreed in principle in December 2012, to radical new cost controls. The two","title":"Premier League"},{"id":"18906318","text":"an exclusive list of players to have scored 10 Premier League goals before the age of 20. This list includes players such as Wayne Rooney, Ryan Giggs, Nicolas Anelka, Michael Owen and Romelu Lukaku. In October 2016, Iheanacho was nominated for the FIFA Golden Boy award, which was eventually won by Bayern Munich's midfielder Renato Sanches. Previous winners of the award include teammates Raheem Sterling and Sergio Agüero, and five-time Ballon d'Or winner Lionel Messi. Iheanacho's next goal would come in the Champions League, against Celtic, in a 1–1 home draw on 6 December 2016. Iheanacho's final goal of the","title":"Kelechi Iheanacho"},{"id":"19987962","text":"league – the top seventeen teams from the previous season and the three teams promoted from the Championship. The promoted teams were Brighton & Hove Albion, Newcastle United and play-off winners Huddersfield Town, who replaced Sunderland, Middlesbrough and Hull City. 2017–18 Premier League The 2017–18 Premier League was the 26th season of the Premier League, the top English professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1992. The season started on 11 August 2017 and concluded on 13 May 2018. Fixtures for the 2017–18 season were announced on 14 June 2017. Chelsea were the defending champions, while Newcastle","title":"2017–18 Premier League"},{"id":"690183","text":"Alan Shearer Alan Shearer, CBE, DL (; born 13 August 1970) is an English retired footballer. He played as a striker in the top level of English league football for Southampton, Blackburn Rovers, Newcastle United and the England national team. He is Newcastle's and the Premier League's record goalscorer. He was named Football Writers' Association Player of the Year in 1994 and won the PFA Player of the Year award in 1995. In 1996, he was third in the FIFA World Player of the Year awards. In 2004 Shearer was named by Pelé in the FIFA 100 list of the","title":"Alan Shearer"},{"id":"690124","text":"Alan Shearer Alan Shearer, CBE, DL (; born 13 August 1970) is an English retired footballer. He played as a striker in the top level of English league football for Southampton, Blackburn Rovers, Newcastle United and the England national team. He is Newcastle's and the Premier League's record goalscorer. He was named Football Writers' Association Player of the Year in 1994 and won the PFA Player of the Year award in 1995. In 1996, he was third in the FIFA World Player of the Year awards. In 2004 Shearer was named by Pelé in the FIFA 100 list of the","title":"Alan Shearer"},{"id":"20386908","text":"just a few days before and shared out a goalless draw in Buckinghamshire. 31 August 2018: The first month of the new season sees Liverpool leading the Premier League on goal difference; three games in, the Merseysiders, Tottenham Hotspur, Chelsea, and Watford all hold 100% records. Reigning champions Manchester City are in fifth, ahead of Bournemouth on goal difference, and Leicester City are seventh. West Ham United, the only Premier League team without a point, prop up the table. Newcastle United and Southampton are clear ahead of Burnley and Huddersfield Town in the relegation zone on goal difference. None of","title":"2018–19 in English football"},{"id":"2803588","text":"Cup squads. His autobiography, \"Sir Les\", was published in 1997. Les Ferdinand Leslie Ferdinand MBE (born 8 December 1966) is an English former footballer and current football coach and Director of Football at his former club Queens Park Rangers. A former striker, his playing career included spells at Queens Park Rangers, Beşiktaş, Newcastle United, Tottenham Hotspur, West Ham United, Leicester City, Bolton Wanderers, Reading and Watford during which period he earned 17 caps for England. Ferdinand is the eighth highest scorer in the Premier League with 149 goals. He is the cousin of football-playing brothers Rio and Anton Ferdinand and","title":"Les Ferdinand"},{"id":"6657502","text":"Paul McGrath. Gary Pallister played every minute of Manchester United's title-winning Premier League campaign. No other player matched that feat until the 2014–15 season, more than two decades later. Coventry signed Newcastle striker Micky Quinn for a nominal fee in November, and he responded by scoring 17 Premier League goals (the first 10 in 6 games) to keep the Sky Blues clear of relegation. Striker Les Ferdinand established himself as one of the country's top marksmen with more than 20 goals in all competitions for Queens Park Rangers. Alan Shearer scored 16 goals in his first 21 Premier League games","title":"1992–93 in English football"},{"id":"20111436","text":"eight and seven years respectively. 2018–19 Premier League The 2018–19 Premier League is the 27th season of the Premier League, the top English professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1992. The season started on 10 August 2018 and is scheduled to finish on 12 May 2019. Fixtures for the 2018–19 season were announced on 14 June 2018. Manchester City are the defending champions. Wolverhampton Wanderers, Cardiff City and Fulham joined as the promoted clubs from the 2017–18 EFL Championship. They replaced West Bromwich Albion, Swansea City and Stoke City who were relegated to the 2018–19 EFL","title":"2018–19 Premier League"},{"id":"7377996","text":"Newcastle on the 5 May. On 19 April 2015, Morgan was selected in the \"Football Manager Team of the Decade\" at the Football League Awards. Morgan kept his place for the 2015–16 season, playing in every minute of all 38 Premier League matches, one of only 4 players to achieve that accolade (including teammate Kasper Schmeichel) in that season. On 3 April 2016, he scored the only goal against Southampton, despite feeling ill. On 1 May, he equalised with a header in a 1–1 draw with Manchester United at Old Trafford, and the next day Leicester won the title, with","title":"Wes Morgan"},{"id":"20722463","text":"Premier League Playmaker of the Season The Premier League Playmaker of the Season is an annual English football award, presented to the player who has made the most assists (the last pass made before a goal scored) in the Premier League. For sponsorship purposes, it is known as the Cadbury Playmaker of the Season since its inception during the 2017–18 season. The Premier League was founded in 1992, when the clubs of the First Division left the Football League and established a new commercially independent league that negotiated its own broadcast and sponsorship agreements. In 2018, the Premier League Playmaker","title":"Premier League Playmaker of the Season"},{"id":"4326861","text":"23 September 2009, Defoe scored a header during Tottenham's 5–1 win over Preston. Defoe scored a goal and was sent off during the match against his former club, Portsmouth. Defoe scored five goals at White Hart Lane in a 9–1 thrashing of Wigan on 22 November 2009. This included the second-fastest hat-trick in Premier League history, which was scored in seven minutes. In doing so, Defoe became only the third player to score five goals in one Premier League match, after Alan Shearer and Andy Cole. Dimitar Berbatov and Sergio Agüero have subsequently equalled this feat. After the match, Harry","title":"Jermain Defoe"},{"id":"17113317","text":"Chelsea and Wojciech Szczęsny of Arsenal. The Premier League Fair Play League was topped by Liverpool. 2013–14 Premier League The 2013–14 Premier League (known as the Barclays Premier League for sponsorship reasons) was the 22nd season of the Premier League, the top-flight English professional league for men's football clubs. The fixtures were announced on 19 June 2013. The season started on Saturday 17 August 2013, and concluded on Sunday 11 May 2014. On the final day of the season, Manchester City won the Premier League with a 2–0 victory over West Ham United, finishing with 86 points. Liverpool had looked","title":"2013–14 Premier League"},{"id":"3332899","text":"David James (footballer, born 1970) David Benjamin James MBE (born 1 August 1970) is an English former footballer who played as a goalkeeper. His most recent position was manager at Kerala Blasters FC in the Indian Super League in 2018. He is also a pundit on BT Sport's football coverage. James is fourth on the list of all-time Premier League appearances, having played in 572 top-level matches, and held the Premier League record for most clean sheets with 169 until Petr Čech surpassed this record. He was capped 53 times by England between 1997 and 2010, and was first choice","title":"David James (footballer, born 1970)"},{"id":"3840577","text":"in his Premier League debut in a 1–0 victory over Manchester United. On 5 March 2005, Čech set a new Premier League record of 1,025 minutes without letting in a goal, though his record has since been broken by Manchester United's Edwin van der Sar. Čech finally conceded to Leon McKenzie of Norwich City, after keeping a clean sheet in the league since 12 December 2004 when Thierry Henry scored for Arsenal. Čech was given a special award by the Premier League for the new record, and he was also awarded the Premier League Golden Glove at the end of","title":"Petr Čech"},{"id":"11927958","text":"Premier League Golden Glove The Premier League Golden Glove is an annual association football award presented to the goalkeeper who has kept the most clean sheets (when a goalkeeper concedes no goals during a single match) in the Premier League. For sponsorship purposes, it has been referred to as the Barclays Golden Glove since its inception during the 2004–05 season until the 2015–16 season. Since 2017–18 season, it is known as the Cadbury Golden Glove. Originally, the Golden Glove could only be won outright by a single player; should there have been a tie, the goalkeeper with the superior clean","title":"Premier League Golden Glove"},{"id":"142714","text":"Between the 2004–05 season and the 2006–07 season, RTÉ broadcast a live matche on 15 Saturday afternoons with each match being called \"Premiership Live\". In August 2016, it was announced the BBC would be creating a new magazine-style show for the Premier League entitled \"The Premier League Show\". The Premier League is the most-watched football league in the world, broadcast in 212 territories to 643 million homes and a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people. The Premier League's production arm, Premier League Productions, is operated by IMG Productions and produces all content for its international television partners. The Premier","title":"Premier League"},{"id":"4326878","text":"a new contract with Sunderland, committing his future to the club until 2019. On 13 August 2016, the opening day of the 2016–17 Premier League, Defoe scored in a 2–1 loss at Manchester City, meaning he has now scored in 16 Premier League seasons. On 5 November 2016, Defoe scored the winning goal from the penalty spot as 10-man Sunderland came from behind to win at Bournemouth, their first league win of the season. On 19 November 2016, Defoe scored his 150th Premier League goal in a 3–0 home win against Hull City, becoming the joint seventh highest goal scorer","title":"Jermain Defoe"},{"id":"142702","text":"Premier League trading card game, is the best selling boys collectable in the UK, and is also the biggest selling sports trading card game in the world. The Premier League has the highest revenue of any football league in the world, with total club revenues of €2.48 billion in 2009–10. In 2013–14, due to improved television revenues and cost controls, the Premier League had net profits in excess of £78 million, exceeding all other football leagues. In 2010 the Premier League was awarded the Queen's Award for Enterprise in the International Trade category for its outstanding contribution to international trade","title":"Premier League"},{"id":"14060016","text":"and Overall Player of the Decade, and was also given the Outstanding Contribution to the FA Premier League Award, as well as being recognised with the Top Goalscorer Award for scoring the most goals in the decade, at 204 Premier League goals. Eric Cantona was named Overseas Player of the Decade. David Beckham was awarded Goal of the Decade for his 60-yard goal against Wimbledon in 1996, while Peter Schmeichel was awarded Save of the Decade for a reflex save of a John Barnes header in 1997. Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson was named Manager of the Decade, and was","title":"Premier League 10 Seasons Awards"},{"id":"2856957","text":"score in 15 successive league campaigns, overtaking the record previously set by Billy Liddell. Also in October 2013, he became the longest-serving Liverpool captain, 10 years after his appointment by Gérard Houllier on 15 October 2013, breaking the previous record held by Alex Raisbeck, who captained Liverpool from 1899 to 1909. On 19 October 2013, Gerrard scored his 100th Premier League goal, a penalty against Newcastle United in a 2–2 draw. On 16 March 2014, Gerrard scored two penalties and missed another in Liverpool's 3–0 win over Manchester United at Old Trafford. On 6 April, he scored another two penalties","title":"Steven Gerrard"},{"id":"20111434","text":"2018–19 Premier League The 2018–19 Premier League is the 27th season of the Premier League, the top English professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1992. The season started on 10 August 2018 and is scheduled to finish on 12 May 2019. Fixtures for the 2018–19 season were announced on 14 June 2018. Manchester City are the defending champions. Wolverhampton Wanderers, Cardiff City and Fulham joined as the promoted clubs from the 2017–18 EFL Championship. They replaced West Bromwich Albion, Swansea City and Stoke City who were relegated to the 2018–19 EFL Championship. The season was marred","title":"2018–19 Premier League"},{"id":"6469786","text":"level a minute later. Lee Bowyer sent Leeds back ahead in the 85th minute, before Sturridge scored again in the 87th minute to rescue the game for his team. He played five seasons in the Premier League for the club, and is their record goalscorer in the Premier League era (32 Premier League goals). After nearly a decade with the Rams, he left for local rivals Leicester City in January 2001 for £375,000. Sturridge's time at Leicester was far less successful than at Derby, consistent injury problems and a change of manager saw his place under threat. He scored 7","title":"Dean Sturridge"},{"id":"7431946","text":"295 goals in 467 games in the Football League, 288 of which came in the top-flight from 454 appearances, leaving him fourth in the all-time list of top-flight goalscorers in English football with only Jimmy Greaves (357), Steve Bloomer (317) and Dixie Dean (310) having scored more. Hodgson first came to Liverpool's attention in 1924 as one of the youngest members of the touring South African national team, who on 1 October beat Liverpool 5–2 at Anfield. He joined Liverpool a year later on 14 December 1925, making his debut in a 1–1 draw against Manchester City at Maine Road","title":"Gordon Hodgson"},{"id":"4326993","text":"match against Watford at White Hart Lane on 17 March 2007. He took a free-kick from from the opposition goal and the ball bounced over the head of Watford goalkeeper Ben Foster and into the goal. He became the third goalkeeper of five in Premier League history (excluding own goals) to score after Peter Schmeichel for Aston Villa in 2001, Brad Friedel for Blackburn Rovers in 2004, Tim Howard for Everton in 2012 and Asmir Begović for Stoke City in 2013. Robinson captained the team in their 1–0 League Cup quarter-final win over Southend United, and in their 0–0 FA","title":"Paul Robinson (footballer, born 1979)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"1721193\",\n \"text\": \"In terms of goal-scoring awards, Henry was the European Golden Boot winner in 2004 and 2005 (sharing it with Villarreal's Diego Forlán in 2005). Henry was also the top goalscorer in the Premier League for a record four seasons (2002, 2004, 2005, 2006). In 2006, he became the first player to score more than 20 goals in the league for five consecutive seasons (2002 to 2006). With 175, Henry is currently fifth in the list of all-time Premier League goalscorers, behind Alan Shearer, Andy Cole, Wayne Rooney and Frank Lampard. All of his Premier League goals were for Arsenal, giving\",\n \"title\": \"Thierry Henry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"142732\",\n \"text\": \"and Philippe Coutinho is now the most expensive transfer involving a Premier League club at £106 million. The highest transfer fee paid by a Premier League club is £89 million for Paul Pogba. The Golden Boot is awarded to the top Premier League scorer at the end of each season. Former Blackburn Rovers and Newcastle United striker Alan Shearer holds the record for most Premier League goals with 260. Twenty-eight players have reached the 100-goal mark. Since the first Premier League season in 1992–93, 14 players from 10 clubs have won or shared the top scorers title. Thierry Henry won\",\n \"title\": \"Premier League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12946401\",\n \"text\": \"given to Chelsea for the third consecutive year. Chelsea collected the Premier League Merit Award for being the first team to score 100 goals in a Premier League season. 2009–10 Premier League The 2009–10 Premier League (known as the Barclays Premier League for sponsorship reasons) was the 18th season of the Premier League since its establishment in 1992. A total of 20 teams competed in the league, with Chelsea unseating the three-time defending champions Manchester United, scoring a then Premier League record 103 goals in the process. The season began on 15 August 2009 and concluded on 9 May 2010.\",\n \"title\": \"2009–10 Premier League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15960493\",\n \"text\": \"points and goals of every team that has played in the Premier League since its inception in 1992. The table that follows is accurate as of the end of the 2017–18 season. Teams in bold are part of the 2018–19 Premier League. Numbers in bold are the record (highest either positive or negative) numbers in each column. League or status at 2018–19: Premier League records and statistics The top tier of English football was renamed the Premier League for the start of the 1992–93 season. The following page details the football records and statistics of the Premier League. Players currently\",\n \"title\": \"Premier League records and statistics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13406463\",\n \"text\": \"37 seconds, making it the 12th-fastest hat-trick in Premier League history. On 4 February 2017, Lukaku scored four goals, the first of which was Everton's fastest ever Premier League goal, against Bournemouth in a 6–3 victory at Goodison Park. It was also the 300th hat-trick scored in the Premier League. On 25 February 2017, he equalled Duncan Ferguson's club record for Premier League goals, scoring his 60th EPL goal for the Toffees in a 2–0 victory over Sunderland at Goodison Park. On 5 March, he surpassed Ferguson to become the outright record holder, scoring in a 3–2 loss against Tottenham\",\n \"title\": \"Romelu Lukaku\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2464315\",\n \"text\": \"in June 2001. Schmeichel returned to England with Aston Villa in July 2001, signing a one-year contract with the option to extend it by a further year. On 20 October 2001, Schmeichel became the first goalkeeper to score a Premier League goal, in a 3–2 defeat away to Everton; this feat has been repeated only four times: by Blackburn Rovers' Brad Friedel on 21 February 2004, also from a corner kick; by Tottenham Hotspur's Paul Robinson from a free-kick on 17 March 2007; by Everton's Tim Howard on 4 January 2012; and by Stoke City's Asmir Begović on 2 November\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Schmeichel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17113312\",\n \"text\": \"by a 2–0 victory over West Bromwich Albion on 7 May. Norwich City, Fulham, and Cardiff City were the bottom three teams and were relegated to the Football League Championship. Two teams (Manchester City and Liverpool) scored more than 100 goals for the first time in league history. The feat has only once been achieved before – by Chelsea in 2009–10. Luis Suárez won the golden boot for most goals with 31, ahead of teammate Daniel Sturridge who came second with 21 goals. Wojciech Szczęsny of Arsenal and Petr Čech of Chelsea led the league with 16 clean sheets each.\",\n \"title\": \"2013–14 Premier League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2313304\",\n \"text\": \"a 3–2 win. In total during his first season, Van Nistelrooy scored 23 goals in 32 league games. He broke the record he shared with Mark Stein, Alan Shearer and Thierry Henry, by scoring in eight consecutive league games. He also scored ten Champions League goals, and was named the PFA Players' Player of the Year. The following season, he finished as the top Premier League scorer with 25 goals in 34 games, with a goal on the final day against Everton earning him the Golden Boot ahead of Arsenal's Thierry Henry. His tally included three hat-tricks against Newcastle United,\",\n \"title\": \"Ruud van Nistelrooy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15960492\",\n \"text\": \"Premier League records and statistics The top tier of English football was renamed the Premier League for the start of the 1992–93 season. The following page details the football records and statistics of the Premier League. Players currently playing in the Premier League are highlighted in bold. Players currently playing in the Premier League are highlighted in bold. Players currently playing in the Premier League are highlighted in bold. This is a list of the top 10 youngest players to score a goal in the Premier League. The all-time Premier League table is a cumulative record of all match results,\",\n \"title\": \"Premier League records and statistics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"142733\",\n \"text\": \"his fourth overall scoring title by scoring 27 goals in the 2005–06 season. Andrew Cole and Alan Shearer hold the record for most goals in a season (34) – for Newcastle and Blackburn respectively. Ryan Giggs of Manchester United holds the record for scoring goals in consecutive seasons, having scored in the first 21 seasons of the league. The Premier League maintains two trophies – the genuine trophy (held by the reigning champions) and a spare replica. Two trophies are held in the event that two clubs could win the League on the final day of the season. In the\",\n \"title\": \"Premier League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4326843\",\n \"text\": \"holds the Premier League record for the most goals scored as a substitute, with 22, as of 11 January 2014. On 19 November 2016, Defoe scored his 150th Premier League goal, becoming the joint tenth-highest goal scorer in Premier League history. Defoe made his England debut in 2004 and has made 57 appearances, scoring 20 goals, including three appearances and a goal at the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Born in Beckton, London, Defoe attended St Joachim Primary School in Custom House, London and St Bonaventure's in Forest Gate, London. Defoe grew up in Canning Town and when his family moved\",\n \"title\": \"Jermain Defoe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15240831\",\n \"text\": \"The hat-trick, his sixth of the year in the Premier League (eighth in all competitions), also made him the first player in Premier League history to score six hat-tricks in a year. With a total of 56 goals scored in all competitions for the year, he also became Europe's top goal scorer of 2017, breaking the seven-year dominance of Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo as Europe's top goalscorer in a calendar year. In January 2018, he scored twice in the 4–0 home win against Everton, and became Tottenham's top goalscorer in the Premier League era, breaking Teddy Sheringham's record of\",\n \"title\": \"Harry Kane\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12946389\",\n \"text\": \"2009–10 Premier League The 2009–10 Premier League (known as the Barclays Premier League for sponsorship reasons) was the 18th season of the Premier League since its establishment in 1992. A total of 20 teams competed in the league, with Chelsea unseating the three-time defending champions Manchester United, scoring a then Premier League record 103 goals in the process. The season began on 15 August 2009 and concluded on 9 May 2010. Prior to each opening week match, a minute's applause was held in memory of Sir Bobby Robson. Nike provided a new match ball – the T90 Ascente – for\",\n \"title\": \"2009–10 Premier League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"690125\",\n \"text\": \"world's greatest living players. Shearer scored 283 league goals in his career (all in the first tier of English football), including a record 260 in the Premier League (of which 58 were penalties) with a record 11 Premier League hat-tricks, and a total of 422 in all competitions including international at all levels. Until his retirement from international football in 2000, he appeared 63 times for his country and scored 30 goals. Shearer had a goals-to-game ratio of 0.667 throughout his career. Since retiring as a player in 2006, Shearer has worked as a television pundit for the BBC. In\",\n \"title\": \"Alan Shearer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15801368\",\n \"text\": \"Month and Player of the Season awards were only first bestowed during the 1994–95 season. The first Player of the Season award was given to Blackburn Rovers striker Alan Shearer, who won the Premier League title with his team and the Golden Boot that season. Thierry Henry, Cristiano Ronaldo and Nemanja Vidić have been Player of the Season on two occasions each and are the only players to have won the award more than once, with Ronaldo having achieved this in consecutive years (2007 and 2008). Eight players were the Premier League's leading goalscorer and won the Golden Boot alongside\",\n \"title\": \"Premier League Player of the Season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1622601\",\n \"text\": \"League goals being the most scored by a player for any single club. Rooney's 208 Premier League goals make him the Premier League's second top scorer of all time behind only Alan Shearer. He also has the third-highest number of assists in the Premier League, with 103. Rooney made his senior international debut for England in February 2003 aged 17, becoming the youngest player to represent England (a record since broken by Theo Walcott) and he is England's youngest ever goalscorer. He played at UEFA Euro 2004 and scored four goals, briefly becoming the youngest goalscorer in the history of\",\n \"title\": \"Wayne Rooney\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1622650\",\n \"text\": \"putting him on 187 Premier League goals, joint second with Andy Cole and behind only Alan Shearer. After an injury-related absence, Rooney returned to the starting line-up on 19 December, making his 500th Manchester United appearance in a 2–1 home loss to Norwich City. On 2 January 2016, Rooney scored in a 2–1 win over Swansea to move ahead of Cole as the Premier League's second top scorer of all time, and with 238 he surpassed Denis Law in United's top scorers of all time, behind only Bobby Charlton's 249. Fifteen days later, he scored the only goal in a\",\n \"title\": \"Wayne Rooney\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6662889\",\n \"text\": \"the highest goals per minute ratio in the history of the competition since its formation in 1992, averaging a goal every 106 minutes, ahead of Thierry Henry. He also holds the joint-record for the most goals scored in a single Premier League match – five – and the fastest to do so, in 23 minutes and 34 seconds of match time. He is the highest non-European scorer in the history of the Premier League, with over 100 goals in the division. In November 2017, Agüero became Manchester City's all-time highest goal-scorer, scoring his 178th City goal against Napoli. Agüero is\",\n \"title\": \"Sergio Agüero\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"142676\",\n \"text\": \"old First and Second Divisions with three teams relegated from the league and three promoted. The league held its first season in 1992–93. It was composed of 22 clubs for that season. The first Premier League goal was scored by Brian Deane of Sheffield United in a 2–1 win against Manchester United. The 22 inaugural members of the new Premier League were Arsenal, Aston Villa, Blackburn Rovers, Chelsea, Coventry City, Crystal Palace, Everton, Ipswich Town, Leeds United, Liverpool, Manchester City, Manchester United, Middlesbrough, Norwich City, Nottingham Forest, Oldham Athletic, Queens Park Rangers, Sheffield United, Sheffield Wednesday, Southampton, Tottenham Hotspur, and\",\n \"title\": \"Premier League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6642720\",\n \"text\": \"they ended the campaign as Division Three champions. Brian Talbot took Rushden & Diamonds, founded just nine years prior, into the Football League as Conference champions. Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink, Chelsea's record signing at £15 million, topped the Premiership goalscoring charts with 23 goals. Marcus Stewart was the Premiership's second-highest goalscorer with 19 goals for newly promoted Ipswich Town, who qualified for the UEFA Cup. Teddy Sheringham, 35, was voted Player of the Year by both the PFA and FWA after helping Manchester United win their third successive Premiership title. Michael Owen helped Liverpool end their six-year trophy drought after his\",\n \"title\": \"2000–01 in English football\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7272930\",\n \"text\": \"City, and this goal took him to the top of the goal scorers list with 5 goals in 6 games. He followed it with two more goals against Liverpool, further solidifying his position as top scorer in the English Premier League. He also scored penalties in 2–1 victories over Portsmouth and Newcastle. At one point he was the third top scorer in the Premier League behind Chelsea's Nicolas Anelka and Manchester City's Robinho who had 15 and 12 respectively to Zaki's 10, however he failed to add to that tally in which Anelka finished top with 19. Wigan Athletic chairman\",\n \"title\": \"Amr Zaki\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14060018\",\n \"text\": \"the Decade. Les Ferdinand was recognised as scorer of the 10,000th Premier League goal, David Seaman was credited as the goalkeeper with most clean sheets in the league (130), and Gary Speed was credited with the most league appearances (352). Football is the most watched sport in England, and the Premier League along with the FA Cup are the two most prestigious English club football competitions. In 1991, league football in England underwent a major change, when the 22 teams in the First Division, the then top division of The Football League system, resigned en-masse to form the Premier League.\",\n \"title\": \"Premier League 10 Seasons Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14552433\",\n \"text\": \"Premier League Golden Boot, with Henry achieving this on two occasions (2004 and 2005). Shearer, Hasselbaink and Van Persie are the only players to win the Golden Boot with two clubs. Andy Cole and Shearer – with 34 goals in 1993–94 and 1994–95, respectively – scored the most goals to win the Golden Boot when the Premier League was a 42-game season, Mohamed Salah with 32 goals in 2017–18 holds the record for the current 38-game season, while Nicolas Anelka scored the fewest to clinch the award outright, with 19 goals in 2008–09. The all-time record for lowest number of\",\n \"title\": \"Premier League Golden Boot\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"142666\",\n \"text\": \"to £2.4 billion in 2016–17. The Premier League is the most-watched sports league in the world, broadcast in 212 territories to 643 million homes and a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people. In the 2014–15 season, the average Premier League match attendance exceeded 36,000, second highest of any professional football league behind the Bundesliga's 43,500. Most stadium occupancies are near capacity. The Premier League ranks second in the UEFA coefficients of leagues based on performances in European competitions over the past five seasons, as of 2018. Forty-nine clubs have competed since the inception of the Premier League in 1992.\",\n \"title\": \"Premier League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1448232\",\n \"text\": \"1894. Reading have lost the two highest-scoring matches in the history of the Premier League; Portsmouth 7–4 Reading on 29 September 2007, and Tottenham Hotspur 6–4 Reading on 29 December 2007, as well as losing the highest-scoring League Cup game, Reading 5–7 Arsenal on 30 October 2012. The player with the most league appearances is Martin Hicks, with 500 from 1978 to 1991. The most capped player is Kevin Doyle, who earned 26 for the Republic of Ireland whilst at the club. The most league goals in total and in a season are held by Ronnie Blackman with 158 from\",\n \"title\": \"Reading F.C.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14060032\",\n \"text\": \"Player of the Year by the Professional Footballers' Association in April 1995. While coming to the end of his spell with Blackburn, in 1996 Shearer became the first player to score 100 Premier League goals. After renewed interest from Manchester United, who initially tried to sign him before Blackburn, a 25-year-old Shearer invoked a release clause in his Blackburn contract and moved to Newcastle United in July 1996 for a world football transfer record of £15m. This nearly doubled the previous British record of £8.5m for Stan Collymore a year earlier. Blackburn had refused Manchester United's offer, and although other\",\n \"title\": \"Premier League 10 Seasons Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"905876\",\n \"text\": \"in Division 2 in 1930–31 and from 1951–54). They are one of six teams to have played in every season of the Premier League since its inception in August 1992 – the others being Arsenal, Chelsea, Liverpool, Manchester United, and Tottenham Hotspur. Everton against Aston Villa is the most played fixture in England's top flight. As of the 2012–13 season, the two founding members of the Football League have played a record 196 league games. Everton's community department, Everton in the Community (EitC), is a charity that provides sports and other social activities for the local community including for people\",\n \"title\": \"Everton F.C.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"142664\",\n \"text\": \"Premier League The Premier League (often referred to as the English Premier League (EPL) outside England) is the top level of the English football league system. Contested by 20 clubs, it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the English Football League (EFL). The Premier League is a corporation in which the member clubs act as shareholders. Seasons run from August to May with each team playing 38 matches (playing each other home and away). Most games are played on Saturday and Sunday afternoons. The Premier League has featured 47 English and two Welsh clubs since its inception,\",\n \"title\": \"Premier League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"142667\",\n \"text\": \"Six of them have won the title since then: Manchester United (13), Chelsea (5), Arsenal (3), Manchester City (3), Blackburn Rovers (1), and Leicester City (1). Following the 2003–04 season, Arsenal acquired the nickname \\\"The Invincibles\\\" as they became, and still remain, the only club to complete a Premier League campaign without losing a single game. The record of most points in a Premier League season is 100 by Manchester City in 2017–18. Despite significant European success in the 1970s and early 1980s, the late 1980s marked a low point for English football. Stadiums were crumbling, supporters endured poor facilities,\",\n \"title\": \"Premier League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19987953\",\n \"text\": \"2017–18 Premier League The 2017–18 Premier League was the 26th season of the Premier League, the top English professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1992. The season started on 11 August 2017 and concluded on 13 May 2018. Fixtures for the 2017–18 season were announced on 14 June 2017. Chelsea were the defending champions, while Newcastle United, Brighton & Hove Albion and Huddersfield Town entered as the promoted teams from the 2016–17 EFL Championship. Manchester City won their third Premier League title, and fifth English top-flight title overall, with five games to spare. The team broke\",\n \"title\": \"2017–18 Premier League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13404231\",\n \"text\": \"awarded the effort to Bentley. It became Tottenham's biggest ever Premier League win, the second biggest in Premier League history, and only the second time any team had scored nine goals in the Premier League since its inception in 1992. Defoe also got himself in the record books, becoming only the third player to score five goals in a Premier League match, the others being Andy Cole and Alan Shearer. Tottenham ended the month with a trip to Villa Park to face Aston Villa. Early into the first half, Aston Villa drew first blood with Gabriel Agbonlahor poking the ball\",\n \"title\": \"2009–10 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14552432\",\n \"text\": \"Originally consisting of 22 teams, the league contracted to 20 teams after the 1994–95 season; this reduced the number of games played from 42 to 38. Thierry Henry has won the Golden Boot on four occasions, more than any other player. Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink and Dwight Yorke were the first non-English and non-European winners, respectively, when they shared the award with Michael Owen in 1999. Alan Shearer is the only player other than Henry to win the award in three consecutive seasons. Phillips, Henry, Cristiano Ronaldo and Luis Suárez won the European Golden Shoe in the same season as the\",\n \"title\": \"Premier League Golden Boot\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3783892\",\n \"text\": \"Peter Crouch Peter James Crouch (born 30 January 1981) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for Championship club Stoke City. He was capped 42 times by the England national team between 2005 and 2010, scoring 22 goals for his country in that time, and appearing at two World Cups. Crouch is one of 28 players to have scored 100 or more Premier League goals, holding the record for the most headed goals in Premier League history. Crouch began his career as a trainee with Tottenham Hotspur. He failed to make an appearance for Spurs and after\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Crouch\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3783937\",\n \"text\": \"Peter Crouch Peter James Crouch (born 30 January 1981) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for Championship club Stoke City. He was capped 42 times by the England national team between 2005 and 2010, scoring 22 goals for his country in that time, and appearing at two World Cups. Crouch is one of 28 players to have scored 100 or more Premier League goals, holding the record for the most headed goals in Premier League history. Crouch began his career as a trainee with Tottenham Hotspur. He failed to make an appearance for Spurs and after\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Crouch\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6103803\",\n \"text\": \"7–4 win over Reading, which broke the record for the most goals scored in a Premier League match, and a league match shown on \\\"Match of the Day\\\". After Portsmouth's visit to Wigan on 20 October, Benjani became the Premier League's top scorer. Portsmouth boss Harry Redknapp banned Benjani from taking any further penalties after he missed a spot-kick in second-half injury time in a home game against West Ham United. He then made amends for his miss scoring in the 4–1 victory over Newcastle United to bring his total to eight for the season. He then scored his ninth\",\n \"title\": \"Benjani Mwaruwari\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3790980\",\n \"text\": \"Dempsey finished fourth on the FWA Footballer of the Year list behind the winner, Arsenal's Robin van Persie, and Manchester United pair Wayne Rooney and Paul Scholes, who came in second and third, respectively. Dempsey became the first American player to reach the milestone of fifty goals in the Premier League, with a free kick against Sunderland in the last home game of the season. On August 31, 2012, Fulham confirmed Dempsey's transfer to Tottenham Hotspur. On August 31, 2012, Dempsey joined Tottenham Hotspur on a three-year contract for a fee believed to be in the region of $9 million.\",\n \"title\": \"Clint Dempsey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16446665\",\n \"text\": \"Arsenal, Aston Villa, Chelsea, Everton, Liverpool, Manchester United, and Tottenham Hotspur. In that time, only five teams ever won the League title: Manchester United (twelve times), Arsenal (thrice), Chelsea (thrice), Manchester City (once) and Blackburn Rovers (once). Manchester United were also the most successful team overall, never finishing outside of the top-three positions. The awards were divided into 11 categories. Fans could vote for Best Goal, Best Match, Best Save, Best Celebration and Fantasy XI of the 20 Seasons on the Premier League website. A panel selected winners for Best Player, Best Manager, Best Team, Best Season, Best Quote and\",\n \"title\": \"Premier League 20 Seasons Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3790958\",\n \"text\": \"eventually becoming the club's leading Premier League goalscorer. Dempsey also became the first American player to score a hat-trick in the Premier League during a 5–2 win against Newcastle United in 2012. On August 31, 2012, Tottenham signed Dempsey for a fee of $9.6 million, then a record signing for an American. Dempsey scored 12 goals in one season with Tottenham, giving him 72 goals across all competitions for Premier League clubs—the most by an American in a top-tier European league. He was signed by the Seattle Sounders the following year and played 115 matches for the club, scoring 47\",\n \"title\": \"Clint Dempsey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4322785\",\n \"text\": \"Gareth Barry Gareth Barry (born 23 February 1981) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for EFL Championship club West Bromwich Albion. A former England international, Barry has made 653 Premier League appearances for Aston Villa, Manchester City, Everton and West Bromwich Albion, the highest number of appearances in the Premier League. Barry moved to Aston Villa from Brighton & Hove Albion as a youngster, and spent 12 years at the club. He captained Aston Villa and is eighth in their all-time list of appearances, with 441 across all competitions, including 365 in the Premier League. He\",\n \"title\": \"Gareth Barry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1951313\",\n \"text\": \"Northern Ireland, George Best and Pat Jennings; from Scotland, Kenny Dalglish and Jimmy Johnstone; and from Wales, Ian Rush and Ryan Giggs. The first recipient of the Ballon d'Or, Stanley Matthews was knighted while still a player. The English Premier League (formed in 1992 by member clubs of the old Football League First Division) is the most-watched football league in the world, and its biggest clubs include Manchester United, Liverpool, Arsenal, Chelsea, Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester City. Scotland's Celtic and Rangers also have a global fanbase. Leicester City's 2016 Premier League title win is regarded among the greatest sporting upsets\",\n \"title\": \"Culture of the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15240832\",\n \"text\": \"97 Premier League goals for the club. On 4 February, Kane scored an added-time penalty to equalise in a 2–2 draw with Liverpool at Anfield for his 100th Premier League goal; he achieved the century of league goals in 141 games, beaten only by Alan Shearer's 124. He was named in the PFA Team of the Year for the fourth consecutive season in April 2018, alongside fellow forwards Mohamed Salah and Sergio Agüero. On 8 June, Kane signed a new contract to keep him at the club until 2024. Kane started the season opener against Newcastle United without scoring, before\",\n \"title\": \"Harry Kane\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17231241\",\n \"text\": \"156 goals in all competitions, breaking the previous goal aggregate record of 143 goals set by Manchester United in 1956–57. Their 100th Premier League goal of the season was scored in the 4–0 victory over Aston Villa on 7 May 2014. This was the first time City had scored more than 100 league goals in the top English division in a season since 1957–58. Coincidentally, their 100th goal was notable for another reason, as it became the first goal in all of English league football to be decided via the Hawk-Eye system, which had been rolled out for use in\",\n \"title\": \"2013–14 Manchester City F.C. season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14204574\",\n \"text\": \"9 December, he made his 200th career appearance for Tottenham and marked the occasion by scoring in a 5–1 Premier League win over Stoke City. The following month, he scored his 50th goal for the club when he netted after just 11 seconds in the 2–0 league win over Manchester United. Eriksen's goal was the third-fastest goal ever scored in the Premier League era, bettered only by Alan Shearer and former Spurs captain Ledley King. On 17 March 2018, Eriksen scored twice in an FA Cup fixture against Swansea to send Spurs to the semi-final for the second season running.\",\n \"title\": \"Christian Eriksen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2220468\",\n \"text\": \"Robbie Fowler Robert Bernard Fowler (born 9 April 1975) is an English former professional footballer and manager who played as a striker from 1993 to 2012. Fowler was known for being a natural scorer with an instinctive goal-poaching ability. Fowler is best remembered for his time at Liverpool and is the sixth-highest goalscorer in the history of the Premier League. He scored 183 goals in total for Liverpool, 128 of which were scored in the Premier League (162 Premier League goals in total). He earned the nickname \\\"God\\\" from the Anfield crowd, becoming a club legend due to his ruthlessness\",\n \"title\": \"Robbie Fowler\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6662943\",\n \"text\": \"over Cardiff City. On 4 November, Agüero scored his 150th Premier League goal in a 6–1 home win over Southampton, which was his 217th Premier League appearance; he became only the ninth player in history to achieve this landmark, and only the third player after Thierry Henry and Wayne Rooney to manage this tally with a single side. He was also the second-fastest player to reach this milestone, after Alan Shearer, who took five fewer appearances. On 11 November 2018, Agüero scored the second goal in a 3–1 win against Manchester United, making him the joint highest scorer in Manchester\",\n \"title\": \"Sergio Agüero\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13070977\",\n \"text\": \"record for the fewest goals needed to win the award, with his return of 10 goals for Kaizer Chiefs in the 2013–14 season earning him the accolade. The award has only been shared once in the Premier Division's history, an occurrence which took place after the 2017–18 season after Rodney Ramagalela of Polokwane City and Percy Tau of Mamelodi Sundowns both ended the campaign on 11 goals. Players from Moroka Swallows and Kaizer Chiefs have won the award the most times, with each club having four unique winners. The award has been won on fourteen occasions by South African nationals,\",\n \"title\": \"Lesley Manyathela Golden Boot\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3783921\",\n \"text\": \"Crouch scored a hat-trick away to Stevenage in the EFL Cup, on 23 August 2016 in a 4–0 win. On 9 January 2017, Crouch signed a new contract with Stoke in a deal lasting until the summer of 2018. Crouch scored four goals in five games at the turn of the year including his 100th Premier League goal, the oldest player to hit the landmark. Crouch made 29 appearances in 2016–17, scoring ten goals, as Stoke finished in 13th position. After the season ended Crouch stated that he wants to continue playing until he is 40. Crouch set a record\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Crouch\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4047448\",\n \"text\": \"coached by ex-Chelsea manager José Mourinho, at the Round of 16 stage. Ancelotti and Mourinho had a tense relationship from the previous season, as managers of Milan and Inter respectively. Chelsea was eliminated from the Champions League on 16 March 2010 after a 1–3 aggregate loss to Inter, having lost 1–2 away and 0–1 at Stamford Bridge. On 9 May 2010, Ancelotti led Chelsea to the Premier League title, beating Manchester United by one point and setting scoring records. The team finished the campaign with 103 goals, becoming the first team in the Premier League to score more than 100\",\n \"title\": \"Carlo Ancelotti\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14552434\",\n \"text\": \"goals scored to be bestowed the award, however, is 18 goals; this was achieved during the 1997–98 and 1998–99 seasons, when the award was shared between three players both times. The latter season marked the last time the Golden Boot was shared until 2010–11, when Dimitar Berbatov and Carlos Tevez both scored 20 goals that season to tie for the award. Harry Kane recorded the highest goals-to-games ratio to win the award, scoring 29 goals in 30 games in 2016–17 for a rate of 0.97. General Specific Premier League Golden Boot The Premier League Golden Boot is an annual association\",\n \"title\": \"Premier League Golden Boot\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"636893\",\n \"text\": \"of the 1970s, goalscorers like McDonald often attract fame but Sunderland goalkeeper Jim Montgomery's double save, which helped Sunderland then a second Division club, beat at that time an all conquering Leeds United team to win the 1973 FA Cup Final by an Ian Porterfield goal, is an incident that is frequently and fondly recalled. Great players of the 1980s and 1990s include local born internationals like Peter Beardsley, Paul Gascoigne, Chris Waddle and Alan Shearer. Shearer remains the highest scoring player in Premier League history with 260 goals in 441 appearances. In the early 2000s Middlesbrough also joined the\",\n \"title\": \"North East England\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1721194\",\n \"text\": \"him the record for most goals in the competition for one club, until it was broken by Rooney in 2016. France's all-time record goalscorer was, in his prime in the mid 2000s, regarded by many coaches, footballers and journalists as one of the best players in the world. In November 2007, he was ranked 33rd on the Association of Football Statisticians' compendium for \\\"Greatest Ever Footballers.\\\" Arsenal fans honoured their former player in 2008, declaring Henry the greatest Arsenal player. In two other 2008 surveys, Henry emerged as the favourite Premier League player of all time among 32,000 people surveyed\",\n \"title\": \"Thierry Henry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19987954\",\n \"text\": \"numerous Premier League records over the course of the season, including: most points (100), most wins (32), most away wins (16), most goals (106), most consecutive league wins (18), highest goal difference (+79), most passes in a game (903), fewest minutes behind in matches (153 minutes) and biggest winning points margin (19). All three promoted clubs avoided relegation for the first time since the 2011–12 campaign, and for only the third time in Premier League history. From this season on, club strips can feature sleeve sponsorship, whereby sponsors' logos will appear on the left sleeve of the strip in lieu\",\n \"title\": \"2017–18 Premier League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"142737\",\n \"text\": \"issued annually for Manager of the Season, Player of the Season. and Goal of the Season. The Golden Boot award is given to the top goalscorer of every season, The Playmaker of the Season award is given to the player who make the most assists of every season and the Golden Glove award is given to the goalkeeper with the most clean sheets at the end of the season. From the 2017–18 season, players also receive a milestone award for 100 appearances and every century there after and also players who score 50 goals and multiples thereof. Each player to\",\n \"title\": \"Premier League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7548320\",\n \"text\": \"top of the table with Manchester United several times, and were briefly leapfrogged by Arsenal, they sealed their third Premier League title in six seasons with an emphatic 8–0 home win over Wigan on the final day of the season. The win also took Chelsea's league goal tally for the season to 103, the highest since Tottenham Hotspur scored 111 in the 1962–63 season, and the first time in Premier League history that a club had scored 100 or more goals in a season. A week later, Chelsea completed the first \\\"league title and FA Cup double\\\" in their history\",\n \"title\": \"History of Chelsea F.C.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2879111\",\n \"text\": \"they finished third and qualified for the UEFA Cup. Cole scored 41 total goals in all competitions – breaking the club's goalscoring record which had been set by Hughie Gallacher nearly 70 years earlier (Gallacher still holds the record for the highest number of league goals in a season with 36). His first top division goal was in a 1–1 draw against defending league champions Manchester United (who went on to win the double) at Old Trafford on 21 August. This was Newcastle's first goal in the Premier League. Exactly three months later, Cole scored all three goals as \\\"the\",\n \"title\": \"Andy Cole\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20161209\",\n \"text\": \"during the season, including: most points (100), most away points (50), most points ahead of second (19), most wins (32), most away wins (16), most goals (106), best goal difference (+79) and most consecutive victories (18). The team also equalled the record for the earliest Premier League title win (5 games to spare), beating of every other team in the league throughout the season and recording the most consecutive away wins (11). An Amazon Original docuseries of the season titled \\\"\\\" was released on Amazon Video on 17 August 2018. On 1 November, Sergio Agüero scored his 178th City goal\",\n \"title\": \"2017–18 Manchester City F.C. season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5272211\",\n \"text\": \"title in their history. This title was also his second time of winning the award in as many seasons. Thierry Henry was named the winner of the Premier League Golden Boot award. The Arsenal striker scored 27 goals in the league and was presented with the award at Arsenal's last ever game at Highbury. Liverpool goalkeeper Pepe Reina won the Premier League Golden Glove award for the first time. He achieved clean sheets in 20 Premier League games. The Premier League Fair Play League was won by Charlton Athletic, ahead of fellow London team Arsenal. The least sporting side was\",\n \"title\": \"2005–06 FA Premier League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1711497\",\n \"text\": \"Only Manchester United, Liverpool and Arsenal have more all-time points. With 7,733 league goals scored over 119 seasons (as of the end of 2017-18 season), Wolves have the third highest total of all-time league goals: only Manchester United and Liverpool have more. Football League First Division, superseded by the Premier League (Tier 1) EFL Championship/Football League Second Division (1892–1992) (Tier 2) EFL League One/Football League Third Division (Tier 3) Football League Fourth Division (Tier 4) UEFA Cup FA Cup Football League Cup FA Charity Shield Football League Trophy Texaco Cup Wolverhampton Wanderers was a founder member of the Football League\",\n \"title\": \"Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"142738\",\n \"text\": \"reach these milestones will receive a presentation box from the Premier League containing a special medallion and a plaque commemorating their achievement. In 2012, the Premier League celebrated its second decade by holding the 20 Seasons Awards: Premier League The Premier League (often referred to as the English Premier League (EPL) outside England) is the top level of the English football league system. Contested by 20 clubs, it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the English Football League (EFL). The Premier League is a corporation in which the member clubs act as shareholders. Seasons run from August\",\n \"title\": \"Premier League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"525248\",\n \"text\": \"establishment in 1992–93. They are ninth in the All-time FA Premier League table, and have the fifth highest total of major honours (20) won by an English club. Aston Villa currently hold the record number of league goals scored by any team in the English top flight; 128 goals were scored in the 1930–31 season, one more than Arsenal who won the league that season for the very first time, with Villa runners-up. Villa legend Archie Hunter became the first player to score in every round of the FA Cup in Villa's victorious 1887 campaign. Villa's longest unbeaten home run\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Villa F.C.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15240830\",\n \"text\": \"a 3–0 group stage win against Cypriot champions APOEL. He was awarded Premier League Player of the Month for the fifth time, and named September 2017 – in which he scored 13 goals in 10 club and international games – as the best month of his career. On 23 December, Kane equalled Alan Shearer's record of 36 Premier League goals in a calendar year, having scored a hat-trick in a 0–3 away win to Burnley. He surpassed Shearer's record the following game with another hat-trick in the 5–2 home win against Southampton, ending the year with 39 Premier League goals.\",\n \"title\": \"Harry Kane\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12274390\",\n \"text\": \"tallied 16 goals in Premier League play. According to Opta statistics, that gives him a minutes per goal ratio of 104.6, which sets the record for the best minutes per goal ratio in Premier League history (minimum 10 goals). Aubameyang became the first player to reach 10 goals in the Premier League, following a brace in Arsenal's 4-2 victory over Tottenham Hotspur in the North London derby. Aubameyang scored the Gunners' opening goal from the penalty spot and later, curled a shot past Hugo Lloris in the second-half; Aubameyang also grabbed an assist for Arsenal's fourth goal, which was Lucas\",\n \"title\": \"Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14552430\",\n \"text\": \"Premier League Golden Boot The Premier League Golden Boot is an annual association football award presented to the leading goalscorer in the Premier League. For sponsorship purposes, it was called the Carling Golden Boot from 1994 to 2001, from 2001 to 2004 as the Barclaycard Golden Boot, and the Barclays Golden Boot (2005–2016). Since 2017, it is known as the Cadbury Golden Boot. In addition to the trophy, winners of the Golden Boot are usually given £1,000 for every goal they scored throughout the season to donate to a charity of their choice, although Robin van Persie was given £30,000\",\n \"title\": \"Premier League Golden Boot\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1746356\",\n \"text\": \"Arsenal. The Premier League Golden Boot award was also won by Ruud van Nistelrooy who scored 25 goals in 38 league matches and 44 in all competitions. He also equalled his record of eight goals in eight successive matches at the beginning of the season, a milestone he had reached the previous season. Van Nistelrooy finished one goal ahead of Arsenal's Thierry Henry while James Beattie managed 23 league goals for Southampton. Since the reduction of the number of games from 42 to 38 in 1996, only Kevin Phillips had scored more Premiership goals in one season – 30 for\",\n \"title\": \"2002–03 FA Premier League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19245451\",\n \"text\": \"2016–17 Premier League The 2016–17 Premier League was the 25th season of the Premier League, the top English professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1992. The season began on 13 August 2016 and concluded on 21 May 2017. Fixtures for the 2016–17 season were announced on 15 June 2016. Chelsea won their fifth Premier League title, and sixth English title, with two matches to spare following a 1–0 away win over West Bromwich Albion on 12 May. The defending champions were Leicester City, who finished 12th, thereby setting a new record for the worst Premier League\",\n \"title\": \"2016–17 Premier League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3667689\",\n \"text\": \"One in 2001. He also lifted the League Cup with Blackburn in February 2002, before finally hanging up his boots in July 2002 a few months short of his 39th birthday. Hughes' final career goal came in a 2–1 Premier League defeat to Leicester City on 9 April 2002. At the time, he was the second oldest player to score in the Premier League, behind Stuart Pearce. More than a decade on he is still ranked as third in this category following goals by Teddy Sheringham, who scored his final Premier League goal in December 2006 at the age of\",\n \"title\": \"Mark Hughes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16446662\",\n \"text\": \"the 2011–12 season, which ended on 13 May 2012. Voting ended on 30 April 2012. Awards included best manager, best player and best goal. Football is the most watched sport in England, and the Premier League along with the FA Cup are the two most prestigious English club football competitions. In 1991, league football in England underwent a major change, when the 22 teams in the First Division, the then top division of The Football League system, resigned en-masse to form the Premier League. Constituted as the Football Association Premier League Ltd, it remained as an official Football Association (The\",\n \"title\": \"Premier League 20 Seasons Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17882954\",\n \"text\": \"Footballer of the Year was awarded to Eden Hazard. The Premier League Golden Boot was won by Sergio Agüero who scored 26 goals. The Premier League Golden Glove was won by Joe Hart who kept 14 clean sheets. West Ham United finished top of the Premier League Fair Play League and therefore qualified for the Europa League first qualifying round after England finished in the top three in the UEFA Fair Play table. 2014–15 Premier League The 2014–15 Premier League (known as the Barclays Premier League for sponsorship reasons) was the 23rd season of the Premier League, the top English\",\n \"title\": \"2014–15 Premier League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7304547\",\n \"text\": \"On 3 November 2012, he scored his first Premier League goal in just under a year against Sunderland in a run stretching 29 matches. On 6 April 2013, Agbonlahor scored his 60th Premier League goal for Aston Villa, making him joint top Premier League goalscorer for the club alongside Dwight Yorke. On 29 April, in a 6–1 win over Sunderland, Agbonlahor scored his 61st Premier League goal to overtake Yorke as Villa's highest all-time Premier League goal scorer. He scored two goals in a 2–1 win over Norwich on 4 May, moving Aston Villa up to 13th place in the\",\n \"title\": \"Gabriel Agbonlahor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16431164\",\n \"text\": \"goalscorer in a single season, behind Ian Rush. He had previously also broken the club's record for the Premier League era, surpassing Robbie Fowler's total of 36 goals set in the 1995–96 campaign, and Fernando Torres' record of 33 for the most goals by a Liverpool player in a debut season. After his two goals and assists in the first leg against Roma, Salah featured in the second leg as Liverpool beat Roma 6–7 on aggregate to qualify for the final for the first time in eleven years. He would then become the Premier League's all-time goalscorer for a 38\",\n \"title\": \"Mohamed Salah\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7155483\",\n \"text\": \"and Kamara's first signing Mark Stallard. Tony Pulis guided Gillingham F.C.out of Division Three and was named the Manager of the Season. Alan Shearer topped the Premiership scoring charts with 31 goals, the highest number of goals in the league charted at the time. Shearer was followed closely by Robbie Fowler on 28, Ian Wright and Les Ferdinand, who won the PFA Players' Player of the Year award. Steve McManaman led the assists chart with 25 assists this season, also a new record for the league. Eric Cantona was awarded the FWA Footballer of the Year for his comeback and\",\n \"title\": \"1995–96 in English football\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16996623\",\n \"text\": \"score his first goal of the season in a 3-0 win against Young Boys of Bern. Martial's first league goal came in a 3-2 comeback against Newcastle United where he also started. Since then, Martial has started and scored in every Premier League game as of the November International Break, scoring against Bournemouth, Everton, two goals against Chelsea, and a penalty goal in the Manchester derby. This spell of goal scorer puts Martial as Manchester United's leading season goals scorer so far with seven goals, overtaking Paul Pogba and Romelu Lukaku; in addition, Martial became one of seven players to\",\n \"title\": \"Anthony Martial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8155573\",\n \"text\": \"January 2014, they had scored 115 goals in all competitions – the most goals scored by any club in Europe. Maintaining such a scoring rate would see them surpass the 143 scored by Manchester United's \\\"Busby Babes\\\" in the 1957–58 season. On 2 March 2014, Pellegrini's Manchester City defeated Sunderland 3–1 at Wembley Stadium in the 2014 Football League Cup Final, giving him his first major trophy in European football. On 11 May, Manchester City became Premier League champions, after beating West Ham United 2–0, with goals from Samir Nasri and Vincent Kompany at the City of Manchester Stadium, making\",\n \"title\": \"Manuel Pellegrini\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10558879\",\n \"text\": \"won by Ashley Young of Aston Villa. The shortlist for the award was as follows: The FWA Footballer of the Year award for 2009 was won by Steven Gerrard for the first time. The Liverpool captain saw off the challenges of Manchester United winger Ryan Giggs and forward Wayne Rooney, who finished second and third respectively. Chelsea striker Nicolas Anelka won the Premier League Golden Boot award for the first time. He scored 19 goals in 35 appearances, which ensured he finished as the season's top scorer. Manchester United goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar collected the Premier League Golden Glove\",\n \"title\": \"2008–09 Premier League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20138456\",\n \"text\": \"Tony Pulis' 100th Premier League game in charge of the club, making him the first Baggies head coach to reach that milestone. On 25 September 2017, Gareth Barry became the all-time leading appearance maker in Premier League history after appearing against Arsenal, playing his 633th premier league game that made him surpass former Manchester United midfielder Ryan Giggs. He was also given the armband in this game. But the team lost 2-0 from a brace of Alexandre Lacazette, stretching Tony Pulis's awful managerial records at the Emirates Stadium. Five days later, they squandered a 2-0 lead they had taken in\",\n \"title\": \"2017–18 West Bromwich Albion F.C. season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"142703\",\n \"text\": \"and the value it brings to English football and the United Kingdom's broadcasting industry. The Premier League includes some of the richest football clubs in the world. Deloitte's \\\"Football Money League\\\" listed seven Premier League clubs in the top 20 for the 2009–10 season, and all 20 clubs were in the top 40 globally by the end of the 2013–14 season, largely as a result of increased broadcasting revenue. From 2013, the league generates €2.2 billion per year in domestic and international television rights. Premier League clubs agreed in principle in December 2012, to radical new cost controls. The two\",\n \"title\": \"Premier League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18906318\",\n \"text\": \"an exclusive list of players to have scored 10 Premier League goals before the age of 20. This list includes players such as Wayne Rooney, Ryan Giggs, Nicolas Anelka, Michael Owen and Romelu Lukaku. In October 2016, Iheanacho was nominated for the FIFA Golden Boy award, which was eventually won by Bayern Munich's midfielder Renato Sanches. Previous winners of the award include teammates Raheem Sterling and Sergio Agüero, and five-time Ballon d'Or winner Lionel Messi. Iheanacho's next goal would come in the Champions League, against Celtic, in a 1–1 home draw on 6 December 2016. Iheanacho's final goal of the\",\n \"title\": \"Kelechi Iheanacho\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19987962\",\n \"text\": \"league – the top seventeen teams from the previous season and the three teams promoted from the Championship. The promoted teams were Brighton & Hove Albion, Newcastle United and play-off winners Huddersfield Town, who replaced Sunderland, Middlesbrough and Hull City. 2017–18 Premier League The 2017–18 Premier League was the 26th season of the Premier League, the top English professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1992. The season started on 11 August 2017 and concluded on 13 May 2018. Fixtures for the 2017–18 season were announced on 14 June 2017. Chelsea were the defending champions, while Newcastle\",\n \"title\": \"2017–18 Premier League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"690183\",\n \"text\": \"Alan Shearer Alan Shearer, CBE, DL (; born 13 August 1970) is an English retired footballer. He played as a striker in the top level of English league football for Southampton, Blackburn Rovers, Newcastle United and the England national team. He is Newcastle's and the Premier League's record goalscorer. He was named Football Writers' Association Player of the Year in 1994 and won the PFA Player of the Year award in 1995. In 1996, he was third in the FIFA World Player of the Year awards. In 2004 Shearer was named by Pelé in the FIFA 100 list of the\",\n \"title\": \"Alan Shearer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"690124\",\n \"text\": \"Alan Shearer Alan Shearer, CBE, DL (; born 13 August 1970) is an English retired footballer. He played as a striker in the top level of English league football for Southampton, Blackburn Rovers, Newcastle United and the England national team. He is Newcastle's and the Premier League's record goalscorer. He was named Football Writers' Association Player of the Year in 1994 and won the PFA Player of the Year award in 1995. In 1996, he was third in the FIFA World Player of the Year awards. In 2004 Shearer was named by Pelé in the FIFA 100 list of the\",\n \"title\": \"Alan Shearer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20386908\",\n \"text\": \"just a few days before and shared out a goalless draw in Buckinghamshire. 31 August 2018: The first month of the new season sees Liverpool leading the Premier League on goal difference; three games in, the Merseysiders, Tottenham Hotspur, Chelsea, and Watford all hold 100% records. Reigning champions Manchester City are in fifth, ahead of Bournemouth on goal difference, and Leicester City are seventh. West Ham United, the only Premier League team without a point, prop up the table. Newcastle United and Southampton are clear ahead of Burnley and Huddersfield Town in the relegation zone on goal difference. None of\",\n \"title\": \"2018–19 in English football\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2803588\",\n \"text\": \"Cup squads. His autobiography, \\\"Sir Les\\\", was published in 1997. Les Ferdinand Leslie Ferdinand MBE (born 8 December 1966) is an English former footballer and current football coach and Director of Football at his former club Queens Park Rangers. A former striker, his playing career included spells at Queens Park Rangers, Beşiktaş, Newcastle United, Tottenham Hotspur, West Ham United, Leicester City, Bolton Wanderers, Reading and Watford during which period he earned 17 caps for England. Ferdinand is the eighth highest scorer in the Premier League with 149 goals. He is the cousin of football-playing brothers Rio and Anton Ferdinand and\",\n \"title\": \"Les Ferdinand\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6657502\",\n \"text\": \"Paul McGrath. Gary Pallister played every minute of Manchester United's title-winning Premier League campaign. No other player matched that feat until the 2014–15 season, more than two decades later. Coventry signed Newcastle striker Micky Quinn for a nominal fee in November, and he responded by scoring 17 Premier League goals (the first 10 in 6 games) to keep the Sky Blues clear of relegation. Striker Les Ferdinand established himself as one of the country's top marksmen with more than 20 goals in all competitions for Queens Park Rangers. Alan Shearer scored 16 goals in his first 21 Premier League games\",\n \"title\": \"1992–93 in English football\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20111436\",\n \"text\": \"eight and seven years respectively. 2018–19 Premier League The 2018–19 Premier League is the 27th season of the Premier League, the top English professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1992. The season started on 10 August 2018 and is scheduled to finish on 12 May 2019. Fixtures for the 2018–19 season were announced on 14 June 2018. Manchester City are the defending champions. Wolverhampton Wanderers, Cardiff City and Fulham joined as the promoted clubs from the 2017–18 EFL Championship. They replaced West Bromwich Albion, Swansea City and Stoke City who were relegated to the 2018–19 EFL\",\n \"title\": \"2018–19 Premier League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7377996\",\n \"text\": \"Newcastle on the 5 May. On 19 April 2015, Morgan was selected in the \\\"Football Manager Team of the Decade\\\" at the Football League Awards. Morgan kept his place for the 2015–16 season, playing in every minute of all 38 Premier League matches, one of only 4 players to achieve that accolade (including teammate Kasper Schmeichel) in that season. On 3 April 2016, he scored the only goal against Southampton, despite feeling ill. On 1 May, he equalised with a header in a 1–1 draw with Manchester United at Old Trafford, and the next day Leicester won the title, with\",\n \"title\": \"Wes Morgan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20722463\",\n \"text\": \"Premier League Playmaker of the Season The Premier League Playmaker of the Season is an annual English football award, presented to the player who has made the most assists (the last pass made before a goal scored) in the Premier League. For sponsorship purposes, it is known as the Cadbury Playmaker of the Season since its inception during the 2017–18 season. The Premier League was founded in 1992, when the clubs of the First Division left the Football League and established a new commercially independent league that negotiated its own broadcast and sponsorship agreements. In 2018, the Premier League Playmaker\",\n \"title\": \"Premier League Playmaker of the Season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4326861\",\n \"text\": \"23 September 2009, Defoe scored a header during Tottenham's 5–1 win over Preston. Defoe scored a goal and was sent off during the match against his former club, Portsmouth. Defoe scored five goals at White Hart Lane in a 9–1 thrashing of Wigan on 22 November 2009. This included the second-fastest hat-trick in Premier League history, which was scored in seven minutes. In doing so, Defoe became only the third player to score five goals in one Premier League match, after Alan Shearer and Andy Cole. Dimitar Berbatov and Sergio Agüero have subsequently equalled this feat. After the match, Harry\",\n \"title\": \"Jermain Defoe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17113317\",\n \"text\": \"Chelsea and Wojciech Szczęsny of Arsenal. The Premier League Fair Play League was topped by Liverpool. 2013–14 Premier League The 2013–14 Premier League (known as the Barclays Premier League for sponsorship reasons) was the 22nd season of the Premier League, the top-flight English professional league for men's football clubs. The fixtures were announced on 19 June 2013. The season started on Saturday 17 August 2013, and concluded on Sunday 11 May 2014. On the final day of the season, Manchester City won the Premier League with a 2–0 victory over West Ham United, finishing with 86 points. Liverpool had looked\",\n \"title\": \"2013–14 Premier League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3332899\",\n \"text\": \"David James (footballer, born 1970) David Benjamin James MBE (born 1 August 1970) is an English former footballer who played as a goalkeeper. His most recent position was manager at Kerala Blasters FC in the Indian Super League in 2018. He is also a pundit on BT Sport's football coverage. James is fourth on the list of all-time Premier League appearances, having played in 572 top-level matches, and held the Premier League record for most clean sheets with 169 until Petr Čech surpassed this record. He was capped 53 times by England between 1997 and 2010, and was first choice\",\n \"title\": \"David James (footballer, born 1970)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3840577\",\n \"text\": \"in his Premier League debut in a 1–0 victory over Manchester United. On 5 March 2005, Čech set a new Premier League record of 1,025 minutes without letting in a goal, though his record has since been broken by Manchester United's Edwin van der Sar. Čech finally conceded to Leon McKenzie of Norwich City, after keeping a clean sheet in the league since 12 December 2004 when Thierry Henry scored for Arsenal. Čech was given a special award by the Premier League for the new record, and he was also awarded the Premier League Golden Glove at the end of\",\n \"title\": \"Petr Čech\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11927958\",\n \"text\": \"Premier League Golden Glove The Premier League Golden Glove is an annual association football award presented to the goalkeeper who has kept the most clean sheets (when a goalkeeper concedes no goals during a single match) in the Premier League. For sponsorship purposes, it has been referred to as the Barclays Golden Glove since its inception during the 2004–05 season until the 2015–16 season. Since 2017–18 season, it is known as the Cadbury Golden Glove. Originally, the Golden Glove could only be won outright by a single player; should there have been a tie, the goalkeeper with the superior clean\",\n \"title\": \"Premier League Golden Glove\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"142714\",\n \"text\": \"Between the 2004–05 season and the 2006–07 season, RTÉ broadcast a live matche on 15 Saturday afternoons with each match being called \\\"Premiership Live\\\". In August 2016, it was announced the BBC would be creating a new magazine-style show for the Premier League entitled \\\"The Premier League Show\\\". The Premier League is the most-watched football league in the world, broadcast in 212 territories to 643 million homes and a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people. The Premier League's production arm, Premier League Productions, is operated by IMG Productions and produces all content for its international television partners. The Premier\",\n \"title\": \"Premier League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4326878\",\n \"text\": \"a new contract with Sunderland, committing his future to the club until 2019. On 13 August 2016, the opening day of the 2016–17 Premier League, Defoe scored in a 2–1 loss at Manchester City, meaning he has now scored in 16 Premier League seasons. On 5 November 2016, Defoe scored the winning goal from the penalty spot as 10-man Sunderland came from behind to win at Bournemouth, their first league win of the season. On 19 November 2016, Defoe scored his 150th Premier League goal in a 3–0 home win against Hull City, becoming the joint seventh highest goal scorer\",\n \"title\": \"Jermain Defoe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"142702\",\n \"text\": \"Premier League trading card game, is the best selling boys collectable in the UK, and is also the biggest selling sports trading card game in the world. The Premier League has the highest revenue of any football league in the world, with total club revenues of €2.48 billion in 2009–10. In 2013–14, due to improved television revenues and cost controls, the Premier League had net profits in excess of £78 million, exceeding all other football leagues. In 2010 the Premier League was awarded the Queen's Award for Enterprise in the International Trade category for its outstanding contribution to international trade\",\n \"title\": \"Premier League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14060016\",\n \"text\": \"and Overall Player of the Decade, and was also given the Outstanding Contribution to the FA Premier League Award, as well as being recognised with the Top Goalscorer Award for scoring the most goals in the decade, at 204 Premier League goals. Eric Cantona was named Overseas Player of the Decade. David Beckham was awarded Goal of the Decade for his 60-yard goal against Wimbledon in 1996, while Peter Schmeichel was awarded Save of the Decade for a reflex save of a John Barnes header in 1997. Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson was named Manager of the Decade, and was\",\n \"title\": \"Premier League 10 Seasons Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2856957\",\n \"text\": \"score in 15 successive league campaigns, overtaking the record previously set by Billy Liddell. Also in October 2013, he became the longest-serving Liverpool captain, 10 years after his appointment by Gérard Houllier on 15 October 2013, breaking the previous record held by Alex Raisbeck, who captained Liverpool from 1899 to 1909. On 19 October 2013, Gerrard scored his 100th Premier League goal, a penalty against Newcastle United in a 2–2 draw. On 16 March 2014, Gerrard scored two penalties and missed another in Liverpool's 3–0 win over Manchester United at Old Trafford. On 6 April, he scored another two penalties\",\n \"title\": \"Steven Gerrard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20111434\",\n \"text\": \"2018–19 Premier League The 2018–19 Premier League is the 27th season of the Premier League, the top English professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1992. The season started on 10 August 2018 and is scheduled to finish on 12 May 2019. Fixtures for the 2018–19 season were announced on 14 June 2018. Manchester City are the defending champions. Wolverhampton Wanderers, Cardiff City and Fulham joined as the promoted clubs from the 2017–18 EFL Championship. They replaced West Bromwich Albion, Swansea City and Stoke City who were relegated to the 2018–19 EFL Championship. The season was marred\",\n \"title\": \"2018–19 Premier League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6469786\",\n \"text\": \"level a minute later. Lee Bowyer sent Leeds back ahead in the 85th minute, before Sturridge scored again in the 87th minute to rescue the game for his team. He played five seasons in the Premier League for the club, and is their record goalscorer in the Premier League era (32 Premier League goals). After nearly a decade with the Rams, he left for local rivals Leicester City in January 2001 for £375,000. Sturridge's time at Leicester was far less successful than at Derby, consistent injury problems and a change of manager saw his place under threat. He scored 7\",\n \"title\": \"Dean Sturridge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7431946\",\n \"text\": \"295 goals in 467 games in the Football League, 288 of which came in the top-flight from 454 appearances, leaving him fourth in the all-time list of top-flight goalscorers in English football with only Jimmy Greaves (357), Steve Bloomer (317) and Dixie Dean (310) having scored more. Hodgson first came to Liverpool's attention in 1924 as one of the youngest members of the touring South African national team, who on 1 October beat Liverpool 5–2 at Anfield. He joined Liverpool a year later on 14 December 1925, making his debut in a 1–1 draw against Manchester City at Maine Road\",\n \"title\": \"Gordon Hodgson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4326993\",\n \"text\": \"match against Watford at White Hart Lane on 17 March 2007. He took a free-kick from from the opposition goal and the ball bounced over the head of Watford goalkeeper Ben Foster and into the goal. He became the third goalkeeper of five in Premier League history (excluding own goals) to score after Peter Schmeichel for Aston Villa in 2001, Brad Friedel for Blackburn Rovers in 2004, Tim Howard for Everton in 2012 and Asmir Begović for Stoke City in 2013. Robinson captained the team in their 1–0 League Cup quarter-final win over Southend United, and in their 0–0 FA\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Robinson (footballer, born 1979)\"\n }\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who has scored the most goals ever in the premier league"}}},{"rowIdx":8384,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Idina Menzel"],"string":"[\n \"Idina Menzel\"\n]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"3401213","text":"of the release date. \"Holiday Wishes\" also become the second ever Christmas to chart before Halloween during the SoundScan Era after Garth Brooks's 1992 album \"Beyond the Season\". On November 26, 2014, Menzel announced through her Facebook page that she would be touring during the summer of 2015. This was her first global tour and first time playing shows in Europe and Asia. Menzel was honoured with the Breakthrough Artist award at the 2014 \"Billboard\" Women in Music awards ceremony. Menzel sang the National Anthem at Super Bowl XLIX on February 1, 2015, at University of Phoenix Stadium. On August","title":"Idina Menzel"},{"id":"18084511","text":"for the game. This ceremony continued a ten-year tradition (starting with Super Bowl XX and then repeated in Super Bowl XXX and Super Bowl XL) in which past Super Bowl MVPs were honored before the game. Lady Gaga (accompanied by Alex Smith on piano) sang the national anthem, while Marlee Matlin simultaneously performed an American Sign Language (ASL) version of it. Matlin also signed an a cappella version of \"America the Beautiful\", which was sung by a U.S. Armed Forces chorus. In late November 2015, reports surfaced stating that \"multiple acts\" would perform during the halftime show. On December 3,","title":"Super Bowl 50"},{"id":"16858081","text":"a Super Bowl since Billy Joel at Super Bowl XLI. Immediately before Bryan sang the national anthem, Phillipa Soo, Renée Elise Goldsberry and Jasmine Cephas Jones, who originated the roles of the Schuyler sisters in the Broadway musical \"Hamilton\", performed \"America the Beautiful\". After the national anthem, former President George H. W. Bush performed the coin toss alongside his wife, Barbara. The Patriots called heads, but the Falcons won the coin toss with tails. The Falcons chose to defer to the second half. On September 29, 2016, Lady Gaga, who had performed the national anthem the previous year at Super","title":"Super Bowl LI"},{"id":"403925","text":"used different active and former players (and a player's widow) reading the Declaration for each version. Former U.S. presidents Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, and Bill Clinton appeared in another videotaped segment and recited some of the speeches by Abraham Lincoln. Because Ronald Reagan had Alzheimer's disease, his wife Nancy appeared on the segment in place of him. Singers Mary J. Blige and Marc Anthony, along with the Boston Pops Orchestra, performed \"America the Beautiful\". Paul McCartney then sang his post-9/11 song \"Freedom\". Afterwards, singer Mariah Carey, accompanied by the Boston Pops Orchestra, performed the national anthem.","title":"Super Bowl XXXVI"},{"id":"10515920","text":"of 30 artists to perform on \"Forever Country\", a mash-up track of \"Take Me Home, Country Roads\", \"On the Road Again\" and \"I Will Always Love You\" which celebrates 50 years of the CMA Awards. On February 5, 2017, Bryan performed the National Anthem at Super Bowl LI at NRG Stadium in Houston, TX. In September 2017, Bryan was announced as a judge for the revival of \"American Idol\" on ABC. Bryan released \"Light It Up\" in mid-2017. It served as the lead-off single to his sixth album, \"What Makes You Country\", which was released on December 8, 2017. \"Most","title":"Luke Bryan"},{"id":"16858080","text":"of the Pro Football Hall of Fame that had played college football at historically black colleges and universities. Of the 303 members of the Hall of Fame, 29 were from HBCUs. The Patriots took the field first as the designated away team to Ozzy Osbourne's \"Crazy Train\". The Falcons took the field second as the designated home team to Trick Daddy's \"Let's Go\". Both teams' season recaps were presented by Ving Rhames. Before the game, American country music singer and songwriter Luke Bryan sang the US national anthem. Bryan was the first male performer to sing the national anthem at","title":"Super Bowl LI"},{"id":"18329765","text":"Super Bowl XLIX halftime show The Super Bowl XLIX halftime show took place on February 1, 2015, at the University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona, as part of Super Bowl XLIX. It featured American singer Katy Perry, with singer Lenny Kravitz and rapper Missy Elliott as special guests. The halftime show was critically acclaimed and its broadcast on NBC attracted 118.5 million viewers in the United States and 120.7 million worldwide, receiving the largest ratings in the history of the Super Bowl and becoming the most watched of all-time. The halftime show was watched by more viewers than the","title":"Super Bowl XLIX halftime show"},{"id":"7164009","text":"was a presenter at the 2015 People's Choice Awards, where she introduced a performance of Lady Antebellum. On January 12, 2015, \"Scorpion\" was renewed for a second season. On January 18, McPhee sang the national anthem before the NFC Championship Game in Seattle. On January 26, she co-hosted with sports analyst Boomer Esiason the \"2015 Greatest Super Bowl Commercials\" special. On February 8, McPhee was a presenter at the 2015 Grammy Awards on CBS, where she introduced a performance of Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga. On April 6, 2015, actor Ari Stidham, one of the cast members on \"Scorpion,\" announced","title":"Katharine McPhee"},{"id":"5732106","text":"plaintiffs were awarded between $5,600 and $22,000 depending on the value of their tickets. Keith Urban and Maroon 5 performed during the pregame. The Texas Christian University Horned Frog Marching Band also performed during the pregame show. 22-year-old Candice Villesca of Lewisville, Texas performed the national anthem and \"America the Beautiful\" in American Sign Language. Lea Michele performed \"America the Beautiful\" supported by the Air Force Tops in Blue. Pop singer Christina Aguilera sang the national anthem, but performed the wrong lyrics for the fourth line of the song, later issuing an apology. The coin toss ceremony was the first","title":"Super Bowl XLV"},{"id":"14899794","text":"and \"Wide Awake\". Expressing solidarity for his campaign, the box next to Obama's name was shaded. Perry was the headliner of Super Bowl XLIX halftime show, which took place on February 1, 2015, and \"Firework\" was the last song of the performance. \"Firework\" was the final song performed on both the Prismatic World Tour and . Credits adapted from the \"Teenage Dream\" liner notes. !scope=\"row\"| France (SNEP) Firework (song) \"Firework\" is a song by American singer Katy Perry from her third studio album, \"Teenage Dream\" (2010). Perry co-wrote the song with Ester Dean and its producers StarGate and Sandy Vee.","title":"Firework (song)"},{"id":"11738133","text":"and co-wrote a duet with him titled \"Who You Love\" for his album \"Paradise Valley\". The song was released on August 12, 2013. Perry's third headlining tour, the Prismatic World Tour, began in May 2014 and concluded in October 2015. It sold almost 2 million tickets and grossed $204.3 million worldwide and won Perry the award for \"Top Package\" at the 2014 \"Billboard\" Touring Awards. She also performed at the 2015 Rock in Rio festival on September 27, 2015. On November 23, 2014, the NFL announced that Perry would perform at the Super Bowl XLIX halftime show on February 1,","title":"Katy Perry"},{"id":"1699790","text":"less commercial success, reaching top thirty in Australia, the United Kingdom, France, and Scotland. Although it only managed to peak at number seventy-eight on the \"Billboard Hot 100\", it topped on the \"Billboard Dance Club Songs\" chart. On December 5, 2017, rapper Eminem revealed that Pink would be collaborating on the song \"Need Me\" for his ninth studio album \"Revival\". The album received the nomination for Best Pop Vocal Album erned Pink's 20th nomination at the Annual Grammy Awards. Although sick with influenza, Pink sang the United States national anthem before Super Bowl LII, a dream she had had since,","title":"Pink (singer)"},{"id":"12051626","text":"Angeles Awards. In 2016, Gaga sang the US national anthem in February at Super Bowl 50, partnered with Intel and Nile Rodgers for a tribute performance to the late David Bowie at the 58th Annual Grammy Awards, and sang \"Til It Happens to You\" at the 88th Academy Awards, where she was introduced by Joe Biden and was accompanied on-stage by 50 people who had suffered from sexual assault. She was honored that April with the Artist Award at the Jane Ortner Education Awards by The Grammy Museum, which recognizes artists who have demonstrated passion and dedication to education through","title":"Lady Gaga"},{"id":"17473858","text":"No players were observed kneeling during the national anthem, in contrast to the protests that happened earlier in the 2016 and 2017 seasons. Fifteen Medal of Honor recipients participated in the coin toss ceremony. World War II hero Hershel W. Williams was the honorary captain and had the honors of flipping the coin. Justin Timberlake headlined the Super Bowl LII halftime show, along with his band \"The Tennessee Kids\" and featuring the University of Minnesota Marching Band. Timberlake performed in two previous Super Bowls: Super Bowl XXXV in 2001 as a member of NSYNC, and Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004","title":"Super Bowl LII"},{"id":"18563350","text":"of California Marching Band. Bruno Mars, Mark Ronson, and a troupe of backing dancers (dressed in the style of Michael Jackson) then performed \"Uptown Funk\". Beyoncé, also in a Jackson-inspired outfit and appearing with a set of backing dancers dressed as Black Panthers, then performed her new single \"Formation\" in a mass choreographed dance number before joining Mars onstage for a verse of \"Uptown Funk\". Coldplay played a snippet of \"Clocks\" during a video montage of past Super Bowl halftime and national anthem performances, including those by Bruce Springsteen, Missy Elliott, Katy Perry, The Rolling Stones, Paul McCartney, Stevie Wonder,","title":"Super Bowl 50 halftime show"},{"id":"7002511","text":"Darren Fletcher, Rocky Boiman, and Greg Brady announcing. The Indiana University Marching Hundred performed during the pre-game show. On January 12, 2012, it was reported that former \"American Idol\" winner Kelly Clarkson would sing the National Anthem at Super Bowl XLVI. It marks the fourth time in the previous five years that an \"American Idol\" contestant has performed the national anthem (joining Carrie Underwood, Jennifer Hudson and Jordin Sparks). Husband-and-wife country musicians Blake Shelton and Miranda Lambert performed \"America the Beautiful\" as part of the ceremonies. American Sign Language translation for both songs was performed by Rachel Mazique, the currently","title":"Super Bowl XLVI"},{"id":"17473841","text":"and a U.S. Bank Stadium lounge on the day of the Super Bowl. The Minneapolis Armory also hosted Jennifer Lopez, Imagine Dragons, and Pink concerts close to U.S. Bank Stadium. Pink also performed the national anthem before the Super Bowl. Halftime performer Justin Timberlake held a ticketed \"listening session\" of his newest album at Prince's Paisley Park. Dave Matthews Band performed at Xcel Energy Center in Saint Paul. The Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community's Mystic Lake Casino hosted Gwen Stefani, the Chainsmokers, Florida Georgia Line, and Kygo. Planners originally scheduled a traveling nightclub for 9500 people, but cancelled, moving its concerts","title":"Super Bowl LII"},{"id":"4661785","text":"Anthem for Super Bowl XLIV. Underwood performed the opening theme song for \"NBC Sunday Night Football.\" Hill later expressed full support for Underwood, congratulating her via Twitter and stating that it was \"an awesome choice\" by NBC/SNF and that Underwood \"will rock it\". Underwood's original song was a modification of her song \"Oh, Sunday Night\", but was changed to an original song, \"Game On\", for the 2018 NFL season. She sang the National Anthem for the Nashville Predators prior to their victory over the Chicago Blackhawks in Game 3 of the first round of the 2017 Stanley Cup Playoffs and","title":"Carrie Underwood"},{"id":"4464681","text":"American music industry. The film also won the 2015 Grammy Award for Best Music Film, with the award being presented to the featured artists as well as the production crew. In 2014, Fischer reunited with many of the backup singers in \"20 Feet From Stardom\" including Darlene Love, Merry Clayton, and Judith Hill to sing the national anthem at the 100th Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California. In 2014, Fischer began her solo tour accompanied by her backup band the trio Grand Baton; and together they have performed in the United States, Canada, Europe, Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. That same","title":"Lisa Fischer"},{"id":"12304594","text":"was simulcasted on TSN Radio in Canada. In the United Kingdom, BBC Radio 5 Live returned to coverage after the previous year's NFL broadcaster, Absolute Radio 90s, dropped out of sports coverage. Rocky Boiman and Darren Fletcher return as commentators. Idina Menzel performed the national anthem and John Legend performed \"America the Beautiful\". On October 9, 2014, \"Billboard\" announced that Katy Perry would perform at halftime and the NFL confirmed the announcement on November 23, 2014. At the start of the halftime show, on-field participants held up light globes which created a bird's-eye view of the Pepsi logo. Perry entered","title":"Super Bowl XLIX"},{"id":"18407159","text":"the Daytona 500, while David Ragan and Erik Jones replaced him thereafter. Ronnie Barton of the First Baptist Church of South Daytona began the pre-race festivities with the invocation. Singer/songwriter Phillip Phillips performed the United States National Anthem. The flyover was performed by the United States Air Force Thunderbirds. Vince Vaughn gave the command for the drivers to start their engines, while Paralympics bronze medalist Amy Purdy was the honorary pace car driver for the pre-race pace laps. With members of the United States women's national soccer team waving the green flag, pole sitter Jeff Gordon led the field to","title":"2015 Daytona 500"},{"id":"863952","text":"track, \"Nuclear\". Beyoncé performed the American national anthem singing along with a pre-recorded track at President Obama's second inauguration in Washington, D.C. The following month, Beyoncé performed at the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show, held at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans. The performance stands as the second most tweeted about moment in history at 268,000 tweets per minute. At the 55th Annual Grammy Awards, Beyoncé won for Best Traditional R&B Performance for \"Love on Top\". Her feature-length documentary film, \"Life Is But a Dream\", first aired on HBO on February 16, 2013. The film was co-directed by Beyoncé herself.","title":"Beyoncé"},{"id":"17512860","text":"music video. On February 1, 2015, the song was performed by Perry during the Super Bowl XLIX halftime show, where she was on a chessboard, with her dancers as chess pieces. It was one of the most technical performance out of the rest of the performances. Credits adapted from \"Prism\" album liner notes. !scope=\"row\"| France (SNEP) !scope=\"col\" colspan=\"3\"| Streaming Dark Horse (Katy Perry song) \"Dark Horse\" is a song recorded by American singer Katy Perry featuring rapper Juicy J. It was originally released on September 17, 2013, by Capitol Records as the first promotional single from Perry's fourth studio album,","title":"Dark Horse (Katy Perry song)"},{"id":"393912","text":"Pat Summerall and Bart Starr. This was Scott's final telecast for CBS. Midway through the following season Summerall would take Scott's place as the network's lead play-by-play announcer, holding that position through 1993, when CBS lost rights to the NFC television package to Fox. The Longhorn Band from the University of Texas at Austin performed during the pregame festivities. Later, country music singer Charley Pride sang the national anthem. The halftime show also featured the Longhorn Band, along with Judy Mallett, Miss Texas 1973, playing the fiddle, in a tribute to American music titled \"A Musical America\". The Dolphins' game","title":"Super Bowl VIII"},{"id":"18329784","text":"Shark\". The U.S. Trademark Office rejected her initial attempt to register \"Left Shark\". Her team initiated litigation against an Orlando, Florida, artist named Fernando Sosa, who had been making 3-D figurines of Left Shark. Set list adapted from \"Billboard\". Super Bowl XLIX halftime show The Super Bowl XLIX halftime show took place on February 1, 2015, at the University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona, as part of Super Bowl XLIX. It featured American singer Katy Perry, with singer Lenny Kravitz and rapper Missy Elliott as special guests. The halftime show was critically acclaimed and its broadcast on NBC attracted","title":"Super Bowl XLIX halftime show"},{"id":"9050274","text":"the proposal, the 49ers withdrew the $15 million offer. The team then gave the city an unsolicited offer of $3 million to help improve various youth athletic fields and facilities, which was cited as a peace offering by \"San Francisco Chronicle\" columnists Phil Matier and Andrew Ross, and other Bay Area media, but the city council turned the offer down. Super Bowl 50 was held at the stadium on February 7, 2016. The Denver Broncos defeated the Carolina Panthers 24–10. Lady Gaga performed the national anthem, and Coldplay performed with Beyoncé and Bruno Mars at halftime. Levi's Stadium hosted WWE's","title":"Levi's Stadium"},{"id":"2499488","text":"sang the national anthem with the Atlanta University Center Chorus at Super Bowl XXVIII. In 2013, she was a guest on Tina Sinatra's Father's Day Special on Sirius Radio. The program included Deana Martin, Monica Mancini, and Daisy Torme reminiscing about their famous fathers. Cole was married three times. She married Marvin Yancy, songwriter, producer, and former member of the 1970s R&B group The Independents on July 31, 1976. She had a son, Robert Adam \"Robbie\" Yancy (October 14, 1977 – August 14, 2017); he was a musician who toured with her. Marvin was her producer, and an ordained Baptist","title":"Natalie Cole"},{"id":"394195","text":"Super Bowl is featured on \"NFL's Greatest Games\" under the title \"\"The Cinderella Super Bowl\"\". The pregame festivities honored the end of the Iran hostage crisis (which was announced 5 days before the game), which featured a performance by the Southern University band. A large yellow bow long and wide was attached to the outside of the Superdome, while miniature bows were given to fans. Singer, actress, and dancer Helen O'Connell later sang the national anthem. The coin toss ceremony featured Marie Lombardi, the widow of Pro Football Hall of Fame Green Bay Packers head coach Vince Lombardi. The halftime","title":"Super Bowl XV"},{"id":"4243440","text":"and Fox confirmed that \"Idol\" host Seacrest would serve as emcee for the pre-game show, with Alicia Keys as the primary performer; as she sang a medley of her songs, including... \"Go Ahead\", \"Fallin'\", \"If I Ain't Got You\", \"Teenage Love Affair\", and \"No One\" as the final performance. \"Idol\" Season Six winner Jordin Sparks, herself a native of Glendale and daughter of former New York Giants cornerback Phillippi Sparks, performed the National Anthem, while Phoenix College professor and theatrical interpreter A Dreamer interpreted it into American Sign Language. The anthem was followed by a flyover from the U.S. Navy","title":"Super Bowl XLII"},{"id":"394557","text":"a video. It reached number 20 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 – making her the only act to turn the national anthem into a pop hit of that magnitude. Houston's rendition was critically acclaimed and largely regarded as one of the best renditions of the U.S. national anthem in history. The track was included on the album \"\". Following 9/11, the single was re-released by Arista Records, peaking at number 6 on the Hot 100 and was certified platinum by the RIAA. Former NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle joined the coin toss ceremony. The halftime show was titled \"A Small World","title":"Super Bowl XXV"},{"id":"19156731","text":"our conditioning. It was a battle the whole day.\" Grambling's legendary World Famed Tiger Band performed with the Arizona marching band for the National Anthem, and also during the halftime show in Tucson. Both bands famously performed for the first NFL Super Bowl in 1967. Game Stats: Grambling State – T. Cherry (16–25, 209 YDS, 3 INT) Arizona – B. Dawkins (15–29, 223 YDS, 1 TD) Grambling State – M. Carter (13 CAR, 43 YDS, 1 TD) Arizona- N. Wilson (24 CAR, 116 YDS, 1 TD) Grambling State – C. Williams (13 REC, 152 YDS) Arizona- S. Grant (5 REC,","title":"2016 Arizona Wildcats football team"},{"id":"3200058","text":"aired a special episode of \"The Simpsons\" (\"Homer and Ned's Hail Mary Pass\") and the series premiere of \"American Dad!\" (\"Pilot\"), except in Philadelphia and Boston, where local newscasts delayed the premieres by an hour. Before the game, performances came from the Black Eyed Peas, Earth Wind & Fire, Charlie Daniels, John Fogerty, and Gretchen Wilson. Shortly before kickoff, Alicia Keys sang \"America the Beautiful,\" paying tribute to Ray Charles, who died in June 2004. The combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy, the U.S. Naval Academy, the U.S. Air Force Academy, and the U.S. Coast Guard Academy (including members","title":"Super Bowl XXXIX"},{"id":"18451383","text":"through to the finale. On December 3, 2014, Allegheny County Executive Rich Fitzgerald presented Jamison with the keys to Pittsburgh and declared Dec. 3 'Chris Jamison Day'. As part of the Pittsburgh Pirates' Home Opening Day, Jamison sang the National Anthem on April 13, 2015. Jamison stated that he is open to any style of music, but his diverse style is heavily influenced by Allen Stone, Justin Timberlake, and John Mayer. Chris Jamison Christopher Franklin Jamison (born June 6, 1994), better known as Chris Jamison is an American singer-songwriter best known for his appearance in season 7 of NBC's reality","title":"Chris Jamison"},{"id":"394425","text":"Bowl XXII\"; and was the first such highlight film to feature former Boston and Buffalo radio personality Jeff Kaye as its narrator. The pregame festivities featured a tribute to entertainer Bob Hope, who was approaching the age of 85. Trumpeter Herb Alpert performed \"The Star-Spangled Banner\", while Pro Football Hall of Fame wide receiver Don Hutson participated in the coin toss ceremony (the game happened to coincide with Hutson's 75th birthday). Alpert's performance was the last non-vocal performance of the National Anthem in a Super Bowl to date. The halftime show, produced by Radio City Music Hall, was titled \"Something","title":"Super Bowl XXII"},{"id":"246580","text":"also announced to play at X Games for the first time at X Games Austin 2015 in Austin, Texas. On June 14, 2015, Hetfield and Hammett performed The Star-Spangled Banner live via electric guitars prior to game 5 of the NBA Finals between the Cleveland Cavaliers and Golden State Warriors at Oracle Arena in Oakland, California. In late October, the band unveiled a new website with an introduction from Ulrich containing footage from the studio of the band working on new material. On November 2, Metallica were announced to play \"The Night Before\" Super Bowl 50 at AT&T Park. Metallica","title":"Metallica"},{"id":"17084716","text":"2015 NFL season The 2015 NFL season was the 96th season in the history of the National Football League (NFL), and the 50th of the Super Bowl era. The season began on Thursday, September 10, 2015, with the annual kickoff game featuring the defending Super Bowl XLIX champion New England Patriots hosting the Pittsburgh Steelers. The season concluded with Super Bowl 50, the league's championship game, on Sunday, February 7, 2016, at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California, with the Denver Broncos defeating the Carolina Panthers 24–10. During the 2015 season, the Oakland Raiders, the St. Louis Rams, and the","title":"2015 NFL season"},{"id":"18567744","text":"perform by the NFL, she had declined since she did not believe she was suitable for the halftime show. The NFL explained they had not signed any musician and were still in discussions with several artists. In the meantime singer Lady Gaga announced that she would be releasing her fifth studio album, \"Joanne\", in October 2016. \"Billboard\" reported that the NFL was is discussions with the singer, because of her performance of the national anthem at the previous Super Bowl. On September 29, 2016, Gaga confirmed on her Instagram account that she would be performing at the halftime show. Fox","title":"Super Bowl LI halftime show"},{"id":"12304556","text":"Super Bowl XLIX Super Bowl XLIX was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2014 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Seattle Seahawks, 28–24, to earn their fourth Super Bowl title and their first in ten years. The game was played on February 1, 2015 at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. It was the second time the stadium has hosted a Super Bowl, and the third one held in the Phoenix metropolitan area. With the loss, the","title":"Super Bowl XLIX"},{"id":"394227","text":"performed the U.S. national anthem, which followed a moment of silence in support of the Polish trade union Solidarity; following the crackdown by the communist government of Poland on the pro-democracy union. This was the first of two Super Bowls, both held in Michigan, in which two national anthems were performed, and to have a joint Canadian-American armed forces color guard, which consisted of members of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and Camp Grayling color guards. The coin toss ceremony featured Hall of Fame quarterback Bobby Layne. Up with People provided the halftime entertainment featuring a salute to the 1960s","title":"Super Bowl XVI"},{"id":"16788203","text":"House, and has sung the National Anthem in venues all around the country. On August 13, 2013, Odokara-Okigbo (under the name \"Michael O\") released his first EP, \"In the Beginning\", to critical acclaim. In 2015, Michael appeared in the major motion picture Pitch Perfect 2, and is also featured on the soundtrack (which recently won the AMA for best soundtrack). He also appeared as the feature vocalist on tracks from well known DJ’s like Option4, Flex Cop and Gladiator. Michael O. has performed at prestigious venues like Merrill Auditorium (Portland Maine), The Lincoln Center, and for President Obama in the","title":"Michael Odokara-Okigbo"},{"id":"11738134","text":"2015. Lenny Kravitz and Missy Elliott served as special guests for the show. Her performance was critically acclaimed, and the \"Guinness World Records\" announced two days after the singer's halftime show that it garnered 118.5 million viewers in the United States, becoming the most watched and highest rated show in Super Bowl history. The viewership was higher than the game itself, which was viewed by an audience of 114.4 million. The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) ranked her fifth on the list of Top Global Recording Artists of 2013. On June 26, 2014, she was declared the Top","title":"Katy Perry"},{"id":"4185098","text":"sang the national anthem before Super Bowl XXIV, in New Orleans, and Super Bowl XL (along with Aretha Franklin), in Detroit. This was also the last time until Luke Bryan sang at Super Bowl LI that a male artist had sung the national anthem at a Super Bowl. Marlee Matlin and Jason Hay-Southwell performed the National Anthem in American Sign Language. Besides participating in the CBS telecast of the pre-game show, Dan Marino also participated in the coin toss along with Norma Hunt, the widow of Lamar Hunt, the former owner of the Kansas City Chiefs and the man who","title":"Super Bowl XLI"},{"id":"4579785","text":"a player, Barney received numerous honors, including the following: Barney is an accomplished singer who began singing with choirs in his youth and college. He befriended Motown recording artist Marvin Gaye, when Gaye unsuccessfully tried out for the Lions in 1970. Barney and teammate Mel Farr sang background vocals on Gaye's classic 1971 song \"What's Going On\". In 2015, Barney was invited to sing the national anthem at the Pro Football Hall of Fame induction ceremony. Barney also had a brief acting career, beginning with a self-portrayal in the 1968 comedy, \"Paper Lion\". In 1973, he was one of the","title":"Lem Barney"},{"id":"3200059","text":"of The Idlers) sang the national anthem accompanied by the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets. This was the first time in more than 30 years that all four service academies sang together—the last time was at the second inauguration of President Richard Nixon in 1973. The traditional military missing man formation flyby was this year performed by a pair of F/A-18 Super Hornets from VFA-106 at NAS Oceana and a pair of the Air Force's newest fighters, the F-22 Raptor, flying from Tyndall AFB, the training base for the Raptor. The earlier military flyby during the veterans' salute was conducted by","title":"Super Bowl XXXIX"},{"id":"3136301","text":"season in April, which premiered in November 2015. In March, she released a pair of singles (which were previewed in her reality series), with \"Rebel\" and \"We Ain't Worried\", of which the latter was used to promote her \"We Are Pop Culture\" clothing line. In July, she announced she was going to release a 5-track EP and video set, and was working with director Mike Ho. Also that month, she performed the National Anthem at the 2015 Americafest and premiered a new single \"Like Me\" featuring Snoop Dogg. A few months later, she released another single \"Do It\" with Lil'","title":"Christina Milian"},{"id":"4687393","text":"the rapper Common to write the song \"Glory,\" featured in the film \"Selma\", which chronicled the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches. The song won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song as well as the Academy Award for Best Original Song. Legend and Common performed \"Glory\" at the 87th Academy Awards on February 22, 2015. Legend was featured on Meghan Trainor's \"Like I'm Gonna Lose You\" from her debut studio album, which reached number eight on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. On February 1, 2015, he sang \"America the Beautiful\" in the opening ceremony of Super Bowl XLIX. He provided","title":"John Legend"},{"id":"18329771","text":"September 12, 2015. At the start of the halftime show, on-field participants held up light globes which created a bird's-eye view of Pepsi's famous logo. Perry entered the stadium riding atop a large, golden mechanical lion, opening her set with a performance of \"Roar\". She then proceeded to sing \"Dark Horse\", with 3D rendering on the field creating a chessboard visual where the turf constantly turned into \"different shapes and sizes\", as acrobats surrounded the singer. Following this, Perry joined Lenny Kravitz for a duet version of \"I Kissed a Girl\", which included her \"rubbing up against\" Kravitz and flames","title":"Super Bowl XLIX halftime show"},{"id":"863937","text":"Ladies First Tour in North America. On February 1, 2004, Beyoncé performed the American national anthem at Super Bowl XXXVIII, at the Reliant Stadium in Houston, Texas. After the release of \"Dangerously in Love\", Beyoncé had planned to produce a follow-up album using several of the left-over tracks. However, this was put on hold so she could concentrate on recording \"Destiny Fulfilled\", the final studio album by Destiny's Child. Released on November 15, 2004, in the US and peaking at number two on the \"Billboard\" 200, \"Destiny Fulfilled\" included the singles \"Lose My Breath\" and \"Soldier\", which reached the top","title":"Beyoncé"},{"id":"4450417","text":"along with WLHK, WFNI and WWL, with the teams' other network radio affiliates instead airing the Westwood One feed. Barenaked Ladies played the Super Bowl Saturday Night event with O.A.R. and Robert Randolph and the Family Band. Chris Daughtry, Steve Winwood and Queen Latifah performed during the Super Bowl pre-game tailgate party, which started at 2 p.m. Carrie Underwood sang the National Anthem and Queen Latifah sang \"America the Beautiful.\" Underwood's selection marks the third straight year that an alumnus of \"American Idol\" has been chosen to perform \"The Star-Spangled Banner\", joining Jordin Sparks at Super Bowl XLII and Jennifer","title":"Super Bowl XLIV"},{"id":"394954","text":"pregame show, narrated by actress Tori Spelling, depicted the adventure of a Caribbean cruise from its festive departure to its journey to exotic destinations. The show included a performance by KISS, along with their trademark elaborate costumes and theatrical pyrotechnics. Cher later sang the U.S. national anthem. To honor the 40th anniversary of the 1958 NFL Championship, also known as \"The Greatest Game Ever Played\", the following participants of that game appeared during the coin toss ceremony: Raymond Berry, Lenny Moore, Jim Parker, Art Donovan, Gino Marchetti, Frank Gifford, Roosevelt Brown, Don Maynard, Sam Huff, and Tom Landry, the defensive","title":"Super Bowl XXXIII"},{"id":"394466","text":"final game as 49ers play-by-play announcer), Wayne Walker and Joe Starkey. The pregame festivities honored the Miami and South Florida areas, along with a tribute to NASA. Singer Billy Joel later sang the national anthem. He also sang the national anthem at Super Bowl XLI, which coincidentally was held at the same venue. The coin toss ceremony featured former Miami Dolphins players Nick Buoniconti, Bob Griese, and Larry Little. This was the last outdoor Super Bowl to start earlier than 6 p.m. Eastern Standard Time, as it started just after 5 p.m. The halftime show was titled \"Be Bop Bamboozled","title":"Super Bowl XXIII"},{"id":"394869","text":"Bowl. The pregame show featured Los del Río, who performed their multi-platinum smash hit \"Macarena\", the dance craze that became a worldwide summer hit in 1996. Country singer-songwriter Mary Chapin Carpenter and Cajun musical group BeauSoleil also appeared singing Carpenter's hit \"Down at the Twist and Shout\". R&B singer Luther Vandross later sang the national anthem, and Miss Louisiana 1996 Erika Schwarz Wright performed sign language for the national anthem. The coin toss ceremony featured the winning head coaches of the Super Bowls that had previously been in New Orleans: Hank Stram (Super Bowl IV), Tom Landry (Super Bowl VI,","title":"Super Bowl XXXI"},{"id":"394663","text":"title as this episode. The pre show featured The Rockettes dance company in a tribute to Hollywood music and cinema in the United States. Also featured were former Eagles singer Glenn Frey and Fleetwood Mac. Country music singer Garth Brooks sang the national anthem. He was accompanied by actress Marlee Matlin, who signed the anthem for the deaf fans. Brooks very nearly did not perform the anthem—he left the stadium less than an hour before he was slated to sing, because of a dispute with NBC, regarding a video he asked them to air for the song \"We Shall Be","title":"Super Bowl XXVII"},{"id":"14533992","text":"was included as the encore for her California Dreams Tour. Perry performed California Gurls without Snoop Dogg on the BBC One chat show \"The Graham Norton Show\" on June 28, 2010. On February 1, 2015, Perry was the headliner of Super Bowl XLIX halftime show and \"California Gurls\" was part of the performance. The German cover band The Baseballs covered the song. It is included on their album \"Strings 'n' Stripes\". The Hub has released a promo for the animated series \"\". Entitled \"Equestria Girls\", it is set to the song's melody, with a new set of lyrics written specifically","title":"California Gurls"},{"id":"394606","text":"USS Inchon; USS Monterey; USS Normandy and the USS Sierra. The pregame show featured local Minnesota youth including the Metropolitan Boys Choir, the Minnesota Youth Symphonies, and local marching bands. Singer Harry Connick, Jr. later sang the national anthem. The coin toss ceremony featured Pro Football Hall of Fame head coach Chuck Noll. Noll, former Steelers Hall of Fame head coach who had retired a month earlier after 23 seasons, conducted the coin toss. Noll's Steelers had lost to both of these teams earlier in the season by large margins (52–34 to Buffalo and 41–14 to Washington). STS-42, a space","title":"Super Bowl XXVI"},{"id":"394710","text":"musician Charlie Daniels, and the Morehouse College Marching Band. The United States Trampoline Association (USTA) performed on 4 trampolines during \"Jump-Jump\" performed by Kris Kross. Later, singer Natalie Cole, accompanied by the Atlanta University Center Chorus, sang the national anthem. To honor the 25th anniversary of the New York Jets' upset win in Super Bowl III, that game's MVP, former Jets quarterback Joe Namath joined the coin toss ceremony. The halftime show was titled \"Rockin' Country Sunday\" and featured country music stars Clint Black, Tanya Tucker, Travis Tritt, and Wynonna Judd. The show's finale included a special appearance by Naomi","title":"Super Bowl XXVIII"},{"id":"12304621","text":"gain Receptions Times targeted Super Bowl XLIX had nine officials. The numbers in parentheses below indicates their uniform numbers. Super Bowl XLIX Super Bowl XLIX was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2014 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Seattle Seahawks, 28–24, to earn their fourth Super Bowl title and their first in ten years. The game was played on February 1, 2015 at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. It was the second time the stadium","title":"Super Bowl XLIX"},{"id":"10663552","text":"part of a new collaborative arrangement with record label Island. \"Confident\" was released through the new venture deal. This will be Lovato's second multi-label venture of her career; she was formerly part of Jonas Records, a UMG/Hollywood/Jonas Brothers partnership, which is now defunct. Lovato released the lead single from \"Confident\" titled \"Cool for the Summer\" on July 1, 2015. On September 18, 2015, the title track \"Confident\" was released as the album's second single. On October 17, 2015, she performed a \"Cool for the Summer\" and \"Confident\" medley, as well as \"Stone Cold\" on \"Saturday Night Live\" during the series'","title":"Demi Lovato"},{"id":"376035","text":"premiere the pilot of a promising new one in the lead-out slot, which immediately follows the Super Bowl and post-game coverage. Early Super Bowls featured a halftime show consisting of marching bands from local colleges or high schools; but as the popularity of the game increased, a trend where popular singers and musicians performed during its pre-game ceremonies and the halftime show, or simply sang the national anthem of the United States or America the Beautiful emerged. Unlike regular season or playoff games, thirty minutes are allocated for the Super Bowl halftime. After a special live episode of the Fox","title":"Super Bowl"},{"id":"13908024","text":"In 2013, McGinty appeared in two PBS specials. He joined former Celtic Thunder member Paul Byrom on his \"This is the Moment\" show, and later they did a short tour. The other special \"The Power of Music\" with Ethan Bortnick was also a 2014 US tour. National Anthem and solos. McGinty gave a \"stunning performance\" of the national anthem before the Kansas City Royals vs. Cincinnati Reds baseball game on 19 May 2015. He also has done all sized venues as a solo artist and is currently performing shows. Recordings. His first EP (\"Run,\" \"This Is Your Song,\" \"With or","title":"Damian McGinty"},{"id":"18849457","text":"2014 on NBC. The official theme song for the event is \"This Is How We Roll\" by Florida Georgia Line, who also performed live at the event. Hulk Hogan also made a special appearance. The other participants were: Alicia Fox, Brie Bella, Cameron, Emma, Nikki Bella, Paige, Rosa Mendes and Summer Rae. The 2015 edition of the special was taped on December 8 at the Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena in Jacksonville, Florida and aired on December 23 on the USA Network. Howie Mandel and the band Train also performed live at the event. JoJo also performed the national anthem in","title":"WWE Tribute to the Troops results"},{"id":"18329779","text":"that Perry's halftime show drew a total TV audience of 120.7 million. Following the halftime show, all three of the songs performed by Missy Elliott entered the top twenty singles list on iTunes, and later reached the top ten. \"Billboard\" reported that industry sources expected Perry's songs to collectively sell around 100,000 downloads as a result of the performance, while Elliott's songs were predicted to sell up to 70,000 downloads, which would be an increase of more than 1,000% from the previous week (where Elliott sold 6,000 song downloads). For the week ending February 1, 2015, Perry's discography registered a","title":"Super Bowl XLIX halftime show"},{"id":"18567751","text":"enlisted vocal coach Don Lawrence to help her belt out the correct notes. Lawrence worked with Gaga for her National Anthem performance the previous year, as well as her concert tours. Pepsi uploaded a behind-the-scenes video from the rehearsals, where Gaga explained the main challenge was how to make the halftime performance different from the preceding years but keep it still about the music. Choreographer Richy Jackson was shown in the middle of a session with the dancers, displaying the characteristic moves from the song, \"Bad Romance\" (2009). Jackson said the dancers were hand-picked and had worked before with the","title":"Super Bowl LI halftime show"},{"id":"15725731","text":"On July 24, 2015, they joined Taylor Swift on stage at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts, during her \"1989\" tour to perform \"Shut Up and Dance\". On November 16, 2015, the group sang the national anthem preceding a Monday Night Football game between the Cincinnati Bengals and the Houston Texans, which was played at Paul Brown Stadium in Cincinnati. Walk the Moon performed their breakout hit \"Shut Up and Dance\" live at the 43rd Annual American Music Awards (AMA) on November 22, 2015. They were first-time AMA nominees for: The band's competition for New Artist of the Year included: Sam","title":"Walk the Moon"},{"id":"395042","text":"anniversary of the birth of the United States, singer Ray Charles performed \"America the Beautiful\". The song was signed (ASL) by Tom Cooney. To honor the 10th anniversary of the Persian Gulf War, 10 military veterans from the conflict including former general Norman Schwarzkopf were introduced on the field. The pop group (and Florida natives) The Backstreet Boys then sang the national anthem becoming the only boyband to sing the national anthem at the Super Bowl. The coin toss ceremony honored the two previous Super Bowls that were played in Tampa. Representing the New York Giants' win in Super Bowl","title":"Super Bowl XXXV"},{"id":"19203994","text":"2015. The funk track Uptown Funk by British producer Mark Ronson, featuring American singer Bruno Mars, who co-wrote and voiced the lyrics was named the number 1 song of 2015, despite being released in late 2014. It spent the longest time at number 1 for the year, 14 weeks, and spent the entire year in the Top 40 region. This is also the joint-second longest time at number 1 for a single in the 57-year history of the Hot 100 post-1958 inception, after Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men's One Sweet Day, which spent 16 weeks atop the Hot 100","title":"Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2015"},{"id":"376037","text":"national anthem at Super Bowl XXV in 1991, during the Gulf War, had long been regarded as one of the best renditions of the anthem in history. Then, in an historic, groundbreaking, and emotional performance prior to Super Bowl XLVIII, soprano Renee Fleming became the first opera singer to perform the anthem, propelling FOX to the highest ratings of any program in its history, and remains so today. The halftime show of Super Bowl XXXVIII attracted controversy, following an incident in which Justin Timberlake removed a piece of Janet Jackson's top, briefly exposing one of her breasts before the broadcast","title":"Super Bowl"},{"id":"17296354","text":"Season 4 of \"The Voice\", on June 18, 2015. On February 2, 2014, the single was featured as the fourth song in Mars' performance in the halftime performance of Super Bowl XLVIII at the MetLife Stadium in New Jersey. Mars performed the song live at the 2014 Brit Awards ceremony. Ashley Lee, a writer for \"The Hollywood Reporter\", noticed that Mars \"added few well-harmonized vocal interludes to the song bridge, while reprising the song's vintage-style choreography\". The single was also sung during the Moonshine Jungle Tour (2013) as the third item on the setlist. The song was performed as a","title":"Treasure (Bruno Mars song)"},{"id":"15922336","text":"Stevie Wonder, and Avril Lavinge. Nicole Scherzinger sung the American national anthem. A pre-recorded message by President Barack Obama was played, while First Lady Michelle Obama gave a speech in-person. The Flame of Hope was used by Special Olympian Destiny Sanchez, joined by Rafer Johnson, to light the stadium's Olympic cauldron (as Johnson had done in 1984). 2015 Special Olympics World Summer Games The 2015 Special Olympics World Summer Games were a multi-sport event for athletes with intellectual disabilities held in Los Angeles, United States from July 25 to August 2, 2015, in the tradition of the Special Olympics movement.","title":"2015 Special Olympics World Summer Games"},{"id":"4009696","text":"sing along with Springsteen's signature wordless vocalizations throughout the song's performance. The song has also been released in live versions on six albums or DVDs: \"Born to Run\" was also performed as the second number of four during Springsteen and the E Street Band's halftime performance at Super Bowl XLIII. On Jon Stewart's last episode as host of \"The Daily Show\" on August 6, 2015, Springsteen performed \"Land of Hope and Dreams\" and \"Born to Run\". The B-side was simply another cut from the album; Springsteen would not begin releasing unused tracks as B-sides until 1980. \"Born to Run\" was","title":"Born to Run (Bruce Springsteen song)"},{"id":"2734530","text":"content in daytime television, and indicated that he was reviewing whether soap operas were violating the agency's indecency prohibitions. Two other major sporting events that followed the Super Bowl that year also were forced to censor their respective halftime shows following the incident. The Pro Bowl, which would be played on February 8 at Aloha Stadium in Hawaii, originally was to feature singer JC Chasez, who was a member of boy band 'N Sync as was Timberlake, sing the National Anthem before the game and perform his hit song \"Blowin' Me Up (with Her Love)\" at halftime. However, the NFL","title":"Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy"},{"id":"6829739","text":"McCoy (Eagles) and Colin Kaepernick (49ers). This time, Underwood is seen performing on a computer-generated stage. In another major tweak, the lyrics toward the end of the song changed, with the commentators' first names (Al & Cris) being replaced with \"come on along with the best on TV.\" Carrie Underwood performed a special Super Bowl version of the song at the start of the network's broadcast of Super Bowl XLIX on February 1, 2015. In this version, Carrie Underwood is performing with a rock band in concert with video screens showing scenes from past Super bowl games inside a CGI","title":"NBC Sunday Night Football"},{"id":"8669605","text":"rendition of the song standard \"Memory\" and garnered a Laurence Olivier Award nomination for Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Musical. She was set to reprise Grizabella in the Broadway revival of \"Cats\" but a week before rehearsals she quit after producers refused to give her top billing. On June 30, 2015, Scherzinger was crowned as the winner of the variety show \"I Can Do That\" where six celebrities compete with each other by performing skills that they never knew they had. In July she performed the American national anthem at the A Capitol Fourth concert in Washington,","title":"Nicole Scherzinger"},{"id":"2515136","text":"field was the crew of STS-114, the \"Return to Flight\" Space Shuttle mission that eventually launched \"Space Shuttle Discovery\" on July 26, 2005. Houston-native Beyoncé then sang the national anthem. Aerosmith performed Baby, Please Don't Go and Dream On as part of the pre-show ceremony. The coin toss ceremony featured former NFL players and Texas natives Earl Campbell, Ollie Matson, Don Maynard, Y. A. Tittle, Mike Singletary, Gene Upshaw. Tittle tossed the coin. The NFL logo was painted at midfield for the first time since Super Bowl XXX, and the Super Bowl XXXVIII logo was placed on the 25-yard lines.","title":"Super Bowl XXXVIII"},{"id":"1525415","text":"Ur Freak On\", \"Work It\", and \"Lose Control\". The performance was well-received, and boosted digital sales of Elliott's work that week, with a twenty-five-fold increase in album sales (to 2,000 units) and a ten-fold increase in sales of the three songs she performed (to 71,000 units) compared to the week before. It also became the most watched Super Bowl halftime show in NFL history, receiving 118.5 million viewers in the United States. On February 3, 2015, it was confirmed that Elliott would be a feature on the upcoming remix to Diplo and Skrillex's \"Take Ü There\". On February 11, Elliott","title":"Missy Elliott"},{"id":"17477853","text":"her being visually out of sync with the backing track. On February 1, 2015, Perry performed the song during the Super Bowl XLIX halftime show. On July 28, 2016, she performed it at the 2016 Democratic National Convention. On May 27th, 2017, Perry performed the song as her finale at BBC radio one's big weekend in Hull. On June 4, 2017, Perry performed \"Roar\" at the \"One Love Manchester\" benefit concert for the victims of the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing. In 2013, the song was covered on the episode \"A Katy or a Gaga\" of the TV series \"Glee\". The","title":"Roar (song)"},{"id":"394226","text":"play-by-play announcer Jack Buck and color commentator Hank Stram. Hosting coverage for CBS was done by Dick Stockton. Locally, Super Bowl XVI was broadcast by KCBS-AM in San Francisco with Don Klein and Wayne Walker and by WLW-AM in Cincinnati with Phil Samp and Andy MacWilliams. \"60 Minutes\" was broadcast after the game on CBS, representing the Super Bowl lead-out program. The closing music for the telecast was \"The Winner Takes It All\" by ABBA. The pregame festivities featured the University of Michigan Band. The band later performed the Canadian National Anthem, which was not televised. Singer Diana Ross then","title":"Super Bowl XVI"},{"id":"7167393","text":"from the sidelines. Both WBAL and KNBR are clear-channel stations, which allowed the local commentaries to be heard throughout the Eastern and Western United States, respectively. Per contractual rules, the rest of the stations in the 49ers' and Ravens' radio networks carried the Dial Global feed. Internationally, the game was carried on radio as follows: Sirius XM Radio and NFL Audio Pass carried the local, Dial Global, and select international audio feeds. On January 18, 2013, the league announced that Alicia Keys would sing the national anthem. Keys stated that she would not perform the song traditionally and instead would","title":"Super Bowl XLVII"},{"id":"18433573","text":"is featured on house duo Arches' single \"New Love\", which premiered in April 2015, and on Blonde's single \"Feel Good (It's Alright)\", released in August. Harding played at several festivals during mid 2015, including Birmingham Pride, Ibiza Rocks, Lovebox, Manchester Pride, and Parklife. Harding's influences include female solo artists such as Mariah Carey, Whitney Houston, Janet Jackson, and Lisa Stansfield, as well as dance and garage acts Artful Dodger, Craig David, and Madison Avenue. She has also cited house music of the 1990s as an influence. In May 2016, Harding was selected to perform the national anthem at the 2016","title":"Karen Harding"},{"id":"394515","text":"and Wayne Walker and by KOA-AM in Denver with Larry Zimmer and Jim Turner (Zimmer was moved from his normal position as a color commentator when the Broncos' regular play-by-play voice, Bob Martin, became seriously ill the day before the game; eventually losing his battle with cancer just under a month after the game). The pregame show was a salute to Mardi Gras and featured musician and singer David Clayton-Thomas. Soul and R&B singer (and New Orleans native) Aaron Neville later sang the national anthem. The coin toss ceremony featured the recent inductees to the Pro Football Hall of Fame:","title":"Super Bowl XXIV"},{"id":"2163445","text":"Kraft Foods, Holiday Inn, and Tupperware. In the 1970s, Bryant was teamed up with the Disney Character \"Orange Bird,\" with whom she appeared in several orange juice commercials. She also sang the Orange Bird Song and narrated the Orange Bird record album, with music written by the Sherman Brothers. Bryant performed the National Anthem at Super Bowl III in 1969. Bryant sang \"The Battle Hymn of the Republic\" during the halftime show of Super Bowl V in 1971 and at the graveside services for President of the United States Lyndon B. Johnson in 1973. Bryant hosted a two-hour television special,","title":"Anita Bryant"},{"id":"18363608","text":"Brett James, and produced by Underwood's longtime producer Mark Bright. It also has a sample of \"Amazing Grace\" at the end of the song, sung by Underwood. It became a crossover success, having topped the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart for seven weeks and the Hot Christian Songs chart for twenty six consecutive weeks. It also reached No. 24 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. On August 10, 2015, \"Something in the Water\" was certified Platinum by RIAA. At the 57th Grammy Awards, the song won the Grammy award for Best Country Solo Performance. In February 2015,\"Little Toy Guns\" was","title":"Greatest Hits: Decade Number 1"},{"id":"18329767","text":"NFL spokeswoman, the request had, according to the \"Journal\", received a \"chilly\" response from those involved. Fans of \"Weird Al\" Yankovic launched an unsuccessful campaign to have Yankovic perform the halftime show to promote his album \"Mandatory Fun\". On October 9, 2014, \"Billboard\" announced that Katy Perry would perform at halftime, and the NFL confirmed the announcement on November 23, 2014. On January 10, 2015, Perry announced that Lenny Kravitz would also appear at the halftime show. On January 30, 2015, it was revealed that Missy Elliott, who previously worked with Perry on \"Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)\" (Remix), would be","title":"Super Bowl XLIX halftime show"},{"id":"1425395","text":"a duo medley with Carol Burnett. In January 1987, Diamond sang the national anthem at the Super Bowl. His \"America\" became the theme song for the Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign. That same year, UB40's reggae interpretation of Diamond's ballad \"Red Red Wine\" topped the Billboard Pop Singles chart and, like the Monkees' version of \"I'm a Believer\", became better known than Diamond's original version. During the 1990s, Diamond produced six studio albums. He covered many classic songs from the movies and from famous Brill Building-era songwriters. He also released two Christmas albums, the first of which peaked at No.","title":"Neil Diamond"},{"id":"4185097","text":"Sky Sports taking the main CBS commentary and ITV taking the NFL supplied international commentary feed of Spero Dedes and Sterling Sharpe. Super Bowl XLI was broadcast in over 200 countries. Amongst the television networks who broadcast Super Bowl XLI were: Before the game, Cirque du Soleil, Romero Britto and Little Louie Vega performed as the pre-game act, and Billy Joel sang the National Anthem, accompanying himself on piano. He also performed at Super Bowl XXIII, which was played at the same venue. Joel became the second person to sing the National Anthem twice for a Super Bowl; Aaron Neville","title":"Super Bowl XLI"},{"id":"16616708","text":"the tournament. The total amount of prize money offered by CONCACAF for the tournament is US$2.75 million, with $1 million being the top prize. Listed below is a breakdown of how the total amount is to be distributed: \"Sun Goes Down\" by German DJ Robin Schulz featuring English singer Jasmine Thompson was the official song for the tournament \"You Are Unstoppable\" by Austrian singer Conchita Wurst was the official anthem for the tournament. \"All the Way\" by Reykon featuring Bebe Rexha was used for Univision's coverage of the tournament. Awolnation's \"I Am\" was used for Fox's coverage. Multiple officials of","title":"2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup"},{"id":"18563347","text":"surfaced stating that multiple acts would perform during the halftime show. Coldplay was confirmed as the lead half time performer for Super Bowl 50 on December 3, 2015, one day before the release of their seventh studio album \"A Head Full of Dreams\". It was confirmed that Beyoncé and Bruno Mars would join Coldplay as special guests. Chris Martin called Mars to ask him to perform with Coldplay; however, Mars declined the offer. Nevertheless, the singer of Coldplay invited Mars to his studio in Malibu where he was working. There, Martin revealed to Mars that he wanted for him to","title":"Super Bowl 50 halftime show"},{"id":"8630798","text":"to Salim Merchant, the song \"almost became the sports anthem of the country, especially after India won the Cricket World Cup [2011]. It was no longer our song but the country's song\". After India's World Cup victory, Indian team player Virat Kohli \"sang 'Chak de India' to the crowd\". When India defeated South Africa at the 2015 Cricket World Cup, Nitin Srivastava of the BBC noted: \"MCG has erupted with \"Vande Mataram\" (the national song of India) and \"Chak De India\" (Go India!) slogans in the air! And there's no age barrier for cricket fans who came and enjoyed the","title":"Chak De! India"},{"id":"18954288","text":"performed with the Broward Symphonic Band in Davie, Florida. Neil Jenkins, Musical Director. Donna performed with The Gold Coast Community Band featuring soloist Maestro Ken Wilbanks and his 100-piece orchestra. The performance celebrated the band’s 40th anniversary. She now performs with their new director, Barbara Rubenstein. In 2015, Donna performed the National Anthem at Sunrise Stadium for the 50th anniversary NFL game for the Miami Dolphins as a part of a chorus of 50 women singing in 4 part harmony. She also participated in the Fall Heartland Tour, centered around the Bethany College Jazz Festival and Iola Music Series in","title":"Donna Singer"},{"id":"18546558","text":"debut to hourly plays on radio stations owned by iHeartMedia. The song garnered 1,000 plays on 100 reports, with an audience reach of 7.4 million. \"FourFiveSeconds\" is Rihanna's 40th entry on the chart, while it is McCartney's first since the chart's launch in 1992. For the week dated January 31, 2015, the song debuted at number 54 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. with sales of 53,000 copies and became the chart's top new entry. Subsequently, it debuted at number 12 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The next week, it moved to number 25 on the Pop","title":"FourFiveSeconds"},{"id":"6789906","text":"on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, where it reached number four. To date, the song has sold over three million copies in the U.S, making Sparks the first \"American Idol\" contestant to reach the three million mark. It also became Brown's first song to hit three million. \"No Air\" also charted in Australia and New Zealand, where it reached number one, receiving platinum certifications in both countries. On February 3, 2008, Sparks sang the National Anthem at Super Bowl XLII. She performed in a tribute to Aretha Franklin at the NAACP Awards in February, as well. She had previously performed","title":"Jordin Sparks"},{"id":"9335755","text":"Blacc would be the guest advisor for Adam Levine's team on Season 6 of \"The Voice\". Aloe performed \"America the Beautiful\" to open WrestleMania 31 at the Levi's stadium in California. On May 5, 2015, a sneak peek of Owl City's single \"Verge\" featuring Aloe Blacc aired on ESPN's \"Draft Academy.\" The song was released on May 14, 2015. In February 2016, Blacc announced his contribution to the film \"Race\", a song called \"Let the Games Begin\". On June 19, 2016, Blacc sang the national anthem and performed during the halftime show at the NBA finals, in which the Cleveland","title":"Aloe Blacc"},{"id":"14485456","text":"halftime show in the history of the Super Bowl, drawing a rating of 115.3 million viewers. The viewership was higher than the game itself. However, it was surpassed the following year by Katy Perry's halftime show. He also performed at the 2015 Rock in Rio festival on May 16, 2015. At the 2014 Grammy Awards Mars won the award for Best Pop Vocal Album for \"Unorthodox Jukebox\". \"Locked Out of Heaven\" was nominated for Record and Song of the Year, while \"When I Was Your Man\" earned a nomination for Best Pop Solo Performance. In the same year, the album","title":"Bruno Mars"},{"id":"394759","text":"narrated by Harry Kalas. The pregame show held before the game featured country music singer Hank Williams, Jr., who performed his theme song for \"Monday Night Football\", which was based on his single \"All My Rowdy Friends Are Coming Over Tonight\". Actress and singer Kathie Lee Gifford (Frank Gifford's wife) later sang the national anthem. She was accompanied by then-Miss America Heather Whitestone who signed the anthem for the hearing impaired. To honor the NFL's 75th season, several former players who were named to the league's 75th Anniversary All-Time Team joined the coin toss ceremony: Otto Graham, Joe Greene, Ray","title":"Super Bowl XXIX"},{"id":"12466819","text":"while the New England Patriots, and Indianapolis Colts had the following two spots, followed by the New Orleans Saints at number seven and the Green Bay Packers and their fanbase ranked at number ten. The Arizona Cardinals finished last in the entire survey of 122 teams, though the survey was taken before the team's appearance against the Steelers in Super Bowl XLIII. The National Anthem controversy was started by former San Francisco 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick. Kaepernick knelt during the National Anthem in protest of Americas treatment of minorities. In October 2017, Papa John's Pizza removed the \"official sponsor\" designation","title":"History of the National Football League"},{"id":"9041483","text":"from critics and fans alike, including an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song and a triumphant win at the 75 annual Golden Globe Awards (Best Original Song – Motion Picture). Already having been streamed more than 115 million times globally, the anthem has received a dancefloor-ready re-work by GRAMMY® Award-winning producer Dave Audé. The song was revealed during Super Bowl LII as the soundtrack to NBCUniversal’s promotional campaign leading up to and during the PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games, including NBC’s primetime coverage of the Opening Ceremony on Friday, February 9. Alongside his lengthy career in A&R, soundtracks and licensing,","title":"Kevin Weaver"},{"id":"6729071","text":"at the Los Angeles Philharmonic Institute. In 1991, he performed US National Anthem with the Florida Orchestra at Super Bowl XXV with singer star Whitney Houston which many still hailed as the best rendition of the Anthem. The audio and video of that performance earned platinum record status. In September 2006, The U.S. House of Representatives presented a Congressional Record of his outstanding achievements in the U.S. Capitol. His \"Concert in Tribute and Remembrance\" with The Cleveland Orchestra for 9/11 received an Emmy award. In 1991 he has been nominated for the Grammy Award for his Telarc CD Recording with","title":"Jahja Ling"},{"id":"2717138","text":"In 2008, Pride received the Mississippi Arts Commission's lifetime achievement award during the organization's Governor's Awards for Excellence in the Arts. He performed the national anthem at Super Bowl VIII and again at game five of the 2010 World Series, accompanied both years by the Del Rio High School JROTC Color Guard. He performed the national anthem before game six of the 1980 World Series, as well. In 2016, Pride was selected as one of 30 artists to perform on \"Forever Country\", a mash-up track of \"Take Me Home, Country Roads\", \"On the Road Again\", and \"I Will Always Love","title":"Charley Pride"},{"id":"17084782","text":"have planned to place the broadcast behind a paywall, which the league resisted. The NFL entered into a social media partnership with Snapchat to present live stories with behind-the-scenes and fan perspectives from selected games. 2015 NFL season The 2015 NFL season was the 96th season in the history of the National Football League (NFL), and the 50th of the Super Bowl era. The season began on Thursday, September 10, 2015, with the annual kickoff game featuring the defending Super Bowl XLIX champion New England Patriots hosting the Pittsburgh Steelers. The season concluded with Super Bowl 50, the league's championship","title":"2015 NFL season"},{"id":"18705261","text":"2015 Billboard Music Awards The 2015 \"Billboard\" Music Awards ceremony was held on May 17, 2015, at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas. It was aired live on ABC. The show was hosted by Ludacris and Chrissy Teigen. Taylor Swift won 8 out of her 14 nominations, including Top Artist, Top Female Artist and Top Billboard 200 Album for \"1989\". Other winners included Sam Smith, Iggy Azalea and Pharrell Williams scoring three trophies each. Meghan Trainor, One Direction, Jason Aldean, John Legend, Enrique Iglesias and Hozier won two categories. Swift premiered her \"Bad Blood\" music video at the","title":"2015 Billboard Music Awards"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"3401213\",\n \"text\": \"of the release date. \\\"Holiday Wishes\\\" also become the second ever Christmas to chart before Halloween during the SoundScan Era after Garth Brooks's 1992 album \\\"Beyond the Season\\\". On November 26, 2014, Menzel announced through her Facebook page that she would be touring during the summer of 2015. This was her first global tour and first time playing shows in Europe and Asia. Menzel was honoured with the Breakthrough Artist award at the 2014 \\\"Billboard\\\" Women in Music awards ceremony. Menzel sang the National Anthem at Super Bowl XLIX on February 1, 2015, at University of Phoenix Stadium. On August\",\n \"title\": \"Idina Menzel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18084511\",\n \"text\": \"for the game. This ceremony continued a ten-year tradition (starting with Super Bowl XX and then repeated in Super Bowl XXX and Super Bowl XL) in which past Super Bowl MVPs were honored before the game. Lady Gaga (accompanied by Alex Smith on piano) sang the national anthem, while Marlee Matlin simultaneously performed an American Sign Language (ASL) version of it. Matlin also signed an a cappella version of \\\"America the Beautiful\\\", which was sung by a U.S. Armed Forces chorus. In late November 2015, reports surfaced stating that \\\"multiple acts\\\" would perform during the halftime show. On December 3,\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl 50\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16858081\",\n \"text\": \"a Super Bowl since Billy Joel at Super Bowl XLI. Immediately before Bryan sang the national anthem, Phillipa Soo, Renée Elise Goldsberry and Jasmine Cephas Jones, who originated the roles of the Schuyler sisters in the Broadway musical \\\"Hamilton\\\", performed \\\"America the Beautiful\\\". After the national anthem, former President George H. W. Bush performed the coin toss alongside his wife, Barbara. The Patriots called heads, but the Falcons won the coin toss with tails. The Falcons chose to defer to the second half. On September 29, 2016, Lady Gaga, who had performed the national anthem the previous year at Super\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl LI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"403925\",\n \"text\": \"used different active and former players (and a player's widow) reading the Declaration for each version. Former U.S. presidents Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, and Bill Clinton appeared in another videotaped segment and recited some of the speeches by Abraham Lincoln. Because Ronald Reagan had Alzheimer's disease, his wife Nancy appeared on the segment in place of him. Singers Mary J. Blige and Marc Anthony, along with the Boston Pops Orchestra, performed \\\"America the Beautiful\\\". Paul McCartney then sang his post-9/11 song \\\"Freedom\\\". Afterwards, singer Mariah Carey, accompanied by the Boston Pops Orchestra, performed the national anthem.\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXXVI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10515920\",\n \"text\": \"of 30 artists to perform on \\\"Forever Country\\\", a mash-up track of \\\"Take Me Home, Country Roads\\\", \\\"On the Road Again\\\" and \\\"I Will Always Love You\\\" which celebrates 50 years of the CMA Awards. On February 5, 2017, Bryan performed the National Anthem at Super Bowl LI at NRG Stadium in Houston, TX. In September 2017, Bryan was announced as a judge for the revival of \\\"American Idol\\\" on ABC. Bryan released \\\"Light It Up\\\" in mid-2017. It served as the lead-off single to his sixth album, \\\"What Makes You Country\\\", which was released on December 8, 2017. \\\"Most\",\n \"title\": \"Luke Bryan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16858080\",\n \"text\": \"of the Pro Football Hall of Fame that had played college football at historically black colleges and universities. Of the 303 members of the Hall of Fame, 29 were from HBCUs. The Patriots took the field first as the designated away team to Ozzy Osbourne's \\\"Crazy Train\\\". The Falcons took the field second as the designated home team to Trick Daddy's \\\"Let's Go\\\". Both teams' season recaps were presented by Ving Rhames. Before the game, American country music singer and songwriter Luke Bryan sang the US national anthem. Bryan was the first male performer to sing the national anthem at\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl LI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18329765\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XLIX halftime show The Super Bowl XLIX halftime show took place on February 1, 2015, at the University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona, as part of Super Bowl XLIX. It featured American singer Katy Perry, with singer Lenny Kravitz and rapper Missy Elliott as special guests. The halftime show was critically acclaimed and its broadcast on NBC attracted 118.5 million viewers in the United States and 120.7 million worldwide, receiving the largest ratings in the history of the Super Bowl and becoming the most watched of all-time. The halftime show was watched by more viewers than the\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLIX halftime show\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7164009\",\n \"text\": \"was a presenter at the 2015 People's Choice Awards, where she introduced a performance of Lady Antebellum. On January 12, 2015, \\\"Scorpion\\\" was renewed for a second season. On January 18, McPhee sang the national anthem before the NFC Championship Game in Seattle. On January 26, she co-hosted with sports analyst Boomer Esiason the \\\"2015 Greatest Super Bowl Commercials\\\" special. On February 8, McPhee was a presenter at the 2015 Grammy Awards on CBS, where she introduced a performance of Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga. On April 6, 2015, actor Ari Stidham, one of the cast members on \\\"Scorpion,\\\" announced\",\n \"title\": \"Katharine McPhee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5732106\",\n \"text\": \"plaintiffs were awarded between $5,600 and $22,000 depending on the value of their tickets. Keith Urban and Maroon 5 performed during the pregame. The Texas Christian University Horned Frog Marching Band also performed during the pregame show. 22-year-old Candice Villesca of Lewisville, Texas performed the national anthem and \\\"America the Beautiful\\\" in American Sign Language. Lea Michele performed \\\"America the Beautiful\\\" supported by the Air Force Tops in Blue. Pop singer Christina Aguilera sang the national anthem, but performed the wrong lyrics for the fourth line of the song, later issuing an apology. The coin toss ceremony was the first\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14899794\",\n \"text\": \"and \\\"Wide Awake\\\". Expressing solidarity for his campaign, the box next to Obama's name was shaded. Perry was the headliner of Super Bowl XLIX halftime show, which took place on February 1, 2015, and \\\"Firework\\\" was the last song of the performance. \\\"Firework\\\" was the final song performed on both the Prismatic World Tour and . Credits adapted from the \\\"Teenage Dream\\\" liner notes. !scope=\\\"row\\\"| France (SNEP) Firework (song) \\\"Firework\\\" is a song by American singer Katy Perry from her third studio album, \\\"Teenage Dream\\\" (2010). Perry co-wrote the song with Ester Dean and its producers StarGate and Sandy Vee.\",\n \"title\": \"Firework (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11738133\",\n \"text\": \"and co-wrote a duet with him titled \\\"Who You Love\\\" for his album \\\"Paradise Valley\\\". The song was released on August 12, 2013. Perry's third headlining tour, the Prismatic World Tour, began in May 2014 and concluded in October 2015. It sold almost 2 million tickets and grossed $204.3 million worldwide and won Perry the award for \\\"Top Package\\\" at the 2014 \\\"Billboard\\\" Touring Awards. She also performed at the 2015 Rock in Rio festival on September 27, 2015. On November 23, 2014, the NFL announced that Perry would perform at the Super Bowl XLIX halftime show on February 1,\",\n \"title\": \"Katy Perry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1699790\",\n \"text\": \"less commercial success, reaching top thirty in Australia, the United Kingdom, France, and Scotland. Although it only managed to peak at number seventy-eight on the \\\"Billboard Hot 100\\\", it topped on the \\\"Billboard Dance Club Songs\\\" chart. On December 5, 2017, rapper Eminem revealed that Pink would be collaborating on the song \\\"Need Me\\\" for his ninth studio album \\\"Revival\\\". The album received the nomination for Best Pop Vocal Album erned Pink's 20th nomination at the Annual Grammy Awards. Although sick with influenza, Pink sang the United States national anthem before Super Bowl LII, a dream she had had since,\",\n \"title\": \"Pink (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12051626\",\n \"text\": \"Angeles Awards. In 2016, Gaga sang the US national anthem in February at Super Bowl 50, partnered with Intel and Nile Rodgers for a tribute performance to the late David Bowie at the 58th Annual Grammy Awards, and sang \\\"Til It Happens to You\\\" at the 88th Academy Awards, where she was introduced by Joe Biden and was accompanied on-stage by 50 people who had suffered from sexual assault. She was honored that April with the Artist Award at the Jane Ortner Education Awards by The Grammy Museum, which recognizes artists who have demonstrated passion and dedication to education through\",\n \"title\": \"Lady Gaga\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17473858\",\n \"text\": \"No players were observed kneeling during the national anthem, in contrast to the protests that happened earlier in the 2016 and 2017 seasons. Fifteen Medal of Honor recipients participated in the coin toss ceremony. World War II hero Hershel W. Williams was the honorary captain and had the honors of flipping the coin. Justin Timberlake headlined the Super Bowl LII halftime show, along with his band \\\"The Tennessee Kids\\\" and featuring the University of Minnesota Marching Band. Timberlake performed in two previous Super Bowls: Super Bowl XXXV in 2001 as a member of NSYNC, and Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl LII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18563350\",\n \"text\": \"of California Marching Band. Bruno Mars, Mark Ronson, and a troupe of backing dancers (dressed in the style of Michael Jackson) then performed \\\"Uptown Funk\\\". Beyoncé, also in a Jackson-inspired outfit and appearing with a set of backing dancers dressed as Black Panthers, then performed her new single \\\"Formation\\\" in a mass choreographed dance number before joining Mars onstage for a verse of \\\"Uptown Funk\\\". Coldplay played a snippet of \\\"Clocks\\\" during a video montage of past Super Bowl halftime and national anthem performances, including those by Bruce Springsteen, Missy Elliott, Katy Perry, The Rolling Stones, Paul McCartney, Stevie Wonder,\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl 50 halftime show\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7002511\",\n \"text\": \"Darren Fletcher, Rocky Boiman, and Greg Brady announcing. The Indiana University Marching Hundred performed during the pre-game show. On January 12, 2012, it was reported that former \\\"American Idol\\\" winner Kelly Clarkson would sing the National Anthem at Super Bowl XLVI. It marks the fourth time in the previous five years that an \\\"American Idol\\\" contestant has performed the national anthem (joining Carrie Underwood, Jennifer Hudson and Jordin Sparks). Husband-and-wife country musicians Blake Shelton and Miranda Lambert performed \\\"America the Beautiful\\\" as part of the ceremonies. American Sign Language translation for both songs was performed by Rachel Mazique, the currently\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLVI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17473841\",\n \"text\": \"and a U.S. Bank Stadium lounge on the day of the Super Bowl. The Minneapolis Armory also hosted Jennifer Lopez, Imagine Dragons, and Pink concerts close to U.S. Bank Stadium. Pink also performed the national anthem before the Super Bowl. Halftime performer Justin Timberlake held a ticketed \\\"listening session\\\" of his newest album at Prince's Paisley Park. Dave Matthews Band performed at Xcel Energy Center in Saint Paul. The Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community's Mystic Lake Casino hosted Gwen Stefani, the Chainsmokers, Florida Georgia Line, and Kygo. Planners originally scheduled a traveling nightclub for 9500 people, but cancelled, moving its concerts\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl LII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4661785\",\n \"text\": \"Anthem for Super Bowl XLIV. Underwood performed the opening theme song for \\\"NBC Sunday Night Football.\\\" Hill later expressed full support for Underwood, congratulating her via Twitter and stating that it was \\\"an awesome choice\\\" by NBC/SNF and that Underwood \\\"will rock it\\\". Underwood's original song was a modification of her song \\\"Oh, Sunday Night\\\", but was changed to an original song, \\\"Game On\\\", for the 2018 NFL season. She sang the National Anthem for the Nashville Predators prior to their victory over the Chicago Blackhawks in Game 3 of the first round of the 2017 Stanley Cup Playoffs and\",\n \"title\": \"Carrie Underwood\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4464681\",\n \"text\": \"American music industry. The film also won the 2015 Grammy Award for Best Music Film, with the award being presented to the featured artists as well as the production crew. In 2014, Fischer reunited with many of the backup singers in \\\"20 Feet From Stardom\\\" including Darlene Love, Merry Clayton, and Judith Hill to sing the national anthem at the 100th Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California. In 2014, Fischer began her solo tour accompanied by her backup band the trio Grand Baton; and together they have performed in the United States, Canada, Europe, Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. That same\",\n \"title\": \"Lisa Fischer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12304594\",\n \"text\": \"was simulcasted on TSN Radio in Canada. In the United Kingdom, BBC Radio 5 Live returned to coverage after the previous year's NFL broadcaster, Absolute Radio 90s, dropped out of sports coverage. Rocky Boiman and Darren Fletcher return as commentators. Idina Menzel performed the national anthem and John Legend performed \\\"America the Beautiful\\\". On October 9, 2014, \\\"Billboard\\\" announced that Katy Perry would perform at halftime and the NFL confirmed the announcement on November 23, 2014. At the start of the halftime show, on-field participants held up light globes which created a bird's-eye view of the Pepsi logo. Perry entered\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLIX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18407159\",\n \"text\": \"the Daytona 500, while David Ragan and Erik Jones replaced him thereafter. Ronnie Barton of the First Baptist Church of South Daytona began the pre-race festivities with the invocation. Singer/songwriter Phillip Phillips performed the United States National Anthem. The flyover was performed by the United States Air Force Thunderbirds. Vince Vaughn gave the command for the drivers to start their engines, while Paralympics bronze medalist Amy Purdy was the honorary pace car driver for the pre-race pace laps. With members of the United States women's national soccer team waving the green flag, pole sitter Jeff Gordon led the field to\",\n \"title\": \"2015 Daytona 500\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"863952\",\n \"text\": \"track, \\\"Nuclear\\\". Beyoncé performed the American national anthem singing along with a pre-recorded track at President Obama's second inauguration in Washington, D.C. The following month, Beyoncé performed at the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show, held at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans. The performance stands as the second most tweeted about moment in history at 268,000 tweets per minute. At the 55th Annual Grammy Awards, Beyoncé won for Best Traditional R&B Performance for \\\"Love on Top\\\". Her feature-length documentary film, \\\"Life Is But a Dream\\\", first aired on HBO on February 16, 2013. The film was co-directed by Beyoncé herself.\",\n \"title\": \"Beyoncé\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17512860\",\n \"text\": \"music video. On February 1, 2015, the song was performed by Perry during the Super Bowl XLIX halftime show, where she was on a chessboard, with her dancers as chess pieces. It was one of the most technical performance out of the rest of the performances. Credits adapted from \\\"Prism\\\" album liner notes. !scope=\\\"row\\\"| France (SNEP) !scope=\\\"col\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\"| Streaming Dark Horse (Katy Perry song) \\\"Dark Horse\\\" is a song recorded by American singer Katy Perry featuring rapper Juicy J. It was originally released on September 17, 2013, by Capitol Records as the first promotional single from Perry's fourth studio album,\",\n \"title\": \"Dark Horse (Katy Perry song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"393912\",\n \"text\": \"Pat Summerall and Bart Starr. This was Scott's final telecast for CBS. Midway through the following season Summerall would take Scott's place as the network's lead play-by-play announcer, holding that position through 1993, when CBS lost rights to the NFC television package to Fox. The Longhorn Band from the University of Texas at Austin performed during the pregame festivities. Later, country music singer Charley Pride sang the national anthem. The halftime show also featured the Longhorn Band, along with Judy Mallett, Miss Texas 1973, playing the fiddle, in a tribute to American music titled \\\"A Musical America\\\". The Dolphins' game\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl VIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18329784\",\n \"text\": \"Shark\\\". The U.S. Trademark Office rejected her initial attempt to register \\\"Left Shark\\\". Her team initiated litigation against an Orlando, Florida, artist named Fernando Sosa, who had been making 3-D figurines of Left Shark. Set list adapted from \\\"Billboard\\\". Super Bowl XLIX halftime show The Super Bowl XLIX halftime show took place on February 1, 2015, at the University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona, as part of Super Bowl XLIX. It featured American singer Katy Perry, with singer Lenny Kravitz and rapper Missy Elliott as special guests. The halftime show was critically acclaimed and its broadcast on NBC attracted\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLIX halftime show\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9050274\",\n \"text\": \"the proposal, the 49ers withdrew the $15 million offer. The team then gave the city an unsolicited offer of $3 million to help improve various youth athletic fields and facilities, which was cited as a peace offering by \\\"San Francisco Chronicle\\\" columnists Phil Matier and Andrew Ross, and other Bay Area media, but the city council turned the offer down. Super Bowl 50 was held at the stadium on February 7, 2016. The Denver Broncos defeated the Carolina Panthers 24–10. Lady Gaga performed the national anthem, and Coldplay performed with Beyoncé and Bruno Mars at halftime. Levi's Stadium hosted WWE's\",\n \"title\": \"Levi's Stadium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2499488\",\n \"text\": \"sang the national anthem with the Atlanta University Center Chorus at Super Bowl XXVIII. In 2013, she was a guest on Tina Sinatra's Father's Day Special on Sirius Radio. The program included Deana Martin, Monica Mancini, and Daisy Torme reminiscing about their famous fathers. Cole was married three times. She married Marvin Yancy, songwriter, producer, and former member of the 1970s R&B group The Independents on July 31, 1976. She had a son, Robert Adam \\\"Robbie\\\" Yancy (October 14, 1977 – August 14, 2017); he was a musician who toured with her. Marvin was her producer, and an ordained Baptist\",\n \"title\": \"Natalie Cole\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394195\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl is featured on \\\"NFL's Greatest Games\\\" under the title \\\"\\\"The Cinderella Super Bowl\\\"\\\". The pregame festivities honored the end of the Iran hostage crisis (which was announced 5 days before the game), which featured a performance by the Southern University band. A large yellow bow long and wide was attached to the outside of the Superdome, while miniature bows were given to fans. Singer, actress, and dancer Helen O'Connell later sang the national anthem. The coin toss ceremony featured Marie Lombardi, the widow of Pro Football Hall of Fame Green Bay Packers head coach Vince Lombardi. The halftime\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4243440\",\n \"text\": \"and Fox confirmed that \\\"Idol\\\" host Seacrest would serve as emcee for the pre-game show, with Alicia Keys as the primary performer; as she sang a medley of her songs, including... \\\"Go Ahead\\\", \\\"Fallin'\\\", \\\"If I Ain't Got You\\\", \\\"Teenage Love Affair\\\", and \\\"No One\\\" as the final performance. \\\"Idol\\\" Season Six winner Jordin Sparks, herself a native of Glendale and daughter of former New York Giants cornerback Phillippi Sparks, performed the National Anthem, while Phoenix College professor and theatrical interpreter A Dreamer interpreted it into American Sign Language. The anthem was followed by a flyover from the U.S. Navy\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394557\",\n \"text\": \"a video. It reached number 20 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 – making her the only act to turn the national anthem into a pop hit of that magnitude. Houston's rendition was critically acclaimed and largely regarded as one of the best renditions of the U.S. national anthem in history. The track was included on the album \\\"\\\". Following 9/11, the single was re-released by Arista Records, peaking at number 6 on the Hot 100 and was certified platinum by the RIAA. Former NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle joined the coin toss ceremony. The halftime show was titled \\\"A Small World\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19156731\",\n \"text\": \"our conditioning. It was a battle the whole day.\\\" Grambling's legendary World Famed Tiger Band performed with the Arizona marching band for the National Anthem, and also during the halftime show in Tucson. Both bands famously performed for the first NFL Super Bowl in 1967. Game Stats: Grambling State – T. Cherry (16–25, 209 YDS, 3 INT) Arizona – B. Dawkins (15–29, 223 YDS, 1 TD) Grambling State – M. Carter (13 CAR, 43 YDS, 1 TD) Arizona- N. Wilson (24 CAR, 116 YDS, 1 TD) Grambling State – C. Williams (13 REC, 152 YDS) Arizona- S. Grant (5 REC,\",\n \"title\": \"2016 Arizona Wildcats football team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3200058\",\n \"text\": \"aired a special episode of \\\"The Simpsons\\\" (\\\"Homer and Ned's Hail Mary Pass\\\") and the series premiere of \\\"American Dad!\\\" (\\\"Pilot\\\"), except in Philadelphia and Boston, where local newscasts delayed the premieres by an hour. Before the game, performances came from the Black Eyed Peas, Earth Wind & Fire, Charlie Daniels, John Fogerty, and Gretchen Wilson. Shortly before kickoff, Alicia Keys sang \\\"America the Beautiful,\\\" paying tribute to Ray Charles, who died in June 2004. The combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy, the U.S. Naval Academy, the U.S. Air Force Academy, and the U.S. Coast Guard Academy (including members\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXXIX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18451383\",\n \"text\": \"through to the finale. On December 3, 2014, Allegheny County Executive Rich Fitzgerald presented Jamison with the keys to Pittsburgh and declared Dec. 3 'Chris Jamison Day'. As part of the Pittsburgh Pirates' Home Opening Day, Jamison sang the National Anthem on April 13, 2015. Jamison stated that he is open to any style of music, but his diverse style is heavily influenced by Allen Stone, Justin Timberlake, and John Mayer. Chris Jamison Christopher Franklin Jamison (born June 6, 1994), better known as Chris Jamison is an American singer-songwriter best known for his appearance in season 7 of NBC's reality\",\n \"title\": \"Chris Jamison\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394425\",\n \"text\": \"Bowl XXII\\\"; and was the first such highlight film to feature former Boston and Buffalo radio personality Jeff Kaye as its narrator. The pregame festivities featured a tribute to entertainer Bob Hope, who was approaching the age of 85. Trumpeter Herb Alpert performed \\\"The Star-Spangled Banner\\\", while Pro Football Hall of Fame wide receiver Don Hutson participated in the coin toss ceremony (the game happened to coincide with Hutson's 75th birthday). Alpert's performance was the last non-vocal performance of the National Anthem in a Super Bowl to date. The halftime show, produced by Radio City Music Hall, was titled \\\"Something\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"246580\",\n \"text\": \"also announced to play at X Games for the first time at X Games Austin 2015 in Austin, Texas. On June 14, 2015, Hetfield and Hammett performed The Star-Spangled Banner live via electric guitars prior to game 5 of the NBA Finals between the Cleveland Cavaliers and Golden State Warriors at Oracle Arena in Oakland, California. In late October, the band unveiled a new website with an introduction from Ulrich containing footage from the studio of the band working on new material. On November 2, Metallica were announced to play \\\"The Night Before\\\" Super Bowl 50 at AT&T Park. Metallica\",\n \"title\": \"Metallica\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17084716\",\n \"text\": \"2015 NFL season The 2015 NFL season was the 96th season in the history of the National Football League (NFL), and the 50th of the Super Bowl era. The season began on Thursday, September 10, 2015, with the annual kickoff game featuring the defending Super Bowl XLIX champion New England Patriots hosting the Pittsburgh Steelers. The season concluded with Super Bowl 50, the league's championship game, on Sunday, February 7, 2016, at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California, with the Denver Broncos defeating the Carolina Panthers 24–10. During the 2015 season, the Oakland Raiders, the St. Louis Rams, and the\",\n \"title\": \"2015 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18567744\",\n \"text\": \"perform by the NFL, she had declined since she did not believe she was suitable for the halftime show. The NFL explained they had not signed any musician and were still in discussions with several artists. In the meantime singer Lady Gaga announced that she would be releasing her fifth studio album, \\\"Joanne\\\", in October 2016. \\\"Billboard\\\" reported that the NFL was is discussions with the singer, because of her performance of the national anthem at the previous Super Bowl. On September 29, 2016, Gaga confirmed on her Instagram account that she would be performing at the halftime show. Fox\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl LI halftime show\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12304556\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XLIX Super Bowl XLIX was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2014 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Seattle Seahawks, 28–24, to earn their fourth Super Bowl title and their first in ten years. The game was played on February 1, 2015 at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. It was the second time the stadium has hosted a Super Bowl, and the third one held in the Phoenix metropolitan area. With the loss, the\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLIX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394227\",\n \"text\": \"performed the U.S. national anthem, which followed a moment of silence in support of the Polish trade union Solidarity; following the crackdown by the communist government of Poland on the pro-democracy union. This was the first of two Super Bowls, both held in Michigan, in which two national anthems were performed, and to have a joint Canadian-American armed forces color guard, which consisted of members of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and Camp Grayling color guards. The coin toss ceremony featured Hall of Fame quarterback Bobby Layne. Up with People provided the halftime entertainment featuring a salute to the 1960s\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XVI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16788203\",\n \"text\": \"House, and has sung the National Anthem in venues all around the country. On August 13, 2013, Odokara-Okigbo (under the name \\\"Michael O\\\") released his first EP, \\\"In the Beginning\\\", to critical acclaim. In 2015, Michael appeared in the major motion picture Pitch Perfect 2, and is also featured on the soundtrack (which recently won the AMA for best soundtrack). He also appeared as the feature vocalist on tracks from well known DJ’s like Option4, Flex Cop and Gladiator. Michael O. has performed at prestigious venues like Merrill Auditorium (Portland Maine), The Lincoln Center, and for President Obama in the\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Odokara-Okigbo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11738134\",\n \"text\": \"2015. Lenny Kravitz and Missy Elliott served as special guests for the show. Her performance was critically acclaimed, and the \\\"Guinness World Records\\\" announced two days after the singer's halftime show that it garnered 118.5 million viewers in the United States, becoming the most watched and highest rated show in Super Bowl history. The viewership was higher than the game itself, which was viewed by an audience of 114.4 million. The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) ranked her fifth on the list of Top Global Recording Artists of 2013. On June 26, 2014, she was declared the Top\",\n \"title\": \"Katy Perry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4185098\",\n \"text\": \"sang the national anthem before Super Bowl XXIV, in New Orleans, and Super Bowl XL (along with Aretha Franklin), in Detroit. This was also the last time until Luke Bryan sang at Super Bowl LI that a male artist had sung the national anthem at a Super Bowl. Marlee Matlin and Jason Hay-Southwell performed the National Anthem in American Sign Language. Besides participating in the CBS telecast of the pre-game show, Dan Marino also participated in the coin toss along with Norma Hunt, the widow of Lamar Hunt, the former owner of the Kansas City Chiefs and the man who\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4579785\",\n \"text\": \"a player, Barney received numerous honors, including the following: Barney is an accomplished singer who began singing with choirs in his youth and college. He befriended Motown recording artist Marvin Gaye, when Gaye unsuccessfully tried out for the Lions in 1970. Barney and teammate Mel Farr sang background vocals on Gaye's classic 1971 song \\\"What's Going On\\\". In 2015, Barney was invited to sing the national anthem at the Pro Football Hall of Fame induction ceremony. Barney also had a brief acting career, beginning with a self-portrayal in the 1968 comedy, \\\"Paper Lion\\\". In 1973, he was one of the\",\n \"title\": \"Lem Barney\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3200059\",\n \"text\": \"of The Idlers) sang the national anthem accompanied by the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets. This was the first time in more than 30 years that all four service academies sang together—the last time was at the second inauguration of President Richard Nixon in 1973. The traditional military missing man formation flyby was this year performed by a pair of F/A-18 Super Hornets from VFA-106 at NAS Oceana and a pair of the Air Force's newest fighters, the F-22 Raptor, flying from Tyndall AFB, the training base for the Raptor. The earlier military flyby during the veterans' salute was conducted by\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXXIX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3136301\",\n \"text\": \"season in April, which premiered in November 2015. In March, she released a pair of singles (which were previewed in her reality series), with \\\"Rebel\\\" and \\\"We Ain't Worried\\\", of which the latter was used to promote her \\\"We Are Pop Culture\\\" clothing line. In July, she announced she was going to release a 5-track EP and video set, and was working with director Mike Ho. Also that month, she performed the National Anthem at the 2015 Americafest and premiered a new single \\\"Like Me\\\" featuring Snoop Dogg. A few months later, she released another single \\\"Do It\\\" with Lil'\",\n \"title\": \"Christina Milian\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4687393\",\n \"text\": \"the rapper Common to write the song \\\"Glory,\\\" featured in the film \\\"Selma\\\", which chronicled the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches. The song won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song as well as the Academy Award for Best Original Song. Legend and Common performed \\\"Glory\\\" at the 87th Academy Awards on February 22, 2015. Legend was featured on Meghan Trainor's \\\"Like I'm Gonna Lose You\\\" from her debut studio album, which reached number eight on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. On February 1, 2015, he sang \\\"America the Beautiful\\\" in the opening ceremony of Super Bowl XLIX. He provided\",\n \"title\": \"John Legend\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18329771\",\n \"text\": \"September 12, 2015. At the start of the halftime show, on-field participants held up light globes which created a bird's-eye view of Pepsi's famous logo. Perry entered the stadium riding atop a large, golden mechanical lion, opening her set with a performance of \\\"Roar\\\". She then proceeded to sing \\\"Dark Horse\\\", with 3D rendering on the field creating a chessboard visual where the turf constantly turned into \\\"different shapes and sizes\\\", as acrobats surrounded the singer. Following this, Perry joined Lenny Kravitz for a duet version of \\\"I Kissed a Girl\\\", which included her \\\"rubbing up against\\\" Kravitz and flames\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLIX halftime show\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"863937\",\n \"text\": \"Ladies First Tour in North America. On February 1, 2004, Beyoncé performed the American national anthem at Super Bowl XXXVIII, at the Reliant Stadium in Houston, Texas. After the release of \\\"Dangerously in Love\\\", Beyoncé had planned to produce a follow-up album using several of the left-over tracks. However, this was put on hold so she could concentrate on recording \\\"Destiny Fulfilled\\\", the final studio album by Destiny's Child. Released on November 15, 2004, in the US and peaking at number two on the \\\"Billboard\\\" 200, \\\"Destiny Fulfilled\\\" included the singles \\\"Lose My Breath\\\" and \\\"Soldier\\\", which reached the top\",\n \"title\": \"Beyoncé\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4450417\",\n \"text\": \"along with WLHK, WFNI and WWL, with the teams' other network radio affiliates instead airing the Westwood One feed. Barenaked Ladies played the Super Bowl Saturday Night event with O.A.R. and Robert Randolph and the Family Band. Chris Daughtry, Steve Winwood and Queen Latifah performed during the Super Bowl pre-game tailgate party, which started at 2 p.m. Carrie Underwood sang the National Anthem and Queen Latifah sang \\\"America the Beautiful.\\\" Underwood's selection marks the third straight year that an alumnus of \\\"American Idol\\\" has been chosen to perform \\\"The Star-Spangled Banner\\\", joining Jordin Sparks at Super Bowl XLII and Jennifer\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLIV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394954\",\n \"text\": \"pregame show, narrated by actress Tori Spelling, depicted the adventure of a Caribbean cruise from its festive departure to its journey to exotic destinations. The show included a performance by KISS, along with their trademark elaborate costumes and theatrical pyrotechnics. Cher later sang the U.S. national anthem. To honor the 40th anniversary of the 1958 NFL Championship, also known as \\\"The Greatest Game Ever Played\\\", the following participants of that game appeared during the coin toss ceremony: Raymond Berry, Lenny Moore, Jim Parker, Art Donovan, Gino Marchetti, Frank Gifford, Roosevelt Brown, Don Maynard, Sam Huff, and Tom Landry, the defensive\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXXIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394466\",\n \"text\": \"final game as 49ers play-by-play announcer), Wayne Walker and Joe Starkey. The pregame festivities honored the Miami and South Florida areas, along with a tribute to NASA. Singer Billy Joel later sang the national anthem. He also sang the national anthem at Super Bowl XLI, which coincidentally was held at the same venue. The coin toss ceremony featured former Miami Dolphins players Nick Buoniconti, Bob Griese, and Larry Little. This was the last outdoor Super Bowl to start earlier than 6 p.m. Eastern Standard Time, as it started just after 5 p.m. The halftime show was titled \\\"Be Bop Bamboozled\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394869\",\n \"text\": \"Bowl. The pregame show featured Los del Río, who performed their multi-platinum smash hit \\\"Macarena\\\", the dance craze that became a worldwide summer hit in 1996. Country singer-songwriter Mary Chapin Carpenter and Cajun musical group BeauSoleil also appeared singing Carpenter's hit \\\"Down at the Twist and Shout\\\". R&B singer Luther Vandross later sang the national anthem, and Miss Louisiana 1996 Erika Schwarz Wright performed sign language for the national anthem. The coin toss ceremony featured the winning head coaches of the Super Bowls that had previously been in New Orleans: Hank Stram (Super Bowl IV), Tom Landry (Super Bowl VI,\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXXI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394663\",\n \"text\": \"title as this episode. The pre show featured The Rockettes dance company in a tribute to Hollywood music and cinema in the United States. Also featured were former Eagles singer Glenn Frey and Fleetwood Mac. Country music singer Garth Brooks sang the national anthem. He was accompanied by actress Marlee Matlin, who signed the anthem for the deaf fans. Brooks very nearly did not perform the anthem—he left the stadium less than an hour before he was slated to sing, because of a dispute with NBC, regarding a video he asked them to air for the song \\\"We Shall Be\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXVII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14533992\",\n \"text\": \"was included as the encore for her California Dreams Tour. Perry performed California Gurls without Snoop Dogg on the BBC One chat show \\\"The Graham Norton Show\\\" on June 28, 2010. On February 1, 2015, Perry was the headliner of Super Bowl XLIX halftime show and \\\"California Gurls\\\" was part of the performance. The German cover band The Baseballs covered the song. It is included on their album \\\"Strings 'n' Stripes\\\". The Hub has released a promo for the animated series \\\"\\\". Entitled \\\"Equestria Girls\\\", it is set to the song's melody, with a new set of lyrics written specifically\",\n \"title\": \"California Gurls\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394606\",\n \"text\": \"USS Inchon; USS Monterey; USS Normandy and the USS Sierra. The pregame show featured local Minnesota youth including the Metropolitan Boys Choir, the Minnesota Youth Symphonies, and local marching bands. Singer Harry Connick, Jr. later sang the national anthem. The coin toss ceremony featured Pro Football Hall of Fame head coach Chuck Noll. Noll, former Steelers Hall of Fame head coach who had retired a month earlier after 23 seasons, conducted the coin toss. Noll's Steelers had lost to both of these teams earlier in the season by large margins (52–34 to Buffalo and 41–14 to Washington). STS-42, a space\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXVI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394710\",\n \"text\": \"musician Charlie Daniels, and the Morehouse College Marching Band. The United States Trampoline Association (USTA) performed on 4 trampolines during \\\"Jump-Jump\\\" performed by Kris Kross. Later, singer Natalie Cole, accompanied by the Atlanta University Center Chorus, sang the national anthem. To honor the 25th anniversary of the New York Jets' upset win in Super Bowl III, that game's MVP, former Jets quarterback Joe Namath joined the coin toss ceremony. The halftime show was titled \\\"Rockin' Country Sunday\\\" and featured country music stars Clint Black, Tanya Tucker, Travis Tritt, and Wynonna Judd. The show's finale included a special appearance by Naomi\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXVIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12304621\",\n \"text\": \"gain Receptions Times targeted Super Bowl XLIX had nine officials. The numbers in parentheses below indicates their uniform numbers. Super Bowl XLIX Super Bowl XLIX was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2014 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Seattle Seahawks, 28–24, to earn their fourth Super Bowl title and their first in ten years. The game was played on February 1, 2015 at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. It was the second time the stadium\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLIX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10663552\",\n \"text\": \"part of a new collaborative arrangement with record label Island. \\\"Confident\\\" was released through the new venture deal. This will be Lovato's second multi-label venture of her career; she was formerly part of Jonas Records, a UMG/Hollywood/Jonas Brothers partnership, which is now defunct. Lovato released the lead single from \\\"Confident\\\" titled \\\"Cool for the Summer\\\" on July 1, 2015. On September 18, 2015, the title track \\\"Confident\\\" was released as the album's second single. On October 17, 2015, she performed a \\\"Cool for the Summer\\\" and \\\"Confident\\\" medley, as well as \\\"Stone Cold\\\" on \\\"Saturday Night Live\\\" during the series'\",\n \"title\": \"Demi Lovato\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"376035\",\n \"text\": \"premiere the pilot of a promising new one in the lead-out slot, which immediately follows the Super Bowl and post-game coverage. Early Super Bowls featured a halftime show consisting of marching bands from local colleges or high schools; but as the popularity of the game increased, a trend where popular singers and musicians performed during its pre-game ceremonies and the halftime show, or simply sang the national anthem of the United States or America the Beautiful emerged. Unlike regular season or playoff games, thirty minutes are allocated for the Super Bowl halftime. After a special live episode of the Fox\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13908024\",\n \"text\": \"In 2013, McGinty appeared in two PBS specials. He joined former Celtic Thunder member Paul Byrom on his \\\"This is the Moment\\\" show, and later they did a short tour. The other special \\\"The Power of Music\\\" with Ethan Bortnick was also a 2014 US tour. National Anthem and solos. McGinty gave a \\\"stunning performance\\\" of the national anthem before the Kansas City Royals vs. Cincinnati Reds baseball game on 19 May 2015. He also has done all sized venues as a solo artist and is currently performing shows. Recordings. His first EP (\\\"Run,\\\" \\\"This Is Your Song,\\\" \\\"With or\",\n \"title\": \"Damian McGinty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18849457\",\n \"text\": \"2014 on NBC. The official theme song for the event is \\\"This Is How We Roll\\\" by Florida Georgia Line, who also performed live at the event. Hulk Hogan also made a special appearance. The other participants were: Alicia Fox, Brie Bella, Cameron, Emma, Nikki Bella, Paige, Rosa Mendes and Summer Rae. The 2015 edition of the special was taped on December 8 at the Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena in Jacksonville, Florida and aired on December 23 on the USA Network. Howie Mandel and the band Train also performed live at the event. JoJo also performed the national anthem in\",\n \"title\": \"WWE Tribute to the Troops results\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18329779\",\n \"text\": \"that Perry's halftime show drew a total TV audience of 120.7 million. Following the halftime show, all three of the songs performed by Missy Elliott entered the top twenty singles list on iTunes, and later reached the top ten. \\\"Billboard\\\" reported that industry sources expected Perry's songs to collectively sell around 100,000 downloads as a result of the performance, while Elliott's songs were predicted to sell up to 70,000 downloads, which would be an increase of more than 1,000% from the previous week (where Elliott sold 6,000 song downloads). For the week ending February 1, 2015, Perry's discography registered a\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLIX halftime show\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18567751\",\n \"text\": \"enlisted vocal coach Don Lawrence to help her belt out the correct notes. Lawrence worked with Gaga for her National Anthem performance the previous year, as well as her concert tours. Pepsi uploaded a behind-the-scenes video from the rehearsals, where Gaga explained the main challenge was how to make the halftime performance different from the preceding years but keep it still about the music. Choreographer Richy Jackson was shown in the middle of a session with the dancers, displaying the characteristic moves from the song, \\\"Bad Romance\\\" (2009). Jackson said the dancers were hand-picked and had worked before with the\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl LI halftime show\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15725731\",\n \"text\": \"On July 24, 2015, they joined Taylor Swift on stage at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts, during her \\\"1989\\\" tour to perform \\\"Shut Up and Dance\\\". On November 16, 2015, the group sang the national anthem preceding a Monday Night Football game between the Cincinnati Bengals and the Houston Texans, which was played at Paul Brown Stadium in Cincinnati. Walk the Moon performed their breakout hit \\\"Shut Up and Dance\\\" live at the 43rd Annual American Music Awards (AMA) on November 22, 2015. They were first-time AMA nominees for: The band's competition for New Artist of the Year included: Sam\",\n \"title\": \"Walk the Moon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"395042\",\n \"text\": \"anniversary of the birth of the United States, singer Ray Charles performed \\\"America the Beautiful\\\". The song was signed (ASL) by Tom Cooney. To honor the 10th anniversary of the Persian Gulf War, 10 military veterans from the conflict including former general Norman Schwarzkopf were introduced on the field. The pop group (and Florida natives) The Backstreet Boys then sang the national anthem becoming the only boyband to sing the national anthem at the Super Bowl. The coin toss ceremony honored the two previous Super Bowls that were played in Tampa. Representing the New York Giants' win in Super Bowl\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXXV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19203994\",\n \"text\": \"2015. The funk track Uptown Funk by British producer Mark Ronson, featuring American singer Bruno Mars, who co-wrote and voiced the lyrics was named the number 1 song of 2015, despite being released in late 2014. It spent the longest time at number 1 for the year, 14 weeks, and spent the entire year in the Top 40 region. This is also the joint-second longest time at number 1 for a single in the 57-year history of the Hot 100 post-1958 inception, after Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men's One Sweet Day, which spent 16 weeks atop the Hot 100\",\n \"title\": \"Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2015\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"376037\",\n \"text\": \"national anthem at Super Bowl XXV in 1991, during the Gulf War, had long been regarded as one of the best renditions of the anthem in history. Then, in an historic, groundbreaking, and emotional performance prior to Super Bowl XLVIII, soprano Renee Fleming became the first opera singer to perform the anthem, propelling FOX to the highest ratings of any program in its history, and remains so today. The halftime show of Super Bowl XXXVIII attracted controversy, following an incident in which Justin Timberlake removed a piece of Janet Jackson's top, briefly exposing one of her breasts before the broadcast\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17296354\",\n \"text\": \"Season 4 of \\\"The Voice\\\", on June 18, 2015. On February 2, 2014, the single was featured as the fourth song in Mars' performance in the halftime performance of Super Bowl XLVIII at the MetLife Stadium in New Jersey. Mars performed the song live at the 2014 Brit Awards ceremony. Ashley Lee, a writer for \\\"The Hollywood Reporter\\\", noticed that Mars \\\"added few well-harmonized vocal interludes to the song bridge, while reprising the song's vintage-style choreography\\\". The single was also sung during the Moonshine Jungle Tour (2013) as the third item on the setlist. The song was performed as a\",\n \"title\": \"Treasure (Bruno Mars song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15922336\",\n \"text\": \"Stevie Wonder, and Avril Lavinge. Nicole Scherzinger sung the American national anthem. A pre-recorded message by President Barack Obama was played, while First Lady Michelle Obama gave a speech in-person. The Flame of Hope was used by Special Olympian Destiny Sanchez, joined by Rafer Johnson, to light the stadium's Olympic cauldron (as Johnson had done in 1984). 2015 Special Olympics World Summer Games The 2015 Special Olympics World Summer Games were a multi-sport event for athletes with intellectual disabilities held in Los Angeles, United States from July 25 to August 2, 2015, in the tradition of the Special Olympics movement.\",\n \"title\": \"2015 Special Olympics World Summer Games\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4009696\",\n \"text\": \"sing along with Springsteen's signature wordless vocalizations throughout the song's performance. The song has also been released in live versions on six albums or DVDs: \\\"Born to Run\\\" was also performed as the second number of four during Springsteen and the E Street Band's halftime performance at Super Bowl XLIII. On Jon Stewart's last episode as host of \\\"The Daily Show\\\" on August 6, 2015, Springsteen performed \\\"Land of Hope and Dreams\\\" and \\\"Born to Run\\\". The B-side was simply another cut from the album; Springsteen would not begin releasing unused tracks as B-sides until 1980. \\\"Born to Run\\\" was\",\n \"title\": \"Born to Run (Bruce Springsteen song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2734530\",\n \"text\": \"content in daytime television, and indicated that he was reviewing whether soap operas were violating the agency's indecency prohibitions. Two other major sporting events that followed the Super Bowl that year also were forced to censor their respective halftime shows following the incident. The Pro Bowl, which would be played on February 8 at Aloha Stadium in Hawaii, originally was to feature singer JC Chasez, who was a member of boy band 'N Sync as was Timberlake, sing the National Anthem before the game and perform his hit song \\\"Blowin' Me Up (with Her Love)\\\" at halftime. However, the NFL\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6829739\",\n \"text\": \"McCoy (Eagles) and Colin Kaepernick (49ers). This time, Underwood is seen performing on a computer-generated stage. In another major tweak, the lyrics toward the end of the song changed, with the commentators' first names (Al & Cris) being replaced with \\\"come on along with the best on TV.\\\" Carrie Underwood performed a special Super Bowl version of the song at the start of the network's broadcast of Super Bowl XLIX on February 1, 2015. In this version, Carrie Underwood is performing with a rock band in concert with video screens showing scenes from past Super bowl games inside a CGI\",\n \"title\": \"NBC Sunday Night Football\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8669605\",\n \"text\": \"rendition of the song standard \\\"Memory\\\" and garnered a Laurence Olivier Award nomination for Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Musical. She was set to reprise Grizabella in the Broadway revival of \\\"Cats\\\" but a week before rehearsals she quit after producers refused to give her top billing. On June 30, 2015, Scherzinger was crowned as the winner of the variety show \\\"I Can Do That\\\" where six celebrities compete with each other by performing skills that they never knew they had. In July she performed the American national anthem at the A Capitol Fourth concert in Washington,\",\n \"title\": \"Nicole Scherzinger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2515136\",\n \"text\": \"field was the crew of STS-114, the \\\"Return to Flight\\\" Space Shuttle mission that eventually launched \\\"Space Shuttle Discovery\\\" on July 26, 2005. Houston-native Beyoncé then sang the national anthem. Aerosmith performed Baby, Please Don't Go and Dream On as part of the pre-show ceremony. The coin toss ceremony featured former NFL players and Texas natives Earl Campbell, Ollie Matson, Don Maynard, Y. A. Tittle, Mike Singletary, Gene Upshaw. Tittle tossed the coin. The NFL logo was painted at midfield for the first time since Super Bowl XXX, and the Super Bowl XXXVIII logo was placed on the 25-yard lines.\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXXVIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1525415\",\n \"text\": \"Ur Freak On\\\", \\\"Work It\\\", and \\\"Lose Control\\\". The performance was well-received, and boosted digital sales of Elliott's work that week, with a twenty-five-fold increase in album sales (to 2,000 units) and a ten-fold increase in sales of the three songs she performed (to 71,000 units) compared to the week before. It also became the most watched Super Bowl halftime show in NFL history, receiving 118.5 million viewers in the United States. On February 3, 2015, it was confirmed that Elliott would be a feature on the upcoming remix to Diplo and Skrillex's \\\"Take Ü There\\\". On February 11, Elliott\",\n \"title\": \"Missy Elliott\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17477853\",\n \"text\": \"her being visually out of sync with the backing track. On February 1, 2015, Perry performed the song during the Super Bowl XLIX halftime show. On July 28, 2016, she performed it at the 2016 Democratic National Convention. On May 27th, 2017, Perry performed the song as her finale at BBC radio one's big weekend in Hull. On June 4, 2017, Perry performed \\\"Roar\\\" at the \\\"One Love Manchester\\\" benefit concert for the victims of the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing. In 2013, the song was covered on the episode \\\"A Katy or a Gaga\\\" of the TV series \\\"Glee\\\". The\",\n \"title\": \"Roar (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394226\",\n \"text\": \"play-by-play announcer Jack Buck and color commentator Hank Stram. Hosting coverage for CBS was done by Dick Stockton. Locally, Super Bowl XVI was broadcast by KCBS-AM in San Francisco with Don Klein and Wayne Walker and by WLW-AM in Cincinnati with Phil Samp and Andy MacWilliams. \\\"60 Minutes\\\" was broadcast after the game on CBS, representing the Super Bowl lead-out program. The closing music for the telecast was \\\"The Winner Takes It All\\\" by ABBA. The pregame festivities featured the University of Michigan Band. The band later performed the Canadian National Anthem, which was not televised. Singer Diana Ross then\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XVI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7167393\",\n \"text\": \"from the sidelines. Both WBAL and KNBR are clear-channel stations, which allowed the local commentaries to be heard throughout the Eastern and Western United States, respectively. Per contractual rules, the rest of the stations in the 49ers' and Ravens' radio networks carried the Dial Global feed. Internationally, the game was carried on radio as follows: Sirius XM Radio and NFL Audio Pass carried the local, Dial Global, and select international audio feeds. On January 18, 2013, the league announced that Alicia Keys would sing the national anthem. Keys stated that she would not perform the song traditionally and instead would\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLVII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18433573\",\n \"text\": \"is featured on house duo Arches' single \\\"New Love\\\", which premiered in April 2015, and on Blonde's single \\\"Feel Good (It's Alright)\\\", released in August. Harding played at several festivals during mid 2015, including Birmingham Pride, Ibiza Rocks, Lovebox, Manchester Pride, and Parklife. Harding's influences include female solo artists such as Mariah Carey, Whitney Houston, Janet Jackson, and Lisa Stansfield, as well as dance and garage acts Artful Dodger, Craig David, and Madison Avenue. She has also cited house music of the 1990s as an influence. In May 2016, Harding was selected to perform the national anthem at the 2016\",\n \"title\": \"Karen Harding\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394515\",\n \"text\": \"and Wayne Walker and by KOA-AM in Denver with Larry Zimmer and Jim Turner (Zimmer was moved from his normal position as a color commentator when the Broncos' regular play-by-play voice, Bob Martin, became seriously ill the day before the game; eventually losing his battle with cancer just under a month after the game). The pregame show was a salute to Mardi Gras and featured musician and singer David Clayton-Thomas. Soul and R&B singer (and New Orleans native) Aaron Neville later sang the national anthem. The coin toss ceremony featured the recent inductees to the Pro Football Hall of Fame:\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXIV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2163445\",\n \"text\": \"Kraft Foods, Holiday Inn, and Tupperware. In the 1970s, Bryant was teamed up with the Disney Character \\\"Orange Bird,\\\" with whom she appeared in several orange juice commercials. She also sang the Orange Bird Song and narrated the Orange Bird record album, with music written by the Sherman Brothers. Bryant performed the National Anthem at Super Bowl III in 1969. Bryant sang \\\"The Battle Hymn of the Republic\\\" during the halftime show of Super Bowl V in 1971 and at the graveside services for President of the United States Lyndon B. Johnson in 1973. Bryant hosted a two-hour television special,\",\n \"title\": \"Anita Bryant\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18363608\",\n \"text\": \"Brett James, and produced by Underwood's longtime producer Mark Bright. It also has a sample of \\\"Amazing Grace\\\" at the end of the song, sung by Underwood. It became a crossover success, having topped the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Songs chart for seven weeks and the Hot Christian Songs chart for twenty six consecutive weeks. It also reached No. 24 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart. On August 10, 2015, \\\"Something in the Water\\\" was certified Platinum by RIAA. At the 57th Grammy Awards, the song won the Grammy award for Best Country Solo Performance. In February 2015,\\\"Little Toy Guns\\\" was\",\n \"title\": \"Greatest Hits: Decade Number 1\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18329767\",\n \"text\": \"NFL spokeswoman, the request had, according to the \\\"Journal\\\", received a \\\"chilly\\\" response from those involved. Fans of \\\"Weird Al\\\" Yankovic launched an unsuccessful campaign to have Yankovic perform the halftime show to promote his album \\\"Mandatory Fun\\\". On October 9, 2014, \\\"Billboard\\\" announced that Katy Perry would perform at halftime, and the NFL confirmed the announcement on November 23, 2014. On January 10, 2015, Perry announced that Lenny Kravitz would also appear at the halftime show. On January 30, 2015, it was revealed that Missy Elliott, who previously worked with Perry on \\\"Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)\\\" (Remix), would be\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLIX halftime show\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1425395\",\n \"text\": \"a duo medley with Carol Burnett. In January 1987, Diamond sang the national anthem at the Super Bowl. His \\\"America\\\" became the theme song for the Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign. That same year, UB40's reggae interpretation of Diamond's ballad \\\"Red Red Wine\\\" topped the Billboard Pop Singles chart and, like the Monkees' version of \\\"I'm a Believer\\\", became better known than Diamond's original version. During the 1990s, Diamond produced six studio albums. He covered many classic songs from the movies and from famous Brill Building-era songwriters. He also released two Christmas albums, the first of which peaked at No.\",\n \"title\": \"Neil Diamond\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4185097\",\n \"text\": \"Sky Sports taking the main CBS commentary and ITV taking the NFL supplied international commentary feed of Spero Dedes and Sterling Sharpe. Super Bowl XLI was broadcast in over 200 countries. Amongst the television networks who broadcast Super Bowl XLI were: Before the game, Cirque du Soleil, Romero Britto and Little Louie Vega performed as the pre-game act, and Billy Joel sang the National Anthem, accompanying himself on piano. He also performed at Super Bowl XXIII, which was played at the same venue. Joel became the second person to sing the National Anthem twice for a Super Bowl; Aaron Neville\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16616708\",\n \"text\": \"the tournament. The total amount of prize money offered by CONCACAF for the tournament is US$2.75 million, with $1 million being the top prize. Listed below is a breakdown of how the total amount is to be distributed: \\\"Sun Goes Down\\\" by German DJ Robin Schulz featuring English singer Jasmine Thompson was the official song for the tournament \\\"You Are Unstoppable\\\" by Austrian singer Conchita Wurst was the official anthem for the tournament. \\\"All the Way\\\" by Reykon featuring Bebe Rexha was used for Univision's coverage of the tournament. Awolnation's \\\"I Am\\\" was used for Fox's coverage. Multiple officials of\",\n \"title\": \"2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18563347\",\n \"text\": \"surfaced stating that multiple acts would perform during the halftime show. Coldplay was confirmed as the lead half time performer for Super Bowl 50 on December 3, 2015, one day before the release of their seventh studio album \\\"A Head Full of Dreams\\\". It was confirmed that Beyoncé and Bruno Mars would join Coldplay as special guests. Chris Martin called Mars to ask him to perform with Coldplay; however, Mars declined the offer. Nevertheless, the singer of Coldplay invited Mars to his studio in Malibu where he was working. There, Martin revealed to Mars that he wanted for him to\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl 50 halftime show\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8630798\",\n \"text\": \"to Salim Merchant, the song \\\"almost became the sports anthem of the country, especially after India won the Cricket World Cup [2011]. It was no longer our song but the country's song\\\". After India's World Cup victory, Indian team player Virat Kohli \\\"sang 'Chak de India' to the crowd\\\". When India defeated South Africa at the 2015 Cricket World Cup, Nitin Srivastava of the BBC noted: \\\"MCG has erupted with \\\"Vande Mataram\\\" (the national song of India) and \\\"Chak De India\\\" (Go India!) slogans in the air! And there's no age barrier for cricket fans who came and enjoyed the\",\n \"title\": \"Chak De! India\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18954288\",\n \"text\": \"performed with the Broward Symphonic Band in Davie, Florida. Neil Jenkins, Musical Director. Donna performed with The Gold Coast Community Band featuring soloist Maestro Ken Wilbanks and his 100-piece orchestra. The performance celebrated the band’s 40th anniversary. She now performs with their new director, Barbara Rubenstein. In 2015, Donna performed the National Anthem at Sunrise Stadium for the 50th anniversary NFL game for the Miami Dolphins as a part of a chorus of 50 women singing in 4 part harmony. She also participated in the Fall Heartland Tour, centered around the Bethany College Jazz Festival and Iola Music Series in\",\n \"title\": \"Donna Singer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18546558\",\n \"text\": \"debut to hourly plays on radio stations owned by iHeartMedia. The song garnered 1,000 plays on 100 reports, with an audience reach of 7.4 million. \\\"FourFiveSeconds\\\" is Rihanna's 40th entry on the chart, while it is McCartney's first since the chart's launch in 1992. For the week dated January 31, 2015, the song debuted at number 54 on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart. with sales of 53,000 copies and became the chart's top new entry. Subsequently, it debuted at number 12 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The next week, it moved to number 25 on the Pop\",\n \"title\": \"FourFiveSeconds\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6789906\",\n \"text\": \"on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, where it reached number four. To date, the song has sold over three million copies in the U.S, making Sparks the first \\\"American Idol\\\" contestant to reach the three million mark. It also became Brown's first song to hit three million. \\\"No Air\\\" also charted in Australia and New Zealand, where it reached number one, receiving platinum certifications in both countries. On February 3, 2008, Sparks sang the National Anthem at Super Bowl XLII. She performed in a tribute to Aretha Franklin at the NAACP Awards in February, as well. She had previously performed\",\n \"title\": \"Jordin Sparks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9335755\",\n \"text\": \"Blacc would be the guest advisor for Adam Levine's team on Season 6 of \\\"The Voice\\\". Aloe performed \\\"America the Beautiful\\\" to open WrestleMania 31 at the Levi's stadium in California. On May 5, 2015, a sneak peek of Owl City's single \\\"Verge\\\" featuring Aloe Blacc aired on ESPN's \\\"Draft Academy.\\\" The song was released on May 14, 2015. In February 2016, Blacc announced his contribution to the film \\\"Race\\\", a song called \\\"Let the Games Begin\\\". On June 19, 2016, Blacc sang the national anthem and performed during the halftime show at the NBA finals, in which the Cleveland\",\n \"title\": \"Aloe Blacc\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14485456\",\n \"text\": \"halftime show in the history of the Super Bowl, drawing a rating of 115.3 million viewers. The viewership was higher than the game itself. However, it was surpassed the following year by Katy Perry's halftime show. He also performed at the 2015 Rock in Rio festival on May 16, 2015. At the 2014 Grammy Awards Mars won the award for Best Pop Vocal Album for \\\"Unorthodox Jukebox\\\". \\\"Locked Out of Heaven\\\" was nominated for Record and Song of the Year, while \\\"When I Was Your Man\\\" earned a nomination for Best Pop Solo Performance. In the same year, the album\",\n \"title\": \"Bruno Mars\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394759\",\n \"text\": \"narrated by Harry Kalas. The pregame show held before the game featured country music singer Hank Williams, Jr., who performed his theme song for \\\"Monday Night Football\\\", which was based on his single \\\"All My Rowdy Friends Are Coming Over Tonight\\\". Actress and singer Kathie Lee Gifford (Frank Gifford's wife) later sang the national anthem. She was accompanied by then-Miss America Heather Whitestone who signed the anthem for the hearing impaired. To honor the NFL's 75th season, several former players who were named to the league's 75th Anniversary All-Time Team joined the coin toss ceremony: Otto Graham, Joe Greene, Ray\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXIX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12466819\",\n \"text\": \"while the New England Patriots, and Indianapolis Colts had the following two spots, followed by the New Orleans Saints at number seven and the Green Bay Packers and their fanbase ranked at number ten. The Arizona Cardinals finished last in the entire survey of 122 teams, though the survey was taken before the team's appearance against the Steelers in Super Bowl XLIII. The National Anthem controversy was started by former San Francisco 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick. Kaepernick knelt during the National Anthem in protest of Americas treatment of minorities. In October 2017, Papa John's Pizza removed the \\\"official sponsor\\\" designation\",\n \"title\": \"History of the National Football League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9041483\",\n \"text\": \"from critics and fans alike, including an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song and a triumphant win at the 75 annual Golden Globe Awards (Best Original Song – Motion Picture). Already having been streamed more than 115 million times globally, the anthem has received a dancefloor-ready re-work by GRAMMY® Award-winning producer Dave Audé. The song was revealed during Super Bowl LII as the soundtrack to NBCUniversal’s promotional campaign leading up to and during the PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games, including NBC’s primetime coverage of the Opening Ceremony on Friday, February 9. Alongside his lengthy career in A&R, soundtracks and licensing,\",\n \"title\": \"Kevin Weaver\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6729071\",\n \"text\": \"at the Los Angeles Philharmonic Institute. In 1991, he performed US National Anthem with the Florida Orchestra at Super Bowl XXV with singer star Whitney Houston which many still hailed as the best rendition of the Anthem. The audio and video of that performance earned platinum record status. In September 2006, The U.S. House of Representatives presented a Congressional Record of his outstanding achievements in the U.S. Capitol. His \\\"Concert in Tribute and Remembrance\\\" with The Cleveland Orchestra for 9/11 received an Emmy award. In 1991 he has been nominated for the Grammy Award for his Telarc CD Recording with\",\n \"title\": \"Jahja Ling\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2717138\",\n \"text\": \"In 2008, Pride received the Mississippi Arts Commission's lifetime achievement award during the organization's Governor's Awards for Excellence in the Arts. He performed the national anthem at Super Bowl VIII and again at game five of the 2010 World Series, accompanied both years by the Del Rio High School JROTC Color Guard. He performed the national anthem before game six of the 1980 World Series, as well. In 2016, Pride was selected as one of 30 artists to perform on \\\"Forever Country\\\", a mash-up track of \\\"Take Me Home, Country Roads\\\", \\\"On the Road Again\\\", and \\\"I Will Always Love\",\n \"title\": \"Charley Pride\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17084782\",\n \"text\": \"have planned to place the broadcast behind a paywall, which the league resisted. The NFL entered into a social media partnership with Snapchat to present live stories with behind-the-scenes and fan perspectives from selected games. 2015 NFL season The 2015 NFL season was the 96th season in the history of the National Football League (NFL), and the 50th of the Super Bowl era. The season began on Thursday, September 10, 2015, with the annual kickoff game featuring the defending Super Bowl XLIX champion New England Patriots hosting the Pittsburgh Steelers. The season concluded with Super Bowl 50, the league's championship\",\n \"title\": \"2015 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18705261\",\n \"text\": \"2015 Billboard Music Awards The 2015 \\\"Billboard\\\" Music Awards ceremony was held on May 17, 2015, at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas. It was aired live on ABC. The show was hosted by Ludacris and Chrissy Teigen. Taylor Swift won 8 out of her 14 nominations, including Top Artist, Top Female Artist and Top Billboard 200 Album for \\\"1989\\\". Other winners included Sam Smith, Iggy Azalea and Pharrell Williams scoring three trophies each. Meghan Trainor, One Direction, Jason Aldean, John Legend, Enrique Iglesias and Hozier won two categories. Swift premiered her \\\"Bad Blood\\\" music video at the\",\n \"title\": \"2015 Billboard Music Awards\"\n }\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who sung the national anthem at super bowl 2015"}}},{"rowIdx":8385,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["target market"],"string":"[\n \"target market\"\n]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1807801","text":"Market segmentation Market segmentation is the activity of dividing a broad consumer or business market, normally consisting of existing and potential customers, into sub-groups of consumers (known as \"segments\") based on some type of shared characteristics. In dividing or segmenting markets, researchers typically look for common characteristics such as shared needs, common interests, similar lifestyles or even similar demographic profiles. The overall aim of segmentation is to identify \"high yield segments\" – that is, those segments that are likely to be the most profitable or that have growth potential – so that these can be selected for special attention (i.e.","title":"Market segmentation"},{"id":"5635284","text":"barriers to entry, identical products with no differentiation, an unlimited number of producers and consumers, and a perfectly elastic (linear) demand curve. The imperfectly competitive structure is quite identical to the realistic market conditions where some monopolistic competitors, monopolists, oligopolists, and duopolists exist and dominate the market conditions. The elements of Market Structure include the number and size distribution of firms, entry conditions, and the extent of differentiation. These somewhat abstract concerns tend to determine some but not all details of a specific concrete market system where buyers and sellers actually meet and commit to trade. Competition is useful because","title":"Market structure"},{"id":"8963872","text":"Mass market Mass market is a market for goods produced on a large scale for a group of significant number of end consumers. Mass market is the opposite of the term niche market in that the first focuses on consumers with a wide variety of backgrounds with no identifiable preferences and expectations in a large market segment. Traditionally, businesses reach out to the mass market with advertising messages through a variety of media including radio, TV, newspapers and the Web. The mass market is the group of end consumers of common household products who are perceived as \"average\". This group","title":"Mass market"},{"id":"1807848","text":"firms or consultancies to carry out segmentation analysis, especially if they lack the statistical skills to undertake the analysis. Some segmentation, especially post-hoc analysis, relies on sophisticated statistical analysis. Common statistical approaches and techniques used in segmentation analysis include: Marketers use a variety of data sources for segmentation studies and market profiling. Typical sources of information include: Market segmentation Market segmentation is the activity of dividing a broad consumer or business market, normally consisting of existing and potential customers, into sub-groups of consumers (known as \"segments\") based on some type of shared characteristics. In dividing or segmenting markets, researchers typically","title":"Market segmentation"},{"id":"7584001","text":"their parent, the target market, who will be influenced to go purchase the toy. A target market is a selected group of consumers who share common needs or characteristics. Often these characteristics can be segmented into four different marketing groups, geographic, demographic, psychographic or behavioral (Kotler, P., Burton, S., Deans, K., Brown, L., & Armstrong, G., 2013). Once a company has defined their target market they will aim their products, services and marketing activities towards these consumers in a way that will hopefully persuade them to purchase the product or service (Kotler, et al., 2013). The impact of this will","title":"Target audience"},{"id":"10677563","text":"According to Lo, the adaptive market hypothesis can be viewed as a new version of the efficient market hypothesis, derived from evolutionary principles: By species, he means distinct groups of market participants, each behaving in a common manner—pension fund managers, retail investors, market makers, hedge fund managers, etc. If multiple members of a single group are competing for rather scarce resources within a single market, then that market is likely to be highly efficient (for example, the market for 10-year U.S. Treasury notes, which reflects most relevant information very quickly indeed). On the other hand, if a small number of","title":"Adaptive market hypothesis"},{"id":"11230679","text":"1946 and 1964, generation X, who are born between 1965 and 1976, and generation Y, who are born between 1977 and 1994. Each classification has different characteristics and causes they find important. This can be beneficial to a marketer as they can decide who their product would benefit most and tailor their marketing plan to attract that segment. Demography covers many aspects that are important to marketers including family dynamics, geographic shifts, workforce changes, and levels of diversity in any given area. Another aspect of the macro-environment is the economic environment. This refers to the purchasing power of potential customers","title":"Market environment"},{"id":"8963873","text":"encompasses such a wide variety of people, their need for, uses for, and price point for market offerings may vary greatly. The myriad of customers' needs makes it difficult to target each and every customer in the mass market, via mass marketing. Therefore, marketers often subdivide the market into smaller groups, or niches, comprising customers with similar wants, and then target them via niche marketing. Electric and gas utilities, soap, paper towels and gasoline are typical examples of goods for a mass market. Mass market Mass market is a market for goods produced on a large scale for a group","title":"Mass market"},{"id":"297756","text":"firms. The curve is therefore more price-elastic for price increases and less so for price decreases. Theory predicts that firms will enter the industry in the long run. Oligopoly An oligopoly (, from Ancient Greek ὀλίγος (olígos) \"few\" + πωλεῖν (poleîn) \"to sell\") is a market form wherein a market or industry is dominated by a small number of large sellers (oligopolists). Oligopolies can result from various forms of collusion which reduce competition and lead to higher prices for consumers. Oligopolies have their own market structure. With few sellers, each oligopolist is likely to be aware of the actions of","title":"Oligopoly"},{"id":"11475228","text":"Target market A target market is a group of customers within a business's serviceable available market at which a business aims its marketing efforts and resources. A target market is a subset of the total market for a product or service. The target market typically consists of consumers who exhibit similar characteristics (such as age, location, income or lifestyle) and are considered most likely to buy a business's market offerings or are likely to be the most profitable segments for the business to service. The choice of a suitable target market is one of the final steps in the market","title":"Target market"},{"id":"5635286","text":"the operator to competitive pressures, (b) gathering information on the operator and the market, and (c) applying incentive regulation. The correct sequence of the market structure from most to least competitive is perfect competition, imperfect competition, oligopoly, and pure monopoly. The main criteria by which one can distinguish between different market structures are: the number and size of producers and consumers in the market, the type of goods and services being traded, and the degree to which information can flow freely. Market structure Market structure has historically emerged in two separate types of discussions in economics, that of Adam Smith","title":"Market structure"},{"id":"5635283","text":"branding or quality) and hence are not perfect substitutes. In monopolistic competition, a firm takes the prices charged by its rivals as given and ignores the impact of its own prices on the prices of other. This market structure exists when there are multiple sellers who are attempting to seem different than each other. 2. Oligopoly, in which a market is run by a small number of firms that together control the majority of the market share. 3. Monopoly, where there is only one provider of a product or service. 4. Perfect competition, a theoretical market structure that features low","title":"Market structure"},{"id":"11475272","text":"combat this issue throughout the United States. Target market A target market is a group of customers within a business's serviceable available market at which a business aims its marketing efforts and resources. A target market is a subset of the total market for a product or service. The target market typically consists of consumers who exhibit similar characteristics (such as age, location, income or lifestyle) and are considered most likely to buy a business's market offerings or are likely to be the most profitable segments for the business to service. The choice of a suitable target market is one","title":"Target market"},{"id":"1807836","text":"origin. Online market segmentation is similar to the traditional approaches in that the segments should be identifiable, substantial, accessible, stable, differentiable and actionable. Customer data stored in online data management systems such as a CRM or DMP enables the analysis and segmentation of consumers across a diverse set of attributes. Forsyth et al., in an article 'Internet research' grouped current active online consumers into six groups: Simplifiers, Surfers, Bargainers, Connectors, Routiners, and Sportsters. The segments differ regarding four customers' behaviours, namely: For example, \"Simplifiers\" make over 50 percent of all online transactions. Their main characteristic is that they need easy","title":"Market segmentation"},{"id":"297738","text":"Oligopoly An oligopoly (, from Ancient Greek ὀλίγος (olígos) \"few\" + πωλεῖν (poleîn) \"to sell\") is a market form wherein a market or industry is dominated by a small number of large sellers (oligopolists). Oligopolies can result from various forms of collusion which reduce competition and lead to higher prices for consumers. Oligopolies have their own market structure. With few sellers, each oligopolist is likely to be aware of the actions of the others. According to game theory, the decisions of one firm therefore influence and are influenced by decisions of other firms. Strategic planning by oligopolists needs to take","title":"Oligopoly"},{"id":"2833681","text":"of people who buy a specific brand or a category of goods at least once in a given period, divided by the size of the relevant market population. Market penetration is one of the four growth strategies of the Product-Market Growth Matrix as defined by Ansoff. Market penetration occurs when a company penetrates a market in which current or similar products already exist. A way to achieve this is by gaining competitors' customers (part of their market share). Other ways include attracting non-users of a product or convincing current clients to use more of a product/service (by advertising, etc.). Ansoff","title":"Market penetration"},{"id":"246646","text":"An oligopoly is a market structure in which a market or industry is dominated by a small number of firms (oligopolists). Oligopolies can create the incentive for firms to engage in collusion and form cartels that reduce competition leading to higher prices for consumers and less overall market output. Alternatively, oligopolies can be fiercely competitive and engage in flamboyant advertising campaigns. A monopsony is a market where there is only one buyer and many sellers. An oligopsony is a market where there are a few buyers and many sellers. Game theory is a major method used in mathematical economics and","title":"Microeconomics"},{"id":"11811624","text":"early 1960s. It changed the view of many economists who had seen the labor market as a market of individuals with different characteristics of e.g., education and motivation. This perspective was intended to help explain the demand-side of the market, and the nature and strategy of employers. The idea of non-competing groups developed under the general label of labor market segmentation theory. The theory emerged in the United States The market segmentation model was developed to accommodate the differences in job markets. For example, lawyers and fashion designers work in different markets. Such markets arise from the division of labor,","title":"Labor market segmentation"},{"id":"1807831","text":"of customers, especially the attitudes and beliefs that drive consumer decision-making and behaviour. An example of attitudinal segmentation comes from the UK's Department of Environment which segmented the British population into six segments, based on attitudes that drive behaviour relating to environmental protection: In addition to geographics, demographics, psychographics and behavioural bases, marketers occasionally turn to other means of segmenting the market, or to develop segment profiles. A generation is defined as \"a cohort of people born within a similar span of time (15 years at the upper end) who share a comparable age and life stage and who were","title":"Market segmentation"},{"id":"6923603","text":"systems (\"freeing\" the markets) the free markets could run without market failures. For a market to be competitive, there must be more than a single buyer or seller. It has been suggested that two people may trade, but it takes at least three persons to have a market, so that there is competition in at least one of its two sides. However, competitive markets—as understood in formal economic theory—rely on much larger numbers of both buyers and sellers. A market with a single seller and multiple buyers is a monopoly. A market with a single buyer and multiple sellers is","title":"Market (economics)"},{"id":"20627270","text":"to their behavior patterns at the beginning and end of the period to measure the displacement. Example: Loyalists, Under performs, Seasonal, Onetime and two-time buyers and Inactive buyers. Another approach is to form a group of people with shared interests and purchase patterns as one segment, and later analyze their movements and migration after the end of the period. Customer migration In marketing, customer migration refers to the shifting of customers from one segment to the other. A Customer Segment or a group of individuals is formed that allows the company to identify and reach out to customers (current or","title":"Customer migration"},{"id":"11475234","text":"can be identified. In other words, the market is looking for market-based opportunities that are a good match its current product offerings or whether new product/service offerings need to be devised for specific segments within the overall market. Markets generally fall into two broad types, namely consumer markets and business markets. A consumer market consists of individuals or households who purchase goods for private consumption and do not intend to resell those goods for a profit. A business market consists of individuals or organisations who purchase goods for one of three main purposes; (a) for resale; (b) for use in","title":"Target market"},{"id":"249756","text":"has a perfectly elastic demand schedule. There are seven characteristics of monopolistic competition (MC): MC firms sell products that have real or perceived non-price differences. However, the differences are not so great as to eliminate other goods as substitutes. Technically, the cross price elasticity of demand between goods in such a market is positive. In fact, the XED would be high. MC goods are best described as close but imperfect substitutes. The goods perform the same basic functions but have differences in qualities such as type, style, quality, reputation, appearance, and location that tend to distinguish them from each other.","title":"Monopolistic competition"},{"id":"2833686","text":"how much inventory it is prudent to keep. Understanding market penetration for an emerging market is more difficult due to the lack of established competitors and similar products. Emerging markets are susceptible to large companies and are sought after by globalized businesses due to the increase in disposable income the average person will have and weak local competitors. The weakness of local competitors is due to their poor customer service and limit in resources as they don't have the capital and reach that large corporations have. The four big emerging markets are Brazil, Russia, India and China as they were","title":"Market penetration"},{"id":"297739","text":"into account the likely responses of the other market. Entry barriers include high investment requirements, strong consumer loyalty for existing brands and economies of scale. Oligopoly is a common market form where a number of firms are in competition. As a quantitative description of oligopoly, the four-firm concentration ratio is often utilized. This measure expresses, as a percentage, the market share of the four largest firms in any particular industry. For example, as of fourth quarter 2008, if we combine total market share of Verizon Wireless, AT&T, Sprint, and T-Mobile, we see that these firms, together, control 97% of the","title":"Oligopoly"},{"id":"10896173","text":"group of tightly targeted consumers. For example, markets can be grouped into narrow clusters based on commitment to a product class or readiness to purchase a given brand. The approach requires a company to define very narrow market segments, and tailor offers or campaigns for that segment. Although, the approach can be more expensive due to customization and difficulties attaining scale economies, advancements in technology have facilitated the delivery of highly customised products to small groups or even individual customers. Nike ID and Shoes of Prey are often cited as practical examples of this approach. It should be evident that","title":"Micromarketing"},{"id":"627414","text":"Stock market A stock market, equity market or share market is the aggregation of buyers and sellers (a loose network of economic transactions, not a physical facility or discrete entity) of stocks (also called shares), which represent ownership claims on businesses; these may include \"securities\" listed on a public stock exchange, as well as stock that is only traded privately. Examples of the latter include shares of private companies which are sold to investors through equity crowdfunding platforms. Stock exchanges list shares of common equity as well as other security types, e.g. corporate bonds and convertible bonds. Stocks are categorized","title":"Stock market"},{"id":"470532","text":"Cartel A cartel is a group of apparently independent producers whose goal is to increase their collective profits by means of price fixing, limiting supply, or other restrictive practices. Cartels typically control selling prices, but some are organized to control the prices of purchased inputs. Antitrust laws attempt to deter or forbid cartels. A single entity that holds a monopoly by this definition cannot be a cartel, though it may be guilty of abusing said monopoly in other ways. Cartels usually occur in oligopolies, where there are a small number of sellers and usually involve homogeneous products. In general, cartels","title":"Cartel"},{"id":"6923618","text":"price, promotion, place) in 1990 which is a more consumer-oriented version of the four Ps that attempts to better fit the movement from mass marketing to niche marketing. Koichi Shimizu proposed a 7Cs Compass Model (corporation, commodity, cost, communication, channel, consumer, circumstances) to provide a more complete picture of the nature of marketing in 1981. Businesses market their products/services to a specific segments of consumers. The defining factors of the markets are determined by demographics, interests and age/gender. A form of expansion is to enter a new market and sell/advertise to a different set of users. A prominent entry-point for","title":"Market (economics)"},{"id":"7583983","text":"target audience is often segregated by factors such as demographic and psychographic differences. The audience within these target segments can have different regional, ethnic, lifestyle, and monetary and religious requirements. Tailoring the offering to a target market allows the marketer to satisfy the particular needs and wants of the consumers within this audience (Hoyer, Macinnis, & Pieters, 2013, p. 13). The marketing mix is the combination of what are commonly called the '4 Ps'. These are price, place (distribution), product and promotion, in no particular order. The target market, defined by the market segmentation, requires a unique set of the","title":"Target audience"},{"id":"7577225","text":"over what variables to consider when dividing the market. Approaches through social, economic and individual factors, such as brand loyalty, have been considered along with the more widely recognized geographic, physiographic, demographic and behavioral variables proposed by Philip Kotler. Segmenting a market therefore, is a process of \"organising\" the market into groups that a business can gain a competitive advantage in. They must, however, avoid over-fragmenting the market as the diversity can make it difficult to profitably serve the smaller markets. The characteristics marketers are looking for are measurability, accessibility, sustainability and actionability. There are two approaches to segmenting a","title":"Segmenting-targeting-positioning"},{"id":"1807829","text":"when consumers might purchase or consume a product. This approach customer-level and occasion-level segmentation models and provides an understanding of the individual customers’ needs, behaviour and value under different occasions of usage and time. Unlike traditional segmentation models, this approach assigns more than one segment to each unique customer, depending on the current circumstances they are under. Benefit segmentation (sometimes called \"needs-based segmentation\") was developed by Grey Advertising in the late 1960s. The benefits-sought by purchasers enables the market to be divided into segments with distinct needs, perceived value, benefits sought or advantage that accrues from the purchase of a","title":"Market segmentation"},{"id":"7577240","text":"appropriate markets have been analysed and compared, appropriate segments will be identifiable for the organisation to pursue. Similar micro segments can be grouped as bigger segments if they satisfy the same need, segments must comprise only features that are the almost the same or extremely similar. Consumers can now be grouped via their characteristics to form a 'segment'. These characteristics include all information that was obtained during steps 1-4 to create specific segments of consumers that all have the same kind of needs, wants, and benefits received from the specific product within their segment. Analysing competitor intensity within segments and","title":"Segmenting-targeting-positioning"},{"id":"8830599","text":"Two-sided market A two-sided market, also called a two-sided network, is an intermediary economic platform having two distinct user groups that provide each other with network benefits. The organization that creates value primarily by enabling direct interactions between two (or more) distinct types of affiliated customers is called a multi-sided platform (MSP). Two-sided networks can be found in many industries, sharing the space with traditional product and service offerings. Example markets include credit cards (composed of cardholders and merchants); HMOs (patients and doctors); operating systems (end-users and developers); yellow pages (advertisers and consumers); video-game consoles (gamers and game developers); recruitment","title":"Two-sided market"},{"id":"1527237","text":"Oligopsony An oligopsony (from Ancient Greek ὀλίγοι (oligoi) \"few\" + ὀψωνία (opsōnia) \"purchase\") is a market form in which the number of buyers is small while the number of sellers in theory could be large. This typically happens in a market for inputs where numerous suppliers are competing to sell their product to a small number of (often large and powerful) buyers. It contrasts with an oligopoly, where there are many buyers but few sellers. An oligopsony is a form of imperfect competition. The terms monopoly (one seller), monopsony (one buyer), and bilateral monopoly have a similar relationship. In each","title":"Oligopsony"},{"id":"1807823","text":"geographic data to create richer, more detailed profiles. Geo-cluster approaches are a consumer classification system designed market segmentation and consumer profiling purposes. They classify residential regions or postcodes on the basis of census and lifestyle characteristics obtained from a wide range of sources. This allows the segmentation of a population into smaller groups defined by individual characteristics such as demographic, socio-economic or other shared socio-demographic characteristics. Geographic segmentation may be considered the first step in international marketing, where marketers must decide whether to adapt their existing products and marketing programs for the unique needs of distinct geographic markets. Tourism Marketing","title":"Market segmentation"},{"id":"9807694","text":"Marketplace A market, or marketplace, is a location where people regularly gather for the purchase and sale of provisions, livestock, and other goods. In different parts of the world, a market place may be described as a \"souk\" (from the Arabic), \"bazaar\" (from the Persian), a fixed \"mercado\" (Spanish), or itinerant \"tianguis\" (Mexico), or \"palengke\" (Philippines). Some markets operate daily and are said to be \"permanent\" markets while others are held once a week or on less frequent specified days such as festival days and are said to be \"periodic markets.\" The form that a market adopts is depends on","title":"Marketplace"},{"id":"13458671","text":"with an exchange, not of cash for goods or services, but identity for loyalty. Price describes sellers as: \"Sellers in the market are all those for whom myths and dreams and history [i.e. identity] can somehow be converted into power and wealth—classically states, governments, interest groups, business and others.\" Price illustrates buyers, medium of exchange, and their relationship: The \"buyers\" are citizens, subjects, nationals, consumers—recipients of packages of information, propaganda, advertisements, drama, and news propounded by the media. The consumer \"pays\" for one set of identities or another in several ways that, together, we call \"loyalty\" or \"citizenship.\" Payment, however,","title":"Market for loyalties theory"},{"id":"696917","text":"sub-markets or segments, each of which tends to be homogeneous in all significant aspects. Market segmentation is conducted for two main purposes, including: A firm only possesses a certain amount of resources. Accordingly, it must make choices (and appreciate the related costs) in servicing specific groups of consumers. Moreover, with more diversity in the tastes of modern consumers, firms are noting the benefit of servicing a multiplicity of new markets. Market segmentation can be defined in terms of the STP acronym, meaning Segment, Target, Position. Segmentation involves the initial splitting up of consumers into persons of like needs/wants/tastes. Four commonly","title":"Marketing"},{"id":"20627267","text":"Customer migration In marketing, customer migration refers to the shifting of customers from one segment to the other. A Customer Segment or a group of individuals is formed that allows the company to identify and reach out to customers (current or potential) with similar needs and expectations from the product or service. This movement can be a result of any event or actions led by the company or the customer himself. The first can be a resultant of marketing campaigns, messages and targeting, while the second can occur if there is change in customer preferences, income, or as a response","title":"Customer migration"},{"id":"9807780","text":"seller's private consumption or is distributed among kin and close family. Marketplace A market, or marketplace, is a location where people regularly gather for the purchase and sale of provisions, livestock, and other goods. In different parts of the world, a market place may be described as a \"souk\" (from the Arabic), \"bazaar\" (from the Persian), a fixed \"mercado\" (Spanish), or itinerant \"tianguis\" (Mexico), or \"palengke\" (Philippines). Some markets operate daily and are said to be \"permanent\" markets while others are held once a week or on less frequent specified days such as festival days and are said to be","title":"Marketplace"},{"id":"3871752","text":"Contestable market In economics, the theory of contestable markets, associated primarily with its 1982 proponent William J. Baumol, holds that there are markets served by a small number of firms that are nevertheless characterized by competitive equilibria (and therefore desirable welfare outcomes) because of the existence of potential short-term entrants. A perfectly contestable market has three main features: A perfectly contestable market is not possible in real life. Instead, the degree of contestability of a market is talked about. The more contestable a market is, the closer it will be to a perfectly contestable market. Economists argue that determining price","title":"Contestable market"},{"id":"18003105","text":"Product/market fit Product/market fit, also known as product-market fit, is the degree to which a product satisfies a strong market demand. Product/market fit has been identified as a first step to building a successful venture in which the company meets early adopters, gathers feedback and gauges interest in its product(s). Marc Andreessen defined the term as follows: “Product/market fit means being in a good market with a product that can satisfy that market.” Many people interpret product/market fit as creating a so called \"minimum viable product\" that addresses and solves a problem or need that exists. Sean Ellis is often","title":"Product/market fit"},{"id":"5458845","text":"Test market A test market, in the field of business and marketing, is a geographic region or demographic group used to gauge the viability of a product or service in the mass market prior to a wide scale roll-out. The criteria used to judge the acceptability of a test market region or group include: The test market ideally aims to duplicate \"everything\" - promotion and distribution as well as \"product\" - on a smaller scale. The technique replicates, typically in one area, what is planned to occur in a national launch; and the results are very carefully monitored, so that","title":"Test market"},{"id":"1294184","text":"of trophic links per consumer is a measure of food web connectance. Food chains are nested within the trophic links of food webs. Food chains are linear (noncyclic) feeding pathways that trace monophagous consumers from a base species up to the top consumer, which is usually a larger predatory carnivore. Linkages connect to nodes in a food web, which are aggregates of biological taxa called trophic species. Trophic species are functional groups that have the same predators and prey in a food web. Common examples of an aggregated node in a food web might include parasites, microbes, decomposers, saprotrophs, consumers,","title":"Food web"},{"id":"4666108","text":"Vertical market A vertical market is a market in which vendors offer goods and services \"specific\" to an industry, trade, profession, or other group of customers with specialized needs. An example could be software that manages services in hotels—amenities solutions. It is distinguished from a horizontal market, in which vendors offer a \"non-specific,\" broad range of goods and services to a large group of customers with a wide range of needs, such as businesses as a whole, men, women, households, or, in the broadest horizontal market, everyone. The activities of participants within any given vertical market are typically similar in","title":"Vertical market"},{"id":"1825812","text":"Chasm\" is closely related to the technology adoption lifecycle where five main segments are recognized: innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority and laggards. According to Moore, the marketer should focus on one group of customers at a time, using each group as a base for marketing to the next group. The most difficult step is making the transition between visionaries (early adopters) and pragmatists (early majority). This is the chasm that he refers to. If a successful firm can create a bandwagon effect in which enough momentum builds, then the product becomes a de facto standard. However, Moore's theories","title":"Crossing the Chasm"},{"id":"18003111","text":"high degree of product/market fit, or \"extreme\" product/market fit. Product/market fit Product/market fit, also known as product-market fit, is the degree to which a product satisfies a strong market demand. Product/market fit has been identified as a first step to building a successful venture in which the company meets early adopters, gathers feedback and gauges interest in its product(s). Marc Andreessen defined the term as follows: “Product/market fit means being in a good market with a product that can satisfy that market.” Many people interpret product/market fit as creating a so called \"minimum viable product\" that addresses and solves a","title":"Product/market fit"},{"id":"10751860","text":"Technographic segmentation Technographic segmentation is a market research analysis tool used to identify and profile the characteristics and behaviors of consumers through the process of market segmentation. Traditionally market researchers focused on various demographic, psychographic, and lifestyle schemes to categorize and describe homogeneous clusters of consumers that comprise possible target markets. With the advent of personal computers and home video in the late 1980s and the explosion in Internet use, personal digital assistants, BlackBerries, video games, cell phones, etc. in the 1990s, information and communication technologies have emerged as a central focus and defining force in a wide range of","title":"Technographic segmentation"},{"id":"7729999","text":"Customer base The customer base is the group of customers who repeatedly purchase the goods or services of a business. These customers are a main source of revenue for a company. The customer base may be considered the business's target market, where customer behaviors are well understood through market research or past experience. Relying on a customer base can make growth and innovation difficult. Companies with a customer base consisting mainly of large companies may increase their customer base by pursuing small and mid-size companies. From a legal point of view, the customer base is an accessible collection of confidential","title":"Customer base"},{"id":"17227788","text":"Relative market share Relative market share indexes a firm’s or a brand’s market share against that of its leading competitor. Market concentration, a related metric, measures the degree to which a comparatively small number of firms accounts for a large proportion of the market. These metrics are useful in comparing a firm’s or a brand’s relative position across different markets and in evaluating the type and degree of competition in those markets. The purpose of the “relative market share metric” is to access a firm’s or a brand’s success and its position in the market. A firm with a market","title":"Relative market share"},{"id":"17227789","text":"share of 25% would be a powerful leader in many markets but a distant “number two” in others. Relative market share offers a way to benchmark a firm’s or a brand’s share against that of its largest competitor, enabling managers to compare relative market positions across different product markets. Relative market share gains some of its significance from studies–albeit controversial ones—suggesting that major players in a market tend to be more profitable than their competitors. Relative market share can also be calculated by dividing brand sales by largest competitor sales because the common factor of total market sales (or revenue)","title":"Relative market share"},{"id":"8830621","text":"the attacker or exit the field. Two-sided market A two-sided market, also called a two-sided network, is an intermediary economic platform having two distinct user groups that provide each other with network benefits. The organization that creates value primarily by enabling direct interactions between two (or more) distinct types of affiliated customers is called a multi-sided platform (MSP). Two-sided networks can be found in many industries, sharing the space with traditional product and service offerings. Example markets include credit cards (composed of cardholders and merchants); HMOs (patients and doctors); operating systems (end-users and developers); yellow pages (advertisers and consumers); video-game","title":"Two-sided market"},{"id":"10968283","text":"LOHAS Lifestyles of Health and Sustainability (LOHAS) is a demographic defining a particular market segment related to sustainable living, \"green\" ecological initiatives, and generally composed of a relatively upscale and well-educated population segment. The author Paul H. Ray, who coined the term \"Cultural Creatives\" in his book by the same name, explains that \"What you're seeing is a demand for products of equal quality that are also virtuous.\" Included in the cultural creative demographic are consumers of New Age goods and services. Researchers have reported a range of sizes of the LOHAS market segment. For example, Worldwatch Institute reported that","title":"LOHAS"},{"id":"7584019","text":"generally segment target markets into consumer lifestyles and their social class. Social class has a large effect on preferences for cars, clothes, home furnishings, leisure activities, reading habits, and retailers (Kotler et al., 2014). Consumers are divided by their knowledge, attitudes, and use of, or response to, the product (Kotler et al., 2014). Marketers can group buyers according to the occasion when they made the purchase or used the product. For example, Kotler et al. (2014) suggests that air travel is generated by occasions relative to business, vacation, or family. Another way marketers can group buyers using behavioral variables is","title":"Target audience"},{"id":"10677564","text":"species are competing for rather abundant resources, then that market will be less efficient (for example, the market for oil paintings from the Italian Renaissance). Market efficiency cannot be evaluated in a vacuum, but is highly context-dependent and dynamic. Shortly stated, the degree of market efficiency is related to environmental factors characterizing market ecology, such as the number of competitors in the market, the magnitude of profit opportunities available, and the adaptability of the market participants. The adaptive market hypothesis has several implications that differentiate it from the efficient market hypothesis: Adaptive market hypothesis The adaptive market hypothesis, as proposed","title":"Adaptive market hypothesis"},{"id":"11851852","text":"and exportation of a variety of goods. They are marked by above average land mass, as exemplified by Argentina, China, India, Brazil, Mexico, Indonesia, and Iran. More land mass typically means an increased market size and share. Semi-peripheral nations are not all large though, as smaller countries such as Israel, Poland, and Greece exist within the semi-periphery. Semi-peripheral countries offer their citizens relatively diverse economic opportunities but also have extreme gaps between the rich and poor. World-system theorists originally used only two categories: periphery countries and core countries. A need for an in between category became quickly apparent, leading to","title":"Semi-periphery countries"},{"id":"7584014","text":"laws. Target audiences are formed from different groups, for example: adults, teens, children, mid-teens, preschoolers, men, or women. To market to any given audience effectively, it is essential to become familiar with your target market; their habits, behaviors, likes, and dislikes. Markets differ in size, assortment, geographic scale, locality, types of communities, and in the different types of merchandise sold. Because of the many variations included in a market it is essential, since you cannot accommodate everyone's preferences, to know exactly who you are marketing to. To better become acquainted with the ins and outs of your designated target market","title":"Target audience"},{"id":"3907144","text":"other barriers to entry. If no individual participant in the market has significant market power, then anti-competitive behavior can take place only through collusion, or the exercise of a group of participants' collective market power. The Lerner index and Herfindahl index may be used to measure market power. When several firms control a significant share of market sales, the resulting market structure is called an oligopoly or oligopsony. An oligopoly may engage in collusion, either tacit or overt, and thereby exercise market power. A group of firms that explicitly agree to affect market price or output is called a cartel.","title":"Market power"},{"id":"8830604","text":"regarding the number of users in their own group; these are called same-side network effects. Cross-side network effects are usually positive, but can be negative (as with consumer reactions to advertising). Same-side network effects may be either positive (e.g., the benefit from swapping video games with more peers) or negative (e.g., the desire to exclude direct rivals from an online business-to-business marketplace). For example, in marketplaces such as eBay or Taobao, buyers and sellers are the two groups. Buyers prefer a large number of sellers, and, meanwhile, sellers prefer a large number of buyers, such that the members in one","title":"Two-sided market"},{"id":"249761","text":"The source of an MC firm's market power is not barriers to entry since they are low. Rather, an MC firm has market power because it has relatively few competitors, those competitors do not engage in strategic decision making and the firms sells differentiated product. Market power also means that an MC firm faces a downward sloping demand curve. The demand curve is highly elastic although not \"flat\". No sellers or buyers have complete market information, like market demand or market supply. There are two sources of inefficiency in the MC market structure. First, at its optimum output the firm","title":"Monopolistic competition"},{"id":"369804","text":"many benefits: with full freedom of movement for all the factors of production between the member countries, the factors of production become more efficiently allocated, further increasing productivity. For both business within the market and consumers, a single market is a competitive environment, making the existence of monopolies more difficult. This means that inefficient companies will suffer a loss of market share and may have to close down. However, efficient firms can benefit from economies of scale, increased competitiveness and lower costs, as well as expecting profitability to increase as a result. Consumers are benefited by the single market in","title":"Single market"},{"id":"1807822","text":"and income as well as attitudinal and behavioural variables, it makes little logical sense to combine psychographics with demographics or other bases. Any attempt to use combined bases needs careful consideration and a logical foundation. Source: Based on Wikiversity, Marketing [E-Book], c. 2015 The following sections provide a detailed description of the most common forms of consumer market segmentation. Geographic segmentation divides markets according to geographic criteria. In practice, markets can be segmented as broadly as continents and as narrowly as neighborhoods or postal codes. Typical geographic variables include: The geo-cluster approach (also called \"geodemographic segmentation\") combines demographic data with","title":"Market segmentation"},{"id":"727288","text":"Market trend A market trend is a perceived tendency of financial markets to move in a particular direction over time. These trends are classified as \"secular\" for long time frames, \"primary\" for medium time frames, and \"secondary\" for short time frames. Traders attempt to identify market trends using technical analysis, a framework which characterizes market trends as predictable price tendencies within the market when price reaches support and resistance levels, varying over time. A trend can only be determined in hindsight, since at any time prices in the future are not known. The terms \"bull market\" and \"bear market\" describe","title":"Market trend"},{"id":"10888225","text":"geographic segmentation, demographic segmentation, psychographic segmentation and behavioral segmentation. This approach works well as it groups various customers into segments that have common needs. It would lead to targeting the segment and positioning the product. However, as technology is advancing there are more resources for businesses to get almost all of its customer data and segment the market that is leading towards microsegment as the future. Microsegment breaks down almost all of the customer needs and helps pitch a product that relates specifically to a very finite number of customers or individuals. Identifying smaller groups of customers is now easier","title":"Microsegment"},{"id":"6242277","text":"high prices to, customers in geographic areas allocated to conspirator companies. According to Adam Smith, people of the same trade seldom meet without the conversation turning to conspiring ways to raise prices and defraud the public. Market allocation is generally regarded as illegal in the United States, unless the Department of Treasury or equivalent body authorizes it. Market allocation scheme Market allocation or market division schemes are agreements in which competitors divide markets among themselves. In such schemes, competing firms allocate specific customers or types of customers, products, or territories among themselves. For example, one competitor will be allowed to","title":"Market allocation scheme"},{"id":"7568602","text":"Hong Kong, Singapore, and Australia/New Zealand are constructed to cover 95 percent of market capitalization at the country level. A single European index covers an aggregate of all Western European nations, also representing 95 percent of the aggregate market. An Emerging Markets Index represents 10 countries in Latin America and Asia. Each of these three groups offers large-cap, mid-cap, and small-cap indexes. Dow Jones Style Indexes are built as subsets of the \"Dow Jones U.S. Total Market Index\". The DJGI family includes indexes for 10 economic industries, 19 Supersectors, 41 sectors, and 114 subsectors. The indexes are reviewed quarterly. Indices","title":"Dow Jones Global Indexes"},{"id":"1058767","text":"extent of willingness to buy/sell. Also in M is the ability to pay as, for instance, a spent-out bull can't make the market go higher and a well-heeled bear won't. Technical analysis analyzes price, volume, psychology, money flow and other market information, whereas fundamental analysis looks at the facts of the company, market, currency or commodity. Most large brokerage, trading group, or financial institutions will typically have both a technical analysis and fundamental analysis team. In the 1960s and 1970s it was widely dismissed by academics. In a recent review, Irwin and Park reported that 56 of 95 modern studies","title":"Technical analysis"},{"id":"11860368","text":"Gathering information about how competitors are performing in the market, what customers think of the different products available and what is missing in the market through conducting research using different methods such as SWOT and PEST analyses. Market segmentation is the process by which one divides prospective customers into different groups (segments) that have common needs and the same expected reaction to a marketing action. This approach enables companies to offer customers full value proposition of their products or services. There are common factors considered when performing a market segmentation in a go-to-market strategy: Marketing strategy includes every marketing activity","title":"Go to market"},{"id":"627424","text":"this avoids the commissions of the exchange. However, it also has problems such as adverse selection. Financial regulators are probing dark pools. Market participants include individual retail investors, institutional investors such as mutual funds, banks, insurance companies and hedge funds, and also publicly traded corporations trading in their own shares. Some studies have suggested that institutional investors and corporations trading in their own shares generally receive higher risk-adjusted returns than retail investors. A few decades ago, most buyers and sellers were individual investors, such as wealthy businessmen, usually with long family histories to particular corporations. Over time, markets have become","title":"Stock market"},{"id":"6923594","text":"or may be constructed deliberately by human interaction in order to enable the exchange of rights (cf. ownership) of services and goods. Markets generally supplant gift economies and are often held in place through rules and customs, such as a booth fee, competitive pricing, and source of goods for sale (local produce or stock registration). Markets can differ by products (goods, services) or factors (labour and capital) sold, product differentiation, place in which exchanges are carried, buyers targeted, duration, selling process, government regulation, taxes, subsidies, minimum wages, price ceilings, legality of exchange, liquidity, intensity of speculation, size, concentration, exchange asymmetry,","title":"Market (economics)"},{"id":"15725284","text":"capital purchase costs and that the product's efficiency is increased. A trade-off exists between capital costs, self-esteem attached to product ownership, rental and transaction costs. According to Belz (2005) we have observed since the beginning of the 21st century that the classical market structure has changed. The consumer goods market is characterized by \"polarization\", which means that the middle price and quality segment decreased, while the lower price segment and the upper quality segment grow in significance and in market shares. In the past, the middle segment was most of the market share and today, a large low price segment","title":"Customer cost"},{"id":"11475239","text":"enter the market. When a marketer enters more than one market, the segments are often labeled the \"primary target market\" and the \"secondary target market.\" The primary market is the target market selected as the main focus of marketing activities and most of the firm's resources are allocated to the primary target. The secondary target market is likely to be a segment that is not as large as the primary market, but may have growth potential. Alternatively, the secondary target group might consist of a small number of purchasers that account for a relatively high proportion of sales volume perhaps","title":"Target market"},{"id":"4666109","text":"that they aim at solving the same or similar problems. These markets are typically competitive, because of the overlapping focuses of the products and services that are provided to the customers. The single defining characteristic of the participants in a vertical market is competition within a well-defined segment. Horizontal market participants often attempt to meet enough of the different needs of vertical markets to gain a presence in the vertical market. Their similar products/services tend to be less of a fit but also less expensive than specialized, vertical participant solutions. Vertical market software is software aimed at addressing the needs","title":"Vertical market"},{"id":"6397600","text":"Domestic market A domestic market, also referred to as an internal market or domestic trading, is the supply and demand of goods, services, and securities within a single country. In domestic trading, a firm faces only one set of competitive, economic, and market issues and essentially must deal with only one set of customers, although the company may have several segments in a market. The term is also used to refer to the customers of a single business who live in the country where the business operates. There are certain limitations when competing in a domestic market, many of which","title":"Domestic market"},{"id":"1815123","text":"causes of differentiation may be functional aspects of the product or service, how it is distributed and marketed, or who buys it. The major sources of product differentiation are as follows. The objective of differentiation is to develop a position that potential customers see as unique. The term is used frequently when dealing with freemium business models, in which businesses market a free and paid version of a given product. Given they target the same group of customers, it is imperative that free and paid versions be effectively differentiated. Differentiation primarily affects performance through reducing directness of competition: As the","title":"Product differentiation"},{"id":"8443119","text":"has say 50% share, the next largest might have 25% share, the next 12% share, the next 6% share, and all remaining firms combined might have 7% share. Market share is not a perfect proxy of market dominance. The influences of customers, suppliers, competitors in related industries, and government regulations must be taken into account. Although there are no hard and fast rules governing the relationship between market share and market dominance, the following are general criteria: Market shares within an industry might not exhibit a declining scale. There could be only two firms in a duopolistic market, each with","title":"Dominance (economics)"},{"id":"1780658","text":"Customer In sales, commerce and economics, a customer (sometimes known as a client, buyer, or purchaser) is the recipient of a good, service, product or an idea - obtained from a seller, vendor, or supplier via a financial transaction or exchange for money or some other valuable consideration. Early societies relied on a gift economy based on favours. Later, as commerce developed less permanent human relations were formed, depending more on transitory needs rather than enduring social desires. Although such distinctions have no contemporary semantic weight, certain (short term) sectors prefer \"client\" while more stable, repeat business operations tend to","title":"Customer"},{"id":"10888576","text":"to differentiate their interests and mutual relations. The three groups are as follows: The interests of these stakeholders and their relations to companies are described briefly below. Our purpose is to establish a framework for further analysis. \"Customers\" The customers of a company are typically consumers, other market producers or producers in the public sector. Each of them has their individual production functions. Due to competition, the price-quality-ratios of commodities tend to improve and this brings the benefits of better productivity to customers. Customers get more for less. In households and the public sector this means that more need satisfaction","title":"Production (economics)"},{"id":"2195130","text":"Farmers' market A farmers' market is a physical retail marketplace intended to sell foods directly by farmers to consumers. Farmers' markets may be indoors or outdoors and typically consist of booths, tables or stands where farmers sell fruits, vegetables, meats, cheeses, and sometimes prepared foods and beverages. Farmers' markets exist in many countries worldwide and reflect the local culture and economy. The size of the market may be just a few stalls or it may be as large as several city blocks. Due to their nature, they tend to be less rigidly regulated than retail produce shops. They are distinguished","title":"Farmers' market"},{"id":"1807812","text":"segmentation remains one of the enduring concepts in marketing and continues to be widely used in practice. One American study, for example, suggested that almost 60 percent of senior executives had used market segmentation in the past two years. A key consideration for marketers is whether to segment or not to segment. Depending on company philosophy, resources, product type or market characteristics, a business may develop an undifferentiated approach or \"differentiated approach\". In an undifferentiated approach, the marketer ignores segmentation and develops a product that meets the needs of the largest number of buyers. In a differentiated approach the firm","title":"Market segmentation"},{"id":"1415697","text":"Concentration ratio The most common concentration ratios are the CR and the CR, which means the market share of the four and the eight largest firms. Concentration ratios are usually used to show the extent of market control of the largest firms in the industry and to illustrate the degree to which an industry is oligopolistic. The standard tools of competition economists and competition authorities to measure market concentration are the Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) and the concentration ratios (CR(n)). These two are known as the traditional structural measures of market concentration (based on market shares). The concentration of firms in","title":"Concentration ratio"},{"id":"4768240","text":"top players in each segment of the market. The extent to which they provide premium quality, or premium service or price advantage, can help identify future target segments; Swot Analysis. The strengths of players as well as weaknesses/areas of improvement are needed to combat the onslaught in a marketing warfare. Strength and weakness include brand equity, geographic presence, strong management/leadership, technological edge, and patent/copyrights. Emerging Opportunities should be identified which could make the market grow faster/larger or acquire business more easily. Similarly, are there threat factors that could reduce the total market size. These could be due to regulatory guidelines,","title":"Market share analysis"},{"id":"3829310","text":"plan and the best use of resources. Marketing to suppliers is aimed at ensuring a long-term conflict-free relationship in which all parties understand each other's needs and exceed each other's expectations. Such a strategy can reduce costs and improve quality. Influence markets involve a wide range of sub-markets including: government regulators, standards bodies, lobbyists, stockholders, bankers, venture capitalists, financial analysts, stockbrokers, consumer associations, environmental associations, and labor associations. These activities are typically carried out by the public relations department, but relationship marketers feel that marketing to all six markets is the responsibility of everyone in the organization. Each market may","title":"Relationship marketing"},{"id":"9807697","text":"covered, to protect traders and shoppers from the sun. In milder climates, markets are often open air. In Asia, a system of morning markets trading in fresh produce and night markets trading in non-perishables is common. In many countries, shopping at a local market is a standard feature of daily life. Given the market's role in ensuring food supply for a population, markets are often highly regulated by a central authority. In many places, designated market places have become listed sites of historic and architectural significance and represent part of a town or nation's cultural assets. For these reasons, they","title":"Marketplace"},{"id":"4515145","text":"the home office niche, while at the same time having separate machines with one of these functions for big businesses. In practice, product vendors and trade businesses are commonly referred to as \"mainstream providers\" or \"narrow demographics niche market providers\" (colloquially shortened to just \"niche market providers\"). Small capital providers usually opt for a niche market with narrow demographics as a measure of increasing their financial gain margins. The final product quality (low or high) is not dependent on the price elasticity of demand, but the specific needs that the product is aimed to satisfy and, in some cases, aspects","title":"Niche market"},{"id":"6923595","text":"relative prices, volatility and geographic extension. The geographic boundaries of a market may vary considerably, for example the food market in a single building, the real estate market in a local city, the consumer market in an entire country, or the economy of an international trade bloc where the same rules apply throughout. Markets can also be worldwide, see for example the global diamond trade. National economies can also be classified as developed markets or developing markets. In mainstream economics, the concept of a market is any structure that allows buyers and sellers to exchange any type of goods, services","title":"Market (economics)"},{"id":"9167346","text":"Market share is said to be a key indicator of market competitiveness—that is, how well a firm is doing against its competitors. \"This metric, supplemented by changes in sales revenue, helps managers evaluate both primary and selective demand in their market. That is, it enables them to judge not only total market growth or decline but also trends in customers’ selections among competitors. Generally, sales growth resulting from primary demand (total market growth) is less costly and more profitable than that achieved by capturing share from competitors. Conversely, losses in market share can signal serious long-term problems that require strategic","title":"Market share"},{"id":"9807721","text":"the edges of Yucatecan canoe trade such as Xicalanco and Ulua. The Spanish conquerors commented on the impressive nature of the local markets in the 15th century. The Mexica (Aztec) market of Tlatelolco was the largest in all the Americas and said to be superior to those in Europe. There are many different ways to classify markets. One way is to consider the nature of the buyer and the market's place within the distribution system. This leads to two broad classes of market, namely retail market or wholesale markets. The economist, Alfred Marshall classified markets according to time period. In","title":"Marketplace"},{"id":"110924","text":"a good), duopoly (in which there are only two sellers of a good), oligopoly (in which there are few sellers of a good), monopolistic competition (in which there are many sellers producing highly differentiated goods), monopsony (in which there is only one buyer of a good), and oligopsony (in which there are few buyers of a good). Unlike perfect competition, imperfect competition invariably means market power is unequally distributed. Firms under imperfect competition have the potential to be \"price makers\", which means that, by holding a disproportionately high share of market power, they can influence the prices of their products.","title":"Economics"},{"id":"2833678","text":"they need a company's goods/services. With the consumers attention span becoming less and less, organizations need to constantly keep on top of competitors to stay relevant. Some factors of market penetration are holding costs, advanced inventory management practices and technology (e.g. ongoing replenishment and vendor managed inventory), supply chain problems and economies of scale (e.g., Chang and Lee 1995, Chen et al. 2005, Gaur and Kesavan 2005, Gaur et al. 2005, Hendricks and Singhal 2005, Huson and Nanda 1995, Lieberman et al. 1996). Market penetration, market development, and product development together establish market growth for a company. Overall the major","title":"Market penetration"},{"id":"1880928","text":"the market price. Firms exhibit a mix of these pricing paths across their portfolios. The specific pricing paths correlate with market, firm, and brand characteristics such as competitive intensity, market pioneering, brand reputation, and experience effects. Penetration pricing Penetration pricing is a pricing strategy where the price of a product is initially set low to rapidly reach a wide fraction of the market and initiate word of mouth. The strategy works on the expectation that customers will switch to the new brand because of the lower price. Penetration pricing is most commonly associated with marketing objectives of enlarging market share","title":"Penetration pricing"},{"id":"13017788","text":"Factor market In economics, a factor market is a market where factors of production are bought and sold, such as the labor market, the physical capital market, the market for raw materials, and the market for management or entrepreneurial resources. Firms buy productive resources in return for making factor payments at factor prices. The interaction between product and factor markets involves the principle of derived demand. Derived demand refers to the demand for productive resources, which is derived from the demand for final goods and services or output. For example, if consumer demand for new cars rises, producers will respond","title":"Factor market"},{"id":"15201528","text":"gathers respectively of animal and plant material, irrespective of whether live or dead. Croppers, scavengers, and detritivores are gatherers respectively of live, dead, and particulate material. Parasites, saprophages, and decomposers are miners respectively of live, dead, and particulate material. Consumer–resource interactions Consumer–resource interactions are the core motif of ecological food chains or food webs, and are an umbrella term for a variety of more specialized types of biological species interactions including prey-predator (see predation), host-parasite (see parasitism), plant-herbivore and victim-exploiter systems. These kinds of interactions have been studied and modeled by population ecologists for nearly a century. Species at the","title":"Consumer–resource interactions"},{"id":"696897","text":"essential: Marketing research, conducted for the purpose of new product development or product improvement, is often concerned with identifying the consumer's \"unmet needs.\" Customer needs are central to market segmentation which is concerned with dividing markets into distinct groups of buyers on the basis of \"distinct needs, characteristics, or behaviors who might require separate products or marketing mixes.\" Needs-based segmentation (also known as \"benefit segmentation\") \"places the customers' desires at the forefront of how a company designs and markets products or services.\" Although needs-based segmentation is difficult to do in practice, it has been proved to be one of the","title":"Marketing"},{"id":"3725872","text":"psychology, with the concept of herd behaviour. However both the term and concepts that underlie its use are controversial. The term has acquired a semi-technical usage in behavioral finance to describe the largest group of market investors or market speculators who tend to \"move with the market\", or \"follow the general market trend\". This is at least a plausible example of genuine herding, though according to some researchers it results from rational decisions through processes such as information cascade and rational expectations. Other researchers, however, ascribe it to non-rational process such as mimicry, fear and greed contagion. \"Contrarians\" or contrarian","title":"Herd"},{"id":"12031756","text":"Captive market Captive markets are markets where the potential consumers face a severely limited number of competitive suppliers; their only choices are to purchase what is available or to make no purchase at all. Captive markets result in higher prices and less diversity for consumers. The term therefore applies to any market where there is a monopoly or oligopoly. Examples of captive-market environments include the food markets in cinemas, airports, and sports arenas, college textbooks, US cable companies, the Kosher food market in the United Kingdom, and phone calls and food in jails and prisons. Academic publishers, such as Elsevier,","title":"Captive market"},{"id":"12907843","text":"marketing is described to be the \"expectation of benefit for the individual satisfying consumer wants and needs\". An affinity group is a group which has a solid connection with a considerable number of consumers and which has the possibility to target them in a much easier way than what can be accomplished by way of ordinary marketing process. People may recognize themselves in affinity groups such as charitable organizations, football teams, enterprises, companies, and organizations. Thus, affinity group members may be fans, customers, subscribers, or staff members. Affinity marketing differs from co-branding. The benefits of co-branding partnerships come from the","title":"Affinity marketing"},{"id":"11811621","text":"Labor market segmentation Labor market segmentation is the division of the labor market according to a principle such as occupation, geography and industry. One type of segmentation is to define groups \"with little or no crossover capability\", such that members of one segment cannot easily join another segment. This can result in different segments, for example men and women, receiving different wages for the same work. 19th-century Irish political economist John Elliott Cairnes referred to this phenomenon as that of \"noncompeting groups\". A related concept is that of a dual labour market (DLM), that splits the aggregate labor market between","title":"Labor market segmentation"},{"id":"5635282","text":"and twenty-first century. The discussion of market structure in free economies as described by Adam Smith is often qualified or discussed in terms of patterns of market organization which serve the buyers and sellers in any particular form of the marketplace. Some types of market structure may be described using several recurrent types of descriptive organizational mechanism which may or may not dominate any particular market over time or at particular points in time, such as; 1. Monopolistic competition, a type of imperfect competition such that many producers sell products or services that are differentiated from one another (e.g. by","title":"Market structure"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"1807801\",\n \"text\": \"Market segmentation Market segmentation is the activity of dividing a broad consumer or business market, normally consisting of existing and potential customers, into sub-groups of consumers (known as \\\"segments\\\") based on some type of shared characteristics. In dividing or segmenting markets, researchers typically look for common characteristics such as shared needs, common interests, similar lifestyles or even similar demographic profiles. The overall aim of segmentation is to identify \\\"high yield segments\\\" – that is, those segments that are likely to be the most profitable or that have growth potential – so that these can be selected for special attention (i.e.\",\n \"title\": \"Market segmentation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5635284\",\n \"text\": \"barriers to entry, identical products with no differentiation, an unlimited number of producers and consumers, and a perfectly elastic (linear) demand curve. The imperfectly competitive structure is quite identical to the realistic market conditions where some monopolistic competitors, monopolists, oligopolists, and duopolists exist and dominate the market conditions. The elements of Market Structure include the number and size distribution of firms, entry conditions, and the extent of differentiation. These somewhat abstract concerns tend to determine some but not all details of a specific concrete market system where buyers and sellers actually meet and commit to trade. Competition is useful because\",\n \"title\": \"Market structure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8963872\",\n \"text\": \"Mass market Mass market is a market for goods produced on a large scale for a group of significant number of end consumers. Mass market is the opposite of the term niche market in that the first focuses on consumers with a wide variety of backgrounds with no identifiable preferences and expectations in a large market segment. Traditionally, businesses reach out to the mass market with advertising messages through a variety of media including radio, TV, newspapers and the Web. The mass market is the group of end consumers of common household products who are perceived as \\\"average\\\". This group\",\n \"title\": \"Mass market\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1807848\",\n \"text\": \"firms or consultancies to carry out segmentation analysis, especially if they lack the statistical skills to undertake the analysis. Some segmentation, especially post-hoc analysis, relies on sophisticated statistical analysis. Common statistical approaches and techniques used in segmentation analysis include: Marketers use a variety of data sources for segmentation studies and market profiling. Typical sources of information include: Market segmentation Market segmentation is the activity of dividing a broad consumer or business market, normally consisting of existing and potential customers, into sub-groups of consumers (known as \\\"segments\\\") based on some type of shared characteristics. In dividing or segmenting markets, researchers typically\",\n \"title\": \"Market segmentation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7584001\",\n \"text\": \"their parent, the target market, who will be influenced to go purchase the toy. A target market is a selected group of consumers who share common needs or characteristics. Often these characteristics can be segmented into four different marketing groups, geographic, demographic, psychographic or behavioral (Kotler, P., Burton, S., Deans, K., Brown, L., & Armstrong, G., 2013). Once a company has defined their target market they will aim their products, services and marketing activities towards these consumers in a way that will hopefully persuade them to purchase the product or service (Kotler, et al., 2013). The impact of this will\",\n \"title\": \"Target audience\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10677563\",\n \"text\": \"According to Lo, the adaptive market hypothesis can be viewed as a new version of the efficient market hypothesis, derived from evolutionary principles: By species, he means distinct groups of market participants, each behaving in a common manner—pension fund managers, retail investors, market makers, hedge fund managers, etc. If multiple members of a single group are competing for rather scarce resources within a single market, then that market is likely to be highly efficient (for example, the market for 10-year U.S. Treasury notes, which reflects most relevant information very quickly indeed). On the other hand, if a small number of\",\n \"title\": \"Adaptive market hypothesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11230679\",\n \"text\": \"1946 and 1964, generation X, who are born between 1965 and 1976, and generation Y, who are born between 1977 and 1994. Each classification has different characteristics and causes they find important. This can be beneficial to a marketer as they can decide who their product would benefit most and tailor their marketing plan to attract that segment. Demography covers many aspects that are important to marketers including family dynamics, geographic shifts, workforce changes, and levels of diversity in any given area. Another aspect of the macro-environment is the economic environment. This refers to the purchasing power of potential customers\",\n \"title\": \"Market environment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8963873\",\n \"text\": \"encompasses such a wide variety of people, their need for, uses for, and price point for market offerings may vary greatly. The myriad of customers' needs makes it difficult to target each and every customer in the mass market, via mass marketing. Therefore, marketers often subdivide the market into smaller groups, or niches, comprising customers with similar wants, and then target them via niche marketing. Electric and gas utilities, soap, paper towels and gasoline are typical examples of goods for a mass market. Mass market Mass market is a market for goods produced on a large scale for a group\",\n \"title\": \"Mass market\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"297756\",\n \"text\": \"firms. The curve is therefore more price-elastic for price increases and less so for price decreases. Theory predicts that firms will enter the industry in the long run. Oligopoly An oligopoly (, from Ancient Greek ὀλίγος (olígos) \\\"few\\\" + πωλεῖν (poleîn) \\\"to sell\\\") is a market form wherein a market or industry is dominated by a small number of large sellers (oligopolists). Oligopolies can result from various forms of collusion which reduce competition and lead to higher prices for consumers. Oligopolies have their own market structure. With few sellers, each oligopolist is likely to be aware of the actions of\",\n \"title\": \"Oligopoly\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11475228\",\n \"text\": \"Target market A target market is a group of customers within a business's serviceable available market at which a business aims its marketing efforts and resources. A target market is a subset of the total market for a product or service. The target market typically consists of consumers who exhibit similar characteristics (such as age, location, income or lifestyle) and are considered most likely to buy a business's market offerings or are likely to be the most profitable segments for the business to service. The choice of a suitable target market is one of the final steps in the market\",\n \"title\": \"Target market\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5635286\",\n \"text\": \"the operator to competitive pressures, (b) gathering information on the operator and the market, and (c) applying incentive regulation. The correct sequence of the market structure from most to least competitive is perfect competition, imperfect competition, oligopoly, and pure monopoly. The main criteria by which one can distinguish between different market structures are: the number and size of producers and consumers in the market, the type of goods and services being traded, and the degree to which information can flow freely. Market structure Market structure has historically emerged in two separate types of discussions in economics, that of Adam Smith\",\n \"title\": \"Market structure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5635283\",\n \"text\": \"branding or quality) and hence are not perfect substitutes. In monopolistic competition, a firm takes the prices charged by its rivals as given and ignores the impact of its own prices on the prices of other. This market structure exists when there are multiple sellers who are attempting to seem different than each other. 2. Oligopoly, in which a market is run by a small number of firms that together control the majority of the market share. 3. Monopoly, where there is only one provider of a product or service. 4. Perfect competition, a theoretical market structure that features low\",\n \"title\": \"Market structure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11475272\",\n \"text\": \"combat this issue throughout the United States. Target market A target market is a group of customers within a business's serviceable available market at which a business aims its marketing efforts and resources. A target market is a subset of the total market for a product or service. The target market typically consists of consumers who exhibit similar characteristics (such as age, location, income or lifestyle) and are considered most likely to buy a business's market offerings or are likely to be the most profitable segments for the business to service. The choice of a suitable target market is one\",\n \"title\": \"Target market\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1807836\",\n \"text\": \"origin. Online market segmentation is similar to the traditional approaches in that the segments should be identifiable, substantial, accessible, stable, differentiable and actionable. Customer data stored in online data management systems such as a CRM or DMP enables the analysis and segmentation of consumers across a diverse set of attributes. Forsyth et al., in an article 'Internet research' grouped current active online consumers into six groups: Simplifiers, Surfers, Bargainers, Connectors, Routiners, and Sportsters. The segments differ regarding four customers' behaviours, namely: For example, \\\"Simplifiers\\\" make over 50 percent of all online transactions. Their main characteristic is that they need easy\",\n \"title\": \"Market segmentation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"297738\",\n \"text\": \"Oligopoly An oligopoly (, from Ancient Greek ὀλίγος (olígos) \\\"few\\\" + πωλεῖν (poleîn) \\\"to sell\\\") is a market form wherein a market or industry is dominated by a small number of large sellers (oligopolists). Oligopolies can result from various forms of collusion which reduce competition and lead to higher prices for consumers. Oligopolies have their own market structure. With few sellers, each oligopolist is likely to be aware of the actions of the others. According to game theory, the decisions of one firm therefore influence and are influenced by decisions of other firms. Strategic planning by oligopolists needs to take\",\n \"title\": \"Oligopoly\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2833681\",\n \"text\": \"of people who buy a specific brand or a category of goods at least once in a given period, divided by the size of the relevant market population. Market penetration is one of the four growth strategies of the Product-Market Growth Matrix as defined by Ansoff. Market penetration occurs when a company penetrates a market in which current or similar products already exist. A way to achieve this is by gaining competitors' customers (part of their market share). Other ways include attracting non-users of a product or convincing current clients to use more of a product/service (by advertising, etc.). Ansoff\",\n \"title\": \"Market penetration\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"246646\",\n \"text\": \"An oligopoly is a market structure in which a market or industry is dominated by a small number of firms (oligopolists). Oligopolies can create the incentive for firms to engage in collusion and form cartels that reduce competition leading to higher prices for consumers and less overall market output. Alternatively, oligopolies can be fiercely competitive and engage in flamboyant advertising campaigns. A monopsony is a market where there is only one buyer and many sellers. An oligopsony is a market where there are a few buyers and many sellers. Game theory is a major method used in mathematical economics and\",\n \"title\": \"Microeconomics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11811624\",\n \"text\": \"early 1960s. It changed the view of many economists who had seen the labor market as a market of individuals with different characteristics of e.g., education and motivation. This perspective was intended to help explain the demand-side of the market, and the nature and strategy of employers. The idea of non-competing groups developed under the general label of labor market segmentation theory. The theory emerged in the United States The market segmentation model was developed to accommodate the differences in job markets. For example, lawyers and fashion designers work in different markets. Such markets arise from the division of labor,\",\n \"title\": \"Labor market segmentation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1807831\",\n \"text\": \"of customers, especially the attitudes and beliefs that drive consumer decision-making and behaviour. An example of attitudinal segmentation comes from the UK's Department of Environment which segmented the British population into six segments, based on attitudes that drive behaviour relating to environmental protection: In addition to geographics, demographics, psychographics and behavioural bases, marketers occasionally turn to other means of segmenting the market, or to develop segment profiles. A generation is defined as \\\"a cohort of people born within a similar span of time (15 years at the upper end) who share a comparable age and life stage and who were\",\n \"title\": \"Market segmentation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6923603\",\n \"text\": \"systems (\\\"freeing\\\" the markets) the free markets could run without market failures. For a market to be competitive, there must be more than a single buyer or seller. It has been suggested that two people may trade, but it takes at least three persons to have a market, so that there is competition in at least one of its two sides. However, competitive markets—as understood in formal economic theory—rely on much larger numbers of both buyers and sellers. A market with a single seller and multiple buyers is a monopoly. A market with a single buyer and multiple sellers is\",\n \"title\": \"Market (economics)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20627270\",\n \"text\": \"to their behavior patterns at the beginning and end of the period to measure the displacement. Example: Loyalists, Under performs, Seasonal, Onetime and two-time buyers and Inactive buyers. Another approach is to form a group of people with shared interests and purchase patterns as one segment, and later analyze their movements and migration after the end of the period. Customer migration In marketing, customer migration refers to the shifting of customers from one segment to the other. A Customer Segment or a group of individuals is formed that allows the company to identify and reach out to customers (current or\",\n \"title\": \"Customer migration\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11475234\",\n \"text\": \"can be identified. In other words, the market is looking for market-based opportunities that are a good match its current product offerings or whether new product/service offerings need to be devised for specific segments within the overall market. Markets generally fall into two broad types, namely consumer markets and business markets. A consumer market consists of individuals or households who purchase goods for private consumption and do not intend to resell those goods for a profit. A business market consists of individuals or organisations who purchase goods for one of three main purposes; (a) for resale; (b) for use in\",\n \"title\": \"Target market\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"249756\",\n \"text\": \"has a perfectly elastic demand schedule. There are seven characteristics of monopolistic competition (MC): MC firms sell products that have real or perceived non-price differences. However, the differences are not so great as to eliminate other goods as substitutes. Technically, the cross price elasticity of demand between goods in such a market is positive. In fact, the XED would be high. MC goods are best described as close but imperfect substitutes. The goods perform the same basic functions but have differences in qualities such as type, style, quality, reputation, appearance, and location that tend to distinguish them from each other.\",\n \"title\": \"Monopolistic competition\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2833686\",\n \"text\": \"how much inventory it is prudent to keep. Understanding market penetration for an emerging market is more difficult due to the lack of established competitors and similar products. Emerging markets are susceptible to large companies and are sought after by globalized businesses due to the increase in disposable income the average person will have and weak local competitors. The weakness of local competitors is due to their poor customer service and limit in resources as they don't have the capital and reach that large corporations have. The four big emerging markets are Brazil, Russia, India and China as they were\",\n \"title\": \"Market penetration\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"297739\",\n \"text\": \"into account the likely responses of the other market. Entry barriers include high investment requirements, strong consumer loyalty for existing brands and economies of scale. Oligopoly is a common market form where a number of firms are in competition. As a quantitative description of oligopoly, the four-firm concentration ratio is often utilized. This measure expresses, as a percentage, the market share of the four largest firms in any particular industry. For example, as of fourth quarter 2008, if we combine total market share of Verizon Wireless, AT&T, Sprint, and T-Mobile, we see that these firms, together, control 97% of the\",\n \"title\": \"Oligopoly\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10896173\",\n \"text\": \"group of tightly targeted consumers. For example, markets can be grouped into narrow clusters based on commitment to a product class or readiness to purchase a given brand. The approach requires a company to define very narrow market segments, and tailor offers or campaigns for that segment. Although, the approach can be more expensive due to customization and difficulties attaining scale economies, advancements in technology have facilitated the delivery of highly customised products to small groups or even individual customers. Nike ID and Shoes of Prey are often cited as practical examples of this approach. It should be evident that\",\n \"title\": \"Micromarketing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"627414\",\n \"text\": \"Stock market A stock market, equity market or share market is the aggregation of buyers and sellers (a loose network of economic transactions, not a physical facility or discrete entity) of stocks (also called shares), which represent ownership claims on businesses; these may include \\\"securities\\\" listed on a public stock exchange, as well as stock that is only traded privately. Examples of the latter include shares of private companies which are sold to investors through equity crowdfunding platforms. Stock exchanges list shares of common equity as well as other security types, e.g. corporate bonds and convertible bonds. Stocks are categorized\",\n \"title\": \"Stock market\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"470532\",\n \"text\": \"Cartel A cartel is a group of apparently independent producers whose goal is to increase their collective profits by means of price fixing, limiting supply, or other restrictive practices. Cartels typically control selling prices, but some are organized to control the prices of purchased inputs. Antitrust laws attempt to deter or forbid cartels. A single entity that holds a monopoly by this definition cannot be a cartel, though it may be guilty of abusing said monopoly in other ways. Cartels usually occur in oligopolies, where there are a small number of sellers and usually involve homogeneous products. In general, cartels\",\n \"title\": \"Cartel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6923618\",\n \"text\": \"price, promotion, place) in 1990 which is a more consumer-oriented version of the four Ps that attempts to better fit the movement from mass marketing to niche marketing. Koichi Shimizu proposed a 7Cs Compass Model (corporation, commodity, cost, communication, channel, consumer, circumstances) to provide a more complete picture of the nature of marketing in 1981. Businesses market their products/services to a specific segments of consumers. The defining factors of the markets are determined by demographics, interests and age/gender. A form of expansion is to enter a new market and sell/advertise to a different set of users. A prominent entry-point for\",\n \"title\": \"Market (economics)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7583983\",\n \"text\": \"target audience is often segregated by factors such as demographic and psychographic differences. The audience within these target segments can have different regional, ethnic, lifestyle, and monetary and religious requirements. Tailoring the offering to a target market allows the marketer to satisfy the particular needs and wants of the consumers within this audience (Hoyer, Macinnis, & Pieters, 2013, p. 13). The marketing mix is the combination of what are commonly called the '4 Ps'. These are price, place (distribution), product and promotion, in no particular order. The target market, defined by the market segmentation, requires a unique set of the\",\n \"title\": \"Target audience\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7577225\",\n \"text\": \"over what variables to consider when dividing the market. Approaches through social, economic and individual factors, such as brand loyalty, have been considered along with the more widely recognized geographic, physiographic, demographic and behavioral variables proposed by Philip Kotler. Segmenting a market therefore, is a process of \\\"organising\\\" the market into groups that a business can gain a competitive advantage in. They must, however, avoid over-fragmenting the market as the diversity can make it difficult to profitably serve the smaller markets. The characteristics marketers are looking for are measurability, accessibility, sustainability and actionability. There are two approaches to segmenting a\",\n \"title\": \"Segmenting-targeting-positioning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1807829\",\n \"text\": \"when consumers might purchase or consume a product. This approach customer-level and occasion-level segmentation models and provides an understanding of the individual customers’ needs, behaviour and value under different occasions of usage and time. Unlike traditional segmentation models, this approach assigns more than one segment to each unique customer, depending on the current circumstances they are under. Benefit segmentation (sometimes called \\\"needs-based segmentation\\\") was developed by Grey Advertising in the late 1960s. The benefits-sought by purchasers enables the market to be divided into segments with distinct needs, perceived value, benefits sought or advantage that accrues from the purchase of a\",\n \"title\": \"Market segmentation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7577240\",\n \"text\": \"appropriate markets have been analysed and compared, appropriate segments will be identifiable for the organisation to pursue. Similar micro segments can be grouped as bigger segments if they satisfy the same need, segments must comprise only features that are the almost the same or extremely similar. Consumers can now be grouped via their characteristics to form a 'segment'. These characteristics include all information that was obtained during steps 1-4 to create specific segments of consumers that all have the same kind of needs, wants, and benefits received from the specific product within their segment. Analysing competitor intensity within segments and\",\n \"title\": \"Segmenting-targeting-positioning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8830599\",\n \"text\": \"Two-sided market A two-sided market, also called a two-sided network, is an intermediary economic platform having two distinct user groups that provide each other with network benefits. The organization that creates value primarily by enabling direct interactions between two (or more) distinct types of affiliated customers is called a multi-sided platform (MSP). Two-sided networks can be found in many industries, sharing the space with traditional product and service offerings. Example markets include credit cards (composed of cardholders and merchants); HMOs (patients and doctors); operating systems (end-users and developers); yellow pages (advertisers and consumers); video-game consoles (gamers and game developers); recruitment\",\n \"title\": \"Two-sided market\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1527237\",\n \"text\": \"Oligopsony An oligopsony (from Ancient Greek ὀλίγοι (oligoi) \\\"few\\\" + ὀψωνία (opsōnia) \\\"purchase\\\") is a market form in which the number of buyers is small while the number of sellers in theory could be large. This typically happens in a market for inputs where numerous suppliers are competing to sell their product to a small number of (often large and powerful) buyers. It contrasts with an oligopoly, where there are many buyers but few sellers. An oligopsony is a form of imperfect competition. The terms monopoly (one seller), monopsony (one buyer), and bilateral monopoly have a similar relationship. In each\",\n \"title\": \"Oligopsony\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1807823\",\n \"text\": \"geographic data to create richer, more detailed profiles. Geo-cluster approaches are a consumer classification system designed market segmentation and consumer profiling purposes. They classify residential regions or postcodes on the basis of census and lifestyle characteristics obtained from a wide range of sources. This allows the segmentation of a population into smaller groups defined by individual characteristics such as demographic, socio-economic or other shared socio-demographic characteristics. Geographic segmentation may be considered the first step in international marketing, where marketers must decide whether to adapt their existing products and marketing programs for the unique needs of distinct geographic markets. Tourism Marketing\",\n \"title\": \"Market segmentation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9807694\",\n \"text\": \"Marketplace A market, or marketplace, is a location where people regularly gather for the purchase and sale of provisions, livestock, and other goods. In different parts of the world, a market place may be described as a \\\"souk\\\" (from the Arabic), \\\"bazaar\\\" (from the Persian), a fixed \\\"mercado\\\" (Spanish), or itinerant \\\"tianguis\\\" (Mexico), or \\\"palengke\\\" (Philippines). Some markets operate daily and are said to be \\\"permanent\\\" markets while others are held once a week or on less frequent specified days such as festival days and are said to be \\\"periodic markets.\\\" The form that a market adopts is depends on\",\n \"title\": \"Marketplace\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13458671\",\n \"text\": \"with an exchange, not of cash for goods or services, but identity for loyalty. Price describes sellers as: \\\"Sellers in the market are all those for whom myths and dreams and history [i.e. identity] can somehow be converted into power and wealth—classically states, governments, interest groups, business and others.\\\" Price illustrates buyers, medium of exchange, and their relationship: The \\\"buyers\\\" are citizens, subjects, nationals, consumers—recipients of packages of information, propaganda, advertisements, drama, and news propounded by the media. The consumer \\\"pays\\\" for one set of identities or another in several ways that, together, we call \\\"loyalty\\\" or \\\"citizenship.\\\" Payment, however,\",\n \"title\": \"Market for loyalties theory\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"696917\",\n \"text\": \"sub-markets or segments, each of which tends to be homogeneous in all significant aspects. Market segmentation is conducted for two main purposes, including: A firm only possesses a certain amount of resources. Accordingly, it must make choices (and appreciate the related costs) in servicing specific groups of consumers. Moreover, with more diversity in the tastes of modern consumers, firms are noting the benefit of servicing a multiplicity of new markets. Market segmentation can be defined in terms of the STP acronym, meaning Segment, Target, Position. Segmentation involves the initial splitting up of consumers into persons of like needs/wants/tastes. Four commonly\",\n \"title\": \"Marketing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20627267\",\n \"text\": \"Customer migration In marketing, customer migration refers to the shifting of customers from one segment to the other. A Customer Segment or a group of individuals is formed that allows the company to identify and reach out to customers (current or potential) with similar needs and expectations from the product or service. This movement can be a result of any event or actions led by the company or the customer himself. The first can be a resultant of marketing campaigns, messages and targeting, while the second can occur if there is change in customer preferences, income, or as a response\",\n \"title\": \"Customer migration\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9807780\",\n \"text\": \"seller's private consumption or is distributed among kin and close family. Marketplace A market, or marketplace, is a location where people regularly gather for the purchase and sale of provisions, livestock, and other goods. In different parts of the world, a market place may be described as a \\\"souk\\\" (from the Arabic), \\\"bazaar\\\" (from the Persian), a fixed \\\"mercado\\\" (Spanish), or itinerant \\\"tianguis\\\" (Mexico), or \\\"palengke\\\" (Philippines). Some markets operate daily and are said to be \\\"permanent\\\" markets while others are held once a week or on less frequent specified days such as festival days and are said to be\",\n \"title\": \"Marketplace\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3871752\",\n \"text\": \"Contestable market In economics, the theory of contestable markets, associated primarily with its 1982 proponent William J. Baumol, holds that there are markets served by a small number of firms that are nevertheless characterized by competitive equilibria (and therefore desirable welfare outcomes) because of the existence of potential short-term entrants. A perfectly contestable market has three main features: A perfectly contestable market is not possible in real life. Instead, the degree of contestability of a market is talked about. The more contestable a market is, the closer it will be to a perfectly contestable market. Economists argue that determining price\",\n \"title\": \"Contestable market\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18003105\",\n \"text\": \"Product/market fit Product/market fit, also known as product-market fit, is the degree to which a product satisfies a strong market demand. Product/market fit has been identified as a first step to building a successful venture in which the company meets early adopters, gathers feedback and gauges interest in its product(s). Marc Andreessen defined the term as follows: “Product/market fit means being in a good market with a product that can satisfy that market.” Many people interpret product/market fit as creating a so called \\\"minimum viable product\\\" that addresses and solves a problem or need that exists. Sean Ellis is often\",\n \"title\": \"Product/market fit\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5458845\",\n \"text\": \"Test market A test market, in the field of business and marketing, is a geographic region or demographic group used to gauge the viability of a product or service in the mass market prior to a wide scale roll-out. The criteria used to judge the acceptability of a test market region or group include: The test market ideally aims to duplicate \\\"everything\\\" - promotion and distribution as well as \\\"product\\\" - on a smaller scale. The technique replicates, typically in one area, what is planned to occur in a national launch; and the results are very carefully monitored, so that\",\n \"title\": \"Test market\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1294184\",\n \"text\": \"of trophic links per consumer is a measure of food web connectance. Food chains are nested within the trophic links of food webs. Food chains are linear (noncyclic) feeding pathways that trace monophagous consumers from a base species up to the top consumer, which is usually a larger predatory carnivore. Linkages connect to nodes in a food web, which are aggregates of biological taxa called trophic species. Trophic species are functional groups that have the same predators and prey in a food web. Common examples of an aggregated node in a food web might include parasites, microbes, decomposers, saprotrophs, consumers,\",\n \"title\": \"Food web\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4666108\",\n \"text\": \"Vertical market A vertical market is a market in which vendors offer goods and services \\\"specific\\\" to an industry, trade, profession, or other group of customers with specialized needs. An example could be software that manages services in hotels—amenities solutions. It is distinguished from a horizontal market, in which vendors offer a \\\"non-specific,\\\" broad range of goods and services to a large group of customers with a wide range of needs, such as businesses as a whole, men, women, households, or, in the broadest horizontal market, everyone. The activities of participants within any given vertical market are typically similar in\",\n \"title\": \"Vertical market\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1825812\",\n \"text\": \"Chasm\\\" is closely related to the technology adoption lifecycle where five main segments are recognized: innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority and laggards. According to Moore, the marketer should focus on one group of customers at a time, using each group as a base for marketing to the next group. The most difficult step is making the transition between visionaries (early adopters) and pragmatists (early majority). This is the chasm that he refers to. If a successful firm can create a bandwagon effect in which enough momentum builds, then the product becomes a de facto standard. However, Moore's theories\",\n \"title\": \"Crossing the Chasm\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18003111\",\n \"text\": \"high degree of product/market fit, or \\\"extreme\\\" product/market fit. Product/market fit Product/market fit, also known as product-market fit, is the degree to which a product satisfies a strong market demand. Product/market fit has been identified as a first step to building a successful venture in which the company meets early adopters, gathers feedback and gauges interest in its product(s). Marc Andreessen defined the term as follows: “Product/market fit means being in a good market with a product that can satisfy that market.” Many people interpret product/market fit as creating a so called \\\"minimum viable product\\\" that addresses and solves a\",\n \"title\": \"Product/market fit\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10751860\",\n \"text\": \"Technographic segmentation Technographic segmentation is a market research analysis tool used to identify and profile the characteristics and behaviors of consumers through the process of market segmentation. Traditionally market researchers focused on various demographic, psychographic, and lifestyle schemes to categorize and describe homogeneous clusters of consumers that comprise possible target markets. With the advent of personal computers and home video in the late 1980s and the explosion in Internet use, personal digital assistants, BlackBerries, video games, cell phones, etc. in the 1990s, information and communication technologies have emerged as a central focus and defining force in a wide range of\",\n \"title\": \"Technographic segmentation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7729999\",\n \"text\": \"Customer base The customer base is the group of customers who repeatedly purchase the goods or services of a business. These customers are a main source of revenue for a company. The customer base may be considered the business's target market, where customer behaviors are well understood through market research or past experience. Relying on a customer base can make growth and innovation difficult. Companies with a customer base consisting mainly of large companies may increase their customer base by pursuing small and mid-size companies. From a legal point of view, the customer base is an accessible collection of confidential\",\n \"title\": \"Customer base\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17227788\",\n \"text\": \"Relative market share Relative market share indexes a firm’s or a brand’s market share against that of its leading competitor. Market concentration, a related metric, measures the degree to which a comparatively small number of firms accounts for a large proportion of the market. These metrics are useful in comparing a firm’s or a brand’s relative position across different markets and in evaluating the type and degree of competition in those markets. The purpose of the “relative market share metric” is to access a firm’s or a brand’s success and its position in the market. A firm with a market\",\n \"title\": \"Relative market share\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17227789\",\n \"text\": \"share of 25% would be a powerful leader in many markets but a distant “number two” in others. Relative market share offers a way to benchmark a firm’s or a brand’s share against that of its largest competitor, enabling managers to compare relative market positions across different product markets. Relative market share gains some of its significance from studies–albeit controversial ones—suggesting that major players in a market tend to be more profitable than their competitors. Relative market share can also be calculated by dividing brand sales by largest competitor sales because the common factor of total market sales (or revenue)\",\n \"title\": \"Relative market share\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8830621\",\n \"text\": \"the attacker or exit the field. Two-sided market A two-sided market, also called a two-sided network, is an intermediary economic platform having two distinct user groups that provide each other with network benefits. The organization that creates value primarily by enabling direct interactions between two (or more) distinct types of affiliated customers is called a multi-sided platform (MSP). Two-sided networks can be found in many industries, sharing the space with traditional product and service offerings. Example markets include credit cards (composed of cardholders and merchants); HMOs (patients and doctors); operating systems (end-users and developers); yellow pages (advertisers and consumers); video-game\",\n \"title\": \"Two-sided market\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10968283\",\n \"text\": \"LOHAS Lifestyles of Health and Sustainability (LOHAS) is a demographic defining a particular market segment related to sustainable living, \\\"green\\\" ecological initiatives, and generally composed of a relatively upscale and well-educated population segment. The author Paul H. Ray, who coined the term \\\"Cultural Creatives\\\" in his book by the same name, explains that \\\"What you're seeing is a demand for products of equal quality that are also virtuous.\\\" Included in the cultural creative demographic are consumers of New Age goods and services. Researchers have reported a range of sizes of the LOHAS market segment. For example, Worldwatch Institute reported that\",\n \"title\": \"LOHAS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7584019\",\n \"text\": \"generally segment target markets into consumer lifestyles and their social class. Social class has a large effect on preferences for cars, clothes, home furnishings, leisure activities, reading habits, and retailers (Kotler et al., 2014). Consumers are divided by their knowledge, attitudes, and use of, or response to, the product (Kotler et al., 2014). Marketers can group buyers according to the occasion when they made the purchase or used the product. For example, Kotler et al. (2014) suggests that air travel is generated by occasions relative to business, vacation, or family. Another way marketers can group buyers using behavioral variables is\",\n \"title\": \"Target audience\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10677564\",\n \"text\": \"species are competing for rather abundant resources, then that market will be less efficient (for example, the market for oil paintings from the Italian Renaissance). Market efficiency cannot be evaluated in a vacuum, but is highly context-dependent and dynamic. Shortly stated, the degree of market efficiency is related to environmental factors characterizing market ecology, such as the number of competitors in the market, the magnitude of profit opportunities available, and the adaptability of the market participants. The adaptive market hypothesis has several implications that differentiate it from the efficient market hypothesis: Adaptive market hypothesis The adaptive market hypothesis, as proposed\",\n \"title\": \"Adaptive market hypothesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11851852\",\n \"text\": \"and exportation of a variety of goods. They are marked by above average land mass, as exemplified by Argentina, China, India, Brazil, Mexico, Indonesia, and Iran. More land mass typically means an increased market size and share. Semi-peripheral nations are not all large though, as smaller countries such as Israel, Poland, and Greece exist within the semi-periphery. Semi-peripheral countries offer their citizens relatively diverse economic opportunities but also have extreme gaps between the rich and poor. World-system theorists originally used only two categories: periphery countries and core countries. A need for an in between category became quickly apparent, leading to\",\n \"title\": \"Semi-periphery countries\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7584014\",\n \"text\": \"laws. Target audiences are formed from different groups, for example: adults, teens, children, mid-teens, preschoolers, men, or women. To market to any given audience effectively, it is essential to become familiar with your target market; their habits, behaviors, likes, and dislikes. Markets differ in size, assortment, geographic scale, locality, types of communities, and in the different types of merchandise sold. Because of the many variations included in a market it is essential, since you cannot accommodate everyone's preferences, to know exactly who you are marketing to. To better become acquainted with the ins and outs of your designated target market\",\n \"title\": \"Target audience\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3907144\",\n \"text\": \"other barriers to entry. If no individual participant in the market has significant market power, then anti-competitive behavior can take place only through collusion, or the exercise of a group of participants' collective market power. The Lerner index and Herfindahl index may be used to measure market power. When several firms control a significant share of market sales, the resulting market structure is called an oligopoly or oligopsony. An oligopoly may engage in collusion, either tacit or overt, and thereby exercise market power. A group of firms that explicitly agree to affect market price or output is called a cartel.\",\n \"title\": \"Market power\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8830604\",\n \"text\": \"regarding the number of users in their own group; these are called same-side network effects. Cross-side network effects are usually positive, but can be negative (as with consumer reactions to advertising). Same-side network effects may be either positive (e.g., the benefit from swapping video games with more peers) or negative (e.g., the desire to exclude direct rivals from an online business-to-business marketplace). For example, in marketplaces such as eBay or Taobao, buyers and sellers are the two groups. Buyers prefer a large number of sellers, and, meanwhile, sellers prefer a large number of buyers, such that the members in one\",\n \"title\": \"Two-sided market\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"249761\",\n \"text\": \"The source of an MC firm's market power is not barriers to entry since they are low. Rather, an MC firm has market power because it has relatively few competitors, those competitors do not engage in strategic decision making and the firms sells differentiated product. Market power also means that an MC firm faces a downward sloping demand curve. The demand curve is highly elastic although not \\\"flat\\\". No sellers or buyers have complete market information, like market demand or market supply. There are two sources of inefficiency in the MC market structure. First, at its optimum output the firm\",\n \"title\": \"Monopolistic competition\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"369804\",\n \"text\": \"many benefits: with full freedom of movement for all the factors of production between the member countries, the factors of production become more efficiently allocated, further increasing productivity. For both business within the market and consumers, a single market is a competitive environment, making the existence of monopolies more difficult. This means that inefficient companies will suffer a loss of market share and may have to close down. However, efficient firms can benefit from economies of scale, increased competitiveness and lower costs, as well as expecting profitability to increase as a result. Consumers are benefited by the single market in\",\n \"title\": \"Single market\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1807822\",\n \"text\": \"and income as well as attitudinal and behavioural variables, it makes little logical sense to combine psychographics with demographics or other bases. Any attempt to use combined bases needs careful consideration and a logical foundation. Source: Based on Wikiversity, Marketing [E-Book], c. 2015 The following sections provide a detailed description of the most common forms of consumer market segmentation. Geographic segmentation divides markets according to geographic criteria. In practice, markets can be segmented as broadly as continents and as narrowly as neighborhoods or postal codes. Typical geographic variables include: The geo-cluster approach (also called \\\"geodemographic segmentation\\\") combines demographic data with\",\n \"title\": \"Market segmentation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"727288\",\n \"text\": \"Market trend A market trend is a perceived tendency of financial markets to move in a particular direction over time. These trends are classified as \\\"secular\\\" for long time frames, \\\"primary\\\" for medium time frames, and \\\"secondary\\\" for short time frames. Traders attempt to identify market trends using technical analysis, a framework which characterizes market trends as predictable price tendencies within the market when price reaches support and resistance levels, varying over time. A trend can only be determined in hindsight, since at any time prices in the future are not known. The terms \\\"bull market\\\" and \\\"bear market\\\" describe\",\n \"title\": \"Market trend\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10888225\",\n \"text\": \"geographic segmentation, demographic segmentation, psychographic segmentation and behavioral segmentation. This approach works well as it groups various customers into segments that have common needs. It would lead to targeting the segment and positioning the product. However, as technology is advancing there are more resources for businesses to get almost all of its customer data and segment the market that is leading towards microsegment as the future. Microsegment breaks down almost all of the customer needs and helps pitch a product that relates specifically to a very finite number of customers or individuals. Identifying smaller groups of customers is now easier\",\n \"title\": \"Microsegment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6242277\",\n \"text\": \"high prices to, customers in geographic areas allocated to conspirator companies. According to Adam Smith, people of the same trade seldom meet without the conversation turning to conspiring ways to raise prices and defraud the public. Market allocation is generally regarded as illegal in the United States, unless the Department of Treasury or equivalent body authorizes it. Market allocation scheme Market allocation or market division schemes are agreements in which competitors divide markets among themselves. In such schemes, competing firms allocate specific customers or types of customers, products, or territories among themselves. For example, one competitor will be allowed to\",\n \"title\": \"Market allocation scheme\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7568602\",\n \"text\": \"Hong Kong, Singapore, and Australia/New Zealand are constructed to cover 95 percent of market capitalization at the country level. A single European index covers an aggregate of all Western European nations, also representing 95 percent of the aggregate market. An Emerging Markets Index represents 10 countries in Latin America and Asia. Each of these three groups offers large-cap, mid-cap, and small-cap indexes. Dow Jones Style Indexes are built as subsets of the \\\"Dow Jones U.S. Total Market Index\\\". The DJGI family includes indexes for 10 economic industries, 19 Supersectors, 41 sectors, and 114 subsectors. The indexes are reviewed quarterly. Indices\",\n \"title\": \"Dow Jones Global Indexes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1058767\",\n \"text\": \"extent of willingness to buy/sell. Also in M is the ability to pay as, for instance, a spent-out bull can't make the market go higher and a well-heeled bear won't. Technical analysis analyzes price, volume, psychology, money flow and other market information, whereas fundamental analysis looks at the facts of the company, market, currency or commodity. Most large brokerage, trading group, or financial institutions will typically have both a technical analysis and fundamental analysis team. In the 1960s and 1970s it was widely dismissed by academics. In a recent review, Irwin and Park reported that 56 of 95 modern studies\",\n \"title\": \"Technical analysis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11860368\",\n \"text\": \"Gathering information about how competitors are performing in the market, what customers think of the different products available and what is missing in the market through conducting research using different methods such as SWOT and PEST analyses. Market segmentation is the process by which one divides prospective customers into different groups (segments) that have common needs and the same expected reaction to a marketing action. This approach enables companies to offer customers full value proposition of their products or services. There are common factors considered when performing a market segmentation in a go-to-market strategy: Marketing strategy includes every marketing activity\",\n \"title\": \"Go to market\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"627424\",\n \"text\": \"this avoids the commissions of the exchange. However, it also has problems such as adverse selection. Financial regulators are probing dark pools. Market participants include individual retail investors, institutional investors such as mutual funds, banks, insurance companies and hedge funds, and also publicly traded corporations trading in their own shares. Some studies have suggested that institutional investors and corporations trading in their own shares generally receive higher risk-adjusted returns than retail investors. A few decades ago, most buyers and sellers were individual investors, such as wealthy businessmen, usually with long family histories to particular corporations. Over time, markets have become\",\n \"title\": \"Stock market\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6923594\",\n \"text\": \"or may be constructed deliberately by human interaction in order to enable the exchange of rights (cf. ownership) of services and goods. Markets generally supplant gift economies and are often held in place through rules and customs, such as a booth fee, competitive pricing, and source of goods for sale (local produce or stock registration). Markets can differ by products (goods, services) or factors (labour and capital) sold, product differentiation, place in which exchanges are carried, buyers targeted, duration, selling process, government regulation, taxes, subsidies, minimum wages, price ceilings, legality of exchange, liquidity, intensity of speculation, size, concentration, exchange asymmetry,\",\n \"title\": \"Market (economics)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15725284\",\n \"text\": \"capital purchase costs and that the product's efficiency is increased. A trade-off exists between capital costs, self-esteem attached to product ownership, rental and transaction costs. According to Belz (2005) we have observed since the beginning of the 21st century that the classical market structure has changed. The consumer goods market is characterized by \\\"polarization\\\", which means that the middle price and quality segment decreased, while the lower price segment and the upper quality segment grow in significance and in market shares. In the past, the middle segment was most of the market share and today, a large low price segment\",\n \"title\": \"Customer cost\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11475239\",\n \"text\": \"enter the market. When a marketer enters more than one market, the segments are often labeled the \\\"primary target market\\\" and the \\\"secondary target market.\\\" The primary market is the target market selected as the main focus of marketing activities and most of the firm's resources are allocated to the primary target. The secondary target market is likely to be a segment that is not as large as the primary market, but may have growth potential. Alternatively, the secondary target group might consist of a small number of purchasers that account for a relatively high proportion of sales volume perhaps\",\n \"title\": \"Target market\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4666109\",\n \"text\": \"that they aim at solving the same or similar problems. These markets are typically competitive, because of the overlapping focuses of the products and services that are provided to the customers. The single defining characteristic of the participants in a vertical market is competition within a well-defined segment. Horizontal market participants often attempt to meet enough of the different needs of vertical markets to gain a presence in the vertical market. Their similar products/services tend to be less of a fit but also less expensive than specialized, vertical participant solutions. Vertical market software is software aimed at addressing the needs\",\n \"title\": \"Vertical market\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6397600\",\n \"text\": \"Domestic market A domestic market, also referred to as an internal market or domestic trading, is the supply and demand of goods, services, and securities within a single country. In domestic trading, a firm faces only one set of competitive, economic, and market issues and essentially must deal with only one set of customers, although the company may have several segments in a market. The term is also used to refer to the customers of a single business who live in the country where the business operates. There are certain limitations when competing in a domestic market, many of which\",\n \"title\": \"Domestic market\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1815123\",\n \"text\": \"causes of differentiation may be functional aspects of the product or service, how it is distributed and marketed, or who buys it. The major sources of product differentiation are as follows. The objective of differentiation is to develop a position that potential customers see as unique. The term is used frequently when dealing with freemium business models, in which businesses market a free and paid version of a given product. Given they target the same group of customers, it is imperative that free and paid versions be effectively differentiated. Differentiation primarily affects performance through reducing directness of competition: As the\",\n \"title\": \"Product differentiation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8443119\",\n \"text\": \"has say 50% share, the next largest might have 25% share, the next 12% share, the next 6% share, and all remaining firms combined might have 7% share. Market share is not a perfect proxy of market dominance. The influences of customers, suppliers, competitors in related industries, and government regulations must be taken into account. Although there are no hard and fast rules governing the relationship between market share and market dominance, the following are general criteria: Market shares within an industry might not exhibit a declining scale. There could be only two firms in a duopolistic market, each with\",\n \"title\": \"Dominance (economics)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1780658\",\n \"text\": \"Customer In sales, commerce and economics, a customer (sometimes known as a client, buyer, or purchaser) is the recipient of a good, service, product or an idea - obtained from a seller, vendor, or supplier via a financial transaction or exchange for money or some other valuable consideration. Early societies relied on a gift economy based on favours. Later, as commerce developed less permanent human relations were formed, depending more on transitory needs rather than enduring social desires. Although such distinctions have no contemporary semantic weight, certain (short term) sectors prefer \\\"client\\\" while more stable, repeat business operations tend to\",\n \"title\": \"Customer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10888576\",\n \"text\": \"to differentiate their interests and mutual relations. The three groups are as follows: The interests of these stakeholders and their relations to companies are described briefly below. Our purpose is to establish a framework for further analysis. \\\"Customers\\\" The customers of a company are typically consumers, other market producers or producers in the public sector. Each of them has their individual production functions. Due to competition, the price-quality-ratios of commodities tend to improve and this brings the benefits of better productivity to customers. Customers get more for less. In households and the public sector this means that more need satisfaction\",\n \"title\": \"Production (economics)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2195130\",\n \"text\": \"Farmers' market A farmers' market is a physical retail marketplace intended to sell foods directly by farmers to consumers. Farmers' markets may be indoors or outdoors and typically consist of booths, tables or stands where farmers sell fruits, vegetables, meats, cheeses, and sometimes prepared foods and beverages. Farmers' markets exist in many countries worldwide and reflect the local culture and economy. The size of the market may be just a few stalls or it may be as large as several city blocks. Due to their nature, they tend to be less rigidly regulated than retail produce shops. They are distinguished\",\n \"title\": \"Farmers' market\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1807812\",\n \"text\": \"segmentation remains one of the enduring concepts in marketing and continues to be widely used in practice. One American study, for example, suggested that almost 60 percent of senior executives had used market segmentation in the past two years. A key consideration for marketers is whether to segment or not to segment. Depending on company philosophy, resources, product type or market characteristics, a business may develop an undifferentiated approach or \\\"differentiated approach\\\". In an undifferentiated approach, the marketer ignores segmentation and develops a product that meets the needs of the largest number of buyers. In a differentiated approach the firm\",\n \"title\": \"Market segmentation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1415697\",\n \"text\": \"Concentration ratio The most common concentration ratios are the CR and the CR, which means the market share of the four and the eight largest firms. Concentration ratios are usually used to show the extent of market control of the largest firms in the industry and to illustrate the degree to which an industry is oligopolistic. The standard tools of competition economists and competition authorities to measure market concentration are the Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) and the concentration ratios (CR(n)). These two are known as the traditional structural measures of market concentration (based on market shares). The concentration of firms in\",\n \"title\": \"Concentration ratio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4768240\",\n \"text\": \"top players in each segment of the market. The extent to which they provide premium quality, or premium service or price advantage, can help identify future target segments; Swot Analysis. The strengths of players as well as weaknesses/areas of improvement are needed to combat the onslaught in a marketing warfare. Strength and weakness include brand equity, geographic presence, strong management/leadership, technological edge, and patent/copyrights. Emerging Opportunities should be identified which could make the market grow faster/larger or acquire business more easily. Similarly, are there threat factors that could reduce the total market size. These could be due to regulatory guidelines,\",\n \"title\": \"Market share analysis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3829310\",\n \"text\": \"plan and the best use of resources. Marketing to suppliers is aimed at ensuring a long-term conflict-free relationship in which all parties understand each other's needs and exceed each other's expectations. Such a strategy can reduce costs and improve quality. Influence markets involve a wide range of sub-markets including: government regulators, standards bodies, lobbyists, stockholders, bankers, venture capitalists, financial analysts, stockbrokers, consumer associations, environmental associations, and labor associations. These activities are typically carried out by the public relations department, but relationship marketers feel that marketing to all six markets is the responsibility of everyone in the organization. Each market may\",\n \"title\": \"Relationship marketing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9807697\",\n \"text\": \"covered, to protect traders and shoppers from the sun. In milder climates, markets are often open air. In Asia, a system of morning markets trading in fresh produce and night markets trading in non-perishables is common. In many countries, shopping at a local market is a standard feature of daily life. Given the market's role in ensuring food supply for a population, markets are often highly regulated by a central authority. In many places, designated market places have become listed sites of historic and architectural significance and represent part of a town or nation's cultural assets. For these reasons, they\",\n \"title\": \"Marketplace\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4515145\",\n \"text\": \"the home office niche, while at the same time having separate machines with one of these functions for big businesses. In practice, product vendors and trade businesses are commonly referred to as \\\"mainstream providers\\\" or \\\"narrow demographics niche market providers\\\" (colloquially shortened to just \\\"niche market providers\\\"). Small capital providers usually opt for a niche market with narrow demographics as a measure of increasing their financial gain margins. The final product quality (low or high) is not dependent on the price elasticity of demand, but the specific needs that the product is aimed to satisfy and, in some cases, aspects\",\n \"title\": \"Niche market\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6923595\",\n \"text\": \"relative prices, volatility and geographic extension. The geographic boundaries of a market may vary considerably, for example the food market in a single building, the real estate market in a local city, the consumer market in an entire country, or the economy of an international trade bloc where the same rules apply throughout. Markets can also be worldwide, see for example the global diamond trade. National economies can also be classified as developed markets or developing markets. In mainstream economics, the concept of a market is any structure that allows buyers and sellers to exchange any type of goods, services\",\n \"title\": \"Market (economics)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9167346\",\n \"text\": \"Market share is said to be a key indicator of market competitiveness—that is, how well a firm is doing against its competitors. \\\"This metric, supplemented by changes in sales revenue, helps managers evaluate both primary and selective demand in their market. That is, it enables them to judge not only total market growth or decline but also trends in customers’ selections among competitors. Generally, sales growth resulting from primary demand (total market growth) is less costly and more profitable than that achieved by capturing share from competitors. Conversely, losses in market share can signal serious long-term problems that require strategic\",\n \"title\": \"Market share\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9807721\",\n \"text\": \"the edges of Yucatecan canoe trade such as Xicalanco and Ulua. The Spanish conquerors commented on the impressive nature of the local markets in the 15th century. The Mexica (Aztec) market of Tlatelolco was the largest in all the Americas and said to be superior to those in Europe. There are many different ways to classify markets. One way is to consider the nature of the buyer and the market's place within the distribution system. This leads to two broad classes of market, namely retail market or wholesale markets. The economist, Alfred Marshall classified markets according to time period. In\",\n \"title\": \"Marketplace\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"110924\",\n \"text\": \"a good), duopoly (in which there are only two sellers of a good), oligopoly (in which there are few sellers of a good), monopolistic competition (in which there are many sellers producing highly differentiated goods), monopsony (in which there is only one buyer of a good), and oligopsony (in which there are few buyers of a good). Unlike perfect competition, imperfect competition invariably means market power is unequally distributed. Firms under imperfect competition have the potential to be \\\"price makers\\\", which means that, by holding a disproportionately high share of market power, they can influence the prices of their products.\",\n \"title\": \"Economics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2833678\",\n \"text\": \"they need a company's goods/services. With the consumers attention span becoming less and less, organizations need to constantly keep on top of competitors to stay relevant. Some factors of market penetration are holding costs, advanced inventory management practices and technology (e.g. ongoing replenishment and vendor managed inventory), supply chain problems and economies of scale (e.g., Chang and Lee 1995, Chen et al. 2005, Gaur and Kesavan 2005, Gaur et al. 2005, Hendricks and Singhal 2005, Huson and Nanda 1995, Lieberman et al. 1996). Market penetration, market development, and product development together establish market growth for a company. Overall the major\",\n \"title\": \"Market penetration\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1880928\",\n \"text\": \"the market price. Firms exhibit a mix of these pricing paths across their portfolios. The specific pricing paths correlate with market, firm, and brand characteristics such as competitive intensity, market pioneering, brand reputation, and experience effects. Penetration pricing Penetration pricing is a pricing strategy where the price of a product is initially set low to rapidly reach a wide fraction of the market and initiate word of mouth. The strategy works on the expectation that customers will switch to the new brand because of the lower price. Penetration pricing is most commonly associated with marketing objectives of enlarging market share\",\n \"title\": \"Penetration pricing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13017788\",\n \"text\": \"Factor market In economics, a factor market is a market where factors of production are bought and sold, such as the labor market, the physical capital market, the market for raw materials, and the market for management or entrepreneurial resources. Firms buy productive resources in return for making factor payments at factor prices. The interaction between product and factor markets involves the principle of derived demand. Derived demand refers to the demand for productive resources, which is derived from the demand for final goods and services or output. For example, if consumer demand for new cars rises, producers will respond\",\n \"title\": \"Factor market\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15201528\",\n \"text\": \"gathers respectively of animal and plant material, irrespective of whether live or dead. Croppers, scavengers, and detritivores are gatherers respectively of live, dead, and particulate material. Parasites, saprophages, and decomposers are miners respectively of live, dead, and particulate material. Consumer–resource interactions Consumer–resource interactions are the core motif of ecological food chains or food webs, and are an umbrella term for a variety of more specialized types of biological species interactions including prey-predator (see predation), host-parasite (see parasitism), plant-herbivore and victim-exploiter systems. These kinds of interactions have been studied and modeled by population ecologists for nearly a century. Species at the\",\n \"title\": \"Consumer–resource interactions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"696897\",\n \"text\": \"essential: Marketing research, conducted for the purpose of new product development or product improvement, is often concerned with identifying the consumer's \\\"unmet needs.\\\" Customer needs are central to market segmentation which is concerned with dividing markets into distinct groups of buyers on the basis of \\\"distinct needs, characteristics, or behaviors who might require separate products or marketing mixes.\\\" Needs-based segmentation (also known as \\\"benefit segmentation\\\") \\\"places the customers' desires at the forefront of how a company designs and markets products or services.\\\" Although needs-based segmentation is difficult to do in practice, it has been proved to be one of the\",\n \"title\": \"Marketing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3725872\",\n \"text\": \"psychology, with the concept of herd behaviour. However both the term and concepts that underlie its use are controversial. The term has acquired a semi-technical usage in behavioral finance to describe the largest group of market investors or market speculators who tend to \\\"move with the market\\\", or \\\"follow the general market trend\\\". This is at least a plausible example of genuine herding, though according to some researchers it results from rational decisions through processes such as information cascade and rational expectations. Other researchers, however, ascribe it to non-rational process such as mimicry, fear and greed contagion. \\\"Contrarians\\\" or contrarian\",\n \"title\": \"Herd\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12031756\",\n \"text\": \"Captive market Captive markets are markets where the potential consumers face a severely limited number of competitive suppliers; their only choices are to purchase what is available or to make no purchase at all. Captive markets result in higher prices and less diversity for consumers. The term therefore applies to any market where there is a monopoly or oligopoly. Examples of captive-market environments include the food markets in cinemas, airports, and sports arenas, college textbooks, US cable companies, the Kosher food market in the United Kingdom, and phone calls and food in jails and prisons. Academic publishers, such as Elsevier,\",\n \"title\": \"Captive market\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12907843\",\n \"text\": \"marketing is described to be the \\\"expectation of benefit for the individual satisfying consumer wants and needs\\\". An affinity group is a group which has a solid connection with a considerable number of consumers and which has the possibility to target them in a much easier way than what can be accomplished by way of ordinary marketing process. People may recognize themselves in affinity groups such as charitable organizations, football teams, enterprises, companies, and organizations. Thus, affinity group members may be fans, customers, subscribers, or staff members. Affinity marketing differs from co-branding. The benefits of co-branding partnerships come from the\",\n \"title\": \"Affinity marketing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11811621\",\n \"text\": \"Labor market segmentation Labor market segmentation is the division of the labor market according to a principle such as occupation, geography and industry. One type of segmentation is to define groups \\\"with little or no crossover capability\\\", such that members of one segment cannot easily join another segment. This can result in different segments, for example men and women, receiving different wages for the same work. 19th-century Irish political economist John Elliott Cairnes referred to this phenomenon as that of \\\"noncompeting groups\\\". A related concept is that of a dual labour market (DLM), that splits the aggregate labor market between\",\n \"title\": \"Labor market segmentation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5635282\",\n \"text\": \"and twenty-first century. The discussion of market structure in free economies as described by Adam Smith is often qualified or discussed in terms of patterns of market organization which serve the buyers and sellers in any particular form of the marketplace. Some types of market structure may be described using several recurrent types of descriptive organizational mechanism which may or may not dominate any particular market over time or at particular points in time, such as; 1. Monopolistic competition, a type of imperfect competition such that many producers sell products or services that are differentiated from one another (e.g. by\",\n \"title\": \"Market structure\"\n }\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"groups of customers within a large market who share common characteristics"}}},{"rowIdx":8386,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Isle of Man"],"string":"[\n \"Isle of Man\"\n]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"202185","text":"named Isle of Wight. Other notable examples include: The Isle of Wight was: Isle of Wight The Isle of Wight (; also referred to informally as The Island or abbreviated to IoW) is a county and the largest and second-most populous island in England. It is in the English Channel, between 2 and 5 miles off the coast of Hampshire, separated by the Solent. The island has resorts that have been holiday destinations since Victorian times, and is known for its mild climate, coastal scenery, and verdant landscape of fields, downland and chines. The island has been home to the","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"202126","text":"Isle of Wight The Isle of Wight (; also referred to informally as The Island or abbreviated to IoW) is a county and the largest and second-most populous island in England. It is in the English Channel, between 2 and 5 miles off the coast of Hampshire, separated by the Solent. The island has resorts that have been holiday destinations since Victorian times, and is known for its mild climate, coastal scenery, and verdant landscape of fields, downland and chines. The island has been home to the poets Swinburne and Tennyson and to Queen Victoria, who built her much-loved summer","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"202143","text":"situated between the Solent and the English Channel, is roughly rhomboid in shape, and covers an area of . Slightly more than half, mainly in the west, is designated as the Isle of Wight Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The island has of farmland, of developed areas, and of coastline. Its landscapes are diverse, leading to its oft-quoted description as \"England in miniature\". West Wight is predominantly rural, with dramatic coastlines dominated by the chalk downland ridge, running across the whole island and ending in the Needles stacks. The southwestern quarter is commonly referred to as the Back of the","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"197316","text":"Geography of the Isle of Man The Isle of Man is an island in the Irish Sea, between Great Britain and Ireland in Western Europe, with a population of almost 85,000. It is a British Crown dependency. It has a small islet, the Calf of Man, to its south. It is located at . Area:
\"Land:\"
\"Water:\"
\"Total:\" This makes it: The Isle of Man has a coastline of , and a territorial sea extending to a maximum of 12 nm from the coast, or the midpoint between other countries. The total territorial sea area is about 4000 km or","title":"Geography of the Isle of Man"},{"id":"13481319","text":"Irish Sea The Irish Sea (, , , , Ulster-Scots: \"Airish Sea\", ) separates the islands of Ireland and Great Britain; linked to the Celtic Sea in the south by St George's Channel, and to the Inner Seas off the West Coast of Scotland in the north by the Straits of Moyle. Anglesey, Wales, is the largest island in the Irish Sea. The second in size is the Isle of Man and the sea may occasionally, but rarely, be referred to as the Manx Sea (, , ). The Irish Sea is of significant economic importance to regional trade, shipping","title":"Irish Sea"},{"id":"202150","text":"the mainland about 125,000 years ago, during the Ipswichian interglacial. Like the rest of the UK, the island has an oceanic climate, but is somewhat milder and sunnier, which makes it a holiday destination. It also has a longer growing season. Lower Ventnor and the neighbouring Undercliff have a particular microclimate, because of their sheltered position south of the downs. The island enjoys 1,800–2,100 hours of sunshine a year. Some years have almost no snow in winter, and only a few days of hard frost. The island is in Hardiness zone 9. The Isle of Wight is one of the","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"5648165","text":"Geography of England England comprises most of the central and southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain, in addition to a number of small islands of which the largest is the Isle of Wight. England is bordered to the north by Scotland and to the west by Wales. It is closer to continental Europe than any other part of mainland Britain, divided from France only by a sea gap, the English Channel. The Channel Tunnel, near Folkestone, directly links England to mainland Europe. The English/French border is halfway along the tunnel. Much of England consists of low hills and","title":"Geography of England"},{"id":"193393","text":"Isle of Man The Isle of Man ( ), sometimes referred to simply as Mann (; ), is a self-governing British Crown dependency in the Irish Sea between Great Britain and Ireland. The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, who holds the title of Lord of Mann and is represented by a lieutenant governor. Defence is the responsibility of the United Kingdom. Insurance and online gambling generate 17% of GNP each, followed by information and communications technology and banking with 9% each. The island has been inhabited since before 6500 BC. Gaelic cultural influence began in the 5th century","title":"Isle of Man"},{"id":"432847","text":"In total, it is estimated that the UK is made up of over one thousand small islands, the majority located off the north and west coasts of Scotland. About 130 of these are inhabited according to the 2001 Census. The largest islands by country are Lewis and Harris in Scotland (841 square mi), Wales' Anglesey (276 square mi), the Isle of Wight in England (147.09 square mi), and Rathlin Island in Northern Ireland (roughly 6 square mi); The climate of the UK is generally temperate, although significant local variation occurs, particularly as a result of altitude and distance from the","title":"Geography of the United Kingdom"},{"id":"193404","text":"shingle beaches at the northernmost point, the Point of Ayre. The island has one mountain higher than , Snaefell, with a height of . According to an old saying, from the summit one can see six kingdoms: those of Mann, Scotland, England, Ireland, Wales, and Heaven. Some versions add a seventh kingdom, that of the sea, or Neptune. At the 2016 census, the Isle of Man was home to 83,314 people, of whom 26,997 resided in the island's capital, Douglas and 9,128 in the adjoining village of Onchan. The population decreased by 1.4% between the 2011 and 2016 censuses. By","title":"Isle of Man"},{"id":"911348","text":"Isle of Wight County, Virginia Isle of Wight County is a county located in the Hampton Roads region of the U.S. state of Virginia. It was named after the Isle of Wight, in the English Channel, from where many of its early colonists had come. As of the 2010 census, the population was 35,270. Its county seat is Isle of Wight. Isle of Wight County is located in the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Metropolitan Statistical Area. Its northeastern boundary is on the coast of Hampton Roads waterway. Isle of Wight County features two incorporated towns, Smithfield and Windsor. The first","title":"Isle of Wight County, Virginia"},{"id":"202144","text":"Wight, and has a unique character. The highest point on the island is St Boniface Down in the south east, which at is a marilyn. The most notable habitats on the rest of the island are probably the soft cliffs and sea ledges, which are scenic features, important for wildlife, and internationally protected. The island has three principal rivers. The River Medina flows north into the Solent, the Eastern Yar flows roughly northeast to Bembridge Harbour, and the Western Yar flows the short distance from Freshwater Bay to a relatively large estuary at Yarmouth. Without human intervention the sea might","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"45188","text":"British Isles The British Isles are an archipelago in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-western coast of continental Europe that consists of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man and over six thousand smaller isles. They have a total area of about 315,159 km and a combined population of just under 70 million, and include two sovereign states, the Republic of Ireland (which covers roughly five-sixths of the island of Ireland) and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The islands of Alderney, Jersey, Guernsey and Sark, and their neighbouring smaller islands, are sometimes","title":"British Isles"},{"id":"197323","text":"in the west and the three southern ports of Castletown, Port Erin and Port St Mary are the island's other main settlements. Almost all its population lives on or very near the coast. Geography of the Isle of Man The Isle of Man is an island in the Irish Sea, between Great Britain and Ireland in Western Europe, with a population of almost 85,000. It is a British Crown dependency. It has a small islet, the Calf of Man, to its south. It is located at . Area:
\"Land:\"
\"Water:\"
\"Total:\" This makes it: The Isle of Man has a","title":"Geography of the Isle of Man"},{"id":"193406","text":"It is separate from, but similar to, the Census in the United Kingdom. The 2001 census was conducted by the Economic Affairs Division of the Isle of Man Treasury, under the authority of the Census Act 1929. The Isle of Man has a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen \"Cfb\"). Average rainfall is higher than averaged over the territory of the British Isles, because the Isle of Man is far enough from Ireland for the prevailing south-westerly winds to accumulate moisture. Average rainfall is highest at Snaefell, where it is around a year. At lower levels it can be around a year.","title":"Isle of Man"},{"id":"193405","text":"country of birth, those born in the Isle of Man were the largest group (49.8%), while those born in the United Kingdom were the next largest group at 40% (33.9% in England, 3% in Scotland, 2% in Northern Ireland and 1.1% in Wales), 1.8% in the Republic of Ireland and 0.75% in the Channel Islands. The remaining 8.5% were born elsewhere in the world, with 5% coming from EU countries (other than the UK and Ireland). The \"Isle of Man Full Census\", last held in 2016, has been a decennial occurrence since 1821, with interim censuses being introduced from 1966.","title":"Isle of Man"},{"id":"68506","text":"around 1830, possibly first by the Royal Navy as a collective name for the islands. The term refers only the archipelago to the west of the Cotentin Peninsula. The Isle of Wight, for example, is not a \"Channel Island\" (though, being in the Channel, it remains a \"Channel island\"). The two major islands are Jersey and Guernsey. They make up 99% of the population and 92% of the area. The permanently inhabited islands of the Channel Islands and their population and area are: There are also several uninhabited islets. Four are part of the Bailiwick of Jersey: These lie off","title":"Channel Islands"},{"id":"68546","text":"the Channel Islands. Among these are the French islands Bréhat, Île de Batz, Chausey, Tatihou and Îles Saint-Marcouf. The Isle of Wight, which is part of England, is between the Channel and the Solent. Channel Islands The Channel Islands (Norman: \"Îles d'la Manche\"; French: \"Îles Anglo-Normandes\" or \"Îles de la Manche\") are an archipelago in the English Channel, off the French coast of Normandy. They include two Crown dependencies: the Bailiwick of Jersey, which is the largest of the islands; and the Bailiwick of Guernsey, consisting of Guernsey, Alderney, Sark and some smaller islands. They are considered the remnants of","title":"Channel Islands"},{"id":"45201","text":"and covers . Ireland is to the west and covers . The largest of the other islands are to be found in the Hebrides, Orkney and Shetland to the north, Anglesey and the Isle of Man between Great Britain and Ireland, and the Channel Islands near the coast of France. The islands are at relatively low altitudes, with central Ireland and southern Great Britain particularly low-lying: the lowest point in the islands is the North Slob in County Wexford, Ireland, with an elevation of . The Scottish Highlands in the northern part of Great Britain are mountainous, with Ben Nevis","title":"British Isles"},{"id":"13217840","text":"HM Prison Isle of Wight HMP Isle of Wight is a prison on the Isle of Wight, UK, combining the two island prisons, Albany and Parkhurst. The two former prisons along with Camp Hill were merged in 2009 and each site still retained its old name. Across the three sites there were nearly 1,700 prisoners making it one of the largest prisons in the country. The reorganisation took effect on 1 April 2009. In March 2013 Camp Hill closed, reducing the overall prison population by 595. The idea for re-organising the three island prisons was suggested in October 2008 as","title":"HM Prison Isle of Wight"},{"id":"202180","text":"then Solent TV from 2002 until its closure on 24 May 2007. iWight.tv is a local internet video news channel. The Isle of Wight is part of the BBC South region and the ITV Meridian region. Important broadcasting infrastructure includes Chillerton Down transmitting station with a mast that is the tallest structure on the island, and Rowridge transmitting station, which broadcasts the main television signal both locally and for most of Hampshire and parts of Dorset and West Sussex. The Isle of Wight is near the densely populated south of England, yet separated from the mainland. This position led to","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"202145","text":"well have split the island into three: at the west end where a bank of pebbles separates Freshwater Bay from the marshy backwaters of the Western Yar east of Freshwater, and at the east end where a thin strip of land separates Sandown Bay from the marshy Eastern Yar basin. The Undercliff between St Catherine's Point and Bonchurch is the largest area of landslip morphology in western Europe. The north coast is unusual in having four high tides each day, with a double high tide every twelve and a half hours. This arises because the western Solent is narrower than","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"9297143","text":"Isle of Wight official football team The Isle of Wight football team represents the Isle of Wight at the biannual Island Games, which it won in 1995 and 2011. The Isle of Wight is not a member of FIFA or UEFA, it is an island within England and plays under the auspices of the Football Association, the governing body for football in England. The Isle of Wight plays separately in St George's Park which has a capacity of 3,200 and has 200 seats, however the Isle of Wight is part of The English FA who are part of FIFA and","title":"Isle of Wight official football team"},{"id":"193402","text":"all respects and had control over its finances, but was subject to the approval of the Lord of Mann. In 1866, the Isle of Man obtained limited home rule, with partly democratic elections to the House of Keys, but an appointed Legislative Council. Since then, democratic government has been gradually extended. The Isle of Man has designated more than 250 historic sites as registered buildings. The Isle of Man is located in the middle of the northern Irish Sea, almost equidistant from England, Northern Ireland, Scotland (closest), and Wales (farthest). It is long and, at its widest point, wide. It","title":"Isle of Man"},{"id":"18737664","text":"Human rights in the Isle of Man The Isle of Man is a Crown Dependency located in the Irish Sea between the islands of Great Britain and Ireland with a population in 2015 estimated to be approximately 88,000. It enjoys a high degree of domestic, legislative and political autonomy through its ancient Parliament Tynwald. By convention, the United Kingdom Government is responsible for the conduct of the international relations and defence of the island. The Isle of Man does not have a written constitution, or a Bill of Rights which sets out its Human Rights. These rights are addressed in","title":"Human rights in the Isle of Man"},{"id":"12342024","text":"Anglesey Anglesey (; ) is an island situated on the north coast of Wales with an area of . Anglesey is by far the largest island in Wales and the seventh largest in the British Isles. Anglesey is also the largest island in the Irish Sea by area, and the second most populous island (after the Isle of Man). The ferry port of Holyhead handles more than 2 million passengers each year. The Menai Suspension Bridge, designed by Thomas Telford in 1826, and the Britannia Bridge span the Menai Strait to connect Anglesey with the mainland. Anglesey, one of the","title":"Anglesey"},{"id":"202158","text":"in parts of Australia). Residents refer to the island as \"The Island\", as did Jane Austen in Mansfield Park, and sometimes to the UK mainland as \"North Island\". To promote the island's identity and culture, the High Sheriff Robin Courage founded an Isle of Wight Day; the first was held on Saturday 24 September 2016. The island is said to be the most haunted in the world, sometimes referred to as \"Ghost Island\". Notable claimed hauntings include God's Providence House in Newport (now a tea room), Appuldurcombe House, and the remains of Knighton Gorges. The island is well known for","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"9297144","text":"play at Wembley Stadium which has a capacity of 90,000. Isle of Wight official football team The Isle of Wight football team represents the Isle of Wight at the biannual Island Games, which it won in 1995 and 2011. The Isle of Wight is not a member of FIFA or UEFA, it is an island within England and plays under the auspices of the Football Association, the governing body for football in England. The Isle of Wight plays separately in St George's Park which has a capacity of 3,200 and has 200 seats, however the Isle of Wight is part","title":"Isle of Wight official football team"},{"id":"4907802","text":"St Helens, Isle of Wight St Helens is a village and civil parish located on the eastern side of the Isle of Wight. The village developed around village greens. This is claimed to be the largest in England but some say it is the second largest. The greens are often used for cricket matches during the summer and football in the winter, and also include a children's playground. The village is a short distance from the coast, about a ten-minute walk to St Helens Duver. The Duver was once the location of the island's first golf course (one of England's","title":"St Helens, Isle of Wight"},{"id":"4907813","text":"St Helens, Isle of Wight St Helens is a village and civil parish located on the eastern side of the Isle of Wight. The village developed around village greens. This is claimed to be the largest in England but some say it is the second largest. The greens are often used for cricket matches during the summer and football in the winter, and also include a children's playground. The village is a short distance from the coast, about a ten-minute walk to St Helens Duver. The Duver was once the location of the island's first golf course (one of England's","title":"St Helens, Isle of Wight"},{"id":"534517","text":"Solent The Solent ( ) is the strait that separates the Isle of Wight from the mainland of England. It is about long and varies in width between , although the shingle Hurst Spit which projects into the Solent narrows the sea crossing between Hurst Castle and Colwell Bay to just over . The Solent is a major shipping lane for passenger, freight and military vessels. It is an important recreational area for water sports, particularly yachting, hosting the Cowes Week sailing event annually. It is sheltered by the Isle of Wight and has a complex tidal pattern, which has","title":"Solent"},{"id":"202184","text":"the King College started as two \"middle schools,\" Trinity Middle School and Archbishop King Catholic Middle School, but has now been converted into a dual-faith secondary school and sixth form. Since September 2011 five new secondary schools, with an age range of 11 to 18 years, replaced the island's high schools (as a part of the previous three-tier system). Notable residents have included: The Isle of Wight has given names to many parts of former colonies, most notably Isle of Wight County in Virginia founded by settlers from the island in the 17th century. Its county seat is a town","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"189926","text":"(); Jan Mayen Island (); Shetland and the Outer Hebrides, both about ; and the Scottish mainland and Orkney, both about . The nearest part of Continental Europe is mainland Norway, about away, while mainland North America is away, at the northern tip of Labrador. Iceland is the world's 18th largest island, and Europe's second-largest island after Great Britain. (The island of Ireland is third.) The main island is , but the entire country is in size, of which 62.7% is tundra. About 30 minor islands are in Iceland, including the lightly populated Grímsey and the Vestmannaeyjar archipelago. Lakes and","title":"Iceland"},{"id":"10556567","text":"Isle of Wight Zoo The Isle of Wight Zoo, previously known as the Sandown Zoo, is a sanctuary inside the former Sandown Fort on the coastline of Sandown, Isle of Wight. The zoo was privately owned but became a charitable trust in 2017. The collection focuses principally on big cats and Madagascan animals. As part of the European Endangered Species Programme, the zoo has had success breeding several species of Madagascan animals including the critically endangered black-and-white ruffed lemur. Originally known as Sandown Zoo, the zoo was established in the 1950s. By the 1970s it had fallen into disrepair, and","title":"Isle of Wight Zoo"},{"id":"4973873","text":"the unitary authority, Isle of Wight Council: a diamond-shaped island with rounded oblique corners, measuring by , the Needles and similar small uninhabitable rocks of very small square surface area. The island is linked by ferry crossings from four points (five points if counting West Cowes and East Cowes separately) to three points in Hampshire: Lymington, Southampton and Portsmouth. Its electorate of 110,924 () is, by more than 30,000 electors, the largest in the UK, more than 50% above the English average: 71,537, and five times the size of the smallest seat: Na h-Eileanan an Iar, formerly known as the","title":"Isle of Wight (UK Parliament constituency)"},{"id":"6398921","text":"of escaping the excise men by superior local navigational knowledge. There was a pillbox built in the Second World War, now subsumed in the sea defences. The beach is sandy with stones which contain Cretaceous fossils. The cliffs also feature Horsetails ferns. Foreland, Isle of Wight Foreland or Forelands, and the adjacent Foreland Fields (), is the easternmost point of the Isle of Wight, part of the village of Bembridge. It is located about 6.5 miles due south of the city of Portsmouth on the British mainland, separated by the eastern reaches of the Solent. It is characterised by a","title":"Foreland, Isle of Wight"},{"id":"6398919","text":"Foreland, Isle of Wight Foreland or Forelands, and the adjacent Foreland Fields (), is the easternmost point of the Isle of Wight, part of the village of Bembridge. It is located about 6.5 miles due south of the city of Portsmouth on the British mainland, separated by the eastern reaches of the Solent. It is characterised by a pub called the Crab and Lobster Inn and various beach huts plus a beach cafe and a coast guard lookout. In the sea are the reefs of Bembridge Ledge which is rich in edible crabs, lobsters and spider crabs and shoals of","title":"Foreland, Isle of Wight"},{"id":"911354","text":"(13.0%) is water. The county is bounded by the James River on the north and the Blackwater River to the south. The land is generally low-lying, with many swamps and pocosins. As of the census of 2010, there were 35,270 people, 11,319 households, and 8,670 families residing in the county. The population density was 94 people per square mile (36/km²). There were 12,066 housing units at an average density of 38 per square mile (15/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 71.8% White, 24.7% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.5% from other","title":"Isle of Wight County, Virginia"},{"id":"182855","text":"dwellings, agriculture was the principal industry (10 per cent of the county was still forest). Hampshire played a crucial military role in both World Wars. The Isle of Wight, previously included in Hampshire, became a separate county in 1974. The county's geography is varied, with upland to and mostly south-flowing rivers. There are areas of downland and marsh, and two national parks: the New Forest, shared with Wiltshire, and part of the South Downs, which together cover some 45 per cent of Hampshire. The county has a milder climate than most of Britain. Hampshire is one of the most affluent","title":"Hampshire"},{"id":"1308068","text":"Ireland Ireland (; ; Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, and St George's Channel. Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth. Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland (officially named Ireland), which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom. In 2011, the population of Ireland was about 6.6 million, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain.","title":"Ireland"},{"id":"534533","text":"50 years of operation in 2015. Solent The Solent ( ) is the strait that separates the Isle of Wight from the mainland of England. It is about long and varies in width between , although the shingle Hurst Spit which projects into the Solent narrows the sea crossing between Hurst Castle and Colwell Bay to just over . The Solent is a major shipping lane for passenger, freight and military vessels. It is an important recreational area for water sports, particularly yachting, hosting the Cowes Week sailing event annually. It is sheltered by the Isle of Wight and has","title":"Solent"},{"id":"202147","text":"This gives rise to a dip of almost 90 degrees in the chalk beds, seen best at the Needles. The northern half of the island is mainly composed of clays, with the southern half formed of the chalk of the central east–west downs, as well as Upper and Lower Greensands and Wealden strata. These strata continue west from the island across the Solent into Dorset, forming the basin of Poole Harbour (Tertiary) and the Isle of Purbeck (Cretaceous) respectively. The chalky ridges of Wight and Purbeck were a single formation before they were breached by waters from the River Frome","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"202146","text":"the eastern; the initial tide of water flowing from the west starts to ebb before the stronger flow around the south of the island returns through the eastern Solent to create a second high water. The Isle of Wight is made up of a variety of rock types dating from early Cretaceous (around 127 million years ago) to the middle of the Palaeogene (around 30 million years ago). The geological structure is dominated by a large monocline which causes a marked change in age of strata from the northern younger Tertiary beds to the older Cretaceous beds of the south.","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"193403","text":"has an area of around . Besides the island of Mann itself, the political unit of the Isle of Man includes some nearby small islands: the seasonally inhabited Calf of Man, Chicken Rock on which stands an unmanned lighthouse, St Patrick's Isle and St Michael's Isle. The last two of these are connected to the main island by permanent roads/causeways. Ranges of hills in the north and south are separated by a central valley. The northern plain, by contrast, is relatively flat, consisting mainly of deposits from glacial advances from western Scotland during colder times. There are more recently deposited","title":"Isle of Man"},{"id":"202179","text":"Radio has broadcast online since 2010, and in 2017 started broadcasting on FM 104.6. The station operates from the Riverside Centre in Newport. The island is also covered by a number of local stations on the mainland, including the BBC station BBC Radio Solent broadcast from Southampton. The island's not-for-profit community radio station Angel Radio opened in 2007. Angel Radio began broadcasting on 91.5 MHz from studios in Cowes and a transmitter near Newport. Other online news sources for the Isle of Wight include \"On the Wight\". The island has had community television stations in the past, first TV12 and","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"202166","text":"Motorbike. The table below shows the regional gross value (in millions of pounds) added by the Isle of Wight economy, at current prices, compiled by the Office for National Statistics. According to the 2011 census, the island's population of 138,625 lives in 61,085 households, giving an average household size of 2.27 people. 41% of households own their home outright and a further 29% own with a mortgage, so in total 70% of households are owned (compared to 68% for South East England). Compared to South East England, the island has fewer children (19% aged 0–17 against 22% for the South","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"202142","text":"The oldest records that give a name for the Isle of Wight are from the Roman Empire: it was then called \"Vectis\" or \"Vecta\" in Latin, \"Iktis\" or \"Ouiktis\" in Greek. From the Anglo-Saxon period Latin \"Vecta\", Old English \"Wiht\" and Old Welsh forms \"Gueid\" and \"Guith\" are recorded. In Domesday Book it is \"Wit\"; the modern Welsh name is \"Ynys Wyth\" (\"ynys\" = island). These are all variant forms of the same name, possibly Celtic in origin. It may mean \"place of the division\", because the island divides the two arms of the Solent. The Isle of Wight is","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"634137","text":"South East England South East England is the most populous of the nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes. It consists of Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, East Sussex, Hampshire, the Isle of Wight, Kent, Oxfordshire, Surrey and West Sussex. As with the other regions of England, apart from Greater London, the south east has no elected government. It is the third largest region of England, with an area of 19,096 km (7,373 sq mi), and is also the most populous with a total population of over eight and a half million (2011). The headquarters of","title":"South East England"},{"id":"2531062","text":"Music of the Isle of Man The music of the Isle of Man reflects Celtic, Norse and other influences, including those from its neighbours, Scotland, Ireland, England and Wales. The Isle of Man is a small island nation in the Irish Sea, between Great Britain and Ireland (and not part of the United Kingdom). A wide range of music is performed on the island, such as rock, blues, jazz and pop. However, its traditional folk music has undergone a revival since the 1970s, starting with a music festival called in Ramsey. This was part of a general revival of the","title":"Music of the Isle of Man"},{"id":"2246667","text":"North of its confluence with the Lukely Brook at the town's quay it becomes a navigable tidal estuary. Distance from surrounding settlements The town's suburb of Parkhurst is home to two prisons: the notorious Parkhurst Prison and Albany; together they make up HMP Isle of Wight, the largest prison in the UK. Parkhurst and Albany were once among the few top-security prisons in the United Kingdom. Camp Hill was another prison in the area, but closed in 2013. Seaclose Park in Newport, on the east bank of the River Medina, has since 2002 been the location for the revived Isle","title":"Newport, Isle of Wight"},{"id":"911357","text":"of families and 8.30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.80% of those under age 18 and 11.90% of those age 65 or over. House of Delegates: Senate: U.S. House of Representatives: Blackwater Regional Library is the regional library system that provides services to the citizens of Isle of Wight. Isle of Wight County, Virginia Isle of Wight County is a county located in the Hampton Roads region of the U.S. state of Virginia. It was named after the Isle of Wight, in the English Channel, from where many of its early colonists had come. As of","title":"Isle of Wight County, Virginia"},{"id":"193455","text":"the island and others have been started in England and Jersey. A more recent arrival on the island is the red-necked wallaby, which is now established on the island following an escape from the Wildlife Park. The local police report an increasing number of wallaby-related calls. There are also many feral goats in Garff, a matter which was raised in Tynwald Court in January 2018. In March 2016, the Isle of Man became the first entire country to be adopted into UNESCO's Network of Biosphere Reserves. Isle of Man The Isle of Man ( ), sometimes referred to simply as","title":"Isle of Man"},{"id":"191043","text":"\"ieg\" is actually a cognate of Swedish \"ö\" and German \"Aue\", and related to Latin \"aqua\" (water). Greenland is the world's largest island, with an area of over 2.1 million km, while Australia, the world's smallest continent, has an area of 7.6 million km, but there is no standard of size that distinguishes islands from continents, or from islets. There is a difference between islands and continents in terms of geology. Continents sit on continental lithosphere, which is part of tectonic plates floating high on Earth's mantle. Oceanic crust is also part of tectonic plates, but it is denser than","title":"Island"},{"id":"3988322","text":"2017, Conservative members assumed control of the administration, with Cllr Dave Stewart appointed as leader. A new ruling executive was formed, made up of five Conservatives, one UKIP member and three non-aligned members. The Coat of arms of the Isle of Wight was first granted to the County Council in 1938. On its abolition in 1995, they transferred to the new Isle of Wight Council. The shield shows an image of Carisbrooke Castle, which was the historic seat of many island governors. At the bottom is the island's motto \"All this beauty is of God\". Isle of Wight Council The","title":"Isle of Wight Council"},{"id":"202130","text":"day Poole Harbour towards mid-Channel. As sea levels rose, the river valley became flooded, and the chalk ridge line west of the Needles breached to form the island. The Isle of Wight is first mentioned in writing in \"Geography\" by Ptolemy. Bronze Age Britain had large reserves of tin in the areas of Cornwall and Devon and tin is necessary to smelt bronze. At that time the sea level was much lower and carts of tin were brought across the Solent at low tide for export, possibly on the Ferriby Boats. Anthony Snodgrass suggests that a shortage of tin, as","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"202183","text":"Wight in April 2009. There are 69 local education authority-maintained schools on the Isle of Wight, and two independent schools. As a rural community, many of these are small and with fewer pupils than in urban areas. The Isle of Wight College is located on the outskirts of Newport. From September 2010, there was a transition period from the three-tier system of primary, middle and high schools to the two-tier system that is usual in England. Some schools have now closed, such as Chale C.E. Primary. Others have become \"federated\", such as Brading C.E. Primary and St Helen's Primary. Christ","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"911353","text":"a National Historic Landmark in recognition of its significance. Many landmark and contributing structures on the National Register are located in Smithfield including the Wentworth-Grinnan House. In 1732 a considerable portion of the northwestern part of the original shire was added to Brunswick County, and in 1748 the entire county of Southampton was carved out of it. During the American Civil War, Company F of the 61st Virginia Infantry Regiment of the Confederate Army was called the \"Isle of Wight Avengers.\" According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and","title":"Isle of Wight County, Virginia"},{"id":"197322","text":"copper, lead and silver, zinc, iron, and plumbago (a mix of graphite and clay). There are also quarries of black marble, limestone flags, clay schist, and granite. These are all modern, and there was no noticeable exploitation of metals or minerals prior to the modern era. The island has a census-estimated population of 84,497 according to the most recent 2011 census: up from 79,805 in 2006 and 76,315 in 2001. The island's largest town and administrative centre is Douglas, whose population is 23,000 — over a quarter of the population of the island. Neighbouring Onchan, Ramsey in the north, Peel","title":"Geography of the Isle of Man"},{"id":"11721288","text":"War four of the SW&BRCSPS paddle steamers were commandeered by the Royal Navy as minesweepers leaving only two behind. The PS \"Duchess of Richmond\" was lost to a mine in the Mediterranean Sea. On 1 January 1923 the SW&BRCSPS was taken over by Southern Railway which had been created in the Grouping ordered by the Railways Act 1921. Isle of Wight ferry services There are currently three different ferry companies that operate vessels carrying passengers and, on certain routes, vehicles across the Solent, the stretch of sea that separates the Isle of Wight from mainland England. These are Wightlink, Red","title":"Isle of Wight ferry services"},{"id":"202148","text":"during the last ice age, forming the Solent and turning Wight into an island. The Needles, along with Old Harry Rocks on Purbeck, represent the edges of this breach. All the rocks found on the island are sedimentary, such as limestones, mudstones and sandstones. They are rich in fossils; many can be seen exposed on beaches as the cliffs erode. Lignitic coal is present in small quantities within seams, and can be seen on the cliffs and shore at Whitecliff Bay. Fossilised molluscs have been found there, and also on the northern coast along with fossilised crocodiles, turtles and mammal","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"2518421","text":"formed when Ireland's legendary giant Fionn mac Cumhaill (Finn McCool) scooped up a chunk of earth and tossed it at a Scottish rival. It fell into the Irish Sea, forming the Isle of Man, while the crater left behind filled with water to form Lough Neagh. Lough Neagh Lough Neagh ( ) is a large freshwater lake in Northern Ireland. It is the largest lake by area in the British Isles, with a surface area of . It supplies 40% of Northern Ireland's water. Its main inflows are the Upper River Bann and River Blackwater, and its main outflow is","title":"Lough Neagh"},{"id":"3988319","text":"Isle of Wight Council The Isle of Wight Council is a unitary authority covering the Isle of Wight near the South coast of England. It is currently made up of 40 seats. Since the 2017 election, the Conservatives have held a majority of 25 and appointed Cllr Dave Stewart as leader of the council. The council was formed on 1 April 1995, replacing the Isle of Wight County Council and Medina and South Wight Borough Councils. Prior to 1998, the Liberals and then Liberal Democrats had dominated the Council. Between 1998 and 2005, it was under no overall control, ruled","title":"Isle of Wight Council"},{"id":"13217844","text":"the men were trying to free was actually located in the Camp Hill site at the time. In January 2013, the Ministry of Justice announced that the Camp Hill site of the prison will close, with a reduction of 595 places at the prison. the prison formally closed in March 2013. HM Prison Isle of Wight HMP Isle of Wight is a prison on the Isle of Wight, UK, combining the two island prisons, Albany and Parkhurst. The two former prisons along with Camp Hill were merged in 2009 and each site still retained its old name. Across the three","title":"HM Prison Isle of Wight"},{"id":"2417562","text":"that year, progressively extending itself northwards beyond Seaclose Park along the fields of the eastern Medina valley. Many notable artists have performed since its revival including The Rolling Stones, Amy Winehouse, Paolo Nutini, The Crazy World of Arthur Brown, Paul McCartney, Muse, Boy George, Stereophonics, Faithless, Donovan, Ray Davies, Robert Plant, Queen + Adam Lambert, David Bowie, Manic Street Preachers, The Who, The High Kings, R.E.M., Travis, Coldplay, The Zombies, The Proclaimers, Bryan Adams, The Police, Foo Fighters, The Killers, Nile Rodgers and Chic, Fleetwood Mac, Madness, Paloma Faith and Kings of Leon. It was sponsored by Nokia from 2004","title":"Isle of Wight Festival"},{"id":"173433","text":"Hispaniola Hispaniola (; Latin and ; ; ) is an island in the Caribbean island group known as the Greater Antilles. It is the second largest island in the Caribbean after Cuba, and the most populous island in the Caribbean; it is also the eleventh most populous island in the world. The island is divided between two separate, sovereign nations: the Spanish-speaking Dominican Republic (48,445 km, 18,705 sq mi) to the east, and French Creole-speaking Haiti (27,750 km, 10,710 sq mi) to the west. The only other shared island in the Caribbean is Saint Martin, which is shared between France","title":"Hispaniola"},{"id":"11791326","text":"Isle of Wight Wildlife Management Area Isle of Wight Wildlife Management Area is a state wildlife management area (WMA) of Maryland located on the Isle of Wight, a small peninsula between the St. Martin's River and Isle of Wight Bay in Worcester County. Although called Isle of Wight, a small strip of marsh and road connects it with the mainland. The WMA is bisected by Maryland Route 90, one of the two principal highway routes into Ocean City. Despite this, the WMA attracts many birds, especially those dependent upon tidal marshes and bays, including great blue herons and green herons,","title":"Isle of Wight Wildlife Management Area"},{"id":"202151","text":"few places in England where the red squirrel is still flourishing; no grey squirrels are to be found. There are occasional sightings of wild deer, and there is a colony of wild goats on Ventnor's downs. Protected species such as the dormouse and rare bats can be found. The Glanville fritillary butterfly's distribution in the United Kingdom is largely restricted to the edges of the island's crumbling cliffs. A competition in 2002 named the pyramidal orchid as the Isle of Wight's county flower. The island has a single Member of Parliament and 138,300 permanent residents in 2011, being one of","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"202181","text":"it hosting three prisons: Albany, Camp Hill and Parkhurst, all located outside Newport near the main road to Cowes. Albany and Parkhurst were among the few Category A prisons in the UK until they were downgraded in the 1990s. The downgrading of Parkhurst was precipitated by a major escape: three prisoners (two murderers and a blackmailer) escaped from the prison on 3 January 1995 for four days, before being recaptured. Parkhurst enjoyed notoriety as one of the toughest jails in the United Kingdom, and housed many notable inmates including the Yorkshire Ripper Peter Sutcliffe, New Zealand drug lord Terry Clark","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"2029198","text":"Greater Antilles The Greater Antilles is a grouping of the larger islands in the Caribbean Sea: Cuba, Hispaniola (containing Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and the Cayman Islands. The Greater Antilles constitute nearly 90% of the land mass of the entire West Indies, as well as over 90% of its population. The remainder of the land belongs to the archipelago of the Lesser Antilles, which is a chain of islands to the east (running north-south and encompassing the eastern edge of the Caribbean Sea where it meets the Atlantic Ocean) and south (running east-west off the northern","title":"Greater Antilles"},{"id":"4729937","text":"Politics of the Isle of Wight As a geographical entity distinct from the mainland, the Isle of Wight has always fought to have this identity recognised. The Isle of Wight is currently a ceremonial and Non-metropolitan county and as it has no district councils (only the county council) it is effectively a unitary county. The island is also the highest populated Westminster constituency in the country. Historically, the island was part of the historic county of Hampshire, previously called Southamptonshire. The island's most ancient borough was Newtown on the large natural harbour on the island's north-western coast. A French raid","title":"Politics of the Isle of Wight"},{"id":"202129","text":"until 1974, when it was made its own ceremonial county. Apart from a shared police force, there is now no administrative link with Hampshire, although a combined local authority with Portsmouth and Southampton was considered, this is now unlikely to proceed. Until 1995 the island had a governor. The quickest public transport link to the mainland is the hovercraft from Ryde to Southsea; three vehicle ferry and two catamaran services cross the Solent to Southampton, Lymington and Portsmouth. During the last Ice Age, sea levels were lower and the Solent was part of a river flowing south east from current","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"119366","text":"England England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west. The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south. The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain, which lies in the North Atlantic, and includes over 100 smaller islands, such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight. The area now called England was","title":"England"},{"id":"202131","text":"a part of the Bronze Age Collapse and trade disruptions in the Mediterranean around 1300 BC, forced metalworkers to seek an alternative to bronze. During Iron Age Britain, the Late Iron Age, the Isle of Wight would appear to have been occupied by the Celtic tribe, the Durotriges - as attested by finds of their coins, for example, the South Wight Hoard, and the Shalfleet Hoard. South eastern Britain experienced significant immigration that is reflected in the genetic makeup of the current residents. As the Iron Age began the value of tin likely dropped sharply and this likely greatly changed","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"202127","text":"residence and final home Osborne House at East Cowes. It has a maritime and industrial tradition including boat-building, sail-making, the manufacture of flying boats, the hovercraft, and Britain's space rockets. The island hosts annual music festivals including the Isle of Wight Festival, which in 1970 was the largest rock music event ever held. It has well-conserved wildlife and some of the richest cliffs and quarries for dinosaur fossils in Europe. The isle was owned by a Norman family until 1293 and was earlier a kingdom in its own right. In common with the Crown dependencies The British Crown was then","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"45227","text":"and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Ireland, sometimes called \"the Republic of Ireland\", governs five sixths of the island of Ireland, with the remainder of the island forming Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland is a part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, usually shortened to simply \"the United Kingdom\", which governs the remainder of the archipelago with the exception of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. The Isle of Man and the two states of the Channel Islands, Jersey and Guernsey, are known as the Crown dependencies. They exercise constitutional rights","title":"British Isles"},{"id":"9886527","text":"the category for stations with a target audience under 1 million. In 2007, the station won the prestigious Sony Award for Station Of The Year for stations with fewer than 300,000 listeners. It has also won the Arqiva Commercial Radio Station Of The Year award (under 500,000 listeners) for 2012 and 2013, and was nominated for that award in 2011. Isle of Wight Radio Isle of Wight Radio (occasionally shortened to IW Radio) is an independent local radio station in Newport on the Isle of Wight. The station began transmitting from Briddlesford Farm AM transmitter on 15 April 1990. Isle","title":"Isle of Wight Radio"},{"id":"197317","text":"1500 sq miles, which is about 87% of the total area of the jurisdiction of the Isle of Man. The Isle of Man only holds exclusive fishing rights in the first 3 nm. The territorial sea is managed by the Isle of Man Government Department of Infrastructure. The Raad ny Foillan long distance footpath runs around the Manx coast. The Isle of Man enjoys a temperate climate, with cool summers and mild winters. Average rainfall is high compared to the majority of the British Isles, due to its location to the western side of Great Britain and sufficient distance from","title":"Geography of the Isle of Man"},{"id":"1279766","text":"Isle of Lewis Lewis (, ) is the northern part of Lewis and Harris, the largest island of the Western Isles or Outer Hebrides archipelago in Scotland. It is also known as the Isle of Lewis, as the two parts are frequently referred to as if they were separate islands. The total area of Lewis is . Lewis is, in general, the lower-lying part of the island: the other part, Harris, is more mountainous. Due to its flatter, more fertile land, Lewis contains three-quarters of the population of the Western Isles, and the largest settlement, Stornoway. The island's diverse habitats","title":"Isle of Lewis"},{"id":"202177","text":"a little under from to , where there is a connecting ferry service to station on the mainland network. The line was opened by the Isle of Wight Railway in 1864, and from 1996 to 2007 was run by the smallest train operating company on the network, Island Line Trains. It is notable for utilising old ex-London Underground rolling stock, due to the small size of its tunnels and unmodernised signalling. Branching off the Island Line at is the heritage Isle of Wight Steam Railway, which runs for to the outskirts of on the former line to Newport. There are","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"5393384","text":"Culture of the Isle of Wight As an island, the Isle of Wight maintains a culture close to, but distinct from, that of the south of England. A high proportion of the population are now 'overners' rather than locally born, and so with a few notable exceptions it has more often formed the backdrop for cultural events of wider rather than island-specific significance. The Island has inspired many creative works. Local people often seek to defend their real or perceived culture, and local politics is often dictated by a desire to preserve the traditions and habits of the Island. The","title":"Culture of the Isle of Wight"},{"id":"4035527","text":"the last Ice Age, about 8–9000 years ago, as sea levels rose, and the land of southern Britain sunk due to the post-glacial rebound of the north that had been under the ice. This flooded the former river valley of the Solent to the north, and the future English Channel to the south, and cut Wight off from the island of Britain. Once open to the sea, tidal scouring widened the Solent. The first inhabitants are assumed to have been hunter-gatherers migrating by land during the Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) period, as the ice age began to recede and the","title":"History of the Isle of Wight"},{"id":"14580572","text":"MV Cuthred MV \"Cuthred was an Isle of Wight ro-ro ferry built in 1969. From 1990 until 2009, she operated as Mira Praia\" in Portugal. MV \"Cuthred\" was built by Richards of Lowestoft for British Rail (later Sealink) at a cost of £275,000. She is named after Cuthred, king of Wessex (c.740–56). With a gross tonnage of 704, she was the largest Isle of Wight Ferry of the time, capable of carrying 48 cars and 400 passengers. MV \"Cuthred\" was much larger and of a different design to any previous Isle of Wight car ferry. For the first time, passenger","title":"MV Cuthred"},{"id":"2417563","text":"to 2006. The promoters of the event now are Solo Promoters Ltd. Held 3 June 2002 Held 14–15 June 2003 Held 11–13 June 2004 Held 10–12 June 2005 Held 9–11 June 2006 Held 8–10 June 2007 Held 13–15 June 2008 Held 12–14 June 2009 Held 11–13 June 2010 Held 10–12 June 2011 Held 22–24 June 2012 Held 14–16 June 2013 Held 12–15 June 2014 Held 11–14 June 2015 Held 9–12 June 2016 Held 8–11 June 2017 Held 21–24 June 2018 On 6 November 2007, the Isle of Wight Festival was named 'Best Major Festival' at the UK Festival Awards. The","title":"Isle of Wight Festival"},{"id":"4035565","text":"for the whole Isle of Wight; Newport also retained its two MPs, though these were reduced to one in 1868 and eventually abolished completely in 1885. Often thought of as part of Hampshire, the Isle of Wight was briefly included in that county when the first county councils were created in 1888. However, a \"Home Rule\" campaign led to a separate county council being established for the Isle of Wight in 1890, and it has remained separate ever since. Like inhabitants of many islands, Islanders are fiercely jealous of their real (or perceived) independence, and confusion over the Island's separate","title":"History of the Isle of Wight"},{"id":"111142","text":"most notable being the Isle of Wight off the English coast, and the Channel Islands, British Crown dependencies off the coast of France. The coastline, particularly on the French shore, is deeply indented; several small islands close to the coastline, including Chausey and Mont Saint-Michel, are within French jurisdiction. The Cotentin Peninsula in France juts out into the Channel, whilst on the English side there is a small parallel strait known as the Solent between the Isle of Wight and the mainland. The Celtic Sea is to the west of the Channel. The Channel acts as a funnel that amplifies","title":"English Channel"},{"id":"18737680","text":"recommendations to the UK in both 2008 and 2013 for it to ban corporal punishment on children in its overseas territories. The Isle of Man stated that it does not see the need for reform as it believes the current law is working well and that parents should be allowed to discipline children. Human rights in the Isle of Man The Isle of Man is a Crown Dependency located in the Irish Sea between the islands of Great Britain and Ireland with a population in 2015 estimated to be approximately 88,000. It enjoys a high degree of domestic, legislative and","title":"Human rights in the Isle of Man"},{"id":"12368020","text":"minor volcanic features), Curaçao, Barbados, Bonaire, the Cayman Islands, Saint Croix, the Bahamas, and Antigua. Others possess rugged towering mountain-ranges like the islands of Saint Martin, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Dominica, Montserrat, Saba, Sint Eustatius, Saint Kitts, Saint Lucia, Saint Thomas, Saint John, Tortola, Grenada, Saint Vincent, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Trinidad and Tobago. Definitions of the terms Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles often vary. The Virgin Islands as part of the Puerto Rican bank are sometimes included with the Greater Antilles. The term Lesser Antilles is often used to define an island arc that includes Grenada but excludes Trinidad","title":"Caribbean"},{"id":"193427","text":"British telephone numbering plan, with local dialling codes 01624 for landlines and 07524, 07624 and 07924 for mobiles. Calls to the island from the UK however, are generally charged differently from those within the UK, and may or may not be included in any \"inclusive minutes\" packages. In 1996, the Isle of Man Government obtained permission to use the .im national top-level domain (TLD), and has ultimate responsibility for its use. The domain is managed from day to day by Domicilium, an island-based internet service provider. In December 2007, the Manx Electricity Authority and its telecommunications subsidiary, e-llan Communications, commissioned","title":"Isle of Man"},{"id":"11721281","text":"Isle of Wight ferry services There are currently three different ferry companies that operate vessels carrying passengers and, on certain routes, vehicles across the Solent, the stretch of sea that separates the Isle of Wight from mainland England. These are Wightlink, Red Funnel and Hovertravel. Since the Isle of Wight was separated from mainland Britain, probably about 7000 years ago, vessels have transported people and goods across the Solent. However the earliest record of an Isle of Wight ferry service is from 1420 when the Lord of the Manor in Ashey was responsible for boats crossing between Portsmouth and Ryde.","title":"Isle of Wight ferry services"},{"id":"13481346","text":"to the Irish Sea was claimed to be logically and ethically feasible; it had not been implemented by 2013. The common or harbour seal and the grey seal are both resident in the Irish Sea. Common seals breed in Strangford Lough, grey seals in southwest Wales and, in small numbers, on the Isle of Man. Grey seals haul out, but do not breed, off Hilbre and Walney islands, Merseyside, the Wirral, St Annes, Barrow-in-Furness Borough, and Cumbria. The Irish Sea has been described by Greenpeace as the most radioactively contaminated sea in the world with some \"eight million litres of","title":"Irish Sea"},{"id":"930512","text":"Isle of Dogs The Isle of Dogs, locally referred to as the island, is a geographic area made up of Millwall, Cubitt Town, Canary Wharf and parts of Blackwall, Limehouse and Poplar. It is in the East End of London and is bounded on three sides (east, south and west) by one of the largest meanders in the River Thames. The northern boundary has never been clearly or consistently defined but many accept it to be the (former) line of the West India South Dock. The name Isle of Dogs had no official status until 1987, with the creation of","title":"Isle of Dogs"},{"id":"10556568","text":"was dubbed \"The Slum Zoo of Britain\" by the \"Sunday Times\". However, in 1976 the zoo was taken over by a new owner Jack Corney, and over the following years it was rebuilt as a sanctuary for big cats and primates. Since Corney died in 2003 the zoo has been run by his daughter Charlotte. The zoo is currently home to seven tigers and two African lions. The zoo has recently rescued 5 tigers from a circus in southern Spain In recent years, three Indian themed enclosures have opened featuring glass viewing panels, ponds, natural planting and themed statues and","title":"Isle of Wight Zoo"},{"id":"4729957","text":"residents attitudes towards wind turbines were two to one against, with 612 in favour and 1,328 against Cheverton Down proposals. Politics of the Isle of Wight As a geographical entity distinct from the mainland, the Isle of Wight has always fought to have this identity recognised. The Isle of Wight is currently a ceremonial and Non-metropolitan county and as it has no district councils (only the county council) it is effectively a unitary county. The island is also the highest populated Westminster constituency in the country. Historically, the island was part of the historic county of Hampshire, previously called Southamptonshire.","title":"Politics of the Isle of Wight"},{"id":"202149","text":"bones; the youngest date back to around 30 million years ago. The island is one of the most important areas in Europe for dinosaur fossils. The eroding cliffs often reveal previously hidden remains, particularly along the Back of the Wight. Dinosaur bones and fossilised footprints can be seen in and on the rocks exposed around the island's beaches, especially at Yaverland and Compton Bay. As a result, the island has been nicknamed \"Dinosaur Island\" and Dinosaur Isle was established in 2001. The area was affected by sea level changes during the repeated Quaternary glaciations. The island probably became separated from","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"197320","text":"importance, international first, non-statutory last. There are 21 ASSIs on the Isle of Man as of 01/09/16. One additional ASSI has been rescinded (Ramsey Harbour). A marine nature reserve was designated in Ramsey Bay in Oct 2011. The Isle of Man had 45 non-statutory wildlife sites as of 30 January 2009, covering about 195 ha (0.75 sq miles) of land and an additional of inter-tidal coast. The Manx Wildlife Trust also manages 24 nature reserves, along with the Calf of Man, as of September 2016: The majority of the island is formed from highly faulted and folded sedimentary rocks of","title":"Geography of the Isle of Man"},{"id":"6127420","text":"changed the administrative map of England. The changes were carried out in several waves. On 1 April 1995, the Isle of Wight became a single unitary authority. It had previously had a two-tier structure with an Isle of Wight County Council, Medina Borough Council and South Wight Borough Council. Also on this day, two small areas were ceded from Surrey and Buckinghamshire to Berkshire, giving it a border with Greater London. On 1 April 1996, the unpopular counties of Avon, Humberside and Cleveland were abolished and their former area divided into unitary districts. Also at this time, the city of","title":"Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England"},{"id":"1852604","text":"Antilles The Antilles (; \"Antilles\" in French; \"Antillas\" in Spanish; \"Antillen\" in Dutch and \"Antilhas\" in Portuguese) is an archipelago bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the south and west, the Gulf of Mexico to the northwest, and the Atlantic Ocean to the north and east. The Antillean islands are divided into two smaller groupings: the Greater Antilles and the Lesser Antilles. The Greater Antilles includes the larger islands of Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola (subdivided into Haiti and the Dominican Republic) and the Cayman Islands. The Lesser Antilles contains the northerly Leeward Islands, the southeasterly Windward Islands, and the","title":"Antilles"},{"id":"202134","text":"Ships likely were important to the local economy. During the Dark Ages the island was settled by Jutes as the pagan kingdom of Wihtwara under King Arwald. In 685 it was invaded by Caedwalla, who tried to replace the inhabitants with his own followers. In 686 Arwald was defeated and the island became the last part of English lands to be converted to Christianity, added to Wessex and then becoming part of England under King Alfred the Great, included within the shire of Hampshire. It suffered especially from Viking raids, and was often used as a winter base by Viking","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"202167","text":"East) and more elderly (24% aged 65+ against 16%), giving an average age of 44 years for an island resident compared to 40 in South East England. The largest industry is tourism, but the island also has a strong agricultural heritage, including sheep and dairy farming and arable crops. Traditional agricultural commodities are more difficult to market off the island because of transport costs, but local farmers have succeeded in exploiting some specialist markets, with the higher price of such products absorbing the transport costs. One of the most successful agricultural sectors is now the growing of crops under cover,","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"10563361","text":"Seaview Wildlife Encounter Seaview Wildlife Encounter, (formerly Flamingo Park), was a wildlife park featuring non-native species of birds and mammals, it closed in November 2015. The visitor attraction was located in the town of Seaview, on the northeast coast of the Isle of Wight. The Isle of Wight is a small British island 3 to 5 mi (5 to 8 km) off the coast of South East England. Animals at the reserve included meerkats, wallabys, flamingos, pelicans, ducks, swans, alpacas, otters, penguins, and parakeets. Visitors could feed the ducks and stroke the wallabies. The site also included a gift shop","title":"Seaview Wildlife Encounter"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"202185\",\n \"text\": \"named Isle of Wight. Other notable examples include: The Isle of Wight was: Isle of Wight The Isle of Wight (; also referred to informally as The Island or abbreviated to IoW) is a county and the largest and second-most populous island in England. It is in the English Channel, between 2 and 5 miles off the coast of Hampshire, separated by the Solent. The island has resorts that have been holiday destinations since Victorian times, and is known for its mild climate, coastal scenery, and verdant landscape of fields, downland and chines. The island has been home to the\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202126\",\n \"text\": \"Isle of Wight The Isle of Wight (; also referred to informally as The Island or abbreviated to IoW) is a county and the largest and second-most populous island in England. It is in the English Channel, between 2 and 5 miles off the coast of Hampshire, separated by the Solent. The island has resorts that have been holiday destinations since Victorian times, and is known for its mild climate, coastal scenery, and verdant landscape of fields, downland and chines. The island has been home to the poets Swinburne and Tennyson and to Queen Victoria, who built her much-loved summer\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202143\",\n \"text\": \"situated between the Solent and the English Channel, is roughly rhomboid in shape, and covers an area of . Slightly more than half, mainly in the west, is designated as the Isle of Wight Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The island has of farmland, of developed areas, and of coastline. Its landscapes are diverse, leading to its oft-quoted description as \\\"England in miniature\\\". West Wight is predominantly rural, with dramatic coastlines dominated by the chalk downland ridge, running across the whole island and ending in the Needles stacks. The southwestern quarter is commonly referred to as the Back of the\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"197316\",\n \"text\": \"Geography of the Isle of Man The Isle of Man is an island in the Irish Sea, between Great Britain and Ireland in Western Europe, with a population of almost 85,000. It is a British Crown dependency. It has a small islet, the Calf of Man, to its south. It is located at . Area:
\\\"Land:\\\"
\\\"Water:\\\"
\\\"Total:\\\" This makes it: The Isle of Man has a coastline of , and a territorial sea extending to a maximum of 12 nm from the coast, or the midpoint between other countries. The total territorial sea area is about 4000 km or\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of the Isle of Man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13481319\",\n \"text\": \"Irish Sea The Irish Sea (, , , , Ulster-Scots: \\\"Airish Sea\\\", ) separates the islands of Ireland and Great Britain; linked to the Celtic Sea in the south by St George's Channel, and to the Inner Seas off the West Coast of Scotland in the north by the Straits of Moyle. Anglesey, Wales, is the largest island in the Irish Sea. The second in size is the Isle of Man and the sea may occasionally, but rarely, be referred to as the Manx Sea (, , ). The Irish Sea is of significant economic importance to regional trade, shipping\",\n \"title\": \"Irish Sea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202150\",\n \"text\": \"the mainland about 125,000 years ago, during the Ipswichian interglacial. Like the rest of the UK, the island has an oceanic climate, but is somewhat milder and sunnier, which makes it a holiday destination. It also has a longer growing season. Lower Ventnor and the neighbouring Undercliff have a particular microclimate, because of their sheltered position south of the downs. The island enjoys 1,800–2,100 hours of sunshine a year. Some years have almost no snow in winter, and only a few days of hard frost. The island is in Hardiness zone 9. The Isle of Wight is one of the\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5648165\",\n \"text\": \"Geography of England England comprises most of the central and southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain, in addition to a number of small islands of which the largest is the Isle of Wight. England is bordered to the north by Scotland and to the west by Wales. It is closer to continental Europe than any other part of mainland Britain, divided from France only by a sea gap, the English Channel. The Channel Tunnel, near Folkestone, directly links England to mainland Europe. The English/French border is halfway along the tunnel. Much of England consists of low hills and\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of England\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"193393\",\n \"text\": \"Isle of Man The Isle of Man ( ), sometimes referred to simply as Mann (; ), is a self-governing British Crown dependency in the Irish Sea between Great Britain and Ireland. The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, who holds the title of Lord of Mann and is represented by a lieutenant governor. Defence is the responsibility of the United Kingdom. Insurance and online gambling generate 17% of GNP each, followed by information and communications technology and banking with 9% each. The island has been inhabited since before 6500 BC. Gaelic cultural influence began in the 5th century\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"432847\",\n \"text\": \"In total, it is estimated that the UK is made up of over one thousand small islands, the majority located off the north and west coasts of Scotland. About 130 of these are inhabited according to the 2001 Census. The largest islands by country are Lewis and Harris in Scotland (841 square mi), Wales' Anglesey (276 square mi), the Isle of Wight in England (147.09 square mi), and Rathlin Island in Northern Ireland (roughly 6 square mi); The climate of the UK is generally temperate, although significant local variation occurs, particularly as a result of altitude and distance from the\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"193404\",\n \"text\": \"shingle beaches at the northernmost point, the Point of Ayre. The island has one mountain higher than , Snaefell, with a height of . According to an old saying, from the summit one can see six kingdoms: those of Mann, Scotland, England, Ireland, Wales, and Heaven. Some versions add a seventh kingdom, that of the sea, or Neptune. At the 2016 census, the Isle of Man was home to 83,314 people, of whom 26,997 resided in the island's capital, Douglas and 9,128 in the adjoining village of Onchan. The population decreased by 1.4% between the 2011 and 2016 censuses. By\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"911348\",\n \"text\": \"Isle of Wight County, Virginia Isle of Wight County is a county located in the Hampton Roads region of the U.S. state of Virginia. It was named after the Isle of Wight, in the English Channel, from where many of its early colonists had come. As of the 2010 census, the population was 35,270. Its county seat is Isle of Wight. Isle of Wight County is located in the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Metropolitan Statistical Area. Its northeastern boundary is on the coast of Hampton Roads waterway. Isle of Wight County features two incorporated towns, Smithfield and Windsor. The first\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight County, Virginia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202144\",\n \"text\": \"Wight, and has a unique character. The highest point on the island is St Boniface Down in the south east, which at is a marilyn. The most notable habitats on the rest of the island are probably the soft cliffs and sea ledges, which are scenic features, important for wildlife, and internationally protected. The island has three principal rivers. The River Medina flows north into the Solent, the Eastern Yar flows roughly northeast to Bembridge Harbour, and the Western Yar flows the short distance from Freshwater Bay to a relatively large estuary at Yarmouth. Without human intervention the sea might\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"45188\",\n \"text\": \"British Isles The British Isles are an archipelago in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-western coast of continental Europe that consists of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man and over six thousand smaller isles. They have a total area of about 315,159 km and a combined population of just under 70 million, and include two sovereign states, the Republic of Ireland (which covers roughly five-sixths of the island of Ireland) and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The islands of Alderney, Jersey, Guernsey and Sark, and their neighbouring smaller islands, are sometimes\",\n \"title\": \"British Isles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"197323\",\n \"text\": \"in the west and the three southern ports of Castletown, Port Erin and Port St Mary are the island's other main settlements. Almost all its population lives on or very near the coast. Geography of the Isle of Man The Isle of Man is an island in the Irish Sea, between Great Britain and Ireland in Western Europe, with a population of almost 85,000. It is a British Crown dependency. It has a small islet, the Calf of Man, to its south. It is located at . Area:
\\\"Land:\\\"
\\\"Water:\\\"
\\\"Total:\\\" This makes it: The Isle of Man has a\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of the Isle of Man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"193406\",\n \"text\": \"It is separate from, but similar to, the Census in the United Kingdom. The 2001 census was conducted by the Economic Affairs Division of the Isle of Man Treasury, under the authority of the Census Act 1929. The Isle of Man has a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen \\\"Cfb\\\"). Average rainfall is higher than averaged over the territory of the British Isles, because the Isle of Man is far enough from Ireland for the prevailing south-westerly winds to accumulate moisture. Average rainfall is highest at Snaefell, where it is around a year. At lower levels it can be around a year.\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"193405\",\n \"text\": \"country of birth, those born in the Isle of Man were the largest group (49.8%), while those born in the United Kingdom were the next largest group at 40% (33.9% in England, 3% in Scotland, 2% in Northern Ireland and 1.1% in Wales), 1.8% in the Republic of Ireland and 0.75% in the Channel Islands. The remaining 8.5% were born elsewhere in the world, with 5% coming from EU countries (other than the UK and Ireland). The \\\"Isle of Man Full Census\\\", last held in 2016, has been a decennial occurrence since 1821, with interim censuses being introduced from 1966.\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68506\",\n \"text\": \"around 1830, possibly first by the Royal Navy as a collective name for the islands. The term refers only the archipelago to the west of the Cotentin Peninsula. The Isle of Wight, for example, is not a \\\"Channel Island\\\" (though, being in the Channel, it remains a \\\"Channel island\\\"). The two major islands are Jersey and Guernsey. They make up 99% of the population and 92% of the area. The permanently inhabited islands of the Channel Islands and their population and area are: There are also several uninhabited islets. Four are part of the Bailiwick of Jersey: These lie off\",\n \"title\": \"Channel Islands\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68546\",\n \"text\": \"the Channel Islands. Among these are the French islands Bréhat, Île de Batz, Chausey, Tatihou and Îles Saint-Marcouf. The Isle of Wight, which is part of England, is between the Channel and the Solent. Channel Islands The Channel Islands (Norman: \\\"Îles d'la Manche\\\"; French: \\\"Îles Anglo-Normandes\\\" or \\\"Îles de la Manche\\\") are an archipelago in the English Channel, off the French coast of Normandy. They include two Crown dependencies: the Bailiwick of Jersey, which is the largest of the islands; and the Bailiwick of Guernsey, consisting of Guernsey, Alderney, Sark and some smaller islands. They are considered the remnants of\",\n \"title\": \"Channel Islands\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"45201\",\n \"text\": \"and covers . Ireland is to the west and covers . The largest of the other islands are to be found in the Hebrides, Orkney and Shetland to the north, Anglesey and the Isle of Man between Great Britain and Ireland, and the Channel Islands near the coast of France. The islands are at relatively low altitudes, with central Ireland and southern Great Britain particularly low-lying: the lowest point in the islands is the North Slob in County Wexford, Ireland, with an elevation of . The Scottish Highlands in the northern part of Great Britain are mountainous, with Ben Nevis\",\n \"title\": \"British Isles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13217840\",\n \"text\": \"HM Prison Isle of Wight HMP Isle of Wight is a prison on the Isle of Wight, UK, combining the two island prisons, Albany and Parkhurst. The two former prisons along with Camp Hill were merged in 2009 and each site still retained its old name. Across the three sites there were nearly 1,700 prisoners making it one of the largest prisons in the country. The reorganisation took effect on 1 April 2009. In March 2013 Camp Hill closed, reducing the overall prison population by 595. The idea for re-organising the three island prisons was suggested in October 2008 as\",\n \"title\": \"HM Prison Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202180\",\n \"text\": \"then Solent TV from 2002 until its closure on 24 May 2007. iWight.tv is a local internet video news channel. The Isle of Wight is part of the BBC South region and the ITV Meridian region. Important broadcasting infrastructure includes Chillerton Down transmitting station with a mast that is the tallest structure on the island, and Rowridge transmitting station, which broadcasts the main television signal both locally and for most of Hampshire and parts of Dorset and West Sussex. The Isle of Wight is near the densely populated south of England, yet separated from the mainland. This position led to\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202145\",\n \"text\": \"well have split the island into three: at the west end where a bank of pebbles separates Freshwater Bay from the marshy backwaters of the Western Yar east of Freshwater, and at the east end where a thin strip of land separates Sandown Bay from the marshy Eastern Yar basin. The Undercliff between St Catherine's Point and Bonchurch is the largest area of landslip morphology in western Europe. The north coast is unusual in having four high tides each day, with a double high tide every twelve and a half hours. This arises because the western Solent is narrower than\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9297143\",\n \"text\": \"Isle of Wight official football team The Isle of Wight football team represents the Isle of Wight at the biannual Island Games, which it won in 1995 and 2011. The Isle of Wight is not a member of FIFA or UEFA, it is an island within England and plays under the auspices of the Football Association, the governing body for football in England. The Isle of Wight plays separately in St George's Park which has a capacity of 3,200 and has 200 seats, however the Isle of Wight is part of The English FA who are part of FIFA and\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight official football team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"193402\",\n \"text\": \"all respects and had control over its finances, but was subject to the approval of the Lord of Mann. In 1866, the Isle of Man obtained limited home rule, with partly democratic elections to the House of Keys, but an appointed Legislative Council. Since then, democratic government has been gradually extended. The Isle of Man has designated more than 250 historic sites as registered buildings. The Isle of Man is located in the middle of the northern Irish Sea, almost equidistant from England, Northern Ireland, Scotland (closest), and Wales (farthest). It is long and, at its widest point, wide. It\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18737664\",\n \"text\": \"Human rights in the Isle of Man The Isle of Man is a Crown Dependency located in the Irish Sea between the islands of Great Britain and Ireland with a population in 2015 estimated to be approximately 88,000. It enjoys a high degree of domestic, legislative and political autonomy through its ancient Parliament Tynwald. By convention, the United Kingdom Government is responsible for the conduct of the international relations and defence of the island. The Isle of Man does not have a written constitution, or a Bill of Rights which sets out its Human Rights. These rights are addressed in\",\n \"title\": \"Human rights in the Isle of Man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12342024\",\n \"text\": \"Anglesey Anglesey (; ) is an island situated on the north coast of Wales with an area of . Anglesey is by far the largest island in Wales and the seventh largest in the British Isles. Anglesey is also the largest island in the Irish Sea by area, and the second most populous island (after the Isle of Man). The ferry port of Holyhead handles more than 2 million passengers each year. The Menai Suspension Bridge, designed by Thomas Telford in 1826, and the Britannia Bridge span the Menai Strait to connect Anglesey with the mainland. Anglesey, one of the\",\n \"title\": \"Anglesey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202158\",\n \"text\": \"in parts of Australia). Residents refer to the island as \\\"The Island\\\", as did Jane Austen in Mansfield Park, and sometimes to the UK mainland as \\\"North Island\\\". To promote the island's identity and culture, the High Sheriff Robin Courage founded an Isle of Wight Day; the first was held on Saturday 24 September 2016. The island is said to be the most haunted in the world, sometimes referred to as \\\"Ghost Island\\\". Notable claimed hauntings include God's Providence House in Newport (now a tea room), Appuldurcombe House, and the remains of Knighton Gorges. The island is well known for\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9297144\",\n \"text\": \"play at Wembley Stadium which has a capacity of 90,000. Isle of Wight official football team The Isle of Wight football team represents the Isle of Wight at the biannual Island Games, which it won in 1995 and 2011. The Isle of Wight is not a member of FIFA or UEFA, it is an island within England and plays under the auspices of the Football Association, the governing body for football in England. The Isle of Wight plays separately in St George's Park which has a capacity of 3,200 and has 200 seats, however the Isle of Wight is part\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight official football team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4907802\",\n \"text\": \"St Helens, Isle of Wight St Helens is a village and civil parish located on the eastern side of the Isle of Wight. The village developed around village greens. This is claimed to be the largest in England but some say it is the second largest. The greens are often used for cricket matches during the summer and football in the winter, and also include a children's playground. The village is a short distance from the coast, about a ten-minute walk to St Helens Duver. The Duver was once the location of the island's first golf course (one of England's\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens, Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4907813\",\n \"text\": \"St Helens, Isle of Wight St Helens is a village and civil parish located on the eastern side of the Isle of Wight. The village developed around village greens. This is claimed to be the largest in England but some say it is the second largest. The greens are often used for cricket matches during the summer and football in the winter, and also include a children's playground. The village is a short distance from the coast, about a ten-minute walk to St Helens Duver. The Duver was once the location of the island's first golf course (one of England's\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens, Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"534517\",\n \"text\": \"Solent The Solent ( ) is the strait that separates the Isle of Wight from the mainland of England. It is about long and varies in width between , although the shingle Hurst Spit which projects into the Solent narrows the sea crossing between Hurst Castle and Colwell Bay to just over . The Solent is a major shipping lane for passenger, freight and military vessels. It is an important recreational area for water sports, particularly yachting, hosting the Cowes Week sailing event annually. It is sheltered by the Isle of Wight and has a complex tidal pattern, which has\",\n \"title\": \"Solent\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202184\",\n \"text\": \"the King College started as two \\\"middle schools,\\\" Trinity Middle School and Archbishop King Catholic Middle School, but has now been converted into a dual-faith secondary school and sixth form. Since September 2011 five new secondary schools, with an age range of 11 to 18 years, replaced the island's high schools (as a part of the previous three-tier system). Notable residents have included: The Isle of Wight has given names to many parts of former colonies, most notably Isle of Wight County in Virginia founded by settlers from the island in the 17th century. Its county seat is a town\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"189926\",\n \"text\": \"(); Jan Mayen Island (); Shetland and the Outer Hebrides, both about ; and the Scottish mainland and Orkney, both about . The nearest part of Continental Europe is mainland Norway, about away, while mainland North America is away, at the northern tip of Labrador. Iceland is the world's 18th largest island, and Europe's second-largest island after Great Britain. (The island of Ireland is third.) The main island is , but the entire country is in size, of which 62.7% is tundra. About 30 minor islands are in Iceland, including the lightly populated Grímsey and the Vestmannaeyjar archipelago. Lakes and\",\n \"title\": \"Iceland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10556567\",\n \"text\": \"Isle of Wight Zoo The Isle of Wight Zoo, previously known as the Sandown Zoo, is a sanctuary inside the former Sandown Fort on the coastline of Sandown, Isle of Wight. The zoo was privately owned but became a charitable trust in 2017. The collection focuses principally on big cats and Madagascan animals. As part of the European Endangered Species Programme, the zoo has had success breeding several species of Madagascan animals including the critically endangered black-and-white ruffed lemur. Originally known as Sandown Zoo, the zoo was established in the 1950s. By the 1970s it had fallen into disrepair, and\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight Zoo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4973873\",\n \"text\": \"the unitary authority, Isle of Wight Council: a diamond-shaped island with rounded oblique corners, measuring by , the Needles and similar small uninhabitable rocks of very small square surface area. The island is linked by ferry crossings from four points (five points if counting West Cowes and East Cowes separately) to three points in Hampshire: Lymington, Southampton and Portsmouth. Its electorate of 110,924 () is, by more than 30,000 electors, the largest in the UK, more than 50% above the English average: 71,537, and five times the size of the smallest seat: Na h-Eileanan an Iar, formerly known as the\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight (UK Parliament constituency)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6398921\",\n \"text\": \"of escaping the excise men by superior local navigational knowledge. There was a pillbox built in the Second World War, now subsumed in the sea defences. The beach is sandy with stones which contain Cretaceous fossils. The cliffs also feature Horsetails ferns. Foreland, Isle of Wight Foreland or Forelands, and the adjacent Foreland Fields (), is the easternmost point of the Isle of Wight, part of the village of Bembridge. It is located about 6.5 miles due south of the city of Portsmouth on the British mainland, separated by the eastern reaches of the Solent. It is characterised by a\",\n \"title\": \"Foreland, Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6398919\",\n \"text\": \"Foreland, Isle of Wight Foreland or Forelands, and the adjacent Foreland Fields (), is the easternmost point of the Isle of Wight, part of the village of Bembridge. It is located about 6.5 miles due south of the city of Portsmouth on the British mainland, separated by the eastern reaches of the Solent. It is characterised by a pub called the Crab and Lobster Inn and various beach huts plus a beach cafe and a coast guard lookout. In the sea are the reefs of Bembridge Ledge which is rich in edible crabs, lobsters and spider crabs and shoals of\",\n \"title\": \"Foreland, Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"911354\",\n \"text\": \"(13.0%) is water. The county is bounded by the James River on the north and the Blackwater River to the south. The land is generally low-lying, with many swamps and pocosins. As of the census of 2010, there were 35,270 people, 11,319 households, and 8,670 families residing in the county. The population density was 94 people per square mile (36/km²). There were 12,066 housing units at an average density of 38 per square mile (15/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 71.8% White, 24.7% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.5% from other\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight County, Virginia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"182855\",\n \"text\": \"dwellings, agriculture was the principal industry (10 per cent of the county was still forest). Hampshire played a crucial military role in both World Wars. The Isle of Wight, previously included in Hampshire, became a separate county in 1974. The county's geography is varied, with upland to and mostly south-flowing rivers. There are areas of downland and marsh, and two national parks: the New Forest, shared with Wiltshire, and part of the South Downs, which together cover some 45 per cent of Hampshire. The county has a milder climate than most of Britain. Hampshire is one of the most affluent\",\n \"title\": \"Hampshire\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1308068\",\n \"text\": \"Ireland Ireland (; ; Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, and St George's Channel. Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth. Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland (officially named Ireland), which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom. In 2011, the population of Ireland was about 6.6 million, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain.\",\n \"title\": \"Ireland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"534533\",\n \"text\": \"50 years of operation in 2015. Solent The Solent ( ) is the strait that separates the Isle of Wight from the mainland of England. It is about long and varies in width between , although the shingle Hurst Spit which projects into the Solent narrows the sea crossing between Hurst Castle and Colwell Bay to just over . The Solent is a major shipping lane for passenger, freight and military vessels. It is an important recreational area for water sports, particularly yachting, hosting the Cowes Week sailing event annually. It is sheltered by the Isle of Wight and has\",\n \"title\": \"Solent\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202147\",\n \"text\": \"This gives rise to a dip of almost 90 degrees in the chalk beds, seen best at the Needles. The northern half of the island is mainly composed of clays, with the southern half formed of the chalk of the central east–west downs, as well as Upper and Lower Greensands and Wealden strata. These strata continue west from the island across the Solent into Dorset, forming the basin of Poole Harbour (Tertiary) and the Isle of Purbeck (Cretaceous) respectively. The chalky ridges of Wight and Purbeck were a single formation before they were breached by waters from the River Frome\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202146\",\n \"text\": \"the eastern; the initial tide of water flowing from the west starts to ebb before the stronger flow around the south of the island returns through the eastern Solent to create a second high water. The Isle of Wight is made up of a variety of rock types dating from early Cretaceous (around 127 million years ago) to the middle of the Palaeogene (around 30 million years ago). The geological structure is dominated by a large monocline which causes a marked change in age of strata from the northern younger Tertiary beds to the older Cretaceous beds of the south.\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"193403\",\n \"text\": \"has an area of around . Besides the island of Mann itself, the political unit of the Isle of Man includes some nearby small islands: the seasonally inhabited Calf of Man, Chicken Rock on which stands an unmanned lighthouse, St Patrick's Isle and St Michael's Isle. The last two of these are connected to the main island by permanent roads/causeways. Ranges of hills in the north and south are separated by a central valley. The northern plain, by contrast, is relatively flat, consisting mainly of deposits from glacial advances from western Scotland during colder times. There are more recently deposited\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202179\",\n \"text\": \"Radio has broadcast online since 2010, and in 2017 started broadcasting on FM 104.6. The station operates from the Riverside Centre in Newport. The island is also covered by a number of local stations on the mainland, including the BBC station BBC Radio Solent broadcast from Southampton. The island's not-for-profit community radio station Angel Radio opened in 2007. Angel Radio began broadcasting on 91.5 MHz from studios in Cowes and a transmitter near Newport. Other online news sources for the Isle of Wight include \\\"On the Wight\\\". The island has had community television stations in the past, first TV12 and\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202166\",\n \"text\": \"Motorbike. The table below shows the regional gross value (in millions of pounds) added by the Isle of Wight economy, at current prices, compiled by the Office for National Statistics. According to the 2011 census, the island's population of 138,625 lives in 61,085 households, giving an average household size of 2.27 people. 41% of households own their home outright and a further 29% own with a mortgage, so in total 70% of households are owned (compared to 68% for South East England). Compared to South East England, the island has fewer children (19% aged 0–17 against 22% for the South\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202142\",\n \"text\": \"The oldest records that give a name for the Isle of Wight are from the Roman Empire: it was then called \\\"Vectis\\\" or \\\"Vecta\\\" in Latin, \\\"Iktis\\\" or \\\"Ouiktis\\\" in Greek. From the Anglo-Saxon period Latin \\\"Vecta\\\", Old English \\\"Wiht\\\" and Old Welsh forms \\\"Gueid\\\" and \\\"Guith\\\" are recorded. In Domesday Book it is \\\"Wit\\\"; the modern Welsh name is \\\"Ynys Wyth\\\" (\\\"ynys\\\" = island). These are all variant forms of the same name, possibly Celtic in origin. It may mean \\\"place of the division\\\", because the island divides the two arms of the Solent. The Isle of Wight is\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"634137\",\n \"text\": \"South East England South East England is the most populous of the nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes. It consists of Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, East Sussex, Hampshire, the Isle of Wight, Kent, Oxfordshire, Surrey and West Sussex. As with the other regions of England, apart from Greater London, the south east has no elected government. It is the third largest region of England, with an area of 19,096 km (7,373 sq mi), and is also the most populous with a total population of over eight and a half million (2011). The headquarters of\",\n \"title\": \"South East England\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2531062\",\n \"text\": \"Music of the Isle of Man The music of the Isle of Man reflects Celtic, Norse and other influences, including those from its neighbours, Scotland, Ireland, England and Wales. The Isle of Man is a small island nation in the Irish Sea, between Great Britain and Ireland (and not part of the United Kingdom). A wide range of music is performed on the island, such as rock, blues, jazz and pop. However, its traditional folk music has undergone a revival since the 1970s, starting with a music festival called in Ramsey. This was part of a general revival of the\",\n \"title\": \"Music of the Isle of Man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2246667\",\n \"text\": \"North of its confluence with the Lukely Brook at the town's quay it becomes a navigable tidal estuary. Distance from surrounding settlements The town's suburb of Parkhurst is home to two prisons: the notorious Parkhurst Prison and Albany; together they make up HMP Isle of Wight, the largest prison in the UK. Parkhurst and Albany were once among the few top-security prisons in the United Kingdom. Camp Hill was another prison in the area, but closed in 2013. Seaclose Park in Newport, on the east bank of the River Medina, has since 2002 been the location for the revived Isle\",\n \"title\": \"Newport, Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"911357\",\n \"text\": \"of families and 8.30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.80% of those under age 18 and 11.90% of those age 65 or over. House of Delegates: Senate: U.S. House of Representatives: Blackwater Regional Library is the regional library system that provides services to the citizens of Isle of Wight. Isle of Wight County, Virginia Isle of Wight County is a county located in the Hampton Roads region of the U.S. state of Virginia. It was named after the Isle of Wight, in the English Channel, from where many of its early colonists had come. As of\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight County, Virginia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"193455\",\n \"text\": \"the island and others have been started in England and Jersey. A more recent arrival on the island is the red-necked wallaby, which is now established on the island following an escape from the Wildlife Park. The local police report an increasing number of wallaby-related calls. There are also many feral goats in Garff, a matter which was raised in Tynwald Court in January 2018. In March 2016, the Isle of Man became the first entire country to be adopted into UNESCO's Network of Biosphere Reserves. Isle of Man The Isle of Man ( ), sometimes referred to simply as\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"191043\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"ieg\\\" is actually a cognate of Swedish \\\"ö\\\" and German \\\"Aue\\\", and related to Latin \\\"aqua\\\" (water). Greenland is the world's largest island, with an area of over 2.1 million km, while Australia, the world's smallest continent, has an area of 7.6 million km, but there is no standard of size that distinguishes islands from continents, or from islets. There is a difference between islands and continents in terms of geology. Continents sit on continental lithosphere, which is part of tectonic plates floating high on Earth's mantle. Oceanic crust is also part of tectonic plates, but it is denser than\",\n \"title\": \"Island\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3988322\",\n \"text\": \"2017, Conservative members assumed control of the administration, with Cllr Dave Stewart appointed as leader. A new ruling executive was formed, made up of five Conservatives, one UKIP member and three non-aligned members. The Coat of arms of the Isle of Wight was first granted to the County Council in 1938. On its abolition in 1995, they transferred to the new Isle of Wight Council. The shield shows an image of Carisbrooke Castle, which was the historic seat of many island governors. At the bottom is the island's motto \\\"All this beauty is of God\\\". Isle of Wight Council The\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight Council\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202130\",\n \"text\": \"day Poole Harbour towards mid-Channel. As sea levels rose, the river valley became flooded, and the chalk ridge line west of the Needles breached to form the island. The Isle of Wight is first mentioned in writing in \\\"Geography\\\" by Ptolemy. Bronze Age Britain had large reserves of tin in the areas of Cornwall and Devon and tin is necessary to smelt bronze. At that time the sea level was much lower and carts of tin were brought across the Solent at low tide for export, possibly on the Ferriby Boats. Anthony Snodgrass suggests that a shortage of tin, as\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202183\",\n \"text\": \"Wight in April 2009. There are 69 local education authority-maintained schools on the Isle of Wight, and two independent schools. As a rural community, many of these are small and with fewer pupils than in urban areas. The Isle of Wight College is located on the outskirts of Newport. From September 2010, there was a transition period from the three-tier system of primary, middle and high schools to the two-tier system that is usual in England. Some schools have now closed, such as Chale C.E. Primary. Others have become \\\"federated\\\", such as Brading C.E. Primary and St Helen's Primary. Christ\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"911353\",\n \"text\": \"a National Historic Landmark in recognition of its significance. Many landmark and contributing structures on the National Register are located in Smithfield including the Wentworth-Grinnan House. In 1732 a considerable portion of the northwestern part of the original shire was added to Brunswick County, and in 1748 the entire county of Southampton was carved out of it. During the American Civil War, Company F of the 61st Virginia Infantry Regiment of the Confederate Army was called the \\\"Isle of Wight Avengers.\\\" According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight County, Virginia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"197322\",\n \"text\": \"copper, lead and silver, zinc, iron, and plumbago (a mix of graphite and clay). There are also quarries of black marble, limestone flags, clay schist, and granite. These are all modern, and there was no noticeable exploitation of metals or minerals prior to the modern era. The island has a census-estimated population of 84,497 according to the most recent 2011 census: up from 79,805 in 2006 and 76,315 in 2001. The island's largest town and administrative centre is Douglas, whose population is 23,000 — over a quarter of the population of the island. Neighbouring Onchan, Ramsey in the north, Peel\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of the Isle of Man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11721288\",\n \"text\": \"War four of the SW&BRCSPS paddle steamers were commandeered by the Royal Navy as minesweepers leaving only two behind. The PS \\\"Duchess of Richmond\\\" was lost to a mine in the Mediterranean Sea. On 1 January 1923 the SW&BRCSPS was taken over by Southern Railway which had been created in the Grouping ordered by the Railways Act 1921. Isle of Wight ferry services There are currently three different ferry companies that operate vessels carrying passengers and, on certain routes, vehicles across the Solent, the stretch of sea that separates the Isle of Wight from mainland England. These are Wightlink, Red\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight ferry services\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202148\",\n \"text\": \"during the last ice age, forming the Solent and turning Wight into an island. The Needles, along with Old Harry Rocks on Purbeck, represent the edges of this breach. All the rocks found on the island are sedimentary, such as limestones, mudstones and sandstones. They are rich in fossils; many can be seen exposed on beaches as the cliffs erode. Lignitic coal is present in small quantities within seams, and can be seen on the cliffs and shore at Whitecliff Bay. Fossilised molluscs have been found there, and also on the northern coast along with fossilised crocodiles, turtles and mammal\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2518421\",\n \"text\": \"formed when Ireland's legendary giant Fionn mac Cumhaill (Finn McCool) scooped up a chunk of earth and tossed it at a Scottish rival. It fell into the Irish Sea, forming the Isle of Man, while the crater left behind filled with water to form Lough Neagh. Lough Neagh Lough Neagh ( ) is a large freshwater lake in Northern Ireland. It is the largest lake by area in the British Isles, with a surface area of . It supplies 40% of Northern Ireland's water. Its main inflows are the Upper River Bann and River Blackwater, and its main outflow is\",\n \"title\": \"Lough Neagh\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3988319\",\n \"text\": \"Isle of Wight Council The Isle of Wight Council is a unitary authority covering the Isle of Wight near the South coast of England. It is currently made up of 40 seats. Since the 2017 election, the Conservatives have held a majority of 25 and appointed Cllr Dave Stewart as leader of the council. The council was formed on 1 April 1995, replacing the Isle of Wight County Council and Medina and South Wight Borough Councils. Prior to 1998, the Liberals and then Liberal Democrats had dominated the Council. Between 1998 and 2005, it was under no overall control, ruled\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight Council\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13217844\",\n \"text\": \"the men were trying to free was actually located in the Camp Hill site at the time. In January 2013, the Ministry of Justice announced that the Camp Hill site of the prison will close, with a reduction of 595 places at the prison. the prison formally closed in March 2013. HM Prison Isle of Wight HMP Isle of Wight is a prison on the Isle of Wight, UK, combining the two island prisons, Albany and Parkhurst. The two former prisons along with Camp Hill were merged in 2009 and each site still retained its old name. Across the three\",\n \"title\": \"HM Prison Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2417562\",\n \"text\": \"that year, progressively extending itself northwards beyond Seaclose Park along the fields of the eastern Medina valley. Many notable artists have performed since its revival including The Rolling Stones, Amy Winehouse, Paolo Nutini, The Crazy World of Arthur Brown, Paul McCartney, Muse, Boy George, Stereophonics, Faithless, Donovan, Ray Davies, Robert Plant, Queen + Adam Lambert, David Bowie, Manic Street Preachers, The Who, The High Kings, R.E.M., Travis, Coldplay, The Zombies, The Proclaimers, Bryan Adams, The Police, Foo Fighters, The Killers, Nile Rodgers and Chic, Fleetwood Mac, Madness, Paloma Faith and Kings of Leon. It was sponsored by Nokia from 2004\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight Festival\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"173433\",\n \"text\": \"Hispaniola Hispaniola (; Latin and ; ; ) is an island in the Caribbean island group known as the Greater Antilles. It is the second largest island in the Caribbean after Cuba, and the most populous island in the Caribbean; it is also the eleventh most populous island in the world. The island is divided between two separate, sovereign nations: the Spanish-speaking Dominican Republic (48,445 km, 18,705 sq mi) to the east, and French Creole-speaking Haiti (27,750 km, 10,710 sq mi) to the west. The only other shared island in the Caribbean is Saint Martin, which is shared between France\",\n \"title\": \"Hispaniola\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11791326\",\n \"text\": \"Isle of Wight Wildlife Management Area Isle of Wight Wildlife Management Area is a state wildlife management area (WMA) of Maryland located on the Isle of Wight, a small peninsula between the St. Martin's River and Isle of Wight Bay in Worcester County. Although called Isle of Wight, a small strip of marsh and road connects it with the mainland. The WMA is bisected by Maryland Route 90, one of the two principal highway routes into Ocean City. Despite this, the WMA attracts many birds, especially those dependent upon tidal marshes and bays, including great blue herons and green herons,\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight Wildlife Management Area\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202151\",\n \"text\": \"few places in England where the red squirrel is still flourishing; no grey squirrels are to be found. There are occasional sightings of wild deer, and there is a colony of wild goats on Ventnor's downs. Protected species such as the dormouse and rare bats can be found. The Glanville fritillary butterfly's distribution in the United Kingdom is largely restricted to the edges of the island's crumbling cliffs. A competition in 2002 named the pyramidal orchid as the Isle of Wight's county flower. The island has a single Member of Parliament and 138,300 permanent residents in 2011, being one of\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202181\",\n \"text\": \"it hosting three prisons: Albany, Camp Hill and Parkhurst, all located outside Newport near the main road to Cowes. Albany and Parkhurst were among the few Category A prisons in the UK until they were downgraded in the 1990s. The downgrading of Parkhurst was precipitated by a major escape: three prisoners (two murderers and a blackmailer) escaped from the prison on 3 January 1995 for four days, before being recaptured. Parkhurst enjoyed notoriety as one of the toughest jails in the United Kingdom, and housed many notable inmates including the Yorkshire Ripper Peter Sutcliffe, New Zealand drug lord Terry Clark\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2029198\",\n \"text\": \"Greater Antilles The Greater Antilles is a grouping of the larger islands in the Caribbean Sea: Cuba, Hispaniola (containing Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and the Cayman Islands. The Greater Antilles constitute nearly 90% of the land mass of the entire West Indies, as well as over 90% of its population. The remainder of the land belongs to the archipelago of the Lesser Antilles, which is a chain of islands to the east (running north-south and encompassing the eastern edge of the Caribbean Sea where it meets the Atlantic Ocean) and south (running east-west off the northern\",\n \"title\": \"Greater Antilles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4729937\",\n \"text\": \"Politics of the Isle of Wight As a geographical entity distinct from the mainland, the Isle of Wight has always fought to have this identity recognised. The Isle of Wight is currently a ceremonial and Non-metropolitan county and as it has no district councils (only the county council) it is effectively a unitary county. The island is also the highest populated Westminster constituency in the country. Historically, the island was part of the historic county of Hampshire, previously called Southamptonshire. The island's most ancient borough was Newtown on the large natural harbour on the island's north-western coast. A French raid\",\n \"title\": \"Politics of the Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202129\",\n \"text\": \"until 1974, when it was made its own ceremonial county. Apart from a shared police force, there is now no administrative link with Hampshire, although a combined local authority with Portsmouth and Southampton was considered, this is now unlikely to proceed. Until 1995 the island had a governor. The quickest public transport link to the mainland is the hovercraft from Ryde to Southsea; three vehicle ferry and two catamaran services cross the Solent to Southampton, Lymington and Portsmouth. During the last Ice Age, sea levels were lower and the Solent was part of a river flowing south east from current\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"119366\",\n \"text\": \"England England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west. The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south. The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain, which lies in the North Atlantic, and includes over 100 smaller islands, such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight. The area now called England was\",\n \"title\": \"England\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202131\",\n \"text\": \"a part of the Bronze Age Collapse and trade disruptions in the Mediterranean around 1300 BC, forced metalworkers to seek an alternative to bronze. During Iron Age Britain, the Late Iron Age, the Isle of Wight would appear to have been occupied by the Celtic tribe, the Durotriges - as attested by finds of their coins, for example, the South Wight Hoard, and the Shalfleet Hoard. South eastern Britain experienced significant immigration that is reflected in the genetic makeup of the current residents. As the Iron Age began the value of tin likely dropped sharply and this likely greatly changed\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202127\",\n \"text\": \"residence and final home Osborne House at East Cowes. It has a maritime and industrial tradition including boat-building, sail-making, the manufacture of flying boats, the hovercraft, and Britain's space rockets. The island hosts annual music festivals including the Isle of Wight Festival, which in 1970 was the largest rock music event ever held. It has well-conserved wildlife and some of the richest cliffs and quarries for dinosaur fossils in Europe. The isle was owned by a Norman family until 1293 and was earlier a kingdom in its own right. In common with the Crown dependencies The British Crown was then\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"45227\",\n \"text\": \"and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Ireland, sometimes called \\\"the Republic of Ireland\\\", governs five sixths of the island of Ireland, with the remainder of the island forming Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland is a part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, usually shortened to simply \\\"the United Kingdom\\\", which governs the remainder of the archipelago with the exception of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. The Isle of Man and the two states of the Channel Islands, Jersey and Guernsey, are known as the Crown dependencies. They exercise constitutional rights\",\n \"title\": \"British Isles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9886527\",\n \"text\": \"the category for stations with a target audience under 1 million. In 2007, the station won the prestigious Sony Award for Station Of The Year for stations with fewer than 300,000 listeners. It has also won the Arqiva Commercial Radio Station Of The Year award (under 500,000 listeners) for 2012 and 2013, and was nominated for that award in 2011. Isle of Wight Radio Isle of Wight Radio (occasionally shortened to IW Radio) is an independent local radio station in Newport on the Isle of Wight. The station began transmitting from Briddlesford Farm AM transmitter on 15 April 1990. Isle\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight Radio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"197317\",\n \"text\": \"1500 sq miles, which is about 87% of the total area of the jurisdiction of the Isle of Man. The Isle of Man only holds exclusive fishing rights in the first 3 nm. The territorial sea is managed by the Isle of Man Government Department of Infrastructure. The Raad ny Foillan long distance footpath runs around the Manx coast. The Isle of Man enjoys a temperate climate, with cool summers and mild winters. Average rainfall is high compared to the majority of the British Isles, due to its location to the western side of Great Britain and sufficient distance from\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of the Isle of Man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1279766\",\n \"text\": \"Isle of Lewis Lewis (, ) is the northern part of Lewis and Harris, the largest island of the Western Isles or Outer Hebrides archipelago in Scotland. It is also known as the Isle of Lewis, as the two parts are frequently referred to as if they were separate islands. The total area of Lewis is . Lewis is, in general, the lower-lying part of the island: the other part, Harris, is more mountainous. Due to its flatter, more fertile land, Lewis contains three-quarters of the population of the Western Isles, and the largest settlement, Stornoway. The island's diverse habitats\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Lewis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202177\",\n \"text\": \"a little under from to , where there is a connecting ferry service to station on the mainland network. The line was opened by the Isle of Wight Railway in 1864, and from 1996 to 2007 was run by the smallest train operating company on the network, Island Line Trains. It is notable for utilising old ex-London Underground rolling stock, due to the small size of its tunnels and unmodernised signalling. Branching off the Island Line at is the heritage Isle of Wight Steam Railway, which runs for to the outskirts of on the former line to Newport. There are\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5393384\",\n \"text\": \"Culture of the Isle of Wight As an island, the Isle of Wight maintains a culture close to, but distinct from, that of the south of England. A high proportion of the population are now 'overners' rather than locally born, and so with a few notable exceptions it has more often formed the backdrop for cultural events of wider rather than island-specific significance. The Island has inspired many creative works. Local people often seek to defend their real or perceived culture, and local politics is often dictated by a desire to preserve the traditions and habits of the Island. The\",\n \"title\": \"Culture of the Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4035527\",\n \"text\": \"the last Ice Age, about 8–9000 years ago, as sea levels rose, and the land of southern Britain sunk due to the post-glacial rebound of the north that had been under the ice. This flooded the former river valley of the Solent to the north, and the future English Channel to the south, and cut Wight off from the island of Britain. Once open to the sea, tidal scouring widened the Solent. The first inhabitants are assumed to have been hunter-gatherers migrating by land during the Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) period, as the ice age began to recede and the\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14580572\",\n \"text\": \"MV Cuthred MV \\\"Cuthred was an Isle of Wight ro-ro ferry built in 1969. From 1990 until 2009, she operated as Mira Praia\\\" in Portugal. MV \\\"Cuthred\\\" was built by Richards of Lowestoft for British Rail (later Sealink) at a cost of £275,000. She is named after Cuthred, king of Wessex (c.740–56). With a gross tonnage of 704, she was the largest Isle of Wight Ferry of the time, capable of carrying 48 cars and 400 passengers. MV \\\"Cuthred\\\" was much larger and of a different design to any previous Isle of Wight car ferry. For the first time, passenger\",\n \"title\": \"MV Cuthred\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2417563\",\n \"text\": \"to 2006. The promoters of the event now are Solo Promoters Ltd. Held 3 June 2002 Held 14–15 June 2003 Held 11–13 June 2004 Held 10–12 June 2005 Held 9–11 June 2006 Held 8–10 June 2007 Held 13–15 June 2008 Held 12–14 June 2009 Held 11–13 June 2010 Held 10–12 June 2011 Held 22–24 June 2012 Held 14–16 June 2013 Held 12–15 June 2014 Held 11–14 June 2015 Held 9–12 June 2016 Held 8–11 June 2017 Held 21–24 June 2018 On 6 November 2007, the Isle of Wight Festival was named 'Best Major Festival' at the UK Festival Awards. The\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight Festival\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4035565\",\n \"text\": \"for the whole Isle of Wight; Newport also retained its two MPs, though these were reduced to one in 1868 and eventually abolished completely in 1885. Often thought of as part of Hampshire, the Isle of Wight was briefly included in that county when the first county councils were created in 1888. However, a \\\"Home Rule\\\" campaign led to a separate county council being established for the Isle of Wight in 1890, and it has remained separate ever since. Like inhabitants of many islands, Islanders are fiercely jealous of their real (or perceived) independence, and confusion over the Island's separate\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"111142\",\n \"text\": \"most notable being the Isle of Wight off the English coast, and the Channel Islands, British Crown dependencies off the coast of France. The coastline, particularly on the French shore, is deeply indented; several small islands close to the coastline, including Chausey and Mont Saint-Michel, are within French jurisdiction. The Cotentin Peninsula in France juts out into the Channel, whilst on the English side there is a small parallel strait known as the Solent between the Isle of Wight and the mainland. The Celtic Sea is to the west of the Channel. The Channel acts as a funnel that amplifies\",\n \"title\": \"English Channel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18737680\",\n \"text\": \"recommendations to the UK in both 2008 and 2013 for it to ban corporal punishment on children in its overseas territories. The Isle of Man stated that it does not see the need for reform as it believes the current law is working well and that parents should be allowed to discipline children. Human rights in the Isle of Man The Isle of Man is a Crown Dependency located in the Irish Sea between the islands of Great Britain and Ireland with a population in 2015 estimated to be approximately 88,000. It enjoys a high degree of domestic, legislative and\",\n \"title\": \"Human rights in the Isle of Man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12368020\",\n \"text\": \"minor volcanic features), Curaçao, Barbados, Bonaire, the Cayman Islands, Saint Croix, the Bahamas, and Antigua. Others possess rugged towering mountain-ranges like the islands of Saint Martin, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Dominica, Montserrat, Saba, Sint Eustatius, Saint Kitts, Saint Lucia, Saint Thomas, Saint John, Tortola, Grenada, Saint Vincent, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Trinidad and Tobago. Definitions of the terms Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles often vary. The Virgin Islands as part of the Puerto Rican bank are sometimes included with the Greater Antilles. The term Lesser Antilles is often used to define an island arc that includes Grenada but excludes Trinidad\",\n \"title\": \"Caribbean\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"193427\",\n \"text\": \"British telephone numbering plan, with local dialling codes 01624 for landlines and 07524, 07624 and 07924 for mobiles. Calls to the island from the UK however, are generally charged differently from those within the UK, and may or may not be included in any \\\"inclusive minutes\\\" packages. In 1996, the Isle of Man Government obtained permission to use the .im national top-level domain (TLD), and has ultimate responsibility for its use. The domain is managed from day to day by Domicilium, an island-based internet service provider. In December 2007, the Manx Electricity Authority and its telecommunications subsidiary, e-llan Communications, commissioned\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11721281\",\n \"text\": \"Isle of Wight ferry services There are currently three different ferry companies that operate vessels carrying passengers and, on certain routes, vehicles across the Solent, the stretch of sea that separates the Isle of Wight from mainland England. These are Wightlink, Red Funnel and Hovertravel. Since the Isle of Wight was separated from mainland Britain, probably about 7000 years ago, vessels have transported people and goods across the Solent. However the earliest record of an Isle of Wight ferry service is from 1420 when the Lord of the Manor in Ashey was responsible for boats crossing between Portsmouth and Ryde.\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight ferry services\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13481346\",\n \"text\": \"to the Irish Sea was claimed to be logically and ethically feasible; it had not been implemented by 2013. The common or harbour seal and the grey seal are both resident in the Irish Sea. Common seals breed in Strangford Lough, grey seals in southwest Wales and, in small numbers, on the Isle of Man. Grey seals haul out, but do not breed, off Hilbre and Walney islands, Merseyside, the Wirral, St Annes, Barrow-in-Furness Borough, and Cumbria. The Irish Sea has been described by Greenpeace as the most radioactively contaminated sea in the world with some \\\"eight million litres of\",\n \"title\": \"Irish Sea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"930512\",\n \"text\": \"Isle of Dogs The Isle of Dogs, locally referred to as the island, is a geographic area made up of Millwall, Cubitt Town, Canary Wharf and parts of Blackwall, Limehouse and Poplar. It is in the East End of London and is bounded on three sides (east, south and west) by one of the largest meanders in the River Thames. The northern boundary has never been clearly or consistently defined but many accept it to be the (former) line of the West India South Dock. The name Isle of Dogs had no official status until 1987, with the creation of\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Dogs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10556568\",\n \"text\": \"was dubbed \\\"The Slum Zoo of Britain\\\" by the \\\"Sunday Times\\\". However, in 1976 the zoo was taken over by a new owner Jack Corney, and over the following years it was rebuilt as a sanctuary for big cats and primates. Since Corney died in 2003 the zoo has been run by his daughter Charlotte. The zoo is currently home to seven tigers and two African lions. The zoo has recently rescued 5 tigers from a circus in southern Spain In recent years, three Indian themed enclosures have opened featuring glass viewing panels, ponds, natural planting and themed statues and\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight Zoo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4729957\",\n \"text\": \"residents attitudes towards wind turbines were two to one against, with 612 in favour and 1,328 against Cheverton Down proposals. Politics of the Isle of Wight As a geographical entity distinct from the mainland, the Isle of Wight has always fought to have this identity recognised. The Isle of Wight is currently a ceremonial and Non-metropolitan county and as it has no district councils (only the county council) it is effectively a unitary county. The island is also the highest populated Westminster constituency in the country. Historically, the island was part of the historic county of Hampshire, previously called Southamptonshire.\",\n \"title\": \"Politics of the Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202149\",\n \"text\": \"bones; the youngest date back to around 30 million years ago. The island is one of the most important areas in Europe for dinosaur fossils. The eroding cliffs often reveal previously hidden remains, particularly along the Back of the Wight. Dinosaur bones and fossilised footprints can be seen in and on the rocks exposed around the island's beaches, especially at Yaverland and Compton Bay. As a result, the island has been nicknamed \\\"Dinosaur Island\\\" and Dinosaur Isle was established in 2001. The area was affected by sea level changes during the repeated Quaternary glaciations. The island probably became separated from\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"197320\",\n \"text\": \"importance, international first, non-statutory last. There are 21 ASSIs on the Isle of Man as of 01/09/16. One additional ASSI has been rescinded (Ramsey Harbour). A marine nature reserve was designated in Ramsey Bay in Oct 2011. The Isle of Man had 45 non-statutory wildlife sites as of 30 January 2009, covering about 195 ha (0.75 sq miles) of land and an additional of inter-tidal coast. The Manx Wildlife Trust also manages 24 nature reserves, along with the Calf of Man, as of September 2016: The majority of the island is formed from highly faulted and folded sedimentary rocks of\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of the Isle of Man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6127420\",\n \"text\": \"changed the administrative map of England. The changes were carried out in several waves. On 1 April 1995, the Isle of Wight became a single unitary authority. It had previously had a two-tier structure with an Isle of Wight County Council, Medina Borough Council and South Wight Borough Council. Also on this day, two small areas were ceded from Surrey and Buckinghamshire to Berkshire, giving it a border with Greater London. On 1 April 1996, the unpopular counties of Avon, Humberside and Cleveland were abolished and their former area divided into unitary districts. Also at this time, the city of\",\n \"title\": \"Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1852604\",\n \"text\": \"Antilles The Antilles (; \\\"Antilles\\\" in French; \\\"Antillas\\\" in Spanish; \\\"Antillen\\\" in Dutch and \\\"Antilhas\\\" in Portuguese) is an archipelago bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the south and west, the Gulf of Mexico to the northwest, and the Atlantic Ocean to the north and east. The Antillean islands are divided into two smaller groupings: the Greater Antilles and the Lesser Antilles. The Greater Antilles includes the larger islands of Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola (subdivided into Haiti and the Dominican Republic) and the Cayman Islands. The Lesser Antilles contains the northerly Leeward Islands, the southeasterly Windward Islands, and the\",\n \"title\": \"Antilles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202134\",\n \"text\": \"Ships likely were important to the local economy. During the Dark Ages the island was settled by Jutes as the pagan kingdom of Wihtwara under King Arwald. In 685 it was invaded by Caedwalla, who tried to replace the inhabitants with his own followers. In 686 Arwald was defeated and the island became the last part of English lands to be converted to Christianity, added to Wessex and then becoming part of England under King Alfred the Great, included within the shire of Hampshire. It suffered especially from Viking raids, and was often used as a winter base by Viking\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202167\",\n \"text\": \"East) and more elderly (24% aged 65+ against 16%), giving an average age of 44 years for an island resident compared to 40 in South East England. The largest industry is tourism, but the island also has a strong agricultural heritage, including sheep and dairy farming and arable crops. Traditional agricultural commodities are more difficult to market off the island because of transport costs, but local farmers have succeeded in exploiting some specialist markets, with the higher price of such products absorbing the transport costs. One of the most successful agricultural sectors is now the growing of crops under cover,\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10563361\",\n \"text\": \"Seaview Wildlife Encounter Seaview Wildlife Encounter, (formerly Flamingo Park), was a wildlife park featuring non-native species of birds and mammals, it closed in November 2015. The visitor attraction was located in the town of Seaview, on the northeast coast of the Isle of Wight. The Isle of Wight is a small British island 3 to 5 mi (5 to 8 km) off the coast of South East England. Animals at the reserve included meerkats, wallabys, flamingos, pelicans, ducks, swans, alpacas, otters, penguins, and parakeets. Visitors could feed the ducks and stroke the wallabies. The site also included a gift shop\",\n \"title\": \"Seaview Wildlife Encounter\"\n }\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"which is bigger isle of wight or isle of man"}}},{"rowIdx":8387,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Orrin Hatch"],"string":"[\n \"Orrin Hatch\"\n]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"6683586","text":"Trump, the winner of the 2016 presidential election, is serving as the 45th President of the United States. Leadership in the Senate includes Republican Vice President Mike Pence, Republican President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch, Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, and Minority Leader Chuck Schumer. Leadership in the House includes Speaker of the House Paul Ryan, Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy, and Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi. In the 115th United States Congress, both the House of Representatives and the Senate are controlled by the Republican Party. The Senate consists of 51 Republicans, and 47 Democrats with 2 Independents who caucus with the Democrats;","title":"United States"},{"id":"1772315","text":"U.S. federal government was established in 1789. The vice president with the most tie breaking votes is John Adams (served 1789–1797) with 29. The current Vice President Mike Pence, in office since January 2017, has cast seven tie-breaking votes. In state governments of the United States, the presiding officer of the state senate (the upper house) is a matter decided by the state's constitution. Some states designate the lieutenant governor as president of the senate, while in other states, the Senate elects its own president. The Tennessee Senate elects a senator Speaker of the Senate, who is given the title","title":"President of the Senate"},{"id":"573360","text":"of the Senate, if there is no floor leader present, the whip may become acting floor leader. Before 1969, the official titles were Majority Whip and Minority Whip. The Senate is currently composed of 51 Republicans, 47 Democrats, and 2 independents, both of whom caucus with the Democrats. The current leaders are Senators Mitch McConnell (R) from Kentucky and Chuck Schumer (D) from New York. The current Assistant Leaders/Whips are Senators John Cornyn (R) from Texas and Dick Durbin (D) from Illinois. Democrats began the practice of electing floor leaders in 1920 while they were in the minority. John W.","title":"Party leaders of the United States Senate"},{"id":"6827836","text":"Senate. The Senate President is third in the Nigerian presidential line of succession. He is assisted by the Deputy President of the Senate. The current Senate President is Sen. Bukola Saraki and the current Deputy Senate President is Ike Ekweremadu both of the People's Democratic Party. The Senate President and his Deputy are also assisted by principal officers including the Majority Leader, Deputy Majority Leader, Minority Leader, Deputy Minority Leader, Chief Whip, Deputy Chief Whip, Minority Whip, and Deputy Minority Whip. In addition, there are 63 Standing Committees in the Senate chaired by Committee Chairmen. The lower house is the","title":"Senate of Nigeria"},{"id":"9077750","text":"if it \"hurts the nation.\" When the Senate underwent a reorganization on February 27, 2017, Recto, after getting 17 votes, was declared Senate President Pro Tempore, replacing Drilon. For the 17th Congress, he authored the following laws: Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education, Comprehensive National Feeding Program, Free Irrigation Service, Ease of Doing Business, Free Internet Access in Public Places, Extending the Validity of Philippine Passport and Driver's License, National ID System, and Designating Casinos as Covered Persons under the AMLA. Laws authored/sponsored by Ralph G. Recto: • RA 10969 - Free Irrigation Service Act (February 2, 2018) • RA","title":"Ralph Recto"},{"id":"1451453","text":"of the Senate Judiciary Committee from 1993 to 2005. He previously chaired the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions from 1981 to 1987. As of 2018, Hatch serves as Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee. On January 6, 2015, after the 114th United States Congress was sworn in, Hatch became President pro tempore of the Senate. On January 2, 2018, Hatch announced that he would retire from the Senate and that he would not seek re-election in November. Orrin Grant Hatch was born and raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He is the son of Jesse Hatch (1904–1992), a metal","title":"Orrin Hatch"},{"id":"2793495","text":"Taylor, a Republican from Friendswood, and Donna Campbell, a Republican from New Braunfels. For this term of the Legislature the President of the Senate is Texas Lieutenant Governor Dan Patrick. The President Pro Tempore is Republican Kel Seliger of District 31 (Amarillo). Senator John Whitmire, a Democrat from Houston, is the Dean of the Senate, meaning he is the most senior member, having served since 1987. Senator Chris Harris, a Republican from Arlington, is the most senior member of his party, and the fourth most-senior overall member. New senators elected in 2014 are Bob Hall, Paul Bettencourt, Van Taylor, Don","title":"Texas Senate"},{"id":"8528689","text":"was sworn in as the 47th Senate President of Kansas. Wagle was reelected as senate president in 2016, defeating Sen. Ty Masterson by a vote of 23–7. She is one of four senate presidents in Kansas' history to serve a second term. A cancer survivor, Wagle is the first female president of the Kansas Senate and the first senate president from Wichita. 2001-2004 Chair of Public Health & Welfare 2005-2008 Chair of Healthcare Strategies 2010 Chair of Business & Labor Vice Chair of Local Government 2011 Chair of Commerce Vice Chair of Joint Committee on Economic Development 2013-2016 Vice Chair","title":"Susan Wagle"},{"id":"7438605","text":"— the constitution requires a 2/3 super-majority (i.e., 8 votes) for a constitutional amendment, requiring the support of both the government and opposition appointees. The presiding officer of the Senate is the President of the Senate. Carol Bassett, who has been a Senator since 2003, was elected President in 2008, the first woman elected to the office. She resigned the office in August 2017. The members of the Senate appointed in August 2017 were: The three Independents were: Government/PLP nominees: Opposition/OBA nominees were: Bermuda's Parliament was created in 1620, and originally had one house, the House of Assembly. Political parties","title":"Senate of Bermuda"},{"id":"15952452","text":"President Pro Tempore — the Senate's second-highest ranking position. Following his landslide 2016 re-election, Obhof's colleagues selected him to serve as Senate President, the presiding officer of the 33-member chamber. He is the youngest person to lead the Senate since the position of Senate President was created in 1979, and is the first Senate leader from Medina County since the 1860s. As the presiding officer of the 33-member Senate, Obhof is responsible for leading the Senate's Majority Caucus as it sets its policy agenda. He is also responsible for the formal organization of the chamber, including recognizing members in debate,","title":"Larry Obhof"},{"id":"7113518","text":"unanimously elected to a second term as President of the Senate, marking the first time a woman won re-election to head that legislative body. She previously served as President of the Senate from 2002 to 2007, and succeeded Lynn Holowesko, who served as President of the Senate from 2007 to 2012. K. Forbes Smith was elected the new President of the Senate on May 24, 2017. Parliament is empowered by Article 52(1) of the Constitution to make laws for the peace, order and good government of The Bahamas. The Constitution also empowers Parliament to: Parliament also maintains oversight of the","title":"Parliament of the Bahamas"},{"id":"13947679","text":"\"senior senator\" is Bill Cassidy of Louisiana, who was sworn in January 3, 2015, and is currently 79th in seniority, ahead of senator John Neely Kennedy who was sworn in January 3, 2017, and is currently 95th in seniority. With the 116th Congress, Kyrsten Sinema of Arizona, who will be sworn in on January 3, 2019, will become the most-junior \"senior senator\", ahead of Martha McSally, who was appointed to replace retiring Jon Kyl . McSally will be sworn in after Sinema on January 3, 2019 . The Senate may expel a senator by a two-thirds vote. Fifteen senators have","title":"United States Senate"},{"id":"600728","text":"of another. This tradition has been observed without interruption since 1949. Since enactment of the current Presidential Succession Act in 1947, the president pro tempore is third in the line of succession to the presidency, after the vice president and the Speaker of the House of Representatives and ahead of the Secretary of State. The current President pro tempore of the Senate is Utah Republican Orrin Hatch. Elected on January 6, 2015, he is the 90th person to serve in this office. On January 2, 2018, Hatch announced that he will retire from the Senate at the end of his","title":"President pro tempore of the United States Senate"},{"id":"1772310","text":"Executive Board also serves as the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate for the 2015–16 period of sessions is Roberto Gil Zuarth, a National Action Party (PAN) senator for Chiapas. The President of the Senate is the presiding officer of the Senate of Nigeria, elected by its membership. The President of the Senate is Dr. Bukola Saraki, who represents Kwara State for the APC. Peru had a bicameral Congress from 1829 until 1992. The President of the Senate was elected by the Senate members to preside over the sessions for one year. The first session of the","title":"President of the Senate"},{"id":"1772308","text":"is deemed the winner. In addition to overseeing the business of the chamber, chairing and regulating debates, deciding whether motions and bills are admissible, representing the Senate, etc., the President of the Senate stands in for the President of the Republic when s/he is unable to perform his/her duties. The current President of the Senate is Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati. For a historical listing, see: List of Presidents of the Senate of Italy. While the Vice President of Liberia serves as President of the Senate, the senators also elect from among their number a President pro tempore to lead the","title":"President of the Senate"},{"id":"17127042","text":"Cruz's opponents. U.S. Representative Beto O'Rourke won the Democratic nomination on March 6, 2018. Other Democrats who ran include Irasema Ramirez Hernandez and Edward Kimbrough. Nurse Carl Bible ran as an independent. Bob McNeil ran as the candidate of the American Citizen Party. O'Rouke ran a strong campaign, creating a close race in a traditionally Republican stronghold. Nevertheless, Cruz was narrowly re-elected to a second term. Seven-term Republican Orrin Hatch was re-elected with 65% of the vote in 2012. Hatch is the President pro tempore of the United States Senate, as well as the second most-senior Senator. Before the 2012","title":"2018 United States Senate elections"},{"id":"8553893","text":"would have served as the acting governor except for the one month of July, 2007. Following the 2008 elections, the Republicans won control of the Senate for the first time in state history, with 26 Republicans and 22 Democrats. They selected Glenn Coffee to serve as the first full President \"pro tempore\" who served from 2009-2011 when he was term-limited out and was selected to serve as Secretary of State in Governor Mary Fallin's administration. Brian Bingman served as President \"pro tempore\" from 2011 to 2017, and was succeeded by the current President Pro Tempore, Mike Schulz in 2017. The","title":"President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate"},{"id":"17641297","text":"down from his leadership post because he had been arrested on domestic violence charges. Soucy was re-elected to her Senate seat in November, but Woodburn was not. The Democrats won the majority of Senate seats state-wide. The 14 Democratic Senators-Elect chose Soucy as their leader at a caucus shortly after the 2018 mid-term election, and she is expected to be elected Senate President when the 2019 legislative session begins on December 5, 2018. Donna Soucy Donna M. Soucy (born September 7, 1967) is a Democratic member of the New Hampshire Senate, first elected in 2012. She is currently the minority","title":"Donna Soucy"},{"id":"7583211","text":"and minority leaders, which are elected by their respective party caucuses. Lieutenant Governor Cyrus Habib is constitutionally the President of the Senate. The current President Pro Tempore is Karen Keiser. The Majority leader is Democrat Sharon Nelson, who assumed office following a special election that gave Democrats a majority. The Minority Leader is Republican Mark Schoesler. Washington State Senate The Washington State Senate is the upper house of the Washington State Legislature. The body consists of 49 members, each representing a district with a population of nearly 140,000. The State Senate meets at the Legislative Building in Olympia. As with","title":"Washington State Senate"},{"id":"16538479","text":"degree at the University of Georgia, and a master's degree in Education at Georgia Southern University. Williams was first elected to the State Senate in 1998, after winning a three-way primary. Beginning in 2006, he had had no opposition until his retirement in 2017. In 2005, Williams was chosen as Senate Majority Leader. He served in that role until 2009, when he was voted President Pro Tempore, the second highest position in the Senate, behind Lieutenant Governor. He is also Chairman of the Administrative Affairs Committee from 2009-2013. In August 2011, Senator Williams was asked by members of the press","title":"Tommie Williams"},{"id":"15242000","text":"Ivey, State Senate President Pro Tempore Del Marsh, Secretary of State John Merrill, U.S. Appeals Court Judge William H. Pryor, Jr., former Governor Bob Riley, and Attorney General Luther Strange. Shelby announced in January 2015 that he would run for re-election. Two-term Senator Lisa Murkowski (Republican) was appointed in 2002 and elected to a full term in 2004. She was defeated in the Republican primary in 2010 by Joe Miller. She later ran as a write-in candidate in the 2010 general election and was re-elected to a second full term with 40% of the vote, making her one of two","title":"2016 United States Senate elections"},{"id":"18389927","text":"to become Chief Financial Officer of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration on December 1, 2017. His nomination was returned unconfirmed to the President by the U.S. Senate on January 3, 2018, under Standing Rules of the United States Senate, Rule XXXI, paragraph 6. The nomination was resubmitted to the Senate on January 8, 2018. He was confirmed by voice vote on March 14, 2018. He took office on April 3, 2018. DeWit is 43 years old, currently residing in Peoria, Arizona with his wife, Marina and his three daughters. As a part of his election campaign, his family appeared","title":"Jeff DeWit"},{"id":"18426489","text":"took office after winning a 2010 special election, which occurred after long-time Senator Joe Biden resigned his seat to become Vice President of the United States. One-term incumbent Republican David Perdue was elected to a first term in 2014. He will be 70 on Election Day 2020. Columbus Mayor Teresa Tomlinson is considering running for the Democratic nomination. Other potential Democratic candidates include 2018 gubernatorial nominee Stacey Abrams, State Representative Scott Holcomb, State Senator Jen Jordan, former Atlanta Mayor Kasim Reed and former Points of Light CEO and 2014 nominee Michelle Nunn. Two-term incumbent Republican Jim Risch was re-elected in","title":"2020 United States Senate elections"},{"id":"10746977","text":"includes strict campaign finance reporting. On January 8, 2017, Torres resigned his post as Electoral Comptroller and was elected and sworn in the next day once again as Secretary of the Senate upon the election of Rivera Schatz to a second term as President of the Senate, becoming the only Senate President to serve two non-consecutive terms in that leadership post. Manuel A. Torres Manuel A. Torres-Nieves, Puerto Rico's Secretary of the Senate of Puerto Rico first served during the tumultuous years of 2005-2008 in which the Senate was controlled by the pro-statehood New Progressive Party (NPP) while the governorship","title":"Manuel A. Torres"},{"id":"5693908","text":"won 3 seats, while the remaining seat went the National Council for the Defense of Democracy (CNDD), a breakaway faction of the CNDD-FDD. Four former heads of state - Jean-Baptiste Bagaza (PARENA), Pierre Buyoya (UPRONA), Sylvestre Ntibantunganya (FRODEBU), and the current transitional president Domitien Ndayizeye (FRODEBU) will occupy seats in the Senate along with three Twa members. In order to meet the 30% quota for women, eight seats were co-opted giving the chamber of total of 49 seats. On 19 August 2005, the Senate and National Assembly (acting as an Electoral College) elected Pierre Nkurunziza president of the republic. He","title":"Senate (Burundi)"},{"id":"18514258","text":"Sands Beach and Tennis Club in East Haven, Connecticut. Fasano was elected in 2002, 50% to 48%. He was Minority Whip from 2003-2004, Assistant Minority Leader from 2005-2006, Deputy Minority Leader from 2007 to 2008, Minority Leader Pro Tem from 2009-2014, Minority Leader since 2014, and Senate Republican President Pro Tempore since 2017. Fasano was unopposed for reelection in 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010. In 2012, he defeated former state representative Steve Fontana, 58% to 42%. He was unopposed for reelection in 2014 and 2016. Health Care Issues Alongside Senate President Pro Tempore Martin Looney, Len Fasano co-created and co-chaired","title":"Len Fasano"},{"id":"11673992","text":"Vice Chair of the National Agriculture Committee of State Legislators. Hyde-Smith was elected in 2011 and took office on January 5, 2012. Hyde-Smith was elected to a second term as commissioner as 2015, defeating Democratic nominee Addie Lee Green. On March 21, 2018, Governor Phil Bryant announced Hyde-Smith as his choice to fill the United States Senate seat held by Thad Cochran, who indicated he would be resigning the seat at a later date due to ongoing health issues. Cochran resigned on April 1, and Bryant formally appointed Hyde-Smith on April 2. Hyde-Smith became the first woman to represent Mississippi","title":"Cindy Hyde-Smith"},{"id":"20027911","text":"legislative session began, Hall-Long was sworn in as lieutenant governor and resigned her seat the same day. She retained her role in the senate, however, since as with many lieutenant governors and the U.S. Vice President she is also the body's president. While it is a mostly ceremonial post, with the president pro tempore exercising the practical powers and authority of the job, one of those responsibilities that falls to the lieutenant governor is setting the date for special elections to vacated seats. A week after taking her new office, Hall-Long finally announced that the special election for her former","title":"2017 Delaware's 10th state senate district special election"},{"id":"7075114","text":"the Senate's 114th Congress ended and the 115th Congress began on January 3, 2017. Eleven days after the 2017 Inauguration, on January 31, 2017, President Donald Trump appointed Neil Gorsuch to replace Scalia. Democrats in the Senate filibustered the Gorsuch nomination, which led to the Republicans exercising the \"nuclear option\". After that, Gorsuch was confirmed in April 2017. Justice Kennedy retired on July 31, 2018. On July 9, 2018, Trump nominated Brett Kavanaugh to replace Kennedy, and he was confirmed on October 6, 2018. In its first ten years, the Roberts court has issued major rulings on gun control, affirmative","title":"Roberts Court"},{"id":"600743","text":"tempore and Byrd the second president pro tempore emeritus. Byrd returned as president pro tempore, and Stevens became the third president pro tempore emeritus, when the Democrats gained control of the Senate in 2007. While a president pro tempore emeritus has no official duties, he is entitled to an increase in staff and advises party leaders on the functions of the Senate. The office's accompanying budget increase was removed toward the end of the 113th Congress, shortly before Patrick Leahy was to become the first holder of the title in six years. Quoted in \"CQ Roll Call\", Leahy commented, \"[The","title":"President pro tempore of the United States Senate"},{"id":"17159468","text":"Sergio Mattarella on 3 February 2015. Grasso left the Democratic Party on 26 October 2017, the same day the new electoral law (colloquially known by the nickname \"Rosatellum bis\") was approved definitively by the Senate. On 3 December 2017, Grasso was appointed leader of Free and Equal (LeU), a left-wing political alliance of parties, formed by the Democratic and Progressive Movement, Italian Left and Possible. Pietro Grasso Pietro Grasso (; born 1 January 1945), also known as Piero Grasso, is an Italian anti-mafia magistrate and politician who served as President of the Senate from 2013 to 2018. Grasso became the","title":"Pietro Grasso"},{"id":"600729","text":"current term, January 3, 2019. Iowa Republican Chuck Grassley is likely to succeed Orrin Hatch as the President pro tempore, when the 116th United States Congress convenes, assuming the Senate continues with the tradition of electing the longest-serving member of the majority party. Although the position is in some ways analogous to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the powers of the president pro tempore are far more limited. In the Senate, most power rests with party leaders and individual senators, but as the chamber's presiding officer, the president pro tempore is authorized to perform certain duties in the","title":"President pro tempore of the United States Senate"},{"id":"3882885","text":"a \"Minority Whip\". Floor leaders act as the party chief spokespeople. The current leaders are Majority Leader Carmelo Ríos, Majority Whip Ángel Chayanne Martínez; Minority Leader Eduardo Bathia, Minority Whip José Luis Dalmau; Minority Leader Juan Dalmau; and Minority Leader Vargas Vidot (independent candidate). The Senate is served by two elected officials who are not members. The Senate's chief legislative officer is the Secretary of the Senate, who maintains public records, disburses salaries, monitors the acquisition of stationery and supplies, and oversees clerks. The other official is the Sergeant-at-Arms who, as the Senate's chief law enforcement officer, maintains order and","title":"Senate of Puerto Rico"},{"id":"18900990","text":"establishment of the Lifestream Charity in 1993 and is an advocate of the UN’s Every Woman Every Child campaign. She is on the board of the Global Foundation for the Elimination of Domestic Violence and the board of the Africa Justice Foundation. Saraki is also in the Save the Children Nigeria and was the inaugural Global Goodwill Ambassador to the International Confederation of Midwives in 2014. She is married to former governor of Kwara State and current President of the Senate of Nigeria, Senator Bukola Saraki, and has four children. Toyin Saraki Toyin Ojora-Saraki (born 6 September 1964) is a","title":"Toyin Saraki"},{"id":"11339390","text":"Scott Ryan (Australian politician) Scott Michael Ryan (born 12 May 1973) is an Australian politician who has been a Senator for Victoria since 2008, representing the Liberal Party. He has been the President of the Senate since 2017, having previously been a minister in the Turnbull Government from 2016 to 2017. Ryan was born on 12 May 1973 in Brisbane, Queensland, and grew up in , Victoria. He was educated at St Kevin's College, Melbourne and graduated from the University of Melbourne, with a Bachelor of Arts. While at university, he served as President of the Melbourne University Liberal Club","title":"Scott Ryan (Australian politician)"},{"id":"600742","text":"Byrd (D-West Virginia) (2003–2007), Ted Stevens (R-Alaska) (2007–2009) and Patrick Leahy (D-Vermont) (2015–present). From 2009 to 2015, no senator met the requirements for the position. The position was created for Thurmond when the Democratic Party regained a majority in the Senate in June 2001. With the change in party control, Democrat Robert Byrd of West Virginia replaced Thurmond as president pro tempore, reclaiming a position he had previously held from 1989 to 1995 and briefly in January 2001. Thurmond's retirement from the Senate on January 3, 2003, coincided with a change from Democratic to Republican control, making Stevens president pro","title":"President pro tempore of the United States Senate"},{"id":"1772302","text":"president (only below the Vice President and the President of the Chamber of Deputies). It is also the president of the National Congress, which includes the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. The President of the Senate of Burundi, since 17 August 2005, is Molly Beamer of the CNDD-FDD. The president is assisted in his work by two vice-presidents. The Senate of Cambodia is led by a 12-person permanent commission \"(bureau)\", which is in turn chaired by the President of the Senate, currently Say Chhum. He is assisted by a First and a Second Vice-President. The President and Vice-Presidents are","title":"President of the Senate"},{"id":"17159458","text":"Pietro Grasso Pietro Grasso (; born 1 January 1945), also known as Piero Grasso, is an Italian anti-mafia magistrate and politician who served as President of the Senate from 2013 to 2018. Grasso became the Acting President of Italy on 14 January 2015, upon the resignation of Giorgio Napolitano. He was President until the swearing in of Sergio Mattarella on 3 February. On 3 December 2017, Grasso was elected Leader of Free and Equal (\"Liberi e Uguali\", LeU), a new left-wing coalition composed by Democratic and Progressive Movement, Italian Left and Possible. In 1984 he was appointed associate judge in","title":"Pietro Grasso"},{"id":"12724030","text":"Governor Bill Graves, as well as former Lt. Governor and U.S. Senator Sheila Frahm, Lt. Gov. Gary Sherrer, Insurance Commissioner Sandy Praeger, Senate President Dick Bond, Senate President Dave Kerr, Senate Vice President John Vratil, Senate Majority Leaders Tim Emert and Lana Oleen, Senators Barbara Allen, David Wysong, Wint Winter, Jr., Pete Brungardt, Ruth Teichman, Barbara Bollier, Audrey Langworthy, Terrie Huntington, Bob VanCrum and Alicia Salisbury, as well as Representatives JoAnn Pottorff, Ginger Barr, Jim Yonally, Jim Lowther, Fred Lorentz and Representative and GOP Chairperson Rochelle Chronister, GOP National Delegate Don Johnston, and current Representatives Joy Koesten and Charles Roth.","title":"Laura Kelly"},{"id":"4190487","text":"Senate on August 3, 2017. He was sworn in by Vice President Mike Pence on August 21, 2017, in the Oval Office. Johnson presented his credentials to Queen Elizabeth II on November 8, 2017, formally becoming Ambassador. In 1977, Johnson married former fashion model Nancy Sale Johnson. They had three children: Casey, Jaime, and Daisy, before divorcing in 2001. In early 2010, daughter Casey Johnson died of diabetic ketoacidosis. In 2009, Johnson married Suzanne Ircha Johnson, a former actress and equities managing director at Sandler O'Neill & Partners. They have two children: Robert Wood Johnson V and Jack Wood Johnson.","title":"Woody Johnson"},{"id":"13713490","text":"Mary Kramer Mary E. Kramer (born June 14, 1935) is a former Republican Iowa State Senator who served from 1990 to 2003. She was elected President of the Senate in 1997, becoming the first independently elected woman to fill the post. In 2003 Kramer was nominated by President George W. Bush to serve as U.S. Ambassador to Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean; she was confirmed by the United States Senate and served from 2004 to 2006. Mary Kramer was born in Burlington, Iowa and grew up in Iowa City. She holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of","title":"Mary Kramer"},{"id":"1772317","text":"tenure, questions were raised about the propriety of such a system, particularly with regard to separation of powers–related issues. A constitutional amendment was enacted in 2005 to create the office of lieutenant governor effective at the 2009 election. The Vice President of Uruguay presides over the country's 30-member Senate. President of the Senate The President of the Senate is a title often given to the presiding officer of a senate, and is the speaker of other assemblies. The senate president often ranks high in a jurisdiction's succession for its top executive office: for example, the President of the Senate of","title":"President of the Senate"},{"id":"2667896","text":"397). In \"Reynolds v. Sims\", the United States Supreme Court compelled all states to draw up districts with equal population. As such, boundaries were changed to comply with the ruling. The Lieutenant Governor is the \"ex officio\" President of the Senate and may break a tied vote. The President pro tempore is elected by the majority party caucus, followed by confirmation of the full senate. Other leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses according to each party's strength in the chamber. The current president pro tem is Democrat Toni Atkins (39th–San Diego).","title":"California State Senate"},{"id":"11645614","text":"his nomination to the seat expiring in 2032, but instead returned his nomination to the President at the end of the first session of the 115th Congress, per Senate rule XXXI, Section 6. He continued to serve on the Board as an acting member pending his renomination January 8, 2018, and ultimate confirmation July 17, 2018, by a vote of 66-33. Quarles's wife, Hope, is related to Marriner Stoddard Eccles – her grandfather was Marriner's brother. Quarles is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. In November 2017, an investigation conducted by the International Consortium of","title":"Randal Quarles"},{"id":"11339393","text":"Education and Skills following a rearrangement in the First Turnbull Ministry, between February and July 2016. Ryan was appointed the Special Minister for State in the first arrangement of the Second Turnbull ministry and gained additional responsibilities as the Minister Assisting the Prime Minister for Cabinet in a subsequent rearrangement. On 13 November 2017, Ryan was elected President of the Senate, winning by 53 votes to 11 for Senator Peter Whish-Wilson of the Greens. He resigned his ministerial posts in order to take up the position. His predecessor Stephen Parry resigned from the Senate during the parliamentary eligibility crisis, after","title":"Scott Ryan (Australian politician)"},{"id":"4769156","text":"the NPP's senators-elect chose Rivera Schatz to succeed McClintock as of January 12, 2009, as the Fourteenth President of the Senate in its 91-year history. McClintock was appointed by Governor-Elect Luis Fortuño, to serve as chairman of the Incoming Committee on Government Transition. During the first twelve days of the new year, outgoing Senate Secretary Manuel A. Torres served as Acting President of the legislative body. On November 11, 2008, Governor-Elect Luis Fortuño appointed McClintock as Secretary of State of Puerto Rico. Due to the fact that the appointment entailed serving the role of lieutenant governor, McClintock required confirmation by","title":"Kenneth McClintock"},{"id":"4061794","text":"in a general election. In 2017 Tammy Duckworth became the first female double amputee in the Senate and Catherine Cortez Masto joined the Senate as its first Latina. Jeanne Shaheen of New Hampshire and Maggie Hassan of New Hampshire hold the distinction of being the first and second women elected both Governor and U.S. Senator of a state; both served as Governor of New Hampshire and served together in the Senate starting in 2017. Tammy Duckworth became the first woman to give birth while holding a senate seat in the United States in 2018. Duckworth gave birth to Maile Pearl","title":"Women in the United States Senate"},{"id":"2300089","text":"Patrick Leahy Patrick Joseph Leahy (; born March 31, 1940) is an American politician serving as the senior United States Senator from Vermont, a seat to which he was first elected in 1974. A member of the Democratic Party, Leahy held the position of President pro tempore of the United States Senate from December 17, 2012, to January 6, 2015, and was thus during that time third in the presidential line of succession. Now in his eighth six-year term of office, he is currently (since the December 2012 death of Daniel Inouye) the most senior member of the Senate, and","title":"Patrick Leahy"},{"id":"4969641","text":"Nia Gill Nia H. Gill (born March 15, 1948) is an American Democratic Party politician, who has been serving in the New Jersey State Senate since 2002, where she represents the 34th Legislative District. She ran unsuccessfully as a candidate in the June 2012 primary election to fill the seat in Congress left vacant by the death of Donald M. Payne, the former U.S. Representative for . Gill was the State Senate President pro Tempore from 2010 to 2018, succeeded by M. Teresa Ruiz. Gill received a B.A. in History/Political History from Upsala College and was awarded a J.D. from","title":"Nia Gill"},{"id":"7021472","text":"political mentor, as Senate President. Enrile resigned due to allegations of misusing the Senate funds. Then assistant majority leader Senator Gregorio Honasan became the acting Majority Leader following Sotto's resignation. On the commencement of the session of the 16th Congress, on 22 July 2013, Sotto became part of the new Senate minority group. He was chosen by his colleagues in the minority to be the Deputy Floor Leader, second-in-command to Enrile who became the Minority Leader. On July 2014, following Enrile's arrest on charges of plunder relating to the pork barrel scam, Sotto became the acting Minority Floor Leader. Enrile","title":"Tito Sotto"},{"id":"11843765","text":"The president is typically elected during the Senate's inaugural session. When absent, the president is substituted by the President pro tempore. Its counterpart in the House is the Speaker. The current president is Thomas Rivera Schatz, senator at-large from the New Progressive Party. The president traces its history back to more than years ago when the Jones–Shafroth Act formally established the post on March 2, 1917. Said act was eventually superseded by another law, and the post was eventually established by the Constitution of Puerto Rico, specifically Article III, which establishes that, \"The Senate shall elect a President [...] from","title":"President of the Senate of Puerto Rico"},{"id":"13947672","text":"that mid-term vacancies in the Senate be filled by special election, but permits state legislatures to empower their governors to make temporary appointments until the required special election takes place; temporary appointees are permitted to run in the special election in their own right. The manner by which the Seventeenth Amendment is enacted varies among the states. A 2018 report breaks this down into the following three broad categories (specific procedures vary among the states): In six states within the final category above - Arizona, Hawaii, Maryland, North Carolina, Utah, and Wyoming - the governor must appoint someone of the","title":"United States Senate"},{"id":"2323897","text":"Orrin Hatch leaves office on January 3, 2019, Grassley will be the most senior Republican in the Senate. On November 14, 2018, Grassley was nominated by the Republicans to be President pro tempore of the United States Senate for the 116th United States Congress. Grassley was born in New Hartford, Iowa, the son of Ruth (née Corwin) and Louis Arthur Grassley, and raised on a farm. He graduated from the town high school. At Iowa State Teachers College (now the University of Northern Iowa), he earned a B.A. in 1955 and an M.A. in Political Science in 1956. During his","title":"Chuck Grassley"},{"id":"428897","text":"to reform or repeal the amendment. Under President Barack Obama's administration in 2009, four sitting Democratic senators left the Senate for executive branch positions: Barack Obama (President), Joe Biden (Vice President), Hillary Clinton (Secretary of State), and Ken Salazar (Secretary of the Interior). Controversies developed about the successor appointments made by Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich and New York Governor David Paterson. New interest was aroused in abolishing the provision for the Senate appointment by the governor. Accordingly, Senator Russ Feingold of Wisconsin and Representative David Dreier of California proposed an amendment to remove this power; Senators John McCain and Dick","title":"Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"3882884","text":"pro tempore in his absence. Its counterpart in the House is the Speaker. The current President is Thomas Rivera Schatz, senator at-large from the New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico. The President pro tempore is the second highest-ranking officer of the Senate and substitutes the President of the House in his absence. Its counterpart in the House is the Speaker pro tempore. The current President pro tempore is José Luis Dalmau, senator for District VII Humacao from the Popular Democratic Party. Each party elects floor leaders denominated \"Majority leader\" or \"Minority leader\", accordingly, as well as a \"Majority Whip\" or","title":"Senate of Puerto Rico"},{"id":"11954910","text":"Jeff Kessler Jeffrey Vincent \"Jeff\" Kessler (born November 16, 1955) is a former Democratic member of the West Virginia Senate in the United States, representing the 2nd district from 1997 to 2017. He is the former Minority Leader of the Senate. Kessler previously served as President of the Senate/Lieutenant Governor, Acting President of the Senate and Chairman of the Judiciary Committee. Kessler is also involved in private practice, where he is a partner in the law firm Berry, Kessler, Crutchfield, Taylor & Gordon. Kessler was born November 16, 1955 in Wheeling, West Virginia. He is the son of George Henry","title":"Jeff Kessler"},{"id":"1772316","text":"of Lieutenant Governor. Similarly, New Hampshire has no lieutenant governor, but the state senate elects a president who is the \"de facto\" lieutenant governor, given that in the event of the governor's death, resignation, or inability to serve, the president of the senate acts as governor until the vacancy is filled. New Jersey previously used the same system, but with the important proviso that the Senate president continued to serve in that position while also serving as acting governor. After Christine Todd Whitman resigned as governor, Donald DiFrancesco spent nearly a year as acting governor. As a result of his","title":"President of the Senate"},{"id":"18426493","text":"2018, and she won a special election later in 2018 to serve the remainder of Franken's term. Seven-term incumbent Republican Thad Cochran resigned April 1, 2018. Governor Phil Bryant appointed Republican Cindy Hyde-Smith to hold office until January 3, 2019. A November 2018 special election determined Cochran's elected successor. No candidate garnered a majority of votes in the November 6, 2018 election; the top two candidates, Cindy Hyde-Smith and Democrat Mike Espy continued to a runoff on November 27, 2018. Cindy Hyde-Smith defeated Mike Espy and will serve the remainder of Cochran's term, which ends in January 2021. One-term incumbent","title":"2020 United States Senate elections"},{"id":"5237461","text":"would be the same person. The Pennsylvania Senate has been meeting since 1791. The President of the Senate is the Lieutenant Governor, who has no vote except in the event of an otherwise tie vote. Following the 2016 elections, the Senate consisted of 34 Republicans and 16 Democrats. Following the June 4, 2018, resignation of one Republican member, the Senate consisted of 33 Republicans and 16 Democrats with one vacant seat. President of the Senate: Mike Stack (D) President Pro Tem of the Senate: Joe Scarnati (R) The Senate is made up of 50 members who are elected by district.","title":"Pennsylvania State Senate"},{"id":"20465999","text":"Senate. On April 4, 2018, Gopal was named Senate Majority Conference Leader and Chairman of the Bipartisan Legislative Manufacturing Caucus. Gopal took both positions from Senator Robert M. Gordon, who resigned to accept a position with the BPU. Gopal's family is from Southern India. His parents came to the United States in the early 1970s and settled in New Jersey. Gopal was born in Neptune Township and grew up in Freehold Township. Gopal holds a Bachelor's Degree from Pennsylvania State University and is the founder and president of Direct Development, LLC and owner of the Monmouth County-based \"Community Magazine.\" He","title":"Vin Gopal"},{"id":"782572","text":"places, with 44% \"strongly\" supporting a ban. In August 2017 the party's constitution was changed, for Hanson to become party President for as long as she may wish and to choose her successor, who may also continue until resignation. On 22 March 2018 Hanson announced that One Nation would back the Turnbull Government's corporate tax cuts. She subsequently reversed her position, citing the failure of the government to cut immigration levels and support coal-fired power. On 15 October 2018, Hanson moved that the Senate to acknowledge anti-white racism and \"It's OK to be white\". The motion got 28 votes in","title":"Pauline Hanson"},{"id":"17634025","text":"Bragdon, in 2013. Morse currently serves on the Finance Committee. Morse was re-elected to his Senate seat in 2018, but the Republicans were in the minority by a margin of 14-10 in 2019-2020. The 10 newly-elected Republican members of the State Senate chose Morse as their caucus leader shortly after the election. His successor as President was Democratic State Senator Donna Soucy. Chuck Morse Chuck Morse (born October 11, 1960) is the former president of the New Hampshire Senate. He served as Acting Governor of New Hampshire from January 3, 2017, upon Maggie Hassan's resignation as governor, until January 5,","title":"Chuck Morse"},{"id":"13947653","text":"1913, Senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented; following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, they are now popularly elected. The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol, in Washington, D.C. As the upper house, the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it; these include the approval of treaties and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries, Supreme Court justices, federal judges, other federal executive officials, flag officers, regulatory officials, ambassadors, and other federal uniformed officers. In addition to these, in cases wherein no candidate receives a","title":"United States Senate"},{"id":"1772298","text":"the Vice-President of the Republic, currently Gabriela Michetti. This was a recent expansion of the Vice-President's powers introduced as part of the 1994 constitutional amendments (Constitution, Art. 57). The Vice-President may only cast a vote to break a tied Senate vote. The President of the Australian Senate is a senator, traditionally a member of the governing party or coalition, elected by the Senate at the beginning of each parliament as the first item of business. They are assisted by a Deputy President who is traditionally a member of the largest opposition party. The current president is Scott Ryan, a Liberal","title":"President of the Senate"},{"id":"20114187","text":"of philosophy, saying that there are no absolute values in law. Piña was appointed as a justice after her appearance on the Senate on November 24, 2015, after the two previous failed attempts, after being part of the judiciary for 27 years. On September 28, 2016 Piña was chosen by her colleagues as the president of the Primera Sala (First Hall) after the justices voted unanimously. She substituted the justice Alfredo Gutiérrez Ortiz Mena, who was in charge to review the criminal and civil jurisprudence cases. She is president from October 1, 2016 to September 30, 2018. Norma Lucía Piña","title":"Norma Lucía Piña Hernández"},{"id":"17127041","text":"but on September 26, 2017, Senator Corker announced his intent to retire. Aaron Pettigrew and Republican U.S. Representative Marsha Blackburn ran for the Republican nomination. Marsha Blackburn became the Republican nominee. Former Tennessee Governor Phil Bredesen became the Democratic nominee. Despite predictions that race would be close, Blackburn was easily elected to the Senate. One-term Republican Ted Cruz was elected with 57% of the vote in 2012. He overwhelmingly won the Republican primary on March 6, 2018. Television producer Bruce Jacobson, Houston energy attorney Stefano de Stefano, former mayor of La Marque Geraldine Sam, Mary Miller, and Thomas Dillingham were","title":"2018 United States Senate elections"},{"id":"3882886","text":"security on the Senate floor and other premises. These officers are elected by the Senate, usually during its inaugural session, immediately after the election of the body's president. The current Secretary is Manuel A. Torres-Nieves while the current Sergeant-at-Arms is Joel Fontánez. The current session is the 26th Senate of Puerto Rico, the upper house of the 18th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico, which will meet from January 2, 2017, to January 1, 2021. All members were elected in the general elections of 2016 with a simple majority coming from the New Progressive Party. The other major party, the Popular","title":"Senate of Puerto Rico"},{"id":"6893583","text":"offensive and racist.\" On November 8, Duckworth defeated Kirk 54 percent to 40 percent to win the Senate seat. Duckworth and Kamala Harris, who was also elected in 2016, are the second and third female Asian American senators, after Mazie Hirono who was elected in 2012. In January 2018, following a federal government shut down after the Senate could not agree on a funding bill, Duckworth responded to President Trump's accusations that the Democrats were putting \"unlawful immigrants\" ahead of the military: Duckworth became the first U.S. Senator to give birth while in office in 2018. Shortly afterward, rules were","title":"Tammy Duckworth"},{"id":"17127022","text":"5% and 10%: One-term Republican Jeff Flake was elected with 49% of the vote in 2012. He chose not to run for reelection. U.S. Representative Martha McSally won the Republican nomination in a three-way primary on August 28, 2018, against Joe Arpaio and Kelli Ward. U.S. Representative Kyrsten Sinema easily secured the Democratic nomination. Sinema defeated McSally by a slim margin; her victory became official only after six days of counting ballots. Four-term Democrat Dianne Feinstein won a special election in 1992 and was elected to full terms in 1994, 2000, 2006, and 2012. She ran for re-election and advanced","title":"2018 United States Senate elections"},{"id":"2442480","text":"In 2012, Baldwin became the first openly gay person elected to the U.S. Senate. Baldwin defeated her Republican opponent, former Wisconsin Governor Tommy Thompson, in the 2012 U.S. Senate election. She was reelected in 2018, defeating Republican nominee Leah Vukmir. Baldwin was born and grew up in Madison, Wisconsin. Baldwin's mother, who died in 2017, was 19 and going through a divorce when Baldwin was born. Baldwin was raised by her grandparents and spent Saturdays with her mother, who suffered from mental illness and opioid addiction. Her maternal grandfather, biochemist David E. Green, was Jewish (the son of immigrants from","title":"Tammy Baldwin"},{"id":"600737","text":"December 1980), who was the retiring senior member of the Republican Party, which would hold the majority in the incoming 97th Congress. Three presidents pro tempore subsequently became Vice President: John Tyler, William R. King and Charles Curtis. Tyler is the only one to become president (in April 1841, following the death of William Henry Harrison). While the president pro tempore does have other official duties, the holders of the office have, like the vice president, over time ceased presiding over the Senate on a daily basis, owing to the mundane and ceremonial nature of the position. Furthermore, as the","title":"President pro tempore of the United States Senate"},{"id":"5656229","text":"position. She was the first lawmaker from San Diego to be elected Speaker. She formerly served on the San Diego City Council from 2000 to 2008, including a term as Acting Mayor. While speaker, she served as acting governor for nine hours on July 30, 2014. In 2018, she succeeded Kevin de León as Senate President Pro Tempore. This made her the first woman and the first openly LGBT person to lead the California State Senate. Atkins spent her early years in Max Meadows, Virginia, moving to Roanoke at the age of seven. Her father was a miner and her","title":"Toni Atkins"},{"id":"7639064","text":"father was a partner in the investment bank, Kuhn, Loeb and currently serves as vice chairman of Barclays, successor to Lehman Brothers, which merged with Kuhn, Loeb in 1977. She was born and currently lives on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, a borough of New York City. Her husband, Dr. John E. Seley, is a professor of Urban Planning and Geography at The City University of New York Graduate Center and Princeton's Woodrow Wilson School of Public Affairs. Liz Krueger She was first elected in February 2002 during a special election. Krueger is the ranking member on the Senate","title":"Liz Krueger"},{"id":"4387419","text":"his post on January 12, 2009. Thomas Rivera Schatz was reelected in 2012 and elected for the third time as a member of the Senate majority in the 2016 election with 10.33% of the \"at large\" votes, placing him in second place after independent senatorial candidate Dr. José Vargas Vidot and followed by Juan Dalmau of the Puerto Rico Independence Party (PIP). Rivera Schatz was elected to a second term as President of the Senate of Puerto Rico starting January 2017. He holds two records, first as the only reelected Senate President during the past 28 years and the only","title":"Thomas Rivera Schatz"},{"id":"4387420","text":"Senate President ever elected as such to non-consecutive terms. Rivera Schatz and his father are avid collectors of antique cars. Thomas Rivera Schatz Thomas Rivera Schatz (born June 10, 1966) is a Puerto Rican politician, legal advisor, attorney, and former prosecutor. Rivera Schatz is the fourteenth and sixteenth President of the Senate of Puerto Rico. He is affiliated with New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico and the United States Republican Party. Rivera Schatz was born on June 10, 1966 in the Bronx Borough of New York City. He is the son of José A. \"Nía\" Rivera, a past mayor of","title":"Thomas Rivera Schatz"},{"id":"17166792","text":"J. Stuart Adams Stuart Adams is the Senator for the Utah State Senate's 22nd District. Adams was appointed to the Utah House of Representatives in 2002, and then to the Senate in 2009. In 2012, he was chosen to be Senate Majority Whip. In 2018, he was chosen as the Senate President. Adams earned his Bachelor of Arts at the University of Utah in business finance. He is a business man by profession. Adams is married to his wife, Susan and they have four children together. In 2002, he was awarded the Business Person of the Year by the Utah","title":"J. Stuart Adams"},{"id":"5841056","text":"Hispanic American to serve as a U.S. Senator from Texas. In 2016, Cruz ran for President of the United States, winning 12 statewide contests during the Republican primaries before withdrawing from the race. Cruz was re-elected to the Senate in the 2018 midterm elections, defeating Democratic challenger Beto O'Rourke by a margin of 50.9% to 48.3% in the most expensive U.S. Senate race in U.S. history. Along with Bob Menendez and Marco Rubio, Cruz is currently one of three U.S. Senators of Cuban descent. Born Rafael Edward Cruz on December 22, 1970, at Foothills Medical Centre in Calgary, Alberta, to","title":"Ted Cruz"},{"id":"17166796","text":"the editing process - Martin L. Buchanan] J. Stuart Adams Stuart Adams is the Senator for the Utah State Senate's 22nd District. Adams was appointed to the Utah House of Representatives in 2002, and then to the Senate in 2009. In 2012, he was chosen to be Senate Majority Whip. In 2018, he was chosen as the Senate President. Adams earned his Bachelor of Arts at the University of Utah in business finance. He is a business man by profession. Adams is married to his wife, Susan and they have four children together. In 2002, he was awarded the Business","title":"J. Stuart Adams"},{"id":"4708929","text":"follows: The President of the Senate, elected on 19 January 2010, is Ana María Romero de Campero (MAS-IPSP, La Paz). Seventeen of 36 members of the Senate are women. The 26-member MAS-IPSP majority includes all four senators from La Paz, Oruro, and Potosí; three senators from Cochabamba and Chuquisaca; and two senators from each of Santa Cruz, Beni, Pando, and Tarija. The President of the Chamber of Deputies, elected on 19 January 2010, is Héctor Arce (MAS-IPSP). 33 of 130 deputies (25.38%) are women. Congressional elections were held on 18 December 2005, concurrently with the 2005 presidential election. The Chamber","title":"Plurinational Legislative Assembly"},{"id":"4061781","text":"Catherine Cortez Masto (Nevada), Tammy Duckworth (Illinois), Kamala Harris (California), and Maggie Hassan (New Hampshire). Incumbent Republican Senator Kelly Ayotte (New Hampshire) lost to Hassan. Both of the seats that changed hands from Republican to Democrat were won by women: Duckworth and Hassan. In January 2018, after the appointment of Democrat Tina Smith of Minnesota to the U.S. Senate to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Al Franken, and in April 2018 after the appointment of Republican Cindy Hyde-Smith of Mississippi to the U.S. Senate to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Thad Cochran, the number","title":"Women in the United States Senate"},{"id":"17131508","text":"of President George W. Bush (2001–2009), the first Asian Pacific American woman ever appointed by a President to the Cabinet in American history. She is the 18th United States Secretary of Transportation in the Cabinet of President Donald J. Trump (2017–). She is married to the current Majority Leader of the United States Senate, Senator Mitch McConnell of Kentucky. James S. C. Chao James Si-Cheng Chao (; born December 29, 1927) is a Chinese-American entrepreneur and philanthropist. He is the founder of the Foremost Group, a New York-based shipping, trading, and finance enterprise. The James S.C. Chao Scholarship is named","title":"James S. C. Chao"},{"id":"1772313","text":"A Vice-President of the Senate is also elected from among the senators. The current President of the Senate is Christine Kangaloo. The Vice President of the United States is assigned the responsibility of presiding over the Senate and designated as its president by the United States Constitution. The vice president, as President of the Senate, has the authority (\"ex officio\", for he or she is not an elected member of the Senate) to cast a tie-breaking vote. Other than this, the rules of the Senate grant its president very little power (in contrast to the powerful office of Speaker of","title":"President of the Senate"},{"id":"9386743","text":"the first female president of an Ivy League university (University of Pennsylvania), incumbent commissioner of the Federal Communications Commission Michael Copps, incumbent Philippine Senators Edgardo Angara, Miriam Defensor Santiago and Juan Ponce Enrile, internationally recognized constitutionalist Henry J. Abraham, incumbent North Carolina Supreme Court senior justice Mark Martin, prominent California lawyer and former U.S. Attorney General William French Smith, banker, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury and Ambassador to NATO David M. Kennedy, 1971 Economics Nobel Prize winner Simon Kuznets, historian and 1949 Pulitzer Prize winner Roy Nichols, Paul Finkelstein, incumbent board chairman, president and chief executive officer of Regis Corporation,","title":"Pi Gamma Mu"},{"id":"2182930","text":"states (Western Australia, South Australia and Tasmania) or the Australian Capital Territory, and 10 have come from the three most populous states (New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland). All senate presidents have been members of major parties, though not necessarily the governing party. As well as a president, the Senate also elects a Deputy President, whose formal title is Deputy President and Chairman of Committees. Until 1981, the title was just Chairman of Committees; it was changed \"to reflect more accurately the nature of the office in practice\". The position is not provided for by the constitution, but instead by","title":"President of the Senate (Australia)"},{"id":"7021458","text":"Tito Sotto Vicente \"Tito\" Castelo Sotto III (born 24 August 1948) is a Filipino politician and the 29th and current Senate President of the Philippines. Sotto served as Vice Mayor of Quezon City, the Philippines' most populous city, from 1988 to 1992. Following the 2016 elections, he is currently serving his fourth term in the Senate, having served two consecutive terms from 1992 to 2004; he was re-elected to the Senate in 2010. Aside from politics, Sotto also participated in acting and hosting. Sotto is a co-host of \"Eat Bulaga!\", the longest-running variety show in Philippine television history. He is","title":"Tito Sotto"},{"id":"17461562","text":"Ron Kouchi Ron Kouchi is a Democratic politician and current 14th President of the Hawaiʻi Senate (replacing Donna Mercado Kim who lost her position in an unusual mid-year leadership reorganization). Ron Kouchi is married to Joy Naomi Tanimoto. He has two sons, Dan and Egan. Kouchi received his high school diploma from Waimea High School and attended Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa. He served as a lobbyist for the County of Kaua‘i at the Hawai‘i State Legislature and is a former member of the Legislative Committee of the Kaua'i Chamber of Commerce. He served for 22 years (11 terms)","title":"Ron Kouchi"},{"id":"4061775","text":"U.S. Senator (and only woman) to be the nominee of a major party for President of the United States, which occurred in 2016. In 2008, Kay Hagan became the first woman to unseat a female incumbent, Elizabeth Dole. Upon the opening of the 112th Congress in 2011, New Hampshire Democrat Jeanne Shaheen was joined by newly elected Republican Kelly Ayotte, making the first female tandem senators that do not belong to the same party. Barbara Mikulski became the longest-serving woman senator (and Congresswoman) in 2012; she retired in 2017 as still the longest-serving after serving for forty years. In 2012,","title":"Women in the United States Senate"},{"id":"6889630","text":"in September 2008. The most recent election was held in September 2013. Gelane Zwane ran unopposed and was elected President of the Senate for the third consecutive time. Ngomuyayona Gamedze was chosen as Deputy President, also for the third consecutive time. Six of the King's selections were members of his family. Later in 2013, the Senate banned Members of Parliament from divorcing while in office to \"avoid embarrassing the king.\" Senate of Eswatini The Senate of Eswatini is the upper chamber of the country's bicameral Parliament. The Senate may debate or pass a bill, with the exception of a \"money","title":"Senate of Eswatini"},{"id":"4387416","text":"Thomas Rivera Schatz Thomas Rivera Schatz (born June 10, 1966) is a Puerto Rican politician, legal advisor, attorney, and former prosecutor. Rivera Schatz is the fourteenth and sixteenth President of the Senate of Puerto Rico. He is affiliated with New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico and the United States Republican Party. Rivera Schatz was born on June 10, 1966 in the Bronx Borough of New York City. He is the son of José A. \"Nía\" Rivera, a past mayor of Trujillo Alto, and Christina Schatz, a German woman. While in college, he worked full-time at the City of San Juan","title":"Thomas Rivera Schatz"},{"id":"17461564","text":"State Senate elections 2010. He was elected to the Senate (District 8) in 2012. He has served as the Vice-Chair of the Committee on Agriculture, the Vice Chair of the Committee on Tourism, and the Majority Caucus Leader. He has sponsored 244 bills. Ron Kouchi Ron Kouchi is a Democratic politician and current 14th President of the Hawaiʻi Senate (replacing Donna Mercado Kim who lost her position in an unusual mid-year leadership reorganization). Ron Kouchi is married to Joy Naomi Tanimoto. He has two sons, Dan and Egan. Kouchi received his high school diploma from Waimea High School and attended","title":"Ron Kouchi"},{"id":"4969652","text":"remaining 5% of the vote. Nia Gill Nia H. Gill (born March 15, 1948) is an American Democratic Party politician, who has been serving in the New Jersey State Senate since 2002, where she represents the 34th Legislative District. She ran unsuccessfully as a candidate in the June 2012 primary election to fill the seat in Congress left vacant by the death of Donald M. Payne, the former U.S. Representative for . Gill was the State Senate President pro Tempore from 2010 to 2018, succeeded by M. Teresa Ruiz. Gill received a B.A. in History/Political History from Upsala College and","title":"Nia Gill"},{"id":"17127031","text":"Minnesota, appointed Lt. Gov. Tina Smith on January 2, 2018, as an interim Senator until the November 2018 election. She defeated primary challenger Richard Painter in the Democratic primary held on August 14. Incumbent Tina Smith defeated Republican Karin Housley in the general election to finish the term ending January 3, 2021. One-term Republican Roger Wicker won re-election with 57% of the vote in 2012. He was appointed in 2007 and won a special election in 2008 to serve the remainder of Trent Lott's term. He ran. David Baria won the Democratic nomination in a run-off on June 26. Wicker","title":"2018 United States Senate elections"},{"id":"11628885","text":"Edna Madzongwe Edna Madzongwe (born 11 July 1943) is a Zimbabwean politician who is currently the President of the Senate of the Republic of Zimbabwe. She was elected as President of the Senate on 30 November 2005, the first female to hold this position. In the March 2008 parliamentary election, she was re-elected to the Senate from Chegutu constituency, receiving 23,032 votes against 14,275 for Violet Paneairi Mokoesti of the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC-Tsvangirai). Following this election, in which ZANU-PF won control of the Senate but not the House of Assembly, Madzongwe was re-elected as President of the Senate","title":"Edna Madzongwe"},{"id":"17127037","text":"Democratic state. Ultimately, Menendez was re-elected with nearly 54% of the vote. One-term Democrat Martin Heinrich was elected with 51% of the vote in 2012. He ran. Mick Rich won the Republican nomination unopposed. Aubrey Dunn Jr., New Mexico Commissioner of Public Lands and otherwise the first Libertarian to ever hold statewide elected office in history, announced his run for the seat, but stepped aside in August to allow former Governor of New Mexico, Gary Johnson's candidacy. Heinrich was re-elected, defeating Rich and Johnson. One-term Democrat Kirsten Gillibrand was elected with 72% of the vote in 2012. She had previously","title":"2018 United States Senate elections"},{"id":"17675597","text":"David McBride David B. McBride (born June 23, 1942, in Wilmington, Delaware) is an American politician and has served continuously in Delaware's General Assembly since 1978. After two years in the House of Representatives, McBride was elected to the Delaware State Senate, where he began serving on November 5, 1980. McBride represents District 13, which includes the greater New Castle area. A Democrat, McBride was chosen unanimously as President Pro Tempore of the Senate on January 10, 2017. McBride is a native of the Wilmington area, attending grade school at Richardson Park School from 1948 to 1957. He went on","title":"David McBride"},{"id":"13947674","text":"is unclear whether the ballot measure supplants the legislature's statute granting that authority. As a result, it is uncertain whether an Alaska governor may appoint an interim senator to serve until a special election is held to fill the vacancy. The Constitution requires that senators take an oath or affirmation to support the Constitution. Congress has prescribed the following oath for all federal officials (except the President), including senators: The annual salary of each senator, since 2009, is $174,000; the president pro tempore and party leaders receive $193,400. In June 2003, at least 40 of the then-senators were millionaires; in","title":"United States Senate"},{"id":"17523270","text":"Pablo Escudero Morales Pablo Escudero Morales (born July 6, 1973) is a politician and Mexican lawyer, member of the Ecologist Green Party of Mexico, was federal deputy and senator. From September 1, 2016 is President of the Senate of Mexico. Pablo Escudero is a lawyer graduated from the Anahuac University also has a Masters in Public Administration at the National Institute of Public Administration in Madrid, Spain. It also has degrees in National Security, Human Rights and completed at the National Autonomous University of Mexico Audit. He began his career in public administration in 1997 as coordinator in Program Responsibilities","title":"Pablo Escudero Morales"},{"id":"8118377","text":"both Democrats and Republicans. He lost this position in 2015 when Democrats withdrew support in favor of Republican Pam Roach. After Pam Roach won a seat on the Pierce County Council in the 2016 election, Tim Sheldon, once again, became president pro tempore of the Washington State Senate. Due to the special election held in November 2017, the Senate returned to a Democratic majority. Sheldon once again lost his position as President Pro Tempore. Democrat Karen Keiser now occupies that position. Tim Sheldon Timothy M. Sheldon (born September 3, 1947) is an American politician who has served since 1991 in","title":"Tim Sheldon"},{"id":"17054938","text":"this role.\" In the Senate, Senate President Pro Tem David Long (R-Fort Wayne) explained her removal by saying, \"In all fairness, Superintendent Ritz was a librarian, okay?” and other Republican senators questioning her credentials to be state superintendent. Gov. Pence signed the legislation authorizing the state board to elect its chair and taking effect in 2017. Glenda Ritz launched her gubernatorial race on June 4, 2015, following the announcements of John Gregg and Karen Tallian. At her announcement, Ritz said that education and the economy would be the centerpiece of her campaign platform. While reaching out to potential supporters, she","title":"Glenda Ritz"},{"id":"283613","text":"government; the leader is elected by popular vote to a maximum of two 4-year terms. In the 28 March 2015 presidential election, General Muhammadu Buhari emerged victorious to become the President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, defeating then-incumbent Dr Goodluck Jonathan. The president's power is checked by a Senate and a House of Representatives, which are combined in a bicameral body called the National Assembly. The Senate is a 109-seat body with three members from each state and one from the capital region of Abuja; members are elected by popular vote to four-year terms. The House contains 360 seats,","title":"Nigeria"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"6683586\",\n \"text\": \"Trump, the winner of the 2016 presidential election, is serving as the 45th President of the United States. Leadership in the Senate includes Republican Vice President Mike Pence, Republican President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch, Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, and Minority Leader Chuck Schumer. Leadership in the House includes Speaker of the House Paul Ryan, Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy, and Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi. In the 115th United States Congress, both the House of Representatives and the Senate are controlled by the Republican Party. The Senate consists of 51 Republicans, and 47 Democrats with 2 Independents who caucus with the Democrats;\",\n \"title\": \"United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1772315\",\n \"text\": \"U.S. federal government was established in 1789. The vice president with the most tie breaking votes is John Adams (served 1789–1797) with 29. The current Vice President Mike Pence, in office since January 2017, has cast seven tie-breaking votes. In state governments of the United States, the presiding officer of the state senate (the upper house) is a matter decided by the state's constitution. Some states designate the lieutenant governor as president of the senate, while in other states, the Senate elects its own president. The Tennessee Senate elects a senator Speaker of the Senate, who is given the title\",\n \"title\": \"President of the Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"573360\",\n \"text\": \"of the Senate, if there is no floor leader present, the whip may become acting floor leader. Before 1969, the official titles were Majority Whip and Minority Whip. The Senate is currently composed of 51 Republicans, 47 Democrats, and 2 independents, both of whom caucus with the Democrats. The current leaders are Senators Mitch McConnell (R) from Kentucky and Chuck Schumer (D) from New York. The current Assistant Leaders/Whips are Senators John Cornyn (R) from Texas and Dick Durbin (D) from Illinois. Democrats began the practice of electing floor leaders in 1920 while they were in the minority. John W.\",\n \"title\": \"Party leaders of the United States Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6827836\",\n \"text\": \"Senate. The Senate President is third in the Nigerian presidential line of succession. He is assisted by the Deputy President of the Senate. The current Senate President is Sen. Bukola Saraki and the current Deputy Senate President is Ike Ekweremadu both of the People's Democratic Party. The Senate President and his Deputy are also assisted by principal officers including the Majority Leader, Deputy Majority Leader, Minority Leader, Deputy Minority Leader, Chief Whip, Deputy Chief Whip, Minority Whip, and Deputy Minority Whip. In addition, there are 63 Standing Committees in the Senate chaired by Committee Chairmen. The lower house is the\",\n \"title\": \"Senate of Nigeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9077750\",\n \"text\": \"if it \\\"hurts the nation.\\\" When the Senate underwent a reorganization on February 27, 2017, Recto, after getting 17 votes, was declared Senate President Pro Tempore, replacing Drilon. For the 17th Congress, he authored the following laws: Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education, Comprehensive National Feeding Program, Free Irrigation Service, Ease of Doing Business, Free Internet Access in Public Places, Extending the Validity of Philippine Passport and Driver's License, National ID System, and Designating Casinos as Covered Persons under the AMLA. Laws authored/sponsored by Ralph G. Recto: • RA 10969 - Free Irrigation Service Act (February 2, 2018) • RA\",\n \"title\": \"Ralph Recto\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1451453\",\n \"text\": \"of the Senate Judiciary Committee from 1993 to 2005. He previously chaired the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions from 1981 to 1987. As of 2018, Hatch serves as Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee. On January 6, 2015, after the 114th United States Congress was sworn in, Hatch became President pro tempore of the Senate. On January 2, 2018, Hatch announced that he would retire from the Senate and that he would not seek re-election in November. Orrin Grant Hatch was born and raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He is the son of Jesse Hatch (1904–1992), a metal\",\n \"title\": \"Orrin Hatch\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2793495\",\n \"text\": \"Taylor, a Republican from Friendswood, and Donna Campbell, a Republican from New Braunfels. For this term of the Legislature the President of the Senate is Texas Lieutenant Governor Dan Patrick. The President Pro Tempore is Republican Kel Seliger of District 31 (Amarillo). Senator John Whitmire, a Democrat from Houston, is the Dean of the Senate, meaning he is the most senior member, having served since 1987. Senator Chris Harris, a Republican from Arlington, is the most senior member of his party, and the fourth most-senior overall member. New senators elected in 2014 are Bob Hall, Paul Bettencourt, Van Taylor, Don\",\n \"title\": \"Texas Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8528689\",\n \"text\": \"was sworn in as the 47th Senate President of Kansas. Wagle was reelected as senate president in 2016, defeating Sen. Ty Masterson by a vote of 23–7. She is one of four senate presidents in Kansas' history to serve a second term. A cancer survivor, Wagle is the first female president of the Kansas Senate and the first senate president from Wichita. 2001-2004 Chair of Public Health & Welfare 2005-2008 Chair of Healthcare Strategies 2010 Chair of Business & Labor Vice Chair of Local Government 2011 Chair of Commerce Vice Chair of Joint Committee on Economic Development 2013-2016 Vice Chair\",\n \"title\": \"Susan Wagle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7438605\",\n \"text\": \"— the constitution requires a 2/3 super-majority (i.e., 8 votes) for a constitutional amendment, requiring the support of both the government and opposition appointees. The presiding officer of the Senate is the President of the Senate. Carol Bassett, who has been a Senator since 2003, was elected President in 2008, the first woman elected to the office. She resigned the office in August 2017. The members of the Senate appointed in August 2017 were: The three Independents were: Government/PLP nominees: Opposition/OBA nominees were: Bermuda's Parliament was created in 1620, and originally had one house, the House of Assembly. Political parties\",\n \"title\": \"Senate of Bermuda\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15952452\",\n \"text\": \"President Pro Tempore — the Senate's second-highest ranking position. Following his landslide 2016 re-election, Obhof's colleagues selected him to serve as Senate President, the presiding officer of the 33-member chamber. He is the youngest person to lead the Senate since the position of Senate President was created in 1979, and is the first Senate leader from Medina County since the 1860s. As the presiding officer of the 33-member Senate, Obhof is responsible for leading the Senate's Majority Caucus as it sets its policy agenda. He is also responsible for the formal organization of the chamber, including recognizing members in debate,\",\n \"title\": \"Larry Obhof\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7113518\",\n \"text\": \"unanimously elected to a second term as President of the Senate, marking the first time a woman won re-election to head that legislative body. She previously served as President of the Senate from 2002 to 2007, and succeeded Lynn Holowesko, who served as President of the Senate from 2007 to 2012. K. Forbes Smith was elected the new President of the Senate on May 24, 2017. Parliament is empowered by Article 52(1) of the Constitution to make laws for the peace, order and good government of The Bahamas. The Constitution also empowers Parliament to: Parliament also maintains oversight of the\",\n \"title\": \"Parliament of the Bahamas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13947679\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"senior senator\\\" is Bill Cassidy of Louisiana, who was sworn in January 3, 2015, and is currently 79th in seniority, ahead of senator John Neely Kennedy who was sworn in January 3, 2017, and is currently 95th in seniority. With the 116th Congress, Kyrsten Sinema of Arizona, who will be sworn in on January 3, 2019, will become the most-junior \\\"senior senator\\\", ahead of Martha McSally, who was appointed to replace retiring Jon Kyl . McSally will be sworn in after Sinema on January 3, 2019 . The Senate may expel a senator by a two-thirds vote. Fifteen senators have\",\n \"title\": \"United States Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"600728\",\n \"text\": \"of another. This tradition has been observed without interruption since 1949. Since enactment of the current Presidential Succession Act in 1947, the president pro tempore is third in the line of succession to the presidency, after the vice president and the Speaker of the House of Representatives and ahead of the Secretary of State. The current President pro tempore of the Senate is Utah Republican Orrin Hatch. Elected on January 6, 2015, he is the 90th person to serve in this office. On January 2, 2018, Hatch announced that he will retire from the Senate at the end of his\",\n \"title\": \"President pro tempore of the United States Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1772310\",\n \"text\": \"Executive Board also serves as the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate for the 2015–16 period of sessions is Roberto Gil Zuarth, a National Action Party (PAN) senator for Chiapas. The President of the Senate is the presiding officer of the Senate of Nigeria, elected by its membership. The President of the Senate is Dr. Bukola Saraki, who represents Kwara State for the APC. Peru had a bicameral Congress from 1829 until 1992. The President of the Senate was elected by the Senate members to preside over the sessions for one year. The first session of the\",\n \"title\": \"President of the Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1772308\",\n \"text\": \"is deemed the winner. In addition to overseeing the business of the chamber, chairing and regulating debates, deciding whether motions and bills are admissible, representing the Senate, etc., the President of the Senate stands in for the President of the Republic when s/he is unable to perform his/her duties. The current President of the Senate is Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati. For a historical listing, see: List of Presidents of the Senate of Italy. While the Vice President of Liberia serves as President of the Senate, the senators also elect from among their number a President pro tempore to lead the\",\n \"title\": \"President of the Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17127042\",\n \"text\": \"Cruz's opponents. U.S. Representative Beto O'Rourke won the Democratic nomination on March 6, 2018. Other Democrats who ran include Irasema Ramirez Hernandez and Edward Kimbrough. Nurse Carl Bible ran as an independent. Bob McNeil ran as the candidate of the American Citizen Party. O'Rouke ran a strong campaign, creating a close race in a traditionally Republican stronghold. Nevertheless, Cruz was narrowly re-elected to a second term. Seven-term Republican Orrin Hatch was re-elected with 65% of the vote in 2012. Hatch is the President pro tempore of the United States Senate, as well as the second most-senior Senator. Before the 2012\",\n \"title\": \"2018 United States Senate elections\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8553893\",\n \"text\": \"would have served as the acting governor except for the one month of July, 2007. Following the 2008 elections, the Republicans won control of the Senate for the first time in state history, with 26 Republicans and 22 Democrats. They selected Glenn Coffee to serve as the first full President \\\"pro tempore\\\" who served from 2009-2011 when he was term-limited out and was selected to serve as Secretary of State in Governor Mary Fallin's administration. Brian Bingman served as President \\\"pro tempore\\\" from 2011 to 2017, and was succeeded by the current President Pro Tempore, Mike Schulz in 2017. The\",\n \"title\": \"President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17641297\",\n \"text\": \"down from his leadership post because he had been arrested on domestic violence charges. Soucy was re-elected to her Senate seat in November, but Woodburn was not. The Democrats won the majority of Senate seats state-wide. The 14 Democratic Senators-Elect chose Soucy as their leader at a caucus shortly after the 2018 mid-term election, and she is expected to be elected Senate President when the 2019 legislative session begins on December 5, 2018. Donna Soucy Donna M. Soucy (born September 7, 1967) is a Democratic member of the New Hampshire Senate, first elected in 2012. She is currently the minority\",\n \"title\": \"Donna Soucy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7583211\",\n \"text\": \"and minority leaders, which are elected by their respective party caucuses. Lieutenant Governor Cyrus Habib is constitutionally the President of the Senate. The current President Pro Tempore is Karen Keiser. The Majority leader is Democrat Sharon Nelson, who assumed office following a special election that gave Democrats a majority. The Minority Leader is Republican Mark Schoesler. Washington State Senate The Washington State Senate is the upper house of the Washington State Legislature. The body consists of 49 members, each representing a district with a population of nearly 140,000. The State Senate meets at the Legislative Building in Olympia. As with\",\n \"title\": \"Washington State Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16538479\",\n \"text\": \"degree at the University of Georgia, and a master's degree in Education at Georgia Southern University. Williams was first elected to the State Senate in 1998, after winning a three-way primary. Beginning in 2006, he had had no opposition until his retirement in 2017. In 2005, Williams was chosen as Senate Majority Leader. He served in that role until 2009, when he was voted President Pro Tempore, the second highest position in the Senate, behind Lieutenant Governor. He is also Chairman of the Administrative Affairs Committee from 2009-2013. In August 2011, Senator Williams was asked by members of the press\",\n \"title\": \"Tommie Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15242000\",\n \"text\": \"Ivey, State Senate President Pro Tempore Del Marsh, Secretary of State John Merrill, U.S. Appeals Court Judge William H. Pryor, Jr., former Governor Bob Riley, and Attorney General Luther Strange. Shelby announced in January 2015 that he would run for re-election. Two-term Senator Lisa Murkowski (Republican) was appointed in 2002 and elected to a full term in 2004. She was defeated in the Republican primary in 2010 by Joe Miller. She later ran as a write-in candidate in the 2010 general election and was re-elected to a second full term with 40% of the vote, making her one of two\",\n \"title\": \"2016 United States Senate elections\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18389927\",\n \"text\": \"to become Chief Financial Officer of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration on December 1, 2017. His nomination was returned unconfirmed to the President by the U.S. Senate on January 3, 2018, under Standing Rules of the United States Senate, Rule XXXI, paragraph 6. The nomination was resubmitted to the Senate on January 8, 2018. He was confirmed by voice vote on March 14, 2018. He took office on April 3, 2018. DeWit is 43 years old, currently residing in Peoria, Arizona with his wife, Marina and his three daughters. As a part of his election campaign, his family appeared\",\n \"title\": \"Jeff DeWit\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18426489\",\n \"text\": \"took office after winning a 2010 special election, which occurred after long-time Senator Joe Biden resigned his seat to become Vice President of the United States. One-term incumbent Republican David Perdue was elected to a first term in 2014. He will be 70 on Election Day 2020. Columbus Mayor Teresa Tomlinson is considering running for the Democratic nomination. Other potential Democratic candidates include 2018 gubernatorial nominee Stacey Abrams, State Representative Scott Holcomb, State Senator Jen Jordan, former Atlanta Mayor Kasim Reed and former Points of Light CEO and 2014 nominee Michelle Nunn. Two-term incumbent Republican Jim Risch was re-elected in\",\n \"title\": \"2020 United States Senate elections\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10746977\",\n \"text\": \"includes strict campaign finance reporting. On January 8, 2017, Torres resigned his post as Electoral Comptroller and was elected and sworn in the next day once again as Secretary of the Senate upon the election of Rivera Schatz to a second term as President of the Senate, becoming the only Senate President to serve two non-consecutive terms in that leadership post. Manuel A. Torres Manuel A. Torres-Nieves, Puerto Rico's Secretary of the Senate of Puerto Rico first served during the tumultuous years of 2005-2008 in which the Senate was controlled by the pro-statehood New Progressive Party (NPP) while the governorship\",\n \"title\": \"Manuel A. Torres\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5693908\",\n \"text\": \"won 3 seats, while the remaining seat went the National Council for the Defense of Democracy (CNDD), a breakaway faction of the CNDD-FDD. Four former heads of state - Jean-Baptiste Bagaza (PARENA), Pierre Buyoya (UPRONA), Sylvestre Ntibantunganya (FRODEBU), and the current transitional president Domitien Ndayizeye (FRODEBU) will occupy seats in the Senate along with three Twa members. In order to meet the 30% quota for women, eight seats were co-opted giving the chamber of total of 49 seats. On 19 August 2005, the Senate and National Assembly (acting as an Electoral College) elected Pierre Nkurunziza president of the republic. He\",\n \"title\": \"Senate (Burundi)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18514258\",\n \"text\": \"Sands Beach and Tennis Club in East Haven, Connecticut. Fasano was elected in 2002, 50% to 48%. He was Minority Whip from 2003-2004, Assistant Minority Leader from 2005-2006, Deputy Minority Leader from 2007 to 2008, Minority Leader Pro Tem from 2009-2014, Minority Leader since 2014, and Senate Republican President Pro Tempore since 2017. Fasano was unopposed for reelection in 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010. In 2012, he defeated former state representative Steve Fontana, 58% to 42%. He was unopposed for reelection in 2014 and 2016. Health Care Issues Alongside Senate President Pro Tempore Martin Looney, Len Fasano co-created and co-chaired\",\n \"title\": \"Len Fasano\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11673992\",\n \"text\": \"Vice Chair of the National Agriculture Committee of State Legislators. Hyde-Smith was elected in 2011 and took office on January 5, 2012. Hyde-Smith was elected to a second term as commissioner as 2015, defeating Democratic nominee Addie Lee Green. On March 21, 2018, Governor Phil Bryant announced Hyde-Smith as his choice to fill the United States Senate seat held by Thad Cochran, who indicated he would be resigning the seat at a later date due to ongoing health issues. Cochran resigned on April 1, and Bryant formally appointed Hyde-Smith on April 2. Hyde-Smith became the first woman to represent Mississippi\",\n \"title\": \"Cindy Hyde-Smith\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20027911\",\n \"text\": \"legislative session began, Hall-Long was sworn in as lieutenant governor and resigned her seat the same day. She retained her role in the senate, however, since as with many lieutenant governors and the U.S. Vice President she is also the body's president. While it is a mostly ceremonial post, with the president pro tempore exercising the practical powers and authority of the job, one of those responsibilities that falls to the lieutenant governor is setting the date for special elections to vacated seats. A week after taking her new office, Hall-Long finally announced that the special election for her former\",\n \"title\": \"2017 Delaware's 10th state senate district special election\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7075114\",\n \"text\": \"the Senate's 114th Congress ended and the 115th Congress began on January 3, 2017. Eleven days after the 2017 Inauguration, on January 31, 2017, President Donald Trump appointed Neil Gorsuch to replace Scalia. Democrats in the Senate filibustered the Gorsuch nomination, which led to the Republicans exercising the \\\"nuclear option\\\". After that, Gorsuch was confirmed in April 2017. Justice Kennedy retired on July 31, 2018. On July 9, 2018, Trump nominated Brett Kavanaugh to replace Kennedy, and he was confirmed on October 6, 2018. In its first ten years, the Roberts court has issued major rulings on gun control, affirmative\",\n \"title\": \"Roberts Court\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"600743\",\n \"text\": \"tempore and Byrd the second president pro tempore emeritus. Byrd returned as president pro tempore, and Stevens became the third president pro tempore emeritus, when the Democrats gained control of the Senate in 2007. While a president pro tempore emeritus has no official duties, he is entitled to an increase in staff and advises party leaders on the functions of the Senate. The office's accompanying budget increase was removed toward the end of the 113th Congress, shortly before Patrick Leahy was to become the first holder of the title in six years. Quoted in \\\"CQ Roll Call\\\", Leahy commented, \\\"[The\",\n \"title\": \"President pro tempore of the United States Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17159468\",\n \"text\": \"Sergio Mattarella on 3 February 2015. Grasso left the Democratic Party on 26 October 2017, the same day the new electoral law (colloquially known by the nickname \\\"Rosatellum bis\\\") was approved definitively by the Senate. On 3 December 2017, Grasso was appointed leader of Free and Equal (LeU), a left-wing political alliance of parties, formed by the Democratic and Progressive Movement, Italian Left and Possible. Pietro Grasso Pietro Grasso (; born 1 January 1945), also known as Piero Grasso, is an Italian anti-mafia magistrate and politician who served as President of the Senate from 2013 to 2018. Grasso became the\",\n \"title\": \"Pietro Grasso\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"600729\",\n \"text\": \"current term, January 3, 2019. Iowa Republican Chuck Grassley is likely to succeed Orrin Hatch as the President pro tempore, when the 116th United States Congress convenes, assuming the Senate continues with the tradition of electing the longest-serving member of the majority party. Although the position is in some ways analogous to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the powers of the president pro tempore are far more limited. In the Senate, most power rests with party leaders and individual senators, but as the chamber's presiding officer, the president pro tempore is authorized to perform certain duties in the\",\n \"title\": \"President pro tempore of the United States Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3882885\",\n \"text\": \"a \\\"Minority Whip\\\". Floor leaders act as the party chief spokespeople. The current leaders are Majority Leader Carmelo Ríos, Majority Whip Ángel Chayanne Martínez; Minority Leader Eduardo Bathia, Minority Whip José Luis Dalmau; Minority Leader Juan Dalmau; and Minority Leader Vargas Vidot (independent candidate). The Senate is served by two elected officials who are not members. The Senate's chief legislative officer is the Secretary of the Senate, who maintains public records, disburses salaries, monitors the acquisition of stationery and supplies, and oversees clerks. The other official is the Sergeant-at-Arms who, as the Senate's chief law enforcement officer, maintains order and\",\n \"title\": \"Senate of Puerto Rico\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18900990\",\n \"text\": \"establishment of the Lifestream Charity in 1993 and is an advocate of the UN’s Every Woman Every Child campaign. She is on the board of the Global Foundation for the Elimination of Domestic Violence and the board of the Africa Justice Foundation. Saraki is also in the Save the Children Nigeria and was the inaugural Global Goodwill Ambassador to the International Confederation of Midwives in 2014. She is married to former governor of Kwara State and current President of the Senate of Nigeria, Senator Bukola Saraki, and has four children. Toyin Saraki Toyin Ojora-Saraki (born 6 September 1964) is a\",\n \"title\": \"Toyin Saraki\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11339390\",\n \"text\": \"Scott Ryan (Australian politician) Scott Michael Ryan (born 12 May 1973) is an Australian politician who has been a Senator for Victoria since 2008, representing the Liberal Party. He has been the President of the Senate since 2017, having previously been a minister in the Turnbull Government from 2016 to 2017. Ryan was born on 12 May 1973 in Brisbane, Queensland, and grew up in , Victoria. He was educated at St Kevin's College, Melbourne and graduated from the University of Melbourne, with a Bachelor of Arts. While at university, he served as President of the Melbourne University Liberal Club\",\n \"title\": \"Scott Ryan (Australian politician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"600742\",\n \"text\": \"Byrd (D-West Virginia) (2003–2007), Ted Stevens (R-Alaska) (2007–2009) and Patrick Leahy (D-Vermont) (2015–present). From 2009 to 2015, no senator met the requirements for the position. The position was created for Thurmond when the Democratic Party regained a majority in the Senate in June 2001. With the change in party control, Democrat Robert Byrd of West Virginia replaced Thurmond as president pro tempore, reclaiming a position he had previously held from 1989 to 1995 and briefly in January 2001. Thurmond's retirement from the Senate on January 3, 2003, coincided with a change from Democratic to Republican control, making Stevens president pro\",\n \"title\": \"President pro tempore of the United States Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1772302\",\n \"text\": \"president (only below the Vice President and the President of the Chamber of Deputies). It is also the president of the National Congress, which includes the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. The President of the Senate of Burundi, since 17 August 2005, is Molly Beamer of the CNDD-FDD. The president is assisted in his work by two vice-presidents. The Senate of Cambodia is led by a 12-person permanent commission \\\"(bureau)\\\", which is in turn chaired by the President of the Senate, currently Say Chhum. He is assisted by a First and a Second Vice-President. The President and Vice-Presidents are\",\n \"title\": \"President of the Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17159458\",\n \"text\": \"Pietro Grasso Pietro Grasso (; born 1 January 1945), also known as Piero Grasso, is an Italian anti-mafia magistrate and politician who served as President of the Senate from 2013 to 2018. Grasso became the Acting President of Italy on 14 January 2015, upon the resignation of Giorgio Napolitano. He was President until the swearing in of Sergio Mattarella on 3 February. On 3 December 2017, Grasso was elected Leader of Free and Equal (\\\"Liberi e Uguali\\\", LeU), a new left-wing coalition composed by Democratic and Progressive Movement, Italian Left and Possible. In 1984 he was appointed associate judge in\",\n \"title\": \"Pietro Grasso\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12724030\",\n \"text\": \"Governor Bill Graves, as well as former Lt. Governor and U.S. Senator Sheila Frahm, Lt. Gov. Gary Sherrer, Insurance Commissioner Sandy Praeger, Senate President Dick Bond, Senate President Dave Kerr, Senate Vice President John Vratil, Senate Majority Leaders Tim Emert and Lana Oleen, Senators Barbara Allen, David Wysong, Wint Winter, Jr., Pete Brungardt, Ruth Teichman, Barbara Bollier, Audrey Langworthy, Terrie Huntington, Bob VanCrum and Alicia Salisbury, as well as Representatives JoAnn Pottorff, Ginger Barr, Jim Yonally, Jim Lowther, Fred Lorentz and Representative and GOP Chairperson Rochelle Chronister, GOP National Delegate Don Johnston, and current Representatives Joy Koesten and Charles Roth.\",\n \"title\": \"Laura Kelly\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4190487\",\n \"text\": \"Senate on August 3, 2017. He was sworn in by Vice President Mike Pence on August 21, 2017, in the Oval Office. Johnson presented his credentials to Queen Elizabeth II on November 8, 2017, formally becoming Ambassador. In 1977, Johnson married former fashion model Nancy Sale Johnson. They had three children: Casey, Jaime, and Daisy, before divorcing in 2001. In early 2010, daughter Casey Johnson died of diabetic ketoacidosis. In 2009, Johnson married Suzanne Ircha Johnson, a former actress and equities managing director at Sandler O'Neill & Partners. They have two children: Robert Wood Johnson V and Jack Wood Johnson.\",\n \"title\": \"Woody Johnson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13713490\",\n \"text\": \"Mary Kramer Mary E. Kramer (born June 14, 1935) is a former Republican Iowa State Senator who served from 1990 to 2003. She was elected President of the Senate in 1997, becoming the first independently elected woman to fill the post. In 2003 Kramer was nominated by President George W. Bush to serve as U.S. Ambassador to Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean; she was confirmed by the United States Senate and served from 2004 to 2006. Mary Kramer was born in Burlington, Iowa and grew up in Iowa City. She holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Kramer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1772317\",\n \"text\": \"tenure, questions were raised about the propriety of such a system, particularly with regard to separation of powers–related issues. A constitutional amendment was enacted in 2005 to create the office of lieutenant governor effective at the 2009 election. The Vice President of Uruguay presides over the country's 30-member Senate. President of the Senate The President of the Senate is a title often given to the presiding officer of a senate, and is the speaker of other assemblies. The senate president often ranks high in a jurisdiction's succession for its top executive office: for example, the President of the Senate of\",\n \"title\": \"President of the Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2667896\",\n \"text\": \"397). In \\\"Reynolds v. Sims\\\", the United States Supreme Court compelled all states to draw up districts with equal population. As such, boundaries were changed to comply with the ruling. The Lieutenant Governor is the \\\"ex officio\\\" President of the Senate and may break a tied vote. The President pro tempore is elected by the majority party caucus, followed by confirmation of the full senate. Other leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses according to each party's strength in the chamber. The current president pro tem is Democrat Toni Atkins (39th–San Diego).\",\n \"title\": \"California State Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11645614\",\n \"text\": \"his nomination to the seat expiring in 2032, but instead returned his nomination to the President at the end of the first session of the 115th Congress, per Senate rule XXXI, Section 6. He continued to serve on the Board as an acting member pending his renomination January 8, 2018, and ultimate confirmation July 17, 2018, by a vote of 66-33. Quarles's wife, Hope, is related to Marriner Stoddard Eccles – her grandfather was Marriner's brother. Quarles is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. In November 2017, an investigation conducted by the International Consortium of\",\n \"title\": \"Randal Quarles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11339393\",\n \"text\": \"Education and Skills following a rearrangement in the First Turnbull Ministry, between February and July 2016. Ryan was appointed the Special Minister for State in the first arrangement of the Second Turnbull ministry and gained additional responsibilities as the Minister Assisting the Prime Minister for Cabinet in a subsequent rearrangement. On 13 November 2017, Ryan was elected President of the Senate, winning by 53 votes to 11 for Senator Peter Whish-Wilson of the Greens. He resigned his ministerial posts in order to take up the position. His predecessor Stephen Parry resigned from the Senate during the parliamentary eligibility crisis, after\",\n \"title\": \"Scott Ryan (Australian politician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4769156\",\n \"text\": \"the NPP's senators-elect chose Rivera Schatz to succeed McClintock as of January 12, 2009, as the Fourteenth President of the Senate in its 91-year history. McClintock was appointed by Governor-Elect Luis Fortuño, to serve as chairman of the Incoming Committee on Government Transition. During the first twelve days of the new year, outgoing Senate Secretary Manuel A. Torres served as Acting President of the legislative body. On November 11, 2008, Governor-Elect Luis Fortuño appointed McClintock as Secretary of State of Puerto Rico. Due to the fact that the appointment entailed serving the role of lieutenant governor, McClintock required confirmation by\",\n \"title\": \"Kenneth McClintock\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4061794\",\n \"text\": \"in a general election. In 2017 Tammy Duckworth became the first female double amputee in the Senate and Catherine Cortez Masto joined the Senate as its first Latina. Jeanne Shaheen of New Hampshire and Maggie Hassan of New Hampshire hold the distinction of being the first and second women elected both Governor and U.S. Senator of a state; both served as Governor of New Hampshire and served together in the Senate starting in 2017. Tammy Duckworth became the first woman to give birth while holding a senate seat in the United States in 2018. Duckworth gave birth to Maile Pearl\",\n \"title\": \"Women in the United States Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2300089\",\n \"text\": \"Patrick Leahy Patrick Joseph Leahy (; born March 31, 1940) is an American politician serving as the senior United States Senator from Vermont, a seat to which he was first elected in 1974. A member of the Democratic Party, Leahy held the position of President pro tempore of the United States Senate from December 17, 2012, to January 6, 2015, and was thus during that time third in the presidential line of succession. Now in his eighth six-year term of office, he is currently (since the December 2012 death of Daniel Inouye) the most senior member of the Senate, and\",\n \"title\": \"Patrick Leahy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4969641\",\n \"text\": \"Nia Gill Nia H. Gill (born March 15, 1948) is an American Democratic Party politician, who has been serving in the New Jersey State Senate since 2002, where she represents the 34th Legislative District. She ran unsuccessfully as a candidate in the June 2012 primary election to fill the seat in Congress left vacant by the death of Donald M. Payne, the former U.S. Representative for . Gill was the State Senate President pro Tempore from 2010 to 2018, succeeded by M. Teresa Ruiz. Gill received a B.A. in History/Political History from Upsala College and was awarded a J.D. from\",\n \"title\": \"Nia Gill\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7021472\",\n \"text\": \"political mentor, as Senate President. Enrile resigned due to allegations of misusing the Senate funds. Then assistant majority leader Senator Gregorio Honasan became the acting Majority Leader following Sotto's resignation. On the commencement of the session of the 16th Congress, on 22 July 2013, Sotto became part of the new Senate minority group. He was chosen by his colleagues in the minority to be the Deputy Floor Leader, second-in-command to Enrile who became the Minority Leader. On July 2014, following Enrile's arrest on charges of plunder relating to the pork barrel scam, Sotto became the acting Minority Floor Leader. Enrile\",\n \"title\": \"Tito Sotto\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11843765\",\n \"text\": \"The president is typically elected during the Senate's inaugural session. When absent, the president is substituted by the President pro tempore. Its counterpart in the House is the Speaker. The current president is Thomas Rivera Schatz, senator at-large from the New Progressive Party. The president traces its history back to more than years ago when the Jones–Shafroth Act formally established the post on March 2, 1917. Said act was eventually superseded by another law, and the post was eventually established by the Constitution of Puerto Rico, specifically Article III, which establishes that, \\\"The Senate shall elect a President [...] from\",\n \"title\": \"President of the Senate of Puerto Rico\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13947672\",\n \"text\": \"that mid-term vacancies in the Senate be filled by special election, but permits state legislatures to empower their governors to make temporary appointments until the required special election takes place; temporary appointees are permitted to run in the special election in their own right. The manner by which the Seventeenth Amendment is enacted varies among the states. A 2018 report breaks this down into the following three broad categories (specific procedures vary among the states): In six states within the final category above - Arizona, Hawaii, Maryland, North Carolina, Utah, and Wyoming - the governor must appoint someone of the\",\n \"title\": \"United States Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2323897\",\n \"text\": \"Orrin Hatch leaves office on January 3, 2019, Grassley will be the most senior Republican in the Senate. On November 14, 2018, Grassley was nominated by the Republicans to be President pro tempore of the United States Senate for the 116th United States Congress. Grassley was born in New Hartford, Iowa, the son of Ruth (née Corwin) and Louis Arthur Grassley, and raised on a farm. He graduated from the town high school. At Iowa State Teachers College (now the University of Northern Iowa), he earned a B.A. in 1955 and an M.A. in Political Science in 1956. During his\",\n \"title\": \"Chuck Grassley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428897\",\n \"text\": \"to reform or repeal the amendment. Under President Barack Obama's administration in 2009, four sitting Democratic senators left the Senate for executive branch positions: Barack Obama (President), Joe Biden (Vice President), Hillary Clinton (Secretary of State), and Ken Salazar (Secretary of the Interior). Controversies developed about the successor appointments made by Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich and New York Governor David Paterson. New interest was aroused in abolishing the provision for the Senate appointment by the governor. Accordingly, Senator Russ Feingold of Wisconsin and Representative David Dreier of California proposed an amendment to remove this power; Senators John McCain and Dick\",\n \"title\": \"Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3882884\",\n \"text\": \"pro tempore in his absence. Its counterpart in the House is the Speaker. The current President is Thomas Rivera Schatz, senator at-large from the New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico. The President pro tempore is the second highest-ranking officer of the Senate and substitutes the President of the House in his absence. Its counterpart in the House is the Speaker pro tempore. The current President pro tempore is José Luis Dalmau, senator for District VII Humacao from the Popular Democratic Party. Each party elects floor leaders denominated \\\"Majority leader\\\" or \\\"Minority leader\\\", accordingly, as well as a \\\"Majority Whip\\\" or\",\n \"title\": \"Senate of Puerto Rico\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11954910\",\n \"text\": \"Jeff Kessler Jeffrey Vincent \\\"Jeff\\\" Kessler (born November 16, 1955) is a former Democratic member of the West Virginia Senate in the United States, representing the 2nd district from 1997 to 2017. He is the former Minority Leader of the Senate. Kessler previously served as President of the Senate/Lieutenant Governor, Acting President of the Senate and Chairman of the Judiciary Committee. Kessler is also involved in private practice, where he is a partner in the law firm Berry, Kessler, Crutchfield, Taylor & Gordon. Kessler was born November 16, 1955 in Wheeling, West Virginia. He is the son of George Henry\",\n \"title\": \"Jeff Kessler\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1772316\",\n \"text\": \"of Lieutenant Governor. Similarly, New Hampshire has no lieutenant governor, but the state senate elects a president who is the \\\"de facto\\\" lieutenant governor, given that in the event of the governor's death, resignation, or inability to serve, the president of the senate acts as governor until the vacancy is filled. New Jersey previously used the same system, but with the important proviso that the Senate president continued to serve in that position while also serving as acting governor. After Christine Todd Whitman resigned as governor, Donald DiFrancesco spent nearly a year as acting governor. As a result of his\",\n \"title\": \"President of the Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18426493\",\n \"text\": \"2018, and she won a special election later in 2018 to serve the remainder of Franken's term. Seven-term incumbent Republican Thad Cochran resigned April 1, 2018. Governor Phil Bryant appointed Republican Cindy Hyde-Smith to hold office until January 3, 2019. A November 2018 special election determined Cochran's elected successor. No candidate garnered a majority of votes in the November 6, 2018 election; the top two candidates, Cindy Hyde-Smith and Democrat Mike Espy continued to a runoff on November 27, 2018. Cindy Hyde-Smith defeated Mike Espy and will serve the remainder of Cochran's term, which ends in January 2021. One-term incumbent\",\n \"title\": \"2020 United States Senate elections\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5237461\",\n \"text\": \"would be the same person. The Pennsylvania Senate has been meeting since 1791. The President of the Senate is the Lieutenant Governor, who has no vote except in the event of an otherwise tie vote. Following the 2016 elections, the Senate consisted of 34 Republicans and 16 Democrats. Following the June 4, 2018, resignation of one Republican member, the Senate consisted of 33 Republicans and 16 Democrats with one vacant seat. President of the Senate: Mike Stack (D) President Pro Tem of the Senate: Joe Scarnati (R) The Senate is made up of 50 members who are elected by district.\",\n \"title\": \"Pennsylvania State Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20465999\",\n \"text\": \"Senate. On April 4, 2018, Gopal was named Senate Majority Conference Leader and Chairman of the Bipartisan Legislative Manufacturing Caucus. Gopal took both positions from Senator Robert M. Gordon, who resigned to accept a position with the BPU. Gopal's family is from Southern India. His parents came to the United States in the early 1970s and settled in New Jersey. Gopal was born in Neptune Township and grew up in Freehold Township. Gopal holds a Bachelor's Degree from Pennsylvania State University and is the founder and president of Direct Development, LLC and owner of the Monmouth County-based \\\"Community Magazine.\\\" He\",\n \"title\": \"Vin Gopal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"782572\",\n \"text\": \"places, with 44% \\\"strongly\\\" supporting a ban. In August 2017 the party's constitution was changed, for Hanson to become party President for as long as she may wish and to choose her successor, who may also continue until resignation. On 22 March 2018 Hanson announced that One Nation would back the Turnbull Government's corporate tax cuts. She subsequently reversed her position, citing the failure of the government to cut immigration levels and support coal-fired power. On 15 October 2018, Hanson moved that the Senate to acknowledge anti-white racism and \\\"It's OK to be white\\\". The motion got 28 votes in\",\n \"title\": \"Pauline Hanson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17634025\",\n \"text\": \"Bragdon, in 2013. Morse currently serves on the Finance Committee. Morse was re-elected to his Senate seat in 2018, but the Republicans were in the minority by a margin of 14-10 in 2019-2020. The 10 newly-elected Republican members of the State Senate chose Morse as their caucus leader shortly after the election. His successor as President was Democratic State Senator Donna Soucy. Chuck Morse Chuck Morse (born October 11, 1960) is the former president of the New Hampshire Senate. He served as Acting Governor of New Hampshire from January 3, 2017, upon Maggie Hassan's resignation as governor, until January 5,\",\n \"title\": \"Chuck Morse\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13947653\",\n \"text\": \"1913, Senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented; following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, they are now popularly elected. The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol, in Washington, D.C. As the upper house, the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it; these include the approval of treaties and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries, Supreme Court justices, federal judges, other federal executive officials, flag officers, regulatory officials, ambassadors, and other federal uniformed officers. In addition to these, in cases wherein no candidate receives a\",\n \"title\": \"United States Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1772298\",\n \"text\": \"the Vice-President of the Republic, currently Gabriela Michetti. This was a recent expansion of the Vice-President's powers introduced as part of the 1994 constitutional amendments (Constitution, Art. 57). The Vice-President may only cast a vote to break a tied Senate vote. The President of the Australian Senate is a senator, traditionally a member of the governing party or coalition, elected by the Senate at the beginning of each parliament as the first item of business. They are assisted by a Deputy President who is traditionally a member of the largest opposition party. The current president is Scott Ryan, a Liberal\",\n \"title\": \"President of the Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20114187\",\n \"text\": \"of philosophy, saying that there are no absolute values in law. Piña was appointed as a justice after her appearance on the Senate on November 24, 2015, after the two previous failed attempts, after being part of the judiciary for 27 years. On September 28, 2016 Piña was chosen by her colleagues as the president of the Primera Sala (First Hall) after the justices voted unanimously. She substituted the justice Alfredo Gutiérrez Ortiz Mena, who was in charge to review the criminal and civil jurisprudence cases. She is president from October 1, 2016 to September 30, 2018. Norma Lucía Piña\",\n \"title\": \"Norma Lucía Piña Hernández\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17127041\",\n \"text\": \"but on September 26, 2017, Senator Corker announced his intent to retire. Aaron Pettigrew and Republican U.S. Representative Marsha Blackburn ran for the Republican nomination. Marsha Blackburn became the Republican nominee. Former Tennessee Governor Phil Bredesen became the Democratic nominee. Despite predictions that race would be close, Blackburn was easily elected to the Senate. One-term Republican Ted Cruz was elected with 57% of the vote in 2012. He overwhelmingly won the Republican primary on March 6, 2018. Television producer Bruce Jacobson, Houston energy attorney Stefano de Stefano, former mayor of La Marque Geraldine Sam, Mary Miller, and Thomas Dillingham were\",\n \"title\": \"2018 United States Senate elections\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3882886\",\n \"text\": \"security on the Senate floor and other premises. These officers are elected by the Senate, usually during its inaugural session, immediately after the election of the body's president. The current Secretary is Manuel A. Torres-Nieves while the current Sergeant-at-Arms is Joel Fontánez. The current session is the 26th Senate of Puerto Rico, the upper house of the 18th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico, which will meet from January 2, 2017, to January 1, 2021. All members were elected in the general elections of 2016 with a simple majority coming from the New Progressive Party. The other major party, the Popular\",\n \"title\": \"Senate of Puerto Rico\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6893583\",\n \"text\": \"offensive and racist.\\\" On November 8, Duckworth defeated Kirk 54 percent to 40 percent to win the Senate seat. Duckworth and Kamala Harris, who was also elected in 2016, are the second and third female Asian American senators, after Mazie Hirono who was elected in 2012. In January 2018, following a federal government shut down after the Senate could not agree on a funding bill, Duckworth responded to President Trump's accusations that the Democrats were putting \\\"unlawful immigrants\\\" ahead of the military: Duckworth became the first U.S. Senator to give birth while in office in 2018. Shortly afterward, rules were\",\n \"title\": \"Tammy Duckworth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17127022\",\n \"text\": \"5% and 10%: One-term Republican Jeff Flake was elected with 49% of the vote in 2012. He chose not to run for reelection. U.S. Representative Martha McSally won the Republican nomination in a three-way primary on August 28, 2018, against Joe Arpaio and Kelli Ward. U.S. Representative Kyrsten Sinema easily secured the Democratic nomination. Sinema defeated McSally by a slim margin; her victory became official only after six days of counting ballots. Four-term Democrat Dianne Feinstein won a special election in 1992 and was elected to full terms in 1994, 2000, 2006, and 2012. She ran for re-election and advanced\",\n \"title\": \"2018 United States Senate elections\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2442480\",\n \"text\": \"In 2012, Baldwin became the first openly gay person elected to the U.S. Senate. Baldwin defeated her Republican opponent, former Wisconsin Governor Tommy Thompson, in the 2012 U.S. Senate election. She was reelected in 2018, defeating Republican nominee Leah Vukmir. Baldwin was born and grew up in Madison, Wisconsin. Baldwin's mother, who died in 2017, was 19 and going through a divorce when Baldwin was born. Baldwin was raised by her grandparents and spent Saturdays with her mother, who suffered from mental illness and opioid addiction. Her maternal grandfather, biochemist David E. Green, was Jewish (the son of immigrants from\",\n \"title\": \"Tammy Baldwin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"600737\",\n \"text\": \"December 1980), who was the retiring senior member of the Republican Party, which would hold the majority in the incoming 97th Congress. Three presidents pro tempore subsequently became Vice President: John Tyler, William R. King and Charles Curtis. Tyler is the only one to become president (in April 1841, following the death of William Henry Harrison). While the president pro tempore does have other official duties, the holders of the office have, like the vice president, over time ceased presiding over the Senate on a daily basis, owing to the mundane and ceremonial nature of the position. Furthermore, as the\",\n \"title\": \"President pro tempore of the United States Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5656229\",\n \"text\": \"position. She was the first lawmaker from San Diego to be elected Speaker. She formerly served on the San Diego City Council from 2000 to 2008, including a term as Acting Mayor. While speaker, she served as acting governor for nine hours on July 30, 2014. In 2018, she succeeded Kevin de León as Senate President Pro Tempore. This made her the first woman and the first openly LGBT person to lead the California State Senate. Atkins spent her early years in Max Meadows, Virginia, moving to Roanoke at the age of seven. Her father was a miner and her\",\n \"title\": \"Toni Atkins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7639064\",\n \"text\": \"father was a partner in the investment bank, Kuhn, Loeb and currently serves as vice chairman of Barclays, successor to Lehman Brothers, which merged with Kuhn, Loeb in 1977. She was born and currently lives on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, a borough of New York City. Her husband, Dr. John E. Seley, is a professor of Urban Planning and Geography at The City University of New York Graduate Center and Princeton's Woodrow Wilson School of Public Affairs. Liz Krueger She was first elected in February 2002 during a special election. Krueger is the ranking member on the Senate\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Krueger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4387419\",\n \"text\": \"his post on January 12, 2009. Thomas Rivera Schatz was reelected in 2012 and elected for the third time as a member of the Senate majority in the 2016 election with 10.33% of the \\\"at large\\\" votes, placing him in second place after independent senatorial candidate Dr. José Vargas Vidot and followed by Juan Dalmau of the Puerto Rico Independence Party (PIP). Rivera Schatz was elected to a second term as President of the Senate of Puerto Rico starting January 2017. He holds two records, first as the only reelected Senate President during the past 28 years and the only\",\n \"title\": \"Thomas Rivera Schatz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4387420\",\n \"text\": \"Senate President ever elected as such to non-consecutive terms. Rivera Schatz and his father are avid collectors of antique cars. Thomas Rivera Schatz Thomas Rivera Schatz (born June 10, 1966) is a Puerto Rican politician, legal advisor, attorney, and former prosecutor. Rivera Schatz is the fourteenth and sixteenth President of the Senate of Puerto Rico. He is affiliated with New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico and the United States Republican Party. Rivera Schatz was born on June 10, 1966 in the Bronx Borough of New York City. He is the son of José A. \\\"Nía\\\" Rivera, a past mayor of\",\n \"title\": \"Thomas Rivera Schatz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17166792\",\n \"text\": \"J. Stuart Adams Stuart Adams is the Senator for the Utah State Senate's 22nd District. Adams was appointed to the Utah House of Representatives in 2002, and then to the Senate in 2009. In 2012, he was chosen to be Senate Majority Whip. In 2018, he was chosen as the Senate President. Adams earned his Bachelor of Arts at the University of Utah in business finance. He is a business man by profession. Adams is married to his wife, Susan and they have four children together. In 2002, he was awarded the Business Person of the Year by the Utah\",\n \"title\": \"J. Stuart Adams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5841056\",\n \"text\": \"Hispanic American to serve as a U.S. Senator from Texas. In 2016, Cruz ran for President of the United States, winning 12 statewide contests during the Republican primaries before withdrawing from the race. Cruz was re-elected to the Senate in the 2018 midterm elections, defeating Democratic challenger Beto O'Rourke by a margin of 50.9% to 48.3% in the most expensive U.S. Senate race in U.S. history. Along with Bob Menendez and Marco Rubio, Cruz is currently one of three U.S. Senators of Cuban descent. Born Rafael Edward Cruz on December 22, 1970, at Foothills Medical Centre in Calgary, Alberta, to\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Cruz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17166796\",\n \"text\": \"the editing process - Martin L. Buchanan] J. Stuart Adams Stuart Adams is the Senator for the Utah State Senate's 22nd District. Adams was appointed to the Utah House of Representatives in 2002, and then to the Senate in 2009. In 2012, he was chosen to be Senate Majority Whip. In 2018, he was chosen as the Senate President. Adams earned his Bachelor of Arts at the University of Utah in business finance. He is a business man by profession. Adams is married to his wife, Susan and they have four children together. In 2002, he was awarded the Business\",\n \"title\": \"J. Stuart Adams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4708929\",\n \"text\": \"follows: The President of the Senate, elected on 19 January 2010, is Ana María Romero de Campero (MAS-IPSP, La Paz). Seventeen of 36 members of the Senate are women. The 26-member MAS-IPSP majority includes all four senators from La Paz, Oruro, and Potosí; three senators from Cochabamba and Chuquisaca; and two senators from each of Santa Cruz, Beni, Pando, and Tarija. The President of the Chamber of Deputies, elected on 19 January 2010, is Héctor Arce (MAS-IPSP). 33 of 130 deputies (25.38%) are women. Congressional elections were held on 18 December 2005, concurrently with the 2005 presidential election. The Chamber\",\n \"title\": \"Plurinational Legislative Assembly\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4061781\",\n \"text\": \"Catherine Cortez Masto (Nevada), Tammy Duckworth (Illinois), Kamala Harris (California), and Maggie Hassan (New Hampshire). Incumbent Republican Senator Kelly Ayotte (New Hampshire) lost to Hassan. Both of the seats that changed hands from Republican to Democrat were won by women: Duckworth and Hassan. In January 2018, after the appointment of Democrat Tina Smith of Minnesota to the U.S. Senate to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Al Franken, and in April 2018 after the appointment of Republican Cindy Hyde-Smith of Mississippi to the U.S. Senate to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Thad Cochran, the number\",\n \"title\": \"Women in the United States Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17131508\",\n \"text\": \"of President George W. Bush (2001–2009), the first Asian Pacific American woman ever appointed by a President to the Cabinet in American history. She is the 18th United States Secretary of Transportation in the Cabinet of President Donald J. Trump (2017–). She is married to the current Majority Leader of the United States Senate, Senator Mitch McConnell of Kentucky. James S. C. Chao James Si-Cheng Chao (; born December 29, 1927) is a Chinese-American entrepreneur and philanthropist. He is the founder of the Foremost Group, a New York-based shipping, trading, and finance enterprise. The James S.C. Chao Scholarship is named\",\n \"title\": \"James S. C. Chao\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1772313\",\n \"text\": \"A Vice-President of the Senate is also elected from among the senators. The current President of the Senate is Christine Kangaloo. The Vice President of the United States is assigned the responsibility of presiding over the Senate and designated as its president by the United States Constitution. The vice president, as President of the Senate, has the authority (\\\"ex officio\\\", for he or she is not an elected member of the Senate) to cast a tie-breaking vote. Other than this, the rules of the Senate grant its president very little power (in contrast to the powerful office of Speaker of\",\n \"title\": \"President of the Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9386743\",\n \"text\": \"the first female president of an Ivy League university (University of Pennsylvania), incumbent commissioner of the Federal Communications Commission Michael Copps, incumbent Philippine Senators Edgardo Angara, Miriam Defensor Santiago and Juan Ponce Enrile, internationally recognized constitutionalist Henry J. Abraham, incumbent North Carolina Supreme Court senior justice Mark Martin, prominent California lawyer and former U.S. Attorney General William French Smith, banker, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury and Ambassador to NATO David M. Kennedy, 1971 Economics Nobel Prize winner Simon Kuznets, historian and 1949 Pulitzer Prize winner Roy Nichols, Paul Finkelstein, incumbent board chairman, president and chief executive officer of Regis Corporation,\",\n \"title\": \"Pi Gamma Mu\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2182930\",\n \"text\": \"states (Western Australia, South Australia and Tasmania) or the Australian Capital Territory, and 10 have come from the three most populous states (New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland). All senate presidents have been members of major parties, though not necessarily the governing party. As well as a president, the Senate also elects a Deputy President, whose formal title is Deputy President and Chairman of Committees. Until 1981, the title was just Chairman of Committees; it was changed \\\"to reflect more accurately the nature of the office in practice\\\". The position is not provided for by the constitution, but instead by\",\n \"title\": \"President of the Senate (Australia)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7021458\",\n \"text\": \"Tito Sotto Vicente \\\"Tito\\\" Castelo Sotto III (born 24 August 1948) is a Filipino politician and the 29th and current Senate President of the Philippines. Sotto served as Vice Mayor of Quezon City, the Philippines' most populous city, from 1988 to 1992. Following the 2016 elections, he is currently serving his fourth term in the Senate, having served two consecutive terms from 1992 to 2004; he was re-elected to the Senate in 2010. Aside from politics, Sotto also participated in acting and hosting. Sotto is a co-host of \\\"Eat Bulaga!\\\", the longest-running variety show in Philippine television history. He is\",\n \"title\": \"Tito Sotto\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17461562\",\n \"text\": \"Ron Kouchi Ron Kouchi is a Democratic politician and current 14th President of the Hawaiʻi Senate (replacing Donna Mercado Kim who lost her position in an unusual mid-year leadership reorganization). Ron Kouchi is married to Joy Naomi Tanimoto. He has two sons, Dan and Egan. Kouchi received his high school diploma from Waimea High School and attended Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa. He served as a lobbyist for the County of Kaua‘i at the Hawai‘i State Legislature and is a former member of the Legislative Committee of the Kaua'i Chamber of Commerce. He served for 22 years (11 terms)\",\n \"title\": \"Ron Kouchi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4061775\",\n \"text\": \"U.S. Senator (and only woman) to be the nominee of a major party for President of the United States, which occurred in 2016. In 2008, Kay Hagan became the first woman to unseat a female incumbent, Elizabeth Dole. Upon the opening of the 112th Congress in 2011, New Hampshire Democrat Jeanne Shaheen was joined by newly elected Republican Kelly Ayotte, making the first female tandem senators that do not belong to the same party. Barbara Mikulski became the longest-serving woman senator (and Congresswoman) in 2012; she retired in 2017 as still the longest-serving after serving for forty years. In 2012,\",\n \"title\": \"Women in the United States Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6889630\",\n \"text\": \"in September 2008. The most recent election was held in September 2013. Gelane Zwane ran unopposed and was elected President of the Senate for the third consecutive time. Ngomuyayona Gamedze was chosen as Deputy President, also for the third consecutive time. Six of the King's selections were members of his family. Later in 2013, the Senate banned Members of Parliament from divorcing while in office to \\\"avoid embarrassing the king.\\\" Senate of Eswatini The Senate of Eswatini is the upper chamber of the country's bicameral Parliament. The Senate may debate or pass a bill, with the exception of a \\\"money\",\n \"title\": \"Senate of Eswatini\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4387416\",\n \"text\": \"Thomas Rivera Schatz Thomas Rivera Schatz (born June 10, 1966) is a Puerto Rican politician, legal advisor, attorney, and former prosecutor. Rivera Schatz is the fourteenth and sixteenth President of the Senate of Puerto Rico. He is affiliated with New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico and the United States Republican Party. Rivera Schatz was born on June 10, 1966 in the Bronx Borough of New York City. He is the son of José A. \\\"Nía\\\" Rivera, a past mayor of Trujillo Alto, and Christina Schatz, a German woman. While in college, he worked full-time at the City of San Juan\",\n \"title\": \"Thomas Rivera Schatz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17461564\",\n \"text\": \"State Senate elections 2010. He was elected to the Senate (District 8) in 2012. He has served as the Vice-Chair of the Committee on Agriculture, the Vice Chair of the Committee on Tourism, and the Majority Caucus Leader. He has sponsored 244 bills. Ron Kouchi Ron Kouchi is a Democratic politician and current 14th President of the Hawaiʻi Senate (replacing Donna Mercado Kim who lost her position in an unusual mid-year leadership reorganization). Ron Kouchi is married to Joy Naomi Tanimoto. He has two sons, Dan and Egan. Kouchi received his high school diploma from Waimea High School and attended\",\n \"title\": \"Ron Kouchi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4969652\",\n \"text\": \"remaining 5% of the vote. Nia Gill Nia H. Gill (born March 15, 1948) is an American Democratic Party politician, who has been serving in the New Jersey State Senate since 2002, where she represents the 34th Legislative District. She ran unsuccessfully as a candidate in the June 2012 primary election to fill the seat in Congress left vacant by the death of Donald M. Payne, the former U.S. Representative for . Gill was the State Senate President pro Tempore from 2010 to 2018, succeeded by M. Teresa Ruiz. Gill received a B.A. in History/Political History from Upsala College and\",\n \"title\": \"Nia Gill\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17127031\",\n \"text\": \"Minnesota, appointed Lt. Gov. Tina Smith on January 2, 2018, as an interim Senator until the November 2018 election. She defeated primary challenger Richard Painter in the Democratic primary held on August 14. Incumbent Tina Smith defeated Republican Karin Housley in the general election to finish the term ending January 3, 2021. One-term Republican Roger Wicker won re-election with 57% of the vote in 2012. He was appointed in 2007 and won a special election in 2008 to serve the remainder of Trent Lott's term. He ran. David Baria won the Democratic nomination in a run-off on June 26. Wicker\",\n \"title\": \"2018 United States Senate elections\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11628885\",\n \"text\": \"Edna Madzongwe Edna Madzongwe (born 11 July 1943) is a Zimbabwean politician who is currently the President of the Senate of the Republic of Zimbabwe. She was elected as President of the Senate on 30 November 2005, the first female to hold this position. In the March 2008 parliamentary election, she was re-elected to the Senate from Chegutu constituency, receiving 23,032 votes against 14,275 for Violet Paneairi Mokoesti of the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC-Tsvangirai). Following this election, in which ZANU-PF won control of the Senate but not the House of Assembly, Madzongwe was re-elected as President of the Senate\",\n \"title\": \"Edna Madzongwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17127037\",\n \"text\": \"Democratic state. Ultimately, Menendez was re-elected with nearly 54% of the vote. One-term Democrat Martin Heinrich was elected with 51% of the vote in 2012. He ran. Mick Rich won the Republican nomination unopposed. Aubrey Dunn Jr., New Mexico Commissioner of Public Lands and otherwise the first Libertarian to ever hold statewide elected office in history, announced his run for the seat, but stepped aside in August to allow former Governor of New Mexico, Gary Johnson's candidacy. Heinrich was re-elected, defeating Rich and Johnson. One-term Democrat Kirsten Gillibrand was elected with 72% of the vote in 2012. She had previously\",\n \"title\": \"2018 United States Senate elections\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17675597\",\n \"text\": \"David McBride David B. McBride (born June 23, 1942, in Wilmington, Delaware) is an American politician and has served continuously in Delaware's General Assembly since 1978. After two years in the House of Representatives, McBride was elected to the Delaware State Senate, where he began serving on November 5, 1980. McBride represents District 13, which includes the greater New Castle area. A Democrat, McBride was chosen unanimously as President Pro Tempore of the Senate on January 10, 2017. McBride is a native of the Wilmington area, attending grade school at Richardson Park School from 1948 to 1957. He went on\",\n \"title\": \"David McBride\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13947674\",\n \"text\": \"is unclear whether the ballot measure supplants the legislature's statute granting that authority. As a result, it is uncertain whether an Alaska governor may appoint an interim senator to serve until a special election is held to fill the vacancy. The Constitution requires that senators take an oath or affirmation to support the Constitution. Congress has prescribed the following oath for all federal officials (except the President), including senators: The annual salary of each senator, since 2009, is $174,000; the president pro tempore and party leaders receive $193,400. In June 2003, at least 40 of the then-senators were millionaires; in\",\n \"title\": \"United States Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17523270\",\n \"text\": \"Pablo Escudero Morales Pablo Escudero Morales (born July 6, 1973) is a politician and Mexican lawyer, member of the Ecologist Green Party of Mexico, was federal deputy and senator. From September 1, 2016 is President of the Senate of Mexico. Pablo Escudero is a lawyer graduated from the Anahuac University also has a Masters in Public Administration at the National Institute of Public Administration in Madrid, Spain. It also has degrees in National Security, Human Rights and completed at the National Autonomous University of Mexico Audit. He began his career in public administration in 1997 as coordinator in Program Responsibilities\",\n \"title\": \"Pablo Escudero Morales\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8118377\",\n \"text\": \"both Democrats and Republicans. He lost this position in 2015 when Democrats withdrew support in favor of Republican Pam Roach. After Pam Roach won a seat on the Pierce County Council in the 2016 election, Tim Sheldon, once again, became president pro tempore of the Washington State Senate. Due to the special election held in November 2017, the Senate returned to a Democratic majority. Sheldon once again lost his position as President Pro Tempore. Democrat Karen Keiser now occupies that position. Tim Sheldon Timothy M. Sheldon (born September 3, 1947) is an American politician who has served since 1991 in\",\n \"title\": \"Tim Sheldon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17054938\",\n \"text\": \"this role.\\\" In the Senate, Senate President Pro Tem David Long (R-Fort Wayne) explained her removal by saying, \\\"In all fairness, Superintendent Ritz was a librarian, okay?” and other Republican senators questioning her credentials to be state superintendent. Gov. Pence signed the legislation authorizing the state board to elect its chair and taking effect in 2017. Glenda Ritz launched her gubernatorial race on June 4, 2015, following the announcements of John Gregg and Karen Tallian. At her announcement, Ritz said that education and the economy would be the centerpiece of her campaign platform. While reaching out to potential supporters, she\",\n \"title\": \"Glenda Ritz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"283613\",\n \"text\": \"government; the leader is elected by popular vote to a maximum of two 4-year terms. In the 28 March 2015 presidential election, General Muhammadu Buhari emerged victorious to become the President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, defeating then-incumbent Dr Goodluck Jonathan. The president's power is checked by a Senate and a House of Representatives, which are combined in a bicameral body called the National Assembly. The Senate is a 109-seat body with three members from each state and one from the capital region of Abuja; members are elected by popular vote to four-year terms. The House contains 360 seats,\",\n \"title\": \"Nigeria\"\n }\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who is the current madam president in the senate"}}},{"rowIdx":8388,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Peyton Manning"],"string":"[\n \"Peyton Manning\"\n]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"2461905","text":"January 18, Warner threw for 279 yards, four touchdowns, and no interceptions against the Philadelphia Eagles to lead the Cardinals to their first Super Bowl appearance in history. Warner is one of three quarterbacks who made Super Bowl starts with two teams (the others are Craig Morton [1970: Dallas Cowboys and 1977: Denver Broncos] and Peyton Manning [2006 & 2009: Indianapolis Colts and 2013 & 2015: Denver Broncos]). Warner also became the third quarterback in NFL history to win a conference championship with two teams (following Craig Morton and Earl Morrall). In Warner's third career Super Bowl appearance on February","title":"Kurt Warner"},{"id":"2528093","text":"conversion, which ended up being the final pass of his career. Manning became the oldest starting quarterback to both play in and win a Super Bowl. Manning also became the first quarterback to start two Super Bowls with multiple franchises, with different head coaches each time (Dungy, Caldwell, Fox, and Kubiak) and the first quarterback to lead two franchises to a Super Bowl victory. The victory gave Manning his 200th overall win including regular season and playoffs, making him at the time the starting quarterback with the most combined regular season and postseason wins in NFL history. Peyton and Eli","title":"Peyton Manning"},{"id":"2199960","text":"Tom Brady Thomas \"Tom\" Edward Patrick Brady Jr. (born August 3, 1977) is an American football quarterback for the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). He is one of only two players in NFL history to have won five Super Bowls (along with defensive player Charles Haley), and he is the only player to have won them all with a single franchise. Because of his numerous accomplishments and accolades, many analysts and sportswriters consider Brady to be among the greatest quarterbacks of all time. After playing college football for the University of Michigan, Brady was drafted by","title":"Tom Brady"},{"id":"2527984","text":"Manning is also the only quarterback to start the Super Bowl for two franchises more than once each, with different coaches at each Super Bowl start (Dungy, Caldwell, Fox, Kubiak), and the only starting quarterback to win a Super Bowl with two franchises. At 39 years of age, Manning was the oldest quarterback to start in and win a Super Bowl. During a 2009 \"Monday Night Football\" game, Manning received the nickname \"The Sheriff\" from color commentator Jon Gruden due to his tendency to audible prior to the snap, and he was one of the most recognizable and parodied players","title":"Peyton Manning"},{"id":"13026263","text":"include Super Bowl finalists and winners; for instance Super Bowl XXXV was contested between two journeyman quarterbacks (Trent Dilfer and Kerry Collins), and arguably so was Super Bowl XXXVII (Brad Johnson and Rich Gannon) Journeyman quarterback A journeyman quarterback in American football (typically NFL), is a quarterback who plays for several teams over a career. Such a player is typically signed to year-by-year contracts, and may be signed by a team to fill in for an injured starter. The term journeyman is normally pejorative. The paradigm of a journeyman quarterback might be J. T. O'Sullivan, who spent time with 11","title":"Journeyman quarterback"},{"id":"9862428","text":"defense created three lost fumbles and an interception and scored a defensive touchdown to power the team to a 24-10 victory, the third NFL title for the franchise. Von Miller, who had 2.5 sacks and two forced fumbles, was named the game's Most Valuable Player. Peyton Manning made history as the first quarterback to start and win a Super Bowl for two teams. Gary Kubiak became the fourth coach to win a Super Bowl in his first year with a new team. The Broncos' third championship tied them for seventh-most Super Bowl wins all-time, along with the Washington Redskins and","title":"History of the Denver Broncos"},{"id":"4730190","text":"a total of 5,734 yards, 29 touchdowns, 49 interceptions and a 52.1 completion percentage. At age 34, Morton revived his career with the Broncos, finishing the season as the second rated passer in the AFC. Although he suffered in the playoffs from a swollen left hip that needed to be drained, he overcame the injury to become the first NFL quarterback to start the Super Bowl for two different teams (Dallas in V and Denver in XII). This was later equaled by Kurt Warner and Peyton Manning, but Morton is the only quarterback to have started for two different team's","title":"Craig Morton"},{"id":"2413185","text":"Bob Griese Robert Allen Griese (pronounced ; born February 3, 1945) is a former American football quarterback who earned All-American honors with the Purdue Boilermakers before being drafted in 1967 by the American Football League's Miami Dolphins. Griese led the Dolphins to three consecutive Super Bowl appearances, including two Super Bowl victories in VII and VIII (three straight appearances with two victories is unmatched by any other team, let alone any single quarterback). Griese was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame and the Indiana Football Hall of Fame in 1984 and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in","title":"Bob Griese"},{"id":"4365807","text":"the Indianapolis Colts, and the Denver Broncos. Eli was also a star quarterback at Ole Miss and is the current quarterback of the NFL's New York Giants. Both Peyton and Eli were All-America selections during their college careers and both have led their respective professional teams to Super Bowl championships (Peyton with the Indianapolis Colts in Super Bowl XLI and with the Broncos in Super Bowl 50, and Eli with the New York Giants in Super Bowls XLII and XLVI). Both have won the Super Bowl MVP award, Eli twice. Archie was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame","title":"Manning Award"},{"id":"8020990","text":"Troy Aikman Troy Kenneth Aikman (born November 21, 1966) is a former American football quarterback who played for the Dallas Cowboys in the National Football League (NFL). The number one overall draft pick in 1989, Aikman played twelve consecutive seasons as quarterback with the Cowboys. During his career he was a six-time Pro Bowl selection, led the team to three Super Bowl victories, and was the MVP of Super Bowl XXVII. Aikman was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2006 and to the College Football Hall of Fame on December 9, 2008 in New York City. Currently","title":"Troy Aikman"},{"id":"18084485","text":"Manning reached his fourth Super Bowl, with appearances under as many head coaches (Tony Dungy, Jim Caldwell, John Fox, and Gary Kubiak). He became the first quarterback ever to lead two teams to multiple Super Bowls. He was also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super Bowl at age 39. The previous record was held by John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII at age 38 and is currently Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager. Manning and Newton set the record for the largest age difference between opposing Super","title":"Super Bowl 50"},{"id":"340460","text":"Super Bowl team is often chosen for the \"I'm going to Disney World!\" campaign (which includes a trip to Walt Disney World for them and their families), whether they are the Super Bowl MVP or not; examples include Joe Montana (XXIII), Trent Dilfer (XXXV), and Peyton Manning (50). Dilfer was chosen even though teammate Ray Lewis was the MVP of Super Bowl XXXV, due to the bad publicity from Lewis' murder trial the prior year. In addition to their main role, quarterbacks are occasionally used in other roles. Most teams utilize a backup quarterback as their holder on placekicks. A","title":"Quarterback"},{"id":"10046860","text":"Gale Gilbert Gale Reed Gilbert (born December 20, 1961) is a former American football quarterback who played eight seasons in the NFL for the Seattle Seahawks, Buffalo Bills, and the San Diego Chargers. Gilbert is the only player in NFL history to be on five consecutive Super Bowl teams, none of which were won. Gilbert was the catcher for a baseball team from Red Bluff, California, which played in the 1974 Little League World Series. That team lost the nationally televised championship game to a team from Taiwan. Gale Gilbert played college football for the California Golden Bears. He was","title":"Gale Gilbert"},{"id":"3354613","text":"the Raiders. Initially serving as a backup, he became the team's starting quarterback during the 1980 season and helped Raiders win Super Bowl XV, where he was named the game's MVP. In 1983, Plunkett again ascended from backup to starting quarterback to assist the Raiders in winning Super Bowl XVIII before retiring three years later. He is the only eligible quarterback to win two Super Bowls as a starter to not be inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Plunkett is the only NFL Quarterback to win two Super Bowls with the same team in two different cities in","title":"Jim Plunkett"},{"id":"3394631","text":"Bart Starr Bryan Bartlett \"Bart\" Starr (born January 9, 1934) is a former professional American football player and coach. He played quarterback for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL) from 1956 through 1971. Starr is the only quarterback in NFL history to lead a team to three consecutive league championships (1965–67). Starr and New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady are tied for total NFL championships, at five each. Starr led his team to victories in the first two Super Bowls: I and II. As the Packers' head coach, he was less successful, compiling a 52–76–3 ()","title":"Bart Starr"},{"id":"2413209","text":"Judi's House. Bob Griese Robert Allen Griese (pronounced ; born February 3, 1945) is a former American football quarterback who earned All-American honors with the Purdue Boilermakers before being drafted in 1967 by the American Football League's Miami Dolphins. Griese led the Dolphins to three consecutive Super Bowl appearances, including two Super Bowl victories in VII and VIII (three straight appearances with two victories is unmatched by any other team, let alone any single quarterback). Griese was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame and the Indiana Football Hall of Fame in 1984 and the Pro Football Hall of","title":"Bob Griese"},{"id":"3925447","text":"Doug Williams (quarterback) Douglas Lee Williams (born August 9, 1955) is a former American football quarterback and former head coach of the Grambling State Tigers football team. Williams is known for his remarkable performance with the Washington Redskins in Super Bowl XXII against the Denver Broncos. Williams, who was named the Super Bowl MVP, passed for a Super Bowl record 340 yards and four touchdowns, with one interception. He was the first African-American starting quarterback to win a Super Bowl. Williams also became the first player in Super Bowl history to pass for four touchdowns in a half, and the","title":"Doug Williams (quarterback)"},{"id":"3608227","text":"all rounds. As of 2012, this draft also has two other records attached to it: it became the draft with the shortest time between having multiple quarterbacks being drafted and starting for Super Bowl winners (Ben Roethlisberger for the 2005 Steelers, and Manning for the 2007 Giants) and it has become the first draft ever to have produced two QBs who each won multiple Super Bowls (with Roethlisberger winning his second in 2008 and Eli his second in 2011). The 255 players chosen in the draft were composed of: 2004 NFL Draft The 2004 NFL draft was the procedure by","title":"2004 NFL Draft"},{"id":"10046865","text":"teams and competed in the 2010 BCS National Championship Game with the former. Gilbert is also the father of Texas Christian University Horned Frogs freshman tight end Griffin Gilbert. Gale Gilbert Gale Reed Gilbert (born December 20, 1961) is a former American football quarterback who played eight seasons in the NFL for the Seattle Seahawks, Buffalo Bills, and the San Diego Chargers. Gilbert is the only player in NFL history to be on five consecutive Super Bowl teams, none of which were won. Gilbert was the catcher for a baseball team from Red Bluff, California, which played in the 1974","title":"Gale Gilbert"},{"id":"4245749","text":"spending a few years in the Arena Football League, Warner became the St. Louis Rams starting quarterback in 1999 due to a pre-season injury of starter Trent Green. He went on to lead the Rams to two Super Bowls and one Super Bowl win (in which Warner was named MVP), while also winning two NFL MVP Awards. But in 2002, Warner's production was drastically reduced by injuries and he soon lost his starting job to Marc Bulger. He eventually left the team to join the New York Giants, but once again he lost his starting job (replaced by Eli Manning)","title":"Super Bowl XLIII"},{"id":"394107","text":"Super Bowl victories. With this start, Staubach became the first quarterback to start four Super Bowls. Bradshaw joined Fran Tarkenton, Bob Griese as well as Staubach as the only quarterbacks to start at least three Super Bowls. The only quarterbacks to start more Super Bowls than Staubach and Bradshaw are John Elway and Tom Brady, who guided the Broncos and Patriots to five and seven Super Bowls respectively. 49ers quarterback Joe Montana and Bills quarterback Jim Kelly later matched Staubach and Bradshaw by leading their teams to four Super Bowls. The point spread for the game opened at Pittsburgh -3.5","title":"Super Bowl XIII"},{"id":"3200079","text":"a touchdown in back-to-back Super Bowls. With the victory, Tom Brady became just the fourth quarterback to win at least three Super Bowls, along with Terry Bradshaw, Joe Montana and Troy Aikman. Brady also became the fourth quarterback to throw a touchdown pass in three different Super Bowls. Other quarterbacks to do it were Terry Bradshaw, Joe Montana and John Elway, with Kurt Warner later accomplishing the feat during Super Bowl XLIII and Peyton Manning in Super Bowl XLVIII. The Patriots joined the Dallas Cowboys as the only teams in NFL history to win three Super Bowls in a span","title":"Super Bowl XXXIX"},{"id":"3394652","text":"game and instead sent a videotaped greeting from home. Bart Starr Bryan Bartlett \"Bart\" Starr (born January 9, 1934) is a former professional American football player and coach. He played quarterback for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL) from 1956 through 1971. Starr is the only quarterback in NFL history to lead a team to three consecutive league championships (1965–67). Starr and New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady are tied for total NFL championships, at five each. Starr led his team to victories in the first two Super Bowls: I and II. As the Packers' head","title":"Bart Starr"},{"id":"3893613","text":"Joe Theismann Joseph Robert Theismann (born September 9, 1949) is a former professional gridiron football player, sports commentator, corporate speaker and restaurateur. He played quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) and Canadian Football League (CFL), achieving his most enduring fame in 12 seasons with the Washington Redskins, where he was a two-time Pro Bowler and helped the team to consecutive Super Bowl appearances, winning Super Bowl XVII and losing Super Bowl XVIII. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2003. Following his retirement from football in 1985 after a career-ending injury, Theismann worked as a","title":"Joe Theismann"},{"id":"2015369","text":"Joe Montana Joseph Clifford Montana Jr. (born June 11, 1956), nicknamed \"Joe Cool\" and \"The Comeback Kid\", is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 16 seasons with the San Francisco 49ers and Kansas City Chiefs. After winning a college national championship at Notre Dame, Montana started his NFL career in 1979 with San Francisco, where he played for the next 14 seasons. While a member of the 49ers, Montana started and won four Super Bowls and was the first player ever to have been named Super Bowl Most Valuable Player three times.","title":"Joe Montana"},{"id":"10259943","text":"zone. Gibbs, who earned induction into the Pro Football Hall of Fame for his work as Redskins head coach, is also the first head coach in NFL history to win 3 Super Bowls with 3 different quarterbacks: Joe Theismann, Doug Williams, and Mark Rypien. Norv Turner, a former Washington Redskins and San Diego Chargers head coach, and offensive coordinator of the Dallas Cowboys, San Francisco 49ers and currently the Carolina Panthers, also implements a version of the Coryell style of offense. The Turner strain of Coryell offenses are still very reliant on a good receiving TE. Norv Turner strains sometimes","title":"Air Coryell"},{"id":"7678075","text":"two seasons with the Vikings. In that time, he made an NFL-record 297 consecutive starts, 321 including the playoffs. Favre's eleven Pro Bowl invitations is the third most among quarterbacks in NFL history. He is the only player to win the Associated Press NFL Most Valuable Player Award three consecutive times, doing so from 1995 to 1997, and is one of only six quarterbacks to have won the award as well as the Super Bowl in the same season. He led teams to eight division championships, five NFC Championship Games, and two Super Bowl appearances: Super Bowl XXXI and Super","title":"Brett Favre"},{"id":"394319","text":"where the game was coincidentally played in the home market of one of the participants. The game was hyped as the battle between two great quarterbacks: Miami's Dan Marino and San Francisco's Joe Montana. The Dolphins entered their fifth Super Bowl in team history after posting a 14–2 regular season record. The 49ers were making their second Super Bowl appearance after becoming the first team ever to win 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule in 1978. With Marino and Montana, the game became the first Super Bowl in which the starting quarterbacks of each","title":"Super Bowl XIX"},{"id":"1439781","text":"Jim McMahon James Robert McMahon, Jr. (born August 21, 1959) is a former American football player. He played college football at Brigham Young University, where he was a two-time All-American (1980, 1981) and later in the professional ranks with the Chicago Bears, San Diego Chargers, Philadelphia Eagles, Minnesota Vikings, Arizona Cardinals, Cleveland Browns, and Green Bay Packers. He won two Super Bowl titles, the first with the Bears in Super Bowl XX where he was the starting quarterback, and the second with their rivals, the Green Bay Packers, in Super Bowl XXXI where he was a backup to Brett Favre.","title":"Jim McMahon"},{"id":"15909328","text":"Brock Osweiler Brock Alan Osweiler (born November 22, 1990) is an American football quarterback for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL). Osweiler played college football at Arizona State University and was drafted by the Denver Broncos in the second round of the 2012 NFL Draft. During his fourth year with the Broncos, Osweiler was a member of the team that won Super Bowl 50 over the Carolina Panthers. That season marked his first appearance as a starter when he relieved an injured Peyton Manning, to whom he had served as a backup in his first three years,","title":"Brock Osweiler"},{"id":"2527999","text":"part of Manning's career, \"his record-breaking stats were written off because of the Colts' postseason failures\"; conversely he posted poor statistics in the 2015 regular season and Super Bowl 50, which would be his final season, but nonetheless won his second Super Bowl thanks to his team's defense. Manning is also the only quarterback in NFL history to make the Super Bowl four times with four head coaches (Dungy, Caldwell, Fox and Kubiak). Despite concerns about his arm strength and mobility, Manning was selected first overall in the 1998 NFL Draft by the Indianapolis Colts. Although many considered Washington State","title":"Peyton Manning"},{"id":"7801949","text":"Jay Schroeder Jay Brian Schroeder (born June 28, 1961) is a former professional American football quarterback. He played college football at UCLA, after which he was selected in the third round (83rd overall) of the 1984 NFL draft by the Washington Redskins where he played for three seasons. He then played for the Los Angeles Raiders for five seasons and spent one season each with the Cincinnati Bengals and Arizona Cardinals. While with the Washington Redskins, Schroeder was selected to his only Pro Bowl after the 1986 season season. He also won his only Super Bowl ring, when the Redskins","title":"Jay Schroeder"},{"id":"18084527","text":"was 3-of-15. The two teams' combined third down conversion percentage of 13.8 was the lowest in Super Bowl history. Manning and Newton had quarterback passer ratings of 56.6 and 55.4, respectively, and their added total of 112 is a record lowest aggregate passer rating for a Super Bowl. Manning became the oldest quarterback ever to win a Super Bowl at age 39, the first quarterback ever to win a Super Bowl starting for two teams, and the first quarterback ever to win 200 games (regular season and postseason) as a starter. Gary Kubiak became the first head coach to win","title":"Super Bowl 50"},{"id":"1996290","text":"from the winning team every year except 1971, when Dallas Cowboys linebacker Chuck Howley won the award despite the Cowboys' loss in Super Bowl V to the Baltimore Colts. Harvey Martin and Randy White were named co-MVPs of Super Bowl XII, the only time co-MVPs have been chosen. Including the Super Bowl XII co-MVPs, seven Cowboys players have won Super Bowl MVP awards, the most of any NFL team. Quarterbacks have earned the honor 29 times in 52 games. Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award The Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award, or Super Bowl MVP, is presented annually to","title":"Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award"},{"id":"6000949","text":"for roster spots with Eli Manning, Tim Hasselbeck, and Jared Lorenzen. He was named the third-string quarterback in a season that saw the team win Super Bowl XLII, beating the previously undefeated New England Patriots. On August 18, 2008, Wright suffered a back injury in a preseason game against the Cleveland Browns and was eventually placed on the injured reserve list on August 30. He wasn't re-signed the next season and decided to announce his retirement. His cousin Jesse Campbell played safety in the NFL. Anthony Wright (American football) Anthony Lavon Wright (born February 14, 1976) is a former American","title":"Anthony Wright (American football)"},{"id":"3893636","text":"time in the league and left the team when it was folded into the Virginia Destroyers in January 2011. In 2011, Theismann was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame. Joe Theismann Joseph Robert Theismann (born September 9, 1949) is a former professional gridiron football player, sports commentator, corporate speaker and restaurateur. He played quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) and Canadian Football League (CFL), achieving his most enduring fame in 12 seasons with the Washington Redskins, where he was a two-time Pro Bowler and helped the team to consecutive Super Bowl appearances, winning Super Bowl XVII and","title":"Joe Theismann"},{"id":"3093351","text":"He attended Ole Miss as starting quarterback and was drafted No. 1 overall by the San Diego Chargers in the 2004 NFL Draft. However, he was traded to the Giants for Philip Rivers on draft day, after repeatedly threatening not to sign with the Chargers. He led the Giants to Super Bowl XLII and won 17–14 over a then-undefeated New England Patriots team. In 2012, the Giants again defeated the New England Patriots 21–17 in Super Bowl XLVI. He won the Most Valuable Player award of both Super Bowls. Cooper, Peyton, and Eli all attended and graduated from Isidore Newman","title":"Archie Manning"},{"id":"9372830","text":"still, Joe Gibbs won 3 Super Bowls running his version of the Coryell offense when he was head coach of the Washington Redskins from 1981-1992 (He also served as Redskins head coach from 2004-2007). Gibbs, who earned induction into the Hall of Fame as a head coach, is the only coach to win 3 Super Bowls with 3 different quarterbacks (Joe Theismann, Doug Williams and Mark Rypien). Around 2011, Bill Belichick increasingly adopted an up-tempo, no-huddle offense for his team. The idea behind this strategy is for the offense to call plays rapidly without pause and without a huddle. The","title":"New England Patriots strategy"},{"id":"2722697","text":"Roger Staubach Roger Thomas Staubach (born February 5, 1942), nicknamed \"Roger the Dodger\", \"Captain America\" and \"Captain Comeback\", is a former American football quarterback in the National Football League (NFL). He attended the U.S. Naval Academy where he won the 1963 Heisman Trophy, and after graduation he served in the U.S. Navy, including a tour of duty in Vietnam. Staubach joined the Dallas Cowboys in 1969 and played with the club during all 11 seasons of his career. He led the team to the Super Bowl five times, four as the starting quarterback. He led the Cowboys to victories in","title":"Roger Staubach"},{"id":"7005059","text":"Damon Huard Damon Paul Huard (born July 9, 1973) is a former American football quarterback. He is the director of community relations and fundraiser for the University of Washington football program, his alma mater. Huard was signed by the Cincinnati Bengals as an undrafted free agent in 1996, and played twelve seasons in the NFL with the Miami Dolphins, New England Patriots, and Kansas City Chiefs. While with the Patriots, he won two Super Bowl rings. Born in Yakima, Washington, Huard was raised southeast of Tacoma in Puyallup, where his father Mike was a high school teacher and head football","title":"Damon Huard"},{"id":"18262152","text":"Jacoby Brissett Jacoby Jajuan Brissett (born December 11, 1992) is an American football quarterback for the Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Florida before transferring to NC State, and was drafted by the New England Patriots in the third round of the 2016 NFL Draft. As a member of the Patriots he won Super Bowl LI over the Atlanta Falcons as a backup to Tom Brady, and was traded to the Colts the following season. Brissett attended William T. Dwyer High School in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida. Rivals.com ranked him as a four-star","title":"Jacoby Brissett"},{"id":"3086907","text":"Tommy Maddox Thomas Alfred Maddox (born September 2, 1971) is a former football quarterback in the National Football League (NFL), the XFL, and the Arena Football League. He is one of three players (Bobby Singh and Ron Carpenter) to have won both Super Bowl and XFL championships. Maddox was born in Shreveport, Louisiana and raised in Hurst, Texas, in the Dallas/Fort Worth area. At UCLA, Maddox played collegiately for two seasons and led UCLA to the John Hancock Bowl in 1991. The Denver Broncos drafted Maddox in the first round of the 1992 NFL Draft. Originally thought to be the","title":"Tommy Maddox"},{"id":"393901","text":"became the first quarterback to start three Super Bowls and is joined by Jim Kelly as the only quarterbacks to start at least three consecutive Super Bowls. Wide receiver Paul Warfield remained the main deep threat on the team, catching 29 passes for 514 yards and 11 touchdowns. The offensive line was strong, once again led by center Jim Langer and right guard Larry Little. Griese, Csonka, Warfield, Langer, Nick Buoniconti and Little would all eventually be elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Miami's \"No Name Defense\" continued to dominate their opponents. Future Hall of Fame linebacker Nick","title":"Super Bowl VIII"},{"id":"3354626","text":"Super Bowl, defeating the Philadelphia Eagles 27–10 in Super Bowl XV. Throwing for 261 yards and three touchdowns, Plunkett was named the game's MVP; subsequently, Plunkett has the distinction of being the first minority to quarterback a team to a Super Bowl victory and the only Latino to be named Super Bowl MVP. In addition to this, he became the second of four players to win the Heisman Trophy and Super Bowl MVP, Roger Staubach before him, and Marcus Allen and Desmond Howard after him. Later in his career, the Raiders moved to Los Angeles. After returning to the backup","title":"Jim Plunkett"},{"id":"3093350","text":"attending the University of Tennessee. Considered one of the greatest players in NFL history, he led the Indianapolis Colts to a 29–17 victory in Super Bowl XLI over the Chicago Bears on February 4, 2007, and was the game's MVP. After missing the entire 2011 NFL season, he signed with the Denver Broncos on March 20, 2012, and won Super Bowl 50 against the Carolina Panthers on February 7, 2016. He retired from pro football a month later, on March 7. Eli Manning was born in New Orleans in 1981. He is currently a quarterback with the New York Giants.","title":"Archie Manning"},{"id":"10482351","text":"Marino helped the Dolphins become consistent postseason contenders, leading them to the playoffs ten times and one Super Bowl appearance in XIX, although a title victory ultimately eluded him during his career. Marino is considered by many to be one of the greatest players to never win a Super Bowl and has the most career victories of quarterbacks to not win a title at 155 (147–93 in regular season and 8–10 in playoffs). A nine-time Pro Bowl selection, and seven time first or second team All-Pro, Marino was the NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP) in 1984, when he set single","title":"Dan Marino"},{"id":"6136112","text":"Tebucky Jones Tebucky Shermain Jones (born October 6, 1974) is a former American football safety in the National Football League. His professional career began when he was drafted out of Syracuse University in the first round of the 1998 NFL Draft by the New England Patriots. He also played for the Miami Dolphins and the New Orleans Saints. Jones is best known for his role on the 2001 Patriots team that won Super Bowl XXXVI. In the Super Bowl, in the fourth quarter with the St. Louis Rams in a do-or-die situation down 3-17 against the Patriots, Rams quarterback Kurt","title":"Tebucky Jones"},{"id":"4281409","text":"Brian Griese Brian David Griese (; born March 18, 1975) is a former American football quarterback and current color commentator for \"ESPN College Football\". He was drafted by the Broncos in the third round of the 1998 NFL Draft. He played high school football at Christopher Columbus High School and later college football at Michigan. During his rookie year in 1998, he earned a Super Bowl ring with the Broncos, as John Elway led the Broncos to a victory in Super Bowl XXXIII over the Atlanta Falcons. Elway retired after the Super Bowl and Griese became the starting quarterback for","title":"Brian Griese"},{"id":"3047497","text":"Poly\" O'Brien, Tim Simpson, Doug Marrone, and Brad Johnson, a quarterback who would go on to win Super Bowl XXXVII with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Also of note was Dedrick Dodge, a special teams maven who went on to win a number of Super Bowl rings with the San Francisco 49ers and the Denver Broncos and LaVar Ball, a tight end whose sons play basketball, including Lonzo Ball of the Los Angeles Lakers, who was the second overall pick in the 2017 NBA draft. London Monarchs The London Monarchs were a professional American football team in NFL Europe and its","title":"London Monarchs"},{"id":"340459","text":"other team sports, before the implementation of NFL team captains in 2007, the starting quarterback was usually the \"de facto\" team leader and well-respected player on and off the field. Since 2007, when the NFL allowed teams to designate several captains to serve as on-field leaders, the starting quarterback has usually been one of the team captains as the leader of the team's offense. After a Super Bowl victory, the starting quarterback is the first player (and third person after the team owner and head coach) to be presented with the Vince Lombardi Trophy. The starting quarterback of the victorious","title":"Quarterback"},{"id":"2158405","text":"Tom Flores Thomas Raymond Flores (born March 21, 1937) is a Mexican-American former professional football coach and player. He and Mike Ditka are the only two people in National Football League history to win a Super Bowl as a player, assistant coach, and head coach (Super Bowl IV as a player for the Chiefs, Super Bowl XI as an assistant coach of the Raiders, and Super Bowl XV and Super Bowl XVIII as head coach of the Raiders). Flores was also the first Hispanic starting quarterback and the first minority head coach in professional football history to win a Super","title":"Tom Flores"},{"id":"703818","text":"Terry Bradshaw Terry Paxton Bradshaw (born September 2, 1948) is a former American football quarterback who played professionally in the National Football League (NFL). Since 1994, he has been a TV sports analyst and co-host of \"Fox NFL Sunday\". Bradshaw is also an actor, having participated in many television shows and films, most notably starring in the movie \"Failure to Launch\". He played for 14 seasons with Pittsburgh, won four Super Bowl titles in a six-year period (1974, 1975, 1978, and 1979), becoming the first quarterback to win three and four Super Bowls, and led the Steelers to eight AFC","title":"Terry Bradshaw"},{"id":"11395896","text":"Tracy Porter Tracy O'Neil Porter (born August 11, 1986) is an American football cornerback who is currently a free agent. He was drafted by the New Orleans Saints in the second round of the 2008 NFL Draft. With the Saints, he won Super Bowl XLIV against the Indianapolis Colts, sealing the game with a memorable interception returned for a touchdown. He played college football at Indiana. Porter has also played for the Denver Broncos, Oakland Raiders, Washington Redskins, and Chicago Bears. Porter attended Port Allen High School, where he played quarterback, running back, wide receiver, and cornerback. He earned first","title":"Tracy Porter"},{"id":"10341298","text":"as a quarterback. He later transferred to Bethune-Cookman University, where he played basketball but not football. From 2000 to 2002, Toliver spent time on the practice squads of the St. Louis Rams, San Francisco 49ers and Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League. He was part of the Buccaneers team that won Super Bowl XXXVII in January 2003. He played for the Tampa Bay Storm of the AFL from 2002 to 2005. In 2003, he was part of the Storm team that won ArenaBowl XVII, becoming the first person to win an ArenaBowl and Super Bowl in the same","title":"T. T. Toliver"},{"id":"327181","text":"John Wooden; basketball Hall of Famers Stretch Murphy, Piggy Lambert, and Rick Mount; NBA Champions Paul Hoffman, Herm Gilliam, Frank Kendrick, Jerry Sichting, Glenn Robinson, and Brian Cardinal; and NBA All-Stars Glenn Robinson, Brad Miller, Terry Dischinger, and Joe Barry Carroll. Purdue has three NFL Super Bowl–winning quarterbacks in Drew Brees, Bob Griese, and Len Dawson. Additionally, a total of 19 Purdue alumni have been on a Super Bowl–winning team . Purdue also produced Super Bowl IV winning coach Hank Stram. Daytona 500 winner Ryan Newman graduated from Purdue with a bachelor's degree in vehicle structure engineering. Three Purdue alumni","title":"Purdue University"},{"id":"7702035","text":"Owen Daniels Owen Four Daniels (born November 9, 1982) is a former American football tight end. He played college football for the University of Wisconsin, and was drafted by the Houston Texans in the fourth round of the 2006 NFL Draft. He is a two-time Pro Bowl selection. He also played for the Baltimore Ravens and Denver Broncos. As a member of the Broncos, he helped the team win Super Bowl 50 over the Carolina Panthers. Daniels attended Naperville Central High School in Naperville, Illinois. As a starting quarterback on the football team, Daniels led Naperville Central to an undefeated","title":"Owen Daniels"},{"id":"3354612","text":"Jim Plunkett Jim Plunkett (born December 5, 1947) is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for sixteen seasons. He achieved his greatest success during his final nine seasons with the Oakland Raiders franchise, whom he helped lead to two Super Bowl victories. A Heisman Trophy winner during his collegiate career at Stanford, Plunkett was selected by the New England Patriots as the first overall pick in the 1971 NFL Draft and later played for the San Francisco 49ers. His tenure with the teams was mostly unsuccessful and led to him being signed by","title":"Jim Plunkett"},{"id":"3020747","text":"Len Dawson Leonard Ray Dawson (born June 20, 1935) is a former American football quarterback and a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame. He played 19 seasons for three professional teams, the last 14 seasons with the Dallas Texans/Kansas City Chiefs, and played college football at Purdue University. Dawson led the Texans/Chiefs to three American Football League Championships (1962, 1966, 1969), and a victory in Super Bowl IV over the Minnesota Vikings, for which he won the game's MVP award. Dawson retired from professional football after the 1975 season, and was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of","title":"Len Dawson"},{"id":"17704007","text":"Jimmy Garoppolo James Richard Garoppolo (born November 2, 1991) is an American football quarterback for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Eastern Illinois and was drafted in the second round of the 2014 NFL Draft by the New England Patriots, with whom he won two Super Bowls as the backup to Tom Brady. As a senior in 2013, Garoppolo broke Tony Romo's school records for career passing touchdowns, career passing yards, and passing touchdowns in a season. That season, he also won the Walter Payton Award as the best offensive player","title":"Jimmy Garoppolo"},{"id":"5732094","text":"Troy Aikman, himself a three-time Super Bowl winner as a Dallas Cowboys quarterback, as the color analyst. Mike Pereira joined Buck and Aikman in the broadcast booth to comment on instant replay reviews, while Pam Oliver and Chris Myers served as sideline reporters. The pre-game show featured the \"Fox NFL Sunday\" crew of host Curt Menefee and a group of analysts with extensive Super Bowl experiences of their own: Terry Bradshaw (4 time Super Bowl winning QB with the Pittsburgh Steelers), Howie Long (one-time Super Bowl winning defensive end with the then-Los Angeles Raiders), Michael Strahan (one-time Super Bowl winning","title":"Super Bowl XLV"},{"id":"4042976","text":"England Patriots]]. He was also a backup to [[Dan Marino]] as a member of the [[Miami Dolphins]], and a starting quarterback for the Eagles and [[Cleveland Browns]]. In his second season as the Eagles' head coach, Pederson won [[Super Bowl LII]] (also against the Patriots), marking the first [[Super Bowl]] title in franchise history. He also became just the fourth person, after [[Mike Ditka]], [[Tom Flores]] and [[Tony Dungy]] to win a Super Bowl as both a player and head coach. Pederson was born in Bellingham, Washington, in 1968. He attended [[Ferndale High School (Washington)|Ferndale High School]] in nearby [[Ferndale,","title":"Doug Pederson"},{"id":"3354630","text":"a result of his physical injuries. Jim Plunkett Jim Plunkett (born December 5, 1947) is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for sixteen seasons. He achieved his greatest success during his final nine seasons with the Oakland Raiders franchise, whom he helped lead to two Super Bowl victories. A Heisman Trophy winner during his collegiate career at Stanford, Plunkett was selected by the New England Patriots as the first overall pick in the 1971 NFL Draft and later played for the San Francisco 49ers. His tenure with the teams was mostly unsuccessful and","title":"Jim Plunkett"},{"id":"7002533","text":"teams that had been given the last rites by many near the end of the season, emerged as champions at the end. Eli Manning became (and still remains) the only quarterback to throw for more than 4,900 yards and win a Super Bowl in the same season. The Giants became the first team to have won Super Bowl games broadcast on all four U.S. national networks (CBS, ABC, FOX, and now NBC). The Giants and Patriots became the 3rd and 4th teams (after the Oakland Raiders and Pittsburgh Steelers) to appear in Super Bowls in four different decades (both in","title":"Super Bowl XLVI"},{"id":"17704021","text":"with a left knee injury. It was later revealed he tore his ACL, prematurely ending his season. \"Source\": Jimmy Garoppolo James Richard Garoppolo (born November 2, 1991) is an American football quarterback for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Eastern Illinois and was drafted in the second round of the 2014 NFL Draft by the New England Patriots, with whom he won two Super Bowls as the backup to Tom Brady. As a senior in 2013, Garoppolo broke Tony Romo's school records for career passing touchdowns, career passing yards, and passing","title":"Jimmy Garoppolo"},{"id":"11236483","text":"Joe Flacco Joseph Vincent Flacco (born January 16, 1985) is an American football quarterback for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Delaware after transferring from Pittsburgh, and was drafted by the Ravens in the first round of the 2008 NFL Draft. With Flacco as Baltimore's starting quarterback since his rookie season, the Ravens have won the AFC North twice, appeared in three AFC Championship Games, and defeated the San Francisco 49ers to win Super Bowl XLVII following the 2012 season. Flacco was named Super Bowl XLVII's MVP, concluding a postseason run in","title":"Joe Flacco"},{"id":"374918","text":"Bowl since becoming starters, none had produced a season with a losing record until Schaub in 2010, but Roethlisberger and Manning both have won two Super Bowls. They have been compared favorably to the Quarterback class of 1983, which included Hall of Fame quarterbacks John Elway (1st pick), Jim Kelly (14th), and Dan Marino (27th). In August 2004, Rivers signed a six-year, $40.5 million contract that included $14.5 million in signing bonuses. However, due to a protracted contract negotiation, Rivers only reported to the team during the last week of training camp, and incumbent Drew Brees retained his starting job.","title":"Los Angeles Chargers"},{"id":"3797571","text":"Chuck Howley Charles Louis Howley (born June 28, 1936) is a former American football linebacker who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 15 seasons, primarily with the Dallas Cowboys. Howley was a member of the Chicago Bears in his first two seasons and spent the remainder of his career with the Cowboys. He was named the MVP of Super Bowl V, and as of 2018 is the only player on a losing team to receive the award. He was also the first non-quarterback to receive the award. Born and raised in Wheeling, West Virginia, Howley attended Warwood High","title":"Chuck Howley"},{"id":"4500744","text":"Trent Dilfer Trent Farris Dilfer (born March 13, 1972) is a former American football quarterback and analyst who played 14 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He is best known as the starting quarterback for the Baltimore Ravens during their Super Bowl-winning season in 2000. After six seasons with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, who drafted him in the first round of the 1994 NFL Draft, Dilfer signed with the Ravens as a backup and became the team's starter midway through the year. Starting in the rest of the team's games, his time with the Ravens concluded with the franchise's","title":"Trent Dilfer"},{"id":"3191067","text":"Mark Brunell Mark Allen Brunell (born September 17, 1970) is an American football coach and former quarterback who is the current head coach at the Episcopal School of Jacksonville. He was selected by the Green Bay Packers in the fifth round of the 1993 NFL Draft. He played college football at Washington. Brunell was a three-time Pro Bowl selection with the Jacksonville Jaguars. He has also played for the Washington Redskins, New Orleans Saints, and New York Jets. In 2009, he earned a Super Bowl ring as the backup quarterback and holder for the Saints' Super Bowl XLIV winning team","title":"Mark Brunell"},{"id":"340495","text":"QB during an NFL season. Since the inception of the game, only two quarterbacks with known black ancestry have led their team to a Super Bowl victory: Doug Williams in 1988 and Russell Wilson, who is multiracial, in 2014. Some black quarterbacks claim to have experienced bias towards or against them due to their race. Despite his ability to both pass and run effectively, current Houston Texans signal-caller Deshaun Watson despises being called a dual-threat quarterback because he believes the term is often used to stereotype black quarterbacks. Quarterback A quarterback (commonly abbreviated \"QB\") is a position in American and","title":"Quarterback"},{"id":"3220800","text":"Tagliabue announced the selection of Roethlisberger, the phone call he received by Steelers head coach Bill Cowher was shown live on ESPN, confirming the team's selection before the official announcement. Roethlisberger, Rivers, and Manning have all been voted to the Pro Bowl since becoming starters. Roethlisberger and Manning have each won two Super Bowls. The trio have been compared favorably to the Quarterback class of 1983, which included Hall of Fame quarterbacks Dan Marino, John Elway, and Jim Kelly. Roethlisberger was selected 11th overall in the 2004 NFL Draft by the Pittsburgh Steelers. On August 4, 2004, he signed a","title":"Ben Roethlisberger"},{"id":"18084486","text":"Bowl quarterbacks at 13 years and 48 days (Manning was 39, Newton was 26). In addition, this was the first Super Bowl to feature a quarterback on both teams who was the #1 pick in their draft classes. Manning was the #1 selection of the 1998 NFL Draft, while Newton was picked first in 2011. The matchup also pits the top two picks of the 2011 draft against each other: Newton for Carolina and Von Miller for Denver. With Ron Rivera having been a linebacker with the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX, and Kubiak replacing Elway at the end","title":"Super Bowl 50"},{"id":"20959491","text":"Moon's success largely broke the stereotype that blacks could not succeed as quarterbacks, which ushered more prominent black quarterbacks into the NFL starting in the 1980s. Since the inception of the game, only two quarterbacks with known black ancestry have led their team to a Super Bowl victory: Doug Williams in 1988 and Russell Wilson, who is multiracial, in 2014. Other black quarterbacks to start in a Super Bowl include Steve McNair in 2000, Donovan McNabb in 2005, Colin Kaepernick in 2013, and Cam Newton in 2016. In 2003, conservative radio talk show host Rush Limbaugh made headlines when he","title":"Racial issues faced by black quarterbacks"},{"id":"6878912","text":"by the Oakland Raiders. On August 30, he was traded to the St. Louis Rams in exchange for a seven-round draft choice (#238-Rodregis Brooks). The St. Louis Rams acquired Justin to provide depth at quarterback, after Trent Green suffered a serious left knee injury in the last preseason game and Kurt Warner was named the new starter. He was a part of the Super Bowl XXXIV winning team. On March 30, 2000, he was signed as a free agent by the Dallas Cowboys, to replace the departed Jason Garrett as the backup quarterback. After struggling in preseason (he accounted for","title":"Paul Justin"},{"id":"2722708","text":"two games behind the Washington Redskins in the NFC East race. Staubach assumed the full-time quarterbacking duties in a week-eight victory over the St. Louis Cardinals and led the Cowboys to 10 consecutive victories, including their first Super Bowl victory, 24–3 over the Miami Dolphins in Super Bowl VI in January 1972. He was named the game's MVP, completing 12 out of 19 passes for 119 yards and two touchdowns and rushing for 18 yards. In 1972, Staubach missed most of the season with a separated shoulder, but he relieved Morton in a divisional playoff against the San Francisco 49ers","title":"Roger Staubach"},{"id":"10482374","text":"was ranked number 25 on the NFL's \"Top 100 Greatest Players\" list. Marino was known for his quick release, and despite the fact that he was not skilled at scrambling, Marino possessed an uncanny awareness in the pocket, often sliding a step or two to avoid the pass rush. Marino is currently fifth, behind Tom Brady, Peyton Manning, Brett Favre and John Elway on the list of most wins by a starting quarterback and, with 155, the most of a quarterback not to win a Super Bowl. On Sunday, September 17, 2000, at halftime of the Dolphins-Baltimore Ravens game at","title":"Dan Marino"},{"id":"14937900","text":"following the draft, as well as second-round draft pick Brock Osweiler, would each eventually win starting quarterback positions during later seasons. Luck, Griffin, and Wilson would be named to the Pro Bowl following the conclusion of the regular season, while Foles and Cousins would be recognized as Pro Bowlers later on in their careers. Wilson, Osweiler, and Foles have each been a part of a Super Bowl winning team, with Nick Foles eventually becoming the MVP of Super Bowl LII. In the draft, a record 5 players not from the United States were drafted, being Canadians Tyrone Crawford (drafted 81st","title":"2012 NFL Draft"},{"id":"19353633","text":"Avenue include the following. Carl Edward Vuono (born October 18, 1934) is a retired United States Army General who served as the Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1987 to 1991. Joseph Montana is a retired professional American football quarterback. He played in college for the University of Notre Dame and in the National Football League (NFL) for the San Francisco 49ers and Kansas City Chiefs. Montana maintains a laundry list of records, of which include the first player to win the Super Bowl MVP three times. Frederick Cox is the all-time leading scorer for the Minnesota","title":"Park Avenue (Monongahela)"},{"id":"4227477","text":"Bernie Kosar Bernard Joseph Kosar Jr. (born November 25, 1963) is a former American football quarterback who played professionally in the National Football League (NFL). Kosar played for the Cleveland Browns from 1985 to 1993 and then finished his career with the Dallas Cowboys and the Miami Dolphins. With the Cowboys, he won Super Bowl XXVIII, beating the Buffalo Bills, on January 30, 1994. He has even been referenced in several books such as the Lorien Legacies series. Of Hungarian descent, Kosar was born in Youngstown, Ohio, and raised in suburban Boardman. He attended Boardman High School, where he earned","title":"Bernie Kosar"},{"id":"3034509","text":"Bowl since becoming starters. Until 2013, Roethlisberger and Manning had not produced a season with a losing record (although each had an 8-8 season), and Roethlisberger and Manning have each won two Super Bowls. They have been compared favorably to the Quarterback class of 1983, which included Hall of Fame quarterbacks Dan Marino, John Elway, and Jim Kelly. Manning made his NFL debut in Week 1 against the Philadelphia Eagles. He came into the game toward the end the fourth quarter in relief of Kurt Warner. He finished the 31–17 loss 3-of-9 for 66 yards. Manning made his first career","title":"Eli Manning"},{"id":"3034551","text":"to win the award. The Giants also became the first team ever with fewer than ten wins in a 16-game regular season to win the Super Bowl. Manning also became the first quarterback in NFL history to throw for 4,900+ yards and win a Super Bowl in the same season. The Giants were the first team with a running game ranked last (32nd) and a defense ranked as low as 27th to win a Super Bowl. For winning the Super Bowl, Manning and the Giants received a victory parade in Manhattan and were honored with symbolic keys to the city","title":"Eli Manning"},{"id":"2528078","text":"of 26-16. Manning was 32-of-43 for 400 passing yards and two passing touchdowns in the victory. Manning became the third starting quarterback to reach the Super Bowl with two teams, after Craig Morton and Kurt Warner. In Super Bowl XLVIII, Manning's Broncos lost to the Seattle Seahawks by a score of 43–8. Manning was up against the Seahawks' young starting quarterback Russell Wilson, who idolized Manning and attended one of Manning's passing camps as a teenager, and later met Manning at a Broncos pre-draft interview. The Seahawks' number one ranked defense proved too much for the Broncos' number one ranked","title":"Peyton Manning"},{"id":"18018565","text":"Angela Akins played golf for the TCU Horned Frogs before transferring to the Texas Longhorns for her junior and senior years. She was named to the All-Big XII Academic Team. In July 2017, Angela married professional golfer Sergio García. She became a golf channel reporter in 2017. Akins's nephew is former Purdue starting quarterback Drew Brees, who won Super Bowl XLIV with the New Orleans Saints. Marty Akins Martin Ray Akins (born January 6, 1954) is a former college All-American football player and politician. He started as quarterback for the Texas Longhorns in the early 1970s and was the only","title":"Marty Akins"},{"id":"2199979","text":"coach Bill Belichick have combined to form the most successful quarterback-head coach tandem in NFL history, winning more regular season games and postseason games than any other such duo as well as appearing in eight Super Bowls. All of these events set new NFL records. In his second season, Brady took over as the starting quarterback after Drew Bledsoe was injured. He led the Patriots to first place in the AFC East and a victory over the favored St. Louis Rams in Super Bowl XXXVI, winning his first Super Bowl MVP award. Despite the Patriots' missing the playoffs the following","title":"Tom Brady"},{"id":"13195407","text":"overall pick, following Elway, Plunkett and Bobby Garrett, but the first since Elway was taken by the Colts in 1983. Stanford quarterbacks have started 7 Super Bowls, winning 4, and garnering two Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Awards. In 2005, a \"Sporting News\" writer described Texas Tech as Quarterback U in an article that bestowed several positional \"U\" monikers with the criteria being college performance since 2000. Its author cited head coach Mike Leach's numerous 4,000-yard-plus passers. During the 1980s, the term was also applied to Maryland, which produced several NFL-caliber quarterbacks during the tenures of head coach Bobby Ross","title":"Quarterback U"},{"id":"6708195","text":"Jim Sorgi James Joseph Sorgi Jr. (born December 3, 1980) is a former American football quarterback. He played college football at the University of Wisconsin and was drafted by the Indianapolis Colts in the sixth round of the 2004 NFL Draft. Sorgi served as the backup to Peyton Manning for several years, and won a ring when the Colts won Super Bowl XLI against the Chicago Bears. Once he was released by the Colts, he signed with the New York Giants to compete for the backup job to Eli Manning, but lost, and he was released that offseason. Sorgi attended","title":"Jim Sorgi"},{"id":"4444716","text":"Ken Stabler Kenneth Michael Stabler (December 25, 1945 – July 8, 2015), nicknamed \"Snake\", was an American football quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) for the Oakland Raiders (1970–1979), Houston Oilers (1980–1981) and New Orleans Saints (1982–1984). He played college football for the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa. Stabler quarterbacked the Raiders to victory in Super Bowl XI, was the 1974 NFL Most Valuable Player and was selected as a quarterback for the NFL 1970s All-Decade Team. Stabler was posthumously elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2016. Stabler became a highly touted football player at Foley","title":"Ken Stabler"},{"id":"9671977","text":"History of Kansas City Chiefs quarterbacks 31 quarterbacks have started for the National Football League's Kansas City Chiefs since their franchise began. The team has also had numerous backup quarterbacks that have stolen the spotlight from the starters. Under Len Dawson, the Texans/Chiefs won three American Football League championships and appeared in two Super Bowl championship games. Dawson was named Most Valuable Player following the Chiefs' victory in Super Bowl IV. Dawson played a total of 13 seasons with Kansas City and retired with many franchise records. Despite never having success in developing and drafting a quality quarterback of their","title":"History of Kansas City Chiefs quarterbacks"},{"id":"5759936","text":"Charlie Batch Charles D'Donte Batch (born December 5, 1974) is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Detroit Lions in the second round of the 1998 NFL Draft and played 15 seasons in the NFL, most of it as a backup with his hometown Pittsburgh Steelers, with whom he earned two Super Bowl rings (Super Bowl XL and Super Bowl XLIII). He played college football at Eastern Michigan. Batch currently works for KDKA-TV in Pittsburgh as a pre-game analyst for the Steelers as well as a color commentator for","title":"Charlie Batch"},{"id":"394059","text":"two different franchises (Kurt Warner was the second with St. Louis Rams and Arizona Cardinals, and Peyton Manning was the third with the Indianapolis Colts and Denver Broncos). Morton is also the only quarterback to have started two different franchises' \"first\" Super Bowl appearances. This was the final Super Bowl in the 14-game schedule era. The following season, the NFL went to a 16-game schedule, where it has remained since. Super Bowl XII provided an opportunity for Morton to not only beat his former team, but also to redeem himself for his Super Bowl V loss and the loss of","title":"Super Bowl XII"},{"id":"10482350","text":"Dan Marino Daniel Constantine Marino Jr. (born September 15, 1961) is a former American football quarterback who played seventeen seasons for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL). The last quarterback of the quarterback class of 1983 to be taken in the first round, Marino held or currently holds dozens of NFL records associated with the quarterback position. Despite never being on a Super Bowl-winning team, he is recognized as one of the greatest quarterbacks, and generally considered to be among the best pure passers in American football history. Best remembered for his quick release and powerful arm,","title":"Dan Marino"},{"id":"9860101","text":"0–2 in, over a contract dispute, and was named both NFL and Super Bowl MVP. Smith is one of only six players to win both the NFL MVP award and Super Bowl MVP award in the same season, and is the only one of those six players who was not a quarterback. Only weeks after Super Bowl XXVIII, however, friction between Johnson and Jones culminated in Johnson stunning the football world by announcing his resignation. The next day Jones hired former University of Oklahoma head coach Barry Switzer to replace Johnson. Norton and guard Kevin Gogan departed via free agency,","title":"History of the Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"9002022","text":"York Giants), Ray Lewis (2000 and 2012 Baltimore Ravens), Peyton Manning (2006 Indianapolis Colts and 2015 Denver Broncos), and LeGarrette Blount (2016 New England Patriots and 2017 Philadelphia Eagles). Ernie Accorsi and Rich Dalrymple are the only non-players or coaches to be interviewed for the series—both were team administrators. Of the \"Blue Ribbon\" top 20 teams, the San Francisco 49ers and Dallas Cowboys are represented most often as a franchise with three championship teams each. The Green Bay Packers, Pittsburgh Steelers, and Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders are each represented twice. According to Steve Sabol, president of NFL Films, only 20 teams","title":"America's Game: The Super Bowl Champions"},{"id":"3020762","text":"City. Dawson is a seventh son of a seventh son. In 1991, Dawson was diagnosed with prostate cancer. Len Dawson Leonard Ray Dawson (born June 20, 1935) is a former American football quarterback and a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame. He played 19 seasons for three professional teams, the last 14 seasons with the Dallas Texans/Kansas City Chiefs, and played college football at Purdue University. Dawson led the Texans/Chiefs to three American Football League Championships (1962, 1966, 1969), and a victory in Super Bowl IV over the Minnesota Vikings, for which he won the game's","title":"Len Dawson"},{"id":"3315289","text":"Mark Rypien Mark Robert Rypien (born October 2, 1962) is a former professional football quarterback. He was drafted by the Washington Redskins of the National Football League (NFL) in the 6th round of the 1986 NFL draft. He is the first Canadian-born quarterback to start in the NFL and win the Super Bowl MVP award, doing so in Super Bowl XXVI. Born in Calgary, Alberta, Rypien moved to the United States in 1965 and was raised in Spokane, Washington. He was a star three-sport athlete at Shadle Park High School, and led the Highlanders to the state title in basketball","title":"Mark Rypien"},{"id":"1362018","text":"was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2010 and the College Football Hall of Fame in 2006. Smith played thirteen seasons with the Cowboys and two with the Arizona Cardinals. While playing for Dallas, Smith plus quarterback Troy Aikman and wide receiver Michael Irvin were known as \"The Triplets,\" and they led their team to three Super Bowl championships during the 1990s. Smith was born in Pensacola, Florida, the son of Mary J. Smith and Emmitt James Smith, Jr. He attended Escambia High School in Pensacola, where he played high school football and ran track for the","title":"Emmitt Smith"},{"id":"12863151","text":"Blount rushed for 90 yards, which included a 21-yard touchdown run. The Eagles won against his former team the Patriots 41–33, giving Blount his third Super Bowl championship and the Eagles' first in franchise history. Blount is one of only five players to win back-to-back Super Bowls with different teams along with Ken Norton, Jr., Deion Sanders, Brandon Browner, and teammate Chris Long. On March 16, 2018, Blount signed a one-year, $4.5 million contract which includes a $1 million signing bonus and $2.5 million in incentives with the Detroit Lions. During Week 2 against the San Francisco 49ers, Blount shoved","title":"LeGarrette Blount"},{"id":"2413186","text":"1990. He later worked as a television commentator, calling NFL games for NBC Sports and college football for ESPN and ABC Sports. Griese is one of three quarterbacks from Purdue to win the Super Bowl (along with Len Dawson and Drew Brees). Griese was born in Evansville, Indiana to Ida (Ulrich) and Sylverious \"Slick\" Griese. Slick owned a plumbing company in Evansville and died in 1955 when Bob was ten years old. Bob played baseball primarily, and excelled as a pitcher. He also starred in basketball and football at Evansville's Rex Mundi High School. He earned 12 varsity letters for","title":"Bob Griese"},{"id":"3495668","text":"David Carr (American football) David Duke Carr (born July 21, 1979) is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Houston Texans first overall in the 2002 NFL Draft. He played college football at Fresno State. Carr also played professionally for the Carolina Panthers, New York Giants, and San Francisco 49ers. He received a Super Bowl ring as a backup for the Giants after their victory over the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLVI. Carr's status as a number one draft pick and subsequent career has led to him","title":"David Carr (American football)"},{"id":"8383612","text":"proliffic passing quarterbacks, ranging from players who have set School, Big Ten & NCAA records, to being named All-Americans and finalist for national awards, to being elected into the College Football and Pro Football Hall of Fames. This great tradition has led to the school being nicknamed the \"Cradle of Quarterbacks\". When Drew Brees led the New Orleans Saints to a victory in Super Bowl XLIV, Purdue became just the second college in history to produce 3 different Super Bowl winning quarterbacks. † Quarterbacks to start and win a Super Bowl. The Purdue All-American Marching Band is the marching band","title":"Purdue Boilermakers football"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"2461905\",\n \"text\": \"January 18, Warner threw for 279 yards, four touchdowns, and no interceptions against the Philadelphia Eagles to lead the Cardinals to their first Super Bowl appearance in history. Warner is one of three quarterbacks who made Super Bowl starts with two teams (the others are Craig Morton [1970: Dallas Cowboys and 1977: Denver Broncos] and Peyton Manning [2006 & 2009: Indianapolis Colts and 2013 & 2015: Denver Broncos]). Warner also became the third quarterback in NFL history to win a conference championship with two teams (following Craig Morton and Earl Morrall). In Warner's third career Super Bowl appearance on February\",\n \"title\": \"Kurt Warner\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2528093\",\n \"text\": \"conversion, which ended up being the final pass of his career. Manning became the oldest starting quarterback to both play in and win a Super Bowl. Manning also became the first quarterback to start two Super Bowls with multiple franchises, with different head coaches each time (Dungy, Caldwell, Fox, and Kubiak) and the first quarterback to lead two franchises to a Super Bowl victory. The victory gave Manning his 200th overall win including regular season and playoffs, making him at the time the starting quarterback with the most combined regular season and postseason wins in NFL history. Peyton and Eli\",\n \"title\": \"Peyton Manning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2199960\",\n \"text\": \"Tom Brady Thomas \\\"Tom\\\" Edward Patrick Brady Jr. (born August 3, 1977) is an American football quarterback for the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). He is one of only two players in NFL history to have won five Super Bowls (along with defensive player Charles Haley), and he is the only player to have won them all with a single franchise. Because of his numerous accomplishments and accolades, many analysts and sportswriters consider Brady to be among the greatest quarterbacks of all time. After playing college football for the University of Michigan, Brady was drafted by\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Brady\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2527984\",\n \"text\": \"Manning is also the only quarterback to start the Super Bowl for two franchises more than once each, with different coaches at each Super Bowl start (Dungy, Caldwell, Fox, Kubiak), and the only starting quarterback to win a Super Bowl with two franchises. At 39 years of age, Manning was the oldest quarterback to start in and win a Super Bowl. During a 2009 \\\"Monday Night Football\\\" game, Manning received the nickname \\\"The Sheriff\\\" from color commentator Jon Gruden due to his tendency to audible prior to the snap, and he was one of the most recognizable and parodied players\",\n \"title\": \"Peyton Manning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13026263\",\n \"text\": \"include Super Bowl finalists and winners; for instance Super Bowl XXXV was contested between two journeyman quarterbacks (Trent Dilfer and Kerry Collins), and arguably so was Super Bowl XXXVII (Brad Johnson and Rich Gannon) Journeyman quarterback A journeyman quarterback in American football (typically NFL), is a quarterback who plays for several teams over a career. Such a player is typically signed to year-by-year contracts, and may be signed by a team to fill in for an injured starter. The term journeyman is normally pejorative. The paradigm of a journeyman quarterback might be J. T. O'Sullivan, who spent time with 11\",\n \"title\": \"Journeyman quarterback\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9862428\",\n \"text\": \"defense created three lost fumbles and an interception and scored a defensive touchdown to power the team to a 24-10 victory, the third NFL title for the franchise. Von Miller, who had 2.5 sacks and two forced fumbles, was named the game's Most Valuable Player. Peyton Manning made history as the first quarterback to start and win a Super Bowl for two teams. Gary Kubiak became the fourth coach to win a Super Bowl in his first year with a new team. The Broncos' third championship tied them for seventh-most Super Bowl wins all-time, along with the Washington Redskins and\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Denver Broncos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4730190\",\n \"text\": \"a total of 5,734 yards, 29 touchdowns, 49 interceptions and a 52.1 completion percentage. At age 34, Morton revived his career with the Broncos, finishing the season as the second rated passer in the AFC. Although he suffered in the playoffs from a swollen left hip that needed to be drained, he overcame the injury to become the first NFL quarterback to start the Super Bowl for two different teams (Dallas in V and Denver in XII). This was later equaled by Kurt Warner and Peyton Manning, but Morton is the only quarterback to have started for two different team's\",\n \"title\": \"Craig Morton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2413185\",\n \"text\": \"Bob Griese Robert Allen Griese (pronounced ; born February 3, 1945) is a former American football quarterback who earned All-American honors with the Purdue Boilermakers before being drafted in 1967 by the American Football League's Miami Dolphins. Griese led the Dolphins to three consecutive Super Bowl appearances, including two Super Bowl victories in VII and VIII (three straight appearances with two victories is unmatched by any other team, let alone any single quarterback). Griese was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame and the Indiana Football Hall of Fame in 1984 and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in\",\n \"title\": \"Bob Griese\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4365807\",\n \"text\": \"the Indianapolis Colts, and the Denver Broncos. Eli was also a star quarterback at Ole Miss and is the current quarterback of the NFL's New York Giants. Both Peyton and Eli were All-America selections during their college careers and both have led their respective professional teams to Super Bowl championships (Peyton with the Indianapolis Colts in Super Bowl XLI and with the Broncos in Super Bowl 50, and Eli with the New York Giants in Super Bowls XLII and XLVI). Both have won the Super Bowl MVP award, Eli twice. Archie was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame\",\n \"title\": \"Manning Award\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8020990\",\n \"text\": \"Troy Aikman Troy Kenneth Aikman (born November 21, 1966) is a former American football quarterback who played for the Dallas Cowboys in the National Football League (NFL). The number one overall draft pick in 1989, Aikman played twelve consecutive seasons as quarterback with the Cowboys. During his career he was a six-time Pro Bowl selection, led the team to three Super Bowl victories, and was the MVP of Super Bowl XXVII. Aikman was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2006 and to the College Football Hall of Fame on December 9, 2008 in New York City. Currently\",\n \"title\": \"Troy Aikman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18084485\",\n \"text\": \"Manning reached his fourth Super Bowl, with appearances under as many head coaches (Tony Dungy, Jim Caldwell, John Fox, and Gary Kubiak). He became the first quarterback ever to lead two teams to multiple Super Bowls. He was also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super Bowl at age 39. The previous record was held by John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII at age 38 and is currently Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager. Manning and Newton set the record for the largest age difference between opposing Super\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl 50\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"340460\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl team is often chosen for the \\\"I'm going to Disney World!\\\" campaign (which includes a trip to Walt Disney World for them and their families), whether they are the Super Bowl MVP or not; examples include Joe Montana (XXIII), Trent Dilfer (XXXV), and Peyton Manning (50). Dilfer was chosen even though teammate Ray Lewis was the MVP of Super Bowl XXXV, due to the bad publicity from Lewis' murder trial the prior year. In addition to their main role, quarterbacks are occasionally used in other roles. Most teams utilize a backup quarterback as their holder on placekicks. A\",\n \"title\": \"Quarterback\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10046860\",\n \"text\": \"Gale Gilbert Gale Reed Gilbert (born December 20, 1961) is a former American football quarterback who played eight seasons in the NFL for the Seattle Seahawks, Buffalo Bills, and the San Diego Chargers. Gilbert is the only player in NFL history to be on five consecutive Super Bowl teams, none of which were won. Gilbert was the catcher for a baseball team from Red Bluff, California, which played in the 1974 Little League World Series. That team lost the nationally televised championship game to a team from Taiwan. Gale Gilbert played college football for the California Golden Bears. He was\",\n \"title\": \"Gale Gilbert\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3354613\",\n \"text\": \"the Raiders. Initially serving as a backup, he became the team's starting quarterback during the 1980 season and helped Raiders win Super Bowl XV, where he was named the game's MVP. In 1983, Plunkett again ascended from backup to starting quarterback to assist the Raiders in winning Super Bowl XVIII before retiring three years later. He is the only eligible quarterback to win two Super Bowls as a starter to not be inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Plunkett is the only NFL Quarterback to win two Super Bowls with the same team in two different cities in\",\n \"title\": \"Jim Plunkett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3394631\",\n \"text\": \"Bart Starr Bryan Bartlett \\\"Bart\\\" Starr (born January 9, 1934) is a former professional American football player and coach. He played quarterback for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL) from 1956 through 1971. Starr is the only quarterback in NFL history to lead a team to three consecutive league championships (1965–67). Starr and New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady are tied for total NFL championships, at five each. Starr led his team to victories in the first two Super Bowls: I and II. As the Packers' head coach, he was less successful, compiling a 52–76–3 ()\",\n \"title\": \"Bart Starr\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2413209\",\n \"text\": \"Judi's House. Bob Griese Robert Allen Griese (pronounced ; born February 3, 1945) is a former American football quarterback who earned All-American honors with the Purdue Boilermakers before being drafted in 1967 by the American Football League's Miami Dolphins. Griese led the Dolphins to three consecutive Super Bowl appearances, including two Super Bowl victories in VII and VIII (three straight appearances with two victories is unmatched by any other team, let alone any single quarterback). Griese was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame and the Indiana Football Hall of Fame in 1984 and the Pro Football Hall of\",\n \"title\": \"Bob Griese\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3925447\",\n \"text\": \"Doug Williams (quarterback) Douglas Lee Williams (born August 9, 1955) is a former American football quarterback and former head coach of the Grambling State Tigers football team. Williams is known for his remarkable performance with the Washington Redskins in Super Bowl XXII against the Denver Broncos. Williams, who was named the Super Bowl MVP, passed for a Super Bowl record 340 yards and four touchdowns, with one interception. He was the first African-American starting quarterback to win a Super Bowl. Williams also became the first player in Super Bowl history to pass for four touchdowns in a half, and the\",\n \"title\": \"Doug Williams (quarterback)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3608227\",\n \"text\": \"all rounds. As of 2012, this draft also has two other records attached to it: it became the draft with the shortest time between having multiple quarterbacks being drafted and starting for Super Bowl winners (Ben Roethlisberger for the 2005 Steelers, and Manning for the 2007 Giants) and it has become the first draft ever to have produced two QBs who each won multiple Super Bowls (with Roethlisberger winning his second in 2008 and Eli his second in 2011). The 255 players chosen in the draft were composed of: 2004 NFL Draft The 2004 NFL draft was the procedure by\",\n \"title\": \"2004 NFL Draft\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10046865\",\n \"text\": \"teams and competed in the 2010 BCS National Championship Game with the former. Gilbert is also the father of Texas Christian University Horned Frogs freshman tight end Griffin Gilbert. Gale Gilbert Gale Reed Gilbert (born December 20, 1961) is a former American football quarterback who played eight seasons in the NFL for the Seattle Seahawks, Buffalo Bills, and the San Diego Chargers. Gilbert is the only player in NFL history to be on five consecutive Super Bowl teams, none of which were won. Gilbert was the catcher for a baseball team from Red Bluff, California, which played in the 1974\",\n \"title\": \"Gale Gilbert\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4245749\",\n \"text\": \"spending a few years in the Arena Football League, Warner became the St. Louis Rams starting quarterback in 1999 due to a pre-season injury of starter Trent Green. He went on to lead the Rams to two Super Bowls and one Super Bowl win (in which Warner was named MVP), while also winning two NFL MVP Awards. But in 2002, Warner's production was drastically reduced by injuries and he soon lost his starting job to Marc Bulger. He eventually left the team to join the New York Giants, but once again he lost his starting job (replaced by Eli Manning)\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394107\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl victories. With this start, Staubach became the first quarterback to start four Super Bowls. Bradshaw joined Fran Tarkenton, Bob Griese as well as Staubach as the only quarterbacks to start at least three Super Bowls. The only quarterbacks to start more Super Bowls than Staubach and Bradshaw are John Elway and Tom Brady, who guided the Broncos and Patriots to five and seven Super Bowls respectively. 49ers quarterback Joe Montana and Bills quarterback Jim Kelly later matched Staubach and Bradshaw by leading their teams to four Super Bowls. The point spread for the game opened at Pittsburgh -3.5\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3200079\",\n \"text\": \"a touchdown in back-to-back Super Bowls. With the victory, Tom Brady became just the fourth quarterback to win at least three Super Bowls, along with Terry Bradshaw, Joe Montana and Troy Aikman. Brady also became the fourth quarterback to throw a touchdown pass in three different Super Bowls. Other quarterbacks to do it were Terry Bradshaw, Joe Montana and John Elway, with Kurt Warner later accomplishing the feat during Super Bowl XLIII and Peyton Manning in Super Bowl XLVIII. The Patriots joined the Dallas Cowboys as the only teams in NFL history to win three Super Bowls in a span\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXXIX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3394652\",\n \"text\": \"game and instead sent a videotaped greeting from home. Bart Starr Bryan Bartlett \\\"Bart\\\" Starr (born January 9, 1934) is a former professional American football player and coach. He played quarterback for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL) from 1956 through 1971. Starr is the only quarterback in NFL history to lead a team to three consecutive league championships (1965–67). Starr and New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady are tied for total NFL championships, at five each. Starr led his team to victories in the first two Super Bowls: I and II. As the Packers' head\",\n \"title\": \"Bart Starr\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3893613\",\n \"text\": \"Joe Theismann Joseph Robert Theismann (born September 9, 1949) is a former professional gridiron football player, sports commentator, corporate speaker and restaurateur. He played quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) and Canadian Football League (CFL), achieving his most enduring fame in 12 seasons with the Washington Redskins, where he was a two-time Pro Bowler and helped the team to consecutive Super Bowl appearances, winning Super Bowl XVII and losing Super Bowl XVIII. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2003. Following his retirement from football in 1985 after a career-ending injury, Theismann worked as a\",\n \"title\": \"Joe Theismann\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2015369\",\n \"text\": \"Joe Montana Joseph Clifford Montana Jr. (born June 11, 1956), nicknamed \\\"Joe Cool\\\" and \\\"The Comeback Kid\\\", is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 16 seasons with the San Francisco 49ers and Kansas City Chiefs. After winning a college national championship at Notre Dame, Montana started his NFL career in 1979 with San Francisco, where he played for the next 14 seasons. While a member of the 49ers, Montana started and won four Super Bowls and was the first player ever to have been named Super Bowl Most Valuable Player three times.\",\n \"title\": \"Joe Montana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10259943\",\n \"text\": \"zone. Gibbs, who earned induction into the Pro Football Hall of Fame for his work as Redskins head coach, is also the first head coach in NFL history to win 3 Super Bowls with 3 different quarterbacks: Joe Theismann, Doug Williams, and Mark Rypien. Norv Turner, a former Washington Redskins and San Diego Chargers head coach, and offensive coordinator of the Dallas Cowboys, San Francisco 49ers and currently the Carolina Panthers, also implements a version of the Coryell style of offense. The Turner strain of Coryell offenses are still very reliant on a good receiving TE. Norv Turner strains sometimes\",\n \"title\": \"Air Coryell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7678075\",\n \"text\": \"two seasons with the Vikings. In that time, he made an NFL-record 297 consecutive starts, 321 including the playoffs. Favre's eleven Pro Bowl invitations is the third most among quarterbacks in NFL history. He is the only player to win the Associated Press NFL Most Valuable Player Award three consecutive times, doing so from 1995 to 1997, and is one of only six quarterbacks to have won the award as well as the Super Bowl in the same season. He led teams to eight division championships, five NFC Championship Games, and two Super Bowl appearances: Super Bowl XXXI and Super\",\n \"title\": \"Brett Favre\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394319\",\n \"text\": \"where the game was coincidentally played in the home market of one of the participants. The game was hyped as the battle between two great quarterbacks: Miami's Dan Marino and San Francisco's Joe Montana. The Dolphins entered their fifth Super Bowl in team history after posting a 14–2 regular season record. The 49ers were making their second Super Bowl appearance after becoming the first team ever to win 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule in 1978. With Marino and Montana, the game became the first Super Bowl in which the starting quarterbacks of each\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XIX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1439781\",\n \"text\": \"Jim McMahon James Robert McMahon, Jr. (born August 21, 1959) is a former American football player. He played college football at Brigham Young University, where he was a two-time All-American (1980, 1981) and later in the professional ranks with the Chicago Bears, San Diego Chargers, Philadelphia Eagles, Minnesota Vikings, Arizona Cardinals, Cleveland Browns, and Green Bay Packers. He won two Super Bowl titles, the first with the Bears in Super Bowl XX where he was the starting quarterback, and the second with their rivals, the Green Bay Packers, in Super Bowl XXXI where he was a backup to Brett Favre.\",\n \"title\": \"Jim McMahon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15909328\",\n \"text\": \"Brock Osweiler Brock Alan Osweiler (born November 22, 1990) is an American football quarterback for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL). Osweiler played college football at Arizona State University and was drafted by the Denver Broncos in the second round of the 2012 NFL Draft. During his fourth year with the Broncos, Osweiler was a member of the team that won Super Bowl 50 over the Carolina Panthers. That season marked his first appearance as a starter when he relieved an injured Peyton Manning, to whom he had served as a backup in his first three years,\",\n \"title\": \"Brock Osweiler\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2527999\",\n \"text\": \"part of Manning's career, \\\"his record-breaking stats were written off because of the Colts' postseason failures\\\"; conversely he posted poor statistics in the 2015 regular season and Super Bowl 50, which would be his final season, but nonetheless won his second Super Bowl thanks to his team's defense. Manning is also the only quarterback in NFL history to make the Super Bowl four times with four head coaches (Dungy, Caldwell, Fox and Kubiak). Despite concerns about his arm strength and mobility, Manning was selected first overall in the 1998 NFL Draft by the Indianapolis Colts. Although many considered Washington State\",\n \"title\": \"Peyton Manning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7801949\",\n \"text\": \"Jay Schroeder Jay Brian Schroeder (born June 28, 1961) is a former professional American football quarterback. He played college football at UCLA, after which he was selected in the third round (83rd overall) of the 1984 NFL draft by the Washington Redskins where he played for three seasons. He then played for the Los Angeles Raiders for five seasons and spent one season each with the Cincinnati Bengals and Arizona Cardinals. While with the Washington Redskins, Schroeder was selected to his only Pro Bowl after the 1986 season season. He also won his only Super Bowl ring, when the Redskins\",\n \"title\": \"Jay Schroeder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18084527\",\n \"text\": \"was 3-of-15. The two teams' combined third down conversion percentage of 13.8 was the lowest in Super Bowl history. Manning and Newton had quarterback passer ratings of 56.6 and 55.4, respectively, and their added total of 112 is a record lowest aggregate passer rating for a Super Bowl. Manning became the oldest quarterback ever to win a Super Bowl at age 39, the first quarterback ever to win a Super Bowl starting for two teams, and the first quarterback ever to win 200 games (regular season and postseason) as a starter. Gary Kubiak became the first head coach to win\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl 50\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1996290\",\n \"text\": \"from the winning team every year except 1971, when Dallas Cowboys linebacker Chuck Howley won the award despite the Cowboys' loss in Super Bowl V to the Baltimore Colts. Harvey Martin and Randy White were named co-MVPs of Super Bowl XII, the only time co-MVPs have been chosen. Including the Super Bowl XII co-MVPs, seven Cowboys players have won Super Bowl MVP awards, the most of any NFL team. Quarterbacks have earned the honor 29 times in 52 games. Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award The Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award, or Super Bowl MVP, is presented annually to\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6000949\",\n \"text\": \"for roster spots with Eli Manning, Tim Hasselbeck, and Jared Lorenzen. He was named the third-string quarterback in a season that saw the team win Super Bowl XLII, beating the previously undefeated New England Patriots. On August 18, 2008, Wright suffered a back injury in a preseason game against the Cleveland Browns and was eventually placed on the injured reserve list on August 30. He wasn't re-signed the next season and decided to announce his retirement. His cousin Jesse Campbell played safety in the NFL. Anthony Wright (American football) Anthony Lavon Wright (born February 14, 1976) is a former American\",\n \"title\": \"Anthony Wright (American football)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3893636\",\n \"text\": \"time in the league and left the team when it was folded into the Virginia Destroyers in January 2011. In 2011, Theismann was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame. Joe Theismann Joseph Robert Theismann (born September 9, 1949) is a former professional gridiron football player, sports commentator, corporate speaker and restaurateur. He played quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) and Canadian Football League (CFL), achieving his most enduring fame in 12 seasons with the Washington Redskins, where he was a two-time Pro Bowler and helped the team to consecutive Super Bowl appearances, winning Super Bowl XVII and\",\n \"title\": \"Joe Theismann\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3093351\",\n \"text\": \"He attended Ole Miss as starting quarterback and was drafted No. 1 overall by the San Diego Chargers in the 2004 NFL Draft. However, he was traded to the Giants for Philip Rivers on draft day, after repeatedly threatening not to sign with the Chargers. He led the Giants to Super Bowl XLII and won 17–14 over a then-undefeated New England Patriots team. In 2012, the Giants again defeated the New England Patriots 21–17 in Super Bowl XLVI. He won the Most Valuable Player award of both Super Bowls. Cooper, Peyton, and Eli all attended and graduated from Isidore Newman\",\n \"title\": \"Archie Manning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9372830\",\n \"text\": \"still, Joe Gibbs won 3 Super Bowls running his version of the Coryell offense when he was head coach of the Washington Redskins from 1981-1992 (He also served as Redskins head coach from 2004-2007). Gibbs, who earned induction into the Hall of Fame as a head coach, is the only coach to win 3 Super Bowls with 3 different quarterbacks (Joe Theismann, Doug Williams and Mark Rypien). Around 2011, Bill Belichick increasingly adopted an up-tempo, no-huddle offense for his team. The idea behind this strategy is for the offense to call plays rapidly without pause and without a huddle. The\",\n \"title\": \"New England Patriots strategy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2722697\",\n \"text\": \"Roger Staubach Roger Thomas Staubach (born February 5, 1942), nicknamed \\\"Roger the Dodger\\\", \\\"Captain America\\\" and \\\"Captain Comeback\\\", is a former American football quarterback in the National Football League (NFL). He attended the U.S. Naval Academy where he won the 1963 Heisman Trophy, and after graduation he served in the U.S. Navy, including a tour of duty in Vietnam. Staubach joined the Dallas Cowboys in 1969 and played with the club during all 11 seasons of his career. He led the team to the Super Bowl five times, four as the starting quarterback. He led the Cowboys to victories in\",\n \"title\": \"Roger Staubach\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7005059\",\n \"text\": \"Damon Huard Damon Paul Huard (born July 9, 1973) is a former American football quarterback. He is the director of community relations and fundraiser for the University of Washington football program, his alma mater. Huard was signed by the Cincinnati Bengals as an undrafted free agent in 1996, and played twelve seasons in the NFL with the Miami Dolphins, New England Patriots, and Kansas City Chiefs. While with the Patriots, he won two Super Bowl rings. Born in Yakima, Washington, Huard was raised southeast of Tacoma in Puyallup, where his father Mike was a high school teacher and head football\",\n \"title\": \"Damon Huard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18262152\",\n \"text\": \"Jacoby Brissett Jacoby Jajuan Brissett (born December 11, 1992) is an American football quarterback for the Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Florida before transferring to NC State, and was drafted by the New England Patriots in the third round of the 2016 NFL Draft. As a member of the Patriots he won Super Bowl LI over the Atlanta Falcons as a backup to Tom Brady, and was traded to the Colts the following season. Brissett attended William T. Dwyer High School in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida. Rivals.com ranked him as a four-star\",\n \"title\": \"Jacoby Brissett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3086907\",\n \"text\": \"Tommy Maddox Thomas Alfred Maddox (born September 2, 1971) is a former football quarterback in the National Football League (NFL), the XFL, and the Arena Football League. He is one of three players (Bobby Singh and Ron Carpenter) to have won both Super Bowl and XFL championships. Maddox was born in Shreveport, Louisiana and raised in Hurst, Texas, in the Dallas/Fort Worth area. At UCLA, Maddox played collegiately for two seasons and led UCLA to the John Hancock Bowl in 1991. The Denver Broncos drafted Maddox in the first round of the 1992 NFL Draft. Originally thought to be the\",\n \"title\": \"Tommy Maddox\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"393901\",\n \"text\": \"became the first quarterback to start three Super Bowls and is joined by Jim Kelly as the only quarterbacks to start at least three consecutive Super Bowls. Wide receiver Paul Warfield remained the main deep threat on the team, catching 29 passes for 514 yards and 11 touchdowns. The offensive line was strong, once again led by center Jim Langer and right guard Larry Little. Griese, Csonka, Warfield, Langer, Nick Buoniconti and Little would all eventually be elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Miami's \\\"No Name Defense\\\" continued to dominate their opponents. Future Hall of Fame linebacker Nick\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl VIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3354626\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl, defeating the Philadelphia Eagles 27–10 in Super Bowl XV. Throwing for 261 yards and three touchdowns, Plunkett was named the game's MVP; subsequently, Plunkett has the distinction of being the first minority to quarterback a team to a Super Bowl victory and the only Latino to be named Super Bowl MVP. In addition to this, he became the second of four players to win the Heisman Trophy and Super Bowl MVP, Roger Staubach before him, and Marcus Allen and Desmond Howard after him. Later in his career, the Raiders moved to Los Angeles. After returning to the backup\",\n \"title\": \"Jim Plunkett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3093350\",\n \"text\": \"attending the University of Tennessee. Considered one of the greatest players in NFL history, he led the Indianapolis Colts to a 29–17 victory in Super Bowl XLI over the Chicago Bears on February 4, 2007, and was the game's MVP. After missing the entire 2011 NFL season, he signed with the Denver Broncos on March 20, 2012, and won Super Bowl 50 against the Carolina Panthers on February 7, 2016. He retired from pro football a month later, on March 7. Eli Manning was born in New Orleans in 1981. He is currently a quarterback with the New York Giants.\",\n \"title\": \"Archie Manning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10482351\",\n \"text\": \"Marino helped the Dolphins become consistent postseason contenders, leading them to the playoffs ten times and one Super Bowl appearance in XIX, although a title victory ultimately eluded him during his career. Marino is considered by many to be one of the greatest players to never win a Super Bowl and has the most career victories of quarterbacks to not win a title at 155 (147–93 in regular season and 8–10 in playoffs). A nine-time Pro Bowl selection, and seven time first or second team All-Pro, Marino was the NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP) in 1984, when he set single\",\n \"title\": \"Dan Marino\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6136112\",\n \"text\": \"Tebucky Jones Tebucky Shermain Jones (born October 6, 1974) is a former American football safety in the National Football League. His professional career began when he was drafted out of Syracuse University in the first round of the 1998 NFL Draft by the New England Patriots. He also played for the Miami Dolphins and the New Orleans Saints. Jones is best known for his role on the 2001 Patriots team that won Super Bowl XXXVI. In the Super Bowl, in the fourth quarter with the St. Louis Rams in a do-or-die situation down 3-17 against the Patriots, Rams quarterback Kurt\",\n \"title\": \"Tebucky Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4281409\",\n \"text\": \"Brian Griese Brian David Griese (; born March 18, 1975) is a former American football quarterback and current color commentator for \\\"ESPN College Football\\\". He was drafted by the Broncos in the third round of the 1998 NFL Draft. He played high school football at Christopher Columbus High School and later college football at Michigan. During his rookie year in 1998, he earned a Super Bowl ring with the Broncos, as John Elway led the Broncos to a victory in Super Bowl XXXIII over the Atlanta Falcons. Elway retired after the Super Bowl and Griese became the starting quarterback for\",\n \"title\": \"Brian Griese\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3047497\",\n \"text\": \"Poly\\\" O'Brien, Tim Simpson, Doug Marrone, and Brad Johnson, a quarterback who would go on to win Super Bowl XXXVII with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Also of note was Dedrick Dodge, a special teams maven who went on to win a number of Super Bowl rings with the San Francisco 49ers and the Denver Broncos and LaVar Ball, a tight end whose sons play basketball, including Lonzo Ball of the Los Angeles Lakers, who was the second overall pick in the 2017 NBA draft. London Monarchs The London Monarchs were a professional American football team in NFL Europe and its\",\n \"title\": \"London Monarchs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"340459\",\n \"text\": \"other team sports, before the implementation of NFL team captains in 2007, the starting quarterback was usually the \\\"de facto\\\" team leader and well-respected player on and off the field. Since 2007, when the NFL allowed teams to designate several captains to serve as on-field leaders, the starting quarterback has usually been one of the team captains as the leader of the team's offense. After a Super Bowl victory, the starting quarterback is the first player (and third person after the team owner and head coach) to be presented with the Vince Lombardi Trophy. The starting quarterback of the victorious\",\n \"title\": \"Quarterback\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2158405\",\n \"text\": \"Tom Flores Thomas Raymond Flores (born March 21, 1937) is a Mexican-American former professional football coach and player. He and Mike Ditka are the only two people in National Football League history to win a Super Bowl as a player, assistant coach, and head coach (Super Bowl IV as a player for the Chiefs, Super Bowl XI as an assistant coach of the Raiders, and Super Bowl XV and Super Bowl XVIII as head coach of the Raiders). Flores was also the first Hispanic starting quarterback and the first minority head coach in professional football history to win a Super\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Flores\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"703818\",\n \"text\": \"Terry Bradshaw Terry Paxton Bradshaw (born September 2, 1948) is a former American football quarterback who played professionally in the National Football League (NFL). Since 1994, he has been a TV sports analyst and co-host of \\\"Fox NFL Sunday\\\". Bradshaw is also an actor, having participated in many television shows and films, most notably starring in the movie \\\"Failure to Launch\\\". He played for 14 seasons with Pittsburgh, won four Super Bowl titles in a six-year period (1974, 1975, 1978, and 1979), becoming the first quarterback to win three and four Super Bowls, and led the Steelers to eight AFC\",\n \"title\": \"Terry Bradshaw\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11395896\",\n \"text\": \"Tracy Porter Tracy O'Neil Porter (born August 11, 1986) is an American football cornerback who is currently a free agent. He was drafted by the New Orleans Saints in the second round of the 2008 NFL Draft. With the Saints, he won Super Bowl XLIV against the Indianapolis Colts, sealing the game with a memorable interception returned for a touchdown. He played college football at Indiana. Porter has also played for the Denver Broncos, Oakland Raiders, Washington Redskins, and Chicago Bears. Porter attended Port Allen High School, where he played quarterback, running back, wide receiver, and cornerback. He earned first\",\n \"title\": \"Tracy Porter\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10341298\",\n \"text\": \"as a quarterback. He later transferred to Bethune-Cookman University, where he played basketball but not football. From 2000 to 2002, Toliver spent time on the practice squads of the St. Louis Rams, San Francisco 49ers and Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League. He was part of the Buccaneers team that won Super Bowl XXXVII in January 2003. He played for the Tampa Bay Storm of the AFL from 2002 to 2005. In 2003, he was part of the Storm team that won ArenaBowl XVII, becoming the first person to win an ArenaBowl and Super Bowl in the same\",\n \"title\": \"T. T. Toliver\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"327181\",\n \"text\": \"John Wooden; basketball Hall of Famers Stretch Murphy, Piggy Lambert, and Rick Mount; NBA Champions Paul Hoffman, Herm Gilliam, Frank Kendrick, Jerry Sichting, Glenn Robinson, and Brian Cardinal; and NBA All-Stars Glenn Robinson, Brad Miller, Terry Dischinger, and Joe Barry Carroll. Purdue has three NFL Super Bowl–winning quarterbacks in Drew Brees, Bob Griese, and Len Dawson. Additionally, a total of 19 Purdue alumni have been on a Super Bowl–winning team . Purdue also produced Super Bowl IV winning coach Hank Stram. Daytona 500 winner Ryan Newman graduated from Purdue with a bachelor's degree in vehicle structure engineering. Three Purdue alumni\",\n \"title\": \"Purdue University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7702035\",\n \"text\": \"Owen Daniels Owen Four Daniels (born November 9, 1982) is a former American football tight end. He played college football for the University of Wisconsin, and was drafted by the Houston Texans in the fourth round of the 2006 NFL Draft. He is a two-time Pro Bowl selection. He also played for the Baltimore Ravens and Denver Broncos. As a member of the Broncos, he helped the team win Super Bowl 50 over the Carolina Panthers. Daniels attended Naperville Central High School in Naperville, Illinois. As a starting quarterback on the football team, Daniels led Naperville Central to an undefeated\",\n \"title\": \"Owen Daniels\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3354612\",\n \"text\": \"Jim Plunkett Jim Plunkett (born December 5, 1947) is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for sixteen seasons. He achieved his greatest success during his final nine seasons with the Oakland Raiders franchise, whom he helped lead to two Super Bowl victories. A Heisman Trophy winner during his collegiate career at Stanford, Plunkett was selected by the New England Patriots as the first overall pick in the 1971 NFL Draft and later played for the San Francisco 49ers. His tenure with the teams was mostly unsuccessful and led to him being signed by\",\n \"title\": \"Jim Plunkett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3020747\",\n \"text\": \"Len Dawson Leonard Ray Dawson (born June 20, 1935) is a former American football quarterback and a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame. He played 19 seasons for three professional teams, the last 14 seasons with the Dallas Texans/Kansas City Chiefs, and played college football at Purdue University. Dawson led the Texans/Chiefs to three American Football League Championships (1962, 1966, 1969), and a victory in Super Bowl IV over the Minnesota Vikings, for which he won the game's MVP award. Dawson retired from professional football after the 1975 season, and was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of\",\n \"title\": \"Len Dawson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17704007\",\n \"text\": \"Jimmy Garoppolo James Richard Garoppolo (born November 2, 1991) is an American football quarterback for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Eastern Illinois and was drafted in the second round of the 2014 NFL Draft by the New England Patriots, with whom he won two Super Bowls as the backup to Tom Brady. As a senior in 2013, Garoppolo broke Tony Romo's school records for career passing touchdowns, career passing yards, and passing touchdowns in a season. That season, he also won the Walter Payton Award as the best offensive player\",\n \"title\": \"Jimmy Garoppolo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5732094\",\n \"text\": \"Troy Aikman, himself a three-time Super Bowl winner as a Dallas Cowboys quarterback, as the color analyst. Mike Pereira joined Buck and Aikman in the broadcast booth to comment on instant replay reviews, while Pam Oliver and Chris Myers served as sideline reporters. The pre-game show featured the \\\"Fox NFL Sunday\\\" crew of host Curt Menefee and a group of analysts with extensive Super Bowl experiences of their own: Terry Bradshaw (4 time Super Bowl winning QB with the Pittsburgh Steelers), Howie Long (one-time Super Bowl winning defensive end with the then-Los Angeles Raiders), Michael Strahan (one-time Super Bowl winning\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4042976\",\n \"text\": \"England Patriots]]. He was also a backup to [[Dan Marino]] as a member of the [[Miami Dolphins]], and a starting quarterback for the Eagles and [[Cleveland Browns]]. In his second season as the Eagles' head coach, Pederson won [[Super Bowl LII]] (also against the Patriots), marking the first [[Super Bowl]] title in franchise history. He also became just the fourth person, after [[Mike Ditka]], [[Tom Flores]] and [[Tony Dungy]] to win a Super Bowl as both a player and head coach. Pederson was born in Bellingham, Washington, in 1968. He attended [[Ferndale High School (Washington)|Ferndale High School]] in nearby [[Ferndale,\",\n \"title\": \"Doug Pederson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3354630\",\n \"text\": \"a result of his physical injuries. Jim Plunkett Jim Plunkett (born December 5, 1947) is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for sixteen seasons. He achieved his greatest success during his final nine seasons with the Oakland Raiders franchise, whom he helped lead to two Super Bowl victories. A Heisman Trophy winner during his collegiate career at Stanford, Plunkett was selected by the New England Patriots as the first overall pick in the 1971 NFL Draft and later played for the San Francisco 49ers. His tenure with the teams was mostly unsuccessful and\",\n \"title\": \"Jim Plunkett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7002533\",\n \"text\": \"teams that had been given the last rites by many near the end of the season, emerged as champions at the end. Eli Manning became (and still remains) the only quarterback to throw for more than 4,900 yards and win a Super Bowl in the same season. The Giants became the first team to have won Super Bowl games broadcast on all four U.S. national networks (CBS, ABC, FOX, and now NBC). The Giants and Patriots became the 3rd and 4th teams (after the Oakland Raiders and Pittsburgh Steelers) to appear in Super Bowls in four different decades (both in\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLVI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17704021\",\n \"text\": \"with a left knee injury. It was later revealed he tore his ACL, prematurely ending his season. \\\"Source\\\": Jimmy Garoppolo James Richard Garoppolo (born November 2, 1991) is an American football quarterback for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Eastern Illinois and was drafted in the second round of the 2014 NFL Draft by the New England Patriots, with whom he won two Super Bowls as the backup to Tom Brady. As a senior in 2013, Garoppolo broke Tony Romo's school records for career passing touchdowns, career passing yards, and passing\",\n \"title\": \"Jimmy Garoppolo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11236483\",\n \"text\": \"Joe Flacco Joseph Vincent Flacco (born January 16, 1985) is an American football quarterback for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Delaware after transferring from Pittsburgh, and was drafted by the Ravens in the first round of the 2008 NFL Draft. With Flacco as Baltimore's starting quarterback since his rookie season, the Ravens have won the AFC North twice, appeared in three AFC Championship Games, and defeated the San Francisco 49ers to win Super Bowl XLVII following the 2012 season. Flacco was named Super Bowl XLVII's MVP, concluding a postseason run in\",\n \"title\": \"Joe Flacco\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"374918\",\n \"text\": \"Bowl since becoming starters, none had produced a season with a losing record until Schaub in 2010, but Roethlisberger and Manning both have won two Super Bowls. They have been compared favorably to the Quarterback class of 1983, which included Hall of Fame quarterbacks John Elway (1st pick), Jim Kelly (14th), and Dan Marino (27th). In August 2004, Rivers signed a six-year, $40.5 million contract that included $14.5 million in signing bonuses. However, due to a protracted contract negotiation, Rivers only reported to the team during the last week of training camp, and incumbent Drew Brees retained his starting job.\",\n \"title\": \"Los Angeles Chargers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3797571\",\n \"text\": \"Chuck Howley Charles Louis Howley (born June 28, 1936) is a former American football linebacker who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 15 seasons, primarily with the Dallas Cowboys. Howley was a member of the Chicago Bears in his first two seasons and spent the remainder of his career with the Cowboys. He was named the MVP of Super Bowl V, and as of 2018 is the only player on a losing team to receive the award. He was also the first non-quarterback to receive the award. Born and raised in Wheeling, West Virginia, Howley attended Warwood High\",\n \"title\": \"Chuck Howley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4500744\",\n \"text\": \"Trent Dilfer Trent Farris Dilfer (born March 13, 1972) is a former American football quarterback and analyst who played 14 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He is best known as the starting quarterback for the Baltimore Ravens during their Super Bowl-winning season in 2000. After six seasons with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, who drafted him in the first round of the 1994 NFL Draft, Dilfer signed with the Ravens as a backup and became the team's starter midway through the year. Starting in the rest of the team's games, his time with the Ravens concluded with the franchise's\",\n \"title\": \"Trent Dilfer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3191067\",\n \"text\": \"Mark Brunell Mark Allen Brunell (born September 17, 1970) is an American football coach and former quarterback who is the current head coach at the Episcopal School of Jacksonville. He was selected by the Green Bay Packers in the fifth round of the 1993 NFL Draft. He played college football at Washington. Brunell was a three-time Pro Bowl selection with the Jacksonville Jaguars. He has also played for the Washington Redskins, New Orleans Saints, and New York Jets. In 2009, he earned a Super Bowl ring as the backup quarterback and holder for the Saints' Super Bowl XLIV winning team\",\n \"title\": \"Mark Brunell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"340495\",\n \"text\": \"QB during an NFL season. Since the inception of the game, only two quarterbacks with known black ancestry have led their team to a Super Bowl victory: Doug Williams in 1988 and Russell Wilson, who is multiracial, in 2014. Some black quarterbacks claim to have experienced bias towards or against them due to their race. Despite his ability to both pass and run effectively, current Houston Texans signal-caller Deshaun Watson despises being called a dual-threat quarterback because he believes the term is often used to stereotype black quarterbacks. Quarterback A quarterback (commonly abbreviated \\\"QB\\\") is a position in American and\",\n \"title\": \"Quarterback\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3220800\",\n \"text\": \"Tagliabue announced the selection of Roethlisberger, the phone call he received by Steelers head coach Bill Cowher was shown live on ESPN, confirming the team's selection before the official announcement. Roethlisberger, Rivers, and Manning have all been voted to the Pro Bowl since becoming starters. Roethlisberger and Manning have each won two Super Bowls. The trio have been compared favorably to the Quarterback class of 1983, which included Hall of Fame quarterbacks Dan Marino, John Elway, and Jim Kelly. Roethlisberger was selected 11th overall in the 2004 NFL Draft by the Pittsburgh Steelers. On August 4, 2004, he signed a\",\n \"title\": \"Ben Roethlisberger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18084486\",\n \"text\": \"Bowl quarterbacks at 13 years and 48 days (Manning was 39, Newton was 26). In addition, this was the first Super Bowl to feature a quarterback on both teams who was the #1 pick in their draft classes. Manning was the #1 selection of the 1998 NFL Draft, while Newton was picked first in 2011. The matchup also pits the top two picks of the 2011 draft against each other: Newton for Carolina and Von Miller for Denver. With Ron Rivera having been a linebacker with the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX, and Kubiak replacing Elway at the end\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl 50\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20959491\",\n \"text\": \"Moon's success largely broke the stereotype that blacks could not succeed as quarterbacks, which ushered more prominent black quarterbacks into the NFL starting in the 1980s. Since the inception of the game, only two quarterbacks with known black ancestry have led their team to a Super Bowl victory: Doug Williams in 1988 and Russell Wilson, who is multiracial, in 2014. Other black quarterbacks to start in a Super Bowl include Steve McNair in 2000, Donovan McNabb in 2005, Colin Kaepernick in 2013, and Cam Newton in 2016. In 2003, conservative radio talk show host Rush Limbaugh made headlines when he\",\n \"title\": \"Racial issues faced by black quarterbacks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6878912\",\n \"text\": \"by the Oakland Raiders. On August 30, he was traded to the St. Louis Rams in exchange for a seven-round draft choice (#238-Rodregis Brooks). The St. Louis Rams acquired Justin to provide depth at quarterback, after Trent Green suffered a serious left knee injury in the last preseason game and Kurt Warner was named the new starter. He was a part of the Super Bowl XXXIV winning team. On March 30, 2000, he was signed as a free agent by the Dallas Cowboys, to replace the departed Jason Garrett as the backup quarterback. After struggling in preseason (he accounted for\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Justin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2722708\",\n \"text\": \"two games behind the Washington Redskins in the NFC East race. Staubach assumed the full-time quarterbacking duties in a week-eight victory over the St. Louis Cardinals and led the Cowboys to 10 consecutive victories, including their first Super Bowl victory, 24–3 over the Miami Dolphins in Super Bowl VI in January 1972. He was named the game's MVP, completing 12 out of 19 passes for 119 yards and two touchdowns and rushing for 18 yards. In 1972, Staubach missed most of the season with a separated shoulder, but he relieved Morton in a divisional playoff against the San Francisco 49ers\",\n \"title\": \"Roger Staubach\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10482374\",\n \"text\": \"was ranked number 25 on the NFL's \\\"Top 100 Greatest Players\\\" list. Marino was known for his quick release, and despite the fact that he was not skilled at scrambling, Marino possessed an uncanny awareness in the pocket, often sliding a step or two to avoid the pass rush. Marino is currently fifth, behind Tom Brady, Peyton Manning, Brett Favre and John Elway on the list of most wins by a starting quarterback and, with 155, the most of a quarterback not to win a Super Bowl. On Sunday, September 17, 2000, at halftime of the Dolphins-Baltimore Ravens game at\",\n \"title\": \"Dan Marino\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14937900\",\n \"text\": \"following the draft, as well as second-round draft pick Brock Osweiler, would each eventually win starting quarterback positions during later seasons. Luck, Griffin, and Wilson would be named to the Pro Bowl following the conclusion of the regular season, while Foles and Cousins would be recognized as Pro Bowlers later on in their careers. Wilson, Osweiler, and Foles have each been a part of a Super Bowl winning team, with Nick Foles eventually becoming the MVP of Super Bowl LII. In the draft, a record 5 players not from the United States were drafted, being Canadians Tyrone Crawford (drafted 81st\",\n \"title\": \"2012 NFL Draft\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19353633\",\n \"text\": \"Avenue include the following. Carl Edward Vuono (born October 18, 1934) is a retired United States Army General who served as the Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1987 to 1991. Joseph Montana is a retired professional American football quarterback. He played in college for the University of Notre Dame and in the National Football League (NFL) for the San Francisco 49ers and Kansas City Chiefs. Montana maintains a laundry list of records, of which include the first player to win the Super Bowl MVP three times. Frederick Cox is the all-time leading scorer for the Minnesota\",\n \"title\": \"Park Avenue (Monongahela)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4227477\",\n \"text\": \"Bernie Kosar Bernard Joseph Kosar Jr. (born November 25, 1963) is a former American football quarterback who played professionally in the National Football League (NFL). Kosar played for the Cleveland Browns from 1985 to 1993 and then finished his career with the Dallas Cowboys and the Miami Dolphins. With the Cowboys, he won Super Bowl XXVIII, beating the Buffalo Bills, on January 30, 1994. He has even been referenced in several books such as the Lorien Legacies series. Of Hungarian descent, Kosar was born in Youngstown, Ohio, and raised in suburban Boardman. He attended Boardman High School, where he earned\",\n \"title\": \"Bernie Kosar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3034509\",\n \"text\": \"Bowl since becoming starters. Until 2013, Roethlisberger and Manning had not produced a season with a losing record (although each had an 8-8 season), and Roethlisberger and Manning have each won two Super Bowls. They have been compared favorably to the Quarterback class of 1983, which included Hall of Fame quarterbacks Dan Marino, John Elway, and Jim Kelly. Manning made his NFL debut in Week 1 against the Philadelphia Eagles. He came into the game toward the end the fourth quarter in relief of Kurt Warner. He finished the 31–17 loss 3-of-9 for 66 yards. Manning made his first career\",\n \"title\": \"Eli Manning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3034551\",\n \"text\": \"to win the award. The Giants also became the first team ever with fewer than ten wins in a 16-game regular season to win the Super Bowl. Manning also became the first quarterback in NFL history to throw for 4,900+ yards and win a Super Bowl in the same season. The Giants were the first team with a running game ranked last (32nd) and a defense ranked as low as 27th to win a Super Bowl. For winning the Super Bowl, Manning and the Giants received a victory parade in Manhattan and were honored with symbolic keys to the city\",\n \"title\": \"Eli Manning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2528078\",\n \"text\": \"of 26-16. Manning was 32-of-43 for 400 passing yards and two passing touchdowns in the victory. Manning became the third starting quarterback to reach the Super Bowl with two teams, after Craig Morton and Kurt Warner. In Super Bowl XLVIII, Manning's Broncos lost to the Seattle Seahawks by a score of 43–8. Manning was up against the Seahawks' young starting quarterback Russell Wilson, who idolized Manning and attended one of Manning's passing camps as a teenager, and later met Manning at a Broncos pre-draft interview. The Seahawks' number one ranked defense proved too much for the Broncos' number one ranked\",\n \"title\": \"Peyton Manning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18018565\",\n \"text\": \"Angela Akins played golf for the TCU Horned Frogs before transferring to the Texas Longhorns for her junior and senior years. She was named to the All-Big XII Academic Team. In July 2017, Angela married professional golfer Sergio García. She became a golf channel reporter in 2017. Akins's nephew is former Purdue starting quarterback Drew Brees, who won Super Bowl XLIV with the New Orleans Saints. Marty Akins Martin Ray Akins (born January 6, 1954) is a former college All-American football player and politician. He started as quarterback for the Texas Longhorns in the early 1970s and was the only\",\n \"title\": \"Marty Akins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2199979\",\n \"text\": \"coach Bill Belichick have combined to form the most successful quarterback-head coach tandem in NFL history, winning more regular season games and postseason games than any other such duo as well as appearing in eight Super Bowls. All of these events set new NFL records. In his second season, Brady took over as the starting quarterback after Drew Bledsoe was injured. He led the Patriots to first place in the AFC East and a victory over the favored St. Louis Rams in Super Bowl XXXVI, winning his first Super Bowl MVP award. Despite the Patriots' missing the playoffs the following\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Brady\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13195407\",\n \"text\": \"overall pick, following Elway, Plunkett and Bobby Garrett, but the first since Elway was taken by the Colts in 1983. Stanford quarterbacks have started 7 Super Bowls, winning 4, and garnering two Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Awards. In 2005, a \\\"Sporting News\\\" writer described Texas Tech as Quarterback U in an article that bestowed several positional \\\"U\\\" monikers with the criteria being college performance since 2000. Its author cited head coach Mike Leach's numerous 4,000-yard-plus passers. During the 1980s, the term was also applied to Maryland, which produced several NFL-caliber quarterbacks during the tenures of head coach Bobby Ross\",\n \"title\": \"Quarterback U\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6708195\",\n \"text\": \"Jim Sorgi James Joseph Sorgi Jr. (born December 3, 1980) is a former American football quarterback. He played college football at the University of Wisconsin and was drafted by the Indianapolis Colts in the sixth round of the 2004 NFL Draft. Sorgi served as the backup to Peyton Manning for several years, and won a ring when the Colts won Super Bowl XLI against the Chicago Bears. Once he was released by the Colts, he signed with the New York Giants to compete for the backup job to Eli Manning, but lost, and he was released that offseason. Sorgi attended\",\n \"title\": \"Jim Sorgi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4444716\",\n \"text\": \"Ken Stabler Kenneth Michael Stabler (December 25, 1945 – July 8, 2015), nicknamed \\\"Snake\\\", was an American football quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) for the Oakland Raiders (1970–1979), Houston Oilers (1980–1981) and New Orleans Saints (1982–1984). He played college football for the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa. Stabler quarterbacked the Raiders to victory in Super Bowl XI, was the 1974 NFL Most Valuable Player and was selected as a quarterback for the NFL 1970s All-Decade Team. Stabler was posthumously elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2016. Stabler became a highly touted football player at Foley\",\n \"title\": \"Ken Stabler\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9671977\",\n \"text\": \"History of Kansas City Chiefs quarterbacks 31 quarterbacks have started for the National Football League's Kansas City Chiefs since their franchise began. The team has also had numerous backup quarterbacks that have stolen the spotlight from the starters. Under Len Dawson, the Texans/Chiefs won three American Football League championships and appeared in two Super Bowl championship games. Dawson was named Most Valuable Player following the Chiefs' victory in Super Bowl IV. Dawson played a total of 13 seasons with Kansas City and retired with many franchise records. Despite never having success in developing and drafting a quality quarterback of their\",\n \"title\": \"History of Kansas City Chiefs quarterbacks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5759936\",\n \"text\": \"Charlie Batch Charles D'Donte Batch (born December 5, 1974) is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Detroit Lions in the second round of the 1998 NFL Draft and played 15 seasons in the NFL, most of it as a backup with his hometown Pittsburgh Steelers, with whom he earned two Super Bowl rings (Super Bowl XL and Super Bowl XLIII). He played college football at Eastern Michigan. Batch currently works for KDKA-TV in Pittsburgh as a pre-game analyst for the Steelers as well as a color commentator for\",\n \"title\": \"Charlie Batch\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394059\",\n \"text\": \"two different franchises (Kurt Warner was the second with St. Louis Rams and Arizona Cardinals, and Peyton Manning was the third with the Indianapolis Colts and Denver Broncos). Morton is also the only quarterback to have started two different franchises' \\\"first\\\" Super Bowl appearances. This was the final Super Bowl in the 14-game schedule era. The following season, the NFL went to a 16-game schedule, where it has remained since. Super Bowl XII provided an opportunity for Morton to not only beat his former team, but also to redeem himself for his Super Bowl V loss and the loss of\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10482350\",\n \"text\": \"Dan Marino Daniel Constantine Marino Jr. (born September 15, 1961) is a former American football quarterback who played seventeen seasons for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL). The last quarterback of the quarterback class of 1983 to be taken in the first round, Marino held or currently holds dozens of NFL records associated with the quarterback position. Despite never being on a Super Bowl-winning team, he is recognized as one of the greatest quarterbacks, and generally considered to be among the best pure passers in American football history. Best remembered for his quick release and powerful arm,\",\n \"title\": \"Dan Marino\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9860101\",\n \"text\": \"0–2 in, over a contract dispute, and was named both NFL and Super Bowl MVP. Smith is one of only six players to win both the NFL MVP award and Super Bowl MVP award in the same season, and is the only one of those six players who was not a quarterback. Only weeks after Super Bowl XXVIII, however, friction between Johnson and Jones culminated in Johnson stunning the football world by announcing his resignation. The next day Jones hired former University of Oklahoma head coach Barry Switzer to replace Johnson. Norton and guard Kevin Gogan departed via free agency,\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9002022\",\n \"text\": \"York Giants), Ray Lewis (2000 and 2012 Baltimore Ravens), Peyton Manning (2006 Indianapolis Colts and 2015 Denver Broncos), and LeGarrette Blount (2016 New England Patriots and 2017 Philadelphia Eagles). Ernie Accorsi and Rich Dalrymple are the only non-players or coaches to be interviewed for the series—both were team administrators. Of the \\\"Blue Ribbon\\\" top 20 teams, the San Francisco 49ers and Dallas Cowboys are represented most often as a franchise with three championship teams each. The Green Bay Packers, Pittsburgh Steelers, and Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders are each represented twice. According to Steve Sabol, president of NFL Films, only 20 teams\",\n \"title\": \"America's Game: The Super Bowl Champions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3020762\",\n \"text\": \"City. Dawson is a seventh son of a seventh son. In 1991, Dawson was diagnosed with prostate cancer. Len Dawson Leonard Ray Dawson (born June 20, 1935) is a former American football quarterback and a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame. He played 19 seasons for three professional teams, the last 14 seasons with the Dallas Texans/Kansas City Chiefs, and played college football at Purdue University. Dawson led the Texans/Chiefs to three American Football League Championships (1962, 1966, 1969), and a victory in Super Bowl IV over the Minnesota Vikings, for which he won the game's\",\n \"title\": \"Len Dawson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3315289\",\n \"text\": \"Mark Rypien Mark Robert Rypien (born October 2, 1962) is a former professional football quarterback. He was drafted by the Washington Redskins of the National Football League (NFL) in the 6th round of the 1986 NFL draft. He is the first Canadian-born quarterback to start in the NFL and win the Super Bowl MVP award, doing so in Super Bowl XXVI. Born in Calgary, Alberta, Rypien moved to the United States in 1965 and was raised in Spokane, Washington. He was a star three-sport athlete at Shadle Park High School, and led the Highlanders to the state title in basketball\",\n \"title\": \"Mark Rypien\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1362018\",\n \"text\": \"was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2010 and the College Football Hall of Fame in 2006. Smith played thirteen seasons with the Cowboys and two with the Arizona Cardinals. While playing for Dallas, Smith plus quarterback Troy Aikman and wide receiver Michael Irvin were known as \\\"The Triplets,\\\" and they led their team to three Super Bowl championships during the 1990s. Smith was born in Pensacola, Florida, the son of Mary J. Smith and Emmitt James Smith, Jr. He attended Escambia High School in Pensacola, where he played high school football and ran track for the\",\n \"title\": \"Emmitt Smith\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12863151\",\n \"text\": \"Blount rushed for 90 yards, which included a 21-yard touchdown run. The Eagles won against his former team the Patriots 41–33, giving Blount his third Super Bowl championship and the Eagles' first in franchise history. Blount is one of only five players to win back-to-back Super Bowls with different teams along with Ken Norton, Jr., Deion Sanders, Brandon Browner, and teammate Chris Long. On March 16, 2018, Blount signed a one-year, $4.5 million contract which includes a $1 million signing bonus and $2.5 million in incentives with the Detroit Lions. During Week 2 against the San Francisco 49ers, Blount shoved\",\n \"title\": \"LeGarrette Blount\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2413186\",\n \"text\": \"1990. He later worked as a television commentator, calling NFL games for NBC Sports and college football for ESPN and ABC Sports. Griese is one of three quarterbacks from Purdue to win the Super Bowl (along with Len Dawson and Drew Brees). Griese was born in Evansville, Indiana to Ida (Ulrich) and Sylverious \\\"Slick\\\" Griese. Slick owned a plumbing company in Evansville and died in 1955 when Bob was ten years old. Bob played baseball primarily, and excelled as a pitcher. He also starred in basketball and football at Evansville's Rex Mundi High School. He earned 12 varsity letters for\",\n \"title\": \"Bob Griese\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3495668\",\n \"text\": \"David Carr (American football) David Duke Carr (born July 21, 1979) is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Houston Texans first overall in the 2002 NFL Draft. He played college football at Fresno State. Carr also played professionally for the Carolina Panthers, New York Giants, and San Francisco 49ers. He received a Super Bowl ring as a backup for the Giants after their victory over the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLVI. Carr's status as a number one draft pick and subsequent career has led to him\",\n \"title\": \"David Carr (American football)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8383612\",\n \"text\": \"proliffic passing quarterbacks, ranging from players who have set School, Big Ten & NCAA records, to being named All-Americans and finalist for national awards, to being elected into the College Football and Pro Football Hall of Fames. This great tradition has led to the school being nicknamed the \\\"Cradle of Quarterbacks\\\". When Drew Brees led the New Orleans Saints to a victory in Super Bowl XLIV, Purdue became just the second college in history to produce 3 different Super Bowl winning quarterbacks. † Quarterbacks to start and win a Super Bowl. The Purdue All-American Marching Band is the marching band\",\n \"title\": \"Purdue Boilermakers football\"\n }\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"quarterbacks who won super bowls with different teams"}}},{"rowIdx":8389,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Kris Marshall","Ardal O'Hanlon","Ben Miller"],"string":"[\n \"Kris Marshall\",\n \"Ardal O'Hanlon\",\n \"Ben Miller\"\n]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"16017722","text":"Richard Poole (Ben Miller) is assigned to investigate the murder of a British police officer on the fictional Caribbean island of Saint Marie. After he successfully finds the murderer, he is reluctantly required by his supervisors to replace the victim and stay on as the detective inspector (DI) of the island, solving new cases as they appear, and being the object of many fish-out-of-water jokes. At the start of Series 3, Poole is killed and uncoordinated London detective Humphrey Goodman (Kris Marshall) arrives to investigate the death of his strait-laced predecessor. He then stays in the job as chief investigator","title":"Death in Paradise (TV series)"},{"id":"16017729","text":"is largely set on an islet just off Saint Marie; it is privately owned and relatively small. This episode was actually filmed on the island of Kahouanne, around off the north-west coast of Guadeloupe where the series is normally filmed. It can often be seen in the background from a beach on Saint Marie. Episodes 6.5 and 6.6 are largely set in London, when DI Goodman, DS Cassell and Officer Myers form a liaison team with future lead DI Jack Mooney in order to track down suspects in a murder investigation in Saint Marie, and later to investigate the murder","title":"Death in Paradise (TV series)"},{"id":"16198477","text":"enjoys viciously beating his wife (Debra Christofferson). Jesse and officer Molly Crane (Viola Davis) try to convince Mrs. Snyder to leave her husband and she eventually does. Meanwhile, Jesse's investigation leads him to Sister Mary John (Kerri Smith), a Catholic nun who runs the shelter where Billie sought refuge. Sister Mary provides Jesse with a phone number that Billie gave her in case of an emergency. Jesse soon dismisses Hooker as a suspect and turns his investigational focus on local writer Norman Shaw (Gary Basaraba), a well-connected citizen with ties to the Boston mob, as the prime suspect. It was","title":"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise"},{"id":"4084432","text":"Ben Miller Bennet Evan Miller (born 24 February 1966) is an English comedian, actor and director. He is best known as one half of comedy double act Armstrong and Miller, with Alexander Armstrong. Miller and Armstrong wrote and starred in the Channel 4 sketch show \"Armstrong and Miller\", as well as the BBC sketch show \"The Armstrong & Miller Show\". Miller is also known for playing the lead role of DI Richard Poole in the first two series of the BBC Crime Drama \"Death in Paradise\". Miller was born in London, England and grew up in Nantwich, Cheshire. His paternal","title":"Ben Miller"},{"id":"16017730","text":"of one of the suspects. Made a voice cameo in this episode. Danny John-Jules (who plays Officer Dwayne Myers) will not be returning for series eight and will be replaced by actress Shyko Amos playing Officer Ruby Patterson, the niece of the commissioner. John-Jules cited his reason for exiting the show as wanting to “leave on a high\". The series is filmed on the French island of Guadeloupe in the Lesser Antilles, mainly in the commune of Deshaies (which doubles for the town of Honoré on the fictional island of Saint Marie), with the help of the \"Bureau d’accueil des","title":"Death in Paradise (TV series)"},{"id":"16198472","text":"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise is a 2006 American made-for-television crime film directed by Robert Harmon and starring Tom Selleck, Viola Davis, and Kohl Sudduth. Based on the 2001 novel \"Death in Paradise\" by Robert B. Parker, the film is about a small town police chief and struggling alcoholic who investigates the murder of a teenage girl whose body is found floating in a lake. The case brings the former LAPD homicide detective into the affluent world of a bestselling writer who exploits troubled teens, and the violent world of a Boston mobster. Filmed on","title":"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise"},{"id":"2481490","text":"be joining the cast of BBC drama \"Death In Paradise\" as the island's new lead detective, DI Humphrey Goodman. His character was introduced in the first episode of the third series which aired on 14 January 2014, with his first case being to solve the murder of his predecessor, DI Richard Poole (played by Ben Miller). In January 2017 it was leaked that Marshall would be leaving the series citing the pressures it placed upon his family and that he would be replaced by Ardal O'Hanlon who plays DI Jack Mooney. Marshall starred as Tom Sanger in the 2015 independent","title":"Kris Marshall"},{"id":"16017721","text":"Death in Paradise (TV series) Death in Paradise is a British-French crime drama television series created by Robert Thorogood, starring Ben Miller (series 1–3), Kris Marshall (series 3–6) and Ardal O'Hanlon (series 6–present). The programme is a joint UK and French production filmed on the French Caribbean island of Guadeloupe and broadcast on BBC One in the United Kingdom and France 2 in France. \"Death in Paradise\" has enjoyed high ratings, leading to repeated renewals. A seventh series began broadcasting on 4 January 2018, with an eighth for 2019 already commissioned, with O'Hanlon and Jobert confirmed to return. British detective","title":"Death in Paradise (TV series)"},{"id":"18993994","text":"Michael Hogan suggests that Bordey is \"as underdressed as Miller is overdressed, investigating murders in vest and hotpants.\" Camille Bordey Detective Sergeant Camille Bordey is a character in the crime drama television series \"Death in Paradise\", portrayed by Sara Martins. A former undercover investigator, Bordey was assigned to Honoré Police because her cover was blown when she was arrested during DI Richard Poole's first investigation. She was the team's best investigator after Poole, often handling the computer work. Initially, she and Poole did not get along as a result of a culture clash. Over time their relationship became a friendship,","title":"Camille Bordey"},{"id":"16097042","text":"Sara Martins Sara Martins (born 19 August 1977) is a Portuguese actress of Cape-Verdean descent. She is known in France for her roles on television and in film and theatre. She appeared as Detective Sergeant Camille Bordey in the joint British-French crime comedy-drama \"Death in Paradise\", filmed in Guadeloupe, a French overseas department. She left the show halfway through series 4 (January 2015). Martins was born in Faro, Portugal, and is of Cape Verdean descent. She moved to France at the age of three. She studied ballet in her youth and was the first person of African descent to join","title":"Sara Martins"},{"id":"4084439","text":"Not Rocket Science,\" from the Royal Society in London. He also appeared at the British Comedy Awards with Armstrong on Channel 4. In 2013, Miller took part in an episode of \"Room 101\" and a \"Comic Relief\" special of game show \"Pointless\". On 13 December 2014, he appeared in a Christmas edition of \"The Celebrity Chase\". From 2011 until the series three premiere in 2014, Miller starred in the BBC-French co-produced series \"Death in Paradise\" as Detective Inspector (DI) Richard Poole. A third series of \"Death in Paradise\" was commissioned for early 2014. On 9 April 2013 it was announced","title":"Ben Miller"},{"id":"16097045","text":"was Martins' debut in both comedy and on British television. Martins did have experience playing a cop. \"Death in Paradise\" premiered on 25 October 2011. Martins played Camille Bordey, a detective sergeant on the fictional Caribbean island of Saint-Marie. Camille and other local officers help British Detective Inspector Richard Poole (played by Ben Miller in the 1st & 2nd series) solve murders. During a stunt for a 1st series episode, Martins tore her achilles tendon. She has said that during the production of \"Death in Paradise\" she discovered that some of her mannerisms are distinctly French. The 3rd series killed","title":"Sara Martins"},{"id":"16017741","text":"is \"Sunday Shining\" by Finley Quaye. In January 2015, an official soundtrack compiling 26 songs from the first four series of the show was released by the BBC. It contains original music for \"Death in Paradise\" and already extant tunes, though it does not include the theme music from the show. The creator of the show, Robert Thorogood, signed a three-book deal to write \"Death in Paradise\" novels featuring the original characters (D.I. Richard Poole, D.S. Camille Bordey, Officer Dwayne Myers, Sergeant Fidel Best and Comm. Selwyn Patterson). The first of these, \"A Meditation on Murder (A Death in Paradise","title":"Death in Paradise (TV series)"},{"id":"6818942","text":"the \"100 Greatest TV Ads\" in 2000. In 2011, she starred as Detective Constable Hazel Savage in \"Appropriate Adult\". In 2012, Le Touzel starred as MP Mary Drake in \"The Thick of It\". Le Touzel starred in the second episode of \"Dirk Gently\" as Emelda Ransome. She portrayed Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon in the 2012 ITV mini-series \"Titanic\". In 2015, Le Touzel appeared as Sandra Kendrick in the BBC TV series \"Death in Paradise\" episode 4.7. In 2017, she portrayed Lady Dorothy Macmillan in the Netflix series \"The Crown\". Le Touzel played Marianne Thornton in the 2006 film \"Amazing Grace\" and","title":"Sylvestra Le Touzel"},{"id":"18993992","text":"Camille Bordey Detective Sergeant Camille Bordey is a character in the crime drama television series \"Death in Paradise\", portrayed by Sara Martins. A former undercover investigator, Bordey was assigned to Honoré Police because her cover was blown when she was arrested during DI Richard Poole's first investigation. She was the team's best investigator after Poole, often handling the computer work. Initially, she and Poole did not get along as a result of a culture clash. Over time their relationship became a friendship, and showed some hints of romance - when he briefly left Saint Marie, she admitted she admired him","title":"Camille Bordey"},{"id":"16198473","text":"location in Nova Scotia, the story is set in the fictitious town of Paradise, Massachusetts. \"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise\" is the third in a series of nine television films based on Parker's Jesse Stone novels. The film first aired on the CBS television network April 30, 2006. In the small town of Paradise, Massachusetts, Chief of police Jesse Stone (Tom Selleck) and his men investigate the death of teenage girl found floating in a lake. Officer Luther \"Suitcase\" Simpson (Kohl Sudduth) discovers a high school ring bearing the initials \"HR\". In the coming days, Jesse is haunted by disturbing","title":"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise"},{"id":"16017726","text":"in the end, he decides to remain on the island. This format was subverted in the sixth series, when the two-part storyline in the fifth and sixth episodes saw the team travel to London to follow up on a current case, resulting in then-lead detective Humphrey Goodman deciding to remain to be with his new girlfriend; D.I. Jack Mooney travelled back to Saint-Marie, initially as a holiday, but decided to remain as the new detective inspector of the island in the series finale. \"Death in Paradise\" is set on the fictional Caribbean island of Saint Marie, described in Episode 3.3","title":"Death in Paradise (TV series)"},{"id":"16017742","text":"novel)\", was published in January 2015. Early reviews were generally favourable, with the \"Daily Express\" in particular being complimentary, giving it four stars. The second book was released in 2016 with the title \"The Killing of Polly Carter\". The third book, titled \"Death Knocks Twice\" was released in 2017. An additional fourth book, \"Murder in the Caribbean\", is due to be released late 2018. Death in Paradise (TV series) Death in Paradise is a British-French crime drama television series created by Robert Thorogood, starring Ben Miller (series 1–3), Kris Marshall (series 3–6) and Ardal O'Hanlon (series 6–present). The programme is","title":"Death in Paradise (TV series)"},{"id":"18994415","text":"Richard Poole (character) Detective Inspector Richard Poole is a character in the crime drama television series \"Death in Paradise\", portrayed by Ben Miller. Poole also appears in novels based on the TV series written by Robert Thorogood. A British police inspector assigned to Saint Marie to investigate the previous inspector's murder, Poole was instructed to remain on the island as the new detective inspector. Despite his distaste for the island and inexperience with tropical weather - to the point where he continued to wear his old suits - he often showed a useful knack for making deductive leaps based on","title":"Richard Poole (character)"},{"id":"18994596","text":"Humphrey Goodman Detective Inspector Humphrey Goodman is a character in the crime drama television series \"Death in Paradise\", portrayed by Kris Marshall. Goodman is assigned to Saint Marie after the murder of D.I. Richard Poole at the start of Series 3. Clues from Poole's investigation helped Goodman reveal the motive and the killer's identity; Goodman commented that Poole had 'solved his own murder.' Goodman stayed on in Saint Marie after his wife Sally announced she would not be joining him on the Caribbean island. He became the chief inspector on the island, and took to Poole's old habit of announcing","title":"Humphrey Goodman"},{"id":"16017736","text":"of \"The Daily Telegraph\" criticised the laid-back tone of the series, calling it too methodical with nothing unique about it besides the setting. Red Planet Pictures was nominated for, and won, the \"Diversity in a Drama Production Award\" for \"Death In Paradise\". Sara Martins, Danny John-Jules, Don Warrington and Tobi Bakare collected the award at a ceremony supported by the BBC and ITV that took place on 15 February 2015. In the U.K., all series were shown on BBC One. The first series was broadcast in late 2011. The second series was broadcast in January 2013, with subsequent series filling","title":"Death in Paradise (TV series)"},{"id":"14185765","text":"It turns out to be the number of Gino Fish's cover business. Later Sister Mary gives Jesse another number that two separate girls had given her. The number turns out to belong to Gino Fish's associate and probable lover, Alan Garner. Jesse begins following Garner and catches him setting up men with underage prostitutes. Jesse questions Garner about it, and he agrees to talk under Stone's promise not to make him testify. Garner then admits that he has been pimping underage prostitutes since long before knowing Gino. Jesse interviews Norman Shaw, a wealthy local citizen and famous author, who drinks","title":"Death in Paradise (novel)"},{"id":"16017723","text":"on the island. In the second half of Series 6, he resigns so he can stay in London with his new girlfriend Martha Lloyd. His replacement on Saint Marie is DI Jack Mooney, played by Ardal O'Hanlon. While \"Death in Paradise\" has continued to be in the top three most popular programmes on British television, critics have called the crime drama \"unremarkable\" and \"an undemanding detective show, with nice Caribbean scenery\". The show is known for its formulaic approach to its plots with each episode roughly the same in both style and narrative structure. Each episode begins with a pre-credits","title":"Death in Paradise (TV series)"},{"id":"16198475","text":"Taylor, for whose death he still feels deeply responsible. State homicide commander Captain Healy (Stephen McHattie) delivers his autopsy report to Jesse, who learns that the girl drowned, and alcohol and muscle relaxer were found in her blood. The fourteen-year-old girl was probably in the water for three weeks, and was pregnant. Soon after, Jesse goes to the high school and meets with head mistress Dr. Lilly Summers (Orla Brady) who identifies the owner of the ring, William Hooker Royce (Matt Barr), an all-American athlete at the school. Later, when asked about the ring, Hooker tells Jesse that he briefly","title":"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise"},{"id":"4561379","text":"Impulse women's body spray. She became well known in the UK during the late 1990s as nurse Tina Seabrook in \"Casualty\". From August 2008, she played Inspector Rachel Weston in ITV's \"The Bill\". In 2011 she appeared in BBC1 drama \"Exile\" with John Simm, and in 2015 appeared in the fourth series of \"Death in Paradise\". From 2015 she stars as the titular character in the BBC Birmingham daytime drama \"The Coroner\", set in the fictional coastal town of Lighthaven in South Devon. The series ran to 20 episodes. The BBC announced on 2 March 2017 that there would be","title":"Claire Goose"},{"id":"6003084","text":"to his writing two productions featuring cast members from that show, which were broadcast in 1998. Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart of UNIT asks the Doctor to investigate a particularly gruesome murder at a new theme park on London's Hampstead Heath, called \"Space World\". Together with journalist Sarah Jane Smith and her photographer Jeremy Fitzoliver, they take in the incongruous exhibits, including virtual reality machines, and even seemingly living alien monstrosities – which the Brigadier immediately suspects of the killing. The owners of the theme park are a \"gang of alien carpetbaggers from outer space\", who are ostensibly trying to persuade the Government","title":"The Paradise of Death"},{"id":"2481486","text":"Kris Marshall Kristopher Marshall (born 11 April 1973) is an English actor. He has played Nick Harper in \"My Family\", Colin Frissell in the 2003 film \"Love Actually\", Adam in BT Retail adverts from 2005 until 2011, and Dave in the first series of \"Citizen Khan\" (2012). He played DI Humphrey Goodman in \"Death in Paradise\", taking over the role April 2013 for the show's third series and leaving it in February 2017 in the sixth series. Kristopher Marshall was born on 11 April 1973 in Bath, Somerset. His father was a Royal Air Force navigator, whose career included a","title":"Kris Marshall"},{"id":"18994599","text":"their time together, she eventually returns to London to start her dream job at a new restaurant. When a subsequent case sends Goodman and his team to London to track their suspects, he is inspired to stay with Martha, nominating the recently widowed DI Jack Mooney- the team's London liaison for their latest case- as his successor in Saint Marie. Goodman is awkward and accident prone. Michael Hogan argues that \"his bumbling and stammering resemble a Hugh Grant impersonation.\" Humphrey Goodman Detective Inspector Humphrey Goodman is a character in the crime drama television series \"Death in Paradise\", portrayed by Kris","title":"Humphrey Goodman"},{"id":"16198478","text":"his phone number that Billie provided to the Sister Mary. Shaw purportedly has a predilection for young girls. Jesse and Luther pay a visit to Norman Shaw who is hosting a fundraising party with influential politicians and prominent citizens. Afterwards, Jesse learns from Captain Healey that Shaw is writing a book on Boston mobster Leo Finn (Steven Flynn) who has a very dangerous gunsel working for him. Jesse visits Development Associates and meets Finn and his strongman Lovey Norris (Brendan Kelly). Asked about his relationship with Shaw, Finn reveals nothing. Soon after, Jesse and Luther respond to an armed robbery","title":"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise"},{"id":"14185763","text":"Death in Paradise (novel) Death in Paradise is a crime novel by Robert B. Parker, the third in his Jesse Stone series. It was made into a film in 2006. The third Jesse Stone novel finds Chief Stone investigating the death of a teenage girl after her body washes up on shore. While searching for clues at the crime scene, Stone finds a class ring that ends up belonging to a senior at the high school. Jesse questions him and discovers that he gave his class ring to a fifteen-year-old girl called Eleanor “Billie” Bishop. Chief Stone then questions the","title":"Death in Paradise (novel)"},{"id":"14185767","text":"and hands over Shaw's gun which Jesse easily confirms as the murder weapon. With this evidence in hand, Jesse forces Alan Garner to make a statement and then leaves him to be dealt with by Gino. Stone has Suit stake out the hotel that Shaw meets girls at, and when Shaw arrives Stone and Suit break in and catch Shaw in the act with a fifteen-year-old girl. During questioning, Shaw admits to killing Billie after she began threatening to turn him in to the police. When Jesse informs Billie's parents that he has solved the case, that he knows Billie","title":"Death in Paradise (novel)"},{"id":"5537745","text":"which has been broadcast since 11 January 2010. Since 2011, Warrington has played Commissioner Selwyn Patterson in the hit BBC show \"Death in Paradise\". He also appeared as jazz musician Frederick J. Louden in a BBC radio production of \"The Devil's Music\", written by Alan Plater. In 2011, Warrington played the father of a suspected terrorist in the last series of the BBC drama \"Waking the Dead\". His film roles included the movie version of \"Rising Damp\" (1980), the Kenny Everett horror comedy \"Bloodbath at the House of Death\" (1983), Kenneth Branagh's \"Hamlet\" (1996), Peter Greenaway's \"8½ Women\" (1999) and","title":"Don Warrington"},{"id":"16017725","text":"who of the murder are comprehended by the DI, but are not revealed to the audience. The suspects are then gathered, and the DI talks through the evidence; often, flashbacks are used to show what happened. The murderer and the motive are revealed in the dénouement of the episode. Normally, each episode ends with a comedic scene or a celebratory trip by the police force to Catherine's bar. The final episode of most series has included a subplot wherein the lead DI is tempted to return to the UK by the prospect of a job offer or personal relationship, but","title":"Death in Paradise (TV series)"},{"id":"26464","text":"the 2015 Sky Cat Laughs Comedy Festival which takes place in Kilkenny from 28 May–1 June. In 2015 he played the role of Peter the Milkman in the Sky 1 sitcom \"After Hours\". On 2 February 2017, it was announced he would play the lead role in the BBC crime drama \"Death in Paradise\" taking the role of DI Jack Mooney following Kris Marshall's departure the same day. Ardal has been doing stand up for many years appearing on many shows including Live at the Apollo, Michael McIntyre's Comedy Roadshow and Dave's One Night Stand. In 1994 he won the","title":"Ardal O'Hanlon"},{"id":"16017724","text":"sequence showing the events leading up to a murder, and often the discovery of the body afterwards; this sequence also serves to introduce that particular episode's guest characters. The police force of Saint Marie are subsequently informed of the murder, preliminary investigations and interviews take place to establish the suspects, and photographs of the suspects and crime scene are placed on the whiteboard at police headquarters. Often towards the end, the lead DI will have a moment of realisation, perhaps brought on by something that someone says or does or by some occurrence. In this moment, the how, why, and","title":"Death in Paradise (TV series)"},{"id":"16017732","text":"the birth of his baby daughter Elsie, it left him feeling \"bereft and empty\", and he quit the show. From episode 7 of the sixth series, the lead role was taken by Ardal O'Hanlon playing DI Jack Mooney, a London colleague. Regarding British TV ratings, \"Death in Paradise\" has gained in popularity over time. Series 1 (2011) has been the least-watched to date, averaging 5.89 million viewers, with the 5.3 million viewers for the sixth episode, “An Unhelpful Aid” the lowest the show has had. Even so, each episode was among the top five most-watched programmes of the day, and","title":"Death in Paradise (TV series)"},{"id":"6593367","text":"\"Lead Balloon\", Prudence in \"Keen Eddie\", Elle Kensington in \"Chasing Alice\", Angela Warren in \"Poirot\" (in the episode \"Five Little Pigs\"), Princess Eleanor in \"The Palace\", Ghislaine in \"Robin Hood\", Alice Shadwell in \"Dalziel and Pascoe\", Ann Hamilton in \"Death in Paradise\", Jill in NBC's \"Hot in Cleveland\", Sharon Kirby in \"CSI Miami\" and Dorothy Gibson in \"Titanic\". Winkleman was nominated for Best Newcomer by the BBC for her performance as Clara Gold in \"Waking the Dead\". Winkleman made her debut on American television as the star of the NBC sitcom \"100 Questions\" as main character Charlotte Payne and as","title":"Sophie Winkleman"},{"id":"16017731","text":"tournages de la Région Guadeloupe.\" The site of the Honoré police station is a church hall in Deshaies, with the priest's office appearing as the incident room. Miller left the series at the start of series 3, as he felt he was spending too much time away from his family, since his wife was unable to join him on the island during production. Marshall's family joined him on the island during his first three six-month shoots, and his son Thomas enrolled at a local school. When his family did not join him during the filming of the sixth series, following","title":"Death in Paradise (TV series)"},{"id":"14185772","text":"her death and is shown visiting her grave. The main plot differs significantly. In the film, Shaw is framed for Billie's murder by a man named Leo Finn. Alan Garner is not involved in the plot at all. In the film, Shaw is writing an unflattering exposé on Finn. In an attempt to prevent this, he has his Henchman Lovey Norris murder Billie Bishop. Shaw later tells Jesse that he had fallen in love with Billie, who was pregnant with his child. Jesse confronts Finn and Norris with this information in a warehouse. Norris responds by trying to shoot Jesse,","title":"Death in Paradise (novel)"},{"id":"16198474","text":"dreams about the girl's murder. Since moving to Paradise, his private life involves drinking alone at his isolated house on the water with his dog Reggie looking on, occasionally talking on the phone with his ex-wife in California. Forced to resign from the LAPD for a drinking problem that began following his divorce, Jesse is still in contact with his ex-wife Jenn, who calls him regularly. Concerned about his drinking, she convinces him to see psychiatrist Dr. Dix (William Devane), a former detective and recovering alcoholic himself. Following his first session, Jesse visits the grave of his former girlfriend, Abby","title":"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise"},{"id":"5544946","text":"Ken Biller to shoot for Nat Geo which was premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival in April 2017. 2017 also saw the final five episodes of AMC's in Richmond, Virginia. In June 2016, Brown played the role of Bob Clay in the BBC film \"Reg\". In September 2017 Brown travelled to Guadeloupe for a guest lead in the BBCtv show Death In Paradise. In 2018, Brown was interviewed at length about his career, with particular focus on his time on \"The Bill\", for an edition of The Bill Podcast Early years were in Moving Parts Theatre Company with Rachel Feldberg,","title":"Ralph Brown"},{"id":"18345501","text":"its writing, direction, and acting. With Peter Capaldi, Jenna Coleman, Samuel Anderson, and Michelle Gomez receiving widespread acclaim for their performances, Gomez was consistently highly praised in reviews, with many calling her a highlight of the eighth series. Continuing from \"Dark Water\", Clara Oswald is trapped with a Cyberman in the headquarters of 3W in St Paul's Cathedral and manages to stop it from killing her by stating that she is really the Doctor. Outside, the Doctor reels from the revelation that Missy, the woman controlling the Cybermen, is a female incarnation of the Master. The public appears unconcerned by","title":"Death in Heaven"},{"id":"16017735","text":"8.34 million viewers. Based on consolidated figures, each episode was the most-watched programme of the day, and in the top ten most-watched programmes of the week. The series has received mixed reviews from critics, with most criticism directed towards its formulaic structure. The first series was praised for its refreshing style and setting. Kris Marshall's introduction at the start of series 3 was particularly well received, with Rebecca Smith of \"The Daily Telegraph\" citing Marshall as a \"winning addition\" to the cast. The series 4 premiere was described as \"a little piece of escapism\" and was generally praised. Mark Monahan","title":"Death in Paradise (TV series)"},{"id":"14185766","text":"heavily throughout. He passes out at the table. Later, Jesse questions one of Shaw's many ex-wives who tells him that she had a private detective follow him while they were married. She had suspected him of infidelities, and the detective confirms this, informing her that he is seeing underage prostitutes almost nightly. Although, she never sees that photos, she uses the information to get a large divorce settlement. Next, Jesse sees her detective who gives him the incriminating photos which depict graphic sexual acts between Shaw and underage girls. Jesse takes the photos to Shaw's current wife who is disgusted","title":"Death in Paradise (novel)"},{"id":"26456","text":"Ardal O'Hanlon Ardal O'Hanlon (; born 8 October 1965) is an Irish comedian and actor. He played Father Dougal McGuire in \"Father Ted\", George Sunday/Thermoman in \"My Hero\", and DI Jack Mooney in \"Death in Paradise\". Ardal O'Hanlon was born on 8 October 1965 in Carrickmacross, County Monaghan, the son of politician and doctor Rory O'Hanlon and Teresa Ward. He has five siblings. The episode of \"Who Do You Think You Are?\" which aired on 6 October 2008 revealed that O'Hanlon's paternal grandfather, Michael O'Hanlon, was a UCD medicine student who had joined the IRA during the Irish War of","title":"Ardal O'Hanlon"},{"id":"6360883","text":"romantic comedy miniseries \"Material Girl\". In June 2010, she also played the role of Ashley in a BBC Three pilot, \"Dappers\". That same month, Crichlow presented \"Nelson Mandela: One Incredible Life\" on BBC Three. For the documentary, Crichlow travelled to South Africa to learn more about Nelson Mandela's story. In 2011, Crichlow played the character of Police Sergeant Lily Thomson in the BBC drama \"Death in Paradise\". In January 2011, Crichlow appeared in six short accompaniments for \"The Tudors\" airings on BBC America. Crichlow also narrated \"The Gatwick Baby: Abandoned at Birth\", shown on BBC Three on 13 April 2011.","title":"Lenora Crichlow"},{"id":"13701916","text":"from a crash, claims a mystery aircraft attacked them, the owner, Henry Goering (Henry Hall) hires psychiatrist, Dr. Norris (John Elliott), to question the man. Dr. Norris believes a psychotic ex-World War I flying ace, whom he dubs \"Pilot X,\" may be behind the attacks. With the help of Blackwood, Goering and Norris assemble a group of five ex-flying aces living in the area who may have a connection with the mysterious Pilot X. He recruits German Lieutenant Baron von Guttard (Hans Joby), French Lieutenant Rene Le Rue (Gaston Glass), British Captain Roland Saunders (Pat Somerset), Canadian Lieutenant Douglas Thompson","title":"Death in the Air"},{"id":"13701915","text":"being shot down by a large black fighter aircraft with a large \"X\" painted on the wing. The chief suspects may be the very pilots that have been gathered together to solve the mystery, and are invited for the weekend to an old dark mansion. Inspector Gallagher (Willard Kent) of the United States Department of Commerce views a number of crashes and disappearances of Goering-Gage Aviation Corporation aircraft as suspicious. With United States Army Reserve test pilot Jerry Blackwood (John Carroll), Gallagher visits the Goering-Gage company. Jerry test flies Goering-Gage aircraft but finds nothing wrong. When a severely injured passenger","title":"Death in the Air"},{"id":"7467336","text":"Sally Bretton Sally Bretton (born Sally Davis) is an English actress. She is best known for appearing as Lucy Adams in the television sitcom \"Not Going Out\" since 2007, and as Martha Lloyd in the BBC1 crime drama \"Death in Paradise\", between 2015 and 2017. She has also been featured in programmes such as \"Absolute Power\", \"Green Wing\" and \"The Office\". In 2008, she played Goneril in Shakespeare's \"King Lear\" at Shakespeare's Globe. Bretton trained at the Central School of Speech and Drama, and worked as a drama teacher at Top Hat Stage and Screen School. She chose the professional","title":"Sally Bretton"},{"id":"16017738","text":"in April and May 2013. In the New England area, WGBH-TV started airing Series 1 and 2 in 2013. Other PBS stations that air the programme as of 2016 include WPBA, WLIW, WTTW, KAET, KUAT, KUHT Houston, and WNED, among others. In Seattle-Tacoma, WA area broadcast on KBTC TV (PBS), Series 1-7 on Friday evenings with the current series aired April-May. In Australia, recent series have aired nationally on Foxtel within a few hours of their UK release. Series 1–6 were broadcast on ABC One a few months behind original broadcast in the U.K. Generally, this was shown in a","title":"Death in Paradise (TV series)"},{"id":"2420369","text":"acting roles alongside their father. He is also an avid motorcyclist and regularly participates in charity rides. Danny John-Jules Danny John-Jules (born 16 September 1960) is an English actor, singer and dancer. His most successful roles have been Cat in the sci-fi comedy series \"Red Dwarf\" and policeman Dwayne Myers in the crime drama \"Death in Paradise\". He was also a protagonist in the hit CBBC children's spy drama \"M.I. High\", in which he portrayed Lenny Bicknall, the caretaker. On 13 August 2018 he was announced as one of the celebrity contestants on the current 2018 series of \"Strictly Come","title":"Danny John-Jules"},{"id":"13107666","text":"credits include writing, producing and directing two seasons of BBC’s award-winning comedy sketch show \"The Real McCoy\". He also wrote and directed two award-winning short films, \"Driving Miss Crazy\", which won the HBO Best Short Film in Acapulco and \"A Woman Scorned\" which won a Best Short Film prize at the Hollywood Scare-fest Film Festival. Treva Etienne Treva Etienne (born 21 July 1965) is an English actor. Etienne guest starred in the \"BBC drama\" \"Death In Paradise\", the CBS spinoff \"Criminal Minds Beyond Borders\", and the CW fantasy/horror \"Supernatural\". He has a leading role in the indie horror movie \"Itsy","title":"Treva Etienne"},{"id":"16017737","text":"the same January slot; all series were shown in a 9:00–10:00 pm slot. The series has also been shown on repeat on the Alibi channel, although with each episode missing the pre-intro sequence and a few expendable scenes due to the need for adverts on Alibi. In France the programme is broadcast on France Ô. In the U.S., many, but not all, member stations of PBS broadcast \"Death In Paradise.\" Series 1 and 2 were broadcast in the San Francisco Bay Area on KQED \"Mystery Night\" in 2013. Series 1 aired in January and February 2013 and series 2 aired","title":"Death in Paradise (TV series)"},{"id":"2420358","text":"Danny John-Jules Danny John-Jules (born 16 September 1960) is an English actor, singer and dancer. His most successful roles have been Cat in the sci-fi comedy series \"Red Dwarf\" and policeman Dwayne Myers in the crime drama \"Death in Paradise\". He was also a protagonist in the hit CBBC children's spy drama \"M.I. High\", in which he portrayed Lenny Bicknall, the caretaker. On 13 August 2018 he was announced as one of the celebrity contestants on the current 2018 series of \"Strictly Come Dancing\". He was eliminated from the show on 11 November 2018. John-Jules was born in Paddington, London,","title":"Danny John-Jules"},{"id":"8814344","text":"series 17 of \"Silent Witness\". In 2015 Wragg appeared as Izzy Cartwright in the BBC TV series \"Death in Paradise\" Series 4 Episode 7. Having been together for 14 years, Wragg married Jamie Darling at Tatton Park, Cheshire, on 17 November 2007. They have two daughters Matilda and Molly. Kaye Wragg Kaye Michelle Wragg (born 15 December 1972 in Stockport, Cheshire) is an English actress best known for her television roles as Sergeant Diane Noble in \"The Bill\", Kate Oakley in \"No Angels\", Essie Harrison in \"Holby City\" and Lucy Archer in \"The Lakes\". She studied at the University of","title":"Kaye Wragg"},{"id":"2420364","text":"shows such as \"Comedy Connections\", \"Casualty\", \"\" and \"Night Fever\". He has also appeared in at least one episode of CBBC's sitcom \"Kerching!\", playing Michael's father, Trevor and appeared as Lenny Bicknall in series 1 and 2 of \"M.I.High\", also on CBBC. He has also appeared in \"The Crouches\". On 8 November 2009, he made a brief appearance during BBC Two's coverage of the 2009 Valencian Moto Grand Prix. He appeared in the BBC One series \"Death in Paradise\" as policeman Dwayne Myers from its start until 2018, in 2014, he played Nigel Rogers in \"The Life of Rock with","title":"Danny John-Jules"},{"id":"18345500","text":"Death in Heaven \"Death in Heaven\" is the twelfth and final episode of the eighth series of the British science fiction television programme \"Doctor Who\". It was first broadcast on BBC One on 8 November 2014. It is the second episode of a two-part story involving the return of the Cybermen and the Master in the form of 'Missy', the first part being \"Dark Water\", written by Steven Moffat and directed by Rachel Talalay. The episode stars Peter Capaldi, Jenna Coleman, Samuel Anderson, Michelle Gomez, Chris Addison, Jemma Redgrave, and Ingrid Oliver. The episode received positive reviews, with critics praising","title":"Death in Heaven"},{"id":"6632621","text":"Paul. In 2010 he appeared in the Royal Court Theatre's \"Sucker Punch\" by Roy Williams. In 2012 he appeared in \"Hustle\" as a police officer. In 2015 he played Docker in BBC One drama \"The Interceptor\" and also featured in the Ron Howard-directed movie \"In the Heart of the Sea\" which was released in December 2015. In 2016, he starred as Abioseh, an ex-tribesman in the Royal National Theatre's production of \"Les Blancs\". He also starred in an episode of the BBC's \"Death in Paradise\", and as a Detective Chief Inspector in \"Silent Witness\". In 2017, Beadle starred as Archdeacon","title":"Gary Beadle"},{"id":"14185764","text":"school principal, Dr. Lilly Summers, who informs Jesse that Billie was the “town pump.” The case becomes odd when Jesse questions Billie's parents and they deny that she is even their daughter. He confirms that she is indeed their daughter through her two sisters. They also inform Jesse that Billie ran away because her parents did not approve of her behavior, particularly her promiscuity. Jesse later finds that Billie had been staying at a shelter run by a Sister Mary John. Although he finds that Billie is no longer there, the nun gives Jesse the contact number that Billie left.","title":"Death in Paradise (novel)"},{"id":"14185770","text":"him, where he tells him he is going to kill his wife, then Jesse, then himself. Before he can do it, Jesse shoots and kills Snyder. Jesse also continues his bizarre relationship with his ex-wife, Jenn. They continue to see each other and other people. Among the other people is Marcy Campbell, first introduced in \"Trouble in Paradise\", and Dr. Lilly Summers, Billie's school principal. Lilly becomes very much infatuated with Jesse; attending his softball games, and later confessing to being in love with him. Finally, at Jenn's bidding Jesse begins seeing a counselor, Dr. Dix, about his drinking. The","title":"Death in Paradise (novel)"},{"id":"13643024","text":"Trenchcoat in Paradise Trenchcoat in Paradise is a 1989 American made-for-television mystery-crime film directed by Martha Coolidge and starring Dirk Benedict, Sydney Walsh, Catherine Oxenberg, Michelle Phillips and Bruce Dern. The main character, Eddie Mazda (Dirk Benedict), is a hard-nosed private investigator originally from Jersey City, New Jersey. After working a job for a widow named Nan Thompson (Amy Yasbeck), he soon after is confronted by mob boss Dom Gellatti (Ralph Drischell), the man who killed Mrs. Thompson's husband. Having already ransacked Mazda's film studio for any incriminating pictures against him for fear of federal prosecutions, Gellatti gives Eddie the","title":"Trenchcoat in Paradise"},{"id":"7467337","text":"name Bretton as a Sally Davis was already registered with actors' union Equity. Bretton has three daughters with her husband, Lee, a photographer. She grew up in a small town in Hertfordshire and as of 2015 resides near Hitchin, Hertfordshire. Guest Sally Bretton Sally Bretton (born Sally Davis) is an English actress. She is best known for appearing as Lucy Adams in the television sitcom \"Not Going Out\" since 2007, and as Martha Lloyd in the BBC1 crime drama \"Death in Paradise\", between 2015 and 2017. She has also been featured in programmes such as \"Absolute Power\", \"Green Wing\" and","title":"Sally Bretton"},{"id":"16375130","text":"series of \"Merlin\" in 2012. In 2011, he appeared in two episodes of \"The Hour\" as the character Sey, and reprised the role for three episodes in 2012. In 2015, Edun had a recurring role on the third season of \"Bates Motel\" as Marcus Young, a candidate for sheriff of White Pine Bay, which he followed with roles in \"Lucifer\", \"Legends\", and \"Death in Paradise\". He also appeared as Mr Brocks in the 2016 \"Doctor Who\" Christmas Special in 2016. The following year, Edun portrayed a war criminal in an episode of \"Elementary\". Edun performed motion capture and voiced the","title":"Adetomiwa Edun"},{"id":"11633124","text":"first series of \"Inside No. 9\", written by Steve Pemberton and Reece Shearsmith. Edwards played Sophie in the BAFTA award-winning BBC Four comedy series \"Detectorists\"; series 1 in 2014 and series 2 in 2015. In 2016, she appeared as Sian in \"Death In Paradise\" as a young girl who is murdered. In 2017, she was Josh's (ex)girlfriend in Channel 4 comedy \"Loaded\". Edwards made her stage debut in 2008 in \"SH*T-M*X\" at the Trafalgar Studios in London. In 2009, she performed in Jez Butterworth's play \"Jerusalem\" at the Royal Court Theatre, alongside Mackenzie Crook. In 2011, she made her Broadway","title":"Aimee-Ffion Edwards"},{"id":"7446297","text":"Doyle the mother of a murder victim found buried having gone missing 30 years earlier. She guest-starred in \"Death in Paradise\" in 2017, as Ernestine Gray. She guest-starred in \"Holby City\" in 2018, as Ursula Stork. Angela Bruce Angela Bruce (born 1951) is an English actress, noted for her television work. Bruce was born in Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire to a West Indian father and white mother, but was put up for adoption aged three, and brought up in Craghead, County Durham. She made her screen debut in the 1973 film \"Man at the Top\". Her regular or recurring","title":"Angela Bruce"},{"id":"16230098","text":"Robert Thorogood Robert Thorogood (born 1972) is an English screenwriter. He is best known as the creator of the BBC One murder mystery series \"Death in Paradise\". He won France Film's \"En Route to France\" award in 2012. Thorogood was educated at Uppingham School in Rutland where he met his future wife, Classic FM (UK) presenter Katie Breathwick. He read History at Downing College, Cambridge where he toured with the university's student comedy troupe Footlights in 1993 and was elected President in 1994. Soon after leaving Cambridge Thorogood set up a theatre company that toured small theatres and schools, the","title":"Robert Thorogood"},{"id":"19527684","text":"Death in the Desert (film) Death in the Desert is a 2015 American crime-drama film directed and produced by Josh Evans and starring Michael Madsen and Shayla Beesley, with John Palladino, Paz de la Huerta, and Roxy Saint appearing in supporting roles. Principal filming completed in February 2014 in Las Vegas, Nevada. It is the second film collaboration between Madsen and Evans, who produced \"The Price of Air\" in which Madsen starred. Released in March 2016 by Osiris Entertainment, the film is based on the book \"Death in the Desert\" by true-crime author Cathy Scott about Ted Binion, a wealthy","title":"Death in the Desert (film)"},{"id":"7081425","text":"Lee Boardman Lee Harold Boardman (born 2 July 1972) is an English actor and narrator. He has appeared in the films \"Jack the Giant Slayer\" and \"Love's Kitchen\", and the television series \"Rome\". Boardman played Murray Priestman in \"Drop Dead Gorgeous\" as well as the drug dealer Jez Quigley in \"Coronation Street\". He appears as Timon the Jew in the television series \"Rome\". He also made an appearance in the fifth episode of the 2011 BBC crime-drama series \"Death in Paradise\". In 2013 he starred in the ITV1 comedy drama series \"Great Night Out\" as Hodge. In 2014 he played","title":"Lee Boardman"},{"id":"26465","text":"Hackney Empire New Act of the Year. O'Hanlon is married to Melanie, whom he met as a teenager, and with whom he has three children: Emily, Rebecca and Red. He is a supporter of Leeds United. Ardal O'Hanlon Ardal O'Hanlon (; born 8 October 1965) is an Irish comedian and actor. He played Father Dougal McGuire in \"Father Ted\", George Sunday/Thermoman in \"My Hero\", and DI Jack Mooney in \"Death in Paradise\". Ardal O'Hanlon was born on 8 October 1965 in Carrickmacross, County Monaghan, the son of politician and doctor Rory O'Hanlon and Teresa Ward. He has five siblings. The","title":"Ardal O'Hanlon"},{"id":"14185773","text":"but Jesse shields himself with Finn's body and Norris accidentally kills him. Jesse then draws his weapon and kills Norris. A final significant difference is that Suitcase Simpson is shot in the head during the standoff with Snyder. The film ends with Suitcase in a coma. Death in Paradise (novel) Death in Paradise is a crime novel by Robert B. Parker, the third in his Jesse Stone series. It was made into a film in 2006. The third Jesse Stone novel finds Chief Stone investigating the death of a teenage girl after her body washes up on shore. While searching","title":"Death in Paradise (novel)"},{"id":"18345502","text":"the arrival of the Cybermen, but UNIT, led by Kate Lethbridge-Stewart, turn up and surround the Doctor, Missy, and her group of Cybermen. The Cybermen take to the air using built-in leg jets and scatter over the British Isles. Missy reveals that 91 Cybermen one for every major population area in the United Kingdom have been released from St Paul's to explode over graveyards in each populated area, releasing 'Cyberpollen' that will resurrect the dead as Cybermen. Similar events occur all over the world. UNIT renders both Missy and the Doctor unconscious and takes them into custody. In the Nethersphere,","title":"Death in Heaven"},{"id":"19091854","text":"cop, who advises, \"If you don't like the answers you're getting, check your premises.\" Stone visits gangster Gino Fish (William Sadler) and learns where the fourth victim worked as a prostitute. The \"dating agency\" owner tells Stone about Mavis Davies' friend, Charlotte (Amelia Rose Blaire), who recently left the business. He finds Charlotte, now running a cafe under her real name, Amelia Hope, and learns that Mavis was having an affair and was in love with a police officer. Back at Lt. Greenstreet's office, Stone reveals that he suspects that Detective Leary was Mavis' lover and that he killed Mavis","title":"Jesse Stone: Lost in Paradise"},{"id":"8659516","text":"hostage. The police see the license plates on the car in front of the Anderson house are from a stolen car, and therefore order Vic and Caesar to come out with their hands held up. While the inmates are busy figuring out what to do, they get attacked by Timmy, who immobilizes Caesar and shoots Vic. The police rush into the house and take everyone to the office. There, FBI agent Shaddus Peyser (Richard Jenkins) tries to figure out what happened, and because the town's people hide what they know about Bill, Alvin, and Dave and the church pastor returns","title":"Trapped in Paradise"},{"id":"17995566","text":"Snow in Paradise Snow in Paradise is a 2014 British thriller film directed by Andrew Hulme and co-written by Hulme and Martin Askew, who also co-stars in the film. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival. The film had its UK premier at the Curzon Soho as part of the London Film Festival. Petty criminal Dave lives in London, high on crime and drugs. After a heist gone wrong brings about his best friend's death, he turns to Islam for finding peace to his feelings for shame and remorse, but soon his","title":"Snow in Paradise"},{"id":"16198481","text":"Jesse speculates that Shaw was working on an exposé of Finn rather than a biography, and that he now knows Finn had Billie killed and framed Shaw as the murderer in order to stop the publication of the exposé. When Lovey pulls his weapon, Jesse steps behind Finn who takes Lovey's initial shot in the back, and Jesse returns fire, killing Lovey. Later, after visiting Billie's grave, Jesse returns to the hospital, sits at Luther's side, and begins reading to him the story of the baseball player named Harry \"Suitcase\" Simpson. In his review in \"DVD Talk\", Paul Mavis found","title":"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise"},{"id":"4319350","text":"Street\". In January 2014, Collins claimed she was \"unhappy\" over the lack of screen time for her and her character. Collins filmed her final scenes on 19 February 2014, and made her final appearance as Stella on 2 April 2014. Since leaving \"Coronation Street\", Collins has had various guest roles in television dramas such as \"Casualty\" (2014) as Samantha Kellman, \"Death in Paradise\" (2015) as Annette Burgess and in 2016 as Nadine Campbell in an episode of \"Midsomer Murders\". In 2016, Collins took part in the ITV reality series \"\". Collins has a daughter by ex-partner Fabrizio Tassalini, Maia Rose","title":"Michelle Collins"},{"id":"14185768","text":"is their daughter, and that it is indeed her body that was found their responses couldn't be more different. The father seems to be overcome and leaves the room, while Billie's domineering mother seems not to care at all. The novel also details a subplot about a woman and her abusive husband. The Snyders are first brought into his office after a domestic dispute in a bar where several witnesses, including Suitcase, witness the man beating his wife. Jesse locks up the husband, and sends the wife to the hospital. She later admits to suffering years of abuse, and asks","title":"Death in Paradise (novel)"},{"id":"8668571","text":"Death in the Garden La mort en ce jardin (\"Death in the Garden\") is a 1956 film by director Luis Buñuel based on the novel by José-André Lacour. Amid a revolution in a South American mining outpost, a band of fugitives—a roguish adventurer (Georges Marchal), a local hooker (Simone Signoret), a priest (Michel Piccoli), an aging diamond miner (Charles Vanel), and the miner's deaf-mute daughter (Michèle Girardon)—are forced to flee for their lives into the jungle. Starving, exhausted, and stripped of their old identities, they wander desperately lured by one deceptive promise of salvation after another. Shot in vibrant Eastmancolor","title":"Death in the Garden"},{"id":"10943591","text":"Green, Anthony Antonelli, Mike Bakalis, Eugene Hornsby, George Loomis and Bill \"Garloo\" Wilkins. They work with Assistant U.S. Attorneys Margaret Healy and Ira Littleton. The squad is also working on the murder of Jacqueline Taylor. Their main suspect is Tyree Williams. Rhonda is the primary on the murder of Jamal White. Her investigation includes his friend Leon Mayo, girlfriend Darcia Johnson and her room mate Shaylene Vaughn. Shaylene and Darcia work for a pimp called Dominique Lyons. Crooks: Conrad Gaskins and Romeo Brock are stick-up men who make their living robbing drug dealers. Gaskins is a parolee and is dubious","title":"The Night Gardener"},{"id":"16198479","text":"in progress at a local supermarket. Inside, Jesse encounters Jerry Snyder holding his wife hostage after shooting Mr. Kim (Michael Ha), the store owner. When Jerry fires his weapon to the side, Jesse shoots him dead. However, Luther had been shot by Jerry. At the hospital, Luther is in critical condition and in a coma. Molly stays at Luther's side and reads to him. Jesse returns to Shaw's house asking where he was the night of Billie's murder, and Shaw offers an alibi involving a meeting with Leo Finn. Later Finn tells Jesse he refused to meet with Shaw, saying","title":"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise"},{"id":"16198476","text":"dated a girl named Billie Bishop and had given her his ring when he broke up with her. Jesse returns to the school and learns from Lilly that Billie was a former A-student before coming to Paradise two years earlier when something changed her. He visits her parents and learns that she was thrown out of her home following a dramatic change in her behavior and academic performance. In the coming days Jesse and Dr. Summers become involved romantically. While working to solve Billie's murder, Jesse deals with a domestic violence case involving Jerry Snyder (John Diehl), a loser who","title":"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise"},{"id":"5230188","text":"Ladykillers\", playing the role of Mrs Wilberforce. In 2014, she played Pam Chandler, a suspected murderer, in the last episode of series three of \"Death in Paradise\". In 2015, she played Marion, mother to Christine in the Inside No. 9 episode \"The 12 Days of Christine\". In 2016, she played Nancy, the faithful dresser and woman of all work to the main character, in the West End production of \"Nell Gwynn.\" In 2017 she played Jessie in the stage musical \"The Girls\" at the Phoenix Theatre in the West End. In 2018 she returned to television playing Edna Friendship in","title":"Michele Dotrice"},{"id":"7136111","text":"American romantic comedy \"Double Wedding\". Fagbenle also appeared as 'Mark Lightfoot' in episode six of the first season of \"Death in Paradise\" in 2011. In 2012 after taking some time out to 'do some theatre and develop [his] writing projects' Fagbenle accepted a lead role in the BBC comedy \"Quick Cuts\" alongside cult comedy actress and star of \"Smack the Pony\" Doon Mackichan. In 2014 Fagbenle starred in the first season of HBO's original drama \"Looking\". He played 'Frank' a sweet hearted musician from Ohio having trouble with his live in partner. He reprised the role in 2015 for season","title":"O. T. Fagbenle"},{"id":"5621374","text":"\"Dirty Filthy Love\" (2004); Ursula Blake in the \"Doctor Who\" episode \"Love & Monsters\" (2006); Emmeline Fox in \"The Crimson Petal and the White\" (2011); DS Angela Young in \"Death in Paradise\" (2011); and Meg Hawkins in \"Treasure Island\" (2012). She played Karen, the lead role, opposite John Simm in Channel 4's \"Everyday\" and Meme Kartosov in \"Anna Karenina\". Shirley Henderson Shirley Henderson (born 24 November 1965) is a Scottish actress. Her film roles include playing Gail in \"Trainspotting\" (1996), Jude in the three \"Bridget Jones\" films (2001/04/16), and Moaning Myrtle in \"Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets\" (2002)","title":"Shirley Henderson"},{"id":"9607334","text":"debut in 2003 in Noël Coward's \"Private Lives.\" She has also appeared in numerous radio plays for the BBC, including playing Esme in Tom Stoppard's \"Rock 'n' Roll\", a role she also played in the West End. More recently, she appeared in the BBC TV mini-series \"Cranford\". In 2009 she appeared as Daisy alongside Timothy West in the BBC Radio 4 adaptation of John Mortimer's \"Rumpole and the Penge Bungalow Murders\". She has also appeared in the crime drama 'Death in Paradise' playing the part of Astrid Knight. (Season 1 Episode 4). In 2014, she appeared in another crime drama","title":"Emma Fielding"},{"id":"20270441","text":"After that, he signed with an agent and continued to get minor roles in TV shows like \"Hawthorne\", \"\", and \"NCIS\", as well as films like \"\". In 2011, Garrett started a recurring role as Deputy Sheriff Cane on FX's \"Sons of Anarchy\". He appeared in 17 episodes from 2011 to 2014. In 2016, Garrett landed two key roles; the first one, as Lieutenant TAO Cameron Burke on TNT's \"The Last Ship\", and the second as Secret Service agent Mike Ritter on ABC's \"Designated Survivor\". David Guggenheim, creator and executive producer of the latter, said they \"needed someone who could","title":"LaMonica Garrett"},{"id":"4591290","text":"a small part as Mrs Beeton in an episode of the BBC educational programme \"The Charles Dickens Show\". In 2015 she appeared as Mae Harmer in the BBC TV series \"Death in Paradise\" episode 4.8. On 9 May 2015 she portrayed a wartime letter writer at in Horse Guards Parade, London that was broadcast live on BBC1. She also appeared in the ITV series \"Lewis\" episode \"Magnum Opus\". Weeks has appeared in the films \"My Brother Tom\", \"Red Mercury\" and \"The Wicker Tree\" (the \"spiritual successor\" to \"The Wicker Man)\". In early 2010, she appeared as \"Sarah Prentice\" in a","title":"Honeysuckle Weeks"},{"id":"17845401","text":"with commercials, and characters are able to use stronger profanity. Cast members Mireille Enos and Joel Kinnaman return as detectives Sarah Linden and Stephen Holder, respectively. New series regulars for the fourth season include Joan Allen as Margaret Rayne, the head of an all-boys military academy. In February 2014, Sterling Beaumon, Levi Meaden, and Tyler Ross were cast as Lincoln Knopf, AJ Fielding, and Cameron Stanton (later changed to Kyle Stansbury), respectively; playing teens connected to the military academy. Gregg Henry, who had a recurring role in the third season as Detective Carl Reddick, was promoted to series regular for","title":"The Killing (season 4)"},{"id":"19091853","text":"to Steve, and to his surprise, the dog eats it. Back on the case, Stone meets with State Police Detective Dan Leary (Alex Carter), the officer who arrested the killer, who tells Stone that he's convinced the \"Boston Ripper\" committed all four murders, noting that since Richard was jailed, \"the murders have stopped\". Continuing his investigation, Stone interviews the autopsy doctor and confirms that the toxicology report is missing from the file. Stone tells Lt. Greenstreet that he believes the file was \"scrubbed\". Later, Stone discusses the case with his psychiatrist, Dr. Dix (William Devane), who is also a former","title":"Jesse Stone: Lost in Paradise"},{"id":"9472790","text":"he had a small role in an episode of BBC drama series \"Death In Paradise\". Also in February 2014, it was announced that Anderson had been cast as recurring character Danny Pink, a teacher at Coal Hill School, in the eighth series of \"Doctor Who\", and he appeared in 11 episodes. Between 2014 and 2017, Anderson appeared in Sky1 sitcom Trollied, playing the role of Daniel. In February 2016, he appeared in the BBC One drama series \"Moving On\". Currently, starting in the comedy Loaded on Channel 4. Television Samuel Anderson (actor) Samuel Anderson (born 1982) is a British actor.","title":"Samuel Anderson (actor)"},{"id":"9395352","text":"Oswald James appeared in the second series of \"Death in Paradise\" as the character Ronnie Stuart in ep:6 - A Dash of Sunshine - Series 2 - broadcast February 2013 and filmed in Guadeloupe. He also filmed the first episode of \"Midsomer Murders\" season 16 for airing over the Christmas 2013 season - \"A Christmas Haunting\". His character was a traumatized soldier called Ollie Tabori. James was cast as Niles Pottinger, the new Mayor of Defiance. The second season of the hit Syfy series \"Defiance\" started production in August, 2013 in Toronto and continued until December 2013. Series 2 aired","title":"James Murray (English actor)"},{"id":"9175842","text":"TV series \"Cucumber\". He also appeared in an episode of \"Goodnight Sweetheart\" playing a doctor at the hospital where Yvonne Sparrow loses her unborn child (series 4). In 2016 he played Polonius in Simon Godwin's production of \"Hamlet\" for the Royal Shakespeare Company. In late October 2016 he made his debut as a recurring character in the Doctor Who Spin off Class. In 2017, he also had a minor role in an episode of the long running detective programme \"Death in Paradise\", playing a corrupt mayor. Nri's family are Igbo; they fled the country in 1968 prior to the end","title":"Cyril Nri"},{"id":"16105987","text":"Hetti Bywater Harriet Jessica P \"Hetti\" Bywater (born 10 September 1994) is an English actress best known for playing Lucy Beale in the BBC soap opera \"EastEnders.\" Bywater was born in Reigate, Surrey to parents originally from Swansea, Wales. She studied performing arts at The Theatre Workshop in Sussex. Bywater began her career in 2011, making guest appearances in \"Casualty\" and \"Doctors\". She also starred in the \"St George's Day\" film in the same year. In 2015, Bywater guest-starred in the fourth series of \"Death in Paradise.\" In late 2016, Bywater guest starred in two episodes of the first series","title":"Hetti Bywater"},{"id":"16105989","text":"Hetti Bywater Harriet Jessica P \"Hetti\" Bywater (born 10 September 1994) is an English actress best known for playing Lucy Beale in the BBC soap opera \"EastEnders.\" Bywater was born in Reigate, Surrey to parents originally from Swansea, Wales. She studied performing arts at The Theatre Workshop in Sussex. Bywater began her career in 2011, making guest appearances in \"Casualty\" and \"Doctors\". She also starred in the \"St George's Day\" film in the same year. In 2015, Bywater guest-starred in the fourth series of \"Death in Paradise.\" In late 2016, Bywater guest starred in two episodes of the first series","title":"Hetti Bywater"},{"id":"16017728","text":"an airport, a university, a convent, approximately 100 public beaches and a Crown Court. It also has its own newspaper, \"The Saint Marie Times\". Honoré, the main town, has a leisure/commercial marina, market, bars, and restaurants as well as the police station. The neighbouring town to Honoré is named as Port Royal. Saint Marie's main economic ties are to Guadeloupe, the UK, and France. The island's main religions are Catholicism and Voodoo, with several religious festivals featuring in the programme, including the Saint Ursula Festival (in reality, a major festival of the Virgin Islands) and some Voodoo festivals. Episode 3.7","title":"Death in Paradise (TV series)"},{"id":"5833578","text":"landlady of the main characters, in the comedy \"Never Better\" and as a nurse in BBC's \"Outnumbered\" that aired on 30 August 2009. In December 2010, she appeared in the British BBC soap opera \"EastEnders\" as Gloria MacDonald, a role which she reprised in February 2016. On 12 February 2013 she played the part of Estelle in an episode of Death in Paradise on BBC1. In 2016 she appeared in the BBC series \"The Coroner\" episode 2.6 \"Life\" Michele Austin Michele Austin is a British actress best known for her role as PC Yvonne Hemmingway on ITV's \"The Bill\", for","title":"Michele Austin"},{"id":"5145879","text":"negative reviews from critics. It was followed by two sequels, \"Angels & Demons\" (2009) and \"Inferno\" (2016). Jacques Saunière, the Louvre's curator, is pursued through the Grand Gallery by an albino Catholic monk named Silas, who demands the location of the Priory's \"keystone\" to find and destroy the Holy Grail. Saunière gives him a false lead and is murdered. When the police arrive, they find his body posed like Da Vinci's Vitruvian Man. The police captain, Bezu Fache, sends his lieutenant, Jérôme Collet, to summon American symbologist Robert Langdon, in the midst of signing autographs after one of his public","title":"The Da Vinci Code (film)"},{"id":"16097044","text":"Le Radeau de la Méduse at the Théâtre National Populaire in Villeurbanne. She appeared in a play at the Young Vic in London called \"Le Costume\" (\"The Suit\") and in a French-language production of David Mamet’s \"Race\". Martins' television debut was in 2001, in the French police series \"Police District\". She appeared in the series \"Pigalle, la nuit\" as Fleur. While filming \"Death in Paradise\", Martins worked on the French TV crime series \"Détectives\" as Nora Abadie. In April 2011, BBC One announced that Martins would star in the crime comedy-drama \"Death in Paradise\", co-produced with France Télévisions. The series","title":"Sara Martins"},{"id":"7716068","text":"Arliss Howard Arliss Howard (born Leslie Richard Howard; October 18, 1954) is an American actor, writer and film director. Howard was born in Independence, Missouri and has a younger brother, Jim Howard (b. 1956). He graduated from Truman High School and Columbia College in Columbia, Missouri. Howard established his career with stand-out roles in \"Natural Born Killers\", \"Full Metal Jacket\", and \"Ruby\". In \"Till Death Us Do Part\" (1992), he portrayed author and attorney Vincent Bugliosi, who led the prosecution in the Tate-LaBianca murder trial. In 1997, he co-starred in \"Jurassic Park\"s sequel, \"\", as Hammond's conniving nephew Peter Ludlow,","title":"Arliss Howard"},{"id":"1720011","text":"radio by BBC Radio 4 in 2003, featuring John Moffatt as Poirot, Philip Jackson as Chief Inspector Japp (as in the \"Agatha Christie's Poirot\" adaptation), Geoffrey Whitehead as Monsieur Fournier, and Teresa Gallagher as Jane Grey. The book was first serialised in the US in \"The Saturday Evening Post\" in six instalments from 9 February (Volume 207, Number 32) to 16 March 1935 (Volume 207, Number 37) under the title \"Death in the Air\" with illustrations by Frederick Mizen. In the UK, the novel was serialised as an abridged version in the weekly \"Women's Pictorial\" magazine in six instalments from","title":"Death in the Clouds"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"16017722\",\n \"text\": \"Richard Poole (Ben Miller) is assigned to investigate the murder of a British police officer on the fictional Caribbean island of Saint Marie. After he successfully finds the murderer, he is reluctantly required by his supervisors to replace the victim and stay on as the detective inspector (DI) of the island, solving new cases as they appear, and being the object of many fish-out-of-water jokes. At the start of Series 3, Poole is killed and uncoordinated London detective Humphrey Goodman (Kris Marshall) arrives to investigate the death of his strait-laced predecessor. He then stays in the job as chief investigator\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16017729\",\n \"text\": \"is largely set on an islet just off Saint Marie; it is privately owned and relatively small. This episode was actually filmed on the island of Kahouanne, around off the north-west coast of Guadeloupe where the series is normally filmed. It can often be seen in the background from a beach on Saint Marie. Episodes 6.5 and 6.6 are largely set in London, when DI Goodman, DS Cassell and Officer Myers form a liaison team with future lead DI Jack Mooney in order to track down suspects in a murder investigation in Saint Marie, and later to investigate the murder\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16198477\",\n \"text\": \"enjoys viciously beating his wife (Debra Christofferson). Jesse and officer Molly Crane (Viola Davis) try to convince Mrs. Snyder to leave her husband and she eventually does. Meanwhile, Jesse's investigation leads him to Sister Mary John (Kerri Smith), a Catholic nun who runs the shelter where Billie sought refuge. Sister Mary provides Jesse with a phone number that Billie gave her in case of an emergency. Jesse soon dismisses Hooker as a suspect and turns his investigational focus on local writer Norman Shaw (Gary Basaraba), a well-connected citizen with ties to the Boston mob, as the prime suspect. It was\",\n \"title\": \"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4084432\",\n \"text\": \"Ben Miller Bennet Evan Miller (born 24 February 1966) is an English comedian, actor and director. He is best known as one half of comedy double act Armstrong and Miller, with Alexander Armstrong. Miller and Armstrong wrote and starred in the Channel 4 sketch show \\\"Armstrong and Miller\\\", as well as the BBC sketch show \\\"The Armstrong & Miller Show\\\". Miller is also known for playing the lead role of DI Richard Poole in the first two series of the BBC Crime Drama \\\"Death in Paradise\\\". Miller was born in London, England and grew up in Nantwich, Cheshire. His paternal\",\n \"title\": \"Ben Miller\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16017730\",\n \"text\": \"of one of the suspects. Made a voice cameo in this episode. Danny John-Jules (who plays Officer Dwayne Myers) will not be returning for series eight and will be replaced by actress Shyko Amos playing Officer Ruby Patterson, the niece of the commissioner. John-Jules cited his reason for exiting the show as wanting to “leave on a high\\\". The series is filmed on the French island of Guadeloupe in the Lesser Antilles, mainly in the commune of Deshaies (which doubles for the town of Honoré on the fictional island of Saint Marie), with the help of the \\\"Bureau d’accueil des\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16198472\",\n \"text\": \"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise is a 2006 American made-for-television crime film directed by Robert Harmon and starring Tom Selleck, Viola Davis, and Kohl Sudduth. Based on the 2001 novel \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" by Robert B. Parker, the film is about a small town police chief and struggling alcoholic who investigates the murder of a teenage girl whose body is found floating in a lake. The case brings the former LAPD homicide detective into the affluent world of a bestselling writer who exploits troubled teens, and the violent world of a Boston mobster. Filmed on\",\n \"title\": \"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2481490\",\n \"text\": \"be joining the cast of BBC drama \\\"Death In Paradise\\\" as the island's new lead detective, DI Humphrey Goodman. His character was introduced in the first episode of the third series which aired on 14 January 2014, with his first case being to solve the murder of his predecessor, DI Richard Poole (played by Ben Miller). In January 2017 it was leaked that Marshall would be leaving the series citing the pressures it placed upon his family and that he would be replaced by Ardal O'Hanlon who plays DI Jack Mooney. Marshall starred as Tom Sanger in the 2015 independent\",\n \"title\": \"Kris Marshall\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16017721\",\n \"text\": \"Death in Paradise (TV series) Death in Paradise is a British-French crime drama television series created by Robert Thorogood, starring Ben Miller (series 1–3), Kris Marshall (series 3–6) and Ardal O'Hanlon (series 6–present). The programme is a joint UK and French production filmed on the French Caribbean island of Guadeloupe and broadcast on BBC One in the United Kingdom and France 2 in France. \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" has enjoyed high ratings, leading to repeated renewals. A seventh series began broadcasting on 4 January 2018, with an eighth for 2019 already commissioned, with O'Hanlon and Jobert confirmed to return. British detective\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18993994\",\n \"text\": \"Michael Hogan suggests that Bordey is \\\"as underdressed as Miller is overdressed, investigating murders in vest and hotpants.\\\" Camille Bordey Detective Sergeant Camille Bordey is a character in the crime drama television series \\\"Death in Paradise\\\", portrayed by Sara Martins. A former undercover investigator, Bordey was assigned to Honoré Police because her cover was blown when she was arrested during DI Richard Poole's first investigation. She was the team's best investigator after Poole, often handling the computer work. Initially, she and Poole did not get along as a result of a culture clash. Over time their relationship became a friendship,\",\n \"title\": \"Camille Bordey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16097042\",\n \"text\": \"Sara Martins Sara Martins (born 19 August 1977) is a Portuguese actress of Cape-Verdean descent. She is known in France for her roles on television and in film and theatre. She appeared as Detective Sergeant Camille Bordey in the joint British-French crime comedy-drama \\\"Death in Paradise\\\", filmed in Guadeloupe, a French overseas department. She left the show halfway through series 4 (January 2015). Martins was born in Faro, Portugal, and is of Cape Verdean descent. She moved to France at the age of three. She studied ballet in her youth and was the first person of African descent to join\",\n \"title\": \"Sara Martins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4084439\",\n \"text\": \"Not Rocket Science,\\\" from the Royal Society in London. He also appeared at the British Comedy Awards with Armstrong on Channel 4. In 2013, Miller took part in an episode of \\\"Room 101\\\" and a \\\"Comic Relief\\\" special of game show \\\"Pointless\\\". On 13 December 2014, he appeared in a Christmas edition of \\\"The Celebrity Chase\\\". From 2011 until the series three premiere in 2014, Miller starred in the BBC-French co-produced series \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" as Detective Inspector (DI) Richard Poole. A third series of \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" was commissioned for early 2014. On 9 April 2013 it was announced\",\n \"title\": \"Ben Miller\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16097045\",\n \"text\": \"was Martins' debut in both comedy and on British television. Martins did have experience playing a cop. \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" premiered on 25 October 2011. Martins played Camille Bordey, a detective sergeant on the fictional Caribbean island of Saint-Marie. Camille and other local officers help British Detective Inspector Richard Poole (played by Ben Miller in the 1st & 2nd series) solve murders. During a stunt for a 1st series episode, Martins tore her achilles tendon. She has said that during the production of \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" she discovered that some of her mannerisms are distinctly French. The 3rd series killed\",\n \"title\": \"Sara Martins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16017741\",\n \"text\": \"is \\\"Sunday Shining\\\" by Finley Quaye. In January 2015, an official soundtrack compiling 26 songs from the first four series of the show was released by the BBC. It contains original music for \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" and already extant tunes, though it does not include the theme music from the show. The creator of the show, Robert Thorogood, signed a three-book deal to write \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" novels featuring the original characters (D.I. Richard Poole, D.S. Camille Bordey, Officer Dwayne Myers, Sergeant Fidel Best and Comm. Selwyn Patterson). The first of these, \\\"A Meditation on Murder (A Death in Paradise\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6818942\",\n \"text\": \"the \\\"100 Greatest TV Ads\\\" in 2000. In 2011, she starred as Detective Constable Hazel Savage in \\\"Appropriate Adult\\\". In 2012, Le Touzel starred as MP Mary Drake in \\\"The Thick of It\\\". Le Touzel starred in the second episode of \\\"Dirk Gently\\\" as Emelda Ransome. She portrayed Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon in the 2012 ITV mini-series \\\"Titanic\\\". In 2015, Le Touzel appeared as Sandra Kendrick in the BBC TV series \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" episode 4.7. In 2017, she portrayed Lady Dorothy Macmillan in the Netflix series \\\"The Crown\\\". Le Touzel played Marianne Thornton in the 2006 film \\\"Amazing Grace\\\" and\",\n \"title\": \"Sylvestra Le Touzel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18993992\",\n \"text\": \"Camille Bordey Detective Sergeant Camille Bordey is a character in the crime drama television series \\\"Death in Paradise\\\", portrayed by Sara Martins. A former undercover investigator, Bordey was assigned to Honoré Police because her cover was blown when she was arrested during DI Richard Poole's first investigation. She was the team's best investigator after Poole, often handling the computer work. Initially, she and Poole did not get along as a result of a culture clash. Over time their relationship became a friendship, and showed some hints of romance - when he briefly left Saint Marie, she admitted she admired him\",\n \"title\": \"Camille Bordey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16198473\",\n \"text\": \"location in Nova Scotia, the story is set in the fictitious town of Paradise, Massachusetts. \\\"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise\\\" is the third in a series of nine television films based on Parker's Jesse Stone novels. The film first aired on the CBS television network April 30, 2006. In the small town of Paradise, Massachusetts, Chief of police Jesse Stone (Tom Selleck) and his men investigate the death of teenage girl found floating in a lake. Officer Luther \\\"Suitcase\\\" Simpson (Kohl Sudduth) discovers a high school ring bearing the initials \\\"HR\\\". In the coming days, Jesse is haunted by disturbing\",\n \"title\": \"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16017726\",\n \"text\": \"in the end, he decides to remain on the island. This format was subverted in the sixth series, when the two-part storyline in the fifth and sixth episodes saw the team travel to London to follow up on a current case, resulting in then-lead detective Humphrey Goodman deciding to remain to be with his new girlfriend; D.I. Jack Mooney travelled back to Saint-Marie, initially as a holiday, but decided to remain as the new detective inspector of the island in the series finale. \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" is set on the fictional Caribbean island of Saint Marie, described in Episode 3.3\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16017742\",\n \"text\": \"novel)\\\", was published in January 2015. Early reviews were generally favourable, with the \\\"Daily Express\\\" in particular being complimentary, giving it four stars. The second book was released in 2016 with the title \\\"The Killing of Polly Carter\\\". The third book, titled \\\"Death Knocks Twice\\\" was released in 2017. An additional fourth book, \\\"Murder in the Caribbean\\\", is due to be released late 2018. Death in Paradise (TV series) Death in Paradise is a British-French crime drama television series created by Robert Thorogood, starring Ben Miller (series 1–3), Kris Marshall (series 3–6) and Ardal O'Hanlon (series 6–present). The programme is\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18994415\",\n \"text\": \"Richard Poole (character) Detective Inspector Richard Poole is a character in the crime drama television series \\\"Death in Paradise\\\", portrayed by Ben Miller. Poole also appears in novels based on the TV series written by Robert Thorogood. A British police inspector assigned to Saint Marie to investigate the previous inspector's murder, Poole was instructed to remain on the island as the new detective inspector. Despite his distaste for the island and inexperience with tropical weather - to the point where he continued to wear his old suits - he often showed a useful knack for making deductive leaps based on\",\n \"title\": \"Richard Poole (character)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18994596\",\n \"text\": \"Humphrey Goodman Detective Inspector Humphrey Goodman is a character in the crime drama television series \\\"Death in Paradise\\\", portrayed by Kris Marshall. Goodman is assigned to Saint Marie after the murder of D.I. Richard Poole at the start of Series 3. Clues from Poole's investigation helped Goodman reveal the motive and the killer's identity; Goodman commented that Poole had 'solved his own murder.' Goodman stayed on in Saint Marie after his wife Sally announced she would not be joining him on the Caribbean island. He became the chief inspector on the island, and took to Poole's old habit of announcing\",\n \"title\": \"Humphrey Goodman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16017736\",\n \"text\": \"of \\\"The Daily Telegraph\\\" criticised the laid-back tone of the series, calling it too methodical with nothing unique about it besides the setting. Red Planet Pictures was nominated for, and won, the \\\"Diversity in a Drama Production Award\\\" for \\\"Death In Paradise\\\". Sara Martins, Danny John-Jules, Don Warrington and Tobi Bakare collected the award at a ceremony supported by the BBC and ITV that took place on 15 February 2015. In the U.K., all series were shown on BBC One. The first series was broadcast in late 2011. The second series was broadcast in January 2013, with subsequent series filling\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14185765\",\n \"text\": \"It turns out to be the number of Gino Fish's cover business. Later Sister Mary gives Jesse another number that two separate girls had given her. The number turns out to belong to Gino Fish's associate and probable lover, Alan Garner. Jesse begins following Garner and catches him setting up men with underage prostitutes. Jesse questions Garner about it, and he agrees to talk under Stone's promise not to make him testify. Garner then admits that he has been pimping underage prostitutes since long before knowing Gino. Jesse interviews Norman Shaw, a wealthy local citizen and famous author, who drinks\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16017723\",\n \"text\": \"on the island. In the second half of Series 6, he resigns so he can stay in London with his new girlfriend Martha Lloyd. His replacement on Saint Marie is DI Jack Mooney, played by Ardal O'Hanlon. While \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" has continued to be in the top three most popular programmes on British television, critics have called the crime drama \\\"unremarkable\\\" and \\\"an undemanding detective show, with nice Caribbean scenery\\\". The show is known for its formulaic approach to its plots with each episode roughly the same in both style and narrative structure. Each episode begins with a pre-credits\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16198475\",\n \"text\": \"Taylor, for whose death he still feels deeply responsible. State homicide commander Captain Healy (Stephen McHattie) delivers his autopsy report to Jesse, who learns that the girl drowned, and alcohol and muscle relaxer were found in her blood. The fourteen-year-old girl was probably in the water for three weeks, and was pregnant. Soon after, Jesse goes to the high school and meets with head mistress Dr. Lilly Summers (Orla Brady) who identifies the owner of the ring, William Hooker Royce (Matt Barr), an all-American athlete at the school. Later, when asked about the ring, Hooker tells Jesse that he briefly\",\n \"title\": \"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4561379\",\n \"text\": \"Impulse women's body spray. She became well known in the UK during the late 1990s as nurse Tina Seabrook in \\\"Casualty\\\". From August 2008, she played Inspector Rachel Weston in ITV's \\\"The Bill\\\". In 2011 she appeared in BBC1 drama \\\"Exile\\\" with John Simm, and in 2015 appeared in the fourth series of \\\"Death in Paradise\\\". From 2015 she stars as the titular character in the BBC Birmingham daytime drama \\\"The Coroner\\\", set in the fictional coastal town of Lighthaven in South Devon. The series ran to 20 episodes. The BBC announced on 2 March 2017 that there would be\",\n \"title\": \"Claire Goose\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6003084\",\n \"text\": \"to his writing two productions featuring cast members from that show, which were broadcast in 1998. Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart of UNIT asks the Doctor to investigate a particularly gruesome murder at a new theme park on London's Hampstead Heath, called \\\"Space World\\\". Together with journalist Sarah Jane Smith and her photographer Jeremy Fitzoliver, they take in the incongruous exhibits, including virtual reality machines, and even seemingly living alien monstrosities – which the Brigadier immediately suspects of the killing. The owners of the theme park are a \\\"gang of alien carpetbaggers from outer space\\\", who are ostensibly trying to persuade the Government\",\n \"title\": \"The Paradise of Death\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2481486\",\n \"text\": \"Kris Marshall Kristopher Marshall (born 11 April 1973) is an English actor. He has played Nick Harper in \\\"My Family\\\", Colin Frissell in the 2003 film \\\"Love Actually\\\", Adam in BT Retail adverts from 2005 until 2011, and Dave in the first series of \\\"Citizen Khan\\\" (2012). He played DI Humphrey Goodman in \\\"Death in Paradise\\\", taking over the role April 2013 for the show's third series and leaving it in February 2017 in the sixth series. Kristopher Marshall was born on 11 April 1973 in Bath, Somerset. His father was a Royal Air Force navigator, whose career included a\",\n \"title\": \"Kris Marshall\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18994599\",\n \"text\": \"their time together, she eventually returns to London to start her dream job at a new restaurant. When a subsequent case sends Goodman and his team to London to track their suspects, he is inspired to stay with Martha, nominating the recently widowed DI Jack Mooney- the team's London liaison for their latest case- as his successor in Saint Marie. Goodman is awkward and accident prone. Michael Hogan argues that \\\"his bumbling and stammering resemble a Hugh Grant impersonation.\\\" Humphrey Goodman Detective Inspector Humphrey Goodman is a character in the crime drama television series \\\"Death in Paradise\\\", portrayed by Kris\",\n \"title\": \"Humphrey Goodman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16198478\",\n \"text\": \"his phone number that Billie provided to the Sister Mary. Shaw purportedly has a predilection for young girls. Jesse and Luther pay a visit to Norman Shaw who is hosting a fundraising party with influential politicians and prominent citizens. Afterwards, Jesse learns from Captain Healey that Shaw is writing a book on Boston mobster Leo Finn (Steven Flynn) who has a very dangerous gunsel working for him. Jesse visits Development Associates and meets Finn and his strongman Lovey Norris (Brendan Kelly). Asked about his relationship with Shaw, Finn reveals nothing. Soon after, Jesse and Luther respond to an armed robbery\",\n \"title\": \"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14185763\",\n \"text\": \"Death in Paradise (novel) Death in Paradise is a crime novel by Robert B. Parker, the third in his Jesse Stone series. It was made into a film in 2006. The third Jesse Stone novel finds Chief Stone investigating the death of a teenage girl after her body washes up on shore. While searching for clues at the crime scene, Stone finds a class ring that ends up belonging to a senior at the high school. Jesse questions him and discovers that he gave his class ring to a fifteen-year-old girl called Eleanor “Billie” Bishop. Chief Stone then questions the\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14185767\",\n \"text\": \"and hands over Shaw's gun which Jesse easily confirms as the murder weapon. With this evidence in hand, Jesse forces Alan Garner to make a statement and then leaves him to be dealt with by Gino. Stone has Suit stake out the hotel that Shaw meets girls at, and when Shaw arrives Stone and Suit break in and catch Shaw in the act with a fifteen-year-old girl. During questioning, Shaw admits to killing Billie after she began threatening to turn him in to the police. When Jesse informs Billie's parents that he has solved the case, that he knows Billie\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5537745\",\n \"text\": \"which has been broadcast since 11 January 2010. Since 2011, Warrington has played Commissioner Selwyn Patterson in the hit BBC show \\\"Death in Paradise\\\". He also appeared as jazz musician Frederick J. Louden in a BBC radio production of \\\"The Devil's Music\\\", written by Alan Plater. In 2011, Warrington played the father of a suspected terrorist in the last series of the BBC drama \\\"Waking the Dead\\\". His film roles included the movie version of \\\"Rising Damp\\\" (1980), the Kenny Everett horror comedy \\\"Bloodbath at the House of Death\\\" (1983), Kenneth Branagh's \\\"Hamlet\\\" (1996), Peter Greenaway's \\\"8½ Women\\\" (1999) and\",\n \"title\": \"Don Warrington\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16017725\",\n \"text\": \"who of the murder are comprehended by the DI, but are not revealed to the audience. The suspects are then gathered, and the DI talks through the evidence; often, flashbacks are used to show what happened. The murderer and the motive are revealed in the dénouement of the episode. Normally, each episode ends with a comedic scene or a celebratory trip by the police force to Catherine's bar. The final episode of most series has included a subplot wherein the lead DI is tempted to return to the UK by the prospect of a job offer or personal relationship, but\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"26464\",\n \"text\": \"the 2015 Sky Cat Laughs Comedy Festival which takes place in Kilkenny from 28 May–1 June. In 2015 he played the role of Peter the Milkman in the Sky 1 sitcom \\\"After Hours\\\". On 2 February 2017, it was announced he would play the lead role in the BBC crime drama \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" taking the role of DI Jack Mooney following Kris Marshall's departure the same day. Ardal has been doing stand up for many years appearing on many shows including Live at the Apollo, Michael McIntyre's Comedy Roadshow and Dave's One Night Stand. In 1994 he won the\",\n \"title\": \"Ardal O'Hanlon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16017724\",\n \"text\": \"sequence showing the events leading up to a murder, and often the discovery of the body afterwards; this sequence also serves to introduce that particular episode's guest characters. The police force of Saint Marie are subsequently informed of the murder, preliminary investigations and interviews take place to establish the suspects, and photographs of the suspects and crime scene are placed on the whiteboard at police headquarters. Often towards the end, the lead DI will have a moment of realisation, perhaps brought on by something that someone says or does or by some occurrence. In this moment, the how, why, and\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16017732\",\n \"text\": \"the birth of his baby daughter Elsie, it left him feeling \\\"bereft and empty\\\", and he quit the show. From episode 7 of the sixth series, the lead role was taken by Ardal O'Hanlon playing DI Jack Mooney, a London colleague. Regarding British TV ratings, \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" has gained in popularity over time. Series 1 (2011) has been the least-watched to date, averaging 5.89 million viewers, with the 5.3 million viewers for the sixth episode, “An Unhelpful Aid” the lowest the show has had. Even so, each episode was among the top five most-watched programmes of the day, and\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6593367\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Lead Balloon\\\", Prudence in \\\"Keen Eddie\\\", Elle Kensington in \\\"Chasing Alice\\\", Angela Warren in \\\"Poirot\\\" (in the episode \\\"Five Little Pigs\\\"), Princess Eleanor in \\\"The Palace\\\", Ghislaine in \\\"Robin Hood\\\", Alice Shadwell in \\\"Dalziel and Pascoe\\\", Ann Hamilton in \\\"Death in Paradise\\\", Jill in NBC's \\\"Hot in Cleveland\\\", Sharon Kirby in \\\"CSI Miami\\\" and Dorothy Gibson in \\\"Titanic\\\". Winkleman was nominated for Best Newcomer by the BBC for her performance as Clara Gold in \\\"Waking the Dead\\\". Winkleman made her debut on American television as the star of the NBC sitcom \\\"100 Questions\\\" as main character Charlotte Payne and as\",\n \"title\": \"Sophie Winkleman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16017731\",\n \"text\": \"tournages de la Région Guadeloupe.\\\" The site of the Honoré police station is a church hall in Deshaies, with the priest's office appearing as the incident room. Miller left the series at the start of series 3, as he felt he was spending too much time away from his family, since his wife was unable to join him on the island during production. Marshall's family joined him on the island during his first three six-month shoots, and his son Thomas enrolled at a local school. When his family did not join him during the filming of the sixth series, following\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14185772\",\n \"text\": \"her death and is shown visiting her grave. The main plot differs significantly. In the film, Shaw is framed for Billie's murder by a man named Leo Finn. Alan Garner is not involved in the plot at all. In the film, Shaw is writing an unflattering exposé on Finn. In an attempt to prevent this, he has his Henchman Lovey Norris murder Billie Bishop. Shaw later tells Jesse that he had fallen in love with Billie, who was pregnant with his child. Jesse confronts Finn and Norris with this information in a warehouse. Norris responds by trying to shoot Jesse,\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16198474\",\n \"text\": \"dreams about the girl's murder. Since moving to Paradise, his private life involves drinking alone at his isolated house on the water with his dog Reggie looking on, occasionally talking on the phone with his ex-wife in California. Forced to resign from the LAPD for a drinking problem that began following his divorce, Jesse is still in contact with his ex-wife Jenn, who calls him regularly. Concerned about his drinking, she convinces him to see psychiatrist Dr. Dix (William Devane), a former detective and recovering alcoholic himself. Following his first session, Jesse visits the grave of his former girlfriend, Abby\",\n \"title\": \"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5544946\",\n \"text\": \"Ken Biller to shoot for Nat Geo which was premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival in April 2017. 2017 also saw the final five episodes of AMC's in Richmond, Virginia. In June 2016, Brown played the role of Bob Clay in the BBC film \\\"Reg\\\". In September 2017 Brown travelled to Guadeloupe for a guest lead in the BBCtv show Death In Paradise. In 2018, Brown was interviewed at length about his career, with particular focus on his time on \\\"The Bill\\\", for an edition of The Bill Podcast Early years were in Moving Parts Theatre Company with Rachel Feldberg,\",\n \"title\": \"Ralph Brown\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18345501\",\n \"text\": \"its writing, direction, and acting. With Peter Capaldi, Jenna Coleman, Samuel Anderson, and Michelle Gomez receiving widespread acclaim for their performances, Gomez was consistently highly praised in reviews, with many calling her a highlight of the eighth series. Continuing from \\\"Dark Water\\\", Clara Oswald is trapped with a Cyberman in the headquarters of 3W in St Paul's Cathedral and manages to stop it from killing her by stating that she is really the Doctor. Outside, the Doctor reels from the revelation that Missy, the woman controlling the Cybermen, is a female incarnation of the Master. The public appears unconcerned by\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Heaven\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16017735\",\n \"text\": \"8.34 million viewers. Based on consolidated figures, each episode was the most-watched programme of the day, and in the top ten most-watched programmes of the week. The series has received mixed reviews from critics, with most criticism directed towards its formulaic structure. The first series was praised for its refreshing style and setting. Kris Marshall's introduction at the start of series 3 was particularly well received, with Rebecca Smith of \\\"The Daily Telegraph\\\" citing Marshall as a \\\"winning addition\\\" to the cast. The series 4 premiere was described as \\\"a little piece of escapism\\\" and was generally praised. Mark Monahan\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14185766\",\n \"text\": \"heavily throughout. He passes out at the table. Later, Jesse questions one of Shaw's many ex-wives who tells him that she had a private detective follow him while they were married. She had suspected him of infidelities, and the detective confirms this, informing her that he is seeing underage prostitutes almost nightly. Although, she never sees that photos, she uses the information to get a large divorce settlement. Next, Jesse sees her detective who gives him the incriminating photos which depict graphic sexual acts between Shaw and underage girls. Jesse takes the photos to Shaw's current wife who is disgusted\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"26456\",\n \"text\": \"Ardal O'Hanlon Ardal O'Hanlon (; born 8 October 1965) is an Irish comedian and actor. He played Father Dougal McGuire in \\\"Father Ted\\\", George Sunday/Thermoman in \\\"My Hero\\\", and DI Jack Mooney in \\\"Death in Paradise\\\". Ardal O'Hanlon was born on 8 October 1965 in Carrickmacross, County Monaghan, the son of politician and doctor Rory O'Hanlon and Teresa Ward. He has five siblings. The episode of \\\"Who Do You Think You Are?\\\" which aired on 6 October 2008 revealed that O'Hanlon's paternal grandfather, Michael O'Hanlon, was a UCD medicine student who had joined the IRA during the Irish War of\",\n \"title\": \"Ardal O'Hanlon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6360883\",\n \"text\": \"romantic comedy miniseries \\\"Material Girl\\\". In June 2010, she also played the role of Ashley in a BBC Three pilot, \\\"Dappers\\\". That same month, Crichlow presented \\\"Nelson Mandela: One Incredible Life\\\" on BBC Three. For the documentary, Crichlow travelled to South Africa to learn more about Nelson Mandela's story. In 2011, Crichlow played the character of Police Sergeant Lily Thomson in the BBC drama \\\"Death in Paradise\\\". In January 2011, Crichlow appeared in six short accompaniments for \\\"The Tudors\\\" airings on BBC America. Crichlow also narrated \\\"The Gatwick Baby: Abandoned at Birth\\\", shown on BBC Three on 13 April 2011.\",\n \"title\": \"Lenora Crichlow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13701916\",\n \"text\": \"from a crash, claims a mystery aircraft attacked them, the owner, Henry Goering (Henry Hall) hires psychiatrist, Dr. Norris (John Elliott), to question the man. Dr. Norris believes a psychotic ex-World War I flying ace, whom he dubs \\\"Pilot X,\\\" may be behind the attacks. With the help of Blackwood, Goering and Norris assemble a group of five ex-flying aces living in the area who may have a connection with the mysterious Pilot X. He recruits German Lieutenant Baron von Guttard (Hans Joby), French Lieutenant Rene Le Rue (Gaston Glass), British Captain Roland Saunders (Pat Somerset), Canadian Lieutenant Douglas Thompson\",\n \"title\": \"Death in the Air\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13701915\",\n \"text\": \"being shot down by a large black fighter aircraft with a large \\\"X\\\" painted on the wing. The chief suspects may be the very pilots that have been gathered together to solve the mystery, and are invited for the weekend to an old dark mansion. Inspector Gallagher (Willard Kent) of the United States Department of Commerce views a number of crashes and disappearances of Goering-Gage Aviation Corporation aircraft as suspicious. With United States Army Reserve test pilot Jerry Blackwood (John Carroll), Gallagher visits the Goering-Gage company. Jerry test flies Goering-Gage aircraft but finds nothing wrong. When a severely injured passenger\",\n \"title\": \"Death in the Air\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7467336\",\n \"text\": \"Sally Bretton Sally Bretton (born Sally Davis) is an English actress. She is best known for appearing as Lucy Adams in the television sitcom \\\"Not Going Out\\\" since 2007, and as Martha Lloyd in the BBC1 crime drama \\\"Death in Paradise\\\", between 2015 and 2017. She has also been featured in programmes such as \\\"Absolute Power\\\", \\\"Green Wing\\\" and \\\"The Office\\\". In 2008, she played Goneril in Shakespeare's \\\"King Lear\\\" at Shakespeare's Globe. Bretton trained at the Central School of Speech and Drama, and worked as a drama teacher at Top Hat Stage and Screen School. She chose the professional\",\n \"title\": \"Sally Bretton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16017738\",\n \"text\": \"in April and May 2013. In the New England area, WGBH-TV started airing Series 1 and 2 in 2013. Other PBS stations that air the programme as of 2016 include WPBA, WLIW, WTTW, KAET, KUAT, KUHT Houston, and WNED, among others. In Seattle-Tacoma, WA area broadcast on KBTC TV (PBS), Series 1-7 on Friday evenings with the current series aired April-May. In Australia, recent series have aired nationally on Foxtel within a few hours of their UK release. Series 1–6 were broadcast on ABC One a few months behind original broadcast in the U.K. Generally, this was shown in a\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2420369\",\n \"text\": \"acting roles alongside their father. He is also an avid motorcyclist and regularly participates in charity rides. Danny John-Jules Danny John-Jules (born 16 September 1960) is an English actor, singer and dancer. His most successful roles have been Cat in the sci-fi comedy series \\\"Red Dwarf\\\" and policeman Dwayne Myers in the crime drama \\\"Death in Paradise\\\". He was also a protagonist in the hit CBBC children's spy drama \\\"M.I. High\\\", in which he portrayed Lenny Bicknall, the caretaker. On 13 August 2018 he was announced as one of the celebrity contestants on the current 2018 series of \\\"Strictly Come\",\n \"title\": \"Danny John-Jules\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13107666\",\n \"text\": \"credits include writing, producing and directing two seasons of BBC’s award-winning comedy sketch show \\\"The Real McCoy\\\". He also wrote and directed two award-winning short films, \\\"Driving Miss Crazy\\\", which won the HBO Best Short Film in Acapulco and \\\"A Woman Scorned\\\" which won a Best Short Film prize at the Hollywood Scare-fest Film Festival. Treva Etienne Treva Etienne (born 21 July 1965) is an English actor. Etienne guest starred in the \\\"BBC drama\\\" \\\"Death In Paradise\\\", the CBS spinoff \\\"Criminal Minds Beyond Borders\\\", and the CW fantasy/horror \\\"Supernatural\\\". He has a leading role in the indie horror movie \\\"Itsy\",\n \"title\": \"Treva Etienne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16017737\",\n \"text\": \"the same January slot; all series were shown in a 9:00–10:00 pm slot. The series has also been shown on repeat on the Alibi channel, although with each episode missing the pre-intro sequence and a few expendable scenes due to the need for adverts on Alibi. In France the programme is broadcast on France Ô. In the U.S., many, but not all, member stations of PBS broadcast \\\"Death In Paradise.\\\" Series 1 and 2 were broadcast in the San Francisco Bay Area on KQED \\\"Mystery Night\\\" in 2013. Series 1 aired in January and February 2013 and series 2 aired\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2420358\",\n \"text\": \"Danny John-Jules Danny John-Jules (born 16 September 1960) is an English actor, singer and dancer. His most successful roles have been Cat in the sci-fi comedy series \\\"Red Dwarf\\\" and policeman Dwayne Myers in the crime drama \\\"Death in Paradise\\\". He was also a protagonist in the hit CBBC children's spy drama \\\"M.I. High\\\", in which he portrayed Lenny Bicknall, the caretaker. On 13 August 2018 he was announced as one of the celebrity contestants on the current 2018 series of \\\"Strictly Come Dancing\\\". He was eliminated from the show on 11 November 2018. John-Jules was born in Paddington, London,\",\n \"title\": \"Danny John-Jules\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8814344\",\n \"text\": \"series 17 of \\\"Silent Witness\\\". In 2015 Wragg appeared as Izzy Cartwright in the BBC TV series \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" Series 4 Episode 7. Having been together for 14 years, Wragg married Jamie Darling at Tatton Park, Cheshire, on 17 November 2007. They have two daughters Matilda and Molly. Kaye Wragg Kaye Michelle Wragg (born 15 December 1972 in Stockport, Cheshire) is an English actress best known for her television roles as Sergeant Diane Noble in \\\"The Bill\\\", Kate Oakley in \\\"No Angels\\\", Essie Harrison in \\\"Holby City\\\" and Lucy Archer in \\\"The Lakes\\\". She studied at the University of\",\n \"title\": \"Kaye Wragg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2420364\",\n \"text\": \"shows such as \\\"Comedy Connections\\\", \\\"Casualty\\\", \\\"\\\" and \\\"Night Fever\\\". He has also appeared in at least one episode of CBBC's sitcom \\\"Kerching!\\\", playing Michael's father, Trevor and appeared as Lenny Bicknall in series 1 and 2 of \\\"M.I.High\\\", also on CBBC. He has also appeared in \\\"The Crouches\\\". On 8 November 2009, he made a brief appearance during BBC Two's coverage of the 2009 Valencian Moto Grand Prix. He appeared in the BBC One series \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" as policeman Dwayne Myers from its start until 2018, in 2014, he played Nigel Rogers in \\\"The Life of Rock with\",\n \"title\": \"Danny John-Jules\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18345500\",\n \"text\": \"Death in Heaven \\\"Death in Heaven\\\" is the twelfth and final episode of the eighth series of the British science fiction television programme \\\"Doctor Who\\\". It was first broadcast on BBC One on 8 November 2014. It is the second episode of a two-part story involving the return of the Cybermen and the Master in the form of 'Missy', the first part being \\\"Dark Water\\\", written by Steven Moffat and directed by Rachel Talalay. The episode stars Peter Capaldi, Jenna Coleman, Samuel Anderson, Michelle Gomez, Chris Addison, Jemma Redgrave, and Ingrid Oliver. The episode received positive reviews, with critics praising\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Heaven\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6632621\",\n \"text\": \"Paul. In 2010 he appeared in the Royal Court Theatre's \\\"Sucker Punch\\\" by Roy Williams. In 2012 he appeared in \\\"Hustle\\\" as a police officer. In 2015 he played Docker in BBC One drama \\\"The Interceptor\\\" and also featured in the Ron Howard-directed movie \\\"In the Heart of the Sea\\\" which was released in December 2015. In 2016, he starred as Abioseh, an ex-tribesman in the Royal National Theatre's production of \\\"Les Blancs\\\". He also starred in an episode of the BBC's \\\"Death in Paradise\\\", and as a Detective Chief Inspector in \\\"Silent Witness\\\". In 2017, Beadle starred as Archdeacon\",\n \"title\": \"Gary Beadle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14185764\",\n \"text\": \"school principal, Dr. Lilly Summers, who informs Jesse that Billie was the “town pump.” The case becomes odd when Jesse questions Billie's parents and they deny that she is even their daughter. He confirms that she is indeed their daughter through her two sisters. They also inform Jesse that Billie ran away because her parents did not approve of her behavior, particularly her promiscuity. Jesse later finds that Billie had been staying at a shelter run by a Sister Mary John. Although he finds that Billie is no longer there, the nun gives Jesse the contact number that Billie left.\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14185770\",\n \"text\": \"him, where he tells him he is going to kill his wife, then Jesse, then himself. Before he can do it, Jesse shoots and kills Snyder. Jesse also continues his bizarre relationship with his ex-wife, Jenn. They continue to see each other and other people. Among the other people is Marcy Campbell, first introduced in \\\"Trouble in Paradise\\\", and Dr. Lilly Summers, Billie's school principal. Lilly becomes very much infatuated with Jesse; attending his softball games, and later confessing to being in love with him. Finally, at Jenn's bidding Jesse begins seeing a counselor, Dr. Dix, about his drinking. The\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13643024\",\n \"text\": \"Trenchcoat in Paradise Trenchcoat in Paradise is a 1989 American made-for-television mystery-crime film directed by Martha Coolidge and starring Dirk Benedict, Sydney Walsh, Catherine Oxenberg, Michelle Phillips and Bruce Dern. The main character, Eddie Mazda (Dirk Benedict), is a hard-nosed private investigator originally from Jersey City, New Jersey. After working a job for a widow named Nan Thompson (Amy Yasbeck), he soon after is confronted by mob boss Dom Gellatti (Ralph Drischell), the man who killed Mrs. Thompson's husband. Having already ransacked Mazda's film studio for any incriminating pictures against him for fear of federal prosecutions, Gellatti gives Eddie the\",\n \"title\": \"Trenchcoat in Paradise\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7467337\",\n \"text\": \"name Bretton as a Sally Davis was already registered with actors' union Equity. Bretton has three daughters with her husband, Lee, a photographer. She grew up in a small town in Hertfordshire and as of 2015 resides near Hitchin, Hertfordshire. Guest Sally Bretton Sally Bretton (born Sally Davis) is an English actress. She is best known for appearing as Lucy Adams in the television sitcom \\\"Not Going Out\\\" since 2007, and as Martha Lloyd in the BBC1 crime drama \\\"Death in Paradise\\\", between 2015 and 2017. She has also been featured in programmes such as \\\"Absolute Power\\\", \\\"Green Wing\\\" and\",\n \"title\": \"Sally Bretton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16375130\",\n \"text\": \"series of \\\"Merlin\\\" in 2012. In 2011, he appeared in two episodes of \\\"The Hour\\\" as the character Sey, and reprised the role for three episodes in 2012. In 2015, Edun had a recurring role on the third season of \\\"Bates Motel\\\" as Marcus Young, a candidate for sheriff of White Pine Bay, which he followed with roles in \\\"Lucifer\\\", \\\"Legends\\\", and \\\"Death in Paradise\\\". He also appeared as Mr Brocks in the 2016 \\\"Doctor Who\\\" Christmas Special in 2016. The following year, Edun portrayed a war criminal in an episode of \\\"Elementary\\\". Edun performed motion capture and voiced the\",\n \"title\": \"Adetomiwa Edun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11633124\",\n \"text\": \"first series of \\\"Inside No. 9\\\", written by Steve Pemberton and Reece Shearsmith. Edwards played Sophie in the BAFTA award-winning BBC Four comedy series \\\"Detectorists\\\"; series 1 in 2014 and series 2 in 2015. In 2016, she appeared as Sian in \\\"Death In Paradise\\\" as a young girl who is murdered. In 2017, she was Josh's (ex)girlfriend in Channel 4 comedy \\\"Loaded\\\". Edwards made her stage debut in 2008 in \\\"SH*T-M*X\\\" at the Trafalgar Studios in London. In 2009, she performed in Jez Butterworth's play \\\"Jerusalem\\\" at the Royal Court Theatre, alongside Mackenzie Crook. In 2011, she made her Broadway\",\n \"title\": \"Aimee-Ffion Edwards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7446297\",\n \"text\": \"Doyle the mother of a murder victim found buried having gone missing 30 years earlier. She guest-starred in \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" in 2017, as Ernestine Gray. She guest-starred in \\\"Holby City\\\" in 2018, as Ursula Stork. Angela Bruce Angela Bruce (born 1951) is an English actress, noted for her television work. Bruce was born in Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire to a West Indian father and white mother, but was put up for adoption aged three, and brought up in Craghead, County Durham. She made her screen debut in the 1973 film \\\"Man at the Top\\\". Her regular or recurring\",\n \"title\": \"Angela Bruce\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16230098\",\n \"text\": \"Robert Thorogood Robert Thorogood (born 1972) is an English screenwriter. He is best known as the creator of the BBC One murder mystery series \\\"Death in Paradise\\\". He won France Film's \\\"En Route to France\\\" award in 2012. Thorogood was educated at Uppingham School in Rutland where he met his future wife, Classic FM (UK) presenter Katie Breathwick. He read History at Downing College, Cambridge where he toured with the university's student comedy troupe Footlights in 1993 and was elected President in 1994. Soon after leaving Cambridge Thorogood set up a theatre company that toured small theatres and schools, the\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Thorogood\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19527684\",\n \"text\": \"Death in the Desert (film) Death in the Desert is a 2015 American crime-drama film directed and produced by Josh Evans and starring Michael Madsen and Shayla Beesley, with John Palladino, Paz de la Huerta, and Roxy Saint appearing in supporting roles. Principal filming completed in February 2014 in Las Vegas, Nevada. It is the second film collaboration between Madsen and Evans, who produced \\\"The Price of Air\\\" in which Madsen starred. Released in March 2016 by Osiris Entertainment, the film is based on the book \\\"Death in the Desert\\\" by true-crime author Cathy Scott about Ted Binion, a wealthy\",\n \"title\": \"Death in the Desert (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7081425\",\n \"text\": \"Lee Boardman Lee Harold Boardman (born 2 July 1972) is an English actor and narrator. He has appeared in the films \\\"Jack the Giant Slayer\\\" and \\\"Love's Kitchen\\\", and the television series \\\"Rome\\\". Boardman played Murray Priestman in \\\"Drop Dead Gorgeous\\\" as well as the drug dealer Jez Quigley in \\\"Coronation Street\\\". He appears as Timon the Jew in the television series \\\"Rome\\\". He also made an appearance in the fifth episode of the 2011 BBC crime-drama series \\\"Death in Paradise\\\". In 2013 he starred in the ITV1 comedy drama series \\\"Great Night Out\\\" as Hodge. In 2014 he played\",\n \"title\": \"Lee Boardman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"26465\",\n \"text\": \"Hackney Empire New Act of the Year. O'Hanlon is married to Melanie, whom he met as a teenager, and with whom he has three children: Emily, Rebecca and Red. He is a supporter of Leeds United. Ardal O'Hanlon Ardal O'Hanlon (; born 8 October 1965) is an Irish comedian and actor. He played Father Dougal McGuire in \\\"Father Ted\\\", George Sunday/Thermoman in \\\"My Hero\\\", and DI Jack Mooney in \\\"Death in Paradise\\\". Ardal O'Hanlon was born on 8 October 1965 in Carrickmacross, County Monaghan, the son of politician and doctor Rory O'Hanlon and Teresa Ward. He has five siblings. The\",\n \"title\": \"Ardal O'Hanlon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14185773\",\n \"text\": \"but Jesse shields himself with Finn's body and Norris accidentally kills him. Jesse then draws his weapon and kills Norris. A final significant difference is that Suitcase Simpson is shot in the head during the standoff with Snyder. The film ends with Suitcase in a coma. Death in Paradise (novel) Death in Paradise is a crime novel by Robert B. Parker, the third in his Jesse Stone series. It was made into a film in 2006. The third Jesse Stone novel finds Chief Stone investigating the death of a teenage girl after her body washes up on shore. While searching\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18345502\",\n \"text\": \"the arrival of the Cybermen, but UNIT, led by Kate Lethbridge-Stewart, turn up and surround the Doctor, Missy, and her group of Cybermen. The Cybermen take to the air using built-in leg jets and scatter over the British Isles. Missy reveals that 91 Cybermen one for every major population area in the United Kingdom have been released from St Paul's to explode over graveyards in each populated area, releasing 'Cyberpollen' that will resurrect the dead as Cybermen. Similar events occur all over the world. UNIT renders both Missy and the Doctor unconscious and takes them into custody. In the Nethersphere,\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Heaven\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19091854\",\n \"text\": \"cop, who advises, \\\"If you don't like the answers you're getting, check your premises.\\\" Stone visits gangster Gino Fish (William Sadler) and learns where the fourth victim worked as a prostitute. The \\\"dating agency\\\" owner tells Stone about Mavis Davies' friend, Charlotte (Amelia Rose Blaire), who recently left the business. He finds Charlotte, now running a cafe under her real name, Amelia Hope, and learns that Mavis was having an affair and was in love with a police officer. Back at Lt. Greenstreet's office, Stone reveals that he suspects that Detective Leary was Mavis' lover and that he killed Mavis\",\n \"title\": \"Jesse Stone: Lost in Paradise\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8659516\",\n \"text\": \"hostage. The police see the license plates on the car in front of the Anderson house are from a stolen car, and therefore order Vic and Caesar to come out with their hands held up. While the inmates are busy figuring out what to do, they get attacked by Timmy, who immobilizes Caesar and shoots Vic. The police rush into the house and take everyone to the office. There, FBI agent Shaddus Peyser (Richard Jenkins) tries to figure out what happened, and because the town's people hide what they know about Bill, Alvin, and Dave and the church pastor returns\",\n \"title\": \"Trapped in Paradise\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17995566\",\n \"text\": \"Snow in Paradise Snow in Paradise is a 2014 British thriller film directed by Andrew Hulme and co-written by Hulme and Martin Askew, who also co-stars in the film. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival. The film had its UK premier at the Curzon Soho as part of the London Film Festival. Petty criminal Dave lives in London, high on crime and drugs. After a heist gone wrong brings about his best friend's death, he turns to Islam for finding peace to his feelings for shame and remorse, but soon his\",\n \"title\": \"Snow in Paradise\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16198481\",\n \"text\": \"Jesse speculates that Shaw was working on an exposé of Finn rather than a biography, and that he now knows Finn had Billie killed and framed Shaw as the murderer in order to stop the publication of the exposé. When Lovey pulls his weapon, Jesse steps behind Finn who takes Lovey's initial shot in the back, and Jesse returns fire, killing Lovey. Later, after visiting Billie's grave, Jesse returns to the hospital, sits at Luther's side, and begins reading to him the story of the baseball player named Harry \\\"Suitcase\\\" Simpson. In his review in \\\"DVD Talk\\\", Paul Mavis found\",\n \"title\": \"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4319350\",\n \"text\": \"Street\\\". In January 2014, Collins claimed she was \\\"unhappy\\\" over the lack of screen time for her and her character. Collins filmed her final scenes on 19 February 2014, and made her final appearance as Stella on 2 April 2014. Since leaving \\\"Coronation Street\\\", Collins has had various guest roles in television dramas such as \\\"Casualty\\\" (2014) as Samantha Kellman, \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" (2015) as Annette Burgess and in 2016 as Nadine Campbell in an episode of \\\"Midsomer Murders\\\". In 2016, Collins took part in the ITV reality series \\\"\\\". Collins has a daughter by ex-partner Fabrizio Tassalini, Maia Rose\",\n \"title\": \"Michelle Collins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14185768\",\n \"text\": \"is their daughter, and that it is indeed her body that was found their responses couldn't be more different. The father seems to be overcome and leaves the room, while Billie's domineering mother seems not to care at all. The novel also details a subplot about a woman and her abusive husband. The Snyders are first brought into his office after a domestic dispute in a bar where several witnesses, including Suitcase, witness the man beating his wife. Jesse locks up the husband, and sends the wife to the hospital. She later admits to suffering years of abuse, and asks\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8668571\",\n \"text\": \"Death in the Garden La mort en ce jardin (\\\"Death in the Garden\\\") is a 1956 film by director Luis Buñuel based on the novel by José-André Lacour. Amid a revolution in a South American mining outpost, a band of fugitives—a roguish adventurer (Georges Marchal), a local hooker (Simone Signoret), a priest (Michel Piccoli), an aging diamond miner (Charles Vanel), and the miner's deaf-mute daughter (Michèle Girardon)—are forced to flee for their lives into the jungle. Starving, exhausted, and stripped of their old identities, they wander desperately lured by one deceptive promise of salvation after another. Shot in vibrant Eastmancolor\",\n \"title\": \"Death in the Garden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10943591\",\n \"text\": \"Green, Anthony Antonelli, Mike Bakalis, Eugene Hornsby, George Loomis and Bill \\\"Garloo\\\" Wilkins. They work with Assistant U.S. Attorneys Margaret Healy and Ira Littleton. The squad is also working on the murder of Jacqueline Taylor. Their main suspect is Tyree Williams. Rhonda is the primary on the murder of Jamal White. Her investigation includes his friend Leon Mayo, girlfriend Darcia Johnson and her room mate Shaylene Vaughn. Shaylene and Darcia work for a pimp called Dominique Lyons. Crooks: Conrad Gaskins and Romeo Brock are stick-up men who make their living robbing drug dealers. Gaskins is a parolee and is dubious\",\n \"title\": \"The Night Gardener\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16198479\",\n \"text\": \"in progress at a local supermarket. Inside, Jesse encounters Jerry Snyder holding his wife hostage after shooting Mr. Kim (Michael Ha), the store owner. When Jerry fires his weapon to the side, Jesse shoots him dead. However, Luther had been shot by Jerry. At the hospital, Luther is in critical condition and in a coma. Molly stays at Luther's side and reads to him. Jesse returns to Shaw's house asking where he was the night of Billie's murder, and Shaw offers an alibi involving a meeting with Leo Finn. Later Finn tells Jesse he refused to meet with Shaw, saying\",\n \"title\": \"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16198476\",\n \"text\": \"dated a girl named Billie Bishop and had given her his ring when he broke up with her. Jesse returns to the school and learns from Lilly that Billie was a former A-student before coming to Paradise two years earlier when something changed her. He visits her parents and learns that she was thrown out of her home following a dramatic change in her behavior and academic performance. In the coming days Jesse and Dr. Summers become involved romantically. While working to solve Billie's murder, Jesse deals with a domestic violence case involving Jerry Snyder (John Diehl), a loser who\",\n \"title\": \"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5230188\",\n \"text\": \"Ladykillers\\\", playing the role of Mrs Wilberforce. In 2014, she played Pam Chandler, a suspected murderer, in the last episode of series three of \\\"Death in Paradise\\\". In 2015, she played Marion, mother to Christine in the Inside No. 9 episode \\\"The 12 Days of Christine\\\". In 2016, she played Nancy, the faithful dresser and woman of all work to the main character, in the West End production of \\\"Nell Gwynn.\\\" In 2017 she played Jessie in the stage musical \\\"The Girls\\\" at the Phoenix Theatre in the West End. In 2018 she returned to television playing Edna Friendship in\",\n \"title\": \"Michele Dotrice\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7136111\",\n \"text\": \"American romantic comedy \\\"Double Wedding\\\". Fagbenle also appeared as 'Mark Lightfoot' in episode six of the first season of \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" in 2011. In 2012 after taking some time out to 'do some theatre and develop [his] writing projects' Fagbenle accepted a lead role in the BBC comedy \\\"Quick Cuts\\\" alongside cult comedy actress and star of \\\"Smack the Pony\\\" Doon Mackichan. In 2014 Fagbenle starred in the first season of HBO's original drama \\\"Looking\\\". He played 'Frank' a sweet hearted musician from Ohio having trouble with his live in partner. He reprised the role in 2015 for season\",\n \"title\": \"O. T. Fagbenle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5621374\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Dirty Filthy Love\\\" (2004); Ursula Blake in the \\\"Doctor Who\\\" episode \\\"Love & Monsters\\\" (2006); Emmeline Fox in \\\"The Crimson Petal and the White\\\" (2011); DS Angela Young in \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" (2011); and Meg Hawkins in \\\"Treasure Island\\\" (2012). She played Karen, the lead role, opposite John Simm in Channel 4's \\\"Everyday\\\" and Meme Kartosov in \\\"Anna Karenina\\\". Shirley Henderson Shirley Henderson (born 24 November 1965) is a Scottish actress. Her film roles include playing Gail in \\\"Trainspotting\\\" (1996), Jude in the three \\\"Bridget Jones\\\" films (2001/04/16), and Moaning Myrtle in \\\"Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets\\\" (2002)\",\n \"title\": \"Shirley Henderson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9607334\",\n \"text\": \"debut in 2003 in Noël Coward's \\\"Private Lives.\\\" She has also appeared in numerous radio plays for the BBC, including playing Esme in Tom Stoppard's \\\"Rock 'n' Roll\\\", a role she also played in the West End. More recently, she appeared in the BBC TV mini-series \\\"Cranford\\\". In 2009 she appeared as Daisy alongside Timothy West in the BBC Radio 4 adaptation of John Mortimer's \\\"Rumpole and the Penge Bungalow Murders\\\". She has also appeared in the crime drama 'Death in Paradise' playing the part of Astrid Knight. (Season 1 Episode 4). In 2014, she appeared in another crime drama\",\n \"title\": \"Emma Fielding\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20270441\",\n \"text\": \"After that, he signed with an agent and continued to get minor roles in TV shows like \\\"Hawthorne\\\", \\\"\\\", and \\\"NCIS\\\", as well as films like \\\"\\\". In 2011, Garrett started a recurring role as Deputy Sheriff Cane on FX's \\\"Sons of Anarchy\\\". He appeared in 17 episodes from 2011 to 2014. In 2016, Garrett landed two key roles; the first one, as Lieutenant TAO Cameron Burke on TNT's \\\"The Last Ship\\\", and the second as Secret Service agent Mike Ritter on ABC's \\\"Designated Survivor\\\". David Guggenheim, creator and executive producer of the latter, said they \\\"needed someone who could\",\n \"title\": \"LaMonica Garrett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4591290\",\n \"text\": \"a small part as Mrs Beeton in an episode of the BBC educational programme \\\"The Charles Dickens Show\\\". In 2015 she appeared as Mae Harmer in the BBC TV series \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" episode 4.8. On 9 May 2015 she portrayed a wartime letter writer at in Horse Guards Parade, London that was broadcast live on BBC1. She also appeared in the ITV series \\\"Lewis\\\" episode \\\"Magnum Opus\\\". Weeks has appeared in the films \\\"My Brother Tom\\\", \\\"Red Mercury\\\" and \\\"The Wicker Tree\\\" (the \\\"spiritual successor\\\" to \\\"The Wicker Man)\\\". In early 2010, she appeared as \\\"Sarah Prentice\\\" in a\",\n \"title\": \"Honeysuckle Weeks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17845401\",\n \"text\": \"with commercials, and characters are able to use stronger profanity. Cast members Mireille Enos and Joel Kinnaman return as detectives Sarah Linden and Stephen Holder, respectively. New series regulars for the fourth season include Joan Allen as Margaret Rayne, the head of an all-boys military academy. In February 2014, Sterling Beaumon, Levi Meaden, and Tyler Ross were cast as Lincoln Knopf, AJ Fielding, and Cameron Stanton (later changed to Kyle Stansbury), respectively; playing teens connected to the military academy. Gregg Henry, who had a recurring role in the third season as Detective Carl Reddick, was promoted to series regular for\",\n \"title\": \"The Killing (season 4)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19091853\",\n \"text\": \"to Steve, and to his surprise, the dog eats it. Back on the case, Stone meets with State Police Detective Dan Leary (Alex Carter), the officer who arrested the killer, who tells Stone that he's convinced the \\\"Boston Ripper\\\" committed all four murders, noting that since Richard was jailed, \\\"the murders have stopped\\\". Continuing his investigation, Stone interviews the autopsy doctor and confirms that the toxicology report is missing from the file. Stone tells Lt. Greenstreet that he believes the file was \\\"scrubbed\\\". Later, Stone discusses the case with his psychiatrist, Dr. Dix (William Devane), who is also a former\",\n \"title\": \"Jesse Stone: Lost in Paradise\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9472790\",\n \"text\": \"he had a small role in an episode of BBC drama series \\\"Death In Paradise\\\". Also in February 2014, it was announced that Anderson had been cast as recurring character Danny Pink, a teacher at Coal Hill School, in the eighth series of \\\"Doctor Who\\\", and he appeared in 11 episodes. Between 2014 and 2017, Anderson appeared in Sky1 sitcom Trollied, playing the role of Daniel. In February 2016, he appeared in the BBC One drama series \\\"Moving On\\\". Currently, starting in the comedy Loaded on Channel 4. Television Samuel Anderson (actor) Samuel Anderson (born 1982) is a British actor.\",\n \"title\": \"Samuel Anderson (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9395352\",\n \"text\": \"Oswald James appeared in the second series of \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" as the character Ronnie Stuart in ep:6 - A Dash of Sunshine - Series 2 - broadcast February 2013 and filmed in Guadeloupe. He also filmed the first episode of \\\"Midsomer Murders\\\" season 16 for airing over the Christmas 2013 season - \\\"A Christmas Haunting\\\". His character was a traumatized soldier called Ollie Tabori. James was cast as Niles Pottinger, the new Mayor of Defiance. The second season of the hit Syfy series \\\"Defiance\\\" started production in August, 2013 in Toronto and continued until December 2013. Series 2 aired\",\n \"title\": \"James Murray (English actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9175842\",\n \"text\": \"TV series \\\"Cucumber\\\". He also appeared in an episode of \\\"Goodnight Sweetheart\\\" playing a doctor at the hospital where Yvonne Sparrow loses her unborn child (series 4). In 2016 he played Polonius in Simon Godwin's production of \\\"Hamlet\\\" for the Royal Shakespeare Company. In late October 2016 he made his debut as a recurring character in the Doctor Who Spin off Class. In 2017, he also had a minor role in an episode of the long running detective programme \\\"Death in Paradise\\\", playing a corrupt mayor. Nri's family are Igbo; they fled the country in 1968 prior to the end\",\n \"title\": \"Cyril Nri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16105987\",\n \"text\": \"Hetti Bywater Harriet Jessica P \\\"Hetti\\\" Bywater (born 10 September 1994) is an English actress best known for playing Lucy Beale in the BBC soap opera \\\"EastEnders.\\\" Bywater was born in Reigate, Surrey to parents originally from Swansea, Wales. She studied performing arts at The Theatre Workshop in Sussex. Bywater began her career in 2011, making guest appearances in \\\"Casualty\\\" and \\\"Doctors\\\". She also starred in the \\\"St George's Day\\\" film in the same year. In 2015, Bywater guest-starred in the fourth series of \\\"Death in Paradise.\\\" In late 2016, Bywater guest starred in two episodes of the first series\",\n \"title\": \"Hetti Bywater\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16105989\",\n \"text\": \"Hetti Bywater Harriet Jessica P \\\"Hetti\\\" Bywater (born 10 September 1994) is an English actress best known for playing Lucy Beale in the BBC soap opera \\\"EastEnders.\\\" Bywater was born in Reigate, Surrey to parents originally from Swansea, Wales. She studied performing arts at The Theatre Workshop in Sussex. Bywater began her career in 2011, making guest appearances in \\\"Casualty\\\" and \\\"Doctors\\\". She also starred in the \\\"St George's Day\\\" film in the same year. In 2015, Bywater guest-starred in the fourth series of \\\"Death in Paradise.\\\" In late 2016, Bywater guest starred in two episodes of the first series\",\n \"title\": \"Hetti Bywater\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16017728\",\n \"text\": \"an airport, a university, a convent, approximately 100 public beaches and a Crown Court. It also has its own newspaper, \\\"The Saint Marie Times\\\". Honoré, the main town, has a leisure/commercial marina, market, bars, and restaurants as well as the police station. The neighbouring town to Honoré is named as Port Royal. Saint Marie's main economic ties are to Guadeloupe, the UK, and France. The island's main religions are Catholicism and Voodoo, with several religious festivals featuring in the programme, including the Saint Ursula Festival (in reality, a major festival of the Virgin Islands) and some Voodoo festivals. Episode 3.7\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5833578\",\n \"text\": \"landlady of the main characters, in the comedy \\\"Never Better\\\" and as a nurse in BBC's \\\"Outnumbered\\\" that aired on 30 August 2009. In December 2010, she appeared in the British BBC soap opera \\\"EastEnders\\\" as Gloria MacDonald, a role which she reprised in February 2016. On 12 February 2013 she played the part of Estelle in an episode of Death in Paradise on BBC1. In 2016 she appeared in the BBC series \\\"The Coroner\\\" episode 2.6 \\\"Life\\\" Michele Austin Michele Austin is a British actress best known for her role as PC Yvonne Hemmingway on ITV's \\\"The Bill\\\", for\",\n \"title\": \"Michele Austin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5145879\",\n \"text\": \"negative reviews from critics. It was followed by two sequels, \\\"Angels & Demons\\\" (2009) and \\\"Inferno\\\" (2016). Jacques Saunière, the Louvre's curator, is pursued through the Grand Gallery by an albino Catholic monk named Silas, who demands the location of the Priory's \\\"keystone\\\" to find and destroy the Holy Grail. Saunière gives him a false lead and is murdered. When the police arrive, they find his body posed like Da Vinci's Vitruvian Man. The police captain, Bezu Fache, sends his lieutenant, Jérôme Collet, to summon American symbologist Robert Langdon, in the midst of signing autographs after one of his public\",\n \"title\": \"The Da Vinci Code (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16097044\",\n \"text\": \"Le Radeau de la Méduse at the Théâtre National Populaire in Villeurbanne. She appeared in a play at the Young Vic in London called \\\"Le Costume\\\" (\\\"The Suit\\\") and in a French-language production of David Mamet’s \\\"Race\\\". Martins' television debut was in 2001, in the French police series \\\"Police District\\\". She appeared in the series \\\"Pigalle, la nuit\\\" as Fleur. While filming \\\"Death in Paradise\\\", Martins worked on the French TV crime series \\\"Détectives\\\" as Nora Abadie. In April 2011, BBC One announced that Martins would star in the crime comedy-drama \\\"Death in Paradise\\\", co-produced with France Télévisions. The series\",\n \"title\": \"Sara Martins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7716068\",\n \"text\": \"Arliss Howard Arliss Howard (born Leslie Richard Howard; October 18, 1954) is an American actor, writer and film director. Howard was born in Independence, Missouri and has a younger brother, Jim Howard (b. 1956). He graduated from Truman High School and Columbia College in Columbia, Missouri. Howard established his career with stand-out roles in \\\"Natural Born Killers\\\", \\\"Full Metal Jacket\\\", and \\\"Ruby\\\". In \\\"Till Death Us Do Part\\\" (1992), he portrayed author and attorney Vincent Bugliosi, who led the prosecution in the Tate-LaBianca murder trial. In 1997, he co-starred in \\\"Jurassic Park\\\"s sequel, \\\"\\\", as Hammond's conniving nephew Peter Ludlow,\",\n \"title\": \"Arliss Howard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1720011\",\n \"text\": \"radio by BBC Radio 4 in 2003, featuring John Moffatt as Poirot, Philip Jackson as Chief Inspector Japp (as in the \\\"Agatha Christie's Poirot\\\" adaptation), Geoffrey Whitehead as Monsieur Fournier, and Teresa Gallagher as Jane Grey. The book was first serialised in the US in \\\"The Saturday Evening Post\\\" in six instalments from 9 February (Volume 207, Number 32) to 16 March 1935 (Volume 207, Number 37) under the title \\\"Death in the Air\\\" with illustrations by Frederick Mizen. In the UK, the novel was serialised as an abridged version in the weekly \\\"Women's Pictorial\\\" magazine in six instalments from\",\n \"title\": \"Death in the Clouds\"\n }\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who have been the detectives in death in paradise"}}},{"rowIdx":8390,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["1936"],"string":"[\n \"1936\"\n]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"41795","text":"1930, but baseball was hit hard by the Great Depression and in 1933 the average fell below five thousand for the only time between the wars. 1933 also saw the introduction of the All-Star game, a mid-season break in which the greatest players in each league play against one another in a hard-fought but officially meaningless demonstration game. In 1936 the Baseball Hall of Fame was instituted and five players elected: Ty Cobb, Walter Johnson, Christy Mathewson, Babe Ruth and Honus Wagner. The Hall formally opened in 1939. In 1941, a year which saw the premature death of Lou Gehrig,","title":"History of baseball in the United States"},{"id":"15858153","text":"San Diego Padres Hall of Fame The San Diego Padres are an American professional baseball team in Major League Baseball (MLB) based in San Diego, California. The club was founded in 1969 as part of the league's expansion. The team's hall of fame, created in 1999 to honor the club's 30th anniversary, recognizes players, coaches, and executives who have made key contributions to the franchise. Voting is conducted by a 35-member committee. Candidates typically must wait at least two years after retiring to be eligible for induction, though Tony Gwynn was selected during his final season in 2001 before the","title":"San Diego Padres Hall of Fame"},{"id":"4567215","text":"2008, then as a member of The Four Horsemen in 2012. WWF Hall of Fame (1993) was the inaugural class of the WWE Hall of Fame. It was announced on the March 22, 1993 episode of \"Monday Night Raw\" where André the Giant, who had died nearly two months prior, was announced as the sole inductee. During the episode of \"Monday Night Raw\" a video package announcing his induction was shown. No ceremony took place, and André was inducted posthumously. In March 2015 a condensed version of the 1994 ceremony was added to the WWE Network. Due to no original","title":"WWE Hall of Fame"},{"id":"2991075","text":"hitter of the new era, helped permanently alter the nature of the game. The club with which Ruth set most of his slugging records, the New York Yankees, built a reputation as the majors' premier team. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, St. Louis Cardinals general manager Branch Rickey invested in several minor league clubs and developed the first modern \"farm system\". A new Negro National League was organized in 1933; four years later, it was joined by the Negro American League. The first elections to the National Baseball Hall of Fame took place in 1936. In 1939 Little","title":"History of baseball"},{"id":"41699","text":"traveled farther when hit. The rise of the legendary player Babe Ruth, the first great power hitter of the new era, helped permanently alter the nature of the game. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, St. Louis Cardinals general manager Branch Rickey invested in several minor league clubs and developed the first modern farm system. A new Negro National League was organized in 1933; four years later, it was joined by the Negro American League. The first elections to the National Baseball Hall of Fame took place in 1936. In 1939, Little League Baseball was founded in Pennsylvania. A","title":"Baseball"},{"id":"48323","text":"and Museum, similarly to Canton for the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio. The Hall of Fame was established in 1939 by Stephen Carlton Clark, the owner of a local hotel. Clark had sought to bring tourists to a city hurt by the Great Depression, which reduced the local tourist trade, and Prohibition, which devastated the local hops industry. A new building was constructed, and the Hall of Fame was dedicated on June 12, 1939. (Clark's granddaughter, Jane Forbes Clark, is the current chairman of the Board of Directors.) The erroneous claim that Civil War hero Abner Doubleday","title":"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"},{"id":"5040342","text":"WCW Hall of Fame The World Championship Wrestling (WCW) Hall of Fame was an American professional wrestling hall of fame maintained by World Championship Wrestling (WCW). It was established in 1993 to honor wrestlers who began their careers long before the 1990s, mostly alumni of the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) and Jim Crockett Promotions (JCP), the predecessors of WCW. Inductees received commemorative plaques that had their names & portraits inscribed on it. Wrestlers were inducted by Gordon Solie, a senior announcer in professional wrestling, and received their plaque during the \"Legends Reunion\" segment at WCW's May pay-per-view event, Slamboree. The","title":"WCW Hall of Fame"},{"id":"4567212","text":"WWE Hall of Fame The WWE Hall of Fame is a hall of fame for professional wrestlers and professional wrestling personalities maintained by WWE. The 1994 and 1995 ceremonies were held in conjunction with the annual King of the Ring pay-per-view events. In 1996, the ceremony was held with the Survivor Series event, for the first time in front of a paying audience as well as the wrestlers, after which, the Hall of Fame went on hiatus. In 2004, WWE relaunched the Hall of Fame to coincide with WrestleMania XX. This ceremony, like its predecessors, was not broadcast on television.","title":"WWE Hall of Fame"},{"id":"48326","text":"Ruth, Honus Wagner, Christy Mathewson and Walter Johnson, chosen in 1936; roughly 20 more were selected before the entire group was inducted at the Hall's 1939 opening. , 323 people had been elected to the Hall of Fame, including 226 former Major League Baseball players, 35 Negro league baseball players and executives, 22 managers, 10 umpires, and 30 pioneers, executives, and organizers. 114 members of the Hall of Fame have been inducted posthumously, including four who died after their selection was announced. Of the 35 Negro league members, 29 were inducted posthumously, including all 24 selected since the 1990s. The","title":"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"},{"id":"695637","text":"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located on the shore of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, recognizes and archives the history of the best-known and most influential artists, producers, engineers, and other notable figures who have had some major influence on the development of rock and roll. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation was established on April 20, 1983, by Atlantic Records founder and chairman Ahmet Ertegun. In 1986, Cleveland was chosen as the Hall of Fame's permanent home. Founder Ahmet Ertegun assembled a team that included attorney Suzan Evans,","title":"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame"},{"id":"5040343","text":"WCW Hall of Fame was the second hall of fame established to honor professional wrestlers, after the creation of the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) Hall of Fame in February 1993. After the 1995 Hall of Fame ceremony, WCW stopped the production of the Hall of Fame without a formal announcement. In 2001, after WCW filed for bankruptcy, the WWF acquired all of its assets; this led to the formal stoppage of the WCW Hall of Fame. The WWF, however, stopped producing its Hall of Fame ceremony after 1996. In 2004, World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), the WWF's successor, reinstated the WWE","title":"WCW Hall of Fame"},{"id":"48331","text":"death on New Year's Eve, 1972. The five-year waiting period was established in 1954 after an evolutionary process. In 1936 all players were eligible, including active ones. From the 1937 election until the 1945 election, there was no waiting period, so any retired player was eligible, but writers were discouraged from voting for current major leaguers. Since there was no formal rule preventing a writer from casting a ballot for an active player, the scribes did not always comply with the informal guideline; Joe DiMaggio received a vote in 1945, for example. From the 1946 election until the 1954 election,","title":"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"},{"id":"2055740","text":"Ford Frick Ford Christopher Frick (December 19, 1894 – April 8, 1978) was an American sportswriter and baseball executive. After working as a teacher and as a sportswriter for the \"New York American\", he served as public relations director of the National League (NL), then as the league's president from to . He was the third Commissioner of Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1951 to . While Frick was NL president, he had a major role in the establishment of the Baseball Hall of Fame as a museum that honors the best players in baseball history. He extinguished threats of","title":"Ford Frick"},{"id":"1937912","text":"teams; in 1945, the scheduled All-Star Game was cancelled due to travel restrictions during World War II and no players were officially named. From 1959 through 1962, All-Stars played in two All-Star Games each season. On January 29, 1936, Babe Ruth became the first of the original thirty-six All-Stars to be inducted in the National Baseball Hall of Fame; twenty original All-Stars are enshrined in the Hall of Fame. Hank Aaron holds the record for the most All-Star namings (21) and the most All-Star Game appearances (25). In 2017, each All-Star team had 32 players, with fans voting for the","title":"Major League Baseball All-Star Game"},{"id":"13834675","text":"International League Hall of Fame The International League Hall of Fame is an American baseball hall of fame which honors players, managers, and executives of the International League (IL). It was created by the International League Baseball Writers' Association in 1947 to honor those individuals who made significant contributions to the league. The Hall of Fame inducted its first class of nine former players, managers, and league officials in 1947. A plaque was unveiled at the IL's New York City offices located in the Ruppert Building at 535 Fifth Avenue. Today, the plaque has no permanent home, but exists as","title":"International League Hall of Fame"},{"id":"16691441","text":"(ages 4–18), Bambino Buddy Ball (ages 5–20), and Xtreme Fastpitch (ages 6–18). Baseball Hall of Fame inductees who played Babe Ruth League include Carl Yastrzemski, Joe Morgan, Jim Palmer, Rod Carew, George Brett, Nolan Ryan, Cal Ripken, Jr., Frank Thomas, Randy Johnson, John Smoltz, and Mike Piazza. In 1951, ten men, who believed that the future of their community depended upon the proper development of the young people, met at the historic Yardville Hotel in Hamilton, New Jersey, for the purpose of developing a baseball program for young men between 13 and 15 years of age. Babe Ruth League, Inc.","title":"Babe Ruth League"},{"id":"48327","text":"Hall of Fame includes one female member, Effa Manley. The newest members elected on January 24, 2018, are players Chipper Jones, Jim Thome, Vladimir Guerrero, and Trevor Hoffman. They were officially inducted on July 29, 2018, alongside players Jack Morris and Alan Trammell. Players are currently inducted into the Hall of Fame through election by either the Baseball Writers' Association of America (or BBWAA), or the Veterans Committee, which now consists of four subcommittees, each of which considers and votes for candidates from a separate era of baseball. Five years after retirement, any player with 10 years of major league","title":"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"},{"id":"48322","text":"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum is an American history museum and hall of fame, located in Cooperstown, New York, and operated by private interests. It serves as the central point for the study of the history of baseball in the United States and beyond, displays baseball-related artifacts and exhibits, and honors those who have excelled in playing, managing, and serving the sport. The Hall's motto is \"Preserving History, Honoring Excellence, Connecting Generations.\" The word Cooperstown is often used as shorthand (or a metonym) for the National Baseball Hall of Fame","title":"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"},{"id":"695638","text":"\"Rolling Stone\" magazine editor and publisher Jann S. Wenner, attorney Allen Grubman, and record executives Seymour Stein, Bob Krasnow, and Noreen Woods. The Foundation began inducting artists in 1986, but the Hall of Fame still had no home. The search committee considered several cities, including Philadelphia (home of Bill Haley and \"American Bandstand\"), Memphis (home of Sun Studios and Stax Records), Detroit (home of Motown Records), Cincinnati (home of King Records), New York City, and Cleveland. Cleveland lobbied for the museum, citing that WJW disc jockey Alan Freed both coined the term \"rock and roll\" and heavily promoted the new","title":"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame"},{"id":"10484617","text":"Hispanic Heritage Baseball Museum The Hispanic Heritage Baseball Museum Hall of Fame was founded in the Mission District in San Francisco, California on October 24, 1998, and Incorporated as a 501c3 non-profit organization on June 23, 1999 in Sacramento, California by Gabriel \"Tito\" Avila, Jr. a former Semi-pro, Sandlot, High School, College player and a Vietnam Era Veteran from New York City and San Francisco resident who wanted to honor the greatest Hispanic Baseball position players of all time. The HHBMHOF is International and dedicated to recognizing the contributions made to baseball by Hispanic players. Since its inception, the HHBMHOF","title":"Hispanic Heritage Baseball Museum"},{"id":"2055756","text":"DePauw University Athletic Hall of Fame. Ford Frick Ford Christopher Frick (December 19, 1894 – April 8, 1978) was an American sportswriter and baseball executive. After working as a teacher and as a sportswriter for the \"New York American\", he served as public relations director of the National League (NL), then as the league's president from to . He was the third Commissioner of Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1951 to . While Frick was NL president, he had a major role in the establishment of the Baseball Hall of Fame as a museum that honors the best players in","title":"Ford Frick"},{"id":"5040344","text":"Hall of Fame, which included inductees that were alumni of WWE, NWA, JCP, and WCW. The first Hall of Fame ceremony was held on May 23, 1993 at Slamboree 1993 at The Omni in Atlanta, Georgia. The first wrestler inducted into the Hall of Fame was Lou Thesz, along with Verne Gagne and Mr. Wrestling II. Eddie Graham was also inducted that year; he was the first posthumous inductee into the Hall of Fame. During the following Hall of Fame ceremony on May 22, 1994 at Slamboree 1994 at Civic Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Harley Race led the Class of","title":"WCW Hall of Fame"},{"id":"13834693","text":"Pacific Coast League Hall of Fame The Pacific Coast League Hall of Fame is an American baseball hall of fame which honors players, managers, and executives of the Pacific Coast League (PCL). It was created by the Helms Athletic Foundation of Los Angeles in 1942 to honor those individuals who made significant contributions to the league's ideals. The Hall of Fame inducted its first class in 1943. A special Hall of Fame room was set up at Los Angeles' Wrigley Field on June 27, 1943. After the 1957 death of founder and main supporter Paul Helms and the arrival of","title":"Pacific Coast League Hall of Fame"},{"id":"48324","text":"invented baseball in Cooperstown was instrumental in the early marketing of the Hall. An expanded library and research facility opened in 1994. Dale Petroskey became the organization's president in 1999. In 2002, the Hall launched \"Baseball As America\", a traveling exhibit that toured ten American museums over six years. The Hall of Fame has since also sponsored educational programming on the Internet to bring the Hall of Fame to schoolchildren who might not visit. The Hall and Museum completed a series of renovations in spring 2005. The Hall of Fame also presents an annual exhibit at FanFest at the Major","title":"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"},{"id":"5213672","text":"the launch of interleague play, further reducing the game's cachet. On January 29, 2008, Major League Baseball announced that the final Hall of Fame Game would be played on June 16, 2008 between the Chicago Cubs and San Diego Padres, citing \"the inherent challenges\" of scheduling teams in the modern day as the reason for ending the annual contest. However, the contest was canceled on account of rain. In November 2008, the Hall of Fame and the MLB Players Alumni Association announced the creation of the Hall of Fame Classic, an exhibition game involving Hall of Famers and other retired","title":"Doubleday Field"},{"id":"15858157","text":"(PCL). On the same day the plaza opened, the Padres inducted San Diego native Ted Williams into their hall of fame. He played for the PCL Padres in 1936 and 1937, and is also a member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame. The Hall of Fame Plaza at Petco originally was to be named in honor of then-MLB commissioner Bud Selig, but the Padres reconsidered after negative reaction from the media and fans. Plans for the plaza also included eventual statues of Padres greats. San Diego Padres Hall of Fame The San Diego Padres are an American professional baseball","title":"San Diego Padres Hall of Fame"},{"id":"695643","text":"m) due to its proximity to Burke Lakefront Airport. The building's base is approximately 150,000 square feet (14,000 m2). The groundbreaking ceremony took place on June 7, 1993. Pete Townshend, Chuck Berry, Billy Joel, Sam Phillips, Ruth Brown, Sam Moore of Sam and Dave, Carl Gardner of the Coasters and Dave Pirner of Soul Asylum all appeared at the groundbreaking. The museum was dedicated on September 1, 1995, with the ribbon being cut by an ensemble that included Yoko Ono and Little Richard, among others, before a crowd of more than 10,000 people. The following night an all-star concert was","title":"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame"},{"id":"369842","text":"San Diego Padres on July 15, 1999. There were 44,607 people in attendance that night. Seattle Mariners former chairman and CEO John Ellis announced on June 14, 1997 the creation of a Mariners Hall of Fame. It is operated by the Seattle Mariners organization. It honors the players, staff and other individuals that greatly contributed to the history and success of the Mariners franchise. It is located at the Baseball Museum of the Pacific Northwest in Safeco Field. The Mariners plan to retire uniform numbers only very selectively and subject to substantially higher expectations than those applied to the Mariners'","title":"Seattle Mariners"},{"id":"2360483","text":"Pud Galvin James Francis \"Pud\" Galvin (December 25, 1856 – March 7, 1902) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher in the 19th century. He was MLB's first 300-game winner and was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1965. Galvin grew up in Kerry Patch, an Irish neighborhood in St. Louis. He debuted for St. Louis of the National Association in , the franchise's inaugural season, and started eight games for the team. He spent the next 6½ seasons with Buffalo in the International Association and later of the National League. In his first full MLB season in","title":"Pud Galvin"},{"id":"13721977","text":"Seattle Mariners Hall of Fame The Seattle Mariners Hall of Fame is an American museum and hall of fame. It is located at Safeco Field in the SoDo district of downtown Seattle. Seattle Mariners former chairman and CEO John Ellis announced on June 14, 1997 the creation of a Mariners Hall of Fame. It is operated by the Seattle Mariners organization. It honors the players, staff, and other individuals that greatly contributed to the history and success of the Mariners franchise. It is located at the Baseball Museum of the Pacific Northwest in Safeco Field. Inductees are selected on the","title":"Seattle Mariners Hall of Fame"},{"id":"48342","text":"in 2010 for 2011 induction, with longtime general manager Pat Gillick becoming the first individual elected under the new procedure. The Golden Era committee voted in 2011 for the induction class of 2012, with Ron Santo becoming the first player elected under the new procedure. The Pre-Integration Era committee voted in 2012 for the induction class of 2013, electing three figures. Subsequent elections rotated among the three committees in that order through the 2016 election. In July 2016, however, the Hall of Fame announced a restructuring of the timeframes to be considered, with a much greater emphasis on modern eras.","title":"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"},{"id":"48325","text":"League Baseball All-Star Game. Jeff Idelson replaced Petroskey as president on April 16, 2008. He had been acting as president since March 25, 2008, when Petroskey was forced to resign for having \"failed to exercise proper fiduciary responsibility\" and making \"judgments that were not in the best interest of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum.\" Among baseball fans, \"Hall of Fame\" means not only the museum and facility in Cooperstown, New York, but the pantheon of players, managers, umpires, executives, and pioneers who have been enshrined in the Hall. The first five men elected were Ty Cobb, Babe","title":"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"},{"id":"2055746","text":"ability, good habits and strong character. He asserted that he was not aware of a case in which race had played a role in the selection of a major league player. In the late 1930s, Frick played a central role in establishing the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown, New York. He gathered a team of representatives from the major news wire services, including Davis Walsh of the International News Service, Alan J. Gould of the Associated Press, and Henry L. Farrell of United Press International. They took the idea to the Baseball Writers Association of America","title":"Ford Frick"},{"id":"48335","text":"the new process is available below. From 2008 to 2010, following changes made by the Hall in July 2007, the main Veterans Committee, then made up of living Hall of Famers, voted only on players whose careers began in 1943 or later. These changes also established three separate committees to select other figures: Players of the Negro Leagues have also been considered at various times, beginning in 1971. In 2005 the Hall completed a study on African American players between the late 19th century and the integration of the major leagues in 1947, and conducted a special election for such","title":"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"},{"id":"14819230","text":"meet the demand for Major League teams. Later, another venue, Sam Guinn Field was built in 1933 at 497 Crescent Avenue to host Negro League spring training. The original playing field was estimated to be between 500–600 feet to center field. In 1910, the original grandstand was demolished and home plate moved, giving the field shorter dimensions. In 1938, the right field fence was heightened by 15-feet because right field distance was only 260 feet. Over 130 Major League Baseball Hall of Fame players, including Babe Ruth, Cy Young, Cap Anson, Honus Wagner, Ty Cobb, Tris Speaker, Walter Johnson, Rogers","title":"Ban Johnson Park"},{"id":"6041899","text":"Henry Mitchell MacCracken, Chancellor of New York University, was the originator of The Hall of Fame. It was the first hall of fame in the United States. \"Fame\" here means \"renown\" (rather than today's more common meaning of \"celebrity\"). Chancellor MacCracken acknowledged inspiration from the Ruhmeshalle (Hall of Fame) in Munich, Germany. Other monuments of a similar purpose had been built earlier. King Ludwig I of Bavaria actually built two: a Walhalla Ruhmes- und Ehrenhalle near Regensburg, Germany, completed in 1842, and a \"Ruhmeshalle auf der Anhöhe\" (Bavarian Hall of Fame), in Munich, completed in 1853. Chancellor McCracken described the","title":"Hall of Fame for Great Americans"},{"id":"19256086","text":"2016 All-Star break. On December 6, during the 2016 winter meetings, Smith was named as the 2017 recipient. She received 272 of a possible 449 votes (with three ballots left blank). At the time of announcement, Smith was ESPN's news editor for remote production, with chief responsibility for incorporating news and analysis in the network's MLB-related broadcasts, as well as \"SportsCenter\". She became the first African-American woman, and the first woman of any ethnicity, to regularly cover MLB for a newspaper when she began covering the New York Yankees for \"The Hartford Courant\" in 1983. Smith went from there to","title":"2017 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting"},{"id":"13721998","text":"was inducted into the Mariners Hall of Fame on August 8, 2015. Seattle Mariners Hall of Fame The Seattle Mariners Hall of Fame is an American museum and hall of fame. It is located at Safeco Field in the SoDo district of downtown Seattle. Seattle Mariners former chairman and CEO John Ellis announced on June 14, 1997 the creation of a Mariners Hall of Fame. It is operated by the Seattle Mariners organization. It honors the players, staff, and other individuals that greatly contributed to the history and success of the Mariners franchise. It is located at the Baseball Museum","title":"Seattle Mariners Hall of Fame"},{"id":"6005339","text":"Stephen Carlton Clark Stephen Carlton Clark (August 29, 1882 – September 17, 1960) was an American art collector, businessman, newspaper publisher and philanthropist. He founded the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York. Clark was the youngest of the four sons of Alfred Corning Clark and Elizabeth Scriven. His grandfather, Edward Cabot Clark, a lawyer, had been Isaac Singer's partner in the Singer Sewing Machine Company. His father invested heavily in New York City real estate, and died in April 1896, leaving a $30,000,000 family trust. He was educated at Phillips Academy (Andover), Yale University (B.A. 1903) and Columbia","title":"Stephen Carlton Clark"},{"id":"19950571","text":"Kennedy, Rodrigo López, Mike MacDougal, Guillermo Mota, Will Ohman, Vicente Padilla, Carl Pavano, Scott Podsednik, Juan Rivera, J. C. Romero, Brian Schneider, Ben Sheets, Jeff Suppan, Kip Wells, Dan Wheeler and Jack Wilson. On July 23, 2016, the Hall of Fame announced changes to the Era Committee system. The system's timeframes were restructured to place a greater emphasis on the modern game, and to reduce the frequency at which individuals from the pre-1970 game (including Negro Leagues figures) will have their careers reviewed. Separate 16-member subcommittees continue to vote on individuals from different eras of baseball, with candidates still being","title":"2018 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting"},{"id":"2991080","text":"season was extended from 154 games to 162. This coincidentally helped Roger Maris break Babe Ruth's long-standing single-season home run record, one of the most celebrated marks in baseball. Along with the Angels, three other new franchises were launched during 1961–62. With this, the first major league expansion in 60 years, each league now had ten teams. The players' union became bolder under the leadership of former United Steelworkers chief economist and negotiator Marvin Miller, who was elected executive director in 1966. On the playing field, major league pitchers were becoming increasingly dominant again. After the 1968 season, in an","title":"History of baseball"},{"id":"215087","text":"Jackie Robinson Jack Roosevelt Robinson (January 31, 1919 – October 24, 1972) was an American professional baseball player who became the first African American to play in Major League Baseball (MLB) in the modern era. Robinson broke the baseball color line when the Brooklyn Dodgers started him at first base on April 15, 1947. When the Dodgers signed Robinson, they heralded the end of racial segregation in professional baseball that had relegated black players to the Negro leagues since the 1880s. Robinson was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962. Robinson had an exceptional 10-year MLB career. He","title":"Jackie Robinson"},{"id":"695661","text":"(1998), Louis Jordan (1999), Muddy Waters (2000), Bessie Smith (2001), Hank Williams (2002), Buddy Holly (2003), Lead Belly (2004), Sam Cooke (2005), Roy Orbison (2006), Jerry Lee Lewis (2007), Les Paul (2008), Janis Joplin (2009), Fats Domino and Dave Bartholomew (2010), Aretha Franklin (2011), and Chuck Berry (2012). Hall of Fame museum curator James Henke, along with \"the museum's curatorial staff and numerous rock critics and music experts\", created an unordered list of \"500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll\". The list is part of a permanent exhibit at the museum, and was envisioned as part of the museum from","title":"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame"},{"id":"49370","text":"slugging (OPS) (1.164); the latter two still stand . Ruth is regarded as one of the greatest sports heroes in American culture and is considered by many to be the greatest baseball player of all time. In 1936, Ruth was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame as one of its \"first five\" inaugural members. At age seven, Ruth was sent to St. Mary's Industrial School for Boys, a reformatory where he learned life lessons and baseball skills from Brother Matthias Boutlier of the Xaverian Brothers, the school's disciplinarian and a capable baseball player. In 1914, Ruth was signed to","title":"Babe Ruth"},{"id":"1944522","text":"the league. Groundbreaking for the building was held on August 11, 1962. The original building contained just two rooms, and of interior space. In April 1970, ground was broken for the first of many expansions. This first expansion cost $620,000, and was completed in May 1971. The size was increased to by adding another room. The pro shop opened with this expansion. This was also an important milestone for the Pro Football Hall of Fame, as yearly attendance passed the 200,000 mark for the first time. This was at least in some part due to the increase in popularity of","title":"Pro Football Hall of Fame"},{"id":"8089084","text":"Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame and Museum The Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame and Museum is an entity established by Major League Baseball's Cincinnati Reds franchise that pays homage to the team's past through displays, photographs and multimedia. It was instituted in 1958 to recognize the career of former Cincinnati Reds players, managers and front-office executives. It is located at the Great American Ball Park. Currently, the Hall of Fame section is home to 81 inductees. These inductees include players, managers & executives who were involved in Cincinnati's baseball legacy, which dates back to 1869, the year the original Cincinnati","title":"Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame and Museum"},{"id":"6094647","text":"suicide in 1909. As NL president again from 1918 to 1934, he hired the Elias brothers to maintain as official keeper of playing statistics (1919), and he pushed for the selection of Kenesaw Mountain Landis as Commissioner of Baseball (1921), realizing the importance of an official who could keep the owners in check. Later he helped to establish the Baseball Hall of Fame. In December 1928, Heydler proposed permitting a tenth player to bat in place of the pitcher – a rule which came about with the creation of the designated hitter in 1973. After retiring as league president, he","title":"John Heydler"},{"id":"48350","text":"up with other property owned by the Commissioner's office and employees of the office, and moved to the garage of Joe Reichler, an assistant to Commissioner Bowie Kuhn, who sold the items to resolve his personal financial difficulties. Under pressure from the New York Attorney General, the Commissioner's Office made reparations, but the negative publicity damaged the Hall of Fame's reputation, and made it more difficult for it to solicit donations. Following the banning of Pete Rose from MLB, the selection rules for the Baseball Hall of Fame were modified to prevent the induction of anyone on Baseball's \"permanently ineligible\"","title":"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"},{"id":"12201615","text":"Coaches Association All Star Games in Beaumont about starting the Hall of Fame. The sports writers unanimously agreed with Johnson and in 1951 baseball great Tris Speaker was the inaugural inductee and Texas became the first state to honor its athletes with a hall of fame. The Texas Sports Hall of Fame under the guidance of Texas sports entrepreneur Lamar Hunt was opened in Grand Prairie on Saturday, May 23, 1981 but was closed in 1986. The Hall of Fame remained dormant until several prominent members of the Waco community created a plan in 1990 to have the Hall of","title":"Texas Sports Hall of Fame"},{"id":"1003586","text":"redevelopment of Hollywood Boulevard, the 1960s and 1970s were periods of protracted urban decay in the Hollywood area as residents moved to suburbs. After the initial installation of approximately 1,500 stars in 1960 and 1961, eight years passed without the addition of a new star. In 1962 the Los Angeles City Council passed an ordinance naming the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce \"the agent to advise the City\" about adding names to the Walk, and the Chamber, over the following six years, devised rules, procedures, and financing methods to do so. In December 1968, Richard D. Zanuck was awarded the first","title":"Hollywood Walk of Fame"},{"id":"5213673","text":"MLB players to be played on Father's Day weekend, and in recent years on the Saturday before Memorial Day. The inaugural Hall of Fame Classic was played on Sunday, June 21, 2009. The Hall of Fame game lasts seven innings or two hours, whichever comes first. In addition to the game, there is a home run derby beforehand. The Cooperstown Classic was an International League regular season game played in honor of the 125th anniversary of the league in 2008. The game was held on a Sunday afternoon in may between the Rochester Red Wings and the Syracuse Chiefs. The","title":"Doubleday Field"},{"id":"5751534","text":"August 1. Unlike the majority of NFL preseason games, which air on local TV stations, the Hall of Fame Game airs nationwide. From 1999 to 2005, the game was held on Monday night, televised as part of ABC's \"Monday Night Football\" package. It had previously been held typically on Saturday afternoons, except from 1963 to 1965 on Sunday afternoons, televised as part of ABC's \"Wide World of Sports\" package (still using the \"MNF\" crew). In 1998, the game was put in the \"MNF\" package, and played on a Saturday night, which served as a test run for the move to","title":"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game"},{"id":"48332","text":"an official one-year waiting period was in effect. (DiMaggio, for example, retired after the 1951 season and was first eligible in the 1953 election.) The modern rule establishing a wait of five years was passed in 1954, although an exception was made for Joe DiMaggio because of his high level of previous support, thus permitting him to be elected within four years of his retirement. Contrary to popular belief, no formal exception was made for Lou Gehrig (other than to hold a special one-man election for him): there was no waiting period at that time, and Gehrig met all other","title":"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"},{"id":"15858156","text":"well as future plans to relocate and redesign the hall's exhibit at Petco Park. The exhibit opened on July 1, 2016, at Padres Hall of Fame Plaza, which is located near the left field entrance of the park at the back of the Western Metal Supply Company building. The new facilities were part of the festivities for the 2016 MLB All-Star Game, which was hosted at Petco Park. The plaza is a tribute to not only the history of the major league club, but also the history of baseball in San Diego, including the Padres from the Pacific Coast League","title":"San Diego Padres Hall of Fame"},{"id":"19950568","text":"change were replaced by a new set of four panels in 2016. The Modern Baseball Era Committee convened on December 10, 2017 to select from a ballot of retired players and non-playing personnel who made their greatest contributions to the sport between 1970 and 1987, with Jack Morris and Alan Trammell elected by this body. The formal induction ceremony was held at the Hall's facilities in Cooperstown, New York on July 29, 2018. The BBWAA election rules remained identical to those that were in effect for the most recent elections. The BBWAA voted at the 2016 winter meetings to make","title":"2018 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting"},{"id":"48354","text":"50,000 gold coins, 400,000 silver coins, and 750,000 clad (Nickel-Copper) coins. The Mint released them on March 27, 2014, and the gold and silver editions quickly sold out. The Hall receives money from surcharges included in the sale price: a total of $9.5 million if all the coins are sold. Notes National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum is an American history museum and hall of fame, located in Cooperstown, New York, and operated by private interests. It serves as the central point for the study of the history of baseball in","title":"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"},{"id":"5751530","text":"it was moved to the beginning of the preseason. Prior to 2002, it was not uncommon for the game to be played in July. Since 2002, when the league permanently moved the start of the season to the weekend after Labor Day, the game has always been played in early August. The 2011 game was originally scheduled between the St. Louis Rams and the Chicago Bears, but the game was canceled due to an ongoing labor dispute that had disrupted nearly all league activity during the 2011 offseason. The two clubs had set a deadline of July 22 to ratify","title":"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game"},{"id":"14483170","text":"has a long and storied baseball history, including its distinction as the birthplace of Babe Ruth in 1895. The original 19th century Baltimore Orioles were one of the most successful early franchises, featuring numerous hall of famers during its years from 1882 to 1899. As one of the eight inaugural American League franchises, the Baltimore Orioles played in the AL during the 1901 and 1902 seasons. The team moved to New York City before the 1903 season and was renamed the New York Highlanders, which later became the New York Yankees. Ruth played for the minor league Baltimore Orioles team,","title":"Baltimore"},{"id":"17783211","text":"more broadly defined Veterans Committee following an earlier rules change in July 2010, convened at Major League Baseball's winter meetings in San Diego on December 8, 2014 to select from a ballot of 10 retired players and non-playing personnel who made their greatest contributions to the sport between 1947 and 1972. None of these candidates received enough votes to be elected. The Hall of Fame induction ceremonies were held on July 26 at the Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York, with new commissioner Rob Manfred presiding for the first time. On the day before the actual induction ceremony, the","title":"2015 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting"},{"id":"14545509","text":"supervising sports activities in Cuba. The hall was inaugurated on July 26, 1939—about six weeks after the June 12 dedication and opening of the U.S. National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown—by placing a bronze plaque at Havana's La Tropical Stadium. The first ten inductees were selected by former and current baseball writers and the DGND's baseball advisers (\"asesores de baseball\"). The inaugural class included 19th-century Cuban stars (Antonio María García, Valentín González, Adolfo Luján, and Carlos Royer), black players who had achieved success in the U.S. Negro leagues (Luis Bustamante, José de la Caridad Méndez, Gervasio González,","title":"Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame"},{"id":"20569547","text":"most notable as forming one of MLB's first play-by-play teams in the 1930s alongside fellow Frick Award recipient Red Barber, and also as the lead announcer for the Mutual Broadcasting System's \"Game of the Day\" in the 1950s. 2019 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting Elections to the Baseball Hall of Fame for 2019 are proceeding according to rules most recently amended in 2016. As in the past, the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) will vote by mail to select from a ballot of recently retired players. The results will be announced on January 22, 2019. The Today's Game Era","title":"2019 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting"},{"id":"1722872","text":"Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame The Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame & Museum () is a museum located in St. Marys, Ontario, Canada. The museum commemorates great players, teams, and accomplishments of baseball in Canada. The museum was founded in October 1983 in Toronto at Exhibition Place and later moved to Ontario Place theme park. In 1994, it moved to St. Marys, Ontario. The Hall of Fame and Museum is dedicated to preserving Canada's baseball heritage which dates back to June 4, 1838, when a game which very closely resembled today's game of baseball was played in Beachville, Ontario. The","title":"Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame"},{"id":"1944523","text":"professional football caused by the advent of the American Football League and its success in the final two AFL-NFL World Championship games. In November 1977, work began on another expansion project, costing US$1,200,000. It was completed in November 1978, enlarging the gift shop and research library, while doubling the size of the theater. The total size of the hall was now , more than 2.5 times the original size. The building remained largely unchanged until July 1993. The Hall then announced yet another expansion, costing US$9,200,000, and adding a fifth room. This expansion was completed in October 1995. The building's","title":"Pro Football Hall of Fame"},{"id":"7608551","text":"derby, also called \"skate-out music\", has been a part of the sport since its very beginning. The practice of using a heavy metal theme song to signal the entrance of a relief pitcher began at Qualcomm Stadium in 1998, when the San Diego Padres started playing \"Hells Bells\" by AC/DC to accompany Trevor Hoffman's taking the mound. \"San Jose Mercury News\" and \"ESPN.com\" wrote that the song should be honored by the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. The use of rock and roll for entrance music emerged from the 1989 film, \"Major League\", in which relief pitcher Rick","title":"Entrance music"},{"id":"6290211","text":"candidates were eligible. On December 11, 2003, 10 finalists were announced. In accordance with guidelines established in 2003, seven were chosen by a research committee at the museum: Ken Coleman, Jack Graney, Graham McNamee, Hal Totten, Gene Elston, France Laux and Ty Tyson. Three additional candidates – Joe Nuxhall, Dave Niehaus and Lon Simmons – were selected in voting by over 105,000 fans prior to November 2003 at the Hall's official website . On February 26, Lon Simmons was announced as the 2004 recipient ; an original voice of the San Francisco Giants, as well as an announcer for the","title":"2004 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting"},{"id":"2991081","text":"effort to restore balance, the strike zone was reduced and the height of the pitcher's mound was lowered from 15 to 10 inches (38.1 - 25.4 cm). In 1969, both the National and American Leagues added two more expansion teams, the leagues were reorganized into two divisions each, and a post-season playoff system leading to the World Series was instituted. Also that same year, Curt Flood of the St. Louis Cardinals made the first serious legal challenge to the reserve clause. The major leagues' first general players' strike took place in 1972, delaying the season's start for two weeks. In","title":"History of baseball"},{"id":"350708","text":"Mays. On July 25, 1956, in a 9–8 Pittsburgh win against the Chicago Cubs, Clemente hit the only walk-off inside-the-park grand slam in professional baseball history. On March 20, 1973, the Baseball Writers' Association of America held a special election for the Baseball Hall of Fame. They voted to waive the waiting period for Clemente, due to the circumstances of his death, and posthumously elected him for induction into the Hall of Fame, giving him 393 out of 420 available votes, for 92.7% of the vote. Clemente's Hall of Fame plaque originally had his name as \"Roberto Walker Clemente\" instead","title":"Roberto Clemente"},{"id":"3261754","text":"particular urgency to many who had been anticipating the five promised but unfulfilled selections in that area for over three years. In the BBWAA election, voters were instructed to cast votes for 10 candidates; any candidate receiving votes on at least 75% of the ballots would be honored with induction to the Hall upon its opening in Cooperstown, New York on June 12 of that year. After the Hall's opening, a special election was also held in December. Because the initial goal for the Hall's opening of selecting 10 players from the 20th century had now been met, it was","title":"1939 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting"},{"id":"2360489","text":"yet furnished of the value of the discovery.\" Pud Galvin James Francis \"Pud\" Galvin (December 25, 1856 – March 7, 1902) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher in the 19th century. He was MLB's first 300-game winner and was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1965. Galvin grew up in Kerry Patch, an Irish neighborhood in St. Louis. He debuted for St. Louis of the National Association in , the franchise's inaugural season, and started eight games for the team. He spent the next 6½ seasons with Buffalo in the International Association and later of the National","title":"Pud Galvin"},{"id":"4567219","text":"to the original ceremony only being partially recorded and not originally intended to air, Gene Okerlund and Renee Young host the program with added commentary. Due to Vincent J. McMahon's passing in 1984, he was posthumously inducted by the McMahon family. ! class=\"unsortable\"| Image ! Ring name(Birth Name) ! Inducted by ! class=\"unsortable\"| WWE recognized accolades WWE Hall of Fame The WWE Hall of Fame is a hall of fame for professional wrestlers and professional wrestling personalities maintained by WWE. The 1994 and 1995 ceremonies were held in conjunction with the annual King of the Ring pay-per-view events. In 1996,","title":"WWE Hall of Fame"},{"id":"18511560","text":"Kapler, Mike Lamb, Jason LaRue, Ron Mahay, Dámaso Marte, Gary Matthews Jr., Gil Meche, Brian Moehler, Chad Moeller, Bengie Molina, Russ Ortiz, Chan Ho Park, Jay Payton, Mike Redmond, Juan Rincón, David Riske, Scott Schoeneweis, Scot Shields, Russ Springer, Fernando Tatís, Jeff Weaver and Gregg Zaun. In keeping with the voting procedure by eras, the BBWAA-appointed Historical Overview Committee, made up of 11 BBWAA members, identified ten Pre-Integration candidates who were judged to have made their greatest contributions from the origins of the sport to the end of baseball's color line in 1947. This era was previously under consideration in","title":"2016 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting"},{"id":"1003585","text":"generate publicity and to demonstrate how the Walk would eventually look. The other seven names were Olive Borden, Ronald Colman, Louise Fazenda, Preston Foster, Burt Lancaster, Edward Sedgwick, and Ernest Torrence. Official groundbreaking took place on February 8, 1960. On March 28, 1960, the first permanent star, director Stanley Kramer's, was completed on the easternmost end of the new Walk near the intersection of Hollywood and Gower. The Joanne Woodward legend may have originated, according to one source, because she was the first to pose with her star for photographers. Though the Walk was originally conceived in part to encourage","title":"Hollywood Walk of Fame"},{"id":"13834677","text":"up to three inductees have been voted into the Hall annually. As of 2018, 122 individuals have been inducted into the International League Hall of Fame. International League Hall of Fame The International League Hall of Fame is an American baseball hall of fame which honors players, managers, and executives of the International League (IL). It was created by the International League Baseball Writers' Association in 1947 to honor those individuals who made significant contributions to the league. The Hall of Fame inducted its first class of nine former players, managers, and league officials in 1947. A plaque was unveiled","title":"International League Hall of Fame"},{"id":"496027","text":"of MLB. The early years of the NL were tumultuous, with threats from rival leagues and a rebellion by players against the hated \"reserve clause\", which restricted the free movement of players between clubs. Competitor leagues formed regularly and also disbanded regularly. The most successful was the American Association (1882–1891), sometimes called the \"beer and whiskey league\" for its tolerance of the sale of alcoholic beverages to spectators. For several years, the NL and American Association champions met in a postseason championship series—the first attempt at a World Series. The two leagues merged in 1892 as a single 12-team NL,","title":"Major League Baseball"},{"id":"2991183","text":"the Baseball Hall of Fame declares he set the bases 90 feet apart and established nine innings as a game and nine players as a team. He did none of these things, and every other word of substance on his plaque is false.\" His authorship may have been exaggerated in a modern attempt to identify a single inventor of the game, and heavily advanced by a relentless public-relations campaign by his son and grandson. The 1845 Rules themselves are signed by the \"Committee on By-Laws\", William R. Wheaton and William H. Tucker. There is evidence that these rules had been","title":"Origins of baseball"},{"id":"496048","text":"wishes of Ford Frick, the Commissioner of Baseball. The dual moves were successful for both franchises—and for MLB. The Dodgers set a single-game MLB attendance record in their first home appearance with 78,672 fans. In 1961, the first Washington Senators franchise moved to Minneapolis–St. Paul to become the Minnesota Twins. Two new teams were added to the American League at the same time: the Los Angeles Angels (who soon moved from downtown L.A. to nearby Anaheim) and a new Washington Senators franchise. The NL added the Houston Astros and the New York Mets in 1962. The Astros (known as the","title":"Major League Baseball"},{"id":"5480314","text":"1988. He was succeeded by Edgar Scherick, who in turn passed the reins to Norman Lear. The first ceremony in 1984 celebrated the careers of Lucille Ball, Milton Berle, Paddy Chayefsky, Norman Lear, Edward R. Murrow, William S. Paley and David Sarnoff. The honorees received glass statuettes in the form of two ballet dancers that were created by sculptor and painter Pascal to reflect the self-discipline required in all facets of the arts. Since 1988, inductees have brought home an award in the form of a crystal television screen atop a cast-bronze base. The new awards were designed by art","title":"Television Hall of Fame"},{"id":"3124827","text":"during the season. After the Association folded, the Orioles joined the National League in 1892. The beginnings of what was to become a legendary team can be traced to June 1892, when Harry Von der Horst hired Ned Hanlon to manage the Orioles, giving him stock in the team and full authority over baseball operations. Ned moved his growing family to a house that stood a block away from Union Park. After two years finishing near the bottom of the league, the Orioles won three consecutive pennants with several future Hall of Famers under player/manager Ned Hanlon from 1894 to","title":"Baltimore Orioles (1882–99)"},{"id":"13834676","text":"a traveling display which visits a number of the league's ballparks each season. From 1949 through 1960, the league inducted up to three new members each year. Only one member was inducted annually from 1961 to 1963. After the cessation of the league's Baseball Writers' Association, the Hall of Fame became dormant from 1964 to 2006. The Hall was reestablished in 2007 to commemorate the League's 125th season of play in 2008. Two new members were inducted in 2007, and plans were made to elect up to 28, 14, and 7 inductees, respectively, over the next three years. Since 2011,","title":"International League Hall of Fame"},{"id":"5751535","text":"Monday night. Starting in 2006, it was moved to Sunday night, coinciding with the new \"NBC Sunday Night Football\" television package. The 2007 game was telecast on NFL Network, as NBC was intending to televise the China Bowl game in Beijing, China (a game which was postponed to 2009 and later canceled). The Hall of Fame Game has since bounced between both networks. The 2012 game aired on NFL Network due to NBC's coverage of the Summer Olympics. After a two-year absence, the game returned to NBC in 2013 and remained on the network until 2015. The 2016 game was","title":"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game"},{"id":"3562656","text":"who later said that Chase admitted to throwing a game. A few months later, he tore both Achilles tendons in a car accident. He later drifted to Mexico, where in 1925 he began making plans to organize a professional league. When American League president Ban Johnson got word of it, however, he pressured Mexican authorities to deport Chase. Despite his unsavory past, Chase received a certain amount of National Baseball Hall of Fame support early in its history. During the inaugural Hall of Fame balloting of 1936, Chase garnered 11 votes and was named on 4.9% of the ballots. This","title":"Hal Chase"},{"id":"496012","text":"Major League Baseball Major League Baseball (MLB) is a professional baseball organization, the oldest of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. A total of 30 teams play in the National League (NL) and American League (AL), with 15 teams in each league. The NL and AL were formed as separate legal entities in 1876 and 1901 respectively. After cooperating but remaining legally separate entities beginning in 1903, the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball in 2000. The organization also oversees Minor League Baseball, which comprises 256 teams affiliated","title":"Major League Baseball"},{"id":"6519556","text":"football to a Chinese audience\". In 2016, two clubs were honoured: Cambridge University, for their unofficial claim to be the world's oldest club; some documents in their archive suggest a foundation year of 1856, the year before Sheffield began, and Notts County for their status as the world's oldest club currently playing at a professional level; founded in 1862. Team awards were introduced in 2008, as part of a one-off European Hall of Fame ceremony. Manchester United and Liverpool's European Cup winning sides of 1968 and 1978 were the first teams inducted. In 2009, Manchester United's Busby Babes squad of","title":"English Football Hall of Fame"},{"id":"48353","text":"put Jackson in the Hall of Fame to \"those women who show up at murder trials wanting to marry the cute murderer\". In 2012, Congress passed and President Barack Obama signed a law ordering the United States Mint to produce and sell commemorative, non-circulating coins to benefit the private, non-profit Hall. The bill, , was introduced in the United States House of Representatives by Rep. Richard Hanna, a Republican from New York, and passed the House on October 26, 2011. The coins, which depict baseball gloves and balls, are the first concave designs produced by the Mint. The mintage included","title":"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"},{"id":"1944520","text":"Pro Football Hall of Fame The Pro Football Hall of Fame is the hall of fame for professional American football, located in Canton, Ohio. Opened in 1963, the Hall of Fame enshrines exceptional figures in the sport of professional football, including players, coaches, franchise owners, and front-office personnel, almost all of whom made their primary contributions to the game in the National Football League (NFL); the Hall inducts between four and eight new enshrinees each year. The Hall of Fame's Mission is to \"Honor the Heroes of the Game, Preserve its History, Promote its Values & Celebrate Excellence EVERYWHERE.\" With","title":"Pro Football Hall of Fame"},{"id":"14545507","text":"Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame The Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame (\"Salón de la Fama del Béisbol Cubano\") is a hall of fame that honors eminent baseball players from Cuban baseball. Established in 1939 to honor players, managers, and umpires in the pre-revolution Cuban League, by 1961 it had honored 68 players, managers, and umpires whose names are shown on a marble plaque at Havana's Estadio Latinoamericano. After the revolution, however, the Hall of Fame languished for more than 50 years, seldom mentioned or acknowledged and with no new inductees. Following a campaign led by Cuban filmmaker Ian Padrón, a","title":"Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame"},{"id":"749025","text":"the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1999 on the first ballot and is the only player in MLB history to win a batting title in three different decades. Brett was named the Royals' interim hitting coach in 2013 on May 30, but stepped down from the position on July 25 in order to resume his position of vice president of baseball operations. Born in Glen Dale, West Virginia, Brett was the youngest of four sons of a sports-minded family which included Ken, the second oldest, a major league pitcher who pitched in the 1967 World Series at age 19. Brothers","title":"George Brett"},{"id":"1937927","text":"1945, no MLB All-Star Game was held and no All-Stars were officially named. In 1947, fans were given the opportunity to vote on the eight starting position players, but in 1957, fans of the Cincinnati Reds stuffed the ballot box (see below), and elected a Red to every position except first base. Commissioner Ford Frick stepped in and removed two Reds from the lineup. As a response to this unfairness, fan voting was discontinued; players, coaches, and managers were given the sole authority to elect starting position players, for the next dozen years. Between the lack of fan input and","title":"Major League Baseball All-Star Game"},{"id":"4388695","text":"eligible. On December 13, 2004, 10 finalists were announced. In accordance with guidelines established in 2003, seven were chosen by a research committee at the museum: Jerry Coleman, Ken Coleman, Dizzy Dean, Gene Elston, Tony Kubek, France Laux and Graham McNamee. Three additional candidates – Dave Niehaus, Tom Cheek and Ron Santo – were selected in voting by over 65,000 fans prior to November 2004 at the Hall's official website . On February 22, Jerry Coleman was announced as the 2005 recipient ; a former major league infielder and the voice of the San Diego Padres almost continuously since 1972,","title":"2005 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting"},{"id":"3578568","text":"balls. In 1925, the minimum distance for a home run was made 250 feet. After that, the rules remained virtually static for decades. In 1961, the 162-game schedule was adopted. In 1969, the pitcher's mound was dropped five inches and the strike zone reduced: from the armpits to the top of the knees. In 1973, the American League adopted the designated hitter rule—rejected to this day by the National League. This was probably the most controversial rule change in baseball's history, and is still subject to lively debate. Also controversial when adopted, although more generally accepted now, was the later","title":"Baseball rules"},{"id":"49489","text":"two years later. The next week, Ruth went to Cooperstown, New York, for the formal opening of the Baseball Hall of Fame. Three years earlier, he was one of the first five players elected to the hall. As radio broadcasts of baseball games became popular, Ruth sought a job in that field, arguing that his celebrity and knowledge of baseball would assure large audiences, but he received no offers. During World War II, he made many personal appearances to advance the war effort, including his last appearance as a player at Yankee Stadium, in a 1943 exhibition for the Army-Navy","title":"Babe Ruth"},{"id":"20591829","text":"to fans at the team store or on the MLB online store, and for sale to retailers and other marketers of authenticated MLB merchandise. Occasionally items are sent for inclusion in the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. In 2001 MLB Properties contracted with the Arthur Andersen accounting firm to oversee and authenticate private autographing sessions for balls, bats, base pads, and other items. The Deloitte & Touche accounting firm took over this role in 2002. Major League Baseball Authentication Program The Major League Baseball Authentication Program, or MLB Authentication Program, is a program run by Major League Baseball","title":"Major League Baseball Authentication Program"},{"id":"16676998","text":"dramas \"All My Children\" and \"One Life to Live\". The song was covered on the \"Glee\" episode \"All or Nothing\". \"\" used it as the theme song in the opening credits. The song was also published in the ads section for NBC's primetime drama, \"Chicago Fire\". The song has also been used as the theme song for Impact Wrestling and WWE's Hall of Fame ceremonies. It has also been used at recent Arena Football League and National Football League Hall Of Fame Games. The song was used in a 2014 Omega SA commercial featuring professional golfer Rory McIlroy. In 2016,","title":"Hall of Fame (song)"},{"id":"332630","text":"generally thought to have favored batters. His dominance, reflected by modern statistics, has led many to consider Martinez as one of the greatest pitchers in MLB history. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2015, his first year of eligibility, joining Juan Marichal as the second Dominican to be enshrined; his number (45) was retired by the Red Sox in a ceremony two days after his Hall induction. Martínez grew up in the Dominican Republic in the Santo Domingo suburb of Manoguayabo. He was the fifth of six siblings living in a palm wood house with a","title":"Pedro Martínez"},{"id":"15241296","text":"finalists were announced on October 5, 2011. In accord with guidelines established in 2003, seven were chosen by a committee composed of the living recipients along with broadcasting historians and columnists. Three were selected from a list of candidates by fan voting in September 2011 at the Hall's Facebook page. Five candidates were living when the ballot was announced—the active McCarver, Nadel, and Shannon; and the retired Cárdenas and Doucet. On December 7, Tim McCarver, the lead analyst for \"Major League Baseball on Fox\" since , was named as the recipient. A catcher in MLB for 22 years, mostly with","title":"2012 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting"},{"id":"12910730","text":"1963 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting Elections to the Baseball Hall of Fame for 1963 followed a system established for odd-number years after the 1956 election. Namely, the baseball writers were voting on recent players only in even-number years. The Veterans Committee met in closed sessions to consider executives, managers, umpires, and earlier major league players. It selected four people: 19th-century 300-game winner John Clarkson, turn-of-the-century outfielder Elmer Flick, 266-game winner Eppa Rixey, and outfielder Sam Rice, who had 2987 career hits. Following the death of J. G. Taylor Spink in December, the Baseball Writers Association of America inaugurated the","title":"1963 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting"},{"id":"19256081","text":"and Chris Woodward. 442 ballots were cast, 2 more than in 2016. Jeff Bagwell, Tim Raines and Iván Rodríguez were elected. Raines and Lee Smith were on the ballot for their final time; Smith dropped off the ballot, while Raines was the fifth player to be elected in his final ballot, after Red Ruffing, Joe Medwick, Ralph Kiner, and Jim Rice. Rodríguez was elected in his first year of eligibility. Voting results from 2017: On July 23, 2016, the Hall of Fame announced changes to the Era Committee system. The system's timeframes were restructured to place a greater emphasis on","title":"2017 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting"},{"id":"1967365","text":"new Busch Stadium for its first season in 2006, where it became a popular meeting place for generations of Cardinals fans. Musial's statue is inscribed with a quote attributed to former baseball commissioner Ford Frick: \"Here stands baseball's perfect warrior. Here stands baseball's perfect knight.\" Musial was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility in , when he was named on 93.2 percent of the ballots. On June 14, 1973 he was the first inductee into the National Polish-American Hall of Fame, housed at St. Mary's College in Orchard Lake, Michigan. In 1989, he","title":"Stan Musial"},{"id":"10267925","text":"manager, and sportswriter that lent credibility to his assertion that Cooperstown, New York be the location for a \"memorial\" to the great players from the past. Cooperstown was, at the time, the place that many people believed where Abner Doubleday had invented the game of baseball. It was this idea of a memorial that eventually led to the creation of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in . Crane died at the age of 71 of pneumonia in New York City, and is interred at the Lutheran All Faith Cemetery in Middle Village, New York. Sam Crane (second","title":"Sam Crane (second baseman)"},{"id":"14399289","text":"1961 Major League Baseball All-Star Game (first game) The first 1961 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was played in Candlestick Park in San Francisco on July 11, 1961. The National League scored two runs in the bottom of the tenth inning to win 5–4. Stu Miller was the winning pitcher and Hoyt Wilhelm was charged with the loss. Players in \"italics\" have since been inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame. Umpires: Stan Landes, Home Plate (NL); Frank Umont, First Base (AL); Shag Crawford, Second Base (NL); Ed Runge, Third Base (AL); Ed Vargo, Left Field (NL); Cal Drummond,","title":"1961 Major League Baseball All-Star Game (first game)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"41795\",\n \"text\": \"1930, but baseball was hit hard by the Great Depression and in 1933 the average fell below five thousand for the only time between the wars. 1933 also saw the introduction of the All-Star game, a mid-season break in which the greatest players in each league play against one another in a hard-fought but officially meaningless demonstration game. In 1936 the Baseball Hall of Fame was instituted and five players elected: Ty Cobb, Walter Johnson, Christy Mathewson, Babe Ruth and Honus Wagner. The Hall formally opened in 1939. In 1941, a year which saw the premature death of Lou Gehrig,\",\n \"title\": \"History of baseball in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15858153\",\n \"text\": \"San Diego Padres Hall of Fame The San Diego Padres are an American professional baseball team in Major League Baseball (MLB) based in San Diego, California. The club was founded in 1969 as part of the league's expansion. The team's hall of fame, created in 1999 to honor the club's 30th anniversary, recognizes players, coaches, and executives who have made key contributions to the franchise. Voting is conducted by a 35-member committee. Candidates typically must wait at least two years after retiring to be eligible for induction, though Tony Gwynn was selected during his final season in 2001 before the\",\n \"title\": \"San Diego Padres Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4567215\",\n \"text\": \"2008, then as a member of The Four Horsemen in 2012. WWF Hall of Fame (1993) was the inaugural class of the WWE Hall of Fame. It was announced on the March 22, 1993 episode of \\\"Monday Night Raw\\\" where André the Giant, who had died nearly two months prior, was announced as the sole inductee. During the episode of \\\"Monday Night Raw\\\" a video package announcing his induction was shown. No ceremony took place, and André was inducted posthumously. In March 2015 a condensed version of the 1994 ceremony was added to the WWE Network. Due to no original\",\n \"title\": \"WWE Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2991075\",\n \"text\": \"hitter of the new era, helped permanently alter the nature of the game. The club with which Ruth set most of his slugging records, the New York Yankees, built a reputation as the majors' premier team. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, St. Louis Cardinals general manager Branch Rickey invested in several minor league clubs and developed the first modern \\\"farm system\\\". A new Negro National League was organized in 1933; four years later, it was joined by the Negro American League. The first elections to the National Baseball Hall of Fame took place in 1936. In 1939 Little\",\n \"title\": \"History of baseball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"41699\",\n \"text\": \"traveled farther when hit. The rise of the legendary player Babe Ruth, the first great power hitter of the new era, helped permanently alter the nature of the game. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, St. Louis Cardinals general manager Branch Rickey invested in several minor league clubs and developed the first modern farm system. A new Negro National League was organized in 1933; four years later, it was joined by the Negro American League. The first elections to the National Baseball Hall of Fame took place in 1936. In 1939, Little League Baseball was founded in Pennsylvania. A\",\n \"title\": \"Baseball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"48323\",\n \"text\": \"and Museum, similarly to Canton for the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio. The Hall of Fame was established in 1939 by Stephen Carlton Clark, the owner of a local hotel. Clark had sought to bring tourists to a city hurt by the Great Depression, which reduced the local tourist trade, and Prohibition, which devastated the local hops industry. A new building was constructed, and the Hall of Fame was dedicated on June 12, 1939. (Clark's granddaughter, Jane Forbes Clark, is the current chairman of the Board of Directors.) The erroneous claim that Civil War hero Abner Doubleday\",\n \"title\": \"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5040342\",\n \"text\": \"WCW Hall of Fame The World Championship Wrestling (WCW) Hall of Fame was an American professional wrestling hall of fame maintained by World Championship Wrestling (WCW). It was established in 1993 to honor wrestlers who began their careers long before the 1990s, mostly alumni of the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) and Jim Crockett Promotions (JCP), the predecessors of WCW. Inductees received commemorative plaques that had their names & portraits inscribed on it. Wrestlers were inducted by Gordon Solie, a senior announcer in professional wrestling, and received their plaque during the \\\"Legends Reunion\\\" segment at WCW's May pay-per-view event, Slamboree. The\",\n \"title\": \"WCW Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4567212\",\n \"text\": \"WWE Hall of Fame The WWE Hall of Fame is a hall of fame for professional wrestlers and professional wrestling personalities maintained by WWE. The 1994 and 1995 ceremonies were held in conjunction with the annual King of the Ring pay-per-view events. In 1996, the ceremony was held with the Survivor Series event, for the first time in front of a paying audience as well as the wrestlers, after which, the Hall of Fame went on hiatus. In 2004, WWE relaunched the Hall of Fame to coincide with WrestleMania XX. This ceremony, like its predecessors, was not broadcast on television.\",\n \"title\": \"WWE Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"48326\",\n \"text\": \"Ruth, Honus Wagner, Christy Mathewson and Walter Johnson, chosen in 1936; roughly 20 more were selected before the entire group was inducted at the Hall's 1939 opening. , 323 people had been elected to the Hall of Fame, including 226 former Major League Baseball players, 35 Negro league baseball players and executives, 22 managers, 10 umpires, and 30 pioneers, executives, and organizers. 114 members of the Hall of Fame have been inducted posthumously, including four who died after their selection was announced. Of the 35 Negro league members, 29 were inducted posthumously, including all 24 selected since the 1990s. The\",\n \"title\": \"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"695637\",\n \"text\": \"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located on the shore of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, recognizes and archives the history of the best-known and most influential artists, producers, engineers, and other notable figures who have had some major influence on the development of rock and roll. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation was established on April 20, 1983, by Atlantic Records founder and chairman Ahmet Ertegun. In 1986, Cleveland was chosen as the Hall of Fame's permanent home. Founder Ahmet Ertegun assembled a team that included attorney Suzan Evans,\",\n \"title\": \"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5040343\",\n \"text\": \"WCW Hall of Fame was the second hall of fame established to honor professional wrestlers, after the creation of the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) Hall of Fame in February 1993. After the 1995 Hall of Fame ceremony, WCW stopped the production of the Hall of Fame without a formal announcement. In 2001, after WCW filed for bankruptcy, the WWF acquired all of its assets; this led to the formal stoppage of the WCW Hall of Fame. The WWF, however, stopped producing its Hall of Fame ceremony after 1996. In 2004, World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), the WWF's successor, reinstated the WWE\",\n \"title\": \"WCW Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"48331\",\n \"text\": \"death on New Year's Eve, 1972. The five-year waiting period was established in 1954 after an evolutionary process. In 1936 all players were eligible, including active ones. From the 1937 election until the 1945 election, there was no waiting period, so any retired player was eligible, but writers were discouraged from voting for current major leaguers. Since there was no formal rule preventing a writer from casting a ballot for an active player, the scribes did not always comply with the informal guideline; Joe DiMaggio received a vote in 1945, for example. From the 1946 election until the 1954 election,\",\n \"title\": \"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2055740\",\n \"text\": \"Ford Frick Ford Christopher Frick (December 19, 1894 – April 8, 1978) was an American sportswriter and baseball executive. After working as a teacher and as a sportswriter for the \\\"New York American\\\", he served as public relations director of the National League (NL), then as the league's president from to . He was the third Commissioner of Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1951 to . While Frick was NL president, he had a major role in the establishment of the Baseball Hall of Fame as a museum that honors the best players in baseball history. He extinguished threats of\",\n \"title\": \"Ford Frick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1937912\",\n \"text\": \"teams; in 1945, the scheduled All-Star Game was cancelled due to travel restrictions during World War II and no players were officially named. From 1959 through 1962, All-Stars played in two All-Star Games each season. On January 29, 1936, Babe Ruth became the first of the original thirty-six All-Stars to be inducted in the National Baseball Hall of Fame; twenty original All-Stars are enshrined in the Hall of Fame. Hank Aaron holds the record for the most All-Star namings (21) and the most All-Star Game appearances (25). In 2017, each All-Star team had 32 players, with fans voting for the\",\n \"title\": \"Major League Baseball All-Star Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13834675\",\n \"text\": \"International League Hall of Fame The International League Hall of Fame is an American baseball hall of fame which honors players, managers, and executives of the International League (IL). It was created by the International League Baseball Writers' Association in 1947 to honor those individuals who made significant contributions to the league. The Hall of Fame inducted its first class of nine former players, managers, and league officials in 1947. A plaque was unveiled at the IL's New York City offices located in the Ruppert Building at 535 Fifth Avenue. Today, the plaque has no permanent home, but exists as\",\n \"title\": \"International League Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16691441\",\n \"text\": \"(ages 4–18), Bambino Buddy Ball (ages 5–20), and Xtreme Fastpitch (ages 6–18). Baseball Hall of Fame inductees who played Babe Ruth League include Carl Yastrzemski, Joe Morgan, Jim Palmer, Rod Carew, George Brett, Nolan Ryan, Cal Ripken, Jr., Frank Thomas, Randy Johnson, John Smoltz, and Mike Piazza. In 1951, ten men, who believed that the future of their community depended upon the proper development of the young people, met at the historic Yardville Hotel in Hamilton, New Jersey, for the purpose of developing a baseball program for young men between 13 and 15 years of age. Babe Ruth League, Inc.\",\n \"title\": \"Babe Ruth League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"48327\",\n \"text\": \"Hall of Fame includes one female member, Effa Manley. The newest members elected on January 24, 2018, are players Chipper Jones, Jim Thome, Vladimir Guerrero, and Trevor Hoffman. They were officially inducted on July 29, 2018, alongside players Jack Morris and Alan Trammell. Players are currently inducted into the Hall of Fame through election by either the Baseball Writers' Association of America (or BBWAA), or the Veterans Committee, which now consists of four subcommittees, each of which considers and votes for candidates from a separate era of baseball. Five years after retirement, any player with 10 years of major league\",\n \"title\": \"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"48322\",\n \"text\": \"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum is an American history museum and hall of fame, located in Cooperstown, New York, and operated by private interests. It serves as the central point for the study of the history of baseball in the United States and beyond, displays baseball-related artifacts and exhibits, and honors those who have excelled in playing, managing, and serving the sport. The Hall's motto is \\\"Preserving History, Honoring Excellence, Connecting Generations.\\\" The word Cooperstown is often used as shorthand (or a metonym) for the National Baseball Hall of Fame\",\n \"title\": \"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"695638\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Rolling Stone\\\" magazine editor and publisher Jann S. Wenner, attorney Allen Grubman, and record executives Seymour Stein, Bob Krasnow, and Noreen Woods. The Foundation began inducting artists in 1986, but the Hall of Fame still had no home. The search committee considered several cities, including Philadelphia (home of Bill Haley and \\\"American Bandstand\\\"), Memphis (home of Sun Studios and Stax Records), Detroit (home of Motown Records), Cincinnati (home of King Records), New York City, and Cleveland. Cleveland lobbied for the museum, citing that WJW disc jockey Alan Freed both coined the term \\\"rock and roll\\\" and heavily promoted the new\",\n \"title\": \"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10484617\",\n \"text\": \"Hispanic Heritage Baseball Museum The Hispanic Heritage Baseball Museum Hall of Fame was founded in the Mission District in San Francisco, California on October 24, 1998, and Incorporated as a 501c3 non-profit organization on June 23, 1999 in Sacramento, California by Gabriel \\\"Tito\\\" Avila, Jr. a former Semi-pro, Sandlot, High School, College player and a Vietnam Era Veteran from New York City and San Francisco resident who wanted to honor the greatest Hispanic Baseball position players of all time. The HHBMHOF is International and dedicated to recognizing the contributions made to baseball by Hispanic players. Since its inception, the HHBMHOF\",\n \"title\": \"Hispanic Heritage Baseball Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2055756\",\n \"text\": \"DePauw University Athletic Hall of Fame. Ford Frick Ford Christopher Frick (December 19, 1894 – April 8, 1978) was an American sportswriter and baseball executive. After working as a teacher and as a sportswriter for the \\\"New York American\\\", he served as public relations director of the National League (NL), then as the league's president from to . He was the third Commissioner of Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1951 to . While Frick was NL president, he had a major role in the establishment of the Baseball Hall of Fame as a museum that honors the best players in\",\n \"title\": \"Ford Frick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5040344\",\n \"text\": \"Hall of Fame, which included inductees that were alumni of WWE, NWA, JCP, and WCW. The first Hall of Fame ceremony was held on May 23, 1993 at Slamboree 1993 at The Omni in Atlanta, Georgia. The first wrestler inducted into the Hall of Fame was Lou Thesz, along with Verne Gagne and Mr. Wrestling II. Eddie Graham was also inducted that year; he was the first posthumous inductee into the Hall of Fame. During the following Hall of Fame ceremony on May 22, 1994 at Slamboree 1994 at Civic Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Harley Race led the Class of\",\n \"title\": \"WCW Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13834693\",\n \"text\": \"Pacific Coast League Hall of Fame The Pacific Coast League Hall of Fame is an American baseball hall of fame which honors players, managers, and executives of the Pacific Coast League (PCL). It was created by the Helms Athletic Foundation of Los Angeles in 1942 to honor those individuals who made significant contributions to the league's ideals. The Hall of Fame inducted its first class in 1943. A special Hall of Fame room was set up at Los Angeles' Wrigley Field on June 27, 1943. After the 1957 death of founder and main supporter Paul Helms and the arrival of\",\n \"title\": \"Pacific Coast League Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"48324\",\n \"text\": \"invented baseball in Cooperstown was instrumental in the early marketing of the Hall. An expanded library and research facility opened in 1994. Dale Petroskey became the organization's president in 1999. In 2002, the Hall launched \\\"Baseball As America\\\", a traveling exhibit that toured ten American museums over six years. The Hall of Fame has since also sponsored educational programming on the Internet to bring the Hall of Fame to schoolchildren who might not visit. The Hall and Museum completed a series of renovations in spring 2005. The Hall of Fame also presents an annual exhibit at FanFest at the Major\",\n \"title\": \"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5213672\",\n \"text\": \"the launch of interleague play, further reducing the game's cachet. On January 29, 2008, Major League Baseball announced that the final Hall of Fame Game would be played on June 16, 2008 between the Chicago Cubs and San Diego Padres, citing \\\"the inherent challenges\\\" of scheduling teams in the modern day as the reason for ending the annual contest. However, the contest was canceled on account of rain. In November 2008, the Hall of Fame and the MLB Players Alumni Association announced the creation of the Hall of Fame Classic, an exhibition game involving Hall of Famers and other retired\",\n \"title\": \"Doubleday Field\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15858157\",\n \"text\": \"(PCL). On the same day the plaza opened, the Padres inducted San Diego native Ted Williams into their hall of fame. He played for the PCL Padres in 1936 and 1937, and is also a member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame. The Hall of Fame Plaza at Petco originally was to be named in honor of then-MLB commissioner Bud Selig, but the Padres reconsidered after negative reaction from the media and fans. Plans for the plaza also included eventual statues of Padres greats. San Diego Padres Hall of Fame The San Diego Padres are an American professional baseball\",\n \"title\": \"San Diego Padres Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"695643\",\n \"text\": \"m) due to its proximity to Burke Lakefront Airport. The building's base is approximately 150,000 square feet (14,000 m2). The groundbreaking ceremony took place on June 7, 1993. Pete Townshend, Chuck Berry, Billy Joel, Sam Phillips, Ruth Brown, Sam Moore of Sam and Dave, Carl Gardner of the Coasters and Dave Pirner of Soul Asylum all appeared at the groundbreaking. The museum was dedicated on September 1, 1995, with the ribbon being cut by an ensemble that included Yoko Ono and Little Richard, among others, before a crowd of more than 10,000 people. The following night an all-star concert was\",\n \"title\": \"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"369842\",\n \"text\": \"San Diego Padres on July 15, 1999. There were 44,607 people in attendance that night. Seattle Mariners former chairman and CEO John Ellis announced on June 14, 1997 the creation of a Mariners Hall of Fame. It is operated by the Seattle Mariners organization. It honors the players, staff and other individuals that greatly contributed to the history and success of the Mariners franchise. It is located at the Baseball Museum of the Pacific Northwest in Safeco Field. The Mariners plan to retire uniform numbers only very selectively and subject to substantially higher expectations than those applied to the Mariners'\",\n \"title\": \"Seattle Mariners\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2360483\",\n \"text\": \"Pud Galvin James Francis \\\"Pud\\\" Galvin (December 25, 1856 – March 7, 1902) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher in the 19th century. He was MLB's first 300-game winner and was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1965. Galvin grew up in Kerry Patch, an Irish neighborhood in St. Louis. He debuted for St. Louis of the National Association in , the franchise's inaugural season, and started eight games for the team. He spent the next 6½ seasons with Buffalo in the International Association and later of the National League. In his first full MLB season in\",\n \"title\": \"Pud Galvin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13721977\",\n \"text\": \"Seattle Mariners Hall of Fame The Seattle Mariners Hall of Fame is an American museum and hall of fame. It is located at Safeco Field in the SoDo district of downtown Seattle. Seattle Mariners former chairman and CEO John Ellis announced on June 14, 1997 the creation of a Mariners Hall of Fame. It is operated by the Seattle Mariners organization. It honors the players, staff, and other individuals that greatly contributed to the history and success of the Mariners franchise. It is located at the Baseball Museum of the Pacific Northwest in Safeco Field. Inductees are selected on the\",\n \"title\": \"Seattle Mariners Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"48342\",\n \"text\": \"in 2010 for 2011 induction, with longtime general manager Pat Gillick becoming the first individual elected under the new procedure. The Golden Era committee voted in 2011 for the induction class of 2012, with Ron Santo becoming the first player elected under the new procedure. The Pre-Integration Era committee voted in 2012 for the induction class of 2013, electing three figures. Subsequent elections rotated among the three committees in that order through the 2016 election. In July 2016, however, the Hall of Fame announced a restructuring of the timeframes to be considered, with a much greater emphasis on modern eras.\",\n \"title\": \"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"48325\",\n \"text\": \"League Baseball All-Star Game. Jeff Idelson replaced Petroskey as president on April 16, 2008. He had been acting as president since March 25, 2008, when Petroskey was forced to resign for having \\\"failed to exercise proper fiduciary responsibility\\\" and making \\\"judgments that were not in the best interest of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum.\\\" Among baseball fans, \\\"Hall of Fame\\\" means not only the museum and facility in Cooperstown, New York, but the pantheon of players, managers, umpires, executives, and pioneers who have been enshrined in the Hall. The first five men elected were Ty Cobb, Babe\",\n \"title\": \"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2055746\",\n \"text\": \"ability, good habits and strong character. He asserted that he was not aware of a case in which race had played a role in the selection of a major league player. In the late 1930s, Frick played a central role in establishing the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown, New York. He gathered a team of representatives from the major news wire services, including Davis Walsh of the International News Service, Alan J. Gould of the Associated Press, and Henry L. Farrell of United Press International. They took the idea to the Baseball Writers Association of America\",\n \"title\": \"Ford Frick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"48335\",\n \"text\": \"the new process is available below. From 2008 to 2010, following changes made by the Hall in July 2007, the main Veterans Committee, then made up of living Hall of Famers, voted only on players whose careers began in 1943 or later. These changes also established three separate committees to select other figures: Players of the Negro Leagues have also been considered at various times, beginning in 1971. In 2005 the Hall completed a study on African American players between the late 19th century and the integration of the major leagues in 1947, and conducted a special election for such\",\n \"title\": \"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14819230\",\n \"text\": \"meet the demand for Major League teams. Later, another venue, Sam Guinn Field was built in 1933 at 497 Crescent Avenue to host Negro League spring training. The original playing field was estimated to be between 500–600 feet to center field. In 1910, the original grandstand was demolished and home plate moved, giving the field shorter dimensions. In 1938, the right field fence was heightened by 15-feet because right field distance was only 260 feet. Over 130 Major League Baseball Hall of Fame players, including Babe Ruth, Cy Young, Cap Anson, Honus Wagner, Ty Cobb, Tris Speaker, Walter Johnson, Rogers\",\n \"title\": \"Ban Johnson Park\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6041899\",\n \"text\": \"Henry Mitchell MacCracken, Chancellor of New York University, was the originator of The Hall of Fame. It was the first hall of fame in the United States. \\\"Fame\\\" here means \\\"renown\\\" (rather than today's more common meaning of \\\"celebrity\\\"). Chancellor MacCracken acknowledged inspiration from the Ruhmeshalle (Hall of Fame) in Munich, Germany. Other monuments of a similar purpose had been built earlier. King Ludwig I of Bavaria actually built two: a Walhalla Ruhmes- und Ehrenhalle near Regensburg, Germany, completed in 1842, and a \\\"Ruhmeshalle auf der Anhöhe\\\" (Bavarian Hall of Fame), in Munich, completed in 1853. Chancellor McCracken described the\",\n \"title\": \"Hall of Fame for Great Americans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19256086\",\n \"text\": \"2016 All-Star break. On December 6, during the 2016 winter meetings, Smith was named as the 2017 recipient. She received 272 of a possible 449 votes (with three ballots left blank). At the time of announcement, Smith was ESPN's news editor for remote production, with chief responsibility for incorporating news and analysis in the network's MLB-related broadcasts, as well as \\\"SportsCenter\\\". She became the first African-American woman, and the first woman of any ethnicity, to regularly cover MLB for a newspaper when she began covering the New York Yankees for \\\"The Hartford Courant\\\" in 1983. Smith went from there to\",\n \"title\": \"2017 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13721998\",\n \"text\": \"was inducted into the Mariners Hall of Fame on August 8, 2015. Seattle Mariners Hall of Fame The Seattle Mariners Hall of Fame is an American museum and hall of fame. It is located at Safeco Field in the SoDo district of downtown Seattle. Seattle Mariners former chairman and CEO John Ellis announced on June 14, 1997 the creation of a Mariners Hall of Fame. It is operated by the Seattle Mariners organization. It honors the players, staff, and other individuals that greatly contributed to the history and success of the Mariners franchise. It is located at the Baseball Museum\",\n \"title\": \"Seattle Mariners Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6005339\",\n \"text\": \"Stephen Carlton Clark Stephen Carlton Clark (August 29, 1882 – September 17, 1960) was an American art collector, businessman, newspaper publisher and philanthropist. He founded the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York. Clark was the youngest of the four sons of Alfred Corning Clark and Elizabeth Scriven. His grandfather, Edward Cabot Clark, a lawyer, had been Isaac Singer's partner in the Singer Sewing Machine Company. His father invested heavily in New York City real estate, and died in April 1896, leaving a $30,000,000 family trust. He was educated at Phillips Academy (Andover), Yale University (B.A. 1903) and Columbia\",\n \"title\": \"Stephen Carlton Clark\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19950571\",\n \"text\": \"Kennedy, Rodrigo López, Mike MacDougal, Guillermo Mota, Will Ohman, Vicente Padilla, Carl Pavano, Scott Podsednik, Juan Rivera, J. C. Romero, Brian Schneider, Ben Sheets, Jeff Suppan, Kip Wells, Dan Wheeler and Jack Wilson. On July 23, 2016, the Hall of Fame announced changes to the Era Committee system. The system's timeframes were restructured to place a greater emphasis on the modern game, and to reduce the frequency at which individuals from the pre-1970 game (including Negro Leagues figures) will have their careers reviewed. Separate 16-member subcommittees continue to vote on individuals from different eras of baseball, with candidates still being\",\n \"title\": \"2018 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2991080\",\n \"text\": \"season was extended from 154 games to 162. This coincidentally helped Roger Maris break Babe Ruth's long-standing single-season home run record, one of the most celebrated marks in baseball. Along with the Angels, three other new franchises were launched during 1961–62. With this, the first major league expansion in 60 years, each league now had ten teams. The players' union became bolder under the leadership of former United Steelworkers chief economist and negotiator Marvin Miller, who was elected executive director in 1966. On the playing field, major league pitchers were becoming increasingly dominant again. After the 1968 season, in an\",\n \"title\": \"History of baseball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"215087\",\n \"text\": \"Jackie Robinson Jack Roosevelt Robinson (January 31, 1919 – October 24, 1972) was an American professional baseball player who became the first African American to play in Major League Baseball (MLB) in the modern era. Robinson broke the baseball color line when the Brooklyn Dodgers started him at first base on April 15, 1947. When the Dodgers signed Robinson, they heralded the end of racial segregation in professional baseball that had relegated black players to the Negro leagues since the 1880s. Robinson was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962. Robinson had an exceptional 10-year MLB career. He\",\n \"title\": \"Jackie Robinson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"695661\",\n \"text\": \"(1998), Louis Jordan (1999), Muddy Waters (2000), Bessie Smith (2001), Hank Williams (2002), Buddy Holly (2003), Lead Belly (2004), Sam Cooke (2005), Roy Orbison (2006), Jerry Lee Lewis (2007), Les Paul (2008), Janis Joplin (2009), Fats Domino and Dave Bartholomew (2010), Aretha Franklin (2011), and Chuck Berry (2012). Hall of Fame museum curator James Henke, along with \\\"the museum's curatorial staff and numerous rock critics and music experts\\\", created an unordered list of \\\"500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll\\\". The list is part of a permanent exhibit at the museum, and was envisioned as part of the museum from\",\n \"title\": \"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"49370\",\n \"text\": \"slugging (OPS) (1.164); the latter two still stand . Ruth is regarded as one of the greatest sports heroes in American culture and is considered by many to be the greatest baseball player of all time. In 1936, Ruth was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame as one of its \\\"first five\\\" inaugural members. At age seven, Ruth was sent to St. Mary's Industrial School for Boys, a reformatory where he learned life lessons and baseball skills from Brother Matthias Boutlier of the Xaverian Brothers, the school's disciplinarian and a capable baseball player. In 1914, Ruth was signed to\",\n \"title\": \"Babe Ruth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1944522\",\n \"text\": \"the league. Groundbreaking for the building was held on August 11, 1962. The original building contained just two rooms, and of interior space. In April 1970, ground was broken for the first of many expansions. This first expansion cost $620,000, and was completed in May 1971. The size was increased to by adding another room. The pro shop opened with this expansion. This was also an important milestone for the Pro Football Hall of Fame, as yearly attendance passed the 200,000 mark for the first time. This was at least in some part due to the increase in popularity of\",\n \"title\": \"Pro Football Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8089084\",\n \"text\": \"Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame and Museum The Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame and Museum is an entity established by Major League Baseball's Cincinnati Reds franchise that pays homage to the team's past through displays, photographs and multimedia. It was instituted in 1958 to recognize the career of former Cincinnati Reds players, managers and front-office executives. It is located at the Great American Ball Park. Currently, the Hall of Fame section is home to 81 inductees. These inductees include players, managers & executives who were involved in Cincinnati's baseball legacy, which dates back to 1869, the year the original Cincinnati\",\n \"title\": \"Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame and Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6094647\",\n \"text\": \"suicide in 1909. As NL president again from 1918 to 1934, he hired the Elias brothers to maintain as official keeper of playing statistics (1919), and he pushed for the selection of Kenesaw Mountain Landis as Commissioner of Baseball (1921), realizing the importance of an official who could keep the owners in check. Later he helped to establish the Baseball Hall of Fame. In December 1928, Heydler proposed permitting a tenth player to bat in place of the pitcher – a rule which came about with the creation of the designated hitter in 1973. After retiring as league president, he\",\n \"title\": \"John Heydler\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"48350\",\n \"text\": \"up with other property owned by the Commissioner's office and employees of the office, and moved to the garage of Joe Reichler, an assistant to Commissioner Bowie Kuhn, who sold the items to resolve his personal financial difficulties. Under pressure from the New York Attorney General, the Commissioner's Office made reparations, but the negative publicity damaged the Hall of Fame's reputation, and made it more difficult for it to solicit donations. Following the banning of Pete Rose from MLB, the selection rules for the Baseball Hall of Fame were modified to prevent the induction of anyone on Baseball's \\\"permanently ineligible\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12201615\",\n \"text\": \"Coaches Association All Star Games in Beaumont about starting the Hall of Fame. The sports writers unanimously agreed with Johnson and in 1951 baseball great Tris Speaker was the inaugural inductee and Texas became the first state to honor its athletes with a hall of fame. The Texas Sports Hall of Fame under the guidance of Texas sports entrepreneur Lamar Hunt was opened in Grand Prairie on Saturday, May 23, 1981 but was closed in 1986. The Hall of Fame remained dormant until several prominent members of the Waco community created a plan in 1990 to have the Hall of\",\n \"title\": \"Texas Sports Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1003586\",\n \"text\": \"redevelopment of Hollywood Boulevard, the 1960s and 1970s were periods of protracted urban decay in the Hollywood area as residents moved to suburbs. After the initial installation of approximately 1,500 stars in 1960 and 1961, eight years passed without the addition of a new star. In 1962 the Los Angeles City Council passed an ordinance naming the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce \\\"the agent to advise the City\\\" about adding names to the Walk, and the Chamber, over the following six years, devised rules, procedures, and financing methods to do so. In December 1968, Richard D. Zanuck was awarded the first\",\n \"title\": \"Hollywood Walk of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5213673\",\n \"text\": \"MLB players to be played on Father's Day weekend, and in recent years on the Saturday before Memorial Day. The inaugural Hall of Fame Classic was played on Sunday, June 21, 2009. The Hall of Fame game lasts seven innings or two hours, whichever comes first. In addition to the game, there is a home run derby beforehand. The Cooperstown Classic was an International League regular season game played in honor of the 125th anniversary of the league in 2008. The game was held on a Sunday afternoon in may between the Rochester Red Wings and the Syracuse Chiefs. The\",\n \"title\": \"Doubleday Field\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5751534\",\n \"text\": \"August 1. Unlike the majority of NFL preseason games, which air on local TV stations, the Hall of Fame Game airs nationwide. From 1999 to 2005, the game was held on Monday night, televised as part of ABC's \\\"Monday Night Football\\\" package. It had previously been held typically on Saturday afternoons, except from 1963 to 1965 on Sunday afternoons, televised as part of ABC's \\\"Wide World of Sports\\\" package (still using the \\\"MNF\\\" crew). In 1998, the game was put in the \\\"MNF\\\" package, and played on a Saturday night, which served as a test run for the move to\",\n \"title\": \"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"48332\",\n \"text\": \"an official one-year waiting period was in effect. (DiMaggio, for example, retired after the 1951 season and was first eligible in the 1953 election.) The modern rule establishing a wait of five years was passed in 1954, although an exception was made for Joe DiMaggio because of his high level of previous support, thus permitting him to be elected within four years of his retirement. Contrary to popular belief, no formal exception was made for Lou Gehrig (other than to hold a special one-man election for him): there was no waiting period at that time, and Gehrig met all other\",\n \"title\": \"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15858156\",\n \"text\": \"well as future plans to relocate and redesign the hall's exhibit at Petco Park. The exhibit opened on July 1, 2016, at Padres Hall of Fame Plaza, which is located near the left field entrance of the park at the back of the Western Metal Supply Company building. The new facilities were part of the festivities for the 2016 MLB All-Star Game, which was hosted at Petco Park. The plaza is a tribute to not only the history of the major league club, but also the history of baseball in San Diego, including the Padres from the Pacific Coast League\",\n \"title\": \"San Diego Padres Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19950568\",\n \"text\": \"change were replaced by a new set of four panels in 2016. The Modern Baseball Era Committee convened on December 10, 2017 to select from a ballot of retired players and non-playing personnel who made their greatest contributions to the sport between 1970 and 1987, with Jack Morris and Alan Trammell elected by this body. The formal induction ceremony was held at the Hall's facilities in Cooperstown, New York on July 29, 2018. The BBWAA election rules remained identical to those that were in effect for the most recent elections. The BBWAA voted at the 2016 winter meetings to make\",\n \"title\": \"2018 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"48354\",\n \"text\": \"50,000 gold coins, 400,000 silver coins, and 750,000 clad (Nickel-Copper) coins. The Mint released them on March 27, 2014, and the gold and silver editions quickly sold out. The Hall receives money from surcharges included in the sale price: a total of $9.5 million if all the coins are sold. Notes National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum is an American history museum and hall of fame, located in Cooperstown, New York, and operated by private interests. It serves as the central point for the study of the history of baseball in\",\n \"title\": \"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5751530\",\n \"text\": \"it was moved to the beginning of the preseason. Prior to 2002, it was not uncommon for the game to be played in July. Since 2002, when the league permanently moved the start of the season to the weekend after Labor Day, the game has always been played in early August. The 2011 game was originally scheduled between the St. Louis Rams and the Chicago Bears, but the game was canceled due to an ongoing labor dispute that had disrupted nearly all league activity during the 2011 offseason. The two clubs had set a deadline of July 22 to ratify\",\n \"title\": \"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14483170\",\n \"text\": \"has a long and storied baseball history, including its distinction as the birthplace of Babe Ruth in 1895. The original 19th century Baltimore Orioles were one of the most successful early franchises, featuring numerous hall of famers during its years from 1882 to 1899. As one of the eight inaugural American League franchises, the Baltimore Orioles played in the AL during the 1901 and 1902 seasons. The team moved to New York City before the 1903 season and was renamed the New York Highlanders, which later became the New York Yankees. Ruth played for the minor league Baltimore Orioles team,\",\n \"title\": \"Baltimore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17783211\",\n \"text\": \"more broadly defined Veterans Committee following an earlier rules change in July 2010, convened at Major League Baseball's winter meetings in San Diego on December 8, 2014 to select from a ballot of 10 retired players and non-playing personnel who made their greatest contributions to the sport between 1947 and 1972. None of these candidates received enough votes to be elected. The Hall of Fame induction ceremonies were held on July 26 at the Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York, with new commissioner Rob Manfred presiding for the first time. On the day before the actual induction ceremony, the\",\n \"title\": \"2015 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14545509\",\n \"text\": \"supervising sports activities in Cuba. The hall was inaugurated on July 26, 1939—about six weeks after the June 12 dedication and opening of the U.S. National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown—by placing a bronze plaque at Havana's La Tropical Stadium. The first ten inductees were selected by former and current baseball writers and the DGND's baseball advisers (\\\"asesores de baseball\\\"). The inaugural class included 19th-century Cuban stars (Antonio María García, Valentín González, Adolfo Luján, and Carlos Royer), black players who had achieved success in the U.S. Negro leagues (Luis Bustamante, José de la Caridad Méndez, Gervasio González,\",\n \"title\": \"Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20569547\",\n \"text\": \"most notable as forming one of MLB's first play-by-play teams in the 1930s alongside fellow Frick Award recipient Red Barber, and also as the lead announcer for the Mutual Broadcasting System's \\\"Game of the Day\\\" in the 1950s. 2019 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting Elections to the Baseball Hall of Fame for 2019 are proceeding according to rules most recently amended in 2016. As in the past, the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) will vote by mail to select from a ballot of recently retired players. The results will be announced on January 22, 2019. The Today's Game Era\",\n \"title\": \"2019 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1722872\",\n \"text\": \"Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame The Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame & Museum () is a museum located in St. Marys, Ontario, Canada. The museum commemorates great players, teams, and accomplishments of baseball in Canada. The museum was founded in October 1983 in Toronto at Exhibition Place and later moved to Ontario Place theme park. In 1994, it moved to St. Marys, Ontario. The Hall of Fame and Museum is dedicated to preserving Canada's baseball heritage which dates back to June 4, 1838, when a game which very closely resembled today's game of baseball was played in Beachville, Ontario. The\",\n \"title\": \"Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1944523\",\n \"text\": \"professional football caused by the advent of the American Football League and its success in the final two AFL-NFL World Championship games. In November 1977, work began on another expansion project, costing US$1,200,000. It was completed in November 1978, enlarging the gift shop and research library, while doubling the size of the theater. The total size of the hall was now , more than 2.5 times the original size. The building remained largely unchanged until July 1993. The Hall then announced yet another expansion, costing US$9,200,000, and adding a fifth room. This expansion was completed in October 1995. The building's\",\n \"title\": \"Pro Football Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7608551\",\n \"text\": \"derby, also called \\\"skate-out music\\\", has been a part of the sport since its very beginning. The practice of using a heavy metal theme song to signal the entrance of a relief pitcher began at Qualcomm Stadium in 1998, when the San Diego Padres started playing \\\"Hells Bells\\\" by AC/DC to accompany Trevor Hoffman's taking the mound. \\\"San Jose Mercury News\\\" and \\\"ESPN.com\\\" wrote that the song should be honored by the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. The use of rock and roll for entrance music emerged from the 1989 film, \\\"Major League\\\", in which relief pitcher Rick\",\n \"title\": \"Entrance music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6290211\",\n \"text\": \"candidates were eligible. On December 11, 2003, 10 finalists were announced. In accordance with guidelines established in 2003, seven were chosen by a research committee at the museum: Ken Coleman, Jack Graney, Graham McNamee, Hal Totten, Gene Elston, France Laux and Ty Tyson. Three additional candidates – Joe Nuxhall, Dave Niehaus and Lon Simmons – were selected in voting by over 105,000 fans prior to November 2003 at the Hall's official website . On February 26, Lon Simmons was announced as the 2004 recipient ; an original voice of the San Francisco Giants, as well as an announcer for the\",\n \"title\": \"2004 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2991081\",\n \"text\": \"effort to restore balance, the strike zone was reduced and the height of the pitcher's mound was lowered from 15 to 10 inches (38.1 - 25.4 cm). In 1969, both the National and American Leagues added two more expansion teams, the leagues were reorganized into two divisions each, and a post-season playoff system leading to the World Series was instituted. Also that same year, Curt Flood of the St. Louis Cardinals made the first serious legal challenge to the reserve clause. The major leagues' first general players' strike took place in 1972, delaying the season's start for two weeks. In\",\n \"title\": \"History of baseball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"350708\",\n \"text\": \"Mays. On July 25, 1956, in a 9–8 Pittsburgh win against the Chicago Cubs, Clemente hit the only walk-off inside-the-park grand slam in professional baseball history. On March 20, 1973, the Baseball Writers' Association of America held a special election for the Baseball Hall of Fame. They voted to waive the waiting period for Clemente, due to the circumstances of his death, and posthumously elected him for induction into the Hall of Fame, giving him 393 out of 420 available votes, for 92.7% of the vote. Clemente's Hall of Fame plaque originally had his name as \\\"Roberto Walker Clemente\\\" instead\",\n \"title\": \"Roberto Clemente\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3261754\",\n \"text\": \"particular urgency to many who had been anticipating the five promised but unfulfilled selections in that area for over three years. In the BBWAA election, voters were instructed to cast votes for 10 candidates; any candidate receiving votes on at least 75% of the ballots would be honored with induction to the Hall upon its opening in Cooperstown, New York on June 12 of that year. After the Hall's opening, a special election was also held in December. Because the initial goal for the Hall's opening of selecting 10 players from the 20th century had now been met, it was\",\n \"title\": \"1939 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2360489\",\n \"text\": \"yet furnished of the value of the discovery.\\\" Pud Galvin James Francis \\\"Pud\\\" Galvin (December 25, 1856 – March 7, 1902) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher in the 19th century. He was MLB's first 300-game winner and was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1965. Galvin grew up in Kerry Patch, an Irish neighborhood in St. Louis. He debuted for St. Louis of the National Association in , the franchise's inaugural season, and started eight games for the team. He spent the next 6½ seasons with Buffalo in the International Association and later of the National\",\n \"title\": \"Pud Galvin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4567219\",\n \"text\": \"to the original ceremony only being partially recorded and not originally intended to air, Gene Okerlund and Renee Young host the program with added commentary. Due to Vincent J. McMahon's passing in 1984, he was posthumously inducted by the McMahon family. ! class=\\\"unsortable\\\"| Image ! Ring name(Birth Name) ! Inducted by ! class=\\\"unsortable\\\"| WWE recognized accolades WWE Hall of Fame The WWE Hall of Fame is a hall of fame for professional wrestlers and professional wrestling personalities maintained by WWE. The 1994 and 1995 ceremonies were held in conjunction with the annual King of the Ring pay-per-view events. In 1996,\",\n \"title\": \"WWE Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18511560\",\n \"text\": \"Kapler, Mike Lamb, Jason LaRue, Ron Mahay, Dámaso Marte, Gary Matthews Jr., Gil Meche, Brian Moehler, Chad Moeller, Bengie Molina, Russ Ortiz, Chan Ho Park, Jay Payton, Mike Redmond, Juan Rincón, David Riske, Scott Schoeneweis, Scot Shields, Russ Springer, Fernando Tatís, Jeff Weaver and Gregg Zaun. In keeping with the voting procedure by eras, the BBWAA-appointed Historical Overview Committee, made up of 11 BBWAA members, identified ten Pre-Integration candidates who were judged to have made their greatest contributions from the origins of the sport to the end of baseball's color line in 1947. This era was previously under consideration in\",\n \"title\": \"2016 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1003585\",\n \"text\": \"generate publicity and to demonstrate how the Walk would eventually look. The other seven names were Olive Borden, Ronald Colman, Louise Fazenda, Preston Foster, Burt Lancaster, Edward Sedgwick, and Ernest Torrence. Official groundbreaking took place on February 8, 1960. On March 28, 1960, the first permanent star, director Stanley Kramer's, was completed on the easternmost end of the new Walk near the intersection of Hollywood and Gower. The Joanne Woodward legend may have originated, according to one source, because she was the first to pose with her star for photographers. Though the Walk was originally conceived in part to encourage\",\n \"title\": \"Hollywood Walk of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13834677\",\n \"text\": \"up to three inductees have been voted into the Hall annually. As of 2018, 122 individuals have been inducted into the International League Hall of Fame. International League Hall of Fame The International League Hall of Fame is an American baseball hall of fame which honors players, managers, and executives of the International League (IL). It was created by the International League Baseball Writers' Association in 1947 to honor those individuals who made significant contributions to the league. The Hall of Fame inducted its first class of nine former players, managers, and league officials in 1947. A plaque was unveiled\",\n \"title\": \"International League Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"496027\",\n \"text\": \"of MLB. The early years of the NL were tumultuous, with threats from rival leagues and a rebellion by players against the hated \\\"reserve clause\\\", which restricted the free movement of players between clubs. Competitor leagues formed regularly and also disbanded regularly. The most successful was the American Association (1882–1891), sometimes called the \\\"beer and whiskey league\\\" for its tolerance of the sale of alcoholic beverages to spectators. For several years, the NL and American Association champions met in a postseason championship series—the first attempt at a World Series. The two leagues merged in 1892 as a single 12-team NL,\",\n \"title\": \"Major League Baseball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2991183\",\n \"text\": \"the Baseball Hall of Fame declares he set the bases 90 feet apart and established nine innings as a game and nine players as a team. He did none of these things, and every other word of substance on his plaque is false.\\\" His authorship may have been exaggerated in a modern attempt to identify a single inventor of the game, and heavily advanced by a relentless public-relations campaign by his son and grandson. The 1845 Rules themselves are signed by the \\\"Committee on By-Laws\\\", William R. Wheaton and William H. Tucker. There is evidence that these rules had been\",\n \"title\": \"Origins of baseball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"496048\",\n \"text\": \"wishes of Ford Frick, the Commissioner of Baseball. The dual moves were successful for both franchises—and for MLB. The Dodgers set a single-game MLB attendance record in their first home appearance with 78,672 fans. In 1961, the first Washington Senators franchise moved to Minneapolis–St. Paul to become the Minnesota Twins. Two new teams were added to the American League at the same time: the Los Angeles Angels (who soon moved from downtown L.A. to nearby Anaheim) and a new Washington Senators franchise. The NL added the Houston Astros and the New York Mets in 1962. The Astros (known as the\",\n \"title\": \"Major League Baseball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5480314\",\n \"text\": \"1988. He was succeeded by Edgar Scherick, who in turn passed the reins to Norman Lear. The first ceremony in 1984 celebrated the careers of Lucille Ball, Milton Berle, Paddy Chayefsky, Norman Lear, Edward R. Murrow, William S. Paley and David Sarnoff. The honorees received glass statuettes in the form of two ballet dancers that were created by sculptor and painter Pascal to reflect the self-discipline required in all facets of the arts. Since 1988, inductees have brought home an award in the form of a crystal television screen atop a cast-bronze base. The new awards were designed by art\",\n \"title\": \"Television Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3124827\",\n \"text\": \"during the season. After the Association folded, the Orioles joined the National League in 1892. The beginnings of what was to become a legendary team can be traced to June 1892, when Harry Von der Horst hired Ned Hanlon to manage the Orioles, giving him stock in the team and full authority over baseball operations. Ned moved his growing family to a house that stood a block away from Union Park. After two years finishing near the bottom of the league, the Orioles won three consecutive pennants with several future Hall of Famers under player/manager Ned Hanlon from 1894 to\",\n \"title\": \"Baltimore Orioles (1882–99)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13834676\",\n \"text\": \"a traveling display which visits a number of the league's ballparks each season. From 1949 through 1960, the league inducted up to three new members each year. Only one member was inducted annually from 1961 to 1963. After the cessation of the league's Baseball Writers' Association, the Hall of Fame became dormant from 1964 to 2006. The Hall was reestablished in 2007 to commemorate the League's 125th season of play in 2008. Two new members were inducted in 2007, and plans were made to elect up to 28, 14, and 7 inductees, respectively, over the next three years. Since 2011,\",\n \"title\": \"International League Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5751535\",\n \"text\": \"Monday night. Starting in 2006, it was moved to Sunday night, coinciding with the new \\\"NBC Sunday Night Football\\\" television package. The 2007 game was telecast on NFL Network, as NBC was intending to televise the China Bowl game in Beijing, China (a game which was postponed to 2009 and later canceled). The Hall of Fame Game has since bounced between both networks. The 2012 game aired on NFL Network due to NBC's coverage of the Summer Olympics. After a two-year absence, the game returned to NBC in 2013 and remained on the network until 2015. The 2016 game was\",\n \"title\": \"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3562656\",\n \"text\": \"who later said that Chase admitted to throwing a game. A few months later, he tore both Achilles tendons in a car accident. He later drifted to Mexico, where in 1925 he began making plans to organize a professional league. When American League president Ban Johnson got word of it, however, he pressured Mexican authorities to deport Chase. Despite his unsavory past, Chase received a certain amount of National Baseball Hall of Fame support early in its history. During the inaugural Hall of Fame balloting of 1936, Chase garnered 11 votes and was named on 4.9% of the ballots. This\",\n \"title\": \"Hal Chase\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"496012\",\n \"text\": \"Major League Baseball Major League Baseball (MLB) is a professional baseball organization, the oldest of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. A total of 30 teams play in the National League (NL) and American League (AL), with 15 teams in each league. The NL and AL were formed as separate legal entities in 1876 and 1901 respectively. After cooperating but remaining legally separate entities beginning in 1903, the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball in 2000. The organization also oversees Minor League Baseball, which comprises 256 teams affiliated\",\n \"title\": \"Major League Baseball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6519556\",\n \"text\": \"football to a Chinese audience\\\". In 2016, two clubs were honoured: Cambridge University, for their unofficial claim to be the world's oldest club; some documents in their archive suggest a foundation year of 1856, the year before Sheffield began, and Notts County for their status as the world's oldest club currently playing at a professional level; founded in 1862. Team awards were introduced in 2008, as part of a one-off European Hall of Fame ceremony. Manchester United and Liverpool's European Cup winning sides of 1968 and 1978 were the first teams inducted. In 2009, Manchester United's Busby Babes squad of\",\n \"title\": \"English Football Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"48353\",\n \"text\": \"put Jackson in the Hall of Fame to \\\"those women who show up at murder trials wanting to marry the cute murderer\\\". In 2012, Congress passed and President Barack Obama signed a law ordering the United States Mint to produce and sell commemorative, non-circulating coins to benefit the private, non-profit Hall. The bill, , was introduced in the United States House of Representatives by Rep. Richard Hanna, a Republican from New York, and passed the House on October 26, 2011. The coins, which depict baseball gloves and balls, are the first concave designs produced by the Mint. The mintage included\",\n \"title\": \"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1944520\",\n \"text\": \"Pro Football Hall of Fame The Pro Football Hall of Fame is the hall of fame for professional American football, located in Canton, Ohio. Opened in 1963, the Hall of Fame enshrines exceptional figures in the sport of professional football, including players, coaches, franchise owners, and front-office personnel, almost all of whom made their primary contributions to the game in the National Football League (NFL); the Hall inducts between four and eight new enshrinees each year. The Hall of Fame's Mission is to \\\"Honor the Heroes of the Game, Preserve its History, Promote its Values & Celebrate Excellence EVERYWHERE.\\\" With\",\n \"title\": \"Pro Football Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14545507\",\n \"text\": \"Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame The Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame (\\\"Salón de la Fama del Béisbol Cubano\\\") is a hall of fame that honors eminent baseball players from Cuban baseball. Established in 1939 to honor players, managers, and umpires in the pre-revolution Cuban League, by 1961 it had honored 68 players, managers, and umpires whose names are shown on a marble plaque at Havana's Estadio Latinoamericano. After the revolution, however, the Hall of Fame languished for more than 50 years, seldom mentioned or acknowledged and with no new inductees. Following a campaign led by Cuban filmmaker Ian Padrón, a\",\n \"title\": \"Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"749025\",\n \"text\": \"the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1999 on the first ballot and is the only player in MLB history to win a batting title in three different decades. Brett was named the Royals' interim hitting coach in 2013 on May 30, but stepped down from the position on July 25 in order to resume his position of vice president of baseball operations. Born in Glen Dale, West Virginia, Brett was the youngest of four sons of a sports-minded family which included Ken, the second oldest, a major league pitcher who pitched in the 1967 World Series at age 19. Brothers\",\n \"title\": \"George Brett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1937927\",\n \"text\": \"1945, no MLB All-Star Game was held and no All-Stars were officially named. In 1947, fans were given the opportunity to vote on the eight starting position players, but in 1957, fans of the Cincinnati Reds stuffed the ballot box (see below), and elected a Red to every position except first base. Commissioner Ford Frick stepped in and removed two Reds from the lineup. As a response to this unfairness, fan voting was discontinued; players, coaches, and managers were given the sole authority to elect starting position players, for the next dozen years. Between the lack of fan input and\",\n \"title\": \"Major League Baseball All-Star Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4388695\",\n \"text\": \"eligible. On December 13, 2004, 10 finalists were announced. In accordance with guidelines established in 2003, seven were chosen by a research committee at the museum: Jerry Coleman, Ken Coleman, Dizzy Dean, Gene Elston, Tony Kubek, France Laux and Graham McNamee. Three additional candidates – Dave Niehaus, Tom Cheek and Ron Santo – were selected in voting by over 65,000 fans prior to November 2004 at the Hall's official website . On February 22, Jerry Coleman was announced as the 2005 recipient ; a former major league infielder and the voice of the San Diego Padres almost continuously since 1972,\",\n \"title\": \"2005 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3578568\",\n \"text\": \"balls. In 1925, the minimum distance for a home run was made 250 feet. After that, the rules remained virtually static for decades. In 1961, the 162-game schedule was adopted. In 1969, the pitcher's mound was dropped five inches and the strike zone reduced: from the armpits to the top of the knees. In 1973, the American League adopted the designated hitter rule—rejected to this day by the National League. This was probably the most controversial rule change in baseball's history, and is still subject to lively debate. Also controversial when adopted, although more generally accepted now, was the later\",\n \"title\": \"Baseball rules\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"49489\",\n \"text\": \"two years later. The next week, Ruth went to Cooperstown, New York, for the formal opening of the Baseball Hall of Fame. Three years earlier, he was one of the first five players elected to the hall. As radio broadcasts of baseball games became popular, Ruth sought a job in that field, arguing that his celebrity and knowledge of baseball would assure large audiences, but he received no offers. During World War II, he made many personal appearances to advance the war effort, including his last appearance as a player at Yankee Stadium, in a 1943 exhibition for the Army-Navy\",\n \"title\": \"Babe Ruth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20591829\",\n \"text\": \"to fans at the team store or on the MLB online store, and for sale to retailers and other marketers of authenticated MLB merchandise. Occasionally items are sent for inclusion in the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. In 2001 MLB Properties contracted with the Arthur Andersen accounting firm to oversee and authenticate private autographing sessions for balls, bats, base pads, and other items. The Deloitte & Touche accounting firm took over this role in 2002. Major League Baseball Authentication Program The Major League Baseball Authentication Program, or MLB Authentication Program, is a program run by Major League Baseball\",\n \"title\": \"Major League Baseball Authentication Program\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16676998\",\n \"text\": \"dramas \\\"All My Children\\\" and \\\"One Life to Live\\\". The song was covered on the \\\"Glee\\\" episode \\\"All or Nothing\\\". \\\"\\\" used it as the theme song in the opening credits. The song was also published in the ads section for NBC's primetime drama, \\\"Chicago Fire\\\". The song has also been used as the theme song for Impact Wrestling and WWE's Hall of Fame ceremonies. It has also been used at recent Arena Football League and National Football League Hall Of Fame Games. The song was used in a 2014 Omega SA commercial featuring professional golfer Rory McIlroy. In 2016,\",\n \"title\": \"Hall of Fame (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"332630\",\n \"text\": \"generally thought to have favored batters. His dominance, reflected by modern statistics, has led many to consider Martinez as one of the greatest pitchers in MLB history. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2015, his first year of eligibility, joining Juan Marichal as the second Dominican to be enshrined; his number (45) was retired by the Red Sox in a ceremony two days after his Hall induction. Martínez grew up in the Dominican Republic in the Santo Domingo suburb of Manoguayabo. He was the fifth of six siblings living in a palm wood house with a\",\n \"title\": \"Pedro Martínez\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15241296\",\n \"text\": \"finalists were announced on October 5, 2011. In accord with guidelines established in 2003, seven were chosen by a committee composed of the living recipients along with broadcasting historians and columnists. Three were selected from a list of candidates by fan voting in September 2011 at the Hall's Facebook page. Five candidates were living when the ballot was announced—the active McCarver, Nadel, and Shannon; and the retired Cárdenas and Doucet. On December 7, Tim McCarver, the lead analyst for \\\"Major League Baseball on Fox\\\" since , was named as the recipient. A catcher in MLB for 22 years, mostly with\",\n \"title\": \"2012 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12910730\",\n \"text\": \"1963 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting Elections to the Baseball Hall of Fame for 1963 followed a system established for odd-number years after the 1956 election. Namely, the baseball writers were voting on recent players only in even-number years. The Veterans Committee met in closed sessions to consider executives, managers, umpires, and earlier major league players. It selected four people: 19th-century 300-game winner John Clarkson, turn-of-the-century outfielder Elmer Flick, 266-game winner Eppa Rixey, and outfielder Sam Rice, who had 2987 career hits. Following the death of J. G. Taylor Spink in December, the Baseball Writers Association of America inaugurated the\",\n \"title\": \"1963 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19256081\",\n \"text\": \"and Chris Woodward. 442 ballots were cast, 2 more than in 2016. Jeff Bagwell, Tim Raines and Iván Rodríguez were elected. Raines and Lee Smith were on the ballot for their final time; Smith dropped off the ballot, while Raines was the fifth player to be elected in his final ballot, after Red Ruffing, Joe Medwick, Ralph Kiner, and Jim Rice. Rodríguez was elected in his first year of eligibility. Voting results from 2017: On July 23, 2016, the Hall of Fame announced changes to the Era Committee system. The system's timeframes were restructured to place a greater emphasis on\",\n \"title\": \"2017 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1967365\",\n \"text\": \"new Busch Stadium for its first season in 2006, where it became a popular meeting place for generations of Cardinals fans. Musial's statue is inscribed with a quote attributed to former baseball commissioner Ford Frick: \\\"Here stands baseball's perfect warrior. Here stands baseball's perfect knight.\\\" Musial was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility in , when he was named on 93.2 percent of the ballots. On June 14, 1973 he was the first inductee into the National Polish-American Hall of Fame, housed at St. Mary's College in Orchard Lake, Michigan. In 1989, he\",\n \"title\": \"Stan Musial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10267925\",\n \"text\": \"manager, and sportswriter that lent credibility to his assertion that Cooperstown, New York be the location for a \\\"memorial\\\" to the great players from the past. Cooperstown was, at the time, the place that many people believed where Abner Doubleday had invented the game of baseball. It was this idea of a memorial that eventually led to the creation of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in . Crane died at the age of 71 of pneumonia in New York City, and is interred at the Lutheran All Faith Cemetery in Middle Village, New York. Sam Crane (second\",\n \"title\": \"Sam Crane (second baseman)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14399289\",\n \"text\": \"1961 Major League Baseball All-Star Game (first game) The first 1961 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was played in Candlestick Park in San Francisco on July 11, 1961. The National League scored two runs in the bottom of the tenth inning to win 5–4. Stu Miller was the winning pitcher and Hoyt Wilhelm was charged with the loss. Players in \\\"italics\\\" have since been inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame. Umpires: Stan Landes, Home Plate (NL); Frank Umont, First Base (AL); Shag Crawford, Second Base (NL); Ed Runge, Third Base (AL); Ed Vargo, Left Field (NL); Cal Drummond,\",\n \"title\": \"1961 Major League Baseball All-Star Game (first game)\"\n }\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"when did the mlb hall of fame start"}}},{"rowIdx":8391,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Gabriel Narutowicz"],"string":"[\n \"Gabriel Narutowicz\"\n]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"540753","text":"President of Poland The President of the Republic of Poland (, shorter form: \"Prezydent RP\") is the head of state of Poland. Their rights and obligations are determined in the Constitution of Poland. The president heads the executive branch. In addition the president has a right to dissolve the parliament in certain cases and represents Poland in the international arena. The first president of Poland, Gabriel Narutowicz, was sworn in as president of the Second Republic on 11 December 1922. He was elected by the National Assembly (the Sejm and the Senate) under the terms of the 1921 Constitution of","title":"President of Poland"},{"id":"540756","text":"on the March 1921 constitution, that Bierut was elected president by the Sejm, the Senate having been abolished the previous year by the Polish people's referendum, 1946. He served until the 1952 Constitution eliminated the office of the president. Following the 1989 amendments to the constitution which restored the presidency, Wojciech Jaruzelski, the existing head of state, took office. In Poland's first direct presidential election, Lech Wałęsa won and was sworn in on 22 December 1990. The office of the president was continued in the Constitution of 1997, which now provides the requirements for, the duties of and the authority","title":"President of Poland"},{"id":"2253011","text":"entirely free. Candidates supported by Solidarity's Citizens' Committees won most of the elections they contested, although voter turnout was only a little over 40%. The cabinet was reshuffled in July 1990; the national defence and interior affairs ministers (hold-overs from the previous communist government) were among those replaced. In October 1990, the constitution was amended to curtail the term of President Jaruzelski. In December, Lech Wałęsa became the first popularly elected President of Poland. In the early 1990s, Poland made great progress towards achieving a fully democratic government and a market economy. In November 1990, Lech Wałęsa was elected President","title":"History of Poland (1989–present)"},{"id":"4460732","text":"supported by Solidarity. Jaruzelski was elected by the Sejm as President of Poland. The May 1990 local elections were entirely free. Candidates supported by Solidarity's Citizens' Committees won most of the elections they contested, although voter turnout was only a little over 40%. The cabinet was reshuffled in July 1990; the national defence and interior affairs ministers (hold-overs from the previous communist government) were among those replaced. In October 1990, the constitution was amended to curtail the term of President Jaruzelski. In December, Lech Wałęsa became the first popularly elected President of Poland. Poland's first free parliamentary elections were held","title":"Elections in Poland"},{"id":"2459558","text":"Gabriel Narutowicz Gabriel Narutowicz (; 17 March 1865 – 16 December 1922) was a Polish professor of hydroelectric engineering and politician who served as the 1st President of Poland from 11 December 1922 until his assassination on 16 December, five days after assuming office. He previously served as the Minister of Public Works from 1920 to 1921 and briefly as Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1922. A renowned engineer and politically independent, Narutowicz was the first elected head of state following Poland's regained sovereignty from partitioning powers. Born into a noble family with strong patriotic sentiment, Narutowicz studied at the","title":"Gabriel Narutowicz"},{"id":"5589316","text":"Ryszard Kaczorowski Ryszard Kaczorowski, GCMG (; 26 November 1919 – 10 April 2010) was a Polish statesman. Between 1989 and 1990 he served as the last President of Poland in exile. He succeeded Kazimierz Sabbat and resigned his post following Poland's regaining independence from the Soviet sphere of influence and election of Lech Wałęsa as the first democratically elected president of Poland since World War II. He also passed the presidential insignia to Wałęsa, thus ending the 45-years long episode of the Polish government in exile. Ryszard Kaczorowski was born on 26 November 1919, in Białystok, Poland. His parents were","title":"Ryszard Kaczorowski"},{"id":"540754","text":"Poland. Previously Józef Piłsudski had been \"Chief of State\" (\"Naczelnik Państwa\") under the provisional 1919 Constitution. In 1926, Piłsudski, who was fed up with regional bickering, staged a coup deposed the president and had the National Assembly elect a new one, Ignacy Mościcki, under the thumb of Sanacja. Just before Piłsudski died, parliament passed the 1935 April Constitution of Poland which incorporated Piłsudski's ideals, but was not in accord with the amendment procedures of the 1921 Constitution. Mościcki continued as president until he resigned following the German invasion of Poland in 1939. Mościcki and his government went into exile first","title":"President of Poland"},{"id":"5422148","text":"unite the various émigré circles and created ever stronger links with the opposition movement in Poland, which benefited from the Government in exile's moral and material help through different Funds. He became President of the Republic of Poland (in Exile) in 1986 succeeding Edward Raczyński. He died in London, aged 76, in 1989. Coincidentally, on the same day Wojciech Jaruzelski was elected by a still unfree Parliament as the first President of the country since the 1950s. Ryszard Kaczorowski, Minister of Domestic Affairs and designated successor, took office in exile and on 22 December 1990, after the first free and","title":"Kazimierz Sabbat"},{"id":"8228585","text":"soon began to lose popularity. Conflicts among Solidarity factions intensified. Wałęsa was elected Solidarity chairman, but support for him could be seen to be crumbling. One of his main opponents, Władysław Frasyniuk, withdrew from elections altogether. In September 1990, Wałęsa declared that Gazeta Wyborcza had no right to use the Solidarity logo. Later that month, Wałęsa announced his intent to run for president of Poland. In December 1990, he was elected president. He resigned his Solidarity post and became the first president of Poland ever to be elected by popular vote. Next year, in February 1991, Marian Krzaklewski was elected","title":"History of Solidarity"},{"id":"540755","text":"into Romania, where Mościcki was interned, then to Angers in France where Władysław Raczkiewicz, at the time the Speaker of the Senate, assumed the presidency following Mościcki's resignation on 29 September 1939, and then on to London. The transfer from Mościcki to Raczkiewicz was in accordance with Article 24 of the 1935 April Constitution. Following the invasion of Poland by the Red Army in 1944, Bolesław Bierut assumed the reins of government, and in July 1945 was internationally recognized as the head of state, but it was not until 1947 when the Sejm passed an interim constitution based in part","title":"President of Poland"},{"id":"179182","text":"The communist Polish United Workers' Party dissolved itself in January 1990. In its place, a new party, Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland, was created. \"Territorial self-government\", abolished in 1950, was legislated back in March 1990, to be led by locally elected officials; its fundamental unit was the administratively independent gmina. In October 1990, the constitution was amended to curtail the term of President Jaruzelski. In November 1990, the German–Polish Border Treaty, with unified Germany, was signed. In November 1990, Lech Wałęsa was elected president for a five-year term; in December, he became the first popularly elected president of","title":"History of Poland"},{"id":"4042071","text":"1990 Polish presidential election Presidential elections were held in Poland on 25 November 1990, with a second round on 9 December. They were the first direct presidential elections in the history of Poland, and the first free presidential elections since the May Coup of 1926. Before World War II, presidents were elected by the Sejm. From 1952 to 1989—the bulk of the Communist era—the presidency did not exist as a separate institution, and most of its functions were fulfilled by the State Council of Poland, whose chairman was considered the equivalent of a president. The leader of the Solidarity movement,","title":"1990 Polish presidential election"},{"id":"4818599","text":"worker unrest Wałęsa declared himself a supporter of workers' interests, allegedly threatened by those whom he identified as communists (such as President Jaruzelski) or elitist political liberals (such as Prime Minister Mazowiecki). Wałęsa presented himself as a person of good conservative, Christian and nationalist credentials. In 1990, Jaruzelski resigned as Poland's president and was succeeded by Wałęsa, who won the 1990 presidential elections. Lech Wałęsa's inauguration as president took place on 22 December 1990; he accepted the prewar presidential insignia from the stepping down President-in-Exile Ryszard Kaczorowski, distancing himself from Wojciech Jaruzelski. Wałęsa defeated Mazowiecki and in the second round","title":"History of Poland (1945–1989)"},{"id":"179094","text":"March 1921. At the insistence of the National Democrats, who were concerned about how aggressively Józef Piłsudski might exercise presidential powers if he were elected to office, the constitution mandated limited prerogatives for the presidency. The proclamation of the March Constitution was followed by a short and turbulent period of constitutional order and parliamentary democracy that lasted until 1926. The legislature remained fragmented, without stable majorities, and governments changed frequently. The open-minded Gabriel Narutowicz was elected president constitutionally (without a popular vote) by the National Assembly in 1922. However, members of the nationalist right-wing faction did not regard his elevation","title":"History of Poland"},{"id":"15855189","text":"President of the Republic of Poland Gabriel Narutowicz was elected after several rounds by joint chambers of Sejm and Senate (at time of Second Polish Republic joint parliament elected President. The first direct vote took place in 1990). Narutowicz, however, was assassinated just five days since taking office. According to the Constitution the Sejm Marshal Maciej Rataj became Acting President of the Republic of Poland and organised new elections, which took place on December 20. Stanislaw Wojciechowski won the second election, and took office on December 22. 1922 Polish presidential elections The 1922 presidential elections were the first two Polish","title":"1922 Polish presidential elections"},{"id":"540762","text":"Kaczyński, his wife, and 94 others including many Polish officials crashed near Smolensk-North Airport in Russia. There were no survivors. Bronisław Komorowski took over acting presidential powers following the incident. On 8 July Bronislaw Komorowski resigned from the office of Marshal of the Sejm after winning the presidential election. According to the constitution, the acting president then became the Marshal of the Senate, Bogdan Borusewicz. In the afternoon Grzegorz Schetyna was elected as a new Marshal of the Sejm and he became acting president. Schetyna served as the interim head of state until Komorowski's swearing-in on 6 August. Within Poland,","title":"President of Poland"},{"id":"14512904","text":"election. The election of Polish kings lasted until the Partitions of Poland. The elected kings in chronological order were: Henry of Valois, Anna Jagiellon, Stephen Báthory, Sigismund III Vasa, Władysław IV, John II Casimir, Michael Korybut Wiśniowiecki, John III Sobieski, Augustus II the Strong, Stanisław Leszczyński, Augustus III and Stanisław August Poniatowski. The first Polish royal election was held in 1573. The four men running for the office were Henry of Valois, who was the brother of King Charles IX of France, Tsar Ivan IV of Russia, Archduke Ernest of Austria, and King John III of Sweden. Henry of Valois","title":"History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1648)"},{"id":"540757","text":"of the office. The President of Poland is elected directly by the people to serve for five years and can be reelected only once. Pursuant to the provisions of the Constitution, the President is elected by an absolute majority. If no candidate succeeds in passing this threshold, a second round of voting is held with the participation of the two candidates with the largest and second largest number of votes respectively. In order to be registered as a candidate in the presidential election, one must be a Polish citizen, be at least 35 years old on the day of the","title":"President of Poland"},{"id":"12883537","text":"1926 Polish presidential elections Two presidential elections were held in Poland in 1926. They followed the May Coup, which forced President Stanisław Wojciechowski and Prime Minister Wincenty Witos to resign and gave effective power to coup leader, Marshal Józef Piłsudski. According to then Constitution President was elected by joint houses of Sejm and Senate (National Assembly). There were two candidates: Piłsudski and supported by the National Democracy, Christian Democracy and Piast Adolf Bniński, Voivode of Poznań. Several other politicians were mentioned to run, most notably outsed President Wojciechowski, Sejm Marshal and now Acting President Maciej Rataj (Polish People's Party \"Piast\")","title":"1926 Polish presidential elections"},{"id":"179179","text":"by the opposition) resulted in a political crisis. The new April Novelization to the constitution called for re-establishment of the Polish presidency and on 19 July the National Assembly elected the communist leader, General Wojciech Jaruzelski, to that office. His election, seen at the time as politically necessary, was barely accomplished with tacit support from some Solidarity deputies, and the new president's position was not strong. Moreover, the unexpected definitiveness of the parliamentary election results created new political dynamics and attempts by the communists to form a government failed. On 19 August, President Jaruzelski asked journalist and Solidarity activist Tadeusz","title":"History of Poland"},{"id":"2198022","text":"such as Central Industrial Region (Poland), nearly finished by early 1939, and the projects that were to follow it. After the death of Piłsudski in May 1935, policies in Poland were set by five senior officials, including President Ignacy Mościcki; Vice-President Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski; the Premier, Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski; and Marshal Edward Smigly-Rydz, the Commander-in-Chief of the army. Foreign policy was the exclusive domain of the Foreign Minister, Colonel Józef Beck. Elections were held but there was no democracy and the Sejm was merely a rubber stamp. Watt notes that these men had emerged victorious from their struggles for independence and","title":"History of Poland (1918–1939)"},{"id":"10240509","text":"did so twice, Bronisław Komorowski, Bogdan Borusewicz and Grzegorz Schetyna. Rataj, Komorowski and Schetyna were Marshals of the Sejm, and Borusewicz the Speaker of the Senate. Rataj's first term was between the assassination of President Gabriel Narutowicz and the election of Stanisław Wojciechowski, December 16–22, 1922, the second between the resignation of President Wojciechowski and the election of Ignacy Mościcki, May 15–June 4, 1926. Both times he appointed a new cabinet. Komorowski became acting President on April 10, 2010, following the death of President Lech Kaczyński in a plane crash. On July 8, 2010 Poland had three different acting Presidents.","title":"Acting President of Poland"},{"id":"15855187","text":"1922 Polish presidential elections The 1922 presidential elections were the first two Polish presidential elections in history, held eleven days apart. After acquisition of independence of Poland the head of state was Naczelnik Państwa Józef Piłsudski. In a new constitution adopted by Polish Sejm new head of state was to be the President of Republic of Poland going to be choose by the National Assembly (combined Sejm and Senate). After parliamentary election planned the first Polish presidential election. Main probably candidate Józef Piłsudski despite proposals for starting and did not stand in election. He propose a former Prime Minister Wincenty","title":"1922 Polish presidential elections"},{"id":"18273743","text":"Assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz Gabriel Narutowicz, the first president of Poland after regaining independence, was assassinated on 16 December 1922, five days after taking office. He was fatally shot by Eligiusz Niewiadomski, an artist and art critic, while visiting an exhibition at Warsaw's Zachęta gallery. Poland regained independence in 1918 in the aftermath of World War I. Soon afterwards, Gabriel Narutowicz, professor of engineering, became one of the left-wing leaders in the Sejm (Polish parliament). Following the 1921 March Constitution of Poland and the November 1922 Polish legislative election, Narutowicz was elected the first president of Poland in the Polish","title":"Assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz"},{"id":"5881487","text":"was sworn in as President on 6 August 2010. Komorowski thus became the second person to serve on two occasions as Polish head of state since 1918, after Maciej Rataj. On 25 May 2015, Komorowski conceded the presidency of Poland to the rival candidate Andrzej Duda, after the latter won the second round of the 2015 presidential election. Bronisław Maria Komorowski was born in Oborniki Śląskie. Born as a son of Zygmunt Leon Komorowski (1925–1992), professor of African Studies at the University of Warsaw and Jadwiga Komorowska (née Szalkowska) . From 1957 to 1959 he lived in Józefów near Otwock.","title":"Bronisław Komorowski"},{"id":"179183","text":"Poland. Poland's first free parliamentary election was held in October 1991. 18 parties entered the new Sejm, but the largest representation received only 12% of the total vote. There were several post-Solidarity governments between the 1989 election and the 1993 election, after which the \"post-communist\" left-wing parties took over. In 1993, the formerly Soviet Northern Group of Forces, a vestige of past domination, left Poland. In 1995, Aleksander Kwaśniewski of the social democratic party was elected president and remained in that capacity for the next ten years (two terms). In 1997, the new Constitution of Poland was finalized and approved","title":"History of Poland"},{"id":"6305684","text":"of Poland by an absolute majority of votes. In 1935, it was replaced by an Assembly of Electors, which consisted of the Marshal of the Senate (as president of Assembly of Electors), the Marshal of the Sejm, the Prime Minister, the Chief Justice, the General Armed Forces Inspector, 50 electors elected by the Sejm, and 25 electors elected by the Senate. The Senate was abolished in 1946 so in 1947 Bolesław Bierut was elected President only by the Sejm. There were no presidents from 1952 until 1989 when the Senate was restored and the National Assembly elected Wojciech Jaruzelski as","title":"Parliament of Poland"},{"id":"2253017","text":"led the SLD. In April 1997, the first post-communist Constitution of Poland was finalized, and in July put into effect. In June 2000, UW withdrew from the governing coalition, leaving AWS at the helm of a minority government. In the presidential election of 2000, Aleksander Kwaśniewski, the incumbent former leader of the post-communist SLD, was re-elected in the first round of voting, with 53.9% of the popular vote. Second place, with only 17.3%, went to Andrzej Olechowski. It is thought that the opposition campaign was hindered by their inability to put forward a charismatic (or even a single major) candidate,","title":"History of Poland (1989–present)"},{"id":"12883539","text":"again. Mościcki accepted his election. 1926 Polish presidential elections Two presidential elections were held in Poland in 1926. They followed the May Coup, which forced President Stanisław Wojciechowski and Prime Minister Wincenty Witos to resign and gave effective power to coup leader, Marshal Józef Piłsudski. According to then Constitution President was elected by joint houses of Sejm and Senate (National Assembly). There were two candidates: Piłsudski and supported by the National Democracy, Christian Democracy and Piast Adolf Bniński, Voivode of Poznań. Several other politicians were mentioned to run, most notably outsed President Wojciechowski, Sejm Marshal and now Acting President Maciej","title":"1926 Polish presidential elections"},{"id":"307614","text":"the Polish United Workers' Party and by 1989 had triumphed in Poland's first partially free and democratic parliamentary elections since the end of the Second World War. Lech Wałęsa, a Solidarity candidate, eventually won the presidency in 1990. The Solidarity movement heralded the collapse of communist regimes and parties across Europe. A shock therapy programme, initiated by Leszek Balcerowicz in the early 1990s enabled the country to transform its socialist-style planned economy into a market economy. As with other post-communist countries, Poland suffered slumps in social and economic standards, but it became the first post-communist country to reach its pre-1989","title":"Poland"},{"id":"4847213","text":"2005 Polish presidential election The 2005 Presidential elections were held in Poland on October 9 and October 23, 2005. The outgoing President of Poland, Aleksander Kwaśniewski, had served two five-year terms and was unable to stand for a third term. Lech Kaczyński defeated Donald Tusk to become President of Poland. Two center-right candidates, Donald Tusk, chairman of the Civic Platform party (PO), and Lech Kaczyński, leader of the Law and Justice party (PiS) and mayor of Warsaw, led the poll in the first round, as was widely expected. As neither received 50 percent of the vote, a second round was","title":"2005 Polish presidential election"},{"id":"4460728","text":"Jagiellonian dynasty, and following a brief period of interregnum, the entire nobility (szlachta) of the Commonwealth (10% of the population) could take part in the elections of the monarchs. Last elected king was Stanisław August Poniatowski in 1764. He abdicated in 1795 after the partitions of Poland ended the existence of sovereign state of Poland for 123 years. It is disputed how free were elections held after 1926 were; in particular, the 1930 elections are often considered to have been non-free . Polish presidents were elected by the Sejm and Senate (Zgromadzenie Narodowe), not in a popular vote. Before 1922,","title":"Elections in Poland"},{"id":"5589323","text":"and 94 others. He was the oldest victim of the crash. On 19 April 2010, Kaczorowski's coffin was taken to St John's Cathedral for a funeral mass, before being buried in a crypt at the National Temple of Divine Providence in Warsaw. http://www.thenews.pl/radio/newsfrompoland/default.aspx?id=129920 Ryszard Kaczorowski Ryszard Kaczorowski, GCMG (; 26 November 1919 – 10 April 2010) was a Polish statesman. Between 1989 and 1990 he served as the last President of Poland in exile. He succeeded Kazimierz Sabbat and resigned his post following Poland's regaining independence from the Soviet sphere of influence and election of Lech Wałęsa as the first","title":"Ryszard Kaczorowski"},{"id":"9825820","text":"or embroidered on the \"vexillum\". A royal banner was used as early as the reign of Boleslaus the Generous (r. 1076-1079). The earliest mention of a banner (, pronounced ) bearing the sign of an eagle is found in Wincenty Kadłubek's \"Chronicle\" which says that Duke Casimir the Just fought the Ruthenians in 1182 \"under the sign of the victorious eagle\". A seal of Duke Premislaus II from 1290 shows the ruler holding a banner emblazoned with a crowned eagle. Five years later, Premislaus was crowned King of Poland, and he made the crowned White Eagle a national coat of","title":"Banner of Poland"},{"id":"3098068","text":"Ignacy Mościcki Ignacy Mościcki (; 1 December 18672 October 1946) was a Polish chemist, politician, and President of Poland from 1926 to 1939. He was the longest serving President in Poland's history. Ignacy Mościcki was born on 1 December 1867 in Mierzanowo, a small village near Ciechanów, Congress Poland. After completing school in Warsaw, he studied chemistry at the Riga Polytechnicum. There he joined the Polish underground leftist organization, \"Proletariat\". On graduating, he returned to Warsaw, but was threatened by the Tsarist secret police with life imprisonment in Siberia and was forced to emigrate in 1892 to London. In 1896","title":"Ignacy Mościcki"},{"id":"20107907","text":"Polish presidential inauguration Polish presidential inauguration is an event marking the beginning of a new term for the President of Poland. According to Article 130 of the current Constitution of Poland (1997) the only condition of taking the office of President of Poland is taking the oath before the National Assembly. All other events are purely ceremonial. If the winning candidate holds any other office, he is obliged to renounce the previously held office on the same day the chairman of National Electoral Commission officially presents election certificate to president-elect. Electoral law specifies that the president-elect is to be inaugurated","title":"Polish presidential inauguration"},{"id":"14511281","text":"Lech Wałęsa Lech Wałęsa (; born 29 September 1943) is a retired Polish politician and labour activist. He co-founded and headed Solidarity (\"Solidarność\"), the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland from 1990 to 1995. While working at the Lenin Shipyard (now Gdańsk Shipyard), Wałęsa, an electrician, became a trade-union activist, for which he was persecuted by the Communist authorities, placed under surveillance, fired in 1976, and arrested several times. In August 1980 he was instrumental in political negotiations that led to the ground-breaking Gdańsk Agreement between striking","title":"Lech Wałęsa"},{"id":"18562938","text":"Andrzej Duda Andrzej Sebastian Duda ( ; born 16 May 1972) is a Polish politician who serves as the sixth and current President of Poland, holding the office since 6 August 2015. Before his tenure as President, Duda was a member of Polish Lower House (Sejm) from 2011 to 2014 and the European Parliament from 2014 to 2015. Duda was the presidential candidate for the right wing Law and Justice party, during the 2015 presidential election in May 2015. In the first round of voting, Duda received 5,179,092 votes – 34.76% of valid votes. In the second round of voting,","title":"Andrzej Duda"},{"id":"715313","text":"Bolesław Bierut Bolesław Bierut (; 18 April 1892 – 12 March 1956) was a Polish Communist leader, NKVD agent, and a hard-line Stalinist who became President of Poland after the defeat of the Nazi forces in . Bierut was born in Rury, now a part of Lublin, to Wojciech Bierut, a village teacher, and his wife Maria (née Biernacka). He began his studies in 1899/1900 at the public school in Lublin. The school focused majorly on religiousness & patriotism of the students. At the same time he was closely related to the church, and his parents planned to send him","title":"Bolesław Bierut"},{"id":"9825830","text":"last Polish president-in-exile, Ryszard Kaczorowski, handed the presidential insignia, including one of the banners rescued by Mościcki in 1939, to Lech Wałęsa, the first democratically elected president of post-war Poland. The ceremony, held at the Royal Castle in Warsaw was seen as a symbol of the Third Republic's continuity with the pre-war Second Republic. However, since legal regulations on national symbols did not recognize a national banner at that time, the banner brought by Kaczorowski did not become the presidential insignia again but was instead donated to the Royal Castle museum where it is now on display. The other of","title":"Banner of Poland"},{"id":"2253033","text":"an increase for the former and a drop for the latter compared to the 2006 elections. In October 2011 Donald Tusk, with a clear pro-European agenda, became the first ever Polish Prime Minister to be reelected in post-communist Poland. PO won a record of four consecutive elections, and Donald Tusk was left as the kingmaker. PO's dominance was seen as a reflection of right-wing weakness and divisions, with PiS splitting in autumn 2010. After two rounds of elections in May 2015, opposition Law and Justice (PiS) candidate Andrzej Duda became President by a 3% margin. In October 2015, the PiS","title":"History of Poland (1989–present)"},{"id":"641798","text":"Stanisław Wojciechowski Stanisław Wojciechowski (; 15 March 1869 – 9 April 1953) was a Polish politician, scholar, and activist in the cooperative movement. In 1922 he was elected the second President of the Republic of Poland following the assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz. He was ousted by the May Coup d'État of 1926. While a student at the University of Warsaw, Wojciechowski worked for the Polish Socialist movement, which at the time was a major force in the Polish independence effort. He was arrested by czarist police in 1891, and again in 1892. Upon his release he moved to Zurich, then","title":"Stanisław Wojciechowski"},{"id":"2253032","text":"the event of Russian aggressions towards Poland. On 10 April 2010, numerous members of the political elite died in the Smolensk air crash, including Lech Kaczyński, incumbent President of Poland. At the Polish presidential election in 2010, Donald Tusk decided not to run. At PO primary elections, Bronisław Komorowski defeated the Oxford-educated Foreign Minister Radosław Sikorski, at the second round of voting on 4 July 2010, he defeated PiS's Jarosław Kaczyński. and on August 6, 2010 he was sworn in as new President. In the November 2010 local elections PO won 31 percent of the votes and PiS 23 percent,","title":"History of Poland (1989–present)"},{"id":"3098072","text":"Romania and was forced by France to resign his office. He transferred the office to General Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski, who held it for only one day before General Władysław Sikorski and the French government ousted him in favor of Władysław Raczkiewicz. In December 1939 Mościcki was released and allowed to move to Switzerland, where he remained through World War II. He died at his home near Geneva on 2 October 1946. Ignacy Mościcki Ignacy Mościcki (; 1 December 18672 October 1946) was a Polish chemist, politician, and President of Poland from 1926 to 1939. He was the longest serving President in","title":"Ignacy Mościcki"},{"id":"2253009","text":"Senate were freely contested; the majority of these were by candidates supported by Solidarity. The failure of the communists at the polls produced a political crisis. The round-table agreement called for a communist president, and on July 19, the National Assembly, with the support of a number of Solidarity deputies, elected General Wojciech Jaruzelski to that office. However, two attempts by the communists to form governments failed. On August 19, President Jaruzelski asked journalist/Solidarity activist Tadeusz Mazowiecki to form a government; on September 12, the Sejm voted approval of Prime Minister Mazowiecki and his cabinet. For the first time in","title":"History of Poland (1989–present)"},{"id":"4241168","text":"to confirm the heir's appointment, dates to the very beginning of Polish statehood. Legends survive of the 9th-century election of the legendary founder of the first Polish royal family, Piast the Wheelwright of the Piast dynasty, and of a similar election of his son, Siemowit (that would place a Polish ruler's election a century before the earliest Icelandic ones by the Althing), but sources for that time are very sparse, and it is hard to estimate to whether those elections were more than a formality. The election privilege, exercised during the gatherings known as \"wiec\", was usually limited to the","title":"Royal elections in Poland"},{"id":"20455248","text":"Małgorzata Gersdorf Małgorzata Maria Gersdorf (; born 22 November 1952) is a Polish lawyer and judge who currently serves as the First President of the Supreme Court of Poland, a position she has held since 2014. She graduated from the University of Warsaw with a law degree in 1975, and obtained a doctorate degree in 1981. She became a professor for the University of Warsaw in 1992, served as Vice-Rector of the University in 2005, and became head of the Law Department in 2008. Politically, Gersdorf was part of the Solidarity movement in the 1980s, and worked in the Supreme","title":"Małgorzata Gersdorf"},{"id":"14511337","text":"by Simon Bolivar and is ranked just above Ivan the Terrible. Lech Wałęsa Lech Wałęsa (; born 29 September 1943) is a retired Polish politician and labour activist. He co-founded and headed Solidarity (\"Solidarność\"), the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland from 1990 to 1995. While working at the Lenin Shipyard (now Gdańsk Shipyard), Wałęsa, an electrician, became a trade-union activist, for which he was persecuted by the Communist authorities, placed under surveillance, fired in 1976, and arrested several times. In August 1980 he was instrumental in","title":"Lech Wałęsa"},{"id":"4622168","text":"Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski Bolesław Ignacy Florian Wieniawa-Długoszowski (22 July 1881 – 1 July 1942) was a Polish general, adjutant to Chief of State Józef Piłsudski, politician, diplomat, poet , artist, and formally, for one day, President of the Republic of Poland. Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski was born 22 July 1881 on his family's estate in Maksymówka (near Stanisławów – now Ivano-Frankivsk), the son of Bolesław Długoszowski and Józefina, \"née\" Struszkiewicz. In 1877 his family moved to a palace on another family estate, in Bobowa. There Bolesław spent his early life. He attended secondary school in Lwów, where he was a top student. Subsequently","title":"Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski"},{"id":"4042075","text":"runoff. After the election Tymiński tried to establish a new political party, but quickly disappeared from the political scene in Poland. Although an independent, Cimoszewicz was supported by Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland (SdRP). 1990 Polish presidential election Presidential elections were held in Poland on 25 November 1990, with a second round on 9 December. They were the first direct presidential elections in the history of Poland, and the first free presidential elections since the May Coup of 1926. Before World War II, presidents were elected by the Sejm. From 1952 to 1989—the bulk of the Communist era—the","title":"1990 Polish presidential election"},{"id":"2253024","text":"turning to the left in 1993 and 2001, and to the right in 1997 and 2005. Presidential elections in October followed a similar script. The early favorite, Donald Tusk, leader of the PO, saw his opinion poll lead slip away and was beaten 54% to 46% in the second round by the PiS candidate Lech Kaczyński (one of the twins, founders of the party). Both elections were blighted by low turn-outs: only 51% in the second and deciding round of the presidential election and just over 40% in the parliamentary election. The suggested cause of the low turnout is popular","title":"History of Poland (1989–present)"},{"id":"4385603","text":"exile. He was also a member of the Committee for Polish Affairs and an advisor of various British governmental agencies and ministries. In March 1979, Raczyński became President in exile, after being previously chosen by the outgoing President Stanisław Ostrowski. In turn, he chose as his successor Prime Minister Kazimierz Sabbat. During the Raczyński presidency (1979–1986) the Solidarity movement was established in Poland. Raczyński played an important role in raising awareness about the events in Poland in Western countries and in establishing closer ties with the opposition movement in Poland. President Raczyński at some point considered naming Władysław Bartoszewski as","title":"Edward Bernard Raczyński"},{"id":"2885659","text":"Władysław Raczkiewicz Władysław Raczkiewicz (; 28 January 1885 – 6 June 1947) was a Polish politician, lawyer, diplomat and the first president of the Polish government in exile from 1939 until his death in 1947. Until 1945 he was the internationally recognized Polish head of state, and the Polish Government in Exile was recognized as the continuum to the Polish government of 1939. Władysław Raczkiewicz was born in Kutaisi, the second-largest city in Georgia, at that time part of the Russian Empire to Polish parents Józef Raczkiewicz, a court judge, and Ludwika Łukaszewicz. He studied in Saint Petersburg where he","title":"Władysław Raczkiewicz"},{"id":"2197981","text":"the Germans sent Piłsudski, then under arrest, back to Warsaw. On November 11, 1918, he took control from the puppet government the Germans had set up. Ignacy Daszyński headed a short-lived Polish government in Lublin from November 6 but Piłsudski had overwhelming prestige at this point. Daszyński and the other Polish leaders acknowledged him as head of the army and in effect head of what became the Republic of Poland. Germany, now defeated, followed the terms of the Armistice and withdrew its forces. Paderewski became the first prime minister (in early 1919) and Dmowsky headed the largest party. From its","title":"History of Poland (1918–1939)"},{"id":"4818598","text":"limited elections, and the subsequent formation of the first non-communist government in the region in decades, encouraged many similar peaceful transitions from communist party rule in Central and Eastern Europe in the second half of 1989. In December 1989, changes to the Polish constitution were made, officially eliminating the \"socialist\" order: Marxist references were removed and the name of the country was changed back to the Polish Republic. Wałęsa, president of the Solidarity trade union, demanded early presidential elections acting against the advice of his traditional Solidarity allies, intellectuals who were now running the government. Under pressure from the continuing","title":"History of Poland (1945–1989)"},{"id":"179010","text":"known as the baptism of Poland, and its date is often used to mark a symbolic beginning of Polish statehood. Mieszko completed a unification of the West Slavic tribal lands that was fundamental to the new country's existence. Following its emergence, Poland was led by a series of rulers who converted the population to Christianity, created a strong kingdom and fostered a distinctive Polish culture that was integrated into the broader European culture. Mieszko's son, Duke Bolesław I the Brave (r. 992–1025), established a Polish Church structure, pursued territorial conquests and was officially crowned the first king of Poland in","title":"History of Poland"},{"id":"2838124","text":"provided as follows: It was not until 29 or 30 September 1939 that Mościcki resigned. Raczkiewicz, who was already in Paris, immediately took his constitutional oath at the Polish Embassy and became President of the Republic of Poland. Raczkiewicz then appointed General Władysław Sikorski to be Prime Minister. After Edward Rydz-Śmigły stepped down, Raczkiewicz also made Sikorski Commander-in-Chief of the Polish Armed Forces. Most of the Polish Navy escaped to Britain, and tens of thousands of Polish soldiers and airmen escaped through Hungary and Romania or across the Baltic Sea to continue the fight in France. Many Poles subsequently took","title":"Polish government-in-exile"},{"id":"879935","text":"President is elected by popular vote for a five-year term, the Prime minister and Deputy Prime Ministers (if any) are appointed by the President and confirmed by the \"Sejm\". The Council of Ministers is responsible to the Prime Minister and the \"Sejm\". The President is elected by terms; as head of state, supreme commander of the Armed Forces, and supreme representative of the Republic of Poland. The President has the right to veto legislation, although veto may be overridden by the assembly with a three-fifths majority vote. The President, as representative of the state in foreign affairs, shall ratify and","title":"Politics of Poland"},{"id":"4460735","text":"at the helm of a minority government. In the presidential election of 2000, Aleksander Kwaśniewski, the incumbent former leader of the post-communist Democratic Left Alliance (SLD), was re-elected in the first round of voting, with 53.9% of the popular vote. Second place, with only 17.3%, went to Andrzej Olechowski. It is thought that the opposition campaign was hindered by their inability to put forward a charismatic (or even a single major) candidate, as well as falling support for the centre-right Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS) government. This was related to internal friction in the ruling parliamentary coalition. The 1997 Constitution and","title":"Elections in Poland"},{"id":"20107908","text":"on day of expiry of the outgoing president's term or if the office was vacated before the election, 7 days after the Supreme Court confirmed the election results to be valid. President-elect arrives at the National Assembly, usually accompanied by the First Lady. The Ceremony is presided by the Marshal of the Sejm or in his/her absence, the Marshal of the Senate. The inauguration begins by opening of the session by the presiding officer and singing of the national anthem of Poland (titled \"Poland Is Not Yet Lost\" and commonly known as \"Dąbrowski's Mazurka\"). , the current procedure of the","title":"Polish presidential inauguration"},{"id":"179175","text":"suspended and a small number of political prisoners, including Wałęsa, were released. Although martial law formally ended in July 1983 and a partial amnesty was enacted, several hundred political prisoners remained in jail. Jerzy Popiełuszko, a popular pro-Solidarity priest, was abducted and murdered by security functionaries in October 1984. Further developments in Poland occurred concurrently with and were influenced by the reformist leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union (processes known as Glasnost and Perestroika). In September 1986, a general amnesty was declared and the government released nearly all political prisoners. However, the country lacked basic stability, as the","title":"History of Poland"},{"id":"4818434","text":"Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union, increasing pressure from the West, and dysfunctional economy, the regime was forced to negotiate with its opponents. The 1989 Round Table Talks led to Solidarity's participation in the 1989 election. Its candidates' striking victory gave rise to the first of the succession of transitions from communist rule in Central and Eastern Europe. In 1990, Jaruzelski resigned from the presidency of the Republic of Poland; following the presidential election, he was succeeded by Wałęsa. Before World War II, a third of Poland's population was composed of ethnic minorities. Poland had about 35 million inhabitants in","title":"History of Poland (1945–1989)"},{"id":"5422146","text":"Kazimierz Sabbat Kazimierz Aleksander Sabbat (27 February 1913 – 19 July 1989), was President of Poland in Exile from 8 April 1986 until his death, 19 July 1989, after serving (from 1976) as Prime Minister of the Polish Government in Exile. Sabbat was born on 27 February 1913 in Bieliny Kapitulne, at the foot of the Lysa Gora mountain. Sabbat completed secondary school in Mielec, and studied Law at the Warsaw University shortly before the World War II. He was a Scout, and remained dedicated to the concept of Scouting, even in his later life while in exile. After a","title":"Kazimierz Sabbat"},{"id":"18273746","text":"than three hundred babies baptized in Warsaw were given the uncommon name Eligiusz\". The murder of the first president of the Second Polish Republic and the angry canvassing against him revealed impermanence of democratic mechanisms in Poland at that time. The murder of Narutowicz served as the inspiration and a main theme for a number of works. They include the 1977 Polish feature film \"Death of a President\" (Polish: \"Śmierć prezydenta\"), directed by Jerzy Kawalerowicz and Wilhelm Sasnal's 2003 painting \"Narutowicz\". Assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz Gabriel Narutowicz, the first president of Poland after regaining independence, was assassinated on 16 December","title":"Assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz"},{"id":"15855188","text":"Witos for a president. Witos also refused. Finally Piłsudski supported candidature of Minister of Foreign Affairs Gabriel Narutowicz. At the time of election the main candidates were count Maurycy Zamoyski, the candidate of National Democracy and Stanisław Wojciechowski, candidate of Polish People's Party \"Piast\". Narutowicz's good score was a surprise. After the long voting, Zamoyski and Narutowicz advanced to the fifth ballot. Narutowicz finally won the election by the support of \"Piast\" (Wojciechowski was eliminated on the fourth round). Narutowicz was sworn in as president on 11 December 1922, but was assassinated just five days later. The first election, when","title":"1922 Polish presidential elections"},{"id":"2235025","text":"occupation. Tens or hundreds of thousands on both sides (estimates differ widely) lost their lives over the course of this conflict. Because of the Polish government leaders' internment in Romania, a practically new government was assembled in Paris as a government in exile. Under French pressure, on 30 September 1939 Władysław Raczkiewicz was appointed as president and General Władysław Sikorski became prime minister and commander-in-chief of the Polish armed forces, reconstructed in the West and as an underground activity in occupied Poland. The exile government was authorized by the Sanation government leaders interned in Romania and was conceived as a","title":"History of Poland (1939–1945)"},{"id":"641808","text":"Central European politicians during the early 20th century. A radical in his youth, his ideology matured and grew more conservative with age. He was at the forefront of over a quarter-century of Polish political development and is considered one of the founders of the modern independent Polish state. Stanisław Wojciechowski Stanisław Wojciechowski (; 15 March 1869 – 9 April 1953) was a Polish politician, scholar, and activist in the cooperative movement. In 1922 he was elected the second President of the Republic of Poland following the assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz. He was ousted by the May Coup d'État of 1926.","title":"Stanisław Wojciechowski"},{"id":"540763","text":"former presidents are entitled to lifetime personal security protection by Biuro Ochrony Rządu officers, in addition to receiving a substantial pension and a private office. On 10 April 2010, Lech Kaczyński, president at the time, and Ryszard Kaczorowski, the last president-in-exile although not internationally recognized, died in the crash of the Polish Air Force Tu-154 en route to Russia. As of 2016, three former Presidents of Poland are alive: Also, three former Acting Presidents are alive: There are three living former Polish Presidents: President of Poland The President of the Republic of Poland (, shorter form: \"Prezydent RP\") is the","title":"President of Poland"},{"id":"11288588","text":"spite of the efforts of individuals like Tadeusz Rejtan, Samuel Korsak, and Stanisław Bohuszewicz to prevent it, the deed was accomplished with the aid of Poniński, Radziwiłł, and the bishops Andrzej Młodziejowski, Ignacy Jakub Massalski, and Antoni Kazimierz Ostrowski (primate of Poland), who occupied high positions in the Senate of Poland. The Sejm elected a committee of thirty to deal with the various matters presented. On September 18, 1773, the committee signed the treaty of cession, renouncing all claims of the Commonwealth to the lost territories. a The picture shows the rulers of the three countries that participated in the","title":"First Partition of Poland"},{"id":"10240508","text":"of President, and retaining his previous office. In either case, all the powers of the President devolve to the acting President, with the exception of the right to dissolve the Parliament. The first person in line to become acting President is the Marshal of the Sejm. Should he be unable to serve, the next is the Marshal of the Senate. This order of precedence has been in effect since the creation of the Office of President, with the exception of the period 1935-1939, when the order was reversed. To date four people have served as acting President: Maciej Rataj who","title":"Acting President of Poland"},{"id":"307618","text":"victims of the Katyń massacre when the tragedy took place. In 2011, the Presidency of the Council of the European Union responsible for the functioning of the Council was awarded to Poland. The same year parliamentary elections took place in both the Senate and the Sejm. They were won by the ruling Civic Platform. Poland joined European Space Agency in 2012, as well as organised the UEFA Euro 2012 (along with Ukraine). In 2013, Poland also became a member of the Development Assistance Committee. In 2014, the Prime Minister of Poland, Donald Tusk, was chosen to be President of the","title":"Poland"},{"id":"617232","text":"be the last word (explanations given in the Court)\") (2008). Wojciech Jaruzelski Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski (; 6 July 1923 – 25 May 2014) was a Polish military officer and politician. He was First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party from 1981 to 1989, and as such was the last leader of the People's Republic of Poland. He also served as Prime Minister from 1981 to 1985 and the country's head of state from 1985 to 1990 (titled as Chairman of the Council of State from 1985 to 1989 and as President from 1989 to 1990). He was also the","title":"Wojciech Jaruzelski"},{"id":"12874412","text":"1989 Polish presidential election The Polish presidential election, 1989 took place on July 19, 1989, and was notable for several reasons. Firstly, the office of President of the Republic of Poland had been reestablished after a period of Communist rule. Secondly, this was the last time when the President was elected by Parliament (joint houses of the Sejm and Senate). Finally, despite adoption of the democratic system there was only one candidate. After the Round Table Agreement, which resulted in a semi-free parliamentary election, marked by effective Solidarity victory and \"de facto\" loss of the Polish United Workers' Party, on","title":"1989 Polish presidential election"},{"id":"2798780","text":"and continued his work there as a clerk. However, on November 8, 1921, after Antoni Ponikowski's government refused to grant Niewiadomski's department a higher budget, he resigned his post. He then devoted himself to writing and prepared several monographs on 19th- and 20th-century Polish painting, and on the theory of art. He made his living illustrating books. On December 9, 1922, Gabriel Narutowicz was elected by the National Assembly as the first President of Poland. After a heated debate, Narutowicz's candidacy managed to gather 289 votes, including 113 votes of various national minority MPs. The defeated candidate of the National","title":"Eligiusz Niewiadomski"},{"id":"4241172","text":"Jagiełło (Jogaila), Grand Duke of Lithuania, as the first king of Poland's second dynasty. The electors chose Władysław II Jagiełło as king, and he married a daughter of Louis I, Jadwiga of Poland, but had no promise that his dynasty would continue on the throne. He would need to issue more privileges to the nobility to secure the guarantee that upon his death, one of his sons would inherit. The royal council chose the candidates, and the delegates of nobility and towns confirmed them during the sejm. The principle of election continued in effect throughout the nearly two centuries of","title":"Royal elections in Poland"},{"id":"5881486","text":"Bronisław Komorowski Bronisław Maria Komorowski (born 4 June 1952) is a Polish politician and historian who served as President of Poland from 2010 to 2015. Komorowski served as Minister of Defence from 2000 to 2001. As Marshal of the Sejm (Speaker of the lower house of Parliament), Komorowski exercised the powers and duties of head of state following the death of President Lech Kaczyński in a plane crash on 10 April 2010. Komorowski was then the governing Civic Platform party's candidate in the resulting presidential election, which he won in the second round of voting on 4 July 2010. He","title":"Bronisław Komorowski"},{"id":"179009","text":"structure in the 10th century that became the state of Poland, one of the West Slavic nations. Poland was established as a state under the Piast dynasty, which ruled the country between the 10th and 14th centuries. Historical records referring to the Polish state begin with the rule of Duke Mieszko I. Mieszko, whose reign commenced sometime before 963 and who continued as the Polish monarch until his death in 992, chose to be baptized in the Western Latin Rite, probably on 14 April 966, following his marriage to Princess Doubravka of Bohemia, a fervent Christian. This event has become","title":"History of Poland"},{"id":"716254","text":"genealogy to the dynasty. About 1295, Przemysł II used a coat of arms with a white eagle – a symbol later referred to as the Piast coat of arms or as the Piast Eagle. Piast kings and rulers of Poland appear in list form in the following table. For a list of all rulers, see List of Polish monarchs. Piast dynasty The Piast dynasty was the first historical ruling dynasty of Poland. The first documented Polish monarch was Prince Mieszko I (c. 930–992). The Piasts' royal rule in Poland ended in 1370 with the death of king Casimir III the","title":"Piast dynasty"},{"id":"2885378","text":"Aleksander Zawadzki Aleksander Zawadzki (; 16 December 1899 – 7 August 1964) was a Polish Communist political figure and President of Poland from 1952 to 1964. A member of the Communist Youth Union, Zawadzki went into exile in the Soviet Union in 1931, after spending six years in prison for subversive activities against the Polish state. He returned to Poland in 1939, just before the outbreak of World War II, but was immediately arrested. Freed from prison by the Soviet occupation of Eastern Poland, Zawadzki eventually joined the Soviet-organized Polish People's Army, rising to the rank of major general. Upon","title":"Aleksander Zawadzki"},{"id":"19526795","text":"attempts, founded (or revived) by Juliusz Nowina-Sokolnicki who claimed to be the president of the Polish government-in-exile from 1972 until the restoration of Polish democracy in 1990. In his capacity as president, he claimed to restore the Order of Saint Stanislaus on 9 June 1979. Sokolnicki's claim to the Polish presidency was widely rejected and he is not recognized by the current government of Poland (in 1990, Lech Wałęsa accepted symbols of the pre-War presidency from Ryszard Kaczorowski). Sokolnicki's status was enhanced by the fact that he was an associate of August Zaleski, generally recognized as the head of the","title":"Ordo Sancti Stanislai"},{"id":"9562165","text":"Władysław Anders) in 1942. In 1944-45 he participated in the anti-Nazi Germany Italian campaign as a physician of military hospitals. When World War II ended, he moved to England and became involved in the politics of the Polish community there, which included the Polish government in exile. Ostrowski was the third President of Poland in exile (1972–1979). He took office after death of President August Zaleski. To begin with he had to deal with a deep crisis within the emigre circles. Zaleski, despite earlier promises, declined to step down after seven years in office (1954), which caused formation of the","title":"Stanisław Ostrowski"},{"id":"1324297","text":"1995, defeating the incumbent, Lech Wałęsa. He was re-elected to a second and final term as president in 2000 in a decisive first-round victory. Although he was praised for attempting to further integrate Poland into the European Union, he faced criticism for involving the country in the Iraq War. His term ended on 23 December 2005, when he handed over power to his elected successor, conservative Lech Kaczyński. In the years 1973 to 1977, Kwaśniewski studied transport economics and foreign trade at the University of Gdańsk, though he never graduated. He became politically active at this time, and joined the","title":"Aleksander Kwaśniewski"},{"id":"18386747","text":"1933 Polish presidential election In the Polish Presidential election, 1933 Professor Ignacy Mościcki was re-elected President of the Second Republic of Poland on May 8 1933 for a further period of seven years, having previously been elected to the position in 1926. He was elected by 332 votes, with 11 votes appearing to be void. The result was greeted with loud cheers. He was elected by the Polish Sejm (Diet) and Senate sitting together as the National Assembly. The National Assembly had 555 members but only 343 were present, mainly members of the government party of Marshal Józef Piłsudski. The","title":"1933 Polish presidential election"},{"id":"10574551","text":"2010 Polish presidential election The popular election of the President of Poland was held on 20 June 2010. As no candidate received a majority of votes in the first round, a second round was held on 4 July 2010. Bronisław Komorowski, candidate of Civic Platform, defeated Jarosław Kaczyński, candidate of Law and Justice. The global financial crisis, flooding in Poland and the Smolensk disaster were the main themes in the last months of the election campaign. After President Lech Kaczyński's death in a plane crash on 10 April 2010, the Constitution required the Marshal of the Sejm to declare the","title":"2010 Polish presidential election"},{"id":"6229739","text":"Droz (1904), the first President of the Turkish Republic Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1937), Pope Nuncio Angelo Roncalli - the future Pope John XXIII. During his visit in 1941 he gave Religious confirmation to local children. The first Polish politician to visit after the Second World War was Adam Rapacki, then the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Polish Republic, accompanied by Turkish dignitaries (1961). In 1985 the village was visited by Kenan Evren, the head of the temporary military dictatorship during that period in Turkey, and in 1994 by Lech Wałęsa. The next President of Poland, Aleksander Kwaśniewski, came twice","title":"Polonezköy"},{"id":"11521359","text":"events, the 15 August is celebrated in Poland as the Day of Polish Army. On 16 December 1922, in the gallery Zachęta, Eligiusz Niewiadomski, a painter with mental disorder, who belonged to the right-wing National Democracy, assassinated the first President of Poland, Gabriel Narutowicz, who had been elected five days earlier by Sejm. The other event was the May Coup d'Etat (1926). On 12 May, Marshall Józef Piłsudski, displeased with the situation in Poland, and in particular with the appointment of a new government, arrived in Warsaw from his residence in Sulejówek (a small town east of Warsaw) at the","title":"History of Warsaw"},{"id":"8228543","text":"political repression, but in the end was forced into negotiation. The Roundtable Talks between the government and the Solidarity-led opposition resulted in semi-free elections in 1989. By the end of August 1989, a Solidarity-led coalition government had been formed, and, in December 1990, Wałęsa was elected president. This was soon followed by the dismantling of the communist governmental system and by Poland's transformation into a modern democratic state. Solidarity's early survival represented a break in the hard-line stance of the communist Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR), and was an unprecedented event; not only for the People's Republic of Poland—a satellite","title":"History of Solidarity"},{"id":"14491981","text":"History of Poland during the Piast dynasty The period of rule by the Piast dynasty between the 10th and 14th centuries is the first major stage of the history of the Polish nation. The dynasty was founded by a series of dukes listed by the chronicler Gallus Anonymous in the early 12th century: Siemowit, Lestek and Siemomysł. It was Mieszko I, the son of Siemomysł, who is now considered the proper founder of the Polish state at about 960 AD. The ruling house then remained in power in the Polish lands until 1370. Mieszko converted to Christianity of the Western","title":"History of Poland during the Piast dynasty"},{"id":"179030","text":"of the vacancy of the French throne, to which he was the heir presumptive. From the start, the royal elections increased foreign influence in the Commonwealth as foreign powers sought to manipulate the Polish nobility to place candidates amicable to their interests. The reign of Stephen Báthory of Hungary followed (r. 1576–1586). He was militarily and domestically assertive and is revered in Polish historical tradition as a rare case of successful elective king. The establishment of the legal Crown Tribunal in 1578 meant a transfer of many appellate cases from the royal to noble jurisdiction. A period of rule under","title":"History of Poland"},{"id":"4818488","text":"rules and practices to supervise all governmental institutions specified in the constitution. The post of President of Poland was replaced with the collective Council of State, but Bierut, the party's first secretary, remained the effective leader of Poland. In the future, the existence of a constitution with democratic provisions would give the opposition a legal tool and a way to pressure the regime. Stalin died in 1953, which was followed by a partial thaw in Poland. Nikita Khrushchev became first secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The PZPR's Second Congress deliberated in March 1954. Cyrankiewicz, previously replaced","title":"History of Poland (1945–1989)"},{"id":"307564","text":"to the south and Germany to the west. The establishment of the Polish state can be traced back to A.D. 966, when Mieszko I, ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland, converted to Christianity. The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. This union formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest (about 1 million km) and most populous countries of 16th- and 17th-century Europe, with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe's first","title":"Poland"},{"id":"2798774","text":"Eligiusz Niewiadomski Eligiusz Niewiadomski (December 1, 1869 in Warsaw – January 31, 1923 in Warsaw) was a Polish modernist painter and art critic who belonged to the right-wing National Democratic Party till 1904 and later continued supporting it. In 1922 he assassinated Poland's first President, Gabriel Narutowicz, in his first week in office as president. Niewiadomski was born into a family of gentry descent. His father, Wincenty Niewiadomski, of the \"Prus\" coat-of-arms, was a veteran of the January Uprising and a worker at the Warsaw mint. At the age of two, Eligiusz lost his mother Julia, and was raised by","title":"Eligiusz Niewiadomski"},{"id":"5276922","text":"the Judiciary. The President also selects the First President of the court from candidates presented by the General Assembly of the Supreme Court. The First President holds office for a six-year term, though he or she may be dismissed by the Sejm upon a motion by the President of the Republic of Poland if found convicted of a crime. In July 2018 a new law came into force which lowers the mandatory retirement age from 70 to 65. The introduction of this law is contested and the constitutionality of the law is being assessed. Critics have argued the law is","title":"Supreme Court of Poland"},{"id":"16531059","text":"Stanisław Klimecki Stanisław Klimecki (November 20, 1883 – December 11, 1942) was a Polish lawyer, social activist, and the President of Kraków at the time of the German invasion of Poland in September 1939. He served as president only for a few weeks, before his German successor from the NSDAP took over by the order of \"SS-Obergruppenführer\", Hans Frank. Klimecki saved the city from being shelled by the invading Wehrmacht troops on his own initiative. Klimecki was arrested and then released numerous times during the occupation of Kraków, before his death at the hands of the Nazis. The first time,","title":"Stanisław Klimecki"},{"id":"2253014","text":"the Prime Minister remained poor throughout the Pawlak government, with the President charging Pawlak with furthering personal and party interests while neglecting matters of state importance. Following a number of scandals implicating Pawlak and increasing political tension over control of the armed forces, Wałęsa demanded Pawlak's resignation in January 1995. A crisis resulted and the coalition removed Pawlak from office and replaced him with the SLD's Józef Oleksy as the new Prime Minister. In November 1995, Poland held its second post-war free presidential elections. SLD leader Aleksander Kwaśniewski defeated Wałęsa by a narrow margin—51.7% to 48.3%. Soon after Wałęsa's defeat,","title":"History of Poland (1989–present)"},{"id":"2253012","text":"for a 5-year term. Jan Krzysztof Bielecki, at Wałęsa's request, formed a government and served as its Prime Minister until October 1991, introducing world prices and greatly expanding the scope of private enterprise. Poland's first free parliamentary elections were held in 1991. More than 100 parties participated, representing the full spectrum of political views. No single party received more than 13% of the total vote. The government of Prime Minister Jan Olszewski was the first fully free and democratic Polish government since 1926. This cabinet was supported by the Kaczyński brothers. Olszewski was replaced by Hanna Suchocka as the first","title":"History of Poland (1989–present)"},{"id":"2838123","text":"in Paris and then in Angers. From 1940, following the Fall of France, the government moved to London, and remained in the United Kingdom until its dissolution in 1990. On 17 September 1939, the President of the Polish Republic, Ignacy Mościcki, who was then in the small town of Kuty (now Ukraine) near the southern Polish border, issued a proclamation about his plan to transfer power and appointing Władysław Raczkiewicz, the Marshal of the Senate, as his successor. This was done in accordance with Article 24 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, adopted in April 1935. Article 24","title":"Polish government-in-exile"},{"id":"4622173","text":"nominated president of Poland by retiring President Ignacy Mościcki. On the same day, Poland was invaded by the Soviet Union and he emigrated to Paris to perform his new role but was blackballed by Władysław Sikorski, the French Third Republic and the United Kingdom. After the capitulation of France he emigrated to Lisbon but soon he moved to New York. Many sources do not list Wieniawa as President, merely \"designated successor\". However, according to the then constitution, when the President can not execute his powers (as when Mościcki was interned in Romania and it was clear that he would not","title":"Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski"},{"id":"178999","text":"History of Poland The history of Poland has its roots in the migrations of Slavs, who established permanent settlements in the Polish lands during the Early Middle Ages. The first ruling dynasty, the Piasts, emerged by the 10th century AD. Duke Mieszko I (d. 992) is considered the \"de facto\" creator of the Polish state and is widely recognized for the adoption of Western Christianity that followed his baptism in 966. Mieszko's duchy of Poland was formally reconstituted as a medieval kingdom in 1025 by his son Bolesław I the Brave, known for military expansion under his rule. Perhaps the","title":"History of Poland"},{"id":"307571","text":"to form into a recognizable unitary and territorial entity around the middle of the 10th century under the Piast dynasty. Poland's first historically documented ruler, Mieszko I, accepted Christianity with the Baptism of Poland in 966, as the new official religion of his subjects. The bulk of the population converted in the course of the next few centuries. In 1000, Boleslaw the Brave, continuing the policy of his father Mieszko, held a Congress of Gniezno and created the metropolis of Gniezno and the dioceses of Kraków, Kołobrzeg, and Wrocław. However, the pagan unrest led to the transfer of the capital","title":"Poland"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"540753\",\n \"text\": \"President of Poland The President of the Republic of Poland (, shorter form: \\\"Prezydent RP\\\") is the head of state of Poland. Their rights and obligations are determined in the Constitution of Poland. The president heads the executive branch. In addition the president has a right to dissolve the parliament in certain cases and represents Poland in the international arena. The first president of Poland, Gabriel Narutowicz, was sworn in as president of the Second Republic on 11 December 1922. He was elected by the National Assembly (the Sejm and the Senate) under the terms of the 1921 Constitution of\",\n \"title\": \"President of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"540756\",\n \"text\": \"on the March 1921 constitution, that Bierut was elected president by the Sejm, the Senate having been abolished the previous year by the Polish people's referendum, 1946. He served until the 1952 Constitution eliminated the office of the president. Following the 1989 amendments to the constitution which restored the presidency, Wojciech Jaruzelski, the existing head of state, took office. In Poland's first direct presidential election, Lech Wałęsa won and was sworn in on 22 December 1990. The office of the president was continued in the Constitution of 1997, which now provides the requirements for, the duties of and the authority\",\n \"title\": \"President of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2253011\",\n \"text\": \"entirely free. Candidates supported by Solidarity's Citizens' Committees won most of the elections they contested, although voter turnout was only a little over 40%. The cabinet was reshuffled in July 1990; the national defence and interior affairs ministers (hold-overs from the previous communist government) were among those replaced. In October 1990, the constitution was amended to curtail the term of President Jaruzelski. In December, Lech Wałęsa became the first popularly elected President of Poland. In the early 1990s, Poland made great progress towards achieving a fully democratic government and a market economy. In November 1990, Lech Wałęsa was elected President\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland (1989–present)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4460732\",\n \"text\": \"supported by Solidarity. Jaruzelski was elected by the Sejm as President of Poland. The May 1990 local elections were entirely free. Candidates supported by Solidarity's Citizens' Committees won most of the elections they contested, although voter turnout was only a little over 40%. The cabinet was reshuffled in July 1990; the national defence and interior affairs ministers (hold-overs from the previous communist government) were among those replaced. In October 1990, the constitution was amended to curtail the term of President Jaruzelski. In December, Lech Wałęsa became the first popularly elected President of Poland. Poland's first free parliamentary elections were held\",\n \"title\": \"Elections in Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2459558\",\n \"text\": \"Gabriel Narutowicz Gabriel Narutowicz (; 17 March 1865 – 16 December 1922) was a Polish professor of hydroelectric engineering and politician who served as the 1st President of Poland from 11 December 1922 until his assassination on 16 December, five days after assuming office. He previously served as the Minister of Public Works from 1920 to 1921 and briefly as Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1922. A renowned engineer and politically independent, Narutowicz was the first elected head of state following Poland's regained sovereignty from partitioning powers. Born into a noble family with strong patriotic sentiment, Narutowicz studied at the\",\n \"title\": \"Gabriel Narutowicz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5589316\",\n \"text\": \"Ryszard Kaczorowski Ryszard Kaczorowski, GCMG (; 26 November 1919 – 10 April 2010) was a Polish statesman. Between 1989 and 1990 he served as the last President of Poland in exile. He succeeded Kazimierz Sabbat and resigned his post following Poland's regaining independence from the Soviet sphere of influence and election of Lech Wałęsa as the first democratically elected president of Poland since World War II. He also passed the presidential insignia to Wałęsa, thus ending the 45-years long episode of the Polish government in exile. Ryszard Kaczorowski was born on 26 November 1919, in Białystok, Poland. His parents were\",\n \"title\": \"Ryszard Kaczorowski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"540754\",\n \"text\": \"Poland. Previously Józef Piłsudski had been \\\"Chief of State\\\" (\\\"Naczelnik Państwa\\\") under the provisional 1919 Constitution. In 1926, Piłsudski, who was fed up with regional bickering, staged a coup deposed the president and had the National Assembly elect a new one, Ignacy Mościcki, under the thumb of Sanacja. Just before Piłsudski died, parliament passed the 1935 April Constitution of Poland which incorporated Piłsudski's ideals, but was not in accord with the amendment procedures of the 1921 Constitution. Mościcki continued as president until he resigned following the German invasion of Poland in 1939. Mościcki and his government went into exile first\",\n \"title\": \"President of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5422148\",\n \"text\": \"unite the various émigré circles and created ever stronger links with the opposition movement in Poland, which benefited from the Government in exile's moral and material help through different Funds. He became President of the Republic of Poland (in Exile) in 1986 succeeding Edward Raczyński. He died in London, aged 76, in 1989. Coincidentally, on the same day Wojciech Jaruzelski was elected by a still unfree Parliament as the first President of the country since the 1950s. Ryszard Kaczorowski, Minister of Domestic Affairs and designated successor, took office in exile and on 22 December 1990, after the first free and\",\n \"title\": \"Kazimierz Sabbat\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8228585\",\n \"text\": \"soon began to lose popularity. Conflicts among Solidarity factions intensified. Wałęsa was elected Solidarity chairman, but support for him could be seen to be crumbling. One of his main opponents, Władysław Frasyniuk, withdrew from elections altogether. In September 1990, Wałęsa declared that Gazeta Wyborcza had no right to use the Solidarity logo. Later that month, Wałęsa announced his intent to run for president of Poland. In December 1990, he was elected president. He resigned his Solidarity post and became the first president of Poland ever to be elected by popular vote. Next year, in February 1991, Marian Krzaklewski was elected\",\n \"title\": \"History of Solidarity\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"540755\",\n \"text\": \"into Romania, where Mościcki was interned, then to Angers in France where Władysław Raczkiewicz, at the time the Speaker of the Senate, assumed the presidency following Mościcki's resignation on 29 September 1939, and then on to London. The transfer from Mościcki to Raczkiewicz was in accordance with Article 24 of the 1935 April Constitution. Following the invasion of Poland by the Red Army in 1944, Bolesław Bierut assumed the reins of government, and in July 1945 was internationally recognized as the head of state, but it was not until 1947 when the Sejm passed an interim constitution based in part\",\n \"title\": \"President of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"179182\",\n \"text\": \"The communist Polish United Workers' Party dissolved itself in January 1990. In its place, a new party, Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland, was created. \\\"Territorial self-government\\\", abolished in 1950, was legislated back in March 1990, to be led by locally elected officials; its fundamental unit was the administratively independent gmina. In October 1990, the constitution was amended to curtail the term of President Jaruzelski. In November 1990, the German–Polish Border Treaty, with unified Germany, was signed. In November 1990, Lech Wałęsa was elected president for a five-year term; in December, he became the first popularly elected president of\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4042071\",\n \"text\": \"1990 Polish presidential election Presidential elections were held in Poland on 25 November 1990, with a second round on 9 December. They were the first direct presidential elections in the history of Poland, and the first free presidential elections since the May Coup of 1926. Before World War II, presidents were elected by the Sejm. From 1952 to 1989—the bulk of the Communist era—the presidency did not exist as a separate institution, and most of its functions were fulfilled by the State Council of Poland, whose chairman was considered the equivalent of a president. The leader of the Solidarity movement,\",\n \"title\": \"1990 Polish presidential election\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4818599\",\n \"text\": \"worker unrest Wałęsa declared himself a supporter of workers' interests, allegedly threatened by those whom he identified as communists (such as President Jaruzelski) or elitist political liberals (such as Prime Minister Mazowiecki). Wałęsa presented himself as a person of good conservative, Christian and nationalist credentials. In 1990, Jaruzelski resigned as Poland's president and was succeeded by Wałęsa, who won the 1990 presidential elections. Lech Wałęsa's inauguration as president took place on 22 December 1990; he accepted the prewar presidential insignia from the stepping down President-in-Exile Ryszard Kaczorowski, distancing himself from Wojciech Jaruzelski. Wałęsa defeated Mazowiecki and in the second round\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland (1945–1989)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"179094\",\n \"text\": \"March 1921. At the insistence of the National Democrats, who were concerned about how aggressively Józef Piłsudski might exercise presidential powers if he were elected to office, the constitution mandated limited prerogatives for the presidency. The proclamation of the March Constitution was followed by a short and turbulent period of constitutional order and parliamentary democracy that lasted until 1926. The legislature remained fragmented, without stable majorities, and governments changed frequently. The open-minded Gabriel Narutowicz was elected president constitutionally (without a popular vote) by the National Assembly in 1922. However, members of the nationalist right-wing faction did not regard his elevation\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15855189\",\n \"text\": \"President of the Republic of Poland Gabriel Narutowicz was elected after several rounds by joint chambers of Sejm and Senate (at time of Second Polish Republic joint parliament elected President. The first direct vote took place in 1990). Narutowicz, however, was assassinated just five days since taking office. According to the Constitution the Sejm Marshal Maciej Rataj became Acting President of the Republic of Poland and organised new elections, which took place on December 20. Stanislaw Wojciechowski won the second election, and took office on December 22. 1922 Polish presidential elections The 1922 presidential elections were the first two Polish\",\n \"title\": \"1922 Polish presidential elections\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"540762\",\n \"text\": \"Kaczyński, his wife, and 94 others including many Polish officials crashed near Smolensk-North Airport in Russia. There were no survivors. Bronisław Komorowski took over acting presidential powers following the incident. On 8 July Bronislaw Komorowski resigned from the office of Marshal of the Sejm after winning the presidential election. According to the constitution, the acting president then became the Marshal of the Senate, Bogdan Borusewicz. In the afternoon Grzegorz Schetyna was elected as a new Marshal of the Sejm and he became acting president. Schetyna served as the interim head of state until Komorowski's swearing-in on 6 August. Within Poland,\",\n \"title\": \"President of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14512904\",\n \"text\": \"election. The election of Polish kings lasted until the Partitions of Poland. The elected kings in chronological order were: Henry of Valois, Anna Jagiellon, Stephen Báthory, Sigismund III Vasa, Władysław IV, John II Casimir, Michael Korybut Wiśniowiecki, John III Sobieski, Augustus II the Strong, Stanisław Leszczyński, Augustus III and Stanisław August Poniatowski. The first Polish royal election was held in 1573. The four men running for the office were Henry of Valois, who was the brother of King Charles IX of France, Tsar Ivan IV of Russia, Archduke Ernest of Austria, and King John III of Sweden. Henry of Valois\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1648)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"540757\",\n \"text\": \"of the office. The President of Poland is elected directly by the people to serve for five years and can be reelected only once. Pursuant to the provisions of the Constitution, the President is elected by an absolute majority. If no candidate succeeds in passing this threshold, a second round of voting is held with the participation of the two candidates with the largest and second largest number of votes respectively. In order to be registered as a candidate in the presidential election, one must be a Polish citizen, be at least 35 years old on the day of the\",\n \"title\": \"President of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12883537\",\n \"text\": \"1926 Polish presidential elections Two presidential elections were held in Poland in 1926. They followed the May Coup, which forced President Stanisław Wojciechowski and Prime Minister Wincenty Witos to resign and gave effective power to coup leader, Marshal Józef Piłsudski. According to then Constitution President was elected by joint houses of Sejm and Senate (National Assembly). There were two candidates: Piłsudski and supported by the National Democracy, Christian Democracy and Piast Adolf Bniński, Voivode of Poznań. Several other politicians were mentioned to run, most notably outsed President Wojciechowski, Sejm Marshal and now Acting President Maciej Rataj (Polish People's Party \\\"Piast\\\")\",\n \"title\": \"1926 Polish presidential elections\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"179179\",\n \"text\": \"by the opposition) resulted in a political crisis. The new April Novelization to the constitution called for re-establishment of the Polish presidency and on 19 July the National Assembly elected the communist leader, General Wojciech Jaruzelski, to that office. His election, seen at the time as politically necessary, was barely accomplished with tacit support from some Solidarity deputies, and the new president's position was not strong. Moreover, the unexpected definitiveness of the parliamentary election results created new political dynamics and attempts by the communists to form a government failed. On 19 August, President Jaruzelski asked journalist and Solidarity activist Tadeusz\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2198022\",\n \"text\": \"such as Central Industrial Region (Poland), nearly finished by early 1939, and the projects that were to follow it. After the death of Piłsudski in May 1935, policies in Poland were set by five senior officials, including President Ignacy Mościcki; Vice-President Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski; the Premier, Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski; and Marshal Edward Smigly-Rydz, the Commander-in-Chief of the army. Foreign policy was the exclusive domain of the Foreign Minister, Colonel Józef Beck. Elections were held but there was no democracy and the Sejm was merely a rubber stamp. Watt notes that these men had emerged victorious from their struggles for independence and\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland (1918–1939)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10240509\",\n \"text\": \"did so twice, Bronisław Komorowski, Bogdan Borusewicz and Grzegorz Schetyna. Rataj, Komorowski and Schetyna were Marshals of the Sejm, and Borusewicz the Speaker of the Senate. Rataj's first term was between the assassination of President Gabriel Narutowicz and the election of Stanisław Wojciechowski, December 16–22, 1922, the second between the resignation of President Wojciechowski and the election of Ignacy Mościcki, May 15–June 4, 1926. Both times he appointed a new cabinet. Komorowski became acting President on April 10, 2010, following the death of President Lech Kaczyński in a plane crash. On July 8, 2010 Poland had three different acting Presidents.\",\n \"title\": \"Acting President of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15855187\",\n \"text\": \"1922 Polish presidential elections The 1922 presidential elections were the first two Polish presidential elections in history, held eleven days apart. After acquisition of independence of Poland the head of state was Naczelnik Państwa Józef Piłsudski. In a new constitution adopted by Polish Sejm new head of state was to be the President of Republic of Poland going to be choose by the National Assembly (combined Sejm and Senate). After parliamentary election planned the first Polish presidential election. Main probably candidate Józef Piłsudski despite proposals for starting and did not stand in election. He propose a former Prime Minister Wincenty\",\n \"title\": \"1922 Polish presidential elections\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18273743\",\n \"text\": \"Assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz Gabriel Narutowicz, the first president of Poland after regaining independence, was assassinated on 16 December 1922, five days after taking office. He was fatally shot by Eligiusz Niewiadomski, an artist and art critic, while visiting an exhibition at Warsaw's Zachęta gallery. Poland regained independence in 1918 in the aftermath of World War I. Soon afterwards, Gabriel Narutowicz, professor of engineering, became one of the left-wing leaders in the Sejm (Polish parliament). Following the 1921 March Constitution of Poland and the November 1922 Polish legislative election, Narutowicz was elected the first president of Poland in the Polish\",\n \"title\": \"Assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5881487\",\n \"text\": \"was sworn in as President on 6 August 2010. Komorowski thus became the second person to serve on two occasions as Polish head of state since 1918, after Maciej Rataj. On 25 May 2015, Komorowski conceded the presidency of Poland to the rival candidate Andrzej Duda, after the latter won the second round of the 2015 presidential election. Bronisław Maria Komorowski was born in Oborniki Śląskie. Born as a son of Zygmunt Leon Komorowski (1925–1992), professor of African Studies at the University of Warsaw and Jadwiga Komorowska (née Szalkowska) . From 1957 to 1959 he lived in Józefów near Otwock.\",\n \"title\": \"Bronisław Komorowski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"179183\",\n \"text\": \"Poland. Poland's first free parliamentary election was held in October 1991. 18 parties entered the new Sejm, but the largest representation received only 12% of the total vote. There were several post-Solidarity governments between the 1989 election and the 1993 election, after which the \\\"post-communist\\\" left-wing parties took over. In 1993, the formerly Soviet Northern Group of Forces, a vestige of past domination, left Poland. In 1995, Aleksander Kwaśniewski of the social democratic party was elected president and remained in that capacity for the next ten years (two terms). In 1997, the new Constitution of Poland was finalized and approved\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6305684\",\n \"text\": \"of Poland by an absolute majority of votes. In 1935, it was replaced by an Assembly of Electors, which consisted of the Marshal of the Senate (as president of Assembly of Electors), the Marshal of the Sejm, the Prime Minister, the Chief Justice, the General Armed Forces Inspector, 50 electors elected by the Sejm, and 25 electors elected by the Senate. The Senate was abolished in 1946 so in 1947 Bolesław Bierut was elected President only by the Sejm. There were no presidents from 1952 until 1989 when the Senate was restored and the National Assembly elected Wojciech Jaruzelski as\",\n \"title\": \"Parliament of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2253017\",\n \"text\": \"led the SLD. In April 1997, the first post-communist Constitution of Poland was finalized, and in July put into effect. In June 2000, UW withdrew from the governing coalition, leaving AWS at the helm of a minority government. In the presidential election of 2000, Aleksander Kwaśniewski, the incumbent former leader of the post-communist SLD, was re-elected in the first round of voting, with 53.9% of the popular vote. Second place, with only 17.3%, went to Andrzej Olechowski. It is thought that the opposition campaign was hindered by their inability to put forward a charismatic (or even a single major) candidate,\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland (1989–present)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12883539\",\n \"text\": \"again. Mościcki accepted his election. 1926 Polish presidential elections Two presidential elections were held in Poland in 1926. They followed the May Coup, which forced President Stanisław Wojciechowski and Prime Minister Wincenty Witos to resign and gave effective power to coup leader, Marshal Józef Piłsudski. According to then Constitution President was elected by joint houses of Sejm and Senate (National Assembly). There were two candidates: Piłsudski and supported by the National Democracy, Christian Democracy and Piast Adolf Bniński, Voivode of Poznań. Several other politicians were mentioned to run, most notably outsed President Wojciechowski, Sejm Marshal and now Acting President Maciej\",\n \"title\": \"1926 Polish presidential elections\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"307614\",\n \"text\": \"the Polish United Workers' Party and by 1989 had triumphed in Poland's first partially free and democratic parliamentary elections since the end of the Second World War. Lech Wałęsa, a Solidarity candidate, eventually won the presidency in 1990. The Solidarity movement heralded the collapse of communist regimes and parties across Europe. A shock therapy programme, initiated by Leszek Balcerowicz in the early 1990s enabled the country to transform its socialist-style planned economy into a market economy. As with other post-communist countries, Poland suffered slumps in social and economic standards, but it became the first post-communist country to reach its pre-1989\",\n \"title\": \"Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4847213\",\n \"text\": \"2005 Polish presidential election The 2005 Presidential elections were held in Poland on October 9 and October 23, 2005. The outgoing President of Poland, Aleksander Kwaśniewski, had served two five-year terms and was unable to stand for a third term. Lech Kaczyński defeated Donald Tusk to become President of Poland. Two center-right candidates, Donald Tusk, chairman of the Civic Platform party (PO), and Lech Kaczyński, leader of the Law and Justice party (PiS) and mayor of Warsaw, led the poll in the first round, as was widely expected. As neither received 50 percent of the vote, a second round was\",\n \"title\": \"2005 Polish presidential election\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4460728\",\n \"text\": \"Jagiellonian dynasty, and following a brief period of interregnum, the entire nobility (szlachta) of the Commonwealth (10% of the population) could take part in the elections of the monarchs. Last elected king was Stanisław August Poniatowski in 1764. He abdicated in 1795 after the partitions of Poland ended the existence of sovereign state of Poland for 123 years. It is disputed how free were elections held after 1926 were; in particular, the 1930 elections are often considered to have been non-free . Polish presidents were elected by the Sejm and Senate (Zgromadzenie Narodowe), not in a popular vote. Before 1922,\",\n \"title\": \"Elections in Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5589323\",\n \"text\": \"and 94 others. He was the oldest victim of the crash. On 19 April 2010, Kaczorowski's coffin was taken to St John's Cathedral for a funeral mass, before being buried in a crypt at the National Temple of Divine Providence in Warsaw. http://www.thenews.pl/radio/newsfrompoland/default.aspx?id=129920 Ryszard Kaczorowski Ryszard Kaczorowski, GCMG (; 26 November 1919 – 10 April 2010) was a Polish statesman. Between 1989 and 1990 he served as the last President of Poland in exile. He succeeded Kazimierz Sabbat and resigned his post following Poland's regaining independence from the Soviet sphere of influence and election of Lech Wałęsa as the first\",\n \"title\": \"Ryszard Kaczorowski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9825820\",\n \"text\": \"or embroidered on the \\\"vexillum\\\". A royal banner was used as early as the reign of Boleslaus the Generous (r. 1076-1079). The earliest mention of a banner (, pronounced ) bearing the sign of an eagle is found in Wincenty Kadłubek's \\\"Chronicle\\\" which says that Duke Casimir the Just fought the Ruthenians in 1182 \\\"under the sign of the victorious eagle\\\". A seal of Duke Premislaus II from 1290 shows the ruler holding a banner emblazoned with a crowned eagle. Five years later, Premislaus was crowned King of Poland, and he made the crowned White Eagle a national coat of\",\n \"title\": \"Banner of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3098068\",\n \"text\": \"Ignacy Mościcki Ignacy Mościcki (; 1 December 18672 October 1946) was a Polish chemist, politician, and President of Poland from 1926 to 1939. He was the longest serving President in Poland's history. Ignacy Mościcki was born on 1 December 1867 in Mierzanowo, a small village near Ciechanów, Congress Poland. After completing school in Warsaw, he studied chemistry at the Riga Polytechnicum. There he joined the Polish underground leftist organization, \\\"Proletariat\\\". On graduating, he returned to Warsaw, but was threatened by the Tsarist secret police with life imprisonment in Siberia and was forced to emigrate in 1892 to London. In 1896\",\n \"title\": \"Ignacy Mościcki\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20107907\",\n \"text\": \"Polish presidential inauguration Polish presidential inauguration is an event marking the beginning of a new term for the President of Poland. According to Article 130 of the current Constitution of Poland (1997) the only condition of taking the office of President of Poland is taking the oath before the National Assembly. All other events are purely ceremonial. If the winning candidate holds any other office, he is obliged to renounce the previously held office on the same day the chairman of National Electoral Commission officially presents election certificate to president-elect. Electoral law specifies that the president-elect is to be inaugurated\",\n \"title\": \"Polish presidential inauguration\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14511281\",\n \"text\": \"Lech Wałęsa Lech Wałęsa (; born 29 September 1943) is a retired Polish politician and labour activist. He co-founded and headed Solidarity (\\\"Solidarność\\\"), the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland from 1990 to 1995. While working at the Lenin Shipyard (now Gdańsk Shipyard), Wałęsa, an electrician, became a trade-union activist, for which he was persecuted by the Communist authorities, placed under surveillance, fired in 1976, and arrested several times. In August 1980 he was instrumental in political negotiations that led to the ground-breaking Gdańsk Agreement between striking\",\n \"title\": \"Lech Wałęsa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18562938\",\n \"text\": \"Andrzej Duda Andrzej Sebastian Duda ( ; born 16 May 1972) is a Polish politician who serves as the sixth and current President of Poland, holding the office since 6 August 2015. Before his tenure as President, Duda was a member of Polish Lower House (Sejm) from 2011 to 2014 and the European Parliament from 2014 to 2015. Duda was the presidential candidate for the right wing Law and Justice party, during the 2015 presidential election in May 2015. In the first round of voting, Duda received 5,179,092 votes – 34.76% of valid votes. In the second round of voting,\",\n \"title\": \"Andrzej Duda\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"715313\",\n \"text\": \"Bolesław Bierut Bolesław Bierut (; 18 April 1892 – 12 March 1956) was a Polish Communist leader, NKVD agent, and a hard-line Stalinist who became President of Poland after the defeat of the Nazi forces in . Bierut was born in Rury, now a part of Lublin, to Wojciech Bierut, a village teacher, and his wife Maria (née Biernacka). He began his studies in 1899/1900 at the public school in Lublin. The school focused majorly on religiousness & patriotism of the students. At the same time he was closely related to the church, and his parents planned to send him\",\n \"title\": \"Bolesław Bierut\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9825830\",\n \"text\": \"last Polish president-in-exile, Ryszard Kaczorowski, handed the presidential insignia, including one of the banners rescued by Mościcki in 1939, to Lech Wałęsa, the first democratically elected president of post-war Poland. The ceremony, held at the Royal Castle in Warsaw was seen as a symbol of the Third Republic's continuity with the pre-war Second Republic. However, since legal regulations on national symbols did not recognize a national banner at that time, the banner brought by Kaczorowski did not become the presidential insignia again but was instead donated to the Royal Castle museum where it is now on display. The other of\",\n \"title\": \"Banner of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2253033\",\n \"text\": \"an increase for the former and a drop for the latter compared to the 2006 elections. In October 2011 Donald Tusk, with a clear pro-European agenda, became the first ever Polish Prime Minister to be reelected in post-communist Poland. PO won a record of four consecutive elections, and Donald Tusk was left as the kingmaker. PO's dominance was seen as a reflection of right-wing weakness and divisions, with PiS splitting in autumn 2010. After two rounds of elections in May 2015, opposition Law and Justice (PiS) candidate Andrzej Duda became President by a 3% margin. In October 2015, the PiS\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland (1989–present)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"641798\",\n \"text\": \"Stanisław Wojciechowski Stanisław Wojciechowski (; 15 March 1869 – 9 April 1953) was a Polish politician, scholar, and activist in the cooperative movement. In 1922 he was elected the second President of the Republic of Poland following the assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz. He was ousted by the May Coup d'État of 1926. While a student at the University of Warsaw, Wojciechowski worked for the Polish Socialist movement, which at the time was a major force in the Polish independence effort. He was arrested by czarist police in 1891, and again in 1892. Upon his release he moved to Zurich, then\",\n \"title\": \"Stanisław Wojciechowski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2253032\",\n \"text\": \"the event of Russian aggressions towards Poland. On 10 April 2010, numerous members of the political elite died in the Smolensk air crash, including Lech Kaczyński, incumbent President of Poland. At the Polish presidential election in 2010, Donald Tusk decided not to run. At PO primary elections, Bronisław Komorowski defeated the Oxford-educated Foreign Minister Radosław Sikorski, at the second round of voting on 4 July 2010, he defeated PiS's Jarosław Kaczyński. and on August 6, 2010 he was sworn in as new President. In the November 2010 local elections PO won 31 percent of the votes and PiS 23 percent,\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland (1989–present)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3098072\",\n \"text\": \"Romania and was forced by France to resign his office. He transferred the office to General Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski, who held it for only one day before General Władysław Sikorski and the French government ousted him in favor of Władysław Raczkiewicz. In December 1939 Mościcki was released and allowed to move to Switzerland, where he remained through World War II. He died at his home near Geneva on 2 October 1946. Ignacy Mościcki Ignacy Mościcki (; 1 December 18672 October 1946) was a Polish chemist, politician, and President of Poland from 1926 to 1939. He was the longest serving President in\",\n \"title\": \"Ignacy Mościcki\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2253009\",\n \"text\": \"Senate were freely contested; the majority of these were by candidates supported by Solidarity. The failure of the communists at the polls produced a political crisis. The round-table agreement called for a communist president, and on July 19, the National Assembly, with the support of a number of Solidarity deputies, elected General Wojciech Jaruzelski to that office. However, two attempts by the communists to form governments failed. On August 19, President Jaruzelski asked journalist/Solidarity activist Tadeusz Mazowiecki to form a government; on September 12, the Sejm voted approval of Prime Minister Mazowiecki and his cabinet. For the first time in\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland (1989–present)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4241168\",\n \"text\": \"to confirm the heir's appointment, dates to the very beginning of Polish statehood. Legends survive of the 9th-century election of the legendary founder of the first Polish royal family, Piast the Wheelwright of the Piast dynasty, and of a similar election of his son, Siemowit (that would place a Polish ruler's election a century before the earliest Icelandic ones by the Althing), but sources for that time are very sparse, and it is hard to estimate to whether those elections were more than a formality. The election privilege, exercised during the gatherings known as \\\"wiec\\\", was usually limited to the\",\n \"title\": \"Royal elections in Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20455248\",\n \"text\": \"Małgorzata Gersdorf Małgorzata Maria Gersdorf (; born 22 November 1952) is a Polish lawyer and judge who currently serves as the First President of the Supreme Court of Poland, a position she has held since 2014. She graduated from the University of Warsaw with a law degree in 1975, and obtained a doctorate degree in 1981. She became a professor for the University of Warsaw in 1992, served as Vice-Rector of the University in 2005, and became head of the Law Department in 2008. Politically, Gersdorf was part of the Solidarity movement in the 1980s, and worked in the Supreme\",\n \"title\": \"Małgorzata Gersdorf\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14511337\",\n \"text\": \"by Simon Bolivar and is ranked just above Ivan the Terrible. Lech Wałęsa Lech Wałęsa (; born 29 September 1943) is a retired Polish politician and labour activist. He co-founded and headed Solidarity (\\\"Solidarność\\\"), the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland from 1990 to 1995. While working at the Lenin Shipyard (now Gdańsk Shipyard), Wałęsa, an electrician, became a trade-union activist, for which he was persecuted by the Communist authorities, placed under surveillance, fired in 1976, and arrested several times. In August 1980 he was instrumental in\",\n \"title\": \"Lech Wałęsa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4622168\",\n \"text\": \"Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski Bolesław Ignacy Florian Wieniawa-Długoszowski (22 July 1881 – 1 July 1942) was a Polish general, adjutant to Chief of State Józef Piłsudski, politician, diplomat, poet , artist, and formally, for one day, President of the Republic of Poland. Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski was born 22 July 1881 on his family's estate in Maksymówka (near Stanisławów – now Ivano-Frankivsk), the son of Bolesław Długoszowski and Józefina, \\\"née\\\" Struszkiewicz. In 1877 his family moved to a palace on another family estate, in Bobowa. There Bolesław spent his early life. He attended secondary school in Lwów, where he was a top student. Subsequently\",\n \"title\": \"Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4042075\",\n \"text\": \"runoff. After the election Tymiński tried to establish a new political party, but quickly disappeared from the political scene in Poland. Although an independent, Cimoszewicz was supported by Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland (SdRP). 1990 Polish presidential election Presidential elections were held in Poland on 25 November 1990, with a second round on 9 December. They were the first direct presidential elections in the history of Poland, and the first free presidential elections since the May Coup of 1926. Before World War II, presidents were elected by the Sejm. From 1952 to 1989—the bulk of the Communist era—the\",\n \"title\": \"1990 Polish presidential election\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2253024\",\n \"text\": \"turning to the left in 1993 and 2001, and to the right in 1997 and 2005. Presidential elections in October followed a similar script. The early favorite, Donald Tusk, leader of the PO, saw his opinion poll lead slip away and was beaten 54% to 46% in the second round by the PiS candidate Lech Kaczyński (one of the twins, founders of the party). Both elections were blighted by low turn-outs: only 51% in the second and deciding round of the presidential election and just over 40% in the parliamentary election. The suggested cause of the low turnout is popular\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland (1989–present)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4385603\",\n \"text\": \"exile. He was also a member of the Committee for Polish Affairs and an advisor of various British governmental agencies and ministries. In March 1979, Raczyński became President in exile, after being previously chosen by the outgoing President Stanisław Ostrowski. In turn, he chose as his successor Prime Minister Kazimierz Sabbat. During the Raczyński presidency (1979–1986) the Solidarity movement was established in Poland. Raczyński played an important role in raising awareness about the events in Poland in Western countries and in establishing closer ties with the opposition movement in Poland. President Raczyński at some point considered naming Władysław Bartoszewski as\",\n \"title\": \"Edward Bernard Raczyński\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2885659\",\n \"text\": \"Władysław Raczkiewicz Władysław Raczkiewicz (; 28 January 1885 – 6 June 1947) was a Polish politician, lawyer, diplomat and the first president of the Polish government in exile from 1939 until his death in 1947. Until 1945 he was the internationally recognized Polish head of state, and the Polish Government in Exile was recognized as the continuum to the Polish government of 1939. Władysław Raczkiewicz was born in Kutaisi, the second-largest city in Georgia, at that time part of the Russian Empire to Polish parents Józef Raczkiewicz, a court judge, and Ludwika Łukaszewicz. He studied in Saint Petersburg where he\",\n \"title\": \"Władysław Raczkiewicz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2197981\",\n \"text\": \"the Germans sent Piłsudski, then under arrest, back to Warsaw. On November 11, 1918, he took control from the puppet government the Germans had set up. Ignacy Daszyński headed a short-lived Polish government in Lublin from November 6 but Piłsudski had overwhelming prestige at this point. Daszyński and the other Polish leaders acknowledged him as head of the army and in effect head of what became the Republic of Poland. Germany, now defeated, followed the terms of the Armistice and withdrew its forces. Paderewski became the first prime minister (in early 1919) and Dmowsky headed the largest party. From its\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland (1918–1939)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4818598\",\n \"text\": \"limited elections, and the subsequent formation of the first non-communist government in the region in decades, encouraged many similar peaceful transitions from communist party rule in Central and Eastern Europe in the second half of 1989. In December 1989, changes to the Polish constitution were made, officially eliminating the \\\"socialist\\\" order: Marxist references were removed and the name of the country was changed back to the Polish Republic. Wałęsa, president of the Solidarity trade union, demanded early presidential elections acting against the advice of his traditional Solidarity allies, intellectuals who were now running the government. Under pressure from the continuing\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland (1945–1989)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"179010\",\n \"text\": \"known as the baptism of Poland, and its date is often used to mark a symbolic beginning of Polish statehood. Mieszko completed a unification of the West Slavic tribal lands that was fundamental to the new country's existence. Following its emergence, Poland was led by a series of rulers who converted the population to Christianity, created a strong kingdom and fostered a distinctive Polish culture that was integrated into the broader European culture. Mieszko's son, Duke Bolesław I the Brave (r. 992–1025), established a Polish Church structure, pursued territorial conquests and was officially crowned the first king of Poland in\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2838124\",\n \"text\": \"provided as follows: It was not until 29 or 30 September 1939 that Mościcki resigned. Raczkiewicz, who was already in Paris, immediately took his constitutional oath at the Polish Embassy and became President of the Republic of Poland. Raczkiewicz then appointed General Władysław Sikorski to be Prime Minister. After Edward Rydz-Śmigły stepped down, Raczkiewicz also made Sikorski Commander-in-Chief of the Polish Armed Forces. Most of the Polish Navy escaped to Britain, and tens of thousands of Polish soldiers and airmen escaped through Hungary and Romania or across the Baltic Sea to continue the fight in France. Many Poles subsequently took\",\n \"title\": \"Polish government-in-exile\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"879935\",\n \"text\": \"President is elected by popular vote for a five-year term, the Prime minister and Deputy Prime Ministers (if any) are appointed by the President and confirmed by the \\\"Sejm\\\". The Council of Ministers is responsible to the Prime Minister and the \\\"Sejm\\\". The President is elected by terms; as head of state, supreme commander of the Armed Forces, and supreme representative of the Republic of Poland. The President has the right to veto legislation, although veto may be overridden by the assembly with a three-fifths majority vote. The President, as representative of the state in foreign affairs, shall ratify and\",\n \"title\": \"Politics of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4460735\",\n \"text\": \"at the helm of a minority government. In the presidential election of 2000, Aleksander Kwaśniewski, the incumbent former leader of the post-communist Democratic Left Alliance (SLD), was re-elected in the first round of voting, with 53.9% of the popular vote. Second place, with only 17.3%, went to Andrzej Olechowski. It is thought that the opposition campaign was hindered by their inability to put forward a charismatic (or even a single major) candidate, as well as falling support for the centre-right Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS) government. This was related to internal friction in the ruling parliamentary coalition. The 1997 Constitution and\",\n \"title\": \"Elections in Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20107908\",\n \"text\": \"on day of expiry of the outgoing president's term or if the office was vacated before the election, 7 days after the Supreme Court confirmed the election results to be valid. President-elect arrives at the National Assembly, usually accompanied by the First Lady. The Ceremony is presided by the Marshal of the Sejm or in his/her absence, the Marshal of the Senate. The inauguration begins by opening of the session by the presiding officer and singing of the national anthem of Poland (titled \\\"Poland Is Not Yet Lost\\\" and commonly known as \\\"Dąbrowski's Mazurka\\\"). , the current procedure of the\",\n \"title\": \"Polish presidential inauguration\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"179175\",\n \"text\": \"suspended and a small number of political prisoners, including Wałęsa, were released. Although martial law formally ended in July 1983 and a partial amnesty was enacted, several hundred political prisoners remained in jail. Jerzy Popiełuszko, a popular pro-Solidarity priest, was abducted and murdered by security functionaries in October 1984. Further developments in Poland occurred concurrently with and were influenced by the reformist leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union (processes known as Glasnost and Perestroika). In September 1986, a general amnesty was declared and the government released nearly all political prisoners. However, the country lacked basic stability, as the\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4818434\",\n \"text\": \"Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union, increasing pressure from the West, and dysfunctional economy, the regime was forced to negotiate with its opponents. The 1989 Round Table Talks led to Solidarity's participation in the 1989 election. Its candidates' striking victory gave rise to the first of the succession of transitions from communist rule in Central and Eastern Europe. In 1990, Jaruzelski resigned from the presidency of the Republic of Poland; following the presidential election, he was succeeded by Wałęsa. Before World War II, a third of Poland's population was composed of ethnic minorities. Poland had about 35 million inhabitants in\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland (1945–1989)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5422146\",\n \"text\": \"Kazimierz Sabbat Kazimierz Aleksander Sabbat (27 February 1913 – 19 July 1989), was President of Poland in Exile from 8 April 1986 until his death, 19 July 1989, after serving (from 1976) as Prime Minister of the Polish Government in Exile. Sabbat was born on 27 February 1913 in Bieliny Kapitulne, at the foot of the Lysa Gora mountain. Sabbat completed secondary school in Mielec, and studied Law at the Warsaw University shortly before the World War II. He was a Scout, and remained dedicated to the concept of Scouting, even in his later life while in exile. After a\",\n \"title\": \"Kazimierz Sabbat\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18273746\",\n \"text\": \"than three hundred babies baptized in Warsaw were given the uncommon name Eligiusz\\\". The murder of the first president of the Second Polish Republic and the angry canvassing against him revealed impermanence of democratic mechanisms in Poland at that time. The murder of Narutowicz served as the inspiration and a main theme for a number of works. They include the 1977 Polish feature film \\\"Death of a President\\\" (Polish: \\\"Śmierć prezydenta\\\"), directed by Jerzy Kawalerowicz and Wilhelm Sasnal's 2003 painting \\\"Narutowicz\\\". Assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz Gabriel Narutowicz, the first president of Poland after regaining independence, was assassinated on 16 December\",\n \"title\": \"Assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15855188\",\n \"text\": \"Witos for a president. Witos also refused. Finally Piłsudski supported candidature of Minister of Foreign Affairs Gabriel Narutowicz. At the time of election the main candidates were count Maurycy Zamoyski, the candidate of National Democracy and Stanisław Wojciechowski, candidate of Polish People's Party \\\"Piast\\\". Narutowicz's good score was a surprise. After the long voting, Zamoyski and Narutowicz advanced to the fifth ballot. Narutowicz finally won the election by the support of \\\"Piast\\\" (Wojciechowski was eliminated on the fourth round). Narutowicz was sworn in as president on 11 December 1922, but was assassinated just five days later. The first election, when\",\n \"title\": \"1922 Polish presidential elections\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2235025\",\n \"text\": \"occupation. Tens or hundreds of thousands on both sides (estimates differ widely) lost their lives over the course of this conflict. Because of the Polish government leaders' internment in Romania, a practically new government was assembled in Paris as a government in exile. Under French pressure, on 30 September 1939 Władysław Raczkiewicz was appointed as president and General Władysław Sikorski became prime minister and commander-in-chief of the Polish armed forces, reconstructed in the West and as an underground activity in occupied Poland. The exile government was authorized by the Sanation government leaders interned in Romania and was conceived as a\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland (1939–1945)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"641808\",\n \"text\": \"Central European politicians during the early 20th century. A radical in his youth, his ideology matured and grew more conservative with age. He was at the forefront of over a quarter-century of Polish political development and is considered one of the founders of the modern independent Polish state. Stanisław Wojciechowski Stanisław Wojciechowski (; 15 March 1869 – 9 April 1953) was a Polish politician, scholar, and activist in the cooperative movement. In 1922 he was elected the second President of the Republic of Poland following the assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz. He was ousted by the May Coup d'État of 1926.\",\n \"title\": \"Stanisław Wojciechowski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"540763\",\n \"text\": \"former presidents are entitled to lifetime personal security protection by Biuro Ochrony Rządu officers, in addition to receiving a substantial pension and a private office. On 10 April 2010, Lech Kaczyński, president at the time, and Ryszard Kaczorowski, the last president-in-exile although not internationally recognized, died in the crash of the Polish Air Force Tu-154 en route to Russia. As of 2016, three former Presidents of Poland are alive: Also, three former Acting Presidents are alive: There are three living former Polish Presidents: President of Poland The President of the Republic of Poland (, shorter form: \\\"Prezydent RP\\\") is the\",\n \"title\": \"President of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11288588\",\n \"text\": \"spite of the efforts of individuals like Tadeusz Rejtan, Samuel Korsak, and Stanisław Bohuszewicz to prevent it, the deed was accomplished with the aid of Poniński, Radziwiłł, and the bishops Andrzej Młodziejowski, Ignacy Jakub Massalski, and Antoni Kazimierz Ostrowski (primate of Poland), who occupied high positions in the Senate of Poland. The Sejm elected a committee of thirty to deal with the various matters presented. On September 18, 1773, the committee signed the treaty of cession, renouncing all claims of the Commonwealth to the lost territories. a The picture shows the rulers of the three countries that participated in the\",\n \"title\": \"First Partition of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10240508\",\n \"text\": \"of President, and retaining his previous office. In either case, all the powers of the President devolve to the acting President, with the exception of the right to dissolve the Parliament. The first person in line to become acting President is the Marshal of the Sejm. Should he be unable to serve, the next is the Marshal of the Senate. This order of precedence has been in effect since the creation of the Office of President, with the exception of the period 1935-1939, when the order was reversed. To date four people have served as acting President: Maciej Rataj who\",\n \"title\": \"Acting President of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"307618\",\n \"text\": \"victims of the Katyń massacre when the tragedy took place. In 2011, the Presidency of the Council of the European Union responsible for the functioning of the Council was awarded to Poland. The same year parliamentary elections took place in both the Senate and the Sejm. They were won by the ruling Civic Platform. Poland joined European Space Agency in 2012, as well as organised the UEFA Euro 2012 (along with Ukraine). In 2013, Poland also became a member of the Development Assistance Committee. In 2014, the Prime Minister of Poland, Donald Tusk, was chosen to be President of the\",\n \"title\": \"Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"617232\",\n \"text\": \"be the last word (explanations given in the Court)\\\") (2008). Wojciech Jaruzelski Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski (; 6 July 1923 – 25 May 2014) was a Polish military officer and politician. He was First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party from 1981 to 1989, and as such was the last leader of the People's Republic of Poland. He also served as Prime Minister from 1981 to 1985 and the country's head of state from 1985 to 1990 (titled as Chairman of the Council of State from 1985 to 1989 and as President from 1989 to 1990). He was also the\",\n \"title\": \"Wojciech Jaruzelski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12874412\",\n \"text\": \"1989 Polish presidential election The Polish presidential election, 1989 took place on July 19, 1989, and was notable for several reasons. Firstly, the office of President of the Republic of Poland had been reestablished after a period of Communist rule. Secondly, this was the last time when the President was elected by Parliament (joint houses of the Sejm and Senate). Finally, despite adoption of the democratic system there was only one candidate. After the Round Table Agreement, which resulted in a semi-free parliamentary election, marked by effective Solidarity victory and \\\"de facto\\\" loss of the Polish United Workers' Party, on\",\n \"title\": \"1989 Polish presidential election\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2798780\",\n \"text\": \"and continued his work there as a clerk. However, on November 8, 1921, after Antoni Ponikowski's government refused to grant Niewiadomski's department a higher budget, he resigned his post. He then devoted himself to writing and prepared several monographs on 19th- and 20th-century Polish painting, and on the theory of art. He made his living illustrating books. On December 9, 1922, Gabriel Narutowicz was elected by the National Assembly as the first President of Poland. After a heated debate, Narutowicz's candidacy managed to gather 289 votes, including 113 votes of various national minority MPs. The defeated candidate of the National\",\n \"title\": \"Eligiusz Niewiadomski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4241172\",\n \"text\": \"Jagiełło (Jogaila), Grand Duke of Lithuania, as the first king of Poland's second dynasty. The electors chose Władysław II Jagiełło as king, and he married a daughter of Louis I, Jadwiga of Poland, but had no promise that his dynasty would continue on the throne. He would need to issue more privileges to the nobility to secure the guarantee that upon his death, one of his sons would inherit. The royal council chose the candidates, and the delegates of nobility and towns confirmed them during the sejm. The principle of election continued in effect throughout the nearly two centuries of\",\n \"title\": \"Royal elections in Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5881486\",\n \"text\": \"Bronisław Komorowski Bronisław Maria Komorowski (born 4 June 1952) is a Polish politician and historian who served as President of Poland from 2010 to 2015. Komorowski served as Minister of Defence from 2000 to 2001. As Marshal of the Sejm (Speaker of the lower house of Parliament), Komorowski exercised the powers and duties of head of state following the death of President Lech Kaczyński in a plane crash on 10 April 2010. Komorowski was then the governing Civic Platform party's candidate in the resulting presidential election, which he won in the second round of voting on 4 July 2010. He\",\n \"title\": \"Bronisław Komorowski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"179009\",\n \"text\": \"structure in the 10th century that became the state of Poland, one of the West Slavic nations. Poland was established as a state under the Piast dynasty, which ruled the country between the 10th and 14th centuries. Historical records referring to the Polish state begin with the rule of Duke Mieszko I. Mieszko, whose reign commenced sometime before 963 and who continued as the Polish monarch until his death in 992, chose to be baptized in the Western Latin Rite, probably on 14 April 966, following his marriage to Princess Doubravka of Bohemia, a fervent Christian. This event has become\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"716254\",\n \"text\": \"genealogy to the dynasty. About 1295, Przemysł II used a coat of arms with a white eagle – a symbol later referred to as the Piast coat of arms or as the Piast Eagle. Piast kings and rulers of Poland appear in list form in the following table. For a list of all rulers, see List of Polish monarchs. Piast dynasty The Piast dynasty was the first historical ruling dynasty of Poland. The first documented Polish monarch was Prince Mieszko I (c. 930–992). The Piasts' royal rule in Poland ended in 1370 with the death of king Casimir III the\",\n \"title\": \"Piast dynasty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2885378\",\n \"text\": \"Aleksander Zawadzki Aleksander Zawadzki (; 16 December 1899 – 7 August 1964) was a Polish Communist political figure and President of Poland from 1952 to 1964. A member of the Communist Youth Union, Zawadzki went into exile in the Soviet Union in 1931, after spending six years in prison for subversive activities against the Polish state. He returned to Poland in 1939, just before the outbreak of World War II, but was immediately arrested. Freed from prison by the Soviet occupation of Eastern Poland, Zawadzki eventually joined the Soviet-organized Polish People's Army, rising to the rank of major general. Upon\",\n \"title\": \"Aleksander Zawadzki\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19526795\",\n \"text\": \"attempts, founded (or revived) by Juliusz Nowina-Sokolnicki who claimed to be the president of the Polish government-in-exile from 1972 until the restoration of Polish democracy in 1990. In his capacity as president, he claimed to restore the Order of Saint Stanislaus on 9 June 1979. Sokolnicki's claim to the Polish presidency was widely rejected and he is not recognized by the current government of Poland (in 1990, Lech Wałęsa accepted symbols of the pre-War presidency from Ryszard Kaczorowski). Sokolnicki's status was enhanced by the fact that he was an associate of August Zaleski, generally recognized as the head of the\",\n \"title\": \"Ordo Sancti Stanislai\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9562165\",\n \"text\": \"Władysław Anders) in 1942. In 1944-45 he participated in the anti-Nazi Germany Italian campaign as a physician of military hospitals. When World War II ended, he moved to England and became involved in the politics of the Polish community there, which included the Polish government in exile. Ostrowski was the third President of Poland in exile (1972–1979). He took office after death of President August Zaleski. To begin with he had to deal with a deep crisis within the emigre circles. Zaleski, despite earlier promises, declined to step down after seven years in office (1954), which caused formation of the\",\n \"title\": \"Stanisław Ostrowski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1324297\",\n \"text\": \"1995, defeating the incumbent, Lech Wałęsa. He was re-elected to a second and final term as president in 2000 in a decisive first-round victory. Although he was praised for attempting to further integrate Poland into the European Union, he faced criticism for involving the country in the Iraq War. His term ended on 23 December 2005, when he handed over power to his elected successor, conservative Lech Kaczyński. In the years 1973 to 1977, Kwaśniewski studied transport economics and foreign trade at the University of Gdańsk, though he never graduated. He became politically active at this time, and joined the\",\n \"title\": \"Aleksander Kwaśniewski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18386747\",\n \"text\": \"1933 Polish presidential election In the Polish Presidential election, 1933 Professor Ignacy Mościcki was re-elected President of the Second Republic of Poland on May 8 1933 for a further period of seven years, having previously been elected to the position in 1926. He was elected by 332 votes, with 11 votes appearing to be void. The result was greeted with loud cheers. He was elected by the Polish Sejm (Diet) and Senate sitting together as the National Assembly. The National Assembly had 555 members but only 343 were present, mainly members of the government party of Marshal Józef Piłsudski. The\",\n \"title\": \"1933 Polish presidential election\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10574551\",\n \"text\": \"2010 Polish presidential election The popular election of the President of Poland was held on 20 June 2010. As no candidate received a majority of votes in the first round, a second round was held on 4 July 2010. Bronisław Komorowski, candidate of Civic Platform, defeated Jarosław Kaczyński, candidate of Law and Justice. The global financial crisis, flooding in Poland and the Smolensk disaster were the main themes in the last months of the election campaign. After President Lech Kaczyński's death in a plane crash on 10 April 2010, the Constitution required the Marshal of the Sejm to declare the\",\n \"title\": \"2010 Polish presidential election\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6229739\",\n \"text\": \"Droz (1904), the first President of the Turkish Republic Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1937), Pope Nuncio Angelo Roncalli - the future Pope John XXIII. During his visit in 1941 he gave Religious confirmation to local children. The first Polish politician to visit after the Second World War was Adam Rapacki, then the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Polish Republic, accompanied by Turkish dignitaries (1961). In 1985 the village was visited by Kenan Evren, the head of the temporary military dictatorship during that period in Turkey, and in 1994 by Lech Wałęsa. The next President of Poland, Aleksander Kwaśniewski, came twice\",\n \"title\": \"Polonezköy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11521359\",\n \"text\": \"events, the 15 August is celebrated in Poland as the Day of Polish Army. On 16 December 1922, in the gallery Zachęta, Eligiusz Niewiadomski, a painter with mental disorder, who belonged to the right-wing National Democracy, assassinated the first President of Poland, Gabriel Narutowicz, who had been elected five days earlier by Sejm. The other event was the May Coup d'Etat (1926). On 12 May, Marshall Józef Piłsudski, displeased with the situation in Poland, and in particular with the appointment of a new government, arrived in Warsaw from his residence in Sulejówek (a small town east of Warsaw) at the\",\n \"title\": \"History of Warsaw\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8228543\",\n \"text\": \"political repression, but in the end was forced into negotiation. The Roundtable Talks between the government and the Solidarity-led opposition resulted in semi-free elections in 1989. By the end of August 1989, a Solidarity-led coalition government had been formed, and, in December 1990, Wałęsa was elected president. This was soon followed by the dismantling of the communist governmental system and by Poland's transformation into a modern democratic state. Solidarity's early survival represented a break in the hard-line stance of the communist Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR), and was an unprecedented event; not only for the People's Republic of Poland—a satellite\",\n \"title\": \"History of Solidarity\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14491981\",\n \"text\": \"History of Poland during the Piast dynasty The period of rule by the Piast dynasty between the 10th and 14th centuries is the first major stage of the history of the Polish nation. The dynasty was founded by a series of dukes listed by the chronicler Gallus Anonymous in the early 12th century: Siemowit, Lestek and Siemomysł. It was Mieszko I, the son of Siemomysł, who is now considered the proper founder of the Polish state at about 960 AD. The ruling house then remained in power in the Polish lands until 1370. Mieszko converted to Christianity of the Western\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland during the Piast dynasty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"179030\",\n \"text\": \"of the vacancy of the French throne, to which he was the heir presumptive. From the start, the royal elections increased foreign influence in the Commonwealth as foreign powers sought to manipulate the Polish nobility to place candidates amicable to their interests. The reign of Stephen Báthory of Hungary followed (r. 1576–1586). He was militarily and domestically assertive and is revered in Polish historical tradition as a rare case of successful elective king. The establishment of the legal Crown Tribunal in 1578 meant a transfer of many appellate cases from the royal to noble jurisdiction. A period of rule under\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4818488\",\n \"text\": \"rules and practices to supervise all governmental institutions specified in the constitution. The post of President of Poland was replaced with the collective Council of State, but Bierut, the party's first secretary, remained the effective leader of Poland. In the future, the existence of a constitution with democratic provisions would give the opposition a legal tool and a way to pressure the regime. Stalin died in 1953, which was followed by a partial thaw in Poland. Nikita Khrushchev became first secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The PZPR's Second Congress deliberated in March 1954. Cyrankiewicz, previously replaced\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland (1945–1989)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"307564\",\n \"text\": \"to the south and Germany to the west. The establishment of the Polish state can be traced back to A.D. 966, when Mieszko I, ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland, converted to Christianity. The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. This union formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest (about 1 million km) and most populous countries of 16th- and 17th-century Europe, with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe's first\",\n \"title\": \"Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2798774\",\n \"text\": \"Eligiusz Niewiadomski Eligiusz Niewiadomski (December 1, 1869 in Warsaw – January 31, 1923 in Warsaw) was a Polish modernist painter and art critic who belonged to the right-wing National Democratic Party till 1904 and later continued supporting it. In 1922 he assassinated Poland's first President, Gabriel Narutowicz, in his first week in office as president. Niewiadomski was born into a family of gentry descent. His father, Wincenty Niewiadomski, of the \\\"Prus\\\" coat-of-arms, was a veteran of the January Uprising and a worker at the Warsaw mint. At the age of two, Eligiusz lost his mother Julia, and was raised by\",\n \"title\": \"Eligiusz Niewiadomski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5276922\",\n \"text\": \"the Judiciary. The President also selects the First President of the court from candidates presented by the General Assembly of the Supreme Court. The First President holds office for a six-year term, though he or she may be dismissed by the Sejm upon a motion by the President of the Republic of Poland if found convicted of a crime. In July 2018 a new law came into force which lowers the mandatory retirement age from 70 to 65. The introduction of this law is contested and the constitutionality of the law is being assessed. Critics have argued the law is\",\n \"title\": \"Supreme Court of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16531059\",\n \"text\": \"Stanisław Klimecki Stanisław Klimecki (November 20, 1883 – December 11, 1942) was a Polish lawyer, social activist, and the President of Kraków at the time of the German invasion of Poland in September 1939. He served as president only for a few weeks, before his German successor from the NSDAP took over by the order of \\\"SS-Obergruppenführer\\\", Hans Frank. Klimecki saved the city from being shelled by the invading Wehrmacht troops on his own initiative. Klimecki was arrested and then released numerous times during the occupation of Kraków, before his death at the hands of the Nazis. The first time,\",\n \"title\": \"Stanisław Klimecki\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2253014\",\n \"text\": \"the Prime Minister remained poor throughout the Pawlak government, with the President charging Pawlak with furthering personal and party interests while neglecting matters of state importance. Following a number of scandals implicating Pawlak and increasing political tension over control of the armed forces, Wałęsa demanded Pawlak's resignation in January 1995. A crisis resulted and the coalition removed Pawlak from office and replaced him with the SLD's Józef Oleksy as the new Prime Minister. In November 1995, Poland held its second post-war free presidential elections. SLD leader Aleksander Kwaśniewski defeated Wałęsa by a narrow margin—51.7% to 48.3%. Soon after Wałęsa's defeat,\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland (1989–present)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2253012\",\n \"text\": \"for a 5-year term. Jan Krzysztof Bielecki, at Wałęsa's request, formed a government and served as its Prime Minister until October 1991, introducing world prices and greatly expanding the scope of private enterprise. Poland's first free parliamentary elections were held in 1991. More than 100 parties participated, representing the full spectrum of political views. No single party received more than 13% of the total vote. The government of Prime Minister Jan Olszewski was the first fully free and democratic Polish government since 1926. This cabinet was supported by the Kaczyński brothers. Olszewski was replaced by Hanna Suchocka as the first\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland (1989–present)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2838123\",\n \"text\": \"in Paris and then in Angers. From 1940, following the Fall of France, the government moved to London, and remained in the United Kingdom until its dissolution in 1990. On 17 September 1939, the President of the Polish Republic, Ignacy Mościcki, who was then in the small town of Kuty (now Ukraine) near the southern Polish border, issued a proclamation about his plan to transfer power and appointing Władysław Raczkiewicz, the Marshal of the Senate, as his successor. This was done in accordance with Article 24 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, adopted in April 1935. Article 24\",\n \"title\": \"Polish government-in-exile\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4622173\",\n \"text\": \"nominated president of Poland by retiring President Ignacy Mościcki. On the same day, Poland was invaded by the Soviet Union and he emigrated to Paris to perform his new role but was blackballed by Władysław Sikorski, the French Third Republic and the United Kingdom. After the capitulation of France he emigrated to Lisbon but soon he moved to New York. Many sources do not list Wieniawa as President, merely \\\"designated successor\\\". However, according to the then constitution, when the President can not execute his powers (as when Mościcki was interned in Romania and it was clear that he would not\",\n \"title\": \"Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"178999\",\n \"text\": \"History of Poland The history of Poland has its roots in the migrations of Slavs, who established permanent settlements in the Polish lands during the Early Middle Ages. The first ruling dynasty, the Piasts, emerged by the 10th century AD. Duke Mieszko I (d. 992) is considered the \\\"de facto\\\" creator of the Polish state and is widely recognized for the adoption of Western Christianity that followed his baptism in 966. Mieszko's duchy of Poland was formally reconstituted as a medieval kingdom in 1025 by his son Bolesław I the Brave, known for military expansion under his rule. Perhaps the\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"307571\",\n \"text\": \"to form into a recognizable unitary and territorial entity around the middle of the 10th century under the Piast dynasty. Poland's first historically documented ruler, Mieszko I, accepted Christianity with the Baptism of Poland in 966, as the new official religion of his subjects. The bulk of the population converted in the course of the next few centuries. In 1000, Boleslaw the Brave, continuing the policy of his father Mieszko, held a Congress of Gniezno and created the metropolis of Gniezno and the dioceses of Kraków, Kołobrzeg, and Wrocław. However, the pagan unrest led to the transfer of the capital\",\n \"title\": \"Poland\"\n }\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who was the first elected president of poland"}}},{"rowIdx":8392,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["İstanbul"],"string":"[\n \"İstanbul\"\n]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"68666","text":"Latin script that had been used in Ottoman times. In time the city came to be known as Istanbul and its variations in most world languages. The name \"Constantinople\" is still used by members of the Eastern Orthodox Church in the title of one of their most important leaders, the Orthodox patriarch based in the city, referred to as \"His Most Divine All-Holiness the Archbishop of Constantinople New Rome and Ecumenical Patriarch.\" In Greece today, the city is still called \"Konstantinoúpoli(s)\" () or simply just \"the City\" (). Constantinople was founded by the Roman Emperor Constantine I (272–337) in 324","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"68654","text":"Constantinople Constantinople (; ) was the capital city of the Roman/Byzantine Empire (330–1204 and 1261–1453), and also of the brief Crusader state known as the Latin Empire (1204–1261), until finally falling to the Ottoman (1453–1923) empire. It was reinaugurated in 324 from ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great, after whom it was named, and dedicated on 11 May 330. The city was largely located in what is now the European side and the core of modern Istanbul. From the mid-5th century to the early 13th century, Constantinople was the largest and","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"68665","text":"The modern Turkish name for the city, \"İstanbul\", derives from the Greek phrase \"eis tin polin\" (), meaning \"(in)to the city\". This name was used in Turkish alongside \"Kostantiniyye\", the more formal adaptation of the original \"Constantinople\", during the period of Ottoman rule, while western languages mostly continued to refer to the city as Constantinople until the early 20th century. In 1928, the Turkish alphabet was changed from Arabic script to Latin script. After that, as part of the 1920s Turkification movement, Turkey started to urge other countries to use Turkish names for Turkish cities, instead of other transliterations to","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"68662","text":"after either the assassination of Caracalla in 217 or, at the latest, the fall of the Severan dynasty in 235. Byzantium took on the name of \"Kōnstantinoupolis\" (\"city of Constantine\", \"Constantinople\") after its refoundation under Roman emperor Constantine I, who transferred the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium in 330 and designated his new capital officially as \"Nova Roma\" () 'New Rome'. During this time, the city was also called 'Second Rome', 'Eastern Rome', and \"Roma Constantinopolitana\". As the city became the sole remaining capital of the Roman Empire after the fall of the West, and its wealth, population,","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"7074609","text":"Great Palace of Constantinople The Great Palace of Constantinople (, \"Méga Palátion\"; Latin: \"Palatium Magnum\", Turkish: \"Büyük Saray\"), also known as the Sacred Palace (, \"Hieròn Palátion\"; Latin: \"Sacrum Palatium\"), was the large Imperial Byzantine palace complex located in the south-eastern end of the peninsula now known as \"Old Istanbul\" (formerly Constantinople), in modern Turkey. It served as the main royal residence of the Eastern Roman or Byzantine emperors from 330 to 1081 and was the center of imperial administration for over 690 years. Only a few remnants and fragments of its foundations have survived into the present day. When","title":"Great Palace of Constantinople"},{"id":"7971193","text":"Israel it has virtually disappeared, replaced by the Hebrew transliteration of the Turkish \"Istanbul\" (). Present-day Chinese use transcriptions of the name Istanbul (Yisitanbu'er 伊斯坦布尔 or Yisitanbao 伊斯坦堡) when referring to the modern city. Most modern Western languages have adopted the name \"Istanbul\" for the modern city during the 20th century, following the current usage in the Turkish Republic. However, many languages also preserve other, traditional names. Greeks continue to call the city Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολη \"Konstantinupoli\" in Modern Greek) or simply \"The City\" (η Πόλη \"i Poli\"). Languages that use forms based on \"Stamboul\" include Russian, Polish (though the alternative","title":"Names of Istanbul"},{"id":"68661","text":"colonists, Byzas. The later Byzantines of Constantinople themselves would maintain that the city was named in honour of two men, Byzas and Antes, though this was more likely just a play on the word Byzantion. The city was briefly renamed \"Augusta Antonina\" in the early 3rd century AD by the Emperor Septimius Severus (193–211), having razed the city to the ground in 196 for supporting a rival contender in the civil war and rebuilt, in honour of his son Antoninus, the later Emperor Caracalla. The name appears to have been quickly forgotten and abandoned, and the city reverted to Byzantium/Byzantion","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"6652901","text":"the name given to it at its foundation by Megarean colonists around 660 BCE. The name is thought to be derived from a personal name, Byzas. Ancient Greek tradition refers to a legendary king of that name as the leader of the Greek colonists. Modern scholars have also hypothesized that the name of Byzas was of local Thracian or Illyrian origin and hence predated the Megarean settlement. After Constantine the Great made it the new eastern capital of the Roman Empire in 330 CE, the city became widely known as Constantinople, which, as the Latinized form of \"\" (\"Konstantinoúpolis\"), means","title":"Istanbul"},{"id":"68722","text":"purported clepsydra mounted with a golden statue of a man. The Chinese histories even related how the city had been besieged in the 7th century by Muawiyah I and how he exacted tribute in a peace settlement. Constantinople Constantinople (; ) was the capital city of the Roman/Byzantine Empire (330–1204 and 1261–1453), and also of the brief Crusader state known as the Latin Empire (1204–1261), until finally falling to the Ottoman (1453–1923) empire. It was reinaugurated in 324 from ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great, after whom it was named, and","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"2373714","text":"New Rome New Rome (Greek: Νέα Ῥώμη, \"Nea Romē\"; Latin: \"Nova Roma\") was a name sometimes used to describe the new city that the Roman Emperor Constantine created as his new imperial capital on the European coast of the Bosphorus strait. The city was known as Byzantium prior to his rededication, and as Constantinople thereafter, until the 20th century, when it was renamed Istanbul. 'New Rome' was never an official title, but was sometimes used as a laudatory description of the city, which was often compared with Rome in many ways (see the paragraph that follows). Constantine essentially rebuilt the","title":"New Rome"},{"id":"7971175","text":"New, second Rome\", \"Alma Roma\" , , \"Eastern Rome\", \"Roma Constantinopolitana\". The Third Canon of the First Council of Constantinople (360) refers to the city as New Rome. The term \"New Rome\" lent itself to East–West polemics, especially in the context of the Great Schism, when it was used by Greek writers to stress the rivalry with (the original) Rome. \"New Rome\" is also still part of the official title of the Patriarch of Constantinople. \"Kōnstantinoúpolis\" (Κωνσταντινούπολις), \"Constantinopolis\" in Latin and \"Constantinople\" in English, was the name by which the city became soon more widely known, in honour of Constantine","title":"Names of Istanbul"},{"id":"7971177","text":"popular speech, the most common way of referring to it came to be simply \"the City\" (Greek: \"hē Polis\", , Modern Greek: \"i Poli\", η Πόλη). This usage, still current today in colloquial Greek and Armenian (Պոլիս, pronounced \"Polis\" or \"Bolis\" in the Western Armenian dialect prevalent in the city), also became the source of the later Turkish name, \"Istanbul\" (see below). \"Kostantiniyye\" (Arabic, Persian , \"Qusṭanṭīniyya\", Ottoman Turkish , \"Ḳosṭanṭīnīye\") is the name by which the city came to be known in the Islamic world. It is an Arabic calqued form of \"Constantinople\", with an Arabic ending meaning 'place","title":"Names of Istanbul"},{"id":"6652902","text":"the \"City of Constantine\". He also attempted to promote the name \"Nova Roma\" and its Greek version \"\" \"Nea Romē\" (New Rome), but this did not enter widespread usage. \"Constantinople\" remained the most common name for the city in the West until the establishment of the Turkish Republic, and \"Kostantiniyye\" () and \"Be Makam-e Qonstantiniyyah al-Mahmiyyah\" (meaning \"the Protected Location of Constantinople\") and \"İstanbul\" were the names used alternatively by the Ottomans during their rule. The use of \"Constantinople\" to refer to the city during the Ottoman period (from the mid-15th century) is now considered politically incorrect, even if not","title":"Istanbul"},{"id":"7074619","text":"harbour of Bucoleon. Great Palace of Constantinople The Great Palace of Constantinople (, \"Méga Palátion\"; Latin: \"Palatium Magnum\", Turkish: \"Büyük Saray\"), also known as the Sacred Palace (, \"Hieròn Palátion\"; Latin: \"Sacrum Palatium\"), was the large Imperial Byzantine palace complex located in the south-eastern end of the peninsula now known as \"Old Istanbul\" (formerly Constantinople), in modern Turkey. It served as the main royal residence of the Eastern Roman or Byzantine emperors from 330 to 1081 and was the center of imperial administration for over 690 years. Only a few remnants and fragments of its foundations have survived into the","title":"Great Palace of Constantinople"},{"id":"6652897","text":"million residents. Istanbul is one of the world's most populous cities and ranks as the world's fourth-largest city proper and the largest European city. Istanbul is viewed as a bridge between the East and West. Founded under the name of \"Byzantion\" (Βυζάντιον) on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BCE, the city grew in size and influence, becoming one of the most important cities in history. After its reestablishment as \"Constantinople\" in 330 CE, it served as an imperial capital for almost 16 centuries, during the Roman/Byzantine (330–1204), Latin (1204–1261), Palaiologos Byzantine (1261–1453) and Ottoman (1453–1922) empires. It was instrumental in","title":"Istanbul"},{"id":"7971172","text":"Names of Istanbul The city of Istanbul has been known by a number of different names. The most notable names besides the modern Turkish name are \"Byzantium\", \"Constantinople\", and \"Stamboul\". Different names are associated with different phases of its history and with different languages. According to Pliny the Elder the first name of Byzantium was \"Lygos\". This may have been the name of a Thracian settlement situated on the site of the later city, near the point of the peninsula (Sarayburnu). \"Byzantion\" (Βυζάντιον), Latinized as \"Byzantium\", was founded by Greek colonists from Megara in 667 BC. The name is believed","title":"Names of Istanbul"},{"id":"68660","text":"Thracian origin founded between the 13th and 11th centuries BC. The site, according to the founding myth of the city, was abandoned by the time Greek settlers from the city-state of Megara founded \"Byzantium\" (, \"Byzántion\") in around 657 BC, across from the town of Chalcedon on the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus. The origins of the name of \"Byzantion\", more commonly known by the later Latin \"Byzantium\", are not entirely clear, though some suggest it is of Thraco-Illyrian origin. The founding myth of the city has it told that the settlement was named after the leader of the Megarian","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"68663","text":"and influence grew, the city also came to have a multitude of nicknames. As the largest and wealthiest city in Europe during the 4th–13th centuries and a centre of culture and education of the Mediterranean basin, Constantinople came to be known by prestigious titles such as \"Basileuousa\" (Queen of Cities) and \"Megalopolis\" (the Great City) and was, in colloquial speech, commonly referred to as just \"Polis\" () 'the City' by Constantinopolitans and provincial Byzantines alike. In the language of other peoples, Constantinople was referred to just as reverently. The medieval Vikings, who had contacts with the empire through their expansion","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"2065249","text":"Byzantine architecture Byzantine architecture () is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, also known as the Later Roman or Eastern Roman Empire. The Byzantine era is the period after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire. Constantinople became known as the Roman capital in 330 AD. Constantinople is what is now present day Istanbul. Byzantine architecture was mostly influenced by Roman and Greek architecture. It began with Constantine the Great when he rebuilt the city of Byzantium and named it Constantinople and continued with his building of churches and the forum of Constantine, as also the Church of St. George,","title":"Byzantine architecture"},{"id":"2065279","text":"of Constantinople by the Ottomans. Byzantine architecture Byzantine architecture () is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, also known as the Later Roman or Eastern Roman Empire. The Byzantine era is the period after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire. Constantinople became known as the Roman capital in 330 AD. Constantinople is what is now present day Istanbul. Byzantine architecture was mostly influenced by Roman and Greek architecture. It began with Constantine the Great when he rebuilt the city of Byzantium and named it Constantinople and continued with his building of churches and the forum of Constantine, as also","title":"Byzantine architecture"},{"id":"90880","text":"of Constantine. He is venerated as a saint by the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches. He has historically been referred to as the \"First Christian Emperor\", and he did heavily promote the Christian Church. Some modern scholars, however, debate his beliefs and even his comprehension of the Christian faith itself. The age of Constantine marked a distinct epoch in the history of the Roman Empire. He built a new imperial residence at Byzantium and renamed the city Constantinople (now Istanbul) after himself (the laudatory epithet of \"New Rome\" came later, and was never an official title). It became the","title":"Constantine the Great"},{"id":"68664","text":"in eastern Europe (Varangians) used the Old Norse name \"Miklagarðr\" (from \"mikill\" 'big' and \"garðr\" 'city'), and later \"Miklagard\" and \"Miklagarth\". In Arabic, the city was sometimes called \"Rūmiyyat al-Kubra\" (Great City of the Romans) and in Persian as \"Takht-e Rum\" (Throne of the Romans). In East and South Slavic languages, including in medieval Russia, Constantinople has been referred to as \"Tsargrad\" (\"Царьград\") or \"Carigrad\", 'City of the Caesar (Emperor)', from the Slavonic words \"tsar\" ('Caesar' or 'King') and \"grad\" ('city'). This was presumably a calque on a Greek phrase such as (\"Vasileos Polis\"), 'the city of the emperor [king]'.","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"6652911","text":"into the 20th century. On 11 May 330, Constantinople was proclaimed the capital of the Roman Empire, which was later permanently divided between the two sons of Theodosius I upon his death on 17 January 395, when the city became the capital of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. The establishment of Constantinople served as one of Constantine's most lasting accomplishments, shifting Roman power eastward as the city became a center of Greek culture and Christianity. Numerous churches were built across the city, including the Hagia Sophia which was built during the reign of Justinian the Great and remained the world's","title":"Istanbul"},{"id":"68715","text":"to come back to the city. Constantinople was the largest and richest urban center in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea during the late Eastern Roman Empire, mostly as a result of its strategic position commanding the trade routes between the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea. It would remain the capital of the eastern, Greek-speaking empire for over a thousand years. At its peak, roughly corresponding to the Middle Ages, it was the richest and largest European city, exerting a powerful cultural pull and dominating economic life in the Mediterranean. Visitors and merchants were especially struck by the beautiful monasteries and","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"68659","text":"began to lose territories and the city began to lose population. By the early 15th century, the Byzantine Empire was reduced to just Constantinople and its environs, along with Morea in Greece, making it an enclave inside the Ottoman Empire; after a 53-day siege the city eventually fell to the Ottomans, led by Sultan Mehmed II, on 29 May 1453, whereafter it replaced Edirne (Adrianople) as the new capital of the Ottoman Empire. According to Pliny the Elder in his \"Natural History\", the first known name of a settlement on the site of Constantinople was \"Lygos\", a settlement likely of","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"981870","text":"some contemporary writers to Sultan Mehmed II himself. The name of Istanbul is thought to be derived from the Greek phrase \"īs tīmbolī(n)\" (, translit. \"eis tēn pólin\", \"to the City\"), and it is claimed that it had already spread among the Turkish populace of the Ottoman Empire before the conquest. However, Istanbul only became the official name of the city in 1930 by the revised Turkish Postal Law as part of Atatürk's reforms. Melville Jones, John, The Siege of Constantinople 1453: Seven Contemporary Accounts, Amsterdam 1972 Philippides, Marios and Walter K. Hanak, The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople","title":"Fall of Constantinople"},{"id":"4334092","text":"may be a special case. When the city was first settled by Englishmen, in the early 17th century, both names were in use. Possibly they referred to different villages which were fused into the new settlement. In any case, Madras became the exonym, while more recently, Chennai became the endonym. Likewise, Istanbul (İstanbul in Turkish) is still called Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολη) in Greek, although the name was changed in Turkish to disassociate the city from its Greek past between 1923 and 1930 (the name Istanbul itself derives from a Medieval Greek phrase). Prior to Constantinople, the city was known in Greek","title":"Exonym and endonym"},{"id":"9663518","text":"to Ankara. Since 1930, the native name \"Istanbul\" has been the sole official name of the city in Turkish and has since replaced the traditional name \"Constantinople\" in most western languages as well. Humans have lived in the area now known as Istanbul since at least the Neolithic period. The earliest known settlement dates from 6700 BC, discovered in 2008, during the construction works of the Yenikapı subway station and the Marmaray tunnel at the historic peninsula on the European side. The first human settlement on the Anatolian side, the Fikirtepe mound, is from the Copper Age period, with artifacts","title":"History of Istanbul"},{"id":"2797683","text":"Edict of Milan, which granted liberty for Christians to profess their religion. Constantine was converted to Christianity, enforcing the Christian faith. He began the Christianization of the Empire and of Europe – a process concluded by the Catholic Church in the Middle Ages. He was defeated by the Franks and the Alamanni during 306–308. In 324 he defeated another tetrarch, Licinius, and controlled all the empire, as it was before Diocletian. To celebrate his victories and Christianity's relevance, he rebuilt Byzantium and renamed it Nova Roma (\"New Rome\"); but the city soon gained the informal name of Constantinople (\"City of","title":"Ancient Rome"},{"id":"7971176","text":"the Great who established it as his capital. It is first attested in official use under Emperor Theodosius II (408–450). It remained the principal official name of the city throughout the Byzantine period, and the most common name used for it in the West until the early 20th century. It was also used (including its Kostantiniyye variant) by the Ottoman Empire until the advent of the Republic of Turkey. Besides \"Constantinople\", the Byzantines referred to the city with a large range of honorary appellations, such as the \"Queen of Cities\" (), also as an adjective, Βασιλεύουσα, the 'Reigning City'. In","title":"Names of Istanbul"},{"id":"10202120","text":"Wars. According to Acts of Apostles 11, a city in the southern of Turkey, Antioch (now Antakya) is the birthplace of the first Christian community. In 324, Constantine I chose Byzantium to be the new capital of the Roman Empire, renaming it New Rome. Following the death of Theodosius I in 395 and the permanent division of the Roman Empire between his two sons, the city, which would popularly come to be known as Constantinople, became the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. This empire, which would later be branded by historians as the Byzantine Empire, ruled most of the","title":"Turkey"},{"id":"68655","text":"wealthiest city in Europe. The city was also famed for its architectural masterpieces, such as the Greek Orthodox cathedral of Hagia Sophia, which served as the seat of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, the sacred Imperial Palace where the Emperors lived, the Galata Tower, the Hippodrome, the Golden Gate of the Land Walls, and the opulent aristocratic palaces lining the arcaded avenues and squares. The University of Constantinople was founded in the fifth century and contained numerous artistic and literary treasures before it was sacked in 1204 and 1453, including its vast Imperial Library which contained the remnants of the Library of","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"981808","text":"Fall of Constantinople The Fall of Constantinople (; ) was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by an invading Ottoman army on 29 May 1453. The attackers were commanded by the 21-year-old Sultan Mehmed II, who defeated an army commanded by Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos and took control of the imperial capital, ending a 53-day siege that began on 6 April 1453. After conquering the city, Sultan Mehmed transferred the capital of his Empire from Edirne to Constantinople and established his court there. The capture of the city (and two other Byzantine splinter territories soon thereafter) marked","title":"Fall of Constantinople"},{"id":"981860","text":"and Constantine Lascaris, fled the city and found refuge in the Latin West, bringing with them knowledge and documents from the Greco-Roman tradition to Italy and other regions that further propelled the Renaissance. Those Greeks who stayed behind in Constantinople mostly lived in the Phanar and Galata districts of the city. The Phanariotes, as they were called, provided many capable advisers to the Ottoman rulers. Byzantium is a term used by modern historians to refer to the later Roman Empire. In its own time, the Empire ruled from Constantinople (or \"New Rome\" as some people call it, although this was","title":"Fall of Constantinople"},{"id":"6652905","text":"importance of Constantinople in the Ottoman world was also reflected by its Ottoman name 'Der Saadet' meaning the 'gate to Prosperity' in Ottoman. An alternative view is that the name evolved directly from the name \"Constantinople\", with the first and third syllables dropped. A Turkish folk etymology traces the name to Islam bol \"plenty of Islam\" because the city was called \"Islambol\" (\"plenty of Islam\") or \"Islambul\" (\"find Islam\") as the capital of the Islamic Ottoman Empire. It is first attested shortly after the conquest, and its invention was ascribed by some contemporary writers to Sultan Mehmed II himself. Some","title":"Istanbul"},{"id":"981869","text":"of the war Venizelos lost the election of 1920 and went into exile and Greece was defeated in the war by Turkey. Ottomans used the Arabic transliteration of the city's name \"Kostantiniyye,\" (القسطنطينية), as can be seen in numerous Ottoman documents. \"Islambol\" (, \"Full of Islam\") or \"Islambul\" (\"find Islam\") or \"Islam(b)ol\" (\"old Turkic: be Islam\"), both in Turkish Language, were folk-etymological adaptations of \"Istanbul\" created after the Ottoman conquest of 1453 to express the city's new role as the capital of the Islamic Ottoman Empire. It is first attested shortly after the conquest, and its invention was ascribed by","title":"Fall of Constantinople"},{"id":"9663523","text":"capital city. Byzantium (now renamed as \"Nova Roma\" which eventually became \"Constantinopolis\", i.e. \"The City of Constantine\") was officially proclaimed the new capital of the Roman Empire in 330. Following the death of Theodosius I in 395 and the permanent partition of the Roman Empire between his two sons, Constantinople became the capital of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. The combination of imperialism and location would play an important role as the crossing point between two continents (Europe and Asia), and later a magnet for Africa and others as well, in terms of commerce, culture, diplomacy, and strategy. It was","title":"History of Istanbul"},{"id":"3005335","text":"29 May 1453 after a six-week siege. The walls were largely maintained intact during most of the Ottoman period, until sections began to be dismantled in the 19th century, as the city outgrew its medieval boundaries. Despite the subsequent lack of maintenance, many parts of the walls survived and are still standing today. A large-scale restoration program has been under way since the 1980s. According to tradition, the city was founded as Byzantium by Greek colonists from Megara, led by the eponymous Byzas, around 658 BC. At the time the city consisted of a small region around an acropolis, located","title":"Walls of Constantinople"},{"id":"68656","text":"Alexandria and had over 100,000 volumes of ancient texts. It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times as the home of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople and as the guardian of Christendom's holiest relics such as the Crown of Thorns and the True Cross. Constantinople was famed for its massive and complex defences. The first wall of the city was erected by Constantine I, and surrounded the city on both land and sea fronts. Later, in the 5th century, the Praetorian Prefect Anthemius under the child emperor Theodosius II undertook the construction of the Theodosian","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"3005333","text":"Walls of Constantinople The Walls of Constantinople are a series of defensive stone walls that have surrounded and protected the city of Constantinople (today Istanbul in Turkey) since its founding as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Constantine the Great. With numerous additions and modifications during their history, they were the last great fortification system of antiquity, and one of the most complex and elaborate systems ever built. Initially built by Constantine the Great, the walls surrounded the new city on all sides, protecting it against attack from both sea and land. As the city grew, the famous","title":"Walls of Constantinople"},{"id":"68687","text":"was designed in the form of an equal-armed cross with five domes, and ornamented with beautiful mosaics. This church was to remain the burial place of the Emperors from Constantine himself until the 11th century. When the city fell to the Turks in 1453, the church was demolished to make room for the tomb of Mehmet II the Conqueror. Justinian was also concerned with other aspects of the city's built environment, legislating against the abuse of laws prohibiting building within of the sea front, in order to protect the view. During Justinian I's reign, the city's population reached about 500,000","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"68673","text":"the Danube or the Euphrates frontiers, his court supplied from the rich gardens and sophisticated workshops of Roman Asia, his treasuries filled by the wealthiest provinces of the Empire. Constantinople was built over six years, and consecrated on 11 May 330. Constantine divided the expanded city, like Rome, into 14 regions, and ornamented it with public works worthy of an imperial metropolis. Yet, at first, Constantine's new Rome did not have all the dignities of old Rome. It possessed a proconsul, rather than an urban prefect. It had no praetors, tribunes, or quaestors. Although it did have senators, they held","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"7971187","text":"to refer to the authorities located there, and hence for the central Ottoman imperial administration. Modern historians also refer to government by these terms, similar to popular usage of Whitehall in Britain. The sublime Gate is not inside Topkapı palace; the administration building whose gate is named Bâb-ı Âlî is between Agia Sofia and Beyazit mosque, a huge building. Many peoples neighboring on the Byzantine Empire used names expressing concepts like \"The Great City\", \"City of the Emperors\", \"Capital of the Romans\" or similar. During the 10th to 12th century Constantinople was one of the largest two cities in the","title":"Names of Istanbul"},{"id":"68721","text":"the barbarians coming from south of the Danube river, who found easier targets to the west rather than the richer provinces to the east in Asia. From the 5th century, the city was also protected by the Anastasian Wall, a 60-kilometer chain of walls across the Thracian peninsula. Many scholars argue that these sophisticated fortifications allowed the east to develop relatively unmolested while Ancient Rome and the west collapsed. Constantinople's fame was such that it was described even in contemporary Chinese histories, the \"Old\" and \"New Book of Tang\", which mentioned its massive walls and gates as well as a","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"8694002","text":"and the Sassanid Dynasty rose. Constantinople, situated on the Bosporus Straits at the mouth of the Black Sea, became a capital of the Roman Empire in 330 AD after Constantine the Great, the first Christian emperor, refounded the city of Byzantium. Although the city was called Constantinople until its fall, the Eastern Roman Empire became known by the classical name of Byzantium, and often the city was called by its old name as well. The city's status as residence of the Eastern Roman Emperor made it into the premier city in all of the Eastern Roman colonies in the Balkans,","title":"Middle Eastern empires"},{"id":"6652910","text":"Niger against Emperor Septimius Severus cost it dearly; by the time it surrendered at the end of 195 CE, two years of siege had left the city devastated. Five years later, Severus began to rebuild Byzantium, and the city regained—and, by some accounts, surpassed—its previous prosperity. Constantine the Great effectively became the emperor of the whole of the Roman Empire in September 324. Two months later, he laid out the plans for a new, Christian city to replace Byzantium. As the eastern capital of the empire, the city was named \"Nova Roma\"; most called it Constantinople, a name that persisted","title":"Istanbul"},{"id":"68679","text":"was located), Pontus and Asia comparable to the 100-mile extraordinary jurisdiction of the prefect of Rome. The emperor Valens, who hated the city and spent only one year there, nevertheless built the Palace of Hebdomon on the shore of the Propontis near the Golden Gate, probably for use when reviewing troops. All the emperors up to Zeno and Basiliscus were crowned and acclaimed at the Hebdomon. Theodosius I founded the Church of John the Baptist to house the skull of the saint (today preserved at the Topkapı Palace), put up a memorial pillar to himself in the Forum of Taurus,","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"6652935","text":"Fatih district, which was named after Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror (Turkish: \"Fatih Sultan Mehmed\"), corresponds to what was, until the Ottoman conquest in 1453, the whole of the city of Constantinople (today is the capital district and called the \"historic peninsula\" of Istanbul) on the southern shore of the Golden Horn, across the medieval Genoese citadel of Galata on the northern shore. The Genoese fortifications in Galata were largely demolished in the 19th century, leaving only the Galata Tower, to make way for the northward expansion of the city. Galata (Karaköy) is today a quarter within the Beyoğlu (Pera) district,","title":"Istanbul"},{"id":"68712","text":"Constantinople. In 1453, when the Ottoman Turks captured the city, it contained approximately 50,000 people. Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Empire on 29 May 1453. The Ottomans were commanded by 22-year-old Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II. The conquest of Constantinople followed a seven-week siege which had begun on 6 April 1453. The Christian Orthodox city of Constantinople was now under Ottoman control. When Mehmed II finally entered Constantinople through what is now known as the Topkapi Gate, he immediately rode his horse to the Hagia Sophia, where he ordered his soldiers to stop hacking at the marbles and 'be satisfied","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"6652903","text":"historically inaccurate, by Turks. By the 19th century, the city had acquired other names used by either foreigners or Turks. Europeans used \"Constantinople\" to refer to the whole of the city, but used the name \"Stamboul\"—as the Turks also did—to describe the walled peninsula between the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara. \"Pera\" (from the Greek word for \"across\") was used to describe the area between the Golden Horn and the Bosphorus, but Turks also used the name \"Beyoğlu\" (today the official name for one of the city's constituent districts). \"Islambol\" (meaning either \"City of Islam\" or \"Full of","title":"Istanbul"},{"id":"68685","text":"back, and wide-sleeved tunics tight at the wrist; and to form gangs to engage in night-time muggings and street violence. At last these disorders took the form of a major rebellion of 532, known as the \"Nika\" riots (from the battle-cry of \"Conquer!\" of those involved). Fires started by the Nika rioters consumed Constantine's basilica of Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom), the city's principal church, which lay to the north of the Augustaeum. Justinian commissioned Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus to replace it with a new and incomparable Hagia Sophia. This was the great cathedral of the Orthodox Church,","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"13791571","text":"admirer of everything German, Peter the Great originally named the city, Sankt-Peterburg (; note that the Russian name lacks the letter \"s\" between \"Peter\" and \"burg\"). On 1 September 1914, after the outbreak of World War I, the Imperial government renamed the city Petrograd (), meaning \"Peter's city\", in order to expunge the German name \"Sankt\" and \"Burg\". On 26 January 1924, shortly after the death of Lenin, it was renamed to Leningrad (), meaning \"Lenin's City\". On 6 September 1991, the original name, Sankt-Peterburg, was returned. Today, in English the city is known as \"Saint Petersburg\". Local residents often","title":"Saint Petersburg"},{"id":"68675","text":"in Asiana and Pontica and on 18 May 332 he announced that, as in Rome, free distributions of food would be made to the citizens. At the time, the amount is said to have been 80,000 rations a day, doled out from 117 distribution points around the city. Constantine laid out a new square at the centre of old Byzantium, naming it the Augustaeum. The new senate-house (or Curia) was housed in a basilica on the east side. On the south side of the great square was erected the Great Palace of the Emperor with its imposing entrance, the Chalke,","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"90938","text":"also considered. Eventually, however, Constantine decided to work on the Greek city of Byzantium, which offered the advantage of having already been extensively rebuilt on Roman patterns of urbanism, during the preceding century, by Septimius Severus and Caracalla, who had already acknowledged its strategic importance. The city was thus founded in 324, dedicated on 11 May 330 and renamed \"Constantinopolis\" (\"Constantine's City\" or Constantinople in English). Special commemorative coins were issued in 330 to honor the event. The new city was protected by the relics of the True Cross, the Rod of Moses and other holy relics, though a cameo","title":"Constantine the Great"},{"id":"9663532","text":"semi-ghost town with, as Ibn Battuta noted, sown fields within the city walls. The city by 1453 held less than a tenth of its former population. The city, known alternatively in Ottoman Turkish as \"Ḳosṭanṭīnīye\" ( after the Arabic form ) or Istanbul (while its Christian minorities continued to name it Constantinople), was the capital of the Ottoman Empire from its conquest in 1453 until the empire's collapse in 1922. On 29 May 1453, Sultan Mehmed II \"the Conqueror\", entered Constantinople after a 53–day siege during which his cannon had torn a huge hole in the Walls of Theodosius II.","title":"History of Istanbul"},{"id":"68658","text":"the prosperity it achieved from being the gateway between two continents (Europe and Asia) and two seas (the Mediterranean and the Black Sea). Although besieged on numerous occasions by various armies, the defences of Constantinople proved impregnable for nearly nine hundred years. In 1204, however, the armies of the Fourth Crusade took and devastated the city, and its inhabitants lived several decades under Latin misrule. In 1261 the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos liberated the city, and after the restoration under the Palaiologos dynasty, enjoyed a partial recovery. With the advent of the Ottoman Empire in 1299, the Byzantine Empire","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"13973222","text":"Byzantine Empire under the Constantinian and Valentinian dynasties Byzantium under the Constantinian and Valentinian dynasties was the earliest period of the Byzantine history that saw a shift in government from Rome in the west to Constantinople in the East within the Roman Empire under emperor Constantine the Great and his successors. Constantinople, formally named Nova Roma, was created on the site of the old Greek Byzantium, which is the origin of the historiographical name for the Eastern Empire, which self-identified simply as the \"Roman Empire\". In the 3rd century, the Roman Empire suffered troubling economic difficulties that spread over a","title":"Byzantine Empire under the Constantinian and Valentinian dynasties"},{"id":"6652952","text":"promotion of arts, culture, and nature conservation. Vasip Şahin has been the Governor of Istanbul Province since September 25, 2014. Throughout most of its history, Istanbul has ranked among the largest cities in the world. By 500 CE, Constantinople had somewhere between 400,000 and 500,000 people, edging out its predecessor, Rome, for world's largest city. Constantinople jostled with other major historical cities, such as Baghdad, Chang'an, Kaifeng and Merv for the position of world's most populous city until the 12th century. It never returned to being the world's largest, but remained Europe's largest city from 1500 to 1750, when it","title":"Istanbul"},{"id":"68671","text":"to the ground for supporting Pescennius Niger's claimancy. It was a move greatly criticized by the contemporary consul and historian Cassius Dio who said that Severus had destroyed \"a strong Roman outpost and a base of operations against the barbarians from Pontus and Asia\". He would later rebuild Byzantium towards the end of his reign, in which it would be briefly renamed \"Augusta Antonina\", fortifying it with a new city wall in his name, the Severan Wall. Constantine had altogether more colourful plans. Having restored the unity of the Empire, and, being in the course of major governmental reforms as","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"1689973","text":"Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (, \"Oikoumenikón Patriarkhíon Konstantinoupóleos\", ; ; , \"Roman Orthodox Patriarchate\") is one of the fourteen autocephalous churches (or \"jurisdictions\") that together compose the Eastern Orthodox Church. It is headed by the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, currently Bartholomew I, Archbishop of Constantinople. Because of its historical location as the capital of the former Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire and its role as the Mother Church of most modern Orthodox churches, Constantinople holds a special place of honor within Orthodoxy and serves as the seat for the Ecumenical Patriarch, who enjoys the status of","title":"Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople"},{"id":"3005381","text":"named after a popular monastery outside the Walls, the \"Zōodochos Pēgē\" (\"Life-giving Spring\") in the modern suburb of Balıklı. Its modern Turkish name, Gate of Selymbria (Tr. \"Silivri Kapısı\", Gk. ), appeared in Byzantine sources shortly before 1453. It lies between the heptagonal towers 35 and 36, which were extensively rebuilt in later Byzantine times: its southern tower bears an inscription dated to 1439 commemorating repairs carried out under John VIII Palaiologos. The gate arch was replaced in the Ottoman period. In addition, in 1998 a subterranean basement with 4th/5th century reliefs and tombs was discovered underneath the gate. Van","title":"Walls of Constantinople"},{"id":"6652906","text":"Ottoman sources of the 17th century, such as Evliya Çelebi, describe it as the common Turkish name of the time; between the late 17th and late 18th centuries, it was also in official use. The first use of the word \"Islambol\" on coinage was in 1703 (1115 AH) during the reign of Sultan Ahmed III. Nevertheless, the use of the name \"Constantinople\" remained common in English into the 20th century, \"Istanbul\" became common after Turkey adopted the Latin alphabet in 1928 and urged other countries to use the city's Turkish name. In modern Turkish, the name is written as \"İstanbul\",","title":"Istanbul"},{"id":"68714","text":"thousand households needed to be transferred to Constantinople by September. From all over the Islamic empire, prisoners of war and deported people were sent to the city: these people were called \"Sürgün\" in Turkish (). Two centuries later, Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi gave a list of groups introduced into the city with their respective origins. Even today, many quarters of Istanbul, such as Aksaray, Çarşamba, bear the names of the places of origin of their inhabitants. However, many people escaped again from the city, and there were several outbreaks of plague, so that in 1459 Mehmet allowed the deported Greeks","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"13405039","text":"The prestige of important Christian centers depended in part on their apostolic founders, from whom the bishops were therefore the spiritual successors according to the doctrine of Apostolic succession. Constantine erected a new capital at Byzantium, a strategically placed city on the Bosporus. He renamed his new capital \"Nova Roma\" (\"New Rome\"), but the city would become known as Constantinople. The Second Ecumenical Council, held at the new capital in 381, elevated the see of Constantinople to a position ahead of the other chief metropolitan sees, except that of Rome. Mentioning in particular the provinces of Asia, Pontus and Thrace,","title":"Christianity in the 4th century"},{"id":"9663516","text":"History of Istanbul The city today known as Istanbul has been the site of human settlement for approximately three thousand years. The settlement was founded by Thracian tribes between the 13th and 11th centuries BC, whose earliest known name is Lygos. It was colonised by the Greeks in the 7th century BC. It fell to the Roman Empire in AD 196, and was known as Byzantium until 330, when it was renamed Constantinople and made the new capital of the Roman Empire. During late antiquity, the city rose to be the largest of the western world, with a population peaking","title":"History of Istanbul"},{"id":"7971183","text":"\"Constantinople\" instead of \"Istanbul\" were no longer delivered by Turkey's PTT, which contributed to the eventual worldwide adoption of the new name. In English the name is usually written \"Istanbul\". In modern Turkish the name is written \"İstanbul\" (dotted i/İ and dotless ı/I being two distinct letters in the Turkish alphabet). \"Stamboul\" or \"Stambul\" is a variant form of \"İstanbul.\" Greek for 'the town'. Like \"Istanbul\" itself, forms without the initial \"i-\" are attested from early on in the Middle Ages, first in Arabic sources of the 10th century and Armenian ones of the 12th. Some early sources also attest","title":"Names of Istanbul"},{"id":"68716","text":"churches of the city, in particular the Hagia Sophia, or the Church of Holy Wisdom. According to Russian 14th-century traveler Stephen of Novgorod: \"As for Hagia Sophia, the human mind can neither tell it nor make description of it.\" It was especially important for preserving in its libraries manuscripts of Greek and Latin authors throughout a period when instability and disorder caused their mass-destruction in western Europe and north Africa: On the city's fall, thousands of these were brought by refugees to Italy, and played a key part in stimulating the Renaissance, and the transition to the modern world. The","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"981871","text":"in 1453, Ashgate, Farnham and Burlington 2011. Fall of Constantinople The Fall of Constantinople (; ) was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by an invading Ottoman army on 29 May 1453. The attackers were commanded by the 21-year-old Sultan Mehmed II, who defeated an army commanded by Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos and took control of the imperial capital, ending a 53-day siege that began on 6 April 1453. After conquering the city, Sultan Mehmed transferred the capital of his Empire from Edirne to Constantinople and established his court there. The capture of the city (and two","title":"Fall of Constantinople"},{"id":"68711","text":"resources, and struggled to survive. The palace of Blachernae in the north-west of the city became the main Imperial residence, with the old Great Palace on the shores of the Bosporus going into decline. When Michael VIII captured the city, its population was 35,000 people, but, by the end of his reign, he had succeeded in increasing the population to about 70,000 people. The Emperor achieved this by summoning former residents who had fled the city when the crusaders captured it, and by relocating Greeks from the recently reconquered Peloponnese to the capital. In 1347, the Black Death spread to","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"20765755","text":"Drypia Drypia (), also Dripeia (Δριπεία) or Grypes (Γρύπες), was a Byzantine-era settlement and rural suburb of Constantinople. In his studies on the topography of Constantinople, Raymond Janin identified the site with the locality of Ayazmaderesi, some west of the Theodosian Walls, but this is rejected by Andreas Külzer, who identifies it—via the later corrupted form Grypes—with the modern Istanbul district of Bağcılar. In early Byzantine times, the settlement was known for its church dedicated to Thomas the Apostle, established in the late 4th century. In late 398, Empress Aelia Eudoxia ordered the translation of the relics of several unnamed","title":"Drypia"},{"id":"8302848","text":"Hieria Hieria (in Greek variously ), modern Fenerbahçe, was a suburb of Byzantine-era Constantinople (modern Istanbul, Turkey). It is prominent in the city's history as the site of an imperial palace. The name derives from \"Heraion akron\" (Greek: , \"Cape of Hera\"), which was given in antiquity to a small promontory on the Asian shore of the Bosporus, opposite Chalcedon (modern Kadıköy). The Emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565) built a palace here, which included a harbour and a church dedicated to St. Mary. The palace, which survived at least until 1203, served as a summer residence for a number of","title":"Hieria"},{"id":"11872097","text":"Palace of Daphne The Palace of Daphne () was one of the major wings of the Great Palace of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire (modern Istanbul, Turkey). According to George Codinus, it was named after a statue of the nymph Daphne, brought from Rome. The exact layout and appearance of the palace is unclear, since it lies under the Sultan Ahmed Mosque, and the only surviving evidence comes from literary sources. Bardill, however, has suggested that the peristyle with mosaics adjoining an apsed hall, excavated by the Walker Trust excavations in 1935-7 and 1952-4, could be the Augusteus","title":"Palace of Daphne"},{"id":"68720","text":"the Ecumenical Patriarch, and made it a prime center of Christianity alongside Rome. This contributed to cultural and theological differences between Eastern and Western Christianity eventually leading to the Great Schism that divided Western Catholicism from Eastern Orthodoxy from 1054 onwards. Constantinople is also of great religious importance to Islam, as the conquest of Constantinople is one of the signs of the End time in Islam. The city provided a defence for the eastern provinces of the old Roman Empire against the barbarian invasions of the 5th century. The 18-meter-tall walls built by Theodosius II were, in essence, impregnable to","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"68695","text":"It is an impressive testament to the strength of tradition how little these arrangements had changed since the office, then known by the Latin version of its title, had been set up in 330 to mirror the urban prefecture of Rome. In the 9th and 10th centuries, Constantinople had a population of between 500,000 and 800,000. In the 8th and 9th centuries, the iconoclast movement caused serious political unrest throughout the Empire. The emperor Leo III issued a decree in 726 against images, and ordered the destruction of a statue of Christ over one of the doors of the Chalke,","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"5095508","text":"name, Koumoutsinas. This remained the city's name throughout the Ottoman period (ca. 1361–1912) and continues as its modern Turkish-language name today. The city continued to be an important hub connecting the capital city of Constantinople with the European part of the Empire, and grew accordingly. Many monuments in the city today date to this era. Many local families fled at that time to Epirus and founded the Koumoutzades village (modern Ammotopos, Arta). Even there they were persecuted and some of them found refuge in Tropaia of Gortynia. The bond between the inhabitants of Komotini, Ammotopos and Tropaia exists to this","title":"Komotini"},{"id":"68667","text":"on the site of an already-existing city, Byzantium, which was settled in the early days of Greek colonial expansion, in around 657 BC, by colonists of the city-state of Megara. This is the first major settlement that would develop on the site of later Constantinople, but the first known settlements was that of \"Lygos\", referred to in Pliny's Natural Histories. Apart from this, little is known about this initial settlement. The site, according to the founding myth of the city, was abandoned by the time Greek settlers from the city-state of Megara founded Byzantium () in around 657 BC, across","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"3005433","text":"gate of the imperial Boukoleon Palace, known in Byzantine times as the Gate of the Lion (Gk. Πόρτα Λέοντος, \"Porta Leontos\", in Latin \"Porta Leonis\") after the marble lions that flanked its entrance, as well as Gate of the Bear (, \"porta tēs arkoudas\") after depictions of that animal at the quay. In Turkish it is known as \"Çatladıkapı\" (\"Broken Gate\"). To the west of the Bucoleon Palace lies the Church of SS. Sergius and Bacchus, and the first of the harbours of the city's southern shore, that of the Sophiae, named after the wife of Emperor Justin II (r.","title":"Walls of Constantinople"},{"id":"9132029","text":"Palace of the Porphyrogenitus The Palace of the Porphyrogenitus (), known in Turkish as the Tekfur Sarayı (\"Palace of the Sovereign\"), is a late 13th-century Byzantine palace in the north-western part of the old city of Constantinople (present-day Istanbul, Turkey). An annex of the greater palace complex of Blachernae, it is the best preserved of the three Byzantine palaces to survive in the city (together with the ruins of the Boukoleon Palace; and the ruins of the Great Palace of Constantinople with its surviving substructures, retrieved mosaics and standing Magnaura section), and one of the few relatively intact examples of","title":"Palace of the Porphyrogenitus"},{"id":"6652913","text":"on the European continent and at times the largest in the world. Constantinople began to decline continuously after the end of the reign of Basil II in 1025. The final blow was given by the conquest of Villardouin and Enrico Dandolo in 1204 during the Fourth Crusade, where the City was sacked and pillaged. The city subsequently became the center of the Latin Empire, created by Catholic crusaders to replace the Orthodox Byzantine Empire. Hagia Sophia was converted to a Catholic church in 1204. The Byzantine Empire was restored, albeit weakened, in 1261. Constantinople's churches, defenses, and basic services were","title":"Istanbul"},{"id":"9663549","text":"was moved from Istanbul to Ankara. As a consequence, population collapsed, from an estimated 1,125,000 in 1914 to about 500,000 in 1924; but population steadily grew during the later 20th century, the metropolitan population surpassing 10 million in the year 2000. The city's name \"İstanbul\" is a shortened version with a Turkish character of the Medieval Greek phrase \"εἰς τὴν Πόλιν\" [is tin ˈpolin], meaning \"into the city\", which had long been in vernacular use by the local population. The international name \"Constantinople\" also remained in use until Turkey adapted the Latin alphabet in 1928 and urged other countries to","title":"History of Istanbul"},{"id":"3005380","text":"to a story related by Niketas Choniates, in 1189 the gate was walled off by Emperor Isaac II Angelos, because according to a prophecy, it was this gate that Western Emperor Frederick Barbarossa would enter the city through. It was re-opened in 1346, but closed again before the siege of 1453 and remained closed until 1886, leading to its early Ottoman name, \"Kapalı Kapı\" (\"Closed Gate\"). The gate () is located between towers 30 and 31, little remains of the original gate, and the modern reconstruction may not be accurate. The Gate of the Spring or Pēgē Gate () was","title":"Walls of Constantinople"},{"id":"164755","text":"named Constantinople (\"City of Constantine\"). In 395 Theodosius I, who had made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire, would be the last emperor to preside over a united Roman Empire. The empire was split into two halves: the Western Roman Empire centred in Ravenna, and the Eastern Roman Empire (later to be referred to as the Byzantine Empire) centred in Constantinople. The Roman Empire was repeatedly attacked by Hunnic, Germanic, Slavic and other “barbarian” tribes (see: Migration Period), and in 476 finally the Western part fell to the Heruli chieftain Odoacer. Roman authority in the Western part of","title":"History of Europe"},{"id":"725995","text":"one Galata played to Constantinople (modern Istanbul). Trabzon formed the basis of several states in its long history and was the capital city of the Empire of Trebizond between 1204 and 1461. During the early modern period, Trabzon, because of the importance of its port, again became a focal point of trade to Persia and the Caucasus. The Turkish name of the city is Trabzon. It is historically known in English as Trebizond. The first recorded name of the city is Τραπεζοῦς (\"Trapezous\"), referencing the table-like central hill between the Zağnos (İskeleboz) and Kuzgun streams on which it was founded","title":"Trabzon"},{"id":"2194111","text":"Hippodrome of Constantinople The Hippodrome of Constantinople () was a circus that was the sporting and social centre of Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire. Today it is a square named \"Sultanahmet Meydanı\" (\"Sultan Ahmet Square\") in the Turkish city of Istanbul, with a few fragments of the original structure surviving. The word \"hippodrome\" comes from the Greek \"hippos\" (), horse, and \"dromos\" (δρόμος), path or way. For this reason, it is sometimes also called \"Atmeydanı\" (\"Horse Square\") in Turkish. Horse racing and chariot racing were popular pastimes in the ancient world and hippodromes were common features of Greek cities","title":"Hippodrome of Constantinople"},{"id":"44976","text":"as an imperial residence inspired by Rome itself. (See Nova Roma.) After his death the city was called Constantinople (Greek Κωνσταντινούπολις, \"Konstantinoupolis\", \"city of Constantine\"). This combination of imperialism and location would affect Constantinople's role as the nexus between the continents of Europe and Asia. It was a commercial, cultural, and diplomatic centre. With its strategic position, Constantinople controlled the major trade routes between Asia and Europe, as well as the passage from the Mediterranean Sea to the Black Sea. On May 29, 1453, the city fell to the Ottoman Turks, and again became the capital of a powerful state,","title":"Byzantium"},{"id":"11844892","text":"Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, which had been founded as Byzantium). It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. Both","title":"Byzantine Empire"},{"id":"3005436","text":"junction of the sea wall with the city's original Constantinian Wall. That view however is disputed by Janin, as the junction of the walls occurred considerably to the west from the modern gate's location. Further to the west, where the shoreline turns sharply south, stood the Gate of Psamathia (, \"Porta tou Psamatha/Psamatheos\"), modern \"Samatya Kapısı\", leading to the suburb of the same name. Further south and west lies the gate known today as \"Narlıkapı\" (\"Pomegranate Gate\"). Its Byzantine name is unknown, but is prominent on account of its proximity to the famed Monastery of Stoudios. During the whole existence","title":"Walls of Constantinople"},{"id":"3818796","text":"at Yale University, perform the song at the end of most of their concerts. The song has been in the repertoire of the Duke's Men since 1953. During the 2000s, the song was performed live by Australian Klezmer/Gypsy Jazz band Monsieur Camembert, appearing on the album \"Live on Stage\". Istanbul (Not Constantinople) \"Istanbul (Not Constantinople)\" is a 1953 novelty song, with lyrics by Jimmy Kennedy and music by Nat Simon. Written on the 500th anniversary of the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans, the lyrics humorously refer to the official 1930 renaming of the city of Constantinople to Istanbul. The","title":"Istanbul (Not Constantinople)"},{"id":"68674","text":"the title \"clarus\", not \"clarissimus\", like those of Rome. It also lacked the panoply of other administrative offices regulating the food supply, police, statues, temples, sewers, aqueducts, or other public works. The new programme of building was carried out in great haste: columns, marbles, doors, and tiles were taken wholesale from the temples of the empire and moved to the new city. In similar fashion, many of the greatest works of Greek and Roman art were soon to be seen in its squares and streets. The emperor stimulated private building by promising householders gifts of land from the imperial estates","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"3630538","text":"empire; and was renamed Istanbul in 1924, making the city itself into a metaphor for shifting identities, whatever they be national, cultural, religious, gender, ethnic or sexual. In the 17th century, Constantinople was Europe's largest city as well as one of the most wealthiest. The American scholar Urmila Seshagiri wrote that the \"fixed British hegemonies\" of the early chapters set in London and in the English countryside seem \"fragile\" when Orlando is confronted with the vast, teeming, wealthy city of Constantinople with its multi-ethnic, multi-religious population that appears as a far more powerful and greater city than London, which was","title":"Orlando: A Biography"},{"id":"9288007","text":"initial phase in accordance with the Armistice gave way in 1920 to a more formal arrangement under the Treaty of Sèvres. Ultimately, the Treaty of Lausanne, signed on 24 July 1923, led to the end of the occupation. The last troops of the Allies departed from the city on 4 October 1923, and the first troops of the Ankara government, commanded by Şükrü Naili Pasha (3rd Corps), entered the city with a ceremony on 6 October 1923, which has been marked as the \"Liberation Day\" of Istanbul (Turkish: \"İstanbul'un Kurtuluşu\") and is commemorated every year on its anniversary. 1918 saw","title":"Occupation of Constantinople"},{"id":"981863","text":"a corruption of the Russian Church, which they considered to be the \"true\" Church of God. As the other Churches were more closely related to Constantinople in their liturgies, Avvakum argued that Constantinople fell to the Turks because of these heretical beliefs and practices. The fall of Constantinople has a profound impact on the ancient Pentarchy of the Orthodox Church. Today, the four ancient sees of Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria, and Constantinople are almost completely devoid of followers and believers because of Islamization and the \"Dhimma\" system to which Christians have been subjected since the earliest days of Islam. As a","title":"Fall of Constantinople"},{"id":"3005425","text":"of the city. In the early Ottoman period, it was known in Turkish as the \"Çıfıtkapı\" (\"Hebrew Gate\"), but its modern name is \"Bahçekapı\" (\"Garden Gate\"). The eastern limit of the Pisan quarter was located a bit eastwards of the gate. The 12th-century Genoese quarter of the city extended from there to the east, and in the documents conferring privileges on them one finds mention of two gates: the \"Porta Bonu\" (\"Gate of Bonus\", probably transcribed from Greek ), and the \"Porta Veteris Rectoris\" (\"Gate of the old rector\"). It is very likely that these two names refer to the","title":"Walls of Constantinople"},{"id":"311871","text":"Pope The pope ( from \"pappas\", \"father\"), also known as the supreme pontiff (from Latin \"pontifex maximus\" \"greatest priest\"), is the Bishop of Rome and \"ex officio\" leader of the worldwide Catholic Church. Since 1929, the pope has also been head of state of Vatican City, a city-state enclaved within Rome, Italy. The current pope is Francis, who was elected on 13 March 2013, succeeding Benedict XVI. While his office is called the papacy, the episcopal see and ecclesiastical jurisdiction is called the Holy See. It is the Holy See that is the sovereign entity of international law headquartered in","title":"Pope"},{"id":"981864","text":"result of this process, the center of authority in the Orthodox Church changed and migrated to Eastern Europe (e.g., Russia) rather than remaining in the former Byzantine Middle East. There are many legends in Greece surrounding the Fall of Constantinople. It was said that the partial lunar eclipse that occurred on 22 May 1453 represented a fulfillment of a prophecy of the city's demise. Four days later, the whole city was blotted out by a thick fog, a condition unknown in that part of the world in May. When the fog lifted that evening, a strange light was seen playing","title":"Fall of Constantinople"},{"id":"66348","text":"locus of power in the West shifted to Constantinople and to the ascendant Islamic civilization with its major cities Baghdad, Cairo, and Córdoba. From the 9th through the end of the 12th century, Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire, was the largest and wealthiest city in Europe, with a population approaching 1 million. The Ottoman Empire gradually gained control over many cities in the Mediterranean area, including Constantinople in 1453. In the Holy Roman Empire, beginning in the 12th. century, free imperial cities such as Nuremberg, Strasbourg, Frankfurt, Zurich, Nijmegen became a privileged elite among towns having won self-governance from","title":"City"},{"id":"6652896","text":"Istanbul Istanbul (, or or ; ), historically known as Byzantium and before 1924 as Constantinople, is the most populous city in Turkey and the country's economic, cultural, and historic center. Istanbul is a transcontinental city in Eurasia, straddling the Bosporus strait (which separates Europe and Asia) between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea. Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives on the Asian side. The city is the administrative center of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (coterminous with Istanbul Province), both hosting a population of around 15","title":"Istanbul"},{"id":"6530759","text":"Byzantine gardens The city of Byzantium in the Byzantine Empire occupies an important place in the history of garden design between eras and cultures (c. 4th century - 10th century CE). The city, later renamed Constantinople and the present day Istanbul, was capital of the Eastern Roman Empire and survived for a thousand years after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The gardens of Byzantium were, however, mostly destroyed after the 15th-century Turkish conquest of the city. Byzantine gardens were based largely on Roman ideas emphasizing elaborate mosaic designs, a typical classical feature of formally arrayed trees and built","title":"Byzantine gardens"},{"id":"68681","text":"Taurus, on 27 February 425. Uldin, a prince of the Huns, appeared on the Danube about this time and advanced into Thrace, but he was deserted by many of his followers, who joined with the Romans in driving their king back north of the river. Subsequent to this, new walls were built to defend the city and the fleet on the Danube improved. After the barbarians overran the Western Roman Empire, Constantinople became the indisputable capital city of the Roman Empire. Emperors were no longer peripatetic between various court capitals and palaces. They remained in their palace in the Great","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"68668","text":"from the town of Chalcedon on the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus. The city maintained independence as a city-state until it was annexed by Darius I in 512 BC into the Persian Empire, who saw the site as the optimal location to construct a pontoon bridge crossing into Europe as Byzantium was situated at the narrowest point in the Bosphorus strait. Persian rule lasted until 478 BC when as part of the Greek counterattack to the Second Persian Invasion of Greece, a Greek army led by the Spartan general Pausanias captured the city which remained an independent, yet subordinate, city","title":"Constantinople"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"68666\",\n \"text\": \"Latin script that had been used in Ottoman times. In time the city came to be known as Istanbul and its variations in most world languages. The name \\\"Constantinople\\\" is still used by members of the Eastern Orthodox Church in the title of one of their most important leaders, the Orthodox patriarch based in the city, referred to as \\\"His Most Divine All-Holiness the Archbishop of Constantinople New Rome and Ecumenical Patriarch.\\\" In Greece today, the city is still called \\\"Konstantinoúpoli(s)\\\" () or simply just \\\"the City\\\" (). Constantinople was founded by the Roman Emperor Constantine I (272–337) in 324\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68654\",\n \"text\": \"Constantinople Constantinople (; ) was the capital city of the Roman/Byzantine Empire (330–1204 and 1261–1453), and also of the brief Crusader state known as the Latin Empire (1204–1261), until finally falling to the Ottoman (1453–1923) empire. It was reinaugurated in 324 from ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great, after whom it was named, and dedicated on 11 May 330. The city was largely located in what is now the European side and the core of modern Istanbul. From the mid-5th century to the early 13th century, Constantinople was the largest and\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68665\",\n \"text\": \"The modern Turkish name for the city, \\\"İstanbul\\\", derives from the Greek phrase \\\"eis tin polin\\\" (), meaning \\\"(in)to the city\\\". This name was used in Turkish alongside \\\"Kostantiniyye\\\", the more formal adaptation of the original \\\"Constantinople\\\", during the period of Ottoman rule, while western languages mostly continued to refer to the city as Constantinople until the early 20th century. In 1928, the Turkish alphabet was changed from Arabic script to Latin script. After that, as part of the 1920s Turkification movement, Turkey started to urge other countries to use Turkish names for Turkish cities, instead of other transliterations to\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68662\",\n \"text\": \"after either the assassination of Caracalla in 217 or, at the latest, the fall of the Severan dynasty in 235. Byzantium took on the name of \\\"Kōnstantinoupolis\\\" (\\\"city of Constantine\\\", \\\"Constantinople\\\") after its refoundation under Roman emperor Constantine I, who transferred the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium in 330 and designated his new capital officially as \\\"Nova Roma\\\" () 'New Rome'. During this time, the city was also called 'Second Rome', 'Eastern Rome', and \\\"Roma Constantinopolitana\\\". As the city became the sole remaining capital of the Roman Empire after the fall of the West, and its wealth, population,\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7074609\",\n \"text\": \"Great Palace of Constantinople The Great Palace of Constantinople (, \\\"Méga Palátion\\\"; Latin: \\\"Palatium Magnum\\\", Turkish: \\\"Büyük Saray\\\"), also known as the Sacred Palace (, \\\"Hieròn Palátion\\\"; Latin: \\\"Sacrum Palatium\\\"), was the large Imperial Byzantine palace complex located in the south-eastern end of the peninsula now known as \\\"Old Istanbul\\\" (formerly Constantinople), in modern Turkey. It served as the main royal residence of the Eastern Roman or Byzantine emperors from 330 to 1081 and was the center of imperial administration for over 690 years. Only a few remnants and fragments of its foundations have survived into the present day. When\",\n \"title\": \"Great Palace of Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7971193\",\n \"text\": \"Israel it has virtually disappeared, replaced by the Hebrew transliteration of the Turkish \\\"Istanbul\\\" (). Present-day Chinese use transcriptions of the name Istanbul (Yisitanbu'er 伊斯坦布尔 or Yisitanbao 伊斯坦堡) when referring to the modern city. Most modern Western languages have adopted the name \\\"Istanbul\\\" for the modern city during the 20th century, following the current usage in the Turkish Republic. However, many languages also preserve other, traditional names. Greeks continue to call the city Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολη \\\"Konstantinupoli\\\" in Modern Greek) or simply \\\"The City\\\" (η Πόλη \\\"i Poli\\\"). Languages that use forms based on \\\"Stamboul\\\" include Russian, Polish (though the alternative\",\n \"title\": \"Names of Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68661\",\n \"text\": \"colonists, Byzas. The later Byzantines of Constantinople themselves would maintain that the city was named in honour of two men, Byzas and Antes, though this was more likely just a play on the word Byzantion. The city was briefly renamed \\\"Augusta Antonina\\\" in the early 3rd century AD by the Emperor Septimius Severus (193–211), having razed the city to the ground in 196 for supporting a rival contender in the civil war and rebuilt, in honour of his son Antoninus, the later Emperor Caracalla. The name appears to have been quickly forgotten and abandoned, and the city reverted to Byzantium/Byzantion\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6652901\",\n \"text\": \"the name given to it at its foundation by Megarean colonists around 660 BCE. The name is thought to be derived from a personal name, Byzas. Ancient Greek tradition refers to a legendary king of that name as the leader of the Greek colonists. Modern scholars have also hypothesized that the name of Byzas was of local Thracian or Illyrian origin and hence predated the Megarean settlement. After Constantine the Great made it the new eastern capital of the Roman Empire in 330 CE, the city became widely known as Constantinople, which, as the Latinized form of \\\"\\\" (\\\"Konstantinoúpolis\\\"), means\",\n \"title\": \"Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68722\",\n \"text\": \"purported clepsydra mounted with a golden statue of a man. The Chinese histories even related how the city had been besieged in the 7th century by Muawiyah I and how he exacted tribute in a peace settlement. Constantinople Constantinople (; ) was the capital city of the Roman/Byzantine Empire (330–1204 and 1261–1453), and also of the brief Crusader state known as the Latin Empire (1204–1261), until finally falling to the Ottoman (1453–1923) empire. It was reinaugurated in 324 from ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great, after whom it was named, and\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2373714\",\n \"text\": \"New Rome New Rome (Greek: Νέα Ῥώμη, \\\"Nea Romē\\\"; Latin: \\\"Nova Roma\\\") was a name sometimes used to describe the new city that the Roman Emperor Constantine created as his new imperial capital on the European coast of the Bosphorus strait. The city was known as Byzantium prior to his rededication, and as Constantinople thereafter, until the 20th century, when it was renamed Istanbul. 'New Rome' was never an official title, but was sometimes used as a laudatory description of the city, which was often compared with Rome in many ways (see the paragraph that follows). Constantine essentially rebuilt the\",\n \"title\": \"New Rome\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7971175\",\n \"text\": \"New, second Rome\\\", \\\"Alma Roma\\\" , , \\\"Eastern Rome\\\", \\\"Roma Constantinopolitana\\\". The Third Canon of the First Council of Constantinople (360) refers to the city as New Rome. The term \\\"New Rome\\\" lent itself to East–West polemics, especially in the context of the Great Schism, when it was used by Greek writers to stress the rivalry with (the original) Rome. \\\"New Rome\\\" is also still part of the official title of the Patriarch of Constantinople. \\\"Kōnstantinoúpolis\\\" (Κωνσταντινούπολις), \\\"Constantinopolis\\\" in Latin and \\\"Constantinople\\\" in English, was the name by which the city became soon more widely known, in honour of Constantine\",\n \"title\": \"Names of Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7971177\",\n \"text\": \"popular speech, the most common way of referring to it came to be simply \\\"the City\\\" (Greek: \\\"hē Polis\\\", , Modern Greek: \\\"i Poli\\\", η Πόλη). This usage, still current today in colloquial Greek and Armenian (Պոլիս, pronounced \\\"Polis\\\" or \\\"Bolis\\\" in the Western Armenian dialect prevalent in the city), also became the source of the later Turkish name, \\\"Istanbul\\\" (see below). \\\"Kostantiniyye\\\" (Arabic, Persian , \\\"Qusṭanṭīniyya\\\", Ottoman Turkish , \\\"Ḳosṭanṭīnīye\\\") is the name by which the city came to be known in the Islamic world. It is an Arabic calqued form of \\\"Constantinople\\\", with an Arabic ending meaning 'place\",\n \"title\": \"Names of Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6652902\",\n \"text\": \"the \\\"City of Constantine\\\". He also attempted to promote the name \\\"Nova Roma\\\" and its Greek version \\\"\\\" \\\"Nea Romē\\\" (New Rome), but this did not enter widespread usage. \\\"Constantinople\\\" remained the most common name for the city in the West until the establishment of the Turkish Republic, and \\\"Kostantiniyye\\\" () and \\\"Be Makam-e Qonstantiniyyah al-Mahmiyyah\\\" (meaning \\\"the Protected Location of Constantinople\\\") and \\\"İstanbul\\\" were the names used alternatively by the Ottomans during their rule. The use of \\\"Constantinople\\\" to refer to the city during the Ottoman period (from the mid-15th century) is now considered politically incorrect, even if not\",\n \"title\": \"Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7074619\",\n \"text\": \"harbour of Bucoleon. Great Palace of Constantinople The Great Palace of Constantinople (, \\\"Méga Palátion\\\"; Latin: \\\"Palatium Magnum\\\", Turkish: \\\"Büyük Saray\\\"), also known as the Sacred Palace (, \\\"Hieròn Palátion\\\"; Latin: \\\"Sacrum Palatium\\\"), was the large Imperial Byzantine palace complex located in the south-eastern end of the peninsula now known as \\\"Old Istanbul\\\" (formerly Constantinople), in modern Turkey. It served as the main royal residence of the Eastern Roman or Byzantine emperors from 330 to 1081 and was the center of imperial administration for over 690 years. Only a few remnants and fragments of its foundations have survived into the\",\n \"title\": \"Great Palace of Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6652897\",\n \"text\": \"million residents. Istanbul is one of the world's most populous cities and ranks as the world's fourth-largest city proper and the largest European city. Istanbul is viewed as a bridge between the East and West. Founded under the name of \\\"Byzantion\\\" (Βυζάντιον) on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BCE, the city grew in size and influence, becoming one of the most important cities in history. After its reestablishment as \\\"Constantinople\\\" in 330 CE, it served as an imperial capital for almost 16 centuries, during the Roman/Byzantine (330–1204), Latin (1204–1261), Palaiologos Byzantine (1261–1453) and Ottoman (1453–1922) empires. It was instrumental in\",\n \"title\": \"Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7971172\",\n \"text\": \"Names of Istanbul The city of Istanbul has been known by a number of different names. The most notable names besides the modern Turkish name are \\\"Byzantium\\\", \\\"Constantinople\\\", and \\\"Stamboul\\\". Different names are associated with different phases of its history and with different languages. According to Pliny the Elder the first name of Byzantium was \\\"Lygos\\\". This may have been the name of a Thracian settlement situated on the site of the later city, near the point of the peninsula (Sarayburnu). \\\"Byzantion\\\" (Βυζάντιον), Latinized as \\\"Byzantium\\\", was founded by Greek colonists from Megara in 667 BC. The name is believed\",\n \"title\": \"Names of Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68660\",\n \"text\": \"Thracian origin founded between the 13th and 11th centuries BC. The site, according to the founding myth of the city, was abandoned by the time Greek settlers from the city-state of Megara founded \\\"Byzantium\\\" (, \\\"Byzántion\\\") in around 657 BC, across from the town of Chalcedon on the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus. The origins of the name of \\\"Byzantion\\\", more commonly known by the later Latin \\\"Byzantium\\\", are not entirely clear, though some suggest it is of Thraco-Illyrian origin. The founding myth of the city has it told that the settlement was named after the leader of the Megarian\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68663\",\n \"text\": \"and influence grew, the city also came to have a multitude of nicknames. As the largest and wealthiest city in Europe during the 4th–13th centuries and a centre of culture and education of the Mediterranean basin, Constantinople came to be known by prestigious titles such as \\\"Basileuousa\\\" (Queen of Cities) and \\\"Megalopolis\\\" (the Great City) and was, in colloquial speech, commonly referred to as just \\\"Polis\\\" () 'the City' by Constantinopolitans and provincial Byzantines alike. In the language of other peoples, Constantinople was referred to just as reverently. The medieval Vikings, who had contacts with the empire through their expansion\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2065249\",\n \"text\": \"Byzantine architecture Byzantine architecture () is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, also known as the Later Roman or Eastern Roman Empire. The Byzantine era is the period after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire. Constantinople became known as the Roman capital in 330 AD. Constantinople is what is now present day Istanbul. Byzantine architecture was mostly influenced by Roman and Greek architecture. It began with Constantine the Great when he rebuilt the city of Byzantium and named it Constantinople and continued with his building of churches and the forum of Constantine, as also the Church of St. George,\",\n \"title\": \"Byzantine architecture\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2065279\",\n \"text\": \"of Constantinople by the Ottomans. Byzantine architecture Byzantine architecture () is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, also known as the Later Roman or Eastern Roman Empire. The Byzantine era is the period after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire. Constantinople became known as the Roman capital in 330 AD. Constantinople is what is now present day Istanbul. Byzantine architecture was mostly influenced by Roman and Greek architecture. It began with Constantine the Great when he rebuilt the city of Byzantium and named it Constantinople and continued with his building of churches and the forum of Constantine, as also\",\n \"title\": \"Byzantine architecture\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"90880\",\n \"text\": \"of Constantine. He is venerated as a saint by the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches. He has historically been referred to as the \\\"First Christian Emperor\\\", and he did heavily promote the Christian Church. Some modern scholars, however, debate his beliefs and even his comprehension of the Christian faith itself. The age of Constantine marked a distinct epoch in the history of the Roman Empire. He built a new imperial residence at Byzantium and renamed the city Constantinople (now Istanbul) after himself (the laudatory epithet of \\\"New Rome\\\" came later, and was never an official title). It became the\",\n \"title\": \"Constantine the Great\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68664\",\n \"text\": \"in eastern Europe (Varangians) used the Old Norse name \\\"Miklagarðr\\\" (from \\\"mikill\\\" 'big' and \\\"garðr\\\" 'city'), and later \\\"Miklagard\\\" and \\\"Miklagarth\\\". In Arabic, the city was sometimes called \\\"Rūmiyyat al-Kubra\\\" (Great City of the Romans) and in Persian as \\\"Takht-e Rum\\\" (Throne of the Romans). In East and South Slavic languages, including in medieval Russia, Constantinople has been referred to as \\\"Tsargrad\\\" (\\\"Царьград\\\") or \\\"Carigrad\\\", 'City of the Caesar (Emperor)', from the Slavonic words \\\"tsar\\\" ('Caesar' or 'King') and \\\"grad\\\" ('city'). This was presumably a calque on a Greek phrase such as (\\\"Vasileos Polis\\\"), 'the city of the emperor [king]'.\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6652911\",\n \"text\": \"into the 20th century. On 11 May 330, Constantinople was proclaimed the capital of the Roman Empire, which was later permanently divided between the two sons of Theodosius I upon his death on 17 January 395, when the city became the capital of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. The establishment of Constantinople served as one of Constantine's most lasting accomplishments, shifting Roman power eastward as the city became a center of Greek culture and Christianity. Numerous churches were built across the city, including the Hagia Sophia which was built during the reign of Justinian the Great and remained the world's\",\n \"title\": \"Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68715\",\n \"text\": \"to come back to the city. Constantinople was the largest and richest urban center in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea during the late Eastern Roman Empire, mostly as a result of its strategic position commanding the trade routes between the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea. It would remain the capital of the eastern, Greek-speaking empire for over a thousand years. At its peak, roughly corresponding to the Middle Ages, it was the richest and largest European city, exerting a powerful cultural pull and dominating economic life in the Mediterranean. Visitors and merchants were especially struck by the beautiful monasteries and\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68659\",\n \"text\": \"began to lose territories and the city began to lose population. By the early 15th century, the Byzantine Empire was reduced to just Constantinople and its environs, along with Morea in Greece, making it an enclave inside the Ottoman Empire; after a 53-day siege the city eventually fell to the Ottomans, led by Sultan Mehmed II, on 29 May 1453, whereafter it replaced Edirne (Adrianople) as the new capital of the Ottoman Empire. According to Pliny the Elder in his \\\"Natural History\\\", the first known name of a settlement on the site of Constantinople was \\\"Lygos\\\", a settlement likely of\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"981870\",\n \"text\": \"some contemporary writers to Sultan Mehmed II himself. The name of Istanbul is thought to be derived from the Greek phrase \\\"īs tīmbolī(n)\\\" (, translit. \\\"eis tēn pólin\\\", \\\"to the City\\\"), and it is claimed that it had already spread among the Turkish populace of the Ottoman Empire before the conquest. However, Istanbul only became the official name of the city in 1930 by the revised Turkish Postal Law as part of Atatürk's reforms. Melville Jones, John, The Siege of Constantinople 1453: Seven Contemporary Accounts, Amsterdam 1972 Philippides, Marios and Walter K. Hanak, The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople\",\n \"title\": \"Fall of Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4334092\",\n \"text\": \"may be a special case. When the city was first settled by Englishmen, in the early 17th century, both names were in use. Possibly they referred to different villages which were fused into the new settlement. In any case, Madras became the exonym, while more recently, Chennai became the endonym. Likewise, Istanbul (İstanbul in Turkish) is still called Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολη) in Greek, although the name was changed in Turkish to disassociate the city from its Greek past between 1923 and 1930 (the name Istanbul itself derives from a Medieval Greek phrase). Prior to Constantinople, the city was known in Greek\",\n \"title\": \"Exonym and endonym\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9663518\",\n \"text\": \"to Ankara. Since 1930, the native name \\\"Istanbul\\\" has been the sole official name of the city in Turkish and has since replaced the traditional name \\\"Constantinople\\\" in most western languages as well. Humans have lived in the area now known as Istanbul since at least the Neolithic period. The earliest known settlement dates from 6700 BC, discovered in 2008, during the construction works of the Yenikapı subway station and the Marmaray tunnel at the historic peninsula on the European side. The first human settlement on the Anatolian side, the Fikirtepe mound, is from the Copper Age period, with artifacts\",\n \"title\": \"History of Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2797683\",\n \"text\": \"Edict of Milan, which granted liberty for Christians to profess their religion. Constantine was converted to Christianity, enforcing the Christian faith. He began the Christianization of the Empire and of Europe – a process concluded by the Catholic Church in the Middle Ages. He was defeated by the Franks and the Alamanni during 306–308. In 324 he defeated another tetrarch, Licinius, and controlled all the empire, as it was before Diocletian. To celebrate his victories and Christianity's relevance, he rebuilt Byzantium and renamed it Nova Roma (\\\"New Rome\\\"); but the city soon gained the informal name of Constantinople (\\\"City of\",\n \"title\": \"Ancient Rome\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7971176\",\n \"text\": \"the Great who established it as his capital. It is first attested in official use under Emperor Theodosius II (408–450). It remained the principal official name of the city throughout the Byzantine period, and the most common name used for it in the West until the early 20th century. It was also used (including its Kostantiniyye variant) by the Ottoman Empire until the advent of the Republic of Turkey. Besides \\\"Constantinople\\\", the Byzantines referred to the city with a large range of honorary appellations, such as the \\\"Queen of Cities\\\" (), also as an adjective, Βασιλεύουσα, the 'Reigning City'. In\",\n \"title\": \"Names of Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10202120\",\n \"text\": \"Wars. According to Acts of Apostles 11, a city in the southern of Turkey, Antioch (now Antakya) is the birthplace of the first Christian community. In 324, Constantine I chose Byzantium to be the new capital of the Roman Empire, renaming it New Rome. Following the death of Theodosius I in 395 and the permanent division of the Roman Empire between his two sons, the city, which would popularly come to be known as Constantinople, became the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. This empire, which would later be branded by historians as the Byzantine Empire, ruled most of the\",\n \"title\": \"Turkey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68655\",\n \"text\": \"wealthiest city in Europe. The city was also famed for its architectural masterpieces, such as the Greek Orthodox cathedral of Hagia Sophia, which served as the seat of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, the sacred Imperial Palace where the Emperors lived, the Galata Tower, the Hippodrome, the Golden Gate of the Land Walls, and the opulent aristocratic palaces lining the arcaded avenues and squares. The University of Constantinople was founded in the fifth century and contained numerous artistic and literary treasures before it was sacked in 1204 and 1453, including its vast Imperial Library which contained the remnants of the Library of\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"981808\",\n \"text\": \"Fall of Constantinople The Fall of Constantinople (; ) was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by an invading Ottoman army on 29 May 1453. The attackers were commanded by the 21-year-old Sultan Mehmed II, who defeated an army commanded by Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos and took control of the imperial capital, ending a 53-day siege that began on 6 April 1453. After conquering the city, Sultan Mehmed transferred the capital of his Empire from Edirne to Constantinople and established his court there. The capture of the city (and two other Byzantine splinter territories soon thereafter) marked\",\n \"title\": \"Fall of Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"981860\",\n \"text\": \"and Constantine Lascaris, fled the city and found refuge in the Latin West, bringing with them knowledge and documents from the Greco-Roman tradition to Italy and other regions that further propelled the Renaissance. Those Greeks who stayed behind in Constantinople mostly lived in the Phanar and Galata districts of the city. The Phanariotes, as they were called, provided many capable advisers to the Ottoman rulers. Byzantium is a term used by modern historians to refer to the later Roman Empire. In its own time, the Empire ruled from Constantinople (or \\\"New Rome\\\" as some people call it, although this was\",\n \"title\": \"Fall of Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6652905\",\n \"text\": \"importance of Constantinople in the Ottoman world was also reflected by its Ottoman name 'Der Saadet' meaning the 'gate to Prosperity' in Ottoman. An alternative view is that the name evolved directly from the name \\\"Constantinople\\\", with the first and third syllables dropped. A Turkish folk etymology traces the name to Islam bol \\\"plenty of Islam\\\" because the city was called \\\"Islambol\\\" (\\\"plenty of Islam\\\") or \\\"Islambul\\\" (\\\"find Islam\\\") as the capital of the Islamic Ottoman Empire. It is first attested shortly after the conquest, and its invention was ascribed by some contemporary writers to Sultan Mehmed II himself. Some\",\n \"title\": \"Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"981869\",\n \"text\": \"of the war Venizelos lost the election of 1920 and went into exile and Greece was defeated in the war by Turkey. Ottomans used the Arabic transliteration of the city's name \\\"Kostantiniyye,\\\" (القسطنطينية), as can be seen in numerous Ottoman documents. \\\"Islambol\\\" (, \\\"Full of Islam\\\") or \\\"Islambul\\\" (\\\"find Islam\\\") or \\\"Islam(b)ol\\\" (\\\"old Turkic: be Islam\\\"), both in Turkish Language, were folk-etymological adaptations of \\\"Istanbul\\\" created after the Ottoman conquest of 1453 to express the city's new role as the capital of the Islamic Ottoman Empire. It is first attested shortly after the conquest, and its invention was ascribed by\",\n \"title\": \"Fall of Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9663523\",\n \"text\": \"capital city. Byzantium (now renamed as \\\"Nova Roma\\\" which eventually became \\\"Constantinopolis\\\", i.e. \\\"The City of Constantine\\\") was officially proclaimed the new capital of the Roman Empire in 330. Following the death of Theodosius I in 395 and the permanent partition of the Roman Empire between his two sons, Constantinople became the capital of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. The combination of imperialism and location would play an important role as the crossing point between two continents (Europe and Asia), and later a magnet for Africa and others as well, in terms of commerce, culture, diplomacy, and strategy. It was\",\n \"title\": \"History of Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3005335\",\n \"text\": \"29 May 1453 after a six-week siege. The walls were largely maintained intact during most of the Ottoman period, until sections began to be dismantled in the 19th century, as the city outgrew its medieval boundaries. Despite the subsequent lack of maintenance, many parts of the walls survived and are still standing today. A large-scale restoration program has been under way since the 1980s. According to tradition, the city was founded as Byzantium by Greek colonists from Megara, led by the eponymous Byzas, around 658 BC. At the time the city consisted of a small region around an acropolis, located\",\n \"title\": \"Walls of Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68656\",\n \"text\": \"Alexandria and had over 100,000 volumes of ancient texts. It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times as the home of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople and as the guardian of Christendom's holiest relics such as the Crown of Thorns and the True Cross. Constantinople was famed for its massive and complex defences. The first wall of the city was erected by Constantine I, and surrounded the city on both land and sea fronts. Later, in the 5th century, the Praetorian Prefect Anthemius under the child emperor Theodosius II undertook the construction of the Theodosian\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3005333\",\n \"text\": \"Walls of Constantinople The Walls of Constantinople are a series of defensive stone walls that have surrounded and protected the city of Constantinople (today Istanbul in Turkey) since its founding as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Constantine the Great. With numerous additions and modifications during their history, they were the last great fortification system of antiquity, and one of the most complex and elaborate systems ever built. Initially built by Constantine the Great, the walls surrounded the new city on all sides, protecting it against attack from both sea and land. As the city grew, the famous\",\n \"title\": \"Walls of Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68687\",\n \"text\": \"was designed in the form of an equal-armed cross with five domes, and ornamented with beautiful mosaics. This church was to remain the burial place of the Emperors from Constantine himself until the 11th century. When the city fell to the Turks in 1453, the church was demolished to make room for the tomb of Mehmet II the Conqueror. Justinian was also concerned with other aspects of the city's built environment, legislating against the abuse of laws prohibiting building within of the sea front, in order to protect the view. During Justinian I's reign, the city's population reached about 500,000\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68673\",\n \"text\": \"the Danube or the Euphrates frontiers, his court supplied from the rich gardens and sophisticated workshops of Roman Asia, his treasuries filled by the wealthiest provinces of the Empire. Constantinople was built over six years, and consecrated on 11 May 330. Constantine divided the expanded city, like Rome, into 14 regions, and ornamented it with public works worthy of an imperial metropolis. Yet, at first, Constantine's new Rome did not have all the dignities of old Rome. It possessed a proconsul, rather than an urban prefect. It had no praetors, tribunes, or quaestors. Although it did have senators, they held\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7971187\",\n \"text\": \"to refer to the authorities located there, and hence for the central Ottoman imperial administration. Modern historians also refer to government by these terms, similar to popular usage of Whitehall in Britain. The sublime Gate is not inside Topkapı palace; the administration building whose gate is named Bâb-ı Âlî is between Agia Sofia and Beyazit mosque, a huge building. Many peoples neighboring on the Byzantine Empire used names expressing concepts like \\\"The Great City\\\", \\\"City of the Emperors\\\", \\\"Capital of the Romans\\\" or similar. During the 10th to 12th century Constantinople was one of the largest two cities in the\",\n \"title\": \"Names of Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68721\",\n \"text\": \"the barbarians coming from south of the Danube river, who found easier targets to the west rather than the richer provinces to the east in Asia. From the 5th century, the city was also protected by the Anastasian Wall, a 60-kilometer chain of walls across the Thracian peninsula. Many scholars argue that these sophisticated fortifications allowed the east to develop relatively unmolested while Ancient Rome and the west collapsed. Constantinople's fame was such that it was described even in contemporary Chinese histories, the \\\"Old\\\" and \\\"New Book of Tang\\\", which mentioned its massive walls and gates as well as a\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8694002\",\n \"text\": \"and the Sassanid Dynasty rose. Constantinople, situated on the Bosporus Straits at the mouth of the Black Sea, became a capital of the Roman Empire in 330 AD after Constantine the Great, the first Christian emperor, refounded the city of Byzantium. Although the city was called Constantinople until its fall, the Eastern Roman Empire became known by the classical name of Byzantium, and often the city was called by its old name as well. The city's status as residence of the Eastern Roman Emperor made it into the premier city in all of the Eastern Roman colonies in the Balkans,\",\n \"title\": \"Middle Eastern empires\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6652910\",\n \"text\": \"Niger against Emperor Septimius Severus cost it dearly; by the time it surrendered at the end of 195 CE, two years of siege had left the city devastated. Five years later, Severus began to rebuild Byzantium, and the city regained—and, by some accounts, surpassed—its previous prosperity. Constantine the Great effectively became the emperor of the whole of the Roman Empire in September 324. Two months later, he laid out the plans for a new, Christian city to replace Byzantium. As the eastern capital of the empire, the city was named \\\"Nova Roma\\\"; most called it Constantinople, a name that persisted\",\n \"title\": \"Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68679\",\n \"text\": \"was located), Pontus and Asia comparable to the 100-mile extraordinary jurisdiction of the prefect of Rome. The emperor Valens, who hated the city and spent only one year there, nevertheless built the Palace of Hebdomon on the shore of the Propontis near the Golden Gate, probably for use when reviewing troops. All the emperors up to Zeno and Basiliscus were crowned and acclaimed at the Hebdomon. Theodosius I founded the Church of John the Baptist to house the skull of the saint (today preserved at the Topkapı Palace), put up a memorial pillar to himself in the Forum of Taurus,\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6652935\",\n \"text\": \"Fatih district, which was named after Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror (Turkish: \\\"Fatih Sultan Mehmed\\\"), corresponds to what was, until the Ottoman conquest in 1453, the whole of the city of Constantinople (today is the capital district and called the \\\"historic peninsula\\\" of Istanbul) on the southern shore of the Golden Horn, across the medieval Genoese citadel of Galata on the northern shore. The Genoese fortifications in Galata were largely demolished in the 19th century, leaving only the Galata Tower, to make way for the northward expansion of the city. Galata (Karaköy) is today a quarter within the Beyoğlu (Pera) district,\",\n \"title\": \"Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68712\",\n \"text\": \"Constantinople. In 1453, when the Ottoman Turks captured the city, it contained approximately 50,000 people. Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Empire on 29 May 1453. The Ottomans were commanded by 22-year-old Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II. The conquest of Constantinople followed a seven-week siege which had begun on 6 April 1453. The Christian Orthodox city of Constantinople was now under Ottoman control. When Mehmed II finally entered Constantinople through what is now known as the Topkapi Gate, he immediately rode his horse to the Hagia Sophia, where he ordered his soldiers to stop hacking at the marbles and 'be satisfied\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6652903\",\n \"text\": \"historically inaccurate, by Turks. By the 19th century, the city had acquired other names used by either foreigners or Turks. Europeans used \\\"Constantinople\\\" to refer to the whole of the city, but used the name \\\"Stamboul\\\"—as the Turks also did—to describe the walled peninsula between the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara. \\\"Pera\\\" (from the Greek word for \\\"across\\\") was used to describe the area between the Golden Horn and the Bosphorus, but Turks also used the name \\\"Beyoğlu\\\" (today the official name for one of the city's constituent districts). \\\"Islambol\\\" (meaning either \\\"City of Islam\\\" or \\\"Full of\",\n \"title\": \"Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68685\",\n \"text\": \"back, and wide-sleeved tunics tight at the wrist; and to form gangs to engage in night-time muggings and street violence. At last these disorders took the form of a major rebellion of 532, known as the \\\"Nika\\\" riots (from the battle-cry of \\\"Conquer!\\\" of those involved). Fires started by the Nika rioters consumed Constantine's basilica of Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom), the city's principal church, which lay to the north of the Augustaeum. Justinian commissioned Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus to replace it with a new and incomparable Hagia Sophia. This was the great cathedral of the Orthodox Church,\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13791571\",\n \"text\": \"admirer of everything German, Peter the Great originally named the city, Sankt-Peterburg (; note that the Russian name lacks the letter \\\"s\\\" between \\\"Peter\\\" and \\\"burg\\\"). On 1 September 1914, after the outbreak of World War I, the Imperial government renamed the city Petrograd (), meaning \\\"Peter's city\\\", in order to expunge the German name \\\"Sankt\\\" and \\\"Burg\\\". On 26 January 1924, shortly after the death of Lenin, it was renamed to Leningrad (), meaning \\\"Lenin's City\\\". On 6 September 1991, the original name, Sankt-Peterburg, was returned. Today, in English the city is known as \\\"Saint Petersburg\\\". Local residents often\",\n \"title\": \"Saint Petersburg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68675\",\n \"text\": \"in Asiana and Pontica and on 18 May 332 he announced that, as in Rome, free distributions of food would be made to the citizens. At the time, the amount is said to have been 80,000 rations a day, doled out from 117 distribution points around the city. Constantine laid out a new square at the centre of old Byzantium, naming it the Augustaeum. The new senate-house (or Curia) was housed in a basilica on the east side. On the south side of the great square was erected the Great Palace of the Emperor with its imposing entrance, the Chalke,\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"90938\",\n \"text\": \"also considered. Eventually, however, Constantine decided to work on the Greek city of Byzantium, which offered the advantage of having already been extensively rebuilt on Roman patterns of urbanism, during the preceding century, by Septimius Severus and Caracalla, who had already acknowledged its strategic importance. The city was thus founded in 324, dedicated on 11 May 330 and renamed \\\"Constantinopolis\\\" (\\\"Constantine's City\\\" or Constantinople in English). Special commemorative coins were issued in 330 to honor the event. The new city was protected by the relics of the True Cross, the Rod of Moses and other holy relics, though a cameo\",\n \"title\": \"Constantine the Great\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9663532\",\n \"text\": \"semi-ghost town with, as Ibn Battuta noted, sown fields within the city walls. The city by 1453 held less than a tenth of its former population. The city, known alternatively in Ottoman Turkish as \\\"Ḳosṭanṭīnīye\\\" ( after the Arabic form ) or Istanbul (while its Christian minorities continued to name it Constantinople), was the capital of the Ottoman Empire from its conquest in 1453 until the empire's collapse in 1922. On 29 May 1453, Sultan Mehmed II \\\"the Conqueror\\\", entered Constantinople after a 53–day siege during which his cannon had torn a huge hole in the Walls of Theodosius II.\",\n \"title\": \"History of Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68658\",\n \"text\": \"the prosperity it achieved from being the gateway between two continents (Europe and Asia) and two seas (the Mediterranean and the Black Sea). Although besieged on numerous occasions by various armies, the defences of Constantinople proved impregnable for nearly nine hundred years. In 1204, however, the armies of the Fourth Crusade took and devastated the city, and its inhabitants lived several decades under Latin misrule. In 1261 the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos liberated the city, and after the restoration under the Palaiologos dynasty, enjoyed a partial recovery. With the advent of the Ottoman Empire in 1299, the Byzantine Empire\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13973222\",\n \"text\": \"Byzantine Empire under the Constantinian and Valentinian dynasties Byzantium under the Constantinian and Valentinian dynasties was the earliest period of the Byzantine history that saw a shift in government from Rome in the west to Constantinople in the East within the Roman Empire under emperor Constantine the Great and his successors. Constantinople, formally named Nova Roma, was created on the site of the old Greek Byzantium, which is the origin of the historiographical name for the Eastern Empire, which self-identified simply as the \\\"Roman Empire\\\". In the 3rd century, the Roman Empire suffered troubling economic difficulties that spread over a\",\n \"title\": \"Byzantine Empire under the Constantinian and Valentinian dynasties\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6652952\",\n \"text\": \"promotion of arts, culture, and nature conservation. Vasip Şahin has been the Governor of Istanbul Province since September 25, 2014. Throughout most of its history, Istanbul has ranked among the largest cities in the world. By 500 CE, Constantinople had somewhere between 400,000 and 500,000 people, edging out its predecessor, Rome, for world's largest city. Constantinople jostled with other major historical cities, such as Baghdad, Chang'an, Kaifeng and Merv for the position of world's most populous city until the 12th century. It never returned to being the world's largest, but remained Europe's largest city from 1500 to 1750, when it\",\n \"title\": \"Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68671\",\n \"text\": \"to the ground for supporting Pescennius Niger's claimancy. It was a move greatly criticized by the contemporary consul and historian Cassius Dio who said that Severus had destroyed \\\"a strong Roman outpost and a base of operations against the barbarians from Pontus and Asia\\\". He would later rebuild Byzantium towards the end of his reign, in which it would be briefly renamed \\\"Augusta Antonina\\\", fortifying it with a new city wall in his name, the Severan Wall. Constantine had altogether more colourful plans. Having restored the unity of the Empire, and, being in the course of major governmental reforms as\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1689973\",\n \"text\": \"Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (, \\\"Oikoumenikón Patriarkhíon Konstantinoupóleos\\\", ; ; , \\\"Roman Orthodox Patriarchate\\\") is one of the fourteen autocephalous churches (or \\\"jurisdictions\\\") that together compose the Eastern Orthodox Church. It is headed by the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, currently Bartholomew I, Archbishop of Constantinople. Because of its historical location as the capital of the former Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire and its role as the Mother Church of most modern Orthodox churches, Constantinople holds a special place of honor within Orthodoxy and serves as the seat for the Ecumenical Patriarch, who enjoys the status of\",\n \"title\": \"Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3005381\",\n \"text\": \"named after a popular monastery outside the Walls, the \\\"Zōodochos Pēgē\\\" (\\\"Life-giving Spring\\\") in the modern suburb of Balıklı. Its modern Turkish name, Gate of Selymbria (Tr. \\\"Silivri Kapısı\\\", Gk. ), appeared in Byzantine sources shortly before 1453. It lies between the heptagonal towers 35 and 36, which were extensively rebuilt in later Byzantine times: its southern tower bears an inscription dated to 1439 commemorating repairs carried out under John VIII Palaiologos. The gate arch was replaced in the Ottoman period. In addition, in 1998 a subterranean basement with 4th/5th century reliefs and tombs was discovered underneath the gate. Van\",\n \"title\": \"Walls of Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6652906\",\n \"text\": \"Ottoman sources of the 17th century, such as Evliya Çelebi, describe it as the common Turkish name of the time; between the late 17th and late 18th centuries, it was also in official use. The first use of the word \\\"Islambol\\\" on coinage was in 1703 (1115 AH) during the reign of Sultan Ahmed III. Nevertheless, the use of the name \\\"Constantinople\\\" remained common in English into the 20th century, \\\"Istanbul\\\" became common after Turkey adopted the Latin alphabet in 1928 and urged other countries to use the city's Turkish name. In modern Turkish, the name is written as \\\"İstanbul\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68714\",\n \"text\": \"thousand households needed to be transferred to Constantinople by September. From all over the Islamic empire, prisoners of war and deported people were sent to the city: these people were called \\\"Sürgün\\\" in Turkish (). Two centuries later, Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi gave a list of groups introduced into the city with their respective origins. Even today, many quarters of Istanbul, such as Aksaray, Çarşamba, bear the names of the places of origin of their inhabitants. However, many people escaped again from the city, and there were several outbreaks of plague, so that in 1459 Mehmet allowed the deported Greeks\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13405039\",\n \"text\": \"The prestige of important Christian centers depended in part on their apostolic founders, from whom the bishops were therefore the spiritual successors according to the doctrine of Apostolic succession. Constantine erected a new capital at Byzantium, a strategically placed city on the Bosporus. He renamed his new capital \\\"Nova Roma\\\" (\\\"New Rome\\\"), but the city would become known as Constantinople. The Second Ecumenical Council, held at the new capital in 381, elevated the see of Constantinople to a position ahead of the other chief metropolitan sees, except that of Rome. Mentioning in particular the provinces of Asia, Pontus and Thrace,\",\n \"title\": \"Christianity in the 4th century\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9663516\",\n \"text\": \"History of Istanbul The city today known as Istanbul has been the site of human settlement for approximately three thousand years. The settlement was founded by Thracian tribes between the 13th and 11th centuries BC, whose earliest known name is Lygos. It was colonised by the Greeks in the 7th century BC. It fell to the Roman Empire in AD 196, and was known as Byzantium until 330, when it was renamed Constantinople and made the new capital of the Roman Empire. During late antiquity, the city rose to be the largest of the western world, with a population peaking\",\n \"title\": \"History of Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7971183\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Constantinople\\\" instead of \\\"Istanbul\\\" were no longer delivered by Turkey's PTT, which contributed to the eventual worldwide adoption of the new name. In English the name is usually written \\\"Istanbul\\\". In modern Turkish the name is written \\\"İstanbul\\\" (dotted i/İ and dotless ı/I being two distinct letters in the Turkish alphabet). \\\"Stamboul\\\" or \\\"Stambul\\\" is a variant form of \\\"İstanbul.\\\" Greek for 'the town'. Like \\\"Istanbul\\\" itself, forms without the initial \\\"i-\\\" are attested from early on in the Middle Ages, first in Arabic sources of the 10th century and Armenian ones of the 12th. Some early sources also attest\",\n \"title\": \"Names of Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68716\",\n \"text\": \"churches of the city, in particular the Hagia Sophia, or the Church of Holy Wisdom. According to Russian 14th-century traveler Stephen of Novgorod: \\\"As for Hagia Sophia, the human mind can neither tell it nor make description of it.\\\" It was especially important for preserving in its libraries manuscripts of Greek and Latin authors throughout a period when instability and disorder caused their mass-destruction in western Europe and north Africa: On the city's fall, thousands of these were brought by refugees to Italy, and played a key part in stimulating the Renaissance, and the transition to the modern world. The\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"981871\",\n \"text\": \"in 1453, Ashgate, Farnham and Burlington 2011. Fall of Constantinople The Fall of Constantinople (; ) was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by an invading Ottoman army on 29 May 1453. The attackers were commanded by the 21-year-old Sultan Mehmed II, who defeated an army commanded by Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos and took control of the imperial capital, ending a 53-day siege that began on 6 April 1453. After conquering the city, Sultan Mehmed transferred the capital of his Empire from Edirne to Constantinople and established his court there. The capture of the city (and two\",\n \"title\": \"Fall of Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68711\",\n \"text\": \"resources, and struggled to survive. The palace of Blachernae in the north-west of the city became the main Imperial residence, with the old Great Palace on the shores of the Bosporus going into decline. When Michael VIII captured the city, its population was 35,000 people, but, by the end of his reign, he had succeeded in increasing the population to about 70,000 people. The Emperor achieved this by summoning former residents who had fled the city when the crusaders captured it, and by relocating Greeks from the recently reconquered Peloponnese to the capital. In 1347, the Black Death spread to\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20765755\",\n \"text\": \"Drypia Drypia (), also Dripeia (Δριπεία) or Grypes (Γρύπες), was a Byzantine-era settlement and rural suburb of Constantinople. In his studies on the topography of Constantinople, Raymond Janin identified the site with the locality of Ayazmaderesi, some west of the Theodosian Walls, but this is rejected by Andreas Külzer, who identifies it—via the later corrupted form Grypes—with the modern Istanbul district of Bağcılar. In early Byzantine times, the settlement was known for its church dedicated to Thomas the Apostle, established in the late 4th century. In late 398, Empress Aelia Eudoxia ordered the translation of the relics of several unnamed\",\n \"title\": \"Drypia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8302848\",\n \"text\": \"Hieria Hieria (in Greek variously ), modern Fenerbahçe, was a suburb of Byzantine-era Constantinople (modern Istanbul, Turkey). It is prominent in the city's history as the site of an imperial palace. The name derives from \\\"Heraion akron\\\" (Greek: , \\\"Cape of Hera\\\"), which was given in antiquity to a small promontory on the Asian shore of the Bosporus, opposite Chalcedon (modern Kadıköy). The Emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565) built a palace here, which included a harbour and a church dedicated to St. Mary. The palace, which survived at least until 1203, served as a summer residence for a number of\",\n \"title\": \"Hieria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11872097\",\n \"text\": \"Palace of Daphne The Palace of Daphne () was one of the major wings of the Great Palace of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire (modern Istanbul, Turkey). According to George Codinus, it was named after a statue of the nymph Daphne, brought from Rome. The exact layout and appearance of the palace is unclear, since it lies under the Sultan Ahmed Mosque, and the only surviving evidence comes from literary sources. Bardill, however, has suggested that the peristyle with mosaics adjoining an apsed hall, excavated by the Walker Trust excavations in 1935-7 and 1952-4, could be the Augusteus\",\n \"title\": \"Palace of Daphne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68720\",\n \"text\": \"the Ecumenical Patriarch, and made it a prime center of Christianity alongside Rome. This contributed to cultural and theological differences between Eastern and Western Christianity eventually leading to the Great Schism that divided Western Catholicism from Eastern Orthodoxy from 1054 onwards. Constantinople is also of great religious importance to Islam, as the conquest of Constantinople is one of the signs of the End time in Islam. The city provided a defence for the eastern provinces of the old Roman Empire against the barbarian invasions of the 5th century. The 18-meter-tall walls built by Theodosius II were, in essence, impregnable to\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68695\",\n \"text\": \"It is an impressive testament to the strength of tradition how little these arrangements had changed since the office, then known by the Latin version of its title, had been set up in 330 to mirror the urban prefecture of Rome. In the 9th and 10th centuries, Constantinople had a population of between 500,000 and 800,000. In the 8th and 9th centuries, the iconoclast movement caused serious political unrest throughout the Empire. The emperor Leo III issued a decree in 726 against images, and ordered the destruction of a statue of Christ over one of the doors of the Chalke,\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5095508\",\n \"text\": \"name, Koumoutsinas. This remained the city's name throughout the Ottoman period (ca. 1361–1912) and continues as its modern Turkish-language name today. The city continued to be an important hub connecting the capital city of Constantinople with the European part of the Empire, and grew accordingly. Many monuments in the city today date to this era. Many local families fled at that time to Epirus and founded the Koumoutzades village (modern Ammotopos, Arta). Even there they were persecuted and some of them found refuge in Tropaia of Gortynia. The bond between the inhabitants of Komotini, Ammotopos and Tropaia exists to this\",\n \"title\": \"Komotini\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68667\",\n \"text\": \"on the site of an already-existing city, Byzantium, which was settled in the early days of Greek colonial expansion, in around 657 BC, by colonists of the city-state of Megara. This is the first major settlement that would develop on the site of later Constantinople, but the first known settlements was that of \\\"Lygos\\\", referred to in Pliny's Natural Histories. Apart from this, little is known about this initial settlement. The site, according to the founding myth of the city, was abandoned by the time Greek settlers from the city-state of Megara founded Byzantium () in around 657 BC, across\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3005433\",\n \"text\": \"gate of the imperial Boukoleon Palace, known in Byzantine times as the Gate of the Lion (Gk. Πόρτα Λέοντος, \\\"Porta Leontos\\\", in Latin \\\"Porta Leonis\\\") after the marble lions that flanked its entrance, as well as Gate of the Bear (, \\\"porta tēs arkoudas\\\") after depictions of that animal at the quay. In Turkish it is known as \\\"Çatladıkapı\\\" (\\\"Broken Gate\\\"). To the west of the Bucoleon Palace lies the Church of SS. Sergius and Bacchus, and the first of the harbours of the city's southern shore, that of the Sophiae, named after the wife of Emperor Justin II (r.\",\n \"title\": \"Walls of Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9132029\",\n \"text\": \"Palace of the Porphyrogenitus The Palace of the Porphyrogenitus (), known in Turkish as the Tekfur Sarayı (\\\"Palace of the Sovereign\\\"), is a late 13th-century Byzantine palace in the north-western part of the old city of Constantinople (present-day Istanbul, Turkey). An annex of the greater palace complex of Blachernae, it is the best preserved of the three Byzantine palaces to survive in the city (together with the ruins of the Boukoleon Palace; and the ruins of the Great Palace of Constantinople with its surviving substructures, retrieved mosaics and standing Magnaura section), and one of the few relatively intact examples of\",\n \"title\": \"Palace of the Porphyrogenitus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6652913\",\n \"text\": \"on the European continent and at times the largest in the world. Constantinople began to decline continuously after the end of the reign of Basil II in 1025. The final blow was given by the conquest of Villardouin and Enrico Dandolo in 1204 during the Fourth Crusade, where the City was sacked and pillaged. The city subsequently became the center of the Latin Empire, created by Catholic crusaders to replace the Orthodox Byzantine Empire. Hagia Sophia was converted to a Catholic church in 1204. The Byzantine Empire was restored, albeit weakened, in 1261. Constantinople's churches, defenses, and basic services were\",\n \"title\": \"Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9663549\",\n \"text\": \"was moved from Istanbul to Ankara. As a consequence, population collapsed, from an estimated 1,125,000 in 1914 to about 500,000 in 1924; but population steadily grew during the later 20th century, the metropolitan population surpassing 10 million in the year 2000. The city's name \\\"İstanbul\\\" is a shortened version with a Turkish character of the Medieval Greek phrase \\\"εἰς τὴν Πόλιν\\\" [is tin ˈpolin], meaning \\\"into the city\\\", which had long been in vernacular use by the local population. The international name \\\"Constantinople\\\" also remained in use until Turkey adapted the Latin alphabet in 1928 and urged other countries to\",\n \"title\": \"History of Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3005380\",\n \"text\": \"to a story related by Niketas Choniates, in 1189 the gate was walled off by Emperor Isaac II Angelos, because according to a prophecy, it was this gate that Western Emperor Frederick Barbarossa would enter the city through. It was re-opened in 1346, but closed again before the siege of 1453 and remained closed until 1886, leading to its early Ottoman name, \\\"Kapalı Kapı\\\" (\\\"Closed Gate\\\"). The gate () is located between towers 30 and 31, little remains of the original gate, and the modern reconstruction may not be accurate. The Gate of the Spring or Pēgē Gate () was\",\n \"title\": \"Walls of Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"164755\",\n \"text\": \"named Constantinople (\\\"City of Constantine\\\"). In 395 Theodosius I, who had made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire, would be the last emperor to preside over a united Roman Empire. The empire was split into two halves: the Western Roman Empire centred in Ravenna, and the Eastern Roman Empire (later to be referred to as the Byzantine Empire) centred in Constantinople. The Roman Empire was repeatedly attacked by Hunnic, Germanic, Slavic and other “barbarian” tribes (see: Migration Period), and in 476 finally the Western part fell to the Heruli chieftain Odoacer. Roman authority in the Western part of\",\n \"title\": \"History of Europe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"725995\",\n \"text\": \"one Galata played to Constantinople (modern Istanbul). Trabzon formed the basis of several states in its long history and was the capital city of the Empire of Trebizond between 1204 and 1461. During the early modern period, Trabzon, because of the importance of its port, again became a focal point of trade to Persia and the Caucasus. The Turkish name of the city is Trabzon. It is historically known in English as Trebizond. The first recorded name of the city is Τραπεζοῦς (\\\"Trapezous\\\"), referencing the table-like central hill between the Zağnos (İskeleboz) and Kuzgun streams on which it was founded\",\n \"title\": \"Trabzon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2194111\",\n \"text\": \"Hippodrome of Constantinople The Hippodrome of Constantinople () was a circus that was the sporting and social centre of Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire. Today it is a square named \\\"Sultanahmet Meydanı\\\" (\\\"Sultan Ahmet Square\\\") in the Turkish city of Istanbul, with a few fragments of the original structure surviving. The word \\\"hippodrome\\\" comes from the Greek \\\"hippos\\\" (), horse, and \\\"dromos\\\" (δρόμος), path or way. For this reason, it is sometimes also called \\\"Atmeydanı\\\" (\\\"Horse Square\\\") in Turkish. Horse racing and chariot racing were popular pastimes in the ancient world and hippodromes were common features of Greek cities\",\n \"title\": \"Hippodrome of Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"44976\",\n \"text\": \"as an imperial residence inspired by Rome itself. (See Nova Roma.) After his death the city was called Constantinople (Greek Κωνσταντινούπολις, \\\"Konstantinoupolis\\\", \\\"city of Constantine\\\"). This combination of imperialism and location would affect Constantinople's role as the nexus between the continents of Europe and Asia. It was a commercial, cultural, and diplomatic centre. With its strategic position, Constantinople controlled the major trade routes between Asia and Europe, as well as the passage from the Mediterranean Sea to the Black Sea. On May 29, 1453, the city fell to the Ottoman Turks, and again became the capital of a powerful state,\",\n \"title\": \"Byzantium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11844892\",\n \"text\": \"Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, which had been founded as Byzantium). It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. Both\",\n \"title\": \"Byzantine Empire\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3005436\",\n \"text\": \"junction of the sea wall with the city's original Constantinian Wall. That view however is disputed by Janin, as the junction of the walls occurred considerably to the west from the modern gate's location. Further to the west, where the shoreline turns sharply south, stood the Gate of Psamathia (, \\\"Porta tou Psamatha/Psamatheos\\\"), modern \\\"Samatya Kapısı\\\", leading to the suburb of the same name. Further south and west lies the gate known today as \\\"Narlıkapı\\\" (\\\"Pomegranate Gate\\\"). Its Byzantine name is unknown, but is prominent on account of its proximity to the famed Monastery of Stoudios. During the whole existence\",\n \"title\": \"Walls of Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3818796\",\n \"text\": \"at Yale University, perform the song at the end of most of their concerts. The song has been in the repertoire of the Duke's Men since 1953. During the 2000s, the song was performed live by Australian Klezmer/Gypsy Jazz band Monsieur Camembert, appearing on the album \\\"Live on Stage\\\". Istanbul (Not Constantinople) \\\"Istanbul (Not Constantinople)\\\" is a 1953 novelty song, with lyrics by Jimmy Kennedy and music by Nat Simon. Written on the 500th anniversary of the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans, the lyrics humorously refer to the official 1930 renaming of the city of Constantinople to Istanbul. The\",\n \"title\": \"Istanbul (Not Constantinople)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68674\",\n \"text\": \"the title \\\"clarus\\\", not \\\"clarissimus\\\", like those of Rome. It also lacked the panoply of other administrative offices regulating the food supply, police, statues, temples, sewers, aqueducts, or other public works. The new programme of building was carried out in great haste: columns, marbles, doors, and tiles were taken wholesale from the temples of the empire and moved to the new city. In similar fashion, many of the greatest works of Greek and Roman art were soon to be seen in its squares and streets. The emperor stimulated private building by promising householders gifts of land from the imperial estates\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3630538\",\n \"text\": \"empire; and was renamed Istanbul in 1924, making the city itself into a metaphor for shifting identities, whatever they be national, cultural, religious, gender, ethnic or sexual. In the 17th century, Constantinople was Europe's largest city as well as one of the most wealthiest. The American scholar Urmila Seshagiri wrote that the \\\"fixed British hegemonies\\\" of the early chapters set in London and in the English countryside seem \\\"fragile\\\" when Orlando is confronted with the vast, teeming, wealthy city of Constantinople with its multi-ethnic, multi-religious population that appears as a far more powerful and greater city than London, which was\",\n \"title\": \"Orlando: A Biography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9288007\",\n \"text\": \"initial phase in accordance with the Armistice gave way in 1920 to a more formal arrangement under the Treaty of Sèvres. Ultimately, the Treaty of Lausanne, signed on 24 July 1923, led to the end of the occupation. The last troops of the Allies departed from the city on 4 October 1923, and the first troops of the Ankara government, commanded by Şükrü Naili Pasha (3rd Corps), entered the city with a ceremony on 6 October 1923, which has been marked as the \\\"Liberation Day\\\" of Istanbul (Turkish: \\\"İstanbul'un Kurtuluşu\\\") and is commemorated every year on its anniversary. 1918 saw\",\n \"title\": \"Occupation of Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"981863\",\n \"text\": \"a corruption of the Russian Church, which they considered to be the \\\"true\\\" Church of God. As the other Churches were more closely related to Constantinople in their liturgies, Avvakum argued that Constantinople fell to the Turks because of these heretical beliefs and practices. The fall of Constantinople has a profound impact on the ancient Pentarchy of the Orthodox Church. Today, the four ancient sees of Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria, and Constantinople are almost completely devoid of followers and believers because of Islamization and the \\\"Dhimma\\\" system to which Christians have been subjected since the earliest days of Islam. As a\",\n \"title\": \"Fall of Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3005425\",\n \"text\": \"of the city. In the early Ottoman period, it was known in Turkish as the \\\"Çıfıtkapı\\\" (\\\"Hebrew Gate\\\"), but its modern name is \\\"Bahçekapı\\\" (\\\"Garden Gate\\\"). The eastern limit of the Pisan quarter was located a bit eastwards of the gate. The 12th-century Genoese quarter of the city extended from there to the east, and in the documents conferring privileges on them one finds mention of two gates: the \\\"Porta Bonu\\\" (\\\"Gate of Bonus\\\", probably transcribed from Greek ), and the \\\"Porta Veteris Rectoris\\\" (\\\"Gate of the old rector\\\"). It is very likely that these two names refer to the\",\n \"title\": \"Walls of Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"311871\",\n \"text\": \"Pope The pope ( from \\\"pappas\\\", \\\"father\\\"), also known as the supreme pontiff (from Latin \\\"pontifex maximus\\\" \\\"greatest priest\\\"), is the Bishop of Rome and \\\"ex officio\\\" leader of the worldwide Catholic Church. Since 1929, the pope has also been head of state of Vatican City, a city-state enclaved within Rome, Italy. The current pope is Francis, who was elected on 13 March 2013, succeeding Benedict XVI. While his office is called the papacy, the episcopal see and ecclesiastical jurisdiction is called the Holy See. It is the Holy See that is the sovereign entity of international law headquartered in\",\n \"title\": \"Pope\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"981864\",\n \"text\": \"result of this process, the center of authority in the Orthodox Church changed and migrated to Eastern Europe (e.g., Russia) rather than remaining in the former Byzantine Middle East. There are many legends in Greece surrounding the Fall of Constantinople. It was said that the partial lunar eclipse that occurred on 22 May 1453 represented a fulfillment of a prophecy of the city's demise. Four days later, the whole city was blotted out by a thick fog, a condition unknown in that part of the world in May. When the fog lifted that evening, a strange light was seen playing\",\n \"title\": \"Fall of Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"66348\",\n \"text\": \"locus of power in the West shifted to Constantinople and to the ascendant Islamic civilization with its major cities Baghdad, Cairo, and Córdoba. From the 9th through the end of the 12th century, Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire, was the largest and wealthiest city in Europe, with a population approaching 1 million. The Ottoman Empire gradually gained control over many cities in the Mediterranean area, including Constantinople in 1453. In the Holy Roman Empire, beginning in the 12th. century, free imperial cities such as Nuremberg, Strasbourg, Frankfurt, Zurich, Nijmegen became a privileged elite among towns having won self-governance from\",\n \"title\": \"City\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6652896\",\n \"text\": \"Istanbul Istanbul (, or or ; ), historically known as Byzantium and before 1924 as Constantinople, is the most populous city in Turkey and the country's economic, cultural, and historic center. Istanbul is a transcontinental city in Eurasia, straddling the Bosporus strait (which separates Europe and Asia) between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea. Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives on the Asian side. The city is the administrative center of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (coterminous with Istanbul Province), both hosting a population of around 15\",\n \"title\": \"Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530759\",\n \"text\": \"Byzantine gardens The city of Byzantium in the Byzantine Empire occupies an important place in the history of garden design between eras and cultures (c. 4th century - 10th century CE). The city, later renamed Constantinople and the present day Istanbul, was capital of the Eastern Roman Empire and survived for a thousand years after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The gardens of Byzantium were, however, mostly destroyed after the 15th-century Turkish conquest of the city. Byzantine gardens were based largely on Roman ideas emphasizing elaborate mosaic designs, a typical classical feature of formally arrayed trees and built\",\n \"title\": \"Byzantine gardens\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68681\",\n \"text\": \"Taurus, on 27 February 425. Uldin, a prince of the Huns, appeared on the Danube about this time and advanced into Thrace, but he was deserted by many of his followers, who joined with the Romans in driving their king back north of the river. Subsequent to this, new walls were built to defend the city and the fleet on the Danube improved. After the barbarians overran the Western Roman Empire, Constantinople became the indisputable capital city of the Roman Empire. Emperors were no longer peripatetic between various court capitals and palaces. They remained in their palace in the Great\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68668\",\n \"text\": \"from the town of Chalcedon on the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus. The city maintained independence as a city-state until it was annexed by Darius I in 512 BC into the Persian Empire, who saw the site as the optimal location to construct a pontoon bridge crossing into Europe as Byzantium was situated at the narrowest point in the Bosphorus strait. Persian rule lasted until 478 BC when as part of the Greek counterattack to the Second Persian Invasion of Greece, a Greek army led by the Spartan general Pausanias captured the city which remained an independent, yet subordinate, city\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n }\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"what is the modern day name for the city of constantinople"}}},{"rowIdx":8393,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["tympani bone"],"string":"[\n \"tympani bone\"\n]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"7147320","text":"Internal auditory meatus The internal auditory meatus (also meatus acusticus internus, internal acoustic meatus, internal auditory canal, or internal acoustic canal) is a canal within the petrous part of the temporal bone of the skull between the posterior cranial fossa and the inner ear. The opening to the meatus is called the porus acusticus internus or internal acoustic opening. It is located inside the posterior cranial fossa of the skull, near the center of the posterior surface of the petrous part of the temporal bone. The size varies considerably. Its outer margins are smooth and rounded. The canal which comprises","title":"Internal auditory meatus"},{"id":"1450723","text":"Skull The skull is a bony structure that forms the head in vertebrates. It supports the structures of the face and provides a protective cavity for the brain. The skull is composed of two parts: the cranium and the mandible. In the human, these two parts are the neurocranium and the viscerocranium or facial skeleton that includes the mandible as its largest bone. The skull forms the anterior most portion of the skeleton and is a product of cephalisation—housing the brain, and several sensory structures such as the eyes, ears, nose, and mouth. In humans these sensory structures are part","title":"Skull"},{"id":"1450753","text":"they are related as follows: The jugal is a skull bone found in most reptiles, amphibians, and birds. In mammals, the jugal is often called the zygomatic bone or malar bone. The prefrontal bone is a bone separating the lacrimal and frontal bones in many tetrapod skulls. Skull The skull is a bony structure that forms the head in vertebrates. It supports the structures of the face and provides a protective cavity for the brain. The skull is composed of two parts: the cranium and the mandible. In the human, these two parts are the neurocranium and the viscerocranium or","title":"Skull"},{"id":"14620425","text":"Porion \"For people with the surname, see Porion (surname).\" The porion is the point on the human skull located at the upper margin of each ear canal (external auditory meatus, external acoustic meatus). It lies on the superior margin of the tragus. It is a cephalometric landmark with significance in biological anthropology and in clinical applications such as oral and maxillofacial surgery. The porion is one of the three anatomical points used to determine the Frankfurt plane. The Frankfurt plane (also called the auriculo-orbital plane) was established at the World Congress on Anthropology in Frankfurt, Germany in 1884, and decreed","title":"Porion"},{"id":"7147323","text":"also contains the vestibular ganglion. Internal auditory meatus The internal auditory meatus (also meatus acusticus internus, internal acoustic meatus, internal auditory canal, or internal acoustic canal) is a canal within the petrous part of the temporal bone of the skull between the posterior cranial fossa and the inner ear. The opening to the meatus is called the porus acusticus internus or internal acoustic opening. It is located inside the posterior cranial fossa of the skull, near the center of the posterior surface of the petrous part of the temporal bone. The size varies considerably. Its outer margins are smooth and","title":"Internal auditory meatus"},{"id":"4914803","text":"Ear canal The ear canal (external acoustic meatus, external auditory meatus, EAM; ) is a tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear. The adult human ear canal extends from the pinna to the eardrum and is about in length and in diameter. The human ear canal is divided into two parts. The elastic cartilage part forms the outer third of the canal; its anterior and lower wall are cartilaginous, whereas its superior and back wall are fibrous. The cartilage is the continuation of the cartilage framework of pinna. The bony part forms the inner two thirds. The","title":"Ear canal"},{"id":"3077810","text":"attenuated when they hit the pinna, and these changes provide additional information that will help the brain determine the sound direction. The sound waves enter the auditory canal, a deceptively simple tube. The ear canal amplifies sounds that are between 3 and 12 kHz. The tympanic membrane, at the far end of the ear canal marks the beginning of the middle ear. Sound waves travel through the ear canal and hit the tympanic membrane, or eardrum. This wave information travels across the air-filled middle ear cavity via a series of delicate bones: the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil) and stapes (stirrup).","title":"Auditory system"},{"id":"7525228","text":"Petrous part of the temporal bone The petrous part of the temporal bone is pyramid-shaped and is wedged in at the base of the skull between the sphenoid and occipital bones. Directed medially, forward, and a little upward, it presents a base, an apex, three surfaces, and three angles, and houses in its interior, the components of the inner ear. The petrous portion is among the most basal elements of the skull and forms part of the endocranium. Petrous comes from the Latin word \"petrosus\", meaning \"stone-like, hard\". It is one of the densest bones in the body. The petrous","title":"Petrous part of the temporal bone"},{"id":"1450725","text":"bones, and contains many foramina, fossae, processes, and several cavities or sinuses. In zoology there are openings in the skull called fenestrae. The human skull is the bony structure that forms the head in the human skeleton. It supports the structures of the face and forms a cavity for the brain. Like the skulls of other vertebrates, it protects the brain from injury. The skull consists of two parts, of different embryological origin—the neurocranium and the facial skeleton (also called the \"membraneous viscerocranium\"). The neurocranium (or \"braincase\") forms the protective cranial cavity that surrounds and houses the brain and brainstem.","title":"Skull"},{"id":"5946322","text":"require no intervention for the fracture itself. Depressed fractures are usually comminuted, with broken portions of bone displaced inward—and may require surgical intervention to repair underlying tissue damage. Diastatic fractures widen the sutures of the skull and usually affect children under three. Basilar fractures are in the bones at the base of the skull. The human skull is anatomically divided into two parts: the neurocranium, formed by eight cranial bones that houses and protect the brain—and the facial skeleton (viscerocranium) composed of fourteen bones, not including the three ossicles of the inner ear. The term \"skull fracture\" typically means fractures","title":"Skull fracture"},{"id":"1450745","text":"to enclose the olfactory organs. Behind these are the orbits, and then an additional pair of capsules enclosing the structure of the inner ear. Finally, the skull tapers towards the rear, where the foramen magnum lies immediately above a single condyle, articulating with the first vertebra. There are, in addition, at various points throughout the cranium, smaller foramina for the cranial nerves. The jaws consist of separate hoops of cartilage, almost always distinct from the cranium proper. In ray-finned fishes, there has also been considerable modification from the primitive pattern. The roof of the skull is generally well formed, and","title":"Skull"},{"id":"3363474","text":"the ear canal, as does the facing antitragus. The hollow region in front of the ear canal is called the concha. The ear canal stretches for about 1inch (2.5cm). The first part of the canal is surrounded by cartilage, while the second part near the eardrum is surrounded by bone. This bony part is known as the auditory bulla and is formed by the tympanic part of the temporal bone. The skin surrounding the ear canal contains ceruminous and sebaceous glands that produce protective ear wax. The ear canal ends at the external surface of the eardrum. Two sets of","title":"Ear"},{"id":"3363477","text":"between the outer ear and the inner ear. It consists of an air-filled cavity called the tympanic cavity and includes the three ossicles and their attaching ligaments; the auditory tube; and the round and oval windows. The ossicles are three small bones that function together to receive, amplify, and transmit the sound from the eardrum to the inner ear. The ossicles are the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and the stapes (stirrup). The stapes is the smallest named bone in the body. The middle ear also connects to the upper throat at the nasopharynx via the pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian","title":"Ear"},{"id":"14620427","text":"the three points listed above, sufficient to describe a plane in three-dimensional space. The Mastoid Index (a craniometric measurement)is the distance from the porion to the asterion. The determination of the Frankfort plane differs between skeletal and soft tissues, soft tissue using the tragus as the landmark in place of the porion. Porion \"For people with the surname, see Porion (surname).\" The porion is the point on the human skull located at the upper margin of each ear canal (external auditory meatus, external acoustic meatus). It lies on the superior margin of the tragus. It is a cephalometric landmark with","title":"Porion"},{"id":"1450726","text":"The upper areas of the cranial bones form the calvaria (skullcap). The membranous viscerocranium includes the mandible. The facial skeleton is formed by the bones supporting the face. Except for the mandible, all of the bones of the skull are joined together by sutures—synarthrodial (immovable) joints formed by bony ossification, with Sharpey's fibres permitting some flexibility. Sometimes there can be extra bone pieces within the suture known as wormian bones or \"sutural bones\". Most commonly these are found in the course of the lambdoid suture. The human skull is generally considered to consist of twenty-two bones—eight cranial bones and fourteen","title":"Skull"},{"id":"7525236","text":"DNA. Petrous part of the temporal bone The petrous part of the temporal bone is pyramid-shaped and is wedged in at the base of the skull between the sphenoid and occipital bones. Directed medially, forward, and a little upward, it presents a base, an apex, three surfaces, and three angles, and houses in its interior, the components of the inner ear. The petrous portion is among the most basal elements of the skull and forms part of the endocranium. Petrous comes from the Latin word \"petrosus\", meaning \"stone-like, hard\". It is one of the densest bones in the body. The","title":"Petrous part of the temporal bone"},{"id":"2091007","text":"Ethmoid bone The ethmoid bone (; from Greek \"ethmos\", \"sieve\") is an unpaired bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. It is located at the roof of the nose, between the two orbits. The cubical bone is lightweight due to a spongy construction. The ethmoid bone is one of the bones that make up the orbit of the eye. The ethmoid bone is an anterior cranial bone located between the eyes. It contributes to the medial wall of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the nasal septum. The ethmoid has three parts: cribriform plate, ethmoidal","title":"Ethmoid bone"},{"id":"14091053","text":"Skull roof The skull roof, or the roofing bones of the skull, are a set of bones covering the brain, eyes and nostrils in bony fishes and all land-living vertebrates. The bones are derived from dermal bone and are part of the dermatocranium. In comparative anatomy the term is used on the full dermatocranium. In general anatomy, the roofing bones may refer specifically to the bones that form above and alongside the brain and neurocranium (i.e., excluding the marginal upper jaw bones such as the maxilla and premaxilla), and in human anatomy, the skull roof often refers specifically to the","title":"Skull roof"},{"id":"1450728","text":"the stated twenty-two. Some of these bones—the occipital, parietal, frontal, in the neurocranium, and the nasal, lacrimal, and vomer, in the facial skeleton are flat bones. The skull also contains sinuses, air-filled cavities known as paranasal sinuses, and numerous foramina. The sinuses are lined with respiratory epithelium. Their known functions are the lessening of the weight of the skull, the aiding of resonance to the voice and the warming and moistening of the air drawn into the nasal cavity. The foramina are openings in the skull. The largest of these is the foramen magnum that allows the passage of the","title":"Skull"},{"id":"2131002","text":"the hard palate beneath the vomer means that the bone is now located in a nasal chamber, separate from the mouth. Vomer The vomer () is one of the unpaired facial bones of the skull. It is located in the midsagittal line, and articulates with the sphenoid, the ethmoid, the left and right palatine bones, and the left and right maxillary bones. The vomer forms the inferior part of the nasal septum, with the superior part formed by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone. The name is derived from the Latin word for a ploughshare and the shape of","title":"Vomer"},{"id":"3363473","text":"via the pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian tube. The inner ear contains the otolith organs—the utricle and saccule—and the semicircular canals belonging to the vestibular system, as well as the cochlea of the auditory system. The outer ear is the external portion of the ear and includes the fleshy visible pinna (also called the auricle), the ear canal, and the outer layer of the eardrum (also called the tympanic membrane). The pinna consists of the curving outer rim called the helix, the inner curved rim called the antihelix, and opens into the ear canal. The tragus protrudes and partially obscures","title":"Ear"},{"id":"8866149","text":"Greater palatine canal The greater palatine canal (or pterygopalatine canal) is a passage in the skull that transmits the descending palatine artery, vein, and greater and lesser palatine nerves between the pterygopalatine fossa and the oral cavity. The greater palatine canal starts on the inferior aspect of the pterygopalatine fossa. It goes through the maxilla and palatine bones to reach the palate, ending at the greater palatine foramen. From this canal, accessory canals branch off; these are known as the lesser palatine canals. The canal is formed by a vertical groove on the posterior part of the maxillary surface of","title":"Greater palatine canal"},{"id":"4914805","text":"ear canals. It plays an important role in the human ear canal, assisting in cleaning and lubrication, and also provides some protection from bacteria, fungi, and insects. Excess or impacted cerumen can press against the eardrum and/or occlude the external auditory canal and impair hearing, causing conductive hearing loss. Ear canal The ear canal (external acoustic meatus, external auditory meatus, EAM; ) is a tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear. The adult human ear canal extends from the pinna to the eardrum and is about in length and in diameter. The human ear canal is divided","title":"Ear canal"},{"id":"8866150","text":"the palatine bone; it is converted into a canal by articulation with the maxilla. The canal transmits the descending palatine vessels, the greater palatine nerve, and the lesser palatine nerve. Greater palatine canal The greater palatine canal (or pterygopalatine canal) is a passage in the skull that transmits the descending palatine artery, vein, and greater and lesser palatine nerves between the pterygopalatine fossa and the oral cavity. The greater palatine canal starts on the inferior aspect of the pterygopalatine fossa. It goes through the maxilla and palatine bones to reach the palate, ending at the greater palatine foramen. From this","title":"Greater palatine canal"},{"id":"15757738","text":"Bone conduction auditory brainstem response Bone-conduction auditory brainstem response or BCABR is a type of auditory evoked response that records neural response from EEG with stimulus transmitted through bone conduction. Vibration of the skull results in auditory sensation. This is a way to somewhat bypass the outer and middle ears to stimulate the cochlea. Von Bekesy is credited with the discovery that at the level of the cochlea, phase shifted bone-conduction signals cancel out air conduction signals. Bone-conduction works because all of the bones of the skull are connected, including the temporal bone, which in turn stimulates the cochlea. Barany","title":"Bone conduction auditory brainstem response"},{"id":"1450747","text":"the living lungfishes. The skull roof is not fully formed, and consists of multiple, somewhat irregularly shaped bones with no direct relationship to those of tetrapods. The upper jaw is formed from the pterygoids and vomers alone, all of which bear teeth. Much of the skull is formed from cartilage, and its overall structure is reduced. The skulls of the earliest tetrapods closely resembled those of their ancestors amongst the lobe-finned fishes. The skull roof is formed of a series of plate-like bones, including the maxilla, frontals, parietals, and lacrimals, among others. It is overlaying the endocranium, corresponding to the","title":"Skull"},{"id":"3454475","text":"Articular bone The articular bone is part of the lower jaw of most vertebrates, including most jawed fish, amphibians, birds and various kinds of reptiles, as well as Stem-mammal. In these animals it is connected to two other lower jaw bones, the suprangular and the angular. It forms the jaw joint by articulating with the quadrate bone of the skull. In mammals, the articular bone has migrated to the middle ear to become the malleus, while the quadrate bone becomes the incus. Paleontologists regard this as a defining characteristic of mammalian fossils. It is analogous to, but not homologous to","title":"Articular bone"},{"id":"6862332","text":"Hypoglossal canal The hypoglossal canal is a foramen in the occipital bone of the skull. It is hidden medially and superiorly to each occipital condyle. The hypoglossal nerve traverses the canal. It transmits the hypoglossal nerve from its point of entry near the medulla oblongata to its exit from the base of the skull near the jugular foramen. It lies in the epiphyseal junction between the basiocciput and the jugular process of the occipital bone. The hypoglossal canal has recently been used to try to determine the antiquity of human speech. Researchers have found that hominids who lived as long","title":"Hypoglossal canal"},{"id":"2945702","text":"the skull passes through the pelvis and birth canal during birth. During development the eight separate plates of the immature bones fuse together into one single structure known as the Skull. The only bone that remains separate from the rest of the skull is the mandible. The rib cage is composed of 12 pairs of ribs plus the sternum for a total of 25 separate bones. The rib cage functions as protection for the vital organs such as the heart and lungs. The ribs are shaped like crescents, with one end flattened and the other end rounded. The","title":"Axial skeleton"},{"id":"2787079","text":"tend to tolerate this arrangement very well. When the child's skull bone is sufficiently thick, a titanium \"post\" can be surgically embedded into the skull with a small abutment exposed outside the skin. The BAHA sound processor sits on this abutment and transmits sound vibrations to the external abutment of the titanium implant. The implant vibrates the skull and inner ear, which stimulate the nerve fibers of the inner ear, allowing hearing. The surgical procedure is simple both for the surgeon, involving very few risks for the experienced ear surgeon. For the patient, minimal discomfort and pain is reported. Patients","title":"Hearing aid"},{"id":"5492544","text":"Tensor tympani muscle The tensor tympani is a muscle within the ear, located in the bony canal above the osseous portion of the auditory tube. Its role is to damp loud sounds, such as those produced from chewing, shouting, or thunder. Because its reaction time is not fast enough, the muscle cannot protect against hearing damage caused by sudden loud explosions or gunshots. The tensor tympani arises from the cartilaginous portion of the auditory tube, and the adjoining part of the great wing of the sphenoid, as well as from the osseous canal in which it is contained. Passing backward","title":"Tensor tympani muscle"},{"id":"6479167","text":"Greek ἀστέριον (\"astērion\"), meaning \"star\" or \"starry\". The \"Mercedes point\" is an alternative term for the asterion, for its resemblance to the Mercedes-Benz logo. Asterion (anatomy) The asterion is the point on the skull corresponding to the posterior end of the parietomastoid suture. In human anatomy, the asterion is a visible, so-called craniometric, point on the exposed skull, just behind the ear, where three cranial sutures meet: or where three cranial bones meet: In the adult, it lies 4 cm behind and 12 mm above the center of the entrance to the ear canal. Neurosurgeons use this point to orient","title":"Asterion (anatomy)"},{"id":"1450746","text":"although the exact relationship of its bones to those of tetrapods is unclear, they are usually given similar names for convenience. Other elements of the skull, however, may be reduced; there is little cheek region behind the enlarged orbits, and little, if any bone in between them. The upper jaw is often formed largely from the premaxilla, with the maxilla itself located further back, and an additional bone, the symplectic, linking the jaw to the rest of the cranium. Although the skulls of fossil lobe-finned fish resemble those of the early tetrapods, the same cannot be said of those of","title":"Skull"},{"id":"1450729","text":"spinal cord as well as nerves and blood vessels. The many processes of the skull include the mastoid process and the zygomatic processes. The skull is a complex structure; its bones are formed both by intramembranous and endochondral ossification. The skull roof bones, comprising the bones of the facial skeleton and the sides and roof of the neurocranium, are dermal bones formed by intramembranous ossification, though the temporal bones are formed by endochondral ossification. The endocranium, the bones supporting the brain (the occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid) are largely formed by endochondral ossification. Thus frontal and parietal bones are purely membranous.","title":"Skull"},{"id":"2087276","text":"Occipital bone The occipital bone () is a cranial dermal bone and the main bone of the occiput (back and lower part of the skull). It is trapezoidal in shape and curved on itself like a shallow dish. The occipital bone overlies the occipital lobes of the cerebrum. At the base of skull in the occipital bone, there is a large oval opening called the foramen magnum, which allows the passage of the spinal cord. Like the other cranial bones, it is classed as a flat bone. Due to its many attachments and features, the occipital bone is described in","title":"Occipital bone"},{"id":"10670482","text":"the Moupin pika. A fairly small pika, the Moupin pika measures in length, and weighs . The skull is in length, and is larger than that of the Gansu pika. The frontal bone is flat and low, and has no alveolus above it. The auditory bullae are small, and the posterior processes of the cheek bone are almost parallel. The anterior palatine foramen (funnel-shaped opening in the bony plate of the skull, located in the roof of the mouth, immediately behind the incisor teeth where blood vessels and nerves pass) and the palatal foramen are combined. In summer, the dorsal","title":"Moupin pika"},{"id":"14620426","text":"as the anatomical position of the human skull for comparative craniometric measurements. It was decided that a plane passing through the inferior margin of the left orbit (the point called the left orbitale) and the upper margin of each ear canal or external auditory meatus, a point called the porion, was most nearly parallel to the surface of the earth at the position the head is normally carried in the living subject. In normal subjects, both orbitales and both porions lie in a single plane. However, due to pathology, this is not always the case. The formal definition specifies only","title":"Porion"},{"id":"9694731","text":"Calvaria (skull) The calvaria or skullcap (feminine Latin noun with plural \"calvariae\"; however, many medical texts list the word as \"calvarium\", neuter Latin noun with plural \"calvaria\") is the upper part of the neurocranium and covers the cranial cavity containing the brain. It forms the main component of the skull roof. The calvaria (skullcap) is made up of the superior portions of the frontal bone, occipital bone, and parietal bones. In the human skull, the sutures between the bones normally remain flexible during the first few years of postnatal development, and fontanelles are palpable. Premature complete ossification of these sutures","title":"Calvaria (skull)"},{"id":"7525241","text":"upper part of the posterior wall by the squama. Its inner end is closed, by the tympanic membrane which originates from the tympanic sulcus; the upper limit of its outer orifice is formed by the posterior root of the zygomatic process, immediately below which there is sometimes seen a small spine, the \"suprameatal spine\", situated at the upper and posterior part of the orifice. The auditory bulla (pl. bullae) is a hollow bony structure on the ventral, posterior portion of the skull that encloses parts of the middle and inner ear. In most species, it is formed by the tympanic","title":"Tympanic part of the temporal bone"},{"id":"14091058","text":"the openings independently: The synapsids are the mammal-like reptiles and the mammals. In mammals, the side opening is closed by the sphenoid bone, so that the skull roof appear whole, despite the temporal opening. All other reptiles (with the possible exception of turtles) and the birds are diapsids. Skull roof The skull roof, or the roofing bones of the skull, are a set of bones covering the brain, eyes and nostrils in bony fishes and all land-living vertebrates. The bones are derived from dermal bone and are part of the dermatocranium. In comparative anatomy the term is used on the","title":"Skull roof"},{"id":"1450724","text":"of the facial skeleton. Functions of the skull include protection of the brain, fixing the distance between the eyes to allow stereoscopic vision, and fixing the position of the ears to enable sound localisation of the direction and distance of sounds. In some animals such as horned ungulates, the skull also has a defensive function by providing the mount (on the frontal bone) for the horns. The English word \"skull\" is probably derived from Old Norse \"skulle\", while the Latin word \"cranium\" comes from the Greek root κρανίον (\"kranion\"). The skull is made up of a number of fused flat","title":"Skull"},{"id":"1777492","text":"Eustachian tube The Eustachian tube, also known as the auditory tube or pharyngotympanic tube, is a tube that links the nasopharynx to the middle ear. It is a part of the middle ear. In adult humans the Eustachian tube is approximately long and in diameter. It is named after the sixteenth-century Italian anatomist Bartolomeo Eustachi. In humans and other land animals the middle ear (like the ear canal) is normally filled with air. Unlike the open ear canal, however, the air of the middle ear is not in direct contact with the atmosphere outside the body. The Eustachian tube connects","title":"Eustachian tube"},{"id":"5946323","text":"to the neurocranium, while fractures of the facial portion of the skull are \"facial fractures\", or if the jaw is fractured, a \"mandibular fracture\". The eight cranial bones are separated by sutures : one frontal bone, two parietal bones, two temporal bones, one occipital bone, one sphenoid bone, and one ethmoid bone. The bones of the skull are in three layers: the hard compact layer of the external table (\"lamina externa\"), the diploë (a spongy layer of red bone marrow in the middle, and the compact layer of the inner table (\"Lamina interna\"). Skull thickness is variable, depending on location.","title":"Skull fracture"},{"id":"7525245","text":"Temporal styloid process The temporal styloid process is a process of bone that extends down from the temporal bone of the human skull, just below the ear. The styloid process is a slender pointed piece of bone just below the ear. It projects down and forward from the inferior surface of the temporal bone, and serves as an anchor point for several muscles associated with the tongue and larynx. The stylohyoid ligament extends from the apex of the process to the lesser cornu of the hyoid bone, and can sometimes be partially or completely ossified. A small percentage of the","title":"Temporal styloid process"},{"id":"5946324","text":"Thus the traumatic impact required to cause a fracture depends on the impact site. The skull is thick at the glabella, the external occipital protuberance, the mastoid processes, and the external angular process. Areas of the skull that are covered with muscle have no underlying diploë formation between the internal and external lamina, which results in thin bone more susceptible to fractures. Skull fractures occur more easily at the thin squamous temporal and parietal bones, the sphenoid sinus, the foramen magnum (the opening at the base of the skull that the spinal cord passes through), the petrous temporal ridge, and","title":"Skull fracture"},{"id":"10912538","text":"Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles The evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles was an evolutionary event in which bones in the jaw of reptiles were co-opted to form part of the hearing apparatus in mammals. The event is well-documented and important as a demonstration of transitional forms and exaptation, the re-purposing of existing structures during evolution. In reptiles, the eardrum is connected to the inner ear via a single bone, the columella, while the upper and lower jaws contain several bones not found in mammals. Over the course of the evolution of mammals, one bone from the lower and one from","title":"Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles"},{"id":"11481940","text":"is considered to be a primitive feature in dinosaurs. The prefrontal makes contact with several other bones in the skull. The anterior part of the bone articulates with the nasal bone and the lacrimal bone. The posterior part of the bone articulates with the frontal bone and more rarely the palpebral bone. The prefrontal bone sometimes forms part of the upper margin of the orbit. This bone is part of the skull roof, which is a set of bones that cover the brain, eyes and nostrils. Prefrontal bone The prefrontal bone is a bone separating the lacrimal and frontal bones","title":"Prefrontal bone"},{"id":"2764821","text":"the rest of the cartilage to enter the middle ear where it becomes the incus. Quadrate bone The quadrate bone is part of a skull in most tetrapods, including amphibians, sauropsids (reptiles, birds), and early synapsids. In these animals it connects to the quadratojugal and squamosal in the skull, and forms part of the jaw joint (the other part is the articular bone at the rear end of the lower jaw). It is formed by endochondral ossification and is formed from the hindmost part of the primitive cartilaginous upper jaw. In snakes, the quadrate bone has become elongated and very","title":"Quadrate bone"},{"id":"663247","text":"Outer ear The outer ear, external ear, or auris externa is the external portion of the ear, which consists of the auricle (also pinna) and the ear canal. It gathers sound energy and focuses it on the eardrum (tympanic membrane). The visible part is called the auricle, also known as the pinna, especially in other animals. It is composed of a thin plate of yellow elastic cartilage, covered with integument, and connected to the surrounding parts by ligaments and muscles; and to the commencement of the ear canal by fibrous tissue. Many mammals can move the pinna (with the auriculares","title":"Outer ear"},{"id":"1450727","text":"facial skeleton bones. In the neurocranium these are the occipital bone, two temporal bones, two parietal bones, the sphenoid, ethmoid and frontal bones. The bones of the facial skeleton(14) are the vomer, two inferior nasal conchae, two nasal bones, two maxilla, the mandible, two palatine bones, two zygomatic bones, and two lacrimal bones. Some sources count a paired bone as one, or the maxilla as having two bones (as its parts); some sources include the hyoid bone or the three ossicles of the middle ear but the overall general consensus of the number of bones in the human skull is","title":"Skull"},{"id":"7142981","text":"Jugular foramen The jugular foramen is a large foramen (aperture) in the base of the skull. It is located behind the carotid canal and is formed in front by the petrous portion of the temporal bone, and behind by the occipital bone; it is generally larger on the right than on the left side. Cranial nerves IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), and XI (accessory) and the internal jugular vein pass through the jugular foramen. The jugular foramen may be subdivided into three compartments, each with their own contents. An alternative imaging based subclassification exists, delineated by the jugular spine which is","title":"Jugular foramen"},{"id":"15284024","text":"Mandible The mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human face. It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place. The mandible sits beneath the maxilla. It is the only movable bone of the skull (discounting the ossicles of the middle ear). The bone is formed in the fetus from a fusion of the left and right mandibular prominences, and the point where these sides join, the mandibular symphysis, is still visible as a faint ridge in the midline. Like other symphyses in the body, this is a midline articulation","title":"Mandible"},{"id":"6331025","text":"ear, bypassing the external auditory canal and middle ear. A titanium prosthesis is surgically embedded into the skull with a small abutment exposed outside the skin. A sound processor sits on this abutment and transmits sound vibrations to the titanium implant. The implant vibrates the skull and inner ear, which stimulate the nerve fibers of the inner ear, allowing hearing. The surgery is often performed under local anaesthesia and as an outpatient procedure. An important piece of information for patients is that if they for whatever reason are not satisfied with the BAHA solution, removing the implant is easy. No","title":"Bone-anchored hearing aid"},{"id":"13263623","text":"that it had a very thin plate of bone that acted as an eardrum, receiving sounds and transferring them to a small air-filled cavity. The stapes and vestibular foramen (the hole that connects the middle and inner ears) are preserved in one specimen of \"Glanosuchus\" that was examined by grinding away cross sections of the skull. The anular ligament, a ring-like structure that forms a seal between the end of the stapes and the rim of the vestibular foramen, was probably held in place by cartilage. The transfer of sound between the thin bony plate and the vestibular foramen in","title":"Glanosuchus"},{"id":"1973100","text":"Foramen magnum The foramen magnum () is a large oval opening (foramen) in the occipital bone of the skull in humans and various other animals. It is one of the several oval or circular openings (foramina) in the base of the skull. The spinal cord, an extension of the medulla, passes through the foramen magnum as it exits the cranial cavity. Apart from the transmission of the medulla oblongata and its membranes, the foramen magnum transmits the vertebral arteries, the anterior and posterior spinal arteries, the tectorial membranes and alar ligaments. It also transmits the spinal component of the accessory","title":"Foramen magnum"},{"id":"7578613","text":"Subarcuate fossa In the temporal bone at the sides of the skull, above and between the aquæductus vestibuli is an irregular depression which lodges a process of the dura mater and transmits a small vein and the subarcuate artery a branch of the meatal segment of anterior inferior cerebellar artery, which is an end artery that supplies blood to the inner ear ; in the infant this depression is represented by a large fossa, the subarcuate fossa, which extends backward as a blind tunnel under the superior semicircular canal. It is extensive in most primates (except for great apes) and","title":"Subarcuate fossa"},{"id":"2106971","text":"left here. There is also a probable connection with the Greek verb \"temnion\", to wound in battle. The skull is thin in this area and presents a vulnerable area for a blow from a battle axe. Another possible etymology is described at Temple (anatomy). Glomus jugulare tumor: Temporal bone The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull, and lateral to the temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex. The temporal bones are overlaid by the sides of the head known as the temples, and house the structures of the ears. The lower seven cranial nerves and","title":"Temporal bone"},{"id":"2054777","text":"Foramen ovale (skull) At the base of the skull, the foramen ovale (Latin: oval window) is one of the larger of the several holes (the foramina) that transmit nerves through the skull. The foramen ovale is situated in the posterior part of the sphenoid bone, posterolateral to the foramen rotundum. The foramen ovale is an opening in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone. The foramen ovale is one of two cranial foramina in the greater wing, the other being the foramen spinosum. Similar to other foramina, the foramen ovale differs in shape and size throughout the natural life. The","title":"Foramen ovale (skull)"},{"id":"1830894","text":"3 bones, the ectopterygoid, the palantine, and the vomer. The teeth are on two bones, the premaxillae and the maxillae. Another three bones make up the lower jaw the dentary, the angular, and the surangular. The cranial surface of the skull is made up of the nasals, the antorbital, the lacrimal, the parietal, the intertemporal, the post parietal, the supratemporal, the extra scapular, the post temporal, and the opercular. The entirety of the skull is attached to the girdle through another set of bones. Bowfin are often referred to as \"living fossils\", or \"primitive fishes\" because they retained some of","title":"Bowfin"},{"id":"2945701","text":"cranium is formed from eight plate-shaped bones which fit together at meeting points (joints) called sutures. In addition there are 14 facial bones which form the lower front part of the skull. Together the 22 bones that compose the skull form additional, smaller spaces besides the cranial vault, such as the cavities for the eyes, the internal ear, the nose, and the mouth. The most important facial bones include the jaw or mandible, the upper jaw or maxilla, the zygomatic or cheek bone, and the nasal bone. Humans are born with separate plates which later fuse to allow flexibility as","title":"Axial skeleton"},{"id":"10335821","text":"bone. The pterygoid plates lie posterior to the upper dental row, or alveolar ridge, when viewing the face from an anterior view. The fractures are named after French surgeon René Le Fort (1869–1951), who discovered the fracture patterns by examining crush injuries in cadavers. Lefort I — Slight swelling of the upper lip, ecchymosis is present in the buccal sulcus beneath each zygomatic arch, malocclusion, mobility of teeth. Impacted type of fractures may be almost immobile and it is only by grasping the maxillary teeth and applying a little firm pressure that a characteristic grate can be felt which is","title":"Le Fort fracture of skull"},{"id":"6051136","text":"of infection or for some other reason, it can be drained by puncturing the tympanic membrane with a large bore needle (tympanocentesis). Tympanic cavity The tympanic cavity is a small cavity surrounding the bones of the middle ear. Within it sit the ossicles, three small bones that transmit vibrations used in the detection of sound. On its lateral surface, it abuts the external auditory meatus [ ear canal ] from which it is separated by the tympanic membrane (eardrum). The tympanic cavity is bounded by: It is formed from the tubotympanic recess, an expansion of the first pharyngeal pouch. If","title":"Tympanic cavity"},{"id":"2087289","text":"most basal portion of the skull. In Chondrichthyes and Agnathans, the occipital does not form as a separate element, but remains part of the chondrocranium throughout life. In most higher vertebrates, the foramen magnum is surrounded by a ring of four bones. The basioccipital lies in front of the opening, the two exoccipital condyles lie to either side, and the larger supraoccipital lies to the posterior, and forms at least part of the rear of the cranium. In many bony fish and amphibians, the supraoccipital is never ossified, and remains as cartilage throughout life. In primitive forms the basioccipital and","title":"Occipital bone"},{"id":"7525206","text":"be distinguished from the mastoid cells, though it communicates with them. Like the mastoid cells it is filled with air and lined by a prolongation of the mucous membrane of the tympanic cavity, with which it communicates. The tympanic antrum is bounded above by a thin plate of bone, the tegmen tympani, which separates it from the middle fossa of the base of the skull; below by the mastoid process; laterally by the squama just below the temporal line, and medially by the lateral semicircular canal of the internal ear which projects into its cavity. It opens in front into","title":"Mastoid part of the temporal bone"},{"id":"3454476","text":"the articular process of the lower jaw. Articular bone The articular bone is part of the lower jaw of most vertebrates, including most jawed fish, amphibians, birds and various kinds of reptiles, as well as Stem-mammal. In these animals it is connected to two other lower jaw bones, the suprangular and the angular. It forms the jaw joint by articulating with the quadrate bone of the skull. In mammals, the articular bone has migrated to the middle ear to become the malleus, while the quadrate bone becomes the incus. Paleontologists regard this as a defining characteristic of mammalian fossils. It","title":"Articular bone"},{"id":"12331181","text":"jaws are homologous to the gill arches of jawless fishes. The upper portion of the second embryonic arch supporting the gill became the hyomandibular bone of jawed fishes, which supports the skull and therefore links the jaw to the cranium. When vertebrates found their way onto land, the hyomandibula, with its location near the ear, began to function as a sound amplifier beside its function to support the skull. As evolution later attached the cranium of terrestrial vertebrates to the rest of the skull, the hyomandibula lost its supportive function and became an interior organ, the stapes, and thus its","title":"Hyomandibula"},{"id":"7106884","text":"Jugular fossa The jugular fossa is a deep depression in the inferior part of the base of the skull. More specifically, it is located in the temporal bone, posterior to the carotid canal and the aquæductus cochleæ. It is of variable depth and size in different skulls; it lodges the bulb of the internal jugular vein. In the bony ridge dividing the carotid canal from the jugular fossa is the small inferior tympanic canaliculus for the passage of the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve. In the lateral part of the jugular fossa is the mastoid canaliculus for the entrance","title":"Jugular fossa"},{"id":"6495746","text":"Foramen spinosum The foramen spinosum is one of two foramina located in the base of the human skull, on the sphenoid bone. It is situated just anterior to the spine of the sphenoid bone, and just lateral to the foramen ovale. The middle meningeal artery, middle meningeal vein, and the meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve pass through the foramen. The foramen spinosum is often used as a landmark in neurosurgery, due to its close relations with other cranial foramina. It was first described by Jakob Benignus Winslow in the 18th century. The foramen spinosum is a foramen through the","title":"Foramen spinosum"},{"id":"6051792","text":"inner ear, to the swim bladder. The structure acts as an amplifier of sound waves that would otherwise be only slightly perceivable by the inner ear structure alone. The generalized structure of the Weberian apparatus is akin to a skeletal complex of bones and ossicles that are physically connected to the labyrinth auditory complex anteriorly and the anteriormost region of the swim bladder posteriorly. The entire structure is derived from skeletal elements of the first four vertebrae. The involved elements include: the supraneural bones of the skull; modified neural arch bones, specifically the paired claustra and the scaphia; the intercalarium","title":"Weberian apparatus"},{"id":"6479166","text":"Asterion (anatomy) The asterion is the point on the skull corresponding to the posterior end of the parietomastoid suture. In human anatomy, the asterion is a visible, so-called craniometric, point on the exposed skull, just behind the ear, where three cranial sutures meet: or where three cranial bones meet: In the adult, it lies 4 cm behind and 12 mm above the center of the entrance to the ear canal. Neurosurgeons use this point to orient themselves, in order to plan safe entry into the skull for some operations, such as retro-sigmoid approach. The asterion receives its name from the","title":"Asterion (anatomy)"},{"id":"2130997","text":"Vomer The vomer () is one of the unpaired facial bones of the skull. It is located in the midsagittal line, and articulates with the sphenoid, the ethmoid, the left and right palatine bones, and the left and right maxillary bones. The vomer forms the inferior part of the nasal septum, with the superior part formed by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone. The name is derived from the Latin word for a ploughshare and the shape of the bone. The vomer is situated in the median plane, but its anterior portion is frequently bent to one side. It","title":"Vomer"},{"id":"6495751","text":"because of its relationship to the spinous process of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone. However, due to incorrectly declining the noun, the literal meaning is \"hole full of thorns\" (). The correct, but unused name would, in fact, be \"\". Foramen spinosum The foramen spinosum is one of two foramina located in the base of the human skull, on the sphenoid bone. It is situated just anterior to the spine of the sphenoid bone, and just lateral to the foramen ovale. The middle meningeal artery, middle meningeal vein, and the meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve pass through","title":"Foramen spinosum"},{"id":"2091013","text":"with anosmia were more than four times as likely to die in five years compared to those with a healthy sense of smell. Ethmoid bone The ethmoid bone (; from Greek \"ethmos\", \"sieve\") is an unpaired bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. It is located at the roof of the nose, between the two orbits. The cubical bone is lightweight due to a spongy construction. The ethmoid bone is one of the bones that make up the orbit of the eye. The ethmoid bone is an anterior cranial bone located between the eyes. It","title":"Ethmoid bone"},{"id":"1450749","text":"dentary) is homologous with the mammalian mandible. In living tetrapods, a great many of the original bones have either disappeared or fused into one another in various arrangements. Birds have a diapsid skull, as in reptiles, with a prelacrymal fossa (present in some reptiles). The skull has a single occipital condyle. The skull consists of five major bones: the frontal (top of head), parietal (back of head), premaxillary and nasal (top beak), and the mandible (bottom beak). The skull of a normal bird usually weighs about 1% of the bird's total bodyweight. The eye occupies a considerable amount of the","title":"Skull"},{"id":"7447676","text":"Infraorbital foramen In human anatomy, the infraorbital foramen is an opening in the maxillary bone of the skull located below the infraorbital margin of the orbit. It transmits the infraorbital artery and vein, and the infraorbital nerve, a branch of the maxillary nerve. It is typically from the infraorbital margin. Forming the exterior end of the infraorbital canal, the infraorbital foramen communicates with the infraorbital groove, the canal's opening on the interior side. The ramifications of the three principal branches of the trigeminal nerve—at the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramen—are distributed on a vertical line (in anterior view) passing through","title":"Infraorbital foramen"},{"id":"2106966","text":"Temporal bone The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull, and lateral to the temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex. The temporal bones are overlaid by the sides of the head known as the temples, and house the structures of the ears. The lower seven cranial nerves and the major vessels to and from the brain traverse the temporal bone. The temporal bone consists of four parts— the squamous, mastoid, petrous and tympanic parts. The squamous part is the largest and most superiorly positioned relative to the rest of the bone. The zygomatic process is","title":"Temporal bone"},{"id":"2087409","text":"fish and amphibians it is often separated from the orbits by one or two additional bones not found in mammals. These bones, the prefrontals and postfrontals, together form the upper margin of the eye sockets, and lie to either side of the frontal bones. The frontal bone is one of the principal paired mid-line bones in dinosaur skulls. This bone is part of the skull roof, which is a set of bones that cover the brain, eyes and nostrils. The frontal makes contact with several other bones in the skull. The anterior part of the bone articulates with the nasal","title":"Frontal bone"},{"id":"2924349","text":"forming the lateral posterior portion of the bony orbital process, the maxillary bone inferiorly and medially which, along with the lacrimal and ethmoid bones, forms the medial wall of the orbital canal. The ethmoid air cells are extremely thin, and form a structure known as the lamina papyracea, the most delicate bony structure in the skull, and one of the most commonly fractured bones in orbital trauma. The lacrimal bone also contains the nasolacrimal duct. The superior bony margin of the orbital rim, otherwise known as the orbital process, is formed by the frontal bone. The roof (superior wall) is","title":"Orbit (anatomy)"},{"id":"11180769","text":"Inferior petrosal sulcus The inferior petrosal sulcus is the groove containing the inferior petrosal sinus. The inferior petrosal sulcus is formed by the junction of the petrous part of the temporal bone of the skull with the basilar part of the occipital bone. It begins in the postero-inferior part of the cavernous sinus, and, passing through the anterior part of the jugular foramen, ends in the superior bulb of the internal jugular vein. The inferior petrosal sinus receives the internal auditory veins and also veins from the medulla oblongata, pons, and under surface of the cerebellum. The exact relation of","title":"Inferior petrosal sulcus"},{"id":"663207","text":"Inner ear The inner ear (internal ear, auris interna) is the innermost part of the vertebrate ear. In vertebrates, the inner ear is mainly responsible for sound detection and balance. In mammals, it consists of the bony labyrinth, a hollow cavity in the temporal bone of the skull with a system of passages comprising two main functional parts: The inner ear is found in all vertebrates, with substantial variations in form and function. The inner ear is innervated by the eighth cranial nerve in all vertebrates. The labyrinth can be divided by layer or by region. The bony labyrinth, or","title":"Inner ear"},{"id":"7525237","text":"Tympanic part of the temporal bone The tympanic part of the temporal bone is a curved plate of bone lying below the squamous part of the temporal bone, in front of the mastoid process, and surrounding the external part of the ear canal. It originates as a separate bone (tympanic bone), which in some mammals stays separate through life. Evolutionarily, a portion of it is derived from the angular bone of the reptilian lower jaw. Its postero-superior surface is concave, and forms the anterior wall, the floor, and part of the posterior wall of the bony ear canal. Medially, it","title":"Tympanic part of the temporal bone"},{"id":"6051135","text":"Tympanic cavity The tympanic cavity is a small cavity surrounding the bones of the middle ear. Within it sit the ossicles, three small bones that transmit vibrations used in the detection of sound. On its lateral surface, it abuts the external auditory meatus [ ear canal ] from which it is separated by the tympanic membrane (eardrum). The tympanic cavity is bounded by: It is formed from the tubotympanic recess, an expansion of the first pharyngeal pouch. If damaged, the tympanic membrane can be repaired in a procedure called tympanoplasty. Should fluid accumulate within the middle ear as the result","title":"Tympanic cavity"},{"id":"1450748","text":"cartilaginous skull in sharks and rays. The various separate bones that compose the temporal bone of humans are also part of the skull roof series. A further plate composed of four pairs of bones forms the roof of the mouth; these include the vomer and palatine bones. The base of the cranium is formed from a ring of bones surrounding the foramen magnum and a median bone lying further forward; these are homologous with the occipital bone and parts of the sphenoid in mammals. Finally, the lower jaw is composed of multiple bones, only the most anterior of which (the","title":"Skull"},{"id":"3363472","text":"may also be affected by damage to the brain or neural pathways leading from the ear. The ear has been adorned by earrings and other jewelry in numerous cultures for thousands of years, and has been subjected to surgical and cosmetic alterations. The human ear consists of three parts—the outer ear, middle ear and inner ear. The ear canal of the outer ear is separated from the air-filled tympanic cavity of the middle ear by the eardrum. The middle ear contains the three small bones—the ossicles—involved in the transmission of sound, and is connected to the throat at the nasopharynx,","title":"Ear"},{"id":"2091561","text":"Sphenoid bone The sphenoid bone is an unpaired bone of the neurocranium. It is situated in the middle of the skull towards the front, in front of the temporal bone and the basilar part of the occipital bone. The sphenoid bone is one of the seven bones that articulate to form the orbit. Its shape somewhat resembles that of a butterfly or bat with its wings extended. It is divided into the following parts: Two sphenoidal conchae are situated at the anterior and inferior part of the body. The more important of these are: These ligaments occasionally ossify. The sphenoid","title":"Sphenoid bone"},{"id":"6862334","text":"presence of more than two canals as the occipital bone is formed. Study of this area aids in the diagnosis of a variety of tumors found at the base of the skull, including: large glomus jugulare neoplasms, myelomas, and the occasional meningioma. Studies of the hypoglossal canal revolve around the development of safe drilling techniques to conduct surgery on that area of the brain. Hypoglossal canal The hypoglossal canal is a foramen in the occipital bone of the skull. It is hidden medially and superiorly to each occipital condyle. The hypoglossal nerve traverses the canal. It transmits the hypoglossal nerve","title":"Hypoglossal canal"},{"id":"7525242","text":"part of the temporal bone. In all extant and extinct primates, including humans, the auditory bulla is formed by the petrosal bone (the petrous part of the temporal bone). This is a diagnostic trait that can be used to distinguish primates, including anthropoids, tarsiers, lemurs, and lorises, from all other mammals. Tympanic part of the temporal bone The tympanic part of the temporal bone is a curved plate of bone lying below the squamous part of the temporal bone, in front of the mastoid process, and surrounding the external part of the ear canal. It originates as a separate bone","title":"Tympanic part of the temporal bone"},{"id":"663231","text":"Middle ear The middle ear is the portion of the ear internal to the eardrum, and external to the oval window of the inner ear. The mammalian middle ear contains three ossicles, which transfer the vibrations of the eardrum into waves in the fluid and membranes of the inner ear. The hollow space of the middle ear is also known as the tympanic cavity and is surrounded by the tympani bone. The auditory tube (also known as the Eustachian tube or the pharyngotympanic tube) joins the tympanic cavity with the nasal cavity (nasopharynx), allowing pressure to equalize between the middle","title":"Middle ear"},{"id":"663243","text":"of the bone known as the hyomandibula in fish ancestors, a bone that supported the skull and braincase. The structure of the middle ear in living amphibians varies considerably, and is often degenerate. In most frogs and toads, it is similar to that of reptiles, but in other amphibians, the middle ear cavity is often absent. In these cases, the stapes either is also missing or, in the absence of an eardrum, connects to the quadrate bone in the skull, although, it is presumed, it still has some ability to transmit vibrations to the inner ear. In many amphibians, there","title":"Middle ear"},{"id":"5821878","text":"set of bones known as \"Weberian ossicles\", a chain of small bones that connect the auditory system to the gas bladder of fishes. The ossicles connect the gas bladder wall with Y-shaped lymph sinus that abuts the lymph-filled transverse canal joining the sacculi of the right and left ears. This allows the transmission of vibrations to the inner ear. In anotophysians, the three first vertebrae are specialized and associated with one or more cephalic ribs (a primitive Weberian apparatus). In the otophysians, a distinct modification of the anterior four or five first vertebrae is found, as well as the Weberian","title":"Ostariophysi"},{"id":"1994768","text":"Zygomatic bone In the human skull, the zygomatic bone (cheekbone or malar bone) is a paired irregular bone which articulates with the maxilla, the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. It is situated at the upper and lateral part of the face and forms the prominence of the cheek, part of the lateral wall and floor of the orbit, and parts of the temporal fossa and the infratemporal fossa. It presents a malar and a temporal surface; four processes (the frontosphenoidal, orbital, maxillary, and temporal), and four borders. The \"malar surface\" is convex and perforated near its","title":"Zygomatic bone"},{"id":"15055509","text":"area of the skull (the base of the skull) shows part of the boundary of the foramen magnum (through which the spinal cord enters the skull), channels for the vestibular system (part of the inner ear responsible for balance), and holes for the semicircular canal (also part of the vestibular system). These holes and channels are found on the supraoccipital bone. The exoccipitals and opisthotics are also known in \"Tarjadia\", and form the paraoccipital processes, two projections for the attachments of muscles that open the lower jaw. These processes form notches that may be tympanic fossae, cavities of the middle","title":"Tarjadia"},{"id":"2091569","text":"(with mandibular nerve). The sphenoid bone of humans is homologous with a number of bones that are often separate in other animals, and have a somewhat complex arrangement. In the early lobe-finned fishes and tetrapods, the pterygoid bones were flat, wing-like bones forming the major part of the roof of the mouth. Above the pterygoids were the epipterygoid bones, which formed part of a flexible joint between the braincase and the palatal region, as well as extending a vertical bar of bone towards the roof of the skull. Between the pterygoids lay an elongated, narrow parasphenoid bone, which also spread","title":"Sphenoid bone"},{"id":"3454492","text":"Jugal bone The jugal is a skull bone found in most reptiles, amphibians and birds. In mammals, the jugal is often called the malar or Zygomatic. It is connected to the quadratojugal and maxilla, as well as other bones, which may vary by species. This bone is considered key in the determination of general traits of the skull, in the case of creatures, as with dinosaurs in paleontology, whose entire skull has not been found. The jugal bone forms the cheek area in dinosaurs, and is part of the series of bones termed the circumorbital series, as they define the","title":"Jugal bone"},{"id":"2335978","text":"Spiracle Spiracles () are openings on the surface of some animals, which usually lead to respiratory systems. The spiracle is a small hole behind each eye that opens to the mouth in some fish. In the primitive jawless fish the first gill opening immediately behind the mouth is essentially similar to the other gill opening. With the evolution of the jaw in the early jawed vertebrates, this gill slit was \"caught\" between the forward gill-rod (now functioning as the jaw) and the next rod, the hyomandibular bone, supporting the jaw hinge and anchoring the jaw to the skull proper. The","title":"Spiracle"},{"id":"663232","text":"ear and throat. The primary function of the middle ear is to efficiently transfer acoustic energy from compression waves in air to fluid–membrane waves within the cochlea. The middle ear contains three tiny bones known as the ossicles: \"malleus\", \"incus\", and \"stapes\". The ossicles were given their Latin names for their distinctive shapes; they are also referred to as the \"hammer\", \"anvil\", and \"stirrup\", respectively. The ossicles directly couple sound energy from the ear drum to the oval window of the cochlea. While the stapes is present in all tetrapods, the malleus and incus evolved from lower and upper jaw","title":"Middle ear"},{"id":"1617312","text":"these bones varies across the bird families. The lower mandible is supported by a bone known as the inferior maxillary bone—a compound bone composed of two distinct ossified pieces. These ossified plates (or rami), which can be U-shaped or V-shaped, join distally (the exact location of the joint depends on the species) but are separated proximally, attaching on either side of the head to the quadrate bone. The jaw muscles, which allow the bird to close its beak, attach to the proximal end of the lower mandible and to the bird's skull. The muscles that depress the lower mandible are","title":"Beak"},{"id":"18706137","text":"Thus evidence from fossils demonstrate homoplasies for the detachment of the ear from the jaw. Furthermore, it is apparent that the land-based eardrum, or tympanic membrane, and connecting structures such as the Eustachian tube evolved convergently in multiple different settings as opposed to being a defining morphology. Evolution of the cochlea Cochlea is Latin for “snail, shell or screw” and originates from the Greek word κοχλίας \"kohlias\". The modern definition, the auditory portion of the inner ear, originated in the late 17th century. Within the mammalian cochlea exists the organ of Corti, which contains hair cells that are responsible for","title":"Evolution of the cochlea"},{"id":"663242","text":"form an opening; in most tetrapods, this breach is never quite completed, and the final vestige of tissue separating it from the outside world becomes the eardrum. The inner part of the spiracle, still connected to the pharynx, forms the eustachian tube. In reptiles, birds, and early fossil tetrapods, there is a single auditory ossicle, the columella ( that is homologous with the stapes, or \"stirrup\" of mammals). This is connected indirectly with the eardrum via a mostly cartilaginous extracolumella and medially to the inner-ear spaces via a widened footplate in the fenestra ovalis. The columella is an evolutionary derivative","title":"Middle ear"},{"id":"361864","text":"fenestra (an opening on the top of the skull), a drop-like ectotympanic (a bony ring that holds the ear drum), and pachyosteosclerotic (dense and bulky) bones. Sirenians first appeared in the fossil record in the Early Eocene and significantly diversified throughout the epoch. They inhabited rivers, estuaries, and nearshore marine waters. Sirenians, unlike other marine mammals such as cetaceans, lived in the New World. One of the earliest aquatic sirenians discovered is \"Prorastomus\" which dates back to 40 million years ago, and the first known sirenian, the quadruped \"Pezosiren\", lived 50 million years ago. An ancient sirenian fossil of a","title":"Sirenia"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"7147320\",\n \"text\": \"Internal auditory meatus The internal auditory meatus (also meatus acusticus internus, internal acoustic meatus, internal auditory canal, or internal acoustic canal) is a canal within the petrous part of the temporal bone of the skull between the posterior cranial fossa and the inner ear. The opening to the meatus is called the porus acusticus internus or internal acoustic opening. It is located inside the posterior cranial fossa of the skull, near the center of the posterior surface of the petrous part of the temporal bone. The size varies considerably. Its outer margins are smooth and rounded. The canal which comprises\",\n \"title\": \"Internal auditory meatus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1450723\",\n \"text\": \"Skull The skull is a bony structure that forms the head in vertebrates. It supports the structures of the face and provides a protective cavity for the brain. The skull is composed of two parts: the cranium and the mandible. In the human, these two parts are the neurocranium and the viscerocranium or facial skeleton that includes the mandible as its largest bone. The skull forms the anterior most portion of the skeleton and is a product of cephalisation—housing the brain, and several sensory structures such as the eyes, ears, nose, and mouth. In humans these sensory structures are part\",\n \"title\": \"Skull\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1450753\",\n \"text\": \"they are related as follows: The jugal is a skull bone found in most reptiles, amphibians, and birds. In mammals, the jugal is often called the zygomatic bone or malar bone. The prefrontal bone is a bone separating the lacrimal and frontal bones in many tetrapod skulls. Skull The skull is a bony structure that forms the head in vertebrates. It supports the structures of the face and provides a protective cavity for the brain. The skull is composed of two parts: the cranium and the mandible. In the human, these two parts are the neurocranium and the viscerocranium or\",\n \"title\": \"Skull\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14620425\",\n \"text\": \"Porion \\\"For people with the surname, see Porion (surname).\\\" The porion is the point on the human skull located at the upper margin of each ear canal (external auditory meatus, external acoustic meatus). It lies on the superior margin of the tragus. It is a cephalometric landmark with significance in biological anthropology and in clinical applications such as oral and maxillofacial surgery. The porion is one of the three anatomical points used to determine the Frankfurt plane. The Frankfurt plane (also called the auriculo-orbital plane) was established at the World Congress on Anthropology in Frankfurt, Germany in 1884, and decreed\",\n \"title\": \"Porion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7147323\",\n \"text\": \"also contains the vestibular ganglion. Internal auditory meatus The internal auditory meatus (also meatus acusticus internus, internal acoustic meatus, internal auditory canal, or internal acoustic canal) is a canal within the petrous part of the temporal bone of the skull between the posterior cranial fossa and the inner ear. The opening to the meatus is called the porus acusticus internus or internal acoustic opening. It is located inside the posterior cranial fossa of the skull, near the center of the posterior surface of the petrous part of the temporal bone. The size varies considerably. Its outer margins are smooth and\",\n \"title\": \"Internal auditory meatus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4914803\",\n \"text\": \"Ear canal The ear canal (external acoustic meatus, external auditory meatus, EAM; ) is a tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear. The adult human ear canal extends from the pinna to the eardrum and is about in length and in diameter. The human ear canal is divided into two parts. The elastic cartilage part forms the outer third of the canal; its anterior and lower wall are cartilaginous, whereas its superior and back wall are fibrous. The cartilage is the continuation of the cartilage framework of pinna. The bony part forms the inner two thirds. The\",\n \"title\": \"Ear canal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3077810\",\n \"text\": \"attenuated when they hit the pinna, and these changes provide additional information that will help the brain determine the sound direction. The sound waves enter the auditory canal, a deceptively simple tube. The ear canal amplifies sounds that are between 3 and 12 kHz. The tympanic membrane, at the far end of the ear canal marks the beginning of the middle ear. Sound waves travel through the ear canal and hit the tympanic membrane, or eardrum. This wave information travels across the air-filled middle ear cavity via a series of delicate bones: the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil) and stapes (stirrup).\",\n \"title\": \"Auditory system\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7525228\",\n \"text\": \"Petrous part of the temporal bone The petrous part of the temporal bone is pyramid-shaped and is wedged in at the base of the skull between the sphenoid and occipital bones. Directed medially, forward, and a little upward, it presents a base, an apex, three surfaces, and three angles, and houses in its interior, the components of the inner ear. The petrous portion is among the most basal elements of the skull and forms part of the endocranium. Petrous comes from the Latin word \\\"petrosus\\\", meaning \\\"stone-like, hard\\\". It is one of the densest bones in the body. The petrous\",\n \"title\": \"Petrous part of the temporal bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1450725\",\n \"text\": \"bones, and contains many foramina, fossae, processes, and several cavities or sinuses. In zoology there are openings in the skull called fenestrae. The human skull is the bony structure that forms the head in the human skeleton. It supports the structures of the face and forms a cavity for the brain. Like the skulls of other vertebrates, it protects the brain from injury. The skull consists of two parts, of different embryological origin—the neurocranium and the facial skeleton (also called the \\\"membraneous viscerocranium\\\"). The neurocranium (or \\\"braincase\\\") forms the protective cranial cavity that surrounds and houses the brain and brainstem.\",\n \"title\": \"Skull\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5946322\",\n \"text\": \"require no intervention for the fracture itself. Depressed fractures are usually comminuted, with broken portions of bone displaced inward—and may require surgical intervention to repair underlying tissue damage. Diastatic fractures widen the sutures of the skull and usually affect children under three. Basilar fractures are in the bones at the base of the skull. The human skull is anatomically divided into two parts: the neurocranium, formed by eight cranial bones that houses and protect the brain—and the facial skeleton (viscerocranium) composed of fourteen bones, not including the three ossicles of the inner ear. The term \\\"skull fracture\\\" typically means fractures\",\n \"title\": \"Skull fracture\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1450745\",\n \"text\": \"to enclose the olfactory organs. Behind these are the orbits, and then an additional pair of capsules enclosing the structure of the inner ear. Finally, the skull tapers towards the rear, where the foramen magnum lies immediately above a single condyle, articulating with the first vertebra. There are, in addition, at various points throughout the cranium, smaller foramina for the cranial nerves. The jaws consist of separate hoops of cartilage, almost always distinct from the cranium proper. In ray-finned fishes, there has also been considerable modification from the primitive pattern. The roof of the skull is generally well formed, and\",\n \"title\": \"Skull\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3363474\",\n \"text\": \"the ear canal, as does the facing antitragus. The hollow region in front of the ear canal is called the concha. The ear canal stretches for about 1inch (2.5cm). The first part of the canal is surrounded by cartilage, while the second part near the eardrum is surrounded by bone. This bony part is known as the auditory bulla and is formed by the tympanic part of the temporal bone. The skin surrounding the ear canal contains ceruminous and sebaceous glands that produce protective ear wax. The ear canal ends at the external surface of the eardrum. Two sets of\",\n \"title\": \"Ear\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3363477\",\n \"text\": \"between the outer ear and the inner ear. It consists of an air-filled cavity called the tympanic cavity and includes the three ossicles and their attaching ligaments; the auditory tube; and the round and oval windows. The ossicles are three small bones that function together to receive, amplify, and transmit the sound from the eardrum to the inner ear. The ossicles are the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and the stapes (stirrup). The stapes is the smallest named bone in the body. The middle ear also connects to the upper throat at the nasopharynx via the pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian\",\n \"title\": \"Ear\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14620427\",\n \"text\": \"the three points listed above, sufficient to describe a plane in three-dimensional space. The Mastoid Index (a craniometric measurement)is the distance from the porion to the asterion. The determination of the Frankfort plane differs between skeletal and soft tissues, soft tissue using the tragus as the landmark in place of the porion. Porion \\\"For people with the surname, see Porion (surname).\\\" The porion is the point on the human skull located at the upper margin of each ear canal (external auditory meatus, external acoustic meatus). It lies on the superior margin of the tragus. It is a cephalometric landmark with\",\n \"title\": \"Porion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1450726\",\n \"text\": \"The upper areas of the cranial bones form the calvaria (skullcap). The membranous viscerocranium includes the mandible. The facial skeleton is formed by the bones supporting the face. Except for the mandible, all of the bones of the skull are joined together by sutures—synarthrodial (immovable) joints formed by bony ossification, with Sharpey's fibres permitting some flexibility. Sometimes there can be extra bone pieces within the suture known as wormian bones or \\\"sutural bones\\\". Most commonly these are found in the course of the lambdoid suture. The human skull is generally considered to consist of twenty-two bones—eight cranial bones and fourteen\",\n \"title\": \"Skull\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7525236\",\n \"text\": \"DNA. Petrous part of the temporal bone The petrous part of the temporal bone is pyramid-shaped and is wedged in at the base of the skull between the sphenoid and occipital bones. Directed medially, forward, and a little upward, it presents a base, an apex, three surfaces, and three angles, and houses in its interior, the components of the inner ear. The petrous portion is among the most basal elements of the skull and forms part of the endocranium. Petrous comes from the Latin word \\\"petrosus\\\", meaning \\\"stone-like, hard\\\". It is one of the densest bones in the body. The\",\n \"title\": \"Petrous part of the temporal bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2091007\",\n \"text\": \"Ethmoid bone The ethmoid bone (; from Greek \\\"ethmos\\\", \\\"sieve\\\") is an unpaired bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. It is located at the roof of the nose, between the two orbits. The cubical bone is lightweight due to a spongy construction. The ethmoid bone is one of the bones that make up the orbit of the eye. The ethmoid bone is an anterior cranial bone located between the eyes. It contributes to the medial wall of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the nasal septum. The ethmoid has three parts: cribriform plate, ethmoidal\",\n \"title\": \"Ethmoid bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14091053\",\n \"text\": \"Skull roof The skull roof, or the roofing bones of the skull, are a set of bones covering the brain, eyes and nostrils in bony fishes and all land-living vertebrates. The bones are derived from dermal bone and are part of the dermatocranium. In comparative anatomy the term is used on the full dermatocranium. In general anatomy, the roofing bones may refer specifically to the bones that form above and alongside the brain and neurocranium (i.e., excluding the marginal upper jaw bones such as the maxilla and premaxilla), and in human anatomy, the skull roof often refers specifically to the\",\n \"title\": \"Skull roof\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1450728\",\n \"text\": \"the stated twenty-two. Some of these bones—the occipital, parietal, frontal, in the neurocranium, and the nasal, lacrimal, and vomer, in the facial skeleton are flat bones. The skull also contains sinuses, air-filled cavities known as paranasal sinuses, and numerous foramina. The sinuses are lined with respiratory epithelium. Their known functions are the lessening of the weight of the skull, the aiding of resonance to the voice and the warming and moistening of the air drawn into the nasal cavity. The foramina are openings in the skull. The largest of these is the foramen magnum that allows the passage of the\",\n \"title\": \"Skull\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2131002\",\n \"text\": \"the hard palate beneath the vomer means that the bone is now located in a nasal chamber, separate from the mouth. Vomer The vomer () is one of the unpaired facial bones of the skull. It is located in the midsagittal line, and articulates with the sphenoid, the ethmoid, the left and right palatine bones, and the left and right maxillary bones. The vomer forms the inferior part of the nasal septum, with the superior part formed by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone. The name is derived from the Latin word for a ploughshare and the shape of\",\n \"title\": \"Vomer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3363473\",\n \"text\": \"via the pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian tube. The inner ear contains the otolith organs—the utricle and saccule—and the semicircular canals belonging to the vestibular system, as well as the cochlea of the auditory system. The outer ear is the external portion of the ear and includes the fleshy visible pinna (also called the auricle), the ear canal, and the outer layer of the eardrum (also called the tympanic membrane). The pinna consists of the curving outer rim called the helix, the inner curved rim called the antihelix, and opens into the ear canal. The tragus protrudes and partially obscures\",\n \"title\": \"Ear\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8866149\",\n \"text\": \"Greater palatine canal The greater palatine canal (or pterygopalatine canal) is a passage in the skull that transmits the descending palatine artery, vein, and greater and lesser palatine nerves between the pterygopalatine fossa and the oral cavity. The greater palatine canal starts on the inferior aspect of the pterygopalatine fossa. It goes through the maxilla and palatine bones to reach the palate, ending at the greater palatine foramen. From this canal, accessory canals branch off; these are known as the lesser palatine canals. The canal is formed by a vertical groove on the posterior part of the maxillary surface of\",\n \"title\": \"Greater palatine canal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4914805\",\n \"text\": \"ear canals. It plays an important role in the human ear canal, assisting in cleaning and lubrication, and also provides some protection from bacteria, fungi, and insects. Excess or impacted cerumen can press against the eardrum and/or occlude the external auditory canal and impair hearing, causing conductive hearing loss. Ear canal The ear canal (external acoustic meatus, external auditory meatus, EAM; ) is a tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear. The adult human ear canal extends from the pinna to the eardrum and is about in length and in diameter. The human ear canal is divided\",\n \"title\": \"Ear canal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8866150\",\n \"text\": \"the palatine bone; it is converted into a canal by articulation with the maxilla. The canal transmits the descending palatine vessels, the greater palatine nerve, and the lesser palatine nerve. Greater palatine canal The greater palatine canal (or pterygopalatine canal) is a passage in the skull that transmits the descending palatine artery, vein, and greater and lesser palatine nerves between the pterygopalatine fossa and the oral cavity. The greater palatine canal starts on the inferior aspect of the pterygopalatine fossa. It goes through the maxilla and palatine bones to reach the palate, ending at the greater palatine foramen. From this\",\n \"title\": \"Greater palatine canal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15757738\",\n \"text\": \"Bone conduction auditory brainstem response Bone-conduction auditory brainstem response or BCABR is a type of auditory evoked response that records neural response from EEG with stimulus transmitted through bone conduction. Vibration of the skull results in auditory sensation. This is a way to somewhat bypass the outer and middle ears to stimulate the cochlea. Von Bekesy is credited with the discovery that at the level of the cochlea, phase shifted bone-conduction signals cancel out air conduction signals. Bone-conduction works because all of the bones of the skull are connected, including the temporal bone, which in turn stimulates the cochlea. Barany\",\n \"title\": \"Bone conduction auditory brainstem response\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1450747\",\n \"text\": \"the living lungfishes. The skull roof is not fully formed, and consists of multiple, somewhat irregularly shaped bones with no direct relationship to those of tetrapods. The upper jaw is formed from the pterygoids and vomers alone, all of which bear teeth. Much of the skull is formed from cartilage, and its overall structure is reduced. The skulls of the earliest tetrapods closely resembled those of their ancestors amongst the lobe-finned fishes. The skull roof is formed of a series of plate-like bones, including the maxilla, frontals, parietals, and lacrimals, among others. It is overlaying the endocranium, corresponding to the\",\n \"title\": \"Skull\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3454475\",\n \"text\": \"Articular bone The articular bone is part of the lower jaw of most vertebrates, including most jawed fish, amphibians, birds and various kinds of reptiles, as well as Stem-mammal. In these animals it is connected to two other lower jaw bones, the suprangular and the angular. It forms the jaw joint by articulating with the quadrate bone of the skull. In mammals, the articular bone has migrated to the middle ear to become the malleus, while the quadrate bone becomes the incus. Paleontologists regard this as a defining characteristic of mammalian fossils. It is analogous to, but not homologous to\",\n \"title\": \"Articular bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6862332\",\n \"text\": \"Hypoglossal canal The hypoglossal canal is a foramen in the occipital bone of the skull. It is hidden medially and superiorly to each occipital condyle. The hypoglossal nerve traverses the canal. It transmits the hypoglossal nerve from its point of entry near the medulla oblongata to its exit from the base of the skull near the jugular foramen. It lies in the epiphyseal junction between the basiocciput and the jugular process of the occipital bone. The hypoglossal canal has recently been used to try to determine the antiquity of human speech. Researchers have found that hominids who lived as long\",\n \"title\": \"Hypoglossal canal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2945702\",\n \"text\": \"the skull passes through the pelvis and birth canal during birth. During development the eight separate plates of the immature bones fuse together into one single structure known as the Skull. The only bone that remains separate from the rest of the skull is the mandible. The rib cage is composed of 12 pairs of ribs plus the sternum for a total of 25 separate bones. The rib cage functions as protection for the vital organs such as the heart and lungs. The ribs are shaped like crescents, with one end flattened and the other end rounded. The\",\n \"title\": \"Axial skeleton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2787079\",\n \"text\": \"tend to tolerate this arrangement very well. When the child's skull bone is sufficiently thick, a titanium \\\"post\\\" can be surgically embedded into the skull with a small abutment exposed outside the skin. The BAHA sound processor sits on this abutment and transmits sound vibrations to the external abutment of the titanium implant. The implant vibrates the skull and inner ear, which stimulate the nerve fibers of the inner ear, allowing hearing. The surgical procedure is simple both for the surgeon, involving very few risks for the experienced ear surgeon. For the patient, minimal discomfort and pain is reported. Patients\",\n \"title\": \"Hearing aid\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5492544\",\n \"text\": \"Tensor tympani muscle The tensor tympani is a muscle within the ear, located in the bony canal above the osseous portion of the auditory tube. Its role is to damp loud sounds, such as those produced from chewing, shouting, or thunder. Because its reaction time is not fast enough, the muscle cannot protect against hearing damage caused by sudden loud explosions or gunshots. The tensor tympani arises from the cartilaginous portion of the auditory tube, and the adjoining part of the great wing of the sphenoid, as well as from the osseous canal in which it is contained. Passing backward\",\n \"title\": \"Tensor tympani muscle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6479167\",\n \"text\": \"Greek ἀστέριον (\\\"astērion\\\"), meaning \\\"star\\\" or \\\"starry\\\". The \\\"Mercedes point\\\" is an alternative term for the asterion, for its resemblance to the Mercedes-Benz logo. Asterion (anatomy) The asterion is the point on the skull corresponding to the posterior end of the parietomastoid suture. In human anatomy, the asterion is a visible, so-called craniometric, point on the exposed skull, just behind the ear, where three cranial sutures meet: or where three cranial bones meet: In the adult, it lies 4 cm behind and 12 mm above the center of the entrance to the ear canal. Neurosurgeons use this point to orient\",\n \"title\": \"Asterion (anatomy)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1450746\",\n \"text\": \"although the exact relationship of its bones to those of tetrapods is unclear, they are usually given similar names for convenience. Other elements of the skull, however, may be reduced; there is little cheek region behind the enlarged orbits, and little, if any bone in between them. The upper jaw is often formed largely from the premaxilla, with the maxilla itself located further back, and an additional bone, the symplectic, linking the jaw to the rest of the cranium. Although the skulls of fossil lobe-finned fish resemble those of the early tetrapods, the same cannot be said of those of\",\n \"title\": \"Skull\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1450729\",\n \"text\": \"spinal cord as well as nerves and blood vessels. The many processes of the skull include the mastoid process and the zygomatic processes. The skull is a complex structure; its bones are formed both by intramembranous and endochondral ossification. The skull roof bones, comprising the bones of the facial skeleton and the sides and roof of the neurocranium, are dermal bones formed by intramembranous ossification, though the temporal bones are formed by endochondral ossification. The endocranium, the bones supporting the brain (the occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid) are largely formed by endochondral ossification. Thus frontal and parietal bones are purely membranous.\",\n \"title\": \"Skull\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2087276\",\n \"text\": \"Occipital bone The occipital bone () is a cranial dermal bone and the main bone of the occiput (back and lower part of the skull). It is trapezoidal in shape and curved on itself like a shallow dish. The occipital bone overlies the occipital lobes of the cerebrum. At the base of skull in the occipital bone, there is a large oval opening called the foramen magnum, which allows the passage of the spinal cord. Like the other cranial bones, it is classed as a flat bone. Due to its many attachments and features, the occipital bone is described in\",\n \"title\": \"Occipital bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10670482\",\n \"text\": \"the Moupin pika. A fairly small pika, the Moupin pika measures in length, and weighs . The skull is in length, and is larger than that of the Gansu pika. The frontal bone is flat and low, and has no alveolus above it. The auditory bullae are small, and the posterior processes of the cheek bone are almost parallel. The anterior palatine foramen (funnel-shaped opening in the bony plate of the skull, located in the roof of the mouth, immediately behind the incisor teeth where blood vessels and nerves pass) and the palatal foramen are combined. In summer, the dorsal\",\n \"title\": \"Moupin pika\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14620426\",\n \"text\": \"as the anatomical position of the human skull for comparative craniometric measurements. It was decided that a plane passing through the inferior margin of the left orbit (the point called the left orbitale) and the upper margin of each ear canal or external auditory meatus, a point called the porion, was most nearly parallel to the surface of the earth at the position the head is normally carried in the living subject. In normal subjects, both orbitales and both porions lie in a single plane. However, due to pathology, this is not always the case. The formal definition specifies only\",\n \"title\": \"Porion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9694731\",\n \"text\": \"Calvaria (skull) The calvaria or skullcap (feminine Latin noun with plural \\\"calvariae\\\"; however, many medical texts list the word as \\\"calvarium\\\", neuter Latin noun with plural \\\"calvaria\\\") is the upper part of the neurocranium and covers the cranial cavity containing the brain. It forms the main component of the skull roof. The calvaria (skullcap) is made up of the superior portions of the frontal bone, occipital bone, and parietal bones. In the human skull, the sutures between the bones normally remain flexible during the first few years of postnatal development, and fontanelles are palpable. Premature complete ossification of these sutures\",\n \"title\": \"Calvaria (skull)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7525241\",\n \"text\": \"upper part of the posterior wall by the squama. Its inner end is closed, by the tympanic membrane which originates from the tympanic sulcus; the upper limit of its outer orifice is formed by the posterior root of the zygomatic process, immediately below which there is sometimes seen a small spine, the \\\"suprameatal spine\\\", situated at the upper and posterior part of the orifice. The auditory bulla (pl. bullae) is a hollow bony structure on the ventral, posterior portion of the skull that encloses parts of the middle and inner ear. In most species, it is formed by the tympanic\",\n \"title\": \"Tympanic part of the temporal bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14091058\",\n \"text\": \"the openings independently: The synapsids are the mammal-like reptiles and the mammals. In mammals, the side opening is closed by the sphenoid bone, so that the skull roof appear whole, despite the temporal opening. All other reptiles (with the possible exception of turtles) and the birds are diapsids. Skull roof The skull roof, or the roofing bones of the skull, are a set of bones covering the brain, eyes and nostrils in bony fishes and all land-living vertebrates. The bones are derived from dermal bone and are part of the dermatocranium. In comparative anatomy the term is used on the\",\n \"title\": \"Skull roof\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1450724\",\n \"text\": \"of the facial skeleton. Functions of the skull include protection of the brain, fixing the distance between the eyes to allow stereoscopic vision, and fixing the position of the ears to enable sound localisation of the direction and distance of sounds. In some animals such as horned ungulates, the skull also has a defensive function by providing the mount (on the frontal bone) for the horns. The English word \\\"skull\\\" is probably derived from Old Norse \\\"skulle\\\", while the Latin word \\\"cranium\\\" comes from the Greek root κρανίον (\\\"kranion\\\"). The skull is made up of a number of fused flat\",\n \"title\": \"Skull\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1777492\",\n \"text\": \"Eustachian tube The Eustachian tube, also known as the auditory tube or pharyngotympanic tube, is a tube that links the nasopharynx to the middle ear. It is a part of the middle ear. In adult humans the Eustachian tube is approximately long and in diameter. It is named after the sixteenth-century Italian anatomist Bartolomeo Eustachi. In humans and other land animals the middle ear (like the ear canal) is normally filled with air. Unlike the open ear canal, however, the air of the middle ear is not in direct contact with the atmosphere outside the body. The Eustachian tube connects\",\n \"title\": \"Eustachian tube\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5946323\",\n \"text\": \"to the neurocranium, while fractures of the facial portion of the skull are \\\"facial fractures\\\", or if the jaw is fractured, a \\\"mandibular fracture\\\". The eight cranial bones are separated by sutures : one frontal bone, two parietal bones, two temporal bones, one occipital bone, one sphenoid bone, and one ethmoid bone. The bones of the skull are in three layers: the hard compact layer of the external table (\\\"lamina externa\\\"), the diploë (a spongy layer of red bone marrow in the middle, and the compact layer of the inner table (\\\"Lamina interna\\\"). Skull thickness is variable, depending on location.\",\n \"title\": \"Skull fracture\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7525245\",\n \"text\": \"Temporal styloid process The temporal styloid process is a process of bone that extends down from the temporal bone of the human skull, just below the ear. The styloid process is a slender pointed piece of bone just below the ear. It projects down and forward from the inferior surface of the temporal bone, and serves as an anchor point for several muscles associated with the tongue and larynx. The stylohyoid ligament extends from the apex of the process to the lesser cornu of the hyoid bone, and can sometimes be partially or completely ossified. A small percentage of the\",\n \"title\": \"Temporal styloid process\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5946324\",\n \"text\": \"Thus the traumatic impact required to cause a fracture depends on the impact site. The skull is thick at the glabella, the external occipital protuberance, the mastoid processes, and the external angular process. Areas of the skull that are covered with muscle have no underlying diploë formation between the internal and external lamina, which results in thin bone more susceptible to fractures. Skull fractures occur more easily at the thin squamous temporal and parietal bones, the sphenoid sinus, the foramen magnum (the opening at the base of the skull that the spinal cord passes through), the petrous temporal ridge, and\",\n \"title\": \"Skull fracture\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10912538\",\n \"text\": \"Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles The evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles was an evolutionary event in which bones in the jaw of reptiles were co-opted to form part of the hearing apparatus in mammals. The event is well-documented and important as a demonstration of transitional forms and exaptation, the re-purposing of existing structures during evolution. In reptiles, the eardrum is connected to the inner ear via a single bone, the columella, while the upper and lower jaws contain several bones not found in mammals. Over the course of the evolution of mammals, one bone from the lower and one from\",\n \"title\": \"Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11481940\",\n \"text\": \"is considered to be a primitive feature in dinosaurs. The prefrontal makes contact with several other bones in the skull. The anterior part of the bone articulates with the nasal bone and the lacrimal bone. The posterior part of the bone articulates with the frontal bone and more rarely the palpebral bone. The prefrontal bone sometimes forms part of the upper margin of the orbit. This bone is part of the skull roof, which is a set of bones that cover the brain, eyes and nostrils. Prefrontal bone The prefrontal bone is a bone separating the lacrimal and frontal bones\",\n \"title\": \"Prefrontal bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2764821\",\n \"text\": \"the rest of the cartilage to enter the middle ear where it becomes the incus. Quadrate bone The quadrate bone is part of a skull in most tetrapods, including amphibians, sauropsids (reptiles, birds), and early synapsids. In these animals it connects to the quadratojugal and squamosal in the skull, and forms part of the jaw joint (the other part is the articular bone at the rear end of the lower jaw). It is formed by endochondral ossification and is formed from the hindmost part of the primitive cartilaginous upper jaw. In snakes, the quadrate bone has become elongated and very\",\n \"title\": \"Quadrate bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"663247\",\n \"text\": \"Outer ear The outer ear, external ear, or auris externa is the external portion of the ear, which consists of the auricle (also pinna) and the ear canal. It gathers sound energy and focuses it on the eardrum (tympanic membrane). The visible part is called the auricle, also known as the pinna, especially in other animals. It is composed of a thin plate of yellow elastic cartilage, covered with integument, and connected to the surrounding parts by ligaments and muscles; and to the commencement of the ear canal by fibrous tissue. Many mammals can move the pinna (with the auriculares\",\n \"title\": \"Outer ear\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1450727\",\n \"text\": \"facial skeleton bones. In the neurocranium these are the occipital bone, two temporal bones, two parietal bones, the sphenoid, ethmoid and frontal bones. The bones of the facial skeleton(14) are the vomer, two inferior nasal conchae, two nasal bones, two maxilla, the mandible, two palatine bones, two zygomatic bones, and two lacrimal bones. Some sources count a paired bone as one, or the maxilla as having two bones (as its parts); some sources include the hyoid bone or the three ossicles of the middle ear but the overall general consensus of the number of bones in the human skull is\",\n \"title\": \"Skull\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7142981\",\n \"text\": \"Jugular foramen The jugular foramen is a large foramen (aperture) in the base of the skull. It is located behind the carotid canal and is formed in front by the petrous portion of the temporal bone, and behind by the occipital bone; it is generally larger on the right than on the left side. Cranial nerves IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), and XI (accessory) and the internal jugular vein pass through the jugular foramen. The jugular foramen may be subdivided into three compartments, each with their own contents. An alternative imaging based subclassification exists, delineated by the jugular spine which is\",\n \"title\": \"Jugular foramen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15284024\",\n \"text\": \"Mandible The mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human face. It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place. The mandible sits beneath the maxilla. It is the only movable bone of the skull (discounting the ossicles of the middle ear). The bone is formed in the fetus from a fusion of the left and right mandibular prominences, and the point where these sides join, the mandibular symphysis, is still visible as a faint ridge in the midline. Like other symphyses in the body, this is a midline articulation\",\n \"title\": \"Mandible\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6331025\",\n \"text\": \"ear, bypassing the external auditory canal and middle ear. A titanium prosthesis is surgically embedded into the skull with a small abutment exposed outside the skin. A sound processor sits on this abutment and transmits sound vibrations to the titanium implant. The implant vibrates the skull and inner ear, which stimulate the nerve fibers of the inner ear, allowing hearing. The surgery is often performed under local anaesthesia and as an outpatient procedure. An important piece of information for patients is that if they for whatever reason are not satisfied with the BAHA solution, removing the implant is easy. No\",\n \"title\": \"Bone-anchored hearing aid\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13263623\",\n \"text\": \"that it had a very thin plate of bone that acted as an eardrum, receiving sounds and transferring them to a small air-filled cavity. The stapes and vestibular foramen (the hole that connects the middle and inner ears) are preserved in one specimen of \\\"Glanosuchus\\\" that was examined by grinding away cross sections of the skull. The anular ligament, a ring-like structure that forms a seal between the end of the stapes and the rim of the vestibular foramen, was probably held in place by cartilage. The transfer of sound between the thin bony plate and the vestibular foramen in\",\n \"title\": \"Glanosuchus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1973100\",\n \"text\": \"Foramen magnum The foramen magnum () is a large oval opening (foramen) in the occipital bone of the skull in humans and various other animals. It is one of the several oval or circular openings (foramina) in the base of the skull. The spinal cord, an extension of the medulla, passes through the foramen magnum as it exits the cranial cavity. Apart from the transmission of the medulla oblongata and its membranes, the foramen magnum transmits the vertebral arteries, the anterior and posterior spinal arteries, the tectorial membranes and alar ligaments. It also transmits the spinal component of the accessory\",\n \"title\": \"Foramen magnum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7578613\",\n \"text\": \"Subarcuate fossa In the temporal bone at the sides of the skull, above and between the aquæductus vestibuli is an irregular depression which lodges a process of the dura mater and transmits a small vein and the subarcuate artery a branch of the meatal segment of anterior inferior cerebellar artery, which is an end artery that supplies blood to the inner ear ; in the infant this depression is represented by a large fossa, the subarcuate fossa, which extends backward as a blind tunnel under the superior semicircular canal. It is extensive in most primates (except for great apes) and\",\n \"title\": \"Subarcuate fossa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2106971\",\n \"text\": \"left here. There is also a probable connection with the Greek verb \\\"temnion\\\", to wound in battle. The skull is thin in this area and presents a vulnerable area for a blow from a battle axe. Another possible etymology is described at Temple (anatomy). Glomus jugulare tumor: Temporal bone The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull, and lateral to the temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex. The temporal bones are overlaid by the sides of the head known as the temples, and house the structures of the ears. The lower seven cranial nerves and\",\n \"title\": \"Temporal bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2054777\",\n \"text\": \"Foramen ovale (skull) At the base of the skull, the foramen ovale (Latin: oval window) is one of the larger of the several holes (the foramina) that transmit nerves through the skull. The foramen ovale is situated in the posterior part of the sphenoid bone, posterolateral to the foramen rotundum. The foramen ovale is an opening in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone. The foramen ovale is one of two cranial foramina in the greater wing, the other being the foramen spinosum. Similar to other foramina, the foramen ovale differs in shape and size throughout the natural life. The\",\n \"title\": \"Foramen ovale (skull)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1830894\",\n \"text\": \"3 bones, the ectopterygoid, the palantine, and the vomer. The teeth are on two bones, the premaxillae and the maxillae. Another three bones make up the lower jaw the dentary, the angular, and the surangular. The cranial surface of the skull is made up of the nasals, the antorbital, the lacrimal, the parietal, the intertemporal, the post parietal, the supratemporal, the extra scapular, the post temporal, and the opercular. The entirety of the skull is attached to the girdle through another set of bones. Bowfin are often referred to as \\\"living fossils\\\", or \\\"primitive fishes\\\" because they retained some of\",\n \"title\": \"Bowfin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2945701\",\n \"text\": \"cranium is formed from eight plate-shaped bones which fit together at meeting points (joints) called sutures. In addition there are 14 facial bones which form the lower front part of the skull. Together the 22 bones that compose the skull form additional, smaller spaces besides the cranial vault, such as the cavities for the eyes, the internal ear, the nose, and the mouth. The most important facial bones include the jaw or mandible, the upper jaw or maxilla, the zygomatic or cheek bone, and the nasal bone. Humans are born with separate plates which later fuse to allow flexibility as\",\n \"title\": \"Axial skeleton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10335821\",\n \"text\": \"bone. The pterygoid plates lie posterior to the upper dental row, or alveolar ridge, when viewing the face from an anterior view. The fractures are named after French surgeon René Le Fort (1869–1951), who discovered the fracture patterns by examining crush injuries in cadavers. Lefort I — Slight swelling of the upper lip, ecchymosis is present in the buccal sulcus beneath each zygomatic arch, malocclusion, mobility of teeth. Impacted type of fractures may be almost immobile and it is only by grasping the maxillary teeth and applying a little firm pressure that a characteristic grate can be felt which is\",\n \"title\": \"Le Fort fracture of skull\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6051136\",\n \"text\": \"of infection or for some other reason, it can be drained by puncturing the tympanic membrane with a large bore needle (tympanocentesis). Tympanic cavity The tympanic cavity is a small cavity surrounding the bones of the middle ear. Within it sit the ossicles, three small bones that transmit vibrations used in the detection of sound. On its lateral surface, it abuts the external auditory meatus [ ear canal ] from which it is separated by the tympanic membrane (eardrum). The tympanic cavity is bounded by: It is formed from the tubotympanic recess, an expansion of the first pharyngeal pouch. If\",\n \"title\": \"Tympanic cavity\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2087289\",\n \"text\": \"most basal portion of the skull. In Chondrichthyes and Agnathans, the occipital does not form as a separate element, but remains part of the chondrocranium throughout life. In most higher vertebrates, the foramen magnum is surrounded by a ring of four bones. The basioccipital lies in front of the opening, the two exoccipital condyles lie to either side, and the larger supraoccipital lies to the posterior, and forms at least part of the rear of the cranium. In many bony fish and amphibians, the supraoccipital is never ossified, and remains as cartilage throughout life. In primitive forms the basioccipital and\",\n \"title\": \"Occipital bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7525206\",\n \"text\": \"be distinguished from the mastoid cells, though it communicates with them. Like the mastoid cells it is filled with air and lined by a prolongation of the mucous membrane of the tympanic cavity, with which it communicates. The tympanic antrum is bounded above by a thin plate of bone, the tegmen tympani, which separates it from the middle fossa of the base of the skull; below by the mastoid process; laterally by the squama just below the temporal line, and medially by the lateral semicircular canal of the internal ear which projects into its cavity. It opens in front into\",\n \"title\": \"Mastoid part of the temporal bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3454476\",\n \"text\": \"the articular process of the lower jaw. Articular bone The articular bone is part of the lower jaw of most vertebrates, including most jawed fish, amphibians, birds and various kinds of reptiles, as well as Stem-mammal. In these animals it is connected to two other lower jaw bones, the suprangular and the angular. It forms the jaw joint by articulating with the quadrate bone of the skull. In mammals, the articular bone has migrated to the middle ear to become the malleus, while the quadrate bone becomes the incus. Paleontologists regard this as a defining characteristic of mammalian fossils. It\",\n \"title\": \"Articular bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12331181\",\n \"text\": \"jaws are homologous to the gill arches of jawless fishes. The upper portion of the second embryonic arch supporting the gill became the hyomandibular bone of jawed fishes, which supports the skull and therefore links the jaw to the cranium. When vertebrates found their way onto land, the hyomandibula, with its location near the ear, began to function as a sound amplifier beside its function to support the skull. As evolution later attached the cranium of terrestrial vertebrates to the rest of the skull, the hyomandibula lost its supportive function and became an interior organ, the stapes, and thus its\",\n \"title\": \"Hyomandibula\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7106884\",\n \"text\": \"Jugular fossa The jugular fossa is a deep depression in the inferior part of the base of the skull. More specifically, it is located in the temporal bone, posterior to the carotid canal and the aquæductus cochleæ. It is of variable depth and size in different skulls; it lodges the bulb of the internal jugular vein. In the bony ridge dividing the carotid canal from the jugular fossa is the small inferior tympanic canaliculus for the passage of the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve. In the lateral part of the jugular fossa is the mastoid canaliculus for the entrance\",\n \"title\": \"Jugular fossa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6495746\",\n \"text\": \"Foramen spinosum The foramen spinosum is one of two foramina located in the base of the human skull, on the sphenoid bone. It is situated just anterior to the spine of the sphenoid bone, and just lateral to the foramen ovale. The middle meningeal artery, middle meningeal vein, and the meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve pass through the foramen. The foramen spinosum is often used as a landmark in neurosurgery, due to its close relations with other cranial foramina. It was first described by Jakob Benignus Winslow in the 18th century. The foramen spinosum is a foramen through the\",\n \"title\": \"Foramen spinosum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6051792\",\n \"text\": \"inner ear, to the swim bladder. The structure acts as an amplifier of sound waves that would otherwise be only slightly perceivable by the inner ear structure alone. The generalized structure of the Weberian apparatus is akin to a skeletal complex of bones and ossicles that are physically connected to the labyrinth auditory complex anteriorly and the anteriormost region of the swim bladder posteriorly. The entire structure is derived from skeletal elements of the first four vertebrae. The involved elements include: the supraneural bones of the skull; modified neural arch bones, specifically the paired claustra and the scaphia; the intercalarium\",\n \"title\": \"Weberian apparatus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6479166\",\n \"text\": \"Asterion (anatomy) The asterion is the point on the skull corresponding to the posterior end of the parietomastoid suture. In human anatomy, the asterion is a visible, so-called craniometric, point on the exposed skull, just behind the ear, where three cranial sutures meet: or where three cranial bones meet: In the adult, it lies 4 cm behind and 12 mm above the center of the entrance to the ear canal. Neurosurgeons use this point to orient themselves, in order to plan safe entry into the skull for some operations, such as retro-sigmoid approach. The asterion receives its name from the\",\n \"title\": \"Asterion (anatomy)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2130997\",\n \"text\": \"Vomer The vomer () is one of the unpaired facial bones of the skull. It is located in the midsagittal line, and articulates with the sphenoid, the ethmoid, the left and right palatine bones, and the left and right maxillary bones. The vomer forms the inferior part of the nasal septum, with the superior part formed by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone. The name is derived from the Latin word for a ploughshare and the shape of the bone. The vomer is situated in the median plane, but its anterior portion is frequently bent to one side. It\",\n \"title\": \"Vomer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6495751\",\n \"text\": \"because of its relationship to the spinous process of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone. However, due to incorrectly declining the noun, the literal meaning is \\\"hole full of thorns\\\" (). The correct, but unused name would, in fact, be \\\"\\\". Foramen spinosum The foramen spinosum is one of two foramina located in the base of the human skull, on the sphenoid bone. It is situated just anterior to the spine of the sphenoid bone, and just lateral to the foramen ovale. The middle meningeal artery, middle meningeal vein, and the meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve pass through\",\n \"title\": \"Foramen spinosum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2091013\",\n \"text\": \"with anosmia were more than four times as likely to die in five years compared to those with a healthy sense of smell. Ethmoid bone The ethmoid bone (; from Greek \\\"ethmos\\\", \\\"sieve\\\") is an unpaired bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. It is located at the roof of the nose, between the two orbits. The cubical bone is lightweight due to a spongy construction. The ethmoid bone is one of the bones that make up the orbit of the eye. The ethmoid bone is an anterior cranial bone located between the eyes. It\",\n \"title\": \"Ethmoid bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1450749\",\n \"text\": \"dentary) is homologous with the mammalian mandible. In living tetrapods, a great many of the original bones have either disappeared or fused into one another in various arrangements. Birds have a diapsid skull, as in reptiles, with a prelacrymal fossa (present in some reptiles). The skull has a single occipital condyle. The skull consists of five major bones: the frontal (top of head), parietal (back of head), premaxillary and nasal (top beak), and the mandible (bottom beak). The skull of a normal bird usually weighs about 1% of the bird's total bodyweight. The eye occupies a considerable amount of the\",\n \"title\": \"Skull\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7447676\",\n \"text\": \"Infraorbital foramen In human anatomy, the infraorbital foramen is an opening in the maxillary bone of the skull located below the infraorbital margin of the orbit. It transmits the infraorbital artery and vein, and the infraorbital nerve, a branch of the maxillary nerve. It is typically from the infraorbital margin. Forming the exterior end of the infraorbital canal, the infraorbital foramen communicates with the infraorbital groove, the canal's opening on the interior side. The ramifications of the three principal branches of the trigeminal nerve—at the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramen—are distributed on a vertical line (in anterior view) passing through\",\n \"title\": \"Infraorbital foramen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2106966\",\n \"text\": \"Temporal bone The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull, and lateral to the temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex. The temporal bones are overlaid by the sides of the head known as the temples, and house the structures of the ears. The lower seven cranial nerves and the major vessels to and from the brain traverse the temporal bone. The temporal bone consists of four parts— the squamous, mastoid, petrous and tympanic parts. The squamous part is the largest and most superiorly positioned relative to the rest of the bone. The zygomatic process is\",\n \"title\": \"Temporal bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2087409\",\n \"text\": \"fish and amphibians it is often separated from the orbits by one or two additional bones not found in mammals. These bones, the prefrontals and postfrontals, together form the upper margin of the eye sockets, and lie to either side of the frontal bones. The frontal bone is one of the principal paired mid-line bones in dinosaur skulls. This bone is part of the skull roof, which is a set of bones that cover the brain, eyes and nostrils. The frontal makes contact with several other bones in the skull. The anterior part of the bone articulates with the nasal\",\n \"title\": \"Frontal bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2924349\",\n \"text\": \"forming the lateral posterior portion of the bony orbital process, the maxillary bone inferiorly and medially which, along with the lacrimal and ethmoid bones, forms the medial wall of the orbital canal. The ethmoid air cells are extremely thin, and form a structure known as the lamina papyracea, the most delicate bony structure in the skull, and one of the most commonly fractured bones in orbital trauma. The lacrimal bone also contains the nasolacrimal duct. The superior bony margin of the orbital rim, otherwise known as the orbital process, is formed by the frontal bone. The roof (superior wall) is\",\n \"title\": \"Orbit (anatomy)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11180769\",\n \"text\": \"Inferior petrosal sulcus The inferior petrosal sulcus is the groove containing the inferior petrosal sinus. The inferior petrosal sulcus is formed by the junction of the petrous part of the temporal bone of the skull with the basilar part of the occipital bone. It begins in the postero-inferior part of the cavernous sinus, and, passing through the anterior part of the jugular foramen, ends in the superior bulb of the internal jugular vein. The inferior petrosal sinus receives the internal auditory veins and also veins from the medulla oblongata, pons, and under surface of the cerebellum. The exact relation of\",\n \"title\": \"Inferior petrosal sulcus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"663207\",\n \"text\": \"Inner ear The inner ear (internal ear, auris interna) is the innermost part of the vertebrate ear. In vertebrates, the inner ear is mainly responsible for sound detection and balance. In mammals, it consists of the bony labyrinth, a hollow cavity in the temporal bone of the skull with a system of passages comprising two main functional parts: The inner ear is found in all vertebrates, with substantial variations in form and function. The inner ear is innervated by the eighth cranial nerve in all vertebrates. The labyrinth can be divided by layer or by region. The bony labyrinth, or\",\n \"title\": \"Inner ear\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7525237\",\n \"text\": \"Tympanic part of the temporal bone The tympanic part of the temporal bone is a curved plate of bone lying below the squamous part of the temporal bone, in front of the mastoid process, and surrounding the external part of the ear canal. It originates as a separate bone (tympanic bone), which in some mammals stays separate through life. Evolutionarily, a portion of it is derived from the angular bone of the reptilian lower jaw. Its postero-superior surface is concave, and forms the anterior wall, the floor, and part of the posterior wall of the bony ear canal. Medially, it\",\n \"title\": \"Tympanic part of the temporal bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6051135\",\n \"text\": \"Tympanic cavity The tympanic cavity is a small cavity surrounding the bones of the middle ear. Within it sit the ossicles, three small bones that transmit vibrations used in the detection of sound. On its lateral surface, it abuts the external auditory meatus [ ear canal ] from which it is separated by the tympanic membrane (eardrum). The tympanic cavity is bounded by: It is formed from the tubotympanic recess, an expansion of the first pharyngeal pouch. If damaged, the tympanic membrane can be repaired in a procedure called tympanoplasty. Should fluid accumulate within the middle ear as the result\",\n \"title\": \"Tympanic cavity\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1450748\",\n \"text\": \"cartilaginous skull in sharks and rays. The various separate bones that compose the temporal bone of humans are also part of the skull roof series. A further plate composed of four pairs of bones forms the roof of the mouth; these include the vomer and palatine bones. The base of the cranium is formed from a ring of bones surrounding the foramen magnum and a median bone lying further forward; these are homologous with the occipital bone and parts of the sphenoid in mammals. Finally, the lower jaw is composed of multiple bones, only the most anterior of which (the\",\n \"title\": \"Skull\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3363472\",\n \"text\": \"may also be affected by damage to the brain or neural pathways leading from the ear. The ear has been adorned by earrings and other jewelry in numerous cultures for thousands of years, and has been subjected to surgical and cosmetic alterations. The human ear consists of three parts—the outer ear, middle ear and inner ear. The ear canal of the outer ear is separated from the air-filled tympanic cavity of the middle ear by the eardrum. The middle ear contains the three small bones—the ossicles—involved in the transmission of sound, and is connected to the throat at the nasopharynx,\",\n \"title\": \"Ear\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2091561\",\n \"text\": \"Sphenoid bone The sphenoid bone is an unpaired bone of the neurocranium. It is situated in the middle of the skull towards the front, in front of the temporal bone and the basilar part of the occipital bone. The sphenoid bone is one of the seven bones that articulate to form the orbit. Its shape somewhat resembles that of a butterfly or bat with its wings extended. It is divided into the following parts: Two sphenoidal conchae are situated at the anterior and inferior part of the body. The more important of these are: These ligaments occasionally ossify. The sphenoid\",\n \"title\": \"Sphenoid bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6862334\",\n \"text\": \"presence of more than two canals as the occipital bone is formed. Study of this area aids in the diagnosis of a variety of tumors found at the base of the skull, including: large glomus jugulare neoplasms, myelomas, and the occasional meningioma. Studies of the hypoglossal canal revolve around the development of safe drilling techniques to conduct surgery on that area of the brain. Hypoglossal canal The hypoglossal canal is a foramen in the occipital bone of the skull. It is hidden medially and superiorly to each occipital condyle. The hypoglossal nerve traverses the canal. It transmits the hypoglossal nerve\",\n \"title\": \"Hypoglossal canal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7525242\",\n \"text\": \"part of the temporal bone. In all extant and extinct primates, including humans, the auditory bulla is formed by the petrosal bone (the petrous part of the temporal bone). This is a diagnostic trait that can be used to distinguish primates, including anthropoids, tarsiers, lemurs, and lorises, from all other mammals. Tympanic part of the temporal bone The tympanic part of the temporal bone is a curved plate of bone lying below the squamous part of the temporal bone, in front of the mastoid process, and surrounding the external part of the ear canal. It originates as a separate bone\",\n \"title\": \"Tympanic part of the temporal bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"663231\",\n \"text\": \"Middle ear The middle ear is the portion of the ear internal to the eardrum, and external to the oval window of the inner ear. The mammalian middle ear contains three ossicles, which transfer the vibrations of the eardrum into waves in the fluid and membranes of the inner ear. The hollow space of the middle ear is also known as the tympanic cavity and is surrounded by the tympani bone. The auditory tube (also known as the Eustachian tube or the pharyngotympanic tube) joins the tympanic cavity with the nasal cavity (nasopharynx), allowing pressure to equalize between the middle\",\n \"title\": \"Middle ear\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"663243\",\n \"text\": \"of the bone known as the hyomandibula in fish ancestors, a bone that supported the skull and braincase. The structure of the middle ear in living amphibians varies considerably, and is often degenerate. In most frogs and toads, it is similar to that of reptiles, but in other amphibians, the middle ear cavity is often absent. In these cases, the stapes either is also missing or, in the absence of an eardrum, connects to the quadrate bone in the skull, although, it is presumed, it still has some ability to transmit vibrations to the inner ear. In many amphibians, there\",\n \"title\": \"Middle ear\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5821878\",\n \"text\": \"set of bones known as \\\"Weberian ossicles\\\", a chain of small bones that connect the auditory system to the gas bladder of fishes. The ossicles connect the gas bladder wall with Y-shaped lymph sinus that abuts the lymph-filled transverse canal joining the sacculi of the right and left ears. This allows the transmission of vibrations to the inner ear. In anotophysians, the three first vertebrae are specialized and associated with one or more cephalic ribs (a primitive Weberian apparatus). In the otophysians, a distinct modification of the anterior four or five first vertebrae is found, as well as the Weberian\",\n \"title\": \"Ostariophysi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1994768\",\n \"text\": \"Zygomatic bone In the human skull, the zygomatic bone (cheekbone or malar bone) is a paired irregular bone which articulates with the maxilla, the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. It is situated at the upper and lateral part of the face and forms the prominence of the cheek, part of the lateral wall and floor of the orbit, and parts of the temporal fossa and the infratemporal fossa. It presents a malar and a temporal surface; four processes (the frontosphenoidal, orbital, maxillary, and temporal), and four borders. The \\\"malar surface\\\" is convex and perforated near its\",\n \"title\": \"Zygomatic bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15055509\",\n \"text\": \"area of the skull (the base of the skull) shows part of the boundary of the foramen magnum (through which the spinal cord enters the skull), channels for the vestibular system (part of the inner ear responsible for balance), and holes for the semicircular canal (also part of the vestibular system). These holes and channels are found on the supraoccipital bone. The exoccipitals and opisthotics are also known in \\\"Tarjadia\\\", and form the paraoccipital processes, two projections for the attachments of muscles that open the lower jaw. These processes form notches that may be tympanic fossae, cavities of the middle\",\n \"title\": \"Tarjadia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2091569\",\n \"text\": \"(with mandibular nerve). The sphenoid bone of humans is homologous with a number of bones that are often separate in other animals, and have a somewhat complex arrangement. In the early lobe-finned fishes and tetrapods, the pterygoid bones were flat, wing-like bones forming the major part of the roof of the mouth. Above the pterygoids were the epipterygoid bones, which formed part of a flexible joint between the braincase and the palatal region, as well as extending a vertical bar of bone towards the roof of the skull. Between the pterygoids lay an elongated, narrow parasphenoid bone, which also spread\",\n \"title\": \"Sphenoid bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3454492\",\n \"text\": \"Jugal bone The jugal is a skull bone found in most reptiles, amphibians and birds. In mammals, the jugal is often called the malar or Zygomatic. It is connected to the quadratojugal and maxilla, as well as other bones, which may vary by species. This bone is considered key in the determination of general traits of the skull, in the case of creatures, as with dinosaurs in paleontology, whose entire skull has not been found. The jugal bone forms the cheek area in dinosaurs, and is part of the series of bones termed the circumorbital series, as they define the\",\n \"title\": \"Jugal bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2335978\",\n \"text\": \"Spiracle Spiracles () are openings on the surface of some animals, which usually lead to respiratory systems. The spiracle is a small hole behind each eye that opens to the mouth in some fish. In the primitive jawless fish the first gill opening immediately behind the mouth is essentially similar to the other gill opening. With the evolution of the jaw in the early jawed vertebrates, this gill slit was \\\"caught\\\" between the forward gill-rod (now functioning as the jaw) and the next rod, the hyomandibular bone, supporting the jaw hinge and anchoring the jaw to the skull proper. The\",\n \"title\": \"Spiracle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"663232\",\n \"text\": \"ear and throat. The primary function of the middle ear is to efficiently transfer acoustic energy from compression waves in air to fluid–membrane waves within the cochlea. The middle ear contains three tiny bones known as the ossicles: \\\"malleus\\\", \\\"incus\\\", and \\\"stapes\\\". The ossicles were given their Latin names for their distinctive shapes; they are also referred to as the \\\"hammer\\\", \\\"anvil\\\", and \\\"stirrup\\\", respectively. The ossicles directly couple sound energy from the ear drum to the oval window of the cochlea. While the stapes is present in all tetrapods, the malleus and incus evolved from lower and upper jaw\",\n \"title\": \"Middle ear\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1617312\",\n \"text\": \"these bones varies across the bird families. The lower mandible is supported by a bone known as the inferior maxillary bone—a compound bone composed of two distinct ossified pieces. These ossified plates (or rami), which can be U-shaped or V-shaped, join distally (the exact location of the joint depends on the species) but are separated proximally, attaching on either side of the head to the quadrate bone. The jaw muscles, which allow the bird to close its beak, attach to the proximal end of the lower mandible and to the bird's skull. The muscles that depress the lower mandible are\",\n \"title\": \"Beak\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18706137\",\n \"text\": \"Thus evidence from fossils demonstrate homoplasies for the detachment of the ear from the jaw. Furthermore, it is apparent that the land-based eardrum, or tympanic membrane, and connecting structures such as the Eustachian tube evolved convergently in multiple different settings as opposed to being a defining morphology. Evolution of the cochlea Cochlea is Latin for “snail, shell or screw” and originates from the Greek word κοχλίας \\\"kohlias\\\". The modern definition, the auditory portion of the inner ear, originated in the late 17th century. Within the mammalian cochlea exists the organ of Corti, which contains hair cells that are responsible for\",\n \"title\": \"Evolution of the cochlea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"663242\",\n \"text\": \"form an opening; in most tetrapods, this breach is never quite completed, and the final vestige of tissue separating it from the outside world becomes the eardrum. The inner part of the spiracle, still connected to the pharynx, forms the eustachian tube. In reptiles, birds, and early fossil tetrapods, there is a single auditory ossicle, the columella ( that is homologous with the stapes, or \\\"stirrup\\\" of mammals). This is connected indirectly with the eardrum via a mostly cartilaginous extracolumella and medially to the inner-ear spaces via a widened footplate in the fenestra ovalis. The columella is an evolutionary derivative\",\n \"title\": \"Middle ear\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"361864\",\n \"text\": \"fenestra (an opening on the top of the skull), a drop-like ectotympanic (a bony ring that holds the ear drum), and pachyosteosclerotic (dense and bulky) bones. Sirenians first appeared in the fossil record in the Early Eocene and significantly diversified throughout the epoch. They inhabited rivers, estuaries, and nearshore marine waters. Sirenians, unlike other marine mammals such as cetaceans, lived in the New World. One of the earliest aquatic sirenians discovered is \\\"Prorastomus\\\" which dates back to 40 million years ago, and the first known sirenian, the quadruped \\\"Pezosiren\\\", lived 50 million years ago. An ancient sirenian fossil of a\",\n \"title\": \"Sirenia\"\n }\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"the auditory canal is formed out of which bone of the skull"}}},{"rowIdx":8394,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Dan Stevens"],"string":"[\n \"Dan Stevens\"\n]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"18553291","text":"were revealed to be in talks to play Gaston and the Beast respectively, and Watson confirmed their casting the following day through tweets. The rest of the principal cast, including Josh Gad, Emma Thompson, Kevin Kline, Audra McDonald, Ian McKellen, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Ewan McGregor and Stanley Tucci were announced between March and April to play LeFou, Mrs. Potts, Maurice, Madame de Garderobe, Cogsworth, Plumette, Lumière and Cadenza, respectively. Susan Egan, who originated the role of Belle on Broadway, commented on the casting of Watson as \"perfect\". Paige O'Hara, who voiced Belle in the original animated film and its sequels, offered","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553276","text":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film) Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill Condon from a screenplay written by Stephen Chbosky and Evan Spiliotopoulos, and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films. The film is a live-action reimagining of Disney's 1991 animated film of the same name, itself an adaptation of Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont's 18th-century fairy tale. The film features an ensemble cast that includes Emma Watson and Dan Stevens as the eponymous characters with Luke Evans, Kevin Kline, Josh Gad, Ewan McGregor, Stanley Tucci, Audra McDonald, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Ian","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"20071633","text":"Evermore (Beauty and the Beast song) \"Evermore\" is a song written by composer Alan Menken and lyricist Tim Rice for the musical fantasy film \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017), a live-action remake of Disney's 1991 animated film of the same name. Originally recorded for the film by English actor Dan Stevens, who performs the song in his starring role as the titular Beast, \"Evermore\" was first released as a single by American singer Josh Groban on March 3, 2017. Stevens' version became available on March 10, 2017 when the film's soundtrack was released online, while Groban's cover is played during","title":"Evermore (Beauty and the Beast song)"},{"id":"8316034","text":"beautiful young woman named Belle who he imprisons in his castle. All this must be done before the last petal falls from the enchanted rose on his twenty-first birthday. In all animated film appearances, the Beast is voiced by American actor Robby Benson. The 1991 animated film was adapted into a Broadway musical in 1994, with the role being originated by American actor Terrence Mann. Dan Stevens portrays the character in a 2017 live-action adaptation of the original 1991 film. Determining a suitable appearance for the Beast proved challenging. Although entirely fictional, supervising animator Glen Keane felt it essential for","title":"Beast (Beauty and the Beast)"},{"id":"18553277","text":"McKellen, and Emma Thompson in supporting roles. Principal photography began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey, England on May 18, 2015, and ended on August 21. With an estimated budget of around $255 million, it is one of the most expensive films ever made. \"Beauty and the Beast\" premiered at Spencer House in London on February 23, 2017, and was released in the United States in standard, Disney Digital 3-D, RealD 3D, IMAX and IMAX 3D formats, along with Dolby Cinema on March 17, 2017. The film received generally favorable reviews, with many praising the performances and its faithfulness to the","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"8316069","text":"Beast in a live-action adaptation of the film, which was released on March 17, 2017. The Beast was portrayed with a “more traditional motion capture puppeteering for the body and the physical orientation\", where Stevens was \"in a forty-pound gray suit on stilts for much of the film\". The facial capture for the Beast was done separately order to \"communicate the subtleties of the human face\" and \"[capture the] thought that occurs to him\" which gets \"through [to] the eyes, which are the last human element in the Beast.” The live-action portrayal closely follows the animated version, but with some","title":"Beast (Beauty and the Beast)"},{"id":"18553301","text":"in 3D on March 17, 2017. The first official presentation of the film took place at Disney's three-day D23 Expo in August 2015. The world premiere of \"Beauty and the Beast\" took place at Spencer House in London, England on February 23, 2017; and the film later premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood, California, on March 2, 2017. The stream was broadcast onto YouTube. A sing along version of the film released in over 1,200 US theaters nationwide on April 7, 2017. The United Kingdom received the same version on April 21, 2017. The film was re-released in","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"19955601","text":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack) Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the 2017 film \"Beauty and the Beast\". The album, largely based on material from Disney's 1991 animated version, features songs and instrumental score composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Howard Ashman and three new songs composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Tim Rice. The soundtrack album was released by Walt Disney Records on March 10, 2017. The songs feature vocal performances by the film's ensemble cast including Emma Watson, Dan Stevens, Luke Evans, Kevin Kline, Josh Gad, Ewan McGregor,","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack)"},{"id":"20084381","text":"Days in the Sun \"Days in the Sun\" is a song written by composer Alan Menken and lyricist Tim Rice for the musical fantasy film \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017), a live-action adaptation of Disney's 1991 animated film of the same name. Rice and Menken developed the concept in 2007 during the first discussions about a remake. Performed by Adam Mitchell, Stanley Tucci, Ewan McGregor, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Ian McKellen, Emma Thompson, Emma Watson, Audra McDonald, and Clive Rowe, \"Days in the Sun\" is one of four songs added to the 2017 film. It was released on March 10, 2017, as","title":"Days in the Sun"},{"id":"18553294","text":"due to confusion among test audiences caused by actress Harriet Jones, who looked similar to Hattie Morahan, who portrayed Agathe. In the original version of the scene, it was Jones's character, the Prince's mother, who sings the first verse of the song, with Rudi Goodman playing the young Prince and Henry Garrett playing his father; but in the reshot version of the scene, the singing part is given to the Prince (now played by Adam Mitchell). The King was also recast to Tom Turner, although Harriet Jones was still the Queen, albeit with dark hair. Both Goodman and Garrett's names","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"17628851","text":"of Friendship\" is a live-action/animated direct-to-video installment of the film series. It was directed by Jimbo Mitchell, and released on August 17, 1999. It is set during the original film, and was released in part to help promote Disney Channel's television series, Sing Me a Story with Belle. On March 17, 2017, Disney released a live-action adaptation of the film, which was directed by Bill Condon. The movie stars Emma Watson as Belle, Dan Stevens as the Beast, Luke Evans as Gaston, Ewan McGregor as Lumière, Ian McKellen as Cogsworth, Emma Thompson as Mrs. Potts, Kevin Kline as Maurice, and","title":"Beauty and the Beast (franchise)"},{"id":"18553292","text":"to help Watson with her singing lessons. According to \"The Hollywood Reporter\", Emma Watson was reportedly paid $3 million upfront, together with an agreement that her final take-home pay could rise as high as $15 million if the film generated gross box office income similar to \"Maleficent\"'s $759 million worldwide gross. Principal photography on the film began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey, England, on May 18, 2015. Filming with the principal actors concluded on August 21. Six days later, co-producer Jack Morrissey confirmed that the film had officially wrapped production. The Beast was portrayed with a \"more traditional motion capture","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553319","text":"28, the film had earned over $500 million in ticket sales becoming the first film of 2017 (until it was later surpassed by \"The Last Jedi\"), the third female-fueled film (after \"The Force Awakens\" and \"Rogue One: A Star Wars Story\" followed by \"Wonder Woman\" and \"The Last Jedi\") and the eighth overall film in cinematic history to pass the mark. It has already become the biggest March release, dethroning \"The Hunger Games\" (2012), the biggest musical film (both animated and live-action), as well as the biggest film of 2017 (alongside \"The Last Jedi\"). Outside the US and Canada, the","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553278","text":"original animated film, as well as elements from the Broadway musical, visual style, production values, and score, though it received criticism for some of the character designs and its excessive similarity to the original. The film grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide, becoming the highest-grossing live-action musical film, and making it the second-highest-grossing film of 2017, the tenth-highest-ever-grossing film in North America and the 14th-highest-grossing film of all time. The film received four nominations at the 23rd Critics' Choice Awards and two nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards. It also received Academy Award nominations for Best Production Design and","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"1320544","text":"She also appeared in an episode of \"The Vicar of Dibley\", in which she played Reverend Iris. In February 2016, Watson announced she was taking a year-long break from acting. She planned to spend the time on her \"personal development\" and her women's rights work. Watson played Belle in the 2017 live action Disney adaptation of \"Beauty and the Beast\" directed by Bill Condon, and starring opposite Dan Stevens as the Beast. The film earned over $1.2 billion at the box office and emerged as the second highest-grossing film of 2017, behind only \"\", and the 14th highest-grossing film of","title":"Emma Watson"},{"id":"4755008","text":"Choice Award for Best Dramatic Movie. Chbosky re-wrote Evan Spiliotopoulos's original script for the 2017 live action reboot of Disney's \"Beauty and the Beast\", directed by Bill Condon and starring Emma Watson as Belle. Chbosky and Watson developed a close relationship during the production of \"The Perks of Being a Wallflower.\" The adaptation was faithful to the original 1991 animated film \"Beauty and the Beast\", with all the original musical numbers included. The film was released on March 17, 2017. Chbosky directed the 2017 film \"Wonder\", co-written by Chbosky, Jack Thorne, and Steve Conrad and based on the 2012 novel","title":"Stephen Chbosky"},{"id":"8316068","text":"of \"the Beast\" is actually another fairy tale character, Rumplestiltskin (played by Robert Carlyle), who gains possession of Belle as part of a deal to save Belle's kingdom from losing a war. Indian actor Vikram portrayed Beast for sequences in a dreamy song \"Ennodu Nee Irundhal\" in the 2015 Tamil language film \"\"I\"\" opposite Amy Jackson who portrayed Belle. The original prosthetic make-up for the characters were provided by Sean Foot (Shaun) and Davina Lamont and additional works were done by National Film Award winners—Christien Tinsley and Dominie Till. In March 2015, English actor Dan Stevens was cast as the","title":"Beast (Beauty and the Beast)"},{"id":"18553286","text":"to the Beast, Agathe reveals herself as the enchantress and undoes the curse, repairing the crumbling castle, and reviving the Beast then turning him and his servants' human making the villagers' remember their loved ones. The Prince and Belle host a ball for the villagers, where they dance happily. In the initial theatrical release, Mitchell was miscredited as Rudi Goodman in the cast, but listed under his real name in the soundtrack credits Stephen Merchant also appeared in the film as Monsieur Toilette, a servant who was turned into a toilet. This character was cut from the film, but is","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18571033","text":"the feature dancer in the music video for \"Wide Open\" by The Chemical Brothers and Beck. In August 2016, she appeared in the music video for Frank Ocean's song \"Nikes\". In 2016 Mizuno was in \"La La Land\", playing the role of Caitlin, one of the three roommates of Mia, played by Emma Stone. In 2017, Mizuno appeared in a small role as the debutante in Disney's live-action adaptation of \"Beauty and the Beast\", and in 2018, she acted in the Warner Bros. film \"Crazy Rich Asians\", opposite Constance Wu and Michelle Yeoh. Sonoya Mizuno Sonoya Mizuno (born 1 July","title":"Sonoya Mizuno"},{"id":"12330932","text":"Jeremy Irons. In January 2015, Evans officially exited \"The Crow\" to pursue other projects. The same year, he was named one of \"GQ\"s 50 best dressed British men. In 2016, Evans appeared in the thriller film \"The Girl on the Train\", co-starring Emily Blunt. In 2017, he had the villainous role of Gaston in Disney's live action remake, \"Beauty and the Beast\", which co-stars Emma Watson; and also played the lead role, William Moulton Marston, the creator of Wonder Woman, in the film \"Professor Marston and the Wonder Women\". In 2018, Evans stars in TNT drama \"The Alienist\", as newspaper","title":"Luke Evans (actor)"},{"id":"18553307","text":"shot of passing $1 billion worldwide from theatrical earnings. On April 12, it passed the $1 billion threshold, becoming the first film of 2017, the fourteenth Disney film, and the twenty-ninth film overall to pass the mark. It became the first film since \"Rogue One\" (also a Disney property) in December 2016 to make over a billion dollars, and did so on its 29th day of release. It is currently the second-highest-grossing film of 2017 (behind \"\"), the highest-grossing March release, the highest-grossing remake of all time, and the sixth-biggest Disney film. Even after inflation adjusted, it is still ahead","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"12330926","text":"Peter Jackson's three-part adaptation of J. R. R. Tolkien's \"The Hobbit\". Evans also portrayed the vampire Dracula in the character's film origin story, \"Dracula Untold\". In 2017, Evans starred as Gaston in Disney's live action adaptation of \"Beauty and the Beast\", and portrayed American psychologist William Moulton Marston, creator of fictional character Wonder Woman, in the biographical drama \"Professor Marston and the Wonder Women\". Evans was born on Easter Sunday, 15 April 1979, in Pontypool, and brought up in Aberbargoed, a small town in the Rhymney Valley, Wales, the only child of Yvonne and David Evans. He was raised as","title":"Luke Evans (actor)"},{"id":"20084394","text":"as \"uninspired and hard to recall after the fact\". Days in the Sun \"Days in the Sun\" is a song written by composer Alan Menken and lyricist Tim Rice for the musical fantasy film \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017), a live-action adaptation of Disney's 1991 animated film of the same name. Rice and Menken developed the concept in 2007 during the first discussions about a remake. Performed by Adam Mitchell, Stanley Tucci, Ewan McGregor, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Ian McKellen, Emma Thompson, Emma Watson, Audra McDonald, and Clive Rowe, \"Days in the Sun\" is one of four songs added to the 2017","title":"Days in the Sun"},{"id":"7125781","text":"Dan Stevens Daniel Jonathan Stevens (born 10 October 1982) is an English actor. He first drew international attention for his role as Matthew Crawley in the ITV acclaimed period drama series \"Downton Abbey\" (2010–12). He also starred as David in the thriller film \"The Guest\" (2014), Sir Lancelot in the adventure film \"\" (2014), The Beast/Prince in Disney's live action adaptation of \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017), Lorin Willis in the biographical legal drama \"Marshall\" (2017), and Charles Dickens in the biographical drama \"The Man Who Invented Christmas\" (2017). Since 2017, he has starred as David Haller in the FX","title":"Dan Stevens"},{"id":"18553333","text":"effects, costume designs and the sets, while commending the inclusion of Gad's character of LeFou as the first LGBT character in Disney. Owen Gleiberman of \"Variety\", in his positive review of the film, wrote: \"It's a lovingly crafted movie, and in many ways a good one, but before that it's an enraptured piece of old-is-new nostalgia.\" Gleiberman compared Steven's character of the Beast to a royal version of the titular character in \"The Elephant Man\" and the 1946 version of the Beast in Jean Cocteau's original adaptation. A. O. Scott of \"The New York Times\" praised the performances of both","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553290","text":"we just couldn't get it to click and it was Alan Horn who championed the idea of owning the Disney of it all. We realized there was a competitive advantage in the songs. What is wrong with making adults feel like kids again?\" In January 2015, Emma Watson announced that she would be starring as Belle, the female lead. She was the first choice of Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn, as he had previously overseen Warner Bros. which released the eight \"Harry Potter\" films that co-starred Watson as Hermione Granger. Two months later, Luke Evans and Dan Stevens","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"19955602","text":"Stanley Tucci, Audra McDonald, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Nathan Mack, Ian McKellen, and Emma Thompson. The album debuted at No. 3 on the Billboard 200 chart with 57,000 units, 48,000 of which are traditional album sales. It has sold 337,000 copies in the United States as of July 2017. Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack) Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the 2017 film \"Beauty and the Beast\". The album, largely based on material from Disney's 1991 animated version, features songs and instrumental score composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Howard Ashman and three","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack)"},{"id":"20071673","text":"ounces of shame.\" 34th Street Magazine contributor Haley Weiss preferred Groban's version to Stevens' original, calling it \"breathtaking and downright lovely to listen to\" while dismissing the film version as \"downright mediocre in comparison.\" Weiss questioned why Disney hadn't cast Groban as the Beast instead of Stevens due to the former's acting and musical theatre background. Evermore (Beauty and the Beast song) \"Evermore\" is a song written by composer Alan Menken and lyricist Tim Rice for the musical fantasy film \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017), a live-action remake of Disney's 1991 animated film of the same name. Originally recorded for","title":"Evermore (Beauty and the Beast song)"},{"id":"18553297","text":"film as a \"straight-forward, live-action, large-budget movie musical\". Menken returned to score the film's music, which features songs from the original film by him and Howard Ashman, plus new material written by Menken and Tim Rice. Menken said the film would not include songs that were written for the Broadway musical and instead, created four new songs. However, an instrumental version of the song \"Home\", which was written for the musical, is used during the scene where Belle first enters her room in the castle. On January 19, 2017, it was confirmed by both Disney and Céline Dion—singer of the","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553279","text":"Best Costume Design at the 90th Academy Awards. A beautiful enchantress disguised as an old beggar woman arrives at a French castle during a ball and offers the host, a cruel and selfish prince, a rose in return for shelter from a storm. When he refuses, she reveals her identity. To punish the prince for his lack of compassion, the enchantress transforms him into a beast and his servants into household objects, then erases the castle, the prince and his servants from the memories of their loved ones (in the small town of Villeneuve nearby). She casts a spell on","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553336","text":"satisfied.\" In her A- review, Nancy Churnin of \"The Dallas Morning News\" praised the film's emotional and thematic depth, remarking: \"There's an emotional authenticity in director Bill Condon's live-action Beauty and the Beast film that helps you rediscover Disney's beloved 1991 animated film and 1994 stage show in fresh, stirring ways.\" James Berardinelli of ReelViews described the 2017 version as \"enthralling\". Brian Truitt of \"USA Today\" commended the performances of Evans, Gad, McGregor and Thompson alongside Condon's affinity with musicals, the production design, visual effects featured in some of the song numbers including new songs made by the composers Alan","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553331","text":"\"Rogue One: A Star Wars Story\"). \"Beauty and the Beast\" received generally positive reviews, with praise for its ensemble cast, visuals, production values, musical score, songs, and faithfulness to the original film with a few elements of the Broadway musical version, while the designs of the Beast and the servants' household object forms received mixed reviews. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 71% based on 336 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \"With an enchanting cast, beautifully crafted songs, and a painterly eye for detail, \"Beauty and the","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"7426417","text":"heroes in film ranking. The character also appears in the film's several sequels and spin-offs, as well as her own live-action television series. American actress Susan Egan originated the role of Belle in the Broadway musical adaptation of the film, for which she was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical. Emma Watson plays a live-action version of the character in a 2017 live action adaptation of the original 1991 film. After the success of Walt Disney Productions' first feature-length animated film \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\" (1937), filmmaker Walt Disney himself made several attempts","title":"Belle (Beauty and the Beast)"},{"id":"6915977","text":"and Bryson duetted at the JT Super Producers 94 tribute concert to David Foster, and as part of Dion's 1994-95 The Colour of My Love Tour, though they have also often sung with different duet partners. Dion has sung with Tommy Körberg, Brian McKnight, Terry Bradford, Maurice Davis, Barnev Valsaint, and René Froger among others; Peabo has sung with Coko and Regine Velasquez. Ariana Grande and John Legend covered \"Beauty and the Beast\" for the 2017 live-action adaption of the same name. The accompanying music video, directed by Dave Meyers premiered on Freeform on March 5, 2017. In March 2017,","title":"Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)"},{"id":"9446008","text":"Hattie Morahan Harriet Jane ″Hattie″ Morahan (born 7 October 1978) is an English television, film, and stage actress. Her roles include Alice in \"The Bletchley Circle\", Gale Benson in \"The Bank Job\" (2008), Ann in \"Mr. Holmes\" (2015), Rose Coyne in \"My Mother and Other Strangers\" (2016), and Agathe/The Enchantress in \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017). Morahan was born at Lambeth, London, England. She is the younger daughter of television and film director Christopher Morahan and actress Anna Carteret. Her older sister Rebecca is a theatre director, and her half-brother Andy is a music video and film director. As a","title":"Hattie Morahan"},{"id":"18553287","text":"featured in the deleted scenes. Previously, Disney had begun work on a film adaptation of the 1994 Broadway musical. However, in a 2011 interview, composer Alan Menken stated the planned film version of the \"Beauty and the Beast\" stage musical \"was canned\". By April 2014, Walt Disney Pictures had already begun developing a new live-action version of \"Beauty and the Beast\" after making other live-action fantasy films such as \"Alice in Wonderland\", \"Maleficent\", \"Cinderella\" and \"The Jungle Book\". In June 2014, Bill Condon was signed to direct the film from a script by Evan Spiliotopoulos. Later in September of that","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553299","text":"couldn't say yes right away, because I felt like I was kind of cheating in a way\". She eventually felt compelled to record the song because of the impact \"Beauty and the Beast\" has had on her career. According to Dion, \"I was at the beginning of my career, it put me on the map, it put me where I am today\". Also, Josh Groban was announced to be performing the new original song \"Evermore\" on January 26, 2017. The 2017 film features a remake of the 1991 original song recorded as a duet by Ariana Grande and John Legend.","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"201239","text":"appeared as Norman to Anthony Hopkins' Sir in a BBC Two production of Ronald Harwood's \"The Dresser\", alongside Edward Fox and Emily Watson. In 2017, McKellen voiced Cogsworth, the Beast's loyal majordomo, who was turned into a pendulum clock, in a live-action adaptation of Disney's \"Beauty and the Beast\". McKellen and his first partner, Brian Taylor, a history teacher from Bolton, began their relationship in 1964. Their relationship lasted for eight years, ending in 1972. They lived in London, where McKellen continued to pursue his career as an actor. For over a decade, he has lived in a five-storey Victorian","title":"Ian McKellen"},{"id":"7426460","text":"for the characters were provided by Sean Foot (Shaun) and Davina Lamont and additional works were done by National Film Award winners—Christien Tinsley and Dominie Till. In January 2015, Emma Watson announced that she would be portraying Belle in a live-action version of the film, which was released in 2017. \"Beauty and the Beast\" was the first of the Disney remakes in which an A-list actress portrays a Disney princess. As a feminist and model, Watson suggested several changes to the character in the live-action film. For costume design Watson rejected the traditional \"big princess dress\" and corset for the","title":"Belle (Beauty and the Beast)"},{"id":"4410972","text":"the box office and closed after just seven weeks. In 2015, Condon directed \"Mr. Holmes\" starring Ian McKellen. Condon noted its similarity to \"Gods and Monsters\", not only because of its lead actor but because \"Both movies are about aging and mortality. You have a celebrated man facing the decline of his public image.\" Condon directed the 2017 live action film adaptation of the animated 1991 film \"Beauty and the Beast\". A few weeks before the film's scheduled release on March 17, 2017, Condon announced that one character, LeFou, has \"a nice, exclusively gay moment\", which resulted in an \"internet","title":"Bill Condon"},{"id":"7125792","text":"Eden (born 2016), and a son, Aubrey (born 2012). Actress Rebecca Hall is godmother to his daughter Willow. Stevens endorsed Senator Bernie Sanders for President in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Dan Stevens Daniel Jonathan Stevens (born 10 October 1982) is an English actor. He first drew international attention for his role as Matthew Crawley in the ITV acclaimed period drama series \"Downton Abbey\" (2010–12). He also starred as David in the thriller film \"The Guest\" (2014), Sir Lancelot in the adventure film \"\" (2014), The Beast/Prince in Disney's live action adaptation of \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017), Lorin Willis","title":"Dan Stevens"},{"id":"18553309","text":"the time the film's release was 10 days away, analysts raised projections to as high as $150 million. It earned $16.3 million from Thursday previews night, marking the biggest of 2017 (breaking \"Logan\"'s record), the biggest ever for a Disney live-action film (breaking \"Maleficent\"'s record), the second-biggest ever for both a G- or PG-rated film (behind the sixth \"Harry Potter\" film \"Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\" which also starred Watson), and the third-biggest ever in the month of March (behind \"\" and \"The Hunger Games\"). An estimated 41% of the gross came from IMAX, 3D and premium large format","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"4159114","text":"at Emerson's Bar and Grill\" for HBO in which McDonald portrayed jazz legend Billie Holiday. She won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Class Program in 2015 for her work hosting the program \"Live from Lincoln Center\". On film she is best known for her portrayals of Maureen in \"Ricki and the Flash\" (2015) opposite Meryl Streep and Madame de Garderobe in the 2017 film version of Disney's \"Beauty and the Beast\". She has been nominated five times for the NAACP Image Awards for her work in television and film. McDonald was born in West Berlin, Germany, the daughter","title":"Audra McDonald"},{"id":"18553293","text":"puppeteering for the body and the physical orientation\", where actor Dan Stevens was \"in a forty-pound gray suit on stilts for much of the film\". The facial capture for the Beast was done separately in order to \"communicate the subtleties of the human face\" and \"[capture the] thought that occurs to him\" which gets \"through [to] the eyes, which are the last human element in the Beast.\" The castle servants who are transformed into household objects were created with CGI animation. Before the release of the film, Bill Condon refilmed one certain sequence in the \"Days of the Sun\" number,","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553317","text":"is the third-smallest drop for any film opening above $125 million (behind \"Finding Dory\" and \"The Force Awakens\"). The hold was notable considering how the film was able to fend off three new wide releases: \"Power Rangers\", \"Life\", and \"CHiPs\". As a result, it passed the $300 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 the pass said mark. The film grossed $45.4 million in its third weekend, finally being overtaken for the top spot by newcomer \"The Boss Baby\" ($50.2 million). On April 4, 2017, its nineteenth day of release, it passed the $400 million threshold becoming the first","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553300","text":"Grande and Legend's updated version of the title song is faithful to the original, Grammy-winning duet, performed by Céline Dion and Peabo Bryson for the 1991 Disney film. Disney debuted the music video for Ariana Grande and John Legend's interpretation of the title song on Freeform television network on March 5, 2017, and it has since been viewed over 100 million views on the Vevo video-hosting service. Emma Thompson also performed a rendition of the title song, which was performed by Angela Lansbury in the original 1991 animated film. On March 16, 2015, Disney announced the film would be released","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553347","text":"from cinemas by National Cinema Company which owns most of the cinemas in the country. A board member of the company stated that the Ministry of Information's censorship department had requested it to stop its screening and edit it for things deemed offensive by it. The film also received criticism over its portrayal of LeFou, as many felt that it relied on stereotypes and was used as a way of teasing LGBT+ viewers without providing adequate representation. LeFou's status as a sidekick to the main villain brought about criticism over Disney's queercoding of villains in the past, and his infatuation","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553315","text":"from audiences, good reviews from critics, effective marketing which sold the title not just as a family film but also as a romantic drama, the cast's star power (especially Emma Watson), lack of competition, being the first family film since \"The Lego Batman Movie\" a month earlier, nostalgia, and the success and ubiquity of the first film and Disney's brand. On Monday, its fourth day of release, the film fell precipitously by 72% earning $13.5 million. The steep fall was due to a limited marketplace where only 11% K-12 and 15% colleges were off per ComScore. Nevertheless, it is the","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"6915925","text":"was present in the recording studio at the time to tears. Meanwhile, the actress credits recording the song with ultimately helping her gain further perspective on Mrs. Potts' role in the film. Some of Ashman's cut lyrics from the 1991 film were reinstated for the version in the 2017 film. The scene in \"Beauty and the Beast\" during which the song is heard is the moment when Belle and the Beast's true feelings for each other are finally established. Set in the ballroom of the Beast's castle, \"Beauty and the Beast\" is performed by the character Mrs. Potts, an enchanted","title":"Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)"},{"id":"18553351","text":"not model healthy romantic relationships for young viewers. Constance Grady of Vox writes that Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont's \"Beauty and the Beast\" was a fairy tale originally written to prepare young girls in 18th-century France for arranged marriages, and that the power disparity is amplified in the Disney version. Anna Menta of \"Elite Daily\" argued that the Beast does not apologize to Belle for imprisoning, hurting, or manipulating her, and his treatment of Belle is not painted as wrong. Beauty and the Beast (2017 film) Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"8316033","text":"Beast (Beauty and the Beast) The Beast is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Animation Studios' 30th animated feature film \"Beauty and the Beast\" (1991). He also appears in the film's two direct-to-video followups \"\" and \"Belle's Magical World\". Based on the hero of the French fairy tale by Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont, the Beast was created by screenwriter Linda Woolverton and animated by Glen Keane. A pampered prince transformed into a hideous beast as punishment for his cold-hearted and selfish ways, the Beast must, in order to return to his former self, earn the love of a","title":"Beast (Beauty and the Beast)"},{"id":"18545310","text":"series \"Reward\" (Bulgarian: Отплата) at Nova TV. In 2014, he played the leading role in Nikolay Iliev's movie \"Living Legends\" (Bulgarian: Живи Легенди). In 2016, he synchronized the leading role of the dog Max, in new Disney movie called \"The Secret Life of Pets\" (Bulgarian: Тайният живот на домашните любимци), on cinemas in August 2016. In 2017 Orlin Pavlov is going to synchronize the leading role as the Beast in new Disney movie \"Beauty and the Beast\" (Bulgarian: Красавицата и Звяра), in cinemas from 17 March. Orlin Pavlov Orlin Orlinov Pavlov (born April 23, 1979) (Bulgarian Cyrillic: Орлин Орлинов Павлов)","title":"Orlin Pavlov"},{"id":"20084386","text":"did not feel it \"len[t] itself to the process\". A version of \"Evermore\" performed by Josh Groban was ultimately chosen as a single. Before the film's debut and the soundtrack's release, a series of nail polishes was released; a yellow nail polish was named after the song. \"Days in the Sun\" was released on March 10, 2017, as a track on the \"Beauty and the Beast\" soundtrack; it was made available as an audio CD and a digital download. It is performed by Adam Mitchell as the young Beast, Emma Watson as Belle, and Stanley Tucci, Ewan McGregor, Gugu Mbatha-Raw,","title":"Days in the Sun"},{"id":"2599773","text":"leading roles in Screen Gems horror-thriller film \"Patient Zero\", along with Matt Smith and Natalie Dormer. Tucci played the role of the composer Maestro Cadenza in the live-action remake of \"Beauty and the Beast\". Tucci played the husband of Dame Fiona Maye, a British High Court judge, opposite Emma Thompson in \"The Children Act\", based on the novel by Ian McEwan (2017). Tucci's first wife, Kathryn \"Kate\" Tucci (b. 1962), died of breast cancer in 2009. She was a social worker and former wife of actor and stage manager Alexander R. Scott, the elder son of actors Colleen Dewhurst and","title":"Stanley Tucci"},{"id":"18553343","text":"the new songs were \"not transporting\". He felt the film needed more life and depth, but praised Watson's performance as the \"one of the film's stronger elements\". Dana Schwartz of \"The New York Observer\" felt that some of the characters, such as Gaston and the Beast, had been watered down from the 1991 film, and that the additional backstory elements failed to \"advance the plot or theme in any meaningful way\" while adding considerable bloat. Schwartz considered the singing of the cast to be adequate but felt that their voices should have been dubbed over, especially for the complex songs.","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"12566281","text":"and Julia Roberts in \"\", which was based on Tracy Letts's Pulitzer Prize-winning . McGregor starred in the action comedy film \"Mortdecai\" (2015), alongside Johnny Depp and Paul Bettany. Robbie Collin of \"The Daily Telegraph\" felt the film was \"psychotically unfunny\". He made his directorial debut with \"American Pastoral\" (2016), in which he also starred. In 2017, he reprised his role as Mark Renton in \"T2 Trainspotting\". McGregor played Lumiere in the live action adaptation of Disney's \"Beauty and the Beast\", directed by Bill Condon with an ensemble cast featuring Emma Watson in a leading role alongside Dan Stevens, Luke","title":"Ewan McGregor"},{"id":"1208692","text":"Tucci, and Gugu Mbatha-Raw joined the cast, as Cogsworth, Lumière, Cadenza, and Plumette, respectively. Composer Alan Menken returned to score the film's music, with new material written by Menken and Tim Rice. In June 2015, Menken said the film would not include the songs that were written for the Broadway musical. Filming began on May 18, 2015 in London, and production officially wrapped in August 2015. The film was released on March 17, 2017. \"Beauty and the Beast\" merchandise cover a wide variety of products, among them storybook versions of the film's story, a comic book based on the film","title":"Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)"},{"id":"8316067","text":"the events that occurred between \"Kingdom Hearts\" and \"Kingdom Hearts II\", such as Belle and Beast attempting to resume their normal lives and Beast's first encounter with Xaldin. The Beast appears in the Broadway musical adaptation of Disney's \"Beauty and the Beast\", originally portrayed by Terrence Mann. Other actors who have taken on the role include Chuck Wagner (1997), James Barbour (1998), Jeff McCarthy (2004), and Steve Blanchard. The movie and others never made mention of his real name. A CD-ROM game said \"The Prince's name is Adam.\" In the 2011 ABC series \"Once Upon a Time\", the show's version","title":"Beast (Beauty and the Beast)"},{"id":"8316073","text":"the villagers. Beast (Beauty and the Beast) The Beast is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Animation Studios' 30th animated feature film \"Beauty and the Beast\" (1991). He also appears in the film's two direct-to-video followups \"\" and \"Belle's Magical World\". Based on the hero of the French fairy tale by Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont, the Beast was created by screenwriter Linda Woolverton and animated by Glen Keane. A pampered prince transformed into a hideous beast as punishment for his cold-hearted and selfish ways, the Beast must, in order to return to his former self, earn the love","title":"Beast (Beauty and the Beast)"},{"id":"18553304","text":"Golden Globe Awards. Disney released the final trailer on January 30, 2017. \"Beauty and the Beast\" was released on Blu-ray, DVD and Digital HD on June 6, 2017. The film debuted at No. 1 on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart, with all other titles in the top 20, collectively, selling only 40% as many units as \"Beauty and the Beast\". The movie regained the top spot on the national home video sales charts during its third week of release. The movie became available on Netflix on September 19, 2017. \"Beauty and the Beast\" grossed $504 million in the","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"3135248","text":"Robby Benson Robin David Segal (born January 21, 1956), known by the stage name Robby Benson, is an American actor, voice actor, musician, singer, director, producer and educator. He is known as the voice of Beast in the Disney animated film \"Beauty and the Beast\" and its numerous sequels and spin-offs, and directed several episodes of the sitcom \"Friends\". Benson was born in Dallas, Texas, the son of Freda Ann (\"née\" Benson), a singer, actor, and business promotions manager, and Jerry Segal, a writer. His family is Jewish. Benson was raised in New York City and took his mother's maiden","title":"Robby Benson"},{"id":"18553308","text":"of the $425 million gross ($760 million in 2017 dollars) of the original film. \"Deadline Hollywood\" calculated the net profit of the film to be $414.7 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues, making it the second-most profitable release of 2017. In the United States and Canada, \"Beauty and the Beast\" topped Fandango's pre-sales and became the fastest-selling family film in the company's history, topping the studio's own animated film \"Finding Dory\" released the previous year. Early tracking had the film grossing around $100 million in its opening weekend, with some publications predicting it could reach $130 million. By","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553302","text":"New York and Los Angeles for a one-week engagement starting December 1, 2017. The move was an awards push as awards season heats up. Disney spent around $140 million to market the film worldwide. Following an announcement on May 22, 2016, Disney premiered the first official teaser trailer on \"Good Morning America\" the next day. In its first 24 hours, the teaser trailer reached 91.8 million views, which was the largest number ever seen for a trailer in that amount of time. This record has since been broken by \"\", \"It\" and \"\". The first official teaser poster was released","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"1208691","text":"the Menken/Rice songs from the Broadway musical, with the intention of making the film as a \"straight-forward, live-action, large-budget movie musical\". In September 2014, it was announced that Stephen Chbosky (\"The Perks of Being a Wallflower\") would re-write the script. In January 2015, Emma Watson announced on her Facebook page that she would portray Belle in the new live action remake film. In March 2015, Dan Stevens, Luke Evans, Emma Thompson, Josh Gad, Audra McDonald, and Kevin Kline joined the film as the Beast, Gaston, Mrs. Potts, Lefou, Garderobe, and Maurice, respectively. The following month, Ian McKellen, Ewan McGregor, Stanley","title":"Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)"},{"id":"17897364","text":"in the live-action adaptation of \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017). Ian McKellen, roles and awards Ian McKellen (born 25 May 1939) is an English stage and screen actor. He is the recipient of six Laurence Olivier Awards, a Tony Award, a Golden Globe Award, two Academy Award nominations, four BAFTA nominations and five Emmy Award nominations. McKellen's work spans genres ranging from Shakespearean and modern theatre to popular fantasy and science fiction. His notable film roles include Gandalf in \"The Lord of the Rings\" and \"The Hobbit\" trilogies, Magneto in the \"X-Men\" films, Sir Leigh Teabing in \"The Da Vinci","title":"Ian McKellen, roles and awards"},{"id":"12566271","text":"Copperbottom in \"Robots\" (2005), Camerlengo Father Patrick McKenna in \"Angels and Demons\" (2009), \"the ghost\" in Roman Polanski's political thriller \"The Ghost Writer\" (2010), Dr. Alfred Jones in the romantic comedy-drama \"Salmon Fishing in the Yemen\" (2011), Lumière in a live-action adaptation of the musical romantic fantasy \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017), and the adult version of the titular character in the fantasy comedy-drama \"Christopher Robin\" (2018). In 2018, McGregor won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film for his performance as brothers in the third season of FX anthology series \"Fargo\", and received Golden","title":"Ewan McGregor"},{"id":"18553339","text":"also praised the film for its emotional and psychological tone as well Steven's motion capture performance. Tim Robey of \"The Daily Telegraph\" gave the film four stars out of five and wrote that \"It dazzles on this chocolate box of a picture that feels almost greedy yet to make this film work, down to a sugar-rush finale to grasp the nettle and make an out-an-out, bells-and-whistles musical\" while he praised the performances of Watson, McKellen, Thompson, McGregor, Evans and Gad. Mark Hughes of \"Forbes\" also similarly praised the film which he wrote that \"it could revive the story in a","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"11548195","text":"that we all can do this,\" she said. In 2017, Greenwood worked on Disney's live action version of \"Beauty and the Beast\", directed by Bill Condon and released in March, and the biopic \"Darkest Hour\", directed by Joe Wright; receiving Oscar nominations for both. Sarah Greenwood Sarah Greenwood is a British production designer. She has been nominated six times for an Academy Award – in 2006 for \"Pride & Prejudice\", in 2008 for \"Atonement\", in 2010 for \"Sherlock Holmes\", in 2013 for \"Anna Karenina\" and in 2018 for both \"Beauty and the Beast\", and \"Darkest Hour\". In 2013, she was","title":"Sarah Greenwood"},{"id":"3135254","text":"practices Transcendental Meditation. Robby Benson Robin David Segal (born January 21, 1956), known by the stage name Robby Benson, is an American actor, voice actor, musician, singer, director, producer and educator. He is known as the voice of Beast in the Disney animated film \"Beauty and the Beast\" and its numerous sequels and spin-offs, and directed several episodes of the sitcom \"Friends\". Benson was born in Dallas, Texas, the son of Freda Ann (\"née\" Benson), a singer, actor, and business promotions manager, and Jerry Segal, a writer. His family is Jewish. Benson was raised in New York City and took","title":"Robby Benson"},{"id":"18553340","text":"faithful but entirely new and unique way elevating the material beyond expectations, establishing itself as a cinematic equal to the original\" and also complimented the importance of undertaking a renowned yet problematic masterpiece as well addressing changes in the elements of the story while acknowledging the film's effectiveness in resonating to the audiences. Stephen Whitty of the \"New York Daily News\" called it \"this year's best new old musical\" and \"the most magical thing of all\" while describing Watson's performance of Belle as \"breakthrough\". Several critics regarded the film as inferior to its 1991 animated predecessor. David Sims of \"The","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553323","text":"million), Russia ($6 million), and Spain ($5.8 million). In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the film recorded the biggest opening ever for a PG-rated film, the biggest Disney live-action opening of all time, the biggest March opening weekend, the biggest opening for a musical (ahead of 2012's \"Les Misérables\"), the number one opening of 2017 to date and the fifth-biggest-ever overall with £19.7 million ($24.5 million) from 639 theatres and almost twice that of \"The Jungle Book\" (£9.9 million). This included the second-biggest Saturday ever (£7.9 million), only behind \"\". It witnessed a decline in its second weekend, earning £12.33","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"16247435","text":"Stuart Gillard, Steven A. Adelson, Morris Claiborne, Mairzee Almas, Bradley Walsh, Fred Gerber, Kevin Fair, Mike Rohl, Gary Fleder, Paul Fox, P.J. Pesce, Paul A. Kaufman, Scott Peters, Jeff Renfroe, Michael Robison, Lee Rose, Rick Rosenthal, Bobby Roth, Norma Bailey, Grant Harvey, Allan Kroeker, Rich Newey, and Sudz Sutherland. Casting announcements began in February 2012, when Kristin Kreuk was first cast in the lead role of Catherine Chandler. Austin Basis was then cast in the role of J.T. Forbes, Vincent's best friend. Nina Lisandrello and Nicole Gale Anderson were then added to the cast, with Lisandrello landing the role of","title":"Beauty & the Beast (2012 TV series)"},{"id":"6915919","text":"Beast\" also launched Dion's career and established her as a bankable recording artist. After \"Beauty and the Beast\" became the first Disney song to undergo a complete pop transformation, several contemporary artists were inspired to release their own radio-friendly renditions of Disney songs throughout the decade. Considered to be among Disney's best and most popular songs, \"Beauty and the Beast\" has since been covered by numerous artists. In 2004, the American Film Institute officially recognized \"Beauty and the Beast\" as one of the greatest songs in film history, ranking it 62nd. The song is also featured in the 2017 live-action","title":"Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)"},{"id":"8316037","text":"the arms and body of a bear, the eyebrows of a gorilla, the jaws, teeth, and mane of a lion, the tusks of a wild boar and the legs and tail of a wolf. He also bears resemblance to mythical monsters like the Minotaur or a werewolf. He also has blue eyes, the one physical feature that does not change whether he is a beast or a human. As opposed to his original counterpart, Disney gave him a more primal nature to his personality and mannerisms, which truly exploited his character as an untamed animal (i.e. alternating between walking and","title":"Beast (Beauty and the Beast)"},{"id":"18553305","text":"United States and Canada and $759.5 million in other countries for a worldwide gross of $1.263 billion. With a production budget of $254 million, it is the most expensive musical ever made. In just ten days, it became the highest-grossing live-action musical of all time, beating the nine-year-old record held by \"Mamma Mia!\". It is currently the second-biggest musical ever overall, behind Disney's \"Frozen\" (2013). Worldwide, the film proved to be a global phenomenon, earning a total of $357 million over its four-day opening weekend from 56 markets. Critics said the film was playing like superhero movies amongst women. It","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"9024855","text":"Mirror\", and played a major supporting role in \"Miss Sloane\", a drama about Washington lobbyists, starring Jessica Chastain. The film premiered at the AFI Film Festival in November. In 2017, Mbatha-Raw played Plumette in the live-action remake of \"Beauty and the Beast\". In 2018, Mbatha-Raw starred in a number of science fiction feature productions, including \"A Wrinkle in Time\", directed by Ava DuVernay, and \"The Cloverfield Paradox\". The latter film made history that year, with a marketing campaign that saw the film's release onto the streaming platform Netflix, directly after it was advertised worldwide at the 2018 Super Bowl. Mbatha-Raw","title":"Gugu Mbatha-Raw"},{"id":"18553341","text":"Atlantic\" wrote that the 2017 film \"feels particularly egregious, in part, because it's so slavishly devoted to the original; every time it falls short of its predecessor (which is quite often), it's hard not to notice\". Michael Phillips of the \"Chicago Tribune\" said that the 2017 film \"takes our knowledge and our interest in the material for granted. It zips from one number to another, throwing a ton of frenetically edited eye candy at the screen, charmlessly.\" Phillips wrote that the film featured some \"less conspicuously talented\" performers who are \"stuck doing karaoke, or motion-capture work of middling quality\", though","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"1478947","text":"Best Picture nomination: \"Mary Poppins\" (1964), \"Beauty and the Beast\" (1991), \"Up\" (2009), and \"Toy Story 3\" (2010). Walt Disney Pictures has produced four films that have grossed over $1 billion at the worldwide box office: \"\" (2006), \"Alice in Wonderland\" (2010), \"\" (2011), and \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017); and has released five animated films that have reached that milestone: \"Toy Story 3\" (2010), \"Frozen\" (2013), \"Zootopia\", \"Finding Dory\" (both 2016), and \"Incredibles 2\" (2018). —Includes theatrical reissue(s). Walt Disney Pictures Walt Disney Pictures, formally known as Buena Vista Pictures, is an American film studio and a subsidiary of","title":"Walt Disney Pictures"},{"id":"19023171","text":"intern. In 2014, Spiliotopoulos re-wrote the screenplay for the action-adventure fantasy film \"Hercules\", original written by Ryan J. Condal. Brett Ratner directed the film which released on July 25, 2014 by Paramount Pictures. Spiliotopoulos wrote the screenplay of action-adventure fantasy film \"\", along with Craig Mazin, and rewritten by Frank Darabont. Cedric Nicolas-Troyan directed the film, which was released on April 22, 2016 by Universal Pictures. Spiliotopoulos and Stephen Chbosky wrote Walt Disney Pictures' live action musical romantic fantasy film \"Beauty and the Beast\", which was directed by Bill Condon. The film was released on March 17, 2017. In the","title":"Evan Spiliotopoulos"},{"id":"18553330","text":"United Kingdom and Ireland, ahead of all but one \"Harry Potter\" film (\"Deathly Hallows – Part 2\") and all three \"The Lord of the Rings\" movies (which also starred Ian McKellen). It is currently the eighth-biggest grosser with £70.1 million ($90 million), overtaking \"Mamma Mia!\" to become the biggest musical production ever there. The biggest international earning markets following the UK are Japan ($108 million), China ($85.8 million), Brazil ($41.5 million), Korea ($37.5 million), and Australia ($35 million). In Europe alone, the cumulative total is $267 million, which led it to become the second-highest-grossing film in the past year (behind","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553288","text":"same year, Stephen Chbosky (who had previously directed Watson in \"The Perks of Being a Wallflower\") was hired to re-write the script. Before Condon was hired to direct the film, Disney approached him with a proposal to remake the film in a more radical way as Universal Studios had remade \"Snow White and the Huntsman\" (2012). Condon later explained that \"after \"Frozen\" opened, the studio saw that there was this big international audience for an old-school-musical approach. But initially, they said, 'We're interested in a musical to a degree, but only half full of songs.' My interest was taking that","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553334","text":"Watson and Stevens, and wrote: \"It looks good, moves gracefully and leaves a clean and invigorating aftertaste. I almost didn't recognize the flavor: I think the name for it is joy.\" Likewise, \"The Washington Post\"s Ann Hornaday complimented Watson's performance, describing it as \"alert and solemn\" while noting her singing ability as \"serviceable enough to get the job done\". Richard Roeper of \"Chicago Sun-Times\" awarded the film three and a half stars, lauded the performances of Watson and Thompson which he drew a comparison to Paige O'Hara's and Angela Lansbury's performances in the 1991 animated version while appreciating the performances","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18896500","text":"film's budget since he felt high-quality musicals could not be made cheaply. Initially, Miles Teller and Emma Watson were slated to star in the leads. Watson dropped out because of a commitment to the 2017 musical adaptation of \"Beauty and the Beast\", while Teller departed via long contract negotiations. Conversely, Gosling turned down a role as the Beast in \"Beauty and the Beast\" in favor of \"La La Land\". Chazelle decided to make his characters somewhat older, with experience in struggling to make their dreams, rather than younger newcomers just arriving in Los Angeles. Emma Stone plays Mia, a struggling","title":"La La Land (film)"},{"id":"18553332","text":"Beast\" offers a faithful yet fresh retelling that honors its beloved source material.\" On Metacritic, the film has a score of 65 out of 100, based on 47 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". In CinemaScore polls, audiences gave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale. Leslie Felperin of \"The Hollywood Reporter\" wrote: \"It's a Michelin-triple-starred master class in patisserie skills that transforms the cinematic equivalent of a sugar rush into a kind of crystal-meth-like narcotic high that lasts about two hours.\" Felperin also praised the performances of Watson and Kline as well the special","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553310","text":"screenings which began at 6 pm, while the rest—59%—came from regular 2D shows which began at 7 pm. The numbers were considered more impressive given that the film played during a school week. On its opening day, the film made $63.8 million from 4,210 theaters across 9,200 screens, marking the third biggest in the month of March, trailing behind \"Batman v Superman\" ($81.5 million) and \"The Hunger Games\" ($67 million). It was also the biggest opening day ever for a film that wasn't PG-13, displacing the $58 million opening Wednesday of \"Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\". Its opening day","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"20086070","text":"Nathan Mack Nathan Mack (born 15 April 2007) is a British child actor who is known for portraying Tyler in 2014's \"Babylon\" and Chip Potts in the 2017 live-action adaptation of \"Beauty and the Beast\". He attends Stagecoach Performing Arts School for children, which also helped him land the role. Nathan Mack was born on April 15, 2007 in England. He attends Stagecoach Performing Arts School for children where he has been a student since he was seven. For the role of Chip his teachers put him forward for the audition. Nathan states that although it was nerve-wracking, it was","title":"Nathan Mack"},{"id":"18553337","text":"Menken and Tim Rice, particularly \"Evermore\" which he described the new song with a potential for an Academy Award for Best Original Song. Peter Travers of \"Rolling Stone\" rated the film three out of four stars which he deemed it as an \"exhilarating gift\" while he remarked that \"\"Beauty and the Beast\" does justice to Disney's animated classic, even if some of the magic is M.I.A (Missing in Action)\". Stephanie Zacharek of \"Time\" magazine gave a positive review with a description as \"Wild, Vivid and Crazy-Beautiful\" as she wrote \"Nearly everything about \"Beauty and the Beast\" is larger than life,","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"20010995","text":"in category Original Song - Sci-Fi, Fantasy, Horror Film. It was also nominated in the Original Song — Animated Film category. How Does a Moment Last Forever \"How Does a Moment Last Forever\" is a song written by lyricist Tim Rice and composer Alan Menken for the Disney live action film \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017), a remake of the animated musical of the same name. This Broadway-inspired ballad is performed in the movie by American actor Kevin Kline in his role as Maurice. It describes the relationship between his character and that of his wife, Belle's deceased mother. Later","title":"How Does a Moment Last Forever"},{"id":"7125788","text":"\"The Guest\", winning critical acclaim for his portrayal of a recently discharged army veteran who goes on a killing spree to protect his true identity. He earned a Saturn Award for Best Actor nomination for his performance. Also in 2014, he appeared in the magic realism comedy-drama film \"The Cobbler\", and in the dark action film \"A Walk Among the Tombstones\". He played a simulacrum of Sir Lancelot in the 2014 comedy film \"\". Stevens played the Beast, opposite Emma Watson as Belle, in Disney's live action remake adaptation of \"Beauty and the Beast\". The film was released in March","title":"Dan Stevens"},{"id":"10558127","text":"in Lars Von Trier's controversial \"Manderlay\". He appeared in the 2017 live-action remake of Beauty and the Beast as Cuisinier – the castle's head chef who has been transformed into a stove. While a student at the Guildhall School, played Wally Watkins in a production of \"Lady Be Good\", which caused the Opera critic to note \"one of two potential stars in the cast\" who \"sang the title song most winningly and rattled off the acres of daffy dialogue with the aplomb and timing of a Durante\". In 1992, Rowe was nominated for an Olivier Award for his performance as","title":"Clive Rowe"},{"id":"16247433","text":"on June 2, 2016, before concluding on September 15, 2016. Sherri Cooper-Landsman, Jennifer Levin, Ron Koslow, Gary Fleder, Paul Junger Witt, Frank Siracusa, Tony Thomas, John Weber, Bill Haber, C. Anthony Thomas and current showruner Brad Kern have served as executive producers. Roger Grant, Kevin Lafferty, Thom J. Pretak, Mairzee Almas and Michael J. Maschio serve as producers. Other producers on the show include Stuart Gillard, John A. Norris, Holly Henderson, Don Whitehead, Courtney Kemp Agboh, and Eric Tuchman as co-executive producers; Bill Goddard, Blair Singer, and Melissa Glenn as co-producers; Sean Sforza, Julie Lawrence, Kyle MacDonald, and Larry Goldstein","title":"Beauty & the Beast (2012 TV series)"},{"id":"18553313","text":"biggest outside of summer, save for \"\", not accounting for inflation. It became the forty-third film to debut with over $100 million and the fifteenth film to open above $150 million. Its three-day opening alone surpassed the entire original North American run of the first film ($146 million; before the 3D re-release), instantly becoming the second-biggest film of the year, behind \"Logan\" ($184 million), and also the second-highest-grossing musical, behind \"Grease\"'s $188 million cumulative gross in 1978. Seventy percent of the total ticket sales came from 2D showings signifying that people who don't go to theaters frequently came out in","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553296","text":"the best Broadway musical of 1991. The animated version was already darker and more modern than the previous Disney fairytales. Take that vision, put it into a new medium, make it a radical reinvention, something not just for the stage because it's not just being literal, now other elements come into play. It's not just having real actors do it\". Condon initially prepared on only drawing inspiration from the original film, but he also planned to include most of the songs composed by Alan Menken, Howard Ashman and Tim Rice from the Broadway musical, with the intention of making the","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553280","text":"the rose and warns the prince that the curse will only be broken if he learns to love another, and earn their love in return, before the last petal falls. Some years later, at Villeneuve, Belle, the book-loving daughter of a music box maker and artist, Maurice, dreams of adventure and brushes off advances from Gaston, an arrogant former soldier. On his way to a convention and lost in the forest, Maurice seeks refuge in the Beast's castle warming himself near the fire then being scared away by Chip after having some food, but the Beast imprisons him for stealing","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"11174675","text":"he easily overpowers Gaston and intends to kill him. However, when Gaston begs for his life, the Beast decides to be the better man and have mercy, and climbs back up to Belle. Ungrateful and unrepentant, Gaston stabs the Beast in the back when he sees him embracing Belle, but loses his balance when the Beast swings his arm backwards at him; consequently, Gaston falls to his death. Gaston appears in the 2017 remake as played by Welsh actor Luke Evans. During an interview with \"Empire\" magazine, Evans said that Gaston would retain his hunter background, yet would also be","title":"Gaston (Beauty and the Beast)"},{"id":"18553320","text":"film began playing on Thursday, March 16, 2017. Through Sunday, March 19, it had a total international opening of $182.3 million from 55 markets, 44 of which were major territories, far exceeding initial estimations of $100 million and opened at No. 1 in virtually all markets except Vietnam, Turkey, and India. Its launch is the second-biggest for the month of March, behind \"Batman v Superman\" ($256.5 million). In IMAX, it recorded the biggest debut for a PG-rated title (although it carried varying certificate amongst different markets) with $8.5 million from 649 screens, the second-biggest for a PG title behind \"The","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553342","text":"he praised Kline's performance as the \"best, sweetest thing in the movie; he brings a sense of calm, droll authority\". Peter Bradshaw of \"The Guardian\" praised Watson's performance and wrote that the film was \"lit in that fascinatingly artificial honey-glow light, and it runs smoothly on rails—the kind of rails that bring in and out the stage sets for the lucrative Broadway touring version.\" In the same newspaper, Wendy Ide criticized the film as \"ornate to the point of desperation\" in its attempt to emulate the animated film. Chris Nashawaty of \"Entertainment Weekly\" gave the film a B-, writing that","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"7239603","text":"star Ariel Winter. In the 2014 film \"Maleficent\", Aurora is played by Elle Fanning. Lily James portrays Cinderella in the 2015 film of the same name. Emma Watson is seen as Belle in the 2017 film \"Beauty and the Beast\". Naomi Scott is set to star as Jasmine in the 2019 film \"Aladdin\". Liu Yifei will appear as Mulan in the 2020 film of the same name. The Princesses, along with Anna, Elsa and Moana, all make guest appearances in the 2018 film \"Ralph Breaks the Internet\". This film marks the first direct interaction between the characters in an animated","title":"Disney Princess"},{"id":"4687394","text":"guest vocals on Kelly Clarkson's song \"Run Run Run\" for her album \"Piece by Piece\". He also co-wrote and provided vocals for French DJ David Guetta's song \"Listen,\" as part of the album \"Listen\". Legend released his new album \"Darkness and Light\", with first single \"Love Me Now,\" on December 2, 2016 with songs featuring Chance the Rapper and Miguel. For the 2017 film \"Beauty and the Beast\", Legend and Ariana Grande performed a duet on the title track, a remake of the 1991 original version sung by Celine Dion and Peabo Bryson. On December 19, 2017, NBC announced that","title":"John Legend"},{"id":"18553295","text":"were mistakenly featured in the original theatrical release's credits, but was later corrected in home releases. When released in 1991, \"Beauty and the Beast\", marked a turning point for Walt Disney Pictures by appealing to millions of fans with its Oscar-winning musical score by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken. In Bill Condon's opinion, that original score was the key reason he agreed to direct a live-action version of the movie. \"That score had more to reveal\", he says, \"You look at the songs and there's not a clunker in the group. In fact, Frank Rich described it as","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"18553291\",\n \"text\": \"were revealed to be in talks to play Gaston and the Beast respectively, and Watson confirmed their casting the following day through tweets. The rest of the principal cast, including Josh Gad, Emma Thompson, Kevin Kline, Audra McDonald, Ian McKellen, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Ewan McGregor and Stanley Tucci were announced between March and April to play LeFou, Mrs. Potts, Maurice, Madame de Garderobe, Cogsworth, Plumette, Lumière and Cadenza, respectively. Susan Egan, who originated the role of Belle on Broadway, commented on the casting of Watson as \\\"perfect\\\". Paige O'Hara, who voiced Belle in the original animated film and its sequels, offered\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553276\",\n \"text\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film) Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill Condon from a screenplay written by Stephen Chbosky and Evan Spiliotopoulos, and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films. The film is a live-action reimagining of Disney's 1991 animated film of the same name, itself an adaptation of Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont's 18th-century fairy tale. The film features an ensemble cast that includes Emma Watson and Dan Stevens as the eponymous characters with Luke Evans, Kevin Kline, Josh Gad, Ewan McGregor, Stanley Tucci, Audra McDonald, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Ian\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20071633\",\n \"text\": \"Evermore (Beauty and the Beast song) \\\"Evermore\\\" is a song written by composer Alan Menken and lyricist Tim Rice for the musical fantasy film \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (2017), a live-action remake of Disney's 1991 animated film of the same name. Originally recorded for the film by English actor Dan Stevens, who performs the song in his starring role as the titular Beast, \\\"Evermore\\\" was first released as a single by American singer Josh Groban on March 3, 2017. Stevens' version became available on March 10, 2017 when the film's soundtrack was released online, while Groban's cover is played during\",\n \"title\": \"Evermore (Beauty and the Beast song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8316034\",\n \"text\": \"beautiful young woman named Belle who he imprisons in his castle. All this must be done before the last petal falls from the enchanted rose on his twenty-first birthday. In all animated film appearances, the Beast is voiced by American actor Robby Benson. The 1991 animated film was adapted into a Broadway musical in 1994, with the role being originated by American actor Terrence Mann. Dan Stevens portrays the character in a 2017 live-action adaptation of the original 1991 film. Determining a suitable appearance for the Beast proved challenging. Although entirely fictional, supervising animator Glen Keane felt it essential for\",\n \"title\": \"Beast (Beauty and the Beast)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553277\",\n \"text\": \"McKellen, and Emma Thompson in supporting roles. Principal photography began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey, England on May 18, 2015, and ended on August 21. With an estimated budget of around $255 million, it is one of the most expensive films ever made. \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" premiered at Spencer House in London on February 23, 2017, and was released in the United States in standard, Disney Digital 3-D, RealD 3D, IMAX and IMAX 3D formats, along with Dolby Cinema on March 17, 2017. The film received generally favorable reviews, with many praising the performances and its faithfulness to the\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8316069\",\n \"text\": \"Beast in a live-action adaptation of the film, which was released on March 17, 2017. The Beast was portrayed with a “more traditional motion capture puppeteering for the body and the physical orientation\\\", where Stevens was \\\"in a forty-pound gray suit on stilts for much of the film\\\". The facial capture for the Beast was done separately order to \\\"communicate the subtleties of the human face\\\" and \\\"[capture the] thought that occurs to him\\\" which gets \\\"through [to] the eyes, which are the last human element in the Beast.” The live-action portrayal closely follows the animated version, but with some\",\n \"title\": \"Beast (Beauty and the Beast)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553301\",\n \"text\": \"in 3D on March 17, 2017. The first official presentation of the film took place at Disney's three-day D23 Expo in August 2015. The world premiere of \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" took place at Spencer House in London, England on February 23, 2017; and the film later premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood, California, on March 2, 2017. The stream was broadcast onto YouTube. A sing along version of the film released in over 1,200 US theaters nationwide on April 7, 2017. The United Kingdom received the same version on April 21, 2017. The film was re-released in\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19955601\",\n \"text\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack) Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the 2017 film \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\". The album, largely based on material from Disney's 1991 animated version, features songs and instrumental score composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Howard Ashman and three new songs composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Tim Rice. The soundtrack album was released by Walt Disney Records on March 10, 2017. The songs feature vocal performances by the film's ensemble cast including Emma Watson, Dan Stevens, Luke Evans, Kevin Kline, Josh Gad, Ewan McGregor,\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20084381\",\n \"text\": \"Days in the Sun \\\"Days in the Sun\\\" is a song written by composer Alan Menken and lyricist Tim Rice for the musical fantasy film \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (2017), a live-action adaptation of Disney's 1991 animated film of the same name. Rice and Menken developed the concept in 2007 during the first discussions about a remake. Performed by Adam Mitchell, Stanley Tucci, Ewan McGregor, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Ian McKellen, Emma Thompson, Emma Watson, Audra McDonald, and Clive Rowe, \\\"Days in the Sun\\\" is one of four songs added to the 2017 film. It was released on March 10, 2017, as\",\n \"title\": \"Days in the Sun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553294\",\n \"text\": \"due to confusion among test audiences caused by actress Harriet Jones, who looked similar to Hattie Morahan, who portrayed Agathe. In the original version of the scene, it was Jones's character, the Prince's mother, who sings the first verse of the song, with Rudi Goodman playing the young Prince and Henry Garrett playing his father; but in the reshot version of the scene, the singing part is given to the Prince (now played by Adam Mitchell). The King was also recast to Tom Turner, although Harriet Jones was still the Queen, albeit with dark hair. Both Goodman and Garrett's names\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17628851\",\n \"text\": \"of Friendship\\\" is a live-action/animated direct-to-video installment of the film series. It was directed by Jimbo Mitchell, and released on August 17, 1999. It is set during the original film, and was released in part to help promote Disney Channel's television series, Sing Me a Story with Belle. On March 17, 2017, Disney released a live-action adaptation of the film, which was directed by Bill Condon. The movie stars Emma Watson as Belle, Dan Stevens as the Beast, Luke Evans as Gaston, Ewan McGregor as Lumière, Ian McKellen as Cogsworth, Emma Thompson as Mrs. Potts, Kevin Kline as Maurice, and\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (franchise)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553292\",\n \"text\": \"to help Watson with her singing lessons. According to \\\"The Hollywood Reporter\\\", Emma Watson was reportedly paid $3 million upfront, together with an agreement that her final take-home pay could rise as high as $15 million if the film generated gross box office income similar to \\\"Maleficent\\\"'s $759 million worldwide gross. Principal photography on the film began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey, England, on May 18, 2015. Filming with the principal actors concluded on August 21. Six days later, co-producer Jack Morrissey confirmed that the film had officially wrapped production. The Beast was portrayed with a \\\"more traditional motion capture\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553319\",\n \"text\": \"28, the film had earned over $500 million in ticket sales becoming the first film of 2017 (until it was later surpassed by \\\"The Last Jedi\\\"), the third female-fueled film (after \\\"The Force Awakens\\\" and \\\"Rogue One: A Star Wars Story\\\" followed by \\\"Wonder Woman\\\" and \\\"The Last Jedi\\\") and the eighth overall film in cinematic history to pass the mark. It has already become the biggest March release, dethroning \\\"The Hunger Games\\\" (2012), the biggest musical film (both animated and live-action), as well as the biggest film of 2017 (alongside \\\"The Last Jedi\\\"). Outside the US and Canada, the\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553278\",\n \"text\": \"original animated film, as well as elements from the Broadway musical, visual style, production values, and score, though it received criticism for some of the character designs and its excessive similarity to the original. The film grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide, becoming the highest-grossing live-action musical film, and making it the second-highest-grossing film of 2017, the tenth-highest-ever-grossing film in North America and the 14th-highest-grossing film of all time. The film received four nominations at the 23rd Critics' Choice Awards and two nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards. It also received Academy Award nominations for Best Production Design and\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1320544\",\n \"text\": \"She also appeared in an episode of \\\"The Vicar of Dibley\\\", in which she played Reverend Iris. In February 2016, Watson announced she was taking a year-long break from acting. She planned to spend the time on her \\\"personal development\\\" and her women's rights work. Watson played Belle in the 2017 live action Disney adaptation of \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" directed by Bill Condon, and starring opposite Dan Stevens as the Beast. The film earned over $1.2 billion at the box office and emerged as the second highest-grossing film of 2017, behind only \\\"\\\", and the 14th highest-grossing film of\",\n \"title\": \"Emma Watson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4755008\",\n \"text\": \"Choice Award for Best Dramatic Movie. Chbosky re-wrote Evan Spiliotopoulos's original script for the 2017 live action reboot of Disney's \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", directed by Bill Condon and starring Emma Watson as Belle. Chbosky and Watson developed a close relationship during the production of \\\"The Perks of Being a Wallflower.\\\" The adaptation was faithful to the original 1991 animated film \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", with all the original musical numbers included. The film was released on March 17, 2017. Chbosky directed the 2017 film \\\"Wonder\\\", co-written by Chbosky, Jack Thorne, and Steve Conrad and based on the 2012 novel\",\n \"title\": \"Stephen Chbosky\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8316068\",\n \"text\": \"of \\\"the Beast\\\" is actually another fairy tale character, Rumplestiltskin (played by Robert Carlyle), who gains possession of Belle as part of a deal to save Belle's kingdom from losing a war. Indian actor Vikram portrayed Beast for sequences in a dreamy song \\\"Ennodu Nee Irundhal\\\" in the 2015 Tamil language film \\\"\\\"I\\\"\\\" opposite Amy Jackson who portrayed Belle. The original prosthetic make-up for the characters were provided by Sean Foot (Shaun) and Davina Lamont and additional works were done by National Film Award winners—Christien Tinsley and Dominie Till. In March 2015, English actor Dan Stevens was cast as the\",\n \"title\": \"Beast (Beauty and the Beast)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553286\",\n \"text\": \"to the Beast, Agathe reveals herself as the enchantress and undoes the curse, repairing the crumbling castle, and reviving the Beast then turning him and his servants' human making the villagers' remember their loved ones. The Prince and Belle host a ball for the villagers, where they dance happily. In the initial theatrical release, Mitchell was miscredited as Rudi Goodman in the cast, but listed under his real name in the soundtrack credits Stephen Merchant also appeared in the film as Monsieur Toilette, a servant who was turned into a toilet. This character was cut from the film, but is\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18571033\",\n \"text\": \"the feature dancer in the music video for \\\"Wide Open\\\" by The Chemical Brothers and Beck. In August 2016, she appeared in the music video for Frank Ocean's song \\\"Nikes\\\". In 2016 Mizuno was in \\\"La La Land\\\", playing the role of Caitlin, one of the three roommates of Mia, played by Emma Stone. In 2017, Mizuno appeared in a small role as the debutante in Disney's live-action adaptation of \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", and in 2018, she acted in the Warner Bros. film \\\"Crazy Rich Asians\\\", opposite Constance Wu and Michelle Yeoh. Sonoya Mizuno Sonoya Mizuno (born 1 July\",\n \"title\": \"Sonoya Mizuno\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12330932\",\n \"text\": \"Jeremy Irons. In January 2015, Evans officially exited \\\"The Crow\\\" to pursue other projects. The same year, he was named one of \\\"GQ\\\"s 50 best dressed British men. In 2016, Evans appeared in the thriller film \\\"The Girl on the Train\\\", co-starring Emily Blunt. In 2017, he had the villainous role of Gaston in Disney's live action remake, \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", which co-stars Emma Watson; and also played the lead role, William Moulton Marston, the creator of Wonder Woman, in the film \\\"Professor Marston and the Wonder Women\\\". In 2018, Evans stars in TNT drama \\\"The Alienist\\\", as newspaper\",\n \"title\": \"Luke Evans (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553307\",\n \"text\": \"shot of passing $1 billion worldwide from theatrical earnings. On April 12, it passed the $1 billion threshold, becoming the first film of 2017, the fourteenth Disney film, and the twenty-ninth film overall to pass the mark. It became the first film since \\\"Rogue One\\\" (also a Disney property) in December 2016 to make over a billion dollars, and did so on its 29th day of release. It is currently the second-highest-grossing film of 2017 (behind \\\"\\\"), the highest-grossing March release, the highest-grossing remake of all time, and the sixth-biggest Disney film. Even after inflation adjusted, it is still ahead\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12330926\",\n \"text\": \"Peter Jackson's three-part adaptation of J. R. R. Tolkien's \\\"The Hobbit\\\". Evans also portrayed the vampire Dracula in the character's film origin story, \\\"Dracula Untold\\\". In 2017, Evans starred as Gaston in Disney's live action adaptation of \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", and portrayed American psychologist William Moulton Marston, creator of fictional character Wonder Woman, in the biographical drama \\\"Professor Marston and the Wonder Women\\\". Evans was born on Easter Sunday, 15 April 1979, in Pontypool, and brought up in Aberbargoed, a small town in the Rhymney Valley, Wales, the only child of Yvonne and David Evans. He was raised as\",\n \"title\": \"Luke Evans (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20084394\",\n \"text\": \"as \\\"uninspired and hard to recall after the fact\\\". Days in the Sun \\\"Days in the Sun\\\" is a song written by composer Alan Menken and lyricist Tim Rice for the musical fantasy film \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (2017), a live-action adaptation of Disney's 1991 animated film of the same name. Rice and Menken developed the concept in 2007 during the first discussions about a remake. Performed by Adam Mitchell, Stanley Tucci, Ewan McGregor, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Ian McKellen, Emma Thompson, Emma Watson, Audra McDonald, and Clive Rowe, \\\"Days in the Sun\\\" is one of four songs added to the 2017\",\n \"title\": \"Days in the Sun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7125781\",\n \"text\": \"Dan Stevens Daniel Jonathan Stevens (born 10 October 1982) is an English actor. He first drew international attention for his role as Matthew Crawley in the ITV acclaimed period drama series \\\"Downton Abbey\\\" (2010–12). He also starred as David in the thriller film \\\"The Guest\\\" (2014), Sir Lancelot in the adventure film \\\"\\\" (2014), The Beast/Prince in Disney's live action adaptation of \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (2017), Lorin Willis in the biographical legal drama \\\"Marshall\\\" (2017), and Charles Dickens in the biographical drama \\\"The Man Who Invented Christmas\\\" (2017). Since 2017, he has starred as David Haller in the FX\",\n \"title\": \"Dan Stevens\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553333\",\n \"text\": \"effects, costume designs and the sets, while commending the inclusion of Gad's character of LeFou as the first LGBT character in Disney. Owen Gleiberman of \\\"Variety\\\", in his positive review of the film, wrote: \\\"It's a lovingly crafted movie, and in many ways a good one, but before that it's an enraptured piece of old-is-new nostalgia.\\\" Gleiberman compared Steven's character of the Beast to a royal version of the titular character in \\\"The Elephant Man\\\" and the 1946 version of the Beast in Jean Cocteau's original adaptation. A. O. Scott of \\\"The New York Times\\\" praised the performances of both\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553290\",\n \"text\": \"we just couldn't get it to click and it was Alan Horn who championed the idea of owning the Disney of it all. We realized there was a competitive advantage in the songs. What is wrong with making adults feel like kids again?\\\" In January 2015, Emma Watson announced that she would be starring as Belle, the female lead. She was the first choice of Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn, as he had previously overseen Warner Bros. which released the eight \\\"Harry Potter\\\" films that co-starred Watson as Hermione Granger. Two months later, Luke Evans and Dan Stevens\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19955602\",\n \"text\": \"Stanley Tucci, Audra McDonald, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Nathan Mack, Ian McKellen, and Emma Thompson. The album debuted at No. 3 on the Billboard 200 chart with 57,000 units, 48,000 of which are traditional album sales. It has sold 337,000 copies in the United States as of July 2017. Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack) Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the 2017 film \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\". The album, largely based on material from Disney's 1991 animated version, features songs and instrumental score composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Howard Ashman and three\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20071673\",\n \"text\": \"ounces of shame.\\\" 34th Street Magazine contributor Haley Weiss preferred Groban's version to Stevens' original, calling it \\\"breathtaking and downright lovely to listen to\\\" while dismissing the film version as \\\"downright mediocre in comparison.\\\" Weiss questioned why Disney hadn't cast Groban as the Beast instead of Stevens due to the former's acting and musical theatre background. Evermore (Beauty and the Beast song) \\\"Evermore\\\" is a song written by composer Alan Menken and lyricist Tim Rice for the musical fantasy film \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (2017), a live-action remake of Disney's 1991 animated film of the same name. Originally recorded for\",\n \"title\": \"Evermore (Beauty and the Beast song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553297\",\n \"text\": \"film as a \\\"straight-forward, live-action, large-budget movie musical\\\". Menken returned to score the film's music, which features songs from the original film by him and Howard Ashman, plus new material written by Menken and Tim Rice. Menken said the film would not include songs that were written for the Broadway musical and instead, created four new songs. However, an instrumental version of the song \\\"Home\\\", which was written for the musical, is used during the scene where Belle first enters her room in the castle. On January 19, 2017, it was confirmed by both Disney and Céline Dion—singer of the\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553279\",\n \"text\": \"Best Costume Design at the 90th Academy Awards. A beautiful enchantress disguised as an old beggar woman arrives at a French castle during a ball and offers the host, a cruel and selfish prince, a rose in return for shelter from a storm. When he refuses, she reveals her identity. To punish the prince for his lack of compassion, the enchantress transforms him into a beast and his servants into household objects, then erases the castle, the prince and his servants from the memories of their loved ones (in the small town of Villeneuve nearby). She casts a spell on\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553336\",\n \"text\": \"satisfied.\\\" In her A- review, Nancy Churnin of \\\"The Dallas Morning News\\\" praised the film's emotional and thematic depth, remarking: \\\"There's an emotional authenticity in director Bill Condon's live-action Beauty and the Beast film that helps you rediscover Disney's beloved 1991 animated film and 1994 stage show in fresh, stirring ways.\\\" James Berardinelli of ReelViews described the 2017 version as \\\"enthralling\\\". Brian Truitt of \\\"USA Today\\\" commended the performances of Evans, Gad, McGregor and Thompson alongside Condon's affinity with musicals, the production design, visual effects featured in some of the song numbers including new songs made by the composers Alan\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553331\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Rogue One: A Star Wars Story\\\"). \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" received generally positive reviews, with praise for its ensemble cast, visuals, production values, musical score, songs, and faithfulness to the original film with a few elements of the Broadway musical version, while the designs of the Beast and the servants' household object forms received mixed reviews. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 71% based on 336 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \\\"With an enchanting cast, beautifully crafted songs, and a painterly eye for detail, \\\"Beauty and the\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7426417\",\n \"text\": \"heroes in film ranking. The character also appears in the film's several sequels and spin-offs, as well as her own live-action television series. American actress Susan Egan originated the role of Belle in the Broadway musical adaptation of the film, for which she was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical. Emma Watson plays a live-action version of the character in a 2017 live action adaptation of the original 1991 film. After the success of Walt Disney Productions' first feature-length animated film \\\"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\\\" (1937), filmmaker Walt Disney himself made several attempts\",\n \"title\": \"Belle (Beauty and the Beast)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6915977\",\n \"text\": \"and Bryson duetted at the JT Super Producers 94 tribute concert to David Foster, and as part of Dion's 1994-95 The Colour of My Love Tour, though they have also often sung with different duet partners. Dion has sung with Tommy Körberg, Brian McKnight, Terry Bradford, Maurice Davis, Barnev Valsaint, and René Froger among others; Peabo has sung with Coko and Regine Velasquez. Ariana Grande and John Legend covered \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" for the 2017 live-action adaption of the same name. The accompanying music video, directed by Dave Meyers premiered on Freeform on March 5, 2017. In March 2017,\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9446008\",\n \"text\": \"Hattie Morahan Harriet Jane ″Hattie″ Morahan (born 7 October 1978) is an English television, film, and stage actress. Her roles include Alice in \\\"The Bletchley Circle\\\", Gale Benson in \\\"The Bank Job\\\" (2008), Ann in \\\"Mr. Holmes\\\" (2015), Rose Coyne in \\\"My Mother and Other Strangers\\\" (2016), and Agathe/The Enchantress in \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (2017). Morahan was born at Lambeth, London, England. She is the younger daughter of television and film director Christopher Morahan and actress Anna Carteret. Her older sister Rebecca is a theatre director, and her half-brother Andy is a music video and film director. As a\",\n \"title\": \"Hattie Morahan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553287\",\n \"text\": \"featured in the deleted scenes. Previously, Disney had begun work on a film adaptation of the 1994 Broadway musical. However, in a 2011 interview, composer Alan Menken stated the planned film version of the \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" stage musical \\\"was canned\\\". By April 2014, Walt Disney Pictures had already begun developing a new live-action version of \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" after making other live-action fantasy films such as \\\"Alice in Wonderland\\\", \\\"Maleficent\\\", \\\"Cinderella\\\" and \\\"The Jungle Book\\\". In June 2014, Bill Condon was signed to direct the film from a script by Evan Spiliotopoulos. Later in September of that\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553299\",\n \"text\": \"couldn't say yes right away, because I felt like I was kind of cheating in a way\\\". She eventually felt compelled to record the song because of the impact \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" has had on her career. According to Dion, \\\"I was at the beginning of my career, it put me on the map, it put me where I am today\\\". Also, Josh Groban was announced to be performing the new original song \\\"Evermore\\\" on January 26, 2017. The 2017 film features a remake of the 1991 original song recorded as a duet by Ariana Grande and John Legend.\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"201239\",\n \"text\": \"appeared as Norman to Anthony Hopkins' Sir in a BBC Two production of Ronald Harwood's \\\"The Dresser\\\", alongside Edward Fox and Emily Watson. In 2017, McKellen voiced Cogsworth, the Beast's loyal majordomo, who was turned into a pendulum clock, in a live-action adaptation of Disney's \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\". McKellen and his first partner, Brian Taylor, a history teacher from Bolton, began their relationship in 1964. Their relationship lasted for eight years, ending in 1972. They lived in London, where McKellen continued to pursue his career as an actor. For over a decade, he has lived in a five-storey Victorian\",\n \"title\": \"Ian McKellen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7426460\",\n \"text\": \"for the characters were provided by Sean Foot (Shaun) and Davina Lamont and additional works were done by National Film Award winners—Christien Tinsley and Dominie Till. In January 2015, Emma Watson announced that she would be portraying Belle in a live-action version of the film, which was released in 2017. \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" was the first of the Disney remakes in which an A-list actress portrays a Disney princess. As a feminist and model, Watson suggested several changes to the character in the live-action film. For costume design Watson rejected the traditional \\\"big princess dress\\\" and corset for the\",\n \"title\": \"Belle (Beauty and the Beast)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4410972\",\n \"text\": \"the box office and closed after just seven weeks. In 2015, Condon directed \\\"Mr. Holmes\\\" starring Ian McKellen. Condon noted its similarity to \\\"Gods and Monsters\\\", not only because of its lead actor but because \\\"Both movies are about aging and mortality. You have a celebrated man facing the decline of his public image.\\\" Condon directed the 2017 live action film adaptation of the animated 1991 film \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\". A few weeks before the film's scheduled release on March 17, 2017, Condon announced that one character, LeFou, has \\\"a nice, exclusively gay moment\\\", which resulted in an \\\"internet\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Condon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7125792\",\n \"text\": \"Eden (born 2016), and a son, Aubrey (born 2012). Actress Rebecca Hall is godmother to his daughter Willow. Stevens endorsed Senator Bernie Sanders for President in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Dan Stevens Daniel Jonathan Stevens (born 10 October 1982) is an English actor. He first drew international attention for his role as Matthew Crawley in the ITV acclaimed period drama series \\\"Downton Abbey\\\" (2010–12). He also starred as David in the thriller film \\\"The Guest\\\" (2014), Sir Lancelot in the adventure film \\\"\\\" (2014), The Beast/Prince in Disney's live action adaptation of \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (2017), Lorin Willis\",\n \"title\": \"Dan Stevens\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553309\",\n \"text\": \"the time the film's release was 10 days away, analysts raised projections to as high as $150 million. It earned $16.3 million from Thursday previews night, marking the biggest of 2017 (breaking \\\"Logan\\\"'s record), the biggest ever for a Disney live-action film (breaking \\\"Maleficent\\\"'s record), the second-biggest ever for both a G- or PG-rated film (behind the sixth \\\"Harry Potter\\\" film \\\"Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\\\" which also starred Watson), and the third-biggest ever in the month of March (behind \\\"\\\" and \\\"The Hunger Games\\\"). An estimated 41% of the gross came from IMAX, 3D and premium large format\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4159114\",\n \"text\": \"at Emerson's Bar and Grill\\\" for HBO in which McDonald portrayed jazz legend Billie Holiday. She won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Class Program in 2015 for her work hosting the program \\\"Live from Lincoln Center\\\". On film she is best known for her portrayals of Maureen in \\\"Ricki and the Flash\\\" (2015) opposite Meryl Streep and Madame de Garderobe in the 2017 film version of Disney's \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\". She has been nominated five times for the NAACP Image Awards for her work in television and film. McDonald was born in West Berlin, Germany, the daughter\",\n \"title\": \"Audra McDonald\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553293\",\n \"text\": \"puppeteering for the body and the physical orientation\\\", where actor Dan Stevens was \\\"in a forty-pound gray suit on stilts for much of the film\\\". The facial capture for the Beast was done separately in order to \\\"communicate the subtleties of the human face\\\" and \\\"[capture the] thought that occurs to him\\\" which gets \\\"through [to] the eyes, which are the last human element in the Beast.\\\" The castle servants who are transformed into household objects were created with CGI animation. Before the release of the film, Bill Condon refilmed one certain sequence in the \\\"Days of the Sun\\\" number,\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553317\",\n \"text\": \"is the third-smallest drop for any film opening above $125 million (behind \\\"Finding Dory\\\" and \\\"The Force Awakens\\\"). The hold was notable considering how the film was able to fend off three new wide releases: \\\"Power Rangers\\\", \\\"Life\\\", and \\\"CHiPs\\\". As a result, it passed the $300 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 the pass said mark. The film grossed $45.4 million in its third weekend, finally being overtaken for the top spot by newcomer \\\"The Boss Baby\\\" ($50.2 million). On April 4, 2017, its nineteenth day of release, it passed the $400 million threshold becoming the first\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553300\",\n \"text\": \"Grande and Legend's updated version of the title song is faithful to the original, Grammy-winning duet, performed by Céline Dion and Peabo Bryson for the 1991 Disney film. Disney debuted the music video for Ariana Grande and John Legend's interpretation of the title song on Freeform television network on March 5, 2017, and it has since been viewed over 100 million views on the Vevo video-hosting service. Emma Thompson also performed a rendition of the title song, which was performed by Angela Lansbury in the original 1991 animated film. On March 16, 2015, Disney announced the film would be released\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553347\",\n \"text\": \"from cinemas by National Cinema Company which owns most of the cinemas in the country. A board member of the company stated that the Ministry of Information's censorship department had requested it to stop its screening and edit it for things deemed offensive by it. The film also received criticism over its portrayal of LeFou, as many felt that it relied on stereotypes and was used as a way of teasing LGBT+ viewers without providing adequate representation. LeFou's status as a sidekick to the main villain brought about criticism over Disney's queercoding of villains in the past, and his infatuation\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553315\",\n \"text\": \"from audiences, good reviews from critics, effective marketing which sold the title not just as a family film but also as a romantic drama, the cast's star power (especially Emma Watson), lack of competition, being the first family film since \\\"The Lego Batman Movie\\\" a month earlier, nostalgia, and the success and ubiquity of the first film and Disney's brand. On Monday, its fourth day of release, the film fell precipitously by 72% earning $13.5 million. The steep fall was due to a limited marketplace where only 11% K-12 and 15% colleges were off per ComScore. Nevertheless, it is the\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6915925\",\n \"text\": \"was present in the recording studio at the time to tears. Meanwhile, the actress credits recording the song with ultimately helping her gain further perspective on Mrs. Potts' role in the film. Some of Ashman's cut lyrics from the 1991 film were reinstated for the version in the 2017 film. The scene in \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" during which the song is heard is the moment when Belle and the Beast's true feelings for each other are finally established. Set in the ballroom of the Beast's castle, \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" is performed by the character Mrs. Potts, an enchanted\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553351\",\n \"text\": \"not model healthy romantic relationships for young viewers. Constance Grady of Vox writes that Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont's \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" was a fairy tale originally written to prepare young girls in 18th-century France for arranged marriages, and that the power disparity is amplified in the Disney version. Anna Menta of \\\"Elite Daily\\\" argued that the Beast does not apologize to Belle for imprisoning, hurting, or manipulating her, and his treatment of Belle is not painted as wrong. Beauty and the Beast (2017 film) Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8316033\",\n \"text\": \"Beast (Beauty and the Beast) The Beast is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Animation Studios' 30th animated feature film \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (1991). He also appears in the film's two direct-to-video followups \\\"\\\" and \\\"Belle's Magical World\\\". Based on the hero of the French fairy tale by Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont, the Beast was created by screenwriter Linda Woolverton and animated by Glen Keane. A pampered prince transformed into a hideous beast as punishment for his cold-hearted and selfish ways, the Beast must, in order to return to his former self, earn the love of a\",\n \"title\": \"Beast (Beauty and the Beast)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18545310\",\n \"text\": \"series \\\"Reward\\\" (Bulgarian: Отплата) at Nova TV. In 2014, he played the leading role in Nikolay Iliev's movie \\\"Living Legends\\\" (Bulgarian: Живи Легенди). In 2016, he synchronized the leading role of the dog Max, in new Disney movie called \\\"The Secret Life of Pets\\\" (Bulgarian: Тайният живот на домашните любимци), on cinemas in August 2016. In 2017 Orlin Pavlov is going to synchronize the leading role as the Beast in new Disney movie \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (Bulgarian: Красавицата и Звяра), in cinemas from 17 March. Orlin Pavlov Orlin Orlinov Pavlov (born April 23, 1979) (Bulgarian Cyrillic: Орлин Орлинов Павлов)\",\n \"title\": \"Orlin Pavlov\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20084386\",\n \"text\": \"did not feel it \\\"len[t] itself to the process\\\". A version of \\\"Evermore\\\" performed by Josh Groban was ultimately chosen as a single. Before the film's debut and the soundtrack's release, a series of nail polishes was released; a yellow nail polish was named after the song. \\\"Days in the Sun\\\" was released on March 10, 2017, as a track on the \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" soundtrack; it was made available as an audio CD and a digital download. It is performed by Adam Mitchell as the young Beast, Emma Watson as Belle, and Stanley Tucci, Ewan McGregor, Gugu Mbatha-Raw,\",\n \"title\": \"Days in the Sun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2599773\",\n \"text\": \"leading roles in Screen Gems horror-thriller film \\\"Patient Zero\\\", along with Matt Smith and Natalie Dormer. Tucci played the role of the composer Maestro Cadenza in the live-action remake of \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\". Tucci played the husband of Dame Fiona Maye, a British High Court judge, opposite Emma Thompson in \\\"The Children Act\\\", based on the novel by Ian McEwan (2017). Tucci's first wife, Kathryn \\\"Kate\\\" Tucci (b. 1962), died of breast cancer in 2009. She was a social worker and former wife of actor and stage manager Alexander R. Scott, the elder son of actors Colleen Dewhurst and\",\n \"title\": \"Stanley Tucci\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553343\",\n \"text\": \"the new songs were \\\"not transporting\\\". He felt the film needed more life and depth, but praised Watson's performance as the \\\"one of the film's stronger elements\\\". Dana Schwartz of \\\"The New York Observer\\\" felt that some of the characters, such as Gaston and the Beast, had been watered down from the 1991 film, and that the additional backstory elements failed to \\\"advance the plot or theme in any meaningful way\\\" while adding considerable bloat. Schwartz considered the singing of the cast to be adequate but felt that their voices should have been dubbed over, especially for the complex songs.\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12566281\",\n \"text\": \"and Julia Roberts in \\\"\\\", which was based on Tracy Letts's Pulitzer Prize-winning . McGregor starred in the action comedy film \\\"Mortdecai\\\" (2015), alongside Johnny Depp and Paul Bettany. Robbie Collin of \\\"The Daily Telegraph\\\" felt the film was \\\"psychotically unfunny\\\". He made his directorial debut with \\\"American Pastoral\\\" (2016), in which he also starred. In 2017, he reprised his role as Mark Renton in \\\"T2 Trainspotting\\\". McGregor played Lumiere in the live action adaptation of Disney's \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", directed by Bill Condon with an ensemble cast featuring Emma Watson in a leading role alongside Dan Stevens, Luke\",\n \"title\": \"Ewan McGregor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1208692\",\n \"text\": \"Tucci, and Gugu Mbatha-Raw joined the cast, as Cogsworth, Lumière, Cadenza, and Plumette, respectively. Composer Alan Menken returned to score the film's music, with new material written by Menken and Tim Rice. In June 2015, Menken said the film would not include the songs that were written for the Broadway musical. Filming began on May 18, 2015 in London, and production officially wrapped in August 2015. The film was released on March 17, 2017. \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" merchandise cover a wide variety of products, among them storybook versions of the film's story, a comic book based on the film\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8316067\",\n \"text\": \"the events that occurred between \\\"Kingdom Hearts\\\" and \\\"Kingdom Hearts II\\\", such as Belle and Beast attempting to resume their normal lives and Beast's first encounter with Xaldin. The Beast appears in the Broadway musical adaptation of Disney's \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", originally portrayed by Terrence Mann. Other actors who have taken on the role include Chuck Wagner (1997), James Barbour (1998), Jeff McCarthy (2004), and Steve Blanchard. The movie and others never made mention of his real name. A CD-ROM game said \\\"The Prince's name is Adam.\\\" In the 2011 ABC series \\\"Once Upon a Time\\\", the show's version\",\n \"title\": \"Beast (Beauty and the Beast)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8316073\",\n \"text\": \"the villagers. Beast (Beauty and the Beast) The Beast is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Animation Studios' 30th animated feature film \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (1991). He also appears in the film's two direct-to-video followups \\\"\\\" and \\\"Belle's Magical World\\\". Based on the hero of the French fairy tale by Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont, the Beast was created by screenwriter Linda Woolverton and animated by Glen Keane. A pampered prince transformed into a hideous beast as punishment for his cold-hearted and selfish ways, the Beast must, in order to return to his former self, earn the love\",\n \"title\": \"Beast (Beauty and the Beast)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553304\",\n \"text\": \"Golden Globe Awards. Disney released the final trailer on January 30, 2017. \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" was released on Blu-ray, DVD and Digital HD on June 6, 2017. The film debuted at No. 1 on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart, with all other titles in the top 20, collectively, selling only 40% as many units as \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\". The movie regained the top spot on the national home video sales charts during its third week of release. The movie became available on Netflix on September 19, 2017. \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" grossed $504 million in the\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3135248\",\n \"text\": \"Robby Benson Robin David Segal (born January 21, 1956), known by the stage name Robby Benson, is an American actor, voice actor, musician, singer, director, producer and educator. He is known as the voice of Beast in the Disney animated film \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" and its numerous sequels and spin-offs, and directed several episodes of the sitcom \\\"Friends\\\". Benson was born in Dallas, Texas, the son of Freda Ann (\\\"née\\\" Benson), a singer, actor, and business promotions manager, and Jerry Segal, a writer. His family is Jewish. Benson was raised in New York City and took his mother's maiden\",\n \"title\": \"Robby Benson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553308\",\n \"text\": \"of the $425 million gross ($760 million in 2017 dollars) of the original film. \\\"Deadline Hollywood\\\" calculated the net profit of the film to be $414.7 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues, making it the second-most profitable release of 2017. In the United States and Canada, \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" topped Fandango's pre-sales and became the fastest-selling family film in the company's history, topping the studio's own animated film \\\"Finding Dory\\\" released the previous year. Early tracking had the film grossing around $100 million in its opening weekend, with some publications predicting it could reach $130 million. By\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553302\",\n \"text\": \"New York and Los Angeles for a one-week engagement starting December 1, 2017. The move was an awards push as awards season heats up. Disney spent around $140 million to market the film worldwide. Following an announcement on May 22, 2016, Disney premiered the first official teaser trailer on \\\"Good Morning America\\\" the next day. In its first 24 hours, the teaser trailer reached 91.8 million views, which was the largest number ever seen for a trailer in that amount of time. This record has since been broken by \\\"\\\", \\\"It\\\" and \\\"\\\". The first official teaser poster was released\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1208691\",\n \"text\": \"the Menken/Rice songs from the Broadway musical, with the intention of making the film as a \\\"straight-forward, live-action, large-budget movie musical\\\". In September 2014, it was announced that Stephen Chbosky (\\\"The Perks of Being a Wallflower\\\") would re-write the script. In January 2015, Emma Watson announced on her Facebook page that she would portray Belle in the new live action remake film. In March 2015, Dan Stevens, Luke Evans, Emma Thompson, Josh Gad, Audra McDonald, and Kevin Kline joined the film as the Beast, Gaston, Mrs. Potts, Lefou, Garderobe, and Maurice, respectively. The following month, Ian McKellen, Ewan McGregor, Stanley\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17897364\",\n \"text\": \"in the live-action adaptation of \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (2017). Ian McKellen, roles and awards Ian McKellen (born 25 May 1939) is an English stage and screen actor. He is the recipient of six Laurence Olivier Awards, a Tony Award, a Golden Globe Award, two Academy Award nominations, four BAFTA nominations and five Emmy Award nominations. McKellen's work spans genres ranging from Shakespearean and modern theatre to popular fantasy and science fiction. His notable film roles include Gandalf in \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" and \\\"The Hobbit\\\" trilogies, Magneto in the \\\"X-Men\\\" films, Sir Leigh Teabing in \\\"The Da Vinci\",\n \"title\": \"Ian McKellen, roles and awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12566271\",\n \"text\": \"Copperbottom in \\\"Robots\\\" (2005), Camerlengo Father Patrick McKenna in \\\"Angels and Demons\\\" (2009), \\\"the ghost\\\" in Roman Polanski's political thriller \\\"The Ghost Writer\\\" (2010), Dr. Alfred Jones in the romantic comedy-drama \\\"Salmon Fishing in the Yemen\\\" (2011), Lumière in a live-action adaptation of the musical romantic fantasy \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (2017), and the adult version of the titular character in the fantasy comedy-drama \\\"Christopher Robin\\\" (2018). In 2018, McGregor won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film for his performance as brothers in the third season of FX anthology series \\\"Fargo\\\", and received Golden\",\n \"title\": \"Ewan McGregor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553339\",\n \"text\": \"also praised the film for its emotional and psychological tone as well Steven's motion capture performance. Tim Robey of \\\"The Daily Telegraph\\\" gave the film four stars out of five and wrote that \\\"It dazzles on this chocolate box of a picture that feels almost greedy yet to make this film work, down to a sugar-rush finale to grasp the nettle and make an out-an-out, bells-and-whistles musical\\\" while he praised the performances of Watson, McKellen, Thompson, McGregor, Evans and Gad. Mark Hughes of \\\"Forbes\\\" also similarly praised the film which he wrote that \\\"it could revive the story in a\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11548195\",\n \"text\": \"that we all can do this,\\\" she said. In 2017, Greenwood worked on Disney's live action version of \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", directed by Bill Condon and released in March, and the biopic \\\"Darkest Hour\\\", directed by Joe Wright; receiving Oscar nominations for both. Sarah Greenwood Sarah Greenwood is a British production designer. She has been nominated six times for an Academy Award – in 2006 for \\\"Pride & Prejudice\\\", in 2008 for \\\"Atonement\\\", in 2010 for \\\"Sherlock Holmes\\\", in 2013 for \\\"Anna Karenina\\\" and in 2018 for both \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", and \\\"Darkest Hour\\\". In 2013, she was\",\n \"title\": \"Sarah Greenwood\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3135254\",\n \"text\": \"practices Transcendental Meditation. Robby Benson Robin David Segal (born January 21, 1956), known by the stage name Robby Benson, is an American actor, voice actor, musician, singer, director, producer and educator. He is known as the voice of Beast in the Disney animated film \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" and its numerous sequels and spin-offs, and directed several episodes of the sitcom \\\"Friends\\\". Benson was born in Dallas, Texas, the son of Freda Ann (\\\"née\\\" Benson), a singer, actor, and business promotions manager, and Jerry Segal, a writer. His family is Jewish. Benson was raised in New York City and took\",\n \"title\": \"Robby Benson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553340\",\n \"text\": \"faithful but entirely new and unique way elevating the material beyond expectations, establishing itself as a cinematic equal to the original\\\" and also complimented the importance of undertaking a renowned yet problematic masterpiece as well addressing changes in the elements of the story while acknowledging the film's effectiveness in resonating to the audiences. Stephen Whitty of the \\\"New York Daily News\\\" called it \\\"this year's best new old musical\\\" and \\\"the most magical thing of all\\\" while describing Watson's performance of Belle as \\\"breakthrough\\\". Several critics regarded the film as inferior to its 1991 animated predecessor. David Sims of \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553323\",\n \"text\": \"million), Russia ($6 million), and Spain ($5.8 million). In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the film recorded the biggest opening ever for a PG-rated film, the biggest Disney live-action opening of all time, the biggest March opening weekend, the biggest opening for a musical (ahead of 2012's \\\"Les Misérables\\\"), the number one opening of 2017 to date and the fifth-biggest-ever overall with £19.7 million ($24.5 million) from 639 theatres and almost twice that of \\\"The Jungle Book\\\" (£9.9 million). This included the second-biggest Saturday ever (£7.9 million), only behind \\\"\\\". It witnessed a decline in its second weekend, earning £12.33\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16247435\",\n \"text\": \"Stuart Gillard, Steven A. Adelson, Morris Claiborne, Mairzee Almas, Bradley Walsh, Fred Gerber, Kevin Fair, Mike Rohl, Gary Fleder, Paul Fox, P.J. Pesce, Paul A. Kaufman, Scott Peters, Jeff Renfroe, Michael Robison, Lee Rose, Rick Rosenthal, Bobby Roth, Norma Bailey, Grant Harvey, Allan Kroeker, Rich Newey, and Sudz Sutherland. Casting announcements began in February 2012, when Kristin Kreuk was first cast in the lead role of Catherine Chandler. Austin Basis was then cast in the role of J.T. Forbes, Vincent's best friend. Nina Lisandrello and Nicole Gale Anderson were then added to the cast, with Lisandrello landing the role of\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty & the Beast (2012 TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6915919\",\n \"text\": \"Beast\\\" also launched Dion's career and established her as a bankable recording artist. After \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" became the first Disney song to undergo a complete pop transformation, several contemporary artists were inspired to release their own radio-friendly renditions of Disney songs throughout the decade. Considered to be among Disney's best and most popular songs, \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" has since been covered by numerous artists. In 2004, the American Film Institute officially recognized \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" as one of the greatest songs in film history, ranking it 62nd. The song is also featured in the 2017 live-action\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8316037\",\n \"text\": \"the arms and body of a bear, the eyebrows of a gorilla, the jaws, teeth, and mane of a lion, the tusks of a wild boar and the legs and tail of a wolf. He also bears resemblance to mythical monsters like the Minotaur or a werewolf. He also has blue eyes, the one physical feature that does not change whether he is a beast or a human. As opposed to his original counterpart, Disney gave him a more primal nature to his personality and mannerisms, which truly exploited his character as an untamed animal (i.e. alternating between walking and\",\n \"title\": \"Beast (Beauty and the Beast)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553305\",\n \"text\": \"United States and Canada and $759.5 million in other countries for a worldwide gross of $1.263 billion. With a production budget of $254 million, it is the most expensive musical ever made. In just ten days, it became the highest-grossing live-action musical of all time, beating the nine-year-old record held by \\\"Mamma Mia!\\\". It is currently the second-biggest musical ever overall, behind Disney's \\\"Frozen\\\" (2013). Worldwide, the film proved to be a global phenomenon, earning a total of $357 million over its four-day opening weekend from 56 markets. Critics said the film was playing like superhero movies amongst women. It\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9024855\",\n \"text\": \"Mirror\\\", and played a major supporting role in \\\"Miss Sloane\\\", a drama about Washington lobbyists, starring Jessica Chastain. The film premiered at the AFI Film Festival in November. In 2017, Mbatha-Raw played Plumette in the live-action remake of \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\". In 2018, Mbatha-Raw starred in a number of science fiction feature productions, including \\\"A Wrinkle in Time\\\", directed by Ava DuVernay, and \\\"The Cloverfield Paradox\\\". The latter film made history that year, with a marketing campaign that saw the film's release onto the streaming platform Netflix, directly after it was advertised worldwide at the 2018 Super Bowl. Mbatha-Raw\",\n \"title\": \"Gugu Mbatha-Raw\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553341\",\n \"text\": \"Atlantic\\\" wrote that the 2017 film \\\"feels particularly egregious, in part, because it's so slavishly devoted to the original; every time it falls short of its predecessor (which is quite often), it's hard not to notice\\\". Michael Phillips of the \\\"Chicago Tribune\\\" said that the 2017 film \\\"takes our knowledge and our interest in the material for granted. It zips from one number to another, throwing a ton of frenetically edited eye candy at the screen, charmlessly.\\\" Phillips wrote that the film featured some \\\"less conspicuously talented\\\" performers who are \\\"stuck doing karaoke, or motion-capture work of middling quality\\\", though\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1478947\",\n \"text\": \"Best Picture nomination: \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" (1964), \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (1991), \\\"Up\\\" (2009), and \\\"Toy Story 3\\\" (2010). Walt Disney Pictures has produced four films that have grossed over $1 billion at the worldwide box office: \\\"\\\" (2006), \\\"Alice in Wonderland\\\" (2010), \\\"\\\" (2011), and \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (2017); and has released five animated films that have reached that milestone: \\\"Toy Story 3\\\" (2010), \\\"Frozen\\\" (2013), \\\"Zootopia\\\", \\\"Finding Dory\\\" (both 2016), and \\\"Incredibles 2\\\" (2018). —Includes theatrical reissue(s). Walt Disney Pictures Walt Disney Pictures, formally known as Buena Vista Pictures, is an American film studio and a subsidiary of\",\n \"title\": \"Walt Disney Pictures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19023171\",\n \"text\": \"intern. In 2014, Spiliotopoulos re-wrote the screenplay for the action-adventure fantasy film \\\"Hercules\\\", original written by Ryan J. Condal. Brett Ratner directed the film which released on July 25, 2014 by Paramount Pictures. Spiliotopoulos wrote the screenplay of action-adventure fantasy film \\\"\\\", along with Craig Mazin, and rewritten by Frank Darabont. Cedric Nicolas-Troyan directed the film, which was released on April 22, 2016 by Universal Pictures. Spiliotopoulos and Stephen Chbosky wrote Walt Disney Pictures' live action musical romantic fantasy film \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", which was directed by Bill Condon. The film was released on March 17, 2017. In the\",\n \"title\": \"Evan Spiliotopoulos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553330\",\n \"text\": \"United Kingdom and Ireland, ahead of all but one \\\"Harry Potter\\\" film (\\\"Deathly Hallows – Part 2\\\") and all three \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" movies (which also starred Ian McKellen). It is currently the eighth-biggest grosser with £70.1 million ($90 million), overtaking \\\"Mamma Mia!\\\" to become the biggest musical production ever there. The biggest international earning markets following the UK are Japan ($108 million), China ($85.8 million), Brazil ($41.5 million), Korea ($37.5 million), and Australia ($35 million). In Europe alone, the cumulative total is $267 million, which led it to become the second-highest-grossing film in the past year (behind\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553288\",\n \"text\": \"same year, Stephen Chbosky (who had previously directed Watson in \\\"The Perks of Being a Wallflower\\\") was hired to re-write the script. Before Condon was hired to direct the film, Disney approached him with a proposal to remake the film in a more radical way as Universal Studios had remade \\\"Snow White and the Huntsman\\\" (2012). Condon later explained that \\\"after \\\"Frozen\\\" opened, the studio saw that there was this big international audience for an old-school-musical approach. But initially, they said, 'We're interested in a musical to a degree, but only half full of songs.' My interest was taking that\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553334\",\n \"text\": \"Watson and Stevens, and wrote: \\\"It looks good, moves gracefully and leaves a clean and invigorating aftertaste. I almost didn't recognize the flavor: I think the name for it is joy.\\\" Likewise, \\\"The Washington Post\\\"s Ann Hornaday complimented Watson's performance, describing it as \\\"alert and solemn\\\" while noting her singing ability as \\\"serviceable enough to get the job done\\\". Richard Roeper of \\\"Chicago Sun-Times\\\" awarded the film three and a half stars, lauded the performances of Watson and Thompson which he drew a comparison to Paige O'Hara's and Angela Lansbury's performances in the 1991 animated version while appreciating the performances\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18896500\",\n \"text\": \"film's budget since he felt high-quality musicals could not be made cheaply. Initially, Miles Teller and Emma Watson were slated to star in the leads. Watson dropped out because of a commitment to the 2017 musical adaptation of \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", while Teller departed via long contract negotiations. Conversely, Gosling turned down a role as the Beast in \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" in favor of \\\"La La Land\\\". Chazelle decided to make his characters somewhat older, with experience in struggling to make their dreams, rather than younger newcomers just arriving in Los Angeles. Emma Stone plays Mia, a struggling\",\n \"title\": \"La La Land (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553332\",\n \"text\": \"Beast\\\" offers a faithful yet fresh retelling that honors its beloved source material.\\\" On Metacritic, the film has a score of 65 out of 100, based on 47 critics, indicating \\\"generally favorable reviews\\\". In CinemaScore polls, audiences gave the film an average grade of \\\"A\\\" on an A+ to F scale. Leslie Felperin of \\\"The Hollywood Reporter\\\" wrote: \\\"It's a Michelin-triple-starred master class in patisserie skills that transforms the cinematic equivalent of a sugar rush into a kind of crystal-meth-like narcotic high that lasts about two hours.\\\" Felperin also praised the performances of Watson and Kline as well the special\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553310\",\n \"text\": \"screenings which began at 6 pm, while the rest—59%—came from regular 2D shows which began at 7 pm. The numbers were considered more impressive given that the film played during a school week. On its opening day, the film made $63.8 million from 4,210 theaters across 9,200 screens, marking the third biggest in the month of March, trailing behind \\\"Batman v Superman\\\" ($81.5 million) and \\\"The Hunger Games\\\" ($67 million). It was also the biggest opening day ever for a film that wasn't PG-13, displacing the $58 million opening Wednesday of \\\"Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\\\". Its opening day\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20086070\",\n \"text\": \"Nathan Mack Nathan Mack (born 15 April 2007) is a British child actor who is known for portraying Tyler in 2014's \\\"Babylon\\\" and Chip Potts in the 2017 live-action adaptation of \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\". He attends Stagecoach Performing Arts School for children, which also helped him land the role. Nathan Mack was born on April 15, 2007 in England. He attends Stagecoach Performing Arts School for children where he has been a student since he was seven. For the role of Chip his teachers put him forward for the audition. Nathan states that although it was nerve-wracking, it was\",\n \"title\": \"Nathan Mack\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553337\",\n \"text\": \"Menken and Tim Rice, particularly \\\"Evermore\\\" which he described the new song with a potential for an Academy Award for Best Original Song. Peter Travers of \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" rated the film three out of four stars which he deemed it as an \\\"exhilarating gift\\\" while he remarked that \\\"\\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" does justice to Disney's animated classic, even if some of the magic is M.I.A (Missing in Action)\\\". Stephanie Zacharek of \\\"Time\\\" magazine gave a positive review with a description as \\\"Wild, Vivid and Crazy-Beautiful\\\" as she wrote \\\"Nearly everything about \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" is larger than life,\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20010995\",\n \"text\": \"in category Original Song - Sci-Fi, Fantasy, Horror Film. It was also nominated in the Original Song — Animated Film category. How Does a Moment Last Forever \\\"How Does a Moment Last Forever\\\" is a song written by lyricist Tim Rice and composer Alan Menken for the Disney live action film \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (2017), a remake of the animated musical of the same name. This Broadway-inspired ballad is performed in the movie by American actor Kevin Kline in his role as Maurice. It describes the relationship between his character and that of his wife, Belle's deceased mother. Later\",\n \"title\": \"How Does a Moment Last Forever\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7125788\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Guest\\\", winning critical acclaim for his portrayal of a recently discharged army veteran who goes on a killing spree to protect his true identity. He earned a Saturn Award for Best Actor nomination for his performance. Also in 2014, he appeared in the magic realism comedy-drama film \\\"The Cobbler\\\", and in the dark action film \\\"A Walk Among the Tombstones\\\". He played a simulacrum of Sir Lancelot in the 2014 comedy film \\\"\\\". Stevens played the Beast, opposite Emma Watson as Belle, in Disney's live action remake adaptation of \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\". The film was released in March\",\n \"title\": \"Dan Stevens\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10558127\",\n \"text\": \"in Lars Von Trier's controversial \\\"Manderlay\\\". He appeared in the 2017 live-action remake of Beauty and the Beast as Cuisinier – the castle's head chef who has been transformed into a stove. While a student at the Guildhall School, played Wally Watkins in a production of \\\"Lady Be Good\\\", which caused the Opera critic to note \\\"one of two potential stars in the cast\\\" who \\\"sang the title song most winningly and rattled off the acres of daffy dialogue with the aplomb and timing of a Durante\\\". In 1992, Rowe was nominated for an Olivier Award for his performance as\",\n \"title\": \"Clive Rowe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16247433\",\n \"text\": \"on June 2, 2016, before concluding on September 15, 2016. Sherri Cooper-Landsman, Jennifer Levin, Ron Koslow, Gary Fleder, Paul Junger Witt, Frank Siracusa, Tony Thomas, John Weber, Bill Haber, C. Anthony Thomas and current showruner Brad Kern have served as executive producers. Roger Grant, Kevin Lafferty, Thom J. Pretak, Mairzee Almas and Michael J. Maschio serve as producers. Other producers on the show include Stuart Gillard, John A. Norris, Holly Henderson, Don Whitehead, Courtney Kemp Agboh, and Eric Tuchman as co-executive producers; Bill Goddard, Blair Singer, and Melissa Glenn as co-producers; Sean Sforza, Julie Lawrence, Kyle MacDonald, and Larry Goldstein\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty & the Beast (2012 TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553313\",\n \"text\": \"biggest outside of summer, save for \\\"\\\", not accounting for inflation. It became the forty-third film to debut with over $100 million and the fifteenth film to open above $150 million. Its three-day opening alone surpassed the entire original North American run of the first film ($146 million; before the 3D re-release), instantly becoming the second-biggest film of the year, behind \\\"Logan\\\" ($184 million), and also the second-highest-grossing musical, behind \\\"Grease\\\"'s $188 million cumulative gross in 1978. Seventy percent of the total ticket sales came from 2D showings signifying that people who don't go to theaters frequently came out in\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553296\",\n \"text\": \"the best Broadway musical of 1991. The animated version was already darker and more modern than the previous Disney fairytales. Take that vision, put it into a new medium, make it a radical reinvention, something not just for the stage because it's not just being literal, now other elements come into play. It's not just having real actors do it\\\". Condon initially prepared on only drawing inspiration from the original film, but he also planned to include most of the songs composed by Alan Menken, Howard Ashman and Tim Rice from the Broadway musical, with the intention of making the\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553280\",\n \"text\": \"the rose and warns the prince that the curse will only be broken if he learns to love another, and earn their love in return, before the last petal falls. Some years later, at Villeneuve, Belle, the book-loving daughter of a music box maker and artist, Maurice, dreams of adventure and brushes off advances from Gaston, an arrogant former soldier. On his way to a convention and lost in the forest, Maurice seeks refuge in the Beast's castle warming himself near the fire then being scared away by Chip after having some food, but the Beast imprisons him for stealing\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11174675\",\n \"text\": \"he easily overpowers Gaston and intends to kill him. However, when Gaston begs for his life, the Beast decides to be the better man and have mercy, and climbs back up to Belle. Ungrateful and unrepentant, Gaston stabs the Beast in the back when he sees him embracing Belle, but loses his balance when the Beast swings his arm backwards at him; consequently, Gaston falls to his death. Gaston appears in the 2017 remake as played by Welsh actor Luke Evans. During an interview with \\\"Empire\\\" magazine, Evans said that Gaston would retain his hunter background, yet would also be\",\n \"title\": \"Gaston (Beauty and the Beast)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553320\",\n \"text\": \"film began playing on Thursday, March 16, 2017. Through Sunday, March 19, it had a total international opening of $182.3 million from 55 markets, 44 of which were major territories, far exceeding initial estimations of $100 million and opened at No. 1 in virtually all markets except Vietnam, Turkey, and India. Its launch is the second-biggest for the month of March, behind \\\"Batman v Superman\\\" ($256.5 million). In IMAX, it recorded the biggest debut for a PG-rated title (although it carried varying certificate amongst different markets) with $8.5 million from 649 screens, the second-biggest for a PG title behind \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553342\",\n \"text\": \"he praised Kline's performance as the \\\"best, sweetest thing in the movie; he brings a sense of calm, droll authority\\\". Peter Bradshaw of \\\"The Guardian\\\" praised Watson's performance and wrote that the film was \\\"lit in that fascinatingly artificial honey-glow light, and it runs smoothly on rails—the kind of rails that bring in and out the stage sets for the lucrative Broadway touring version.\\\" In the same newspaper, Wendy Ide criticized the film as \\\"ornate to the point of desperation\\\" in its attempt to emulate the animated film. Chris Nashawaty of \\\"Entertainment Weekly\\\" gave the film a B-, writing that\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7239603\",\n \"text\": \"star Ariel Winter. In the 2014 film \\\"Maleficent\\\", Aurora is played by Elle Fanning. Lily James portrays Cinderella in the 2015 film of the same name. Emma Watson is seen as Belle in the 2017 film \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\". Naomi Scott is set to star as Jasmine in the 2019 film \\\"Aladdin\\\". Liu Yifei will appear as Mulan in the 2020 film of the same name. The Princesses, along with Anna, Elsa and Moana, all make guest appearances in the 2018 film \\\"Ralph Breaks the Internet\\\". This film marks the first direct interaction between the characters in an animated\",\n \"title\": \"Disney Princess\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4687394\",\n \"text\": \"guest vocals on Kelly Clarkson's song \\\"Run Run Run\\\" for her album \\\"Piece by Piece\\\". He also co-wrote and provided vocals for French DJ David Guetta's song \\\"Listen,\\\" as part of the album \\\"Listen\\\". Legend released his new album \\\"Darkness and Light\\\", with first single \\\"Love Me Now,\\\" on December 2, 2016 with songs featuring Chance the Rapper and Miguel. For the 2017 film \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", Legend and Ariana Grande performed a duet on the title track, a remake of the 1991 original version sung by Celine Dion and Peabo Bryson. On December 19, 2017, NBC announced that\",\n \"title\": \"John Legend\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553295\",\n \"text\": \"were mistakenly featured in the original theatrical release's credits, but was later corrected in home releases. When released in 1991, \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", marked a turning point for Walt Disney Pictures by appealing to millions of fans with its Oscar-winning musical score by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken. In Bill Condon's opinion, that original score was the key reason he agreed to direct a live-action version of the movie. \\\"That score had more to reveal\\\", he says, \\\"You look at the songs and there's not a clunker in the group. In fact, Frank Rich described it as\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n }\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who is playing the beast in beauty and the beast 2017"}}},{"rowIdx":8395,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Tali"],"string":"[\n \"Tali\"\n]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"17372311","text":"former CIA Agent Trent Kort, and Tony learns that he and Ziva have a daughter, who she named after her sister, Tali. These events drive Tony to leave NCIS to care for their daughter. Michael Weatherly was cast for the role of Anthony \"Tony\" DiNozzo in 2003 and appeared in every episode of the show's first 13 seasons. The character is portrayed as \"complex\": he is a former Baltimore homicide detective with a \"heroic spirit\" as well as a \"total dinosaur in terms of sexual politics\". In the second season finale, \"NCIS\" series regular Caitlin Todd was killed off after","title":"Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David"},{"id":"6018777","text":"popular actors on primetime television, according to Q Score. In January 2016, Weatherly and CBS confirmed that Season 13 would be DiNozzo's last as a series regular. DiNozzo leaves after finding out that he has a daughter with his former partner and Special Agent Ziva David, who died in a mortar attack on her home in Israel. He decides to leave NCIS in order to \"look for some answers\" and to care for their daughter. Michael Weatherly was cast for the role of Tony DiNozzo in 2003. Series creator Don Bellisario related the events that led to Weatherly being selected:","title":"Anthony DiNozzo"},{"id":"12898202","text":"Cote de Pablo María José de Pablo Fernández, known professionally as Cote de Pablo (born November 12, 1979), is a Chilean-American actress and singer. Born in Santiago, Chile, at the age of ten she moved to the United States, where she studied acting. De Pablo co-hosted episodes of the Latin-American talk show \"Control\" with former \"Entertainment Tonight\" host, Carlos Ponce, at the age of 15 before attending Carnegie Mellon University to study music and theatre. After appearing in a number of television roles, she was cast to portray main character Ziva David in the CBS television series \"NCIS\" in 2005","title":"Cote de Pablo"},{"id":"6577525","text":"Tony, and McGee, who brought her back to America. These events led to her resigning from Mossad, applying to become an NCIS agent, and being sworn in as a U.S. citizen. In the season 13 finale, \"Family First\", in 2016, it is discovered that she has a daughter, Tali, with Anthony DiNozzo. During a mortar attack arranged by former CIA agent Trent Kort, Ziva is apparently killed. In an interview with \"Deadline Hollywood\", executive producer and show runner Gary Glasberg commented on Ziva's fate; \"Tremendous thought was put into every element of what you saw last night ... down to","title":"Ziva David"},{"id":"17498683","text":"an assassin and being \"an extremely skilled interrogator, nearly impossible to break\". Initially rejected by most of the other characters, she is eventually accepted as a member of the NCIS team and as a surrogate daughter figure to team leader Gibbs (Mark Harmon). She also serves as a foil for Special Agent Tony DiNozzo, a former Baltimore homicide cop and \"wannabe playboy\" played by Michael Weatherly. Early on, producers began to toy with the idea of pairing them romantically but avoided going through with the relationship by dealing them a number of obstacles, namely difficult circumstances and other love interests.","title":"Ziva David captivity storyline"},{"id":"6018617","text":"years, he is scripted as more stoical, with Bellisario stating, \"I thought the best thing to do was to give him a minimum of dialogue.\" It was not until the third season that the backstory surrounding his first wife and daughter's murder was revealed. His relationships with his coworkers were developed, with him becoming something of a father figure to Special Agent Ziva David and Forensic Specialist Abby Sciuto. Mark Harmon's oldest son Sean has appeared on \"NCIS\" portraying a younger version of Gibbs in flashbacks. In the backstory, Gibbs was born on May 2, 1954, and was shown in","title":"Leroy Jethro Gibbs"},{"id":"3044561","text":"Roxana Zal Roxana Zal (born November 8, 1969, Malibu, California) is an American actress. Zal was born and raised in Malibu, California, the daughter of Maureen and Hossein Zal, an Iranian-born Los Angeles investor. Her first acting role was a guest spot on \"Hart to Hart\" at age 12. She has had several other guest roles since then, the most recent being in the show \"NCIS\". She won a Primetime Emmy Award for her role in the 1984 TV movie \"Something About Amelia\". She co-produced and starred in the 1998 independent film \"Broken Vessels\", and also played a main role","title":"Roxana Zal"},{"id":"2281896","text":"Sofia Coppola Sofia Carmina Coppola (; born May 14, 1971) is an American screenwriter, director, producer, and former actress. She is the daughter of director, producer, and screenwriter Francis Ford Coppola, and made her film debut as an infant in her father's acclaimed crime drama film, \"The Godfather\" (1972). She later appeared in a supporting role in \"Peggy Sue Got Married\" (1986) and portrayed Mary Corleone, the daughter of Michael Corleone, in \"\" (1990). The latter film earned her much derision and critical backlash, effectively ending her acting career. Coppola then turned her attention to filmmaking. She made her feature-length","title":"Sofia Coppola"},{"id":"9255943","text":"Pudding Theatricals in 2003, worked for Let's Go Travel Guides, and was credited as associate editor for the travel book \"Let's Go: Vietnam\". Thompson graduated in 2005 with a bachelor's degree in Performance Studies and Literature, focusing on French and Postcolonial works. After graduating Thompson landed her first role in the television show \"Brotherhood\" (2006) opposite Jason Isaacs. She then guest starred in several television shows before landing a recurring role on the CBS show \"NCIS\" (2006–2007) as Dr. Jeanne Benoit, the girlfriend of Tony DiNozzo (played by Michael Weatherly) and the daughter of Rene Benoit (played by Armand Assante).","title":"Scottie Thompson"},{"id":"3929040","text":"Melinda McGraw Melinda McGraw (born 1963) is an American actress. She has starred in movies such as \"Albino Alligator\" (1996), \"Wrongfully Accused\" (1998), and \"\" (2000), and is also known for her television performances on \"The Commish\", \"The X-Files\", \"NCIS\" and \"Mad Men\". McGraw was born in Nicosia, Cyprus, to American parents. The youngest of three daughters, she grew up in Cambridge and Dover in the Boston area. Her father served as a diplomat for the Agency of International Development before becoming an executive with a major hotel in Boston. She attended the Buckingham Browne & Nichols School in Cambridge","title":"Melinda McGraw"},{"id":"9672959","text":"Harmon) being severely injured in a ship bombing, his subsequent memory loss, and the team's struggle to find the perpetrator before another attack. The episodes also delve into Gibbs' past, culminating in the revelation of his wife and daughter's deaths 15 years prior. \"NCIS\" follows a team of government agents who work for the Naval Criminal Investigative Service. The main cast during the filming of the third season included Mark Harmon as team leader Leroy Jethro Gibbs, Michael Weatherly as Senior Agent Anthony \"Tony\" DiNozzo, Cote de Pablo as Mossad Liaison Officer Ziva David, Pauley Perrette as Forensic Specialist Abby","title":"Hiatus (NCIS)"},{"id":"2281946","text":"work rather than allowing them to have a real childhood. Sofia Coppola Sofia Carmina Coppola (; born May 14, 1971) is an American screenwriter, director, producer, and former actress. She is the daughter of director, producer, and screenwriter Francis Ford Coppola, and made her film debut as an infant in her father's acclaimed crime drama film, \"The Godfather\" (1972). She later appeared in a supporting role in \"Peggy Sue Got Married\" (1986) and portrayed Mary Corleone, the daughter of Michael Corleone, in \"\" (1990). The latter film earned her much derision and critical backlash, effectively ending her acting career. Coppola","title":"Sofia Coppola"},{"id":"8397800","text":"recurring role on \"NCIS\" as Leroy Jethro Gibbs' daughter Kelly. She also had a series regular role in the CW series \"Life Is Wild\" as Mia Weller, for 13 episodes. At the 2006 Best of Fest Awards at the KIDS FIRST! Film and Video Festival, Mouser received the Outstanding Performance Award for her voiceover work in \"\". More recently she was on \"Lie To Me\". Mouser also had a guest star role on \"Ghost Whisperer\" as the character Madison. Mouser starred in the ABC medical drama \"Body of Proof\" as Dana Delany's daughter, Lacey Fleming. Mouser played the roles of","title":"Mary Mouser"},{"id":"17372369","text":"to the United States and NCIS, Ziva instead chooses to stay in Israel, with Tony reluctantly returning to the United States although Tony manages to find Ziva's Star of David necklace in his jacket pocket. In the season 13 finale \"Family First,\" after learning of Ziva's death in the bombing of her Israel home caused by Trent Kort, the NCIS crew mourn her. Tony is then introduced to his almost two-year-old daughter, Tali. Conflicted, Tony asks Mossad Director Orli Elbaz about Ziva's motivations for not telling him about Tali. Orli tells him that she wanted to, especially as Tali grew","title":"Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David"},{"id":"13208281","text":"Acres also appeared on an episode of \"Monk\" in 2007, and single episodes of \"The Mentalist\" where she plays Patrick Jane's (Simon Baker) daughter and on the hit television show \"Hannah Montana\". Acres was nominated for Best Performance in a TV Series, Guest Starring Young Actress at the Young Artist Awards 2009 for her performance in \"The Mentalist\". She had a recurring role of Soleil Friedman in the second season of the Fox television series \"Touch\". Isabella Acres Isabella Acres (born February 21, 2001) is an American actress who played Rose on \"Better Off Ted\". Acres was born in Atlanta","title":"Isabella Acres"},{"id":"5148175","text":"Michael Nouri Michael Nouri (born December 9, 1945) is an American television and film actor. His father was born in Iraq. He may be best known for his role as Nick Hurley in the 1983 film \"Flashdance\". He has had recurring roles in numerous television series, including \"NCIS\" as Eli David, the father of Mossad officer (later Special Agent) Ziva David, \"The O.C.\" as Dr. Neil Roberts, and \"Damages\" as Phil Grey. He also appeared as Congressman Stewart with Queen Latifah in the 2006 comedy movie \"Last Holiday\" and LAPD Detective Thomas Beck in the science fiction action film \"The","title":"Michael Nouri"},{"id":"14075424","text":"Southern California in 2009. Bellisario made her acting debut in the 1988 film \"Last Rites\" at the age of three. From 1990 to 2007, she guest starred on such television series as \"Quantum Leap\", \"Tequila and Bonetti\", \"JAG\", \"First Monday\" and \"NCIS\", television series that were produced by her father Donald P. Bellisario. In \"NCIS\", she played Sarah McGee, sister of Special Agent Timothy McGee, played by her real-life stepbrother Sean Murray. In 1998, she co-starred with Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen in the film \"Billboard Dad\". Beginning in 2006, Bellisario began appearing in a number of independent short films namely,","title":"Troian Bellisario"},{"id":"17372370","text":"but that she feared he would not be pleased, to which Tony tells her \"Then she never knew me at all.\" Later in the episode, Tony finds a picture of him and Ziva in Paris, to which Tali points to each of them, saying \"Ima\" and \"Abba\" indicating that she knew who he was, her father. After killing Kort, Tony and Gibbs have a heart to heart, where DiNozzo informs him that he is moving on from NCIS, with his daughter, his family. Speaking of Ziva's fate, Glasberg stated \"Tremendous thought was put into every element of what you saw","title":"Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David"},{"id":"9672960","text":"Sciuto, Sean Murray as Special Agent Timothy McGee, David McCallum as NCIS Medical Examiner Donald \"Ducky\" Mallard, and Lauren Holly as NCIS Director Jenny Shepard. Gibbs was originally scripted as having been married and divorced three consecutive times. His backstory was later revised to include his \"first wife\" Shannon and daughter Kelly, both of whom were killed years prior. This is first implied early in the third season, and series creator Donald P. Bellisario continued to develop the idea until it came to a head in \"Hiatus\". Tony, McGee, and Ziva wait in a car as Gibbs contacts an undercover","title":"Hiatus (NCIS)"},{"id":"14611111","text":"McGee (Sean Murray), Ziva David (Cote de Pablo), Eleanor Bishop (Emily Wickersham), Alexandra Quinn (Jennifer Esposito), and Nicholas Torres (Wilmer Valderrama). Over the course of the series, they are further assisted by allies both foreign and domestic, including Dr. Donald Mallard (David McCallum), Dr. Jimmy Palmer (Brian Dietzen), forensic specialists Abby Sciuto (Pauley Perrette) and Kasie Hines (Diona Reasonover), British intelligence officer Clayton Reeves (Duane Henry), operational psychologist and senior special agent Dr. Jacqueline Sloane (Maria Bello), and successive NCIS Directors Jennifer Shepard (Lauren Holly) and Leon Vance (Rocky Carroll). Prior to the launch of the first season, advertisements on","title":"NCIS (TV series)"},{"id":"3044562","text":"of \"Tara Matthews\" in the 1999 film \"Primal Force\". Roxana Zal Roxana Zal (born November 8, 1969, Malibu, California) is an American actress. Zal was born and raised in Malibu, California, the daughter of Maureen and Hossein Zal, an Iranian-born Los Angeles investor. Her first acting role was a guest spot on \"Hart to Hart\" at age 12. She has had several other guest roles since then, the most recent being in the show \"NCIS\". She won a Primetime Emmy Award for her role in the 1984 TV movie \"Something About Amelia\". She co-produced and starred in the 1998 independent","title":"Roxana Zal"},{"id":"6577524","text":"season 10, Gabi Coccio recurrently portrayed a young Ziva in flashbacks. Ziva is introduced to the show as an Israeli citizen, an agent of the Kidon unit of the Mossad, a daughter of Mossad Director Eli David, and a friend of NCIS Director Jenny Shepard. She was assigned to NCIS as a liaison officer in an arrangement between Eli and Jenny, a position she held for four years until she returned to Mossad in the season 6 finale, \"Aliyah\". After being captured by terrorists in Somalia while on assignment for Mossad and presumed dead, she was eventually saved by Gibbs,","title":"Ziva David"},{"id":"14611118","text":"Meredith Eaton, Joe Spano, Diane Neal, and Leslie Hope have all guest-starred on \"NCIS: New Orleans\". \"NCIS\" airs on Network Ten and TV Hits (formerly TV1) in Australia, Global (syndicated on Showcase and Lifetime) in Canada, TV3 and The Box in New Zealand, Seriale+ (premieres), TVN (free-TV premieres), TVN7 (reruns), AXN (reruns) and TV Puls (reruns) in Poland, and Fox, CBS Action, Universal, Channel 5 and 5USA in the United Kingdom. The first 11 seasons of \"NCIS\" have been released in Regions 1, 2, and 4. In Germany (Region 2), seasons 1–4 and 5–8 were released in two separate sets","title":"NCIS (TV series)"},{"id":"6215019","text":"Wendy Makkena Wendy Rosenberg Makkena (born October 4, 1958) is an American actress. Born in Manhattan, she started her acting career in 1986 and appeared in the TV show \"Santa Barbara\". She later landed her first movie role in \"Eight Men Out\". She has made various guest or recurring roles on such television shows as \"Law & Order\", \"Monsters\", \"NYPD Blue\", \"House\", and \"NCIS\". In 1992 she had a supporting role in the movie \"Sister Act\" as the shy but talented singing nun Sister Mary Robert, a role she reprised in \"\" the following year. (In both films, singer Andrea","title":"Wendy Makkena"},{"id":"10520692","text":"career as a local theatre actress, before acting on television and independent films. She briefly modeled for two years. Russo is married to Michael Cassady and gave birth to their first child, a daughter, in June 2015. Deanna Russo Deanna Russo is an American actress. She is known for her starring roles on the 2008 NBC version of \"Knight Rider\" and the 2014 USA Network television series \"Satisfaction\". In 2003, she made her television debut in an episode of \"Charmed\", and later guest starred on \"\", \"\", \"How I Met Your Mother\", and \"NCIS\". In 2007, she had a recurring","title":"Deanna Russo"},{"id":"3929045","text":"arc was closed when she was murdered in the episode \"Check\". In 2013 she appeared in ABC series \"Scandal\". McGraw is married to composer/recording artist Steve Pierson, eight years her junior, and they have a daughter Lucy. They all belong to Pierson's band Jambo, which performs roots music for children. Melinda McGraw Melinda McGraw (born 1963) is an American actress. She has starred in movies such as \"Albino Alligator\" (1996), \"Wrongfully Accused\" (1998), and \"\" (2000), and is also known for her television performances on \"The Commish\", \"The X-Files\", \"NCIS\" and \"Mad Men\". McGraw was born in Nicosia, Cyprus, to","title":"Melinda McGraw"},{"id":"19887442","text":"Shalita Grant Shalita Grant (born August 28, 1988) is an American actress on \"\", portraying NCIS Agent Sonja Percy, and also on \"Mercy Street\", portraying Aurelia Johnson, a stoic \"contraband,\" or escaped slave. Grant was born in Petersburg, Virginia, and attended high school at the Baltimore School for the Arts in Maryland, where she was a YoungArts Winner in Theater and Presidential Scholar in the Arts. At 17, she received a scholarship to attend the Juilliard School. In 2010, she graduated from Juilliard with a B.F.A. in Drama. In August 2018, Grant married her wife Sabrina Skau. Grant was nominated","title":"Shalita Grant"},{"id":"18312539","text":"by Tobias Fornell, who was also married to Diane at one point and who was dealing with intense grief and depression following Diane's murder. It is revealed that Sergei and Ari Haswari are half brothers from Ari's mother, whereas Ari and Ziva David were half brother and sister from their father, Eli David. On March 13, 2014, CBS renewed \"NCIS\" for this season. On June 11, 2014, at the Cannes Film Festival, NCIS was awarded the honor of being the most-watched drama in the world, with 57.6 million viewers worldwide. Gary Glasberg, the executive producer of the show, said, \"As","title":"NCIS (season 12)"},{"id":"6577523","text":"Ziva David Ziva David (; Hebrew: זיוה דוד, , Ziva: \"Radiance\"; birth date November 12, 1982, Beersheba in the Negev desert of southern Israel) is a fictional character from the CBS television series \"NCIS\", portrayed by Chilean-born American actress Cote de Pablo. Ziva first appeared in the season 3 premiere episode, \"Kill Ari (Part 1)\", and became a regular cast member from the episode \"Silver War\". She replaced Caitlin \"Kate\" Todd (Sasha Alexander), who was killed at the hands of Ziva's half-brother, Ari Haswari (Rudolf Martin), in the season 2 finale. Following the onscreen death of the character's father in","title":"Ziva David"},{"id":"10601375","text":"cast in the 2013 horror film \"The Damned\" (originally titled \"Gallow's Hill\"), playing Jill, the daughter of Peter Facinelli's character. Nathalia Ramos Nathalia Norah Ramos Cohen (born July 3, 1992) is a Spanish actress, who also holds U.S. citizenship. Ramos is known for her portrayals of Yasmin in the 2007 film \"Bratz\", Jill in the 2013 film \"The Damned\", and lead character Nina Martin in the 2011 Nickelodeon television series \"House of Anubis\". Ramos was born in Madrid, Spain on July 3, 1992. Her mother is from Australia and her father is Juan Carlos Ramos Vaquero, usually known by his","title":"Nathalia Ramos"},{"id":"6577527","text":"society and culture, its positive portrayal of an Israeli, and its \"cheerleading for American ties to Israel\". The role has also made de Pablo the second most popular actress on U.S. primetime television, according to Q Score, and a 2013 study by E-Poll Market Research listed her among the top 10 most appealing celebrities in America. On July 10, 2013, CBS television studios announced that Cote de Pablo would be leaving \"NCIS\" during season eleven. De Pablo appeared in two episodes as a series regular, and was subsequently replaced by Special Agent Eleanor Bishop (Emily Wickersham). Sasha Alexander's character Kate","title":"Ziva David"},{"id":"3562915","text":"Jennifer Esposito Jennifer Esposito (born April 11, 1973) is an American actress and author. She is known for her roles in the feature films \"Crash\", \"Summer of Sam\", \"Don't Say a Word\", \"Taxi\"and \"Welcome to Collinwood\". Esposito has also appeared in several television series, most notably \"Spin City\", \"Related\", \"Samantha Who?\", \"Blue Bloods\", and \"Mistresses\". From 2016 to 2017, Esposito played Special Agent Alexandra Quinn on the CBS series \"NCIS\". Esposito was born on April 11, 1973, in New York City, into a working class household, the second of two daughters of Phyllis, an interior decorator, and Robert Esposito, a","title":"Jennifer Esposito"},{"id":"6036564","text":"that made it really brilliant, because she played Nina honestly. Really honestly. And then she was a villain. Genius. That was such a great one.\" On 5 April 2009, Thomason married lighting technician Craig Sykes in Malibu, California. Their daughter, Tallulah Anaïs, was born on 12 June 2013. Thomason is an avid supporter of Manchester City. Marsha Thomason Marsha Lisa Thomason (born 19 January 1976) is an English television and film actress who is best known for playing Nessa Holt in the first two seasons of the NBC series \"Las Vegas\", Naomi Dorrit on the ABC series \"Lost\", and FBI","title":"Marsha Thomason"},{"id":"17267410","text":"producers advertised the reported development of Ziva's relationship with Tony within the episode. Particularly, a scene in which the characters dance together while in Berlin was heavily promoted and received favorable commentary from reviewers. \"NCIS\" follows a team of government agents who work for the Naval Criminal Investigative Service. The main cast includes Mark Harmon as team leader Leroy Jethro Gibbs, Michael Weatherly as Senior Agent Anthony \"Tony\" DiNozzo, Cote de Pablo as Mossad Liaison Officer turned NCIS Agent Ziva David, Pauley Perrette as Forensic Specialist Abby Sciuto, Sean Murray as Special Agent Timothy McGee, David McCallum as Autopsy Technician","title":"Berlin (NCIS)"},{"id":"8114502","text":"Someone Blue\". According to Daphne their brother Billy would spy on Nigel in the shower. He was portrayed by Cameron Dye. Briefly appears in \"Something Borrowed, Someone Blue\". Briefly appears in \"Something Borrowed, Someone Blue\". Coincidentally Daphne names her and Niles's son David (though in memory of series producer David Angell ). Alice May Doyle (played by Ashley Thomas, 2002–2004) is the daughter of Roz Doyle. She first appears as a newborn in the fifth-season episode \"Life of the Party\", and by the end of the series has become a child of six. Her father, Rick Garrett, had only just","title":"Minor characters on Frasier"},{"id":"17288459","text":"always delivers the goods when she is portraying her characters dramatic side. She manages to slide smoothly between vengeful agent and emotionally shattered daughter which leaves me in awe of her acting skills.\" Michelle Calbert from BuddyTV included \"Shiva\" in her list of \"The 10 Best Ziva Episodes\" and said, \"In this episode, Ziva and the rest of the team have had a fairly long while to deal with the deaths of both her father and Vance's wife. All of them want justice for the man behind the murders, but it's Ziva who wants revenge. Even after being injured in","title":"Revenge (NCIS)"},{"id":"2213476","text":"Bridget Fonda Bridget Jane Fonda (born January 27, 1964) is a retired American actress. She is known for her roles in \"The Godfather Part III\" (1990), \"Single White Female\" (1992), \"Singles (1992 film)\" (1992), \"Point of No Return\" (1993), \"It Could Happen to You\" (1994), and \"Jackie Brown\" (1997). She is the daughter of Peter Fonda, niece of Jane Fonda and granddaughter of Henry Fonda. Fonda was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress for playing Mandy Rice-Davies in the 1989 film \"Scandal\" and provided the voice for Jenna in the 1995 animated feature film \"Balto\". She","title":"Bridget Fonda"},{"id":"14808272","text":"irregularities. She is divorced from Francis Coady and has one child. Jodie Fisher Jodie Lin Fisher (born July 17, 1969) is an American actress whose acting credits include \"NCIS: Los Angeles\", \"Star Trek\", and \"Little Big League\" as well as the reality TV series Age of Love. Jodie Fisher was born in Dallas, Texas, and is of Scandinavian and Irish ancestry. She graduated from Texas Tech University with a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science, Dean's List. Fisher has appeared as a lead actress in television and movie roles, including a 2011 episode of the television series \"\". After her","title":"Jodie Fisher"},{"id":"13139703","text":"Ruah and Olsen had a second child, daughter Sierra Esther Ruah Olsen, on September 4, 2016. Daniela Ruah Daniela Sofia Korn Ruah (born December 2, 1983) is a Portuguese-American actress best known for playing NCIS Special Agent Kensi Blye in the CBS police procedural series \"\". Ruah was born in Boston, U.S., to Jewish parents from Portugal, where her mother is an otologist and her father is an ENT surgeon. When Ruah was 5, the family moved back to Portugal, where she attended St Julian's School and, at 16, began acting in telenovelas. She won a Portuguese-television dance competition. Ruah","title":"Daniela Ruah"},{"id":"10158259","text":"Liza Lapira Liza Lapira (born December 3, 1981) is an American actress. She played Kianna in the 2008 film \"21\", Special Agent Michelle Lee in the CBS police procedural series \"NCIS\" and Ivy, Topher Brink's assistant in \"Dollhouse\". Lapira has also co-starred in the short-lived sitcoms \"Traffic Light\", \"Don't Trust the B---- in Apartment 23\", and \"Super Fun Night\". Liza Lapira was born in Queens, New York. She is of Filipino, Spanish, and Chinese ancestry. In New York, she acted on stage and in independent films. She moved to Los Angeles in 2004 to work in television. Lapira's New York","title":"Liza Lapira"},{"id":"6018614","text":"Torres and Jacqueline Sloane and previous staff Caitlin Todd (killed in the line of duty), Anthony DiNozzo (left to look after his newly found daughter), Ziva David (killed after leaving NCIS), Alexandra Quinn (left to look after her sick mother) and Clayton Reeves (killed defending Abby Sciuto). Leroy Jethro Gibbs was born in 1954 as confirmed in the episode \"Date with Destiny\", in which he visits Shannon's grave and the date is shown on the headstone. Series creator Donald P. Bellisario initially did not think Mark Harmon would fit the role of Gibbs, a \"flinty type with a strong sense","title":"Leroy Jethro Gibbs"},{"id":"17267421","text":"after the episode aired, Williams and Monreal stated: \"Berlin\" marked the first appearance of Eli David's killer, Ilan Bodnar, played by Oded Fehr, since the January episode \"Shiva\". Gabi Coccio reprised her role as young Ziva for flashbacks threaded throughout the episode, and Ben Morrison acted alongside her as young Eli. On March 25, 2013, the casting of Marina Sirtis as Orli Elbaz, the new director of Mossad, was announced. Sirtis, who formerly portrayed the main character Deanna Troi in the \"Star Trek\" enterprise, indicated that she enjoyed working with Mark Harmon and said that he welcomed her to the","title":"Berlin (NCIS)"},{"id":"8767520","text":"(1995-2003) to Andy Cadiff (2003–2010) and to William Newkirk (?) . She has a daughter with Cassidy, Juliet. Juliet Jones-Diol Cassidy was born on March 19, 1998 during Diol's marriage to Shaun Cassidy. Susan Diol Susan Vanita Diol is an American television actress who has played supporting roles in over forty series, including \"One Life to Live\", \"\", \"NCIS\", and \"\". Diol acted in children's theatre productions in Illinois before beginning her on-screen career. She graduated from Otterbein College in Westerville, Ohio. In 1990, Diol appeared in two episodes of the TV series \"Night Court\", playing Dan Fielding's (\"John Larroquette\")","title":"Susan Diol"},{"id":"12898206","text":"on the Fox Network). The show was short-lived, screening only 10 one-hour episodes. In 2005, De Pablo was about to make her Broadway debut in \"The Mambo Kings\" as Dolores Fuentes, but the show closed after a short trial run in San Francisco. Cote de Pablo is primarily known for her portrayal of Ziva David, an Israeli Mossad officer turned NCIS agent, in the police procedural drama \"NCIS\". She had sent in a videotape audition while waiting for \"The Mambo Kings\" to move forward and was asked to fly to Los Angeles for a screen test two days after it","title":"Cote de Pablo"},{"id":"12296094","text":"Rosie Day Rosie-Jane Day (born 6 March 1995) is an English actress. She is known for playing Mary Hawkins in the Golden Globe nominated Starz and Sony Pictures TV series \"Outlander\" and Sarah Jessica Parker's daughter in the comedy road film \"All Roads Lead to Rome\", which she co-starred in. She also stars as Tina Pemberton in Sky One's \"Living the Dream\" alongside Phillip Glenister and Lesley Sharp and the 2018 Summit Entertainment feature \"Down a Dark Hall\" alongside Uma Thurman. Her first film was playing Angel in Paul Hyett's feature film \"The Seasoning House\" for which she received positive","title":"Rosie Day"},{"id":"17267426","text":"little girl in Ziva\" is shown and as Tony takes charge of the situation while they are dancing. De Pablo said that she found this reversal in their interactions to be an interesting change. Producers Avery Drewe and Richie Owens coordinated the visual effects during the final scene of the episode and were only able to do one take during filming. Stunt driver Steve Kelso drove the SUV when it crashed into Tony's car, reportedly driving at 50 miles per hour, though bloggers indicated that they thought that the car looked more like it was going 80 miles per hour.","title":"Berlin (NCIS)"},{"id":"17372375","text":"undeniable.\" In 2012, they appeared again in the magazine's \"30 Best 'Will They/Won't They?' TV Couples\". Similarly, the pair was included in BuddyTV's compile of \"The Top 12 Will-They-or-Won't-They Couples of 2012\" and \"TV Guide\"'s top 15 \"TV Duos Who Should Do It\". Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David are fictional characters from the American police procedural drama \"NCIS\". Tony, an original character, is portrayed by Michael Weatherly, and Ziva, who first appeared in the third season, is portrayed by Cote de Pablo. Frequently referred to by the portmanteau \"Tiva\" (for Tony and Ziva), the characters'","title":"Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David"},{"id":"14808270","text":"Jodie Fisher Jodie Lin Fisher (born July 17, 1969) is an American actress whose acting credits include \"NCIS: Los Angeles\", \"Star Trek\", and \"Little Big League\" as well as the reality TV series Age of Love. Jodie Fisher was born in Dallas, Texas, and is of Scandinavian and Irish ancestry. She graduated from Texas Tech University with a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science, Dean's List. Fisher has appeared as a lead actress in television and movie roles, including a 2011 episode of the television series \"\". After her sexual harassment claim which resulted in the resignation of then Hewlett-Packard","title":"Jodie Fisher"},{"id":"8684261","text":"Cameron Goodman Cameron Elizabeth Goodman (born August 24, 1984) is an American actress. She was born in Texas but grew up in Washington D.C. She attended Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. after transferring from Syracuse University in New York. Goodman has been in numerous films in her career, first starting out in 2002 as a freshman doing her comedic acting at Syracuse University in a show called \"SU Live\". In 2003, she left Syracuse and transferred to Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. Goodman had guest roles on ABC's \"Sons & Daughters\", \"\", \"NCIS\", \"The Suite Life of Zack & Cody\",","title":"Cameron Goodman"},{"id":"17267408","text":"Berlin (NCIS) \"Berlin\" is the 21st episode of the tenth season of the American police procedural drama \"NCIS\", and the 231st episode overall. It originally aired on CBS in the United States on April 23, 2013. The episode is written by Scott Williams and Gina Lucita Monreal and directed by Terrence O'Hara, and was seen live by 17.33 million viewers. The episode advances a storyline focusing on the murder of significant secondary characters in the series and the romance between main characters Tony and Ziva. It carries the storyline surrounding the deaths of Ziva's father, Mossad Director Eli David, and","title":"Berlin (NCIS)"},{"id":"7266843","text":"a recurring role on the ABC sitcom \"Who's the Boss?\", and guest starred on \"CHiPs\", \"Trapper John, M.D.\" and \"Seven Brides for Seven Brothers\". Tonya Crowe Tonya Crowe (born January 24, 1971) is an American actress, best known for playing Olivia Cunningham, the daughter of Donna Mills's Abby Cunningham, in the CBS prime time soap opera, \"Knots Landing\", a role she played from 1980 to 1990 as well as in the reunion miniseries \"\" (1997). She received three Soap Opera Digest Awards for Outstanding Actress in a Supporting Role: Prime Time., and well as Young Artist Award for Best Young","title":"Tonya Crowe"},{"id":"17205140","text":"C. Fornell in the first two episodes. Muse Watson (as Mike Franks) appeared in the fourth episode. Ralph Waite (as Gibbs' father Jackson Gibbs) and Robert Wagner (as Tony's father Anthony DiNozzo, Sr.) are also confirmed to return. Diane Neal reprises her role CGIS Special Agent Abigail Borin in episode six \"Oil & Water\". The second episode includes a character named Sarah Porter, played by Leslie Hope, who is the new Secretary of the Navy, while Margo Harshman has been cast in a potentially recurring role as Timothy McGee's girlfriend, Delilah Fielding. The third episode introduces retiring NCIS Special Agent","title":"NCIS (season 11)"},{"id":"10645142","text":"Lina Esco Lina Esco is an American actress, producer, director and activist. She gained recognition in 2007 for portraying Jimmy Smits' character's daughter in the CBS television drama \"Cane\". Esco has also performed in films, including \"London\" (2005), \"Kingshighway\" (2010), \"LOL\" (2012), and \"Free the Nipple\" (2014). Esco was cast in her first television guest star role in 2006, as Angie Watson in series \"\". In March, 2007 Esco joined the cast of the CBS drama \"Cane\". In 2009, she guest starred in an episode of \"Drop Dead Diva\" series with Paula Abdul. Esco played a lingerie model who had","title":"Lina Esco"},{"id":"11369137","text":"before later appearing as Sam's sister Katie in the episode \"The Leap Home.\" She has had a number of film and TV appearances since then, including appearances on both \"JAG\" and its spin-off, \"NCIS\" (though playing different characters). Both shows were produced by Donald P. Bellisario, who had also created \"Quantum Leap\". Burnette also produced the short film, \"Mountain Cry\". Olivia Burnette Olivia Nicole Burnette (born March 24, 1977) is an American actress who began her career as a child actress at the age of six. She is perhaps best known for her role in the NBC sitcom \"The Torkelsons\"","title":"Olivia Burnette"},{"id":"9385946","text":"Berlinda Tolbert Berlinda Tolbert (born November 4, 1949) is an American film and television actress. Tolbert is best known for her role as Jenny Willis Jefferson, the daughter of Tom and Helen Willis on the CBS sitcom \"The Jeffersons\", which originally aired from 1975 until 1985. Tolbert majored in theater at the North Carolina School of the Arts in Winston-Salem. She also studied drama in London. In a 2013 interview, Tolbert stated, \"I’ve only had one job in my entire life… professional actress.\" She got her first film part from Martin Scorsese in the early 1970s, when she was in","title":"Berlinda Tolbert"},{"id":"4605777","text":"Abby Sciuto, he is one of only two actors who have appeared in all four shows (\"JAG, NCIS, NCIS: LA, NCIS: NO\"). In 2004 he starred in the television film \"The Mystery of Natalie Wood\", portraying Robert Wagner. Since 2010, Robert Wagner had made eight guest appearances on \"NCIS\" as Anthony DiNozzo, Sr., the father of Weatherly's character. He was a guest presenter at the Australian Logie Awards of 2007 on May 6, 2007, and was a guest on \"Rove Live\". Weatherly made his directing debut with the season-eight episode of \"NCIS\" titled \"One Last Score\", which aired March 1,","title":"Michael Weatherly"},{"id":"5148176","text":"Hidden\". He also starred opposite Julie Andrews as King Marchand in the 1995 Broadway adaptation of \"Victor/Victoria.\" Michael Nouri Michael Nouri (born December 9, 1945) is an American television and film actor. His father was born in Iraq. He may be best known for his role as Nick Hurley in the 1983 film \"Flashdance\". He has had recurring roles in numerous television series, including \"NCIS\" as Eli David, the father of Mossad officer (later Special Agent) Ziva David, \"The O.C.\" as Dr. Neil Roberts, and \"Damages\" as Phil Grey. He also appeared as Congressman Stewart with Queen Latifah in the","title":"Michael Nouri"},{"id":"3332647","text":"was first introduced in a guest starring role in two episodes of \"JAG\". Since 2003, Harmon has starred in \"NCIS\" as the same character. Harmon was born in Burbank, California, the youngest of three children and the only son. His parents were Heisman Trophy–winning football player and broadcaster Tom Harmon and actress and artist Elyse Knox (née Elsie Lillian Kornbrath). Harmon has two older sisters, actress and painter Kristin Nelson, who was divorced from the late singer Rick Nelson, and actress-model Kelly Harmon, who was once married to car magnate John DeLorean. His maternal grandparents were Austrian immigrants. After graduating","title":"Mark Harmon"},{"id":"2214486","text":"to believe. I'm completely different.\" Alba met Cash Warren, son of actor Michael Warren, while filming \"Fantastic Four\" in 2004. The pair were married in Los Angeles in May 2008. They have three children: daughters Honor Marie Warren (born 2008), Haven Garner Warren (born 2011), and son Hayes Alba Warren (born New Year's Eve 2017). The first pictures of eldest daughter Honor appearing in the July 2008 issue of \"OK!\" magazine were reportedly paid US$1.5 million. Alba appeared on George Lopez's series \"Lopez Tonight\". After she and her father had submitted DNA samples (cheek swabs) to the DNA Diagnostic Center","title":"Jessica Alba"},{"id":"3534193","text":"Nia Long Nia Talita Long, (born October 30, 1970) is an American actress. She is known for her roles in the television series \"The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air\", \"Third Watch\" and \"Empire\", and the films \"Boyz n the Hood\", \"Friday\", \"Love Jones\", \"Soul Food\", \"In Too Deep\", \"The Best Man\", \"Big Momma's House\" and \"Are We There Yet?\". Long was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Talita Long (née Gillman), a teacher and printmaker, and Doughtry Long, a high school teacher and poet. Her family is of Trinidadian, Grenadian, Vincentian, and Barbadian descent. She has an older half-sister, the actress","title":"Nia Long"},{"id":"10765799","text":"Soniya Mehra Sonia Mehra (born 2 December 1988) is an Indian Bollywood actress and daughter of late actor Vinod Mehra. She is best known for playing Tanya Kapoor in \"Ragini MMS 2\". She is the daughter of the late actor Vinod Mehra from his third and last wife Kiran. She was less than two years old when her father died in October 1990. She was brought up in Kenya with her brother Rohan by her maternal grandparents. Soniya went to The Mombasa Academy in Mombasa, Kenya and completed her education in London. She began her training in acting at the","title":"Soniya Mehra"},{"id":"10578145","text":"other notable television credits include \"Early Edition\", \"Criminal Minds\" and \"NCIS\", and her other film credits include supporting roles in \"Arctic Blue\", \"Deep Impact\", \"Jaded\" and \"Women in Trouble\". In 1994, Kihlstedt married actor Gil Bellows. They have two children, Ava Emanuelle (born 1999), and Giovanni (born 2001). She is the sister of Oakland-based violinist, Carla Kihlstedt. Rya Kihlstedt Rya Kihlstedt (born July 23, 1970) is an American actress. She is known for co-starring in the 1997 comedy film \"Home Alone 3\", and for her recurring roles as Dr. Michelle Ross in the Showtime crime drama \"Dexter\" and Marilyn Rhodes","title":"Rya Kihlstedt"},{"id":"6577528","text":"Todd was killed in the second \"NCIS\" season finale following Alexander's decision to permanently leave the show. Shortly afterwards, series creator Donald Bellisario announced plans to replace Todd with another female lead. At the time, he stated that the new character would be \"quite different\" from the previous and of an undecided foreign nationality—\"I want to go for a European or Australian girl who is very comfortable with her femininity and sexuality.\" Before joining the cast of \"NCIS\", Cote de Pablo, who lived in New York at the time, had performed primarily in the theatre. She was intended to portray","title":"Ziva David"},{"id":"17111257","text":"Linda Powell Linda Powell (born April, 1965) is an American actress. Powell was born in Fort Benning, Georgia, the daughter of Alma and Colin Powell, the former United States Secretary of State, National Security Advisor and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. She was raised on a series of military bases, because of her father's career. She has a B.A. in English literature from the College of William & Mary in Virginia, and studied theater at the Circle in the Square Theatre School. Powell has had a long career of supporting roles in film and television. Her most notable","title":"Linda Powell"},{"id":"1743685","text":"Posey and Melvil Poupaud in \"Broken English\", an independent American feature written and directed by her daughter Zoe Cassavetes. In 2009, she appeared on an episode of \"Monk\" (\"Mr. Monk and the Lady Next Door\"). On March 2, 2010, she appeared on an episode of \"NCIS\" as lead character Leroy Jethro Gibbs's former mother-in-law, who is embroiled in a murder investigation. In 2014, she starred in the film adaptation of \"Six Dance Lessons in Six Weeks\". Rowlands was married to John Cassavetes from April 9, 1954, until his death on February 3, 1989. They met at the American Academy at","title":"Gena Rowlands"},{"id":"12174091","text":"Kimberly Cullum Kimberly Cullum (born November 29, 1981) is an American former child actress who had many film and television roles during the 1990s. Born in Los Angeles, California, Cullum is the daughter of cartoonist Leo Cullum whose work regularly appeared in \"The New Yorker\" magazine. Her younger sister Kaitlin Cullum is also a former child actress. Cullum began acting professionally at the age of seven when she starred in the 1989 made-for-TV movie \"The Revenge of Al Capone\", starring Keith Carradine. Among her other credits are appearances on \"The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air\", \"Empty Nest\" (in the episode \"Read","title":"Kimberly Cullum"},{"id":"17122310","text":"Emily Wilson (actress) Emily Wilson (born May 28, 1985 in Westminster, Colorado) is an American actress. Wilson began her acting career in 2005 in the TV series \"NCIS\" (\"SWAK\"). In 2006, she was the Audition Revealed - Winner on \"KTLA Morning News\". In 2007, Wilson guest starred on \"MADtv\", \"Californication\", and \"Side Order of Life\". Wilson was in \"Meet The Spartans\" (2008) and \"The House Bunny\" (2008). In 2009, she guest starred on \"Secret Girlfriend\". In 2010, Wilson was in the independent film \"The Boys and Girls Guide to Getting Down\" and \"L.A. Vampire\". She also guest starred on \"Entourage\"","title":"Emily Wilson (actress)"},{"id":"6577553","text":"with her father's successor - Director Orli Elbaz - who later informs DiNozzo of the difficulty Ziva had faced while deciding whether to inform him of the birth of their daughter which Tony is given care of after Ziva is killed. Cote de Pablo describes the character as someone who is \"completely different from anyone else on the show\" and that because \"she's been around men all her life; she's used to men in authority. She's not afraid of men.\" She later stated that, \"This woman is a soldier. She takes things to the extreme. She knows how to use","title":"Ziva David"},{"id":"12659868","text":"of 11. Lucas left the company of \"Fun Home\" on October 4, 2015. Lucas played Mary Lennox in \"The Secret Garden\" with Manhattan Concert Productions on February 21 and 22, 2016 at Lincoln Center’s David Geffen Hall. Lucas has portrayed the younger version of two different characters played by Kristen Wiig in the films \"Girl Most Likely\" (2012) and \"The Skeleton Twins\" (2014). Her television credits include guest roles on \"\", \"Royal Pains\", \"Saturday Night Live\", and \"Team Umizoomi\". She has also appeared as Malcolm's Daughter in Giuseppe Verdi's \"Macbeth\" at the Metropolitan Opera in 2012. Sydney Lucas Sydney Ellen","title":"Sydney Lucas"},{"id":"17205138","text":"his contract on the show with a new \"multiyear deal\" with CBS. It was announced on July 10, 2013 that Cote de Pablo, who plays Ziva David, had chosen not to return for the eleventh season as a regular. She will appear in enough episodes to close out her character's storylines. Because of de Pablo's exit, showrunner Gary Glasberg had to change his planned storyline for season 11. \"Someone asked me if I was planning for this, but I really wasn't, so basically the minute that this became real, I had to throw out a lot of what I was","title":"NCIS (season 11)"},{"id":"3271738","text":"Katherine Kelly Lang Katherine Kelly Lang (born Katherine Kelly Wegeman; July 25, 1961) is an American actress best known for playing Brooke Logan in the CBS soap opera \"The Bold and the Beautiful\". She was born in Hollywood, California and graduated from Beverly Hills High School. She is the daughter of Olympic ski jumper Keith R. Wegeman and actress Judith Lang and the granddaughter of Oscar-winning cinematographer Charles Lang. Lang was divorced twice. She is the mother of three children: Jeremy Skott Snider (born 1990), Julian Lang Snider (born 1992), Zoe Katrina D'Andrea (born 1997), and has a stepdaughter, Danyelle","title":"Katherine Kelly Lang"},{"id":"17227708","text":"and -- BANG -- Saleem was gone. Gibbs took him out with one shot. On the emotional front, of course, Ziva is shell-shocked. She feels undeserving of the rescue, and when she returned to the office and everyone applauded the team for their mission, the vacant look in her eyes spoke volumes. Abby hugged her, doing what Tony wanted to do, but Ziva's not really all there yet. She's traumatized. It's going to take some time to get back to normal. All the more reason why next week's show is must-see viewing for me and the other 20 million who","title":"Truth or Consequences (NCIS)"},{"id":"4742034","text":"Lauren Holly Lauren Michael Holly (born October 28, 1963) is an American-Canadian actress. She is known for her roles as Deputy Sheriff Maxine Stewart in the television series \"Picket Fences\", Director Jenny Shepard in the series \"NCIS\", and Dr. Betty Rogers on Canadian series \"Motive\"; as well as playing Mary Swanson in \"Dumb and Dumber\", Linda Lee in \"\", Darian Smalls in \"Beautiful Girls\", Cindy Rooney in \"Any Given Sunday\", and Gigi in \"What Women Want\". Holly was born in Bristol, Pennsylvania. Her mother, Michael Ann Holly, is an art historian and the Starr Director of Research and Academic Program","title":"Lauren Holly"},{"id":"9140616","text":"long-term contract child in Hollywood,\" having been signed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. That same year, she appeared in her favorite film, \"The Last Time I Saw Paris\". Based on F. Scott Fitzgerald's famous short story \"Babylon Revisited\", she played Vicky, the daughter of Van Johnson and Elizabeth Taylor. After her mother dies, Vicky is adopted by her mother's sister, played by Donna Reed. The movie called on her to speak French and to dance ballet. In 1954, she also played a crippled child in a Martin and Lewis film. In 1955, she was in \"The Prodigal\" with Lana Turner. Then she played","title":"Sandy Descher"},{"id":"18583313","text":"Terri Hoyos Teresa Victoria \"Terri\" Hoyos is an American actress. Hoyos was born and raised in Los Angeles, California. She is of Mexican descent and is the daughter of actor Rodolfo Hoyos, Jr. In the 1980s, she began her career as a makeup artist, and later trained in acting at LACC Theatre Arts Academy. Hoyos made her screen debut in 1984, with a small part in the film \"Crimes of Passion\", and later had guest starring roles on \"Hill Street Blues\", \"Gimme a Break!\", \"Cheers\", \"ER\", \"Dharma & Greg\", \"Frasier\", \"NYPD Blue\", \"Parks and Recreation\", and \"Modern Family\". She also","title":"Terri Hoyos"},{"id":"8354692","text":"World\". This role elevated her career and she has since appeared in several films and guest starred on such popular television shows as \"Scrubs\", \"NCIS\", and \"Two and a Half Men\". She appeared in the TV series \"\" episode \"Nailed\" as Charlene Hartford, the woman responsible for accidentally injuring the character Ryan Wolfe with a nailgun. She lives in Southern California and has two sons; Logan and Ledger. O'Dell has also been a professional photographer since 2009. Jennifer O'Dell Jennifer O'Dell (born November 27, 1974 in Ridgecrest, California) is an American film and television actress. She is best known for","title":"Jennifer O'Dell"},{"id":"17648535","text":"Stephanie Beatriz Stephanie Beatriz Bischoff Alvizuri (born 10 February 1981) is an Argentine-born American actress best known for playing Detective Rosa Diaz in the Fox/NBC comedy series \"Brooklyn Nine-Nine\" and Jessica in the independent drama \"Short Term 12\" (2013). Stephanie Beatriz Bischoff Alvizuri was born in Neuquén, Neuquén Province, Argentina, the daughter of a Colombian father and a Bolivian mother. She also has German ancestry. With her parents and a younger sister, she arrived in the United States at the age of three. She grew up in Webster, Texas and attended Clear Brook High School. She graduated from Stephens College","title":"Stephanie Beatriz"},{"id":"6577552","text":"relationship, leading to Ziva becoming pregnant. Though DiNozzo was not informed of this, Ziva gave birth to a daughter named Tali. In season thirteen (\"Family First\"), Ziva's farmhouse is destroyed in a mortar attack ordered by CIA Agent Trent Kort. Although Tali is found alive, the NCIS crew are informed that Ziva is dead, though her remains are not found at the house. DiNozzo subsequently departs NCIS in order to care for their daughter, and travel to both Israel (in search of answers), and Paris (as \"Ziva loves Paris\"). Prior to the season thirteen finale, Ziva builds a strong friendship","title":"Ziva David"},{"id":"2046132","text":"Laurie Holden Heather Laurie Holden (born December 17, 1969) is an American-Canadian actress, producer, model, and human rights activist. She is known for her roles as Marita Covarrubias in \"The X-Files\" (1996–2002), Adele Stanton in \"The Majestic\" (2001), Cybil Bennett in \"Silent Hill\" (2006), Amanda Dumfries in \"The Mist\" (2007), Olivia Murray in \"The Shield\" (2008), Andrea in \"The Walking Dead\" (2010–2013) and Renee in \"The Americans\" (2017-2018). Born in Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, California, and raised in Toronto, Ontario, Holden holds dual citizenship in the United States and Canada. After her parents, actors Glen Corbett and Adrienne Ellis,","title":"Laurie Holden"},{"id":"12892843","text":"Pauley Perrette Pauley Perrette (born March 27, 1969) is an American actress, best known for playing Abby Sciuto on the U.S. TV series \"NCIS\". She is also a published writer, singer, and civil rights advocate. Perrette was born in New Orleans and raised throughout the southern United States. On \"The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson\", she told host Craig Ferguson that she lived in Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, New York, New Jersey, and California. In a 2011 interview with the Associated Press, Perrette confessed her early ambitions were to work with animals, be in a rock","title":"Pauley Perrette"},{"id":"8239928","text":"Elsa Pataky Elsa Lafuente Medianu (born 18 July 1976), known professionally as Elsa Pataky, is a Spanish model, actress, and film producer. Pataky is known for her role as Elena Neves in \"The Fast and the Furious\" franchise. She has appeared in the films \"Snakes on a Plane\" (2006), \"Giallo\" (2009) and \"Give 'Em Hell, Malone\" (2009). She also starred in the Spanish film \"Di Di Hollywood\" in 2010. Pataky was born Elsa Lafuente Medianu in Madrid, Spain, the daughter of José Francisco Lafuente, a Spanish biochemist, and Cristina Medianu Pataky, a publicist of Romanian and Hungarian ancestry. She has","title":"Elsa Pataky"},{"id":"12296096","text":"for Summit Entertainment. \"Butterfly Kisses\", a film in which she was the lead, won the Crystal Bear for best feature at the 67th Berlinale festival. She stars as Tina in the Sky series \"Living the Dream\". Rosie Day Rosie-Jane Day (born 6 March 1995) is an English actress. She is known for playing Mary Hawkins in the Golden Globe nominated Starz and Sony Pictures TV series \"Outlander\" and Sarah Jessica Parker's daughter in the comedy road film \"All Roads Lead to Rome\", which she co-starred in. She also stars as Tina Pemberton in Sky One's \"Living the Dream\" alongside Phillip","title":"Rosie Day"},{"id":"18227848","text":"Michael Foster. In 2016, Carver was cast as Michelle Geiss, a reluctant beauty and aspiring photographer who is both intellectual and talented, in the ABC television pilot \"Model Woman\". She starred opposite Andie MacDowell, Steven Weber (actor), and Nicole Ari Parker. She was also cast in Warren Beatty's \"Rule's Don't Apply\", and made appearances on \"NCIS\", \"Timeless\", and \"Heroes Reborn\". In 2017, Carver was cast as Nancy Kerrigan alongside Margot Robbie, Allison Janney, and Sebastian Stan in the award-winning film \"I, Tonya\". She currently recurs as Muffy Tuttle on Netflix's \"Dear White People\". Caitlin Carver Caitlin Carver (born March 31,","title":"Caitlin Carver"},{"id":"4910935","text":"Samantha Mathis Samantha Mathis (born May 12, 1970) is an American actress. The daughter of actress Bibi Besch, Mathis made her film debut in \"Pump Up the Volume\" (1990), and later co-starred or appeared in such films as \"Little Women\" (1994), \"The American President\" (1995), \"Broken Arrow\" (1996), \"American Psycho\" (2000), \"The Punisher\" (2004), and \"\" (2012). Mathis was born in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York, the daughter of Donald Mathis and Austrian-born actress Bibi Besch. Her parents divorced when she was two years old, and Mathis was raised by her mother. She relocated with her mother to Los Angeles at","title":"Samantha Mathis"},{"id":"15470145","text":"playing the daughter of lead Monica Potter. In 2016 Prosperi starred in the Lifetime movie \"His Double Life\". Cristine Prosperi Cristine Prosperi (born ) is a Canadian actress. She is known for portraying Imogen Moreno on \"\", Tiara Turner on the Family Channel series \"Really Me\", and Mikayla in the TeenNick series \"Open Heart\". Prosperi was born in Toronto. Prosperi began her career with small roles in the 2007 movies \"\" and \"Your Beautiful Cul de Sac Home\". In 2009 she guest starred on the comedy series \"The Latest Buzz\". She has several commercials under her belt; she shot an","title":"Cristine Prosperi"},{"id":"19887445","text":"(2010), \"Invisible\" (2010), and the Oscar-nominated documentary, \"Rehearsing a Dream\" (2006). Grant splits her time between New Orleans, Louisiana, where \"\" is filmed, and Los Angeles, California. Shalita Grant Shalita Grant (born August 28, 1988) is an American actress on \"\", portraying NCIS Agent Sonja Percy, and also on \"Mercy Street\", portraying Aurelia Johnson, a stoic \"contraband,\" or escaped slave. Grant was born in Petersburg, Virginia, and attended high school at the Baltimore School for the Arts in Maryland, where she was a YoungArts Winner in Theater and Presidential Scholar in the Arts. At 17, she received a scholarship to","title":"Shalita Grant"},{"id":"5078442","text":"and Rachel Dratch; she plays Truvy, the friend of a college co-ed (Amber Tamblyn) who is also the daughter of a powerful senator. She appeared in the role of Sandy in the \"NCIS\" episode \"Seek\". Sarah Hagan Sarah Margaret Hagan (born May 24, 1984) is an American television and film actress. Hagan was born in Austin, Texas. She has been acting since the age of six, when her mother first signed her up for musical theater. Hagan was first involved with theater companies such as Houston's Playhouse 1960, the Houston Grand Opera (where she sang in the children's chorus), the","title":"Sarah Hagan"},{"id":"6039765","text":"Pratt was finishing her bachelor's degree in Business, while working on prerequisites for a Master's program in occupational therapy at the University of Southern California. She married fellow actor Kenneth Mitchell in May 2006, with whom she has two children, a daughter, Lilah Ruby Mitchell (born July 7, 2007) and son, Kallum Porter Mitchell (born December 9, 2012). Susan May Pratt Susan May Pratt (born February 8, 1974) is an American actress. She played Mandella in \"10 Things I Hate About You\", Alicia in \"Drive Me Crazy\", and Maureen Cummings in \"Center Stage\". Pratt was born in Lansing, Michigan and","title":"Susan May Pratt"},{"id":"6818592","text":"Stephanie Hodge Stephanie Hodge (born December 24, 1956) is an American actress and stand-up comedian, best known for her role as Jennie Malloy on the WB sitcom \"Unhappily Ever After\" from 1995 to 1998. Hodge was born in Wilmington, Ohio. She attended Wilmington College and Ohio University in Athens, OH. She starred in a number of television sitcoms in 1990s, like \"Sugar and Spice\", \"My Talk Show\", \"Nurses\", and \"Muddling Through\". After leaving \"Unhappily Ever After\", Hodge appeared in the 2001 film \"Evolution\", the film \"Yes Man\" and later guest-starred on \"Reba\", \"NCIS\", \"The Suite Life of Zack and Cody\",","title":"Stephanie Hodge"},{"id":"2499307","text":"Denise Crosby Denise Michelle Crosby (; born November 24, 1957) is an American actress and model, best known for portraying Security Chief Tasha Yar in of \"\" as well as Yar's daughter, the half-Romulan Commander Sela, in subsequent seasons. She is also known for her numerous film and television roles, and for starring in and producing the film \"Trekkies\". Denise Michelle Crosby was born on November 24, 1957 in Hollywood, California, the daughter of Marilyn Scott and actor Dennis Crosby (whom Denise was named after). Her mother pursued a sensational, three-year-long lawsuit against her father, at the conclusion of which","title":"Denise Crosby"},{"id":"2499319","text":"Denise Crosby Denise Michelle Crosby (; born November 24, 1957) is an American actress and model, best known for portraying Security Chief Tasha Yar in of \"\" as well as Yar's daughter, the half-Romulan Commander Sela, in subsequent seasons. She is also known for her numerous film and television roles, and for starring in and producing the film \"Trekkies\". Denise Michelle Crosby was born on November 24, 1957 in Hollywood, California, the daughter of Marilyn Scott and actor Dennis Crosby (whom Denise was named after). Her mother pursued a sensational, three-year-long lawsuit against her father, at the conclusion of which","title":"Denise Crosby"},{"id":"12403632","text":"who starred as Susan's daughter, Julie, departed from the cast, as her character left for college at the end of the fourth season. Teri Hatcher expressed disappointment in the producers' decision, but Cherry stated that Bowen would return in the future. Joy Lauren, who portrayed Bree's daughter, Danielle, and Lyndsy Fonseca, who played Katherine's daughter, Dylan, also left the main cast, although the former appeared in the season premiere as a guest star. Because the fourth season ended leaving Mike's whereabouts unknown, James Denton's return to the series was questioned during hiatus. Denton stated in May 2008 that producers would","title":"You're Gonna Love Tomorrow"},{"id":"5842394","text":"NBC.com. Donovan had a role in the film \"A Golden Christmas\", where she played Anna, the sister of the main character and she played the lead role in \"The 12 Wishes of Christmas.\" In 2006 she played a guest role in the \"NCIS\" episode \"Dead and Unburied\". She was also featured in 'N Sync's 1999 music video for \"Thinking of You (I Drive Myself Crazy)\" as the love interest for Joey Fatone. Donovan has been married to her husband Charlie Bigelow since October 20, 2012. They have a daughter named Scarlett Avery Bigelow (born May 8, 2012). Elisa Donovan Elisa","title":"Elisa Donovan"},{"id":"5858778","text":"her early career. In 2003, she had a role as Lindsay Lohan's character's rival in \"Freaky Friday\". She played a similar role the following year in the romantic comedy \"A Cinderella Story\", opposite Hilary Duff, and Chad Michael Murray, and also appeared in \"\" and \"Christmas with the Kranks\", as Jamie Lee Curtis' character's daughter. In 2005, she had supporting role in another romantic comedy, \"Must Love Dogs\". Her other credits including 2007 thriller \"Cherry Crush\" and the lead role in the 2013 comedy horror movie \"Vamp U\". In 2006, Gonzalo was cast in a series regular role as Parker","title":"Julie Gonzalo"},{"id":"17179488","text":"by her father, as was confirmed in \"Aliyah\". However, Merik Tadros, who portrayed Rivkin, voiced his opinion on the subject: \"They could easily have been paired and had to be in love and then had to learn to love each other... The way I've always approached it is that Rivkin loves Ziva. They've always wanted to add some suspense and mystery to all of it, but I would always say to the directors, 'How could I not love her?'\" When asked how Tony and Ziva's relationship would be affected, Cote de Pablo replied, \"We could not be farther away from","title":"Aliyah (NCIS)"},{"id":"13327527","text":"Yvonne DeLaRosa Yvonne DeLaRosa is an American actress, best known for her role on the Imagen award-winning series \"Los Americans\", Yvonne has appeared in films such as \"Helter Skelter\", \"Mystery Woman: Snapshot\", and \"The Sorrow\", in addition to landing roles on TV shows, including \"How I Met Your Mother\", \"NCIS (TV series)\", \"Weeds\", and \"The King of Queens\". She has been heralded as 'The face of the new wave of Latino talent' by \"Jimmy Smits\". She is also a serial entrepreneur of two successive cannabis dispensaries. Born to a Colombian mother and Native American father, DeLaRosa began studying theater at","title":"Yvonne DeLaRosa"},{"id":"10520690","text":"Deanna Russo Deanna Russo is an American actress. She is known for her starring roles on the 2008 NBC version of \"Knight Rider\" and the 2014 USA Network television series \"Satisfaction\". In 2003, she made her television debut in an episode of \"Charmed\", and later guest starred on \"\", \"\", \"How I Met Your Mother\", and \"NCIS\". In 2007, she had a recurring role as Dr. Logan Armstrong on the CBS soap opera, \"The Young and the Restless\". In 2007, Russo won Best Director for her short, Taste of Kream, in the New Orleans Film Festival. Russo starred in the","title":"Deanna Russo"},{"id":"17372366","text":"that Cote De Pablo would not be returning to her role as Ziva David for the upcoming 11th season. De Pablo stated \"I've had 8 great years with NCIS and Ziva David. I have huge respect and affection for Mark, Gary, Michael, David, Rocky, Pauley, Brian, Sean, all of the team and CBS. I look forward to finishing Ziva's story.\" However it was announced that Cote De Pablo would return for the beginning of season 11 to wrap up Ziva's storyline. Show runner Gary Glasberg stated in an interview with EW that: \"The amazing resolution you're going to see is","title":"Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David"},{"id":"17951534","text":"director, wanted her to do it because it was the role of a Parsi woman. In this film, Daisy Irani, who had worked with Shammi in her first film as a child artist for the film Bandish in 1955, played her daughter-in-law. She died in her sleep on 6 March 2018, from natural causes at the age of 88. Shammi (actress) Nargis Rabadi (24 April 1929 – 6 March 2018), better known by her stage name Shammi, was an Indian actress who appeared in over two hundred Hindi films. Shammi remained a sought-after with filmmakers when it came to goofy","title":"Shammi (actress)"},{"id":"6018639","text":"front door.\" Alyssa Rosenberg of the \"Washington Monthly\" also suggested that Gibbs, \"a former Marine with a Bush-like faith in his 'gut', appeared as a distinctly conservative figure in the series, in contrast to \"liberal stand-ins\" McGee and Abby Sciuto. In 2011, it was reported that the role had made Mark Harmon the fourth most popular actor on primetime television. Several other members of the \"NCIS\" cast were also listed in the top ten, including Pauley Perrette (Abby Sciuto), Cote de Pablo (Ziva David), David McCallum (Ducky Mallard), and Michael Weatherly (Anthony DiNozzo). Leroy Jethro Gibbs Leroy Jethro Gibbs is","title":"Leroy Jethro Gibbs"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"17372311\",\n \"text\": \"former CIA Agent Trent Kort, and Tony learns that he and Ziva have a daughter, who she named after her sister, Tali. These events drive Tony to leave NCIS to care for their daughter. Michael Weatherly was cast for the role of Anthony \\\"Tony\\\" DiNozzo in 2003 and appeared in every episode of the show's first 13 seasons. The character is portrayed as \\\"complex\\\": he is a former Baltimore homicide detective with a \\\"heroic spirit\\\" as well as a \\\"total dinosaur in terms of sexual politics\\\". In the second season finale, \\\"NCIS\\\" series regular Caitlin Todd was killed off after\",\n \"title\": \"Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6018777\",\n \"text\": \"popular actors on primetime television, according to Q Score. In January 2016, Weatherly and CBS confirmed that Season 13 would be DiNozzo's last as a series regular. DiNozzo leaves after finding out that he has a daughter with his former partner and Special Agent Ziva David, who died in a mortar attack on her home in Israel. He decides to leave NCIS in order to \\\"look for some answers\\\" and to care for their daughter. Michael Weatherly was cast for the role of Tony DiNozzo in 2003. Series creator Don Bellisario related the events that led to Weatherly being selected:\",\n \"title\": \"Anthony DiNozzo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12898202\",\n \"text\": \"Cote de Pablo María José de Pablo Fernández, known professionally as Cote de Pablo (born November 12, 1979), is a Chilean-American actress and singer. Born in Santiago, Chile, at the age of ten she moved to the United States, where she studied acting. De Pablo co-hosted episodes of the Latin-American talk show \\\"Control\\\" with former \\\"Entertainment Tonight\\\" host, Carlos Ponce, at the age of 15 before attending Carnegie Mellon University to study music and theatre. After appearing in a number of television roles, she was cast to portray main character Ziva David in the CBS television series \\\"NCIS\\\" in 2005\",\n \"title\": \"Cote de Pablo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6577525\",\n \"text\": \"Tony, and McGee, who brought her back to America. These events led to her resigning from Mossad, applying to become an NCIS agent, and being sworn in as a U.S. citizen. In the season 13 finale, \\\"Family First\\\", in 2016, it is discovered that she has a daughter, Tali, with Anthony DiNozzo. During a mortar attack arranged by former CIA agent Trent Kort, Ziva is apparently killed. In an interview with \\\"Deadline Hollywood\\\", executive producer and show runner Gary Glasberg commented on Ziva's fate; \\\"Tremendous thought was put into every element of what you saw last night ... down to\",\n \"title\": \"Ziva David\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17498683\",\n \"text\": \"an assassin and being \\\"an extremely skilled interrogator, nearly impossible to break\\\". Initially rejected by most of the other characters, she is eventually accepted as a member of the NCIS team and as a surrogate daughter figure to team leader Gibbs (Mark Harmon). She also serves as a foil for Special Agent Tony DiNozzo, a former Baltimore homicide cop and \\\"wannabe playboy\\\" played by Michael Weatherly. Early on, producers began to toy with the idea of pairing them romantically but avoided going through with the relationship by dealing them a number of obstacles, namely difficult circumstances and other love interests.\",\n \"title\": \"Ziva David captivity storyline\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6018617\",\n \"text\": \"years, he is scripted as more stoical, with Bellisario stating, \\\"I thought the best thing to do was to give him a minimum of dialogue.\\\" It was not until the third season that the backstory surrounding his first wife and daughter's murder was revealed. His relationships with his coworkers were developed, with him becoming something of a father figure to Special Agent Ziva David and Forensic Specialist Abby Sciuto. Mark Harmon's oldest son Sean has appeared on \\\"NCIS\\\" portraying a younger version of Gibbs in flashbacks. In the backstory, Gibbs was born on May 2, 1954, and was shown in\",\n \"title\": \"Leroy Jethro Gibbs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3044561\",\n \"text\": \"Roxana Zal Roxana Zal (born November 8, 1969, Malibu, California) is an American actress. Zal was born and raised in Malibu, California, the daughter of Maureen and Hossein Zal, an Iranian-born Los Angeles investor. Her first acting role was a guest spot on \\\"Hart to Hart\\\" at age 12. She has had several other guest roles since then, the most recent being in the show \\\"NCIS\\\". She won a Primetime Emmy Award for her role in the 1984 TV movie \\\"Something About Amelia\\\". She co-produced and starred in the 1998 independent film \\\"Broken Vessels\\\", and also played a main role\",\n \"title\": \"Roxana Zal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2281896\",\n \"text\": \"Sofia Coppola Sofia Carmina Coppola (; born May 14, 1971) is an American screenwriter, director, producer, and former actress. She is the daughter of director, producer, and screenwriter Francis Ford Coppola, and made her film debut as an infant in her father's acclaimed crime drama film, \\\"The Godfather\\\" (1972). She later appeared in a supporting role in \\\"Peggy Sue Got Married\\\" (1986) and portrayed Mary Corleone, the daughter of Michael Corleone, in \\\"\\\" (1990). The latter film earned her much derision and critical backlash, effectively ending her acting career. Coppola then turned her attention to filmmaking. She made her feature-length\",\n \"title\": \"Sofia Coppola\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9255943\",\n \"text\": \"Pudding Theatricals in 2003, worked for Let's Go Travel Guides, and was credited as associate editor for the travel book \\\"Let's Go: Vietnam\\\". Thompson graduated in 2005 with a bachelor's degree in Performance Studies and Literature, focusing on French and Postcolonial works. After graduating Thompson landed her first role in the television show \\\"Brotherhood\\\" (2006) opposite Jason Isaacs. She then guest starred in several television shows before landing a recurring role on the CBS show \\\"NCIS\\\" (2006–2007) as Dr. Jeanne Benoit, the girlfriend of Tony DiNozzo (played by Michael Weatherly) and the daughter of Rene Benoit (played by Armand Assante).\",\n \"title\": \"Scottie Thompson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3929040\",\n \"text\": \"Melinda McGraw Melinda McGraw (born 1963) is an American actress. She has starred in movies such as \\\"Albino Alligator\\\" (1996), \\\"Wrongfully Accused\\\" (1998), and \\\"\\\" (2000), and is also known for her television performances on \\\"The Commish\\\", \\\"The X-Files\\\", \\\"NCIS\\\" and \\\"Mad Men\\\". McGraw was born in Nicosia, Cyprus, to American parents. The youngest of three daughters, she grew up in Cambridge and Dover in the Boston area. Her father served as a diplomat for the Agency of International Development before becoming an executive with a major hotel in Boston. She attended the Buckingham Browne & Nichols School in Cambridge\",\n \"title\": \"Melinda McGraw\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9672959\",\n \"text\": \"Harmon) being severely injured in a ship bombing, his subsequent memory loss, and the team's struggle to find the perpetrator before another attack. The episodes also delve into Gibbs' past, culminating in the revelation of his wife and daughter's deaths 15 years prior. \\\"NCIS\\\" follows a team of government agents who work for the Naval Criminal Investigative Service. The main cast during the filming of the third season included Mark Harmon as team leader Leroy Jethro Gibbs, Michael Weatherly as Senior Agent Anthony \\\"Tony\\\" DiNozzo, Cote de Pablo as Mossad Liaison Officer Ziva David, Pauley Perrette as Forensic Specialist Abby\",\n \"title\": \"Hiatus (NCIS)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2281946\",\n \"text\": \"work rather than allowing them to have a real childhood. Sofia Coppola Sofia Carmina Coppola (; born May 14, 1971) is an American screenwriter, director, producer, and former actress. She is the daughter of director, producer, and screenwriter Francis Ford Coppola, and made her film debut as an infant in her father's acclaimed crime drama film, \\\"The Godfather\\\" (1972). She later appeared in a supporting role in \\\"Peggy Sue Got Married\\\" (1986) and portrayed Mary Corleone, the daughter of Michael Corleone, in \\\"\\\" (1990). The latter film earned her much derision and critical backlash, effectively ending her acting career. Coppola\",\n \"title\": \"Sofia Coppola\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8397800\",\n \"text\": \"recurring role on \\\"NCIS\\\" as Leroy Jethro Gibbs' daughter Kelly. She also had a series regular role in the CW series \\\"Life Is Wild\\\" as Mia Weller, for 13 episodes. At the 2006 Best of Fest Awards at the KIDS FIRST! Film and Video Festival, Mouser received the Outstanding Performance Award for her voiceover work in \\\"\\\". More recently she was on \\\"Lie To Me\\\". Mouser also had a guest star role on \\\"Ghost Whisperer\\\" as the character Madison. Mouser starred in the ABC medical drama \\\"Body of Proof\\\" as Dana Delany's daughter, Lacey Fleming. Mouser played the roles of\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Mouser\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17372369\",\n \"text\": \"to the United States and NCIS, Ziva instead chooses to stay in Israel, with Tony reluctantly returning to the United States although Tony manages to find Ziva's Star of David necklace in his jacket pocket. In the season 13 finale \\\"Family First,\\\" after learning of Ziva's death in the bombing of her Israel home caused by Trent Kort, the NCIS crew mourn her. Tony is then introduced to his almost two-year-old daughter, Tali. Conflicted, Tony asks Mossad Director Orli Elbaz about Ziva's motivations for not telling him about Tali. Orli tells him that she wanted to, especially as Tali grew\",\n \"title\": \"Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13208281\",\n \"text\": \"Acres also appeared on an episode of \\\"Monk\\\" in 2007, and single episodes of \\\"The Mentalist\\\" where she plays Patrick Jane's (Simon Baker) daughter and on the hit television show \\\"Hannah Montana\\\". Acres was nominated for Best Performance in a TV Series, Guest Starring Young Actress at the Young Artist Awards 2009 for her performance in \\\"The Mentalist\\\". She had a recurring role of Soleil Friedman in the second season of the Fox television series \\\"Touch\\\". Isabella Acres Isabella Acres (born February 21, 2001) is an American actress who played Rose on \\\"Better Off Ted\\\". Acres was born in Atlanta\",\n \"title\": \"Isabella Acres\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5148175\",\n \"text\": \"Michael Nouri Michael Nouri (born December 9, 1945) is an American television and film actor. His father was born in Iraq. He may be best known for his role as Nick Hurley in the 1983 film \\\"Flashdance\\\". He has had recurring roles in numerous television series, including \\\"NCIS\\\" as Eli David, the father of Mossad officer (later Special Agent) Ziva David, \\\"The O.C.\\\" as Dr. Neil Roberts, and \\\"Damages\\\" as Phil Grey. He also appeared as Congressman Stewart with Queen Latifah in the 2006 comedy movie \\\"Last Holiday\\\" and LAPD Detective Thomas Beck in the science fiction action film \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Nouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14075424\",\n \"text\": \"Southern California in 2009. Bellisario made her acting debut in the 1988 film \\\"Last Rites\\\" at the age of three. From 1990 to 2007, she guest starred on such television series as \\\"Quantum Leap\\\", \\\"Tequila and Bonetti\\\", \\\"JAG\\\", \\\"First Monday\\\" and \\\"NCIS\\\", television series that were produced by her father Donald P. Bellisario. In \\\"NCIS\\\", she played Sarah McGee, sister of Special Agent Timothy McGee, played by her real-life stepbrother Sean Murray. In 1998, she co-starred with Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen in the film \\\"Billboard Dad\\\". Beginning in 2006, Bellisario began appearing in a number of independent short films namely,\",\n \"title\": \"Troian Bellisario\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17372370\",\n \"text\": \"but that she feared he would not be pleased, to which Tony tells her \\\"Then she never knew me at all.\\\" Later in the episode, Tony finds a picture of him and Ziva in Paris, to which Tali points to each of them, saying \\\"Ima\\\" and \\\"Abba\\\" indicating that she knew who he was, her father. After killing Kort, Tony and Gibbs have a heart to heart, where DiNozzo informs him that he is moving on from NCIS, with his daughter, his family. Speaking of Ziva's fate, Glasberg stated \\\"Tremendous thought was put into every element of what you saw\",\n \"title\": \"Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9672960\",\n \"text\": \"Sciuto, Sean Murray as Special Agent Timothy McGee, David McCallum as NCIS Medical Examiner Donald \\\"Ducky\\\" Mallard, and Lauren Holly as NCIS Director Jenny Shepard. Gibbs was originally scripted as having been married and divorced three consecutive times. His backstory was later revised to include his \\\"first wife\\\" Shannon and daughter Kelly, both of whom were killed years prior. This is first implied early in the third season, and series creator Donald P. Bellisario continued to develop the idea until it came to a head in \\\"Hiatus\\\". Tony, McGee, and Ziva wait in a car as Gibbs contacts an undercover\",\n \"title\": \"Hiatus (NCIS)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14611111\",\n \"text\": \"McGee (Sean Murray), Ziva David (Cote de Pablo), Eleanor Bishop (Emily Wickersham), Alexandra Quinn (Jennifer Esposito), and Nicholas Torres (Wilmer Valderrama). Over the course of the series, they are further assisted by allies both foreign and domestic, including Dr. Donald Mallard (David McCallum), Dr. Jimmy Palmer (Brian Dietzen), forensic specialists Abby Sciuto (Pauley Perrette) and Kasie Hines (Diona Reasonover), British intelligence officer Clayton Reeves (Duane Henry), operational psychologist and senior special agent Dr. Jacqueline Sloane (Maria Bello), and successive NCIS Directors Jennifer Shepard (Lauren Holly) and Leon Vance (Rocky Carroll). Prior to the launch of the first season, advertisements on\",\n \"title\": \"NCIS (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3044562\",\n \"text\": \"of \\\"Tara Matthews\\\" in the 1999 film \\\"Primal Force\\\". Roxana Zal Roxana Zal (born November 8, 1969, Malibu, California) is an American actress. Zal was born and raised in Malibu, California, the daughter of Maureen and Hossein Zal, an Iranian-born Los Angeles investor. Her first acting role was a guest spot on \\\"Hart to Hart\\\" at age 12. She has had several other guest roles since then, the most recent being in the show \\\"NCIS\\\". She won a Primetime Emmy Award for her role in the 1984 TV movie \\\"Something About Amelia\\\". She co-produced and starred in the 1998 independent\",\n \"title\": \"Roxana Zal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6577524\",\n \"text\": \"season 10, Gabi Coccio recurrently portrayed a young Ziva in flashbacks. Ziva is introduced to the show as an Israeli citizen, an agent of the Kidon unit of the Mossad, a daughter of Mossad Director Eli David, and a friend of NCIS Director Jenny Shepard. She was assigned to NCIS as a liaison officer in an arrangement between Eli and Jenny, a position she held for four years until she returned to Mossad in the season 6 finale, \\\"Aliyah\\\". After being captured by terrorists in Somalia while on assignment for Mossad and presumed dead, she was eventually saved by Gibbs,\",\n \"title\": \"Ziva David\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14611118\",\n \"text\": \"Meredith Eaton, Joe Spano, Diane Neal, and Leslie Hope have all guest-starred on \\\"NCIS: New Orleans\\\". \\\"NCIS\\\" airs on Network Ten and TV Hits (formerly TV1) in Australia, Global (syndicated on Showcase and Lifetime) in Canada, TV3 and The Box in New Zealand, Seriale+ (premieres), TVN (free-TV premieres), TVN7 (reruns), AXN (reruns) and TV Puls (reruns) in Poland, and Fox, CBS Action, Universal, Channel 5 and 5USA in the United Kingdom. The first 11 seasons of \\\"NCIS\\\" have been released in Regions 1, 2, and 4. In Germany (Region 2), seasons 1–4 and 5–8 were released in two separate sets\",\n \"title\": \"NCIS (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6215019\",\n \"text\": \"Wendy Makkena Wendy Rosenberg Makkena (born October 4, 1958) is an American actress. Born in Manhattan, she started her acting career in 1986 and appeared in the TV show \\\"Santa Barbara\\\". She later landed her first movie role in \\\"Eight Men Out\\\". She has made various guest or recurring roles on such television shows as \\\"Law & Order\\\", \\\"Monsters\\\", \\\"NYPD Blue\\\", \\\"House\\\", and \\\"NCIS\\\". In 1992 she had a supporting role in the movie \\\"Sister Act\\\" as the shy but talented singing nun Sister Mary Robert, a role she reprised in \\\"\\\" the following year. (In both films, singer Andrea\",\n \"title\": \"Wendy Makkena\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10520692\",\n \"text\": \"career as a local theatre actress, before acting on television and independent films. She briefly modeled for two years. Russo is married to Michael Cassady and gave birth to their first child, a daughter, in June 2015. Deanna Russo Deanna Russo is an American actress. She is known for her starring roles on the 2008 NBC version of \\\"Knight Rider\\\" and the 2014 USA Network television series \\\"Satisfaction\\\". In 2003, she made her television debut in an episode of \\\"Charmed\\\", and later guest starred on \\\"\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"How I Met Your Mother\\\", and \\\"NCIS\\\". In 2007, she had a recurring\",\n \"title\": \"Deanna Russo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3929045\",\n \"text\": \"arc was closed when she was murdered in the episode \\\"Check\\\". In 2013 she appeared in ABC series \\\"Scandal\\\". McGraw is married to composer/recording artist Steve Pierson, eight years her junior, and they have a daughter Lucy. They all belong to Pierson's band Jambo, which performs roots music for children. Melinda McGraw Melinda McGraw (born 1963) is an American actress. She has starred in movies such as \\\"Albino Alligator\\\" (1996), \\\"Wrongfully Accused\\\" (1998), and \\\"\\\" (2000), and is also known for her television performances on \\\"The Commish\\\", \\\"The X-Files\\\", \\\"NCIS\\\" and \\\"Mad Men\\\". McGraw was born in Nicosia, Cyprus, to\",\n \"title\": \"Melinda McGraw\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19887442\",\n \"text\": \"Shalita Grant Shalita Grant (born August 28, 1988) is an American actress on \\\"\\\", portraying NCIS Agent Sonja Percy, and also on \\\"Mercy Street\\\", portraying Aurelia Johnson, a stoic \\\"contraband,\\\" or escaped slave. Grant was born in Petersburg, Virginia, and attended high school at the Baltimore School for the Arts in Maryland, where she was a YoungArts Winner in Theater and Presidential Scholar in the Arts. At 17, she received a scholarship to attend the Juilliard School. In 2010, she graduated from Juilliard with a B.F.A. in Drama. In August 2018, Grant married her wife Sabrina Skau. Grant was nominated\",\n \"title\": \"Shalita Grant\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18312539\",\n \"text\": \"by Tobias Fornell, who was also married to Diane at one point and who was dealing with intense grief and depression following Diane's murder. It is revealed that Sergei and Ari Haswari are half brothers from Ari's mother, whereas Ari and Ziva David were half brother and sister from their father, Eli David. On March 13, 2014, CBS renewed \\\"NCIS\\\" for this season. On June 11, 2014, at the Cannes Film Festival, NCIS was awarded the honor of being the most-watched drama in the world, with 57.6 million viewers worldwide. Gary Glasberg, the executive producer of the show, said, \\\"As\",\n \"title\": \"NCIS (season 12)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6577523\",\n \"text\": \"Ziva David Ziva David (; Hebrew: זיוה דוד, , Ziva: \\\"Radiance\\\"; birth date November 12, 1982, Beersheba in the Negev desert of southern Israel) is a fictional character from the CBS television series \\\"NCIS\\\", portrayed by Chilean-born American actress Cote de Pablo. Ziva first appeared in the season 3 premiere episode, \\\"Kill Ari (Part 1)\\\", and became a regular cast member from the episode \\\"Silver War\\\". She replaced Caitlin \\\"Kate\\\" Todd (Sasha Alexander), who was killed at the hands of Ziva's half-brother, Ari Haswari (Rudolf Martin), in the season 2 finale. Following the onscreen death of the character's father in\",\n \"title\": \"Ziva David\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10601375\",\n \"text\": \"cast in the 2013 horror film \\\"The Damned\\\" (originally titled \\\"Gallow's Hill\\\"), playing Jill, the daughter of Peter Facinelli's character. Nathalia Ramos Nathalia Norah Ramos Cohen (born July 3, 1992) is a Spanish actress, who also holds U.S. citizenship. Ramos is known for her portrayals of Yasmin in the 2007 film \\\"Bratz\\\", Jill in the 2013 film \\\"The Damned\\\", and lead character Nina Martin in the 2011 Nickelodeon television series \\\"House of Anubis\\\". Ramos was born in Madrid, Spain on July 3, 1992. Her mother is from Australia and her father is Juan Carlos Ramos Vaquero, usually known by his\",\n \"title\": \"Nathalia Ramos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6577527\",\n \"text\": \"society and culture, its positive portrayal of an Israeli, and its \\\"cheerleading for American ties to Israel\\\". The role has also made de Pablo the second most popular actress on U.S. primetime television, according to Q Score, and a 2013 study by E-Poll Market Research listed her among the top 10 most appealing celebrities in America. On July 10, 2013, CBS television studios announced that Cote de Pablo would be leaving \\\"NCIS\\\" during season eleven. De Pablo appeared in two episodes as a series regular, and was subsequently replaced by Special Agent Eleanor Bishop (Emily Wickersham). Sasha Alexander's character Kate\",\n \"title\": \"Ziva David\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3562915\",\n \"text\": \"Jennifer Esposito Jennifer Esposito (born April 11, 1973) is an American actress and author. She is known for her roles in the feature films \\\"Crash\\\", \\\"Summer of Sam\\\", \\\"Don't Say a Word\\\", \\\"Taxi\\\"and \\\"Welcome to Collinwood\\\". Esposito has also appeared in several television series, most notably \\\"Spin City\\\", \\\"Related\\\", \\\"Samantha Who?\\\", \\\"Blue Bloods\\\", and \\\"Mistresses\\\". From 2016 to 2017, Esposito played Special Agent Alexandra Quinn on the CBS series \\\"NCIS\\\". Esposito was born on April 11, 1973, in New York City, into a working class household, the second of two daughters of Phyllis, an interior decorator, and Robert Esposito, a\",\n \"title\": \"Jennifer Esposito\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6036564\",\n \"text\": \"that made it really brilliant, because she played Nina honestly. Really honestly. And then she was a villain. Genius. That was such a great one.\\\" On 5 April 2009, Thomason married lighting technician Craig Sykes in Malibu, California. Their daughter, Tallulah Anaïs, was born on 12 June 2013. Thomason is an avid supporter of Manchester City. Marsha Thomason Marsha Lisa Thomason (born 19 January 1976) is an English television and film actress who is best known for playing Nessa Holt in the first two seasons of the NBC series \\\"Las Vegas\\\", Naomi Dorrit on the ABC series \\\"Lost\\\", and FBI\",\n \"title\": \"Marsha Thomason\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17267410\",\n \"text\": \"producers advertised the reported development of Ziva's relationship with Tony within the episode. Particularly, a scene in which the characters dance together while in Berlin was heavily promoted and received favorable commentary from reviewers. \\\"NCIS\\\" follows a team of government agents who work for the Naval Criminal Investigative Service. The main cast includes Mark Harmon as team leader Leroy Jethro Gibbs, Michael Weatherly as Senior Agent Anthony \\\"Tony\\\" DiNozzo, Cote de Pablo as Mossad Liaison Officer turned NCIS Agent Ziva David, Pauley Perrette as Forensic Specialist Abby Sciuto, Sean Murray as Special Agent Timothy McGee, David McCallum as Autopsy Technician\",\n \"title\": \"Berlin (NCIS)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8114502\",\n \"text\": \"Someone Blue\\\". According to Daphne their brother Billy would spy on Nigel in the shower. He was portrayed by Cameron Dye. Briefly appears in \\\"Something Borrowed, Someone Blue\\\". Briefly appears in \\\"Something Borrowed, Someone Blue\\\". Coincidentally Daphne names her and Niles's son David (though in memory of series producer David Angell ). Alice May Doyle (played by Ashley Thomas, 2002–2004) is the daughter of Roz Doyle. She first appears as a newborn in the fifth-season episode \\\"Life of the Party\\\", and by the end of the series has become a child of six. Her father, Rick Garrett, had only just\",\n \"title\": \"Minor characters on Frasier\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17288459\",\n \"text\": \"always delivers the goods when she is portraying her characters dramatic side. She manages to slide smoothly between vengeful agent and emotionally shattered daughter which leaves me in awe of her acting skills.\\\" Michelle Calbert from BuddyTV included \\\"Shiva\\\" in her list of \\\"The 10 Best Ziva Episodes\\\" and said, \\\"In this episode, Ziva and the rest of the team have had a fairly long while to deal with the deaths of both her father and Vance's wife. All of them want justice for the man behind the murders, but it's Ziva who wants revenge. Even after being injured in\",\n \"title\": \"Revenge (NCIS)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2213476\",\n \"text\": \"Bridget Fonda Bridget Jane Fonda (born January 27, 1964) is a retired American actress. She is known for her roles in \\\"The Godfather Part III\\\" (1990), \\\"Single White Female\\\" (1992), \\\"Singles (1992 film)\\\" (1992), \\\"Point of No Return\\\" (1993), \\\"It Could Happen to You\\\" (1994), and \\\"Jackie Brown\\\" (1997). She is the daughter of Peter Fonda, niece of Jane Fonda and granddaughter of Henry Fonda. Fonda was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress for playing Mandy Rice-Davies in the 1989 film \\\"Scandal\\\" and provided the voice for Jenna in the 1995 animated feature film \\\"Balto\\\". She\",\n \"title\": \"Bridget Fonda\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14808272\",\n \"text\": \"irregularities. She is divorced from Francis Coady and has one child. Jodie Fisher Jodie Lin Fisher (born July 17, 1969) is an American actress whose acting credits include \\\"NCIS: Los Angeles\\\", \\\"Star Trek\\\", and \\\"Little Big League\\\" as well as the reality TV series Age of Love. Jodie Fisher was born in Dallas, Texas, and is of Scandinavian and Irish ancestry. She graduated from Texas Tech University with a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science, Dean's List. Fisher has appeared as a lead actress in television and movie roles, including a 2011 episode of the television series \\\"\\\". After her\",\n \"title\": \"Jodie Fisher\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13139703\",\n \"text\": \"Ruah and Olsen had a second child, daughter Sierra Esther Ruah Olsen, on September 4, 2016. Daniela Ruah Daniela Sofia Korn Ruah (born December 2, 1983) is a Portuguese-American actress best known for playing NCIS Special Agent Kensi Blye in the CBS police procedural series \\\"\\\". Ruah was born in Boston, U.S., to Jewish parents from Portugal, where her mother is an otologist and her father is an ENT surgeon. When Ruah was 5, the family moved back to Portugal, where she attended St Julian's School and, at 16, began acting in telenovelas. She won a Portuguese-television dance competition. Ruah\",\n \"title\": \"Daniela Ruah\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10158259\",\n \"text\": \"Liza Lapira Liza Lapira (born December 3, 1981) is an American actress. She played Kianna in the 2008 film \\\"21\\\", Special Agent Michelle Lee in the CBS police procedural series \\\"NCIS\\\" and Ivy, Topher Brink's assistant in \\\"Dollhouse\\\". Lapira has also co-starred in the short-lived sitcoms \\\"Traffic Light\\\", \\\"Don't Trust the B---- in Apartment 23\\\", and \\\"Super Fun Night\\\". Liza Lapira was born in Queens, New York. She is of Filipino, Spanish, and Chinese ancestry. In New York, she acted on stage and in independent films. She moved to Los Angeles in 2004 to work in television. Lapira's New York\",\n \"title\": \"Liza Lapira\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6018614\",\n \"text\": \"Torres and Jacqueline Sloane and previous staff Caitlin Todd (killed in the line of duty), Anthony DiNozzo (left to look after his newly found daughter), Ziva David (killed after leaving NCIS), Alexandra Quinn (left to look after her sick mother) and Clayton Reeves (killed defending Abby Sciuto). Leroy Jethro Gibbs was born in 1954 as confirmed in the episode \\\"Date with Destiny\\\", in which he visits Shannon's grave and the date is shown on the headstone. Series creator Donald P. Bellisario initially did not think Mark Harmon would fit the role of Gibbs, a \\\"flinty type with a strong sense\",\n \"title\": \"Leroy Jethro Gibbs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17267421\",\n \"text\": \"after the episode aired, Williams and Monreal stated: \\\"Berlin\\\" marked the first appearance of Eli David's killer, Ilan Bodnar, played by Oded Fehr, since the January episode \\\"Shiva\\\". Gabi Coccio reprised her role as young Ziva for flashbacks threaded throughout the episode, and Ben Morrison acted alongside her as young Eli. On March 25, 2013, the casting of Marina Sirtis as Orli Elbaz, the new director of Mossad, was announced. Sirtis, who formerly portrayed the main character Deanna Troi in the \\\"Star Trek\\\" enterprise, indicated that she enjoyed working with Mark Harmon and said that he welcomed her to the\",\n \"title\": \"Berlin (NCIS)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8767520\",\n \"text\": \"(1995-2003) to Andy Cadiff (2003–2010) and to William Newkirk (?) . She has a daughter with Cassidy, Juliet. Juliet Jones-Diol Cassidy was born on March 19, 1998 during Diol's marriage to Shaun Cassidy. Susan Diol Susan Vanita Diol is an American television actress who has played supporting roles in over forty series, including \\\"One Life to Live\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"NCIS\\\", and \\\"\\\". Diol acted in children's theatre productions in Illinois before beginning her on-screen career. She graduated from Otterbein College in Westerville, Ohio. In 1990, Diol appeared in two episodes of the TV series \\\"Night Court\\\", playing Dan Fielding's (\\\"John Larroquette\\\")\",\n \"title\": \"Susan Diol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12898206\",\n \"text\": \"on the Fox Network). The show was short-lived, screening only 10 one-hour episodes. In 2005, De Pablo was about to make her Broadway debut in \\\"The Mambo Kings\\\" as Dolores Fuentes, but the show closed after a short trial run in San Francisco. Cote de Pablo is primarily known for her portrayal of Ziva David, an Israeli Mossad officer turned NCIS agent, in the police procedural drama \\\"NCIS\\\". She had sent in a videotape audition while waiting for \\\"The Mambo Kings\\\" to move forward and was asked to fly to Los Angeles for a screen test two days after it\",\n \"title\": \"Cote de Pablo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12296094\",\n \"text\": \"Rosie Day Rosie-Jane Day (born 6 March 1995) is an English actress. She is known for playing Mary Hawkins in the Golden Globe nominated Starz and Sony Pictures TV series \\\"Outlander\\\" and Sarah Jessica Parker's daughter in the comedy road film \\\"All Roads Lead to Rome\\\", which she co-starred in. She also stars as Tina Pemberton in Sky One's \\\"Living the Dream\\\" alongside Phillip Glenister and Lesley Sharp and the 2018 Summit Entertainment feature \\\"Down a Dark Hall\\\" alongside Uma Thurman. Her first film was playing Angel in Paul Hyett's feature film \\\"The Seasoning House\\\" for which she received positive\",\n \"title\": \"Rosie Day\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17267426\",\n \"text\": \"little girl in Ziva\\\" is shown and as Tony takes charge of the situation while they are dancing. De Pablo said that she found this reversal in their interactions to be an interesting change. Producers Avery Drewe and Richie Owens coordinated the visual effects during the final scene of the episode and were only able to do one take during filming. Stunt driver Steve Kelso drove the SUV when it crashed into Tony's car, reportedly driving at 50 miles per hour, though bloggers indicated that they thought that the car looked more like it was going 80 miles per hour.\",\n \"title\": \"Berlin (NCIS)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17372375\",\n \"text\": \"undeniable.\\\" In 2012, they appeared again in the magazine's \\\"30 Best 'Will They/Won't They?' TV Couples\\\". Similarly, the pair was included in BuddyTV's compile of \\\"The Top 12 Will-They-or-Won't-They Couples of 2012\\\" and \\\"TV Guide\\\"'s top 15 \\\"TV Duos Who Should Do It\\\". Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David are fictional characters from the American police procedural drama \\\"NCIS\\\". Tony, an original character, is portrayed by Michael Weatherly, and Ziva, who first appeared in the third season, is portrayed by Cote de Pablo. Frequently referred to by the portmanteau \\\"Tiva\\\" (for Tony and Ziva), the characters'\",\n \"title\": \"Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14808270\",\n \"text\": \"Jodie Fisher Jodie Lin Fisher (born July 17, 1969) is an American actress whose acting credits include \\\"NCIS: Los Angeles\\\", \\\"Star Trek\\\", and \\\"Little Big League\\\" as well as the reality TV series Age of Love. Jodie Fisher was born in Dallas, Texas, and is of Scandinavian and Irish ancestry. She graduated from Texas Tech University with a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science, Dean's List. Fisher has appeared as a lead actress in television and movie roles, including a 2011 episode of the television series \\\"\\\". After her sexual harassment claim which resulted in the resignation of then Hewlett-Packard\",\n \"title\": \"Jodie Fisher\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8684261\",\n \"text\": \"Cameron Goodman Cameron Elizabeth Goodman (born August 24, 1984) is an American actress. She was born in Texas but grew up in Washington D.C. She attended Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. after transferring from Syracuse University in New York. Goodman has been in numerous films in her career, first starting out in 2002 as a freshman doing her comedic acting at Syracuse University in a show called \\\"SU Live\\\". In 2003, she left Syracuse and transferred to Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. Goodman had guest roles on ABC's \\\"Sons & Daughters\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"NCIS\\\", \\\"The Suite Life of Zack & Cody\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Cameron Goodman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17267408\",\n \"text\": \"Berlin (NCIS) \\\"Berlin\\\" is the 21st episode of the tenth season of the American police procedural drama \\\"NCIS\\\", and the 231st episode overall. It originally aired on CBS in the United States on April 23, 2013. The episode is written by Scott Williams and Gina Lucita Monreal and directed by Terrence O'Hara, and was seen live by 17.33 million viewers. The episode advances a storyline focusing on the murder of significant secondary characters in the series and the romance between main characters Tony and Ziva. It carries the storyline surrounding the deaths of Ziva's father, Mossad Director Eli David, and\",\n \"title\": \"Berlin (NCIS)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7266843\",\n \"text\": \"a recurring role on the ABC sitcom \\\"Who's the Boss?\\\", and guest starred on \\\"CHiPs\\\", \\\"Trapper John, M.D.\\\" and \\\"Seven Brides for Seven Brothers\\\". Tonya Crowe Tonya Crowe (born January 24, 1971) is an American actress, best known for playing Olivia Cunningham, the daughter of Donna Mills's Abby Cunningham, in the CBS prime time soap opera, \\\"Knots Landing\\\", a role she played from 1980 to 1990 as well as in the reunion miniseries \\\"\\\" (1997). She received three Soap Opera Digest Awards for Outstanding Actress in a Supporting Role: Prime Time., and well as Young Artist Award for Best Young\",\n \"title\": \"Tonya Crowe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17205140\",\n \"text\": \"C. Fornell in the first two episodes. Muse Watson (as Mike Franks) appeared in the fourth episode. Ralph Waite (as Gibbs' father Jackson Gibbs) and Robert Wagner (as Tony's father Anthony DiNozzo, Sr.) are also confirmed to return. Diane Neal reprises her role CGIS Special Agent Abigail Borin in episode six \\\"Oil & Water\\\". The second episode includes a character named Sarah Porter, played by Leslie Hope, who is the new Secretary of the Navy, while Margo Harshman has been cast in a potentially recurring role as Timothy McGee's girlfriend, Delilah Fielding. The third episode introduces retiring NCIS Special Agent\",\n \"title\": \"NCIS (season 11)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10645142\",\n \"text\": \"Lina Esco Lina Esco is an American actress, producer, director and activist. She gained recognition in 2007 for portraying Jimmy Smits' character's daughter in the CBS television drama \\\"Cane\\\". Esco has also performed in films, including \\\"London\\\" (2005), \\\"Kingshighway\\\" (2010), \\\"LOL\\\" (2012), and \\\"Free the Nipple\\\" (2014). Esco was cast in her first television guest star role in 2006, as Angie Watson in series \\\"\\\". In March, 2007 Esco joined the cast of the CBS drama \\\"Cane\\\". In 2009, she guest starred in an episode of \\\"Drop Dead Diva\\\" series with Paula Abdul. Esco played a lingerie model who had\",\n \"title\": \"Lina Esco\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11369137\",\n \"text\": \"before later appearing as Sam's sister Katie in the episode \\\"The Leap Home.\\\" She has had a number of film and TV appearances since then, including appearances on both \\\"JAG\\\" and its spin-off, \\\"NCIS\\\" (though playing different characters). Both shows were produced by Donald P. Bellisario, who had also created \\\"Quantum Leap\\\". Burnette also produced the short film, \\\"Mountain Cry\\\". Olivia Burnette Olivia Nicole Burnette (born March 24, 1977) is an American actress who began her career as a child actress at the age of six. She is perhaps best known for her role in the NBC sitcom \\\"The Torkelsons\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Olivia Burnette\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9385946\",\n \"text\": \"Berlinda Tolbert Berlinda Tolbert (born November 4, 1949) is an American film and television actress. Tolbert is best known for her role as Jenny Willis Jefferson, the daughter of Tom and Helen Willis on the CBS sitcom \\\"The Jeffersons\\\", which originally aired from 1975 until 1985. Tolbert majored in theater at the North Carolina School of the Arts in Winston-Salem. She also studied drama in London. In a 2013 interview, Tolbert stated, \\\"I’ve only had one job in my entire life… professional actress.\\\" She got her first film part from Martin Scorsese in the early 1970s, when she was in\",\n \"title\": \"Berlinda Tolbert\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4605777\",\n \"text\": \"Abby Sciuto, he is one of only two actors who have appeared in all four shows (\\\"JAG, NCIS, NCIS: LA, NCIS: NO\\\"). In 2004 he starred in the television film \\\"The Mystery of Natalie Wood\\\", portraying Robert Wagner. Since 2010, Robert Wagner had made eight guest appearances on \\\"NCIS\\\" as Anthony DiNozzo, Sr., the father of Weatherly's character. He was a guest presenter at the Australian Logie Awards of 2007 on May 6, 2007, and was a guest on \\\"Rove Live\\\". Weatherly made his directing debut with the season-eight episode of \\\"NCIS\\\" titled \\\"One Last Score\\\", which aired March 1,\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Weatherly\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5148176\",\n \"text\": \"Hidden\\\". He also starred opposite Julie Andrews as King Marchand in the 1995 Broadway adaptation of \\\"Victor/Victoria.\\\" Michael Nouri Michael Nouri (born December 9, 1945) is an American television and film actor. His father was born in Iraq. He may be best known for his role as Nick Hurley in the 1983 film \\\"Flashdance\\\". He has had recurring roles in numerous television series, including \\\"NCIS\\\" as Eli David, the father of Mossad officer (later Special Agent) Ziva David, \\\"The O.C.\\\" as Dr. Neil Roberts, and \\\"Damages\\\" as Phil Grey. He also appeared as Congressman Stewart with Queen Latifah in the\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Nouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3332647\",\n \"text\": \"was first introduced in a guest starring role in two episodes of \\\"JAG\\\". Since 2003, Harmon has starred in \\\"NCIS\\\" as the same character. Harmon was born in Burbank, California, the youngest of three children and the only son. His parents were Heisman Trophy–winning football player and broadcaster Tom Harmon and actress and artist Elyse Knox (née Elsie Lillian Kornbrath). Harmon has two older sisters, actress and painter Kristin Nelson, who was divorced from the late singer Rick Nelson, and actress-model Kelly Harmon, who was once married to car magnate John DeLorean. His maternal grandparents were Austrian immigrants. After graduating\",\n \"title\": \"Mark Harmon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2214486\",\n \"text\": \"to believe. I'm completely different.\\\" Alba met Cash Warren, son of actor Michael Warren, while filming \\\"Fantastic Four\\\" in 2004. The pair were married in Los Angeles in May 2008. They have three children: daughters Honor Marie Warren (born 2008), Haven Garner Warren (born 2011), and son Hayes Alba Warren (born New Year's Eve 2017). The first pictures of eldest daughter Honor appearing in the July 2008 issue of \\\"OK!\\\" magazine were reportedly paid US$1.5 million. Alba appeared on George Lopez's series \\\"Lopez Tonight\\\". After she and her father had submitted DNA samples (cheek swabs) to the DNA Diagnostic Center\",\n \"title\": \"Jessica Alba\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3534193\",\n \"text\": \"Nia Long Nia Talita Long, (born October 30, 1970) is an American actress. She is known for her roles in the television series \\\"The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air\\\", \\\"Third Watch\\\" and \\\"Empire\\\", and the films \\\"Boyz n the Hood\\\", \\\"Friday\\\", \\\"Love Jones\\\", \\\"Soul Food\\\", \\\"In Too Deep\\\", \\\"The Best Man\\\", \\\"Big Momma's House\\\" and \\\"Are We There Yet?\\\". Long was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Talita Long (née Gillman), a teacher and printmaker, and Doughtry Long, a high school teacher and poet. Her family is of Trinidadian, Grenadian, Vincentian, and Barbadian descent. She has an older half-sister, the actress\",\n \"title\": \"Nia Long\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10765799\",\n \"text\": \"Soniya Mehra Sonia Mehra (born 2 December 1988) is an Indian Bollywood actress and daughter of late actor Vinod Mehra. She is best known for playing Tanya Kapoor in \\\"Ragini MMS 2\\\". She is the daughter of the late actor Vinod Mehra from his third and last wife Kiran. She was less than two years old when her father died in October 1990. She was brought up in Kenya with her brother Rohan by her maternal grandparents. Soniya went to The Mombasa Academy in Mombasa, Kenya and completed her education in London. She began her training in acting at the\",\n \"title\": \"Soniya Mehra\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10578145\",\n \"text\": \"other notable television credits include \\\"Early Edition\\\", \\\"Criminal Minds\\\" and \\\"NCIS\\\", and her other film credits include supporting roles in \\\"Arctic Blue\\\", \\\"Deep Impact\\\", \\\"Jaded\\\" and \\\"Women in Trouble\\\". In 1994, Kihlstedt married actor Gil Bellows. They have two children, Ava Emanuelle (born 1999), and Giovanni (born 2001). She is the sister of Oakland-based violinist, Carla Kihlstedt. Rya Kihlstedt Rya Kihlstedt (born July 23, 1970) is an American actress. She is known for co-starring in the 1997 comedy film \\\"Home Alone 3\\\", and for her recurring roles as Dr. Michelle Ross in the Showtime crime drama \\\"Dexter\\\" and Marilyn Rhodes\",\n \"title\": \"Rya Kihlstedt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6577528\",\n \"text\": \"Todd was killed in the second \\\"NCIS\\\" season finale following Alexander's decision to permanently leave the show. Shortly afterwards, series creator Donald Bellisario announced plans to replace Todd with another female lead. At the time, he stated that the new character would be \\\"quite different\\\" from the previous and of an undecided foreign nationality—\\\"I want to go for a European or Australian girl who is very comfortable with her femininity and sexuality.\\\" Before joining the cast of \\\"NCIS\\\", Cote de Pablo, who lived in New York at the time, had performed primarily in the theatre. She was intended to portray\",\n \"title\": \"Ziva David\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17111257\",\n \"text\": \"Linda Powell Linda Powell (born April, 1965) is an American actress. Powell was born in Fort Benning, Georgia, the daughter of Alma and Colin Powell, the former United States Secretary of State, National Security Advisor and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. She was raised on a series of military bases, because of her father's career. She has a B.A. in English literature from the College of William & Mary in Virginia, and studied theater at the Circle in the Square Theatre School. Powell has had a long career of supporting roles in film and television. Her most notable\",\n \"title\": \"Linda Powell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1743685\",\n \"text\": \"Posey and Melvil Poupaud in \\\"Broken English\\\", an independent American feature written and directed by her daughter Zoe Cassavetes. In 2009, she appeared on an episode of \\\"Monk\\\" (\\\"Mr. Monk and the Lady Next Door\\\"). On March 2, 2010, she appeared on an episode of \\\"NCIS\\\" as lead character Leroy Jethro Gibbs's former mother-in-law, who is embroiled in a murder investigation. In 2014, she starred in the film adaptation of \\\"Six Dance Lessons in Six Weeks\\\". Rowlands was married to John Cassavetes from April 9, 1954, until his death on February 3, 1989. They met at the American Academy at\",\n \"title\": \"Gena Rowlands\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12174091\",\n \"text\": \"Kimberly Cullum Kimberly Cullum (born November 29, 1981) is an American former child actress who had many film and television roles during the 1990s. Born in Los Angeles, California, Cullum is the daughter of cartoonist Leo Cullum whose work regularly appeared in \\\"The New Yorker\\\" magazine. Her younger sister Kaitlin Cullum is also a former child actress. Cullum began acting professionally at the age of seven when she starred in the 1989 made-for-TV movie \\\"The Revenge of Al Capone\\\", starring Keith Carradine. Among her other credits are appearances on \\\"The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air\\\", \\\"Empty Nest\\\" (in the episode \\\"Read\",\n \"title\": \"Kimberly Cullum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17122310\",\n \"text\": \"Emily Wilson (actress) Emily Wilson (born May 28, 1985 in Westminster, Colorado) is an American actress. Wilson began her acting career in 2005 in the TV series \\\"NCIS\\\" (\\\"SWAK\\\"). In 2006, she was the Audition Revealed - Winner on \\\"KTLA Morning News\\\". In 2007, Wilson guest starred on \\\"MADtv\\\", \\\"Californication\\\", and \\\"Side Order of Life\\\". Wilson was in \\\"Meet The Spartans\\\" (2008) and \\\"The House Bunny\\\" (2008). In 2009, she guest starred on \\\"Secret Girlfriend\\\". In 2010, Wilson was in the independent film \\\"The Boys and Girls Guide to Getting Down\\\" and \\\"L.A. Vampire\\\". She also guest starred on \\\"Entourage\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Emily Wilson (actress)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6577553\",\n \"text\": \"with her father's successor - Director Orli Elbaz - who later informs DiNozzo of the difficulty Ziva had faced while deciding whether to inform him of the birth of their daughter which Tony is given care of after Ziva is killed. Cote de Pablo describes the character as someone who is \\\"completely different from anyone else on the show\\\" and that because \\\"she's been around men all her life; she's used to men in authority. She's not afraid of men.\\\" She later stated that, \\\"This woman is a soldier. She takes things to the extreme. She knows how to use\",\n \"title\": \"Ziva David\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12659868\",\n \"text\": \"of 11. Lucas left the company of \\\"Fun Home\\\" on October 4, 2015. Lucas played Mary Lennox in \\\"The Secret Garden\\\" with Manhattan Concert Productions on February 21 and 22, 2016 at Lincoln Center’s David Geffen Hall. Lucas has portrayed the younger version of two different characters played by Kristen Wiig in the films \\\"Girl Most Likely\\\" (2012) and \\\"The Skeleton Twins\\\" (2014). Her television credits include guest roles on \\\"\\\", \\\"Royal Pains\\\", \\\"Saturday Night Live\\\", and \\\"Team Umizoomi\\\". She has also appeared as Malcolm's Daughter in Giuseppe Verdi's \\\"Macbeth\\\" at the Metropolitan Opera in 2012. Sydney Lucas Sydney Ellen\",\n \"title\": \"Sydney Lucas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17205138\",\n \"text\": \"his contract on the show with a new \\\"multiyear deal\\\" with CBS. It was announced on July 10, 2013 that Cote de Pablo, who plays Ziva David, had chosen not to return for the eleventh season as a regular. She will appear in enough episodes to close out her character's storylines. Because of de Pablo's exit, showrunner Gary Glasberg had to change his planned storyline for season 11. \\\"Someone asked me if I was planning for this, but I really wasn't, so basically the minute that this became real, I had to throw out a lot of what I was\",\n \"title\": \"NCIS (season 11)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3271738\",\n \"text\": \"Katherine Kelly Lang Katherine Kelly Lang (born Katherine Kelly Wegeman; July 25, 1961) is an American actress best known for playing Brooke Logan in the CBS soap opera \\\"The Bold and the Beautiful\\\". She was born in Hollywood, California and graduated from Beverly Hills High School. She is the daughter of Olympic ski jumper Keith R. Wegeman and actress Judith Lang and the granddaughter of Oscar-winning cinematographer Charles Lang. Lang was divorced twice. She is the mother of three children: Jeremy Skott Snider (born 1990), Julian Lang Snider (born 1992), Zoe Katrina D'Andrea (born 1997), and has a stepdaughter, Danyelle\",\n \"title\": \"Katherine Kelly Lang\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17227708\",\n \"text\": \"and -- BANG -- Saleem was gone. Gibbs took him out with one shot. On the emotional front, of course, Ziva is shell-shocked. She feels undeserving of the rescue, and when she returned to the office and everyone applauded the team for their mission, the vacant look in her eyes spoke volumes. Abby hugged her, doing what Tony wanted to do, but Ziva's not really all there yet. She's traumatized. It's going to take some time to get back to normal. All the more reason why next week's show is must-see viewing for me and the other 20 million who\",\n \"title\": \"Truth or Consequences (NCIS)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4742034\",\n \"text\": \"Lauren Holly Lauren Michael Holly (born October 28, 1963) is an American-Canadian actress. She is known for her roles as Deputy Sheriff Maxine Stewart in the television series \\\"Picket Fences\\\", Director Jenny Shepard in the series \\\"NCIS\\\", and Dr. Betty Rogers on Canadian series \\\"Motive\\\"; as well as playing Mary Swanson in \\\"Dumb and Dumber\\\", Linda Lee in \\\"\\\", Darian Smalls in \\\"Beautiful Girls\\\", Cindy Rooney in \\\"Any Given Sunday\\\", and Gigi in \\\"What Women Want\\\". Holly was born in Bristol, Pennsylvania. Her mother, Michael Ann Holly, is an art historian and the Starr Director of Research and Academic Program\",\n \"title\": \"Lauren Holly\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9140616\",\n \"text\": \"long-term contract child in Hollywood,\\\" having been signed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. That same year, she appeared in her favorite film, \\\"The Last Time I Saw Paris\\\". Based on F. Scott Fitzgerald's famous short story \\\"Babylon Revisited\\\", she played Vicky, the daughter of Van Johnson and Elizabeth Taylor. After her mother dies, Vicky is adopted by her mother's sister, played by Donna Reed. The movie called on her to speak French and to dance ballet. In 1954, she also played a crippled child in a Martin and Lewis film. In 1955, she was in \\\"The Prodigal\\\" with Lana Turner. Then she played\",\n \"title\": \"Sandy Descher\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18583313\",\n \"text\": \"Terri Hoyos Teresa Victoria \\\"Terri\\\" Hoyos is an American actress. Hoyos was born and raised in Los Angeles, California. She is of Mexican descent and is the daughter of actor Rodolfo Hoyos, Jr. In the 1980s, she began her career as a makeup artist, and later trained in acting at LACC Theatre Arts Academy. Hoyos made her screen debut in 1984, with a small part in the film \\\"Crimes of Passion\\\", and later had guest starring roles on \\\"Hill Street Blues\\\", \\\"Gimme a Break!\\\", \\\"Cheers\\\", \\\"ER\\\", \\\"Dharma & Greg\\\", \\\"Frasier\\\", \\\"NYPD Blue\\\", \\\"Parks and Recreation\\\", and \\\"Modern Family\\\". She also\",\n \"title\": \"Terri Hoyos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8354692\",\n \"text\": \"World\\\". This role elevated her career and she has since appeared in several films and guest starred on such popular television shows as \\\"Scrubs\\\", \\\"NCIS\\\", and \\\"Two and a Half Men\\\". She appeared in the TV series \\\"\\\" episode \\\"Nailed\\\" as Charlene Hartford, the woman responsible for accidentally injuring the character Ryan Wolfe with a nailgun. She lives in Southern California and has two sons; Logan and Ledger. O'Dell has also been a professional photographer since 2009. Jennifer O'Dell Jennifer O'Dell (born November 27, 1974 in Ridgecrest, California) is an American film and television actress. She is best known for\",\n \"title\": \"Jennifer O'Dell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17648535\",\n \"text\": \"Stephanie Beatriz Stephanie Beatriz Bischoff Alvizuri (born 10 February 1981) is an Argentine-born American actress best known for playing Detective Rosa Diaz in the Fox/NBC comedy series \\\"Brooklyn Nine-Nine\\\" and Jessica in the independent drama \\\"Short Term 12\\\" (2013). Stephanie Beatriz Bischoff Alvizuri was born in Neuquén, Neuquén Province, Argentina, the daughter of a Colombian father and a Bolivian mother. She also has German ancestry. With her parents and a younger sister, she arrived in the United States at the age of three. She grew up in Webster, Texas and attended Clear Brook High School. She graduated from Stephens College\",\n \"title\": \"Stephanie Beatriz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6577552\",\n \"text\": \"relationship, leading to Ziva becoming pregnant. Though DiNozzo was not informed of this, Ziva gave birth to a daughter named Tali. In season thirteen (\\\"Family First\\\"), Ziva's farmhouse is destroyed in a mortar attack ordered by CIA Agent Trent Kort. Although Tali is found alive, the NCIS crew are informed that Ziva is dead, though her remains are not found at the house. DiNozzo subsequently departs NCIS in order to care for their daughter, and travel to both Israel (in search of answers), and Paris (as \\\"Ziva loves Paris\\\"). Prior to the season thirteen finale, Ziva builds a strong friendship\",\n \"title\": \"Ziva David\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2046132\",\n \"text\": \"Laurie Holden Heather Laurie Holden (born December 17, 1969) is an American-Canadian actress, producer, model, and human rights activist. She is known for her roles as Marita Covarrubias in \\\"The X-Files\\\" (1996–2002), Adele Stanton in \\\"The Majestic\\\" (2001), Cybil Bennett in \\\"Silent Hill\\\" (2006), Amanda Dumfries in \\\"The Mist\\\" (2007), Olivia Murray in \\\"The Shield\\\" (2008), Andrea in \\\"The Walking Dead\\\" (2010–2013) and Renee in \\\"The Americans\\\" (2017-2018). Born in Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, California, and raised in Toronto, Ontario, Holden holds dual citizenship in the United States and Canada. After her parents, actors Glen Corbett and Adrienne Ellis,\",\n \"title\": \"Laurie Holden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12892843\",\n \"text\": \"Pauley Perrette Pauley Perrette (born March 27, 1969) is an American actress, best known for playing Abby Sciuto on the U.S. TV series \\\"NCIS\\\". She is also a published writer, singer, and civil rights advocate. Perrette was born in New Orleans and raised throughout the southern United States. On \\\"The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson\\\", she told host Craig Ferguson that she lived in Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, New York, New Jersey, and California. In a 2011 interview with the Associated Press, Perrette confessed her early ambitions were to work with animals, be in a rock\",\n \"title\": \"Pauley Perrette\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8239928\",\n \"text\": \"Elsa Pataky Elsa Lafuente Medianu (born 18 July 1976), known professionally as Elsa Pataky, is a Spanish model, actress, and film producer. Pataky is known for her role as Elena Neves in \\\"The Fast and the Furious\\\" franchise. She has appeared in the films \\\"Snakes on a Plane\\\" (2006), \\\"Giallo\\\" (2009) and \\\"Give 'Em Hell, Malone\\\" (2009). She also starred in the Spanish film \\\"Di Di Hollywood\\\" in 2010. Pataky was born Elsa Lafuente Medianu in Madrid, Spain, the daughter of José Francisco Lafuente, a Spanish biochemist, and Cristina Medianu Pataky, a publicist of Romanian and Hungarian ancestry. She has\",\n \"title\": \"Elsa Pataky\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12296096\",\n \"text\": \"for Summit Entertainment. \\\"Butterfly Kisses\\\", a film in which she was the lead, won the Crystal Bear for best feature at the 67th Berlinale festival. She stars as Tina in the Sky series \\\"Living the Dream\\\". Rosie Day Rosie-Jane Day (born 6 March 1995) is an English actress. She is known for playing Mary Hawkins in the Golden Globe nominated Starz and Sony Pictures TV series \\\"Outlander\\\" and Sarah Jessica Parker's daughter in the comedy road film \\\"All Roads Lead to Rome\\\", which she co-starred in. She also stars as Tina Pemberton in Sky One's \\\"Living the Dream\\\" alongside Phillip\",\n \"title\": \"Rosie Day\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18227848\",\n \"text\": \"Michael Foster. In 2016, Carver was cast as Michelle Geiss, a reluctant beauty and aspiring photographer who is both intellectual and talented, in the ABC television pilot \\\"Model Woman\\\". She starred opposite Andie MacDowell, Steven Weber (actor), and Nicole Ari Parker. She was also cast in Warren Beatty's \\\"Rule's Don't Apply\\\", and made appearances on \\\"NCIS\\\", \\\"Timeless\\\", and \\\"Heroes Reborn\\\". In 2017, Carver was cast as Nancy Kerrigan alongside Margot Robbie, Allison Janney, and Sebastian Stan in the award-winning film \\\"I, Tonya\\\". She currently recurs as Muffy Tuttle on Netflix's \\\"Dear White People\\\". Caitlin Carver Caitlin Carver (born March 31,\",\n \"title\": \"Caitlin Carver\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4910935\",\n \"text\": \"Samantha Mathis Samantha Mathis (born May 12, 1970) is an American actress. The daughter of actress Bibi Besch, Mathis made her film debut in \\\"Pump Up the Volume\\\" (1990), and later co-starred or appeared in such films as \\\"Little Women\\\" (1994), \\\"The American President\\\" (1995), \\\"Broken Arrow\\\" (1996), \\\"American Psycho\\\" (2000), \\\"The Punisher\\\" (2004), and \\\"\\\" (2012). Mathis was born in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York, the daughter of Donald Mathis and Austrian-born actress Bibi Besch. Her parents divorced when she was two years old, and Mathis was raised by her mother. She relocated with her mother to Los Angeles at\",\n \"title\": \"Samantha Mathis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15470145\",\n \"text\": \"playing the daughter of lead Monica Potter. In 2016 Prosperi starred in the Lifetime movie \\\"His Double Life\\\". Cristine Prosperi Cristine Prosperi (born ) is a Canadian actress. She is known for portraying Imogen Moreno on \\\"\\\", Tiara Turner on the Family Channel series \\\"Really Me\\\", and Mikayla in the TeenNick series \\\"Open Heart\\\". Prosperi was born in Toronto. Prosperi began her career with small roles in the 2007 movies \\\"\\\" and \\\"Your Beautiful Cul de Sac Home\\\". In 2009 she guest starred on the comedy series \\\"The Latest Buzz\\\". She has several commercials under her belt; she shot an\",\n \"title\": \"Cristine Prosperi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19887445\",\n \"text\": \"(2010), \\\"Invisible\\\" (2010), and the Oscar-nominated documentary, \\\"Rehearsing a Dream\\\" (2006). Grant splits her time between New Orleans, Louisiana, where \\\"\\\" is filmed, and Los Angeles, California. Shalita Grant Shalita Grant (born August 28, 1988) is an American actress on \\\"\\\", portraying NCIS Agent Sonja Percy, and also on \\\"Mercy Street\\\", portraying Aurelia Johnson, a stoic \\\"contraband,\\\" or escaped slave. Grant was born in Petersburg, Virginia, and attended high school at the Baltimore School for the Arts in Maryland, where she was a YoungArts Winner in Theater and Presidential Scholar in the Arts. At 17, she received a scholarship to\",\n \"title\": \"Shalita Grant\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5078442\",\n \"text\": \"and Rachel Dratch; she plays Truvy, the friend of a college co-ed (Amber Tamblyn) who is also the daughter of a powerful senator. She appeared in the role of Sandy in the \\\"NCIS\\\" episode \\\"Seek\\\". Sarah Hagan Sarah Margaret Hagan (born May 24, 1984) is an American television and film actress. Hagan was born in Austin, Texas. She has been acting since the age of six, when her mother first signed her up for musical theater. Hagan was first involved with theater companies such as Houston's Playhouse 1960, the Houston Grand Opera (where she sang in the children's chorus), the\",\n \"title\": \"Sarah Hagan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6039765\",\n \"text\": \"Pratt was finishing her bachelor's degree in Business, while working on prerequisites for a Master's program in occupational therapy at the University of Southern California. She married fellow actor Kenneth Mitchell in May 2006, with whom she has two children, a daughter, Lilah Ruby Mitchell (born July 7, 2007) and son, Kallum Porter Mitchell (born December 9, 2012). Susan May Pratt Susan May Pratt (born February 8, 1974) is an American actress. She played Mandella in \\\"10 Things I Hate About You\\\", Alicia in \\\"Drive Me Crazy\\\", and Maureen Cummings in \\\"Center Stage\\\". Pratt was born in Lansing, Michigan and\",\n \"title\": \"Susan May Pratt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6818592\",\n \"text\": \"Stephanie Hodge Stephanie Hodge (born December 24, 1956) is an American actress and stand-up comedian, best known for her role as Jennie Malloy on the WB sitcom \\\"Unhappily Ever After\\\" from 1995 to 1998. Hodge was born in Wilmington, Ohio. She attended Wilmington College and Ohio University in Athens, OH. She starred in a number of television sitcoms in 1990s, like \\\"Sugar and Spice\\\", \\\"My Talk Show\\\", \\\"Nurses\\\", and \\\"Muddling Through\\\". After leaving \\\"Unhappily Ever After\\\", Hodge appeared in the 2001 film \\\"Evolution\\\", the film \\\"Yes Man\\\" and later guest-starred on \\\"Reba\\\", \\\"NCIS\\\", \\\"The Suite Life of Zack and Cody\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Stephanie Hodge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2499307\",\n \"text\": \"Denise Crosby Denise Michelle Crosby (; born November 24, 1957) is an American actress and model, best known for portraying Security Chief Tasha Yar in of \\\"\\\" as well as Yar's daughter, the half-Romulan Commander Sela, in subsequent seasons. She is also known for her numerous film and television roles, and for starring in and producing the film \\\"Trekkies\\\". Denise Michelle Crosby was born on November 24, 1957 in Hollywood, California, the daughter of Marilyn Scott and actor Dennis Crosby (whom Denise was named after). Her mother pursued a sensational, three-year-long lawsuit against her father, at the conclusion of which\",\n \"title\": \"Denise Crosby\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2499319\",\n \"text\": \"Denise Crosby Denise Michelle Crosby (; born November 24, 1957) is an American actress and model, best known for portraying Security Chief Tasha Yar in of \\\"\\\" as well as Yar's daughter, the half-Romulan Commander Sela, in subsequent seasons. She is also known for her numerous film and television roles, and for starring in and producing the film \\\"Trekkies\\\". Denise Michelle Crosby was born on November 24, 1957 in Hollywood, California, the daughter of Marilyn Scott and actor Dennis Crosby (whom Denise was named after). Her mother pursued a sensational, three-year-long lawsuit against her father, at the conclusion of which\",\n \"title\": \"Denise Crosby\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12403632\",\n \"text\": \"who starred as Susan's daughter, Julie, departed from the cast, as her character left for college at the end of the fourth season. Teri Hatcher expressed disappointment in the producers' decision, but Cherry stated that Bowen would return in the future. Joy Lauren, who portrayed Bree's daughter, Danielle, and Lyndsy Fonseca, who played Katherine's daughter, Dylan, also left the main cast, although the former appeared in the season premiere as a guest star. Because the fourth season ended leaving Mike's whereabouts unknown, James Denton's return to the series was questioned during hiatus. Denton stated in May 2008 that producers would\",\n \"title\": \"You're Gonna Love Tomorrow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5842394\",\n \"text\": \"NBC.com. Donovan had a role in the film \\\"A Golden Christmas\\\", where she played Anna, the sister of the main character and she played the lead role in \\\"The 12 Wishes of Christmas.\\\" In 2006 she played a guest role in the \\\"NCIS\\\" episode \\\"Dead and Unburied\\\". She was also featured in 'N Sync's 1999 music video for \\\"Thinking of You (I Drive Myself Crazy)\\\" as the love interest for Joey Fatone. Donovan has been married to her husband Charlie Bigelow since October 20, 2012. They have a daughter named Scarlett Avery Bigelow (born May 8, 2012). Elisa Donovan Elisa\",\n \"title\": \"Elisa Donovan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5858778\",\n \"text\": \"her early career. In 2003, she had a role as Lindsay Lohan's character's rival in \\\"Freaky Friday\\\". She played a similar role the following year in the romantic comedy \\\"A Cinderella Story\\\", opposite Hilary Duff, and Chad Michael Murray, and also appeared in \\\"\\\" and \\\"Christmas with the Kranks\\\", as Jamie Lee Curtis' character's daughter. In 2005, she had supporting role in another romantic comedy, \\\"Must Love Dogs\\\". Her other credits including 2007 thriller \\\"Cherry Crush\\\" and the lead role in the 2013 comedy horror movie \\\"Vamp U\\\". In 2006, Gonzalo was cast in a series regular role as Parker\",\n \"title\": \"Julie Gonzalo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17179488\",\n \"text\": \"by her father, as was confirmed in \\\"Aliyah\\\". However, Merik Tadros, who portrayed Rivkin, voiced his opinion on the subject: \\\"They could easily have been paired and had to be in love and then had to learn to love each other... The way I've always approached it is that Rivkin loves Ziva. They've always wanted to add some suspense and mystery to all of it, but I would always say to the directors, 'How could I not love her?'\\\" When asked how Tony and Ziva's relationship would be affected, Cote de Pablo replied, \\\"We could not be farther away from\",\n \"title\": \"Aliyah (NCIS)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13327527\",\n \"text\": \"Yvonne DeLaRosa Yvonne DeLaRosa is an American actress, best known for her role on the Imagen award-winning series \\\"Los Americans\\\", Yvonne has appeared in films such as \\\"Helter Skelter\\\", \\\"Mystery Woman: Snapshot\\\", and \\\"The Sorrow\\\", in addition to landing roles on TV shows, including \\\"How I Met Your Mother\\\", \\\"NCIS (TV series)\\\", \\\"Weeds\\\", and \\\"The King of Queens\\\". She has been heralded as 'The face of the new wave of Latino talent' by \\\"Jimmy Smits\\\". She is also a serial entrepreneur of two successive cannabis dispensaries. Born to a Colombian mother and Native American father, DeLaRosa began studying theater at\",\n \"title\": \"Yvonne DeLaRosa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10520690\",\n \"text\": \"Deanna Russo Deanna Russo is an American actress. She is known for her starring roles on the 2008 NBC version of \\\"Knight Rider\\\" and the 2014 USA Network television series \\\"Satisfaction\\\". In 2003, she made her television debut in an episode of \\\"Charmed\\\", and later guest starred on \\\"\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"How I Met Your Mother\\\", and \\\"NCIS\\\". In 2007, she had a recurring role as Dr. Logan Armstrong on the CBS soap opera, \\\"The Young and the Restless\\\". In 2007, Russo won Best Director for her short, Taste of Kream, in the New Orleans Film Festival. Russo starred in the\",\n \"title\": \"Deanna Russo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17372366\",\n \"text\": \"that Cote De Pablo would not be returning to her role as Ziva David for the upcoming 11th season. De Pablo stated \\\"I've had 8 great years with NCIS and Ziva David. I have huge respect and affection for Mark, Gary, Michael, David, Rocky, Pauley, Brian, Sean, all of the team and CBS. I look forward to finishing Ziva's story.\\\" However it was announced that Cote De Pablo would return for the beginning of season 11 to wrap up Ziva's storyline. Show runner Gary Glasberg stated in an interview with EW that: \\\"The amazing resolution you're going to see is\",\n \"title\": \"Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17951534\",\n \"text\": \"director, wanted her to do it because it was the role of a Parsi woman. In this film, Daisy Irani, who had worked with Shammi in her first film as a child artist for the film Bandish in 1955, played her daughter-in-law. She died in her sleep on 6 March 2018, from natural causes at the age of 88. Shammi (actress) Nargis Rabadi (24 April 1929 – 6 March 2018), better known by her stage name Shammi, was an Indian actress who appeared in over two hundred Hindi films. Shammi remained a sought-after with filmmakers when it came to goofy\",\n \"title\": \"Shammi (actress)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6018639\",\n \"text\": \"front door.\\\" Alyssa Rosenberg of the \\\"Washington Monthly\\\" also suggested that Gibbs, \\\"a former Marine with a Bush-like faith in his 'gut', appeared as a distinctly conservative figure in the series, in contrast to \\\"liberal stand-ins\\\" McGee and Abby Sciuto. In 2011, it was reported that the role had made Mark Harmon the fourth most popular actor on primetime television. Several other members of the \\\"NCIS\\\" cast were also listed in the top ten, including Pauley Perrette (Abby Sciuto), Cote de Pablo (Ziva David), David McCallum (Ducky Mallard), and Michael Weatherly (Anthony DiNozzo). Leroy Jethro Gibbs Leroy Jethro Gibbs is\",\n \"title\": \"Leroy Jethro Gibbs\"\n }\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who played tony and ziva's daughter on ncis"}}},{"rowIdx":8396,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["12"],"string":"[\n \"12\"\n]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"552783","text":"is used. The use of a jury is optional for civil trials in any Australian state. The use of a jury in criminal trials is generally by a unanimous verdict of 12 lay members of the public. Some States provide exceptions such as majority (11-to-1 or 10-to-2) verdicts where a jury cannot otherwise reach a verdict. Sometimes a state law may allow an accused person to elect to use a judge-only trial rather than the default jury provision. The Constitution of Australia provides in section 80 that 'the trial on indictment of any offense against any law of the Commonwealth","title":"Jury"},{"id":"218112","text":"side where the offence was murder, and eight for all other cases. In 1987 this was lowered to three peremptory challenges per side, the same amount allowed in South Australia. Eight peremptory challenges are allowed for both counsels for all offences in Queensland. Victoria, Tasmania and the Northern Territory allow for six. Western Australia allows five peremptory challenges per side. In Australia majority verdicts are allowed in South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia, Tasmania, the Northern Territory, New South Wales and Queensland, while the ACT require unanimous verdicts. Since 1927 South Australia has permitted majority verdicts of 11:1, and 10:1 or","title":"Jury trial"},{"id":"218132","text":"a majority of nine of the twelve members. In a criminal case, a verdict need not be unanimous where there are not fewer than eleven jurors if ten of them agree on a verdict after considering the case for a reasonable time. Juries are selected from a jury panel, which is picked at random by the county registrar from the electoral register. The principal statute regulating the selection, obligations and conduct of juries is the Juries Act 1976 as amended by the Civil Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2008, which scrapped the upper age limit of 70. Juries are not paid,","title":"Jury trial"},{"id":"5025275","text":"jurisdiction,\" which enables them to hear all legal issues arising from a single set of facts. This enables all courts to deal with virtually all issues arising from the facts of a case, provided that the particular court has jurisdiction to hear the principal cause of action. Most of the states have two further levels of courts, which are comparable across the country. The district court (or county court in Victoria) handles most criminal trials for less serious indictable offences, and most civil matters below a threshold (usually around $1 million). The magistrates court (or local court) handles summary matters","title":"Judiciary of Australia"},{"id":"552803","text":"picked at random by the county registrar from the electoral register. Juries only decide questions of fact and have no role in criminal sentencing. It is not necessary that a jury be unanimous in its verdict. In civil cases, a verdict may be reached by a majority of nine of the twelve members. In a criminal case, a verdict need not be unanimous where there are not fewer than eleven jurors if ten of them agree on a verdict after considering the case for a \"reasonable time\". Juries are not paid, nor do they receive travel expenses; however they do","title":"Jury"},{"id":"218115","text":"offences that carry a life sentence, although only 11:1 or 10:1 majorities are allowed. Majority verdicts were introduced in New South Wales in 2006. In New South Wales, a majority verdict can only be returned if the jury consists of at least 11 jurors and the deliberation has occurred for at least 8 hours or for a period that the court considers reasonable having regard to the nature and complexity of the case. Additionally, the court must be satisfied through examination of one or more of the jurors on oath, that a unanimous verdict will not be reached if further","title":"Jury trial"},{"id":"5855927","text":"verdict. Part XX of the \"Criminal Code of Canada\" allows for a jury in a Canadian murder trial to consist of twelve jurors. However, a minimum of ten jurors and a maximum of 14 jurors may hear the evidence a trial. At the end of trial, a maximum of twelve jurors and minimum of ten jurors may deliberate. Section 631(2.2) as well as section 643 of the \"Criminal Code\" specify that a jury may consist of either 12, 13 or 14 members, however, 12 is most common. Section 631(2.2) allows a judge to order that 13 or 14 jurors be","title":"Jury selection"},{"id":"218113","text":"9:1 where the jury has been reduced, in criminal trials if a unanimous verdict cannot be reached in four hours. They are accepted in all cases except for \"guilty\" verdicts where the defendant is on trial for murder or treason. Victoria has accepted majority verdicts with the same conditions since 1994, though deliberations must go on for six hours before a majority verdict can be made. Western Australia accepted majority verdicts in 1957 for all trials except where the crime is murder or has a life sentence. A 10:2 verdict is accepted. Majority verdicts of 10:2 have been allowed in","title":"Jury trial"},{"id":"552758","text":"refusal to impanel more than the six members provided for by Florida law \"did not violate petitioner's Sixth Amendment rights as applied to the States through the Fourteenth.\" In \"Ballew v. Georgia\", , the Supreme Court ruled that the number of jurors could not be reduced below six. In \"Brownlee v The Queen\" (2001) 207 CLR 278, the High Court of Australia unanimously held that a jury of 12 members was not an essential feature of \"trial by jury\" in section 80 of the Australian Constitution. In Scotland, a jury in a criminal trial consists of 15 jurors, which is","title":"Jury"},{"id":"10499488","text":"is being considered for exclusion: Judges may face the need to weigh the probative value versus the prejudicial impact in nearly any case. A part of this is symbolized by a weighing scale and represents justice. Australian rule of evidence is a mixture of statute and common law. It has a uniform \"Evidence Act\" (UEA or the 'Act') that consists of Acts of the Commonwealth, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, Australian Capital Territory, Northern Territory and Norfolk Island. The rules of evidence work to ensure that criminal trials are conducted in a manner that is fair to both parties in","title":"Relevance (law)"},{"id":"218114","text":"Tasmania since 1936 for all cases except murder and treason if a unanimous decision has not been made within two hours. Since 1943 verdicts of \"not guilty\" for murder and treason have also been included, but must be discussed for six hours. The Northern Territory has allowed majority verdicts of 10:2, 10:1 and 9:1 since 1963 and does not discriminate between cases whether the charge is murder or not. Deliberation must go for at least six hours before delivering a majority verdict. The Queensland \"Jury Act 1995\" (s 59F) allows majority verdicts for all crimes except for murder and other","title":"Jury trial"},{"id":"6441073","text":"burden of proof lies with the prosecutor. The general rule is that an accused person is 'innocent until proven guilty'. The standard of proof is 'beyond reasonable doubt' which is the highest standard in law. Generally speaking, you have the right to remain silent if you are questioned by the police and you can not be forced to give evidence at your own trial. Australian criminal law was originally received from the English common law, which continues to evolve in Australian courts. Although all states now also have some criminal law legislation, in some states the criminal law has been","title":"Criminal law of Australia"},{"id":"218109","text":"police procedural and legal dramas, in what is known as the 'CSI effect' (after the ). In at least one English trial the misuse or misunderstanding or misrepresentation by the prosecution of statistics has led to wrongful conviction. Is one of the first countries in Latin America that has implemented the Trial by Juries. Although it has a Civil Law process, since November of 2015, it now has Jury system for serious crimes cases. The Australian Constitution provides that: \"80. The trial on indictment of any offence against any law of the Commonwealth shall be by jury, and every such","title":"Jury trial"},{"id":"218164","text":"members, though fewer may sit on cases involving lesser offenses. Criminal juries decide whether the defendant committed the crime as charged. In several southern states, the jury sets punishment, while in most states and at the federal level, it is set by the judge. Verdicts in criminal cases must be unanimous, with the following exceptions: Currently, two states, Oregon and Louisiana, do not require unanimous verdicts in criminal cases. Each requires a 10–2 majority for conviction, except for capital crimes: Oregon requires unanimous verdicts for guilty to any murder case and Louisiana requires all 12. But in Oregon, unlike any","title":"Jury trial"},{"id":"14290013","text":"In Queensland each jury has a choice for an Oath or Affirmation. The Oath is as follows: The Affirmation is as follows: According to the French Code of Penal Procedure, all jurors must individually swear to the following message from the judge presiding the court: A New Zealand juror's oath reads: \"Members of the jury: Do each of you swear by Almighty God (or solemnly, sincerely, and truly declare and affirm) that you will try the case before you to the best of your ability and give your verdict according to the evidence?\" In the United Kingdom, each juror can","title":"Juror's oath"},{"id":"202290","text":"Indictable offence In many common law jurisdictions (e.g., England and Wales, Ireland, Canada, Hong Kong, India, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, Singapore), an indictable offence is an offence which can only be tried on an indictment after a preliminary hearing to determine whether there is a \"prima facie\" case to answer or by a grand jury (in contrast to a summary offence). In the United States, a crime of similar severity and rules is called a felony, which also requires an indictment. In relation to England and Wales, the expression \"indictable offence\" means an offence which, if committed by an adult,","title":"Indictable offence"},{"id":"6441074","text":"wholly codified, whereas in other states the bulk of the criminal law remains based on the common law, but may be partially expressed in legislation. These two types of criminal law systems are generally referred to as 'code jurisdictions' or 'common law jurisdictions' respectively. New South Wales, South Australia and Victoria are common law jurisdictions. These states have legislation which lists the most common offences and fix their penalties, but do not always exhaustively define the elements of the offence. For example, in New South Wales, section 117 of the \"Crimes Act 1900\" (NSW) states:117. Punishment for larceny
Whosoever commits larceny,","title":"Criminal law of Australia"},{"id":"5231343","text":"Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory The Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory is the superior court for the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). It has unlimited jurisdiction within the territory in civil matters (although it usually only hears matters involving more than 250,000), and hears the most serious criminal matters. Criminal trials may be heard before a judge and jury, or by judge alone at the election of the accused. All matters are heard before a single judge, including appellate matters from the Magistrates Court, the Children's Court, and the ACT Civil and Administrative Tribunal. In the Australian","title":"Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory"},{"id":"5025277","text":"As these territories have very small populations, the courts only sit from time to time as needed. The three external territories are Norfolk Island, Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands. The remaining external territories (including Antarctica) do not have permanent courts. In the event of a case arising from these territories, the courts of the ACT have jurisdiction. All the States and Territories, with the exception of Tasmania, have a Civil and Administrative Tribunal. These hear cases relating to lesser State or Territory administrative disputes (involving some individual, business or government body). These commonly involve actions by persons bound to","title":"Judiciary of Australia"},{"id":"552795","text":"an inquest. Criminal cases are normally tried by a 7-person jury and sometimes, at the discretion of the court, a 9-person jury. Nevertheless, the Jury Ordinance requires that a jury in any proceedings should be composed of at least 5 jurors. Although article 86 of the basic law states that ‘the principle of trial by jury previously practiced in Hong Kong shall be maintained’, it does not guarantee that every case is to be tried by a jury. In the case \"Chiang Lily v. Secretary for Justice\" (2010), the Court of Final Appeal agreed that ‘there is no right to","title":"Jury"},{"id":"552737","text":"Jury A jury is a sworn body of people convened to render an impartial verdict (a finding of fact on a question) officially submitted to them by a court, or to set a penalty or judgment. Modern juries tend to be found in courts to ascertain the guilt or lack thereof in a crime. In Anglophone jurisdictions, the verdict may be \"guilty\" or \"not guilty\" (\"not proven\"; a verdict of acquittal, based on the state's failure to prove guilt rather than any proof of innocence, is also available in Scotland). The old institution of grand juries still exists in some","title":"Jury"},{"id":"6441085","text":"jurisdiction are codified in the Crimes Act 1958 (Vic) and the state's main criminal procedure laws are consolidated in the Criminal Procedure Act 2009 (Vic). Other relevant criminal legislation include the Evidence Act 2008 (Vic), the Summary Offences Act 1966 (Vic) and Jury Directions Act 2015 (Vic). There are also a number of common law provisions for criminal conduct within Victoria. The \"Criminal Code Act 1899 (Qld)\", is the primary instrument for the source of criminal law in Queensland. The Criminal Code Act was largely the product of Sir Samuel Walker Griffith, then Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of","title":"Criminal law of Australia"},{"id":"218111","text":"William IV No 12). The \"voir dire\" system of examining the jury pool before selection is not permitted in Australia as it violates the privacy of jurors. Therefore, though it exists, the right to challenge for cause during jury selection cannot be employed much. Peremptory challenges are usually based on the hunches of counsel and no reason is needed to use them. All Australian states allow for peremptory challenges in jury selection; however, the number of challenges granted to the counsels in each state are not all the same. Until 1987 New South Wales had twenty peremptory challenges for each","title":"Jury trial"},{"id":"6441072","text":"Criminal law of Australia The criminal law of Australia is the body of law made, recognised and applied in Australia that relates to crime. Most criminal law is made and administered by the individual states and territories of Australia. However, a body of criminal law is also made and administered by the federal government. Criminal law may be differentiated from civil law, which in Australia relates to non-criminal law including civil wrongs, contract law, much of property law and other areas that concern the rights and duties of individuals amongst themselves. In Australia, when a criminal prosecution is commenced, the","title":"Criminal law of Australia"},{"id":"218149","text":"tried by magistrates or the defendant may elect trial by jury in the Crown Court. Serious (\"indictable\") offences, however, must be tried before a jury in the Crown Court. Juries sit in few civil cases, being restricted to false imprisonment, malicious prosecution, and civil fraud (unless ordered otherwise by a judge). Juries also sit in coroner's courts for more contentious inquests. All criminal juries consist of 12 jurors, those in a County Court having 8 jurors and Coroner's Court juries having between 7 and 11 members. Jurors must be between 18–75 years of age, and are selected at random from","title":"Jury trial"},{"id":"20497599","text":"Court Justice: Sydney Court Justice: Sydney is an Australian factual television show that looks at the work of twelve magistrates who preside at the Downing Centre, a major courthouse complex in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. This observational documentary series began on the Crime and Investigation Network on 2 July 2017. It is narrated by Chris Bourke. This series takes a look inside one of the world's busiest local courts. The twelve magistrates that preside at Sydney’s Downing Centre handle over 30,000 cases every year, from minor traffic offences to major assaults. The defendants can range from habitual offenders to","title":"Court Justice: Sydney"},{"id":"218135","text":"or more. For most offences, the defendant can choose to forego a jury trial in favour of a judge-alone (bench) trial. Serious \"category 4\" offences such as murder, manslaughter and treason are always tried by jury, with some exceptions. Civil jury trials are restricted to cases involving defamation, false imprisonment or malicious prosecution. New Zealand previously required jury verdicts to be passed unanimously, but since the passing of the Criminal Procedure Bill in 2009 the Juries Act 1981 has permitted verdicts to be passed by a majority of one less than the full jury (that is an 11–1 or a","title":"Jury trial"},{"id":"218140","text":"away at what types of criminal offenses merit a jury trial. They are similar to common law juries, and unlike lay judges, in that they sit separately from the judges and decide questions of fact alone while the judge determines questions of law. They must return unanimous verdicts during the first 3 hours of deliberation, but may return majority verdicts after that, with 6 jurors being enough to acquit. They may also request that the judge show leniency in sentencing. Juries have granted acquittals in 15–20% of cases, compared with less than 1% in cases decided by judges. Juries may","title":"Jury trial"},{"id":"5025262","text":"courts, in a manner similar to that of the Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873 (United Kingdom). Legal and equitable remedies may be pursued in the one action in the one court. Judges are appointed by the executive government, without intervention by the existing judiciary. Once appointed, judges have tenure and there are restrictions on their removal from office. For example, a federal judge may not be removed from office except by the Governor-General upon an address of both Houses of Parliament for proved misbehavior. Judges in Australia are appointed by the Executive government of the relevant jurisdiction, and most","title":"Judiciary of Australia"},{"id":"552762","text":"is usually only required until a verdict has been reached, and jurors have sometimes made remarks that called into question whether a verdict was properly reached. In Australia, academics are permitted to scrutinize the jury process only after obtaining a certificate or approval from the Attorney-General. Because of the importance of preventing undue influence on a jury, jury tampering (like witness tampering) is a serious crime, whether attempted through bribery, threat of violence, or other means. Jurors themselves can also be held liable if they deliberately compromise their impartiality. The role of the jury is described as that of a","title":"Jury"},{"id":"8010514","text":"(e.g., HIPAA) objections to this. Australia uses an adversarial system, and potential jurors are randomly selected from an electoral roll. Jurors receive a small payment for each day of attendance. Employers are also required to pay their employees \"make-up pay\", that is, the usual pay the employee would have earned from working, less the jury duty payment received from the state. Under the National Employment Standards, make-up pay is required only for the first ten days of jury service - however the laws of Victoria, Queensland and Western Australia extend the make-up pay requirement for the entire duration of the","title":"Jury duty"},{"id":"10261950","text":"Court Act 1930 (ACT)\". It has a summary jurisdiction to deal with most criminal offences other than serious criminal matters such as murder and sexual assaults. It also has jurisdiction to hear civil cases that are between $10,000 and $250,000 in value, although it cannot hear cases in which the title to land is in dispute. Any amount in dispute under $10,000 is dealt with by the ACT Civil and Administrative Tribunal. The court is constituted by either magistrates or special magistrates. Generally, magistrates sit alone. A special magistrates may also constitute the court. Magistrates and special magistrates are appointed","title":"Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory"},{"id":"552787","text":"by juries. Seven jurors vote in secret to decide whether the defendant is guilty or not, and decisions are taken by the majority. Manslaughter and other crimes in which the killing was committed without intent, however, are judged by a professional judge instead. In Canada, juries are used for some criminal trials but not others. For summary conviction offences or offences found under section 553 of the Criminal Code (theft and fraud up to the value of $5,000 and certain nuisance offences), the trial is before a judge alone. For most indictable offences, the accused person can elect to be","title":"Jury"},{"id":"552828","text":"In 1970, however, the Supreme Court held that the twelve person requirement was a \"historical accident\", and upheld six-person juries if provided for under state law in both criminal and civil state court cases. There is controversy over smaller juries, with proponents arguing that they are more efficient and opponents arguing that they lead to fluctuating verdicts. In a later case, however, the court rejected the use of five-person juries in criminal cases. Juries go through a selection process called \"voir dire\" in which the lawyers question the jurors and then make \"challenges for cause\" and \"peremptory challenges\" to remove","title":"Jury"},{"id":"163068","text":"Australia, grand juries existed for longer periods of time. In South Australia, the first grand jury sat on 13 May 1837, but they were abolished in 1852. In Western Australia, by the Grand Jury Abolition Act Amendment Act 1883 (WA), grand juries were abolished (section 4: A Grand Jury shall not be summoned for the Supreme Court of Western Australia, nor for any General Quarter Sessions for the said Colony). The Australian state of Victoria maintained, until 2009, provisions for a grand jury in the Crimes Act 1958 under section 354 indictments, which had been used on rare occasions by","title":"Grand jury"},{"id":"552789","text":"murder (but the judge is not bound by the jury's recommendation, and the jury is not required to make a recommendation). Jury selection is in accordance with specific criteria. Prospective jurors may only be asked certain questions, selected for direct pertinence to impartiality or other relevant matters. Any other questions must be approved by the judge. A jury in a criminal trial is initially composed of 12 jurors. The trial judge has the discretion to direct that one or two alternate jurors also be appointed. If a juror is discharged during the course of the trial, the trial will continue","title":"Jury"},{"id":"5025278","text":"act pursuant to some form of devolved legislation; such as Environmental Regulations or Rental Tenancy Regulations. A table of the Court hierarchy and Civil and Administrative Tribunals of the Australian States and Territories follows here: Judiciary of Australia The judiciary of Australia comprises judges who sit in federal courts and courts of the States and Territories of Australia. The High Court of Australia sits at the apex of the Australian court hierarchy as the ultimate court of appeal on matters of both federal and State law. The large number of courts in Australia have different procedural powers and characteristics, different","title":"Judiciary of Australia"},{"id":"5197207","text":"Australia is the highest court in Australia, and hears appeals from federal and State courts on matters of both federal and State law. Unlike the United States, there is only one common law of Australia rather than common laws for each of the several jurisdictions of the states and territories. The legal institutions and traditions of Australian law are monocultural in character, reflecting its English origins. When the British arrived in Australia, they considered the continent to be \"terra nullius\", or land belonging to no-one, on the basis that the Aboriginal peoples already inhabiting the continent were too primitive to","title":"Law of Australia"},{"id":"1452658","text":"varies depending on the laws of the specific jurisdiction. In some places the panel (be it judges or a jury) is required to issue a unanimous decision, while in others only a majority vote is required. In America, this process depends on the state, level of court, and even agreements between the prosecuting and defending parties. Some nations do not use juries at all, or rely on theological or military authorities to issue verdicts. Some cases can be disposed of without the need for a trial. In fact, the vast majority are. If the accused confesses his or her guilt,","title":"Criminal justice"},{"id":"5213826","text":"such cases, the Court ordinarily consists of a single judge. The Court sits as a Full Court (usually consisting of a bench of three judges) when it hears appeals from the decisions of a single judge of the Supreme Court or District Court, or from certain other tribunals. Some of these appeals lie as of right, while others require leave (permission) from either the court appealed from or the Supreme Court. When the Supreme Court sits as a Full Court in criminal matters (other than those originating in the Magistrates Court and Youth Court), it is commonly referred to as","title":"Supreme Court of South Australia"},{"id":"20497600","text":"everyday citizens that have made bad mistakes. Court Justice: Sydney Court Justice: Sydney is an Australian factual television show that looks at the work of twelve magistrates who preside at the Downing Centre, a major courthouse complex in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. This observational documentary series began on the Crime and Investigation Network on 2 July 2017. It is narrated by Chris Bourke. This series takes a look inside one of the world's busiest local courts. The twelve magistrates that preside at Sydney’s Downing Centre handle over 30,000 cases every year, from minor traffic offences to major assaults. The","title":"Court Justice: Sydney"},{"id":"3054247","text":"declared. A new panel of jurors will be selected for the retrial. Each jury in criminal courts contain twelve jurors. However this is not the case in civil cases. In civil cases, only six people are necessary for a jury, and if there is one dissenter but the rest are unanimous (i.e. a 5-1 vote) the one dissenter can be ignored with the majority opinion becoming the final verdict. In New Zealand, the jury must initially try to reach a unanimous verdict. If the jury cannot reach a unanimous verdict after a reasonable time given the nature and complexity of","title":"Hung jury"},{"id":"11457550","text":"Extradition law in Australia Extradition law in Australia is the formal process by which a fugitive found outside a jurisdiction is surrendered to the jurisdiction where an alleged offence has taken place for trial or punishment, under Australian law. This may include a process done within the country or one between Australia and another country. The power to extradite between and among the states and territories of Australia is conferred by s 51(xxiv) of the Australian Constitution which says that the Commonwealth Parliament shall, subject to the Constitution, have the power to make laws for the peace, order, and good","title":"Extradition law in Australia"},{"id":"19604689","text":"Whose Line Is It Anyway? Australia Whose Line is it Anyway? Australia (also known as Whose Line? and Whose Line? Oz) is a 10-part Australian improvisational comedy show, based on the British show of the same name, hosted by Tommy Little on Foxtel network's The Comedy Channel, premiering on 27 November 2016. There are seven cast members throughout the series, with four performing each episode, using the same basic formula as the other versions of the show. The ensemble cast include Rhys Darby, Cal Wilson, Tegan Higginbotham, Susie Youssef, Steen Raskopoulos, Bridie Connell and Tom Walker. On 10 November 2016,","title":"Whose Line Is It Anyway? Australia"},{"id":"20486144","text":"Court Justice (TV Series) Court Justice is an observational documentary series made in Australia and is broadcast on Foxtel's Crime + Investigation Network. The series films real people and real cases taking place in The Downing Centre in Sydney. The twelve magistrates that preside at Sydney’s Downing Centre handle over 30,000 cases every year; everything from minor traffic offences to major assaults. Court Justice Premiered on the 2nd of July 2017 at 7.30 AEST. In July the series will also become available on \"On Demand\" The series has been filmed over a six-week period in late 2016 an each episode","title":"Court Justice (TV Series)"},{"id":"15400395","text":"Punishment in Australia Punishment in Australia usually occurs when an individual breaks the law, and enters into the Australian criminal justice system. Australia uses prisons, as well as community corrections (various non-custodial punishments such as parole, probation, community service etc). The death penalty has been abolished, and corporal punishment is no longer used. Before the colonisation of Australia by Europeans, Indigenous Australians had their own traditional punishments, some of which are still practiced in the 21st century. Prisons in Australia are operated for the detention of minimum, medium, maximum and supermax security prisoners convicted in state and federal courts, as","title":"Punishment in Australia"},{"id":"552791","text":"in the Federal Court. Three professional judges sit alongside six jurors in first instance proceedings or nine in appeal proceedings. Before 2012, there were nine or twelve jurors, but this was reduced to cut spending. A two-thirds majority is needed in order to convict the defendant. During these procedures, judges and jurors have equal positions on questions of fact, while judges decide on questions of procedure. Judges and jurors also have equal positions on sentencing. Trial by jury was introduced in most German states after the revolutionary events of 1848. However, it remained controversial; and, early in the 20th century,","title":"Jury"},{"id":"5025259","text":"Judiciary of Australia The judiciary of Australia comprises judges who sit in federal courts and courts of the States and Territories of Australia. The High Court of Australia sits at the apex of the Australian court hierarchy as the ultimate court of appeal on matters of both federal and State law. The large number of courts in Australia have different procedural powers and characteristics, different jurisdictional limits, different remedial powers and different cost structures. Under the Australian Constitution, federal judicial power is vested in the High Court of Australia and such other federal courts as may be created by the","title":"Judiciary of Australia"},{"id":"5200797","text":"Supreme Court of Queensland The Supreme Court of Queensland is the highest court in the Australian State of Queensland. The original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court allows its trial division to hear civil matters involving claims of more than 750,000; criminal matters involving serious offences (including murder and manslaughter); and matters arising under the \"Corporations Act 2001\" (Cth) and cross-vesting legislation. A jury is used to decide whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty. The division also hears all civil matters involving amounts of more than 750,000. A jury may be used to decide these disputes. The appellate jurisdiction","title":"Supreme Court of Queensland"},{"id":"14290016","text":"Courts state: James Duane has said, with regard to the juror's oath, \"In federal court it is not even prescribed by statute. It is simply an old tradition judges have made up.\" Juror's oath A juror's oath is used to swear in jurors at the beginning of jury selection or trial. In a New South Wales juror's oath, the juror promises to \"...well and truly try and true deliverance make between our Sovereign Lady the Queen and the accused whom you shall have in charge, and a true verdict give according to the evidence.\" In Western Australia each jury has","title":"Juror's oath"},{"id":"218163","text":"in the conduct of serious human affairs\". Because they are fact-finders, juries are sometimes expected to perform a role similar to a lie detector, especially when presented with testimony from witnesses. A civil jury is typically made up of 6 to 12 persons. In a civil case, the role of the jury is to listen to the evidence presented at a trial, to decide whether the defendant injured the plaintiff or otherwise failed to fulfill a legal duty to the plaintiff, and to determine what the compensation or penalty should be. A criminal jury is usually made up of 12","title":"Jury trial"},{"id":"13436502","text":"Age of criminal responsibility in Australia The age of criminal responsibility in Australia is the age below which a child is deemed incapable of having committed a criminal offence. In legal terms, it is referred to as a defence of infancy. All States and self-governing Territories of Australia have adopted 10 years of age as a uniform age of criminal responsibility. Doli incapax refers to a presumption that a child is \"incapable of crime\" under legislation or common law. Or rather, the presumption that a child cannot form mens rea as they do not yet have a sufficient understanding between","title":"Age of criminal responsibility in Australia"},{"id":"13436504","text":"Age of criminal responsibility in Australia The age of criminal responsibility in Australia is the age below which a child is deemed incapable of having committed a criminal offence. In legal terms, it is referred to as a defence of infancy. All States and self-governing Territories of Australia have adopted 10 years of age as a uniform age of criminal responsibility. Doli incapax refers to a presumption that a child is \"incapable of crime\" under legislation or common law. Or rather, the presumption that a child cannot form mens rea as they do not yet have a sufficient understanding between","title":"Age of criminal responsibility in Australia"},{"id":"9769051","text":"the court. The governor can also appoint a chief magistrate, as well as deputy chief magistrates. The court normally sits with a magistrate sitting alone. However, the governor may make a regulation which allows a single justice of the peace or two justices of the peace to sit as the court. About 43,000 civil cases are filed each year in the court. Magistrates Court of Western Australia The Magistrates Court of Western Australia is the first tier court in Western Australia, a state of Australia. It has jurisdiction in respect of criminal and civil matters, as well as a range","title":"Magistrates Court of Western Australia"},{"id":"9936418","text":"Court of Summary Jurisdiction The Court of Summary Jurisdiction is a court in the Northern Territory of Australia. It has jurisdiction to deal with criminal offences which occur in the territory. It is one of the courts that is usually referred to as a magistrates court. The court was established under the Justices Act (NT) in 1974 and replaced the courts of petty sessions commonly established in Australia since British settlement in 1788 to deal with less serious crime. Those courts followed the English tradition of justices of the peace sitting in and out of sessions in England. The court","title":"Court of Summary Jurisdiction"},{"id":"5025272","text":"Federal Circuit Court judges, as are decisions of these courts on appeal from a Federal Circuit Court judge. In other circumstances, decisions of a single Federal or Family Court judge are not strictly binding; however, these will usually be followed by sentencing. The Federal Circuit Court of Australia (formerly known as the Federal Magistrates Court of Australia) is an Australian court with jurisdiction over matters broadly relating to family law and child support, administrative law, admiralty law, bankruptcy, copyright, human rights, industrial law, migration, privacy and trade practices.There has been a shift recently towards having most cases held in this","title":"Judiciary of Australia"},{"id":"5231346","text":"Canberra Times\" reported that the court would soon be upgraded to meet the requirements of the city's judicial system over the next 50 years. Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory The Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory is the superior court for the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). It has unlimited jurisdiction within the territory in civil matters (although it usually only hears matters involving more than 250,000), and hears the most serious criminal matters. Criminal trials may be heard before a judge and jury, or by judge alone at the election of the accused. All matters are heard","title":"Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory"},{"id":"3239319","text":"\"not guilty\", more so than if the case is found \"not proven\". In Scotland, a criminal case may be decided either \"\"in solemn procedure\"\" by a jury (instructed by the judge), or \"\"in summary procedure\"\" by the judge alone (with no jury appointed). There are various rules for when the one or the other procedure may or must be employed; in general, juries are employed for the more severe accusations, while petty crimes and offences are treated summarily. A criminal case jury consists of 15 jurors, who make their decision by a simple majority vote: eight votes are necessary and","title":"Not proven"},{"id":"1880258","text":"and Codes and is regarded by the courts as an important common law right and a part of the privilege against self-incrimination. In general, criminal suspects in Australia have the right to refuse to answer questions posed to them by police before trial and to refuse to give evidence at trial. However a person must answer questions related to their name and place of residence if asked to by police. As a general rule judges cannot direct juries to draw adverse inferences from a defendant's silence (\"Petty v R\") but there are exceptions to this rule, most notably in cases","title":"Right to silence"},{"id":"6441092","text":"part, joins the NT & WA in having exhaustively codified criminal law. Criminal law of Australia The criminal law of Australia is the body of law made, recognised and applied in Australia that relates to crime. Most criminal law is made and administered by the individual states and territories of Australia. However, a body of criminal law is also made and administered by the federal government. Criminal law may be differentiated from civil law, which in Australia relates to non-criminal law including civil wrongs, contract law, much of property law and other areas that concern the rights and duties of","title":"Criminal law of Australia"},{"id":"2440998","text":"to the judge. In the United Kingdom (except Scotland), Cyprus, Hong Kong, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea and Canada, it refers to a \"trial within a trial\". It is a hearing to determine the admissibility of evidence, or the competency of a witness or juror. As the subject matter of the \"voir dire\" often relates to evidence, competence or other matters that may lead to bias on behalf of the jury, the jury may be removed from the court for the \"voir dire\". The term has thus been broadened in Australian jurisdictions to include any hearing during a","title":"Voir dire"},{"id":"6620000","text":"Crown. The presiding judge must determine whether there is sufficient evidence for a jury, acting reasonably and judicially, to convict the accused. The judge may neither weigh the evidence nor determine whether the evidence is admissible. If the judge determines there is sufficient evidence for a jury acting reasonably and judicially to convict the accused, the judge must commit the accused to stand trial. If not, the judge must discharge the accused and the proceedings end. However, if at a later date the Crown tenders further evidence, the Crown may recommence the proceedings. A discharge at a preliminary inquiry does","title":"Criminal law of Canada"},{"id":"8631110","text":"the \"Bankruptcy Act 1966\", except those requiring jury trials. The vast majority of bankruptcy court cases in Australia are heard by The Federal Circuit Court (92% in 2004-5). The Court has civil jurisdiction with respect to claims under the following provisions of the \"Competition and Consumer Act 2010\" (formerly known as the \"Trade Practices Act 1974\"): The Court can provide injunctive relief and award damages of up to $750 000. The Court also has civil jurisdiction with respect to claims under the \"National Consumer Credit Protection Act 2009\". There is provision in certain proceedings for a litigant to elect that","title":"Federal Circuit Court of Australia"},{"id":"9936422","text":"offender. Court of Summary Jurisdiction The Court of Summary Jurisdiction is a court in the Northern Territory of Australia. It has jurisdiction to deal with criminal offences which occur in the territory. It is one of the courts that is usually referred to as a magistrates court. The court was established under the Justices Act (NT) in 1974 and replaced the courts of petty sessions commonly established in Australia since British settlement in 1788 to deal with less serious crime. Those courts followed the English tradition of justices of the peace sitting in and out of sessions in England. The","title":"Court of Summary Jurisdiction"},{"id":"6527959","text":"Crown Prosecutor (Australia) Crown Prosecutors are the public prosecutors in the legal system of Australia. Crown Prosecutors represent the Crown in right of the Commonwealth and in right of each State or Territory in criminal proceedings. Crown Prosecutors are appointed not elected and are not public servants; they are private counsel briefed by the Director of Public Prosecutions for particular cases. Their mixed caseload as prosecutor and defence counsel, with the consequent ability to see both sides, is widely seen as an advantage of the system. Both the Commonwealth of Australia and the Australian States and Territories can make criminal","title":"Crown Prosecutor (Australia)"},{"id":"218139","text":"for serious crimes the accused has the option of a jury trial consisting of 12 jurors. The number of jury trials remains small, at about 600 per year, out of about 1 million trials. A juror must be 25 years old, legally competent, and without a criminal record. The 12 jurors are selected by the prosecution and defense from a list of 30–40 eligible candidates. The Constitution of Russia stipulates that, until the abolition of the death penalty, all defendants in a case that may result in a death sentence are entitled to a jury trial. Lawmakers are continuously chipping","title":"Jury trial"},{"id":"4746285","text":"more peremptory challenges than the prosecution (e.g. when indicted on a felony in the USA the defense gets 10 challenges to the prosecution’s 6). All Australian states allow for peremptory challenges in jury selection; however, the number of challenges granted to the counsels can vary between states. The rules regarding peremptory challenges in Canada are laid out in §634 of the Criminal Code of Canada. The number of challenges awarded to each the prosecutor and the defense depends on the type of charge and maximum potential sentence. Twenty challenges are awarded in cases for high treason and first degree murder,","title":"Peremptory challenge"},{"id":"3957589","text":"not prevailed. On the other hand, where Parliament \"has\" prescribed jury trial, the Court has been willing to impose some content on that notion. In particular, it has insisted that conviction by a jury for a Federal offence must be by the unanimous agreement of the jurors – a majority verdict will not suffice. To a very large extent, the Constitution leaves it to Parliament to determine both the High Court's original jurisdiction (section 76), and the exceptions to, and conditions on, its power to hear appeals (section 73). However, the Constitution grants the Court some original jurisdiction directly, without","title":"Australian constitutional law"},{"id":"5645356","text":"Crime in Australia Crime in Australia is combated by the Australian police and other agencies. The number of offenders proceeded against by police during 2016–2017 increased by 1% from the previous year to approximately 414,000. In 2016–2017, the offender rate, which is the number of offenders in the population of Australia, increased slightly from 1.98% to 2%. The youth offender rate decreased for the seventh consecutive year in 2016–17, between 2009–10 and 2016–17, the rate fell from 3,339 to 2,330 offenders per 100,000 persons aged 10 to 17. The most common type of offence in 2016-17 was illicit drug offences","title":"Crime in Australia"},{"id":"6584546","text":"Melbourne Magistrates' Court The Melbourne Magistrates' Court is the largest venue at which the Magistrates' Court of Victoria sits. It is a court in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia that deals with, and dispenses of, a range of criminal and civil matters, including criminal prosecutions, money claims and disputes up to $100,000, and family violence and family law proceedings. In 1995, the Melbourne Magistrates Court was relocated to 233 William Street, Melbourne, which it remains to date. The building is divided into 8 floors, the first 6 of which are accessible to the public. Court hours are 9:00am through 4:30pm, with a","title":"Melbourne Magistrates' Court"},{"id":"10261954","text":"the crime, the magistrate may sentence the person if found guilty, or may commit the person for trial to the Supreme Court. Hearings are heard in open court unless there is a law or a good reason for the matter to be heard in closed court. In certain circumstances, decisions made by the Magistrates Court may be appealed to the Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory. The Magistrates Court does not hear matters on appeal. Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory The Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory is a court of summary jurisdiction that deals with","title":"Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory"},{"id":"552802","text":"€500 for failing to report for jury service, though this was poorly enforced until a change of policy at the Courts Service in 2016. Criminal jury trials are held in the Circuit Court or the Central Criminal Court. Juryless trials under the inadequacy exception, dealing with terrorism or organised crime, are held in the Special Criminal Court, on application by the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP). Juries are also used in some civil law trials, such as for defamation; they are sometimes used at coroner's inquests. Normally consisting of twelve persons, juries are selected from a jury panel which is","title":"Jury"},{"id":"7554523","text":"Federal Court of Australia The Federal Court of Australia is an Australian superior court of record which has jurisdiction to deal with most civil disputes governed by federal law (with the exception of family law matters), along with some summary (less serious) criminal matters. Cases are heard at first instance by single Judges. The Court includes an appeal division referred to as the Full Court comprising three Judges, the only avenue of appeal from which lies to the High Court of Australia. In the Australian court hierarchy, the Federal Court occupies a position equivalent to the Supreme Courts of each","title":"Federal Court of Australia"},{"id":"202295","text":"felony, court findings of, or an act of gross negligence can be counted as an indictable offence. Indictable offence In many common law jurisdictions (e.g., England and Wales, Ireland, Canada, Hong Kong, India, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, Singapore), an indictable offence is an offence which can only be tried on an indictment after a preliminary hearing to determine whether there is a \"prima facie\" case to answer or by a grand jury (in contrast to a summary offence). In the United States, a crime of similar severity and rules is called a felony, which also requires an indictment. In relation","title":"Indictable offence"},{"id":"5855928","text":"sworn in under certain circumstances. Jurors may also be excused during trial. According to section 644(1) of the \"Criminal Code\", a judge may discharge any juror during the trial due to illness or “other reasonable cause” such as impartiality (see \"R v Tsouma\" (1973) and R v Holcomb (1973)). Section 644(2) further specifies that a jury is still properly constituted to complete its duties even if a juror is discharged during the trial as long as the number of jurors is not reduced below ten. At the conclusion of trial and following the jury charge, a maximum of twelve jurors","title":"Jury selection"},{"id":"218173","text":"grants a jury trial. In accordance with Beacon Theaters, the jury first determines the facts, then the judge enter judgment on the equitable claims. Following the English tradition, U.S. juries have usually been composed of 12 jurors, and the jury's verdict has usually been required to be unanimous. However, in many jurisdictions, the number of jurors is often reduced to a lesser number (such as five or six) by legislative enactment, or by agreement of both sides. Some jurisdictions also permit a verdict to be returned despite the dissent of one, two, or three jurors. The vast majority of U.S.","title":"Jury trial"},{"id":"10923079","text":"judge must not, in any event, suggest that a majority is acceptable until after 2 hours and 10 minutes. This was originally 2 hours but it was extended to allow time for the jury to settle after retiring. Unanimous verdicts were required until the Criminal Justice Act 1967. During the Second World War, the Administration of Justice (Emergency Provisions) Act 1939 authorised trials with only 7 jurors, except for treason or murder. A jury panel is summoned from those who meet all of the following criteria: Those who are liable to be detained under the Mental Health Act 1983 or","title":"Juries in England and Wales"},{"id":"12009118","text":"trials (). The court evaluates evidence brought before it by the parties to the trial but makes no attempt to uncover any additional evidence or otherwise investigate the matter itself. Criminal trials are inquisitorial trials (). The court is actively involved, questioning witnesses brought forward by the parties to the trials, summoning expert witnesses on its own initiative, and generally attempting to determine the truth. Most trials are bench trials, although the bench will often be a panel including one or more lay judges (). Criminal defendants accused of political transgressions or of serious crimes with severe penalties have a","title":"Judiciary of Austria"},{"id":"14525098","text":"required to be unanimous. However, in many jurisdictions, the number of jurors is often reduced to a lesser number (such as five or six) by legislative enactment, or by agreement of both sides. Some jurisdictions also permit a verdict to be returned despite the dissent of one, two, or three jurors. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 48 states that a federal civil jury must begin with at least 6 and no more than 12 members, and that the verdict must be unanimous unless the parties stipulate otherwise. Alternative dispute resolution is becoming increasingly common. Mandatory binding arbitration has been used","title":"Juries in the United States"},{"id":"218153","text":"that one class of people don't sit in judgement over another and the public have confidence in an open and representative justice system. The trial started in 2010, with the four defendants convicted on the 31 March 2010 by Mr Justice Treacy at the Old Bailey. In Scots law the jury system has some similarities with England but some important differences, in particular there are juries of 15 in criminal trials, with verdicts by simple majority. In Northern Ireland, the role of the jury trial is roughly similar to England and Wales, except that jury trials have been replaced in","title":"Jury trial"},{"id":"218131","text":"study by Elisabeth Kolsky argues that many \"perverse verdicts\" were delivered by white juries in trial of \"European British subjects\" charged with murder, assault, confinement of Indians. In the Republic of Ireland, a common law jurisdiction, jury trials are available for criminal cases before the Circuit Court, Central Criminal Court and defamation cases, consisting of twelve jurors. Juries only decide questions of fact; they have no role in criminal sentencing in criminal cases or awarding damages in libel cases. It is not necessary that a jury be unanimous in its verdict. In civil cases, a verdict may be reached by","title":"Jury trial"},{"id":"218100","text":"trials by jury are applied in cases of voluntary crimes against life, such as first and second degree murder, forced abortion and instigation of suicide, even if only attempted. In others, such as the United Kingdom, jury trials are only available for criminal cases and very specific civil cases (malicious prosecution, civil fraud and false imprisonment). In the United States, jury trials are available in both civil and criminal cases. In Canada, an individual charged with an indictable offence may elect to be tried by a judge alone in a provincial court, by judge alone in a superior court, or","title":"Jury trial"},{"id":"14290012","text":"Juror's oath A juror's oath is used to swear in jurors at the beginning of jury selection or trial. In a New South Wales juror's oath, the juror promises to \"...well and truly try and true deliverance make between our Sovereign Lady the Queen and the accused whom you shall have in charge, and a true verdict give according to the evidence.\" In Western Australia each jury has a choice to either \"swear by Almighty God\" or \"solemnly and sincerely declare and affirm\" to \"give a true verdict according to the evidence upon the issue(s) to be tried by me.\"","title":"Juror's oath"},{"id":"552804","text":"receive lunch for the days that they are serving. The Law Reform Commission examined jury service, producing a consultation paper in 2010 and then a report in 2013. One of its recommendations, to permit extra jurors for long trials in case some are excused, was enacted in 2013. In November 2013, the DPP requested a 15-member jury at the trial of three Anglo Irish Bank executives. Where more than twelve jurors are present, twelve will be chosen by lot to retire and consider the verdict. In Italy, a Civil law jurisdiction, untrained judges are present only in the Corte d'Assise,","title":"Jury"},{"id":"15400430","text":"public as museums. Many movies and television shows have depicted the punishment of early convicts and bushrangers in Australia. See those articles for more information. Punishment in Australia Punishment in Australia usually occurs when an individual breaks the law, and enters into the Australian criminal justice system. Australia uses prisons, as well as community corrections (various non-custodial punishments such as parole, probation, community service etc). The death penalty has been abolished, and corporal punishment is no longer used. Before the colonisation of Australia by Europeans, Indigenous Australians had their own traditional punishments, some of which are still practiced in the","title":"Punishment in Australia"},{"id":"8249063","text":"officers, or the State Board of Pardons and Paroles (varies from state to state) for state offenses. Each jurisdiction whose law allows expungement has its own definitions of expungement proceedings. Generally, expungement is the process to \"remove from general review\" the records pertaining to a case. In many jurisdictions, however, the records may not completely \"disappear\" and may still be available to law enforcement, to sentencing judges on subsequent offenses, and to corrections facilities to which the individual may be sentenced on subsequent convictions. Criminal records in each state of Australia are covered by state law. In New South Wales,","title":"Expungement"},{"id":"14328536","text":"harm). \"Felony murder\" (called constructive murder in Australian jurisdictions) and murder by omission are also recognised crimes in this jurisdiction. Section 23 of the \"Crimes Act 1900\" provides for the partial defence of provocation, and can refer to actions taken by the deceased both immediately before, and prior to, the murder. If proven by the defence where there is a charge of murder, the jury will be directed to reduce the offence to manslaughter. If prior to or at the time of the committal proceedings an offender enters a plea of guilty to the lesser offence of manslaughter on the","title":"Murder (Australian law)"},{"id":"12346129","text":"by the Governor-General constituted it as required. The court was permitted to sit anywhere in Australia as the interests of justice required, and was not confined to hearing a case on the island. When hearing criminal cases, the court sat with a jury to determine an accused person’s guilt. If the court sat outside the island, the court could use jurors from the State or Territory that the court was actually sitting at. In April 1988 the court tried two defendants concerning the murder of Tan Soo Cher (Tan). Tan had been murdered during the early hours of 12 May","title":"Supreme Court of Christmas Island"},{"id":"5855933","text":"the same number that they would receive if tried separately, while the prosecutor has as many challenges as the total number available to all of the accused (i.e., in a case wherein two co-accused are charged with first-degree murder, each receives twenty peremptory challenges, and the prosecutor receives forty) [s. 634 (4), Criminal Code of Canada]. The amount of peremptory challenges can also vary according to the circumstances of the jury. The prosecutor and the accused are each entitled to one additional peremptory challenge if there are 13 jurors, or two additional challenges each in the case of 14 jurors","title":"Jury selection"},{"id":"552759","text":"thought to be the largest in the world. In 2009 a review by the Scottish Government regarding the possibility of reduction led to the decision to retain 15 jurors, with the Cabinet Secretary for Justice stating that after extensive consultation, he had decided that Scotland had got it \"uniquely right\". Trials in the Republic of Ireland which are scheduled to last over 2 months can, but do not have to, have 15 jurors. A study by the University of Glasgow suggested that a civil jury of 12 people was ineffective because a few jurors ended up dominating the discussion, and","title":"Jury"},{"id":"552809","text":"imprisonment and malicious prosecution. Juries must initially try to reach a unanimous verdict, but if one cannot be reached in a reasonable timeframe, the judge may accept a majority verdict of all-but-one (i.e. 11–1 or 10–1) in criminal cases and three-quarters (i.e. 9–3 or 9–2) in civil cases. Juries existed in Norway as early as the year 800, and perhaps even earlier. They brought the jury system to England and Scotland. Juries were phased out as late as the 17th century, when Norway´s central government was in Copenhagen, Denmark. Though Norway and Denmark had different legal systems throughout their personal","title":"Jury"},{"id":"10923089","text":"records may only be made if authorised by the Attorney General and there are adequate grounds for a prosecution request to stand by. During a trial, an individual juror can be discharged and the trial can continue so long as the minimum number of jurors remain. Discharge is at the discretion of the judge and should be exercised in cases of \"evident necessity\". The test was given in \"Porter v Magill\" as \"Would a fair-minded and informed observer conclude that there was a real possibility, or real danger (the two being the same) that the tribunal was biased?\" Where misconduct","title":"Juries in England and Wales"},{"id":"5262327","text":"or the juror serves in that capacity; and in jurisdictions with a dead man statute, a person is deemed not competent to testify as to statements of or transactions with a deceased opposing party. Often, a Government or Parliamentary Act will govern the rules affecting the giving of evidence by witnesses in court. An example is the \"Evidence Act(NSW)\"1995 which sets out the procedures for witnesses to follow in New South Wales, Australia. Hearsay is one of the largest and most complex areas of the law of evidence in common-law jurisdictions. The default rule is that hearsay evidence is inadmissible.","title":"Evidence (law)"},{"id":"5631174","text":"opening statements and closing arguments to minimize the possible impact of the CSI effect, and instruct jurors to adhere to the court's standards of evidence rather than those seen on television. Prosecutors have even hired expert witnesses to explain why particular forms of physical evidence are not relevant to their cases. In one Australian murder case, the defense counsel requested a judge-only trial to avoid having DNA evidence misinterpreted by a jury. By 2006, the CSI effect had become widely accepted as reality among legal professionals, despite little empirical evidence to validate or disprove it. A 2008 survey by researcher","title":"CSI effect"},{"id":"218145","text":"e.g. libel or incitement to ethnic or racial hatred, in a medium covered by the fundamental laws (e.g. a printed paper or a radio programme), she has the right to have the accusation tried by a jury of nine jurors. This applies also in civil (tort) cases under the fundamental laws. A majority of at least six jurors must find that the defendant has committed the alleged crime. If it does not, the defendant is acquitted or, in a civil case, held not liable. If such a majority of the jurors hold that said crime has in fact been committed,","title":"Jury trial"},{"id":"6441078","text":"this code, and in some instances rejected the code entirely. The Commonwealth has its own criminal jurisdiction for offences against federal laws. However, its jurisdiction in criminal matters is more limited than that of the States. The situation is similar to American criminal law (see also Federal crime in the United States). The principal source of Commonwealth criminal law was originally the \"Crimes Act 1914\" (Cth). In 1987, the Commonwealth Attorney-General established a committee chaired by Sir Harry Gibbs to undertake a review of Commonwealth criminal law. The committee published its final report in 1991, recommending the development of a","title":"Criminal law of Australia"},{"id":"11457551","text":"government of the Commonwealth with respect to (inter alia): the service and execution throughout the Commonwealth of the civil and criminal process and the judgments of the courts of the States. Interstate extradition procedures are governed by the \"Service and Execution of Process Act 1992\" (Cth), Part 5. Under the Act, a person named in an extradition warrant issued in any State may be arrested in accordance to that warrant in another State. Upon apprehension, that person must be brought before a Magistrate of the State in which they were apprehended along with the warrant or a copy of the","title":"Extradition law in Australia"},{"id":"218122","text":"jury is the \"cour d'assises,\" in which three professional judges sit together with six or nine jurors (on appeal). Conviction requires a two-thirds majority (four or six votes). The country that originated the concept of the jury trial retains it in an unusual form. The Constitution of Greece and Code of criminal procedure provide that felonies (Greek: Κακουργήματα) are tried by a \"Mixed Court\" composed of three professional judges, including the President of the Court, and four jurors who decide the facts, and the appropriate penalty if they convict. Certain Felonies, such as terrorism, are exempt, due to their nature,","title":"Jury trial"},{"id":"5025269","text":"was created by the Federal Court of Australia Act in 1976. Decisions of the High Court are binding on the Federal Court. There is an appeal level of the Federal Court (the \"Full Court\" of the Federal Court), which consists of several judges, usually three but occasionally five in very significant cases. The Family Court has jurisdiction over family law matters. It is a superior court of limited jurisdiction and was established in 1975 by the Family Law Act 1975 by the federal parliament. The Commonwealth has power over marriage and divorce under the Constitution. In the 1990s the states","title":"Judiciary of Australia"},{"id":"10235826","text":"the hangings when he miscalculated the drop necessary for the youths. One died instantly but the remaining three struggled for several minutes. The trial was dramatised in a 2012 ABC docudrama, the first of a three-part series entitled \"Australia on Trial\". Presented by historian Michael Cathcart, the script was based on official court transcripts of the trial. Mount Rennie rape case The Mount Rennie rape case is the only gang rape in Sydney during the 1880s that led to a full conviction of the participants involved in the crime—young larrikins of the \"Waterloo Push\". The attack is sometimes referred to","title":"Mount Rennie rape case"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"552783\",\n \"text\": \"is used. The use of a jury is optional for civil trials in any Australian state. The use of a jury in criminal trials is generally by a unanimous verdict of 12 lay members of the public. Some States provide exceptions such as majority (11-to-1 or 10-to-2) verdicts where a jury cannot otherwise reach a verdict. Sometimes a state law may allow an accused person to elect to use a judge-only trial rather than the default jury provision. The Constitution of Australia provides in section 80 that 'the trial on indictment of any offense against any law of the Commonwealth\",\n \"title\": \"Jury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"218112\",\n \"text\": \"side where the offence was murder, and eight for all other cases. In 1987 this was lowered to three peremptory challenges per side, the same amount allowed in South Australia. Eight peremptory challenges are allowed for both counsels for all offences in Queensland. Victoria, Tasmania and the Northern Territory allow for six. Western Australia allows five peremptory challenges per side. In Australia majority verdicts are allowed in South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia, Tasmania, the Northern Territory, New South Wales and Queensland, while the ACT require unanimous verdicts. Since 1927 South Australia has permitted majority verdicts of 11:1, and 10:1 or\",\n \"title\": \"Jury trial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"218132\",\n \"text\": \"a majority of nine of the twelve members. In a criminal case, a verdict need not be unanimous where there are not fewer than eleven jurors if ten of them agree on a verdict after considering the case for a reasonable time. Juries are selected from a jury panel, which is picked at random by the county registrar from the electoral register. The principal statute regulating the selection, obligations and conduct of juries is the Juries Act 1976 as amended by the Civil Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2008, which scrapped the upper age limit of 70. Juries are not paid,\",\n \"title\": \"Jury trial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5025275\",\n \"text\": \"jurisdiction,\\\" which enables them to hear all legal issues arising from a single set of facts. This enables all courts to deal with virtually all issues arising from the facts of a case, provided that the particular court has jurisdiction to hear the principal cause of action. Most of the states have two further levels of courts, which are comparable across the country. The district court (or county court in Victoria) handles most criminal trials for less serious indictable offences, and most civil matters below a threshold (usually around $1 million). The magistrates court (or local court) handles summary matters\",\n \"title\": \"Judiciary of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552803\",\n \"text\": \"picked at random by the county registrar from the electoral register. Juries only decide questions of fact and have no role in criminal sentencing. It is not necessary that a jury be unanimous in its verdict. In civil cases, a verdict may be reached by a majority of nine of the twelve members. In a criminal case, a verdict need not be unanimous where there are not fewer than eleven jurors if ten of them agree on a verdict after considering the case for a \\\"reasonable time\\\". Juries are not paid, nor do they receive travel expenses; however they do\",\n \"title\": \"Jury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"218115\",\n \"text\": \"offences that carry a life sentence, although only 11:1 or 10:1 majorities are allowed. Majority verdicts were introduced in New South Wales in 2006. In New South Wales, a majority verdict can only be returned if the jury consists of at least 11 jurors and the deliberation has occurred for at least 8 hours or for a period that the court considers reasonable having regard to the nature and complexity of the case. Additionally, the court must be satisfied through examination of one or more of the jurors on oath, that a unanimous verdict will not be reached if further\",\n \"title\": \"Jury trial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5855927\",\n \"text\": \"verdict. Part XX of the \\\"Criminal Code of Canada\\\" allows for a jury in a Canadian murder trial to consist of twelve jurors. However, a minimum of ten jurors and a maximum of 14 jurors may hear the evidence a trial. At the end of trial, a maximum of twelve jurors and minimum of ten jurors may deliberate. Section 631(2.2) as well as section 643 of the \\\"Criminal Code\\\" specify that a jury may consist of either 12, 13 or 14 members, however, 12 is most common. Section 631(2.2) allows a judge to order that 13 or 14 jurors be\",\n \"title\": \"Jury selection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"218113\",\n \"text\": \"9:1 where the jury has been reduced, in criminal trials if a unanimous verdict cannot be reached in four hours. They are accepted in all cases except for \\\"guilty\\\" verdicts where the defendant is on trial for murder or treason. Victoria has accepted majority verdicts with the same conditions since 1994, though deliberations must go on for six hours before a majority verdict can be made. Western Australia accepted majority verdicts in 1957 for all trials except where the crime is murder or has a life sentence. A 10:2 verdict is accepted. Majority verdicts of 10:2 have been allowed in\",\n \"title\": \"Jury trial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552758\",\n \"text\": \"refusal to impanel more than the six members provided for by Florida law \\\"did not violate petitioner's Sixth Amendment rights as applied to the States through the Fourteenth.\\\" In \\\"Ballew v. Georgia\\\", , the Supreme Court ruled that the number of jurors could not be reduced below six. In \\\"Brownlee v The Queen\\\" (2001) 207 CLR 278, the High Court of Australia unanimously held that a jury of 12 members was not an essential feature of \\\"trial by jury\\\" in section 80 of the Australian Constitution. In Scotland, a jury in a criminal trial consists of 15 jurors, which is\",\n \"title\": \"Jury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10499488\",\n \"text\": \"is being considered for exclusion: Judges may face the need to weigh the probative value versus the prejudicial impact in nearly any case. A part of this is symbolized by a weighing scale and represents justice. Australian rule of evidence is a mixture of statute and common law. It has a uniform \\\"Evidence Act\\\" (UEA or the 'Act') that consists of Acts of the Commonwealth, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, Australian Capital Territory, Northern Territory and Norfolk Island. The rules of evidence work to ensure that criminal trials are conducted in a manner that is fair to both parties in\",\n \"title\": \"Relevance (law)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"218114\",\n \"text\": \"Tasmania since 1936 for all cases except murder and treason if a unanimous decision has not been made within two hours. Since 1943 verdicts of \\\"not guilty\\\" for murder and treason have also been included, but must be discussed for six hours. The Northern Territory has allowed majority verdicts of 10:2, 10:1 and 9:1 since 1963 and does not discriminate between cases whether the charge is murder or not. Deliberation must go for at least six hours before delivering a majority verdict. The Queensland \\\"Jury Act 1995\\\" (s 59F) allows majority verdicts for all crimes except for murder and other\",\n \"title\": \"Jury trial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6441073\",\n \"text\": \"burden of proof lies with the prosecutor. The general rule is that an accused person is 'innocent until proven guilty'. The standard of proof is 'beyond reasonable doubt' which is the highest standard in law. Generally speaking, you have the right to remain silent if you are questioned by the police and you can not be forced to give evidence at your own trial. Australian criminal law was originally received from the English common law, which continues to evolve in Australian courts. Although all states now also have some criminal law legislation, in some states the criminal law has been\",\n \"title\": \"Criminal law of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"218109\",\n \"text\": \"police procedural and legal dramas, in what is known as the 'CSI effect' (after the ). In at least one English trial the misuse or misunderstanding or misrepresentation by the prosecution of statistics has led to wrongful conviction. Is one of the first countries in Latin America that has implemented the Trial by Juries. Although it has a Civil Law process, since November of 2015, it now has Jury system for serious crimes cases. The Australian Constitution provides that: \\\"80. The trial on indictment of any offence against any law of the Commonwealth shall be by jury, and every such\",\n \"title\": \"Jury trial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"218164\",\n \"text\": \"members, though fewer may sit on cases involving lesser offenses. Criminal juries decide whether the defendant committed the crime as charged. In several southern states, the jury sets punishment, while in most states and at the federal level, it is set by the judge. Verdicts in criminal cases must be unanimous, with the following exceptions: Currently, two states, Oregon and Louisiana, do not require unanimous verdicts in criminal cases. Each requires a 10–2 majority for conviction, except for capital crimes: Oregon requires unanimous verdicts for guilty to any murder case and Louisiana requires all 12. But in Oregon, unlike any\",\n \"title\": \"Jury trial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14290013\",\n \"text\": \"In Queensland each jury has a choice for an Oath or Affirmation. The Oath is as follows: The Affirmation is as follows: According to the French Code of Penal Procedure, all jurors must individually swear to the following message from the judge presiding the court: A New Zealand juror's oath reads: \\\"Members of the jury: Do each of you swear by Almighty God (or solemnly, sincerely, and truly declare and affirm) that you will try the case before you to the best of your ability and give your verdict according to the evidence?\\\" In the United Kingdom, each juror can\",\n \"title\": \"Juror's oath\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202290\",\n \"text\": \"Indictable offence In many common law jurisdictions (e.g., England and Wales, Ireland, Canada, Hong Kong, India, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, Singapore), an indictable offence is an offence which can only be tried on an indictment after a preliminary hearing to determine whether there is a \\\"prima facie\\\" case to answer or by a grand jury (in contrast to a summary offence). In the United States, a crime of similar severity and rules is called a felony, which also requires an indictment. In relation to England and Wales, the expression \\\"indictable offence\\\" means an offence which, if committed by an adult,\",\n \"title\": \"Indictable offence\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6441074\",\n \"text\": \"wholly codified, whereas in other states the bulk of the criminal law remains based on the common law, but may be partially expressed in legislation. These two types of criminal law systems are generally referred to as 'code jurisdictions' or 'common law jurisdictions' respectively. New South Wales, South Australia and Victoria are common law jurisdictions. These states have legislation which lists the most common offences and fix their penalties, but do not always exhaustively define the elements of the offence. For example, in New South Wales, section 117 of the \\\"Crimes Act 1900\\\" (NSW) states:117. Punishment for larceny
Whosoever commits larceny,\",\n \"title\": \"Criminal law of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5231343\",\n \"text\": \"Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory The Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory is the superior court for the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). It has unlimited jurisdiction within the territory in civil matters (although it usually only hears matters involving more than 250,000), and hears the most serious criminal matters. Criminal trials may be heard before a judge and jury, or by judge alone at the election of the accused. All matters are heard before a single judge, including appellate matters from the Magistrates Court, the Children's Court, and the ACT Civil and Administrative Tribunal. In the Australian\",\n \"title\": \"Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5025277\",\n \"text\": \"As these territories have very small populations, the courts only sit from time to time as needed. The three external territories are Norfolk Island, Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands. The remaining external territories (including Antarctica) do not have permanent courts. In the event of a case arising from these territories, the courts of the ACT have jurisdiction. All the States and Territories, with the exception of Tasmania, have a Civil and Administrative Tribunal. These hear cases relating to lesser State or Territory administrative disputes (involving some individual, business or government body). These commonly involve actions by persons bound to\",\n \"title\": \"Judiciary of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552795\",\n \"text\": \"an inquest. Criminal cases are normally tried by a 7-person jury and sometimes, at the discretion of the court, a 9-person jury. Nevertheless, the Jury Ordinance requires that a jury in any proceedings should be composed of at least 5 jurors. Although article 86 of the basic law states that ‘the principle of trial by jury previously practiced in Hong Kong shall be maintained’, it does not guarantee that every case is to be tried by a jury. In the case \\\"Chiang Lily v. Secretary for Justice\\\" (2010), the Court of Final Appeal agreed that ‘there is no right to\",\n \"title\": \"Jury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552737\",\n \"text\": \"Jury A jury is a sworn body of people convened to render an impartial verdict (a finding of fact on a question) officially submitted to them by a court, or to set a penalty or judgment. Modern juries tend to be found in courts to ascertain the guilt or lack thereof in a crime. In Anglophone jurisdictions, the verdict may be \\\"guilty\\\" or \\\"not guilty\\\" (\\\"not proven\\\"; a verdict of acquittal, based on the state's failure to prove guilt rather than any proof of innocence, is also available in Scotland). The old institution of grand juries still exists in some\",\n \"title\": \"Jury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6441085\",\n \"text\": \"jurisdiction are codified in the Crimes Act 1958 (Vic) and the state's main criminal procedure laws are consolidated in the Criminal Procedure Act 2009 (Vic). Other relevant criminal legislation include the Evidence Act 2008 (Vic), the Summary Offences Act 1966 (Vic) and Jury Directions Act 2015 (Vic). There are also a number of common law provisions for criminal conduct within Victoria. The \\\"Criminal Code Act 1899 (Qld)\\\", is the primary instrument for the source of criminal law in Queensland. The Criminal Code Act was largely the product of Sir Samuel Walker Griffith, then Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of\",\n \"title\": \"Criminal law of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"218111\",\n \"text\": \"William IV No 12). The \\\"voir dire\\\" system of examining the jury pool before selection is not permitted in Australia as it violates the privacy of jurors. Therefore, though it exists, the right to challenge for cause during jury selection cannot be employed much. Peremptory challenges are usually based on the hunches of counsel and no reason is needed to use them. All Australian states allow for peremptory challenges in jury selection; however, the number of challenges granted to the counsels in each state are not all the same. Until 1987 New South Wales had twenty peremptory challenges for each\",\n \"title\": \"Jury trial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6441072\",\n \"text\": \"Criminal law of Australia The criminal law of Australia is the body of law made, recognised and applied in Australia that relates to crime. Most criminal law is made and administered by the individual states and territories of Australia. However, a body of criminal law is also made and administered by the federal government. Criminal law may be differentiated from civil law, which in Australia relates to non-criminal law including civil wrongs, contract law, much of property law and other areas that concern the rights and duties of individuals amongst themselves. In Australia, when a criminal prosecution is commenced, the\",\n \"title\": \"Criminal law of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"218149\",\n \"text\": \"tried by magistrates or the defendant may elect trial by jury in the Crown Court. Serious (\\\"indictable\\\") offences, however, must be tried before a jury in the Crown Court. Juries sit in few civil cases, being restricted to false imprisonment, malicious prosecution, and civil fraud (unless ordered otherwise by a judge). Juries also sit in coroner's courts for more contentious inquests. All criminal juries consist of 12 jurors, those in a County Court having 8 jurors and Coroner's Court juries having between 7 and 11 members. Jurors must be between 18–75 years of age, and are selected at random from\",\n \"title\": \"Jury trial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20497599\",\n \"text\": \"Court Justice: Sydney Court Justice: Sydney is an Australian factual television show that looks at the work of twelve magistrates who preside at the Downing Centre, a major courthouse complex in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. This observational documentary series began on the Crime and Investigation Network on 2 July 2017. It is narrated by Chris Bourke. This series takes a look inside one of the world's busiest local courts. The twelve magistrates that preside at Sydney’s Downing Centre handle over 30,000 cases every year, from minor traffic offences to major assaults. The defendants can range from habitual offenders to\",\n \"title\": \"Court Justice: Sydney\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"218135\",\n \"text\": \"or more. For most offences, the defendant can choose to forego a jury trial in favour of a judge-alone (bench) trial. Serious \\\"category 4\\\" offences such as murder, manslaughter and treason are always tried by jury, with some exceptions. Civil jury trials are restricted to cases involving defamation, false imprisonment or malicious prosecution. New Zealand previously required jury verdicts to be passed unanimously, but since the passing of the Criminal Procedure Bill in 2009 the Juries Act 1981 has permitted verdicts to be passed by a majority of one less than the full jury (that is an 11–1 or a\",\n \"title\": \"Jury trial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"218140\",\n \"text\": \"away at what types of criminal offenses merit a jury trial. They are similar to common law juries, and unlike lay judges, in that they sit separately from the judges and decide questions of fact alone while the judge determines questions of law. They must return unanimous verdicts during the first 3 hours of deliberation, but may return majority verdicts after that, with 6 jurors being enough to acquit. They may also request that the judge show leniency in sentencing. Juries have granted acquittals in 15–20% of cases, compared with less than 1% in cases decided by judges. Juries may\",\n \"title\": \"Jury trial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5025262\",\n \"text\": \"courts, in a manner similar to that of the Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873 (United Kingdom). Legal and equitable remedies may be pursued in the one action in the one court. Judges are appointed by the executive government, without intervention by the existing judiciary. Once appointed, judges have tenure and there are restrictions on their removal from office. For example, a federal judge may not be removed from office except by the Governor-General upon an address of both Houses of Parliament for proved misbehavior. Judges in Australia are appointed by the Executive government of the relevant jurisdiction, and most\",\n \"title\": \"Judiciary of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552762\",\n \"text\": \"is usually only required until a verdict has been reached, and jurors have sometimes made remarks that called into question whether a verdict was properly reached. In Australia, academics are permitted to scrutinize the jury process only after obtaining a certificate or approval from the Attorney-General. Because of the importance of preventing undue influence on a jury, jury tampering (like witness tampering) is a serious crime, whether attempted through bribery, threat of violence, or other means. Jurors themselves can also be held liable if they deliberately compromise their impartiality. The role of the jury is described as that of a\",\n \"title\": \"Jury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8010514\",\n \"text\": \"(e.g., HIPAA) objections to this. Australia uses an adversarial system, and potential jurors are randomly selected from an electoral roll. Jurors receive a small payment for each day of attendance. Employers are also required to pay their employees \\\"make-up pay\\\", that is, the usual pay the employee would have earned from working, less the jury duty payment received from the state. Under the National Employment Standards, make-up pay is required only for the first ten days of jury service - however the laws of Victoria, Queensland and Western Australia extend the make-up pay requirement for the entire duration of the\",\n \"title\": \"Jury duty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10261950\",\n \"text\": \"Court Act 1930 (ACT)\\\". It has a summary jurisdiction to deal with most criminal offences other than serious criminal matters such as murder and sexual assaults. It also has jurisdiction to hear civil cases that are between $10,000 and $250,000 in value, although it cannot hear cases in which the title to land is in dispute. Any amount in dispute under $10,000 is dealt with by the ACT Civil and Administrative Tribunal. The court is constituted by either magistrates or special magistrates. Generally, magistrates sit alone. A special magistrates may also constitute the court. Magistrates and special magistrates are appointed\",\n \"title\": \"Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552787\",\n \"text\": \"by juries. Seven jurors vote in secret to decide whether the defendant is guilty or not, and decisions are taken by the majority. Manslaughter and other crimes in which the killing was committed without intent, however, are judged by a professional judge instead. In Canada, juries are used for some criminal trials but not others. For summary conviction offences or offences found under section 553 of the Criminal Code (theft and fraud up to the value of $5,000 and certain nuisance offences), the trial is before a judge alone. For most indictable offences, the accused person can elect to be\",\n \"title\": \"Jury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552828\",\n \"text\": \"In 1970, however, the Supreme Court held that the twelve person requirement was a \\\"historical accident\\\", and upheld six-person juries if provided for under state law in both criminal and civil state court cases. There is controversy over smaller juries, with proponents arguing that they are more efficient and opponents arguing that they lead to fluctuating verdicts. In a later case, however, the court rejected the use of five-person juries in criminal cases. Juries go through a selection process called \\\"voir dire\\\" in which the lawyers question the jurors and then make \\\"challenges for cause\\\" and \\\"peremptory challenges\\\" to remove\",\n \"title\": \"Jury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"163068\",\n \"text\": \"Australia, grand juries existed for longer periods of time. In South Australia, the first grand jury sat on 13 May 1837, but they were abolished in 1852. In Western Australia, by the Grand Jury Abolition Act Amendment Act 1883 (WA), grand juries were abolished (section 4: A Grand Jury shall not be summoned for the Supreme Court of Western Australia, nor for any General Quarter Sessions for the said Colony). The Australian state of Victoria maintained, until 2009, provisions for a grand jury in the Crimes Act 1958 under section 354 indictments, which had been used on rare occasions by\",\n \"title\": \"Grand jury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552789\",\n \"text\": \"murder (but the judge is not bound by the jury's recommendation, and the jury is not required to make a recommendation). Jury selection is in accordance with specific criteria. Prospective jurors may only be asked certain questions, selected for direct pertinence to impartiality or other relevant matters. Any other questions must be approved by the judge. A jury in a criminal trial is initially composed of 12 jurors. The trial judge has the discretion to direct that one or two alternate jurors also be appointed. If a juror is discharged during the course of the trial, the trial will continue\",\n \"title\": \"Jury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5025278\",\n \"text\": \"act pursuant to some form of devolved legislation; such as Environmental Regulations or Rental Tenancy Regulations. A table of the Court hierarchy and Civil and Administrative Tribunals of the Australian States and Territories follows here: Judiciary of Australia The judiciary of Australia comprises judges who sit in federal courts and courts of the States and Territories of Australia. The High Court of Australia sits at the apex of the Australian court hierarchy as the ultimate court of appeal on matters of both federal and State law. The large number of courts in Australia have different procedural powers and characteristics, different\",\n \"title\": \"Judiciary of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5197207\",\n \"text\": \"Australia is the highest court in Australia, and hears appeals from federal and State courts on matters of both federal and State law. Unlike the United States, there is only one common law of Australia rather than common laws for each of the several jurisdictions of the states and territories. The legal institutions and traditions of Australian law are monocultural in character, reflecting its English origins. When the British arrived in Australia, they considered the continent to be \\\"terra nullius\\\", or land belonging to no-one, on the basis that the Aboriginal peoples already inhabiting the continent were too primitive to\",\n \"title\": \"Law of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1452658\",\n \"text\": \"varies depending on the laws of the specific jurisdiction. In some places the panel (be it judges or a jury) is required to issue a unanimous decision, while in others only a majority vote is required. In America, this process depends on the state, level of court, and even agreements between the prosecuting and defending parties. Some nations do not use juries at all, or rely on theological or military authorities to issue verdicts. Some cases can be disposed of without the need for a trial. In fact, the vast majority are. If the accused confesses his or her guilt,\",\n \"title\": \"Criminal justice\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5213826\",\n \"text\": \"such cases, the Court ordinarily consists of a single judge. The Court sits as a Full Court (usually consisting of a bench of three judges) when it hears appeals from the decisions of a single judge of the Supreme Court or District Court, or from certain other tribunals. Some of these appeals lie as of right, while others require leave (permission) from either the court appealed from or the Supreme Court. When the Supreme Court sits as a Full Court in criminal matters (other than those originating in the Magistrates Court and Youth Court), it is commonly referred to as\",\n \"title\": \"Supreme Court of South Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20497600\",\n \"text\": \"everyday citizens that have made bad mistakes. Court Justice: Sydney Court Justice: Sydney is an Australian factual television show that looks at the work of twelve magistrates who preside at the Downing Centre, a major courthouse complex in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. This observational documentary series began on the Crime and Investigation Network on 2 July 2017. It is narrated by Chris Bourke. This series takes a look inside one of the world's busiest local courts. The twelve magistrates that preside at Sydney’s Downing Centre handle over 30,000 cases every year, from minor traffic offences to major assaults. The\",\n \"title\": \"Court Justice: Sydney\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3054247\",\n \"text\": \"declared. A new panel of jurors will be selected for the retrial. Each jury in criminal courts contain twelve jurors. However this is not the case in civil cases. In civil cases, only six people are necessary for a jury, and if there is one dissenter but the rest are unanimous (i.e. a 5-1 vote) the one dissenter can be ignored with the majority opinion becoming the final verdict. In New Zealand, the jury must initially try to reach a unanimous verdict. If the jury cannot reach a unanimous verdict after a reasonable time given the nature and complexity of\",\n \"title\": \"Hung jury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11457550\",\n \"text\": \"Extradition law in Australia Extradition law in Australia is the formal process by which a fugitive found outside a jurisdiction is surrendered to the jurisdiction where an alleged offence has taken place for trial or punishment, under Australian law. This may include a process done within the country or one between Australia and another country. The power to extradite between and among the states and territories of Australia is conferred by s 51(xxiv) of the Australian Constitution which says that the Commonwealth Parliament shall, subject to the Constitution, have the power to make laws for the peace, order, and good\",\n \"title\": \"Extradition law in Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19604689\",\n \"text\": \"Whose Line Is It Anyway? Australia Whose Line is it Anyway? Australia (also known as Whose Line? and Whose Line? Oz) is a 10-part Australian improvisational comedy show, based on the British show of the same name, hosted by Tommy Little on Foxtel network's The Comedy Channel, premiering on 27 November 2016. There are seven cast members throughout the series, with four performing each episode, using the same basic formula as the other versions of the show. The ensemble cast include Rhys Darby, Cal Wilson, Tegan Higginbotham, Susie Youssef, Steen Raskopoulos, Bridie Connell and Tom Walker. On 10 November 2016,\",\n \"title\": \"Whose Line Is It Anyway? Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20486144\",\n \"text\": \"Court Justice (TV Series) Court Justice is an observational documentary series made in Australia and is broadcast on Foxtel's Crime + Investigation Network. The series films real people and real cases taking place in The Downing Centre in Sydney. The twelve magistrates that preside at Sydney’s Downing Centre handle over 30,000 cases every year; everything from minor traffic offences to major assaults. Court Justice Premiered on the 2nd of July 2017 at 7.30 AEST. In July the series will also become available on \\\"On Demand\\\" The series has been filmed over a six-week period in late 2016 an each episode\",\n \"title\": \"Court Justice (TV Series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15400395\",\n \"text\": \"Punishment in Australia Punishment in Australia usually occurs when an individual breaks the law, and enters into the Australian criminal justice system. Australia uses prisons, as well as community corrections (various non-custodial punishments such as parole, probation, community service etc). The death penalty has been abolished, and corporal punishment is no longer used. Before the colonisation of Australia by Europeans, Indigenous Australians had their own traditional punishments, some of which are still practiced in the 21st century. Prisons in Australia are operated for the detention of minimum, medium, maximum and supermax security prisoners convicted in state and federal courts, as\",\n \"title\": \"Punishment in Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552791\",\n \"text\": \"in the Federal Court. Three professional judges sit alongside six jurors in first instance proceedings or nine in appeal proceedings. Before 2012, there were nine or twelve jurors, but this was reduced to cut spending. A two-thirds majority is needed in order to convict the defendant. During these procedures, judges and jurors have equal positions on questions of fact, while judges decide on questions of procedure. Judges and jurors also have equal positions on sentencing. Trial by jury was introduced in most German states after the revolutionary events of 1848. However, it remained controversial; and, early in the 20th century,\",\n \"title\": \"Jury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5025259\",\n \"text\": \"Judiciary of Australia The judiciary of Australia comprises judges who sit in federal courts and courts of the States and Territories of Australia. The High Court of Australia sits at the apex of the Australian court hierarchy as the ultimate court of appeal on matters of both federal and State law. The large number of courts in Australia have different procedural powers and characteristics, different jurisdictional limits, different remedial powers and different cost structures. Under the Australian Constitution, federal judicial power is vested in the High Court of Australia and such other federal courts as may be created by the\",\n \"title\": \"Judiciary of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5200797\",\n \"text\": \"Supreme Court of Queensland The Supreme Court of Queensland is the highest court in the Australian State of Queensland. The original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court allows its trial division to hear civil matters involving claims of more than 750,000; criminal matters involving serious offences (including murder and manslaughter); and matters arising under the \\\"Corporations Act 2001\\\" (Cth) and cross-vesting legislation. A jury is used to decide whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty. The division also hears all civil matters involving amounts of more than 750,000. A jury may be used to decide these disputes. The appellate jurisdiction\",\n \"title\": \"Supreme Court of Queensland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14290016\",\n \"text\": \"Courts state: James Duane has said, with regard to the juror's oath, \\\"In federal court it is not even prescribed by statute. It is simply an old tradition judges have made up.\\\" Juror's oath A juror's oath is used to swear in jurors at the beginning of jury selection or trial. In a New South Wales juror's oath, the juror promises to \\\"...well and truly try and true deliverance make between our Sovereign Lady the Queen and the accused whom you shall have in charge, and a true verdict give according to the evidence.\\\" In Western Australia each jury has\",\n \"title\": \"Juror's oath\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"218163\",\n \"text\": \"in the conduct of serious human affairs\\\". Because they are fact-finders, juries are sometimes expected to perform a role similar to a lie detector, especially when presented with testimony from witnesses. A civil jury is typically made up of 6 to 12 persons. In a civil case, the role of the jury is to listen to the evidence presented at a trial, to decide whether the defendant injured the plaintiff or otherwise failed to fulfill a legal duty to the plaintiff, and to determine what the compensation or penalty should be. A criminal jury is usually made up of 12\",\n \"title\": \"Jury trial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13436502\",\n \"text\": \"Age of criminal responsibility in Australia The age of criminal responsibility in Australia is the age below which a child is deemed incapable of having committed a criminal offence. In legal terms, it is referred to as a defence of infancy. All States and self-governing Territories of Australia have adopted 10 years of age as a uniform age of criminal responsibility. Doli incapax refers to a presumption that a child is \\\"incapable of crime\\\" under legislation or common law. Or rather, the presumption that a child cannot form mens rea as they do not yet have a sufficient understanding between\",\n \"title\": \"Age of criminal responsibility in Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13436504\",\n \"text\": \"Age of criminal responsibility in Australia The age of criminal responsibility in Australia is the age below which a child is deemed incapable of having committed a criminal offence. In legal terms, it is referred to as a defence of infancy. All States and self-governing Territories of Australia have adopted 10 years of age as a uniform age of criminal responsibility. Doli incapax refers to a presumption that a child is \\\"incapable of crime\\\" under legislation or common law. Or rather, the presumption that a child cannot form mens rea as they do not yet have a sufficient understanding between\",\n \"title\": \"Age of criminal responsibility in Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9769051\",\n \"text\": \"the court. The governor can also appoint a chief magistrate, as well as deputy chief magistrates. The court normally sits with a magistrate sitting alone. However, the governor may make a regulation which allows a single justice of the peace or two justices of the peace to sit as the court. About 43,000 civil cases are filed each year in the court. Magistrates Court of Western Australia The Magistrates Court of Western Australia is the first tier court in Western Australia, a state of Australia. It has jurisdiction in respect of criminal and civil matters, as well as a range\",\n \"title\": \"Magistrates Court of Western Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9936418\",\n \"text\": \"Court of Summary Jurisdiction The Court of Summary Jurisdiction is a court in the Northern Territory of Australia. It has jurisdiction to deal with criminal offences which occur in the territory. It is one of the courts that is usually referred to as a magistrates court. The court was established under the Justices Act (NT) in 1974 and replaced the courts of petty sessions commonly established in Australia since British settlement in 1788 to deal with less serious crime. Those courts followed the English tradition of justices of the peace sitting in and out of sessions in England. The court\",\n \"title\": \"Court of Summary Jurisdiction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5025272\",\n \"text\": \"Federal Circuit Court judges, as are decisions of these courts on appeal from a Federal Circuit Court judge. In other circumstances, decisions of a single Federal or Family Court judge are not strictly binding; however, these will usually be followed by sentencing. The Federal Circuit Court of Australia (formerly known as the Federal Magistrates Court of Australia) is an Australian court with jurisdiction over matters broadly relating to family law and child support, administrative law, admiralty law, bankruptcy, copyright, human rights, industrial law, migration, privacy and trade practices.There has been a shift recently towards having most cases held in this\",\n \"title\": \"Judiciary of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5231346\",\n \"text\": \"Canberra Times\\\" reported that the court would soon be upgraded to meet the requirements of the city's judicial system over the next 50 years. Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory The Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory is the superior court for the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). It has unlimited jurisdiction within the territory in civil matters (although it usually only hears matters involving more than 250,000), and hears the most serious criminal matters. Criminal trials may be heard before a judge and jury, or by judge alone at the election of the accused. All matters are heard\",\n \"title\": \"Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3239319\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"not guilty\\\", more so than if the case is found \\\"not proven\\\". In Scotland, a criminal case may be decided either \\\"\\\"in solemn procedure\\\"\\\" by a jury (instructed by the judge), or \\\"\\\"in summary procedure\\\"\\\" by the judge alone (with no jury appointed). There are various rules for when the one or the other procedure may or must be employed; in general, juries are employed for the more severe accusations, while petty crimes and offences are treated summarily. A criminal case jury consists of 15 jurors, who make their decision by a simple majority vote: eight votes are necessary and\",\n \"title\": \"Not proven\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1880258\",\n \"text\": \"and Codes and is regarded by the courts as an important common law right and a part of the privilege against self-incrimination. In general, criminal suspects in Australia have the right to refuse to answer questions posed to them by police before trial and to refuse to give evidence at trial. However a person must answer questions related to their name and place of residence if asked to by police. As a general rule judges cannot direct juries to draw adverse inferences from a defendant's silence (\\\"Petty v R\\\") but there are exceptions to this rule, most notably in cases\",\n \"title\": \"Right to silence\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6441092\",\n \"text\": \"part, joins the NT & WA in having exhaustively codified criminal law. Criminal law of Australia The criminal law of Australia is the body of law made, recognised and applied in Australia that relates to crime. Most criminal law is made and administered by the individual states and territories of Australia. However, a body of criminal law is also made and administered by the federal government. Criminal law may be differentiated from civil law, which in Australia relates to non-criminal law including civil wrongs, contract law, much of property law and other areas that concern the rights and duties of\",\n \"title\": \"Criminal law of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2440998\",\n \"text\": \"to the judge. In the United Kingdom (except Scotland), Cyprus, Hong Kong, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea and Canada, it refers to a \\\"trial within a trial\\\". It is a hearing to determine the admissibility of evidence, or the competency of a witness or juror. As the subject matter of the \\\"voir dire\\\" often relates to evidence, competence or other matters that may lead to bias on behalf of the jury, the jury may be removed from the court for the \\\"voir dire\\\". The term has thus been broadened in Australian jurisdictions to include any hearing during a\",\n \"title\": \"Voir dire\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6620000\",\n \"text\": \"Crown. The presiding judge must determine whether there is sufficient evidence for a jury, acting reasonably and judicially, to convict the accused. The judge may neither weigh the evidence nor determine whether the evidence is admissible. If the judge determines there is sufficient evidence for a jury acting reasonably and judicially to convict the accused, the judge must commit the accused to stand trial. If not, the judge must discharge the accused and the proceedings end. However, if at a later date the Crown tenders further evidence, the Crown may recommence the proceedings. A discharge at a preliminary inquiry does\",\n \"title\": \"Criminal law of Canada\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8631110\",\n \"text\": \"the \\\"Bankruptcy Act 1966\\\", except those requiring jury trials. The vast majority of bankruptcy court cases in Australia are heard by The Federal Circuit Court (92% in 2004-5). The Court has civil jurisdiction with respect to claims under the following provisions of the \\\"Competition and Consumer Act 2010\\\" (formerly known as the \\\"Trade Practices Act 1974\\\"): The Court can provide injunctive relief and award damages of up to $750 000. The Court also has civil jurisdiction with respect to claims under the \\\"National Consumer Credit Protection Act 2009\\\". There is provision in certain proceedings for a litigant to elect that\",\n \"title\": \"Federal Circuit Court of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9936422\",\n \"text\": \"offender. Court of Summary Jurisdiction The Court of Summary Jurisdiction is a court in the Northern Territory of Australia. It has jurisdiction to deal with criminal offences which occur in the territory. It is one of the courts that is usually referred to as a magistrates court. The court was established under the Justices Act (NT) in 1974 and replaced the courts of petty sessions commonly established in Australia since British settlement in 1788 to deal with less serious crime. Those courts followed the English tradition of justices of the peace sitting in and out of sessions in England. The\",\n \"title\": \"Court of Summary Jurisdiction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6527959\",\n \"text\": \"Crown Prosecutor (Australia) Crown Prosecutors are the public prosecutors in the legal system of Australia. Crown Prosecutors represent the Crown in right of the Commonwealth and in right of each State or Territory in criminal proceedings. Crown Prosecutors are appointed not elected and are not public servants; they are private counsel briefed by the Director of Public Prosecutions for particular cases. Their mixed caseload as prosecutor and defence counsel, with the consequent ability to see both sides, is widely seen as an advantage of the system. Both the Commonwealth of Australia and the Australian States and Territories can make criminal\",\n \"title\": \"Crown Prosecutor (Australia)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"218139\",\n \"text\": \"for serious crimes the accused has the option of a jury trial consisting of 12 jurors. The number of jury trials remains small, at about 600 per year, out of about 1 million trials. A juror must be 25 years old, legally competent, and without a criminal record. The 12 jurors are selected by the prosecution and defense from a list of 30–40 eligible candidates. The Constitution of Russia stipulates that, until the abolition of the death penalty, all defendants in a case that may result in a death sentence are entitled to a jury trial. Lawmakers are continuously chipping\",\n \"title\": \"Jury trial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4746285\",\n \"text\": \"more peremptory challenges than the prosecution (e.g. when indicted on a felony in the USA the defense gets 10 challenges to the prosecution’s 6). All Australian states allow for peremptory challenges in jury selection; however, the number of challenges granted to the counsels can vary between states. The rules regarding peremptory challenges in Canada are laid out in §634 of the Criminal Code of Canada. The number of challenges awarded to each the prosecutor and the defense depends on the type of charge and maximum potential sentence. Twenty challenges are awarded in cases for high treason and first degree murder,\",\n \"title\": \"Peremptory challenge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3957589\",\n \"text\": \"not prevailed. On the other hand, where Parliament \\\"has\\\" prescribed jury trial, the Court has been willing to impose some content on that notion. In particular, it has insisted that conviction by a jury for a Federal offence must be by the unanimous agreement of the jurors – a majority verdict will not suffice. To a very large extent, the Constitution leaves it to Parliament to determine both the High Court's original jurisdiction (section 76), and the exceptions to, and conditions on, its power to hear appeals (section 73). However, the Constitution grants the Court some original jurisdiction directly, without\",\n \"title\": \"Australian constitutional law\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5645356\",\n \"text\": \"Crime in Australia Crime in Australia is combated by the Australian police and other agencies. The number of offenders proceeded against by police during 2016–2017 increased by 1% from the previous year to approximately 414,000. In 2016–2017, the offender rate, which is the number of offenders in the population of Australia, increased slightly from 1.98% to 2%. The youth offender rate decreased for the seventh consecutive year in 2016–17, between 2009–10 and 2016–17, the rate fell from 3,339 to 2,330 offenders per 100,000 persons aged 10 to 17. The most common type of offence in 2016-17 was illicit drug offences\",\n \"title\": \"Crime in Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6584546\",\n \"text\": \"Melbourne Magistrates' Court The Melbourne Magistrates' Court is the largest venue at which the Magistrates' Court of Victoria sits. It is a court in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia that deals with, and dispenses of, a range of criminal and civil matters, including criminal prosecutions, money claims and disputes up to $100,000, and family violence and family law proceedings. In 1995, the Melbourne Magistrates Court was relocated to 233 William Street, Melbourne, which it remains to date. The building is divided into 8 floors, the first 6 of which are accessible to the public. Court hours are 9:00am through 4:30pm, with a\",\n \"title\": \"Melbourne Magistrates' Court\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10261954\",\n \"text\": \"the crime, the magistrate may sentence the person if found guilty, or may commit the person for trial to the Supreme Court. Hearings are heard in open court unless there is a law or a good reason for the matter to be heard in closed court. In certain circumstances, decisions made by the Magistrates Court may be appealed to the Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory. The Magistrates Court does not hear matters on appeal. Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory The Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory is a court of summary jurisdiction that deals with\",\n \"title\": \"Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552802\",\n \"text\": \"€500 for failing to report for jury service, though this was poorly enforced until a change of policy at the Courts Service in 2016. Criminal jury trials are held in the Circuit Court or the Central Criminal Court. Juryless trials under the inadequacy exception, dealing with terrorism or organised crime, are held in the Special Criminal Court, on application by the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP). Juries are also used in some civil law trials, such as for defamation; they are sometimes used at coroner's inquests. Normally consisting of twelve persons, juries are selected from a jury panel which is\",\n \"title\": \"Jury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7554523\",\n \"text\": \"Federal Court of Australia The Federal Court of Australia is an Australian superior court of record which has jurisdiction to deal with most civil disputes governed by federal law (with the exception of family law matters), along with some summary (less serious) criminal matters. Cases are heard at first instance by single Judges. The Court includes an appeal division referred to as the Full Court comprising three Judges, the only avenue of appeal from which lies to the High Court of Australia. In the Australian court hierarchy, the Federal Court occupies a position equivalent to the Supreme Courts of each\",\n \"title\": \"Federal Court of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202295\",\n \"text\": \"felony, court findings of, or an act of gross negligence can be counted as an indictable offence. Indictable offence In many common law jurisdictions (e.g., England and Wales, Ireland, Canada, Hong Kong, India, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, Singapore), an indictable offence is an offence which can only be tried on an indictment after a preliminary hearing to determine whether there is a \\\"prima facie\\\" case to answer or by a grand jury (in contrast to a summary offence). In the United States, a crime of similar severity and rules is called a felony, which also requires an indictment. In relation\",\n \"title\": \"Indictable offence\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5855928\",\n \"text\": \"sworn in under certain circumstances. Jurors may also be excused during trial. According to section 644(1) of the \\\"Criminal Code\\\", a judge may discharge any juror during the trial due to illness or “other reasonable cause” such as impartiality (see \\\"R v Tsouma\\\" (1973) and R v Holcomb (1973)). Section 644(2) further specifies that a jury is still properly constituted to complete its duties even if a juror is discharged during the trial as long as the number of jurors is not reduced below ten. At the conclusion of trial and following the jury charge, a maximum of twelve jurors\",\n \"title\": \"Jury selection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"218173\",\n \"text\": \"grants a jury trial. In accordance with Beacon Theaters, the jury first determines the facts, then the judge enter judgment on the equitable claims. Following the English tradition, U.S. juries have usually been composed of 12 jurors, and the jury's verdict has usually been required to be unanimous. However, in many jurisdictions, the number of jurors is often reduced to a lesser number (such as five or six) by legislative enactment, or by agreement of both sides. Some jurisdictions also permit a verdict to be returned despite the dissent of one, two, or three jurors. The vast majority of U.S.\",\n \"title\": \"Jury trial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10923079\",\n \"text\": \"judge must not, in any event, suggest that a majority is acceptable until after 2 hours and 10 minutes. This was originally 2 hours but it was extended to allow time for the jury to settle after retiring. Unanimous verdicts were required until the Criminal Justice Act 1967. During the Second World War, the Administration of Justice (Emergency Provisions) Act 1939 authorised trials with only 7 jurors, except for treason or murder. A jury panel is summoned from those who meet all of the following criteria: Those who are liable to be detained under the Mental Health Act 1983 or\",\n \"title\": \"Juries in England and Wales\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12009118\",\n \"text\": \"trials (). The court evaluates evidence brought before it by the parties to the trial but makes no attempt to uncover any additional evidence or otherwise investigate the matter itself. Criminal trials are inquisitorial trials (). The court is actively involved, questioning witnesses brought forward by the parties to the trials, summoning expert witnesses on its own initiative, and generally attempting to determine the truth. Most trials are bench trials, although the bench will often be a panel including one or more lay judges (). Criminal defendants accused of political transgressions or of serious crimes with severe penalties have a\",\n \"title\": \"Judiciary of Austria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14525098\",\n \"text\": \"required to be unanimous. However, in many jurisdictions, the number of jurors is often reduced to a lesser number (such as five or six) by legislative enactment, or by agreement of both sides. Some jurisdictions also permit a verdict to be returned despite the dissent of one, two, or three jurors. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 48 states that a federal civil jury must begin with at least 6 and no more than 12 members, and that the verdict must be unanimous unless the parties stipulate otherwise. Alternative dispute resolution is becoming increasingly common. Mandatory binding arbitration has been used\",\n \"title\": \"Juries in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"218153\",\n \"text\": \"that one class of people don't sit in judgement over another and the public have confidence in an open and representative justice system. The trial started in 2010, with the four defendants convicted on the 31 March 2010 by Mr Justice Treacy at the Old Bailey. In Scots law the jury system has some similarities with England but some important differences, in particular there are juries of 15 in criminal trials, with verdicts by simple majority. In Northern Ireland, the role of the jury trial is roughly similar to England and Wales, except that jury trials have been replaced in\",\n \"title\": \"Jury trial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"218131\",\n \"text\": \"study by Elisabeth Kolsky argues that many \\\"perverse verdicts\\\" were delivered by white juries in trial of \\\"European British subjects\\\" charged with murder, assault, confinement of Indians. In the Republic of Ireland, a common law jurisdiction, jury trials are available for criminal cases before the Circuit Court, Central Criminal Court and defamation cases, consisting of twelve jurors. Juries only decide questions of fact; they have no role in criminal sentencing in criminal cases or awarding damages in libel cases. It is not necessary that a jury be unanimous in its verdict. In civil cases, a verdict may be reached by\",\n \"title\": \"Jury trial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"218100\",\n \"text\": \"trials by jury are applied in cases of voluntary crimes against life, such as first and second degree murder, forced abortion and instigation of suicide, even if only attempted. In others, such as the United Kingdom, jury trials are only available for criminal cases and very specific civil cases (malicious prosecution, civil fraud and false imprisonment). In the United States, jury trials are available in both civil and criminal cases. In Canada, an individual charged with an indictable offence may elect to be tried by a judge alone in a provincial court, by judge alone in a superior court, or\",\n \"title\": \"Jury trial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14290012\",\n \"text\": \"Juror's oath A juror's oath is used to swear in jurors at the beginning of jury selection or trial. In a New South Wales juror's oath, the juror promises to \\\"...well and truly try and true deliverance make between our Sovereign Lady the Queen and the accused whom you shall have in charge, and a true verdict give according to the evidence.\\\" In Western Australia each jury has a choice to either \\\"swear by Almighty God\\\" or \\\"solemnly and sincerely declare and affirm\\\" to \\\"give a true verdict according to the evidence upon the issue(s) to be tried by me.\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Juror's oath\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552804\",\n \"text\": \"receive lunch for the days that they are serving. The Law Reform Commission examined jury service, producing a consultation paper in 2010 and then a report in 2013. One of its recommendations, to permit extra jurors for long trials in case some are excused, was enacted in 2013. In November 2013, the DPP requested a 15-member jury at the trial of three Anglo Irish Bank executives. Where more than twelve jurors are present, twelve will be chosen by lot to retire and consider the verdict. In Italy, a Civil law jurisdiction, untrained judges are present only in the Corte d'Assise,\",\n \"title\": \"Jury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15400430\",\n \"text\": \"public as museums. Many movies and television shows have depicted the punishment of early convicts and bushrangers in Australia. See those articles for more information. Punishment in Australia Punishment in Australia usually occurs when an individual breaks the law, and enters into the Australian criminal justice system. Australia uses prisons, as well as community corrections (various non-custodial punishments such as parole, probation, community service etc). The death penalty has been abolished, and corporal punishment is no longer used. Before the colonisation of Australia by Europeans, Indigenous Australians had their own traditional punishments, some of which are still practiced in the\",\n \"title\": \"Punishment in Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8249063\",\n \"text\": \"officers, or the State Board of Pardons and Paroles (varies from state to state) for state offenses. Each jurisdiction whose law allows expungement has its own definitions of expungement proceedings. Generally, expungement is the process to \\\"remove from general review\\\" the records pertaining to a case. In many jurisdictions, however, the records may not completely \\\"disappear\\\" and may still be available to law enforcement, to sentencing judges on subsequent offenses, and to corrections facilities to which the individual may be sentenced on subsequent convictions. Criminal records in each state of Australia are covered by state law. In New South Wales,\",\n \"title\": \"Expungement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14328536\",\n \"text\": \"harm). \\\"Felony murder\\\" (called constructive murder in Australian jurisdictions) and murder by omission are also recognised crimes in this jurisdiction. Section 23 of the \\\"Crimes Act 1900\\\" provides for the partial defence of provocation, and can refer to actions taken by the deceased both immediately before, and prior to, the murder. If proven by the defence where there is a charge of murder, the jury will be directed to reduce the offence to manslaughter. If prior to or at the time of the committal proceedings an offender enters a plea of guilty to the lesser offence of manslaughter on the\",\n \"title\": \"Murder (Australian law)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12346129\",\n \"text\": \"by the Governor-General constituted it as required. The court was permitted to sit anywhere in Australia as the interests of justice required, and was not confined to hearing a case on the island. When hearing criminal cases, the court sat with a jury to determine an accused person’s guilt. If the court sat outside the island, the court could use jurors from the State or Territory that the court was actually sitting at. In April 1988 the court tried two defendants concerning the murder of Tan Soo Cher (Tan). Tan had been murdered during the early hours of 12 May\",\n \"title\": \"Supreme Court of Christmas Island\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5855933\",\n \"text\": \"the same number that they would receive if tried separately, while the prosecutor has as many challenges as the total number available to all of the accused (i.e., in a case wherein two co-accused are charged with first-degree murder, each receives twenty peremptory challenges, and the prosecutor receives forty) [s. 634 (4), Criminal Code of Canada]. The amount of peremptory challenges can also vary according to the circumstances of the jury. The prosecutor and the accused are each entitled to one additional peremptory challenge if there are 13 jurors, or two additional challenges each in the case of 14 jurors\",\n \"title\": \"Jury selection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552759\",\n \"text\": \"thought to be the largest in the world. In 2009 a review by the Scottish Government regarding the possibility of reduction led to the decision to retain 15 jurors, with the Cabinet Secretary for Justice stating that after extensive consultation, he had decided that Scotland had got it \\\"uniquely right\\\". Trials in the Republic of Ireland which are scheduled to last over 2 months can, but do not have to, have 15 jurors. A study by the University of Glasgow suggested that a civil jury of 12 people was ineffective because a few jurors ended up dominating the discussion, and\",\n \"title\": \"Jury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552809\",\n \"text\": \"imprisonment and malicious prosecution. Juries must initially try to reach a unanimous verdict, but if one cannot be reached in a reasonable timeframe, the judge may accept a majority verdict of all-but-one (i.e. 11–1 or 10–1) in criminal cases and three-quarters (i.e. 9–3 or 9–2) in civil cases. Juries existed in Norway as early as the year 800, and perhaps even earlier. They brought the jury system to England and Scotland. Juries were phased out as late as the 17th century, when Norway´s central government was in Copenhagen, Denmark. Though Norway and Denmark had different legal systems throughout their personal\",\n \"title\": \"Jury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10923089\",\n \"text\": \"records may only be made if authorised by the Attorney General and there are adequate grounds for a prosecution request to stand by. During a trial, an individual juror can be discharged and the trial can continue so long as the minimum number of jurors remain. Discharge is at the discretion of the judge and should be exercised in cases of \\\"evident necessity\\\". The test was given in \\\"Porter v Magill\\\" as \\\"Would a fair-minded and informed observer conclude that there was a real possibility, or real danger (the two being the same) that the tribunal was biased?\\\" Where misconduct\",\n \"title\": \"Juries in England and Wales\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5262327\",\n \"text\": \"or the juror serves in that capacity; and in jurisdictions with a dead man statute, a person is deemed not competent to testify as to statements of or transactions with a deceased opposing party. Often, a Government or Parliamentary Act will govern the rules affecting the giving of evidence by witnesses in court. An example is the \\\"Evidence Act(NSW)\\\"1995 which sets out the procedures for witnesses to follow in New South Wales, Australia. Hearsay is one of the largest and most complex areas of the law of evidence in common-law jurisdictions. The default rule is that hearsay evidence is inadmissible.\",\n \"title\": \"Evidence (law)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5631174\",\n \"text\": \"opening statements and closing arguments to minimize the possible impact of the CSI effect, and instruct jurors to adhere to the court's standards of evidence rather than those seen on television. Prosecutors have even hired expert witnesses to explain why particular forms of physical evidence are not relevant to their cases. In one Australian murder case, the defense counsel requested a judge-only trial to avoid having DNA evidence misinterpreted by a jury. By 2006, the CSI effect had become widely accepted as reality among legal professionals, despite little empirical evidence to validate or disprove it. A 2008 survey by researcher\",\n \"title\": \"CSI effect\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"218145\",\n \"text\": \"e.g. libel or incitement to ethnic or racial hatred, in a medium covered by the fundamental laws (e.g. a printed paper or a radio programme), she has the right to have the accusation tried by a jury of nine jurors. This applies also in civil (tort) cases under the fundamental laws. A majority of at least six jurors must find that the defendant has committed the alleged crime. If it does not, the defendant is acquitted or, in a civil case, held not liable. If such a majority of the jurors hold that said crime has in fact been committed,\",\n \"title\": \"Jury trial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6441078\",\n \"text\": \"this code, and in some instances rejected the code entirely. The Commonwealth has its own criminal jurisdiction for offences against federal laws. However, its jurisdiction in criminal matters is more limited than that of the States. The situation is similar to American criminal law (see also Federal crime in the United States). The principal source of Commonwealth criminal law was originally the \\\"Crimes Act 1914\\\" (Cth). In 1987, the Commonwealth Attorney-General established a committee chaired by Sir Harry Gibbs to undertake a review of Commonwealth criminal law. The committee published its final report in 1991, recommending the development of a\",\n \"title\": \"Criminal law of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11457551\",\n \"text\": \"government of the Commonwealth with respect to (inter alia): the service and execution throughout the Commonwealth of the civil and criminal process and the judgments of the courts of the States. Interstate extradition procedures are governed by the \\\"Service and Execution of Process Act 1992\\\" (Cth), Part 5. Under the Act, a person named in an extradition warrant issued in any State may be arrested in accordance to that warrant in another State. Upon apprehension, that person must be brought before a Magistrate of the State in which they were apprehended along with the warrant or a copy of the\",\n \"title\": \"Extradition law in Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"218122\",\n \"text\": \"jury is the \\\"cour d'assises,\\\" in which three professional judges sit together with six or nine jurors (on appeal). Conviction requires a two-thirds majority (four or six votes). The country that originated the concept of the jury trial retains it in an unusual form. The Constitution of Greece and Code of criminal procedure provide that felonies (Greek: Κακουργήματα) are tried by a \\\"Mixed Court\\\" composed of three professional judges, including the President of the Court, and four jurors who decide the facts, and the appropriate penalty if they convict. Certain Felonies, such as terrorism, are exempt, due to their nature,\",\n \"title\": \"Jury trial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5025269\",\n \"text\": \"was created by the Federal Court of Australia Act in 1976. Decisions of the High Court are binding on the Federal Court. There is an appeal level of the Federal Court (the \\\"Full Court\\\" of the Federal Court), which consists of several judges, usually three but occasionally five in very significant cases. The Family Court has jurisdiction over family law matters. It is a superior court of limited jurisdiction and was established in 1975 by the Family Law Act 1975 by the federal parliament. The Commonwealth has power over marriage and divorce under the Constitution. In the 1990s the states\",\n \"title\": \"Judiciary of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10235826\",\n \"text\": \"the hangings when he miscalculated the drop necessary for the youths. One died instantly but the remaining three struggled for several minutes. The trial was dramatised in a 2012 ABC docudrama, the first of a three-part series entitled \\\"Australia on Trial\\\". Presented by historian Michael Cathcart, the script was based on official court transcripts of the trial. Mount Rennie rape case The Mount Rennie rape case is the only gang rape in Sydney during the 1880s that led to a full conviction of the participants involved in the crime—young larrikins of the \\\"Waterloo Push\\\". The attack is sometimes referred to\",\n \"title\": \"Mount Rennie rape case\"\n }\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"how many jurors in a criminal case australia"}}},{"rowIdx":8397,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["The Sound of Music"],"string":"[\n \"The Sound of Music\"\n]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"2475873","text":"based in and around the 30 Mile Zone in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California. Director D. W. Griffith was central to the development of a film grammar. Orson Welles's \"Citizen Kane\" (1941) is frequently cited in critics' polls as the greatest film of all time. The major film studios of Hollywood are the primary source of the most commercially successful and most ticket selling movies in the world, such as \"The Birth of a Nation\" (1915), \"Gone with the Wind\" (1939), \"The Sound of Music\" (1965), \"The Godfather\" (1972), \"Jaws\" (1975), \"Star Wars\" (1977), \"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\" (1982), \"Jurassic Park\" (1993),","title":"Cinema of the United States"},{"id":"7635608","text":"film was a major commercial success, becoming the number one box office movie after four weeks, and the highest-grossing film of 1965. By November 1966, \"The Sound of Music\" had become the highest-grossing film of all-time—surpassing \"Gone with the Wind\"—and held that distinction for five years. The film was just as popular throughout the world, breaking previous box-office records in twenty-nine countries. Following an initial theatrical release that lasted four and a half years, and two successful re-releases, the film sold 283 million admissions worldwide and earned a total worldwide gross of $286,000,000. \"The Sound of Music\" received five Academy","title":"The Sound of Music (film)"},{"id":"1591165","text":"MGM's own back lots. More of the successful films were those based in the harsh truths of war, rather than the excesses of the 1960s. Films like the Francis Ford Coppola-scripted \"Patton\", starring George C. Scott as the World War II general, and Robert Altman's \"MASH\", about a Korean War field hospital, were major box-office draws in 1970. Honest, old-fashioned films like \"Summer of '42\", and the Erich Segal adaptation, \"Love Story\", were commercial and critical hits. (Love Story and \"Summer\" remain, , two of the most successful films in Hollywood history. \"Summer\", costing $1,000,000 USD, brought in $25,000,000 at","title":"1970s in film"},{"id":"482025","text":"process to transfer the drawings to animation cels. Disney's live-action releases were spread across a number of genres, including historical fiction (\"Johnny Tremain\", 1957), adaptations of children's books (\"Pollyanna\", 1960) and modern-day comedies (\"The Shaggy Dog\", 1959). Disney's most successful film of the 1960s was a live action/animated musical adaptation of \"Mary Poppins\", which was one of the all-time highest-grossing movies and received five Academy Awards, including Best Actress for Julie Andrews and Best Song for Robert B. Sherman & Richard M. Sherman for \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\". The theme park design and architectural group became so integral to the Disney","title":"The Walt Disney Company"},{"id":"469414","text":"Zeppelin was the most successful musical act of the 1970s, having sold more than 300 million records since 1969. Oscar winners of the decade were \"Patton\" (1970), \"The French Connection\" (1971), \"The Godfather\" (1972), \"The Sting\" (1973), \"The Godfather Part II\" (1974), \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" (1975), \"Rocky\" (1976), \"Annie Hall\" (1977), \"The Deer Hunter\" (1978), and \"Kramer vs. Kramer\" (1979). The top ten highest-grossing films of the decade are (in order from highest to lowest grossing): \"Star Wars\", \"Jaws\", \"Grease\", \"The Exorcist\", \"Close Encounters of the Third Kind\", \"Superman\", \"The Godfather\", \"Saturday Night Fever\", \"Rocky\", and \"Jaws","title":"1970s"},{"id":"1458494","text":"money, axed the long-running Movietone Newsreel, and made a series of cheap, popular pictures that restored Fox as a major studio. The saving grace for the studio's fortunes came from the tremendous success of \"The Sound of Music\" (1965), an expensive and handsomely produced film adaptation of the highly acclaimed Rodgers and Hammerstein Broadway musical, which became a significant success at the box office and won five Academy Awards, including Best Director (Robert Wise) and Best Picture of the Year. Fox also had two big science-fiction hits in the 1960s: \"Fantastic Voyage\" (1966), and the original \"Planet of the Apes\"","title":"20th Century Fox"},{"id":"10981612","text":"fall of 1958. Manulis's film version was released in December 1962 and received Academy Award nominations for best actor, best actress, best art direction, best costume design, and best original song. It was selected by the film critics of \"The New York Times\" as one of the 1000 best films ever made and as one of American Film Institute's best 400 films. Other motion pictures produced by Manulis in the 1960s include \"Dear Heart\" (1964), a romantic comedy directed by Delbert Mann, and starring Glenn Ford and Geraldine Page; \"Luv\" (1967), a romantic comedy directed by Clive Donner and starring","title":"Martin Manulis"},{"id":"16623587","text":"a Mockingbird\" (1962) and \"Oliver!\" (1968), directed by Carol Reed, portrayed children as naturally innocent. Other films of the 1960s that involved children include \"The Sound of Music\" (1965) by Robert Wise and \"The Miracle Worker\" (1962). These were very successful musical motion picture that were in the genre of family films. Four of the top ten highest-grossing films of the decade were family films: \"The Sound of Music\", \"One Hundred and One Dalmatians\" (1961), \"The Jungle Book\" (1967), and \"Mary Poppins\". Hollywood also released motion pictures starring children though these were not commercially successful and they were literary adaptations","title":"Children's film"},{"id":"1476313","text":"1967 in film The year 1967 in film involved some significant events. It is widely considered as one of the most ground-breaking years in film, with \"revolutionary\" films highlighting the change, including: \"Bonnie and Clyde\", \"The Graduate\", \"Guess Who's Coming to Dinner\", \"Cool Hand Luke\", \"The Dirty Dozen\", and \"In the Heat of the Night\". \"The Born Losers\" was released in 1967 and earned $2.25 million in U.S. and Canadian rentals. It was re-released in 1974 and by 1977 it had earned $12.5 million in U.S. and Canadian rentals with a reported total gross of $36,000,000. The highest-grossing 1967 films","title":"1967 in film"},{"id":"6683649","text":"films topping the American Film Institute's AFI 100 list include Orson Welles's \"Citizen Kane\" (1941), which is frequently cited as the greatest film of all time, \"Casablanca\" (1942), \"The Godfather\" (1972), \"Gone with the Wind\" (1939), \"Lawrence of Arabia\" (1962), \"The Wizard of Oz\" (1939), \"The Graduate\" (1967), \"On the Waterfront\" (1954), \"Schindler's List\" (1993), \"Singin' in the Rain\" (1952), \"It's a Wonderful Life\" (1946) and \"Sunset Boulevard\" (1950). The Academy Awards, popularly known as the Oscars, have been held annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1929, and the Golden Globe Awards have been held","title":"United States"},{"id":"768830","text":"on material from another medium to \"Judgement at Nuremberg\" (1961). \"West Side Story\" was a box office hit, and critics have declared it \"a cinema masterpiece\". Prior to directing \"The Sound of Music\" (1965), Wise directed the psychological horror film \"The Haunting\" (1963), starring Julie Harris, in an adaptation of Shirley Jackson's novel, \"The Haunting of Hill House\". Wise's big-budget adaptation of Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein's family-oriented musical \"The Sound of Music\", with Julie Andrews as Maria and Christopher Plummer as Captain von Trapp, became one of film history's top-grossing movies. Wise won Academy Awards for Best Director and","title":"Robert Wise"},{"id":"7635653","text":"million in rentals and grossed £6 million—more than twice as much as any other film had ever taken in. It was also a major success in Holland, Hong Kong and Tokyo, where it played for as long as two years at some theaters. It was not a universal success, however, with the film only enjoying modest success in France and it was a flop in Germany. It also initially performed poorly in Italy, but a re-release after the Oscars brought better results. By November 1966, \"The Sound of Music\" had become the highest-grossing film of all-time, surpassing \"Gone with the","title":"The Sound of Music (film)"},{"id":"3420394","text":"1960 and beating other hits of that year such as \"Psycho\", \"Spartacus\", and \"Exodus\" at the box office. Adjusted for ticket-price inflation, the box office revenue is $ million, making it one of the biggest hits of all time. The movie was re-released in 1969 and earned $6.4 million in rentals in North America. It was the 15th most popular movie at the U.S. box office that year. The film currently holds an 84% approval rating at the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes. Upon the film's initial release, \"New York Times\" film critic Howard Thompson lauded the film by writing,","title":"Swiss Family Robinson (1960 film)"},{"id":"5650171","text":"the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 36 nominations went to 14 films on the list. Only \"The Fugitive\" (3rd), \"The Firm\" (4th), \"Sleepless in Seattle\" (6th), \"In the Line of Fire\" (7th), \"Dave\" (13th), \"Philadelphia\" (29th), \"What's Love Got to Do With It\" (38th), and \"The Age of Innocence\" (49th) were nominated for directing, acting, screenwriting, or Best Picture. The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations were \"Jurassic Park\" (1st), \"Mrs. Doubtfire\" (2nd), \"Cliffhanger\" (9th), \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\" (24th), \"Addams Family Values\" (25th), and \"Beethoven's 2nd\" (27th). The show received a positive reception from","title":"66th Academy Awards"},{"id":"2631500","text":"(1965), \"The Knack ...and How to Get It\" (1965), the Michelangelo Antonioni film \"Blowup\" (1966), \"Alfie\" (1966), \"\" (1966), \"Georgy Girl\" (1966), \"The Jokers\" (1967), \"Casino Royale\" (1967), \"Smashing Time\" (1967), \"To Sir, with Love\" (1967), \"Bedazzled\" (1967), \"Poor Cow\" (1967), \"I'll Never Forget What's'isname\" (1967), \"Up the Junction\" (1968), \"Joanna\" (1968), \"Otley\" (1968), \"The Magic Christian\" (1969), \"The Brain\" (1969), \"If It's Tuesday, This Must Be Belgium\" (1969), and \"Performance\" (1970). The comedy films \"\" (1997) and \"\" (1999) resurrected the imagery but were filmed in Hollywood and the 2009 film \"The Boat That Rocked\". Swinging Sixties The Swinging","title":"Swinging Sixties"},{"id":"469347","text":"the film industry in the 1960s: The most prominent American TV series of the 1960s include: \"The Ed Sullivan Show\", \"\", \"Peyton Place\", \"The Twilight Zone\", \"The Outer Limits\", \"The Andy Williams Show\", \"The Dean Martin Show\", \"The Wonderful World of Disney\", \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\", \"The Beverly Hillbillies\", \"Bonanza\", \"Batman\", \"McHale's Navy\", \"Laugh-In\", \"The Dick Van Dyke Show\", \"The Fugitive\", \"The Tonight Show\", \"Gunsmoke\", \"The Andy Griffith Show\", \"Gilligan's Island, \", \"The Flintstones\", \"The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet\", \"Lassie\", \"The Danny Thomas Show\", \"The Lucy Show\", \"My Three Sons\", \"The Red Skelton Show\", \"Bewitched\" and \"I Dream of Jeannie\".","title":"1960s"},{"id":"252426","text":"could be relied upon for sure-fire hits. Audiences for them lessened and fewer musical films were produced as the genre became less mainstream and more specialized. In the 1960s, the critical and box-office success of the films \"West Side Story\", \"Gypsy\", \"The Music Man\", \"Bye Bye Birdie\", \"My Fair Lady\", \"Mary Poppins\", \"The Sound of Music\", \"A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum\", \"The Jungle Book\", \"Thoroughly Modern Millie\", \"Oliver!\", and \"Funny Girl\" suggested that the traditional musical was in good health, while French filmmaker Jacques Demy's jazz musicals \"The Umbrellas of Cherbourg\" and \"The Young Girls","title":"Musical film"},{"id":"4942062","text":"Smoky Mountains, the film was shot in the Los Angeles (LA) area, both on set at MGM Studios and outdoors in the San Bernardino Mountains east of LA. The film was produced by Dick Fitzwell for Four-Leaf Productions, and was distributed in the United States by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The film was released in the United States on March 6, 1964 and reached #11 on the \"Variety\" National Box Office Chart, earning $3 million, and finished at #26 on the year end list of the top-grossing movies of 1964. Sam Katzman produced an unsuccessful 1965 MGM Television television pilot starring Edd Byrnes","title":"Kissin' Cousins"},{"id":"9142019","text":"18th Golden Globe Awards The 18th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film for 1960 films, were held on March 16, 1961. \"' Burt Lancaster – \"Elmer Gantry\" \"' Jack Lemmon – \"The Apartment\" \"' Greer Garson – \"Sunrise at Campobello\" \"' Shirley MacLaine – \"The Apartment\" \"' Jack Cardiff – \"Sons and Lovers\" \"' \"The Apartment\" \"' \"Spartacus\" \"' \"Song Without End\" Dimitri Tiomkin – The Alamo \"' Sal Mineo – \"Exodus\" \"' Janet Leigh – \"Psycho\" Hand in Hand Michael Callan Mark Damon Brett Halsey Ina Balin Nancy Kwan Hayley Mills Tony Curtis Rock Hudson Gina Lollobrigida","title":"18th Golden Globe Awards"},{"id":"14926773","text":"financial success in India and an even bigger hit in the Soviet Union. In India, it was the eighth top-grossing film of 1980, earning nett from a gross collection of (). It reached silver jubilee status after running in theaters across India for 25weeks continuously. In the Soviet Union, it was the fifth top-grossing domestic film of 1980, and the 32nd highest-grossing domestic film of all time, with 52.8million box office admissions. This was equivalent to approximately 13.2million Soviet rubles (, ). Worldwide, the film grossed (). This is equivalent to () adjusted for inflation in 2017. The film wons","title":"Adventures of Ali-Baba and the Forty Thieves (1980 film)"},{"id":"482028","text":"Walt's son-in-law Ron Miller, each trained by Walt and Roy. While Walt Disney Productions continued releasing family-friendly films throughout the 1970s, such as \"Escape to Witch Mountain\" (1975) and \"Freaky Friday\" (1976), the films did not fare as well at the box office as earlier material. However, the animation studio saw success with \"Robin Hood\" (1973), \"The Rescuers\" (1977), and \"The Fox and the Hound\" (1981). As head of the studio, Miller attempted to make films to drive the profitable teenage market who generally passed on seeing Disney films. Inspired by the popularity of \"Star Wars\", Disney produced the science-fiction","title":"The Walt Disney Company"},{"id":"2764519","text":"hole through the hull, assist the sole group of six survivors from the ship, and fly them to safety. \"The Poseidon Adventure\" has received largely positive reviews, with review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reporting 79% of 24 critics gave the film a positive review, with an above average score of 7.1/10. \"Boxoffice\" magazine reported \"The Poseidon Adventure\" was the #1 Box Office Champ of 1973. By the end of 1974, it ranked among the six most successful features in film history, along with \"Gone with the Wind\" (1939), \"The Godfather\" (1972), \"Love Story\" (1970), \"Airport\" (1970), and \"The Sound of Music\"","title":"The Poseidon Adventure (1972 film)"},{"id":"6131761","text":"of a Nation\" had been seen by fifty million people by 1930. When it was re-released in 1947, it earned an impressive $5 million rental in the United States and Canada, and was one of the top ten releases of the year. Successful re-releases in 1954 and 1961 enabled it to retain its position as the industry's top earner, despite strong challenges from more recent films such as \"Ben-Hur\", but it was finally overtaken by \"The Sound of Music\" in 1966. The 1967 reissue was unusual in that MGM opted to roadshow it, a decision that turned it into the","title":"Gone with the Wind (film)"},{"id":"469346","text":"arguably continued through his 1968 opus \"Once Upon a Time in the West\", starring Henry Fonda, Charles Bronson, Claudia Cardinale, and Jason Robards. \"The Magnificent Seven\" a 1960 American western film directed by John Sturges was a remake of Akira Kurosawa's 1954 film, \"Seven Samurai\". The 1960s were also about experimentation. With the explosion of light-weight and affordable cameras, the underground avant-garde film movement thrived. Canada's Michael Snow, Americans Kenneth Anger, Stan Brakhage, Andy Warhol, and Jack Smith. Notable films in this genre are: \"Dog Star Man\"; \"Scorpio Rising\"; \"Wavelength\"; \"Chelsea Girls\"; \"Blow Job\"; \"Vinyl\"; \"Flaming Creatures\". Significant events in","title":"1960s"},{"id":"1476314","text":"in countries outside North America. Academy Awards: Golden Globe Awards: Palme d'Or (Cannes Film Festival): Golden Lion (Venice Film Festival): Golden Bear (Berlin Film Festival): US unless stated US unless stated A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y 1967 in film The year 1967 in film involved some significant events. It is widely considered as one of the most ground-breaking years in film, with \"revolutionary\" films highlighting the change, including: \"Bonnie and Clyde\", \"The Graduate\", \"Guess Who's Coming to Dinner\", \"Cool Hand Luke\",","title":"1967 in film"},{"id":"7498500","text":"West Side Story (film) West Side Story is a 1961 American romantic musical tragedy film directed by Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins. The film is an adaptation of the 1957 Broadway musical of the same name, which in turn was inspired by William Shakespeare's play \"Romeo and Juliet\". It stars Natalie Wood, Richard Beymer, Russ Tamblyn, Rita Moreno, and George Chakiris, and was photographed by Daniel L. Fapp, A.S.C., in Super Panavision 70. Released on October 18, 1961, through United Artists, the film received high praise from critics and viewers, and became the second highest grossing film of the year","title":"West Side Story (film)"},{"id":"1406489","text":"several plays for television in Britain. In 1960 he appeared in \"The Entertainer\" opposite Laurence Olivier, his first film role. Bates worked for the \"Padded Wagon Moving Company\" in the early 1960s while acting at the \"Circle in the Square Theatre\" in New York City. Throughout the 1960s he starred in several major films including \"Whistle Down the Wind\" (1961), \"A Kind of Loving\" (1962), \"Zorba the Greek\" (1964), Philippe de Broca's \"King of Hearts\" (1966), \"Georgy Girl\" (1966), \"Far From the Madding Crowd\" (1967) and the Bernard Malamud film \"The Fixer\" (1968), which earned him an Academy Award nomination","title":"Alan Bates"},{"id":"4067177","text":"Stella Stevens Stella Stevens (born Estelle Eggleston; October 1, 1938) is an American film, television, and stage actress. She began her acting career in 1959 and starred in such popular films as \"Girls! Girls! Girls!\" (1962), \"The Nutty Professor\" (1963), \"The Courtship of Eddie's Father\" (1963), \"The Silencers\" (1966), \"Where Angels Go, Trouble Follows\" (1968), \"The Ballad of Cable Hogue\" (1970) and \"The Poseidon Adventure\" (1972). Stevens also appeared in numerous television series, miniseries, and movies, including \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\" (1960, 1988), \"Bonanza\" (1960), \"The Love Boat\" (1977, 1983), \"Hart to Hart\" (1979), \"Newhart\" (1983), \"Murder, She Wrote\" (1985), \"Magnum,","title":"Stella Stevens"},{"id":"8566456","text":"the host of the anthology television series \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\" which he also produced. In 1958, Hitchcock directed the psychological thriller \"Vertigo\" starring Stewart and Kim Novak. The film topped the 2012 poll of the British film magazine \"Sight & Sound\" of the 50 Greatest Films of All Time and also topped the American Film Institute's Top Ten in the mystery genre. He followed this with the spy thriller \"North by Northwest\" (1959) which starred Grant and Eva Marie Saint. In 1960, he directed \"Psycho\", the biggest commercial success of his career and for which he received his fifth nomination","title":"Alfred Hitchcock filmography"},{"id":"13924511","text":"element of racism that continued to persist across the country, particularly in the South. In popular culture, \"\" was the most profitable film of the year, earning $56.7 million, while \"Oliver!\" won the Academy Award for Best Picture. \"Hey Jude\" by the Beatles was the hottest single of 1968 in the U.S. according to Billboard, demonstrating the continued popularity of bands associated with the British Invasion that began in 1964. 1968 in the United States 1968 in the United States was marked by several major historical events. It is often considered to be one of the most turbulent and traumatic","title":"1968 in the United States"},{"id":"2784160","text":"Ray Stark Ray Stark (October 3, 1915 – January 17, 2004) was one of the most successful and prolific independent film producers in postwar Hollywood. Highly tenacious and intelligent, Stark’s background as a literary and theatrical agent groomed him to produce some of the most dynamic and profitable films of the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, such as \"The World of Suzie Wong\" (1961), \"West Side Story\" (1961), \"The Misfits\" (1961), \"Lolita\" (1962), \"The Night of The Iguana\" (1964), \"Reflections in a Golden Eye\" (1967), \"Funny Girl\" (1968), \"The Goodbye Girl\" (1977), \"The Toy\" (1982), \"Annie\" (1982), and \"Steel Magnolias\"","title":"Ray Stark"},{"id":"900942","text":"the US during this period and led US media to proclaim the United Kingdom as the center of music and fashion. The Beatles movie \"A Hard Day's Night\" marked the group's entrance into film. \"Mary Poppins\", released on August 27, 1964, and starring English actress Julie Andrews as the titular character, became the most Oscar-winning and Oscar-nominated Disney film in history, and \"My Fair Lady\", released on December 25, 1964, starring British actress Audrey Hepburn as Cockney flower girl Eliza Doolittle, won eight Academy Awards. Besides the Bond series which commenced with Sean Connery as James Bond in 1962, films","title":"British Invasion"},{"id":"7419356","text":"38th Academy Awards The 38th Academy Awards, honoring the best in film for 1965, were held on April 18, 1966, at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Santa Monica, California. They were hosted by Bob Hope. The ceremony was broadcast on the ABC network and was the first to be broadcast live in color. The two most nominated films were \"The Sound of Music\" and \"Doctor Zhivago\", each with ten nominations and five wins. The winner of Best Picture was 20th Century Fox's and Robert Wise's \"The Sound of Music\", adapted from the Rodgers and Hammerstein's Broadway musical. Both movies","title":"38th Academy Awards"},{"id":"11215696","text":"box office hit in France, Bardot's biggest ever success at the box office and the third most popular film of the year (after \"Ben Hur\" and \"Le Bossu\"). The \"Los Angeles Times\" called the film \"an amazing picture, a tour de force from all concerned. It is at once immoral, amoral and strangely moral.\" The Truth (1960 film) The Truth () is a 1960 French film directed by Henri-Georges Clouzot and starring Brigitte Bardot. The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Dominique Marceau is a young Frenchwoman on trial for killing her lover, Gilbert.","title":"The Truth (1960 film)"},{"id":"6131699","text":"to win an Academy Award). It set records for the total number of wins and nominations at the time. The film has been criticized as historical revisionism glorifying slavery, and it has been credited with triggering changes in the way in which African Americans are depicted cinematically. \"Gone with the Wind\" was immensely popular when first released. It became the highest-earning film made up to that point, and held the record for over a quarter of a century. When adjusted for monetary inflation, it is still the most successful film in box-office history. It was re-released periodically throughout the 20th","title":"Gone with the Wind (film)"},{"id":"12096226","text":"to 11 movies made by her late husband's company: \"It Conquered the World\" (1956) and its 1966 remake \"Zontar, The Thing from Venus\", \"Invasion of the Saucer Men\" (1957) and its 1965 remake \"The Eye Creatures\", \"I Was a Teenage Frankenstein\" (1957), \"I Was a Teenage Werewolf\" (1957), \"The Amazing Colossal Man\" (1957), \"Terror from the Year 5000\" (1958), \"Apache Woman\" (1955), \"The Oklahoma Woman\" (1956) and \"Naked Paradise\" (1957). Susan Hart Susan Hart (born June 2, 1941) is an American actress, and the widow of American International Pictures (AIP) co-founder James H. Nicholson. She is best known for her","title":"Susan Hart"},{"id":"144088","text":"the blossoming of Direct Cinema, an observational style of film making as well as the advent of more overtly partisan films like \"In the Year of the Pig\" about the Vietnam War by Emile de Antonio. By the late 1960s however, Hollywood filmmakers were beginning to create more innovative and groundbreaking films that reflected the social revolution taken over much of the western world such as \"Bonnie and Clyde\" (1967), \"The Graduate\" (1967), \"\" (1968), \"Rosemary's Baby\" (1968), \"Midnight Cowboy\" (1969), \"Easy Rider\" (1969) and \"The Wild Bunch\" (1969). \"Bonnie and Clyde\" is often considered the beginning of the so-called","title":"History of film"},{"id":"3877302","text":"Bond movies, \"It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World\" (1963), \"A Hard Day's Night\" starring the Beatles (1964), \"The Greatest Story Ever Told\" (1965), \"A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum\" (1966), \"Fiddler on the Roof\" (1971), and \"Man of La Mancha\" (1972). The soundtrack album of United Artists's \"West Side Story\" (1961) was released by Columbia Records, which had also released the Broadway cast album. Also, the American version of the soundtrack album of United Artists's \"Help!\" (1965), also starring the Beatles, was released on Capitol Records. As Henry Mancini was signed to RCA Victor, that","title":"United Artists Records"},{"id":"9295356","text":"by wires. Medfield College, which was also the setting for the earlier film \"The Absent-Minded Professor\", was later used for a trilogy of Disney's \"Dexter Riley\" films: \"The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes\" (1969), \"Now You See Him, Now You Don't\" (1972), and \"The Strongest Man in the World\" (1975), each starring Kurt Russell and Cesar Romero. \"Son of Flubber\" was a critical and commercial success. It grossed $22,129,412 at the box office, earning $7.1 million in theatrical rentals, making it the 7th highest-grossing film of 1963. The film currently holds an 86% \"Fresh\" rating on the review aggregate website Rotten","title":"Son of Flubber"},{"id":"829481","text":"A 1966 reissue earned $6,000,000, and further re-releases brought the total American theater rentals to $43 million, equivalent to gross ticket sales of $89 million at the box office. Globally, it ultimately collected $90,066,230 in revenues up to 1979. It remains one of the most popular films ever made. Adjusted for inflation, it has earned a box office gross equivalent to $2 billion at 2011 prices, according to \"Guinness World Records\"; only \"Gone with the Wind\" (1939), \"Avatar\" (2009), \"Star Wars\" (1977), \"Titanic\" (1997), \"The Sound of Music\" (1965), and \"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\" (1982) have generated higher grosses in constant","title":"The Ten Commandments (1956 film)"},{"id":"694731","text":"left the studio in 1953, leaving Hanna and Barbera to focus on the popular \"Tom and Jerry\" and \"Droopy\" series. After 1955, all cartoons were filmed in CinemaScope until MGM closed its cartoon division in 1957. In 1959, MGM enjoyed what is quite probably its greatest financial success of later years, with the release of its nearly four-hour Technicolor epic \"Ben–Hur\", a remake of its 1925 silent film hit, loosely based on the novel by General Lew Wallace. Starring Charlton Heston in the title role, the film was critically acclaimed, and won 11 Academy Awards, including Best Picture, a record","title":"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"id":"2213879","text":"DVD edition was also released on the same day. \"The Aristocats\" was released in December 1970 where it grossed $10.1 million in United States and Canadian rentals by the end of 1971. The film was the most popular \"general release\" movie at the British box office in 1971. The film was the second most popular film in France in 1971–72 with 6 million admissions and has total admissions of 12,701,541 making it the most popular film released in France in 1971. It is also ranked as the eighteenth highest-grossing of all time. The film is the most popular film released","title":"The Aristocats"},{"id":"829448","text":"Review Award for Best Actor for his role as Rameses and his other roles in \"Anastasia\" and \"The King and I\". It is also one of the most financially successful films ever made, grossing approximately $122.7 million at the box office during its initial release; it was the most successful film of 1956 and the second-highest-grossing film of the decade. According to \"Guinness World Records\", in terms of theatrical exhibition it is the seventh most successful film of all-time when the box office gross is adjusted for inflation. In 1999, the film was selected for preservation in the United States","title":"The Ten Commandments (1956 film)"},{"id":"16869144","text":"as he receives a golden ticket and visits Willy Wonka's chocolate factory with four other children from around the world. Filming took place in Munich in 1970, and the film was released on June 30, 1971. It received positive reviews, but it was a box office disappointment despite the fact that it recouped its budget. However, it developed into a cult film due to its repeated television airings and home video sales. In 1972, the film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score. \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory\" is a 2005 film adaptation of the 1964 book of","title":"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (franchise)"},{"id":"4128592","text":"popular musicals of the 1950s include \"Love Me Tender\" which starred Elvis Presley, \"High Society\", \"An American in Paris\", \"Singin' in the Rain\", \"Guys and Dolls\", \"The Band Wagon\", \"Show Boat\", \"Seven Brides for Seven Brothers\", \"Gigi\", \"Daddy Long Legs\", \"Funny Face\", \"Calamity Jane\", \"Porgy and Bess\", \"Carmen Jones\", and many others. The Walt Disney Studios enjoyed a decade of prosperity with animated feature-length films \"Cinderella\", \"Alice in Wonderland\", \"Peter Pan\", \"Lady and the Tramp\" (Disney's first wide-screen animated film), and \"Sleeping Beauty\". The studio began producing live-action period and historical films such as \"The Sword and the Rose\", \"Davy","title":"United States in the 1950s"},{"id":"1591173","text":"African American filmmakers also found success in the 1970s with such hits as \"Shaft\" and \"Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song\". Like other sequels in the 1970s, \"Shaft\" went on to have two more adventures, each less successful than the last. An adaptation of a Mario Puzo novel, \"The Godfather\", was a box-office and critical success in 1972. The three-hour epic followed a Mafia boss, played by Marlon Brando, through his life of crime. Beyond the violence and drama were themes of love, pride, and greed. \"The Godfather\" went on to earn $134 million at American box office, and $245 million throughout","title":"1970s in film"},{"id":"10238888","text":"song \"Baharon Phool Barsao\" topped the Binaca Geetmala annual list of 1966 charts. Similarly, the song \"Titli Udi Ud Jo Chali\" was listed at No. 21. At the end of its theatrical run, the film grossed around 50,000,000 with a net of 25,000,000, thus becoming the second highest grossing film of 1966 with a verdict of super-hit at Box Office India. According to IBOS.com, the film had grossed at about 40.0 million and, adjusted to inflation, the gross is 5042.9 million. The film was also one of the last box office hits of Rajendra Kumar, who was regarded as Bollywood's","title":"Suraj (1966 film)"},{"id":"469341","text":"dominated much of the first half of the 20th century. Country music gained popularity on the West Coast, due in large part to the Bakersfield sound, led by Buck Owens and Merle Haggard. Female country artists were also becoming more mainstream (in a genre dominated by men in prior decades), with such acts as Patsy Cline, Loretta Lynn, and Tammy Wynette. Significant events in music in the 1960s: The highest-grossing film of the decade was 20th Century Fox's \"The Sound of Music\" (1965). Some of Hollywood's most notable blockbuster films of the 1960s include: The counterculture movement had a significant","title":"1960s"},{"id":"7340583","text":"Cinemation Industries Cinemation Industries was a New York City-based film studio and distributor owned and run by exploitation producer Jerry Gross. Among other films, the company has distributed exploitation films such as \"Shanty Tramp\" (1967), \"Teenage Mother\" (1967), \"The Cheerleaders\" (1973), \"The Black Six\" (1974), and \"The Black Godfather\" (1974). The company, however, also distributed unexpected smash hit independent films like Melvin Van Peebles' \"Sweet Sweetback's Baad Asssss Song\" (1971) and Ralph Bakshi's \"Fritz the Cat\" (1972). Other films released by the distributor include Peter Fonda's \"Idaho Transfer\" (1973), Freddie Francis' \"Son of Dracula\" (1974), Alain Resnais' \"Stavisky\" (1975), and","title":"Cinemation Industries"},{"id":"4067189","text":"Stevens' Beverly Hills home. In 2005, Stevens received the Reel Cowboys Silver Spur Award for her contributions to the Western genre. Stella Stevens Stella Stevens (born Estelle Eggleston; October 1, 1938) is an American film, television, and stage actress. She began her acting career in 1959 and starred in such popular films as \"Girls! Girls! Girls!\" (1962), \"The Nutty Professor\" (1963), \"The Courtship of Eddie's Father\" (1963), \"The Silencers\" (1966), \"Where Angels Go, Trouble Follows\" (1968), \"The Ballad of Cable Hogue\" (1970) and \"The Poseidon Adventure\" (1972). Stevens also appeared in numerous television series, miniseries, and movies, including \"Alfred Hitchcock","title":"Stella Stevens"},{"id":"1153627","text":"MGM Soundstage on May 9. During post-production, the songs were dubbed into the films scenes, in which Presley mimed the lyrics. \"Jailhouse Rock\" premiered on October 17, 1957 in Memphis, Tennessee and was released nationwide on November 8, 1957. It peaked at number 3 on the \"Variety\" box office chart, and reached number 14 in the year's box office totals, grossing $4 million. \"Jailhouse Rock\" earned mixed reviews, with most of the negative reception directed towards Presley's persona. In 2004, the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. Construction worker Vince Everett (Elvis) accidentally kills a drunken","title":"Jailhouse Rock (film)"},{"id":"525075","text":"initial theatrical run. When box office prices are adjusted for inflation, it remains one of the top 100 grossing films in U.S. history. Among films released before 1950, only \"Gone With the Wind\", \"The Bells of St. Mary's\", \"The Big Parade\" and four Disney titles have done more total business, in part due to later re-releases. (Reliable box office figures for certain early films such as \"The Birth of a Nation\" and Charlie Chaplin's comedies are unavailable.) However, because of the distribution arrangement RKO had with Goldwyn, RKO recorded a loss of $660,000 on the film. 1947 Academy Awards \"The","title":"The Best Years of Our Lives"},{"id":"2411887","text":"Chinese Theater. The Sherman Brothers' numerous other Disney and non-Disney top box office film credits include \"The Jungle Book\" (1967), \"The Aristocats\" (1970), \"The Parent Trap\" (1961), \"The Parent Trap\" (1998), \"Charlotte's Web\" (1973), \"Huckleberry Finn\" (1974), \"The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh\" (1977), \"Snoopy, Come Home\" (1972), \"Bedknobs and Broomsticks\" (1971), and \"\" (1989). Outside the motion-picture realm, their Tony Award-nominated smash hit \"Over Here!\" (1974) was the biggest-grossing original Broadway musical of that year. The Sherman Brothers have also written numerous top-selling songs including \"You're Sixteen,\" which reached \"Billboard\"'s Hot 100 top 10 twice: first with Johnny","title":"Sherman Brothers"},{"id":"252428","text":"\"Mary Poppins\" and \"The Jungle Book\", two of Disney's biggest hits of all time. The phenomenal box-office performance of \"The Sound of Music\" gave the major Hollywood studios more confidence to produce lengthy, large-budget musicals. Despite the resounding success of some of these films, Hollywood also produced a large number of musical flops in the late 1960s and early 1970s which appeared to seriously misjudge public taste. The commercially and/or critically unsuccessful films included \"Camelot\", \"Finian's Rainbow\", \"Hello Dolly!\", \"Sweet Charity\", \"Doctor Dolittle\", \"Star!\", \"Darling Lili\", \"Goodbye, Mr. Chips\", \"Paint Your Wagon\", \"Song of Norway\", \"On a Clear Day You","title":"Musical film"},{"id":"4569829","text":"theatrically released in the United States on December 22, 1995 and then international theatres on January 13, 1996 when it first premiered in Brazil. Its release was vastly overshadowed by the performance of Disney•Pixar's \"Toy Story,\" which premiered a month earlier. The film ranked 15th on its opening weekend and earned $1.5 million from a total of 1,427 theaters. The film also ranked 7th among G-rated movies in 1995. Total domestic gross reach up to $11,348,324. While the film was not as successful at the box office, it was far more successful in terms of video sales. These strong video","title":"Balto (film)"},{"id":"561956","text":"made on a budget of just over $1 million, was a sleeper hit; it earned $225 million in global box office receipts, becoming the highest-grossing film of 1976, and went on to win three Oscars, including Best Picture. The film received many positive reviews and turned Stallone into a major movie star. In 2006, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically or aesthetically significant\". \"Rocky\" is considered to be one of the greatest sports films ever made and was ranked as the second-best in the","title":"Rocky"},{"id":"7472666","text":"of the most expensive comedies ever produced. Concerns that the film would fail limited its initial bookings to less than half those a film of its magnitude normally received. Released in the United States on June 20, 1980, it received mostly positive reviews. It earned just under $5 million in its opening weekend and went on to gross over $115 million in theaters worldwide before its release on home video. It has become a cult classic, spawning the sequel, \"Blues Brothers 2000\", 18 years later, which was a critical and commercial failure. Jake Blues is released from Joliet Correctional Center","title":"The Blues Brothers (film)"},{"id":"4361536","text":"the box office), generating approximately $74.7 million in box office sales. Outside of North America, it earned $32.5 million in rentals (about $72.2 million at the box office) for a worldwide total of $66.1 million in rental earnings, roughly equivalent to $146.9 million in box office receipts. It was the fastest-grossing film as well as the highest-grossing film of 1959, in the process becoming the second-highest-grossing film of all-time (at that time) behind \"Gone with the Wind\". \"Ben-Hur\" saved MGM from financial disaster, making a profit of $20,409,000 on its initial release, and another $10.1 million in profits when re-released","title":"Ben-Hur (1959 film)"},{"id":"733312","text":"Story\". She rose to prominence in 1960s with such films as \"Period of Adjustment\" (1962), \"Sunday in New York\" (1963), \"Cat Ballou\" (1965), \"Barefoot in the Park\" (1967) and \"Barbarella\" (1968). Her first husband was \"Barbarella\" director Roger Vadim. A seven-time Academy Award nominee, she received her first nomination for \"They Shoot Horses, Don't They?\" (1969) and went on to win two Best Actress Oscars in the 1970s for \"Klute\" (1971) and \"Coming Home\" (1978). Her other nominations were for \"Julia\" (1977), \"The China Syndrome\" (1979), \"On Golden Pond\" (1981) and \"The Morning After\" (1986). Consecutive hits \"Fun with Dick","title":"Jane Fonda"},{"id":"14221342","text":"the time, but took an instant liking to Clint and accepted. Pat Hingle, Dennis Hopper, Ed Begley, Bruce Dern and James MacArthur were also cast. Filming began in June 1967, in the Las Cruces area of New Mexico. Additional scenes were shot at White Sands. Interiors were shot in MGM studios. Eastwood had considerable leeway in the production, especially in the script, which was altered in parts, such as the dialogue and setting of the barroom scene, to his liking. The film became a major success after release in July 1968 and with an opening day revenue of $5,241 in","title":"Clint Eastwood in the 1960s"},{"id":"1399223","text":"million. Both franchises fell out rather quickly, when \"Child's Play 3\" (1991) selling only 3.5 million tickets in North America and \"\" (1995) selling only 3.2 million. Internationally, the slasher film remained profitable. Mexico released \"Zombie Apocalypse\" (1985), \"Don't Panic\" (1988), \"Grave Robbers\" (1990) and \"Hell's Trap\" (1990). Europe saw releases from Sweden's \"Blood Tracks\" (1985), The United Kingdom's \"Lucifer\" (1987), Spain's \"Anguish\" (1987) and Italy's \"StageFright\" (1987) and \"BodyCount\" (1987). In the Pacific, Australia released \"Symphony of Evil\" (1987), \"Houseboat Horror\" (1989), and \"Bloodmoon\" (1990), while Japan released \"Evil Dead Trap\" (1988). By 1989 the major franchises had faded","title":"Slasher film"},{"id":"16651894","text":"Fritz Lang's final two American films, \"While the City Sleeps\" and \"Beyond a Reasonable Doubt\" (both 1956), but years of mismanagement had driven away many directors, producers, and stars. The studio was also saddled with the last of the inflated B movies such as \"Pearl of the South Pacific\" (1955) and \"The Conqueror\" (1956) that enchanted Hughes. The latter, starring John Wayne, was the biggest hit produced at the studio during the decade, but its $4.5 million in North American rentals did not come close to covering its $6 million cost. After a year and a half without a notable","title":"RKO Pictures"},{"id":"1591180","text":"gore films \"Last House on the Left\" and \"The Hills Have Eyes\", as well as Tobe Hooper's \"The Texas Chain Saw Massacre\". The blockbuster was born in 1975. While the 1973 horror classic \"The Exorcist\" was among the top five grossing films of the 1970s, the first film given the blockbuster distinction was 1975's \"Jaws\". Released on June 20, the film about a series of horrific deaths related to a massive great white shark was director Steven Spielberg's first big-budget Hollywood production, coming in at $9 million in cost. The film slowly grew in ticket sales and became one of","title":"1970s in film"},{"id":"5810909","text":"of Christmas Day in 1971, with profits from the premiere donated to The Boys Club of New York. Before the film premiered, the film had already made $15 million from rentals from over 400 theaters. The following day, the film opened in New York at five theaters. Next was Los Angeles at two theaters on March 22. \"The Godfather\" was commercially released on March 24, 1972, throughout the rest of the United States. The film reached 316 theaters around the country five days later. \"The Godfather\" was a blockbuster, breaking many box office records to become the highest grossing film","title":"The Godfather"},{"id":"14475973","text":"in the 1930s with profits of $1.3 million. They were voted fourth on the Top Ten Money Making Stars Poll published by Quigley Publishing Company. By 1936, Astaire and Rogers were top box office names. That year they made another two movies together: \"Follow the Fleet\" and \"Swing Time\", which were both hits, earning worldwide rentals of $2.7 million and $2.6 million respectively. \"Follow the Fleet\" boasted another Irving Berlin score, which featured the well known vignette \"Let's Face the Music and Dance\". \"Swing Time\" spawned the Oscar-winning song \"The Way You Look Tonight\", written by Jerome Kern with lyrics","title":"Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers"},{"id":"4955463","text":"Frankie and Johnny (1966 film) Frankie and Johnny is a 1966 American musical film starring Elvis Presley as a riverboat gambler. The role of \"Frankie\" was played by Donna Douglas from \"The Beverly Hillbillies\" TV series. The film reached #40 on the \"Variety\" weekly national box office list for 1966. The budget of the film was estimated at $4.5 million. The director was Frederick De Cordova, who was the director and producer of \"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson\" beginning in 1970. Johnny and girlfriend Frankie are performers on a Mississippi River riverboat, which also has a casino. Johnny is","title":"Frankie and Johnny (1966 film)"},{"id":"5747499","text":"to MGM records the film earned $2,325,000 in the US and Canada and $2,500,000 overseas, resulting in an overall loss of $3,618,000. In 1961 the film was nominated for Best Art Direction (George W. Davis, Addison Hehr, Henry Grace, Hugh Hunt, and Otto Siegel) and Best Sound (Franklin Milton), but failed to win either. While the 1931 adaptation is arguably the better and more successful of the two, the 1960 remake receives more attention and is still broadcast on television. Cimarron (1960 film) Cimarron is a 1960 Metrocolor western film filmed in CinemaScope, based on the Edna Ferber novel \"Cimarron\",","title":"Cimarron (1960 film)"},{"id":"964659","text":"\"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid\" has gone down as among the defining moments in late-'60s American cinema. Newman and Redford's chemistry was praised as was the film's charm and humor. The film earned $15 million in rentals in North America during its first year of release. With US box office of over US$100 million, it was the top-grossing film of the year. Adjusted for inflation, \"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid\" ranks as the 34th top-grossing film of all time and the top 10 for its decade, due in part to subsequent re-releases. It was the eighth most popular","title":"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid"},{"id":"6131762","text":"most successful re-release in the history of the industry. It generated a box-office gross of $68 million, making it MGM's most lucrative picture after \"Doctor Zhivago\" from the latter half of the decade. MGM earned a rental of $41 million from the release, with the U.S. and Canadian share amounting to over $30 million, placing it second only to \"The Graduate\" for that year. Including its $6.7 million rental from the 1961 reissue, it was the fourth highest-earner of the decade in the North American market, with only \"The Sound of Music\", \"The Graduate\" and \"Doctor Zhivago\" making more for","title":"Gone with the Wind (film)"},{"id":"788469","text":"Review Best Supporting Actress Winner), and \"Tammy and the Bachelor\" (1957), in which her performance of the song \"Tammy\" reached number one on the \"Billboard\" music charts. In 1959, she released her first pop music album, titled \"Debbie\". She starred in \"How the West Was Won\" (1962), and \"The Unsinkable Molly Brown\" (1964), a biographical film about the famously boisterous Molly Brown. Her performance as Brown earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress. Her other films include \"The Singing Nun\" (1966), \"Divorce American Style\" (1967), \"What's the Matter with Helen?\" (1971), \"Charlotte's Web\" (1973), \"Mother\" (1996)","title":"Debbie Reynolds"},{"id":"721489","text":"novel was No. 1 in the \"New York Times\" for 30 weeks, and became the top-selling novel of the year. The film adaptation, released in 1970, was the second-highest-grossing film of the year (second only to \"Love Story\") and received ten Academy Award nominations, including best picture. The success of the film, together with that of 1972's \"The Poseidon Adventure\", led to the proliferation of \"disaster films\" during the 1970s, which included three additional films in what became the \"Airport\" franchise. After the financial success of \"Airport\", on the advice of his tax attorney, Hailey moved as a tax exile","title":"Arthur Hailey"},{"id":"4310765","text":"1951, met with a lukewarm response at the box office and was a sharp critical disappointment in its initial release. \"Peter Pan\", released in 1953, was, on the other hand, a commercial success and the highest-grossing film of the year. In 1955, \"Lady and the Tramp\" was released to higher box office success than any other Disney feature from the studio since \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\", earning an estimated $7.5 million in rentals at the North American box office in 1955. \"Lady\" is significant as Disney's first widescreen animated feature, produced in the CinemaScope process, and was the","title":"Walt Disney Animation Studios"},{"id":"768771","text":"film was \"The Graduate\" (1967), starring Dustin Hoffman, Anne Bancroft and Katharine Ross. It became the highest-grossing film of 1967 and one of the biggest grossing films in history up to that date. It was nominated for seven Academy Awards, including Best Picture, with Nichols winning as Best Director. In 2007, it was ranked #17 in \"AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition)\". However, getting the film made was difficult for Nichols, who, while noted for being a successful Broadway director, was still an unknown in Hollywood. Producer Lawrence Turman, who wanted only Nichols to direct it, was continually","title":"Mike Nichols"},{"id":"9142074","text":"and John Wayne \"High Noon\" – Dimitri Tiomkin \"5 Fingers\" – Michael Wilson Millard Mitchell – \"My Six Convicts\" Katy Jurado – \"High Noon\" Walt Disney \"My Cousin Rachel\" – Richard Burton \"Moulin Rouge\" – Colette Marchand \"The Member of the Wedding\" – Brandon deWilde 10th Golden Globe Awards The 10th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film for 1952 films, were held on February 26, 1953, at the Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles) in Los Angeles. Gary Cooper – \"High Noon\" Donald O'Connor – \"Singin' in the Rain\" Shirley Booth – \"Come Back, Little Sheba\" Susan Hayward – \"With","title":"10th Golden Globe Awards"},{"id":"768756","text":"film was \"The Graduate\" in 1967, starring then unknown actor Dustin Hoffman, alongside Anne Bancroft and Katharine Ross. The film was another critical and financial success, becoming the highest-grossing film of 1967 and receiving seven Academy Award nominations, winning Nichols the Academy Award for Best Director. Among the other films he directed were \"Catch-22\" (1970), \"Carnal Knowledge\" (1971), \"Silkwood\" (1983), \"Working Girl\" (1988), \"Wolf\" (1994), \"The Birdcage\" (1996), \"Closer\" (2004), and \"Charlie Wilson's War\" (2007). Along with an Academy Award, Nichols won a Grammy Award (the first for a comedian born outside the United States), four Emmy Awards and nine","title":"Mike Nichols"},{"id":"7733793","text":"Male\" (1967) and \"Some Girls Do\" (1969). In between he directed Rod Taylor in a poorly-received thriller, \"Nobody Runs Forever\" (also known as \"The High Commissioner\", 1968). Thomas shot the last \"doctor\" film, \"Doctor in Trouble\" in 1970. It made money but Thomas and Box were getting sick of the series and sold the franchise to television. They had a big hit \"Percy\" (1971) which led to a sequel, \"Percy's Progress\" (1974). However, other films Thomas made around this time – \"Quest for Love\" (1971), an unusual sci-fi love story starring Joan Collins, and \"The Love Ban\" (1973) – were","title":"Ralph Thomas"},{"id":"4844949","text":"a Way to Go!\" premiered on May 12, 1964, and grossed $11,180,531 at the U.S. box office, earning $6.10 million in the U.S. It was the 11th highest-grossing film of 1964. \"What a Way to Go!\" was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Art Direction (Jack Martin Smith, Ted Haworth, Walter M. Scott, Stuart A. Reiss) and Best Costumes by Edith Head and Moss Mabry, a BAFTA Best Foreign Actress Award for Shirley MacLaine, a Laurel award for Best Comedy and Best Comedy performer for Paul Newman, and an American Cinema Editors Eddie award for best editor for Marjorie Fowler.","title":"What a Way to Go! (film)"},{"id":"1490225","text":"1963, UA released two Stanley Kramer films, \"It's A Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World\" and \"A Child Is Waiting\". In 1964, UA introduced U.S. film audiences to the Beatles by releasing \"A Hard Day's Night\" (1964) and \"Help!\" (1965). At the same time, it backed two expatriate North Americans in Britain, who had acquired screen rights to Ian Fleming's James Bond novels. For $1 million, UA backed Harry Saltzman and Albert Broccoli's \"Dr. No\" in 1963 and launched the James Bond franchise. The franchise outlived UA's time as a major studio, continuing half a century later. Other successful projects backed","title":"United Artists"},{"id":"143705","text":"Run\", between 1958 and 1979. Truffaut's 1973 film \"Day for Night\" earned him critical acclaim and several accolades, including the BAFTA Award for Best Film and the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. His other notable films include \"Shoot the Piano Player\" (1960), \"Jules et Jim\" (1961), \"The Wild Child\" (1970), \"Two English Girls\" (1971), and \"The Woman Next Door\" (1981). He passed away at the age of 52. Truffaut was born in Paris on 6 February 1932. His mother was Janine de Montferrand. His mother's future husband, Roland Truffaut, accepted him as an adopted son and gave him","title":"François Truffaut"},{"id":"4128593","text":"Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier\", \"Johnny Tremain\", \"Old Yeller\", \"Light in the Forest\", \"Tonka\", and \"Darby O'Gill and the Little People\". The studio produced its first live-action contemporary comedy \"The Shaggy Dog\" in 1959 with Disney teen stars Annette Funicello and Tommy Kirk. Established stars appeared in films that have come to be regarded as classics such as \"Sunset Boulevard\" (Gloria Swanson), and (William Holden), \"All About Eve\" (Bette Davis), \"Vertigo\" (James Stewart) and (Kim Novak), \"Some Like It Hot\" (Marilyn Monroe, Tony Curtis, and Jack Lemmon), \"High Noon\" (Gary Cooper and Grace Kelly), \"The Searchers\" (John Wayne), \"North","title":"United States in the 1950s"},{"id":"2308894","text":"was \"Oh! Those Most Secret Agents!\" in 1965. Only four of his other 1960s films were released in the U.S.: \"Massacre Time\" (as \"The Brute and the Beast\" in 1968), \"The Man Who Killed Billy the Kid\" (as \"I'll Kill Him and Return Alone\" in 1968), \"Una sull'altra\" (as \"One on Top of the Other\" in 1973) and \"Beatrice Cenci\" (as \"Conspiracy of Torture\", in 1976). In 1969, he moved into directing giallo thrillers such as \"A Lizard in a Woman's Skin\" and \"Sette note in nero\" (\"The Psychic\"), and Spaghetti Westerns such as \"Silver Saddle\" and \"Four of the","title":"Lucio Fulci"},{"id":"7108104","text":"with $39.3 million in the domestic box office receipts. The film was followed by \"Hannah and Her Sisters\" ($35.4 million), \"Children of a Lesser God\" ($22.1 million), \"A Room with a View\" ($11.5 million), and \"The Mission\" ($11.1 million). Of the 50 grossing movies of the year, 55 nominations went to 18 films on the list. Only \"Crocodile Dundee\" (2nd), \"Aliens\" (6th), \"The Color of Money\" (11th), \"Stand By Me\" (12th), \"Peggy Sue Got Married\" (18th), \"Platoon\" (23rd), \"Hannah and Her Sisters\" (29th), \"The Morning After\" (38th), \"The Color of Money\" (40th), and \"Crimes of the Heart\" (43rd) were nominated","title":"59th Academy Awards"},{"id":"4245328","text":"movies that appeared as the '60s ended, along with \"Yellow Submarine\", \"The Trip\", \"Psych-Out\", and \"Head\". The film opened to mixed box office, but later became a cult classic from the psychedelic years of film. It was the 18th highest grossing film of 1968. According to \"Variety\" the film earned North American rentals of $7.3 million, but because of costs (including over $1 million paid out in participation fees), recorded an overall loss of $25,000. It was the 12th most popular movie at the UK box office in 1969. Reviews were generally positive with a few misgivings. In a review","title":"Candy (1968 film)"},{"id":"4524109","text":"which were at #1, and became the biggest-selling novel of 1968. George Seaton wrote and directed the film adaptation, which was released by Universal in 1970. Starring Burt Lancaster, Dean Martin, Jean Seberg, Jacqueline Bisset, and George Kennedy, the film was nominated for ten Academy Awards, including Best Picture. It earned $100.5 million at the domestic box office (the equivalent of $571.9 in 2017). Its success, combined with that of 1972's \"The Poseidon Adventure\", led to the proliferation of \"disaster movies\" of the 1970s. \"Airport\" itself spawned three sequels, each progressively less successful: \"Airport 1975\" (1974; $47.3 million domestic), \"Airport","title":"Airport (novel)"},{"id":"3009640","text":"off the three thugs while the two begin to fall in love. The film was released in December 1963, only two weeks after the assassination of US President John F. Kennedy, and the word \"assassinate\" had to be redubbed twice. It was Donen's most financially successful film and influenced a number of romantic comedy-thrillers released in the years following it. Film critic Judith Crist called it a \"stylish and amusing melodrama\", and Pauline Kael said it had \"a freshness and spirit that makes [it] unlike the films of any other country\" and was \"probably the best American film of [1963]\".","title":"Stanley Donen"},{"id":"3553800","text":"the film is widely credited as one of the first major movies to employ a female trailer voice. In its opening weekend, \"Gone in 60 Seconds\" grossed $25,336,048 from 3,006 US theaters, leading all films that weekend. By the end of the film's theatrical run, it had grossed $101,648,571 domestically and $135,553,728 internationally, comprising a total gross revenue for the film of $237,202,299 worldwide. A soundtrack containing a blend of rock, electronic, and hip hop music was released on June 6, 2000 by the Island Def Jam Music Group. It peaked at #69 on the \"Billboard\" 200. The film garnered","title":"Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film)"},{"id":"7498525","text":"Brittany Snow and Drake Bell. West Side Story (film) West Side Story is a 1961 American romantic musical tragedy film directed by Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins. The film is an adaptation of the 1957 Broadway musical of the same name, which in turn was inspired by William Shakespeare's play \"Romeo and Juliet\". It stars Natalie Wood, Richard Beymer, Russ Tamblyn, Rita Moreno, and George Chakiris, and was photographed by Daniel L. Fapp, A.S.C., in Super Panavision 70. Released on October 18, 1961, through United Artists, the film received high praise from critics and viewers, and became the second highest","title":"West Side Story (film)"},{"id":"1582773","text":"nominations for Best Actress, as well as a Golden Globe award for Most Promising Newcomer that year. Her other early film roles included George Stevens' \"Giant\" (1956), playing the love interest of James Dean, and in the romantic comedy \"But Not for Me\" (1959). In 1961, Baker appeared in the controversial independent film \"Something Wild\", directed by her then-husband Jack Garfein, playing a traumatized rape victim. She went on to star in several critically acclaimed Westerns throughout the 1960s, such as \"The Big Country\" (1958), \"How the West Was Won\" (1962), and \"Cheyenne Autumn\" (1964). In the mid-1960s, as a","title":"Carroll Baker"},{"id":"3747115","text":"a 57% \"rotten\" rating at website Rotten Tomatoes based on 21 reviews. The film opened on April 10, 1987, and debuted at number one at the box office, taking $7.8 million in its opening weekend. It stayed at No. 1 for 5 weeks, and was in the top ten films for 2 months. It grossed $66,995,000 in the US, becoming the 7th highest-grossing film in the United States for the year 1987, and outgrossing such films as \"RoboCop\", \"Predator\", \"Lethal Weapon\" and \"Dirty Dancing\". The film went on to gross an additional $44,001,000 worldwide, giving it a total of $110,996,879.","title":"The Secret of My Success (1987 film)"},{"id":"767333","text":"realized that goal by leasing RKO Culver City Studios & back lot, formed Selznick International Pictures, and distributed his films through United Artists. His successes continued with classics such as \"The Garden of Allah\" (1936), \"The Prisoner of Zenda\" (1937), \"A Star Is Born\" (1937), \"Nothing Sacred\" (1937), \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" (1938), \"The Young in Heart\" (1938), \"Made for Each Other\" (1939), \"Intermezzo\" (1939) and \"Gone with the Wind\" (1939), which remains the highest-grossing film of all time (adjusted for inflation). \"Gone with the Wind\" won eight Oscars and two special awards. Selznick also won the Irving G.","title":"David O. Selznick"},{"id":"4553649","text":"Vista\" came from the street in Burbank, California, where the Disney Studios was located (and remains to this day). Buena Vista's first release was the Academy Award–winning live-action feature \"The Living Desert\" on November 10, 1953, along with \"Toot, Whistle, Plunk and Boom\", Buena Vista's first animated release. Notable subsequent releases include the foreign film, \"Princess Yang Kwei-Fei\" (\"Most Noble Lady\"), released in US theaters in September 1956, \"The Missouri Traveler\" in March 1958, and \"The Big Fisherman\" in July 1959 (the first third-party production financed by Disney). By July 5, 1957, RKO Japan, Ltd. was sold to Disney Productions","title":"Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures"},{"id":"12366726","text":"1963. The UK premiere was on December 2, 1963 at the Coliseum Cinerama Theatre in London's West End. Distinguished by the largest number of stars to appear in a film comedy, \"Mad World\" opened to acclaim from many critics and tremendous box office receipts, becoming the 3rd highest-grossing film of 1963, quickly establishing itself as one of the top 100 highest-grossing films of all time when adjusted for inflation, earning an estimated theatrical rental figure of $26 million. It grossed $46,332,858 domestically and $60,000,000 worldwide, on a budget of $9.4 million. However, because costs were so high it only earned","title":"It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World"},{"id":"5698801","text":"of the 1970s television series \"The Brady Bunch\". \"The Brady Bunch Movie\" was a box office hit with domestic ticket sales of $46,576,136, nearly quadrupling its $12,000,000 budget and making it at the time one of the highest-grossing films directed by a woman. She followed \"The Brady Bunch Movie\" with other successes, including \"Private Parts\" (1997), \"Dr. Dolittle\" (1998), \"28 Days\" (2000), and \"John Tucker Must Die\" (2006). 2009's \"\" became the first female-directed picture to gross more than $200 million and made her the most successful woman director to that time at the box office. In 2012, Thomas directed","title":"Betty Thomas"},{"id":"1343732","text":"Gershom Mendes Seixas in \"The Rebel\", and as the Rev. Alfred W. Price in \"God's Healing\". In the 1960s, Price achieved a number of low-budget filmmaking successes with Roger Corman and American International Pictures (AIP) starting with the \"House of Usher\" (1960), which earned over $2 million at the box office in the United States and led to the subsequent Edgar Allan Poe adaptations of \"The Pit and the Pendulum\" (1961), \"Tales of Terror\" (1962), \"The Comedy of Terrors\" (1963), \"The Raven\" (1963), \"The Masque of the Red Death\" (1964), and \"The Tomb of Ligeia\" (1964). He starred in \"The","title":"Vincent Price"},{"id":"469344","text":"Satyricon\"; \"Accattone\"; \"The Gospel According to St. Matthew\"; \"Theorem\"; \"Winter Light\"; \"The Silence\"; \"Persona\"; \"Shame\"; \"A Passion\"; \"Au Hasard Balthazar\"; \"Mouchette\"; \"Last Year at Marienbad\"; \"Chronique d'un été\"; \"Titicut Follies\"; \"High School\"; \"Salesman\"; \"La jetée\"; \"Warrendale;\" \"Knife in the Water\"; \"Repulsion\"; \"The Saragossa Manuscript\"; \"El Topo\"; \"A Hard Day's Night\"; and the cinema verite \"Dont Look Back\". In Japan, a film version of the story of the forty-seven ronin entitled \"\" directed by Hiroshi Inagaki was released in 1962, the legendary story was also remade as a television series in Japan. Academy Award-winning Japanese director Akira Kurosawa produced \"Yojimbo\" (1961),","title":"1960s"},{"id":"8391391","text":"33rd Academy Awards The 33rd Academy Awards, honoring the best in film for 1960, were held on April 17, 1961, at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Santa Monica, California. They were hosted by Bob Hope. This was the first ceremony to be aired on ABC television, which has aired the Academy Awards ever since (save for the period between 1971 and 1975, when they were aired on NBC for the first time since the previous year.) \"The Apartment\" was the last black-and-white film to win Best Picture until \"Schindler's List\" (1993). Gary Cooper was selected by the Academy Board","title":"33rd Academy Awards"},{"id":"694734","text":"policy began in 1959, when \"Ben–Hur\" was profitable enough to carry the studio through 1960. However, four succeeding big-budget epics — like \"Ben–Hur\", each a remake — failed: \"Cimarron\" (1960), \"King of Kings\" (1961), \"Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse\" (1961), and, most notoriously, the 1962 \"Mutiny on the Bounty\". The 1962 Cinerama film \"The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm\", the first film in Cinerama to actually tell a story, was also a flop. But one other epic that was a success, however, was the MGM-Cinerama co-production \"How the West Was Won\", with a huge all-star cast. \"King of Kings\",","title":"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"id":"2475913","text":"and most studios release blockbusters that both over- and underperform in a year. Classic blockbusters from this period include \"Raiders of the Lost Ark\", \"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\", \"Blade Runner\", \"Scarface\", \"Risky Business\", \"Ghostbusters\", \"The Terminator\", \"The Goonies\", \"Back to the Future\", \"The Breakfast Club\", \"Beverly Hills Cop\", \"Top Gun\", \"Aliens\", \"Lethal Weapon\", \"Fatal Attraction\", \"Broadcast News\", \"Wall Street\", \"The Princess Bride\", \"Dirty Dancing\", \"Who Framed Roger Rabbit\", \"The Naked Gun\", \"Rain Man\", \"Die Hard\", \"Batman\", \"Driving Miss Daisy\", \"The Little Mermaid\", \"Dances with Wolves\", \"Goodfellas\", \"Home Alone\", \"Pretty Woman\", \"Ghost\", \"Total Recall\", \"Thelma & Louise\", \"The Silence of the Lambs\",","title":"Cinema of the United States"},{"id":"5650478","text":"nominees at the US box office was $221 million with an average of $48.9 million. \"Fatal Attraction\" was the highest earner among the Best Picture nominees with $142 million in the domestic box office receipts. The film was followed by \"Broadcast News\" ($36.7 million), \"Moonstruck\" ($25.4 million), \"The Last Emperor\" ($11.9 million), and \"Hope and Glory\" ($5.2 million). Of the 50 highest-grossing movies of the year, 39 nominations went to 17 films on the list. Only \"Fatal Attraction\" (2nd), \"The Untouchables\" (4th), \"Good Morning Vietnam\" (10th), \"Throw Momma from the Train\" (14th), \"Full Metal Jacket\" (21st), \"Broadcast News\" (26th), \"Wall","title":"60th Academy Awards"},{"id":"4715005","text":"then worked his way into directing large scale musicals such as \"The Harvey Girls\" (1946), \"The Three Musketeers\" (1948), \"Annie Get Your Gun\" (1950), and \"Kiss Me Kate\" (1953). Sidney left MGM to make \"The Eddy Duchin Story\" (1956) at Columbia Pictures where he made his base for the next decade for such films as \"Jeanne Eagels\" (1957), \"Pal Joey\" (1957), \"Who Was That Lady?\" (1960), \"Pepe\" (1960), and \"Bye Bye Birdie\" (1963). He would return to MGM to film \"A Ticklish Affair\" (1963) and Elvis Presley's \"Viva Las Vegas\" (1964). His last film was \"Half a Sixpence\" (1967). Sidney","title":"George Sidney"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"2475873\",\n \"text\": \"based in and around the 30 Mile Zone in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California. Director D. W. Griffith was central to the development of a film grammar. Orson Welles's \\\"Citizen Kane\\\" (1941) is frequently cited in critics' polls as the greatest film of all time. The major film studios of Hollywood are the primary source of the most commercially successful and most ticket selling movies in the world, such as \\\"The Birth of a Nation\\\" (1915), \\\"Gone with the Wind\\\" (1939), \\\"The Sound of Music\\\" (1965), \\\"The Godfather\\\" (1972), \\\"Jaws\\\" (1975), \\\"Star Wars\\\" (1977), \\\"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\\\" (1982), \\\"Jurassic Park\\\" (1993),\",\n \"title\": \"Cinema of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7635608\",\n \"text\": \"film was a major commercial success, becoming the number one box office movie after four weeks, and the highest-grossing film of 1965. By November 1966, \\\"The Sound of Music\\\" had become the highest-grossing film of all-time—surpassing \\\"Gone with the Wind\\\"—and held that distinction for five years. The film was just as popular throughout the world, breaking previous box-office records in twenty-nine countries. Following an initial theatrical release that lasted four and a half years, and two successful re-releases, the film sold 283 million admissions worldwide and earned a total worldwide gross of $286,000,000. \\\"The Sound of Music\\\" received five Academy\",\n \"title\": \"The Sound of Music (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1591165\",\n \"text\": \"MGM's own back lots. More of the successful films were those based in the harsh truths of war, rather than the excesses of the 1960s. Films like the Francis Ford Coppola-scripted \\\"Patton\\\", starring George C. Scott as the World War II general, and Robert Altman's \\\"MASH\\\", about a Korean War field hospital, were major box-office draws in 1970. Honest, old-fashioned films like \\\"Summer of '42\\\", and the Erich Segal adaptation, \\\"Love Story\\\", were commercial and critical hits. (Love Story and \\\"Summer\\\" remain, , two of the most successful films in Hollywood history. \\\"Summer\\\", costing $1,000,000 USD, brought in $25,000,000 at\",\n \"title\": \"1970s in film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"482025\",\n \"text\": \"process to transfer the drawings to animation cels. Disney's live-action releases were spread across a number of genres, including historical fiction (\\\"Johnny Tremain\\\", 1957), adaptations of children's books (\\\"Pollyanna\\\", 1960) and modern-day comedies (\\\"The Shaggy Dog\\\", 1959). Disney's most successful film of the 1960s was a live action/animated musical adaptation of \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", which was one of the all-time highest-grossing movies and received five Academy Awards, including Best Actress for Julie Andrews and Best Song for Robert B. Sherman & Richard M. Sherman for \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\". The theme park design and architectural group became so integral to the Disney\",\n \"title\": \"The Walt Disney Company\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"469414\",\n \"text\": \"Zeppelin was the most successful musical act of the 1970s, having sold more than 300 million records since 1969. Oscar winners of the decade were \\\"Patton\\\" (1970), \\\"The French Connection\\\" (1971), \\\"The Godfather\\\" (1972), \\\"The Sting\\\" (1973), \\\"The Godfather Part II\\\" (1974), \\\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\\\" (1975), \\\"Rocky\\\" (1976), \\\"Annie Hall\\\" (1977), \\\"The Deer Hunter\\\" (1978), and \\\"Kramer vs. Kramer\\\" (1979). The top ten highest-grossing films of the decade are (in order from highest to lowest grossing): \\\"Star Wars\\\", \\\"Jaws\\\", \\\"Grease\\\", \\\"The Exorcist\\\", \\\"Close Encounters of the Third Kind\\\", \\\"Superman\\\", \\\"The Godfather\\\", \\\"Saturday Night Fever\\\", \\\"Rocky\\\", and \\\"Jaws\",\n \"title\": \"1970s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1458494\",\n \"text\": \"money, axed the long-running Movietone Newsreel, and made a series of cheap, popular pictures that restored Fox as a major studio. The saving grace for the studio's fortunes came from the tremendous success of \\\"The Sound of Music\\\" (1965), an expensive and handsomely produced film adaptation of the highly acclaimed Rodgers and Hammerstein Broadway musical, which became a significant success at the box office and won five Academy Awards, including Best Director (Robert Wise) and Best Picture of the Year. Fox also had two big science-fiction hits in the 1960s: \\\"Fantastic Voyage\\\" (1966), and the original \\\"Planet of the Apes\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"20th Century Fox\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10981612\",\n \"text\": \"fall of 1958. Manulis's film version was released in December 1962 and received Academy Award nominations for best actor, best actress, best art direction, best costume design, and best original song. It was selected by the film critics of \\\"The New York Times\\\" as one of the 1000 best films ever made and as one of American Film Institute's best 400 films. Other motion pictures produced by Manulis in the 1960s include \\\"Dear Heart\\\" (1964), a romantic comedy directed by Delbert Mann, and starring Glenn Ford and Geraldine Page; \\\"Luv\\\" (1967), a romantic comedy directed by Clive Donner and starring\",\n \"title\": \"Martin Manulis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16623587\",\n \"text\": \"a Mockingbird\\\" (1962) and \\\"Oliver!\\\" (1968), directed by Carol Reed, portrayed children as naturally innocent. Other films of the 1960s that involved children include \\\"The Sound of Music\\\" (1965) by Robert Wise and \\\"The Miracle Worker\\\" (1962). These were very successful musical motion picture that were in the genre of family films. Four of the top ten highest-grossing films of the decade were family films: \\\"The Sound of Music\\\", \\\"One Hundred and One Dalmatians\\\" (1961), \\\"The Jungle Book\\\" (1967), and \\\"Mary Poppins\\\". Hollywood also released motion pictures starring children though these were not commercially successful and they were literary adaptations\",\n \"title\": \"Children's film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1476313\",\n \"text\": \"1967 in film The year 1967 in film involved some significant events. It is widely considered as one of the most ground-breaking years in film, with \\\"revolutionary\\\" films highlighting the change, including: \\\"Bonnie and Clyde\\\", \\\"The Graduate\\\", \\\"Guess Who's Coming to Dinner\\\", \\\"Cool Hand Luke\\\", \\\"The Dirty Dozen\\\", and \\\"In the Heat of the Night\\\". \\\"The Born Losers\\\" was released in 1967 and earned $2.25 million in U.S. and Canadian rentals. It was re-released in 1974 and by 1977 it had earned $12.5 million in U.S. and Canadian rentals with a reported total gross of $36,000,000. The highest-grossing 1967 films\",\n \"title\": \"1967 in film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6683649\",\n \"text\": \"films topping the American Film Institute's AFI 100 list include Orson Welles's \\\"Citizen Kane\\\" (1941), which is frequently cited as the greatest film of all time, \\\"Casablanca\\\" (1942), \\\"The Godfather\\\" (1972), \\\"Gone with the Wind\\\" (1939), \\\"Lawrence of Arabia\\\" (1962), \\\"The Wizard of Oz\\\" (1939), \\\"The Graduate\\\" (1967), \\\"On the Waterfront\\\" (1954), \\\"Schindler's List\\\" (1993), \\\"Singin' in the Rain\\\" (1952), \\\"It's a Wonderful Life\\\" (1946) and \\\"Sunset Boulevard\\\" (1950). The Academy Awards, popularly known as the Oscars, have been held annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1929, and the Golden Globe Awards have been held\",\n \"title\": \"United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"768830\",\n \"text\": \"on material from another medium to \\\"Judgement at Nuremberg\\\" (1961). \\\"West Side Story\\\" was a box office hit, and critics have declared it \\\"a cinema masterpiece\\\". Prior to directing \\\"The Sound of Music\\\" (1965), Wise directed the psychological horror film \\\"The Haunting\\\" (1963), starring Julie Harris, in an adaptation of Shirley Jackson's novel, \\\"The Haunting of Hill House\\\". Wise's big-budget adaptation of Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein's family-oriented musical \\\"The Sound of Music\\\", with Julie Andrews as Maria and Christopher Plummer as Captain von Trapp, became one of film history's top-grossing movies. Wise won Academy Awards for Best Director and\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Wise\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7635653\",\n \"text\": \"million in rentals and grossed £6 million—more than twice as much as any other film had ever taken in. It was also a major success in Holland, Hong Kong and Tokyo, where it played for as long as two years at some theaters. It was not a universal success, however, with the film only enjoying modest success in France and it was a flop in Germany. It also initially performed poorly in Italy, but a re-release after the Oscars brought better results. By November 1966, \\\"The Sound of Music\\\" had become the highest-grossing film of all-time, surpassing \\\"Gone with the\",\n \"title\": \"The Sound of Music (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3420394\",\n \"text\": \"1960 and beating other hits of that year such as \\\"Psycho\\\", \\\"Spartacus\\\", and \\\"Exodus\\\" at the box office. Adjusted for ticket-price inflation, the box office revenue is $ million, making it one of the biggest hits of all time. The movie was re-released in 1969 and earned $6.4 million in rentals in North America. It was the 15th most popular movie at the U.S. box office that year. The film currently holds an 84% approval rating at the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes. Upon the film's initial release, \\\"New York Times\\\" film critic Howard Thompson lauded the film by writing,\",\n \"title\": \"Swiss Family Robinson (1960 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5650171\",\n \"text\": \"the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 36 nominations went to 14 films on the list. Only \\\"The Fugitive\\\" (3rd), \\\"The Firm\\\" (4th), \\\"Sleepless in Seattle\\\" (6th), \\\"In the Line of Fire\\\" (7th), \\\"Dave\\\" (13th), \\\"Philadelphia\\\" (29th), \\\"What's Love Got to Do With It\\\" (38th), and \\\"The Age of Innocence\\\" (49th) were nominated for directing, acting, screenwriting, or Best Picture. The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations were \\\"Jurassic Park\\\" (1st), \\\"Mrs. Doubtfire\\\" (2nd), \\\"Cliffhanger\\\" (9th), \\\"The Nightmare Before Christmas\\\" (24th), \\\"Addams Family Values\\\" (25th), and \\\"Beethoven's 2nd\\\" (27th). The show received a positive reception from\",\n \"title\": \"66th Academy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2631500\",\n \"text\": \"(1965), \\\"The Knack ...and How to Get It\\\" (1965), the Michelangelo Antonioni film \\\"Blowup\\\" (1966), \\\"Alfie\\\" (1966), \\\"\\\" (1966), \\\"Georgy Girl\\\" (1966), \\\"The Jokers\\\" (1967), \\\"Casino Royale\\\" (1967), \\\"Smashing Time\\\" (1967), \\\"To Sir, with Love\\\" (1967), \\\"Bedazzled\\\" (1967), \\\"Poor Cow\\\" (1967), \\\"I'll Never Forget What's'isname\\\" (1967), \\\"Up the Junction\\\" (1968), \\\"Joanna\\\" (1968), \\\"Otley\\\" (1968), \\\"The Magic Christian\\\" (1969), \\\"The Brain\\\" (1969), \\\"If It's Tuesday, This Must Be Belgium\\\" (1969), and \\\"Performance\\\" (1970). The comedy films \\\"\\\" (1997) and \\\"\\\" (1999) resurrected the imagery but were filmed in Hollywood and the 2009 film \\\"The Boat That Rocked\\\". Swinging Sixties The Swinging\",\n \"title\": \"Swinging Sixties\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"469347\",\n \"text\": \"the film industry in the 1960s: The most prominent American TV series of the 1960s include: \\\"The Ed Sullivan Show\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"Peyton Place\\\", \\\"The Twilight Zone\\\", \\\"The Outer Limits\\\", \\\"The Andy Williams Show\\\", \\\"The Dean Martin Show\\\", \\\"The Wonderful World of Disney\\\", \\\"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\\\", \\\"The Beverly Hillbillies\\\", \\\"Bonanza\\\", \\\"Batman\\\", \\\"McHale's Navy\\\", \\\"Laugh-In\\\", \\\"The Dick Van Dyke Show\\\", \\\"The Fugitive\\\", \\\"The Tonight Show\\\", \\\"Gunsmoke\\\", \\\"The Andy Griffith Show\\\", \\\"Gilligan's Island, \\\", \\\"The Flintstones\\\", \\\"The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet\\\", \\\"Lassie\\\", \\\"The Danny Thomas Show\\\", \\\"The Lucy Show\\\", \\\"My Three Sons\\\", \\\"The Red Skelton Show\\\", \\\"Bewitched\\\" and \\\"I Dream of Jeannie\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"1960s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"252426\",\n \"text\": \"could be relied upon for sure-fire hits. Audiences for them lessened and fewer musical films were produced as the genre became less mainstream and more specialized. In the 1960s, the critical and box-office success of the films \\\"West Side Story\\\", \\\"Gypsy\\\", \\\"The Music Man\\\", \\\"Bye Bye Birdie\\\", \\\"My Fair Lady\\\", \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", \\\"The Sound of Music\\\", \\\"A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum\\\", \\\"The Jungle Book\\\", \\\"Thoroughly Modern Millie\\\", \\\"Oliver!\\\", and \\\"Funny Girl\\\" suggested that the traditional musical was in good health, while French filmmaker Jacques Demy's jazz musicals \\\"The Umbrellas of Cherbourg\\\" and \\\"The Young Girls\",\n \"title\": \"Musical film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4942062\",\n \"text\": \"Smoky Mountains, the film was shot in the Los Angeles (LA) area, both on set at MGM Studios and outdoors in the San Bernardino Mountains east of LA. The film was produced by Dick Fitzwell for Four-Leaf Productions, and was distributed in the United States by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The film was released in the United States on March 6, 1964 and reached #11 on the \\\"Variety\\\" National Box Office Chart, earning $3 million, and finished at #26 on the year end list of the top-grossing movies of 1964. Sam Katzman produced an unsuccessful 1965 MGM Television television pilot starring Edd Byrnes\",\n \"title\": \"Kissin' Cousins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9142019\",\n \"text\": \"18th Golden Globe Awards The 18th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film for 1960 films, were held on March 16, 1961. \\\"' Burt Lancaster – \\\"Elmer Gantry\\\" \\\"' Jack Lemmon – \\\"The Apartment\\\" \\\"' Greer Garson – \\\"Sunrise at Campobello\\\" \\\"' Shirley MacLaine – \\\"The Apartment\\\" \\\"' Jack Cardiff – \\\"Sons and Lovers\\\" \\\"' \\\"The Apartment\\\" \\\"' \\\"Spartacus\\\" \\\"' \\\"Song Without End\\\" Dimitri Tiomkin – The Alamo \\\"' Sal Mineo – \\\"Exodus\\\" \\\"' Janet Leigh – \\\"Psycho\\\" Hand in Hand Michael Callan Mark Damon Brett Halsey Ina Balin Nancy Kwan Hayley Mills Tony Curtis Rock Hudson Gina Lollobrigida\",\n \"title\": \"18th Golden Globe Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14926773\",\n \"text\": \"financial success in India and an even bigger hit in the Soviet Union. In India, it was the eighth top-grossing film of 1980, earning nett from a gross collection of (). It reached silver jubilee status after running in theaters across India for 25weeks continuously. In the Soviet Union, it was the fifth top-grossing domestic film of 1980, and the 32nd highest-grossing domestic film of all time, with 52.8million box office admissions. This was equivalent to approximately 13.2million Soviet rubles (, ). Worldwide, the film grossed (). This is equivalent to () adjusted for inflation in 2017. The film wons\",\n \"title\": \"Adventures of Ali-Baba and the Forty Thieves (1980 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"482028\",\n \"text\": \"Walt's son-in-law Ron Miller, each trained by Walt and Roy. While Walt Disney Productions continued releasing family-friendly films throughout the 1970s, such as \\\"Escape to Witch Mountain\\\" (1975) and \\\"Freaky Friday\\\" (1976), the films did not fare as well at the box office as earlier material. However, the animation studio saw success with \\\"Robin Hood\\\" (1973), \\\"The Rescuers\\\" (1977), and \\\"The Fox and the Hound\\\" (1981). As head of the studio, Miller attempted to make films to drive the profitable teenage market who generally passed on seeing Disney films. Inspired by the popularity of \\\"Star Wars\\\", Disney produced the science-fiction\",\n \"title\": \"The Walt Disney Company\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2764519\",\n \"text\": \"hole through the hull, assist the sole group of six survivors from the ship, and fly them to safety. \\\"The Poseidon Adventure\\\" has received largely positive reviews, with review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reporting 79% of 24 critics gave the film a positive review, with an above average score of 7.1/10. \\\"Boxoffice\\\" magazine reported \\\"The Poseidon Adventure\\\" was the #1 Box Office Champ of 1973. By the end of 1974, it ranked among the six most successful features in film history, along with \\\"Gone with the Wind\\\" (1939), \\\"The Godfather\\\" (1972), \\\"Love Story\\\" (1970), \\\"Airport\\\" (1970), and \\\"The Sound of Music\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"The Poseidon Adventure (1972 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6131761\",\n \"text\": \"of a Nation\\\" had been seen by fifty million people by 1930. When it was re-released in 1947, it earned an impressive $5 million rental in the United States and Canada, and was one of the top ten releases of the year. Successful re-releases in 1954 and 1961 enabled it to retain its position as the industry's top earner, despite strong challenges from more recent films such as \\\"Ben-Hur\\\", but it was finally overtaken by \\\"The Sound of Music\\\" in 1966. The 1967 reissue was unusual in that MGM opted to roadshow it, a decision that turned it into the\",\n \"title\": \"Gone with the Wind (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"469346\",\n \"text\": \"arguably continued through his 1968 opus \\\"Once Upon a Time in the West\\\", starring Henry Fonda, Charles Bronson, Claudia Cardinale, and Jason Robards. \\\"The Magnificent Seven\\\" a 1960 American western film directed by John Sturges was a remake of Akira Kurosawa's 1954 film, \\\"Seven Samurai\\\". The 1960s were also about experimentation. With the explosion of light-weight and affordable cameras, the underground avant-garde film movement thrived. Canada's Michael Snow, Americans Kenneth Anger, Stan Brakhage, Andy Warhol, and Jack Smith. Notable films in this genre are: \\\"Dog Star Man\\\"; \\\"Scorpio Rising\\\"; \\\"Wavelength\\\"; \\\"Chelsea Girls\\\"; \\\"Blow Job\\\"; \\\"Vinyl\\\"; \\\"Flaming Creatures\\\". Significant events in\",\n \"title\": \"1960s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1476314\",\n \"text\": \"in countries outside North America. Academy Awards: Golden Globe Awards: Palme d'Or (Cannes Film Festival): Golden Lion (Venice Film Festival): Golden Bear (Berlin Film Festival): US unless stated US unless stated A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y 1967 in film The year 1967 in film involved some significant events. It is widely considered as one of the most ground-breaking years in film, with \\\"revolutionary\\\" films highlighting the change, including: \\\"Bonnie and Clyde\\\", \\\"The Graduate\\\", \\\"Guess Who's Coming to Dinner\\\", \\\"Cool Hand Luke\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"1967 in film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7498500\",\n \"text\": \"West Side Story (film) West Side Story is a 1961 American romantic musical tragedy film directed by Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins. The film is an adaptation of the 1957 Broadway musical of the same name, which in turn was inspired by William Shakespeare's play \\\"Romeo and Juliet\\\". It stars Natalie Wood, Richard Beymer, Russ Tamblyn, Rita Moreno, and George Chakiris, and was photographed by Daniel L. Fapp, A.S.C., in Super Panavision 70. Released on October 18, 1961, through United Artists, the film received high praise from critics and viewers, and became the second highest grossing film of the year\",\n \"title\": \"West Side Story (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1406489\",\n \"text\": \"several plays for television in Britain. In 1960 he appeared in \\\"The Entertainer\\\" opposite Laurence Olivier, his first film role. Bates worked for the \\\"Padded Wagon Moving Company\\\" in the early 1960s while acting at the \\\"Circle in the Square Theatre\\\" in New York City. Throughout the 1960s he starred in several major films including \\\"Whistle Down the Wind\\\" (1961), \\\"A Kind of Loving\\\" (1962), \\\"Zorba the Greek\\\" (1964), Philippe de Broca's \\\"King of Hearts\\\" (1966), \\\"Georgy Girl\\\" (1966), \\\"Far From the Madding Crowd\\\" (1967) and the Bernard Malamud film \\\"The Fixer\\\" (1968), which earned him an Academy Award nomination\",\n \"title\": \"Alan Bates\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4067177\",\n \"text\": \"Stella Stevens Stella Stevens (born Estelle Eggleston; October 1, 1938) is an American film, television, and stage actress. She began her acting career in 1959 and starred in such popular films as \\\"Girls! Girls! Girls!\\\" (1962), \\\"The Nutty Professor\\\" (1963), \\\"The Courtship of Eddie's Father\\\" (1963), \\\"The Silencers\\\" (1966), \\\"Where Angels Go, Trouble Follows\\\" (1968), \\\"The Ballad of Cable Hogue\\\" (1970) and \\\"The Poseidon Adventure\\\" (1972). Stevens also appeared in numerous television series, miniseries, and movies, including \\\"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\\\" (1960, 1988), \\\"Bonanza\\\" (1960), \\\"The Love Boat\\\" (1977, 1983), \\\"Hart to Hart\\\" (1979), \\\"Newhart\\\" (1983), \\\"Murder, She Wrote\\\" (1985), \\\"Magnum,\",\n \"title\": \"Stella Stevens\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8566456\",\n \"text\": \"the host of the anthology television series \\\"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\\\" which he also produced. In 1958, Hitchcock directed the psychological thriller \\\"Vertigo\\\" starring Stewart and Kim Novak. The film topped the 2012 poll of the British film magazine \\\"Sight & Sound\\\" of the 50 Greatest Films of All Time and also topped the American Film Institute's Top Ten in the mystery genre. He followed this with the spy thriller \\\"North by Northwest\\\" (1959) which starred Grant and Eva Marie Saint. In 1960, he directed \\\"Psycho\\\", the biggest commercial success of his career and for which he received his fifth nomination\",\n \"title\": \"Alfred Hitchcock filmography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13924511\",\n \"text\": \"element of racism that continued to persist across the country, particularly in the South. In popular culture, \\\"\\\" was the most profitable film of the year, earning $56.7 million, while \\\"Oliver!\\\" won the Academy Award for Best Picture. \\\"Hey Jude\\\" by the Beatles was the hottest single of 1968 in the U.S. according to Billboard, demonstrating the continued popularity of bands associated with the British Invasion that began in 1964. 1968 in the United States 1968 in the United States was marked by several major historical events. It is often considered to be one of the most turbulent and traumatic\",\n \"title\": \"1968 in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2784160\",\n \"text\": \"Ray Stark Ray Stark (October 3, 1915 – January 17, 2004) was one of the most successful and prolific independent film producers in postwar Hollywood. Highly tenacious and intelligent, Stark’s background as a literary and theatrical agent groomed him to produce some of the most dynamic and profitable films of the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, such as \\\"The World of Suzie Wong\\\" (1961), \\\"West Side Story\\\" (1961), \\\"The Misfits\\\" (1961), \\\"Lolita\\\" (1962), \\\"The Night of The Iguana\\\" (1964), \\\"Reflections in a Golden Eye\\\" (1967), \\\"Funny Girl\\\" (1968), \\\"The Goodbye Girl\\\" (1977), \\\"The Toy\\\" (1982), \\\"Annie\\\" (1982), and \\\"Steel Magnolias\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Ray Stark\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"900942\",\n \"text\": \"the US during this period and led US media to proclaim the United Kingdom as the center of music and fashion. The Beatles movie \\\"A Hard Day's Night\\\" marked the group's entrance into film. \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", released on August 27, 1964, and starring English actress Julie Andrews as the titular character, became the most Oscar-winning and Oscar-nominated Disney film in history, and \\\"My Fair Lady\\\", released on December 25, 1964, starring British actress Audrey Hepburn as Cockney flower girl Eliza Doolittle, won eight Academy Awards. Besides the Bond series which commenced with Sean Connery as James Bond in 1962, films\",\n \"title\": \"British Invasion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7419356\",\n \"text\": \"38th Academy Awards The 38th Academy Awards, honoring the best in film for 1965, were held on April 18, 1966, at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Santa Monica, California. They were hosted by Bob Hope. The ceremony was broadcast on the ABC network and was the first to be broadcast live in color. The two most nominated films were \\\"The Sound of Music\\\" and \\\"Doctor Zhivago\\\", each with ten nominations and five wins. The winner of Best Picture was 20th Century Fox's and Robert Wise's \\\"The Sound of Music\\\", adapted from the Rodgers and Hammerstein's Broadway musical. Both movies\",\n \"title\": \"38th Academy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11215696\",\n \"text\": \"box office hit in France, Bardot's biggest ever success at the box office and the third most popular film of the year (after \\\"Ben Hur\\\" and \\\"Le Bossu\\\"). The \\\"Los Angeles Times\\\" called the film \\\"an amazing picture, a tour de force from all concerned. It is at once immoral, amoral and strangely moral.\\\" The Truth (1960 film) The Truth () is a 1960 French film directed by Henri-Georges Clouzot and starring Brigitte Bardot. The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Dominique Marceau is a young Frenchwoman on trial for killing her lover, Gilbert.\",\n \"title\": \"The Truth (1960 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6131699\",\n \"text\": \"to win an Academy Award). It set records for the total number of wins and nominations at the time. The film has been criticized as historical revisionism glorifying slavery, and it has been credited with triggering changes in the way in which African Americans are depicted cinematically. \\\"Gone with the Wind\\\" was immensely popular when first released. It became the highest-earning film made up to that point, and held the record for over a quarter of a century. When adjusted for monetary inflation, it is still the most successful film in box-office history. It was re-released periodically throughout the 20th\",\n \"title\": \"Gone with the Wind (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12096226\",\n \"text\": \"to 11 movies made by her late husband's company: \\\"It Conquered the World\\\" (1956) and its 1966 remake \\\"Zontar, The Thing from Venus\\\", \\\"Invasion of the Saucer Men\\\" (1957) and its 1965 remake \\\"The Eye Creatures\\\", \\\"I Was a Teenage Frankenstein\\\" (1957), \\\"I Was a Teenage Werewolf\\\" (1957), \\\"The Amazing Colossal Man\\\" (1957), \\\"Terror from the Year 5000\\\" (1958), \\\"Apache Woman\\\" (1955), \\\"The Oklahoma Woman\\\" (1956) and \\\"Naked Paradise\\\" (1957). Susan Hart Susan Hart (born June 2, 1941) is an American actress, and the widow of American International Pictures (AIP) co-founder James H. Nicholson. She is best known for her\",\n \"title\": \"Susan Hart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"144088\",\n \"text\": \"the blossoming of Direct Cinema, an observational style of film making as well as the advent of more overtly partisan films like \\\"In the Year of the Pig\\\" about the Vietnam War by Emile de Antonio. By the late 1960s however, Hollywood filmmakers were beginning to create more innovative and groundbreaking films that reflected the social revolution taken over much of the western world such as \\\"Bonnie and Clyde\\\" (1967), \\\"The Graduate\\\" (1967), \\\"\\\" (1968), \\\"Rosemary's Baby\\\" (1968), \\\"Midnight Cowboy\\\" (1969), \\\"Easy Rider\\\" (1969) and \\\"The Wild Bunch\\\" (1969). \\\"Bonnie and Clyde\\\" is often considered the beginning of the so-called\",\n \"title\": \"History of film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3877302\",\n \"text\": \"Bond movies, \\\"It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World\\\" (1963), \\\"A Hard Day's Night\\\" starring the Beatles (1964), \\\"The Greatest Story Ever Told\\\" (1965), \\\"A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum\\\" (1966), \\\"Fiddler on the Roof\\\" (1971), and \\\"Man of La Mancha\\\" (1972). The soundtrack album of United Artists's \\\"West Side Story\\\" (1961) was released by Columbia Records, which had also released the Broadway cast album. Also, the American version of the soundtrack album of United Artists's \\\"Help!\\\" (1965), also starring the Beatles, was released on Capitol Records. As Henry Mancini was signed to RCA Victor, that\",\n \"title\": \"United Artists Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9295356\",\n \"text\": \"by wires. Medfield College, which was also the setting for the earlier film \\\"The Absent-Minded Professor\\\", was later used for a trilogy of Disney's \\\"Dexter Riley\\\" films: \\\"The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes\\\" (1969), \\\"Now You See Him, Now You Don't\\\" (1972), and \\\"The Strongest Man in the World\\\" (1975), each starring Kurt Russell and Cesar Romero. \\\"Son of Flubber\\\" was a critical and commercial success. It grossed $22,129,412 at the box office, earning $7.1 million in theatrical rentals, making it the 7th highest-grossing film of 1963. The film currently holds an 86% \\\"Fresh\\\" rating on the review aggregate website Rotten\",\n \"title\": \"Son of Flubber\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"829481\",\n \"text\": \"A 1966 reissue earned $6,000,000, and further re-releases brought the total American theater rentals to $43 million, equivalent to gross ticket sales of $89 million at the box office. Globally, it ultimately collected $90,066,230 in revenues up to 1979. It remains one of the most popular films ever made. Adjusted for inflation, it has earned a box office gross equivalent to $2 billion at 2011 prices, according to \\\"Guinness World Records\\\"; only \\\"Gone with the Wind\\\" (1939), \\\"Avatar\\\" (2009), \\\"Star Wars\\\" (1977), \\\"Titanic\\\" (1997), \\\"The Sound of Music\\\" (1965), and \\\"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\\\" (1982) have generated higher grosses in constant\",\n \"title\": \"The Ten Commandments (1956 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"694731\",\n \"text\": \"left the studio in 1953, leaving Hanna and Barbera to focus on the popular \\\"Tom and Jerry\\\" and \\\"Droopy\\\" series. After 1955, all cartoons were filmed in CinemaScope until MGM closed its cartoon division in 1957. In 1959, MGM enjoyed what is quite probably its greatest financial success of later years, with the release of its nearly four-hour Technicolor epic \\\"Ben–Hur\\\", a remake of its 1925 silent film hit, loosely based on the novel by General Lew Wallace. Starring Charlton Heston in the title role, the film was critically acclaimed, and won 11 Academy Awards, including Best Picture, a record\",\n \"title\": \"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2213879\",\n \"text\": \"DVD edition was also released on the same day. \\\"The Aristocats\\\" was released in December 1970 where it grossed $10.1 million in United States and Canadian rentals by the end of 1971. The film was the most popular \\\"general release\\\" movie at the British box office in 1971. The film was the second most popular film in France in 1971–72 with 6 million admissions and has total admissions of 12,701,541 making it the most popular film released in France in 1971. It is also ranked as the eighteenth highest-grossing of all time. The film is the most popular film released\",\n \"title\": \"The Aristocats\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"829448\",\n \"text\": \"Review Award for Best Actor for his role as Rameses and his other roles in \\\"Anastasia\\\" and \\\"The King and I\\\". It is also one of the most financially successful films ever made, grossing approximately $122.7 million at the box office during its initial release; it was the most successful film of 1956 and the second-highest-grossing film of the decade. According to \\\"Guinness World Records\\\", in terms of theatrical exhibition it is the seventh most successful film of all-time when the box office gross is adjusted for inflation. In 1999, the film was selected for preservation in the United States\",\n \"title\": \"The Ten Commandments (1956 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16869144\",\n \"text\": \"as he receives a golden ticket and visits Willy Wonka's chocolate factory with four other children from around the world. Filming took place in Munich in 1970, and the film was released on June 30, 1971. It received positive reviews, but it was a box office disappointment despite the fact that it recouped its budget. However, it developed into a cult film due to its repeated television airings and home video sales. In 1972, the film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score. \\\"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory\\\" is a 2005 film adaptation of the 1964 book of\",\n \"title\": \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (franchise)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4128592\",\n \"text\": \"popular musicals of the 1950s include \\\"Love Me Tender\\\" which starred Elvis Presley, \\\"High Society\\\", \\\"An American in Paris\\\", \\\"Singin' in the Rain\\\", \\\"Guys and Dolls\\\", \\\"The Band Wagon\\\", \\\"Show Boat\\\", \\\"Seven Brides for Seven Brothers\\\", \\\"Gigi\\\", \\\"Daddy Long Legs\\\", \\\"Funny Face\\\", \\\"Calamity Jane\\\", \\\"Porgy and Bess\\\", \\\"Carmen Jones\\\", and many others. The Walt Disney Studios enjoyed a decade of prosperity with animated feature-length films \\\"Cinderella\\\", \\\"Alice in Wonderland\\\", \\\"Peter Pan\\\", \\\"Lady and the Tramp\\\" (Disney's first wide-screen animated film), and \\\"Sleeping Beauty\\\". The studio began producing live-action period and historical films such as \\\"The Sword and the Rose\\\", \\\"Davy\",\n \"title\": \"United States in the 1950s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1591173\",\n \"text\": \"African American filmmakers also found success in the 1970s with such hits as \\\"Shaft\\\" and \\\"Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song\\\". Like other sequels in the 1970s, \\\"Shaft\\\" went on to have two more adventures, each less successful than the last. An adaptation of a Mario Puzo novel, \\\"The Godfather\\\", was a box-office and critical success in 1972. The three-hour epic followed a Mafia boss, played by Marlon Brando, through his life of crime. Beyond the violence and drama were themes of love, pride, and greed. \\\"The Godfather\\\" went on to earn $134 million at American box office, and $245 million throughout\",\n \"title\": \"1970s in film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10238888\",\n \"text\": \"song \\\"Baharon Phool Barsao\\\" topped the Binaca Geetmala annual list of 1966 charts. Similarly, the song \\\"Titli Udi Ud Jo Chali\\\" was listed at No. 21. At the end of its theatrical run, the film grossed around 50,000,000 with a net of 25,000,000, thus becoming the second highest grossing film of 1966 with a verdict of super-hit at Box Office India. According to IBOS.com, the film had grossed at about 40.0 million and, adjusted to inflation, the gross is 5042.9 million. The film was also one of the last box office hits of Rajendra Kumar, who was regarded as Bollywood's\",\n \"title\": \"Suraj (1966 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"469341\",\n \"text\": \"dominated much of the first half of the 20th century. Country music gained popularity on the West Coast, due in large part to the Bakersfield sound, led by Buck Owens and Merle Haggard. Female country artists were also becoming more mainstream (in a genre dominated by men in prior decades), with such acts as Patsy Cline, Loretta Lynn, and Tammy Wynette. Significant events in music in the 1960s: The highest-grossing film of the decade was 20th Century Fox's \\\"The Sound of Music\\\" (1965). Some of Hollywood's most notable blockbuster films of the 1960s include: The counterculture movement had a significant\",\n \"title\": \"1960s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7340583\",\n \"text\": \"Cinemation Industries Cinemation Industries was a New York City-based film studio and distributor owned and run by exploitation producer Jerry Gross. Among other films, the company has distributed exploitation films such as \\\"Shanty Tramp\\\" (1967), \\\"Teenage Mother\\\" (1967), \\\"The Cheerleaders\\\" (1973), \\\"The Black Six\\\" (1974), and \\\"The Black Godfather\\\" (1974). The company, however, also distributed unexpected smash hit independent films like Melvin Van Peebles' \\\"Sweet Sweetback's Baad Asssss Song\\\" (1971) and Ralph Bakshi's \\\"Fritz the Cat\\\" (1972). Other films released by the distributor include Peter Fonda's \\\"Idaho Transfer\\\" (1973), Freddie Francis' \\\"Son of Dracula\\\" (1974), Alain Resnais' \\\"Stavisky\\\" (1975), and\",\n \"title\": \"Cinemation Industries\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4067189\",\n \"text\": \"Stevens' Beverly Hills home. In 2005, Stevens received the Reel Cowboys Silver Spur Award for her contributions to the Western genre. Stella Stevens Stella Stevens (born Estelle Eggleston; October 1, 1938) is an American film, television, and stage actress. She began her acting career in 1959 and starred in such popular films as \\\"Girls! Girls! Girls!\\\" (1962), \\\"The Nutty Professor\\\" (1963), \\\"The Courtship of Eddie's Father\\\" (1963), \\\"The Silencers\\\" (1966), \\\"Where Angels Go, Trouble Follows\\\" (1968), \\\"The Ballad of Cable Hogue\\\" (1970) and \\\"The Poseidon Adventure\\\" (1972). Stevens also appeared in numerous television series, miniseries, and movies, including \\\"Alfred Hitchcock\",\n \"title\": \"Stella Stevens\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1153627\",\n \"text\": \"MGM Soundstage on May 9. During post-production, the songs were dubbed into the films scenes, in which Presley mimed the lyrics. \\\"Jailhouse Rock\\\" premiered on October 17, 1957 in Memphis, Tennessee and was released nationwide on November 8, 1957. It peaked at number 3 on the \\\"Variety\\\" box office chart, and reached number 14 in the year's box office totals, grossing $4 million. \\\"Jailhouse Rock\\\" earned mixed reviews, with most of the negative reception directed towards Presley's persona. In 2004, the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. Construction worker Vince Everett (Elvis) accidentally kills a drunken\",\n \"title\": \"Jailhouse Rock (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"525075\",\n \"text\": \"initial theatrical run. When box office prices are adjusted for inflation, it remains one of the top 100 grossing films in U.S. history. Among films released before 1950, only \\\"Gone With the Wind\\\", \\\"The Bells of St. Mary's\\\", \\\"The Big Parade\\\" and four Disney titles have done more total business, in part due to later re-releases. (Reliable box office figures for certain early films such as \\\"The Birth of a Nation\\\" and Charlie Chaplin's comedies are unavailable.) However, because of the distribution arrangement RKO had with Goldwyn, RKO recorded a loss of $660,000 on the film. 1947 Academy Awards \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"The Best Years of Our Lives\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2411887\",\n \"text\": \"Chinese Theater. The Sherman Brothers' numerous other Disney and non-Disney top box office film credits include \\\"The Jungle Book\\\" (1967), \\\"The Aristocats\\\" (1970), \\\"The Parent Trap\\\" (1961), \\\"The Parent Trap\\\" (1998), \\\"Charlotte's Web\\\" (1973), \\\"Huckleberry Finn\\\" (1974), \\\"The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh\\\" (1977), \\\"Snoopy, Come Home\\\" (1972), \\\"Bedknobs and Broomsticks\\\" (1971), and \\\"\\\" (1989). Outside the motion-picture realm, their Tony Award-nominated smash hit \\\"Over Here!\\\" (1974) was the biggest-grossing original Broadway musical of that year. The Sherman Brothers have also written numerous top-selling songs including \\\"You're Sixteen,\\\" which reached \\\"Billboard\\\"'s Hot 100 top 10 twice: first with Johnny\",\n \"title\": \"Sherman Brothers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"252428\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Mary Poppins\\\" and \\\"The Jungle Book\\\", two of Disney's biggest hits of all time. The phenomenal box-office performance of \\\"The Sound of Music\\\" gave the major Hollywood studios more confidence to produce lengthy, large-budget musicals. Despite the resounding success of some of these films, Hollywood also produced a large number of musical flops in the late 1960s and early 1970s which appeared to seriously misjudge public taste. The commercially and/or critically unsuccessful films included \\\"Camelot\\\", \\\"Finian's Rainbow\\\", \\\"Hello Dolly!\\\", \\\"Sweet Charity\\\", \\\"Doctor Dolittle\\\", \\\"Star!\\\", \\\"Darling Lili\\\", \\\"Goodbye, Mr. Chips\\\", \\\"Paint Your Wagon\\\", \\\"Song of Norway\\\", \\\"On a Clear Day You\",\n \"title\": \"Musical film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4569829\",\n \"text\": \"theatrically released in the United States on December 22, 1995 and then international theatres on January 13, 1996 when it first premiered in Brazil. Its release was vastly overshadowed by the performance of Disney•Pixar's \\\"Toy Story,\\\" which premiered a month earlier. The film ranked 15th on its opening weekend and earned $1.5 million from a total of 1,427 theaters. The film also ranked 7th among G-rated movies in 1995. Total domestic gross reach up to $11,348,324. While the film was not as successful at the box office, it was far more successful in terms of video sales. These strong video\",\n \"title\": \"Balto (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"561956\",\n \"text\": \"made on a budget of just over $1 million, was a sleeper hit; it earned $225 million in global box office receipts, becoming the highest-grossing film of 1976, and went on to win three Oscars, including Best Picture. The film received many positive reviews and turned Stallone into a major movie star. In 2006, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \\\"culturally, historically or aesthetically significant\\\". \\\"Rocky\\\" is considered to be one of the greatest sports films ever made and was ranked as the second-best in the\",\n \"title\": \"Rocky\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7472666\",\n \"text\": \"of the most expensive comedies ever produced. Concerns that the film would fail limited its initial bookings to less than half those a film of its magnitude normally received. Released in the United States on June 20, 1980, it received mostly positive reviews. It earned just under $5 million in its opening weekend and went on to gross over $115 million in theaters worldwide before its release on home video. It has become a cult classic, spawning the sequel, \\\"Blues Brothers 2000\\\", 18 years later, which was a critical and commercial failure. Jake Blues is released from Joliet Correctional Center\",\n \"title\": \"The Blues Brothers (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4361536\",\n \"text\": \"the box office), generating approximately $74.7 million in box office sales. Outside of North America, it earned $32.5 million in rentals (about $72.2 million at the box office) for a worldwide total of $66.1 million in rental earnings, roughly equivalent to $146.9 million in box office receipts. It was the fastest-grossing film as well as the highest-grossing film of 1959, in the process becoming the second-highest-grossing film of all-time (at that time) behind \\\"Gone with the Wind\\\". \\\"Ben-Hur\\\" saved MGM from financial disaster, making a profit of $20,409,000 on its initial release, and another $10.1 million in profits when re-released\",\n \"title\": \"Ben-Hur (1959 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"733312\",\n \"text\": \"Story\\\". She rose to prominence in 1960s with such films as \\\"Period of Adjustment\\\" (1962), \\\"Sunday in New York\\\" (1963), \\\"Cat Ballou\\\" (1965), \\\"Barefoot in the Park\\\" (1967) and \\\"Barbarella\\\" (1968). Her first husband was \\\"Barbarella\\\" director Roger Vadim. A seven-time Academy Award nominee, she received her first nomination for \\\"They Shoot Horses, Don't They?\\\" (1969) and went on to win two Best Actress Oscars in the 1970s for \\\"Klute\\\" (1971) and \\\"Coming Home\\\" (1978). Her other nominations were for \\\"Julia\\\" (1977), \\\"The China Syndrome\\\" (1979), \\\"On Golden Pond\\\" (1981) and \\\"The Morning After\\\" (1986). Consecutive hits \\\"Fun with Dick\",\n \"title\": \"Jane Fonda\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14221342\",\n \"text\": \"the time, but took an instant liking to Clint and accepted. Pat Hingle, Dennis Hopper, Ed Begley, Bruce Dern and James MacArthur were also cast. Filming began in June 1967, in the Las Cruces area of New Mexico. Additional scenes were shot at White Sands. Interiors were shot in MGM studios. Eastwood had considerable leeway in the production, especially in the script, which was altered in parts, such as the dialogue and setting of the barroom scene, to his liking. The film became a major success after release in July 1968 and with an opening day revenue of $5,241 in\",\n \"title\": \"Clint Eastwood in the 1960s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1399223\",\n \"text\": \"million. Both franchises fell out rather quickly, when \\\"Child's Play 3\\\" (1991) selling only 3.5 million tickets in North America and \\\"\\\" (1995) selling only 3.2 million. Internationally, the slasher film remained profitable. Mexico released \\\"Zombie Apocalypse\\\" (1985), \\\"Don't Panic\\\" (1988), \\\"Grave Robbers\\\" (1990) and \\\"Hell's Trap\\\" (1990). Europe saw releases from Sweden's \\\"Blood Tracks\\\" (1985), The United Kingdom's \\\"Lucifer\\\" (1987), Spain's \\\"Anguish\\\" (1987) and Italy's \\\"StageFright\\\" (1987) and \\\"BodyCount\\\" (1987). In the Pacific, Australia released \\\"Symphony of Evil\\\" (1987), \\\"Houseboat Horror\\\" (1989), and \\\"Bloodmoon\\\" (1990), while Japan released \\\"Evil Dead Trap\\\" (1988). By 1989 the major franchises had faded\",\n \"title\": \"Slasher film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16651894\",\n \"text\": \"Fritz Lang's final two American films, \\\"While the City Sleeps\\\" and \\\"Beyond a Reasonable Doubt\\\" (both 1956), but years of mismanagement had driven away many directors, producers, and stars. The studio was also saddled with the last of the inflated B movies such as \\\"Pearl of the South Pacific\\\" (1955) and \\\"The Conqueror\\\" (1956) that enchanted Hughes. The latter, starring John Wayne, was the biggest hit produced at the studio during the decade, but its $4.5 million in North American rentals did not come close to covering its $6 million cost. After a year and a half without a notable\",\n \"title\": \"RKO Pictures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1591180\",\n \"text\": \"gore films \\\"Last House on the Left\\\" and \\\"The Hills Have Eyes\\\", as well as Tobe Hooper's \\\"The Texas Chain Saw Massacre\\\". The blockbuster was born in 1975. While the 1973 horror classic \\\"The Exorcist\\\" was among the top five grossing films of the 1970s, the first film given the blockbuster distinction was 1975's \\\"Jaws\\\". Released on June 20, the film about a series of horrific deaths related to a massive great white shark was director Steven Spielberg's first big-budget Hollywood production, coming in at $9 million in cost. The film slowly grew in ticket sales and became one of\",\n \"title\": \"1970s in film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5810909\",\n \"text\": \"of Christmas Day in 1971, with profits from the premiere donated to The Boys Club of New York. Before the film premiered, the film had already made $15 million from rentals from over 400 theaters. The following day, the film opened in New York at five theaters. Next was Los Angeles at two theaters on March 22. \\\"The Godfather\\\" was commercially released on March 24, 1972, throughout the rest of the United States. The film reached 316 theaters around the country five days later. \\\"The Godfather\\\" was a blockbuster, breaking many box office records to become the highest grossing film\",\n \"title\": \"The Godfather\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14475973\",\n \"text\": \"in the 1930s with profits of $1.3 million. They were voted fourth on the Top Ten Money Making Stars Poll published by Quigley Publishing Company. By 1936, Astaire and Rogers were top box office names. That year they made another two movies together: \\\"Follow the Fleet\\\" and \\\"Swing Time\\\", which were both hits, earning worldwide rentals of $2.7 million and $2.6 million respectively. \\\"Follow the Fleet\\\" boasted another Irving Berlin score, which featured the well known vignette \\\"Let's Face the Music and Dance\\\". \\\"Swing Time\\\" spawned the Oscar-winning song \\\"The Way You Look Tonight\\\", written by Jerome Kern with lyrics\",\n \"title\": \"Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4955463\",\n \"text\": \"Frankie and Johnny (1966 film) Frankie and Johnny is a 1966 American musical film starring Elvis Presley as a riverboat gambler. The role of \\\"Frankie\\\" was played by Donna Douglas from \\\"The Beverly Hillbillies\\\" TV series. The film reached #40 on the \\\"Variety\\\" weekly national box office list for 1966. The budget of the film was estimated at $4.5 million. The director was Frederick De Cordova, who was the director and producer of \\\"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson\\\" beginning in 1970. Johnny and girlfriend Frankie are performers on a Mississippi River riverboat, which also has a casino. Johnny is\",\n \"title\": \"Frankie and Johnny (1966 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5747499\",\n \"text\": \"to MGM records the film earned $2,325,000 in the US and Canada and $2,500,000 overseas, resulting in an overall loss of $3,618,000. In 1961 the film was nominated for Best Art Direction (George W. Davis, Addison Hehr, Henry Grace, Hugh Hunt, and Otto Siegel) and Best Sound (Franklin Milton), but failed to win either. While the 1931 adaptation is arguably the better and more successful of the two, the 1960 remake receives more attention and is still broadcast on television. Cimarron (1960 film) Cimarron is a 1960 Metrocolor western film filmed in CinemaScope, based on the Edna Ferber novel \\\"Cimarron\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Cimarron (1960 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"964659\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid\\\" has gone down as among the defining moments in late-'60s American cinema. Newman and Redford's chemistry was praised as was the film's charm and humor. The film earned $15 million in rentals in North America during its first year of release. With US box office of over US$100 million, it was the top-grossing film of the year. Adjusted for inflation, \\\"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid\\\" ranks as the 34th top-grossing film of all time and the top 10 for its decade, due in part to subsequent re-releases. It was the eighth most popular\",\n \"title\": \"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6131762\",\n \"text\": \"most successful re-release in the history of the industry. It generated a box-office gross of $68 million, making it MGM's most lucrative picture after \\\"Doctor Zhivago\\\" from the latter half of the decade. MGM earned a rental of $41 million from the release, with the U.S. and Canadian share amounting to over $30 million, placing it second only to \\\"The Graduate\\\" for that year. Including its $6.7 million rental from the 1961 reissue, it was the fourth highest-earner of the decade in the North American market, with only \\\"The Sound of Music\\\", \\\"The Graduate\\\" and \\\"Doctor Zhivago\\\" making more for\",\n \"title\": \"Gone with the Wind (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"788469\",\n \"text\": \"Review Best Supporting Actress Winner), and \\\"Tammy and the Bachelor\\\" (1957), in which her performance of the song \\\"Tammy\\\" reached number one on the \\\"Billboard\\\" music charts. In 1959, she released her first pop music album, titled \\\"Debbie\\\". She starred in \\\"How the West Was Won\\\" (1962), and \\\"The Unsinkable Molly Brown\\\" (1964), a biographical film about the famously boisterous Molly Brown. Her performance as Brown earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress. Her other films include \\\"The Singing Nun\\\" (1966), \\\"Divorce American Style\\\" (1967), \\\"What's the Matter with Helen?\\\" (1971), \\\"Charlotte's Web\\\" (1973), \\\"Mother\\\" (1996)\",\n \"title\": \"Debbie Reynolds\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"721489\",\n \"text\": \"novel was No. 1 in the \\\"New York Times\\\" for 30 weeks, and became the top-selling novel of the year. The film adaptation, released in 1970, was the second-highest-grossing film of the year (second only to \\\"Love Story\\\") and received ten Academy Award nominations, including best picture. The success of the film, together with that of 1972's \\\"The Poseidon Adventure\\\", led to the proliferation of \\\"disaster films\\\" during the 1970s, which included three additional films in what became the \\\"Airport\\\" franchise. After the financial success of \\\"Airport\\\", on the advice of his tax attorney, Hailey moved as a tax exile\",\n \"title\": \"Arthur Hailey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4310765\",\n \"text\": \"1951, met with a lukewarm response at the box office and was a sharp critical disappointment in its initial release. \\\"Peter Pan\\\", released in 1953, was, on the other hand, a commercial success and the highest-grossing film of the year. In 1955, \\\"Lady and the Tramp\\\" was released to higher box office success than any other Disney feature from the studio since \\\"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\\\", earning an estimated $7.5 million in rentals at the North American box office in 1955. \\\"Lady\\\" is significant as Disney's first widescreen animated feature, produced in the CinemaScope process, and was the\",\n \"title\": \"Walt Disney Animation Studios\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"768771\",\n \"text\": \"film was \\\"The Graduate\\\" (1967), starring Dustin Hoffman, Anne Bancroft and Katharine Ross. It became the highest-grossing film of 1967 and one of the biggest grossing films in history up to that date. It was nominated for seven Academy Awards, including Best Picture, with Nichols winning as Best Director. In 2007, it was ranked #17 in \\\"AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition)\\\". However, getting the film made was difficult for Nichols, who, while noted for being a successful Broadway director, was still an unknown in Hollywood. Producer Lawrence Turman, who wanted only Nichols to direct it, was continually\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Nichols\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9142074\",\n \"text\": \"and John Wayne \\\"High Noon\\\" – Dimitri Tiomkin \\\"5 Fingers\\\" – Michael Wilson Millard Mitchell – \\\"My Six Convicts\\\" Katy Jurado – \\\"High Noon\\\" Walt Disney \\\"My Cousin Rachel\\\" – Richard Burton \\\"Moulin Rouge\\\" – Colette Marchand \\\"The Member of the Wedding\\\" – Brandon deWilde 10th Golden Globe Awards The 10th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film for 1952 films, were held on February 26, 1953, at the Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles) in Los Angeles. Gary Cooper – \\\"High Noon\\\" Donald O'Connor – \\\"Singin' in the Rain\\\" Shirley Booth – \\\"Come Back, Little Sheba\\\" Susan Hayward – \\\"With\",\n \"title\": \"10th Golden Globe Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"768756\",\n \"text\": \"film was \\\"The Graduate\\\" in 1967, starring then unknown actor Dustin Hoffman, alongside Anne Bancroft and Katharine Ross. The film was another critical and financial success, becoming the highest-grossing film of 1967 and receiving seven Academy Award nominations, winning Nichols the Academy Award for Best Director. Among the other films he directed were \\\"Catch-22\\\" (1970), \\\"Carnal Knowledge\\\" (1971), \\\"Silkwood\\\" (1983), \\\"Working Girl\\\" (1988), \\\"Wolf\\\" (1994), \\\"The Birdcage\\\" (1996), \\\"Closer\\\" (2004), and \\\"Charlie Wilson's War\\\" (2007). Along with an Academy Award, Nichols won a Grammy Award (the first for a comedian born outside the United States), four Emmy Awards and nine\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Nichols\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7733793\",\n \"text\": \"Male\\\" (1967) and \\\"Some Girls Do\\\" (1969). In between he directed Rod Taylor in a poorly-received thriller, \\\"Nobody Runs Forever\\\" (also known as \\\"The High Commissioner\\\", 1968). Thomas shot the last \\\"doctor\\\" film, \\\"Doctor in Trouble\\\" in 1970. It made money but Thomas and Box were getting sick of the series and sold the franchise to television. They had a big hit \\\"Percy\\\" (1971) which led to a sequel, \\\"Percy's Progress\\\" (1974). However, other films Thomas made around this time – \\\"Quest for Love\\\" (1971), an unusual sci-fi love story starring Joan Collins, and \\\"The Love Ban\\\" (1973) – were\",\n \"title\": \"Ralph Thomas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4844949\",\n \"text\": \"a Way to Go!\\\" premiered on May 12, 1964, and grossed $11,180,531 at the U.S. box office, earning $6.10 million in the U.S. It was the 11th highest-grossing film of 1964. \\\"What a Way to Go!\\\" was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Art Direction (Jack Martin Smith, Ted Haworth, Walter M. Scott, Stuart A. Reiss) and Best Costumes by Edith Head and Moss Mabry, a BAFTA Best Foreign Actress Award for Shirley MacLaine, a Laurel award for Best Comedy and Best Comedy performer for Paul Newman, and an American Cinema Editors Eddie award for best editor for Marjorie Fowler.\",\n \"title\": \"What a Way to Go! (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1490225\",\n \"text\": \"1963, UA released two Stanley Kramer films, \\\"It's A Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World\\\" and \\\"A Child Is Waiting\\\". In 1964, UA introduced U.S. film audiences to the Beatles by releasing \\\"A Hard Day's Night\\\" (1964) and \\\"Help!\\\" (1965). At the same time, it backed two expatriate North Americans in Britain, who had acquired screen rights to Ian Fleming's James Bond novels. For $1 million, UA backed Harry Saltzman and Albert Broccoli's \\\"Dr. No\\\" in 1963 and launched the James Bond franchise. The franchise outlived UA's time as a major studio, continuing half a century later. Other successful projects backed\",\n \"title\": \"United Artists\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"143705\",\n \"text\": \"Run\\\", between 1958 and 1979. Truffaut's 1973 film \\\"Day for Night\\\" earned him critical acclaim and several accolades, including the BAFTA Award for Best Film and the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. His other notable films include \\\"Shoot the Piano Player\\\" (1960), \\\"Jules et Jim\\\" (1961), \\\"The Wild Child\\\" (1970), \\\"Two English Girls\\\" (1971), and \\\"The Woman Next Door\\\" (1981). He passed away at the age of 52. Truffaut was born in Paris on 6 February 1932. His mother was Janine de Montferrand. His mother's future husband, Roland Truffaut, accepted him as an adopted son and gave him\",\n \"title\": \"François Truffaut\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4128593\",\n \"text\": \"Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier\\\", \\\"Johnny Tremain\\\", \\\"Old Yeller\\\", \\\"Light in the Forest\\\", \\\"Tonka\\\", and \\\"Darby O'Gill and the Little People\\\". The studio produced its first live-action contemporary comedy \\\"The Shaggy Dog\\\" in 1959 with Disney teen stars Annette Funicello and Tommy Kirk. Established stars appeared in films that have come to be regarded as classics such as \\\"Sunset Boulevard\\\" (Gloria Swanson), and (William Holden), \\\"All About Eve\\\" (Bette Davis), \\\"Vertigo\\\" (James Stewart) and (Kim Novak), \\\"Some Like It Hot\\\" (Marilyn Monroe, Tony Curtis, and Jack Lemmon), \\\"High Noon\\\" (Gary Cooper and Grace Kelly), \\\"The Searchers\\\" (John Wayne), \\\"North\",\n \"title\": \"United States in the 1950s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2308894\",\n \"text\": \"was \\\"Oh! Those Most Secret Agents!\\\" in 1965. Only four of his other 1960s films were released in the U.S.: \\\"Massacre Time\\\" (as \\\"The Brute and the Beast\\\" in 1968), \\\"The Man Who Killed Billy the Kid\\\" (as \\\"I'll Kill Him and Return Alone\\\" in 1968), \\\"Una sull'altra\\\" (as \\\"One on Top of the Other\\\" in 1973) and \\\"Beatrice Cenci\\\" (as \\\"Conspiracy of Torture\\\", in 1976). In 1969, he moved into directing giallo thrillers such as \\\"A Lizard in a Woman's Skin\\\" and \\\"Sette note in nero\\\" (\\\"The Psychic\\\"), and Spaghetti Westerns such as \\\"Silver Saddle\\\" and \\\"Four of the\",\n \"title\": \"Lucio Fulci\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7108104\",\n \"text\": \"with $39.3 million in the domestic box office receipts. The film was followed by \\\"Hannah and Her Sisters\\\" ($35.4 million), \\\"Children of a Lesser God\\\" ($22.1 million), \\\"A Room with a View\\\" ($11.5 million), and \\\"The Mission\\\" ($11.1 million). Of the 50 grossing movies of the year, 55 nominations went to 18 films on the list. Only \\\"Crocodile Dundee\\\" (2nd), \\\"Aliens\\\" (6th), \\\"The Color of Money\\\" (11th), \\\"Stand By Me\\\" (12th), \\\"Peggy Sue Got Married\\\" (18th), \\\"Platoon\\\" (23rd), \\\"Hannah and Her Sisters\\\" (29th), \\\"The Morning After\\\" (38th), \\\"The Color of Money\\\" (40th), and \\\"Crimes of the Heart\\\" (43rd) were nominated\",\n \"title\": \"59th Academy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4245328\",\n \"text\": \"movies that appeared as the '60s ended, along with \\\"Yellow Submarine\\\", \\\"The Trip\\\", \\\"Psych-Out\\\", and \\\"Head\\\". The film opened to mixed box office, but later became a cult classic from the psychedelic years of film. It was the 18th highest grossing film of 1968. According to \\\"Variety\\\" the film earned North American rentals of $7.3 million, but because of costs (including over $1 million paid out in participation fees), recorded an overall loss of $25,000. It was the 12th most popular movie at the UK box office in 1969. Reviews were generally positive with a few misgivings. In a review\",\n \"title\": \"Candy (1968 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4524109\",\n \"text\": \"which were at #1, and became the biggest-selling novel of 1968. George Seaton wrote and directed the film adaptation, which was released by Universal in 1970. Starring Burt Lancaster, Dean Martin, Jean Seberg, Jacqueline Bisset, and George Kennedy, the film was nominated for ten Academy Awards, including Best Picture. It earned $100.5 million at the domestic box office (the equivalent of $571.9 in 2017). Its success, combined with that of 1972's \\\"The Poseidon Adventure\\\", led to the proliferation of \\\"disaster movies\\\" of the 1970s. \\\"Airport\\\" itself spawned three sequels, each progressively less successful: \\\"Airport 1975\\\" (1974; $47.3 million domestic), \\\"Airport\",\n \"title\": \"Airport (novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3009640\",\n \"text\": \"off the three thugs while the two begin to fall in love. The film was released in December 1963, only two weeks after the assassination of US President John F. Kennedy, and the word \\\"assassinate\\\" had to be redubbed twice. It was Donen's most financially successful film and influenced a number of romantic comedy-thrillers released in the years following it. Film critic Judith Crist called it a \\\"stylish and amusing melodrama\\\", and Pauline Kael said it had \\\"a freshness and spirit that makes [it] unlike the films of any other country\\\" and was \\\"probably the best American film of [1963]\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Stanley Donen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3553800\",\n \"text\": \"the film is widely credited as one of the first major movies to employ a female trailer voice. In its opening weekend, \\\"Gone in 60 Seconds\\\" grossed $25,336,048 from 3,006 US theaters, leading all films that weekend. By the end of the film's theatrical run, it had grossed $101,648,571 domestically and $135,553,728 internationally, comprising a total gross revenue for the film of $237,202,299 worldwide. A soundtrack containing a blend of rock, electronic, and hip hop music was released on June 6, 2000 by the Island Def Jam Music Group. It peaked at #69 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" 200. The film garnered\",\n \"title\": \"Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7498525\",\n \"text\": \"Brittany Snow and Drake Bell. West Side Story (film) West Side Story is a 1961 American romantic musical tragedy film directed by Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins. The film is an adaptation of the 1957 Broadway musical of the same name, which in turn was inspired by William Shakespeare's play \\\"Romeo and Juliet\\\". It stars Natalie Wood, Richard Beymer, Russ Tamblyn, Rita Moreno, and George Chakiris, and was photographed by Daniel L. Fapp, A.S.C., in Super Panavision 70. Released on October 18, 1961, through United Artists, the film received high praise from critics and viewers, and became the second highest\",\n \"title\": \"West Side Story (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1582773\",\n \"text\": \"nominations for Best Actress, as well as a Golden Globe award for Most Promising Newcomer that year. Her other early film roles included George Stevens' \\\"Giant\\\" (1956), playing the love interest of James Dean, and in the romantic comedy \\\"But Not for Me\\\" (1959). In 1961, Baker appeared in the controversial independent film \\\"Something Wild\\\", directed by her then-husband Jack Garfein, playing a traumatized rape victim. She went on to star in several critically acclaimed Westerns throughout the 1960s, such as \\\"The Big Country\\\" (1958), \\\"How the West Was Won\\\" (1962), and \\\"Cheyenne Autumn\\\" (1964). In the mid-1960s, as a\",\n \"title\": \"Carroll Baker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3747115\",\n \"text\": \"a 57% \\\"rotten\\\" rating at website Rotten Tomatoes based on 21 reviews. The film opened on April 10, 1987, and debuted at number one at the box office, taking $7.8 million in its opening weekend. It stayed at No. 1 for 5 weeks, and was in the top ten films for 2 months. It grossed $66,995,000 in the US, becoming the 7th highest-grossing film in the United States for the year 1987, and outgrossing such films as \\\"RoboCop\\\", \\\"Predator\\\", \\\"Lethal Weapon\\\" and \\\"Dirty Dancing\\\". The film went on to gross an additional $44,001,000 worldwide, giving it a total of $110,996,879.\",\n \"title\": \"The Secret of My Success (1987 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"767333\",\n \"text\": \"realized that goal by leasing RKO Culver City Studios & back lot, formed Selznick International Pictures, and distributed his films through United Artists. His successes continued with classics such as \\\"The Garden of Allah\\\" (1936), \\\"The Prisoner of Zenda\\\" (1937), \\\"A Star Is Born\\\" (1937), \\\"Nothing Sacred\\\" (1937), \\\"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\\\" (1938), \\\"The Young in Heart\\\" (1938), \\\"Made for Each Other\\\" (1939), \\\"Intermezzo\\\" (1939) and \\\"Gone with the Wind\\\" (1939), which remains the highest-grossing film of all time (adjusted for inflation). \\\"Gone with the Wind\\\" won eight Oscars and two special awards. Selznick also won the Irving G.\",\n \"title\": \"David O. Selznick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4553649\",\n \"text\": \"Vista\\\" came from the street in Burbank, California, where the Disney Studios was located (and remains to this day). Buena Vista's first release was the Academy Award–winning live-action feature \\\"The Living Desert\\\" on November 10, 1953, along with \\\"Toot, Whistle, Plunk and Boom\\\", Buena Vista's first animated release. Notable subsequent releases include the foreign film, \\\"Princess Yang Kwei-Fei\\\" (\\\"Most Noble Lady\\\"), released in US theaters in September 1956, \\\"The Missouri Traveler\\\" in March 1958, and \\\"The Big Fisherman\\\" in July 1959 (the first third-party production financed by Disney). By July 5, 1957, RKO Japan, Ltd. was sold to Disney Productions\",\n \"title\": \"Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12366726\",\n \"text\": \"1963. The UK premiere was on December 2, 1963 at the Coliseum Cinerama Theatre in London's West End. Distinguished by the largest number of stars to appear in a film comedy, \\\"Mad World\\\" opened to acclaim from many critics and tremendous box office receipts, becoming the 3rd highest-grossing film of 1963, quickly establishing itself as one of the top 100 highest-grossing films of all time when adjusted for inflation, earning an estimated theatrical rental figure of $26 million. It grossed $46,332,858 domestically and $60,000,000 worldwide, on a budget of $9.4 million. However, because costs were so high it only earned\",\n \"title\": \"It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5698801\",\n \"text\": \"of the 1970s television series \\\"The Brady Bunch\\\". \\\"The Brady Bunch Movie\\\" was a box office hit with domestic ticket sales of $46,576,136, nearly quadrupling its $12,000,000 budget and making it at the time one of the highest-grossing films directed by a woman. She followed \\\"The Brady Bunch Movie\\\" with other successes, including \\\"Private Parts\\\" (1997), \\\"Dr. Dolittle\\\" (1998), \\\"28 Days\\\" (2000), and \\\"John Tucker Must Die\\\" (2006). 2009's \\\"\\\" became the first female-directed picture to gross more than $200 million and made her the most successful woman director to that time at the box office. In 2012, Thomas directed\",\n \"title\": \"Betty Thomas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1343732\",\n \"text\": \"Gershom Mendes Seixas in \\\"The Rebel\\\", and as the Rev. Alfred W. Price in \\\"God's Healing\\\". In the 1960s, Price achieved a number of low-budget filmmaking successes with Roger Corman and American International Pictures (AIP) starting with the \\\"House of Usher\\\" (1960), which earned over $2 million at the box office in the United States and led to the subsequent Edgar Allan Poe adaptations of \\\"The Pit and the Pendulum\\\" (1961), \\\"Tales of Terror\\\" (1962), \\\"The Comedy of Terrors\\\" (1963), \\\"The Raven\\\" (1963), \\\"The Masque of the Red Death\\\" (1964), and \\\"The Tomb of Ligeia\\\" (1964). He starred in \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"Vincent Price\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"469344\",\n \"text\": \"Satyricon\\\"; \\\"Accattone\\\"; \\\"The Gospel According to St. Matthew\\\"; \\\"Theorem\\\"; \\\"Winter Light\\\"; \\\"The Silence\\\"; \\\"Persona\\\"; \\\"Shame\\\"; \\\"A Passion\\\"; \\\"Au Hasard Balthazar\\\"; \\\"Mouchette\\\"; \\\"Last Year at Marienbad\\\"; \\\"Chronique d'un été\\\"; \\\"Titicut Follies\\\"; \\\"High School\\\"; \\\"Salesman\\\"; \\\"La jetée\\\"; \\\"Warrendale;\\\" \\\"Knife in the Water\\\"; \\\"Repulsion\\\"; \\\"The Saragossa Manuscript\\\"; \\\"El Topo\\\"; \\\"A Hard Day's Night\\\"; and the cinema verite \\\"Dont Look Back\\\". In Japan, a film version of the story of the forty-seven ronin entitled \\\"\\\" directed by Hiroshi Inagaki was released in 1962, the legendary story was also remade as a television series in Japan. Academy Award-winning Japanese director Akira Kurosawa produced \\\"Yojimbo\\\" (1961),\",\n \"title\": \"1960s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8391391\",\n \"text\": \"33rd Academy Awards The 33rd Academy Awards, honoring the best in film for 1960, were held on April 17, 1961, at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Santa Monica, California. They were hosted by Bob Hope. This was the first ceremony to be aired on ABC television, which has aired the Academy Awards ever since (save for the period between 1971 and 1975, when they were aired on NBC for the first time since the previous year.) \\\"The Apartment\\\" was the last black-and-white film to win Best Picture until \\\"Schindler's List\\\" (1993). Gary Cooper was selected by the Academy Board\",\n \"title\": \"33rd Academy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"694734\",\n \"text\": \"policy began in 1959, when \\\"Ben–Hur\\\" was profitable enough to carry the studio through 1960. However, four succeeding big-budget epics — like \\\"Ben–Hur\\\", each a remake — failed: \\\"Cimarron\\\" (1960), \\\"King of Kings\\\" (1961), \\\"Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse\\\" (1961), and, most notoriously, the 1962 \\\"Mutiny on the Bounty\\\". The 1962 Cinerama film \\\"The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm\\\", the first film in Cinerama to actually tell a story, was also a flop. But one other epic that was a success, however, was the MGM-Cinerama co-production \\\"How the West Was Won\\\", with a huge all-star cast. \\\"King of Kings\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2475913\",\n \"text\": \"and most studios release blockbusters that both over- and underperform in a year. Classic blockbusters from this period include \\\"Raiders of the Lost Ark\\\", \\\"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\\\", \\\"Blade Runner\\\", \\\"Scarface\\\", \\\"Risky Business\\\", \\\"Ghostbusters\\\", \\\"The Terminator\\\", \\\"The Goonies\\\", \\\"Back to the Future\\\", \\\"The Breakfast Club\\\", \\\"Beverly Hills Cop\\\", \\\"Top Gun\\\", \\\"Aliens\\\", \\\"Lethal Weapon\\\", \\\"Fatal Attraction\\\", \\\"Broadcast News\\\", \\\"Wall Street\\\", \\\"The Princess Bride\\\", \\\"Dirty Dancing\\\", \\\"Who Framed Roger Rabbit\\\", \\\"The Naked Gun\\\", \\\"Rain Man\\\", \\\"Die Hard\\\", \\\"Batman\\\", \\\"Driving Miss Daisy\\\", \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", \\\"Dances with Wolves\\\", \\\"Goodfellas\\\", \\\"Home Alone\\\", \\\"Pretty Woman\\\", \\\"Ghost\\\", \\\"Total Recall\\\", \\\"Thelma & Louise\\\", \\\"The Silence of the Lambs\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Cinema of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5650478\",\n \"text\": \"nominees at the US box office was $221 million with an average of $48.9 million. \\\"Fatal Attraction\\\" was the highest earner among the Best Picture nominees with $142 million in the domestic box office receipts. The film was followed by \\\"Broadcast News\\\" ($36.7 million), \\\"Moonstruck\\\" ($25.4 million), \\\"The Last Emperor\\\" ($11.9 million), and \\\"Hope and Glory\\\" ($5.2 million). Of the 50 highest-grossing movies of the year, 39 nominations went to 17 films on the list. Only \\\"Fatal Attraction\\\" (2nd), \\\"The Untouchables\\\" (4th), \\\"Good Morning Vietnam\\\" (10th), \\\"Throw Momma from the Train\\\" (14th), \\\"Full Metal Jacket\\\" (21st), \\\"Broadcast News\\\" (26th), \\\"Wall\",\n \"title\": \"60th Academy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4715005\",\n \"text\": \"then worked his way into directing large scale musicals such as \\\"The Harvey Girls\\\" (1946), \\\"The Three Musketeers\\\" (1948), \\\"Annie Get Your Gun\\\" (1950), and \\\"Kiss Me Kate\\\" (1953). Sidney left MGM to make \\\"The Eddy Duchin Story\\\" (1956) at Columbia Pictures where he made his base for the next decade for such films as \\\"Jeanne Eagels\\\" (1957), \\\"Pal Joey\\\" (1957), \\\"Who Was That Lady?\\\" (1960), \\\"Pepe\\\" (1960), and \\\"Bye Bye Birdie\\\" (1963). He would return to MGM to film \\\"A Ticklish Affair\\\" (1963) and Elvis Presley's \\\"Viva Las Vegas\\\" (1964). His last film was \\\"Half a Sixpence\\\" (1967). Sidney\",\n \"title\": \"George Sidney\"\n }\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"which film was the biggest box office hit of the 1960s"}}},{"rowIdx":8398,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["probable cause"],"string":"[\n \"probable cause\"\n]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"428406","text":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Fourth Amendment (Amendment IV) to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights. It prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures. In addition, it sets requirements for issuing warrants: warrants must be issued by a judge or magistrate, justified by probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and must particularly describe the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized. Fourth Amendment case law deals with three main issues: what government activities are \"searches\" and \"seizures,\" what constitutes probable cause to conduct searches and seizures, and how","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428407","text":"violations of Fourth Amendment rights should be addressed. Early court decisions limited the amendment's scope to physical intrusion of property or persons, but with \"Katz v. United States\" (1967), the Supreme Court held that its protections extend to intrusions on the privacy of individuals as well as to physical locations. A warrant is needed for most search and seizure activities, but the Court has carved out a series of exceptions for consent searches, motor vehicle searches, evidence in plain view, exigent circumstances, border searches, and other situations. The exclusionary rule is one way the amendment is enforced. Established in \"Weeks","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428427","text":"under the Fourth Amendment is that arrests and \"searches conducted outside the judicial process, without prior approval by judge or magistrate, are \"per se\" unreasonable\". In order for such a warrant to be considered reasonable, it must be supported by probable cause and be limited in scope according to specific information supplied by a person (usually a law enforcement officer) who has sworn by it and is therefore accountable to the issuing court. The Supreme Court further held in \"Chandler v. Miller\" (1997): \"To be reasonable under the Fourth Amendment, a search ordinarily must be based on individualized suspicion of","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428425","text":"privacy, dignity and security of persons against certain arbitrary and invasive acts by officers of the Government, without regard to whether the government actor is investigating crime or performing another function\". In \"Mapp v. Ohio\" (1961), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Fourth Amendment applies to the states by way of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Fourth Amendment case law deals with three central issues: what government activities constitute \"search\" and \"seizure\"; what constitutes probable cause for these actions; how violations of Fourth Amendment rights should be addressed. The Fourth Amendment typically requires \"a neutral and","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428426","text":"detached authority interposed between the police and the public\", and it is offended by \"general warrants\" and laws that allows searches to be conducted \"indiscriminately and without regard to their connection with [a] crime under investigation\", for the \"basic purpose of the Fourth Amendment, which is enforceable against the States through the Fourteenth, through its prohibition of 'unreasonable' searches and seizures is to safeguard the privacy and security of individuals against arbitrary invasions by governmental officials.\" The Fourth Amendment has been held to mean that a search or an arrest generally requires a judicially sanctioned warrant, because the basic rule","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428476","text":"January 2, 2014, that it will appeal the ruling that NSA bulk phone record collection is legal. \"The government has a legitimate interest in tracking the associations of suspected terrorists, but tracking those associations does not require the government to subject every citizen to permanent surveillance,\" deputy ACLU legal director Jameel Jaffer said in a statement. Citations Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Fourth Amendment (Amendment IV) to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights. It prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures. In addition, it sets requirements for issuing warrants: warrants must be issued by","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"10987877","text":"Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Fifth Amendment (Amendment V) to the United States Constitution addresses criminal procedure and other aspects of the Constitution. It was ratified in 1791 as part of the Bill of Rights. The Fifth Amendment originally applied only to the federal government, but the Supreme Court has applied most of the protections of this amendment to the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. One provision of the Fifth Amendment requires that felonies be tried only upon indictment by a grand jury. Another provision, the Double Jeopardy Clause, provides the right","title":"Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428444","text":"law, or otherwise qualified magistrate, to lawfully search and seize evidence while investigating criminal activity. A court grants permission by issuing a writ known as a warrant. A search or seizure is generally unreasonable and unconstitutional if conducted without a valid warrant and the police must obtain a warrant whenever practicable. Searches and seizures without a warrant are not considered unreasonable if one of the specifically established and well-delineated exceptions to the warrant requirement applies. These exceptions apply \"[o]nly in those exceptional circumstances in which special needs, beyond the normal need for law enforcement, make the warrant and probable cause","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"4286169","text":"of privacy by individuals can only be remedied under previous court decisions. The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States ensures that \"the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized\". The First Amendment protects the right to free assembly, broadening privacy rights. Some believe that the Ninth Amendment declares that the fact","title":"Privacy laws of the United States"},{"id":"428764","text":"believed that it would ensure that the states would be required to recognize the same individual rights as the federal government; all of these rights were likely understood as falling within the \"privileges or immunities\" safeguarded by the amendment. By the latter half of the 20th century, nearly all of the rights in the Bill of Rights had been applied to the states. The Supreme Court has held that the amendment's Due Process Clause incorporates all of the substantive protections of the First, Second, Fourth, Fifth (except for its Grand Jury Clause) and Sixth Amendments and the Cruel and Unusual","title":"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428755","text":"of the Fourteenth Amendment applies only against the states, but it is otherwise textually identical to the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment, which applies against the federal government; both clauses have been interpreted to encompass identical doctrines of procedural due process and substantive due process. Procedural due process is the guarantee of a fair legal process when the government tries to interfere with a person's protected interests in life, liberty, or property, and substantive due process is the guarantee that the fundamental rights of citizens will not be encroached on by government. The Due Process Clause of the","title":"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428420","text":"on the authority of the new federal government to conduct searches. In the 1st United States Congress, following the state legislatures' request, James Madison proposed twenty constitutional amendments based on state bills of rights and English sources such as the Bill of Rights 1689, including an amendment requiring probable cause for government searches. Congress reduced Madison's proposed twenty amendments to twelve, with modifications to Madison's language about searches and seizures. The final language was submitted to the states for ratification on September 25, 1789. By the time the Bill of Rights was submitted to the states for ratification, opinions had","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428409","text":"Madison, along with the other amendments in the Bill of Rights, in response to Anti-Federalist objections to the new Constitution. Congress submitted the amendment to the states on September 28, 1789. By December 15, 1791, the necessary three-fourths of the states had ratified it. On March 1, 1792, Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson announced that it was officially part of the Constitution. Because the Bill of Rights did not initially apply to state or local governments, and federal criminal investigations were less common in the first century of the nation's history, there is little significant case law for the Fourth","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428727","text":"the states, as well as to recognize substantive and procedural requirements that state laws must satisfy. The Equal Protection Clause requires each state to provide equal protection under the law to all people, including all non-citizens, within its jurisdiction. This clause has been the basis for many decisions rejecting irrational or unnecessary discrimination against people belonging to various groups. The second, third, and fourth sections of the amendment are seldom litigated. However, the second section's reference to \"rebellion, or other crime\" has been invoked as a constitutional ground for felony disenfranchisement. The fourth section was held, in \"Perry v. United","title":"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428417","text":"officer of the customs\" and barring all other writs. The governor overturned the legislation, finding it contrary to English law and parliamentary sovereignty. Seeing the danger general warrants presented, the Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776) explicitly forbade the use of general warrants. This prohibition became a precedent for the Fourth Amendment: Article XIV of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights, written by John Adams and enacted in 1780 as part of the Massachusetts Constitution, added the requirement that all searches must be \"reasonable,\" and served as another basis for the language of the Fourth Amendment: By 1784, eight state constitutions contained","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428464","text":"search exception. Most border searches may be conducted entirely at random, without any level of suspicion, pursuant to U.S. Customs and Border Protection plenary search authority. However, searches that intrude upon a traveler's personal dignity and privacy interests, such as strip and body cavity searches, must be supported by \"reasonable suspicion.\" The U.S. Courts of Appeals for the Fourth and Ninth circuits have ruled that information on a traveler's electronic materials, including personal files on a laptop computer, may be searched at random, without suspicion. The Supreme Court decision in \"United States v. U.S. District Court\" (1972) left open the","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"8218245","text":"their delegations to Congress. The Fourteenth Amendment, particularly its first section, is one of the most litigated parts of the Constitution, forming the basis for landmark decisions such as \"Roe v. Wade\" (1973), regarding abortion, and \"Bush v. Gore\" (2000), regarding the 2000 presidential election. The second, third, and fourth sections of the amendment are seldom, if ever, litigated. The fifth section gives Congress enforcement power. The amendment's first section includes several clauses: the Citizenship Clause, Privileges or Immunities Clause, Due Process Clause, and Equal Protection Clause. The Citizenship Clause provides a broad definition of citizenship, overruling the Supreme Court's","title":"Reconstruction Amendments"},{"id":"9592041","text":"and social discourse, the Second Amendment has been at the heart of several Supreme Court decisions. The Third Amendment restricts the quartering of soldiers in private homes, in response to Quartering Acts passed by the British parliament during the Revolutionary War. The amendment is one of the least controversial of the Constitution, and, , has never been the primary basis of a Supreme Court decision. The Fourth Amendment guards against unreasonable searches and seizures, along with requiring any warrant to be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause. It was adopted as a response to the abuse of the writ","title":"United States Bill of Rights"},{"id":"15323676","text":"the 4th Amendment, like the reasonableness and warrant requirements, would sufficiently safeguard the right to privacy. The abandonment of the mere evidence rule has been criticized. Professor Russell W. Galloway argued that the rule was a rational limitation on searches, and that its rejection paved the way for more intrusive paper searches and less protection for third parties. Mere evidence rule In the law of the United States, the mere evidence rule was a historical doctrine that defined the scope of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The mere evidence rule was drawn from the opinion of the","title":"Mere evidence rule"},{"id":"428432","text":"Fourth Amendment, and thus necessitated a warrant. The Court said that it was not recognizing any general right to privacy in the Fourth Amendment, and that this wiretap could have been authorized if proper procedures had been followed. This decision in \"Katz\" was later developed into the now commonly used two-prong test, adopted in \"Smith v. Maryland\" (1979), for determining whether a search has occurred for purposes of the Fourth Amendment: The Supreme Court has held that the Fourth Amendment does not apply to information that is voluntarily shared with third parties. In \"Smith\", the Court held individuals have no","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428445","text":"requirement impracticable\". In these situations where the warrant requirement doesn't apply a search or seizure nonetheless must be justified by some individualized suspicion of wrongdoing. However, the U.S. Supreme Court carved out an exception to the requirement of individualized suspicion. It ruled that, \"In limited circumstances, where the privacy interests implicated by the search are minimal and where an important governmental interest furthered by the intrusion would be placed in jeopardy by a requirement of individualized suspicion\" a search [or seizure] would still be reasonable. The standards of probable cause differ for an arrest and a search. The government has","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"2919500","text":"Constitution states that: The text of the amendment is brief, and most of the law determining what constitutes an unlawful search and seizure is found in court rulings. The brief definitions of the terms \"search\" and \"seizure\" was concisely summarized in \"United States v. Jacobsen\", which said that the Fourth Amendment: The general rule under the United States Constitution is that a valid warrant is required for a search. There are, however, several exceptions to this rule, based on the language of the fourth amendment that the people are to be \"secure ... against unreasonable searches and seizures\". For instance,","title":"Search and seizure"},{"id":"428408","text":"v. United States\" (1914), this rule holds that evidence obtained as a result of a Fourth Amendment violation is generally inadmissible at criminal trials. Evidence discovered as a later result of an illegal search may also be inadmissible as \"fruit of the poisonous tree\", unless it inevitably would have been discovered by legal means. The Fourth Amendment was adopted in response to the abuse of the writ of assistance, a type of general search warrant issued by the British government, and a major source of tension in pre-Revolutionary America. The Fourth Amendment was introduced in Congress in 1789 by James","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"10987879","text":"under police custody. The Fifth Amendment also contains the Takings Clause, which allows the federal government to take private property for public use if the government provides \"just compensation.\" Like the Fourteenth Amendment, the Fifth Amendment includes a due process clause stating that no person shall \"be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.\" The Fifth Amendment's due process clause applies to the federal government, while the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause applies to state governments. The Supreme Court has interpreted the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause as providing two main protections: procedural due process, which","title":"Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"17785057","text":"2017 but was then continued until January 19, 2018 where the vote ruled in favor of the extension by 256-164. President Donald Trump signed to enact S. 139 which became Public Law No: 115-118 that same day. On November 29, 2017 H.R. 4478 FISA Reauthorization Act of 2017, was introduced, sponsored by Republican Devin Nunes to extend Section 702. Representatives Justin Amish and Zoe Lofgren offered the USA Rights Act, pertaining a more balanced scale between security and liberty as this bill protects the 4th amendment along with eliminating the warrantless backdoor searches, that would then require government officials to","title":"Fourth Amendment Protection Act"},{"id":"428424","text":"the federal government, and went through a long initial phase of \"judicial dormancy\"; in the words of historian Gordon S. Wood, \"After ratification, most Americans promptly forgot about the first ten amendments to the Constitution.\" Federal jurisdiction regarding criminal law was narrow until the late 19th century when the Interstate Commerce Act and Sherman Antitrust Act were passed. As federal criminal jurisdiction expanded to include other areas such as narcotics, more questions about the Fourth Amendment came to the Supreme Court. The U.S. Supreme Court responded to these questions by outlining the fundamental purpose of the amendment as guaranteeing \"the","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428466","text":"believed to be located outside the United States.\" Despite the foregoing citation the Fourth Amendment prohibitions against unreasonable searches and seizures nonetheless apply to the contents of all communications, whatever the means, because, \"a person's private communications are akin to personal papers.\" To protect the telecommunication carriers cooperating with the US government from legal action, the Congress passed a bill updating the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 to permit this type of surveillance. In \"New Jersey v. T. L. O.\" (1985), the Supreme Court ruled that searches in public schools do not require warrants, as long as the searching","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"9540188","text":"Fourth Amendment right against unreasonable searches. The U.S. Supreme Court, in a 6-3 ruling, held that the search was reasonable under the Fourth Amendment. The Fourth Amendment only protects against unreasonable searches and seizures. Although a search is presumptively reasonable if carried out pursuant to a warrant issued upon a showing of probable cause, the Fourth Amendment does not require a showing of probable cause in all cases. When \"special needs\" outside of ordinary law enforcement needs make obtaining a warrant impractical, the Fourth Amendment allows officials to dispense with the formality of obtaining a warrant. Such \"special needs\" adhere","title":"Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton"},{"id":"3067063","text":"Due Process Clause The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution each contain a due process clause. Due process deals with the administration of justice and thus the due process clause acts as a safeguard from arbitrary denial of life, liberty, or property by the government outside the sanction of law. The Supreme Court of the United States interprets the clauses more broadly, concluding that these clauses provide four protections: procedural due process (in civil and criminal proceedings), substantive due process, a prohibition against vague laws, and as the vehicle for the incorporation of the Bill of Rights.","title":"Due Process Clause"},{"id":"18738076","text":"noted, the Amendment consists of two independent clauses joined by the conjunction \"and.\" See, e.g., Go-Bart Co. v. United States, 282 U. S. 344, 282 U. S. 356-357 (1931). The first clause forbids \"unreasonable searches and seizures\" of \"persons, houses, papers, and effects. . . .\" The second clause describes the circumstances under which a search warrant or arrest warrant may issue, requiring specification of the place to be searched as well as the persons or things to be seized. Much of the modern debate over the meaning of the Fourth Amendment has focused on the relationship between the reasonableness","title":"Ybarra v. Illinois"},{"id":"428452","text":"search\", proclaimed the Court, \"even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable.\" Similarly, \"open fields\" such as pastures, open water, and woods may be searched without a warrant, on the ground that conduct occurring therein would have no reasonable expectation of privacy. The doctrine was first articulated by the Court in \"Hester v. United States\" (1924), which stated that \"the special protection accorded by the Fourth Amendment to the people in their 'persons, houses, papers, and effects,' is not extended to the open fields.\" In \"Oliver v. United States\" (1984), the police ignored a \"no","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"10987880","text":"requires government officials to follow fair procedures before depriving a person of life, liberty, or property, and substantive due process, which protects certain fundamental rights from government interference. The Supreme Court has also held that the Due Process Clause contains a prohibition against vague laws and an implied equal protection requirement similar to the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause. The amendment as proposed by Congress in 1789 reads as follows: On June 8, 1789, Congressman James Madison introduced several proposed constitutional amendments during a speech to the House of Representatives. His draft language that later became the Fifth Amendment was","title":"Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"16172627","text":"appeal. All of the foregoing constitutional provisions apply exclusively to criminal matters. In contrast, the due process and equal protection clauses have substantial application outside of the criminal law. U.S. Const. amend. V provides: U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1 provides: The due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments apply generally to all stages of criminal proceedings. The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment was the vehicle for the incorporation of all of the foregoing rights (with the exception of the Grand Jury Clause, the Vicinage Clause, and maybe the Excessive Bail Clause) to apply in state","title":"United States constitutional criminal procedure"},{"id":"428437","text":"reasonable suspicion to believe that the person was driving a stolen car, cannot, after confirming that it is not stolen, compel the person to answer questions about anything else, such as the possession of contraband). The Fourth Amendment proscribes unreasonable seizure of any person, person's home (including its curtilage) or personal property without a warrant. A seizure of property occurs when there is \"some meaningful interference with an individual's possessory interests in that property\", such as when police officers take personal property away from an owner to use as evidence, or when they participate in an eviction. The amendment also","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428438","text":"protects against unreasonable seizure of persons, including a brief detention. A seizure does not occur just because the government questions an individual in a public place. The exclusionary rule would not bar voluntary answers to such questions from being offered into evidence in a subsequent criminal prosecution. The person is not being seized if his freedom of movement is not restrained. The government may not detain an individual even momentarily without reasonable, objective grounds, with few exceptions. His refusal to listen or answer does not by itself furnish such grounds. In \"United States v. Mendenhall\" (1980), the Court held that","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"7803447","text":"Warrantless searches in the United States Warrantless searches are searches and seizures conducted without search warrants. In the United States, warrantless searches are restricted under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, part of the Bill of Rights, which provides that, \"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.\" In the Thirteen Colonies,","title":"Warrantless searches in the United States"},{"id":"428430","text":"\"Silverman v. United States\" (1961), the Court stated of the amendment that \"at the very core stands the right of a man to retreat into his own home and there be free from unreasonable governmental intrusion\". Fourth Amendment protections expanded significantly with \"Katz v. United States\" (1967). In \"Katz\", the Supreme Court expanded that focus to embrace an individual's right to privacy, and ruled that a search had occurred when the government wiretapped a telephone booth using a microphone attached to the outside of the glass. While there was no physical intrusion into the booth, the Court reasoned that: 1)","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428462","text":"not germane to the reasonableness of a search incident to an arrest. \"Rabinowitz\" suggested that any area within the \"immediate control\" of the arrestee could be searched, but it did not define the term. In deciding \"Chimel v. California\" (1969), the Supreme Court elucidated its previous decisions. It held that when an arrest is made, it is reasonable for the officer to search the arrestee for weapons and evidence. However, in \"Riley v. California\" (2014), the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that police must obtain a warrant to search an arrestee's cellular phone. The Court said that earlier Supreme Court decisions","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428423","text":"later ratify the Bill of Rights for sesquicentennial celebrations in 1939.) In February through June 1790, New York, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island each ratified eleven of the amendments, including the Fourth. Virginia initially postponed its debate, but after Vermont was admitted to the Union in 1791, the total number of states needed for ratification rose to eleven. Vermont ratified on November 3, 1791, approving all twelve amendments, and Virginia finally followed on December 15, 1791. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson announced the adoption of the ten successfully ratified amendments on March 1, 1792. The Bill of Rights originally only restricted","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428724","text":"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Fourteenth Amendment (Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868, as one of the Reconstruction Amendments. Arguably one of the most consequential amendments to this day, the amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War. The amendment was bitterly contested, particularly by the states of the defeated Confederacy, which were forced to ratify it in order to regain representation in Congress. The amendment, particularly its first section, is one","title":"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428414","text":"the general warrant. During what scholar William Cuddihy called the \"colonial epidemic of general searches\", the authorities possessed almost unlimited power to search for anything at any time, with very little oversight. In 1756, the colony of Massachusetts barred the use of general warrants. This represented the first law in American history curtailing the use of seizure power. Its creation largely stemmed from the great public outcry over the Excise Act of 1754, which gave tax collectors unlimited powers to interrogate colonists concerning their use of goods subject to customs. The act also permitted the use of a general warrant","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"18976437","text":"the Court's ruling for encouraging citizens \"to stand up for their rights\", others have criticized it for failing to reflect the realities of \"real-life confrontations occurring on the street\" between citizens and law enforcement. The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution applies to both arrests and temporary detentions of criminal suspects, both of which have been defined by the Supreme Court of the United States as \"seizures\" of a person. Before conducting an arrest, an officer must demonstrate probable cause that a suspect has engaged in criminal activity. However, police officers may also conduct temporary detentions when officers have","title":"United States v. Drayton"},{"id":"428759","text":"the Due Process Clause is also the foundation of a constitutional right to privacy. The Court first ruled that privacy was protected by the Constitution in \"Griswold v. Connecticut\" (1965), which overturned a Connecticut law criminalizing birth control. While Justice William O. Douglas wrote for the majority that the right to privacy was found in the \"penumbras\" of various provisions in the Bill of Rights, Justices Arthur Goldberg and John Marshall Harlan II wrote in concurring opinions that the \"liberty\" protected by the Due Process Clause included individual privacy. The right to privacy was the basis for \"Roe v. Wade\"","title":"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"502348","text":"However, neither concept lines up perfectly with the American conception of due process, which presently contains many implied rights not found in the ancient or modern concepts of due process in England. The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution each contain a Due Process Clause. Due process deals with the administration of justice and thus the Due Process Clause acts as a safeguard from arbitrary denial of life, liberty, or property by the government outside the sanction of law. The Supreme Court of the United States interprets the clauses as providing four protections: procedural due process (in","title":"Due process"},{"id":"428458","text":"(1) vehicles generally do not serve as residences or repositories of personal effects, and (2) vehicles \"can be quickly moved out of the locality or jurisdiction in which the warrant must be sought.\" Vehicles may not be randomly stopped and searched; there must be probable cause or reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. Items in plain view may be seized; areas that could potentially hide weapons may also be searched. With probable cause to believe evidence is present, police officers may search any area in the vehicle. However, they may not extend the search to the vehicle's passengers without probable cause","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"16422211","text":"case, the Soldals' domicile was not only seized, it literally was carried away, giving new meaning to the term 'mobile home'.\" The Court emphatically disagreed with the Appeals Court, and found that: The case was reversed and remanded. The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (made applicable to the States by the Fourteenth Amendment), provides that: As was defined by \"United States v. Jacobsen\", the first Clause of the Fourth Amendment: The Fourth Amendment proscribes unreasonable seizure of any person, or of any person's home (including its curtilage) or personal property without a warrant. Although much of the recent body","title":"Soldal v. Cook County"},{"id":"12688496","text":"is because the Fourth Amendment defines the \"right to be secure\" in spatial terms that do not directly apply to the \"reasonable expectation of privacy\" in an online context. The Fourth Amendment protects \"the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures.\" The Fourth Amendment has been stressed as a right that protects people and not places, which leaves the interpretation of the amendment's language broad in scope. In addition, society has not reached clear consensus over expectations of privacy in terms of more modern (and developing, future) forms","title":"Stored Communications Act"},{"id":"428468","text":"way courts enforce the Fourth Amendment is through the use of the exclusionary rule. The rule provides that evidence obtained through a violation of the Fourth Amendment is generally not admissible by the prosecution during the defendant's criminal trial. The Court stated in \"Elkins v. United States\" (1960) that the rule's function \"is to deter—to compel respect for the constitutional guaranty in the only effectively available way—by removing the incentive to disregard it.\" The Court adopted the exclusionary rule in \"Weeks v. United States\" (1914), prior to which all evidence, no matter how seized, could be admitted in court. In","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428428","text":"wrongdoing. But particularized exceptions to the main rule are sometimes warranted based on 'special needs, beyond the normal need for law enforcement'. … When such 'special needs' are alleged, courts must undertake a context-specific inquiry, examining closely the competing private and public interests advanced by the parties.\" The amendment applies to governmental searches and seizures, but not those done by private citizens or organizations who are not acting on behalf of a government. In \"Ontario v. Quon\" (2010), the Court held the amendment to also apply to the government when acting as an employer, ruling that a government could search","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428753","text":"government, the right to peaceably assemble and petition the government, the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, and the right to participate in the government's administration. This decision has not been overruled and has been specifically reaffirmed several times. Largely as a result of the narrowness of the \"Slaughter-House\" opinion, this clause subsequently lay dormant for well over a century. In \"Saenz v. Roe\" (1999), the Court ruled that a component of the \"right to travel\" is protected by the Privileges or Immunities Clause: Justice Miller actually wrote in the \"Slaughter-House Cases\" that the right to become a citizen","title":"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428471","text":"blocked the state courts from expanding these protections further. Since \"United States v. Calandra\" (1974), the Supreme Court has repeatedly limited the exclusionary rule. The Court in \"Calandra\" ruled that grand juries may use illegally obtained evidence when questioning witnesses, because \"the damage to that institution from the unprecedented extension of the exclusionary rule outweighs the benefit of any possible incremental deterrent effect.\" Explaining the purpose of the rule, the Court said that the rule \"is a judicially created remedy designed to safeguard Fourth Amendment rights generally through its deterrent effect, rather than a personal constitutional right of the party","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428801","text":"obliged \"to prioritize incoming revenues to pay the public debt: interest on government bonds and any other 'vested' obligations. What falls into the latter category is not entirely clear, but a large number of other government obligations—and certainly payments for future services—would not count and would have to be sacrificed. This might include, for example, Social Security payments.\" Section 5, also known as the Enforcement Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, enables Congress to pass laws enforcing the amendment's other provisions. In the \"Civil Rights Cases\" (1883), the Supreme Court interpreted Section 5 narrowly, stating that \"the legislation which Congress is","title":"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"20676981","text":"the right to privacy of the home over federal use. The Fourth Amendment states that “the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated”. Therefore, the Fourth Amendment gives a constitutional right to security for people's \"private places, and private things\". Most privacy violation court cases (prior to explicit court precedents and legislation) relied on the \"unreasonable\" verbiage as the basis for there arguments of infringement of privacy. This suggests that whenever a search or seizure was deemed unreasonable the seized evidence was considered unlawful","title":"Privacy and the US government"},{"id":"428446","text":"probable cause to make an arrest when \"the facts and circumstances within their knowledge and of which they had reasonably trustworthy information\" would lead a prudent person to believe that the arrested person had committed or was committing a crime. Probable cause to arrest must exist before the arrest is made. Evidence obtained after the arrest may not apply retroactively to justify the arrest. When police conduct a search, the amendment requires that the warrant establish probable cause to believe that the search will uncover criminal activity or contraband. They must have legally sufficient reasons to believe a search is","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"2949404","text":"at issue in \"Griswold v. Connecticut\", when the Court held, in 1965, that criminal prohibition of contraceptive devices for married couples violated federal, judicially enforceable privacy rights. The right to contraceptives was found in what the Court called the \"penumbras\", or shadow edges, of certain amendments that arguably refer to certain privacy rights, such as the First Amendment, which protects freedom of expression; the Third Amendment, which protects homes from being taken for use by soldiers; and the Fourth Amendment, which provides security against unreasonable searches. The penumbra-based rationale of \"Griswold\" has since been discarded; the Supreme Court now uses","title":"Substantive due process"},{"id":"428448","text":"likely true than false. A \"practical, non-technical\" probability that incriminating evidence is involved is all that is required. In \"Illinois v. Gates\" (1983), the Court ruled that the reliability of an informant is to be determined based on the \"totality of the circumstances\". If a party gives consent to a search, a warrant is not required. There are exceptions and complications to the rule, including the scope of the consent given, whether the consent is voluntarily given, and whether an individual has the right to consent to a search of another's property. In \"Schneckloth v. Bustamonte\" (1973), the Court ruled","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"5744887","text":"any kind of monitoring based on the actual email sent. However, this method infamously failed to protect the privacy of the participants in the Petraeus scandal; after coming under investigation for unrelated activities, communication between the parties was accessed by the FBI. The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that “[T]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated.” This Amendment guarantees the privacy, dignity, and security of persons against certain arbitrary and invasive acts by officers of the government or those acting","title":"Email privacy"},{"id":"428410","text":"Amendment before the 20th century. The amendment was held to apply to state and local governments in \"Mapp v. Ohio\" (1961) via the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Like many other areas of American law, the Fourth Amendment finds its roots in English legal doctrine. In \"Semayne's case\" (1604), Sir Edward Coke famously stated: \"The house of every one is to him as his castle and fortress, as well for his defence against injury and violence as for his repose.\" \"Semayne's Case\" acknowledged that the King did not have unbridled authority to intrude on his subjects' dwellings, but","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"18738049","text":"by simply pointing to the fact that coincidentally there exists probable cause to search or seize another or to search the premises where the person may happen to be. The Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments protect the \"legitimate expectations of privacy\" of persons, not places. See Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U. S. 128, 439 U. S. 138-143, 439 U. S. 148-149; Katz v. United States, 389 U. S. 347, 389 U. S. 351-352. Each patron who walked into the Aurora Tap Tavern on March 1, 1976, was clothed with constitutional protection against an unreasonable search or an unreasonable seizure. That individualized","title":"Ybarra v. Illinois"},{"id":"3139168","text":"the meaning of the Fourth Amendment and thus required a warrant. According to Justice Harlan, there is a two-part requirement for a search: 1. That the individual have a subjective expectation of privacy; and 2. That the individual's expectation of privacy is \"one that society is prepared to recognize as 'reasonable.'\" Justice Harlan rejected the theory that the Constitution enshrined the so-called \"one man, one vote\" principle, or the principle that legislative districts must be roughly equal in population. In this regard, he shared the views of Justice Felix Frankfurter, who in \"Colegrove v. Green\" admonished the courts to stay","title":"John Marshall Harlan (born 1899)"},{"id":"5376110","text":"telephone is far greater than that involved in tampering with the mails.\" In its past rulings, the Court has refused to read a literal construction of the Fourth Amendment, most notably in the \"Boyd\" case. Unjustified search and seizure violate the Fourth Amendment, and it does not matter what type of papers were seized, whether the papers were in an office or a home, whether the papers were seized by force, etc. The protection guaranteed by the Fourth and Fifth Amendments are broad in scope. The framers of the Constitution sought \"to protect Americans in their beliefs, their thoughts, their","title":"Olmstead v. United States"},{"id":"428431","text":"Katz, by entering the booth and shutting the door behind him, had exhibited his expectation that \"the words he utters into the mouthpiece will not be broadcast to the world\"; and 2) society believes that his expectation was reasonable. Justice Potter Stewart wrote in the majority opinion that \"the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places\". A \"search\" occurs for purposes of the Fourth Amendment when the government violates a person's \"reasonable expectation of privacy\". Katz's reasonable expectation of privacy thus provided the basis to rule that the government's intrusion, though electronic rather than physical, was a search covered by the","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"15618622","text":"Kentucky v. King Kentucky v. King, 563 U.S. 452 (2011), was a decision by the United States Supreme Court which held that warrantless searches conducted in police-created exigent circumstances do not violate the Fourth Amendment so long as the police did not create the exigency by violating or threatening to violate the Fourth Amendment. The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution requires searches and seizures be reasonable. The Court has held a search or seizure without a warrant presumptively unreasonable. However, there are many exceptions to the warrant requirement, including exigent circumstances, search incident to arrest, consent search, plain","title":"Kentucky v. King"},{"id":"15618611","text":"Kentucky v. King Kentucky v. King, 563 U.S. 452 (2011), was a decision by the United States Supreme Court which held that warrantless searches conducted in police-created exigent circumstances do not violate the Fourth Amendment so long as the police did not create the exigency by violating or threatening to violate the Fourth Amendment. The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution requires searches and seizures be reasonable. The Court has held a search or seizure without a warrant presumptively unreasonable. However, there are many exceptions to the warrant requirement, including exigent circumstances, search incident to arrest, consent search, plain","title":"Kentucky v. King"},{"id":"10987882","text":"presentment or indictment by a grand jury shall be an essential preliminary... This draft was edited by Congress; all the material before the first ellipsis was placed at the end, and some of the wording was modified. After approval by Congress, the amendment was ratified by the states on December 15, 1791 as part of the Bill of Rights. Every one of the five clauses in the final amendment appeared in Madison's draft, and in their final order those clauses are the Grand Jury Clause (which Madison had placed last), the Double Jeopardy Clause, the Self Incrimination Clause, the Due","title":"Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428429","text":"a police officer's text messages that were sent over that government's pager. One threshold question in the Fourth Amendment jurisprudence is whether a \"search\" has occurred. Initial Fourth Amendment case law hinged on a citizen's property rights—that is, when the government physically intrudes on \"persons, houses, papers, or effects\" for the purpose of obtaining information, a \"search\" within the original meaning of the Fourth Amendment has occurred. Early 20th-century Court decisions, such as \"Olmstead v. United States\" (1928), held that Fourth Amendment rights applied in cases of physical intrusion, but not to other forms of police surveillance (e.g., wiretaps). In","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"785650","text":"Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Twenty-fourth Amendment (Amendment XXIV) of the United States Constitution prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax. The amendment was proposed by Congress to the states on August 27, 1962, and was ratified by the states on January 23, 1964. Southern states of the former Confederate States of America adopted poll taxes in laws of the late 19th century and new constitutions from 1890 to 1908, after the Democratic Party had generally regained control","title":"Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428455","text":"area is put, and the steps taken by the resident to protect the area from observation by people passing by.\" The Court has acknowledged that a doorbell or knocker is typically treated as an invitation, or license, to the public to approach the front door of the home to deliver mail, sell goods, solicit for charities, etc. This license extends to the police, who have the right to try engaging a home's occupant in a \"knock and talk\" for the purpose of gathering evidence without a warrant. However, they cannot bring a drug detection dog to sniff at the front","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428433","text":"\"legitimate expectation of privacy\" regarding the telephone numbers they dial because they knowingly give that information to telephone companies when they dial a number. However, under \"Carpenter v. United States\" (2018), individuals do have a reasonable expectation of privacy regarding cell phone records that would reveal where that person had traveled over many months and so law enforcement must get a search warrant before obtaining such records. Following \"Katz\", the vast majority of Fourth Amendment search cases have turned on the right to privacy, but in \"United States v. Jones\" (2012), the Court ruled that the \"Katz\" standard did not","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"17785049","text":"its president at the time, Andy Biggs. In Arizona, it would have prevented digital information obtained without a warrant from being used in court, prohibited federal agencies from using state funding to carry out data collection without proper warrants, and eliminated numerous gray areas not mentioned in the Fourth Amendment. It was intended to go into effect on January 1, 2015. However, this bill did not pass. On June 2, 2015, President Barack Obama signed a revised version of the USA Freedom Act. Under Section 215 the mass collection of phone data was no longer allowed. Phone records could now","title":"Fourth Amendment Protection Act"},{"id":"428763","text":"not necessarily include provisions comparable to the Bill of Rights. In \"Barron v. Baltimore\" (1833), the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the Bill of Rights restrained only the federal government, not the states. However, the Supreme Court has subsequently held that most provisions of the Bill of Rights apply to the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment under a doctrine called \"incorporation.\" Whether incorporation was intended by the amendment's framers, such as John Bingham, has been debated by legal historians. According to legal scholar Akhil Reed Amar, the framers and early supporters of the Fourteenth Amendment","title":"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428447","text":"necessary. In \"Carroll v. United States\" (1925), the Supreme Court stated that probable cause to search is a flexible, common-sense standard. To that end, the Court ruled in \"Dumbra v. United States\" (1925) that the term probable cause means \"less than evidence that would justify condemnation\", reiterating \"Carroll\"s assertion that it merely requires that the facts available to the officer would \"warrant a man of reasonable caution\" in the belief that specific items may be contraband or stolen property or useful as evidence of a crime. It does not demand any showing that such a belief be correct or more","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428725","text":"of the most litigated parts of the Constitution, forming the basis for landmark decisions such as \"Brown v. Board of Education\" (1954) regarding racial segregation, \"Miranda v. Arizona\" (1966) regarding that one can be tried only when they know their rights, \"Roe v. Wade\" (1973) regarding abortion, \"Bush v. Gore\" (2000) regarding the 2000 presidential election, and \"Obergefell v. Hodges\" (2015) regarding same-sex marriage. The amendment limits the actions of all state and local officials, including those acting on behalf of such an official. The amendment's first section includes several clauses: the Citizenship Clause, Privileges or Immunities Clause, Due Process","title":"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428453","text":"trespassing\" sign and a fence, trespassed onto the suspect's land without a warrant, followed a path for hundreds of feet, and discovered a field of marijuana. The Supreme Court ruled that no search had taken place, because there was no privacy expectation regarding an open field: While open fields are not protected by the Fourth Amendment, the curtilage, or outdoor area immediately surrounding the home, is protected. Courts have treated this area as an extension of the house and as such subject to all the privacy protections afforded a person's home (unlike a person's open fields) under the Fourth Amendment.","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"16208830","text":"unless the legislatively intends to depart; for example, Continuing Criminal Enterprise (CCE) may be punished separately from its predicates, as can conspiracy. The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides: The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides: In \"Williams v. New York\" (1949), the Supreme Court held that due process does not require the use of ordinary evidentiary rules at sentencing. United States constitutional sentencing law The United States Constitution contains several provisions related to criminal sentencing. The Excessive Fines Clause and the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause of the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution","title":"United States constitutional sentencing law"},{"id":"7820867","text":"not always an objective one, unlike a person's home. The expectation of privacy is crucial to distinguishing a legitimate, reasonable police search and seizure from an unreasonable one. A \"search\" occurs for purposes of the Fourth Amendment when the Government violates a person's \"reasonable expectation of privacy.\" In \"Katz v. United States\", Justice Harlan issued a concurring opinion articulating the two-prong test later adopted by the U.S. Supreme Court as the test for determining whether a police or government \"search\" is subject to the limitations of the Fourth Amendment: To meet the first part of the test, the person from","title":"Expectation of privacy"},{"id":"11140468","text":"and the federal government are often referred to as public defenders or court-appointed attorneys. A considerable aspect of this work requires the US criminal defense lawyer to have a clear understanding of the United States Constitution. Specifically, the Fourth Amendment protects against unlawful searches and seizures, while the Fifth and Sixth Amendments govern the right to remain silent so one does not become a witness against himself. All of the Amendments to the United States Constitution are guaranteed to the criminal accused against the states via the Fourteenth Amendment. Thus, a criminal defense lawyer must understand each of these rights.","title":"Criminal defense lawyer"},{"id":"428767","text":"text of the Fourteenth Amendment applies the Equal Protection Clause only against the states, the Supreme Court, since \"Bolling v. Sharpe\" (1954), has applied the Clause against the federal government through the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment under a doctrine called \"reverse incorporation.\" In \"Yick Wo v. Hopkins\" (1886), the Supreme Court has clarified that the meaning of \"person\" and \"within its jurisdiction\" in the Equal Protection Clause would not be limited to discrimination against African Americans, but would extend to other races, colors, and nationalities such as (in this case) legal aliens in the United States who","title":"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"427866","text":"during peacetime without their consent. Requested by several states during the Constitutional ratification debates, the amendment reflected the lingering resentment over the Quartering Acts passed by the British Parliament during the Revolutionary War, which had allowed British soldiers to take over private homes for their own use. The Fourth Amendment (1791) protects people against unreasonable searches and seizures of either self or property by government officials. A search can mean everything from a frisking by a police officer or to a demand for a blood test to a search of an individual's home or car. A seizure occurs when the","title":"United States Constitution"},{"id":"1300549","text":"met by the police the evidence found may become inadmissible against the accused at trial. Under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, most police searches require a search warrant based on probable cause, although there are exceptions. In the absence of valid consent or an exception to the warrant requirement, whether for purposes of effecting a search or an arrest, police entry in an individual's home always requires a warrant. The probable cause standard for obtaining a search warrant is lower than the quantum of proof required for a later conviction, proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Under the","title":"Search warrant"},{"id":"17816745","text":"Fourth Amendment Restoration Act The Fourth Amendment Restoration Act is a proposed bill introduced by Senator Rand Paul on June 7, 2013. It \"provides that the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution shall not be construed to allow any U.S. government agency to search the phone records of Americans without a warrant based on probable cause.\" The bill was authored in light of the Global Surveillance Disclosures of 2013, which Sen. Paul said \"represents an outrageous abuse of power.\" The bill lists for findings of Congress: The bill then states: \"The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution shall not be construed to","title":"Fourth Amendment Restoration Act"},{"id":"428154","text":"Borden\" still holds today, the Court, by looking to the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment (adopted 19 years after \"Luther v. Borden\" was decided), has developed new criteria for determining which questions are \"political\" in nature and which are \"justiciable\". Section Four requires the United States to protect each state from invasion, and, upon the application of the state legislature (or executive, if the legislature cannot be convened), from domestic violence. This provision was invoked by Woodrow Wilson during the 1914 Colorado coal strike. Article Four of the United States Constitution Article Four of the United States Constitution","title":"Article Four of the United States Constitution"},{"id":"3067065","text":"then adopted the exact wording that Madison proposed after Madison explained that the due process clause would not be sufficient to protect various other rights: The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides: Section One of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides: The Supreme Court has interpreted the due process clauses in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment identically, as Justice Felix Frankfurter once explained in a concurring opinion: In 1855, the Supreme Court explained that, to ascertain whether a process is due process, the first step is to \"examine the constitution itself, to see whether this","title":"Due Process Clause"},{"id":"12240529","text":"defendant then appealed the decision saying that because the stop was based solely on the basis of his ethnicity, it was a violation of his Fourth Amendment rights. The Fourth Amendment protects a person from unreasonable search and seizures. The Border Patrol derived its power to stop the individuals from two separate laws. The first was Section 287 (a) (1) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U. S. C. § 1357 (a) (1), authorizes any officer or employee of the Immigration and Naturalization Service without a warrant, \"to interrogate any alien or person believed to be an alien as","title":"United States v. Brignoni-Ponce"},{"id":"17521220","text":"1791, the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution was enacted in 1792, holding: In \"Katz v. United States\" (1967), the United States Supreme Court established its reasonable expectation of privacy test. In 1976 (\"United States v. Miller\") and 1979 (\"Smith v. Maryland\"), the Court affirmed that \"a person has no legitimate expectation of privacy in information he voluntarily turns over to third parties.\" In response to \"Katz v. United States\" (1967) and \"Berger v. New York\" (1967), the United States Congress enacted the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, of which Title III is known as","title":"Third-party doctrine"},{"id":"428803","text":"protect the rights guaranteed by the amendment. However, in \"City of Boerne v. Flores\" (1997), the Court narrowed Congress's enforcement power, holding that Congress may not enact legislation under Section 5 that substantively defines or interprets Fourteenth Amendment rights. The Court ruled that legislation is valid under Section 5 only if there is a \"congruence and proportionality\" between the injury to a person's Fourteenth Amendment right and the means Congress adopted to prevent or remedy that injury. Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Fourteenth Amendment (Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868,","title":"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"17785056","text":"an additional six years. The S. 139 bill has made minor key changes to potentially enhance more effective ways to protect privacy in the United States while still tracking possible terrorist attacks. A few changes will now require the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court to approve specified query procedures every year, as well as have the Inspector General of the Department of Justice over look the query procedures and practices of the FBI, and have limited use of Section 702 to not allow information found to be used against U.S citizens for criminal cases. Section 702 originally expired on December 31,","title":"Fourth Amendment Protection Act"},{"id":"20676984","text":"Supreme Court, to protect an entities right to privacy. Post World War II, this amendment was used to help protect individual liberty; for example, in the Griswold v. United States court case it was used to broadly justify the right to privacy not mentioned within the first eight amendments. The Fourteenth Amendment has embedded within it the due process clause and equal protection clauses, which state that no state shall \"deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process\", this has been interpreted to serve as a protection of privacy within the family, marriage, motherhood, procreation, and child","title":"Privacy and the US government"},{"id":"428449","text":"that a consent search is still valid even if the police do not inform a suspect of his right to refuse the search. This contrasts with Fifth Amendment rights, which cannot be relinquished without an explicit \"Miranda\" warning from police. The Court stated in \"United States v. Matlock\" (1974) that a third party co-occupant could give consent for a search without violating a suspect's Fourth Amendment rights. However, in \"Georgia v. Randolph\" (2006), the Supreme Court ruled that when two co-occupants are both present, one consenting and the other rejecting the search of a shared residence, the police may not","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"2842806","text":"In the \"Katz\" decision, the Court \"extended the Fourth Amendment protection from unreasonable search and seizure to protect individuals with a 'reasonable expectation of privacy.'\" Section 2511(3) of the Crime Control Bill specifies that nothing in the act or the Federal Communications Act of 1934 shall limit the constitutional power of the President \"\"to take such measures as he deems necessary\"\": The section also limits use in evidence only where the interception was reasonable and prohibits disclosure except for purpose. In 1975, the United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, (known as the","title":"Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968"},{"id":"428742","text":"The framers of the Fourteenth Amendment wanted these principles enshrined in the Constitution to protect the new Civil Rights Act from being declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court and also to prevent a future Congress from altering it by a mere majority vote. This section was also in response to violence against black people within the Southern States. The Joint Committee on Reconstruction found that only a Constitutional amendment could protect black people's rights and welfare within those states. Section 1 has been the most frequently litigated part of the amendment, and this amendment in turn has been the most","title":"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"15323671","text":"Mere evidence rule In the law of the United States, the mere evidence rule was a historical doctrine that defined the scope of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The mere evidence rule was drawn from the opinion of the United States Supreme Court in the case \"Boyd v. United States\". In \"Boyd\", the Court ruled that a statute that compelled the production of documents as part of an investigation into the payment of duties was a violation of the Fourth and Fifth Amendments. The Court reasoned that the defendant had a superior property right in the papers,","title":"Mere evidence rule"},{"id":"428421","text":"shifted in both parties. Many Federalists, who had previously opposed a Bill of Rights, now supported the Bill as a means of silencing the Anti-Federalists' most effective criticism. Many Anti-Federalists, in contrast, now opposed it, realizing that the Bill's adoption would greatly lessen the chances of a second constitutional convention, which they desired. Anti-Federalists such as Richard Henry Lee also argued that the Bill left the most objectionable portions of the Constitution, such as the federal judiciary and direct taxation, intact. On November 20, 1789, New Jersey ratified eleven of the twelve amendments, including the Fourth. On December 19, 1789,","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"10987933","text":"Amendments to the United States Constitution each contain a due process clause. Due process deals with the administration of justice and thus the due process clause acts as a safeguard from arbitrary denial of life, liberty, or property by the government outside the sanction of law. The Supreme Court has interpreted the due process clauses to provide four protections: procedural due process (in civil and criminal proceedings), substantive due process, a prohibition against vague laws, and as the vehicle for the incorporation of the Bill of Rights. The Supreme Court has held that the federal government and each state has","title":"Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428761","text":"a Texas law against same-sex sexual intercourse violated the right to privacy. In \"Obergefell v. Hodges\" (2015), the Court ruled that the fundamental right to marriage included same-sex couples being able to marry. When the government seeks to burden a person's protected liberty interest or property interest, the Supreme Court has held that procedural due process requires that, at a minimum, the government provide the person notice, an opportunity to be heard at an oral hearing, and a decision by a neutral decision maker. For example, such process is due when a government agency seeks to terminate civil service employees,","title":"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"337280","text":"could be defined as preventing \"intrusions into one's physical space or solitude.\" This would include concerns such as: An example of the legal basis for the right to physical privacy is the U.S. Fourth Amendment, which guarantees \"the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures\". Most countries have laws regarding trespassing and property rights also determine the right of physical privacy. Physical privacy may be a matter of cultural sensitivity, personal dignity, and/or shyness. There may also be concerns about safety, if for example one is wary of","title":"Privacy"},{"id":"8812731","text":"include vehicles parked within private property where there is a reasonable expectation of privacy, which includes a home and its surrounding curtilage, defined by the Fourth Amendment, as determined in \"Collins v. Virginia\" (2018). The Supreme Court also ruled in the 2017 case \"Byrd v. United States\" that the motor vehicle exception also includes to those driving rental vehicles even if the driver is not listed on the rental agreement. Motor vehicle exception The motor vehicle exception is a legal rule in the United States that modifies the normal probable cause requirement of the Fourth Amendment to the United States","title":"Motor vehicle exception"},{"id":"1672819","text":"Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1791. Under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution a warrant is broadly required which particularly describes the place to be searched, and the persons, or things, to be seized; and no warrants shall be issued, but upon probable cause, supported by testimony before a judge. The courts have recognized many exceptions to the warrant requirement, including exceptions for routine administrative or inventory searches, searches made under exigent circumstances, and searches made with consent. A typical arrest warrant in the United States will take the approximate form of: \"This Court orders the Sheriff","title":"Warrant (law)"},{"id":"12688495","text":"Stored Communications Act The Stored Communications Act (SCA, codified at 18 U.S.C. Chapter 121 §§ 2701–2712) is a law that addresses voluntary and compelled disclosure of \"stored wire and electronic communications and transactional records\" held by third-party internet service providers (ISPs). It was enacted as Title II of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 (ECPA). The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution protects the people's right \"to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures\". However, when applied to information stored online, the Fourth Amendment's protections are potentially far weaker. In part, this","title":"Stored Communications Act"},{"id":"1879972","text":"her own body\". In political terms, privacy can be understood as a condition in which one is not observed or disturbed by government. Traditionally, American courts have located the right to privacy in the Fourth Amendment, Ninth Amendment, Fourteenth Amendment, as well as the penumbra of the Bill of Rights. The landmark decision \"Roe v Wade\" relied on the 14th Amendment, which guarantees that federal rights shall be applied equally to all persons born in the United States. The 14th Amendment has given rise to the doctrine of Substantive due process, which is said to guarantee various privacy rights, including","title":"Abortion debate"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"428406\",\n \"text\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Fourth Amendment (Amendment IV) to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights. It prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures. In addition, it sets requirements for issuing warrants: warrants must be issued by a judge or magistrate, justified by probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and must particularly describe the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized. Fourth Amendment case law deals with three main issues: what government activities are \\\"searches\\\" and \\\"seizures,\\\" what constitutes probable cause to conduct searches and seizures, and how\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428407\",\n \"text\": \"violations of Fourth Amendment rights should be addressed. Early court decisions limited the amendment's scope to physical intrusion of property or persons, but with \\\"Katz v. United States\\\" (1967), the Supreme Court held that its protections extend to intrusions on the privacy of individuals as well as to physical locations. A warrant is needed for most search and seizure activities, but the Court has carved out a series of exceptions for consent searches, motor vehicle searches, evidence in plain view, exigent circumstances, border searches, and other situations. The exclusionary rule is one way the amendment is enforced. Established in \\\"Weeks\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428427\",\n \"text\": \"under the Fourth Amendment is that arrests and \\\"searches conducted outside the judicial process, without prior approval by judge or magistrate, are \\\"per se\\\" unreasonable\\\". In order for such a warrant to be considered reasonable, it must be supported by probable cause and be limited in scope according to specific information supplied by a person (usually a law enforcement officer) who has sworn by it and is therefore accountable to the issuing court. The Supreme Court further held in \\\"Chandler v. Miller\\\" (1997): \\\"To be reasonable under the Fourth Amendment, a search ordinarily must be based on individualized suspicion of\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428425\",\n \"text\": \"privacy, dignity and security of persons against certain arbitrary and invasive acts by officers of the Government, without regard to whether the government actor is investigating crime or performing another function\\\". In \\\"Mapp v. Ohio\\\" (1961), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Fourth Amendment applies to the states by way of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Fourth Amendment case law deals with three central issues: what government activities constitute \\\"search\\\" and \\\"seizure\\\"; what constitutes probable cause for these actions; how violations of Fourth Amendment rights should be addressed. The Fourth Amendment typically requires \\\"a neutral and\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428426\",\n \"text\": \"detached authority interposed between the police and the public\\\", and it is offended by \\\"general warrants\\\" and laws that allows searches to be conducted \\\"indiscriminately and without regard to their connection with [a] crime under investigation\\\", for the \\\"basic purpose of the Fourth Amendment, which is enforceable against the States through the Fourteenth, through its prohibition of 'unreasonable' searches and seizures is to safeguard the privacy and security of individuals against arbitrary invasions by governmental officials.\\\" The Fourth Amendment has been held to mean that a search or an arrest generally requires a judicially sanctioned warrant, because the basic rule\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428476\",\n \"text\": \"January 2, 2014, that it will appeal the ruling that NSA bulk phone record collection is legal. \\\"The government has a legitimate interest in tracking the associations of suspected terrorists, but tracking those associations does not require the government to subject every citizen to permanent surveillance,\\\" deputy ACLU legal director Jameel Jaffer said in a statement. Citations Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Fourth Amendment (Amendment IV) to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights. It prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures. In addition, it sets requirements for issuing warrants: warrants must be issued by\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10987877\",\n \"text\": \"Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Fifth Amendment (Amendment V) to the United States Constitution addresses criminal procedure and other aspects of the Constitution. It was ratified in 1791 as part of the Bill of Rights. The Fifth Amendment originally applied only to the federal government, but the Supreme Court has applied most of the protections of this amendment to the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. One provision of the Fifth Amendment requires that felonies be tried only upon indictment by a grand jury. Another provision, the Double Jeopardy Clause, provides the right\",\n \"title\": \"Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428444\",\n \"text\": \"law, or otherwise qualified magistrate, to lawfully search and seize evidence while investigating criminal activity. A court grants permission by issuing a writ known as a warrant. A search or seizure is generally unreasonable and unconstitutional if conducted without a valid warrant and the police must obtain a warrant whenever practicable. Searches and seizures without a warrant are not considered unreasonable if one of the specifically established and well-delineated exceptions to the warrant requirement applies. These exceptions apply \\\"[o]nly in those exceptional circumstances in which special needs, beyond the normal need for law enforcement, make the warrant and probable cause\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4286169\",\n \"text\": \"of privacy by individuals can only be remedied under previous court decisions. The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States ensures that \\\"the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized\\\". The First Amendment protects the right to free assembly, broadening privacy rights. Some believe that the Ninth Amendment declares that the fact\",\n \"title\": \"Privacy laws of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428764\",\n \"text\": \"believed that it would ensure that the states would be required to recognize the same individual rights as the federal government; all of these rights were likely understood as falling within the \\\"privileges or immunities\\\" safeguarded by the amendment. By the latter half of the 20th century, nearly all of the rights in the Bill of Rights had been applied to the states. The Supreme Court has held that the amendment's Due Process Clause incorporates all of the substantive protections of the First, Second, Fourth, Fifth (except for its Grand Jury Clause) and Sixth Amendments and the Cruel and Unusual\",\n \"title\": \"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428755\",\n \"text\": \"of the Fourteenth Amendment applies only against the states, but it is otherwise textually identical to the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment, which applies against the federal government; both clauses have been interpreted to encompass identical doctrines of procedural due process and substantive due process. Procedural due process is the guarantee of a fair legal process when the government tries to interfere with a person's protected interests in life, liberty, or property, and substantive due process is the guarantee that the fundamental rights of citizens will not be encroached on by government. The Due Process Clause of the\",\n \"title\": \"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428420\",\n \"text\": \"on the authority of the new federal government to conduct searches. In the 1st United States Congress, following the state legislatures' request, James Madison proposed twenty constitutional amendments based on state bills of rights and English sources such as the Bill of Rights 1689, including an amendment requiring probable cause for government searches. Congress reduced Madison's proposed twenty amendments to twelve, with modifications to Madison's language about searches and seizures. The final language was submitted to the states for ratification on September 25, 1789. By the time the Bill of Rights was submitted to the states for ratification, opinions had\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428409\",\n \"text\": \"Madison, along with the other amendments in the Bill of Rights, in response to Anti-Federalist objections to the new Constitution. Congress submitted the amendment to the states on September 28, 1789. By December 15, 1791, the necessary three-fourths of the states had ratified it. On March 1, 1792, Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson announced that it was officially part of the Constitution. Because the Bill of Rights did not initially apply to state or local governments, and federal criminal investigations were less common in the first century of the nation's history, there is little significant case law for the Fourth\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428727\",\n \"text\": \"the states, as well as to recognize substantive and procedural requirements that state laws must satisfy. The Equal Protection Clause requires each state to provide equal protection under the law to all people, including all non-citizens, within its jurisdiction. This clause has been the basis for many decisions rejecting irrational or unnecessary discrimination against people belonging to various groups. The second, third, and fourth sections of the amendment are seldom litigated. However, the second section's reference to \\\"rebellion, or other crime\\\" has been invoked as a constitutional ground for felony disenfranchisement. The fourth section was held, in \\\"Perry v. United\",\n \"title\": \"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428417\",\n \"text\": \"officer of the customs\\\" and barring all other writs. The governor overturned the legislation, finding it contrary to English law and parliamentary sovereignty. Seeing the danger general warrants presented, the Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776) explicitly forbade the use of general warrants. This prohibition became a precedent for the Fourth Amendment: Article XIV of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights, written by John Adams and enacted in 1780 as part of the Massachusetts Constitution, added the requirement that all searches must be \\\"reasonable,\\\" and served as another basis for the language of the Fourth Amendment: By 1784, eight state constitutions contained\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428464\",\n \"text\": \"search exception. Most border searches may be conducted entirely at random, without any level of suspicion, pursuant to U.S. Customs and Border Protection plenary search authority. However, searches that intrude upon a traveler's personal dignity and privacy interests, such as strip and body cavity searches, must be supported by \\\"reasonable suspicion.\\\" The U.S. Courts of Appeals for the Fourth and Ninth circuits have ruled that information on a traveler's electronic materials, including personal files on a laptop computer, may be searched at random, without suspicion. The Supreme Court decision in \\\"United States v. U.S. District Court\\\" (1972) left open the\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8218245\",\n \"text\": \"their delegations to Congress. The Fourteenth Amendment, particularly its first section, is one of the most litigated parts of the Constitution, forming the basis for landmark decisions such as \\\"Roe v. Wade\\\" (1973), regarding abortion, and \\\"Bush v. Gore\\\" (2000), regarding the 2000 presidential election. The second, third, and fourth sections of the amendment are seldom, if ever, litigated. The fifth section gives Congress enforcement power. The amendment's first section includes several clauses: the Citizenship Clause, Privileges or Immunities Clause, Due Process Clause, and Equal Protection Clause. The Citizenship Clause provides a broad definition of citizenship, overruling the Supreme Court's\",\n \"title\": \"Reconstruction Amendments\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9592041\",\n \"text\": \"and social discourse, the Second Amendment has been at the heart of several Supreme Court decisions. The Third Amendment restricts the quartering of soldiers in private homes, in response to Quartering Acts passed by the British parliament during the Revolutionary War. The amendment is one of the least controversial of the Constitution, and, , has never been the primary basis of a Supreme Court decision. The Fourth Amendment guards against unreasonable searches and seizures, along with requiring any warrant to be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause. It was adopted as a response to the abuse of the writ\",\n \"title\": \"United States Bill of Rights\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15323676\",\n \"text\": \"the 4th Amendment, like the reasonableness and warrant requirements, would sufficiently safeguard the right to privacy. The abandonment of the mere evidence rule has been criticized. Professor Russell W. Galloway argued that the rule was a rational limitation on searches, and that its rejection paved the way for more intrusive paper searches and less protection for third parties. Mere evidence rule In the law of the United States, the mere evidence rule was a historical doctrine that defined the scope of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The mere evidence rule was drawn from the opinion of the\",\n \"title\": \"Mere evidence rule\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428432\",\n \"text\": \"Fourth Amendment, and thus necessitated a warrant. The Court said that it was not recognizing any general right to privacy in the Fourth Amendment, and that this wiretap could have been authorized if proper procedures had been followed. This decision in \\\"Katz\\\" was later developed into the now commonly used two-prong test, adopted in \\\"Smith v. Maryland\\\" (1979), for determining whether a search has occurred for purposes of the Fourth Amendment: The Supreme Court has held that the Fourth Amendment does not apply to information that is voluntarily shared with third parties. In \\\"Smith\\\", the Court held individuals have no\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428445\",\n \"text\": \"requirement impracticable\\\". In these situations where the warrant requirement doesn't apply a search or seizure nonetheless must be justified by some individualized suspicion of wrongdoing. However, the U.S. Supreme Court carved out an exception to the requirement of individualized suspicion. It ruled that, \\\"In limited circumstances, where the privacy interests implicated by the search are minimal and where an important governmental interest furthered by the intrusion would be placed in jeopardy by a requirement of individualized suspicion\\\" a search [or seizure] would still be reasonable. The standards of probable cause differ for an arrest and a search. The government has\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2919500\",\n \"text\": \"Constitution states that: The text of the amendment is brief, and most of the law determining what constitutes an unlawful search and seizure is found in court rulings. The brief definitions of the terms \\\"search\\\" and \\\"seizure\\\" was concisely summarized in \\\"United States v. Jacobsen\\\", which said that the Fourth Amendment: The general rule under the United States Constitution is that a valid warrant is required for a search. There are, however, several exceptions to this rule, based on the language of the fourth amendment that the people are to be \\\"secure ... against unreasonable searches and seizures\\\". For instance,\",\n \"title\": \"Search and seizure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428408\",\n \"text\": \"v. United States\\\" (1914), this rule holds that evidence obtained as a result of a Fourth Amendment violation is generally inadmissible at criminal trials. Evidence discovered as a later result of an illegal search may also be inadmissible as \\\"fruit of the poisonous tree\\\", unless it inevitably would have been discovered by legal means. The Fourth Amendment was adopted in response to the abuse of the writ of assistance, a type of general search warrant issued by the British government, and a major source of tension in pre-Revolutionary America. The Fourth Amendment was introduced in Congress in 1789 by James\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10987879\",\n \"text\": \"under police custody. The Fifth Amendment also contains the Takings Clause, which allows the federal government to take private property for public use if the government provides \\\"just compensation.\\\" Like the Fourteenth Amendment, the Fifth Amendment includes a due process clause stating that no person shall \\\"be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.\\\" The Fifth Amendment's due process clause applies to the federal government, while the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause applies to state governments. The Supreme Court has interpreted the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause as providing two main protections: procedural due process, which\",\n \"title\": \"Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17785057\",\n \"text\": \"2017 but was then continued until January 19, 2018 where the vote ruled in favor of the extension by 256-164. President Donald Trump signed to enact S. 139 which became Public Law No: 115-118 that same day. On November 29, 2017 H.R. 4478 FISA Reauthorization Act of 2017, was introduced, sponsored by Republican Devin Nunes to extend Section 702. Representatives Justin Amish and Zoe Lofgren offered the USA Rights Act, pertaining a more balanced scale between security and liberty as this bill protects the 4th amendment along with eliminating the warrantless backdoor searches, that would then require government officials to\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment Protection Act\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428424\",\n \"text\": \"the federal government, and went through a long initial phase of \\\"judicial dormancy\\\"; in the words of historian Gordon S. Wood, \\\"After ratification, most Americans promptly forgot about the first ten amendments to the Constitution.\\\" Federal jurisdiction regarding criminal law was narrow until the late 19th century when the Interstate Commerce Act and Sherman Antitrust Act were passed. As federal criminal jurisdiction expanded to include other areas such as narcotics, more questions about the Fourth Amendment came to the Supreme Court. The U.S. Supreme Court responded to these questions by outlining the fundamental purpose of the amendment as guaranteeing \\\"the\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428466\",\n \"text\": \"believed to be located outside the United States.\\\" Despite the foregoing citation the Fourth Amendment prohibitions against unreasonable searches and seizures nonetheless apply to the contents of all communications, whatever the means, because, \\\"a person's private communications are akin to personal papers.\\\" To protect the telecommunication carriers cooperating with the US government from legal action, the Congress passed a bill updating the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 to permit this type of surveillance. In \\\"New Jersey v. T. L. O.\\\" (1985), the Supreme Court ruled that searches in public schools do not require warrants, as long as the searching\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9540188\",\n \"text\": \"Fourth Amendment right against unreasonable searches. The U.S. Supreme Court, in a 6-3 ruling, held that the search was reasonable under the Fourth Amendment. The Fourth Amendment only protects against unreasonable searches and seizures. Although a search is presumptively reasonable if carried out pursuant to a warrant issued upon a showing of probable cause, the Fourth Amendment does not require a showing of probable cause in all cases. When \\\"special needs\\\" outside of ordinary law enforcement needs make obtaining a warrant impractical, the Fourth Amendment allows officials to dispense with the formality of obtaining a warrant. Such \\\"special needs\\\" adhere\",\n \"title\": \"Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3067063\",\n \"text\": \"Due Process Clause The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution each contain a due process clause. Due process deals with the administration of justice and thus the due process clause acts as a safeguard from arbitrary denial of life, liberty, or property by the government outside the sanction of law. The Supreme Court of the United States interprets the clauses more broadly, concluding that these clauses provide four protections: procedural due process (in civil and criminal proceedings), substantive due process, a prohibition against vague laws, and as the vehicle for the incorporation of the Bill of Rights.\",\n \"title\": \"Due Process Clause\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18738076\",\n \"text\": \"noted, the Amendment consists of two independent clauses joined by the conjunction \\\"and.\\\" See, e.g., Go-Bart Co. v. United States, 282 U. S. 344, 282 U. S. 356-357 (1931). The first clause forbids \\\"unreasonable searches and seizures\\\" of \\\"persons, houses, papers, and effects. . . .\\\" The second clause describes the circumstances under which a search warrant or arrest warrant may issue, requiring specification of the place to be searched as well as the persons or things to be seized. Much of the modern debate over the meaning of the Fourth Amendment has focused on the relationship between the reasonableness\",\n \"title\": \"Ybarra v. Illinois\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428452\",\n \"text\": \"search\\\", proclaimed the Court, \\\"even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable.\\\" Similarly, \\\"open fields\\\" such as pastures, open water, and woods may be searched without a warrant, on the ground that conduct occurring therein would have no reasonable expectation of privacy. The doctrine was first articulated by the Court in \\\"Hester v. United States\\\" (1924), which stated that \\\"the special protection accorded by the Fourth Amendment to the people in their 'persons, houses, papers, and effects,' is not extended to the open fields.\\\" In \\\"Oliver v. United States\\\" (1984), the police ignored a \\\"no\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10987880\",\n \"text\": \"requires government officials to follow fair procedures before depriving a person of life, liberty, or property, and substantive due process, which protects certain fundamental rights from government interference. The Supreme Court has also held that the Due Process Clause contains a prohibition against vague laws and an implied equal protection requirement similar to the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause. The amendment as proposed by Congress in 1789 reads as follows: On June 8, 1789, Congressman James Madison introduced several proposed constitutional amendments during a speech to the House of Representatives. His draft language that later became the Fifth Amendment was\",\n \"title\": \"Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16172627\",\n \"text\": \"appeal. All of the foregoing constitutional provisions apply exclusively to criminal matters. In contrast, the due process and equal protection clauses have substantial application outside of the criminal law. U.S. Const. amend. V provides: U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1 provides: The due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments apply generally to all stages of criminal proceedings. The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment was the vehicle for the incorporation of all of the foregoing rights (with the exception of the Grand Jury Clause, the Vicinage Clause, and maybe the Excessive Bail Clause) to apply in state\",\n \"title\": \"United States constitutional criminal procedure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428437\",\n \"text\": \"reasonable suspicion to believe that the person was driving a stolen car, cannot, after confirming that it is not stolen, compel the person to answer questions about anything else, such as the possession of contraband). The Fourth Amendment proscribes unreasonable seizure of any person, person's home (including its curtilage) or personal property without a warrant. A seizure of property occurs when there is \\\"some meaningful interference with an individual's possessory interests in that property\\\", such as when police officers take personal property away from an owner to use as evidence, or when they participate in an eviction. The amendment also\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428438\",\n \"text\": \"protects against unreasonable seizure of persons, including a brief detention. A seizure does not occur just because the government questions an individual in a public place. The exclusionary rule would not bar voluntary answers to such questions from being offered into evidence in a subsequent criminal prosecution. The person is not being seized if his freedom of movement is not restrained. The government may not detain an individual even momentarily without reasonable, objective grounds, with few exceptions. His refusal to listen or answer does not by itself furnish such grounds. In \\\"United States v. Mendenhall\\\" (1980), the Court held that\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7803447\",\n \"text\": \"Warrantless searches in the United States Warrantless searches are searches and seizures conducted without search warrants. In the United States, warrantless searches are restricted under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, part of the Bill of Rights, which provides that, \\\"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.\\\" In the Thirteen Colonies,\",\n \"title\": \"Warrantless searches in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428430\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Silverman v. United States\\\" (1961), the Court stated of the amendment that \\\"at the very core stands the right of a man to retreat into his own home and there be free from unreasonable governmental intrusion\\\". Fourth Amendment protections expanded significantly with \\\"Katz v. United States\\\" (1967). In \\\"Katz\\\", the Supreme Court expanded that focus to embrace an individual's right to privacy, and ruled that a search had occurred when the government wiretapped a telephone booth using a microphone attached to the outside of the glass. While there was no physical intrusion into the booth, the Court reasoned that: 1)\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428462\",\n \"text\": \"not germane to the reasonableness of a search incident to an arrest. \\\"Rabinowitz\\\" suggested that any area within the \\\"immediate control\\\" of the arrestee could be searched, but it did not define the term. In deciding \\\"Chimel v. California\\\" (1969), the Supreme Court elucidated its previous decisions. It held that when an arrest is made, it is reasonable for the officer to search the arrestee for weapons and evidence. However, in \\\"Riley v. California\\\" (2014), the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that police must obtain a warrant to search an arrestee's cellular phone. The Court said that earlier Supreme Court decisions\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428423\",\n \"text\": \"later ratify the Bill of Rights for sesquicentennial celebrations in 1939.) In February through June 1790, New York, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island each ratified eleven of the amendments, including the Fourth. Virginia initially postponed its debate, but after Vermont was admitted to the Union in 1791, the total number of states needed for ratification rose to eleven. Vermont ratified on November 3, 1791, approving all twelve amendments, and Virginia finally followed on December 15, 1791. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson announced the adoption of the ten successfully ratified amendments on March 1, 1792. The Bill of Rights originally only restricted\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428724\",\n \"text\": \"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Fourteenth Amendment (Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868, as one of the Reconstruction Amendments. Arguably one of the most consequential amendments to this day, the amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War. The amendment was bitterly contested, particularly by the states of the defeated Confederacy, which were forced to ratify it in order to regain representation in Congress. The amendment, particularly its first section, is one\",\n \"title\": \"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428414\",\n \"text\": \"the general warrant. During what scholar William Cuddihy called the \\\"colonial epidemic of general searches\\\", the authorities possessed almost unlimited power to search for anything at any time, with very little oversight. In 1756, the colony of Massachusetts barred the use of general warrants. This represented the first law in American history curtailing the use of seizure power. Its creation largely stemmed from the great public outcry over the Excise Act of 1754, which gave tax collectors unlimited powers to interrogate colonists concerning their use of goods subject to customs. The act also permitted the use of a general warrant\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18976437\",\n \"text\": \"the Court's ruling for encouraging citizens \\\"to stand up for their rights\\\", others have criticized it for failing to reflect the realities of \\\"real-life confrontations occurring on the street\\\" between citizens and law enforcement. The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution applies to both arrests and temporary detentions of criminal suspects, both of which have been defined by the Supreme Court of the United States as \\\"seizures\\\" of a person. Before conducting an arrest, an officer must demonstrate probable cause that a suspect has engaged in criminal activity. However, police officers may also conduct temporary detentions when officers have\",\n \"title\": \"United States v. Drayton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428759\",\n \"text\": \"the Due Process Clause is also the foundation of a constitutional right to privacy. The Court first ruled that privacy was protected by the Constitution in \\\"Griswold v. Connecticut\\\" (1965), which overturned a Connecticut law criminalizing birth control. While Justice William O. Douglas wrote for the majority that the right to privacy was found in the \\\"penumbras\\\" of various provisions in the Bill of Rights, Justices Arthur Goldberg and John Marshall Harlan II wrote in concurring opinions that the \\\"liberty\\\" protected by the Due Process Clause included individual privacy. The right to privacy was the basis for \\\"Roe v. Wade\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"502348\",\n \"text\": \"However, neither concept lines up perfectly with the American conception of due process, which presently contains many implied rights not found in the ancient or modern concepts of due process in England. The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution each contain a Due Process Clause. Due process deals with the administration of justice and thus the Due Process Clause acts as a safeguard from arbitrary denial of life, liberty, or property by the government outside the sanction of law. The Supreme Court of the United States interprets the clauses as providing four protections: procedural due process (in\",\n \"title\": \"Due process\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428458\",\n \"text\": \"(1) vehicles generally do not serve as residences or repositories of personal effects, and (2) vehicles \\\"can be quickly moved out of the locality or jurisdiction in which the warrant must be sought.\\\" Vehicles may not be randomly stopped and searched; there must be probable cause or reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. Items in plain view may be seized; areas that could potentially hide weapons may also be searched. With probable cause to believe evidence is present, police officers may search any area in the vehicle. However, they may not extend the search to the vehicle's passengers without probable cause\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16422211\",\n \"text\": \"case, the Soldals' domicile was not only seized, it literally was carried away, giving new meaning to the term 'mobile home'.\\\" The Court emphatically disagreed with the Appeals Court, and found that: The case was reversed and remanded. The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (made applicable to the States by the Fourteenth Amendment), provides that: As was defined by \\\"United States v. Jacobsen\\\", the first Clause of the Fourth Amendment: The Fourth Amendment proscribes unreasonable seizure of any person, or of any person's home (including its curtilage) or personal property without a warrant. Although much of the recent body\",\n \"title\": \"Soldal v. Cook County\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12688496\",\n \"text\": \"is because the Fourth Amendment defines the \\\"right to be secure\\\" in spatial terms that do not directly apply to the \\\"reasonable expectation of privacy\\\" in an online context. The Fourth Amendment protects \\\"the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures.\\\" The Fourth Amendment has been stressed as a right that protects people and not places, which leaves the interpretation of the amendment's language broad in scope. In addition, society has not reached clear consensus over expectations of privacy in terms of more modern (and developing, future) forms\",\n \"title\": \"Stored Communications Act\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428468\",\n \"text\": \"way courts enforce the Fourth Amendment is through the use of the exclusionary rule. The rule provides that evidence obtained through a violation of the Fourth Amendment is generally not admissible by the prosecution during the defendant's criminal trial. The Court stated in \\\"Elkins v. United States\\\" (1960) that the rule's function \\\"is to deter—to compel respect for the constitutional guaranty in the only effectively available way—by removing the incentive to disregard it.\\\" The Court adopted the exclusionary rule in \\\"Weeks v. United States\\\" (1914), prior to which all evidence, no matter how seized, could be admitted in court. In\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428428\",\n \"text\": \"wrongdoing. But particularized exceptions to the main rule are sometimes warranted based on 'special needs, beyond the normal need for law enforcement'. … When such 'special needs' are alleged, courts must undertake a context-specific inquiry, examining closely the competing private and public interests advanced by the parties.\\\" The amendment applies to governmental searches and seizures, but not those done by private citizens or organizations who are not acting on behalf of a government. In \\\"Ontario v. Quon\\\" (2010), the Court held the amendment to also apply to the government when acting as an employer, ruling that a government could search\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428753\",\n \"text\": \"government, the right to peaceably assemble and petition the government, the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, and the right to participate in the government's administration. This decision has not been overruled and has been specifically reaffirmed several times. Largely as a result of the narrowness of the \\\"Slaughter-House\\\" opinion, this clause subsequently lay dormant for well over a century. In \\\"Saenz v. Roe\\\" (1999), the Court ruled that a component of the \\\"right to travel\\\" is protected by the Privileges or Immunities Clause: Justice Miller actually wrote in the \\\"Slaughter-House Cases\\\" that the right to become a citizen\",\n \"title\": \"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428471\",\n \"text\": \"blocked the state courts from expanding these protections further. Since \\\"United States v. Calandra\\\" (1974), the Supreme Court has repeatedly limited the exclusionary rule. The Court in \\\"Calandra\\\" ruled that grand juries may use illegally obtained evidence when questioning witnesses, because \\\"the damage to that institution from the unprecedented extension of the exclusionary rule outweighs the benefit of any possible incremental deterrent effect.\\\" Explaining the purpose of the rule, the Court said that the rule \\\"is a judicially created remedy designed to safeguard Fourth Amendment rights generally through its deterrent effect, rather than a personal constitutional right of the party\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428801\",\n \"text\": \"obliged \\\"to prioritize incoming revenues to pay the public debt: interest on government bonds and any other 'vested' obligations. What falls into the latter category is not entirely clear, but a large number of other government obligations—and certainly payments for future services—would not count and would have to be sacrificed. This might include, for example, Social Security payments.\\\" Section 5, also known as the Enforcement Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, enables Congress to pass laws enforcing the amendment's other provisions. In the \\\"Civil Rights Cases\\\" (1883), the Supreme Court interpreted Section 5 narrowly, stating that \\\"the legislation which Congress is\",\n \"title\": \"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20676981\",\n \"text\": \"the right to privacy of the home over federal use. The Fourth Amendment states that “the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated”. Therefore, the Fourth Amendment gives a constitutional right to security for people's \\\"private places, and private things\\\". Most privacy violation court cases (prior to explicit court precedents and legislation) relied on the \\\"unreasonable\\\" verbiage as the basis for there arguments of infringement of privacy. This suggests that whenever a search or seizure was deemed unreasonable the seized evidence was considered unlawful\",\n \"title\": \"Privacy and the US government\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428446\",\n \"text\": \"probable cause to make an arrest when \\\"the facts and circumstances within their knowledge and of which they had reasonably trustworthy information\\\" would lead a prudent person to believe that the arrested person had committed or was committing a crime. Probable cause to arrest must exist before the arrest is made. Evidence obtained after the arrest may not apply retroactively to justify the arrest. When police conduct a search, the amendment requires that the warrant establish probable cause to believe that the search will uncover criminal activity or contraband. They must have legally sufficient reasons to believe a search is\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2949404\",\n \"text\": \"at issue in \\\"Griswold v. Connecticut\\\", when the Court held, in 1965, that criminal prohibition of contraceptive devices for married couples violated federal, judicially enforceable privacy rights. The right to contraceptives was found in what the Court called the \\\"penumbras\\\", or shadow edges, of certain amendments that arguably refer to certain privacy rights, such as the First Amendment, which protects freedom of expression; the Third Amendment, which protects homes from being taken for use by soldiers; and the Fourth Amendment, which provides security against unreasonable searches. The penumbra-based rationale of \\\"Griswold\\\" has since been discarded; the Supreme Court now uses\",\n \"title\": \"Substantive due process\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428448\",\n \"text\": \"likely true than false. A \\\"practical, non-technical\\\" probability that incriminating evidence is involved is all that is required. In \\\"Illinois v. Gates\\\" (1983), the Court ruled that the reliability of an informant is to be determined based on the \\\"totality of the circumstances\\\". If a party gives consent to a search, a warrant is not required. There are exceptions and complications to the rule, including the scope of the consent given, whether the consent is voluntarily given, and whether an individual has the right to consent to a search of another's property. In \\\"Schneckloth v. Bustamonte\\\" (1973), the Court ruled\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5744887\",\n \"text\": \"any kind of monitoring based on the actual email sent. However, this method infamously failed to protect the privacy of the participants in the Petraeus scandal; after coming under investigation for unrelated activities, communication between the parties was accessed by the FBI. The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that “[T]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated.” This Amendment guarantees the privacy, dignity, and security of persons against certain arbitrary and invasive acts by officers of the government or those acting\",\n \"title\": \"Email privacy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428410\",\n \"text\": \"Amendment before the 20th century. The amendment was held to apply to state and local governments in \\\"Mapp v. Ohio\\\" (1961) via the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Like many other areas of American law, the Fourth Amendment finds its roots in English legal doctrine. In \\\"Semayne's case\\\" (1604), Sir Edward Coke famously stated: \\\"The house of every one is to him as his castle and fortress, as well for his defence against injury and violence as for his repose.\\\" \\\"Semayne's Case\\\" acknowledged that the King did not have unbridled authority to intrude on his subjects' dwellings, but\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18738049\",\n \"text\": \"by simply pointing to the fact that coincidentally there exists probable cause to search or seize another or to search the premises where the person may happen to be. The Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments protect the \\\"legitimate expectations of privacy\\\" of persons, not places. See Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U. S. 128, 439 U. S. 138-143, 439 U. S. 148-149; Katz v. United States, 389 U. S. 347, 389 U. S. 351-352. Each patron who walked into the Aurora Tap Tavern on March 1, 1976, was clothed with constitutional protection against an unreasonable search or an unreasonable seizure. That individualized\",\n \"title\": \"Ybarra v. Illinois\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3139168\",\n \"text\": \"the meaning of the Fourth Amendment and thus required a warrant. According to Justice Harlan, there is a two-part requirement for a search: 1. That the individual have a subjective expectation of privacy; and 2. That the individual's expectation of privacy is \\\"one that society is prepared to recognize as 'reasonable.'\\\" Justice Harlan rejected the theory that the Constitution enshrined the so-called \\\"one man, one vote\\\" principle, or the principle that legislative districts must be roughly equal in population. In this regard, he shared the views of Justice Felix Frankfurter, who in \\\"Colegrove v. Green\\\" admonished the courts to stay\",\n \"title\": \"John Marshall Harlan (born 1899)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5376110\",\n \"text\": \"telephone is far greater than that involved in tampering with the mails.\\\" In its past rulings, the Court has refused to read a literal construction of the Fourth Amendment, most notably in the \\\"Boyd\\\" case. Unjustified search and seizure violate the Fourth Amendment, and it does not matter what type of papers were seized, whether the papers were in an office or a home, whether the papers were seized by force, etc. The protection guaranteed by the Fourth and Fifth Amendments are broad in scope. The framers of the Constitution sought \\\"to protect Americans in their beliefs, their thoughts, their\",\n \"title\": \"Olmstead v. United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428431\",\n \"text\": \"Katz, by entering the booth and shutting the door behind him, had exhibited his expectation that \\\"the words he utters into the mouthpiece will not be broadcast to the world\\\"; and 2) society believes that his expectation was reasonable. Justice Potter Stewart wrote in the majority opinion that \\\"the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places\\\". A \\\"search\\\" occurs for purposes of the Fourth Amendment when the government violates a person's \\\"reasonable expectation of privacy\\\". Katz's reasonable expectation of privacy thus provided the basis to rule that the government's intrusion, though electronic rather than physical, was a search covered by the\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15618622\",\n \"text\": \"Kentucky v. King Kentucky v. King, 563 U.S. 452 (2011), was a decision by the United States Supreme Court which held that warrantless searches conducted in police-created exigent circumstances do not violate the Fourth Amendment so long as the police did not create the exigency by violating or threatening to violate the Fourth Amendment. The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution requires searches and seizures be reasonable. The Court has held a search or seizure without a warrant presumptively unreasonable. However, there are many exceptions to the warrant requirement, including exigent circumstances, search incident to arrest, consent search, plain\",\n \"title\": \"Kentucky v. King\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15618611\",\n \"text\": \"Kentucky v. King Kentucky v. King, 563 U.S. 452 (2011), was a decision by the United States Supreme Court which held that warrantless searches conducted in police-created exigent circumstances do not violate the Fourth Amendment so long as the police did not create the exigency by violating or threatening to violate the Fourth Amendment. The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution requires searches and seizures be reasonable. The Court has held a search or seizure without a warrant presumptively unreasonable. However, there are many exceptions to the warrant requirement, including exigent circumstances, search incident to arrest, consent search, plain\",\n \"title\": \"Kentucky v. King\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10987882\",\n \"text\": \"presentment or indictment by a grand jury shall be an essential preliminary... This draft was edited by Congress; all the material before the first ellipsis was placed at the end, and some of the wording was modified. After approval by Congress, the amendment was ratified by the states on December 15, 1791 as part of the Bill of Rights. Every one of the five clauses in the final amendment appeared in Madison's draft, and in their final order those clauses are the Grand Jury Clause (which Madison had placed last), the Double Jeopardy Clause, the Self Incrimination Clause, the Due\",\n \"title\": \"Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428429\",\n \"text\": \"a police officer's text messages that were sent over that government's pager. One threshold question in the Fourth Amendment jurisprudence is whether a \\\"search\\\" has occurred. Initial Fourth Amendment case law hinged on a citizen's property rights—that is, when the government physically intrudes on \\\"persons, houses, papers, or effects\\\" for the purpose of obtaining information, a \\\"search\\\" within the original meaning of the Fourth Amendment has occurred. Early 20th-century Court decisions, such as \\\"Olmstead v. United States\\\" (1928), held that Fourth Amendment rights applied in cases of physical intrusion, but not to other forms of police surveillance (e.g., wiretaps). In\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"785650\",\n \"text\": \"Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Twenty-fourth Amendment (Amendment XXIV) of the United States Constitution prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax. The amendment was proposed by Congress to the states on August 27, 1962, and was ratified by the states on January 23, 1964. Southern states of the former Confederate States of America adopted poll taxes in laws of the late 19th century and new constitutions from 1890 to 1908, after the Democratic Party had generally regained control\",\n \"title\": \"Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428455\",\n \"text\": \"area is put, and the steps taken by the resident to protect the area from observation by people passing by.\\\" The Court has acknowledged that a doorbell or knocker is typically treated as an invitation, or license, to the public to approach the front door of the home to deliver mail, sell goods, solicit for charities, etc. This license extends to the police, who have the right to try engaging a home's occupant in a \\\"knock and talk\\\" for the purpose of gathering evidence without a warrant. However, they cannot bring a drug detection dog to sniff at the front\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428433\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"legitimate expectation of privacy\\\" regarding the telephone numbers they dial because they knowingly give that information to telephone companies when they dial a number. However, under \\\"Carpenter v. United States\\\" (2018), individuals do have a reasonable expectation of privacy regarding cell phone records that would reveal where that person had traveled over many months and so law enforcement must get a search warrant before obtaining such records. Following \\\"Katz\\\", the vast majority of Fourth Amendment search cases have turned on the right to privacy, but in \\\"United States v. Jones\\\" (2012), the Court ruled that the \\\"Katz\\\" standard did not\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17785049\",\n \"text\": \"its president at the time, Andy Biggs. In Arizona, it would have prevented digital information obtained without a warrant from being used in court, prohibited federal agencies from using state funding to carry out data collection without proper warrants, and eliminated numerous gray areas not mentioned in the Fourth Amendment. It was intended to go into effect on January 1, 2015. However, this bill did not pass. On June 2, 2015, President Barack Obama signed a revised version of the USA Freedom Act. Under Section 215 the mass collection of phone data was no longer allowed. Phone records could now\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment Protection Act\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428763\",\n \"text\": \"not necessarily include provisions comparable to the Bill of Rights. In \\\"Barron v. Baltimore\\\" (1833), the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the Bill of Rights restrained only the federal government, not the states. However, the Supreme Court has subsequently held that most provisions of the Bill of Rights apply to the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment under a doctrine called \\\"incorporation.\\\" Whether incorporation was intended by the amendment's framers, such as John Bingham, has been debated by legal historians. According to legal scholar Akhil Reed Amar, the framers and early supporters of the Fourteenth Amendment\",\n \"title\": \"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428447\",\n \"text\": \"necessary. In \\\"Carroll v. United States\\\" (1925), the Supreme Court stated that probable cause to search is a flexible, common-sense standard. To that end, the Court ruled in \\\"Dumbra v. United States\\\" (1925) that the term probable cause means \\\"less than evidence that would justify condemnation\\\", reiterating \\\"Carroll\\\"s assertion that it merely requires that the facts available to the officer would \\\"warrant a man of reasonable caution\\\" in the belief that specific items may be contraband or stolen property or useful as evidence of a crime. It does not demand any showing that such a belief be correct or more\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428725\",\n \"text\": \"of the most litigated parts of the Constitution, forming the basis for landmark decisions such as \\\"Brown v. Board of Education\\\" (1954) regarding racial segregation, \\\"Miranda v. Arizona\\\" (1966) regarding that one can be tried only when they know their rights, \\\"Roe v. Wade\\\" (1973) regarding abortion, \\\"Bush v. Gore\\\" (2000) regarding the 2000 presidential election, and \\\"Obergefell v. Hodges\\\" (2015) regarding same-sex marriage. The amendment limits the actions of all state and local officials, including those acting on behalf of such an official. The amendment's first section includes several clauses: the Citizenship Clause, Privileges or Immunities Clause, Due Process\",\n \"title\": \"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428453\",\n \"text\": \"trespassing\\\" sign and a fence, trespassed onto the suspect's land without a warrant, followed a path for hundreds of feet, and discovered a field of marijuana. The Supreme Court ruled that no search had taken place, because there was no privacy expectation regarding an open field: While open fields are not protected by the Fourth Amendment, the curtilage, or outdoor area immediately surrounding the home, is protected. Courts have treated this area as an extension of the house and as such subject to all the privacy protections afforded a person's home (unlike a person's open fields) under the Fourth Amendment.\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16208830\",\n \"text\": \"unless the legislatively intends to depart; for example, Continuing Criminal Enterprise (CCE) may be punished separately from its predicates, as can conspiracy. The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides: The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides: In \\\"Williams v. New York\\\" (1949), the Supreme Court held that due process does not require the use of ordinary evidentiary rules at sentencing. United States constitutional sentencing law The United States Constitution contains several provisions related to criminal sentencing. The Excessive Fines Clause and the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause of the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution\",\n \"title\": \"United States constitutional sentencing law\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7820867\",\n \"text\": \"not always an objective one, unlike a person's home. The expectation of privacy is crucial to distinguishing a legitimate, reasonable police search and seizure from an unreasonable one. A \\\"search\\\" occurs for purposes of the Fourth Amendment when the Government violates a person's \\\"reasonable expectation of privacy.\\\" In \\\"Katz v. United States\\\", Justice Harlan issued a concurring opinion articulating the two-prong test later adopted by the U.S. Supreme Court as the test for determining whether a police or government \\\"search\\\" is subject to the limitations of the Fourth Amendment: To meet the first part of the test, the person from\",\n \"title\": \"Expectation of privacy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11140468\",\n \"text\": \"and the federal government are often referred to as public defenders or court-appointed attorneys. A considerable aspect of this work requires the US criminal defense lawyer to have a clear understanding of the United States Constitution. Specifically, the Fourth Amendment protects against unlawful searches and seizures, while the Fifth and Sixth Amendments govern the right to remain silent so one does not become a witness against himself. All of the Amendments to the United States Constitution are guaranteed to the criminal accused against the states via the Fourteenth Amendment. Thus, a criminal defense lawyer must understand each of these rights.\",\n \"title\": \"Criminal defense lawyer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428767\",\n \"text\": \"text of the Fourteenth Amendment applies the Equal Protection Clause only against the states, the Supreme Court, since \\\"Bolling v. Sharpe\\\" (1954), has applied the Clause against the federal government through the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment under a doctrine called \\\"reverse incorporation.\\\" In \\\"Yick Wo v. Hopkins\\\" (1886), the Supreme Court has clarified that the meaning of \\\"person\\\" and \\\"within its jurisdiction\\\" in the Equal Protection Clause would not be limited to discrimination against African Americans, but would extend to other races, colors, and nationalities such as (in this case) legal aliens in the United States who\",\n \"title\": \"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"427866\",\n \"text\": \"during peacetime without their consent. Requested by several states during the Constitutional ratification debates, the amendment reflected the lingering resentment over the Quartering Acts passed by the British Parliament during the Revolutionary War, which had allowed British soldiers to take over private homes for their own use. The Fourth Amendment (1791) protects people against unreasonable searches and seizures of either self or property by government officials. A search can mean everything from a frisking by a police officer or to a demand for a blood test to a search of an individual's home or car. A seizure occurs when the\",\n \"title\": \"United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1300549\",\n \"text\": \"met by the police the evidence found may become inadmissible against the accused at trial. Under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, most police searches require a search warrant based on probable cause, although there are exceptions. In the absence of valid consent or an exception to the warrant requirement, whether for purposes of effecting a search or an arrest, police entry in an individual's home always requires a warrant. The probable cause standard for obtaining a search warrant is lower than the quantum of proof required for a later conviction, proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Under the\",\n \"title\": \"Search warrant\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17816745\",\n \"text\": \"Fourth Amendment Restoration Act The Fourth Amendment Restoration Act is a proposed bill introduced by Senator Rand Paul on June 7, 2013. It \\\"provides that the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution shall not be construed to allow any U.S. government agency to search the phone records of Americans without a warrant based on probable cause.\\\" The bill was authored in light of the Global Surveillance Disclosures of 2013, which Sen. Paul said \\\"represents an outrageous abuse of power.\\\" The bill lists for findings of Congress: The bill then states: \\\"The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution shall not be construed to\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment Restoration Act\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428154\",\n \"text\": \"Borden\\\" still holds today, the Court, by looking to the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment (adopted 19 years after \\\"Luther v. Borden\\\" was decided), has developed new criteria for determining which questions are \\\"political\\\" in nature and which are \\\"justiciable\\\". Section Four requires the United States to protect each state from invasion, and, upon the application of the state legislature (or executive, if the legislature cannot be convened), from domestic violence. This provision was invoked by Woodrow Wilson during the 1914 Colorado coal strike. Article Four of the United States Constitution Article Four of the United States Constitution\",\n \"title\": \"Article Four of the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3067065\",\n \"text\": \"then adopted the exact wording that Madison proposed after Madison explained that the due process clause would not be sufficient to protect various other rights: The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides: Section One of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides: The Supreme Court has interpreted the due process clauses in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment identically, as Justice Felix Frankfurter once explained in a concurring opinion: In 1855, the Supreme Court explained that, to ascertain whether a process is due process, the first step is to \\\"examine the constitution itself, to see whether this\",\n \"title\": \"Due Process Clause\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12240529\",\n \"text\": \"defendant then appealed the decision saying that because the stop was based solely on the basis of his ethnicity, it was a violation of his Fourth Amendment rights. The Fourth Amendment protects a person from unreasonable search and seizures. The Border Patrol derived its power to stop the individuals from two separate laws. The first was Section 287 (a) (1) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U. S. C. § 1357 (a) (1), authorizes any officer or employee of the Immigration and Naturalization Service without a warrant, \\\"to interrogate any alien or person believed to be an alien as\",\n \"title\": \"United States v. Brignoni-Ponce\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17521220\",\n \"text\": \"1791, the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution was enacted in 1792, holding: In \\\"Katz v. United States\\\" (1967), the United States Supreme Court established its reasonable expectation of privacy test. In 1976 (\\\"United States v. Miller\\\") and 1979 (\\\"Smith v. Maryland\\\"), the Court affirmed that \\\"a person has no legitimate expectation of privacy in information he voluntarily turns over to third parties.\\\" In response to \\\"Katz v. United States\\\" (1967) and \\\"Berger v. New York\\\" (1967), the United States Congress enacted the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, of which Title III is known as\",\n \"title\": \"Third-party doctrine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428803\",\n \"text\": \"protect the rights guaranteed by the amendment. However, in \\\"City of Boerne v. Flores\\\" (1997), the Court narrowed Congress's enforcement power, holding that Congress may not enact legislation under Section 5 that substantively defines or interprets Fourteenth Amendment rights. The Court ruled that legislation is valid under Section 5 only if there is a \\\"congruence and proportionality\\\" between the injury to a person's Fourteenth Amendment right and the means Congress adopted to prevent or remedy that injury. Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Fourteenth Amendment (Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868,\",\n \"title\": \"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17785056\",\n \"text\": \"an additional six years. The S. 139 bill has made minor key changes to potentially enhance more effective ways to protect privacy in the United States while still tracking possible terrorist attacks. A few changes will now require the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court to approve specified query procedures every year, as well as have the Inspector General of the Department of Justice over look the query procedures and practices of the FBI, and have limited use of Section 702 to not allow information found to be used against U.S citizens for criminal cases. Section 702 originally expired on December 31,\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment Protection Act\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20676984\",\n \"text\": \"Supreme Court, to protect an entities right to privacy. Post World War II, this amendment was used to help protect individual liberty; for example, in the Griswold v. United States court case it was used to broadly justify the right to privacy not mentioned within the first eight amendments. The Fourteenth Amendment has embedded within it the due process clause and equal protection clauses, which state that no state shall \\\"deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process\\\", this has been interpreted to serve as a protection of privacy within the family, marriage, motherhood, procreation, and child\",\n \"title\": \"Privacy and the US government\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428449\",\n \"text\": \"that a consent search is still valid even if the police do not inform a suspect of his right to refuse the search. This contrasts with Fifth Amendment rights, which cannot be relinquished without an explicit \\\"Miranda\\\" warning from police. The Court stated in \\\"United States v. Matlock\\\" (1974) that a third party co-occupant could give consent for a search without violating a suspect's Fourth Amendment rights. However, in \\\"Georgia v. Randolph\\\" (2006), the Supreme Court ruled that when two co-occupants are both present, one consenting and the other rejecting the search of a shared residence, the police may not\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2842806\",\n \"text\": \"In the \\\"Katz\\\" decision, the Court \\\"extended the Fourth Amendment protection from unreasonable search and seizure to protect individuals with a 'reasonable expectation of privacy.'\\\" Section 2511(3) of the Crime Control Bill specifies that nothing in the act or the Federal Communications Act of 1934 shall limit the constitutional power of the President \\\"\\\"to take such measures as he deems necessary\\\"\\\": The section also limits use in evidence only where the interception was reasonable and prohibits disclosure except for purpose. In 1975, the United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, (known as the\",\n \"title\": \"Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428742\",\n \"text\": \"The framers of the Fourteenth Amendment wanted these principles enshrined in the Constitution to protect the new Civil Rights Act from being declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court and also to prevent a future Congress from altering it by a mere majority vote. This section was also in response to violence against black people within the Southern States. The Joint Committee on Reconstruction found that only a Constitutional amendment could protect black people's rights and welfare within those states. Section 1 has been the most frequently litigated part of the amendment, and this amendment in turn has been the most\",\n \"title\": \"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15323671\",\n \"text\": \"Mere evidence rule In the law of the United States, the mere evidence rule was a historical doctrine that defined the scope of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The mere evidence rule was drawn from the opinion of the United States Supreme Court in the case \\\"Boyd v. United States\\\". In \\\"Boyd\\\", the Court ruled that a statute that compelled the production of documents as part of an investigation into the payment of duties was a violation of the Fourth and Fifth Amendments. The Court reasoned that the defendant had a superior property right in the papers,\",\n \"title\": \"Mere evidence rule\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428421\",\n \"text\": \"shifted in both parties. Many Federalists, who had previously opposed a Bill of Rights, now supported the Bill as a means of silencing the Anti-Federalists' most effective criticism. Many Anti-Federalists, in contrast, now opposed it, realizing that the Bill's adoption would greatly lessen the chances of a second constitutional convention, which they desired. Anti-Federalists such as Richard Henry Lee also argued that the Bill left the most objectionable portions of the Constitution, such as the federal judiciary and direct taxation, intact. On November 20, 1789, New Jersey ratified eleven of the twelve amendments, including the Fourth. On December 19, 1789,\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10987933\",\n \"text\": \"Amendments to the United States Constitution each contain a due process clause. Due process deals with the administration of justice and thus the due process clause acts as a safeguard from arbitrary denial of life, liberty, or property by the government outside the sanction of law. The Supreme Court has interpreted the due process clauses to provide four protections: procedural due process (in civil and criminal proceedings), substantive due process, a prohibition against vague laws, and as the vehicle for the incorporation of the Bill of Rights. The Supreme Court has held that the federal government and each state has\",\n \"title\": \"Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428761\",\n \"text\": \"a Texas law against same-sex sexual intercourse violated the right to privacy. In \\\"Obergefell v. Hodges\\\" (2015), the Court ruled that the fundamental right to marriage included same-sex couples being able to marry. When the government seeks to burden a person's protected liberty interest or property interest, the Supreme Court has held that procedural due process requires that, at a minimum, the government provide the person notice, an opportunity to be heard at an oral hearing, and a decision by a neutral decision maker. For example, such process is due when a government agency seeks to terminate civil service employees,\",\n \"title\": \"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"337280\",\n \"text\": \"could be defined as preventing \\\"intrusions into one's physical space or solitude.\\\" This would include concerns such as: An example of the legal basis for the right to physical privacy is the U.S. Fourth Amendment, which guarantees \\\"the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures\\\". Most countries have laws regarding trespassing and property rights also determine the right of physical privacy. Physical privacy may be a matter of cultural sensitivity, personal dignity, and/or shyness. There may also be concerns about safety, if for example one is wary of\",\n \"title\": \"Privacy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8812731\",\n \"text\": \"include vehicles parked within private property where there is a reasonable expectation of privacy, which includes a home and its surrounding curtilage, defined by the Fourth Amendment, as determined in \\\"Collins v. Virginia\\\" (2018). The Supreme Court also ruled in the 2017 case \\\"Byrd v. United States\\\" that the motor vehicle exception also includes to those driving rental vehicles even if the driver is not listed on the rental agreement. Motor vehicle exception The motor vehicle exception is a legal rule in the United States that modifies the normal probable cause requirement of the Fourth Amendment to the United States\",\n \"title\": \"Motor vehicle exception\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1672819\",\n \"text\": \"Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1791. Under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution a warrant is broadly required which particularly describes the place to be searched, and the persons, or things, to be seized; and no warrants shall be issued, but upon probable cause, supported by testimony before a judge. The courts have recognized many exceptions to the warrant requirement, including exceptions for routine administrative or inventory searches, searches made under exigent circumstances, and searches made with consent. A typical arrest warrant in the United States will take the approximate form of: \\\"This Court orders the Sheriff\",\n \"title\": \"Warrant (law)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12688495\",\n \"text\": \"Stored Communications Act The Stored Communications Act (SCA, codified at 18 U.S.C. Chapter 121 §§ 2701–2712) is a law that addresses voluntary and compelled disclosure of \\\"stored wire and electronic communications and transactional records\\\" held by third-party internet service providers (ISPs). It was enacted as Title II of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 (ECPA). The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution protects the people's right \\\"to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures\\\". However, when applied to information stored online, the Fourth Amendment's protections are potentially far weaker. In part, this\",\n \"title\": \"Stored Communications Act\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1879972\",\n \"text\": \"her own body\\\". In political terms, privacy can be understood as a condition in which one is not observed or disturbed by government. Traditionally, American courts have located the right to privacy in the Fourth Amendment, Ninth Amendment, Fourteenth Amendment, as well as the penumbra of the Bill of Rights. The landmark decision \\\"Roe v Wade\\\" relied on the 14th Amendment, which guarantees that federal rights shall be applied equally to all persons born in the United States. The 14th Amendment has given rise to the doctrine of Substantive due process, which is said to guarantee various privacy rights, including\",\n \"title\": \"Abortion debate\"\n }\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"there are two parts to the fourth amendment the reasonableness clause and the"}}},{"rowIdx":8399,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["U.S. Congress"],"string":"[\n \"U.S. Congress\"\n]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1376372","text":"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case holding that the Commerce Clause gave the U.S. Congress power to force private businesses to abide by Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits discrimination in public accommodations. This important case represented an immediate challenge to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the landmark piece of civil rights legislation which represented the first comprehensive act by Congress on civil rights and race relations since the Civil Rights Act","title":"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States"},{"id":"1376374","text":"637 (1950); \"NAACP v. Alabama\", 357 U.S. 449 (1958); \"Boynton v. Virginia\", 364 U.S. 454 (1960); and, most notably, \"Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka\", 347 U.S. 483 (1954), public opinion began to turn against segregation. Despite the outcomes of these cases, segregation remained in full effect into the 1960s in parts of the southern United States, where the Heart of Atlanta Motel was located. The Heart of Atlanta Motel was a large, 216-room motel in Atlanta, Georgia. In direct violation of the terms of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which banned racial discrimination in public places, largely","title":"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States"},{"id":"1376373","text":"of 1875. For much of the 100 years preceding 1964, race relations in the United States had been dominated by segregation, a system of racial separation which, while in name provided for \"separate but equal\" treatment of both white and black Americans, in truth perpetuated inferior accommodation, services, and treatment for black Americans. During the mid-20th century, partly as a result of cases such as \"Powell v. Alabama\", 287 U.S. 45 (1932); \"Smith v. Allwright\", 321 U.S. 649 (1944); \"Shelley v. Kraemer\", 334 U.S. 1 (1948); \"Sweatt v. Painter\", 339 U.S. 629 (1950); \"McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents\", 339 U.S.","title":"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States"},{"id":"1376378","text":"blacks. The opinion of the court, announced on December 14, 1964, was delivered by Justice Tom C. Clark, with concurring opinions by Justice Arthur Goldberg, Justice Hugo Black, and Justice William O. Douglas. The U.S. Supreme Court held that Congress acted well within its authority under the Commerce Clause in passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964, thereby upholding the act's Title II in question. While it might have been possible for Congress to pursue other methods for abolishing racial discrimination, the way in which Congress did so, according to the Court, was perfectly valid. It found no merit in","title":"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States"},{"id":"1376379","text":"the arguments pursuant to the Thirteenth Amendment, finding it difficult to conceive that such an amendment might be applicable in restraining civil rights legislation. Having observed that 75% of the Heart of Atlanta Motel's clientele came from out-of-state, and that it was strategically located near Interstates 75 and 85 as well as two major Georgia highways, the Court found that the business clearly affected interstate commerce. Accordingly, it upheld the permanent injunction issued by the district court and required the Heart of Atlanta Motel to receive business from clientele of all ethnicities. Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States","title":"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States"},{"id":"13114041","text":"that the Fourth Amendment prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures applies to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. He also wrote the majority opinion in \"Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States\", which upheld the public accommodations provision of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the majority opinions in \"Garner v. Board of Public Works\", \"Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson\", and \"Abington School District v. Schempp\". Clark was born in Dallas, Texas, on September 23, 1899, the son of Virginia Maxey (née Falls), and William Henry Clark. His parents had moved from Mississippi to Texas; his lawyer father became","title":"Tom C. Clark"},{"id":"1376377","text":"with it and so it undoubtedly would not place issues of racial discrimination in public accommodations beyond the reach of federal and state law. The United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia ruled in favor of the United States and issued a permanent injunction requiring the Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. to refrain from using racial discrimination when providing services or goods to guests or the general public on its premises. The case was combined with the case of the future Governor of Georgia Lester Maddox concerning his Pickrick restaurant and his case to refuse to serve","title":"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States"},{"id":"797712","text":"states reapportioned their legislatures quickly and with minimal troubles. Numerous commentators have concluded reapportionment was the Warren Court's great \"success story.\" Civil rights continued to be a major issue facing the Warren Court in the 1960s. In the 1963 case of \"Petersen v. Greenville\", Warren wrote the Court's majority opinion, which struck down local ordinances that prohibited restaurants from serving black and white individuals in the same room. Later in the decade, the Court upheld the constitutionality of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 in \"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\". The Court held that the Commerce Clause","title":"Earl Warren"},{"id":"1376375","text":"based on Congress's control of interstate commerce, the motel refused to rent rooms to black patrons. The owner, Moreton Rolleston, filed suit in federal court, arguing that the requirements of the Act exceeded the authority granted to Congress over interstate commerce. In addition, Rolleston maintained that it violated his Fifth Amendment rights to choose customers and operate his business as he wished and resulted in unjust deprivation of his property without due process of law and just compensation. Finally, he contended that Congress had placed him in a position of involuntary servitude by forcing him to rent available rooms to","title":"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States"},{"id":"11229004","text":"the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law on July 2. Legend has it that as he put down his pen Johnson told an aide, \"We have lost the South for a generation\", anticipating a coming backlash from Southern whites against Johnson's Democratic Party. The act banned racial segregation in public accommodations, banned employment discrimination on the basis of race or gender, and strengthened the federal government's power to investigate racial and gender employment discrimination. The law later upheld by the Supreme Court in cases such as \"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\". Biographer Randall B. Woods has","title":"Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson"},{"id":"797649","text":"would continue to issue rulings that helped bring an end to the segregationist Jim Crow laws that were prevalent throughout the South. In \"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\", the Court upheld the Civil Rights Act of 1964, a federal law that prohibits racial segregation in public institutions and public accommodations. In the 1960s, the Warren Court handed down several landmark rulings that transformed criminal procedure, redistricting, and other areas of the law. Many of the Court's decisions incorporated the Bill of Rights, making the protections of the Bill of Rights apply to state and local governments. \"Gideon","title":"Earl Warren"},{"id":"1376376","text":"blacks, thereby violating his Thirteenth Amendment rights. In response, the United States countered that the restrictions requiring adequate accommodation for black Americans were unquestionably related to interstate travel and that Congress, under the Constitution's Commerce Clause, certainly had the power to address such a matter in law. It further argued that the Fifth Amendment does not forbid reasonable regulation of interstate commerce and that such incidental damage did not constitute the \"taking\" of property without just compensation or due process of law. Lastly, it asserted that the Thirteenth Amendment applies primarily to slavery and the removal of widespread disabilities associated","title":"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States"},{"id":"1568650","text":"clause, thus paving the way for the Federal government to enact civil rights laws prohibiting both public and private sector discrimination on the basis of the commerce clause. After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed, the Supreme Court upheld the law's application to the private sector, on the grounds that Congress has the power to regulate commerce between the States. The landmark case \"Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States\" established the constitutionality of the law, but it did not settle all of the legal questions surrounding the law. In \"Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp.\", a 1971 Supreme","title":"Civil Rights Act of 1964"},{"id":"279437","text":"Travel Bureau) specialized in accommodations. Segregation of U.S. tourist accommodation would legally be ended by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and by a court ruling in \"Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States\" affirming that Congress' powers over interstate commerce extend to regulation of local incidents (such as racial discrimination in a motel serving interstate travelers) which might substantially and harmfully affect that commerce. The term \"motel\" originated with the Motel Inn of San Luis Obispo, originally called the Milestone Mo-Tel, which was constructed in 1925 by Arthur Heineman (although some hotels with a similar architecture existed at least","title":"Motel"},{"id":"1958979","text":"be said to rest upon some rational basis. (Citing \"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v United States\" (1964).) Justice Rehnquist echoed this point in his opinion in \"United States v. Lopez\", stating: \"Since [\"Wickard\"], the Court has ... undertaken to decide whether a rational basis existed for concluding that a regulated activity sufficiently affected interstate commerce. See, e.g., \"Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Association\", 452 U.S. 264, 276–280 (1981); \"Perez v. United States\", 402 U.S. 146, 155–156 (1971); \"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\", 379 U.S. 241, 252–253 (1964).\" Rational basis review begins with establishing the","title":"Commerce Clause"},{"id":"4798916","text":"she married Heyward Siddons,who died April 8, 2014. In 1991, she received an honorary degree in Doctor of Letters from Oglethorpe University. She lives in Charleston, South Carolina, and spends summers in Maine. \"Peachtree Road\", set in Atlanta, was a bestselling novel described as \"the Southern novel for our generation\" by Pat Conroy. More than a million copies are in print. In 1989 her book \"Heartbreak Hotel\" became a movie titled \"Heart of Dixie\", which starred Ally Sheedy, Virginia Madsen, Phoebe Cates, Treat Williams, Kyle Secor and Peter Berg. Siddons's book \"The House Next Door\" was adapted for a made-for-television","title":"Anne Rivers Siddons"},{"id":"1958966","text":"\"United States v. Lopez\" (1995) decision, after nearly 60 years of leaving any restraint on the use of the Commerce Clause to political means only, that the Court again ruled that a regulation enacted under the Clause was unconstitutional. The wide interpretation of the scope of the Commerce Clause continued following the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which aimed to prevent business from discriminating against black customers. The United States Supreme Court issued several opinions which supported this use of the Commerce Clause. \"Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States\", , ruled that Congress could regulate a","title":"Commerce Clause"},{"id":"17235198","text":"the government has a legitimate concern that physicians might recommend marijuana in bad faith. However, physicians in good faith using honest medical judgment should not fear DEA sanctions. Furthermore, The government appealed the District Court decision to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which issued its decision in 2002. Again the doctors and patients won and the federal government lost, while Judge Alex Kozinski's concurrence also brought in the First Amendment right of patients to hear accurate information from their doctors, and the state of California's right to make its own laws without being subverted by federal commandeering. The ruling","title":"Conant v. Walters"},{"id":"5012870","text":"was upheld by the Supreme Court of Georgia. The Supreme Court of the United States, however, per Justice Marshall, unanimously overturned the earlier decision and invalidated all state laws that forbade the private possession of materials judged obscene, on the grounds of the First and Fourteenth Amendments. Justices Stewart, Brennan, and White, contributed a joint concurring opinion. Justice Hugo Black also concurred, with a separate opinion having to do with the Fourth Amendment search and seizure provision. The case also established an implied right to pornography. The right to privacy to pornography is not absolute, however. For example, in \"Osborne","title":"Stanley v. Georgia"},{"id":"11070010","text":"of the U.S. Supreme Court with the 2002 ruling in Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council, Inc. v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency. Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, who had previously ruled with a 5-4 majority in favor of the landowner, switched sides to favor the government that had delayed development for more than 20 years because of the government's own indecision about alleged concerns about the water quality of Lake Tahoe. Specific zoning laws have been overturned in some other U.S. cases where the laws were not applied evenly (violating equal protection) or were considered to violate free speech. In the Atlanta suburb of","title":"Zoning in the United States"},{"id":"13896889","text":"United States v. Georgia United States v. Georgia, 546 U.S. 151 (2006), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court decided that the protection of Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), passed by the U.S. Congress, extends to persons held in a state prison and protects prison inmates from discrimination on the basis of disability by prison personnel. Specifically, the court held that Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, \".\", is a proper use of Congressional power under the Fourteenth Amendment, Section 5, making it applicable to prison system officials. The petitioner,","title":"United States v. Georgia"},{"id":"16352207","text":"all three continued to work for some time after that date and filed for back pay with the Court of Claims. The three were victorious before the Court of Claims, and the government appealed to the Supreme Court, which heard the cases in a consolidated argument in 1946. The Court heard the case as a seven-member panel, with Justice Jackson recused and Chief Justice Stone having died a month before oral arguments. The Court, in a decision authored by Justice Hugo Black, ruled unanimously to uphold the decision of the Court of Claims, finding that Kerr's provision was an unconstitutional","title":"United States v. Lovett"},{"id":"11070009","text":"concerns were not sufficient to deny all development without compensation. \"Dolan v. City of Tigard\" ruled that conditions of a permit must be roughly proportional to the impacts of the proposed new development. \"Palazzolo v. Rhode Island\" ruled property rights are not diminished by unconstitutional laws that exist without challenge at the time the complaining property owner acquired title. The landowner victories have been limited mostly to the U.S. Supreme Court, however, Each decision in favor of the landowner is based on the facts of the particular case, so that regulatory takings rulings in favor of landowners Even the trend","title":"Zoning in the United States"},{"id":"19830","text":"his banned \"American Mercury\" magazine; the ACLU defended him and won an acquittal. The ACLU went on to win additional victories, including the landmark case \"United States v. One Book Called Ulysses\" in 1933, which reversed a ban by the Customs Department against the book \"Ulysses\" by James Joyce. The ACLU only achieved mixed results in the early years, and it was not until 1966 that the Supreme Court finally clarified the obscenity laws in the \"Roth v. United States\" and \"Memoirs v. Massachusetts\" cases. The Comstock laws banned distribution of sex education information, based on the premise that it","title":"American Civil Liberties Union"},{"id":"14557349","text":"his death, the United States land commissioners found against the heirs who sought to confirm their title to the land. The U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California reversed that judgment and confirmed the title. The United States appealed and the U.S. Supreme Court agreed to hear the case. Affirmed. Justice John McLean delivered the opinion of the court. McLean stated that the lower court had found that the date on the affirmation of the grant had been altered, and thus could not be used against the heirs. In addition, the decedent and his heirs had maintained possession","title":"United States v. Heirs of De Haro"},{"id":"13766574","text":"lawyer Edward Greenspan said, \"The heart of their case was lost.\" However, former federal prosecutor and SEC enforcement lawyer Jacob Frenkel called it a \"stunning victory\" for the government and explained how a split verdict \"highlights for the appellate court that the jury was very thoughtful and thorough in its deliberations.\" Investigators hired by Hollinger companies to locate assets examined more than forty bank accounts which may be, or may have been, held in the name of Black, his wife, or affiliated entities. According to court filings, Ravelston Corp. also had a subsidiary in Barbados called Argent News Inc. and","title":"Black v. United States"},{"id":"13896892","text":"narrowly ruled that Congress has the authority to apply ADA to the administration of state prisons to the extent that it relates to conduct that actually violates the Fourteenth Amendment. Thus Congress was granted more authority over the States in this area of disability rights. United States v. Georgia United States v. Georgia, 546 U.S. 151 (2006), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court decided that the protection of Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), passed by the U.S. Congress, extends to persons held in a state prison and protects prison inmates from discrimination on","title":"United States v. Georgia"},{"id":"18480261","text":"and television broadcasts. Bohm is also a regular lecturer at legal conferences and is an adjunct professor of law at Tulane University Law School. Bohm is married to Elisa (Williams) and has three children. Bohm resides in Sacramento, California. Lawrance Bohm Lawrance A. Bohm (born July 4, 1972) is an American lawyer who is most noted for winning what is believed to be the two largest single-plaintiff employment verdicts in United States history: $185,872,719.52 in \"Juarez v. AutoZone Stores, Inc.\" (2014, United States District Court, Southern District of California) and $167,730,488.00 in \"Chopourian v. Catholic Healthcare West\" (2012, United States","title":"Lawrance Bohm"},{"id":"16622350","text":"United States issued a writ of certiorari to the United States Appeals Court for the Eleventh Circuit to consider appeals to its rulings in \"National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius\" and \"Florida v. United States Department of Health and Human Services\". The Court heard oral arguments March 26–28, 2012 and decided the consolidated case on June 28, 2012. Although the Supreme Court declared that the law could not have been upheld under an argument based on the regulatory power of Congress under the Commerce Clause, the Court declared that the legislatively-declared \"penalty\" was constitutional as a valid exercise of","title":"Constitutional challenges to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act"},{"id":"15741627","text":"District of Columbia Circuit overturned Jones's conviction, holding that the police action was a search because it violated Jones's \"reasonable expectation of privacy\". Judge Douglas H. Ginsburg was joined by Judges David S. Tatel and Thomas B. Griffith. The D.C. Circuit then denied prosecutors' petition for rehearing \"en banc\", over the dissent of Chief Judge David B. Sentelle, joined by Judges Karen L. Henderson, Janice Rogers Brown, and Brett Kavanaugh. The court's decision was the subject of significant legal debate. In 2007, Judge Richard Posner of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit had reached the opposite","title":"United States v. Jones"},{"id":"5299781","text":"juries, imposed the maximum sentence, 78 months, based on the jury's verdict. The government asked the judge to correct Fanfan’s sentence, which was denied. The Government filed a notice of appeal in the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit and a petition for a writ of certiorari in the Supreme Court in the Fanfan case. Because of the importance of the case, the Supreme Court granted the petition as well as a similar petition filed by the government in Booker’s case, following the Seventh Circuit's ruling in favor of Booker. The Government asked the Court to determine","title":"United States v. Booker"},{"id":"428760","text":"(1973), in which the Court invalidated a Texas law forbidding abortion except to save the mother's life. Like Goldberg's and Harlan's concurring opinions in \"Griswold\", the majority opinion authored by Justice Harry Blackmun located the right to privacy in the Due Process Clause's protection of liberty. The decision disallowed many state and federal abortion restrictions, and it became one of the most controversial in the Court's history. In \"Planned Parenthood v. Casey\" (1992), the Court decided that \"the essential holding of \"Roe v. Wade\" should be retained and once again reaffirmed.\" In \"Lawrence v. Texas\" (2003), the Court found that","title":"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"10939734","text":"medication on the grounds that it was necessary to restore Sell's competency to stand trial. The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the lower court's decision in a divided vote. Sell's attorney pointed out that Sell had already been incarcerated for a longer period of time than if he were convicted for the offenses as charged. Sell, on Writ of Certiorari, appealed to the United States Supreme Court. The American Psychological Association filed an amicus curiae brief taking a neutral position, supporting neither the government's nor Sell's position. Although the Supreme Court upheld two aspects of the appeal, it ultimately","title":"Sell v. United States"},{"id":"10223118","text":"court granted the union's injunction, finding that Section 93 of the act was preempted by Section 7 of the NLRA. The Court of Appeals relied heavily on the Supreme Court's decision in \"Hill v. Florida ex rel. Watson\", 325 U.S. 538 (1945), when it concluded that Section 7 conferred \"an unfettered right on employees to choose the officials of their own bargaining representatives.\" The state sought a rehearing \"en banc,\" but the entire court of appeals refused to rehear the case after it deadlocked in a 5-to-5 vote. The state appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which granted certiorari (464","title":"Brown v. Hotel and Restaurant Employees"},{"id":"15443433","text":"title suits against the federal government's officers and agents. Only when property has been transferred by the courts does a private citizen establish a right to establish or reclaim rights to title. But the circuit court in \"Lee\" held that much of the decision in \"Carr\" was dicta, and reaffirmed the jury decision. Two appeals were made to the U.S. Supreme Court. The first was by the United States government itself, while the second was made by the government on behalf of Kaufman and Strong. The question was whether the title actually transferred to the federal government. If yes, then","title":"United States v. Lee (1882)"},{"id":"15631713","text":"Thomas. A separate dissent was filed by Justice Alito that was joined by Chief Justice Roberts. \"Coleman v. Brown\" (Previously \"Coleman v. Wilson\") (E.D. Cal.), is a federal class action civil rights lawsuit under the Civil Rights Act of 1871, Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 alleging unconstitutional mental health care by the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR). The case was filed on April 23, 1990 and tried before a United States magistrate judge. In June 1994 the magistrate judge found that defendants’ delivery of mental health care to","title":"Brown v. Plata"},{"id":"7167590","text":"\"Crossfire\", \"The Ricki Lake Show\", \"The Today Show\", and \"Good Morning America\". Harvard University law professor Laurence Tribe commented during an appearance on \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\" television program that this case was the last time that the U.S. Supreme Court had decided favorably to a defendant in a civil rights case of this magnitude. California Penal Code § 647(e) was repealed by the California Legislature in 2008. Edward C. Lawson Edward C. Lawson is an African American civil rights activist, who was the plaintiff in the case of \"Kolender v. Lawson\", , in which the United States Supreme Court","title":"Edward C. Lawson"},{"id":"1828120","text":"Amendment was selected over the Fourteenth Amendment due to the lack of federal protections in the Fourteenth Amendment. He was arrested and convicted. No question was raised as to Korematsu's loyalty to the United States. The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the conviction, and the Supreme Court granted \"certiorari\". The decision of the case, written by Justice Hugo Black, found the case largely indistinguishable from the previous year's \"Hirabayashi v. United States\" decision, and rested largely on the same principle: deference to Congress and the military authorities, particularly in light of the uncertainty following Pearl Harbor. Justice","title":"Korematsu v. United States"},{"id":"16622348","text":"Congress had the power to pass the law because it affected interstate commerce and was part of a broader regulatory scheme. On June 29, 2011, a divided three-judge panel of the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the decision. Judge Jeffrey Sutton, a member of the three judge panel appointed by George W. Bush, was the first Republican-appointed judge to rule that the law is constitutional. In \"Seven-Sky v. Holder\" on November 8, 2011, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia upheld the constitutionality of the law. The decision was written by Senior Judge Laurence Silberman, a","title":"Constitutional challenges to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act"},{"id":"18881173","text":"the County of Los Angeles, by California, Drug Free America Foundation, California State Sheriffs' Association, and the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research. Briefs in support of Patel were filed by the Asian American Hotel Owners Association, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, the Rutherford Institute, Gun Owners of America, the Cato Institute, Professors Adam Lamparello & Charles E. MacLean, Institute for Justice, Google, and the Electronic Privacy Information Center. A brief in support of neither party was filed by Love146. Associate Justice Sonia Sotomayor authored the 5–4 majority opinion, joined by Justices Kennedy, Ginsburg, Breyer, and Kagan.","title":"City of Los Angeles v. Patel"},{"id":"12140999","text":"Anthony G. Amsterdam Anthony Guy Amsterdam (born September 12, 1935) is an American lawyer and professor of law at New York University School of Law. In 1981, Alan Dershowitz called Amsterdam “the most distinguished law professor in the United States.” Amsterdam grew up in a middle-class neighborhood in West Philadelphia. Working with the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Amsterdam argued and won \"Furman v. Georgia\" in 1972, in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled on the requirement for a degree of consistency in the application of the death penalty. He sits on the board of directors","title":"Anthony G. Amsterdam"},{"id":"433240","text":"and \"Gideon v. Wainwright\" (right to appointed counsel),—and required that criminal suspects be apprised of all these rights by police (\"Miranda v. Arizona\"). At the same time, however, the Court limited defamation suits by public figures (\"New York Times v. Sullivan\") and supplied the government with an unbroken run of antitrust victories. The Burger Court (1969–86) marked a conservative shift. It also expanded \"Griswold\"'s right to privacy to strike down abortion laws (\"Roe v. Wade\"), but divided deeply on affirmative action (\"Regents of the University of California v. Bakke\") and campaign finance regulation (\"Buckley v. Valeo\"). It also dithered on","title":"Supreme Court of the United States"},{"id":"12084186","text":"the government required reasonable suspicion to conduct the search. This motion was granted by the District Court, ruling in Arnold's favor. The Government promptly appealed the case, and stated that the border doctrine took precedence over the Fourth Amendment's protection from unreasonable search. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals overturned the lower court's ruling, holding in favor of the Government. Arnold was represented in the District Court and before the Ninth Circuit by Marilyn E. Bednarski and Kevin J. LaHue, of Kaye, McLane, Bednarski, & Litt. The crux of Arnold's argument is that a laptop is very similar to a","title":"United States v. Arnold"},{"id":"16622340","text":"mandate to purchase insurance exceeds the authority of Congress to regulate interstate commerce. Vinson further ruled the clause was not severable, which had the effect of striking down the entire law. On August 12, 2011, a divided three-judge panel of the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed Judge Vinson's decision in part: the court agreed that the mandate was unconstitutional, but held that it could be severed, allowing the rest of the ACA to remain. In September 2011, the Department of Justice decided not to ask for an en banc review by the 11th Circuit, and instead asked the U.S.","title":"Constitutional challenges to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act"},{"id":"19968205","text":"Decency Act as a publisher of user material, and was not required to comply with the trial court's removal order. However, the part of the trial court's decision that ordered the reviewer to remove the defamatory review and pay a monetary judgement were left intact. In early October 2018, Hassell, and her attorneys Charles Harder and Monique Olivier, appealed the California Supreme Court's decision and filed a petition seeking a writ of certiori for the case to be heard by the United States Supreme Court. The petition is now pending before the United State Supreme Court. In the summer of","title":"Hassell v. Bird"},{"id":"1323392","text":"\"Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States\", , and \"Katzenbach v. McClung\", . In several other federalism cases, however, Black ruled against the federal government. For instance, he partially dissented from \"South Carolina v. Katzenbach\", , in which the Court upheld the validity of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. In an attempt to protect the voting rights of African Americans, the act required any state whose population was at least 5% African American to obtain federal approval before changing its voting laws. Black wrote that the law, ... by providing that some of the States cannot pass state laws","title":"Hugo Black"},{"id":"6537359","text":"also written a book about her experiences in San Francisco politics, entitled \"Straight from the Heart\". After serving on the Board of Supervisors, Alioto opened her own law firm, which specializes in civil rights and anti-discrimination law. Alioto has won multiple landmark civil rights cases. In 2001, Alioto won the largest civil rights verdict in the history of the United States, against IBC/Wonder Bread for $135 million. Alioto represented 20 African-American men who endured years of racial slurs, and were wrongfully terminated or passed over for promotions. Her San Francisco employment law office has successfully won litigation against Mary Kay","title":"Angela Alioto"},{"id":"20428768","text":"an ultimate decision in his particular case by this Court whether certain material comes within the area of 'obscenity' as that term is confused by the Court today.\" One legal scholar likened the result of these three decisions to the Tower of Babel. This state of confusion would persist until the \"Miller v. California\" case in 1973. Ginzburg v. United States Ginzburg v. United States, 383 U.S. 463 (1966), was a decision by the United States Supreme Court involving the application of the First Amendment to Federal obscenity laws. One of a trio of cases (with \"Memoirs v. Massachusetts\" and","title":"Ginzburg v. United States"},{"id":"13644811","text":"Washington Nationals and Baltimore Orioles to Comcast's programming lineup in the Washington D.C. area. Frederick also represented MASN through three successful Federal Communications Commission (FCC) arbitration rulings against Time Warner Cable. Other noteworthy cases argued by Frederick include: \"South Carolina v. North Carolina\", \"Idaho v. United States\", \"New Jersey v. Delaware\", \"United States v. Locke\", \"Farina v. Nokia, Inc.\", \"Carter v. United States\", and \"California v. Deep Sea Research\". He has argued cases in all of the thirteen U.S. courts of appeals. In 2001, Frederick represented the United States in oral arguments before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the","title":"David Frederick"},{"id":"2072619","text":"law-enforcement agents on charges of obstructing justice. Bernard Carey, a Republican, defeated him in the next election, in part because of the support of outraged black voters.\" The families of Hampton and Clark filed a US$47.7 million civil suit against the city, state, and federal governments. The case went to trial before Federal Judge J. Sam Perry. After more than 18 months of testimony and at the close of the Plaintiff's case, Judge Perry dismissed the case. The Plaintiffs appealed and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit reversed, ordering the case to be retried. More than a","title":"Fred Hampton"},{"id":"8121105","text":"of the City of Griffin, and sentenced to punishment of 50 days in jail, as she had not paid her fine of $50. The county court denied Lovell's appeal. The Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment of the lower court, upholding her conviction. The Supreme Court of Georgia denied an application for certiorari. Lovell appealed further, reaching the jurisdiction of the United States Supreme Court. Chief Justice Hughes delivered the opinion of the court. Justice Cardozo did not take part in the proceedings. The Court decided that the city ordinance was unconstitutionally overbroad. Because the ordinance restricted not merely the","title":"Lovell v. City of Griffin"},{"id":"1568646","text":"and property without due process\". In \"Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States\" (1964), the Supreme Court held that Congress drew its authority from the Constitution's Commerce Clause, rejecting Rolleston's claims. Resistance to the public accommodation clause continued for years on the ground, especially in the South. When local college students in Orangeburg, South Carolina attempted to desegregate a bowling alley in 1968, they were violently attacked, leading to rioting and what became known as the \"Orangeburg massacre.\" Resistance by school boards continued into the next decade, with the most significant declines in black-white school segregation only occurring at the","title":"Civil Rights Act of 1964"},{"id":"16959289","text":"to decide if either of those issues was preserved, as well as a host of Government challenges to the Court of Federal Claims' fact-findings. The Arkansas Game and Fish Commission's position was supported by the National Association of Home Builders, the American Farm Bureau Federation, and the American Forest Resource Council, among others. The Pacific Legal Foundation also hailed the Court's decision as an important victory for property rights. Carrie Severino, writing for \"National Review\", characterized the decision as \"yet another unanimous defeat\" for the Obama administration before the Supreme Court, which she wrote had \"developed a noted pattern of","title":"Arkansas Game & Fish Commission v. United States"},{"id":"4413547","text":"same 7-2 majority that struck down a Texas abortion law in \"Roe v. Wade\", invalidated most of the remaining restrictions of the Georgia abortion law, including the medical approval and residency requirements. The Court reiterated the protected \"right to privacy,\" which applied to matters involving marriage, procreation, contraception, family relationships, child rearing, and education. Justice Harry A. Blackmun wrote the majority opinion for the Court, in which he explained \"the sensitive and emotional nature\" of the issue and \"the deep and seemingly absolute convictions\" on both sides. Justice Blackmun went on to conclude that as a constitutional matter, the right","title":"Doe v. Bolton"},{"id":"12456768","text":"sued the hotel for the difference between what she was paid, and the $14.50 per week of 48 hours established as a minimum wage by the Industrial Welfare Committee and Supervisor of Women in Industry, pursuant to Washington state law. The trial court, using \"Adkins\" as precedent, ruled for the defendant. The Washington Supreme Court, taking the case on a direct appeal, reversed the trial court and found in favor of Parrish. The hotel appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. The Court, in an opinion by Chief Justice Hughes, ruled that the Constitution permitted the restriction of liberty of contract","title":"West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish"},{"id":"4413549","text":"been aware that the case had been filed on her behalf and that if she had known she would not have supported the litigation. The district court denied her motion, and she appealed. When the appeals court also denied her motion, she requested review by the United States Supreme Court. However, the Supreme Court declined to hear Sandra Cano's suit to overturn the ruling. Sandra Cano died on September 30, 2014. Doe v. Bolton Doe v. Bolton, 410 U.S. 179 (1973), was a decision of the United States Supreme Court overturning the abortion law of Georgia. The Supreme Court's decision","title":"Doe v. Bolton"},{"id":"12506882","text":"Johnson signed the historic Civil Rights Act of 1964. It invoked the Commerce Clause to outlaw discrimination in public accommodations (privately owned restaurants, hotels, and stores, and in private schools and workplaces). This use of the Commerce Clause was upheld in \"Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States\" 379 US 241 (1964). By 1965, efforts to break the grip of state disenfranchisement by education for voter registration in southern counties had been under way for some time, but had achieved only modest success overall. In some areas of the Deep South, white resistance made these efforts almost entirely ineffectual. The","title":"Jim Crow laws"},{"id":"1879751","text":"Appeals issued their decision on 17 June 2016. On April 17, 2017, the US Supreme Court denied certiorari for the plaintiff's appeal, clearing the way for the case to be tried. The jury trial for the combined cases against Sánchez de Lozada and Sánchez Berzaín began on March 5, 2018 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. They were both found liable for the civilian deaths by the jury on April 3, 2018. The plaintiffs were awarded $10 million in damages. May 30, 2018, Fort Lauderdale, Florida – Today, a federal judge overturned the verdict of a jury that found the former president","title":"Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada"},{"id":"13639231","text":"Guardsmen, resulted in unanimous verdicts for all defendants on all claims after an eleven-week trial. The judgment on those verdicts was reversed by the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit on the ground that the federal trial judge had mishandled an out-of-court threat against a juror. On remand, the civil case was settled in return for payment of a total of $675,000 to all plaintiffs by the State of Ohio As per § 707(b) of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 1979, United States passports are required to enter and exit the country, and as per the and","title":"Human rights in the United States"},{"id":"14896889","text":"continued to refuse to pay. They were held briefly in jail, while claiming violation of First Amendment rights. That night Jones was released by the court. The ACLU had filed an \"amicus brief\" in support of Jones's protest plans. On November 11, 2011, Wayne County Circuit Court Judge Robert Ziolkowski vacated the \"breach of peace\" ruling against Jones and Wayne Sapp on the grounds that they were denied due process. Terry Jones and his organization Stand Up America Now won a victory in court on August 30, 2013 over the City of Dearborn and its Chief of Police, Ronald Haddad.","title":"Terry Jones (pastor)"},{"id":"19213578","text":"no other state had before refused to recognize an adoption decree from another state. On December 14, 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court stayed the ruling, pending their disposition of the case. The stay allowed V.L. to continue to visit her children while the court considered her petition to review the case. On March 7, 2016, the Supreme Court issued a per curiam summary disposition which reversed the Supreme Court of Alabama, and effectively reinstated V.L.'s rights granted by the Georgia Superior Court. The court's reasoning was based on the Full Faith and Credit Clause of the U.S. Constitution. The Supreme","title":"V.L. v. E.L."},{"id":"19307430","text":"and died. Judge Logan E. Bleckley filled his vacancy and then refused to hear the case again. Associate justices Samuel Hall and Mark Blanford remained to deliver the ruling regarding if the white relatives would receive a new trial. Ultimately, eight months later on June 13, 1887, Samuel Hall and Mark Blanford of the Georgia Supreme Court also ruled in favor of Amanda America and her two sons, formally settling the dispute of David Dickson's will. Citing the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, the Georgia Supreme Court affirmed the lower court's decision, saying that the rights and privileges of","title":"Amanda America Dickson"},{"id":"19213572","text":"recognize the adoption judgment, saying that the Georgia court misapplied its own state law. The court voided the recognition of the adoption judgment in Alabama. V.L. petitioned the United States Supreme Court to stay the ruling during her appeal and allow her to see her children. On December 14, 2015, the Supreme Court stayed the ruling pending their action on a petition for a writ of certiorari filed by V.L. On March 7, 2016, the Supreme Court of the United States reversed the decision of the Alabama Supreme Court by per curiam summary disposition. The plaintiff, identified only by initials","title":"V.L. v. E.L."},{"id":"10264491","text":"Superior Court Judge Richard Williams ruled that because there were \"no limits\" on what Trump could do with the property, the plan to take Coking's property did not meet the test of law. But Williams' ruling did not reject the practice of using eminent domain to take private property from one individual and transferring it to another, which would eventually be upheld by the Supreme Court of the United States in \"Kelo v. City of New London\". Two other properties that prevailed against eminent domain eventually did sell: Sabatini's restaurant received $2.1 million and a pawnshop sold for $1.6 million.","title":"Vera Coking"},{"id":"18480250","text":"Lawrance Bohm Lawrance A. Bohm (born July 4, 1972) is an American lawyer who is most noted for winning what is believed to be the two largest single-plaintiff employment verdicts in United States history: $185,872,719.52 in \"Juarez v. AutoZone Stores, Inc.\" (2014, United States District Court, Southern District of California) and $167,730,488.00 in \"Chopourian v. Catholic Healthcare West\" (2012, United States District Court, Eastern District of California). Bohm has won several other large verdicts protecting and defending civil and workplace rights. Bohm has represented clients in several high-profile cases. Bohm grew up on Long Island, New York and graduated high","title":"Lawrance Bohm"},{"id":"1567758","text":"(changes in user privacy settings), Google (roll-out of Google Buzz), Microsoft (Hailstorm log-in), and Choicepoint (sale of personal information to identity thieves). EPIC has also prevailed in significant Freedom of Information Act cases against the CIA, the DHS, the Dept. of Education, the FBI, the NSA, the ODNI, and the TSA. EPIC has also filed many \"friend of the court\" briefs on law and technology, including Riley v. California (U.S. 2014) (concerning cell phone privacy), and litigated important privacy cases, including EPIC v. DHS (D.C. Cir. 2011), which led to the removal of the x-ray body scanners in US airports,","title":"Electronic Privacy Information Center"},{"id":"14027284","text":"137 S. Ct. 743 (2017), he won a victory for a girl with cerebral palsy who sought to bring her service dog with her to school; the Court reversed a lower-court decision throwing the case out of court. In \"Young v. United Parcel Service\", 135 S. Ct 1338 (2015), the Court established new protections for pregnant workers. In \"United States v. Georgia\", 546 U.S. 151 (2006), the Court upheld the constitutionality of Title II of the \"Americans with Disabilities Act\", as applied in the case of a prisoner who used a wheelchair. And in \"Chevron v. Echazabal\", 536 U.S. 73","title":"Samuel Bagenstos"},{"id":"19890356","text":"target was its customer. In a unanimous opinion written by Justice Stephen Breyer, the Court held that a scheme to defraud customers also deprives the bank of money in which the bank held a \"property right\", and criminal defendants may therefore be convicted under the federal statute for schemes to defraud bank customers. However, the Supreme Court remanded the case to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit to determine whether the trial court administered an erroneous jury instruction. Shaw v. United States Shaw v. United States, 580 U.S. ___ (2016), was a United States Supreme Court","title":"Shaw v. United States"},{"id":"16872851","text":"directly to the circumstances of the crime.\" Though South Carolina asserted that such is the case here, the Court disagreed, holding that the content of the cards at issue to be irrelevant to the \"circumstances of the crime.\" Justice O'Connor authored a dissenting opinion, joined by Chief Justice Rehnquist and Justice Kennedy; Justice Scalia also dissented, expressly arguing that \"Booth v. Maryland\" should be overruled. The impact of the case was somewhat short-lived, as two years later the Rehnquist Court decided \"Payne\", which has since had a significant impact in victim's rights, criminology and the lives of the parties involved.","title":"South Carolina v. Gathers"},{"id":"5174666","text":"a Bowie knife fight in the courtroom of the Circuit Court for the Northern District of California, an altercation between Justice Stephen Johnson Field of the US Supreme Court and David S. Terry, a former Chief Judge of the California Supreme Court and the fatal shooting of Terry by a US Marshal, both in the breakfast room of a California railroad hotel at Lathrop, which culminated in a landmark US Supreme Court decision in the case \"In re Neagle (Cunningham v. Neagle)\", on the supremacy of federal law over state law. 135 U.S. 1; 10 S. Ct. 658; 34 L.","title":"William Sharon"},{"id":"1451142","text":"Fred M. Vinson, who was joined by Justices Stanley Forman Reed, Sherman Minton, and Harold H. Burton. Separate concurring opinions were delivered by Justices Felix Frankfurter and Robert H. Jackson. Justices Hugo Black and William O. Douglas wrote separate dissenting opinions. Justice Tom C. Clark did not participate in this case. The Court rule affirmed the conviction of the petitioner, a leader of the Communist Party in the United States. Dennis had been convicted of conspiring and organizing for the overthrow and destruction of the United States government by force and violence under provisions of the Smith Act. In affirming","title":"Dennis v. United States"},{"id":"18621414","text":"test to do so.\" As one professorial commentator noted, \"Because \"DDR Holdings\" is the only post-\"Alice\" Federal Circuit decision so far to uphold a patent against a § 101 challenge, patentees have been quick to cite it and accused infringers have found ways to distinguish it.\" Among the district court cases interpreting and applying \"DDR Holdings\" are: DDR Holdings v. Hotels.com DDR Holdings, LLC v. Hotels.com, L.P., , is the first United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit decision to uphold the validity of computer-implemented patent claims since the Supreme Court's decision in \"Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank","title":"DDR Holdings v. Hotels.com"},{"id":"8589090","text":"Cahill's litigation practice is one of the more prominent in the United States, handling high-profile securities, antitrust and first amendment litigation. The firm's partners have made frequent appearances before the United States Supreme Court. For instance, \"National Broadcasting Co. v. United States\" helped establish the power and authority of the Federal Communications Commission. Another case, \"Times-Picayune v. United States\", is among the Court's most important antitrust rulings. On behalf of Cahill, Floyd Abrams successfully defended \"The New York Times\" in the landmark \"New York Times Co. v. United States\" case. In that 1971 case the Supreme Court of the United","title":"Cahill Gordon & Reindel"},{"id":"16976652","text":"not Indian country. Following this ruling, the Fifth Circuit Court came to the same conclusion, and reversed the federal conviction on the grounds that the district court lacked jurisdiction. The United States then appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which granted certiorari to hear the cases. The United States was represented by H. Bartow Farr III. The United States argued that the land the reservation was on, and on which the crime was committed, was undisputedly land purchased by the federal government and held in trust for the Mississippi Choctaw tribe as an Indian reservation. By the plain text of","title":"United States v. John (1978)"},{"id":"12833893","text":"charts. In each episode, the winning song will be revealed in a performance by a special guest star, some of the hottest singers today. True Entertainment (“The Real Housewives of Atlanta”) developed the reality series for Bravo with Steven Weinstock, Glenda Hersh, Tim Bogart, Evan Bogart, David Quinones and Erika Nuri serving as executive producers. The Writing Camp is also a producer. 3LW - \"Love Don't Cost a Thing - Soundtrack\" Adam Lambert - \"For Your Entertainment\" Ashley Tisdale - \"Headstrong\" B2K - \"Pandemonium!\" Babyface - \"Face2Face\" Namie Amuro - \"FEEL\" Beyoncé - \"I Am... Sasha Fierce\" Big Time Rush","title":"The Writing Camp"},{"id":"17515530","text":"to most law students as declaring that Indian tribes had the right to occupy the land but only the United States held title to the land by right of discovery. It covers other major cases, including \"Cherokee Nation v. Georgia\" (1831) (the tribe lacked standing to contest Georgia's violation of treaty rights), \"Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock\" (1903) (the U.S. had the right to confiscate Indian lands unilaterally despite treaty provisions); and \"Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States\" (1955) (discovery and conquest doctrines applied even when the Alaskan natives had separate dealings with Russia). The book covers cases involving the adoption of","title":"In the Courts of the Conqueror"},{"id":"15750586","text":"the \"Life\" magazine staff was aware of the inaccuracy of the article in question, this lack of jury instruction was crucial. Medina said that due to this failure to inform the jury of a requirement to find willful inaccuracy on the part of \"Life\" magazine, \"I still think I am entitled to win.\" In January 1967, the Court determined in a 5-4 decision in favor of Time, Inc. Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. wrote the opinion of the Court. Justice Brennan had previously written the majority opinion in the case of \"New York Times Co. v. Sullivan\" in 1964; that","title":"Time, Inc. v. Hill"},{"id":"19336018","text":"in the controlling opinion in \"Memoirs.\" Two others, Justice Black and Justice Douglas, concurred on broader grounds in reversing the judgment below. They reiterated their well-known position that the First Amendment provides an absolute shield against governmental action aimed at suppressing obscenity. Justice Stewart also concurred in the judgment, based on his view that only \"hardcore pornography\" may be suppressed. The view of the \"Memoirs\" plurality therefore constituted the holding of the Court and provided the governing standards at the time the alleged crimes were committed. \"Miller\" marked a significant departure from \"Memoirs\" and there can be little doubt that","title":"Marks v. United States"},{"id":"11010594","text":"United States v. Binion United States v. Binion, 132 F. App'x 89 (8th Cir. 2005), is a case in which the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit applied two recent U.S. Supreme Court decisions, \"United States v. Booker\" and \"United States v. Fanfan\", in uphelding the sentencing decision by the trial court, the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri. Dammeon Binion was arrested for possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. Representing himself, the defendant filed a \"pro se\" motion for a competence-to-stand-trial evaluation in which psychological tests were administered by a","title":"United States v. Binion"},{"id":"9560395","text":"appeal the decision. Their lawyer Seth Cohen told reporters \"that the organization disagrees with the judge's finding\" and that he was \"confident they will win in the N.C. Court of Appeals\". Cohen went on to say: \"It's a shame that this matter cannot be resolved sooner. All we have ever asked is that people of all faiths be able to put their hands on the holy text of their choice. It's that simple. We don't understand why this is such a big deal.\" Cohen also said that members of Judaism have thrown their support behind the case as they would","title":"American Civil Liberties Union of North Carolina v. North Carolina"},{"id":"15741643","text":"the former U.S. Solicitor General and the attorney who represented the defendant, said the decision was \"a signal event in Fourth Amendment history.\" He also said the decision made it more risky for law enforcement to use a GPS tracking device without a warrant. FBI director Robert Mueller testified in March 2013 that the \"Jones\" decision had limited the Bureau's surveillance capabilities. Criminal defense attorneys and civil libertarians such as Virginia Sloan of the Constitution Project praised the ruling for protecting Fourth Amendment rights against government intrusion through modern technology. The Electronic Frontier Foundation, which filed an amicus brief arguing","title":"United States v. Jones"},{"id":"13103030","text":"opinion in several important cases, including \"Boumediene v. Bush\" and \"Citizens United v. FEC\". Kennedy wrote in part the majority opinions in \"Planned Parenthood v. Casey\". He is also known for his majority opinions in each of the Court's landmark gay rights cases: \"Romer v. Evans\", \"Lawrence v. Texas\", \"United States v. Windsor\", and \"Obergefell v. Hodges\". Kennedy was born and raised in an Irish Catholic family in Sacramento, California. He was the son of Anthony J. Kennedy, an attorney with a reputation for influence in the California legislature, and Gladys (née McLeod), who participated in many local civic activities.","title":"Anthony Kennedy"},{"id":"4328198","text":"under the supervision of a federal judge, would enforce the defendant's rights against the state. The two dissenting justices, Field and Clifford, explained their position in the case of \"Ex Parte Virginia\", decided the same day. In the latter case, Field wrote, with Clifford concurring, \"The equality of the protection secured extends only to civil rights, as distinguished from those which are political or arise from the form of the government and its mode of administration.\" While a victory for the rights of black defendants and an important early civil rights case, \"Strauder v. West Virginia\" upheld the right of","title":"Strauder v. West Virginia"},{"id":"16158135","text":"statements about civilian awards... [the Act] is a narrow law enacted to address an important problem, and it presents no threat to freedom of expression.\" The decision received praise on constitutional grounds from across the political spectrum. The First Amendment Center called the decision \"a victory for free speech and common sense.\" Several veterans organizations leaders were dismayed by the decision. A spokesperson for the Veterans of Foreign Wars said \"Despite the ruling, the VFW will continue to challenge far-fetched stories, and to publicize these false heroes to the broadest extent possible as a deterrent to others.” Harold A. Fritz,","title":"United States v. Alvarez"},{"id":"3653468","text":"Davis\" concerned a 63-year-old grandmother, Pearlie Rucker, who was evicted because a member of her family had incurred a drug conviction. The court held that the federal statute that allowed the Oakland Housing Authority to evict Rucker should not be interpreted to allow the eviction of a tenant merely because of the wrongdoing of another. However, the Ninth Circuit's \"en banc\" ruling was overturned in 2002 by the United States Supreme Court in \"HUD v. Rucker\". Chief Justice William Rehnquist, writing for a unanimous Court (with Justice Stephen Breyer having recused himself), held that \"the plain language of [the statute]","title":"One strike, you're out"},{"id":"20185365","text":"in 1980. Her legal career began with a position as an assistant district attorney in the Dallas County District Attorney's office, where she prosecuted more than 125 criminal trials to verdict and later advanced to the Organized Crime Division. She began specializing in environmental and toxic tort law in 1986 when she joined her husband, Fred Baron, at his law firm Baron & Budd, the largest environmental law firm in the United States. While at Baron & Budd 2001, she won her largest verdict to date, $55.5 million, in the El Paso asbestos case Hernandez v. Kelly-Moore Paints. After selling","title":"Lisa Blue Baron"},{"id":"994897","text":"challenge the law in court, in a case supported by the NAACP. The law was initially upheld by the US District Court and affirmed by the Appeals Court based in New Orleans. Known as \"Gomillion v. Lightfoot,\" it was decided by the US Supreme Court in 1960, with the ruling implemented in 1961. The court ruled that the gerrymandering of city boundaries was racially motivated and violated the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which states that \"states were not insulated from federal judicial review when they jeopardized federally protected rights.\" The exclusionary gerrymandering was overturned and the city","title":"Tuskegee, Alabama"},{"id":"19005075","text":"Litigation, which is frequently cited by California appellate courts as non-binding legal authorities. Jeffrey Ehrlich Jeffrey Isaac Ehrlich (born July 10, 1959) is an American lawyer and author, known for handling landmark appeals in the United States Supreme Court and the California Supreme Court. He is co-author of the influential Thomson Reuters treatise on insurance litigation, and Editor-in-Chief of \" Advocate\", the most widely circulated trial-bar magazine in the United States. He and his son, Clinton Ehrlich, are also known for exonerating Sgt. Raymond Lee Jennings, an Iraq War veteran who served 11 years of a life sentence for murdering","title":"Jeffrey Ehrlich"},{"id":"19213579","text":"Court also ruled that the Superior Court in Georgia did have subject matter jurisdiction to rule on the adoption and that E.L. had expressly consented to the adoption. Furthermore, the court ruled that since no Georgia law was contrary to the Georgia adoption judgment, the Supreme Court of Alabama was incorrect in refusing to recognize the judgment. The court reversed the Supreme Court of Alabama, and remanded the case for further proceedings. V.L. v. E.L. V.L. v. E.L., 577 U.S. ___ (2016), is a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States concerning the adoption rights of same-sex","title":"V.L. v. E.L."},{"id":"11411942","text":"on behalf of the Florida Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers as amicus curiae. In Justice Anthony Kennedy's unanimous majority opinion, the Court ruled that commentary issued by the United States Sentencing Commission (which promulgates the United States Sentencing Guidelines) that interprets or explains a guideline is authoritative unless it violates the Constitution or a federal statute, or is inconsistent with, or a plainly erroneous reading of, that guideline. The \"Stinson\" decision has had broad influence having been cited in over 1,000 other federal appellate decisions, including both \"Blakely v. Washington\" (2004) and \"United States v. Booker\" (2005) the cases which","title":"Stinson v. United States"},{"id":"14722674","text":"rung of the hierarchy of First Amendment values.” Justice Rehnquist concurred in the judgment only. Justice Marshall did not take part in consideration or decision of the case. The case was cited by the dissent in \"Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project\" (2010); Justice Stevens, the only remaining member of the Court from \"Claiborne Hardware\", joined the majority. NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Claiborne Hardware Co., 458 U.S. 886 (1982), is a landmark civil rights case in which the United States Supreme Court ruled 8-0 (Marshall did not participate in the decision)","title":"NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co."},{"id":"12688516","text":"cannot be seen as \"hybrid order\" and the SCA's warrant provisions do not apply extraterritorially. A 4-4 split decision on an en banc rehearing by the full Second Circuit left the panel's decision for the case. The U.S. Department of Justice appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States, which has heard the case. A decision was expected by June 2018, but the CLOUD Act may render the question moot. The case is considered to highlight issues related to the antiquated nature of the SCA compared to modern Internet technologies. At the time of the SCA's creation, social media","title":"Stored Communications Act"},{"id":"5012878","text":"Amendment, as applied to the states by the Fourteenth, private possession of obscenity was decided to be legal. The Court noted that this does not affect or change \"Roth\" or other cases that deal with public obscenity. Justice Stewart wrote a concurrence, which Justice Brennan and Justice White joined. There was also another issue with the Constitutionality of the case, which was not addressed in the majority decision. The films were seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment as applied to the states by the Fourteenth. The Fourth Amendment prohibits the issuance of general warrants to search a person’s home.","title":"Stanley v. Georgia"},{"id":"16976658","text":"the Indian Child Welfare Act. That act gave tribal courts exclusive jurisdiction on adoptions where the parents lived on the reservation, but the Mississippi Supreme Court had denied the tribal court's jurisdiction and found for the Holyfields. The tribe took it to the U.S. Supreme Court, probably to resist state encroachment on tribal rights, and won. The decision also has had an effect on other civil issues, such as taxation. In two Supreme Court cases from Oklahoma dealing with state taxation of Indians, the Court referred to its decision in \"John\" to declare trust land as being in Indian country","title":"United States v. John (1978)"},{"id":"5012871","text":"v. Ohio\" (1990) the Supreme Court upheld a law which criminalized the mere possession of child pornography. Prior to the \"Stanley\" case, the prevailing precedent was that of \"Roth v. United States\", where obscene material was determined to be unprotected by the First Amendment right to speech. In \"Roth\", the defendant sent lewd advertisements by mail and sold \"American Aphrodite\", a magazine containing erotica and pornography. A California court convicted him under state law, and when Roth appealed the decision, the Supreme Court upheld the conviction. In the majority decision, written by Justice Brenann, a new test was created for","title":"Stanley v. Georgia"},{"id":"4100835","text":"the Melish map was some east of the true 100th meridian and the Red River forked about east of the 100th meridian. Texas claimed the land south of the North Fork and the United States claimed the land north of the South Fork (later called the Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River). The dispute resulted in a lawsuit, which eventually wound up before the Supreme Court—no lower court having jurisdiction. The Court's opinion, in \"United States v. State of Texas\" , issued on March 16, held that the land of some 1.5 million acres (6070 km²/2345 mi²) belonged to the","title":"Greer County, Texas"},{"id":"7543594","text":"state’s separate and independent existence. Blackmun was later the swing justice who switched sides and helped overturn the case, asserting that the \"traditional government functions\" test he had previously supported had proved \"unworkable.\" Justices Brennan and Stevens wrote separate opinions that were dissenting. National League of Cities v. Usery National League of Cities v. Usery, 426 U.S. 833 (1976), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Fair Labor Standards Act could not constitutionally be applied to state governments. The decision was overruled by the U.S. Supreme Court in \"Garcia v. San Antonio","title":"National League of Cities v. Usery"},{"id":"17020323","text":"It has been cited as the nation's top litigation boutique law firm in the Vault Rankings every year since 2012. Susman has won some of the largest cases in U.S. history. In Samsung Electronics v. Texas Instruments, Inc., he won a $1.1 billion settlement on behalf of Texas Instruments. He secured a $536 million jury verdict on counterclaim in El Paso Natural Gas Co., et al., v. GHR Energy Corp. and in the Corrugated Container Antitrust case, he won a verdict for the plaintiffs and the case eventually settled for $500 million. An advocate for better management of the trial","title":"Stephen Susman"},{"id":"12127826","text":"are not entitled to the assumption of truth. While legal conclusions can provide the framework of a complaint, they must be supported by factual allegations. When there are well-pleaded factual allegations, a court should assume their veracity and then determine whether they plausibly give rise to an entitlement to relief. Our decision in \"Twombly\" illustrates the two-pronged approach. The two cases are often jointly referred to as \"Twiqbal\". The case was argued successfully by Michael K. Kellogg of law firm Kellogg, Huber, Hansen, Todd, Evans & Figel and Thomas O. Barnett, Assistant Attorney General of the United States Department of","title":"Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly"},{"id":"1451141","text":"George W. Crockett, Jr., Abraham J. Isserman and Harry Sacher argued the cause for petitioners. With them on the brief was Richard Gladstein. Solicitor General Philip B. Perlman and Irving S. Shapiro argued the cause for the United States. With them on the brief were U.S. Attorney General James Howard McGrath, U.S. Assistant Attorney General McInerney, Irving H. Saypol, Robert W. Ginnane, Frank H. Gordon, Edward C. Wallace, and Lawrence K. Bailey. Handed down as a 6-2 decision by the Court on June 4, 1951, the judgment and a plurality opinion was delivered by Chief Justice of the United States","title":"Dennis v. United States"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"1376372\",\n \"text\": \"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case holding that the Commerce Clause gave the U.S. Congress power to force private businesses to abide by Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits discrimination in public accommodations. This important case represented an immediate challenge to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the landmark piece of civil rights legislation which represented the first comprehensive act by Congress on civil rights and race relations since the Civil Rights Act\",\n \"title\": \"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1376374\",\n \"text\": \"637 (1950); \\\"NAACP v. Alabama\\\", 357 U.S. 449 (1958); \\\"Boynton v. Virginia\\\", 364 U.S. 454 (1960); and, most notably, \\\"Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka\\\", 347 U.S. 483 (1954), public opinion began to turn against segregation. Despite the outcomes of these cases, segregation remained in full effect into the 1960s in parts of the southern United States, where the Heart of Atlanta Motel was located. The Heart of Atlanta Motel was a large, 216-room motel in Atlanta, Georgia. In direct violation of the terms of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which banned racial discrimination in public places, largely\",\n \"title\": \"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1376373\",\n \"text\": \"of 1875. For much of the 100 years preceding 1964, race relations in the United States had been dominated by segregation, a system of racial separation which, while in name provided for \\\"separate but equal\\\" treatment of both white and black Americans, in truth perpetuated inferior accommodation, services, and treatment for black Americans. During the mid-20th century, partly as a result of cases such as \\\"Powell v. Alabama\\\", 287 U.S. 45 (1932); \\\"Smith v. Allwright\\\", 321 U.S. 649 (1944); \\\"Shelley v. Kraemer\\\", 334 U.S. 1 (1948); \\\"Sweatt v. Painter\\\", 339 U.S. 629 (1950); \\\"McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents\\\", 339 U.S.\",\n \"title\": \"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1376378\",\n \"text\": \"blacks. The opinion of the court, announced on December 14, 1964, was delivered by Justice Tom C. Clark, with concurring opinions by Justice Arthur Goldberg, Justice Hugo Black, and Justice William O. Douglas. The U.S. Supreme Court held that Congress acted well within its authority under the Commerce Clause in passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964, thereby upholding the act's Title II in question. While it might have been possible for Congress to pursue other methods for abolishing racial discrimination, the way in which Congress did so, according to the Court, was perfectly valid. It found no merit in\",\n \"title\": \"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1376379\",\n \"text\": \"the arguments pursuant to the Thirteenth Amendment, finding it difficult to conceive that such an amendment might be applicable in restraining civil rights legislation. Having observed that 75% of the Heart of Atlanta Motel's clientele came from out-of-state, and that it was strategically located near Interstates 75 and 85 as well as two major Georgia highways, the Court found that the business clearly affected interstate commerce. Accordingly, it upheld the permanent injunction issued by the district court and required the Heart of Atlanta Motel to receive business from clientele of all ethnicities. Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\",\n \"title\": \"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13114041\",\n \"text\": \"that the Fourth Amendment prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures applies to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. He also wrote the majority opinion in \\\"Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States\\\", which upheld the public accommodations provision of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the majority opinions in \\\"Garner v. Board of Public Works\\\", \\\"Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson\\\", and \\\"Abington School District v. Schempp\\\". Clark was born in Dallas, Texas, on September 23, 1899, the son of Virginia Maxey (née Falls), and William Henry Clark. His parents had moved from Mississippi to Texas; his lawyer father became\",\n \"title\": \"Tom C. Clark\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1376377\",\n \"text\": \"with it and so it undoubtedly would not place issues of racial discrimination in public accommodations beyond the reach of federal and state law. The United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia ruled in favor of the United States and issued a permanent injunction requiring the Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. to refrain from using racial discrimination when providing services or goods to guests or the general public on its premises. The case was combined with the case of the future Governor of Georgia Lester Maddox concerning his Pickrick restaurant and his case to refuse to serve\",\n \"title\": \"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"797712\",\n \"text\": \"states reapportioned their legislatures quickly and with minimal troubles. Numerous commentators have concluded reapportionment was the Warren Court's great \\\"success story.\\\" Civil rights continued to be a major issue facing the Warren Court in the 1960s. In the 1963 case of \\\"Petersen v. Greenville\\\", Warren wrote the Court's majority opinion, which struck down local ordinances that prohibited restaurants from serving black and white individuals in the same room. Later in the decade, the Court upheld the constitutionality of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 in \\\"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\\\". The Court held that the Commerce Clause\",\n \"title\": \"Earl Warren\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1376375\",\n \"text\": \"based on Congress's control of interstate commerce, the motel refused to rent rooms to black patrons. The owner, Moreton Rolleston, filed suit in federal court, arguing that the requirements of the Act exceeded the authority granted to Congress over interstate commerce. In addition, Rolleston maintained that it violated his Fifth Amendment rights to choose customers and operate his business as he wished and resulted in unjust deprivation of his property without due process of law and just compensation. Finally, he contended that Congress had placed him in a position of involuntary servitude by forcing him to rent available rooms to\",\n \"title\": \"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11229004\",\n \"text\": \"the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law on July 2. Legend has it that as he put down his pen Johnson told an aide, \\\"We have lost the South for a generation\\\", anticipating a coming backlash from Southern whites against Johnson's Democratic Party. The act banned racial segregation in public accommodations, banned employment discrimination on the basis of race or gender, and strengthened the federal government's power to investigate racial and gender employment discrimination. The law later upheld by the Supreme Court in cases such as \\\"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\\\". Biographer Randall B. Woods has\",\n \"title\": \"Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"797649\",\n \"text\": \"would continue to issue rulings that helped bring an end to the segregationist Jim Crow laws that were prevalent throughout the South. In \\\"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\\\", the Court upheld the Civil Rights Act of 1964, a federal law that prohibits racial segregation in public institutions and public accommodations. In the 1960s, the Warren Court handed down several landmark rulings that transformed criminal procedure, redistricting, and other areas of the law. Many of the Court's decisions incorporated the Bill of Rights, making the protections of the Bill of Rights apply to state and local governments. \\\"Gideon\",\n \"title\": \"Earl Warren\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1376376\",\n \"text\": \"blacks, thereby violating his Thirteenth Amendment rights. In response, the United States countered that the restrictions requiring adequate accommodation for black Americans were unquestionably related to interstate travel and that Congress, under the Constitution's Commerce Clause, certainly had the power to address such a matter in law. It further argued that the Fifth Amendment does not forbid reasonable regulation of interstate commerce and that such incidental damage did not constitute the \\\"taking\\\" of property without just compensation or due process of law. Lastly, it asserted that the Thirteenth Amendment applies primarily to slavery and the removal of widespread disabilities associated\",\n \"title\": \"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1568650\",\n \"text\": \"clause, thus paving the way for the Federal government to enact civil rights laws prohibiting both public and private sector discrimination on the basis of the commerce clause. After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed, the Supreme Court upheld the law's application to the private sector, on the grounds that Congress has the power to regulate commerce between the States. The landmark case \\\"Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States\\\" established the constitutionality of the law, but it did not settle all of the legal questions surrounding the law. In \\\"Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp.\\\", a 1971 Supreme\",\n \"title\": \"Civil Rights Act of 1964\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"279437\",\n \"text\": \"Travel Bureau) specialized in accommodations. Segregation of U.S. tourist accommodation would legally be ended by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and by a court ruling in \\\"Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States\\\" affirming that Congress' powers over interstate commerce extend to regulation of local incidents (such as racial discrimination in a motel serving interstate travelers) which might substantially and harmfully affect that commerce. The term \\\"motel\\\" originated with the Motel Inn of San Luis Obispo, originally called the Milestone Mo-Tel, which was constructed in 1925 by Arthur Heineman (although some hotels with a similar architecture existed at least\",\n \"title\": \"Motel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1958979\",\n \"text\": \"be said to rest upon some rational basis. (Citing \\\"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v United States\\\" (1964).) Justice Rehnquist echoed this point in his opinion in \\\"United States v. Lopez\\\", stating: \\\"Since [\\\"Wickard\\\"], the Court has ... undertaken to decide whether a rational basis existed for concluding that a regulated activity sufficiently affected interstate commerce. See, e.g., \\\"Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Association\\\", 452 U.S. 264, 276–280 (1981); \\\"Perez v. United States\\\", 402 U.S. 146, 155–156 (1971); \\\"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\\\", 379 U.S. 241, 252–253 (1964).\\\" Rational basis review begins with establishing the\",\n \"title\": \"Commerce Clause\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4798916\",\n \"text\": \"she married Heyward Siddons,who died April 8, 2014. In 1991, she received an honorary degree in Doctor of Letters from Oglethorpe University. She lives in Charleston, South Carolina, and spends summers in Maine. \\\"Peachtree Road\\\", set in Atlanta, was a bestselling novel described as \\\"the Southern novel for our generation\\\" by Pat Conroy. More than a million copies are in print. In 1989 her book \\\"Heartbreak Hotel\\\" became a movie titled \\\"Heart of Dixie\\\", which starred Ally Sheedy, Virginia Madsen, Phoebe Cates, Treat Williams, Kyle Secor and Peter Berg. Siddons's book \\\"The House Next Door\\\" was adapted for a made-for-television\",\n \"title\": \"Anne Rivers Siddons\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1958966\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"United States v. Lopez\\\" (1995) decision, after nearly 60 years of leaving any restraint on the use of the Commerce Clause to political means only, that the Court again ruled that a regulation enacted under the Clause was unconstitutional. The wide interpretation of the scope of the Commerce Clause continued following the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which aimed to prevent business from discriminating against black customers. The United States Supreme Court issued several opinions which supported this use of the Commerce Clause. \\\"Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States\\\", , ruled that Congress could regulate a\",\n \"title\": \"Commerce Clause\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17235198\",\n \"text\": \"the government has a legitimate concern that physicians might recommend marijuana in bad faith. However, physicians in good faith using honest medical judgment should not fear DEA sanctions. Furthermore, The government appealed the District Court decision to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which issued its decision in 2002. Again the doctors and patients won and the federal government lost, while Judge Alex Kozinski's concurrence also brought in the First Amendment right of patients to hear accurate information from their doctors, and the state of California's right to make its own laws without being subverted by federal commandeering. The ruling\",\n \"title\": \"Conant v. Walters\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5012870\",\n \"text\": \"was upheld by the Supreme Court of Georgia. The Supreme Court of the United States, however, per Justice Marshall, unanimously overturned the earlier decision and invalidated all state laws that forbade the private possession of materials judged obscene, on the grounds of the First and Fourteenth Amendments. Justices Stewart, Brennan, and White, contributed a joint concurring opinion. Justice Hugo Black also concurred, with a separate opinion having to do with the Fourth Amendment search and seizure provision. The case also established an implied right to pornography. The right to privacy to pornography is not absolute, however. For example, in \\\"Osborne\",\n \"title\": \"Stanley v. Georgia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11070010\",\n \"text\": \"of the U.S. Supreme Court with the 2002 ruling in Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council, Inc. v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency. Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, who had previously ruled with a 5-4 majority in favor of the landowner, switched sides to favor the government that had delayed development for more than 20 years because of the government's own indecision about alleged concerns about the water quality of Lake Tahoe. Specific zoning laws have been overturned in some other U.S. cases where the laws were not applied evenly (violating equal protection) or were considered to violate free speech. In the Atlanta suburb of\",\n \"title\": \"Zoning in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13896889\",\n \"text\": \"United States v. Georgia United States v. Georgia, 546 U.S. 151 (2006), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court decided that the protection of Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), passed by the U.S. Congress, extends to persons held in a state prison and protects prison inmates from discrimination on the basis of disability by prison personnel. Specifically, the court held that Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, \\\".\\\", is a proper use of Congressional power under the Fourteenth Amendment, Section 5, making it applicable to prison system officials. The petitioner,\",\n \"title\": \"United States v. Georgia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16352207\",\n \"text\": \"all three continued to work for some time after that date and filed for back pay with the Court of Claims. The three were victorious before the Court of Claims, and the government appealed to the Supreme Court, which heard the cases in a consolidated argument in 1946. The Court heard the case as a seven-member panel, with Justice Jackson recused and Chief Justice Stone having died a month before oral arguments. The Court, in a decision authored by Justice Hugo Black, ruled unanimously to uphold the decision of the Court of Claims, finding that Kerr's provision was an unconstitutional\",\n \"title\": \"United States v. Lovett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11070009\",\n \"text\": \"concerns were not sufficient to deny all development without compensation. \\\"Dolan v. City of Tigard\\\" ruled that conditions of a permit must be roughly proportional to the impacts of the proposed new development. \\\"Palazzolo v. Rhode Island\\\" ruled property rights are not diminished by unconstitutional laws that exist without challenge at the time the complaining property owner acquired title. The landowner victories have been limited mostly to the U.S. Supreme Court, however, Each decision in favor of the landowner is based on the facts of the particular case, so that regulatory takings rulings in favor of landowners Even the trend\",\n \"title\": \"Zoning in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19830\",\n \"text\": \"his banned \\\"American Mercury\\\" magazine; the ACLU defended him and won an acquittal. The ACLU went on to win additional victories, including the landmark case \\\"United States v. One Book Called Ulysses\\\" in 1933, which reversed a ban by the Customs Department against the book \\\"Ulysses\\\" by James Joyce. The ACLU only achieved mixed results in the early years, and it was not until 1966 that the Supreme Court finally clarified the obscenity laws in the \\\"Roth v. United States\\\" and \\\"Memoirs v. Massachusetts\\\" cases. The Comstock laws banned distribution of sex education information, based on the premise that it\",\n \"title\": \"American Civil Liberties Union\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14557349\",\n \"text\": \"his death, the United States land commissioners found against the heirs who sought to confirm their title to the land. The U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California reversed that judgment and confirmed the title. The United States appealed and the U.S. Supreme Court agreed to hear the case. Affirmed. Justice John McLean delivered the opinion of the court. McLean stated that the lower court had found that the date on the affirmation of the grant had been altered, and thus could not be used against the heirs. In addition, the decedent and his heirs had maintained possession\",\n \"title\": \"United States v. Heirs of De Haro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13766574\",\n \"text\": \"lawyer Edward Greenspan said, \\\"The heart of their case was lost.\\\" However, former federal prosecutor and SEC enforcement lawyer Jacob Frenkel called it a \\\"stunning victory\\\" for the government and explained how a split verdict \\\"highlights for the appellate court that the jury was very thoughtful and thorough in its deliberations.\\\" Investigators hired by Hollinger companies to locate assets examined more than forty bank accounts which may be, or may have been, held in the name of Black, his wife, or affiliated entities. According to court filings, Ravelston Corp. also had a subsidiary in Barbados called Argent News Inc. and\",\n \"title\": \"Black v. United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13896892\",\n \"text\": \"narrowly ruled that Congress has the authority to apply ADA to the administration of state prisons to the extent that it relates to conduct that actually violates the Fourteenth Amendment. Thus Congress was granted more authority over the States in this area of disability rights. United States v. Georgia United States v. Georgia, 546 U.S. 151 (2006), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court decided that the protection of Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), passed by the U.S. Congress, extends to persons held in a state prison and protects prison inmates from discrimination on\",\n \"title\": \"United States v. Georgia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18480261\",\n \"text\": \"and television broadcasts. Bohm is also a regular lecturer at legal conferences and is an adjunct professor of law at Tulane University Law School. Bohm is married to Elisa (Williams) and has three children. Bohm resides in Sacramento, California. Lawrance Bohm Lawrance A. Bohm (born July 4, 1972) is an American lawyer who is most noted for winning what is believed to be the two largest single-plaintiff employment verdicts in United States history: $185,872,719.52 in \\\"Juarez v. AutoZone Stores, Inc.\\\" (2014, United States District Court, Southern District of California) and $167,730,488.00 in \\\"Chopourian v. Catholic Healthcare West\\\" (2012, United States\",\n \"title\": \"Lawrance Bohm\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16622350\",\n \"text\": \"United States issued a writ of certiorari to the United States Appeals Court for the Eleventh Circuit to consider appeals to its rulings in \\\"National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius\\\" and \\\"Florida v. United States Department of Health and Human Services\\\". The Court heard oral arguments March 26–28, 2012 and decided the consolidated case on June 28, 2012. Although the Supreme Court declared that the law could not have been upheld under an argument based on the regulatory power of Congress under the Commerce Clause, the Court declared that the legislatively-declared \\\"penalty\\\" was constitutional as a valid exercise of\",\n \"title\": \"Constitutional challenges to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15741627\",\n \"text\": \"District of Columbia Circuit overturned Jones's conviction, holding that the police action was a search because it violated Jones's \\\"reasonable expectation of privacy\\\". Judge Douglas H. Ginsburg was joined by Judges David S. Tatel and Thomas B. Griffith. The D.C. Circuit then denied prosecutors' petition for rehearing \\\"en banc\\\", over the dissent of Chief Judge David B. Sentelle, joined by Judges Karen L. Henderson, Janice Rogers Brown, and Brett Kavanaugh. The court's decision was the subject of significant legal debate. In 2007, Judge Richard Posner of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit had reached the opposite\",\n \"title\": \"United States v. Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5299781\",\n \"text\": \"juries, imposed the maximum sentence, 78 months, based on the jury's verdict. The government asked the judge to correct Fanfan’s sentence, which was denied. The Government filed a notice of appeal in the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit and a petition for a writ of certiorari in the Supreme Court in the Fanfan case. Because of the importance of the case, the Supreme Court granted the petition as well as a similar petition filed by the government in Booker’s case, following the Seventh Circuit's ruling in favor of Booker. The Government asked the Court to determine\",\n \"title\": \"United States v. Booker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428760\",\n \"text\": \"(1973), in which the Court invalidated a Texas law forbidding abortion except to save the mother's life. Like Goldberg's and Harlan's concurring opinions in \\\"Griswold\\\", the majority opinion authored by Justice Harry Blackmun located the right to privacy in the Due Process Clause's protection of liberty. The decision disallowed many state and federal abortion restrictions, and it became one of the most controversial in the Court's history. In \\\"Planned Parenthood v. Casey\\\" (1992), the Court decided that \\\"the essential holding of \\\"Roe v. Wade\\\" should be retained and once again reaffirmed.\\\" In \\\"Lawrence v. Texas\\\" (2003), the Court found that\",\n \"title\": \"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10939734\",\n \"text\": \"medication on the grounds that it was necessary to restore Sell's competency to stand trial. The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the lower court's decision in a divided vote. Sell's attorney pointed out that Sell had already been incarcerated for a longer period of time than if he were convicted for the offenses as charged. Sell, on Writ of Certiorari, appealed to the United States Supreme Court. The American Psychological Association filed an amicus curiae brief taking a neutral position, supporting neither the government's nor Sell's position. Although the Supreme Court upheld two aspects of the appeal, it ultimately\",\n \"title\": \"Sell v. United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10223118\",\n \"text\": \"court granted the union's injunction, finding that Section 93 of the act was preempted by Section 7 of the NLRA. The Court of Appeals relied heavily on the Supreme Court's decision in \\\"Hill v. Florida ex rel. Watson\\\", 325 U.S. 538 (1945), when it concluded that Section 7 conferred \\\"an unfettered right on employees to choose the officials of their own bargaining representatives.\\\" The state sought a rehearing \\\"en banc,\\\" but the entire court of appeals refused to rehear the case after it deadlocked in a 5-to-5 vote. The state appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which granted certiorari (464\",\n \"title\": \"Brown v. Hotel and Restaurant Employees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15443433\",\n \"text\": \"title suits against the federal government's officers and agents. Only when property has been transferred by the courts does a private citizen establish a right to establish or reclaim rights to title. But the circuit court in \\\"Lee\\\" held that much of the decision in \\\"Carr\\\" was dicta, and reaffirmed the jury decision. Two appeals were made to the U.S. Supreme Court. The first was by the United States government itself, while the second was made by the government on behalf of Kaufman and Strong. The question was whether the title actually transferred to the federal government. If yes, then\",\n \"title\": \"United States v. Lee (1882)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15631713\",\n \"text\": \"Thomas. A separate dissent was filed by Justice Alito that was joined by Chief Justice Roberts. \\\"Coleman v. Brown\\\" (Previously \\\"Coleman v. Wilson\\\") (E.D. Cal.), is a federal class action civil rights lawsuit under the Civil Rights Act of 1871, Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 alleging unconstitutional mental health care by the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR). The case was filed on April 23, 1990 and tried before a United States magistrate judge. In June 1994 the magistrate judge found that defendants’ delivery of mental health care to\",\n \"title\": \"Brown v. Plata\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7167590\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Crossfire\\\", \\\"The Ricki Lake Show\\\", \\\"The Today Show\\\", and \\\"Good Morning America\\\". Harvard University law professor Laurence Tribe commented during an appearance on \\\"The Oprah Winfrey Show\\\" television program that this case was the last time that the U.S. Supreme Court had decided favorably to a defendant in a civil rights case of this magnitude. California Penal Code § 647(e) was repealed by the California Legislature in 2008. Edward C. Lawson Edward C. Lawson is an African American civil rights activist, who was the plaintiff in the case of \\\"Kolender v. Lawson\\\", , in which the United States Supreme Court\",\n \"title\": \"Edward C. Lawson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1828120\",\n \"text\": \"Amendment was selected over the Fourteenth Amendment due to the lack of federal protections in the Fourteenth Amendment. He was arrested and convicted. No question was raised as to Korematsu's loyalty to the United States. The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the conviction, and the Supreme Court granted \\\"certiorari\\\". The decision of the case, written by Justice Hugo Black, found the case largely indistinguishable from the previous year's \\\"Hirabayashi v. United States\\\" decision, and rested largely on the same principle: deference to Congress and the military authorities, particularly in light of the uncertainty following Pearl Harbor. Justice\",\n \"title\": \"Korematsu v. United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16622348\",\n \"text\": \"Congress had the power to pass the law because it affected interstate commerce and was part of a broader regulatory scheme. On June 29, 2011, a divided three-judge panel of the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the decision. Judge Jeffrey Sutton, a member of the three judge panel appointed by George W. Bush, was the first Republican-appointed judge to rule that the law is constitutional. In \\\"Seven-Sky v. Holder\\\" on November 8, 2011, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia upheld the constitutionality of the law. The decision was written by Senior Judge Laurence Silberman, a\",\n \"title\": \"Constitutional challenges to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18881173\",\n \"text\": \"the County of Los Angeles, by California, Drug Free America Foundation, California State Sheriffs' Association, and the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research. Briefs in support of Patel were filed by the Asian American Hotel Owners Association, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, the Rutherford Institute, Gun Owners of America, the Cato Institute, Professors Adam Lamparello & Charles E. MacLean, Institute for Justice, Google, and the Electronic Privacy Information Center. A brief in support of neither party was filed by Love146. Associate Justice Sonia Sotomayor authored the 5–4 majority opinion, joined by Justices Kennedy, Ginsburg, Breyer, and Kagan.\",\n \"title\": \"City of Los Angeles v. Patel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12140999\",\n \"text\": \"Anthony G. Amsterdam Anthony Guy Amsterdam (born September 12, 1935) is an American lawyer and professor of law at New York University School of Law. In 1981, Alan Dershowitz called Amsterdam “the most distinguished law professor in the United States.” Amsterdam grew up in a middle-class neighborhood in West Philadelphia. Working with the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Amsterdam argued and won \\\"Furman v. Georgia\\\" in 1972, in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled on the requirement for a degree of consistency in the application of the death penalty. He sits on the board of directors\",\n \"title\": \"Anthony G. Amsterdam\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"433240\",\n \"text\": \"and \\\"Gideon v. Wainwright\\\" (right to appointed counsel),—and required that criminal suspects be apprised of all these rights by police (\\\"Miranda v. Arizona\\\"). At the same time, however, the Court limited defamation suits by public figures (\\\"New York Times v. Sullivan\\\") and supplied the government with an unbroken run of antitrust victories. The Burger Court (1969–86) marked a conservative shift. It also expanded \\\"Griswold\\\"'s right to privacy to strike down abortion laws (\\\"Roe v. Wade\\\"), but divided deeply on affirmative action (\\\"Regents of the University of California v. Bakke\\\") and campaign finance regulation (\\\"Buckley v. Valeo\\\"). It also dithered on\",\n \"title\": \"Supreme Court of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12084186\",\n \"text\": \"the government required reasonable suspicion to conduct the search. This motion was granted by the District Court, ruling in Arnold's favor. The Government promptly appealed the case, and stated that the border doctrine took precedence over the Fourth Amendment's protection from unreasonable search. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals overturned the lower court's ruling, holding in favor of the Government. Arnold was represented in the District Court and before the Ninth Circuit by Marilyn E. Bednarski and Kevin J. LaHue, of Kaye, McLane, Bednarski, & Litt. The crux of Arnold's argument is that a laptop is very similar to a\",\n \"title\": \"United States v. Arnold\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16622340\",\n \"text\": \"mandate to purchase insurance exceeds the authority of Congress to regulate interstate commerce. Vinson further ruled the clause was not severable, which had the effect of striking down the entire law. On August 12, 2011, a divided three-judge panel of the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed Judge Vinson's decision in part: the court agreed that the mandate was unconstitutional, but held that it could be severed, allowing the rest of the ACA to remain. In September 2011, the Department of Justice decided not to ask for an en banc review by the 11th Circuit, and instead asked the U.S.\",\n \"title\": \"Constitutional challenges to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19968205\",\n \"text\": \"Decency Act as a publisher of user material, and was not required to comply with the trial court's removal order. However, the part of the trial court's decision that ordered the reviewer to remove the defamatory review and pay a monetary judgement were left intact. In early October 2018, Hassell, and her attorneys Charles Harder and Monique Olivier, appealed the California Supreme Court's decision and filed a petition seeking a writ of certiori for the case to be heard by the United States Supreme Court. The petition is now pending before the United State Supreme Court. In the summer of\",\n \"title\": \"Hassell v. Bird\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1323392\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States\\\", , and \\\"Katzenbach v. McClung\\\", . In several other federalism cases, however, Black ruled against the federal government. For instance, he partially dissented from \\\"South Carolina v. Katzenbach\\\", , in which the Court upheld the validity of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. In an attempt to protect the voting rights of African Americans, the act required any state whose population was at least 5% African American to obtain federal approval before changing its voting laws. Black wrote that the law, ... by providing that some of the States cannot pass state laws\",\n \"title\": \"Hugo Black\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6537359\",\n \"text\": \"also written a book about her experiences in San Francisco politics, entitled \\\"Straight from the Heart\\\". After serving on the Board of Supervisors, Alioto opened her own law firm, which specializes in civil rights and anti-discrimination law. Alioto has won multiple landmark civil rights cases. In 2001, Alioto won the largest civil rights verdict in the history of the United States, against IBC/Wonder Bread for $135 million. Alioto represented 20 African-American men who endured years of racial slurs, and were wrongfully terminated or passed over for promotions. Her San Francisco employment law office has successfully won litigation against Mary Kay\",\n \"title\": \"Angela Alioto\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20428768\",\n \"text\": \"an ultimate decision in his particular case by this Court whether certain material comes within the area of 'obscenity' as that term is confused by the Court today.\\\" One legal scholar likened the result of these three decisions to the Tower of Babel. This state of confusion would persist until the \\\"Miller v. California\\\" case in 1973. Ginzburg v. United States Ginzburg v. United States, 383 U.S. 463 (1966), was a decision by the United States Supreme Court involving the application of the First Amendment to Federal obscenity laws. One of a trio of cases (with \\\"Memoirs v. Massachusetts\\\" and\",\n \"title\": \"Ginzburg v. United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13644811\",\n \"text\": \"Washington Nationals and Baltimore Orioles to Comcast's programming lineup in the Washington D.C. area. Frederick also represented MASN through three successful Federal Communications Commission (FCC) arbitration rulings against Time Warner Cable. Other noteworthy cases argued by Frederick include: \\\"South Carolina v. North Carolina\\\", \\\"Idaho v. United States\\\", \\\"New Jersey v. Delaware\\\", \\\"United States v. Locke\\\", \\\"Farina v. Nokia, Inc.\\\", \\\"Carter v. United States\\\", and \\\"California v. Deep Sea Research\\\". He has argued cases in all of the thirteen U.S. courts of appeals. In 2001, Frederick represented the United States in oral arguments before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the\",\n \"title\": \"David Frederick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2072619\",\n \"text\": \"law-enforcement agents on charges of obstructing justice. Bernard Carey, a Republican, defeated him in the next election, in part because of the support of outraged black voters.\\\" The families of Hampton and Clark filed a US$47.7 million civil suit against the city, state, and federal governments. The case went to trial before Federal Judge J. Sam Perry. After more than 18 months of testimony and at the close of the Plaintiff's case, Judge Perry dismissed the case. The Plaintiffs appealed and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit reversed, ordering the case to be retried. More than a\",\n \"title\": \"Fred Hampton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8121105\",\n \"text\": \"of the City of Griffin, and sentenced to punishment of 50 days in jail, as she had not paid her fine of $50. The county court denied Lovell's appeal. The Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment of the lower court, upholding her conviction. The Supreme Court of Georgia denied an application for certiorari. Lovell appealed further, reaching the jurisdiction of the United States Supreme Court. Chief Justice Hughes delivered the opinion of the court. Justice Cardozo did not take part in the proceedings. The Court decided that the city ordinance was unconstitutionally overbroad. Because the ordinance restricted not merely the\",\n \"title\": \"Lovell v. City of Griffin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1568646\",\n \"text\": \"and property without due process\\\". In \\\"Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States\\\" (1964), the Supreme Court held that Congress drew its authority from the Constitution's Commerce Clause, rejecting Rolleston's claims. Resistance to the public accommodation clause continued for years on the ground, especially in the South. When local college students in Orangeburg, South Carolina attempted to desegregate a bowling alley in 1968, they were violently attacked, leading to rioting and what became known as the \\\"Orangeburg massacre.\\\" Resistance by school boards continued into the next decade, with the most significant declines in black-white school segregation only occurring at the\",\n \"title\": \"Civil Rights Act of 1964\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16959289\",\n \"text\": \"to decide if either of those issues was preserved, as well as a host of Government challenges to the Court of Federal Claims' fact-findings. The Arkansas Game and Fish Commission's position was supported by the National Association of Home Builders, the American Farm Bureau Federation, and the American Forest Resource Council, among others. The Pacific Legal Foundation also hailed the Court's decision as an important victory for property rights. Carrie Severino, writing for \\\"National Review\\\", characterized the decision as \\\"yet another unanimous defeat\\\" for the Obama administration before the Supreme Court, which she wrote had \\\"developed a noted pattern of\",\n \"title\": \"Arkansas Game & Fish Commission v. United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4413547\",\n \"text\": \"same 7-2 majority that struck down a Texas abortion law in \\\"Roe v. Wade\\\", invalidated most of the remaining restrictions of the Georgia abortion law, including the medical approval and residency requirements. The Court reiterated the protected \\\"right to privacy,\\\" which applied to matters involving marriage, procreation, contraception, family relationships, child rearing, and education. Justice Harry A. Blackmun wrote the majority opinion for the Court, in which he explained \\\"the sensitive and emotional nature\\\" of the issue and \\\"the deep and seemingly absolute convictions\\\" on both sides. Justice Blackmun went on to conclude that as a constitutional matter, the right\",\n \"title\": \"Doe v. Bolton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12456768\",\n \"text\": \"sued the hotel for the difference between what she was paid, and the $14.50 per week of 48 hours established as a minimum wage by the Industrial Welfare Committee and Supervisor of Women in Industry, pursuant to Washington state law. The trial court, using \\\"Adkins\\\" as precedent, ruled for the defendant. The Washington Supreme Court, taking the case on a direct appeal, reversed the trial court and found in favor of Parrish. The hotel appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. The Court, in an opinion by Chief Justice Hughes, ruled that the Constitution permitted the restriction of liberty of contract\",\n \"title\": \"West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4413549\",\n \"text\": \"been aware that the case had been filed on her behalf and that if she had known she would not have supported the litigation. The district court denied her motion, and she appealed. When the appeals court also denied her motion, she requested review by the United States Supreme Court. However, the Supreme Court declined to hear Sandra Cano's suit to overturn the ruling. Sandra Cano died on September 30, 2014. Doe v. Bolton Doe v. Bolton, 410 U.S. 179 (1973), was a decision of the United States Supreme Court overturning the abortion law of Georgia. The Supreme Court's decision\",\n \"title\": \"Doe v. Bolton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12506882\",\n \"text\": \"Johnson signed the historic Civil Rights Act of 1964. It invoked the Commerce Clause to outlaw discrimination in public accommodations (privately owned restaurants, hotels, and stores, and in private schools and workplaces). This use of the Commerce Clause was upheld in \\\"Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States\\\" 379 US 241 (1964). By 1965, efforts to break the grip of state disenfranchisement by education for voter registration in southern counties had been under way for some time, but had achieved only modest success overall. In some areas of the Deep South, white resistance made these efforts almost entirely ineffectual. The\",\n \"title\": \"Jim Crow laws\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1879751\",\n \"text\": \"Appeals issued their decision on 17 June 2016. On April 17, 2017, the US Supreme Court denied certiorari for the plaintiff's appeal, clearing the way for the case to be tried. The jury trial for the combined cases against Sánchez de Lozada and Sánchez Berzaín began on March 5, 2018 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. They were both found liable for the civilian deaths by the jury on April 3, 2018. The plaintiffs were awarded $10 million in damages. May 30, 2018, Fort Lauderdale, Florida – Today, a federal judge overturned the verdict of a jury that found the former president\",\n \"title\": \"Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13639231\",\n \"text\": \"Guardsmen, resulted in unanimous verdicts for all defendants on all claims after an eleven-week trial. The judgment on those verdicts was reversed by the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit on the ground that the federal trial judge had mishandled an out-of-court threat against a juror. On remand, the civil case was settled in return for payment of a total of $675,000 to all plaintiffs by the State of Ohio As per § 707(b) of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 1979, United States passports are required to enter and exit the country, and as per the and\",\n \"title\": \"Human rights in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14896889\",\n \"text\": \"continued to refuse to pay. They were held briefly in jail, while claiming violation of First Amendment rights. That night Jones was released by the court. The ACLU had filed an \\\"amicus brief\\\" in support of Jones's protest plans. On November 11, 2011, Wayne County Circuit Court Judge Robert Ziolkowski vacated the \\\"breach of peace\\\" ruling against Jones and Wayne Sapp on the grounds that they were denied due process. Terry Jones and his organization Stand Up America Now won a victory in court on August 30, 2013 over the City of Dearborn and its Chief of Police, Ronald Haddad.\",\n \"title\": \"Terry Jones (pastor)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19213578\",\n \"text\": \"no other state had before refused to recognize an adoption decree from another state. On December 14, 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court stayed the ruling, pending their disposition of the case. The stay allowed V.L. to continue to visit her children while the court considered her petition to review the case. On March 7, 2016, the Supreme Court issued a per curiam summary disposition which reversed the Supreme Court of Alabama, and effectively reinstated V.L.'s rights granted by the Georgia Superior Court. The court's reasoning was based on the Full Faith and Credit Clause of the U.S. Constitution. The Supreme\",\n \"title\": \"V.L. v. E.L.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19307430\",\n \"text\": \"and died. Judge Logan E. Bleckley filled his vacancy and then refused to hear the case again. Associate justices Samuel Hall and Mark Blanford remained to deliver the ruling regarding if the white relatives would receive a new trial. Ultimately, eight months later on June 13, 1887, Samuel Hall and Mark Blanford of the Georgia Supreme Court also ruled in favor of Amanda America and her two sons, formally settling the dispute of David Dickson's will. Citing the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, the Georgia Supreme Court affirmed the lower court's decision, saying that the rights and privileges of\",\n \"title\": \"Amanda America Dickson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19213572\",\n \"text\": \"recognize the adoption judgment, saying that the Georgia court misapplied its own state law. The court voided the recognition of the adoption judgment in Alabama. V.L. petitioned the United States Supreme Court to stay the ruling during her appeal and allow her to see her children. On December 14, 2015, the Supreme Court stayed the ruling pending their action on a petition for a writ of certiorari filed by V.L. On March 7, 2016, the Supreme Court of the United States reversed the decision of the Alabama Supreme Court by per curiam summary disposition. The plaintiff, identified only by initials\",\n \"title\": \"V.L. v. E.L.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10264491\",\n \"text\": \"Superior Court Judge Richard Williams ruled that because there were \\\"no limits\\\" on what Trump could do with the property, the plan to take Coking's property did not meet the test of law. But Williams' ruling did not reject the practice of using eminent domain to take private property from one individual and transferring it to another, which would eventually be upheld by the Supreme Court of the United States in \\\"Kelo v. City of New London\\\". Two other properties that prevailed against eminent domain eventually did sell: Sabatini's restaurant received $2.1 million and a pawnshop sold for $1.6 million.\",\n \"title\": \"Vera Coking\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18480250\",\n \"text\": \"Lawrance Bohm Lawrance A. Bohm (born July 4, 1972) is an American lawyer who is most noted for winning what is believed to be the two largest single-plaintiff employment verdicts in United States history: $185,872,719.52 in \\\"Juarez v. AutoZone Stores, Inc.\\\" (2014, United States District Court, Southern District of California) and $167,730,488.00 in \\\"Chopourian v. Catholic Healthcare West\\\" (2012, United States District Court, Eastern District of California). Bohm has won several other large verdicts protecting and defending civil and workplace rights. Bohm has represented clients in several high-profile cases. Bohm grew up on Long Island, New York and graduated high\",\n \"title\": \"Lawrance Bohm\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1567758\",\n \"text\": \"(changes in user privacy settings), Google (roll-out of Google Buzz), Microsoft (Hailstorm log-in), and Choicepoint (sale of personal information to identity thieves). EPIC has also prevailed in significant Freedom of Information Act cases against the CIA, the DHS, the Dept. of Education, the FBI, the NSA, the ODNI, and the TSA. EPIC has also filed many \\\"friend of the court\\\" briefs on law and technology, including Riley v. California (U.S. 2014) (concerning cell phone privacy), and litigated important privacy cases, including EPIC v. DHS (D.C. Cir. 2011), which led to the removal of the x-ray body scanners in US airports,\",\n \"title\": \"Electronic Privacy Information Center\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14027284\",\n \"text\": \"137 S. Ct. 743 (2017), he won a victory for a girl with cerebral palsy who sought to bring her service dog with her to school; the Court reversed a lower-court decision throwing the case out of court. In \\\"Young v. United Parcel Service\\\", 135 S. Ct 1338 (2015), the Court established new protections for pregnant workers. In \\\"United States v. Georgia\\\", 546 U.S. 151 (2006), the Court upheld the constitutionality of Title II of the \\\"Americans with Disabilities Act\\\", as applied in the case of a prisoner who used a wheelchair. And in \\\"Chevron v. Echazabal\\\", 536 U.S. 73\",\n \"title\": \"Samuel Bagenstos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19890356\",\n \"text\": \"target was its customer. In a unanimous opinion written by Justice Stephen Breyer, the Court held that a scheme to defraud customers also deprives the bank of money in which the bank held a \\\"property right\\\", and criminal defendants may therefore be convicted under the federal statute for schemes to defraud bank customers. However, the Supreme Court remanded the case to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit to determine whether the trial court administered an erroneous jury instruction. Shaw v. United States Shaw v. United States, 580 U.S. ___ (2016), was a United States Supreme Court\",\n \"title\": \"Shaw v. United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16872851\",\n \"text\": \"directly to the circumstances of the crime.\\\" Though South Carolina asserted that such is the case here, the Court disagreed, holding that the content of the cards at issue to be irrelevant to the \\\"circumstances of the crime.\\\" Justice O'Connor authored a dissenting opinion, joined by Chief Justice Rehnquist and Justice Kennedy; Justice Scalia also dissented, expressly arguing that \\\"Booth v. Maryland\\\" should be overruled. The impact of the case was somewhat short-lived, as two years later the Rehnquist Court decided \\\"Payne\\\", which has since had a significant impact in victim's rights, criminology and the lives of the parties involved.\",\n \"title\": \"South Carolina v. Gathers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5174666\",\n \"text\": \"a Bowie knife fight in the courtroom of the Circuit Court for the Northern District of California, an altercation between Justice Stephen Johnson Field of the US Supreme Court and David S. Terry, a former Chief Judge of the California Supreme Court and the fatal shooting of Terry by a US Marshal, both in the breakfast room of a California railroad hotel at Lathrop, which culminated in a landmark US Supreme Court decision in the case \\\"In re Neagle (Cunningham v. Neagle)\\\", on the supremacy of federal law over state law. 135 U.S. 1; 10 S. Ct. 658; 34 L.\",\n \"title\": \"William Sharon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1451142\",\n \"text\": \"Fred M. Vinson, who was joined by Justices Stanley Forman Reed, Sherman Minton, and Harold H. Burton. Separate concurring opinions were delivered by Justices Felix Frankfurter and Robert H. Jackson. Justices Hugo Black and William O. Douglas wrote separate dissenting opinions. Justice Tom C. Clark did not participate in this case. The Court rule affirmed the conviction of the petitioner, a leader of the Communist Party in the United States. Dennis had been convicted of conspiring and organizing for the overthrow and destruction of the United States government by force and violence under provisions of the Smith Act. In affirming\",\n \"title\": \"Dennis v. United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18621414\",\n \"text\": \"test to do so.\\\" As one professorial commentator noted, \\\"Because \\\"DDR Holdings\\\" is the only post-\\\"Alice\\\" Federal Circuit decision so far to uphold a patent against a § 101 challenge, patentees have been quick to cite it and accused infringers have found ways to distinguish it.\\\" Among the district court cases interpreting and applying \\\"DDR Holdings\\\" are: DDR Holdings v. Hotels.com DDR Holdings, LLC v. Hotels.com, L.P., , is the first United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit decision to uphold the validity of computer-implemented patent claims since the Supreme Court's decision in \\\"Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank\",\n \"title\": \"DDR Holdings v. Hotels.com\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8589090\",\n \"text\": \"Cahill's litigation practice is one of the more prominent in the United States, handling high-profile securities, antitrust and first amendment litigation. The firm's partners have made frequent appearances before the United States Supreme Court. For instance, \\\"National Broadcasting Co. v. United States\\\" helped establish the power and authority of the Federal Communications Commission. Another case, \\\"Times-Picayune v. United States\\\", is among the Court's most important antitrust rulings. On behalf of Cahill, Floyd Abrams successfully defended \\\"The New York Times\\\" in the landmark \\\"New York Times Co. v. United States\\\" case. In that 1971 case the Supreme Court of the United\",\n \"title\": \"Cahill Gordon & Reindel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16976652\",\n \"text\": \"not Indian country. Following this ruling, the Fifth Circuit Court came to the same conclusion, and reversed the federal conviction on the grounds that the district court lacked jurisdiction. The United States then appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which granted certiorari to hear the cases. The United States was represented by H. Bartow Farr III. The United States argued that the land the reservation was on, and on which the crime was committed, was undisputedly land purchased by the federal government and held in trust for the Mississippi Choctaw tribe as an Indian reservation. By the plain text of\",\n \"title\": \"United States v. John (1978)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12833893\",\n \"text\": \"charts. In each episode, the winning song will be revealed in a performance by a special guest star, some of the hottest singers today. True Entertainment (“The Real Housewives of Atlanta”) developed the reality series for Bravo with Steven Weinstock, Glenda Hersh, Tim Bogart, Evan Bogart, David Quinones and Erika Nuri serving as executive producers. The Writing Camp is also a producer. 3LW - \\\"Love Don't Cost a Thing - Soundtrack\\\" Adam Lambert - \\\"For Your Entertainment\\\" Ashley Tisdale - \\\"Headstrong\\\" B2K - \\\"Pandemonium!\\\" Babyface - \\\"Face2Face\\\" Namie Amuro - \\\"FEEL\\\" Beyoncé - \\\"I Am... Sasha Fierce\\\" Big Time Rush\",\n \"title\": \"The Writing Camp\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17515530\",\n \"text\": \"to most law students as declaring that Indian tribes had the right to occupy the land but only the United States held title to the land by right of discovery. It covers other major cases, including \\\"Cherokee Nation v. Georgia\\\" (1831) (the tribe lacked standing to contest Georgia's violation of treaty rights), \\\"Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock\\\" (1903) (the U.S. had the right to confiscate Indian lands unilaterally despite treaty provisions); and \\\"Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States\\\" (1955) (discovery and conquest doctrines applied even when the Alaskan natives had separate dealings with Russia). The book covers cases involving the adoption of\",\n \"title\": \"In the Courts of the Conqueror\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15750586\",\n \"text\": \"the \\\"Life\\\" magazine staff was aware of the inaccuracy of the article in question, this lack of jury instruction was crucial. Medina said that due to this failure to inform the jury of a requirement to find willful inaccuracy on the part of \\\"Life\\\" magazine, \\\"I still think I am entitled to win.\\\" In January 1967, the Court determined in a 5-4 decision in favor of Time, Inc. Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. wrote the opinion of the Court. Justice Brennan had previously written the majority opinion in the case of \\\"New York Times Co. v. Sullivan\\\" in 1964; that\",\n \"title\": \"Time, Inc. v. Hill\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19336018\",\n \"text\": \"in the controlling opinion in \\\"Memoirs.\\\" Two others, Justice Black and Justice Douglas, concurred on broader grounds in reversing the judgment below. They reiterated their well-known position that the First Amendment provides an absolute shield against governmental action aimed at suppressing obscenity. Justice Stewart also concurred in the judgment, based on his view that only \\\"hardcore pornography\\\" may be suppressed. The view of the \\\"Memoirs\\\" plurality therefore constituted the holding of the Court and provided the governing standards at the time the alleged crimes were committed. \\\"Miller\\\" marked a significant departure from \\\"Memoirs\\\" and there can be little doubt that\",\n \"title\": \"Marks v. United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11010594\",\n \"text\": \"United States v. Binion United States v. Binion, 132 F. App'x 89 (8th Cir. 2005), is a case in which the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit applied two recent U.S. Supreme Court decisions, \\\"United States v. Booker\\\" and \\\"United States v. Fanfan\\\", in uphelding the sentencing decision by the trial court, the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri. Dammeon Binion was arrested for possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. Representing himself, the defendant filed a \\\"pro se\\\" motion for a competence-to-stand-trial evaluation in which psychological tests were administered by a\",\n \"title\": \"United States v. Binion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9560395\",\n \"text\": \"appeal the decision. Their lawyer Seth Cohen told reporters \\\"that the organization disagrees with the judge's finding\\\" and that he was \\\"confident they will win in the N.C. Court of Appeals\\\". Cohen went on to say: \\\"It's a shame that this matter cannot be resolved sooner. All we have ever asked is that people of all faiths be able to put their hands on the holy text of their choice. It's that simple. We don't understand why this is such a big deal.\\\" Cohen also said that members of Judaism have thrown their support behind the case as they would\",\n \"title\": \"American Civil Liberties Union of North Carolina v. North Carolina\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15741643\",\n \"text\": \"the former U.S. Solicitor General and the attorney who represented the defendant, said the decision was \\\"a signal event in Fourth Amendment history.\\\" He also said the decision made it more risky for law enforcement to use a GPS tracking device without a warrant. FBI director Robert Mueller testified in March 2013 that the \\\"Jones\\\" decision had limited the Bureau's surveillance capabilities. Criminal defense attorneys and civil libertarians such as Virginia Sloan of the Constitution Project praised the ruling for protecting Fourth Amendment rights against government intrusion through modern technology. The Electronic Frontier Foundation, which filed an amicus brief arguing\",\n \"title\": \"United States v. Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13103030\",\n \"text\": \"opinion in several important cases, including \\\"Boumediene v. Bush\\\" and \\\"Citizens United v. FEC\\\". Kennedy wrote in part the majority opinions in \\\"Planned Parenthood v. Casey\\\". He is also known for his majority opinions in each of the Court's landmark gay rights cases: \\\"Romer v. Evans\\\", \\\"Lawrence v. Texas\\\", \\\"United States v. Windsor\\\", and \\\"Obergefell v. Hodges\\\". Kennedy was born and raised in an Irish Catholic family in Sacramento, California. He was the son of Anthony J. Kennedy, an attorney with a reputation for influence in the California legislature, and Gladys (née McLeod), who participated in many local civic activities.\",\n \"title\": \"Anthony Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4328198\",\n \"text\": \"under the supervision of a federal judge, would enforce the defendant's rights against the state. The two dissenting justices, Field and Clifford, explained their position in the case of \\\"Ex Parte Virginia\\\", decided the same day. In the latter case, Field wrote, with Clifford concurring, \\\"The equality of the protection secured extends only to civil rights, as distinguished from those which are political or arise from the form of the government and its mode of administration.\\\" While a victory for the rights of black defendants and an important early civil rights case, \\\"Strauder v. West Virginia\\\" upheld the right of\",\n \"title\": \"Strauder v. West Virginia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16158135\",\n \"text\": \"statements about civilian awards... [the Act] is a narrow law enacted to address an important problem, and it presents no threat to freedom of expression.\\\" The decision received praise on constitutional grounds from across the political spectrum. The First Amendment Center called the decision \\\"a victory for free speech and common sense.\\\" Several veterans organizations leaders were dismayed by the decision. A spokesperson for the Veterans of Foreign Wars said \\\"Despite the ruling, the VFW will continue to challenge far-fetched stories, and to publicize these false heroes to the broadest extent possible as a deterrent to others.” Harold A. Fritz,\",\n \"title\": \"United States v. Alvarez\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3653468\",\n \"text\": \"Davis\\\" concerned a 63-year-old grandmother, Pearlie Rucker, who was evicted because a member of her family had incurred a drug conviction. The court held that the federal statute that allowed the Oakland Housing Authority to evict Rucker should not be interpreted to allow the eviction of a tenant merely because of the wrongdoing of another. However, the Ninth Circuit's \\\"en banc\\\" ruling was overturned in 2002 by the United States Supreme Court in \\\"HUD v. Rucker\\\". Chief Justice William Rehnquist, writing for a unanimous Court (with Justice Stephen Breyer having recused himself), held that \\\"the plain language of [the statute]\",\n \"title\": \"One strike, you're out\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20185365\",\n \"text\": \"in 1980. Her legal career began with a position as an assistant district attorney in the Dallas County District Attorney's office, where she prosecuted more than 125 criminal trials to verdict and later advanced to the Organized Crime Division. She began specializing in environmental and toxic tort law in 1986 when she joined her husband, Fred Baron, at his law firm Baron & Budd, the largest environmental law firm in the United States. While at Baron & Budd 2001, she won her largest verdict to date, $55.5 million, in the El Paso asbestos case Hernandez v. Kelly-Moore Paints. After selling\",\n \"title\": \"Lisa Blue Baron\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"994897\",\n \"text\": \"challenge the law in court, in a case supported by the NAACP. The law was initially upheld by the US District Court and affirmed by the Appeals Court based in New Orleans. Known as \\\"Gomillion v. Lightfoot,\\\" it was decided by the US Supreme Court in 1960, with the ruling implemented in 1961. The court ruled that the gerrymandering of city boundaries was racially motivated and violated the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which states that \\\"states were not insulated from federal judicial review when they jeopardized federally protected rights.\\\" The exclusionary gerrymandering was overturned and the city\",\n \"title\": \"Tuskegee, Alabama\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19005075\",\n \"text\": \"Litigation, which is frequently cited by California appellate courts as non-binding legal authorities. Jeffrey Ehrlich Jeffrey Isaac Ehrlich (born July 10, 1959) is an American lawyer and author, known for handling landmark appeals in the United States Supreme Court and the California Supreme Court. He is co-author of the influential Thomson Reuters treatise on insurance litigation, and Editor-in-Chief of \\\" Advocate\\\", the most widely circulated trial-bar magazine in the United States. He and his son, Clinton Ehrlich, are also known for exonerating Sgt. Raymond Lee Jennings, an Iraq War veteran who served 11 years of a life sentence for murdering\",\n \"title\": \"Jeffrey Ehrlich\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19213579\",\n \"text\": \"Court also ruled that the Superior Court in Georgia did have subject matter jurisdiction to rule on the adoption and that E.L. had expressly consented to the adoption. Furthermore, the court ruled that since no Georgia law was contrary to the Georgia adoption judgment, the Supreme Court of Alabama was incorrect in refusing to recognize the judgment. The court reversed the Supreme Court of Alabama, and remanded the case for further proceedings. V.L. v. E.L. V.L. v. E.L., 577 U.S. ___ (2016), is a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States concerning the adoption rights of same-sex\",\n \"title\": \"V.L. v. E.L.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11411942\",\n \"text\": \"on behalf of the Florida Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers as amicus curiae. In Justice Anthony Kennedy's unanimous majority opinion, the Court ruled that commentary issued by the United States Sentencing Commission (which promulgates the United States Sentencing Guidelines) that interprets or explains a guideline is authoritative unless it violates the Constitution or a federal statute, or is inconsistent with, or a plainly erroneous reading of, that guideline. The \\\"Stinson\\\" decision has had broad influence having been cited in over 1,000 other federal appellate decisions, including both \\\"Blakely v. Washington\\\" (2004) and \\\"United States v. Booker\\\" (2005) the cases which\",\n \"title\": \"Stinson v. United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14722674\",\n \"text\": \"rung of the hierarchy of First Amendment values.” Justice Rehnquist concurred in the judgment only. Justice Marshall did not take part in consideration or decision of the case. The case was cited by the dissent in \\\"Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project\\\" (2010); Justice Stevens, the only remaining member of the Court from \\\"Claiborne Hardware\\\", joined the majority. NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Claiborne Hardware Co., 458 U.S. 886 (1982), is a landmark civil rights case in which the United States Supreme Court ruled 8-0 (Marshall did not participate in the decision)\",\n \"title\": \"NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12688516\",\n \"text\": \"cannot be seen as \\\"hybrid order\\\" and the SCA's warrant provisions do not apply extraterritorially. A 4-4 split decision on an en banc rehearing by the full Second Circuit left the panel's decision for the case. The U.S. Department of Justice appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States, which has heard the case. A decision was expected by June 2018, but the CLOUD Act may render the question moot. The case is considered to highlight issues related to the antiquated nature of the SCA compared to modern Internet technologies. At the time of the SCA's creation, social media\",\n \"title\": \"Stored Communications Act\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5012878\",\n \"text\": \"Amendment, as applied to the states by the Fourteenth, private possession of obscenity was decided to be legal. The Court noted that this does not affect or change \\\"Roth\\\" or other cases that deal with public obscenity. Justice Stewart wrote a concurrence, which Justice Brennan and Justice White joined. There was also another issue with the Constitutionality of the case, which was not addressed in the majority decision. The films were seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment as applied to the states by the Fourteenth. The Fourth Amendment prohibits the issuance of general warrants to search a person’s home.\",\n \"title\": \"Stanley v. Georgia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16976658\",\n \"text\": \"the Indian Child Welfare Act. That act gave tribal courts exclusive jurisdiction on adoptions where the parents lived on the reservation, but the Mississippi Supreme Court had denied the tribal court's jurisdiction and found for the Holyfields. The tribe took it to the U.S. Supreme Court, probably to resist state encroachment on tribal rights, and won. The decision also has had an effect on other civil issues, such as taxation. In two Supreme Court cases from Oklahoma dealing with state taxation of Indians, the Court referred to its decision in \\\"John\\\" to declare trust land as being in Indian country\",\n \"title\": \"United States v. John (1978)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5012871\",\n \"text\": \"v. Ohio\\\" (1990) the Supreme Court upheld a law which criminalized the mere possession of child pornography. Prior to the \\\"Stanley\\\" case, the prevailing precedent was that of \\\"Roth v. United States\\\", where obscene material was determined to be unprotected by the First Amendment right to speech. In \\\"Roth\\\", the defendant sent lewd advertisements by mail and sold \\\"American Aphrodite\\\", a magazine containing erotica and pornography. A California court convicted him under state law, and when Roth appealed the decision, the Supreme Court upheld the conviction. In the majority decision, written by Justice Brenann, a new test was created for\",\n \"title\": \"Stanley v. Georgia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4100835\",\n \"text\": \"the Melish map was some east of the true 100th meridian and the Red River forked about east of the 100th meridian. Texas claimed the land south of the North Fork and the United States claimed the land north of the South Fork (later called the Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River). The dispute resulted in a lawsuit, which eventually wound up before the Supreme Court—no lower court having jurisdiction. The Court's opinion, in \\\"United States v. State of Texas\\\" , issued on March 16, held that the land of some 1.5 million acres (6070 km²/2345 mi²) belonged to the\",\n \"title\": \"Greer County, Texas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7543594\",\n \"text\": \"state’s separate and independent existence. Blackmun was later the swing justice who switched sides and helped overturn the case, asserting that the \\\"traditional government functions\\\" test he had previously supported had proved \\\"unworkable.\\\" Justices Brennan and Stevens wrote separate opinions that were dissenting. National League of Cities v. Usery National League of Cities v. Usery, 426 U.S. 833 (1976), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Fair Labor Standards Act could not constitutionally be applied to state governments. The decision was overruled by the U.S. Supreme Court in \\\"Garcia v. San Antonio\",\n \"title\": \"National League of Cities v. Usery\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17020323\",\n \"text\": \"It has been cited as the nation's top litigation boutique law firm in the Vault Rankings every year since 2012. Susman has won some of the largest cases in U.S. history. In Samsung Electronics v. Texas Instruments, Inc., he won a $1.1 billion settlement on behalf of Texas Instruments. He secured a $536 million jury verdict on counterclaim in El Paso Natural Gas Co., et al., v. GHR Energy Corp. and in the Corrugated Container Antitrust case, he won a verdict for the plaintiffs and the case eventually settled for $500 million. An advocate for better management of the trial\",\n \"title\": \"Stephen Susman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12127826\",\n \"text\": \"are not entitled to the assumption of truth. While legal conclusions can provide the framework of a complaint, they must be supported by factual allegations. When there are well-pleaded factual allegations, a court should assume their veracity and then determine whether they plausibly give rise to an entitlement to relief. Our decision in \\\"Twombly\\\" illustrates the two-pronged approach. The two cases are often jointly referred to as \\\"Twiqbal\\\". The case was argued successfully by Michael K. Kellogg of law firm Kellogg, Huber, Hansen, Todd, Evans & Figel and Thomas O. Barnett, Assistant Attorney General of the United States Department of\",\n \"title\": \"Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1451141\",\n \"text\": \"George W. Crockett, Jr., Abraham J. Isserman and Harry Sacher argued the cause for petitioners. With them on the brief was Richard Gladstein. Solicitor General Philip B. Perlman and Irving S. Shapiro argued the cause for the United States. With them on the brief were U.S. Attorney General James Howard McGrath, U.S. Assistant Attorney General McInerney, Irving H. Saypol, Robert W. Ginnane, Frank H. Gordon, Edward C. Wallace, and Lawrence K. Bailey. Handed down as a 6-2 decision by the Court on June 4, 1951, the judgment and a plurality opinion was delivered by Chief Justice of the United States\",\n \"title\": \"Dennis v. United States\"\n }\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who won heart of atlanta motel v. united states"}}}],"truncated":false,"partial":false},"paginationData":{"pageIndex":83,"numItemsPerPage":100,"numTotalItems":8757,"offset":8300,"length":100}},"jwt":"eyJhbGciOiJFZERTQSJ9.eyJyZWFkIjp0cnVlLCJwZXJtaXNzaW9ucyI6eyJyZXBvLmNvbnRlbnQucmVhZCI6dHJ1ZX0sImlhdCI6MTczNjczMjEyOCwic3ViIjoiL2RhdGFzZXRzL3hmYWN0L25xLWRwciIsImV4cCI6MTczNjczNTcyOCwiaXNzIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9odWdnaW5nZmFjZS5jbyJ9.kGjSYwK1PCVyLpqTDbTqskrGTLQL8W3dFfpC5PSO1IjCLyBbOMerMzOPVYr0OBTw9AzFCxpTHMW5NITs3lMwCw","displayUrls":true},"discussionsStats":{"closed":0,"open":0,"total":0},"fullWidth":true,"hasGatedAccess":true,"hasFullAccess":true,"isEmbedded":false}">
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\"Water:\"
\"Total:\" This makes it: The Isle of Man has a coastline of , and a territorial sea extending to a maximum of 12 nm from the coast, or the midpoint between other countries. The total territorial sea area is about 4000 km or","title":"Geography of the Isle of Man"},{"id":"13481319","text":"Irish Sea The Irish Sea (, , , , Ulster-Scots: \"Airish Sea\", ) separates the islands of Ireland and Great Britain; linked to the Celtic Sea in the south by St George's Channel, and to the Inner Seas off the West Coast of Scotland in the north by the Straits of Moyle. Anglesey, Wales, is the largest island in the Irish Sea. The second in size is the Isle of Man and the sea may occasionally, but rarely, be referred to as the Manx Sea (, , ). The Irish Sea is of significant economic importance to regional trade, shipping","title":"Irish Sea"},{"id":"202150","text":"the mainland about 125,000 years ago, during the Ipswichian interglacial. Like the rest of the UK, the island has an oceanic climate, but is somewhat milder and sunnier, which makes it a holiday destination. It also has a longer growing season. Lower Ventnor and the neighbouring Undercliff have a particular microclimate, because of their sheltered position south of the downs. The island enjoys 1,800–2,100 hours of sunshine a year. Some years have almost no snow in winter, and only a few days of hard frost. The island is in Hardiness zone 9. The Isle of Wight is one of the","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"5648165","text":"Geography of England England comprises most of the central and southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain, in addition to a number of small islands of which the largest is the Isle of Wight. England is bordered to the north by Scotland and to the west by Wales. It is closer to continental Europe than any other part of mainland Britain, divided from France only by a sea gap, the English Channel. The Channel Tunnel, near Folkestone, directly links England to mainland Europe. The English/French border is halfway along the tunnel. Much of England consists of low hills and","title":"Geography of England"},{"id":"193393","text":"Isle of Man The Isle of Man ( ), sometimes referred to simply as Mann (; ), is a self-governing British Crown dependency in the Irish Sea between Great Britain and Ireland. The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, who holds the title of Lord of Mann and is represented by a lieutenant governor. Defence is the responsibility of the United Kingdom. Insurance and online gambling generate 17% of GNP each, followed by information and communications technology and banking with 9% each. The island has been inhabited since before 6500 BC. Gaelic cultural influence began in the 5th century","title":"Isle of Man"},{"id":"432847","text":"In total, it is estimated that the UK is made up of over one thousand small islands, the majority located off the north and west coasts of Scotland. About 130 of these are inhabited according to the 2001 Census. The largest islands by country are Lewis and Harris in Scotland (841 square mi), Wales' Anglesey (276 square mi), the Isle of Wight in England (147.09 square mi), and Rathlin Island in Northern Ireland (roughly 6 square mi); The climate of the UK is generally temperate, although significant local variation occurs, particularly as a result of altitude and distance from the","title":"Geography of the United Kingdom"},{"id":"193404","text":"shingle beaches at the northernmost point, the Point of Ayre. The island has one mountain higher than , Snaefell, with a height of . According to an old saying, from the summit one can see six kingdoms: those of Mann, Scotland, England, Ireland, Wales, and Heaven. Some versions add a seventh kingdom, that of the sea, or Neptune. At the 2016 census, the Isle of Man was home to 83,314 people, of whom 26,997 resided in the island's capital, Douglas and 9,128 in the adjoining village of Onchan. The population decreased by 1.4% between the 2011 and 2016 censuses. By","title":"Isle of Man"},{"id":"911348","text":"Isle of Wight County, Virginia Isle of Wight County is a county located in the Hampton Roads region of the U.S. state of Virginia. It was named after the Isle of Wight, in the English Channel, from where many of its early colonists had come. As of the 2010 census, the population was 35,270. Its county seat is Isle of Wight. Isle of Wight County is located in the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Metropolitan Statistical Area. Its northeastern boundary is on the coast of Hampton Roads waterway. Isle of Wight County features two incorporated towns, Smithfield and Windsor. The first","title":"Isle of Wight County, Virginia"},{"id":"202144","text":"Wight, and has a unique character. The highest point on the island is St Boniface Down in the south east, which at is a marilyn. The most notable habitats on the rest of the island are probably the soft cliffs and sea ledges, which are scenic features, important for wildlife, and internationally protected. The island has three principal rivers. The River Medina flows north into the Solent, the Eastern Yar flows roughly northeast to Bembridge Harbour, and the Western Yar flows the short distance from Freshwater Bay to a relatively large estuary at Yarmouth. Without human intervention the sea might","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"45188","text":"British Isles The British Isles are an archipelago in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-western coast of continental Europe that consists of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man and over six thousand smaller isles. They have a total area of about 315,159 km and a combined population of just under 70 million, and include two sovereign states, the Republic of Ireland (which covers roughly five-sixths of the island of Ireland) and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The islands of Alderney, Jersey, Guernsey and Sark, and their neighbouring smaller islands, are sometimes","title":"British Isles"},{"id":"197323","text":"in the west and the three southern ports of Castletown, Port Erin and Port St Mary are the island's other main settlements. Almost all its population lives on or very near the coast. Geography of the Isle of Man The Isle of Man is an island in the Irish Sea, between Great Britain and Ireland in Western Europe, with a population of almost 85,000. It is a British Crown dependency. It has a small islet, the Calf of Man, to its south. It is located at . Area:
\"Land:\"
\"Water:\"
\"Total:\" This makes it: The Isle of Man has a","title":"Geography of the Isle of Man"},{"id":"193406","text":"It is separate from, but similar to, the Census in the United Kingdom. The 2001 census was conducted by the Economic Affairs Division of the Isle of Man Treasury, under the authority of the Census Act 1929. The Isle of Man has a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen \"Cfb\"). Average rainfall is higher than averaged over the territory of the British Isles, because the Isle of Man is far enough from Ireland for the prevailing south-westerly winds to accumulate moisture. Average rainfall is highest at Snaefell, where it is around a year. At lower levels it can be around a year.","title":"Isle of Man"},{"id":"193405","text":"country of birth, those born in the Isle of Man were the largest group (49.8%), while those born in the United Kingdom were the next largest group at 40% (33.9% in England, 3% in Scotland, 2% in Northern Ireland and 1.1% in Wales), 1.8% in the Republic of Ireland and 0.75% in the Channel Islands. The remaining 8.5% were born elsewhere in the world, with 5% coming from EU countries (other than the UK and Ireland). The \"Isle of Man Full Census\", last held in 2016, has been a decennial occurrence since 1821, with interim censuses being introduced from 1966.","title":"Isle of Man"},{"id":"68506","text":"around 1830, possibly first by the Royal Navy as a collective name for the islands. The term refers only the archipelago to the west of the Cotentin Peninsula. The Isle of Wight, for example, is not a \"Channel Island\" (though, being in the Channel, it remains a \"Channel island\"). The two major islands are Jersey and Guernsey. They make up 99% of the population and 92% of the area. The permanently inhabited islands of the Channel Islands and their population and area are: There are also several uninhabited islets. Four are part of the Bailiwick of Jersey: These lie off","title":"Channel Islands"},{"id":"68546","text":"the Channel Islands. Among these are the French islands Bréhat, Île de Batz, Chausey, Tatihou and Îles Saint-Marcouf. The Isle of Wight, which is part of England, is between the Channel and the Solent. Channel Islands The Channel Islands (Norman: \"Îles d'la Manche\"; French: \"Îles Anglo-Normandes\" or \"Îles de la Manche\") are an archipelago in the English Channel, off the French coast of Normandy. They include two Crown dependencies: the Bailiwick of Jersey, which is the largest of the islands; and the Bailiwick of Guernsey, consisting of Guernsey, Alderney, Sark and some smaller islands. They are considered the remnants of","title":"Channel Islands"},{"id":"45201","text":"and covers . Ireland is to the west and covers . The largest of the other islands are to be found in the Hebrides, Orkney and Shetland to the north, Anglesey and the Isle of Man between Great Britain and Ireland, and the Channel Islands near the coast of France. The islands are at relatively low altitudes, with central Ireland and southern Great Britain particularly low-lying: the lowest point in the islands is the North Slob in County Wexford, Ireland, with an elevation of . The Scottish Highlands in the northern part of Great Britain are mountainous, with Ben Nevis","title":"British Isles"},{"id":"13217840","text":"HM Prison Isle of Wight HMP Isle of Wight is a prison on the Isle of Wight, UK, combining the two island prisons, Albany and Parkhurst. The two former prisons along with Camp Hill were merged in 2009 and each site still retained its old name. Across the three sites there were nearly 1,700 prisoners making it one of the largest prisons in the country. The reorganisation took effect on 1 April 2009. In March 2013 Camp Hill closed, reducing the overall prison population by 595. The idea for re-organising the three island prisons was suggested in October 2008 as","title":"HM Prison Isle of Wight"},{"id":"202180","text":"then Solent TV from 2002 until its closure on 24 May 2007. iWight.tv is a local internet video news channel. The Isle of Wight is part of the BBC South region and the ITV Meridian region. Important broadcasting infrastructure includes Chillerton Down transmitting station with a mast that is the tallest structure on the island, and Rowridge transmitting station, which broadcasts the main television signal both locally and for most of Hampshire and parts of Dorset and West Sussex. The Isle of Wight is near the densely populated south of England, yet separated from the mainland. This position led to","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"202145","text":"well have split the island into three: at the west end where a bank of pebbles separates Freshwater Bay from the marshy backwaters of the Western Yar east of Freshwater, and at the east end where a thin strip of land separates Sandown Bay from the marshy Eastern Yar basin. The Undercliff between St Catherine's Point and Bonchurch is the largest area of landslip morphology in western Europe. The north coast is unusual in having four high tides each day, with a double high tide every twelve and a half hours. This arises because the western Solent is narrower than","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"9297143","text":"Isle of Wight official football team The Isle of Wight football team represents the Isle of Wight at the biannual Island Games, which it won in 1995 and 2011. The Isle of Wight is not a member of FIFA or UEFA, it is an island within England and plays under the auspices of the Football Association, the governing body for football in England. The Isle of Wight plays separately in St George's Park which has a capacity of 3,200 and has 200 seats, however the Isle of Wight is part of The English FA who are part of FIFA and","title":"Isle of Wight official football team"},{"id":"193402","text":"all respects and had control over its finances, but was subject to the approval of the Lord of Mann. In 1866, the Isle of Man obtained limited home rule, with partly democratic elections to the House of Keys, but an appointed Legislative Council. Since then, democratic government has been gradually extended. The Isle of Man has designated more than 250 historic sites as registered buildings. The Isle of Man is located in the middle of the northern Irish Sea, almost equidistant from England, Northern Ireland, Scotland (closest), and Wales (farthest). It is long and, at its widest point, wide. It","title":"Isle of Man"},{"id":"18737664","text":"Human rights in the Isle of Man The Isle of Man is a Crown Dependency located in the Irish Sea between the islands of Great Britain and Ireland with a population in 2015 estimated to be approximately 88,000. It enjoys a high degree of domestic, legislative and political autonomy through its ancient Parliament Tynwald. By convention, the United Kingdom Government is responsible for the conduct of the international relations and defence of the island. The Isle of Man does not have a written constitution, or a Bill of Rights which sets out its Human Rights. These rights are addressed in","title":"Human rights in the Isle of Man"},{"id":"12342024","text":"Anglesey Anglesey (; ) is an island situated on the north coast of Wales with an area of . Anglesey is by far the largest island in Wales and the seventh largest in the British Isles. Anglesey is also the largest island in the Irish Sea by area, and the second most populous island (after the Isle of Man). The ferry port of Holyhead handles more than 2 million passengers each year. The Menai Suspension Bridge, designed by Thomas Telford in 1826, and the Britannia Bridge span the Menai Strait to connect Anglesey with the mainland. Anglesey, one of the","title":"Anglesey"},{"id":"202158","text":"in parts of Australia). Residents refer to the island as \"The Island\", as did Jane Austen in Mansfield Park, and sometimes to the UK mainland as \"North Island\". To promote the island's identity and culture, the High Sheriff Robin Courage founded an Isle of Wight Day; the first was held on Saturday 24 September 2016. The island is said to be the most haunted in the world, sometimes referred to as \"Ghost Island\". Notable claimed hauntings include God's Providence House in Newport (now a tea room), Appuldurcombe House, and the remains of Knighton Gorges. The island is well known for","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"9297144","text":"play at Wembley Stadium which has a capacity of 90,000. Isle of Wight official football team The Isle of Wight football team represents the Isle of Wight at the biannual Island Games, which it won in 1995 and 2011. The Isle of Wight is not a member of FIFA or UEFA, it is an island within England and plays under the auspices of the Football Association, the governing body for football in England. The Isle of Wight plays separately in St George's Park which has a capacity of 3,200 and has 200 seats, however the Isle of Wight is part","title":"Isle of Wight official football team"},{"id":"4907802","text":"St Helens, Isle of Wight St Helens is a village and civil parish located on the eastern side of the Isle of Wight. The village developed around village greens. This is claimed to be the largest in England but some say it is the second largest. The greens are often used for cricket matches during the summer and football in the winter, and also include a children's playground. The village is a short distance from the coast, about a ten-minute walk to St Helens Duver. The Duver was once the location of the island's first golf course (one of England's","title":"St Helens, Isle of Wight"},{"id":"4907813","text":"St Helens, Isle of Wight St Helens is a village and civil parish located on the eastern side of the Isle of Wight. The village developed around village greens. This is claimed to be the largest in England but some say it is the second largest. The greens are often used for cricket matches during the summer and football in the winter, and also include a children's playground. The village is a short distance from the coast, about a ten-minute walk to St Helens Duver. The Duver was once the location of the island's first golf course (one of England's","title":"St Helens, Isle of Wight"},{"id":"534517","text":"Solent The Solent ( ) is the strait that separates the Isle of Wight from the mainland of England. It is about long and varies in width between , although the shingle Hurst Spit which projects into the Solent narrows the sea crossing between Hurst Castle and Colwell Bay to just over . The Solent is a major shipping lane for passenger, freight and military vessels. It is an important recreational area for water sports, particularly yachting, hosting the Cowes Week sailing event annually. It is sheltered by the Isle of Wight and has a complex tidal pattern, which has","title":"Solent"},{"id":"202184","text":"the King College started as two \"middle schools,\" Trinity Middle School and Archbishop King Catholic Middle School, but has now been converted into a dual-faith secondary school and sixth form. Since September 2011 five new secondary schools, with an age range of 11 to 18 years, replaced the island's high schools (as a part of the previous three-tier system). Notable residents have included: The Isle of Wight has given names to many parts of former colonies, most notably Isle of Wight County in Virginia founded by settlers from the island in the 17th century. Its county seat is a town","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"189926","text":"(); Jan Mayen Island (); Shetland and the Outer Hebrides, both about ; and the Scottish mainland and Orkney, both about . The nearest part of Continental Europe is mainland Norway, about away, while mainland North America is away, at the northern tip of Labrador. Iceland is the world's 18th largest island, and Europe's second-largest island after Great Britain. (The island of Ireland is third.) The main island is , but the entire country is in size, of which 62.7% is tundra. About 30 minor islands are in Iceland, including the lightly populated Grímsey and the Vestmannaeyjar archipelago. Lakes and","title":"Iceland"},{"id":"10556567","text":"Isle of Wight Zoo The Isle of Wight Zoo, previously known as the Sandown Zoo, is a sanctuary inside the former Sandown Fort on the coastline of Sandown, Isle of Wight. The zoo was privately owned but became a charitable trust in 2017. The collection focuses principally on big cats and Madagascan animals. As part of the European Endangered Species Programme, the zoo has had success breeding several species of Madagascan animals including the critically endangered black-and-white ruffed lemur. Originally known as Sandown Zoo, the zoo was established in the 1950s. By the 1970s it had fallen into disrepair, and","title":"Isle of Wight Zoo"},{"id":"4973873","text":"the unitary authority, Isle of Wight Council: a diamond-shaped island with rounded oblique corners, measuring by , the Needles and similar small uninhabitable rocks of very small square surface area. The island is linked by ferry crossings from four points (five points if counting West Cowes and East Cowes separately) to three points in Hampshire: Lymington, Southampton and Portsmouth. Its electorate of 110,924 () is, by more than 30,000 electors, the largest in the UK, more than 50% above the English average: 71,537, and five times the size of the smallest seat: Na h-Eileanan an Iar, formerly known as the","title":"Isle of Wight (UK Parliament constituency)"},{"id":"6398921","text":"of escaping the excise men by superior local navigational knowledge. There was a pillbox built in the Second World War, now subsumed in the sea defences. The beach is sandy with stones which contain Cretaceous fossils. The cliffs also feature Horsetails ferns. Foreland, Isle of Wight Foreland or Forelands, and the adjacent Foreland Fields (), is the easternmost point of the Isle of Wight, part of the village of Bembridge. It is located about 6.5 miles due south of the city of Portsmouth on the British mainland, separated by the eastern reaches of the Solent. It is characterised by a","title":"Foreland, Isle of Wight"},{"id":"6398919","text":"Foreland, Isle of Wight Foreland or Forelands, and the adjacent Foreland Fields (), is the easternmost point of the Isle of Wight, part of the village of Bembridge. It is located about 6.5 miles due south of the city of Portsmouth on the British mainland, separated by the eastern reaches of the Solent. It is characterised by a pub called the Crab and Lobster Inn and various beach huts plus a beach cafe and a coast guard lookout. In the sea are the reefs of Bembridge Ledge which is rich in edible crabs, lobsters and spider crabs and shoals of","title":"Foreland, Isle of Wight"},{"id":"911354","text":"(13.0%) is water. The county is bounded by the James River on the north and the Blackwater River to the south. The land is generally low-lying, with many swamps and pocosins. As of the census of 2010, there were 35,270 people, 11,319 households, and 8,670 families residing in the county. The population density was 94 people per square mile (36/km²). There were 12,066 housing units at an average density of 38 per square mile (15/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 71.8% White, 24.7% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.5% from other","title":"Isle of Wight County, Virginia"},{"id":"182855","text":"dwellings, agriculture was the principal industry (10 per cent of the county was still forest). Hampshire played a crucial military role in both World Wars. The Isle of Wight, previously included in Hampshire, became a separate county in 1974. The county's geography is varied, with upland to and mostly south-flowing rivers. There are areas of downland and marsh, and two national parks: the New Forest, shared with Wiltshire, and part of the South Downs, which together cover some 45 per cent of Hampshire. The county has a milder climate than most of Britain. Hampshire is one of the most affluent","title":"Hampshire"},{"id":"1308068","text":"Ireland Ireland (; ; Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, and St George's Channel. Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth. Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland (officially named Ireland), which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom. In 2011, the population of Ireland was about 6.6 million, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain.","title":"Ireland"},{"id":"534533","text":"50 years of operation in 2015. Solent The Solent ( ) is the strait that separates the Isle of Wight from the mainland of England. It is about long and varies in width between , although the shingle Hurst Spit which projects into the Solent narrows the sea crossing between Hurst Castle and Colwell Bay to just over . The Solent is a major shipping lane for passenger, freight and military vessels. It is an important recreational area for water sports, particularly yachting, hosting the Cowes Week sailing event annually. It is sheltered by the Isle of Wight and has","title":"Solent"},{"id":"202147","text":"This gives rise to a dip of almost 90 degrees in the chalk beds, seen best at the Needles. The northern half of the island is mainly composed of clays, with the southern half formed of the chalk of the central east–west downs, as well as Upper and Lower Greensands and Wealden strata. These strata continue west from the island across the Solent into Dorset, forming the basin of Poole Harbour (Tertiary) and the Isle of Purbeck (Cretaceous) respectively. The chalky ridges of Wight and Purbeck were a single formation before they were breached by waters from the River Frome","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"202146","text":"the eastern; the initial tide of water flowing from the west starts to ebb before the stronger flow around the south of the island returns through the eastern Solent to create a second high water. The Isle of Wight is made up of a variety of rock types dating from early Cretaceous (around 127 million years ago) to the middle of the Palaeogene (around 30 million years ago). The geological structure is dominated by a large monocline which causes a marked change in age of strata from the northern younger Tertiary beds to the older Cretaceous beds of the south.","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"193403","text":"has an area of around . Besides the island of Mann itself, the political unit of the Isle of Man includes some nearby small islands: the seasonally inhabited Calf of Man, Chicken Rock on which stands an unmanned lighthouse, St Patrick's Isle and St Michael's Isle. The last two of these are connected to the main island by permanent roads/causeways. Ranges of hills in the north and south are separated by a central valley. The northern plain, by contrast, is relatively flat, consisting mainly of deposits from glacial advances from western Scotland during colder times. There are more recently deposited","title":"Isle of Man"},{"id":"202179","text":"Radio has broadcast online since 2010, and in 2017 started broadcasting on FM 104.6. The station operates from the Riverside Centre in Newport. The island is also covered by a number of local stations on the mainland, including the BBC station BBC Radio Solent broadcast from Southampton. The island's not-for-profit community radio station Angel Radio opened in 2007. Angel Radio began broadcasting on 91.5 MHz from studios in Cowes and a transmitter near Newport. Other online news sources for the Isle of Wight include \"On the Wight\". The island has had community television stations in the past, first TV12 and","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"202166","text":"Motorbike. The table below shows the regional gross value (in millions of pounds) added by the Isle of Wight economy, at current prices, compiled by the Office for National Statistics. According to the 2011 census, the island's population of 138,625 lives in 61,085 households, giving an average household size of 2.27 people. 41% of households own their home outright and a further 29% own with a mortgage, so in total 70% of households are owned (compared to 68% for South East England). Compared to South East England, the island has fewer children (19% aged 0–17 against 22% for the South","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"202142","text":"The oldest records that give a name for the Isle of Wight are from the Roman Empire: it was then called \"Vectis\" or \"Vecta\" in Latin, \"Iktis\" or \"Ouiktis\" in Greek. From the Anglo-Saxon period Latin \"Vecta\", Old English \"Wiht\" and Old Welsh forms \"Gueid\" and \"Guith\" are recorded. In Domesday Book it is \"Wit\"; the modern Welsh name is \"Ynys Wyth\" (\"ynys\" = island). These are all variant forms of the same name, possibly Celtic in origin. It may mean \"place of the division\", because the island divides the two arms of the Solent. The Isle of Wight is","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"634137","text":"South East England South East England is the most populous of the nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes. It consists of Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, East Sussex, Hampshire, the Isle of Wight, Kent, Oxfordshire, Surrey and West Sussex. As with the other regions of England, apart from Greater London, the south east has no elected government. It is the third largest region of England, with an area of 19,096 km (7,373 sq mi), and is also the most populous with a total population of over eight and a half million (2011). The headquarters of","title":"South East England"},{"id":"2531062","text":"Music of the Isle of Man The music of the Isle of Man reflects Celtic, Norse and other influences, including those from its neighbours, Scotland, Ireland, England and Wales. The Isle of Man is a small island nation in the Irish Sea, between Great Britain and Ireland (and not part of the United Kingdom). A wide range of music is performed on the island, such as rock, blues, jazz and pop. However, its traditional folk music has undergone a revival since the 1970s, starting with a music festival called in Ramsey. This was part of a general revival of the","title":"Music of the Isle of Man"},{"id":"2246667","text":"North of its confluence with the Lukely Brook at the town's quay it becomes a navigable tidal estuary. Distance from surrounding settlements The town's suburb of Parkhurst is home to two prisons: the notorious Parkhurst Prison and Albany; together they make up HMP Isle of Wight, the largest prison in the UK. Parkhurst and Albany were once among the few top-security prisons in the United Kingdom. Camp Hill was another prison in the area, but closed in 2013. Seaclose Park in Newport, on the east bank of the River Medina, has since 2002 been the location for the revived Isle","title":"Newport, Isle of Wight"},{"id":"911357","text":"of families and 8.30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.80% of those under age 18 and 11.90% of those age 65 or over. House of Delegates: Senate: U.S. House of Representatives: Blackwater Regional Library is the regional library system that provides services to the citizens of Isle of Wight. Isle of Wight County, Virginia Isle of Wight County is a county located in the Hampton Roads region of the U.S. state of Virginia. It was named after the Isle of Wight, in the English Channel, from where many of its early colonists had come. As of","title":"Isle of Wight County, Virginia"},{"id":"193455","text":"the island and others have been started in England and Jersey. A more recent arrival on the island is the red-necked wallaby, which is now established on the island following an escape from the Wildlife Park. The local police report an increasing number of wallaby-related calls. There are also many feral goats in Garff, a matter which was raised in Tynwald Court in January 2018. In March 2016, the Isle of Man became the first entire country to be adopted into UNESCO's Network of Biosphere Reserves. Isle of Man The Isle of Man ( ), sometimes referred to simply as","title":"Isle of Man"},{"id":"191043","text":"\"ieg\" is actually a cognate of Swedish \"ö\" and German \"Aue\", and related to Latin \"aqua\" (water). Greenland is the world's largest island, with an area of over 2.1 million km, while Australia, the world's smallest continent, has an area of 7.6 million km, but there is no standard of size that distinguishes islands from continents, or from islets. There is a difference between islands and continents in terms of geology. Continents sit on continental lithosphere, which is part of tectonic plates floating high on Earth's mantle. Oceanic crust is also part of tectonic plates, but it is denser than","title":"Island"},{"id":"3988322","text":"2017, Conservative members assumed control of the administration, with Cllr Dave Stewart appointed as leader. A new ruling executive was formed, made up of five Conservatives, one UKIP member and three non-aligned members. The Coat of arms of the Isle of Wight was first granted to the County Council in 1938. On its abolition in 1995, they transferred to the new Isle of Wight Council. The shield shows an image of Carisbrooke Castle, which was the historic seat of many island governors. At the bottom is the island's motto \"All this beauty is of God\". Isle of Wight Council The","title":"Isle of Wight Council"},{"id":"202130","text":"day Poole Harbour towards mid-Channel. As sea levels rose, the river valley became flooded, and the chalk ridge line west of the Needles breached to form the island. The Isle of Wight is first mentioned in writing in \"Geography\" by Ptolemy. Bronze Age Britain had large reserves of tin in the areas of Cornwall and Devon and tin is necessary to smelt bronze. At that time the sea level was much lower and carts of tin were brought across the Solent at low tide for export, possibly on the Ferriby Boats. Anthony Snodgrass suggests that a shortage of tin, as","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"202183","text":"Wight in April 2009. There are 69 local education authority-maintained schools on the Isle of Wight, and two independent schools. As a rural community, many of these are small and with fewer pupils than in urban areas. The Isle of Wight College is located on the outskirts of Newport. From September 2010, there was a transition period from the three-tier system of primary, middle and high schools to the two-tier system that is usual in England. Some schools have now closed, such as Chale C.E. Primary. Others have become \"federated\", such as Brading C.E. Primary and St Helen's Primary. Christ","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"911353","text":"a National Historic Landmark in recognition of its significance. Many landmark and contributing structures on the National Register are located in Smithfield including the Wentworth-Grinnan House. In 1732 a considerable portion of the northwestern part of the original shire was added to Brunswick County, and in 1748 the entire county of Southampton was carved out of it. During the American Civil War, Company F of the 61st Virginia Infantry Regiment of the Confederate Army was called the \"Isle of Wight Avengers.\" According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and","title":"Isle of Wight County, Virginia"},{"id":"197322","text":"copper, lead and silver, zinc, iron, and plumbago (a mix of graphite and clay). There are also quarries of black marble, limestone flags, clay schist, and granite. These are all modern, and there was no noticeable exploitation of metals or minerals prior to the modern era. The island has a census-estimated population of 84,497 according to the most recent 2011 census: up from 79,805 in 2006 and 76,315 in 2001. The island's largest town and administrative centre is Douglas, whose population is 23,000 — over a quarter of the population of the island. Neighbouring Onchan, Ramsey in the north, Peel","title":"Geography of the Isle of Man"},{"id":"11721288","text":"War four of the SW&BRCSPS paddle steamers were commandeered by the Royal Navy as minesweepers leaving only two behind. The PS \"Duchess of Richmond\" was lost to a mine in the Mediterranean Sea. On 1 January 1923 the SW&BRCSPS was taken over by Southern Railway which had been created in the Grouping ordered by the Railways Act 1921. Isle of Wight ferry services There are currently three different ferry companies that operate vessels carrying passengers and, on certain routes, vehicles across the Solent, the stretch of sea that separates the Isle of Wight from mainland England. These are Wightlink, Red","title":"Isle of Wight ferry services"},{"id":"202148","text":"during the last ice age, forming the Solent and turning Wight into an island. The Needles, along with Old Harry Rocks on Purbeck, represent the edges of this breach. All the rocks found on the island are sedimentary, such as limestones, mudstones and sandstones. They are rich in fossils; many can be seen exposed on beaches as the cliffs erode. Lignitic coal is present in small quantities within seams, and can be seen on the cliffs and shore at Whitecliff Bay. Fossilised molluscs have been found there, and also on the northern coast along with fossilised crocodiles, turtles and mammal","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"2518421","text":"formed when Ireland's legendary giant Fionn mac Cumhaill (Finn McCool) scooped up a chunk of earth and tossed it at a Scottish rival. It fell into the Irish Sea, forming the Isle of Man, while the crater left behind filled with water to form Lough Neagh. Lough Neagh Lough Neagh ( ) is a large freshwater lake in Northern Ireland. It is the largest lake by area in the British Isles, with a surface area of . It supplies 40% of Northern Ireland's water. Its main inflows are the Upper River Bann and River Blackwater, and its main outflow is","title":"Lough Neagh"},{"id":"3988319","text":"Isle of Wight Council The Isle of Wight Council is a unitary authority covering the Isle of Wight near the South coast of England. It is currently made up of 40 seats. Since the 2017 election, the Conservatives have held a majority of 25 and appointed Cllr Dave Stewart as leader of the council. The council was formed on 1 April 1995, replacing the Isle of Wight County Council and Medina and South Wight Borough Councils. Prior to 1998, the Liberals and then Liberal Democrats had dominated the Council. Between 1998 and 2005, it was under no overall control, ruled","title":"Isle of Wight Council"},{"id":"13217844","text":"the men were trying to free was actually located in the Camp Hill site at the time. In January 2013, the Ministry of Justice announced that the Camp Hill site of the prison will close, with a reduction of 595 places at the prison. the prison formally closed in March 2013. HM Prison Isle of Wight HMP Isle of Wight is a prison on the Isle of Wight, UK, combining the two island prisons, Albany and Parkhurst. The two former prisons along with Camp Hill were merged in 2009 and each site still retained its old name. Across the three","title":"HM Prison Isle of Wight"},{"id":"2417562","text":"that year, progressively extending itself northwards beyond Seaclose Park along the fields of the eastern Medina valley. Many notable artists have performed since its revival including The Rolling Stones, Amy Winehouse, Paolo Nutini, The Crazy World of Arthur Brown, Paul McCartney, Muse, Boy George, Stereophonics, Faithless, Donovan, Ray Davies, Robert Plant, Queen + Adam Lambert, David Bowie, Manic Street Preachers, The Who, The High Kings, R.E.M., Travis, Coldplay, The Zombies, The Proclaimers, Bryan Adams, The Police, Foo Fighters, The Killers, Nile Rodgers and Chic, Fleetwood Mac, Madness, Paloma Faith and Kings of Leon. It was sponsored by Nokia from 2004","title":"Isle of Wight Festival"},{"id":"173433","text":"Hispaniola Hispaniola (; Latin and ; ; ) is an island in the Caribbean island group known as the Greater Antilles. It is the second largest island in the Caribbean after Cuba, and the most populous island in the Caribbean; it is also the eleventh most populous island in the world. The island is divided between two separate, sovereign nations: the Spanish-speaking Dominican Republic (48,445 km, 18,705 sq mi) to the east, and French Creole-speaking Haiti (27,750 km, 10,710 sq mi) to the west. The only other shared island in the Caribbean is Saint Martin, which is shared between France","title":"Hispaniola"},{"id":"11791326","text":"Isle of Wight Wildlife Management Area Isle of Wight Wildlife Management Area is a state wildlife management area (WMA) of Maryland located on the Isle of Wight, a small peninsula between the St. Martin's River and Isle of Wight Bay in Worcester County. Although called Isle of Wight, a small strip of marsh and road connects it with the mainland. The WMA is bisected by Maryland Route 90, one of the two principal highway routes into Ocean City. Despite this, the WMA attracts many birds, especially those dependent upon tidal marshes and bays, including great blue herons and green herons,","title":"Isle of Wight Wildlife Management Area"},{"id":"202151","text":"few places in England where the red squirrel is still flourishing; no grey squirrels are to be found. There are occasional sightings of wild deer, and there is a colony of wild goats on Ventnor's downs. Protected species such as the dormouse and rare bats can be found. The Glanville fritillary butterfly's distribution in the United Kingdom is largely restricted to the edges of the island's crumbling cliffs. A competition in 2002 named the pyramidal orchid as the Isle of Wight's county flower. The island has a single Member of Parliament and 138,300 permanent residents in 2011, being one of","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"202181","text":"it hosting three prisons: Albany, Camp Hill and Parkhurst, all located outside Newport near the main road to Cowes. Albany and Parkhurst were among the few Category A prisons in the UK until they were downgraded in the 1990s. The downgrading of Parkhurst was precipitated by a major escape: three prisoners (two murderers and a blackmailer) escaped from the prison on 3 January 1995 for four days, before being recaptured. Parkhurst enjoyed notoriety as one of the toughest jails in the United Kingdom, and housed many notable inmates including the Yorkshire Ripper Peter Sutcliffe, New Zealand drug lord Terry Clark","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"2029198","text":"Greater Antilles The Greater Antilles is a grouping of the larger islands in the Caribbean Sea: Cuba, Hispaniola (containing Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and the Cayman Islands. The Greater Antilles constitute nearly 90% of the land mass of the entire West Indies, as well as over 90% of its population. The remainder of the land belongs to the archipelago of the Lesser Antilles, which is a chain of islands to the east (running north-south and encompassing the eastern edge of the Caribbean Sea where it meets the Atlantic Ocean) and south (running east-west off the northern","title":"Greater Antilles"},{"id":"4729937","text":"Politics of the Isle of Wight As a geographical entity distinct from the mainland, the Isle of Wight has always fought to have this identity recognised. The Isle of Wight is currently a ceremonial and Non-metropolitan county and as it has no district councils (only the county council) it is effectively a unitary county. The island is also the highest populated Westminster constituency in the country. Historically, the island was part of the historic county of Hampshire, previously called Southamptonshire. The island's most ancient borough was Newtown on the large natural harbour on the island's north-western coast. A French raid","title":"Politics of the Isle of Wight"},{"id":"202129","text":"until 1974, when it was made its own ceremonial county. Apart from a shared police force, there is now no administrative link with Hampshire, although a combined local authority with Portsmouth and Southampton was considered, this is now unlikely to proceed. Until 1995 the island had a governor. The quickest public transport link to the mainland is the hovercraft from Ryde to Southsea; three vehicle ferry and two catamaran services cross the Solent to Southampton, Lymington and Portsmouth. During the last Ice Age, sea levels were lower and the Solent was part of a river flowing south east from current","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"119366","text":"England England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west. The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south. The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain, which lies in the North Atlantic, and includes over 100 smaller islands, such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight. The area now called England was","title":"England"},{"id":"202131","text":"a part of the Bronze Age Collapse and trade disruptions in the Mediterranean around 1300 BC, forced metalworkers to seek an alternative to bronze. During Iron Age Britain, the Late Iron Age, the Isle of Wight would appear to have been occupied by the Celtic tribe, the Durotriges - as attested by finds of their coins, for example, the South Wight Hoard, and the Shalfleet Hoard. South eastern Britain experienced significant immigration that is reflected in the genetic makeup of the current residents. As the Iron Age began the value of tin likely dropped sharply and this likely greatly changed","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"202127","text":"residence and final home Osborne House at East Cowes. It has a maritime and industrial tradition including boat-building, sail-making, the manufacture of flying boats, the hovercraft, and Britain's space rockets. The island hosts annual music festivals including the Isle of Wight Festival, which in 1970 was the largest rock music event ever held. It has well-conserved wildlife and some of the richest cliffs and quarries for dinosaur fossils in Europe. The isle was owned by a Norman family until 1293 and was earlier a kingdom in its own right. In common with the Crown dependencies The British Crown was then","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"45227","text":"and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Ireland, sometimes called \"the Republic of Ireland\", governs five sixths of the island of Ireland, with the remainder of the island forming Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland is a part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, usually shortened to simply \"the United Kingdom\", which governs the remainder of the archipelago with the exception of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. The Isle of Man and the two states of the Channel Islands, Jersey and Guernsey, are known as the Crown dependencies. They exercise constitutional rights","title":"British Isles"},{"id":"9886527","text":"the category for stations with a target audience under 1 million. In 2007, the station won the prestigious Sony Award for Station Of The Year for stations with fewer than 300,000 listeners. It has also won the Arqiva Commercial Radio Station Of The Year award (under 500,000 listeners) for 2012 and 2013, and was nominated for that award in 2011. Isle of Wight Radio Isle of Wight Radio (occasionally shortened to IW Radio) is an independent local radio station in Newport on the Isle of Wight. The station began transmitting from Briddlesford Farm AM transmitter on 15 April 1990. Isle","title":"Isle of Wight Radio"},{"id":"197317","text":"1500 sq miles, which is about 87% of the total area of the jurisdiction of the Isle of Man. The Isle of Man only holds exclusive fishing rights in the first 3 nm. The territorial sea is managed by the Isle of Man Government Department of Infrastructure. The Raad ny Foillan long distance footpath runs around the Manx coast. The Isle of Man enjoys a temperate climate, with cool summers and mild winters. Average rainfall is high compared to the majority of the British Isles, due to its location to the western side of Great Britain and sufficient distance from","title":"Geography of the Isle of Man"},{"id":"1279766","text":"Isle of Lewis Lewis (, ) is the northern part of Lewis and Harris, the largest island of the Western Isles or Outer Hebrides archipelago in Scotland. It is also known as the Isle of Lewis, as the two parts are frequently referred to as if they were separate islands. The total area of Lewis is . Lewis is, in general, the lower-lying part of the island: the other part, Harris, is more mountainous. Due to its flatter, more fertile land, Lewis contains three-quarters of the population of the Western Isles, and the largest settlement, Stornoway. The island's diverse habitats","title":"Isle of Lewis"},{"id":"202177","text":"a little under from to , where there is a connecting ferry service to station on the mainland network. The line was opened by the Isle of Wight Railway in 1864, and from 1996 to 2007 was run by the smallest train operating company on the network, Island Line Trains. It is notable for utilising old ex-London Underground rolling stock, due to the small size of its tunnels and unmodernised signalling. Branching off the Island Line at is the heritage Isle of Wight Steam Railway, which runs for to the outskirts of on the former line to Newport. There are","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"5393384","text":"Culture of the Isle of Wight As an island, the Isle of Wight maintains a culture close to, but distinct from, that of the south of England. A high proportion of the population are now 'overners' rather than locally born, and so with a few notable exceptions it has more often formed the backdrop for cultural events of wider rather than island-specific significance. The Island has inspired many creative works. Local people often seek to defend their real or perceived culture, and local politics is often dictated by a desire to preserve the traditions and habits of the Island. The","title":"Culture of the Isle of Wight"},{"id":"4035527","text":"the last Ice Age, about 8–9000 years ago, as sea levels rose, and the land of southern Britain sunk due to the post-glacial rebound of the north that had been under the ice. This flooded the former river valley of the Solent to the north, and the future English Channel to the south, and cut Wight off from the island of Britain. Once open to the sea, tidal scouring widened the Solent. The first inhabitants are assumed to have been hunter-gatherers migrating by land during the Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) period, as the ice age began to recede and the","title":"History of the Isle of Wight"},{"id":"14580572","text":"MV Cuthred MV \"Cuthred was an Isle of Wight ro-ro ferry built in 1969. From 1990 until 2009, she operated as Mira Praia\" in Portugal. MV \"Cuthred\" was built by Richards of Lowestoft for British Rail (later Sealink) at a cost of £275,000. She is named after Cuthred, king of Wessex (c.740–56). With a gross tonnage of 704, she was the largest Isle of Wight Ferry of the time, capable of carrying 48 cars and 400 passengers. MV \"Cuthred\" was much larger and of a different design to any previous Isle of Wight car ferry. For the first time, passenger","title":"MV Cuthred"},{"id":"2417563","text":"to 2006. The promoters of the event now are Solo Promoters Ltd. Held 3 June 2002 Held 14–15 June 2003 Held 11–13 June 2004 Held 10–12 June 2005 Held 9–11 June 2006 Held 8–10 June 2007 Held 13–15 June 2008 Held 12–14 June 2009 Held 11–13 June 2010 Held 10–12 June 2011 Held 22–24 June 2012 Held 14–16 June 2013 Held 12–15 June 2014 Held 11–14 June 2015 Held 9–12 June 2016 Held 8–11 June 2017 Held 21–24 June 2018 On 6 November 2007, the Isle of Wight Festival was named 'Best Major Festival' at the UK Festival Awards. The","title":"Isle of Wight Festival"},{"id":"4035565","text":"for the whole Isle of Wight; Newport also retained its two MPs, though these were reduced to one in 1868 and eventually abolished completely in 1885. Often thought of as part of Hampshire, the Isle of Wight was briefly included in that county when the first county councils were created in 1888. However, a \"Home Rule\" campaign led to a separate county council being established for the Isle of Wight in 1890, and it has remained separate ever since. Like inhabitants of many islands, Islanders are fiercely jealous of their real (or perceived) independence, and confusion over the Island's separate","title":"History of the Isle of Wight"},{"id":"111142","text":"most notable being the Isle of Wight off the English coast, and the Channel Islands, British Crown dependencies off the coast of France. The coastline, particularly on the French shore, is deeply indented; several small islands close to the coastline, including Chausey and Mont Saint-Michel, are within French jurisdiction. The Cotentin Peninsula in France juts out into the Channel, whilst on the English side there is a small parallel strait known as the Solent between the Isle of Wight and the mainland. The Celtic Sea is to the west of the Channel. The Channel acts as a funnel that amplifies","title":"English Channel"},{"id":"18737680","text":"recommendations to the UK in both 2008 and 2013 for it to ban corporal punishment on children in its overseas territories. The Isle of Man stated that it does not see the need for reform as it believes the current law is working well and that parents should be allowed to discipline children. Human rights in the Isle of Man The Isle of Man is a Crown Dependency located in the Irish Sea between the islands of Great Britain and Ireland with a population in 2015 estimated to be approximately 88,000. It enjoys a high degree of domestic, legislative and","title":"Human rights in the Isle of Man"},{"id":"12368020","text":"minor volcanic features), Curaçao, Barbados, Bonaire, the Cayman Islands, Saint Croix, the Bahamas, and Antigua. Others possess rugged towering mountain-ranges like the islands of Saint Martin, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Dominica, Montserrat, Saba, Sint Eustatius, Saint Kitts, Saint Lucia, Saint Thomas, Saint John, Tortola, Grenada, Saint Vincent, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Trinidad and Tobago. Definitions of the terms Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles often vary. The Virgin Islands as part of the Puerto Rican bank are sometimes included with the Greater Antilles. The term Lesser Antilles is often used to define an island arc that includes Grenada but excludes Trinidad","title":"Caribbean"},{"id":"193427","text":"British telephone numbering plan, with local dialling codes 01624 for landlines and 07524, 07624 and 07924 for mobiles. Calls to the island from the UK however, are generally charged differently from those within the UK, and may or may not be included in any \"inclusive minutes\" packages. In 1996, the Isle of Man Government obtained permission to use the .im national top-level domain (TLD), and has ultimate responsibility for its use. The domain is managed from day to day by Domicilium, an island-based internet service provider. In December 2007, the Manx Electricity Authority and its telecommunications subsidiary, e-llan Communications, commissioned","title":"Isle of Man"},{"id":"11721281","text":"Isle of Wight ferry services There are currently three different ferry companies that operate vessels carrying passengers and, on certain routes, vehicles across the Solent, the stretch of sea that separates the Isle of Wight from mainland England. These are Wightlink, Red Funnel and Hovertravel. Since the Isle of Wight was separated from mainland Britain, probably about 7000 years ago, vessels have transported people and goods across the Solent. However the earliest record of an Isle of Wight ferry service is from 1420 when the Lord of the Manor in Ashey was responsible for boats crossing between Portsmouth and Ryde.","title":"Isle of Wight ferry services"},{"id":"13481346","text":"to the Irish Sea was claimed to be logically and ethically feasible; it had not been implemented by 2013. The common or harbour seal and the grey seal are both resident in the Irish Sea. Common seals breed in Strangford Lough, grey seals in southwest Wales and, in small numbers, on the Isle of Man. Grey seals haul out, but do not breed, off Hilbre and Walney islands, Merseyside, the Wirral, St Annes, Barrow-in-Furness Borough, and Cumbria. The Irish Sea has been described by Greenpeace as the most radioactively contaminated sea in the world with some \"eight million litres of","title":"Irish Sea"},{"id":"930512","text":"Isle of Dogs The Isle of Dogs, locally referred to as the island, is a geographic area made up of Millwall, Cubitt Town, Canary Wharf and parts of Blackwall, Limehouse and Poplar. It is in the East End of London and is bounded on three sides (east, south and west) by one of the largest meanders in the River Thames. The northern boundary has never been clearly or consistently defined but many accept it to be the (former) line of the West India South Dock. The name Isle of Dogs had no official status until 1987, with the creation of","title":"Isle of Dogs"},{"id":"10556568","text":"was dubbed \"The Slum Zoo of Britain\" by the \"Sunday Times\". However, in 1976 the zoo was taken over by a new owner Jack Corney, and over the following years it was rebuilt as a sanctuary for big cats and primates. Since Corney died in 2003 the zoo has been run by his daughter Charlotte. The zoo is currently home to seven tigers and two African lions. The zoo has recently rescued 5 tigers from a circus in southern Spain In recent years, three Indian themed enclosures have opened featuring glass viewing panels, ponds, natural planting and themed statues and","title":"Isle of Wight Zoo"},{"id":"4729957","text":"residents attitudes towards wind turbines were two to one against, with 612 in favour and 1,328 against Cheverton Down proposals. Politics of the Isle of Wight As a geographical entity distinct from the mainland, the Isle of Wight has always fought to have this identity recognised. The Isle of Wight is currently a ceremonial and Non-metropolitan county and as it has no district councils (only the county council) it is effectively a unitary county. The island is also the highest populated Westminster constituency in the country. Historically, the island was part of the historic county of Hampshire, previously called Southamptonshire.","title":"Politics of the Isle of Wight"},{"id":"202149","text":"bones; the youngest date back to around 30 million years ago. The island is one of the most important areas in Europe for dinosaur fossils. The eroding cliffs often reveal previously hidden remains, particularly along the Back of the Wight. Dinosaur bones and fossilised footprints can be seen in and on the rocks exposed around the island's beaches, especially at Yaverland and Compton Bay. As a result, the island has been nicknamed \"Dinosaur Island\" and Dinosaur Isle was established in 2001. The area was affected by sea level changes during the repeated Quaternary glaciations. The island probably became separated from","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"197320","text":"importance, international first, non-statutory last. There are 21 ASSIs on the Isle of Man as of 01/09/16. One additional ASSI has been rescinded (Ramsey Harbour). A marine nature reserve was designated in Ramsey Bay in Oct 2011. The Isle of Man had 45 non-statutory wildlife sites as of 30 January 2009, covering about 195 ha (0.75 sq miles) of land and an additional of inter-tidal coast. The Manx Wildlife Trust also manages 24 nature reserves, along with the Calf of Man, as of September 2016: The majority of the island is formed from highly faulted and folded sedimentary rocks of","title":"Geography of the Isle of Man"},{"id":"6127420","text":"changed the administrative map of England. The changes were carried out in several waves. On 1 April 1995, the Isle of Wight became a single unitary authority. It had previously had a two-tier structure with an Isle of Wight County Council, Medina Borough Council and South Wight Borough Council. Also on this day, two small areas were ceded from Surrey and Buckinghamshire to Berkshire, giving it a border with Greater London. On 1 April 1996, the unpopular counties of Avon, Humberside and Cleveland were abolished and their former area divided into unitary districts. Also at this time, the city of","title":"Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England"},{"id":"1852604","text":"Antilles The Antilles (; \"Antilles\" in French; \"Antillas\" in Spanish; \"Antillen\" in Dutch and \"Antilhas\" in Portuguese) is an archipelago bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the south and west, the Gulf of Mexico to the northwest, and the Atlantic Ocean to the north and east. The Antillean islands are divided into two smaller groupings: the Greater Antilles and the Lesser Antilles. The Greater Antilles includes the larger islands of Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola (subdivided into Haiti and the Dominican Republic) and the Cayman Islands. The Lesser Antilles contains the northerly Leeward Islands, the southeasterly Windward Islands, and the","title":"Antilles"},{"id":"202134","text":"Ships likely were important to the local economy. During the Dark Ages the island was settled by Jutes as the pagan kingdom of Wihtwara under King Arwald. In 685 it was invaded by Caedwalla, who tried to replace the inhabitants with his own followers. In 686 Arwald was defeated and the island became the last part of English lands to be converted to Christianity, added to Wessex and then becoming part of England under King Alfred the Great, included within the shire of Hampshire. It suffered especially from Viking raids, and was often used as a winter base by Viking","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"202167","text":"East) and more elderly (24% aged 65+ against 16%), giving an average age of 44 years for an island resident compared to 40 in South East England. The largest industry is tourism, but the island also has a strong agricultural heritage, including sheep and dairy farming and arable crops. Traditional agricultural commodities are more difficult to market off the island because of transport costs, but local farmers have succeeded in exploiting some specialist markets, with the higher price of such products absorbing the transport costs. One of the most successful agricultural sectors is now the growing of crops under cover,","title":"Isle of Wight"},{"id":"10563361","text":"Seaview Wildlife Encounter Seaview Wildlife Encounter, (formerly Flamingo Park), was a wildlife park featuring non-native species of birds and mammals, it closed in November 2015. The visitor attraction was located in the town of Seaview, on the northeast coast of the Isle of Wight. The Isle of Wight is a small British island 3 to 5 mi (5 to 8 km) off the coast of South East England. Animals at the reserve included meerkats, wallabys, flamingos, pelicans, ducks, swans, alpacas, otters, penguins, and parakeets. Visitors could feed the ducks and stroke the wallabies. The site also included a gift shop","title":"Seaview Wildlife Encounter"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"202185\",\n \"text\": \"named Isle of Wight. Other notable examples include: The Isle of Wight was: Isle of Wight The Isle of Wight (; also referred to informally as The Island or abbreviated to IoW) is a county and the largest and second-most populous island in England. It is in the English Channel, between 2 and 5 miles off the coast of Hampshire, separated by the Solent. The island has resorts that have been holiday destinations since Victorian times, and is known for its mild climate, coastal scenery, and verdant landscape of fields, downland and chines. The island has been home to the\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202126\",\n \"text\": \"Isle of Wight The Isle of Wight (; also referred to informally as The Island or abbreviated to IoW) is a county and the largest and second-most populous island in England. It is in the English Channel, between 2 and 5 miles off the coast of Hampshire, separated by the Solent. The island has resorts that have been holiday destinations since Victorian times, and is known for its mild climate, coastal scenery, and verdant landscape of fields, downland and chines. The island has been home to the poets Swinburne and Tennyson and to Queen Victoria, who built her much-loved summer\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202143\",\n \"text\": \"situated between the Solent and the English Channel, is roughly rhomboid in shape, and covers an area of . Slightly more than half, mainly in the west, is designated as the Isle of Wight Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The island has of farmland, of developed areas, and of coastline. Its landscapes are diverse, leading to its oft-quoted description as \\\"England in miniature\\\". West Wight is predominantly rural, with dramatic coastlines dominated by the chalk downland ridge, running across the whole island and ending in the Needles stacks. The southwestern quarter is commonly referred to as the Back of the\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"197316\",\n \"text\": \"Geography of the Isle of Man The Isle of Man is an island in the Irish Sea, between Great Britain and Ireland in Western Europe, with a population of almost 85,000. It is a British Crown dependency. It has a small islet, the Calf of Man, to its south. It is located at . Area:
\\\"Land:\\\"
\\\"Water:\\\"
\\\"Total:\\\" This makes it: The Isle of Man has a coastline of , and a territorial sea extending to a maximum of 12 nm from the coast, or the midpoint between other countries. The total territorial sea area is about 4000 km or\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of the Isle of Man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13481319\",\n \"text\": \"Irish Sea The Irish Sea (, , , , Ulster-Scots: \\\"Airish Sea\\\", ) separates the islands of Ireland and Great Britain; linked to the Celtic Sea in the south by St George's Channel, and to the Inner Seas off the West Coast of Scotland in the north by the Straits of Moyle. Anglesey, Wales, is the largest island in the Irish Sea. The second in size is the Isle of Man and the sea may occasionally, but rarely, be referred to as the Manx Sea (, , ). The Irish Sea is of significant economic importance to regional trade, shipping\",\n \"title\": \"Irish Sea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202150\",\n \"text\": \"the mainland about 125,000 years ago, during the Ipswichian interglacial. Like the rest of the UK, the island has an oceanic climate, but is somewhat milder and sunnier, which makes it a holiday destination. It also has a longer growing season. Lower Ventnor and the neighbouring Undercliff have a particular microclimate, because of their sheltered position south of the downs. The island enjoys 1,800–2,100 hours of sunshine a year. Some years have almost no snow in winter, and only a few days of hard frost. The island is in Hardiness zone 9. The Isle of Wight is one of the\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5648165\",\n \"text\": \"Geography of England England comprises most of the central and southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain, in addition to a number of small islands of which the largest is the Isle of Wight. England is bordered to the north by Scotland and to the west by Wales. It is closer to continental Europe than any other part of mainland Britain, divided from France only by a sea gap, the English Channel. The Channel Tunnel, near Folkestone, directly links England to mainland Europe. The English/French border is halfway along the tunnel. Much of England consists of low hills and\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of England\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"193393\",\n \"text\": \"Isle of Man The Isle of Man ( ), sometimes referred to simply as Mann (; ), is a self-governing British Crown dependency in the Irish Sea between Great Britain and Ireland. The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, who holds the title of Lord of Mann and is represented by a lieutenant governor. Defence is the responsibility of the United Kingdom. Insurance and online gambling generate 17% of GNP each, followed by information and communications technology and banking with 9% each. The island has been inhabited since before 6500 BC. Gaelic cultural influence began in the 5th century\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"432847\",\n \"text\": \"In total, it is estimated that the UK is made up of over one thousand small islands, the majority located off the north and west coasts of Scotland. About 130 of these are inhabited according to the 2001 Census. The largest islands by country are Lewis and Harris in Scotland (841 square mi), Wales' Anglesey (276 square mi), the Isle of Wight in England (147.09 square mi), and Rathlin Island in Northern Ireland (roughly 6 square mi); The climate of the UK is generally temperate, although significant local variation occurs, particularly as a result of altitude and distance from the\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"193404\",\n \"text\": \"shingle beaches at the northernmost point, the Point of Ayre. The island has one mountain higher than , Snaefell, with a height of . According to an old saying, from the summit one can see six kingdoms: those of Mann, Scotland, England, Ireland, Wales, and Heaven. Some versions add a seventh kingdom, that of the sea, or Neptune. At the 2016 census, the Isle of Man was home to 83,314 people, of whom 26,997 resided in the island's capital, Douglas and 9,128 in the adjoining village of Onchan. The population decreased by 1.4% between the 2011 and 2016 censuses. By\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"911348\",\n \"text\": \"Isle of Wight County, Virginia Isle of Wight County is a county located in the Hampton Roads region of the U.S. state of Virginia. It was named after the Isle of Wight, in the English Channel, from where many of its early colonists had come. As of the 2010 census, the population was 35,270. Its county seat is Isle of Wight. Isle of Wight County is located in the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Metropolitan Statistical Area. Its northeastern boundary is on the coast of Hampton Roads waterway. Isle of Wight County features two incorporated towns, Smithfield and Windsor. The first\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight County, Virginia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202144\",\n \"text\": \"Wight, and has a unique character. The highest point on the island is St Boniface Down in the south east, which at is a marilyn. The most notable habitats on the rest of the island are probably the soft cliffs and sea ledges, which are scenic features, important for wildlife, and internationally protected. The island has three principal rivers. The River Medina flows north into the Solent, the Eastern Yar flows roughly northeast to Bembridge Harbour, and the Western Yar flows the short distance from Freshwater Bay to a relatively large estuary at Yarmouth. Without human intervention the sea might\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"45188\",\n \"text\": \"British Isles The British Isles are an archipelago in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-western coast of continental Europe that consists of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man and over six thousand smaller isles. They have a total area of about 315,159 km and a combined population of just under 70 million, and include two sovereign states, the Republic of Ireland (which covers roughly five-sixths of the island of Ireland) and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The islands of Alderney, Jersey, Guernsey and Sark, and their neighbouring smaller islands, are sometimes\",\n \"title\": \"British Isles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"197323\",\n \"text\": \"in the west and the three southern ports of Castletown, Port Erin and Port St Mary are the island's other main settlements. Almost all its population lives on or very near the coast. Geography of the Isle of Man The Isle of Man is an island in the Irish Sea, between Great Britain and Ireland in Western Europe, with a population of almost 85,000. It is a British Crown dependency. It has a small islet, the Calf of Man, to its south. It is located at . Area:
\\\"Land:\\\"
\\\"Water:\\\"
\\\"Total:\\\" This makes it: The Isle of Man has a\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of the Isle of Man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"193406\",\n \"text\": \"It is separate from, but similar to, the Census in the United Kingdom. The 2001 census was conducted by the Economic Affairs Division of the Isle of Man Treasury, under the authority of the Census Act 1929. The Isle of Man has a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen \\\"Cfb\\\"). Average rainfall is higher than averaged over the territory of the British Isles, because the Isle of Man is far enough from Ireland for the prevailing south-westerly winds to accumulate moisture. Average rainfall is highest at Snaefell, where it is around a year. At lower levels it can be around a year.\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"193405\",\n \"text\": \"country of birth, those born in the Isle of Man were the largest group (49.8%), while those born in the United Kingdom were the next largest group at 40% (33.9% in England, 3% in Scotland, 2% in Northern Ireland and 1.1% in Wales), 1.8% in the Republic of Ireland and 0.75% in the Channel Islands. The remaining 8.5% were born elsewhere in the world, with 5% coming from EU countries (other than the UK and Ireland). The \\\"Isle of Man Full Census\\\", last held in 2016, has been a decennial occurrence since 1821, with interim censuses being introduced from 1966.\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68506\",\n \"text\": \"around 1830, possibly first by the Royal Navy as a collective name for the islands. The term refers only the archipelago to the west of the Cotentin Peninsula. The Isle of Wight, for example, is not a \\\"Channel Island\\\" (though, being in the Channel, it remains a \\\"Channel island\\\"). The two major islands are Jersey and Guernsey. They make up 99% of the population and 92% of the area. The permanently inhabited islands of the Channel Islands and their population and area are: There are also several uninhabited islets. Four are part of the Bailiwick of Jersey: These lie off\",\n \"title\": \"Channel Islands\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68546\",\n \"text\": \"the Channel Islands. Among these are the French islands Bréhat, Île de Batz, Chausey, Tatihou and Îles Saint-Marcouf. The Isle of Wight, which is part of England, is between the Channel and the Solent. Channel Islands The Channel Islands (Norman: \\\"Îles d'la Manche\\\"; French: \\\"Îles Anglo-Normandes\\\" or \\\"Îles de la Manche\\\") are an archipelago in the English Channel, off the French coast of Normandy. They include two Crown dependencies: the Bailiwick of Jersey, which is the largest of the islands; and the Bailiwick of Guernsey, consisting of Guernsey, Alderney, Sark and some smaller islands. They are considered the remnants of\",\n \"title\": \"Channel Islands\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"45201\",\n \"text\": \"and covers . Ireland is to the west and covers . The largest of the other islands are to be found in the Hebrides, Orkney and Shetland to the north, Anglesey and the Isle of Man between Great Britain and Ireland, and the Channel Islands near the coast of France. The islands are at relatively low altitudes, with central Ireland and southern Great Britain particularly low-lying: the lowest point in the islands is the North Slob in County Wexford, Ireland, with an elevation of . The Scottish Highlands in the northern part of Great Britain are mountainous, with Ben Nevis\",\n \"title\": \"British Isles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13217840\",\n \"text\": \"HM Prison Isle of Wight HMP Isle of Wight is a prison on the Isle of Wight, UK, combining the two island prisons, Albany and Parkhurst. The two former prisons along with Camp Hill were merged in 2009 and each site still retained its old name. Across the three sites there were nearly 1,700 prisoners making it one of the largest prisons in the country. The reorganisation took effect on 1 April 2009. In March 2013 Camp Hill closed, reducing the overall prison population by 595. The idea for re-organising the three island prisons was suggested in October 2008 as\",\n \"title\": \"HM Prison Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202180\",\n \"text\": \"then Solent TV from 2002 until its closure on 24 May 2007. iWight.tv is a local internet video news channel. The Isle of Wight is part of the BBC South region and the ITV Meridian region. Important broadcasting infrastructure includes Chillerton Down transmitting station with a mast that is the tallest structure on the island, and Rowridge transmitting station, which broadcasts the main television signal both locally and for most of Hampshire and parts of Dorset and West Sussex. The Isle of Wight is near the densely populated south of England, yet separated from the mainland. This position led to\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202145\",\n \"text\": \"well have split the island into three: at the west end where a bank of pebbles separates Freshwater Bay from the marshy backwaters of the Western Yar east of Freshwater, and at the east end where a thin strip of land separates Sandown Bay from the marshy Eastern Yar basin. The Undercliff between St Catherine's Point and Bonchurch is the largest area of landslip morphology in western Europe. The north coast is unusual in having four high tides each day, with a double high tide every twelve and a half hours. This arises because the western Solent is narrower than\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9297143\",\n \"text\": \"Isle of Wight official football team The Isle of Wight football team represents the Isle of Wight at the biannual Island Games, which it won in 1995 and 2011. The Isle of Wight is not a member of FIFA or UEFA, it is an island within England and plays under the auspices of the Football Association, the governing body for football in England. The Isle of Wight plays separately in St George's Park which has a capacity of 3,200 and has 200 seats, however the Isle of Wight is part of The English FA who are part of FIFA and\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight official football team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"193402\",\n \"text\": \"all respects and had control over its finances, but was subject to the approval of the Lord of Mann. In 1866, the Isle of Man obtained limited home rule, with partly democratic elections to the House of Keys, but an appointed Legislative Council. Since then, democratic government has been gradually extended. The Isle of Man has designated more than 250 historic sites as registered buildings. The Isle of Man is located in the middle of the northern Irish Sea, almost equidistant from England, Northern Ireland, Scotland (closest), and Wales (farthest). It is long and, at its widest point, wide. It\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18737664\",\n \"text\": \"Human rights in the Isle of Man The Isle of Man is a Crown Dependency located in the Irish Sea between the islands of Great Britain and Ireland with a population in 2015 estimated to be approximately 88,000. It enjoys a high degree of domestic, legislative and political autonomy through its ancient Parliament Tynwald. By convention, the United Kingdom Government is responsible for the conduct of the international relations and defence of the island. The Isle of Man does not have a written constitution, or a Bill of Rights which sets out its Human Rights. These rights are addressed in\",\n \"title\": \"Human rights in the Isle of Man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12342024\",\n \"text\": \"Anglesey Anglesey (; ) is an island situated on the north coast of Wales with an area of . Anglesey is by far the largest island in Wales and the seventh largest in the British Isles. Anglesey is also the largest island in the Irish Sea by area, and the second most populous island (after the Isle of Man). The ferry port of Holyhead handles more than 2 million passengers each year. The Menai Suspension Bridge, designed by Thomas Telford in 1826, and the Britannia Bridge span the Menai Strait to connect Anglesey with the mainland. Anglesey, one of the\",\n \"title\": \"Anglesey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202158\",\n \"text\": \"in parts of Australia). Residents refer to the island as \\\"The Island\\\", as did Jane Austen in Mansfield Park, and sometimes to the UK mainland as \\\"North Island\\\". To promote the island's identity and culture, the High Sheriff Robin Courage founded an Isle of Wight Day; the first was held on Saturday 24 September 2016. The island is said to be the most haunted in the world, sometimes referred to as \\\"Ghost Island\\\". Notable claimed hauntings include God's Providence House in Newport (now a tea room), Appuldurcombe House, and the remains of Knighton Gorges. The island is well known for\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9297144\",\n \"text\": \"play at Wembley Stadium which has a capacity of 90,000. Isle of Wight official football team The Isle of Wight football team represents the Isle of Wight at the biannual Island Games, which it won in 1995 and 2011. The Isle of Wight is not a member of FIFA or UEFA, it is an island within England and plays under the auspices of the Football Association, the governing body for football in England. The Isle of Wight plays separately in St George's Park which has a capacity of 3,200 and has 200 seats, however the Isle of Wight is part\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight official football team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4907802\",\n \"text\": \"St Helens, Isle of Wight St Helens is a village and civil parish located on the eastern side of the Isle of Wight. The village developed around village greens. This is claimed to be the largest in England but some say it is the second largest. The greens are often used for cricket matches during the summer and football in the winter, and also include a children's playground. The village is a short distance from the coast, about a ten-minute walk to St Helens Duver. The Duver was once the location of the island's first golf course (one of England's\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens, Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4907813\",\n \"text\": \"St Helens, Isle of Wight St Helens is a village and civil parish located on the eastern side of the Isle of Wight. The village developed around village greens. This is claimed to be the largest in England but some say it is the second largest. The greens are often used for cricket matches during the summer and football in the winter, and also include a children's playground. The village is a short distance from the coast, about a ten-minute walk to St Helens Duver. The Duver was once the location of the island's first golf course (one of England's\",\n \"title\": \"St Helens, Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"534517\",\n \"text\": \"Solent The Solent ( ) is the strait that separates the Isle of Wight from the mainland of England. It is about long and varies in width between , although the shingle Hurst Spit which projects into the Solent narrows the sea crossing between Hurst Castle and Colwell Bay to just over . The Solent is a major shipping lane for passenger, freight and military vessels. It is an important recreational area for water sports, particularly yachting, hosting the Cowes Week sailing event annually. It is sheltered by the Isle of Wight and has a complex tidal pattern, which has\",\n \"title\": \"Solent\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202184\",\n \"text\": \"the King College started as two \\\"middle schools,\\\" Trinity Middle School and Archbishop King Catholic Middle School, but has now been converted into a dual-faith secondary school and sixth form. Since September 2011 five new secondary schools, with an age range of 11 to 18 years, replaced the island's high schools (as a part of the previous three-tier system). Notable residents have included: The Isle of Wight has given names to many parts of former colonies, most notably Isle of Wight County in Virginia founded by settlers from the island in the 17th century. Its county seat is a town\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"189926\",\n \"text\": \"(); Jan Mayen Island (); Shetland and the Outer Hebrides, both about ; and the Scottish mainland and Orkney, both about . The nearest part of Continental Europe is mainland Norway, about away, while mainland North America is away, at the northern tip of Labrador. Iceland is the world's 18th largest island, and Europe's second-largest island after Great Britain. (The island of Ireland is third.) The main island is , but the entire country is in size, of which 62.7% is tundra. About 30 minor islands are in Iceland, including the lightly populated Grímsey and the Vestmannaeyjar archipelago. Lakes and\",\n \"title\": \"Iceland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10556567\",\n \"text\": \"Isle of Wight Zoo The Isle of Wight Zoo, previously known as the Sandown Zoo, is a sanctuary inside the former Sandown Fort on the coastline of Sandown, Isle of Wight. The zoo was privately owned but became a charitable trust in 2017. The collection focuses principally on big cats and Madagascan animals. As part of the European Endangered Species Programme, the zoo has had success breeding several species of Madagascan animals including the critically endangered black-and-white ruffed lemur. Originally known as Sandown Zoo, the zoo was established in the 1950s. By the 1970s it had fallen into disrepair, and\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight Zoo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4973873\",\n \"text\": \"the unitary authority, Isle of Wight Council: a diamond-shaped island with rounded oblique corners, measuring by , the Needles and similar small uninhabitable rocks of very small square surface area. The island is linked by ferry crossings from four points (five points if counting West Cowes and East Cowes separately) to three points in Hampshire: Lymington, Southampton and Portsmouth. Its electorate of 110,924 () is, by more than 30,000 electors, the largest in the UK, more than 50% above the English average: 71,537, and five times the size of the smallest seat: Na h-Eileanan an Iar, formerly known as the\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight (UK Parliament constituency)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6398921\",\n \"text\": \"of escaping the excise men by superior local navigational knowledge. There was a pillbox built in the Second World War, now subsumed in the sea defences. The beach is sandy with stones which contain Cretaceous fossils. The cliffs also feature Horsetails ferns. Foreland, Isle of Wight Foreland or Forelands, and the adjacent Foreland Fields (), is the easternmost point of the Isle of Wight, part of the village of Bembridge. It is located about 6.5 miles due south of the city of Portsmouth on the British mainland, separated by the eastern reaches of the Solent. It is characterised by a\",\n \"title\": \"Foreland, Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6398919\",\n \"text\": \"Foreland, Isle of Wight Foreland or Forelands, and the adjacent Foreland Fields (), is the easternmost point of the Isle of Wight, part of the village of Bembridge. It is located about 6.5 miles due south of the city of Portsmouth on the British mainland, separated by the eastern reaches of the Solent. It is characterised by a pub called the Crab and Lobster Inn and various beach huts plus a beach cafe and a coast guard lookout. In the sea are the reefs of Bembridge Ledge which is rich in edible crabs, lobsters and spider crabs and shoals of\",\n \"title\": \"Foreland, Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"911354\",\n \"text\": \"(13.0%) is water. The county is bounded by the James River on the north and the Blackwater River to the south. The land is generally low-lying, with many swamps and pocosins. As of the census of 2010, there were 35,270 people, 11,319 households, and 8,670 families residing in the county. The population density was 94 people per square mile (36/km²). There were 12,066 housing units at an average density of 38 per square mile (15/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 71.8% White, 24.7% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.5% from other\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight County, Virginia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"182855\",\n \"text\": \"dwellings, agriculture was the principal industry (10 per cent of the county was still forest). Hampshire played a crucial military role in both World Wars. The Isle of Wight, previously included in Hampshire, became a separate county in 1974. The county's geography is varied, with upland to and mostly south-flowing rivers. There are areas of downland and marsh, and two national parks: the New Forest, shared with Wiltshire, and part of the South Downs, which together cover some 45 per cent of Hampshire. The county has a milder climate than most of Britain. Hampshire is one of the most affluent\",\n \"title\": \"Hampshire\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1308068\",\n \"text\": \"Ireland Ireland (; ; Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, and St George's Channel. Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth. Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland (officially named Ireland), which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom. In 2011, the population of Ireland was about 6.6 million, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain.\",\n \"title\": \"Ireland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"534533\",\n \"text\": \"50 years of operation in 2015. Solent The Solent ( ) is the strait that separates the Isle of Wight from the mainland of England. It is about long and varies in width between , although the shingle Hurst Spit which projects into the Solent narrows the sea crossing between Hurst Castle and Colwell Bay to just over . The Solent is a major shipping lane for passenger, freight and military vessels. It is an important recreational area for water sports, particularly yachting, hosting the Cowes Week sailing event annually. It is sheltered by the Isle of Wight and has\",\n \"title\": \"Solent\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202147\",\n \"text\": \"This gives rise to a dip of almost 90 degrees in the chalk beds, seen best at the Needles. The northern half of the island is mainly composed of clays, with the southern half formed of the chalk of the central east–west downs, as well as Upper and Lower Greensands and Wealden strata. These strata continue west from the island across the Solent into Dorset, forming the basin of Poole Harbour (Tertiary) and the Isle of Purbeck (Cretaceous) respectively. The chalky ridges of Wight and Purbeck were a single formation before they were breached by waters from the River Frome\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202146\",\n \"text\": \"the eastern; the initial tide of water flowing from the west starts to ebb before the stronger flow around the south of the island returns through the eastern Solent to create a second high water. The Isle of Wight is made up of a variety of rock types dating from early Cretaceous (around 127 million years ago) to the middle of the Palaeogene (around 30 million years ago). The geological structure is dominated by a large monocline which causes a marked change in age of strata from the northern younger Tertiary beds to the older Cretaceous beds of the south.\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"193403\",\n \"text\": \"has an area of around . Besides the island of Mann itself, the political unit of the Isle of Man includes some nearby small islands: the seasonally inhabited Calf of Man, Chicken Rock on which stands an unmanned lighthouse, St Patrick's Isle and St Michael's Isle. The last two of these are connected to the main island by permanent roads/causeways. Ranges of hills in the north and south are separated by a central valley. The northern plain, by contrast, is relatively flat, consisting mainly of deposits from glacial advances from western Scotland during colder times. There are more recently deposited\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202179\",\n \"text\": \"Radio has broadcast online since 2010, and in 2017 started broadcasting on FM 104.6. The station operates from the Riverside Centre in Newport. The island is also covered by a number of local stations on the mainland, including the BBC station BBC Radio Solent broadcast from Southampton. The island's not-for-profit community radio station Angel Radio opened in 2007. Angel Radio began broadcasting on 91.5 MHz from studios in Cowes and a transmitter near Newport. Other online news sources for the Isle of Wight include \\\"On the Wight\\\". The island has had community television stations in the past, first TV12 and\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202166\",\n \"text\": \"Motorbike. The table below shows the regional gross value (in millions of pounds) added by the Isle of Wight economy, at current prices, compiled by the Office for National Statistics. According to the 2011 census, the island's population of 138,625 lives in 61,085 households, giving an average household size of 2.27 people. 41% of households own their home outright and a further 29% own with a mortgage, so in total 70% of households are owned (compared to 68% for South East England). Compared to South East England, the island has fewer children (19% aged 0–17 against 22% for the South\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202142\",\n \"text\": \"The oldest records that give a name for the Isle of Wight are from the Roman Empire: it was then called \\\"Vectis\\\" or \\\"Vecta\\\" in Latin, \\\"Iktis\\\" or \\\"Ouiktis\\\" in Greek. From the Anglo-Saxon period Latin \\\"Vecta\\\", Old English \\\"Wiht\\\" and Old Welsh forms \\\"Gueid\\\" and \\\"Guith\\\" are recorded. In Domesday Book it is \\\"Wit\\\"; the modern Welsh name is \\\"Ynys Wyth\\\" (\\\"ynys\\\" = island). These are all variant forms of the same name, possibly Celtic in origin. It may mean \\\"place of the division\\\", because the island divides the two arms of the Solent. The Isle of Wight is\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"634137\",\n \"text\": \"South East England South East England is the most populous of the nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes. It consists of Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, East Sussex, Hampshire, the Isle of Wight, Kent, Oxfordshire, Surrey and West Sussex. As with the other regions of England, apart from Greater London, the south east has no elected government. It is the third largest region of England, with an area of 19,096 km (7,373 sq mi), and is also the most populous with a total population of over eight and a half million (2011). The headquarters of\",\n \"title\": \"South East England\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2531062\",\n \"text\": \"Music of the Isle of Man The music of the Isle of Man reflects Celtic, Norse and other influences, including those from its neighbours, Scotland, Ireland, England and Wales. The Isle of Man is a small island nation in the Irish Sea, between Great Britain and Ireland (and not part of the United Kingdom). A wide range of music is performed on the island, such as rock, blues, jazz and pop. However, its traditional folk music has undergone a revival since the 1970s, starting with a music festival called in Ramsey. This was part of a general revival of the\",\n \"title\": \"Music of the Isle of Man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2246667\",\n \"text\": \"North of its confluence with the Lukely Brook at the town's quay it becomes a navigable tidal estuary. Distance from surrounding settlements The town's suburb of Parkhurst is home to two prisons: the notorious Parkhurst Prison and Albany; together they make up HMP Isle of Wight, the largest prison in the UK. Parkhurst and Albany were once among the few top-security prisons in the United Kingdom. Camp Hill was another prison in the area, but closed in 2013. Seaclose Park in Newport, on the east bank of the River Medina, has since 2002 been the location for the revived Isle\",\n \"title\": \"Newport, Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"911357\",\n \"text\": \"of families and 8.30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.80% of those under age 18 and 11.90% of those age 65 or over. House of Delegates: Senate: U.S. House of Representatives: Blackwater Regional Library is the regional library system that provides services to the citizens of Isle of Wight. Isle of Wight County, Virginia Isle of Wight County is a county located in the Hampton Roads region of the U.S. state of Virginia. It was named after the Isle of Wight, in the English Channel, from where many of its early colonists had come. As of\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight County, Virginia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"193455\",\n \"text\": \"the island and others have been started in England and Jersey. A more recent arrival on the island is the red-necked wallaby, which is now established on the island following an escape from the Wildlife Park. The local police report an increasing number of wallaby-related calls. There are also many feral goats in Garff, a matter which was raised in Tynwald Court in January 2018. In March 2016, the Isle of Man became the first entire country to be adopted into UNESCO's Network of Biosphere Reserves. Isle of Man The Isle of Man ( ), sometimes referred to simply as\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"191043\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"ieg\\\" is actually a cognate of Swedish \\\"ö\\\" and German \\\"Aue\\\", and related to Latin \\\"aqua\\\" (water). Greenland is the world's largest island, with an area of over 2.1 million km, while Australia, the world's smallest continent, has an area of 7.6 million km, but there is no standard of size that distinguishes islands from continents, or from islets. There is a difference between islands and continents in terms of geology. Continents sit on continental lithosphere, which is part of tectonic plates floating high on Earth's mantle. Oceanic crust is also part of tectonic plates, but it is denser than\",\n \"title\": \"Island\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3988322\",\n \"text\": \"2017, Conservative members assumed control of the administration, with Cllr Dave Stewart appointed as leader. A new ruling executive was formed, made up of five Conservatives, one UKIP member and three non-aligned members. The Coat of arms of the Isle of Wight was first granted to the County Council in 1938. On its abolition in 1995, they transferred to the new Isle of Wight Council. The shield shows an image of Carisbrooke Castle, which was the historic seat of many island governors. At the bottom is the island's motto \\\"All this beauty is of God\\\". Isle of Wight Council The\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight Council\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202130\",\n \"text\": \"day Poole Harbour towards mid-Channel. As sea levels rose, the river valley became flooded, and the chalk ridge line west of the Needles breached to form the island. The Isle of Wight is first mentioned in writing in \\\"Geography\\\" by Ptolemy. Bronze Age Britain had large reserves of tin in the areas of Cornwall and Devon and tin is necessary to smelt bronze. At that time the sea level was much lower and carts of tin were brought across the Solent at low tide for export, possibly on the Ferriby Boats. Anthony Snodgrass suggests that a shortage of tin, as\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202183\",\n \"text\": \"Wight in April 2009. There are 69 local education authority-maintained schools on the Isle of Wight, and two independent schools. As a rural community, many of these are small and with fewer pupils than in urban areas. The Isle of Wight College is located on the outskirts of Newport. From September 2010, there was a transition period from the three-tier system of primary, middle and high schools to the two-tier system that is usual in England. Some schools have now closed, such as Chale C.E. Primary. Others have become \\\"federated\\\", such as Brading C.E. Primary and St Helen's Primary. Christ\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"911353\",\n \"text\": \"a National Historic Landmark in recognition of its significance. Many landmark and contributing structures on the National Register are located in Smithfield including the Wentworth-Grinnan House. In 1732 a considerable portion of the northwestern part of the original shire was added to Brunswick County, and in 1748 the entire county of Southampton was carved out of it. During the American Civil War, Company F of the 61st Virginia Infantry Regiment of the Confederate Army was called the \\\"Isle of Wight Avengers.\\\" According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight County, Virginia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"197322\",\n \"text\": \"copper, lead and silver, zinc, iron, and plumbago (a mix of graphite and clay). There are also quarries of black marble, limestone flags, clay schist, and granite. These are all modern, and there was no noticeable exploitation of metals or minerals prior to the modern era. The island has a census-estimated population of 84,497 according to the most recent 2011 census: up from 79,805 in 2006 and 76,315 in 2001. The island's largest town and administrative centre is Douglas, whose population is 23,000 — over a quarter of the population of the island. Neighbouring Onchan, Ramsey in the north, Peel\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of the Isle of Man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11721288\",\n \"text\": \"War four of the SW&BRCSPS paddle steamers were commandeered by the Royal Navy as minesweepers leaving only two behind. The PS \\\"Duchess of Richmond\\\" was lost to a mine in the Mediterranean Sea. On 1 January 1923 the SW&BRCSPS was taken over by Southern Railway which had been created in the Grouping ordered by the Railways Act 1921. Isle of Wight ferry services There are currently three different ferry companies that operate vessels carrying passengers and, on certain routes, vehicles across the Solent, the stretch of sea that separates the Isle of Wight from mainland England. These are Wightlink, Red\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight ferry services\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202148\",\n \"text\": \"during the last ice age, forming the Solent and turning Wight into an island. The Needles, along with Old Harry Rocks on Purbeck, represent the edges of this breach. All the rocks found on the island are sedimentary, such as limestones, mudstones and sandstones. They are rich in fossils; many can be seen exposed on beaches as the cliffs erode. Lignitic coal is present in small quantities within seams, and can be seen on the cliffs and shore at Whitecliff Bay. Fossilised molluscs have been found there, and also on the northern coast along with fossilised crocodiles, turtles and mammal\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2518421\",\n \"text\": \"formed when Ireland's legendary giant Fionn mac Cumhaill (Finn McCool) scooped up a chunk of earth and tossed it at a Scottish rival. It fell into the Irish Sea, forming the Isle of Man, while the crater left behind filled with water to form Lough Neagh. Lough Neagh Lough Neagh ( ) is a large freshwater lake in Northern Ireland. It is the largest lake by area in the British Isles, with a surface area of . It supplies 40% of Northern Ireland's water. Its main inflows are the Upper River Bann and River Blackwater, and its main outflow is\",\n \"title\": \"Lough Neagh\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3988319\",\n \"text\": \"Isle of Wight Council The Isle of Wight Council is a unitary authority covering the Isle of Wight near the South coast of England. It is currently made up of 40 seats. Since the 2017 election, the Conservatives have held a majority of 25 and appointed Cllr Dave Stewart as leader of the council. The council was formed on 1 April 1995, replacing the Isle of Wight County Council and Medina and South Wight Borough Councils. Prior to 1998, the Liberals and then Liberal Democrats had dominated the Council. Between 1998 and 2005, it was under no overall control, ruled\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight Council\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13217844\",\n \"text\": \"the men were trying to free was actually located in the Camp Hill site at the time. In January 2013, the Ministry of Justice announced that the Camp Hill site of the prison will close, with a reduction of 595 places at the prison. the prison formally closed in March 2013. HM Prison Isle of Wight HMP Isle of Wight is a prison on the Isle of Wight, UK, combining the two island prisons, Albany and Parkhurst. The two former prisons along with Camp Hill were merged in 2009 and each site still retained its old name. Across the three\",\n \"title\": \"HM Prison Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2417562\",\n \"text\": \"that year, progressively extending itself northwards beyond Seaclose Park along the fields of the eastern Medina valley. Many notable artists have performed since its revival including The Rolling Stones, Amy Winehouse, Paolo Nutini, The Crazy World of Arthur Brown, Paul McCartney, Muse, Boy George, Stereophonics, Faithless, Donovan, Ray Davies, Robert Plant, Queen + Adam Lambert, David Bowie, Manic Street Preachers, The Who, The High Kings, R.E.M., Travis, Coldplay, The Zombies, The Proclaimers, Bryan Adams, The Police, Foo Fighters, The Killers, Nile Rodgers and Chic, Fleetwood Mac, Madness, Paloma Faith and Kings of Leon. It was sponsored by Nokia from 2004\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight Festival\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"173433\",\n \"text\": \"Hispaniola Hispaniola (; Latin and ; ; ) is an island in the Caribbean island group known as the Greater Antilles. It is the second largest island in the Caribbean after Cuba, and the most populous island in the Caribbean; it is also the eleventh most populous island in the world. The island is divided between two separate, sovereign nations: the Spanish-speaking Dominican Republic (48,445 km, 18,705 sq mi) to the east, and French Creole-speaking Haiti (27,750 km, 10,710 sq mi) to the west. The only other shared island in the Caribbean is Saint Martin, which is shared between France\",\n \"title\": \"Hispaniola\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11791326\",\n \"text\": \"Isle of Wight Wildlife Management Area Isle of Wight Wildlife Management Area is a state wildlife management area (WMA) of Maryland located on the Isle of Wight, a small peninsula between the St. Martin's River and Isle of Wight Bay in Worcester County. Although called Isle of Wight, a small strip of marsh and road connects it with the mainland. The WMA is bisected by Maryland Route 90, one of the two principal highway routes into Ocean City. Despite this, the WMA attracts many birds, especially those dependent upon tidal marshes and bays, including great blue herons and green herons,\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight Wildlife Management Area\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202151\",\n \"text\": \"few places in England where the red squirrel is still flourishing; no grey squirrels are to be found. There are occasional sightings of wild deer, and there is a colony of wild goats on Ventnor's downs. Protected species such as the dormouse and rare bats can be found. The Glanville fritillary butterfly's distribution in the United Kingdom is largely restricted to the edges of the island's crumbling cliffs. A competition in 2002 named the pyramidal orchid as the Isle of Wight's county flower. The island has a single Member of Parliament and 138,300 permanent residents in 2011, being one of\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202181\",\n \"text\": \"it hosting three prisons: Albany, Camp Hill and Parkhurst, all located outside Newport near the main road to Cowes. Albany and Parkhurst were among the few Category A prisons in the UK until they were downgraded in the 1990s. The downgrading of Parkhurst was precipitated by a major escape: three prisoners (two murderers and a blackmailer) escaped from the prison on 3 January 1995 for four days, before being recaptured. Parkhurst enjoyed notoriety as one of the toughest jails in the United Kingdom, and housed many notable inmates including the Yorkshire Ripper Peter Sutcliffe, New Zealand drug lord Terry Clark\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2029198\",\n \"text\": \"Greater Antilles The Greater Antilles is a grouping of the larger islands in the Caribbean Sea: Cuba, Hispaniola (containing Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and the Cayman Islands. The Greater Antilles constitute nearly 90% of the land mass of the entire West Indies, as well as over 90% of its population. The remainder of the land belongs to the archipelago of the Lesser Antilles, which is a chain of islands to the east (running north-south and encompassing the eastern edge of the Caribbean Sea where it meets the Atlantic Ocean) and south (running east-west off the northern\",\n \"title\": \"Greater Antilles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4729937\",\n \"text\": \"Politics of the Isle of Wight As a geographical entity distinct from the mainland, the Isle of Wight has always fought to have this identity recognised. The Isle of Wight is currently a ceremonial and Non-metropolitan county and as it has no district councils (only the county council) it is effectively a unitary county. The island is also the highest populated Westminster constituency in the country. Historically, the island was part of the historic county of Hampshire, previously called Southamptonshire. The island's most ancient borough was Newtown on the large natural harbour on the island's north-western coast. A French raid\",\n \"title\": \"Politics of the Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202129\",\n \"text\": \"until 1974, when it was made its own ceremonial county. Apart from a shared police force, there is now no administrative link with Hampshire, although a combined local authority with Portsmouth and Southampton was considered, this is now unlikely to proceed. Until 1995 the island had a governor. The quickest public transport link to the mainland is the hovercraft from Ryde to Southsea; three vehicle ferry and two catamaran services cross the Solent to Southampton, Lymington and Portsmouth. During the last Ice Age, sea levels were lower and the Solent was part of a river flowing south east from current\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"119366\",\n \"text\": \"England England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west. The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south. The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain, which lies in the North Atlantic, and includes over 100 smaller islands, such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight. The area now called England was\",\n \"title\": \"England\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202131\",\n \"text\": \"a part of the Bronze Age Collapse and trade disruptions in the Mediterranean around 1300 BC, forced metalworkers to seek an alternative to bronze. During Iron Age Britain, the Late Iron Age, the Isle of Wight would appear to have been occupied by the Celtic tribe, the Durotriges - as attested by finds of their coins, for example, the South Wight Hoard, and the Shalfleet Hoard. South eastern Britain experienced significant immigration that is reflected in the genetic makeup of the current residents. As the Iron Age began the value of tin likely dropped sharply and this likely greatly changed\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202127\",\n \"text\": \"residence and final home Osborne House at East Cowes. It has a maritime and industrial tradition including boat-building, sail-making, the manufacture of flying boats, the hovercraft, and Britain's space rockets. The island hosts annual music festivals including the Isle of Wight Festival, which in 1970 was the largest rock music event ever held. It has well-conserved wildlife and some of the richest cliffs and quarries for dinosaur fossils in Europe. The isle was owned by a Norman family until 1293 and was earlier a kingdom in its own right. In common with the Crown dependencies The British Crown was then\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"45227\",\n \"text\": \"and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Ireland, sometimes called \\\"the Republic of Ireland\\\", governs five sixths of the island of Ireland, with the remainder of the island forming Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland is a part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, usually shortened to simply \\\"the United Kingdom\\\", which governs the remainder of the archipelago with the exception of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. The Isle of Man and the two states of the Channel Islands, Jersey and Guernsey, are known as the Crown dependencies. They exercise constitutional rights\",\n \"title\": \"British Isles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9886527\",\n \"text\": \"the category for stations with a target audience under 1 million. In 2007, the station won the prestigious Sony Award for Station Of The Year for stations with fewer than 300,000 listeners. It has also won the Arqiva Commercial Radio Station Of The Year award (under 500,000 listeners) for 2012 and 2013, and was nominated for that award in 2011. Isle of Wight Radio Isle of Wight Radio (occasionally shortened to IW Radio) is an independent local radio station in Newport on the Isle of Wight. The station began transmitting from Briddlesford Farm AM transmitter on 15 April 1990. Isle\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight Radio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"197317\",\n \"text\": \"1500 sq miles, which is about 87% of the total area of the jurisdiction of the Isle of Man. The Isle of Man only holds exclusive fishing rights in the first 3 nm. The territorial sea is managed by the Isle of Man Government Department of Infrastructure. The Raad ny Foillan long distance footpath runs around the Manx coast. The Isle of Man enjoys a temperate climate, with cool summers and mild winters. Average rainfall is high compared to the majority of the British Isles, due to its location to the western side of Great Britain and sufficient distance from\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of the Isle of Man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1279766\",\n \"text\": \"Isle of Lewis Lewis (, ) is the northern part of Lewis and Harris, the largest island of the Western Isles or Outer Hebrides archipelago in Scotland. It is also known as the Isle of Lewis, as the two parts are frequently referred to as if they were separate islands. The total area of Lewis is . Lewis is, in general, the lower-lying part of the island: the other part, Harris, is more mountainous. Due to its flatter, more fertile land, Lewis contains three-quarters of the population of the Western Isles, and the largest settlement, Stornoway. The island's diverse habitats\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Lewis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202177\",\n \"text\": \"a little under from to , where there is a connecting ferry service to station on the mainland network. The line was opened by the Isle of Wight Railway in 1864, and from 1996 to 2007 was run by the smallest train operating company on the network, Island Line Trains. It is notable for utilising old ex-London Underground rolling stock, due to the small size of its tunnels and unmodernised signalling. Branching off the Island Line at is the heritage Isle of Wight Steam Railway, which runs for to the outskirts of on the former line to Newport. There are\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5393384\",\n \"text\": \"Culture of the Isle of Wight As an island, the Isle of Wight maintains a culture close to, but distinct from, that of the south of England. A high proportion of the population are now 'overners' rather than locally born, and so with a few notable exceptions it has more often formed the backdrop for cultural events of wider rather than island-specific significance. The Island has inspired many creative works. Local people often seek to defend their real or perceived culture, and local politics is often dictated by a desire to preserve the traditions and habits of the Island. The\",\n \"title\": \"Culture of the Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4035527\",\n \"text\": \"the last Ice Age, about 8–9000 years ago, as sea levels rose, and the land of southern Britain sunk due to the post-glacial rebound of the north that had been under the ice. This flooded the former river valley of the Solent to the north, and the future English Channel to the south, and cut Wight off from the island of Britain. Once open to the sea, tidal scouring widened the Solent. The first inhabitants are assumed to have been hunter-gatherers migrating by land during the Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) period, as the ice age began to recede and the\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14580572\",\n \"text\": \"MV Cuthred MV \\\"Cuthred was an Isle of Wight ro-ro ferry built in 1969. From 1990 until 2009, she operated as Mira Praia\\\" in Portugal. MV \\\"Cuthred\\\" was built by Richards of Lowestoft for British Rail (later Sealink) at a cost of £275,000. She is named after Cuthred, king of Wessex (c.740–56). With a gross tonnage of 704, she was the largest Isle of Wight Ferry of the time, capable of carrying 48 cars and 400 passengers. MV \\\"Cuthred\\\" was much larger and of a different design to any previous Isle of Wight car ferry. For the first time, passenger\",\n \"title\": \"MV Cuthred\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2417563\",\n \"text\": \"to 2006. The promoters of the event now are Solo Promoters Ltd. Held 3 June 2002 Held 14–15 June 2003 Held 11–13 June 2004 Held 10–12 June 2005 Held 9–11 June 2006 Held 8–10 June 2007 Held 13–15 June 2008 Held 12–14 June 2009 Held 11–13 June 2010 Held 10–12 June 2011 Held 22–24 June 2012 Held 14–16 June 2013 Held 12–15 June 2014 Held 11–14 June 2015 Held 9–12 June 2016 Held 8–11 June 2017 Held 21–24 June 2018 On 6 November 2007, the Isle of Wight Festival was named 'Best Major Festival' at the UK Festival Awards. The\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight Festival\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4035565\",\n \"text\": \"for the whole Isle of Wight; Newport also retained its two MPs, though these were reduced to one in 1868 and eventually abolished completely in 1885. Often thought of as part of Hampshire, the Isle of Wight was briefly included in that county when the first county councils were created in 1888. However, a \\\"Home Rule\\\" campaign led to a separate county council being established for the Isle of Wight in 1890, and it has remained separate ever since. Like inhabitants of many islands, Islanders are fiercely jealous of their real (or perceived) independence, and confusion over the Island's separate\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"111142\",\n \"text\": \"most notable being the Isle of Wight off the English coast, and the Channel Islands, British Crown dependencies off the coast of France. The coastline, particularly on the French shore, is deeply indented; several small islands close to the coastline, including Chausey and Mont Saint-Michel, are within French jurisdiction. The Cotentin Peninsula in France juts out into the Channel, whilst on the English side there is a small parallel strait known as the Solent between the Isle of Wight and the mainland. The Celtic Sea is to the west of the Channel. The Channel acts as a funnel that amplifies\",\n \"title\": \"English Channel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18737680\",\n \"text\": \"recommendations to the UK in both 2008 and 2013 for it to ban corporal punishment on children in its overseas territories. The Isle of Man stated that it does not see the need for reform as it believes the current law is working well and that parents should be allowed to discipline children. Human rights in the Isle of Man The Isle of Man is a Crown Dependency located in the Irish Sea between the islands of Great Britain and Ireland with a population in 2015 estimated to be approximately 88,000. It enjoys a high degree of domestic, legislative and\",\n \"title\": \"Human rights in the Isle of Man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12368020\",\n \"text\": \"minor volcanic features), Curaçao, Barbados, Bonaire, the Cayman Islands, Saint Croix, the Bahamas, and Antigua. Others possess rugged towering mountain-ranges like the islands of Saint Martin, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Dominica, Montserrat, Saba, Sint Eustatius, Saint Kitts, Saint Lucia, Saint Thomas, Saint John, Tortola, Grenada, Saint Vincent, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Trinidad and Tobago. Definitions of the terms Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles often vary. The Virgin Islands as part of the Puerto Rican bank are sometimes included with the Greater Antilles. The term Lesser Antilles is often used to define an island arc that includes Grenada but excludes Trinidad\",\n \"title\": \"Caribbean\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"193427\",\n \"text\": \"British telephone numbering plan, with local dialling codes 01624 for landlines and 07524, 07624 and 07924 for mobiles. Calls to the island from the UK however, are generally charged differently from those within the UK, and may or may not be included in any \\\"inclusive minutes\\\" packages. In 1996, the Isle of Man Government obtained permission to use the .im national top-level domain (TLD), and has ultimate responsibility for its use. The domain is managed from day to day by Domicilium, an island-based internet service provider. In December 2007, the Manx Electricity Authority and its telecommunications subsidiary, e-llan Communications, commissioned\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11721281\",\n \"text\": \"Isle of Wight ferry services There are currently three different ferry companies that operate vessels carrying passengers and, on certain routes, vehicles across the Solent, the stretch of sea that separates the Isle of Wight from mainland England. These are Wightlink, Red Funnel and Hovertravel. Since the Isle of Wight was separated from mainland Britain, probably about 7000 years ago, vessels have transported people and goods across the Solent. However the earliest record of an Isle of Wight ferry service is from 1420 when the Lord of the Manor in Ashey was responsible for boats crossing between Portsmouth and Ryde.\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight ferry services\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13481346\",\n \"text\": \"to the Irish Sea was claimed to be logically and ethically feasible; it had not been implemented by 2013. The common or harbour seal and the grey seal are both resident in the Irish Sea. Common seals breed in Strangford Lough, grey seals in southwest Wales and, in small numbers, on the Isle of Man. Grey seals haul out, but do not breed, off Hilbre and Walney islands, Merseyside, the Wirral, St Annes, Barrow-in-Furness Borough, and Cumbria. The Irish Sea has been described by Greenpeace as the most radioactively contaminated sea in the world with some \\\"eight million litres of\",\n \"title\": \"Irish Sea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"930512\",\n \"text\": \"Isle of Dogs The Isle of Dogs, locally referred to as the island, is a geographic area made up of Millwall, Cubitt Town, Canary Wharf and parts of Blackwall, Limehouse and Poplar. It is in the East End of London and is bounded on three sides (east, south and west) by one of the largest meanders in the River Thames. The northern boundary has never been clearly or consistently defined but many accept it to be the (former) line of the West India South Dock. The name Isle of Dogs had no official status until 1987, with the creation of\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Dogs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10556568\",\n \"text\": \"was dubbed \\\"The Slum Zoo of Britain\\\" by the \\\"Sunday Times\\\". However, in 1976 the zoo was taken over by a new owner Jack Corney, and over the following years it was rebuilt as a sanctuary for big cats and primates. Since Corney died in 2003 the zoo has been run by his daughter Charlotte. The zoo is currently home to seven tigers and two African lions. The zoo has recently rescued 5 tigers from a circus in southern Spain In recent years, three Indian themed enclosures have opened featuring glass viewing panels, ponds, natural planting and themed statues and\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight Zoo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4729957\",\n \"text\": \"residents attitudes towards wind turbines were two to one against, with 612 in favour and 1,328 against Cheverton Down proposals. Politics of the Isle of Wight As a geographical entity distinct from the mainland, the Isle of Wight has always fought to have this identity recognised. The Isle of Wight is currently a ceremonial and Non-metropolitan county and as it has no district councils (only the county council) it is effectively a unitary county. The island is also the highest populated Westminster constituency in the country. Historically, the island was part of the historic county of Hampshire, previously called Southamptonshire.\",\n \"title\": \"Politics of the Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202149\",\n \"text\": \"bones; the youngest date back to around 30 million years ago. The island is one of the most important areas in Europe for dinosaur fossils. The eroding cliffs often reveal previously hidden remains, particularly along the Back of the Wight. Dinosaur bones and fossilised footprints can be seen in and on the rocks exposed around the island's beaches, especially at Yaverland and Compton Bay. As a result, the island has been nicknamed \\\"Dinosaur Island\\\" and Dinosaur Isle was established in 2001. The area was affected by sea level changes during the repeated Quaternary glaciations. The island probably became separated from\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"197320\",\n \"text\": \"importance, international first, non-statutory last. There are 21 ASSIs on the Isle of Man as of 01/09/16. One additional ASSI has been rescinded (Ramsey Harbour). A marine nature reserve was designated in Ramsey Bay in Oct 2011. The Isle of Man had 45 non-statutory wildlife sites as of 30 January 2009, covering about 195 ha (0.75 sq miles) of land and an additional of inter-tidal coast. The Manx Wildlife Trust also manages 24 nature reserves, along with the Calf of Man, as of September 2016: The majority of the island is formed from highly faulted and folded sedimentary rocks of\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of the Isle of Man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6127420\",\n \"text\": \"changed the administrative map of England. The changes were carried out in several waves. On 1 April 1995, the Isle of Wight became a single unitary authority. It had previously had a two-tier structure with an Isle of Wight County Council, Medina Borough Council and South Wight Borough Council. Also on this day, two small areas were ceded from Surrey and Buckinghamshire to Berkshire, giving it a border with Greater London. On 1 April 1996, the unpopular counties of Avon, Humberside and Cleveland were abolished and their former area divided into unitary districts. Also at this time, the city of\",\n \"title\": \"Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1852604\",\n \"text\": \"Antilles The Antilles (; \\\"Antilles\\\" in French; \\\"Antillas\\\" in Spanish; \\\"Antillen\\\" in Dutch and \\\"Antilhas\\\" in Portuguese) is an archipelago bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the south and west, the Gulf of Mexico to the northwest, and the Atlantic Ocean to the north and east. The Antillean islands are divided into two smaller groupings: the Greater Antilles and the Lesser Antilles. The Greater Antilles includes the larger islands of Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola (subdivided into Haiti and the Dominican Republic) and the Cayman Islands. The Lesser Antilles contains the northerly Leeward Islands, the southeasterly Windward Islands, and the\",\n \"title\": \"Antilles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202134\",\n \"text\": \"Ships likely were important to the local economy. During the Dark Ages the island was settled by Jutes as the pagan kingdom of Wihtwara under King Arwald. In 685 it was invaded by Caedwalla, who tried to replace the inhabitants with his own followers. In 686 Arwald was defeated and the island became the last part of English lands to be converted to Christianity, added to Wessex and then becoming part of England under King Alfred the Great, included within the shire of Hampshire. It suffered especially from Viking raids, and was often used as a winter base by Viking\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202167\",\n \"text\": \"East) and more elderly (24% aged 65+ against 16%), giving an average age of 44 years for an island resident compared to 40 in South East England. The largest industry is tourism, but the island also has a strong agricultural heritage, including sheep and dairy farming and arable crops. Traditional agricultural commodities are more difficult to market off the island because of transport costs, but local farmers have succeeded in exploiting some specialist markets, with the higher price of such products absorbing the transport costs. One of the most successful agricultural sectors is now the growing of crops under cover,\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Wight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10563361\",\n \"text\": \"Seaview Wildlife Encounter Seaview Wildlife Encounter, (formerly Flamingo Park), was a wildlife park featuring non-native species of birds and mammals, it closed in November 2015. The visitor attraction was located in the town of Seaview, on the northeast coast of the Isle of Wight. The Isle of Wight is a small British island 3 to 5 mi (5 to 8 km) off the coast of South East England. Animals at the reserve included meerkats, wallabys, flamingos, pelicans, ducks, swans, alpacas, otters, penguins, and parakeets. Visitors could feed the ducks and stroke the wallabies. The site also included a gift shop\",\n \"title\": \"Seaview Wildlife Encounter\"\n }\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"which is bigger isle of wight or isle of man"}}},{"rowIdx":8387,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Orrin Hatch"],"string":"[\n \"Orrin Hatch\"\n]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"6683586","text":"Trump, the winner of the 2016 presidential election, is serving as the 45th President of the United States. Leadership in the Senate includes Republican Vice President Mike Pence, Republican President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch, Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, and Minority Leader Chuck Schumer. Leadership in the House includes Speaker of the House Paul Ryan, Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy, and Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi. In the 115th United States Congress, both the House of Representatives and the Senate are controlled by the Republican Party. The Senate consists of 51 Republicans, and 47 Democrats with 2 Independents who caucus with the Democrats;","title":"United States"},{"id":"1772315","text":"U.S. federal government was established in 1789. The vice president with the most tie breaking votes is John Adams (served 1789–1797) with 29. The current Vice President Mike Pence, in office since January 2017, has cast seven tie-breaking votes. In state governments of the United States, the presiding officer of the state senate (the upper house) is a matter decided by the state's constitution. Some states designate the lieutenant governor as president of the senate, while in other states, the Senate elects its own president. The Tennessee Senate elects a senator Speaker of the Senate, who is given the title","title":"President of the Senate"},{"id":"573360","text":"of the Senate, if there is no floor leader present, the whip may become acting floor leader. Before 1969, the official titles were Majority Whip and Minority Whip. The Senate is currently composed of 51 Republicans, 47 Democrats, and 2 independents, both of whom caucus with the Democrats. The current leaders are Senators Mitch McConnell (R) from Kentucky and Chuck Schumer (D) from New York. The current Assistant Leaders/Whips are Senators John Cornyn (R) from Texas and Dick Durbin (D) from Illinois. Democrats began the practice of electing floor leaders in 1920 while they were in the minority. John W.","title":"Party leaders of the United States Senate"},{"id":"6827836","text":"Senate. The Senate President is third in the Nigerian presidential line of succession. He is assisted by the Deputy President of the Senate. The current Senate President is Sen. Bukola Saraki and the current Deputy Senate President is Ike Ekweremadu both of the People's Democratic Party. The Senate President and his Deputy are also assisted by principal officers including the Majority Leader, Deputy Majority Leader, Minority Leader, Deputy Minority Leader, Chief Whip, Deputy Chief Whip, Minority Whip, and Deputy Minority Whip. In addition, there are 63 Standing Committees in the Senate chaired by Committee Chairmen. The lower house is the","title":"Senate of Nigeria"},{"id":"9077750","text":"if it \"hurts the nation.\" When the Senate underwent a reorganization on February 27, 2017, Recto, after getting 17 votes, was declared Senate President Pro Tempore, replacing Drilon. For the 17th Congress, he authored the following laws: Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education, Comprehensive National Feeding Program, Free Irrigation Service, Ease of Doing Business, Free Internet Access in Public Places, Extending the Validity of Philippine Passport and Driver's License, National ID System, and Designating Casinos as Covered Persons under the AMLA. Laws authored/sponsored by Ralph G. Recto: • RA 10969 - Free Irrigation Service Act (February 2, 2018) • RA","title":"Ralph Recto"},{"id":"1451453","text":"of the Senate Judiciary Committee from 1993 to 2005. He previously chaired the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions from 1981 to 1987. As of 2018, Hatch serves as Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee. On January 6, 2015, after the 114th United States Congress was sworn in, Hatch became President pro tempore of the Senate. On January 2, 2018, Hatch announced that he would retire from the Senate and that he would not seek re-election in November. Orrin Grant Hatch was born and raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He is the son of Jesse Hatch (1904–1992), a metal","title":"Orrin Hatch"},{"id":"2793495","text":"Taylor, a Republican from Friendswood, and Donna Campbell, a Republican from New Braunfels. For this term of the Legislature the President of the Senate is Texas Lieutenant Governor Dan Patrick. The President Pro Tempore is Republican Kel Seliger of District 31 (Amarillo). Senator John Whitmire, a Democrat from Houston, is the Dean of the Senate, meaning he is the most senior member, having served since 1987. Senator Chris Harris, a Republican from Arlington, is the most senior member of his party, and the fourth most-senior overall member. New senators elected in 2014 are Bob Hall, Paul Bettencourt, Van Taylor, Don","title":"Texas Senate"},{"id":"8528689","text":"was sworn in as the 47th Senate President of Kansas. Wagle was reelected as senate president in 2016, defeating Sen. Ty Masterson by a vote of 23–7. She is one of four senate presidents in Kansas' history to serve a second term. A cancer survivor, Wagle is the first female president of the Kansas Senate and the first senate president from Wichita. 2001-2004 Chair of Public Health & Welfare 2005-2008 Chair of Healthcare Strategies 2010 Chair of Business & Labor Vice Chair of Local Government 2011 Chair of Commerce Vice Chair of Joint Committee on Economic Development 2013-2016 Vice Chair","title":"Susan Wagle"},{"id":"7438605","text":"— the constitution requires a 2/3 super-majority (i.e., 8 votes) for a constitutional amendment, requiring the support of both the government and opposition appointees. The presiding officer of the Senate is the President of the Senate. Carol Bassett, who has been a Senator since 2003, was elected President in 2008, the first woman elected to the office. She resigned the office in August 2017. The members of the Senate appointed in August 2017 were: The three Independents were: Government/PLP nominees: Opposition/OBA nominees were: Bermuda's Parliament was created in 1620, and originally had one house, the House of Assembly. Political parties","title":"Senate of Bermuda"},{"id":"15952452","text":"President Pro Tempore — the Senate's second-highest ranking position. Following his landslide 2016 re-election, Obhof's colleagues selected him to serve as Senate President, the presiding officer of the 33-member chamber. He is the youngest person to lead the Senate since the position of Senate President was created in 1979, and is the first Senate leader from Medina County since the 1860s. As the presiding officer of the 33-member Senate, Obhof is responsible for leading the Senate's Majority Caucus as it sets its policy agenda. He is also responsible for the formal organization of the chamber, including recognizing members in debate,","title":"Larry Obhof"},{"id":"7113518","text":"unanimously elected to a second term as President of the Senate, marking the first time a woman won re-election to head that legislative body. She previously served as President of the Senate from 2002 to 2007, and succeeded Lynn Holowesko, who served as President of the Senate from 2007 to 2012. K. Forbes Smith was elected the new President of the Senate on May 24, 2017. Parliament is empowered by Article 52(1) of the Constitution to make laws for the peace, order and good government of The Bahamas. The Constitution also empowers Parliament to: Parliament also maintains oversight of the","title":"Parliament of the Bahamas"},{"id":"13947679","text":"\"senior senator\" is Bill Cassidy of Louisiana, who was sworn in January 3, 2015, and is currently 79th in seniority, ahead of senator John Neely Kennedy who was sworn in January 3, 2017, and is currently 95th in seniority. With the 116th Congress, Kyrsten Sinema of Arizona, who will be sworn in on January 3, 2019, will become the most-junior \"senior senator\", ahead of Martha McSally, who was appointed to replace retiring Jon Kyl . McSally will be sworn in after Sinema on January 3, 2019 . The Senate may expel a senator by a two-thirds vote. Fifteen senators have","title":"United States Senate"},{"id":"600728","text":"of another. This tradition has been observed without interruption since 1949. Since enactment of the current Presidential Succession Act in 1947, the president pro tempore is third in the line of succession to the presidency, after the vice president and the Speaker of the House of Representatives and ahead of the Secretary of State. The current President pro tempore of the Senate is Utah Republican Orrin Hatch. Elected on January 6, 2015, he is the 90th person to serve in this office. On January 2, 2018, Hatch announced that he will retire from the Senate at the end of his","title":"President pro tempore of the United States Senate"},{"id":"1772310","text":"Executive Board also serves as the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate for the 2015–16 period of sessions is Roberto Gil Zuarth, a National Action Party (PAN) senator for Chiapas. The President of the Senate is the presiding officer of the Senate of Nigeria, elected by its membership. The President of the Senate is Dr. Bukola Saraki, who represents Kwara State for the APC. Peru had a bicameral Congress from 1829 until 1992. The President of the Senate was elected by the Senate members to preside over the sessions for one year. The first session of the","title":"President of the Senate"},{"id":"1772308","text":"is deemed the winner. In addition to overseeing the business of the chamber, chairing and regulating debates, deciding whether motions and bills are admissible, representing the Senate, etc., the President of the Senate stands in for the President of the Republic when s/he is unable to perform his/her duties. The current President of the Senate is Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati. For a historical listing, see: List of Presidents of the Senate of Italy. While the Vice President of Liberia serves as President of the Senate, the senators also elect from among their number a President pro tempore to lead the","title":"President of the Senate"},{"id":"17127042","text":"Cruz's opponents. U.S. Representative Beto O'Rourke won the Democratic nomination on March 6, 2018. Other Democrats who ran include Irasema Ramirez Hernandez and Edward Kimbrough. Nurse Carl Bible ran as an independent. Bob McNeil ran as the candidate of the American Citizen Party. O'Rouke ran a strong campaign, creating a close race in a traditionally Republican stronghold. Nevertheless, Cruz was narrowly re-elected to a second term. Seven-term Republican Orrin Hatch was re-elected with 65% of the vote in 2012. Hatch is the President pro tempore of the United States Senate, as well as the second most-senior Senator. Before the 2012","title":"2018 United States Senate elections"},{"id":"8553893","text":"would have served as the acting governor except for the one month of July, 2007. Following the 2008 elections, the Republicans won control of the Senate for the first time in state history, with 26 Republicans and 22 Democrats. They selected Glenn Coffee to serve as the first full President \"pro tempore\" who served from 2009-2011 when he was term-limited out and was selected to serve as Secretary of State in Governor Mary Fallin's administration. Brian Bingman served as President \"pro tempore\" from 2011 to 2017, and was succeeded by the current President Pro Tempore, Mike Schulz in 2017. The","title":"President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate"},{"id":"17641297","text":"down from his leadership post because he had been arrested on domestic violence charges. Soucy was re-elected to her Senate seat in November, but Woodburn was not. The Democrats won the majority of Senate seats state-wide. The 14 Democratic Senators-Elect chose Soucy as their leader at a caucus shortly after the 2018 mid-term election, and she is expected to be elected Senate President when the 2019 legislative session begins on December 5, 2018. Donna Soucy Donna M. Soucy (born September 7, 1967) is a Democratic member of the New Hampshire Senate, first elected in 2012. She is currently the minority","title":"Donna Soucy"},{"id":"7583211","text":"and minority leaders, which are elected by their respective party caucuses. Lieutenant Governor Cyrus Habib is constitutionally the President of the Senate. The current President Pro Tempore is Karen Keiser. The Majority leader is Democrat Sharon Nelson, who assumed office following a special election that gave Democrats a majority. The Minority Leader is Republican Mark Schoesler. Washington State Senate The Washington State Senate is the upper house of the Washington State Legislature. The body consists of 49 members, each representing a district with a population of nearly 140,000. The State Senate meets at the Legislative Building in Olympia. As with","title":"Washington State Senate"},{"id":"16538479","text":"degree at the University of Georgia, and a master's degree in Education at Georgia Southern University. Williams was first elected to the State Senate in 1998, after winning a three-way primary. Beginning in 2006, he had had no opposition until his retirement in 2017. In 2005, Williams was chosen as Senate Majority Leader. He served in that role until 2009, when he was voted President Pro Tempore, the second highest position in the Senate, behind Lieutenant Governor. He is also Chairman of the Administrative Affairs Committee from 2009-2013. In August 2011, Senator Williams was asked by members of the press","title":"Tommie Williams"},{"id":"15242000","text":"Ivey, State Senate President Pro Tempore Del Marsh, Secretary of State John Merrill, U.S. Appeals Court Judge William H. Pryor, Jr., former Governor Bob Riley, and Attorney General Luther Strange. Shelby announced in January 2015 that he would run for re-election. Two-term Senator Lisa Murkowski (Republican) was appointed in 2002 and elected to a full term in 2004. She was defeated in the Republican primary in 2010 by Joe Miller. She later ran as a write-in candidate in the 2010 general election and was re-elected to a second full term with 40% of the vote, making her one of two","title":"2016 United States Senate elections"},{"id":"18389927","text":"to become Chief Financial Officer of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration on December 1, 2017. His nomination was returned unconfirmed to the President by the U.S. Senate on January 3, 2018, under Standing Rules of the United States Senate, Rule XXXI, paragraph 6. The nomination was resubmitted to the Senate on January 8, 2018. He was confirmed by voice vote on March 14, 2018. He took office on April 3, 2018. DeWit is 43 years old, currently residing in Peoria, Arizona with his wife, Marina and his three daughters. As a part of his election campaign, his family appeared","title":"Jeff DeWit"},{"id":"18426489","text":"took office after winning a 2010 special election, which occurred after long-time Senator Joe Biden resigned his seat to become Vice President of the United States. One-term incumbent Republican David Perdue was elected to a first term in 2014. He will be 70 on Election Day 2020. Columbus Mayor Teresa Tomlinson is considering running for the Democratic nomination. Other potential Democratic candidates include 2018 gubernatorial nominee Stacey Abrams, State Representative Scott Holcomb, State Senator Jen Jordan, former Atlanta Mayor Kasim Reed and former Points of Light CEO and 2014 nominee Michelle Nunn. Two-term incumbent Republican Jim Risch was re-elected in","title":"2020 United States Senate elections"},{"id":"10746977","text":"includes strict campaign finance reporting. On January 8, 2017, Torres resigned his post as Electoral Comptroller and was elected and sworn in the next day once again as Secretary of the Senate upon the election of Rivera Schatz to a second term as President of the Senate, becoming the only Senate President to serve two non-consecutive terms in that leadership post. Manuel A. Torres Manuel A. Torres-Nieves, Puerto Rico's Secretary of the Senate of Puerto Rico first served during the tumultuous years of 2005-2008 in which the Senate was controlled by the pro-statehood New Progressive Party (NPP) while the governorship","title":"Manuel A. Torres"},{"id":"5693908","text":"won 3 seats, while the remaining seat went the National Council for the Defense of Democracy (CNDD), a breakaway faction of the CNDD-FDD. Four former heads of state - Jean-Baptiste Bagaza (PARENA), Pierre Buyoya (UPRONA), Sylvestre Ntibantunganya (FRODEBU), and the current transitional president Domitien Ndayizeye (FRODEBU) will occupy seats in the Senate along with three Twa members. In order to meet the 30% quota for women, eight seats were co-opted giving the chamber of total of 49 seats. On 19 August 2005, the Senate and National Assembly (acting as an Electoral College) elected Pierre Nkurunziza president of the republic. He","title":"Senate (Burundi)"},{"id":"18514258","text":"Sands Beach and Tennis Club in East Haven, Connecticut. Fasano was elected in 2002, 50% to 48%. He was Minority Whip from 2003-2004, Assistant Minority Leader from 2005-2006, Deputy Minority Leader from 2007 to 2008, Minority Leader Pro Tem from 2009-2014, Minority Leader since 2014, and Senate Republican President Pro Tempore since 2017. Fasano was unopposed for reelection in 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010. In 2012, he defeated former state representative Steve Fontana, 58% to 42%. He was unopposed for reelection in 2014 and 2016. Health Care Issues Alongside Senate President Pro Tempore Martin Looney, Len Fasano co-created and co-chaired","title":"Len Fasano"},{"id":"11673992","text":"Vice Chair of the National Agriculture Committee of State Legislators. Hyde-Smith was elected in 2011 and took office on January 5, 2012. Hyde-Smith was elected to a second term as commissioner as 2015, defeating Democratic nominee Addie Lee Green. On March 21, 2018, Governor Phil Bryant announced Hyde-Smith as his choice to fill the United States Senate seat held by Thad Cochran, who indicated he would be resigning the seat at a later date due to ongoing health issues. Cochran resigned on April 1, and Bryant formally appointed Hyde-Smith on April 2. Hyde-Smith became the first woman to represent Mississippi","title":"Cindy Hyde-Smith"},{"id":"20027911","text":"legislative session began, Hall-Long was sworn in as lieutenant governor and resigned her seat the same day. She retained her role in the senate, however, since as with many lieutenant governors and the U.S. Vice President she is also the body's president. While it is a mostly ceremonial post, with the president pro tempore exercising the practical powers and authority of the job, one of those responsibilities that falls to the lieutenant governor is setting the date for special elections to vacated seats. A week after taking her new office, Hall-Long finally announced that the special election for her former","title":"2017 Delaware's 10th state senate district special election"},{"id":"7075114","text":"the Senate's 114th Congress ended and the 115th Congress began on January 3, 2017. Eleven days after the 2017 Inauguration, on January 31, 2017, President Donald Trump appointed Neil Gorsuch to replace Scalia. Democrats in the Senate filibustered the Gorsuch nomination, which led to the Republicans exercising the \"nuclear option\". After that, Gorsuch was confirmed in April 2017. Justice Kennedy retired on July 31, 2018. On July 9, 2018, Trump nominated Brett Kavanaugh to replace Kennedy, and he was confirmed on October 6, 2018. In its first ten years, the Roberts court has issued major rulings on gun control, affirmative","title":"Roberts Court"},{"id":"600743","text":"tempore and Byrd the second president pro tempore emeritus. Byrd returned as president pro tempore, and Stevens became the third president pro tempore emeritus, when the Democrats gained control of the Senate in 2007. While a president pro tempore emeritus has no official duties, he is entitled to an increase in staff and advises party leaders on the functions of the Senate. The office's accompanying budget increase was removed toward the end of the 113th Congress, shortly before Patrick Leahy was to become the first holder of the title in six years. Quoted in \"CQ Roll Call\", Leahy commented, \"[The","title":"President pro tempore of the United States Senate"},{"id":"17159468","text":"Sergio Mattarella on 3 February 2015. Grasso left the Democratic Party on 26 October 2017, the same day the new electoral law (colloquially known by the nickname \"Rosatellum bis\") was approved definitively by the Senate. On 3 December 2017, Grasso was appointed leader of Free and Equal (LeU), a left-wing political alliance of parties, formed by the Democratic and Progressive Movement, Italian Left and Possible. Pietro Grasso Pietro Grasso (; born 1 January 1945), also known as Piero Grasso, is an Italian anti-mafia magistrate and politician who served as President of the Senate from 2013 to 2018. Grasso became the","title":"Pietro Grasso"},{"id":"600729","text":"current term, January 3, 2019. Iowa Republican Chuck Grassley is likely to succeed Orrin Hatch as the President pro tempore, when the 116th United States Congress convenes, assuming the Senate continues with the tradition of electing the longest-serving member of the majority party. Although the position is in some ways analogous to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the powers of the president pro tempore are far more limited. In the Senate, most power rests with party leaders and individual senators, but as the chamber's presiding officer, the president pro tempore is authorized to perform certain duties in the","title":"President pro tempore of the United States Senate"},{"id":"3882885","text":"a \"Minority Whip\". Floor leaders act as the party chief spokespeople. The current leaders are Majority Leader Carmelo Ríos, Majority Whip Ángel Chayanne Martínez; Minority Leader Eduardo Bathia, Minority Whip José Luis Dalmau; Minority Leader Juan Dalmau; and Minority Leader Vargas Vidot (independent candidate). The Senate is served by two elected officials who are not members. The Senate's chief legislative officer is the Secretary of the Senate, who maintains public records, disburses salaries, monitors the acquisition of stationery and supplies, and oversees clerks. The other official is the Sergeant-at-Arms who, as the Senate's chief law enforcement officer, maintains order and","title":"Senate of Puerto Rico"},{"id":"18900990","text":"establishment of the Lifestream Charity in 1993 and is an advocate of the UN’s Every Woman Every Child campaign. She is on the board of the Global Foundation for the Elimination of Domestic Violence and the board of the Africa Justice Foundation. Saraki is also in the Save the Children Nigeria and was the inaugural Global Goodwill Ambassador to the International Confederation of Midwives in 2014. She is married to former governor of Kwara State and current President of the Senate of Nigeria, Senator Bukola Saraki, and has four children. Toyin Saraki Toyin Ojora-Saraki (born 6 September 1964) is a","title":"Toyin Saraki"},{"id":"11339390","text":"Scott Ryan (Australian politician) Scott Michael Ryan (born 12 May 1973) is an Australian politician who has been a Senator for Victoria since 2008, representing the Liberal Party. He has been the President of the Senate since 2017, having previously been a minister in the Turnbull Government from 2016 to 2017. Ryan was born on 12 May 1973 in Brisbane, Queensland, and grew up in , Victoria. He was educated at St Kevin's College, Melbourne and graduated from the University of Melbourne, with a Bachelor of Arts. While at university, he served as President of the Melbourne University Liberal Club","title":"Scott Ryan (Australian politician)"},{"id":"600742","text":"Byrd (D-West Virginia) (2003–2007), Ted Stevens (R-Alaska) (2007–2009) and Patrick Leahy (D-Vermont) (2015–present). From 2009 to 2015, no senator met the requirements for the position. The position was created for Thurmond when the Democratic Party regained a majority in the Senate in June 2001. With the change in party control, Democrat Robert Byrd of West Virginia replaced Thurmond as president pro tempore, reclaiming a position he had previously held from 1989 to 1995 and briefly in January 2001. Thurmond's retirement from the Senate on January 3, 2003, coincided with a change from Democratic to Republican control, making Stevens president pro","title":"President pro tempore of the United States Senate"},{"id":"1772302","text":"president (only below the Vice President and the President of the Chamber of Deputies). It is also the president of the National Congress, which includes the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. The President of the Senate of Burundi, since 17 August 2005, is Molly Beamer of the CNDD-FDD. The president is assisted in his work by two vice-presidents. The Senate of Cambodia is led by a 12-person permanent commission \"(bureau)\", which is in turn chaired by the President of the Senate, currently Say Chhum. He is assisted by a First and a Second Vice-President. The President and Vice-Presidents are","title":"President of the Senate"},{"id":"17159458","text":"Pietro Grasso Pietro Grasso (; born 1 January 1945), also known as Piero Grasso, is an Italian anti-mafia magistrate and politician who served as President of the Senate from 2013 to 2018. Grasso became the Acting President of Italy on 14 January 2015, upon the resignation of Giorgio Napolitano. He was President until the swearing in of Sergio Mattarella on 3 February. On 3 December 2017, Grasso was elected Leader of Free and Equal (\"Liberi e Uguali\", LeU), a new left-wing coalition composed by Democratic and Progressive Movement, Italian Left and Possible. In 1984 he was appointed associate judge in","title":"Pietro Grasso"},{"id":"12724030","text":"Governor Bill Graves, as well as former Lt. Governor and U.S. Senator Sheila Frahm, Lt. Gov. Gary Sherrer, Insurance Commissioner Sandy Praeger, Senate President Dick Bond, Senate President Dave Kerr, Senate Vice President John Vratil, Senate Majority Leaders Tim Emert and Lana Oleen, Senators Barbara Allen, David Wysong, Wint Winter, Jr., Pete Brungardt, Ruth Teichman, Barbara Bollier, Audrey Langworthy, Terrie Huntington, Bob VanCrum and Alicia Salisbury, as well as Representatives JoAnn Pottorff, Ginger Barr, Jim Yonally, Jim Lowther, Fred Lorentz and Representative and GOP Chairperson Rochelle Chronister, GOP National Delegate Don Johnston, and current Representatives Joy Koesten and Charles Roth.","title":"Laura Kelly"},{"id":"4190487","text":"Senate on August 3, 2017. He was sworn in by Vice President Mike Pence on August 21, 2017, in the Oval Office. Johnson presented his credentials to Queen Elizabeth II on November 8, 2017, formally becoming Ambassador. In 1977, Johnson married former fashion model Nancy Sale Johnson. They had three children: Casey, Jaime, and Daisy, before divorcing in 2001. In early 2010, daughter Casey Johnson died of diabetic ketoacidosis. In 2009, Johnson married Suzanne Ircha Johnson, a former actress and equities managing director at Sandler O'Neill & Partners. They have two children: Robert Wood Johnson V and Jack Wood Johnson.","title":"Woody Johnson"},{"id":"13713490","text":"Mary Kramer Mary E. Kramer (born June 14, 1935) is a former Republican Iowa State Senator who served from 1990 to 2003. She was elected President of the Senate in 1997, becoming the first independently elected woman to fill the post. In 2003 Kramer was nominated by President George W. Bush to serve as U.S. Ambassador to Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean; she was confirmed by the United States Senate and served from 2004 to 2006. Mary Kramer was born in Burlington, Iowa and grew up in Iowa City. She holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of","title":"Mary Kramer"},{"id":"1772317","text":"tenure, questions were raised about the propriety of such a system, particularly with regard to separation of powers–related issues. A constitutional amendment was enacted in 2005 to create the office of lieutenant governor effective at the 2009 election. The Vice President of Uruguay presides over the country's 30-member Senate. President of the Senate The President of the Senate is a title often given to the presiding officer of a senate, and is the speaker of other assemblies. The senate president often ranks high in a jurisdiction's succession for its top executive office: for example, the President of the Senate of","title":"President of the Senate"},{"id":"2667896","text":"397). In \"Reynolds v. Sims\", the United States Supreme Court compelled all states to draw up districts with equal population. As such, boundaries were changed to comply with the ruling. The Lieutenant Governor is the \"ex officio\" President of the Senate and may break a tied vote. The President pro tempore is elected by the majority party caucus, followed by confirmation of the full senate. Other leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses according to each party's strength in the chamber. The current president pro tem is Democrat Toni Atkins (39th–San Diego).","title":"California State Senate"},{"id":"11645614","text":"his nomination to the seat expiring in 2032, but instead returned his nomination to the President at the end of the first session of the 115th Congress, per Senate rule XXXI, Section 6. He continued to serve on the Board as an acting member pending his renomination January 8, 2018, and ultimate confirmation July 17, 2018, by a vote of 66-33. Quarles's wife, Hope, is related to Marriner Stoddard Eccles – her grandfather was Marriner's brother. Quarles is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. In November 2017, an investigation conducted by the International Consortium of","title":"Randal Quarles"},{"id":"11339393","text":"Education and Skills following a rearrangement in the First Turnbull Ministry, between February and July 2016. Ryan was appointed the Special Minister for State in the first arrangement of the Second Turnbull ministry and gained additional responsibilities as the Minister Assisting the Prime Minister for Cabinet in a subsequent rearrangement. On 13 November 2017, Ryan was elected President of the Senate, winning by 53 votes to 11 for Senator Peter Whish-Wilson of the Greens. He resigned his ministerial posts in order to take up the position. His predecessor Stephen Parry resigned from the Senate during the parliamentary eligibility crisis, after","title":"Scott Ryan (Australian politician)"},{"id":"4769156","text":"the NPP's senators-elect chose Rivera Schatz to succeed McClintock as of January 12, 2009, as the Fourteenth President of the Senate in its 91-year history. McClintock was appointed by Governor-Elect Luis Fortuño, to serve as chairman of the Incoming Committee on Government Transition. During the first twelve days of the new year, outgoing Senate Secretary Manuel A. Torres served as Acting President of the legislative body. On November 11, 2008, Governor-Elect Luis Fortuño appointed McClintock as Secretary of State of Puerto Rico. Due to the fact that the appointment entailed serving the role of lieutenant governor, McClintock required confirmation by","title":"Kenneth McClintock"},{"id":"4061794","text":"in a general election. In 2017 Tammy Duckworth became the first female double amputee in the Senate and Catherine Cortez Masto joined the Senate as its first Latina. Jeanne Shaheen of New Hampshire and Maggie Hassan of New Hampshire hold the distinction of being the first and second women elected both Governor and U.S. Senator of a state; both served as Governor of New Hampshire and served together in the Senate starting in 2017. Tammy Duckworth became the first woman to give birth while holding a senate seat in the United States in 2018. Duckworth gave birth to Maile Pearl","title":"Women in the United States Senate"},{"id":"2300089","text":"Patrick Leahy Patrick Joseph Leahy (; born March 31, 1940) is an American politician serving as the senior United States Senator from Vermont, a seat to which he was first elected in 1974. A member of the Democratic Party, Leahy held the position of President pro tempore of the United States Senate from December 17, 2012, to January 6, 2015, and was thus during that time third in the presidential line of succession. Now in his eighth six-year term of office, he is currently (since the December 2012 death of Daniel Inouye) the most senior member of the Senate, and","title":"Patrick Leahy"},{"id":"4969641","text":"Nia Gill Nia H. Gill (born March 15, 1948) is an American Democratic Party politician, who has been serving in the New Jersey State Senate since 2002, where she represents the 34th Legislative District. She ran unsuccessfully as a candidate in the June 2012 primary election to fill the seat in Congress left vacant by the death of Donald M. Payne, the former U.S. Representative for . Gill was the State Senate President pro Tempore from 2010 to 2018, succeeded by M. Teresa Ruiz. Gill received a B.A. in History/Political History from Upsala College and was awarded a J.D. from","title":"Nia Gill"},{"id":"7021472","text":"political mentor, as Senate President. Enrile resigned due to allegations of misusing the Senate funds. Then assistant majority leader Senator Gregorio Honasan became the acting Majority Leader following Sotto's resignation. On the commencement of the session of the 16th Congress, on 22 July 2013, Sotto became part of the new Senate minority group. He was chosen by his colleagues in the minority to be the Deputy Floor Leader, second-in-command to Enrile who became the Minority Leader. On July 2014, following Enrile's arrest on charges of plunder relating to the pork barrel scam, Sotto became the acting Minority Floor Leader. Enrile","title":"Tito Sotto"},{"id":"11843765","text":"The president is typically elected during the Senate's inaugural session. When absent, the president is substituted by the President pro tempore. Its counterpart in the House is the Speaker. The current president is Thomas Rivera Schatz, senator at-large from the New Progressive Party. The president traces its history back to more than years ago when the Jones–Shafroth Act formally established the post on March 2, 1917. Said act was eventually superseded by another law, and the post was eventually established by the Constitution of Puerto Rico, specifically Article III, which establishes that, \"The Senate shall elect a President [...] from","title":"President of the Senate of Puerto Rico"},{"id":"13947672","text":"that mid-term vacancies in the Senate be filled by special election, but permits state legislatures to empower their governors to make temporary appointments until the required special election takes place; temporary appointees are permitted to run in the special election in their own right. The manner by which the Seventeenth Amendment is enacted varies among the states. A 2018 report breaks this down into the following three broad categories (specific procedures vary among the states): In six states within the final category above - Arizona, Hawaii, Maryland, North Carolina, Utah, and Wyoming - the governor must appoint someone of the","title":"United States Senate"},{"id":"2323897","text":"Orrin Hatch leaves office on January 3, 2019, Grassley will be the most senior Republican in the Senate. On November 14, 2018, Grassley was nominated by the Republicans to be President pro tempore of the United States Senate for the 116th United States Congress. Grassley was born in New Hartford, Iowa, the son of Ruth (née Corwin) and Louis Arthur Grassley, and raised on a farm. He graduated from the town high school. At Iowa State Teachers College (now the University of Northern Iowa), he earned a B.A. in 1955 and an M.A. in Political Science in 1956. During his","title":"Chuck Grassley"},{"id":"428897","text":"to reform or repeal the amendment. Under President Barack Obama's administration in 2009, four sitting Democratic senators left the Senate for executive branch positions: Barack Obama (President), Joe Biden (Vice President), Hillary Clinton (Secretary of State), and Ken Salazar (Secretary of the Interior). Controversies developed about the successor appointments made by Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich and New York Governor David Paterson. New interest was aroused in abolishing the provision for the Senate appointment by the governor. Accordingly, Senator Russ Feingold of Wisconsin and Representative David Dreier of California proposed an amendment to remove this power; Senators John McCain and Dick","title":"Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"3882884","text":"pro tempore in his absence. Its counterpart in the House is the Speaker. The current President is Thomas Rivera Schatz, senator at-large from the New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico. The President pro tempore is the second highest-ranking officer of the Senate and substitutes the President of the House in his absence. Its counterpart in the House is the Speaker pro tempore. The current President pro tempore is José Luis Dalmau, senator for District VII Humacao from the Popular Democratic Party. Each party elects floor leaders denominated \"Majority leader\" or \"Minority leader\", accordingly, as well as a \"Majority Whip\" or","title":"Senate of Puerto Rico"},{"id":"11954910","text":"Jeff Kessler Jeffrey Vincent \"Jeff\" Kessler (born November 16, 1955) is a former Democratic member of the West Virginia Senate in the United States, representing the 2nd district from 1997 to 2017. He is the former Minority Leader of the Senate. Kessler previously served as President of the Senate/Lieutenant Governor, Acting President of the Senate and Chairman of the Judiciary Committee. Kessler is also involved in private practice, where he is a partner in the law firm Berry, Kessler, Crutchfield, Taylor & Gordon. Kessler was born November 16, 1955 in Wheeling, West Virginia. He is the son of George Henry","title":"Jeff Kessler"},{"id":"1772316","text":"of Lieutenant Governor. Similarly, New Hampshire has no lieutenant governor, but the state senate elects a president who is the \"de facto\" lieutenant governor, given that in the event of the governor's death, resignation, or inability to serve, the president of the senate acts as governor until the vacancy is filled. New Jersey previously used the same system, but with the important proviso that the Senate president continued to serve in that position while also serving as acting governor. After Christine Todd Whitman resigned as governor, Donald DiFrancesco spent nearly a year as acting governor. As a result of his","title":"President of the Senate"},{"id":"18426493","text":"2018, and she won a special election later in 2018 to serve the remainder of Franken's term. Seven-term incumbent Republican Thad Cochran resigned April 1, 2018. Governor Phil Bryant appointed Republican Cindy Hyde-Smith to hold office until January 3, 2019. A November 2018 special election determined Cochran's elected successor. No candidate garnered a majority of votes in the November 6, 2018 election; the top two candidates, Cindy Hyde-Smith and Democrat Mike Espy continued to a runoff on November 27, 2018. Cindy Hyde-Smith defeated Mike Espy and will serve the remainder of Cochran's term, which ends in January 2021. One-term incumbent","title":"2020 United States Senate elections"},{"id":"5237461","text":"would be the same person. The Pennsylvania Senate has been meeting since 1791. The President of the Senate is the Lieutenant Governor, who has no vote except in the event of an otherwise tie vote. Following the 2016 elections, the Senate consisted of 34 Republicans and 16 Democrats. Following the June 4, 2018, resignation of one Republican member, the Senate consisted of 33 Republicans and 16 Democrats with one vacant seat. President of the Senate: Mike Stack (D) President Pro Tem of the Senate: Joe Scarnati (R) The Senate is made up of 50 members who are elected by district.","title":"Pennsylvania State Senate"},{"id":"20465999","text":"Senate. On April 4, 2018, Gopal was named Senate Majority Conference Leader and Chairman of the Bipartisan Legislative Manufacturing Caucus. Gopal took both positions from Senator Robert M. Gordon, who resigned to accept a position with the BPU. Gopal's family is from Southern India. His parents came to the United States in the early 1970s and settled in New Jersey. Gopal was born in Neptune Township and grew up in Freehold Township. Gopal holds a Bachelor's Degree from Pennsylvania State University and is the founder and president of Direct Development, LLC and owner of the Monmouth County-based \"Community Magazine.\" He","title":"Vin Gopal"},{"id":"782572","text":"places, with 44% \"strongly\" supporting a ban. In August 2017 the party's constitution was changed, for Hanson to become party President for as long as she may wish and to choose her successor, who may also continue until resignation. On 22 March 2018 Hanson announced that One Nation would back the Turnbull Government's corporate tax cuts. She subsequently reversed her position, citing the failure of the government to cut immigration levels and support coal-fired power. On 15 October 2018, Hanson moved that the Senate to acknowledge anti-white racism and \"It's OK to be white\". The motion got 28 votes in","title":"Pauline Hanson"},{"id":"17634025","text":"Bragdon, in 2013. Morse currently serves on the Finance Committee. Morse was re-elected to his Senate seat in 2018, but the Republicans were in the minority by a margin of 14-10 in 2019-2020. The 10 newly-elected Republican members of the State Senate chose Morse as their caucus leader shortly after the election. His successor as President was Democratic State Senator Donna Soucy. Chuck Morse Chuck Morse (born October 11, 1960) is the former president of the New Hampshire Senate. He served as Acting Governor of New Hampshire from January 3, 2017, upon Maggie Hassan's resignation as governor, until January 5,","title":"Chuck Morse"},{"id":"13947653","text":"1913, Senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented; following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, they are now popularly elected. The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol, in Washington, D.C. As the upper house, the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it; these include the approval of treaties and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries, Supreme Court justices, federal judges, other federal executive officials, flag officers, regulatory officials, ambassadors, and other federal uniformed officers. In addition to these, in cases wherein no candidate receives a","title":"United States Senate"},{"id":"1772298","text":"the Vice-President of the Republic, currently Gabriela Michetti. This was a recent expansion of the Vice-President's powers introduced as part of the 1994 constitutional amendments (Constitution, Art. 57). The Vice-President may only cast a vote to break a tied Senate vote. The President of the Australian Senate is a senator, traditionally a member of the governing party or coalition, elected by the Senate at the beginning of each parliament as the first item of business. They are assisted by a Deputy President who is traditionally a member of the largest opposition party. The current president is Scott Ryan, a Liberal","title":"President of the Senate"},{"id":"20114187","text":"of philosophy, saying that there are no absolute values in law. Piña was appointed as a justice after her appearance on the Senate on November 24, 2015, after the two previous failed attempts, after being part of the judiciary for 27 years. On September 28, 2016 Piña was chosen by her colleagues as the president of the Primera Sala (First Hall) after the justices voted unanimously. She substituted the justice Alfredo Gutiérrez Ortiz Mena, who was in charge to review the criminal and civil jurisprudence cases. She is president from October 1, 2016 to September 30, 2018. Norma Lucía Piña","title":"Norma Lucía Piña Hernández"},{"id":"17127041","text":"but on September 26, 2017, Senator Corker announced his intent to retire. Aaron Pettigrew and Republican U.S. Representative Marsha Blackburn ran for the Republican nomination. Marsha Blackburn became the Republican nominee. Former Tennessee Governor Phil Bredesen became the Democratic nominee. Despite predictions that race would be close, Blackburn was easily elected to the Senate. One-term Republican Ted Cruz was elected with 57% of the vote in 2012. He overwhelmingly won the Republican primary on March 6, 2018. Television producer Bruce Jacobson, Houston energy attorney Stefano de Stefano, former mayor of La Marque Geraldine Sam, Mary Miller, and Thomas Dillingham were","title":"2018 United States Senate elections"},{"id":"3882886","text":"security on the Senate floor and other premises. These officers are elected by the Senate, usually during its inaugural session, immediately after the election of the body's president. The current Secretary is Manuel A. Torres-Nieves while the current Sergeant-at-Arms is Joel Fontánez. The current session is the 26th Senate of Puerto Rico, the upper house of the 18th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico, which will meet from January 2, 2017, to January 1, 2021. All members were elected in the general elections of 2016 with a simple majority coming from the New Progressive Party. The other major party, the Popular","title":"Senate of Puerto Rico"},{"id":"6893583","text":"offensive and racist.\" On November 8, Duckworth defeated Kirk 54 percent to 40 percent to win the Senate seat. Duckworth and Kamala Harris, who was also elected in 2016, are the second and third female Asian American senators, after Mazie Hirono who was elected in 2012. In January 2018, following a federal government shut down after the Senate could not agree on a funding bill, Duckworth responded to President Trump's accusations that the Democrats were putting \"unlawful immigrants\" ahead of the military: Duckworth became the first U.S. Senator to give birth while in office in 2018. Shortly afterward, rules were","title":"Tammy Duckworth"},{"id":"17127022","text":"5% and 10%: One-term Republican Jeff Flake was elected with 49% of the vote in 2012. He chose not to run for reelection. U.S. Representative Martha McSally won the Republican nomination in a three-way primary on August 28, 2018, against Joe Arpaio and Kelli Ward. U.S. Representative Kyrsten Sinema easily secured the Democratic nomination. Sinema defeated McSally by a slim margin; her victory became official only after six days of counting ballots. Four-term Democrat Dianne Feinstein won a special election in 1992 and was elected to full terms in 1994, 2000, 2006, and 2012. She ran for re-election and advanced","title":"2018 United States Senate elections"},{"id":"2442480","text":"In 2012, Baldwin became the first openly gay person elected to the U.S. Senate. Baldwin defeated her Republican opponent, former Wisconsin Governor Tommy Thompson, in the 2012 U.S. Senate election. She was reelected in 2018, defeating Republican nominee Leah Vukmir. Baldwin was born and grew up in Madison, Wisconsin. Baldwin's mother, who died in 2017, was 19 and going through a divorce when Baldwin was born. Baldwin was raised by her grandparents and spent Saturdays with her mother, who suffered from mental illness and opioid addiction. Her maternal grandfather, biochemist David E. Green, was Jewish (the son of immigrants from","title":"Tammy Baldwin"},{"id":"600737","text":"December 1980), who was the retiring senior member of the Republican Party, which would hold the majority in the incoming 97th Congress. Three presidents pro tempore subsequently became Vice President: John Tyler, William R. King and Charles Curtis. Tyler is the only one to become president (in April 1841, following the death of William Henry Harrison). While the president pro tempore does have other official duties, the holders of the office have, like the vice president, over time ceased presiding over the Senate on a daily basis, owing to the mundane and ceremonial nature of the position. Furthermore, as the","title":"President pro tempore of the United States Senate"},{"id":"5656229","text":"position. She was the first lawmaker from San Diego to be elected Speaker. She formerly served on the San Diego City Council from 2000 to 2008, including a term as Acting Mayor. While speaker, she served as acting governor for nine hours on July 30, 2014. In 2018, she succeeded Kevin de León as Senate President Pro Tempore. This made her the first woman and the first openly LGBT person to lead the California State Senate. Atkins spent her early years in Max Meadows, Virginia, moving to Roanoke at the age of seven. Her father was a miner and her","title":"Toni Atkins"},{"id":"7639064","text":"father was a partner in the investment bank, Kuhn, Loeb and currently serves as vice chairman of Barclays, successor to Lehman Brothers, which merged with Kuhn, Loeb in 1977. She was born and currently lives on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, a borough of New York City. Her husband, Dr. John E. Seley, is a professor of Urban Planning and Geography at The City University of New York Graduate Center and Princeton's Woodrow Wilson School of Public Affairs. Liz Krueger She was first elected in February 2002 during a special election. Krueger is the ranking member on the Senate","title":"Liz Krueger"},{"id":"4387419","text":"his post on January 12, 2009. Thomas Rivera Schatz was reelected in 2012 and elected for the third time as a member of the Senate majority in the 2016 election with 10.33% of the \"at large\" votes, placing him in second place after independent senatorial candidate Dr. José Vargas Vidot and followed by Juan Dalmau of the Puerto Rico Independence Party (PIP). Rivera Schatz was elected to a second term as President of the Senate of Puerto Rico starting January 2017. He holds two records, first as the only reelected Senate President during the past 28 years and the only","title":"Thomas Rivera Schatz"},{"id":"4387420","text":"Senate President ever elected as such to non-consecutive terms. Rivera Schatz and his father are avid collectors of antique cars. Thomas Rivera Schatz Thomas Rivera Schatz (born June 10, 1966) is a Puerto Rican politician, legal advisor, attorney, and former prosecutor. Rivera Schatz is the fourteenth and sixteenth President of the Senate of Puerto Rico. He is affiliated with New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico and the United States Republican Party. Rivera Schatz was born on June 10, 1966 in the Bronx Borough of New York City. He is the son of José A. \"Nía\" Rivera, a past mayor of","title":"Thomas Rivera Schatz"},{"id":"17166792","text":"J. Stuart Adams Stuart Adams is the Senator for the Utah State Senate's 22nd District. Adams was appointed to the Utah House of Representatives in 2002, and then to the Senate in 2009. In 2012, he was chosen to be Senate Majority Whip. In 2018, he was chosen as the Senate President. Adams earned his Bachelor of Arts at the University of Utah in business finance. He is a business man by profession. Adams is married to his wife, Susan and they have four children together. In 2002, he was awarded the Business Person of the Year by the Utah","title":"J. Stuart Adams"},{"id":"5841056","text":"Hispanic American to serve as a U.S. Senator from Texas. In 2016, Cruz ran for President of the United States, winning 12 statewide contests during the Republican primaries before withdrawing from the race. Cruz was re-elected to the Senate in the 2018 midterm elections, defeating Democratic challenger Beto O'Rourke by a margin of 50.9% to 48.3% in the most expensive U.S. Senate race in U.S. history. Along with Bob Menendez and Marco Rubio, Cruz is currently one of three U.S. Senators of Cuban descent. Born Rafael Edward Cruz on December 22, 1970, at Foothills Medical Centre in Calgary, Alberta, to","title":"Ted Cruz"},{"id":"17166796","text":"the editing process - Martin L. Buchanan] J. Stuart Adams Stuart Adams is the Senator for the Utah State Senate's 22nd District. Adams was appointed to the Utah House of Representatives in 2002, and then to the Senate in 2009. In 2012, he was chosen to be Senate Majority Whip. In 2018, he was chosen as the Senate President. Adams earned his Bachelor of Arts at the University of Utah in business finance. He is a business man by profession. Adams is married to his wife, Susan and they have four children together. In 2002, he was awarded the Business","title":"J. Stuart Adams"},{"id":"4708929","text":"follows: The President of the Senate, elected on 19 January 2010, is Ana María Romero de Campero (MAS-IPSP, La Paz). Seventeen of 36 members of the Senate are women. The 26-member MAS-IPSP majority includes all four senators from La Paz, Oruro, and Potosí; three senators from Cochabamba and Chuquisaca; and two senators from each of Santa Cruz, Beni, Pando, and Tarija. The President of the Chamber of Deputies, elected on 19 January 2010, is Héctor Arce (MAS-IPSP). 33 of 130 deputies (25.38%) are women. Congressional elections were held on 18 December 2005, concurrently with the 2005 presidential election. The Chamber","title":"Plurinational Legislative Assembly"},{"id":"4061781","text":"Catherine Cortez Masto (Nevada), Tammy Duckworth (Illinois), Kamala Harris (California), and Maggie Hassan (New Hampshire). Incumbent Republican Senator Kelly Ayotte (New Hampshire) lost to Hassan. Both of the seats that changed hands from Republican to Democrat were won by women: Duckworth and Hassan. In January 2018, after the appointment of Democrat Tina Smith of Minnesota to the U.S. Senate to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Al Franken, and in April 2018 after the appointment of Republican Cindy Hyde-Smith of Mississippi to the U.S. Senate to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Thad Cochran, the number","title":"Women in the United States Senate"},{"id":"17131508","text":"of President George W. Bush (2001–2009), the first Asian Pacific American woman ever appointed by a President to the Cabinet in American history. She is the 18th United States Secretary of Transportation in the Cabinet of President Donald J. Trump (2017–). She is married to the current Majority Leader of the United States Senate, Senator Mitch McConnell of Kentucky. James S. C. Chao James Si-Cheng Chao (; born December 29, 1927) is a Chinese-American entrepreneur and philanthropist. He is the founder of the Foremost Group, a New York-based shipping, trading, and finance enterprise. The James S.C. Chao Scholarship is named","title":"James S. C. Chao"},{"id":"1772313","text":"A Vice-President of the Senate is also elected from among the senators. The current President of the Senate is Christine Kangaloo. The Vice President of the United States is assigned the responsibility of presiding over the Senate and designated as its president by the United States Constitution. The vice president, as President of the Senate, has the authority (\"ex officio\", for he or she is not an elected member of the Senate) to cast a tie-breaking vote. Other than this, the rules of the Senate grant its president very little power (in contrast to the powerful office of Speaker of","title":"President of the Senate"},{"id":"9386743","text":"the first female president of an Ivy League university (University of Pennsylvania), incumbent commissioner of the Federal Communications Commission Michael Copps, incumbent Philippine Senators Edgardo Angara, Miriam Defensor Santiago and Juan Ponce Enrile, internationally recognized constitutionalist Henry J. Abraham, incumbent North Carolina Supreme Court senior justice Mark Martin, prominent California lawyer and former U.S. Attorney General William French Smith, banker, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury and Ambassador to NATO David M. Kennedy, 1971 Economics Nobel Prize winner Simon Kuznets, historian and 1949 Pulitzer Prize winner Roy Nichols, Paul Finkelstein, incumbent board chairman, president and chief executive officer of Regis Corporation,","title":"Pi Gamma Mu"},{"id":"2182930","text":"states (Western Australia, South Australia and Tasmania) or the Australian Capital Territory, and 10 have come from the three most populous states (New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland). All senate presidents have been members of major parties, though not necessarily the governing party. As well as a president, the Senate also elects a Deputy President, whose formal title is Deputy President and Chairman of Committees. Until 1981, the title was just Chairman of Committees; it was changed \"to reflect more accurately the nature of the office in practice\". The position is not provided for by the constitution, but instead by","title":"President of the Senate (Australia)"},{"id":"7021458","text":"Tito Sotto Vicente \"Tito\" Castelo Sotto III (born 24 August 1948) is a Filipino politician and the 29th and current Senate President of the Philippines. Sotto served as Vice Mayor of Quezon City, the Philippines' most populous city, from 1988 to 1992. Following the 2016 elections, he is currently serving his fourth term in the Senate, having served two consecutive terms from 1992 to 2004; he was re-elected to the Senate in 2010. Aside from politics, Sotto also participated in acting and hosting. Sotto is a co-host of \"Eat Bulaga!\", the longest-running variety show in Philippine television history. He is","title":"Tito Sotto"},{"id":"17461562","text":"Ron Kouchi Ron Kouchi is a Democratic politician and current 14th President of the Hawaiʻi Senate (replacing Donna Mercado Kim who lost her position in an unusual mid-year leadership reorganization). Ron Kouchi is married to Joy Naomi Tanimoto. He has two sons, Dan and Egan. Kouchi received his high school diploma from Waimea High School and attended Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa. He served as a lobbyist for the County of Kaua‘i at the Hawai‘i State Legislature and is a former member of the Legislative Committee of the Kaua'i Chamber of Commerce. He served for 22 years (11 terms)","title":"Ron Kouchi"},{"id":"4061775","text":"U.S. Senator (and only woman) to be the nominee of a major party for President of the United States, which occurred in 2016. In 2008, Kay Hagan became the first woman to unseat a female incumbent, Elizabeth Dole. Upon the opening of the 112th Congress in 2011, New Hampshire Democrat Jeanne Shaheen was joined by newly elected Republican Kelly Ayotte, making the first female tandem senators that do not belong to the same party. Barbara Mikulski became the longest-serving woman senator (and Congresswoman) in 2012; she retired in 2017 as still the longest-serving after serving for forty years. In 2012,","title":"Women in the United States Senate"},{"id":"6889630","text":"in September 2008. The most recent election was held in September 2013. Gelane Zwane ran unopposed and was elected President of the Senate for the third consecutive time. Ngomuyayona Gamedze was chosen as Deputy President, also for the third consecutive time. Six of the King's selections were members of his family. Later in 2013, the Senate banned Members of Parliament from divorcing while in office to \"avoid embarrassing the king.\" Senate of Eswatini The Senate of Eswatini is the upper chamber of the country's bicameral Parliament. The Senate may debate or pass a bill, with the exception of a \"money","title":"Senate of Eswatini"},{"id":"4387416","text":"Thomas Rivera Schatz Thomas Rivera Schatz (born June 10, 1966) is a Puerto Rican politician, legal advisor, attorney, and former prosecutor. Rivera Schatz is the fourteenth and sixteenth President of the Senate of Puerto Rico. He is affiliated with New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico and the United States Republican Party. Rivera Schatz was born on June 10, 1966 in the Bronx Borough of New York City. He is the son of José A. \"Nía\" Rivera, a past mayor of Trujillo Alto, and Christina Schatz, a German woman. While in college, he worked full-time at the City of San Juan","title":"Thomas Rivera Schatz"},{"id":"17461564","text":"State Senate elections 2010. He was elected to the Senate (District 8) in 2012. He has served as the Vice-Chair of the Committee on Agriculture, the Vice Chair of the Committee on Tourism, and the Majority Caucus Leader. He has sponsored 244 bills. Ron Kouchi Ron Kouchi is a Democratic politician and current 14th President of the Hawaiʻi Senate (replacing Donna Mercado Kim who lost her position in an unusual mid-year leadership reorganization). Ron Kouchi is married to Joy Naomi Tanimoto. He has two sons, Dan and Egan. Kouchi received his high school diploma from Waimea High School and attended","title":"Ron Kouchi"},{"id":"4969652","text":"remaining 5% of the vote. Nia Gill Nia H. Gill (born March 15, 1948) is an American Democratic Party politician, who has been serving in the New Jersey State Senate since 2002, where she represents the 34th Legislative District. She ran unsuccessfully as a candidate in the June 2012 primary election to fill the seat in Congress left vacant by the death of Donald M. Payne, the former U.S. Representative for . Gill was the State Senate President pro Tempore from 2010 to 2018, succeeded by M. Teresa Ruiz. Gill received a B.A. in History/Political History from Upsala College and","title":"Nia Gill"},{"id":"17127031","text":"Minnesota, appointed Lt. Gov. Tina Smith on January 2, 2018, as an interim Senator until the November 2018 election. She defeated primary challenger Richard Painter in the Democratic primary held on August 14. Incumbent Tina Smith defeated Republican Karin Housley in the general election to finish the term ending January 3, 2021. One-term Republican Roger Wicker won re-election with 57% of the vote in 2012. He was appointed in 2007 and won a special election in 2008 to serve the remainder of Trent Lott's term. He ran. David Baria won the Democratic nomination in a run-off on June 26. Wicker","title":"2018 United States Senate elections"},{"id":"11628885","text":"Edna Madzongwe Edna Madzongwe (born 11 July 1943) is a Zimbabwean politician who is currently the President of the Senate of the Republic of Zimbabwe. She was elected as President of the Senate on 30 November 2005, the first female to hold this position. In the March 2008 parliamentary election, she was re-elected to the Senate from Chegutu constituency, receiving 23,032 votes against 14,275 for Violet Paneairi Mokoesti of the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC-Tsvangirai). Following this election, in which ZANU-PF won control of the Senate but not the House of Assembly, Madzongwe was re-elected as President of the Senate","title":"Edna Madzongwe"},{"id":"17127037","text":"Democratic state. Ultimately, Menendez was re-elected with nearly 54% of the vote. One-term Democrat Martin Heinrich was elected with 51% of the vote in 2012. He ran. Mick Rich won the Republican nomination unopposed. Aubrey Dunn Jr., New Mexico Commissioner of Public Lands and otherwise the first Libertarian to ever hold statewide elected office in history, announced his run for the seat, but stepped aside in August to allow former Governor of New Mexico, Gary Johnson's candidacy. Heinrich was re-elected, defeating Rich and Johnson. One-term Democrat Kirsten Gillibrand was elected with 72% of the vote in 2012. She had previously","title":"2018 United States Senate elections"},{"id":"17675597","text":"David McBride David B. McBride (born June 23, 1942, in Wilmington, Delaware) is an American politician and has served continuously in Delaware's General Assembly since 1978. After two years in the House of Representatives, McBride was elected to the Delaware State Senate, where he began serving on November 5, 1980. McBride represents District 13, which includes the greater New Castle area. A Democrat, McBride was chosen unanimously as President Pro Tempore of the Senate on January 10, 2017. McBride is a native of the Wilmington area, attending grade school at Richardson Park School from 1948 to 1957. He went on","title":"David McBride"},{"id":"13947674","text":"is unclear whether the ballot measure supplants the legislature's statute granting that authority. As a result, it is uncertain whether an Alaska governor may appoint an interim senator to serve until a special election is held to fill the vacancy. The Constitution requires that senators take an oath or affirmation to support the Constitution. Congress has prescribed the following oath for all federal officials (except the President), including senators: The annual salary of each senator, since 2009, is $174,000; the president pro tempore and party leaders receive $193,400. In June 2003, at least 40 of the then-senators were millionaires; in","title":"United States Senate"},{"id":"17523270","text":"Pablo Escudero Morales Pablo Escudero Morales (born July 6, 1973) is a politician and Mexican lawyer, member of the Ecologist Green Party of Mexico, was federal deputy and senator. From September 1, 2016 is President of the Senate of Mexico. Pablo Escudero is a lawyer graduated from the Anahuac University also has a Masters in Public Administration at the National Institute of Public Administration in Madrid, Spain. It also has degrees in National Security, Human Rights and completed at the National Autonomous University of Mexico Audit. He began his career in public administration in 1997 as coordinator in Program Responsibilities","title":"Pablo Escudero Morales"},{"id":"8118377","text":"both Democrats and Republicans. He lost this position in 2015 when Democrats withdrew support in favor of Republican Pam Roach. After Pam Roach won a seat on the Pierce County Council in the 2016 election, Tim Sheldon, once again, became president pro tempore of the Washington State Senate. Due to the special election held in November 2017, the Senate returned to a Democratic majority. Sheldon once again lost his position as President Pro Tempore. Democrat Karen Keiser now occupies that position. Tim Sheldon Timothy M. Sheldon (born September 3, 1947) is an American politician who has served since 1991 in","title":"Tim Sheldon"},{"id":"17054938","text":"this role.\" In the Senate, Senate President Pro Tem David Long (R-Fort Wayne) explained her removal by saying, \"In all fairness, Superintendent Ritz was a librarian, okay?” and other Republican senators questioning her credentials to be state superintendent. Gov. Pence signed the legislation authorizing the state board to elect its chair and taking effect in 2017. Glenda Ritz launched her gubernatorial race on June 4, 2015, following the announcements of John Gregg and Karen Tallian. At her announcement, Ritz said that education and the economy would be the centerpiece of her campaign platform. While reaching out to potential supporters, she","title":"Glenda Ritz"},{"id":"283613","text":"government; the leader is elected by popular vote to a maximum of two 4-year terms. In the 28 March 2015 presidential election, General Muhammadu Buhari emerged victorious to become the President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, defeating then-incumbent Dr Goodluck Jonathan. The president's power is checked by a Senate and a House of Representatives, which are combined in a bicameral body called the National Assembly. The Senate is a 109-seat body with three members from each state and one from the capital region of Abuja; members are elected by popular vote to four-year terms. The House contains 360 seats,","title":"Nigeria"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"6683586\",\n \"text\": \"Trump, the winner of the 2016 presidential election, is serving as the 45th President of the United States. Leadership in the Senate includes Republican Vice President Mike Pence, Republican President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch, Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, and Minority Leader Chuck Schumer. Leadership in the House includes Speaker of the House Paul Ryan, Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy, and Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi. In the 115th United States Congress, both the House of Representatives and the Senate are controlled by the Republican Party. The Senate consists of 51 Republicans, and 47 Democrats with 2 Independents who caucus with the Democrats;\",\n \"title\": \"United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1772315\",\n \"text\": \"U.S. federal government was established in 1789. The vice president with the most tie breaking votes is John Adams (served 1789–1797) with 29. The current Vice President Mike Pence, in office since January 2017, has cast seven tie-breaking votes. In state governments of the United States, the presiding officer of the state senate (the upper house) is a matter decided by the state's constitution. Some states designate the lieutenant governor as president of the senate, while in other states, the Senate elects its own president. The Tennessee Senate elects a senator Speaker of the Senate, who is given the title\",\n \"title\": \"President of the Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"573360\",\n \"text\": \"of the Senate, if there is no floor leader present, the whip may become acting floor leader. Before 1969, the official titles were Majority Whip and Minority Whip. The Senate is currently composed of 51 Republicans, 47 Democrats, and 2 independents, both of whom caucus with the Democrats. The current leaders are Senators Mitch McConnell (R) from Kentucky and Chuck Schumer (D) from New York. The current Assistant Leaders/Whips are Senators John Cornyn (R) from Texas and Dick Durbin (D) from Illinois. Democrats began the practice of electing floor leaders in 1920 while they were in the minority. John W.\",\n \"title\": \"Party leaders of the United States Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6827836\",\n \"text\": \"Senate. The Senate President is third in the Nigerian presidential line of succession. He is assisted by the Deputy President of the Senate. The current Senate President is Sen. Bukola Saraki and the current Deputy Senate President is Ike Ekweremadu both of the People's Democratic Party. The Senate President and his Deputy are also assisted by principal officers including the Majority Leader, Deputy Majority Leader, Minority Leader, Deputy Minority Leader, Chief Whip, Deputy Chief Whip, Minority Whip, and Deputy Minority Whip. In addition, there are 63 Standing Committees in the Senate chaired by Committee Chairmen. The lower house is the\",\n \"title\": \"Senate of Nigeria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9077750\",\n \"text\": \"if it \\\"hurts the nation.\\\" When the Senate underwent a reorganization on February 27, 2017, Recto, after getting 17 votes, was declared Senate President Pro Tempore, replacing Drilon. For the 17th Congress, he authored the following laws: Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education, Comprehensive National Feeding Program, Free Irrigation Service, Ease of Doing Business, Free Internet Access in Public Places, Extending the Validity of Philippine Passport and Driver's License, National ID System, and Designating Casinos as Covered Persons under the AMLA. Laws authored/sponsored by Ralph G. Recto: • RA 10969 - Free Irrigation Service Act (February 2, 2018) • RA\",\n \"title\": \"Ralph Recto\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1451453\",\n \"text\": \"of the Senate Judiciary Committee from 1993 to 2005. He previously chaired the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions from 1981 to 1987. As of 2018, Hatch serves as Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee. On January 6, 2015, after the 114th United States Congress was sworn in, Hatch became President pro tempore of the Senate. On January 2, 2018, Hatch announced that he would retire from the Senate and that he would not seek re-election in November. Orrin Grant Hatch was born and raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He is the son of Jesse Hatch (1904–1992), a metal\",\n \"title\": \"Orrin Hatch\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2793495\",\n \"text\": \"Taylor, a Republican from Friendswood, and Donna Campbell, a Republican from New Braunfels. For this term of the Legislature the President of the Senate is Texas Lieutenant Governor Dan Patrick. The President Pro Tempore is Republican Kel Seliger of District 31 (Amarillo). Senator John Whitmire, a Democrat from Houston, is the Dean of the Senate, meaning he is the most senior member, having served since 1987. Senator Chris Harris, a Republican from Arlington, is the most senior member of his party, and the fourth most-senior overall member. New senators elected in 2014 are Bob Hall, Paul Bettencourt, Van Taylor, Don\",\n \"title\": \"Texas Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8528689\",\n \"text\": \"was sworn in as the 47th Senate President of Kansas. Wagle was reelected as senate president in 2016, defeating Sen. Ty Masterson by a vote of 23–7. She is one of four senate presidents in Kansas' history to serve a second term. A cancer survivor, Wagle is the first female president of the Kansas Senate and the first senate president from Wichita. 2001-2004 Chair of Public Health & Welfare 2005-2008 Chair of Healthcare Strategies 2010 Chair of Business & Labor Vice Chair of Local Government 2011 Chair of Commerce Vice Chair of Joint Committee on Economic Development 2013-2016 Vice Chair\",\n \"title\": \"Susan Wagle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7438605\",\n \"text\": \"— the constitution requires a 2/3 super-majority (i.e., 8 votes) for a constitutional amendment, requiring the support of both the government and opposition appointees. The presiding officer of the Senate is the President of the Senate. Carol Bassett, who has been a Senator since 2003, was elected President in 2008, the first woman elected to the office. She resigned the office in August 2017. The members of the Senate appointed in August 2017 were: The three Independents were: Government/PLP nominees: Opposition/OBA nominees were: Bermuda's Parliament was created in 1620, and originally had one house, the House of Assembly. Political parties\",\n \"title\": \"Senate of Bermuda\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15952452\",\n \"text\": \"President Pro Tempore — the Senate's second-highest ranking position. Following his landslide 2016 re-election, Obhof's colleagues selected him to serve as Senate President, the presiding officer of the 33-member chamber. He is the youngest person to lead the Senate since the position of Senate President was created in 1979, and is the first Senate leader from Medina County since the 1860s. As the presiding officer of the 33-member Senate, Obhof is responsible for leading the Senate's Majority Caucus as it sets its policy agenda. He is also responsible for the formal organization of the chamber, including recognizing members in debate,\",\n \"title\": \"Larry Obhof\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7113518\",\n \"text\": \"unanimously elected to a second term as President of the Senate, marking the first time a woman won re-election to head that legislative body. She previously served as President of the Senate from 2002 to 2007, and succeeded Lynn Holowesko, who served as President of the Senate from 2007 to 2012. K. Forbes Smith was elected the new President of the Senate on May 24, 2017. Parliament is empowered by Article 52(1) of the Constitution to make laws for the peace, order and good government of The Bahamas. The Constitution also empowers Parliament to: Parliament also maintains oversight of the\",\n \"title\": \"Parliament of the Bahamas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13947679\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"senior senator\\\" is Bill Cassidy of Louisiana, who was sworn in January 3, 2015, and is currently 79th in seniority, ahead of senator John Neely Kennedy who was sworn in January 3, 2017, and is currently 95th in seniority. With the 116th Congress, Kyrsten Sinema of Arizona, who will be sworn in on January 3, 2019, will become the most-junior \\\"senior senator\\\", ahead of Martha McSally, who was appointed to replace retiring Jon Kyl . McSally will be sworn in after Sinema on January 3, 2019 . The Senate may expel a senator by a two-thirds vote. Fifteen senators have\",\n \"title\": \"United States Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"600728\",\n \"text\": \"of another. This tradition has been observed without interruption since 1949. Since enactment of the current Presidential Succession Act in 1947, the president pro tempore is third in the line of succession to the presidency, after the vice president and the Speaker of the House of Representatives and ahead of the Secretary of State. The current President pro tempore of the Senate is Utah Republican Orrin Hatch. Elected on January 6, 2015, he is the 90th person to serve in this office. On January 2, 2018, Hatch announced that he will retire from the Senate at the end of his\",\n \"title\": \"President pro tempore of the United States Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1772310\",\n \"text\": \"Executive Board also serves as the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate for the 2015–16 period of sessions is Roberto Gil Zuarth, a National Action Party (PAN) senator for Chiapas. The President of the Senate is the presiding officer of the Senate of Nigeria, elected by its membership. The President of the Senate is Dr. Bukola Saraki, who represents Kwara State for the APC. Peru had a bicameral Congress from 1829 until 1992. The President of the Senate was elected by the Senate members to preside over the sessions for one year. The first session of the\",\n \"title\": \"President of the Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1772308\",\n \"text\": \"is deemed the winner. In addition to overseeing the business of the chamber, chairing and regulating debates, deciding whether motions and bills are admissible, representing the Senate, etc., the President of the Senate stands in for the President of the Republic when s/he is unable to perform his/her duties. The current President of the Senate is Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati. For a historical listing, see: List of Presidents of the Senate of Italy. While the Vice President of Liberia serves as President of the Senate, the senators also elect from among their number a President pro tempore to lead the\",\n \"title\": \"President of the Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17127042\",\n \"text\": \"Cruz's opponents. U.S. Representative Beto O'Rourke won the Democratic nomination on March 6, 2018. Other Democrats who ran include Irasema Ramirez Hernandez and Edward Kimbrough. Nurse Carl Bible ran as an independent. Bob McNeil ran as the candidate of the American Citizen Party. O'Rouke ran a strong campaign, creating a close race in a traditionally Republican stronghold. Nevertheless, Cruz was narrowly re-elected to a second term. Seven-term Republican Orrin Hatch was re-elected with 65% of the vote in 2012. Hatch is the President pro tempore of the United States Senate, as well as the second most-senior Senator. Before the 2012\",\n \"title\": \"2018 United States Senate elections\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8553893\",\n \"text\": \"would have served as the acting governor except for the one month of July, 2007. Following the 2008 elections, the Republicans won control of the Senate for the first time in state history, with 26 Republicans and 22 Democrats. They selected Glenn Coffee to serve as the first full President \\\"pro tempore\\\" who served from 2009-2011 when he was term-limited out and was selected to serve as Secretary of State in Governor Mary Fallin's administration. Brian Bingman served as President \\\"pro tempore\\\" from 2011 to 2017, and was succeeded by the current President Pro Tempore, Mike Schulz in 2017. The\",\n \"title\": \"President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17641297\",\n \"text\": \"down from his leadership post because he had been arrested on domestic violence charges. Soucy was re-elected to her Senate seat in November, but Woodburn was not. The Democrats won the majority of Senate seats state-wide. The 14 Democratic Senators-Elect chose Soucy as their leader at a caucus shortly after the 2018 mid-term election, and she is expected to be elected Senate President when the 2019 legislative session begins on December 5, 2018. Donna Soucy Donna M. Soucy (born September 7, 1967) is a Democratic member of the New Hampshire Senate, first elected in 2012. She is currently the minority\",\n \"title\": \"Donna Soucy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7583211\",\n \"text\": \"and minority leaders, which are elected by their respective party caucuses. Lieutenant Governor Cyrus Habib is constitutionally the President of the Senate. The current President Pro Tempore is Karen Keiser. The Majority leader is Democrat Sharon Nelson, who assumed office following a special election that gave Democrats a majority. The Minority Leader is Republican Mark Schoesler. Washington State Senate The Washington State Senate is the upper house of the Washington State Legislature. The body consists of 49 members, each representing a district with a population of nearly 140,000. The State Senate meets at the Legislative Building in Olympia. As with\",\n \"title\": \"Washington State Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16538479\",\n \"text\": \"degree at the University of Georgia, and a master's degree in Education at Georgia Southern University. Williams was first elected to the State Senate in 1998, after winning a three-way primary. Beginning in 2006, he had had no opposition until his retirement in 2017. In 2005, Williams was chosen as Senate Majority Leader. He served in that role until 2009, when he was voted President Pro Tempore, the second highest position in the Senate, behind Lieutenant Governor. He is also Chairman of the Administrative Affairs Committee from 2009-2013. In August 2011, Senator Williams was asked by members of the press\",\n \"title\": \"Tommie Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15242000\",\n \"text\": \"Ivey, State Senate President Pro Tempore Del Marsh, Secretary of State John Merrill, U.S. Appeals Court Judge William H. Pryor, Jr., former Governor Bob Riley, and Attorney General Luther Strange. Shelby announced in January 2015 that he would run for re-election. Two-term Senator Lisa Murkowski (Republican) was appointed in 2002 and elected to a full term in 2004. She was defeated in the Republican primary in 2010 by Joe Miller. She later ran as a write-in candidate in the 2010 general election and was re-elected to a second full term with 40% of the vote, making her one of two\",\n \"title\": \"2016 United States Senate elections\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18389927\",\n \"text\": \"to become Chief Financial Officer of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration on December 1, 2017. His nomination was returned unconfirmed to the President by the U.S. Senate on January 3, 2018, under Standing Rules of the United States Senate, Rule XXXI, paragraph 6. The nomination was resubmitted to the Senate on January 8, 2018. He was confirmed by voice vote on March 14, 2018. He took office on April 3, 2018. DeWit is 43 years old, currently residing in Peoria, Arizona with his wife, Marina and his three daughters. As a part of his election campaign, his family appeared\",\n \"title\": \"Jeff DeWit\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18426489\",\n \"text\": \"took office after winning a 2010 special election, which occurred after long-time Senator Joe Biden resigned his seat to become Vice President of the United States. One-term incumbent Republican David Perdue was elected to a first term in 2014. He will be 70 on Election Day 2020. Columbus Mayor Teresa Tomlinson is considering running for the Democratic nomination. Other potential Democratic candidates include 2018 gubernatorial nominee Stacey Abrams, State Representative Scott Holcomb, State Senator Jen Jordan, former Atlanta Mayor Kasim Reed and former Points of Light CEO and 2014 nominee Michelle Nunn. Two-term incumbent Republican Jim Risch was re-elected in\",\n \"title\": \"2020 United States Senate elections\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10746977\",\n \"text\": \"includes strict campaign finance reporting. On January 8, 2017, Torres resigned his post as Electoral Comptroller and was elected and sworn in the next day once again as Secretary of the Senate upon the election of Rivera Schatz to a second term as President of the Senate, becoming the only Senate President to serve two non-consecutive terms in that leadership post. Manuel A. Torres Manuel A. Torres-Nieves, Puerto Rico's Secretary of the Senate of Puerto Rico first served during the tumultuous years of 2005-2008 in which the Senate was controlled by the pro-statehood New Progressive Party (NPP) while the governorship\",\n \"title\": \"Manuel A. Torres\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5693908\",\n \"text\": \"won 3 seats, while the remaining seat went the National Council for the Defense of Democracy (CNDD), a breakaway faction of the CNDD-FDD. Four former heads of state - Jean-Baptiste Bagaza (PARENA), Pierre Buyoya (UPRONA), Sylvestre Ntibantunganya (FRODEBU), and the current transitional president Domitien Ndayizeye (FRODEBU) will occupy seats in the Senate along with three Twa members. In order to meet the 30% quota for women, eight seats were co-opted giving the chamber of total of 49 seats. On 19 August 2005, the Senate and National Assembly (acting as an Electoral College) elected Pierre Nkurunziza president of the republic. He\",\n \"title\": \"Senate (Burundi)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18514258\",\n \"text\": \"Sands Beach and Tennis Club in East Haven, Connecticut. Fasano was elected in 2002, 50% to 48%. He was Minority Whip from 2003-2004, Assistant Minority Leader from 2005-2006, Deputy Minority Leader from 2007 to 2008, Minority Leader Pro Tem from 2009-2014, Minority Leader since 2014, and Senate Republican President Pro Tempore since 2017. Fasano was unopposed for reelection in 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010. In 2012, he defeated former state representative Steve Fontana, 58% to 42%. He was unopposed for reelection in 2014 and 2016. Health Care Issues Alongside Senate President Pro Tempore Martin Looney, Len Fasano co-created and co-chaired\",\n \"title\": \"Len Fasano\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11673992\",\n \"text\": \"Vice Chair of the National Agriculture Committee of State Legislators. Hyde-Smith was elected in 2011 and took office on January 5, 2012. Hyde-Smith was elected to a second term as commissioner as 2015, defeating Democratic nominee Addie Lee Green. On March 21, 2018, Governor Phil Bryant announced Hyde-Smith as his choice to fill the United States Senate seat held by Thad Cochran, who indicated he would be resigning the seat at a later date due to ongoing health issues. Cochran resigned on April 1, and Bryant formally appointed Hyde-Smith on April 2. Hyde-Smith became the first woman to represent Mississippi\",\n \"title\": \"Cindy Hyde-Smith\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20027911\",\n \"text\": \"legislative session began, Hall-Long was sworn in as lieutenant governor and resigned her seat the same day. She retained her role in the senate, however, since as with many lieutenant governors and the U.S. Vice President she is also the body's president. While it is a mostly ceremonial post, with the president pro tempore exercising the practical powers and authority of the job, one of those responsibilities that falls to the lieutenant governor is setting the date for special elections to vacated seats. A week after taking her new office, Hall-Long finally announced that the special election for her former\",\n \"title\": \"2017 Delaware's 10th state senate district special election\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7075114\",\n \"text\": \"the Senate's 114th Congress ended and the 115th Congress began on January 3, 2017. Eleven days after the 2017 Inauguration, on January 31, 2017, President Donald Trump appointed Neil Gorsuch to replace Scalia. Democrats in the Senate filibustered the Gorsuch nomination, which led to the Republicans exercising the \\\"nuclear option\\\". After that, Gorsuch was confirmed in April 2017. Justice Kennedy retired on July 31, 2018. On July 9, 2018, Trump nominated Brett Kavanaugh to replace Kennedy, and he was confirmed on October 6, 2018. In its first ten years, the Roberts court has issued major rulings on gun control, affirmative\",\n \"title\": \"Roberts Court\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"600743\",\n \"text\": \"tempore and Byrd the second president pro tempore emeritus. Byrd returned as president pro tempore, and Stevens became the third president pro tempore emeritus, when the Democrats gained control of the Senate in 2007. While a president pro tempore emeritus has no official duties, he is entitled to an increase in staff and advises party leaders on the functions of the Senate. The office's accompanying budget increase was removed toward the end of the 113th Congress, shortly before Patrick Leahy was to become the first holder of the title in six years. Quoted in \\\"CQ Roll Call\\\", Leahy commented, \\\"[The\",\n \"title\": \"President pro tempore of the United States Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17159468\",\n \"text\": \"Sergio Mattarella on 3 February 2015. Grasso left the Democratic Party on 26 October 2017, the same day the new electoral law (colloquially known by the nickname \\\"Rosatellum bis\\\") was approved definitively by the Senate. On 3 December 2017, Grasso was appointed leader of Free and Equal (LeU), a left-wing political alliance of parties, formed by the Democratic and Progressive Movement, Italian Left and Possible. Pietro Grasso Pietro Grasso (; born 1 January 1945), also known as Piero Grasso, is an Italian anti-mafia magistrate and politician who served as President of the Senate from 2013 to 2018. Grasso became the\",\n \"title\": \"Pietro Grasso\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"600729\",\n \"text\": \"current term, January 3, 2019. Iowa Republican Chuck Grassley is likely to succeed Orrin Hatch as the President pro tempore, when the 116th United States Congress convenes, assuming the Senate continues with the tradition of electing the longest-serving member of the majority party. Although the position is in some ways analogous to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the powers of the president pro tempore are far more limited. In the Senate, most power rests with party leaders and individual senators, but as the chamber's presiding officer, the president pro tempore is authorized to perform certain duties in the\",\n \"title\": \"President pro tempore of the United States Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3882885\",\n \"text\": \"a \\\"Minority Whip\\\". Floor leaders act as the party chief spokespeople. The current leaders are Majority Leader Carmelo Ríos, Majority Whip Ángel Chayanne Martínez; Minority Leader Eduardo Bathia, Minority Whip José Luis Dalmau; Minority Leader Juan Dalmau; and Minority Leader Vargas Vidot (independent candidate). The Senate is served by two elected officials who are not members. The Senate's chief legislative officer is the Secretary of the Senate, who maintains public records, disburses salaries, monitors the acquisition of stationery and supplies, and oversees clerks. The other official is the Sergeant-at-Arms who, as the Senate's chief law enforcement officer, maintains order and\",\n \"title\": \"Senate of Puerto Rico\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18900990\",\n \"text\": \"establishment of the Lifestream Charity in 1993 and is an advocate of the UN’s Every Woman Every Child campaign. She is on the board of the Global Foundation for the Elimination of Domestic Violence and the board of the Africa Justice Foundation. Saraki is also in the Save the Children Nigeria and was the inaugural Global Goodwill Ambassador to the International Confederation of Midwives in 2014. She is married to former governor of Kwara State and current President of the Senate of Nigeria, Senator Bukola Saraki, and has four children. Toyin Saraki Toyin Ojora-Saraki (born 6 September 1964) is a\",\n \"title\": \"Toyin Saraki\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11339390\",\n \"text\": \"Scott Ryan (Australian politician) Scott Michael Ryan (born 12 May 1973) is an Australian politician who has been a Senator for Victoria since 2008, representing the Liberal Party. He has been the President of the Senate since 2017, having previously been a minister in the Turnbull Government from 2016 to 2017. Ryan was born on 12 May 1973 in Brisbane, Queensland, and grew up in , Victoria. He was educated at St Kevin's College, Melbourne and graduated from the University of Melbourne, with a Bachelor of Arts. While at university, he served as President of the Melbourne University Liberal Club\",\n \"title\": \"Scott Ryan (Australian politician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"600742\",\n \"text\": \"Byrd (D-West Virginia) (2003–2007), Ted Stevens (R-Alaska) (2007–2009) and Patrick Leahy (D-Vermont) (2015–present). From 2009 to 2015, no senator met the requirements for the position. The position was created for Thurmond when the Democratic Party regained a majority in the Senate in June 2001. With the change in party control, Democrat Robert Byrd of West Virginia replaced Thurmond as president pro tempore, reclaiming a position he had previously held from 1989 to 1995 and briefly in January 2001. Thurmond's retirement from the Senate on January 3, 2003, coincided with a change from Democratic to Republican control, making Stevens president pro\",\n \"title\": \"President pro tempore of the United States Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1772302\",\n \"text\": \"president (only below the Vice President and the President of the Chamber of Deputies). It is also the president of the National Congress, which includes the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. The President of the Senate of Burundi, since 17 August 2005, is Molly Beamer of the CNDD-FDD. The president is assisted in his work by two vice-presidents. The Senate of Cambodia is led by a 12-person permanent commission \\\"(bureau)\\\", which is in turn chaired by the President of the Senate, currently Say Chhum. He is assisted by a First and a Second Vice-President. The President and Vice-Presidents are\",\n \"title\": \"President of the Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17159458\",\n \"text\": \"Pietro Grasso Pietro Grasso (; born 1 January 1945), also known as Piero Grasso, is an Italian anti-mafia magistrate and politician who served as President of the Senate from 2013 to 2018. Grasso became the Acting President of Italy on 14 January 2015, upon the resignation of Giorgio Napolitano. He was President until the swearing in of Sergio Mattarella on 3 February. On 3 December 2017, Grasso was elected Leader of Free and Equal (\\\"Liberi e Uguali\\\", LeU), a new left-wing coalition composed by Democratic and Progressive Movement, Italian Left and Possible. In 1984 he was appointed associate judge in\",\n \"title\": \"Pietro Grasso\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12724030\",\n \"text\": \"Governor Bill Graves, as well as former Lt. Governor and U.S. Senator Sheila Frahm, Lt. Gov. Gary Sherrer, Insurance Commissioner Sandy Praeger, Senate President Dick Bond, Senate President Dave Kerr, Senate Vice President John Vratil, Senate Majority Leaders Tim Emert and Lana Oleen, Senators Barbara Allen, David Wysong, Wint Winter, Jr., Pete Brungardt, Ruth Teichman, Barbara Bollier, Audrey Langworthy, Terrie Huntington, Bob VanCrum and Alicia Salisbury, as well as Representatives JoAnn Pottorff, Ginger Barr, Jim Yonally, Jim Lowther, Fred Lorentz and Representative and GOP Chairperson Rochelle Chronister, GOP National Delegate Don Johnston, and current Representatives Joy Koesten and Charles Roth.\",\n \"title\": \"Laura Kelly\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4190487\",\n \"text\": \"Senate on August 3, 2017. He was sworn in by Vice President Mike Pence on August 21, 2017, in the Oval Office. Johnson presented his credentials to Queen Elizabeth II on November 8, 2017, formally becoming Ambassador. In 1977, Johnson married former fashion model Nancy Sale Johnson. They had three children: Casey, Jaime, and Daisy, before divorcing in 2001. In early 2010, daughter Casey Johnson died of diabetic ketoacidosis. In 2009, Johnson married Suzanne Ircha Johnson, a former actress and equities managing director at Sandler O'Neill & Partners. They have two children: Robert Wood Johnson V and Jack Wood Johnson.\",\n \"title\": \"Woody Johnson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13713490\",\n \"text\": \"Mary Kramer Mary E. Kramer (born June 14, 1935) is a former Republican Iowa State Senator who served from 1990 to 2003. She was elected President of the Senate in 1997, becoming the first independently elected woman to fill the post. In 2003 Kramer was nominated by President George W. Bush to serve as U.S. Ambassador to Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean; she was confirmed by the United States Senate and served from 2004 to 2006. Mary Kramer was born in Burlington, Iowa and grew up in Iowa City. She holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Kramer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1772317\",\n \"text\": \"tenure, questions were raised about the propriety of such a system, particularly with regard to separation of powers–related issues. A constitutional amendment was enacted in 2005 to create the office of lieutenant governor effective at the 2009 election. The Vice President of Uruguay presides over the country's 30-member Senate. President of the Senate The President of the Senate is a title often given to the presiding officer of a senate, and is the speaker of other assemblies. The senate president often ranks high in a jurisdiction's succession for its top executive office: for example, the President of the Senate of\",\n \"title\": \"President of the Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2667896\",\n \"text\": \"397). In \\\"Reynolds v. Sims\\\", the United States Supreme Court compelled all states to draw up districts with equal population. As such, boundaries were changed to comply with the ruling. The Lieutenant Governor is the \\\"ex officio\\\" President of the Senate and may break a tied vote. The President pro tempore is elected by the majority party caucus, followed by confirmation of the full senate. Other leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses according to each party's strength in the chamber. The current president pro tem is Democrat Toni Atkins (39th–San Diego).\",\n \"title\": \"California State Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11645614\",\n \"text\": \"his nomination to the seat expiring in 2032, but instead returned his nomination to the President at the end of the first session of the 115th Congress, per Senate rule XXXI, Section 6. He continued to serve on the Board as an acting member pending his renomination January 8, 2018, and ultimate confirmation July 17, 2018, by a vote of 66-33. Quarles's wife, Hope, is related to Marriner Stoddard Eccles – her grandfather was Marriner's brother. Quarles is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. In November 2017, an investigation conducted by the International Consortium of\",\n \"title\": \"Randal Quarles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11339393\",\n \"text\": \"Education and Skills following a rearrangement in the First Turnbull Ministry, between February and July 2016. Ryan was appointed the Special Minister for State in the first arrangement of the Second Turnbull ministry and gained additional responsibilities as the Minister Assisting the Prime Minister for Cabinet in a subsequent rearrangement. On 13 November 2017, Ryan was elected President of the Senate, winning by 53 votes to 11 for Senator Peter Whish-Wilson of the Greens. He resigned his ministerial posts in order to take up the position. His predecessor Stephen Parry resigned from the Senate during the parliamentary eligibility crisis, after\",\n \"title\": \"Scott Ryan (Australian politician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4769156\",\n \"text\": \"the NPP's senators-elect chose Rivera Schatz to succeed McClintock as of January 12, 2009, as the Fourteenth President of the Senate in its 91-year history. McClintock was appointed by Governor-Elect Luis Fortuño, to serve as chairman of the Incoming Committee on Government Transition. During the first twelve days of the new year, outgoing Senate Secretary Manuel A. Torres served as Acting President of the legislative body. On November 11, 2008, Governor-Elect Luis Fortuño appointed McClintock as Secretary of State of Puerto Rico. Due to the fact that the appointment entailed serving the role of lieutenant governor, McClintock required confirmation by\",\n \"title\": \"Kenneth McClintock\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4061794\",\n \"text\": \"in a general election. In 2017 Tammy Duckworth became the first female double amputee in the Senate and Catherine Cortez Masto joined the Senate as its first Latina. Jeanne Shaheen of New Hampshire and Maggie Hassan of New Hampshire hold the distinction of being the first and second women elected both Governor and U.S. Senator of a state; both served as Governor of New Hampshire and served together in the Senate starting in 2017. Tammy Duckworth became the first woman to give birth while holding a senate seat in the United States in 2018. Duckworth gave birth to Maile Pearl\",\n \"title\": \"Women in the United States Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2300089\",\n \"text\": \"Patrick Leahy Patrick Joseph Leahy (; born March 31, 1940) is an American politician serving as the senior United States Senator from Vermont, a seat to which he was first elected in 1974. A member of the Democratic Party, Leahy held the position of President pro tempore of the United States Senate from December 17, 2012, to January 6, 2015, and was thus during that time third in the presidential line of succession. Now in his eighth six-year term of office, he is currently (since the December 2012 death of Daniel Inouye) the most senior member of the Senate, and\",\n \"title\": \"Patrick Leahy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4969641\",\n \"text\": \"Nia Gill Nia H. Gill (born March 15, 1948) is an American Democratic Party politician, who has been serving in the New Jersey State Senate since 2002, where she represents the 34th Legislative District. She ran unsuccessfully as a candidate in the June 2012 primary election to fill the seat in Congress left vacant by the death of Donald M. Payne, the former U.S. Representative for . Gill was the State Senate President pro Tempore from 2010 to 2018, succeeded by M. Teresa Ruiz. Gill received a B.A. in History/Political History from Upsala College and was awarded a J.D. from\",\n \"title\": \"Nia Gill\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7021472\",\n \"text\": \"political mentor, as Senate President. Enrile resigned due to allegations of misusing the Senate funds. Then assistant majority leader Senator Gregorio Honasan became the acting Majority Leader following Sotto's resignation. On the commencement of the session of the 16th Congress, on 22 July 2013, Sotto became part of the new Senate minority group. He was chosen by his colleagues in the minority to be the Deputy Floor Leader, second-in-command to Enrile who became the Minority Leader. On July 2014, following Enrile's arrest on charges of plunder relating to the pork barrel scam, Sotto became the acting Minority Floor Leader. Enrile\",\n \"title\": \"Tito Sotto\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11843765\",\n \"text\": \"The president is typically elected during the Senate's inaugural session. When absent, the president is substituted by the President pro tempore. Its counterpart in the House is the Speaker. The current president is Thomas Rivera Schatz, senator at-large from the New Progressive Party. The president traces its history back to more than years ago when the Jones–Shafroth Act formally established the post on March 2, 1917. Said act was eventually superseded by another law, and the post was eventually established by the Constitution of Puerto Rico, specifically Article III, which establishes that, \\\"The Senate shall elect a President [...] from\",\n \"title\": \"President of the Senate of Puerto Rico\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13947672\",\n \"text\": \"that mid-term vacancies in the Senate be filled by special election, but permits state legislatures to empower their governors to make temporary appointments until the required special election takes place; temporary appointees are permitted to run in the special election in their own right. The manner by which the Seventeenth Amendment is enacted varies among the states. A 2018 report breaks this down into the following three broad categories (specific procedures vary among the states): In six states within the final category above - Arizona, Hawaii, Maryland, North Carolina, Utah, and Wyoming - the governor must appoint someone of the\",\n \"title\": \"United States Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2323897\",\n \"text\": \"Orrin Hatch leaves office on January 3, 2019, Grassley will be the most senior Republican in the Senate. On November 14, 2018, Grassley was nominated by the Republicans to be President pro tempore of the United States Senate for the 116th United States Congress. Grassley was born in New Hartford, Iowa, the son of Ruth (née Corwin) and Louis Arthur Grassley, and raised on a farm. He graduated from the town high school. At Iowa State Teachers College (now the University of Northern Iowa), he earned a B.A. in 1955 and an M.A. in Political Science in 1956. During his\",\n \"title\": \"Chuck Grassley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428897\",\n \"text\": \"to reform or repeal the amendment. Under President Barack Obama's administration in 2009, four sitting Democratic senators left the Senate for executive branch positions: Barack Obama (President), Joe Biden (Vice President), Hillary Clinton (Secretary of State), and Ken Salazar (Secretary of the Interior). Controversies developed about the successor appointments made by Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich and New York Governor David Paterson. New interest was aroused in abolishing the provision for the Senate appointment by the governor. Accordingly, Senator Russ Feingold of Wisconsin and Representative David Dreier of California proposed an amendment to remove this power; Senators John McCain and Dick\",\n \"title\": \"Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3882884\",\n \"text\": \"pro tempore in his absence. Its counterpart in the House is the Speaker. The current President is Thomas Rivera Schatz, senator at-large from the New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico. The President pro tempore is the second highest-ranking officer of the Senate and substitutes the President of the House in his absence. Its counterpart in the House is the Speaker pro tempore. The current President pro tempore is José Luis Dalmau, senator for District VII Humacao from the Popular Democratic Party. Each party elects floor leaders denominated \\\"Majority leader\\\" or \\\"Minority leader\\\", accordingly, as well as a \\\"Majority Whip\\\" or\",\n \"title\": \"Senate of Puerto Rico\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11954910\",\n \"text\": \"Jeff Kessler Jeffrey Vincent \\\"Jeff\\\" Kessler (born November 16, 1955) is a former Democratic member of the West Virginia Senate in the United States, representing the 2nd district from 1997 to 2017. He is the former Minority Leader of the Senate. Kessler previously served as President of the Senate/Lieutenant Governor, Acting President of the Senate and Chairman of the Judiciary Committee. Kessler is also involved in private practice, where he is a partner in the law firm Berry, Kessler, Crutchfield, Taylor & Gordon. Kessler was born November 16, 1955 in Wheeling, West Virginia. He is the son of George Henry\",\n \"title\": \"Jeff Kessler\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1772316\",\n \"text\": \"of Lieutenant Governor. Similarly, New Hampshire has no lieutenant governor, but the state senate elects a president who is the \\\"de facto\\\" lieutenant governor, given that in the event of the governor's death, resignation, or inability to serve, the president of the senate acts as governor until the vacancy is filled. New Jersey previously used the same system, but with the important proviso that the Senate president continued to serve in that position while also serving as acting governor. After Christine Todd Whitman resigned as governor, Donald DiFrancesco spent nearly a year as acting governor. As a result of his\",\n \"title\": \"President of the Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18426493\",\n \"text\": \"2018, and she won a special election later in 2018 to serve the remainder of Franken's term. Seven-term incumbent Republican Thad Cochran resigned April 1, 2018. Governor Phil Bryant appointed Republican Cindy Hyde-Smith to hold office until January 3, 2019. A November 2018 special election determined Cochran's elected successor. No candidate garnered a majority of votes in the November 6, 2018 election; the top two candidates, Cindy Hyde-Smith and Democrat Mike Espy continued to a runoff on November 27, 2018. Cindy Hyde-Smith defeated Mike Espy and will serve the remainder of Cochran's term, which ends in January 2021. One-term incumbent\",\n \"title\": \"2020 United States Senate elections\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5237461\",\n \"text\": \"would be the same person. The Pennsylvania Senate has been meeting since 1791. The President of the Senate is the Lieutenant Governor, who has no vote except in the event of an otherwise tie vote. Following the 2016 elections, the Senate consisted of 34 Republicans and 16 Democrats. Following the June 4, 2018, resignation of one Republican member, the Senate consisted of 33 Republicans and 16 Democrats with one vacant seat. President of the Senate: Mike Stack (D) President Pro Tem of the Senate: Joe Scarnati (R) The Senate is made up of 50 members who are elected by district.\",\n \"title\": \"Pennsylvania State Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20465999\",\n \"text\": \"Senate. On April 4, 2018, Gopal was named Senate Majority Conference Leader and Chairman of the Bipartisan Legislative Manufacturing Caucus. Gopal took both positions from Senator Robert M. Gordon, who resigned to accept a position with the BPU. Gopal's family is from Southern India. His parents came to the United States in the early 1970s and settled in New Jersey. Gopal was born in Neptune Township and grew up in Freehold Township. Gopal holds a Bachelor's Degree from Pennsylvania State University and is the founder and president of Direct Development, LLC and owner of the Monmouth County-based \\\"Community Magazine.\\\" He\",\n \"title\": \"Vin Gopal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"782572\",\n \"text\": \"places, with 44% \\\"strongly\\\" supporting a ban. In August 2017 the party's constitution was changed, for Hanson to become party President for as long as she may wish and to choose her successor, who may also continue until resignation. On 22 March 2018 Hanson announced that One Nation would back the Turnbull Government's corporate tax cuts. She subsequently reversed her position, citing the failure of the government to cut immigration levels and support coal-fired power. On 15 October 2018, Hanson moved that the Senate to acknowledge anti-white racism and \\\"It's OK to be white\\\". The motion got 28 votes in\",\n \"title\": \"Pauline Hanson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17634025\",\n \"text\": \"Bragdon, in 2013. Morse currently serves on the Finance Committee. Morse was re-elected to his Senate seat in 2018, but the Republicans were in the minority by a margin of 14-10 in 2019-2020. The 10 newly-elected Republican members of the State Senate chose Morse as their caucus leader shortly after the election. His successor as President was Democratic State Senator Donna Soucy. Chuck Morse Chuck Morse (born October 11, 1960) is the former president of the New Hampshire Senate. He served as Acting Governor of New Hampshire from January 3, 2017, upon Maggie Hassan's resignation as governor, until January 5,\",\n \"title\": \"Chuck Morse\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13947653\",\n \"text\": \"1913, Senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented; following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, they are now popularly elected. The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol, in Washington, D.C. As the upper house, the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it; these include the approval of treaties and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries, Supreme Court justices, federal judges, other federal executive officials, flag officers, regulatory officials, ambassadors, and other federal uniformed officers. In addition to these, in cases wherein no candidate receives a\",\n \"title\": \"United States Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1772298\",\n \"text\": \"the Vice-President of the Republic, currently Gabriela Michetti. This was a recent expansion of the Vice-President's powers introduced as part of the 1994 constitutional amendments (Constitution, Art. 57). The Vice-President may only cast a vote to break a tied Senate vote. The President of the Australian Senate is a senator, traditionally a member of the governing party or coalition, elected by the Senate at the beginning of each parliament as the first item of business. They are assisted by a Deputy President who is traditionally a member of the largest opposition party. The current president is Scott Ryan, a Liberal\",\n \"title\": \"President of the Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20114187\",\n \"text\": \"of philosophy, saying that there are no absolute values in law. Piña was appointed as a justice after her appearance on the Senate on November 24, 2015, after the two previous failed attempts, after being part of the judiciary for 27 years. On September 28, 2016 Piña was chosen by her colleagues as the president of the Primera Sala (First Hall) after the justices voted unanimously. She substituted the justice Alfredo Gutiérrez Ortiz Mena, who was in charge to review the criminal and civil jurisprudence cases. She is president from October 1, 2016 to September 30, 2018. Norma Lucía Piña\",\n \"title\": \"Norma Lucía Piña Hernández\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17127041\",\n \"text\": \"but on September 26, 2017, Senator Corker announced his intent to retire. Aaron Pettigrew and Republican U.S. Representative Marsha Blackburn ran for the Republican nomination. Marsha Blackburn became the Republican nominee. Former Tennessee Governor Phil Bredesen became the Democratic nominee. Despite predictions that race would be close, Blackburn was easily elected to the Senate. One-term Republican Ted Cruz was elected with 57% of the vote in 2012. He overwhelmingly won the Republican primary on March 6, 2018. Television producer Bruce Jacobson, Houston energy attorney Stefano de Stefano, former mayor of La Marque Geraldine Sam, Mary Miller, and Thomas Dillingham were\",\n \"title\": \"2018 United States Senate elections\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3882886\",\n \"text\": \"security on the Senate floor and other premises. These officers are elected by the Senate, usually during its inaugural session, immediately after the election of the body's president. The current Secretary is Manuel A. Torres-Nieves while the current Sergeant-at-Arms is Joel Fontánez. The current session is the 26th Senate of Puerto Rico, the upper house of the 18th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico, which will meet from January 2, 2017, to January 1, 2021. All members were elected in the general elections of 2016 with a simple majority coming from the New Progressive Party. The other major party, the Popular\",\n \"title\": \"Senate of Puerto Rico\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6893583\",\n \"text\": \"offensive and racist.\\\" On November 8, Duckworth defeated Kirk 54 percent to 40 percent to win the Senate seat. Duckworth and Kamala Harris, who was also elected in 2016, are the second and third female Asian American senators, after Mazie Hirono who was elected in 2012. In January 2018, following a federal government shut down after the Senate could not agree on a funding bill, Duckworth responded to President Trump's accusations that the Democrats were putting \\\"unlawful immigrants\\\" ahead of the military: Duckworth became the first U.S. Senator to give birth while in office in 2018. Shortly afterward, rules were\",\n \"title\": \"Tammy Duckworth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17127022\",\n \"text\": \"5% and 10%: One-term Republican Jeff Flake was elected with 49% of the vote in 2012. He chose not to run for reelection. U.S. Representative Martha McSally won the Republican nomination in a three-way primary on August 28, 2018, against Joe Arpaio and Kelli Ward. U.S. Representative Kyrsten Sinema easily secured the Democratic nomination. Sinema defeated McSally by a slim margin; her victory became official only after six days of counting ballots. Four-term Democrat Dianne Feinstein won a special election in 1992 and was elected to full terms in 1994, 2000, 2006, and 2012. She ran for re-election and advanced\",\n \"title\": \"2018 United States Senate elections\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2442480\",\n \"text\": \"In 2012, Baldwin became the first openly gay person elected to the U.S. Senate. Baldwin defeated her Republican opponent, former Wisconsin Governor Tommy Thompson, in the 2012 U.S. Senate election. She was reelected in 2018, defeating Republican nominee Leah Vukmir. Baldwin was born and grew up in Madison, Wisconsin. Baldwin's mother, who died in 2017, was 19 and going through a divorce when Baldwin was born. Baldwin was raised by her grandparents and spent Saturdays with her mother, who suffered from mental illness and opioid addiction. Her maternal grandfather, biochemist David E. Green, was Jewish (the son of immigrants from\",\n \"title\": \"Tammy Baldwin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"600737\",\n \"text\": \"December 1980), who was the retiring senior member of the Republican Party, which would hold the majority in the incoming 97th Congress. Three presidents pro tempore subsequently became Vice President: John Tyler, William R. King and Charles Curtis. Tyler is the only one to become president (in April 1841, following the death of William Henry Harrison). While the president pro tempore does have other official duties, the holders of the office have, like the vice president, over time ceased presiding over the Senate on a daily basis, owing to the mundane and ceremonial nature of the position. Furthermore, as the\",\n \"title\": \"President pro tempore of the United States Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5656229\",\n \"text\": \"position. She was the first lawmaker from San Diego to be elected Speaker. She formerly served on the San Diego City Council from 2000 to 2008, including a term as Acting Mayor. While speaker, she served as acting governor for nine hours on July 30, 2014. In 2018, she succeeded Kevin de León as Senate President Pro Tempore. This made her the first woman and the first openly LGBT person to lead the California State Senate. Atkins spent her early years in Max Meadows, Virginia, moving to Roanoke at the age of seven. Her father was a miner and her\",\n \"title\": \"Toni Atkins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7639064\",\n \"text\": \"father was a partner in the investment bank, Kuhn, Loeb and currently serves as vice chairman of Barclays, successor to Lehman Brothers, which merged with Kuhn, Loeb in 1977. She was born and currently lives on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, a borough of New York City. Her husband, Dr. John E. Seley, is a professor of Urban Planning and Geography at The City University of New York Graduate Center and Princeton's Woodrow Wilson School of Public Affairs. Liz Krueger She was first elected in February 2002 during a special election. Krueger is the ranking member on the Senate\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Krueger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4387419\",\n \"text\": \"his post on January 12, 2009. Thomas Rivera Schatz was reelected in 2012 and elected for the third time as a member of the Senate majority in the 2016 election with 10.33% of the \\\"at large\\\" votes, placing him in second place after independent senatorial candidate Dr. José Vargas Vidot and followed by Juan Dalmau of the Puerto Rico Independence Party (PIP). Rivera Schatz was elected to a second term as President of the Senate of Puerto Rico starting January 2017. He holds two records, first as the only reelected Senate President during the past 28 years and the only\",\n \"title\": \"Thomas Rivera Schatz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4387420\",\n \"text\": \"Senate President ever elected as such to non-consecutive terms. Rivera Schatz and his father are avid collectors of antique cars. Thomas Rivera Schatz Thomas Rivera Schatz (born June 10, 1966) is a Puerto Rican politician, legal advisor, attorney, and former prosecutor. Rivera Schatz is the fourteenth and sixteenth President of the Senate of Puerto Rico. He is affiliated with New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico and the United States Republican Party. Rivera Schatz was born on June 10, 1966 in the Bronx Borough of New York City. He is the son of José A. \\\"Nía\\\" Rivera, a past mayor of\",\n \"title\": \"Thomas Rivera Schatz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17166792\",\n \"text\": \"J. Stuart Adams Stuart Adams is the Senator for the Utah State Senate's 22nd District. Adams was appointed to the Utah House of Representatives in 2002, and then to the Senate in 2009. In 2012, he was chosen to be Senate Majority Whip. In 2018, he was chosen as the Senate President. Adams earned his Bachelor of Arts at the University of Utah in business finance. He is a business man by profession. Adams is married to his wife, Susan and they have four children together. In 2002, he was awarded the Business Person of the Year by the Utah\",\n \"title\": \"J. Stuart Adams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5841056\",\n \"text\": \"Hispanic American to serve as a U.S. Senator from Texas. In 2016, Cruz ran for President of the United States, winning 12 statewide contests during the Republican primaries before withdrawing from the race. Cruz was re-elected to the Senate in the 2018 midterm elections, defeating Democratic challenger Beto O'Rourke by a margin of 50.9% to 48.3% in the most expensive U.S. Senate race in U.S. history. Along with Bob Menendez and Marco Rubio, Cruz is currently one of three U.S. Senators of Cuban descent. Born Rafael Edward Cruz on December 22, 1970, at Foothills Medical Centre in Calgary, Alberta, to\",\n \"title\": \"Ted Cruz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17166796\",\n \"text\": \"the editing process - Martin L. Buchanan] J. Stuart Adams Stuart Adams is the Senator for the Utah State Senate's 22nd District. Adams was appointed to the Utah House of Representatives in 2002, and then to the Senate in 2009. In 2012, he was chosen to be Senate Majority Whip. In 2018, he was chosen as the Senate President. Adams earned his Bachelor of Arts at the University of Utah in business finance. He is a business man by profession. Adams is married to his wife, Susan and they have four children together. In 2002, he was awarded the Business\",\n \"title\": \"J. Stuart Adams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4708929\",\n \"text\": \"follows: The President of the Senate, elected on 19 January 2010, is Ana María Romero de Campero (MAS-IPSP, La Paz). Seventeen of 36 members of the Senate are women. The 26-member MAS-IPSP majority includes all four senators from La Paz, Oruro, and Potosí; three senators from Cochabamba and Chuquisaca; and two senators from each of Santa Cruz, Beni, Pando, and Tarija. The President of the Chamber of Deputies, elected on 19 January 2010, is Héctor Arce (MAS-IPSP). 33 of 130 deputies (25.38%) are women. Congressional elections were held on 18 December 2005, concurrently with the 2005 presidential election. The Chamber\",\n \"title\": \"Plurinational Legislative Assembly\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4061781\",\n \"text\": \"Catherine Cortez Masto (Nevada), Tammy Duckworth (Illinois), Kamala Harris (California), and Maggie Hassan (New Hampshire). Incumbent Republican Senator Kelly Ayotte (New Hampshire) lost to Hassan. Both of the seats that changed hands from Republican to Democrat were won by women: Duckworth and Hassan. In January 2018, after the appointment of Democrat Tina Smith of Minnesota to the U.S. Senate to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Al Franken, and in April 2018 after the appointment of Republican Cindy Hyde-Smith of Mississippi to the U.S. Senate to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Thad Cochran, the number\",\n \"title\": \"Women in the United States Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17131508\",\n \"text\": \"of President George W. Bush (2001–2009), the first Asian Pacific American woman ever appointed by a President to the Cabinet in American history. She is the 18th United States Secretary of Transportation in the Cabinet of President Donald J. Trump (2017–). She is married to the current Majority Leader of the United States Senate, Senator Mitch McConnell of Kentucky. James S. C. Chao James Si-Cheng Chao (; born December 29, 1927) is a Chinese-American entrepreneur and philanthropist. He is the founder of the Foremost Group, a New York-based shipping, trading, and finance enterprise. The James S.C. Chao Scholarship is named\",\n \"title\": \"James S. C. Chao\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1772313\",\n \"text\": \"A Vice-President of the Senate is also elected from among the senators. The current President of the Senate is Christine Kangaloo. The Vice President of the United States is assigned the responsibility of presiding over the Senate and designated as its president by the United States Constitution. The vice president, as President of the Senate, has the authority (\\\"ex officio\\\", for he or she is not an elected member of the Senate) to cast a tie-breaking vote. Other than this, the rules of the Senate grant its president very little power (in contrast to the powerful office of Speaker of\",\n \"title\": \"President of the Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9386743\",\n \"text\": \"the first female president of an Ivy League university (University of Pennsylvania), incumbent commissioner of the Federal Communications Commission Michael Copps, incumbent Philippine Senators Edgardo Angara, Miriam Defensor Santiago and Juan Ponce Enrile, internationally recognized constitutionalist Henry J. Abraham, incumbent North Carolina Supreme Court senior justice Mark Martin, prominent California lawyer and former U.S. Attorney General William French Smith, banker, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury and Ambassador to NATO David M. Kennedy, 1971 Economics Nobel Prize winner Simon Kuznets, historian and 1949 Pulitzer Prize winner Roy Nichols, Paul Finkelstein, incumbent board chairman, president and chief executive officer of Regis Corporation,\",\n \"title\": \"Pi Gamma Mu\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2182930\",\n \"text\": \"states (Western Australia, South Australia and Tasmania) or the Australian Capital Territory, and 10 have come from the three most populous states (New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland). All senate presidents have been members of major parties, though not necessarily the governing party. As well as a president, the Senate also elects a Deputy President, whose formal title is Deputy President and Chairman of Committees. Until 1981, the title was just Chairman of Committees; it was changed \\\"to reflect more accurately the nature of the office in practice\\\". The position is not provided for by the constitution, but instead by\",\n \"title\": \"President of the Senate (Australia)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7021458\",\n \"text\": \"Tito Sotto Vicente \\\"Tito\\\" Castelo Sotto III (born 24 August 1948) is a Filipino politician and the 29th and current Senate President of the Philippines. Sotto served as Vice Mayor of Quezon City, the Philippines' most populous city, from 1988 to 1992. Following the 2016 elections, he is currently serving his fourth term in the Senate, having served two consecutive terms from 1992 to 2004; he was re-elected to the Senate in 2010. Aside from politics, Sotto also participated in acting and hosting. Sotto is a co-host of \\\"Eat Bulaga!\\\", the longest-running variety show in Philippine television history. He is\",\n \"title\": \"Tito Sotto\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17461562\",\n \"text\": \"Ron Kouchi Ron Kouchi is a Democratic politician and current 14th President of the Hawaiʻi Senate (replacing Donna Mercado Kim who lost her position in an unusual mid-year leadership reorganization). Ron Kouchi is married to Joy Naomi Tanimoto. He has two sons, Dan and Egan. Kouchi received his high school diploma from Waimea High School and attended Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa. He served as a lobbyist for the County of Kaua‘i at the Hawai‘i State Legislature and is a former member of the Legislative Committee of the Kaua'i Chamber of Commerce. He served for 22 years (11 terms)\",\n \"title\": \"Ron Kouchi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4061775\",\n \"text\": \"U.S. Senator (and only woman) to be the nominee of a major party for President of the United States, which occurred in 2016. In 2008, Kay Hagan became the first woman to unseat a female incumbent, Elizabeth Dole. Upon the opening of the 112th Congress in 2011, New Hampshire Democrat Jeanne Shaheen was joined by newly elected Republican Kelly Ayotte, making the first female tandem senators that do not belong to the same party. Barbara Mikulski became the longest-serving woman senator (and Congresswoman) in 2012; she retired in 2017 as still the longest-serving after serving for forty years. In 2012,\",\n \"title\": \"Women in the United States Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6889630\",\n \"text\": \"in September 2008. The most recent election was held in September 2013. Gelane Zwane ran unopposed and was elected President of the Senate for the third consecutive time. Ngomuyayona Gamedze was chosen as Deputy President, also for the third consecutive time. Six of the King's selections were members of his family. Later in 2013, the Senate banned Members of Parliament from divorcing while in office to \\\"avoid embarrassing the king.\\\" Senate of Eswatini The Senate of Eswatini is the upper chamber of the country's bicameral Parliament. The Senate may debate or pass a bill, with the exception of a \\\"money\",\n \"title\": \"Senate of Eswatini\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4387416\",\n \"text\": \"Thomas Rivera Schatz Thomas Rivera Schatz (born June 10, 1966) is a Puerto Rican politician, legal advisor, attorney, and former prosecutor. Rivera Schatz is the fourteenth and sixteenth President of the Senate of Puerto Rico. He is affiliated with New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico and the United States Republican Party. Rivera Schatz was born on June 10, 1966 in the Bronx Borough of New York City. He is the son of José A. \\\"Nía\\\" Rivera, a past mayor of Trujillo Alto, and Christina Schatz, a German woman. While in college, he worked full-time at the City of San Juan\",\n \"title\": \"Thomas Rivera Schatz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17461564\",\n \"text\": \"State Senate elections 2010. He was elected to the Senate (District 8) in 2012. He has served as the Vice-Chair of the Committee on Agriculture, the Vice Chair of the Committee on Tourism, and the Majority Caucus Leader. He has sponsored 244 bills. Ron Kouchi Ron Kouchi is a Democratic politician and current 14th President of the Hawaiʻi Senate (replacing Donna Mercado Kim who lost her position in an unusual mid-year leadership reorganization). Ron Kouchi is married to Joy Naomi Tanimoto. He has two sons, Dan and Egan. Kouchi received his high school diploma from Waimea High School and attended\",\n \"title\": \"Ron Kouchi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4969652\",\n \"text\": \"remaining 5% of the vote. Nia Gill Nia H. Gill (born March 15, 1948) is an American Democratic Party politician, who has been serving in the New Jersey State Senate since 2002, where she represents the 34th Legislative District. She ran unsuccessfully as a candidate in the June 2012 primary election to fill the seat in Congress left vacant by the death of Donald M. Payne, the former U.S. Representative for . Gill was the State Senate President pro Tempore from 2010 to 2018, succeeded by M. Teresa Ruiz. Gill received a B.A. in History/Political History from Upsala College and\",\n \"title\": \"Nia Gill\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17127031\",\n \"text\": \"Minnesota, appointed Lt. Gov. Tina Smith on January 2, 2018, as an interim Senator until the November 2018 election. She defeated primary challenger Richard Painter in the Democratic primary held on August 14. Incumbent Tina Smith defeated Republican Karin Housley in the general election to finish the term ending January 3, 2021. One-term Republican Roger Wicker won re-election with 57% of the vote in 2012. He was appointed in 2007 and won a special election in 2008 to serve the remainder of Trent Lott's term. He ran. David Baria won the Democratic nomination in a run-off on June 26. Wicker\",\n \"title\": \"2018 United States Senate elections\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11628885\",\n \"text\": \"Edna Madzongwe Edna Madzongwe (born 11 July 1943) is a Zimbabwean politician who is currently the President of the Senate of the Republic of Zimbabwe. She was elected as President of the Senate on 30 November 2005, the first female to hold this position. In the March 2008 parliamentary election, she was re-elected to the Senate from Chegutu constituency, receiving 23,032 votes against 14,275 for Violet Paneairi Mokoesti of the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC-Tsvangirai). Following this election, in which ZANU-PF won control of the Senate but not the House of Assembly, Madzongwe was re-elected as President of the Senate\",\n \"title\": \"Edna Madzongwe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17127037\",\n \"text\": \"Democratic state. Ultimately, Menendez was re-elected with nearly 54% of the vote. One-term Democrat Martin Heinrich was elected with 51% of the vote in 2012. He ran. Mick Rich won the Republican nomination unopposed. Aubrey Dunn Jr., New Mexico Commissioner of Public Lands and otherwise the first Libertarian to ever hold statewide elected office in history, announced his run for the seat, but stepped aside in August to allow former Governor of New Mexico, Gary Johnson's candidacy. Heinrich was re-elected, defeating Rich and Johnson. One-term Democrat Kirsten Gillibrand was elected with 72% of the vote in 2012. She had previously\",\n \"title\": \"2018 United States Senate elections\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17675597\",\n \"text\": \"David McBride David B. McBride (born June 23, 1942, in Wilmington, Delaware) is an American politician and has served continuously in Delaware's General Assembly since 1978. After two years in the House of Representatives, McBride was elected to the Delaware State Senate, where he began serving on November 5, 1980. McBride represents District 13, which includes the greater New Castle area. A Democrat, McBride was chosen unanimously as President Pro Tempore of the Senate on January 10, 2017. McBride is a native of the Wilmington area, attending grade school at Richardson Park School from 1948 to 1957. He went on\",\n \"title\": \"David McBride\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13947674\",\n \"text\": \"is unclear whether the ballot measure supplants the legislature's statute granting that authority. As a result, it is uncertain whether an Alaska governor may appoint an interim senator to serve until a special election is held to fill the vacancy. The Constitution requires that senators take an oath or affirmation to support the Constitution. Congress has prescribed the following oath for all federal officials (except the President), including senators: The annual salary of each senator, since 2009, is $174,000; the president pro tempore and party leaders receive $193,400. In June 2003, at least 40 of the then-senators were millionaires; in\",\n \"title\": \"United States Senate\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17523270\",\n \"text\": \"Pablo Escudero Morales Pablo Escudero Morales (born July 6, 1973) is a politician and Mexican lawyer, member of the Ecologist Green Party of Mexico, was federal deputy and senator. From September 1, 2016 is President of the Senate of Mexico. Pablo Escudero is a lawyer graduated from the Anahuac University also has a Masters in Public Administration at the National Institute of Public Administration in Madrid, Spain. It also has degrees in National Security, Human Rights and completed at the National Autonomous University of Mexico Audit. He began his career in public administration in 1997 as coordinator in Program Responsibilities\",\n \"title\": \"Pablo Escudero Morales\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8118377\",\n \"text\": \"both Democrats and Republicans. He lost this position in 2015 when Democrats withdrew support in favor of Republican Pam Roach. After Pam Roach won a seat on the Pierce County Council in the 2016 election, Tim Sheldon, once again, became president pro tempore of the Washington State Senate. Due to the special election held in November 2017, the Senate returned to a Democratic majority. Sheldon once again lost his position as President Pro Tempore. Democrat Karen Keiser now occupies that position. Tim Sheldon Timothy M. Sheldon (born September 3, 1947) is an American politician who has served since 1991 in\",\n \"title\": \"Tim Sheldon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17054938\",\n \"text\": \"this role.\\\" In the Senate, Senate President Pro Tem David Long (R-Fort Wayne) explained her removal by saying, \\\"In all fairness, Superintendent Ritz was a librarian, okay?” and other Republican senators questioning her credentials to be state superintendent. Gov. Pence signed the legislation authorizing the state board to elect its chair and taking effect in 2017. Glenda Ritz launched her gubernatorial race on June 4, 2015, following the announcements of John Gregg and Karen Tallian. At her announcement, Ritz said that education and the economy would be the centerpiece of her campaign platform. While reaching out to potential supporters, she\",\n \"title\": \"Glenda Ritz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"283613\",\n \"text\": \"government; the leader is elected by popular vote to a maximum of two 4-year terms. In the 28 March 2015 presidential election, General Muhammadu Buhari emerged victorious to become the President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, defeating then-incumbent Dr Goodluck Jonathan. The president's power is checked by a Senate and a House of Representatives, which are combined in a bicameral body called the National Assembly. The Senate is a 109-seat body with three members from each state and one from the capital region of Abuja; members are elected by popular vote to four-year terms. The House contains 360 seats,\",\n \"title\": \"Nigeria\"\n }\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who is the current madam president in the senate"}}},{"rowIdx":8388,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Peyton Manning"],"string":"[\n \"Peyton Manning\"\n]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"2461905","text":"January 18, Warner threw for 279 yards, four touchdowns, and no interceptions against the Philadelphia Eagles to lead the Cardinals to their first Super Bowl appearance in history. Warner is one of three quarterbacks who made Super Bowl starts with two teams (the others are Craig Morton [1970: Dallas Cowboys and 1977: Denver Broncos] and Peyton Manning [2006 & 2009: Indianapolis Colts and 2013 & 2015: Denver Broncos]). Warner also became the third quarterback in NFL history to win a conference championship with two teams (following Craig Morton and Earl Morrall). In Warner's third career Super Bowl appearance on February","title":"Kurt Warner"},{"id":"2528093","text":"conversion, which ended up being the final pass of his career. Manning became the oldest starting quarterback to both play in and win a Super Bowl. Manning also became the first quarterback to start two Super Bowls with multiple franchises, with different head coaches each time (Dungy, Caldwell, Fox, and Kubiak) and the first quarterback to lead two franchises to a Super Bowl victory. The victory gave Manning his 200th overall win including regular season and playoffs, making him at the time the starting quarterback with the most combined regular season and postseason wins in NFL history. Peyton and Eli","title":"Peyton Manning"},{"id":"2199960","text":"Tom Brady Thomas \"Tom\" Edward Patrick Brady Jr. (born August 3, 1977) is an American football quarterback for the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). He is one of only two players in NFL history to have won five Super Bowls (along with defensive player Charles Haley), and he is the only player to have won them all with a single franchise. Because of his numerous accomplishments and accolades, many analysts and sportswriters consider Brady to be among the greatest quarterbacks of all time. After playing college football for the University of Michigan, Brady was drafted by","title":"Tom Brady"},{"id":"2527984","text":"Manning is also the only quarterback to start the Super Bowl for two franchises more than once each, with different coaches at each Super Bowl start (Dungy, Caldwell, Fox, Kubiak), and the only starting quarterback to win a Super Bowl with two franchises. At 39 years of age, Manning was the oldest quarterback to start in and win a Super Bowl. During a 2009 \"Monday Night Football\" game, Manning received the nickname \"The Sheriff\" from color commentator Jon Gruden due to his tendency to audible prior to the snap, and he was one of the most recognizable and parodied players","title":"Peyton Manning"},{"id":"13026263","text":"include Super Bowl finalists and winners; for instance Super Bowl XXXV was contested between two journeyman quarterbacks (Trent Dilfer and Kerry Collins), and arguably so was Super Bowl XXXVII (Brad Johnson and Rich Gannon) Journeyman quarterback A journeyman quarterback in American football (typically NFL), is a quarterback who plays for several teams over a career. Such a player is typically signed to year-by-year contracts, and may be signed by a team to fill in for an injured starter. The term journeyman is normally pejorative. The paradigm of a journeyman quarterback might be J. T. O'Sullivan, who spent time with 11","title":"Journeyman quarterback"},{"id":"9862428","text":"defense created three lost fumbles and an interception and scored a defensive touchdown to power the team to a 24-10 victory, the third NFL title for the franchise. Von Miller, who had 2.5 sacks and two forced fumbles, was named the game's Most Valuable Player. Peyton Manning made history as the first quarterback to start and win a Super Bowl for two teams. Gary Kubiak became the fourth coach to win a Super Bowl in his first year with a new team. The Broncos' third championship tied them for seventh-most Super Bowl wins all-time, along with the Washington Redskins and","title":"History of the Denver Broncos"},{"id":"4730190","text":"a total of 5,734 yards, 29 touchdowns, 49 interceptions and a 52.1 completion percentage. At age 34, Morton revived his career with the Broncos, finishing the season as the second rated passer in the AFC. Although he suffered in the playoffs from a swollen left hip that needed to be drained, he overcame the injury to become the first NFL quarterback to start the Super Bowl for two different teams (Dallas in V and Denver in XII). This was later equaled by Kurt Warner and Peyton Manning, but Morton is the only quarterback to have started for two different team's","title":"Craig Morton"},{"id":"2413185","text":"Bob Griese Robert Allen Griese (pronounced ; born February 3, 1945) is a former American football quarterback who earned All-American honors with the Purdue Boilermakers before being drafted in 1967 by the American Football League's Miami Dolphins. Griese led the Dolphins to three consecutive Super Bowl appearances, including two Super Bowl victories in VII and VIII (three straight appearances with two victories is unmatched by any other team, let alone any single quarterback). Griese was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame and the Indiana Football Hall of Fame in 1984 and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in","title":"Bob Griese"},{"id":"4365807","text":"the Indianapolis Colts, and the Denver Broncos. Eli was also a star quarterback at Ole Miss and is the current quarterback of the NFL's New York Giants. Both Peyton and Eli were All-America selections during their college careers and both have led their respective professional teams to Super Bowl championships (Peyton with the Indianapolis Colts in Super Bowl XLI and with the Broncos in Super Bowl 50, and Eli with the New York Giants in Super Bowls XLII and XLVI). Both have won the Super Bowl MVP award, Eli twice. Archie was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame","title":"Manning Award"},{"id":"8020990","text":"Troy Aikman Troy Kenneth Aikman (born November 21, 1966) is a former American football quarterback who played for the Dallas Cowboys in the National Football League (NFL). The number one overall draft pick in 1989, Aikman played twelve consecutive seasons as quarterback with the Cowboys. During his career he was a six-time Pro Bowl selection, led the team to three Super Bowl victories, and was the MVP of Super Bowl XXVII. Aikman was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2006 and to the College Football Hall of Fame on December 9, 2008 in New York City. Currently","title":"Troy Aikman"},{"id":"18084485","text":"Manning reached his fourth Super Bowl, with appearances under as many head coaches (Tony Dungy, Jim Caldwell, John Fox, and Gary Kubiak). He became the first quarterback ever to lead two teams to multiple Super Bowls. He was also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super Bowl at age 39. The previous record was held by John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII at age 38 and is currently Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager. Manning and Newton set the record for the largest age difference between opposing Super","title":"Super Bowl 50"},{"id":"340460","text":"Super Bowl team is often chosen for the \"I'm going to Disney World!\" campaign (which includes a trip to Walt Disney World for them and their families), whether they are the Super Bowl MVP or not; examples include Joe Montana (XXIII), Trent Dilfer (XXXV), and Peyton Manning (50). Dilfer was chosen even though teammate Ray Lewis was the MVP of Super Bowl XXXV, due to the bad publicity from Lewis' murder trial the prior year. In addition to their main role, quarterbacks are occasionally used in other roles. Most teams utilize a backup quarterback as their holder on placekicks. A","title":"Quarterback"},{"id":"10046860","text":"Gale Gilbert Gale Reed Gilbert (born December 20, 1961) is a former American football quarterback who played eight seasons in the NFL for the Seattle Seahawks, Buffalo Bills, and the San Diego Chargers. Gilbert is the only player in NFL history to be on five consecutive Super Bowl teams, none of which were won. Gilbert was the catcher for a baseball team from Red Bluff, California, which played in the 1974 Little League World Series. That team lost the nationally televised championship game to a team from Taiwan. Gale Gilbert played college football for the California Golden Bears. He was","title":"Gale Gilbert"},{"id":"3354613","text":"the Raiders. Initially serving as a backup, he became the team's starting quarterback during the 1980 season and helped Raiders win Super Bowl XV, where he was named the game's MVP. In 1983, Plunkett again ascended from backup to starting quarterback to assist the Raiders in winning Super Bowl XVIII before retiring three years later. He is the only eligible quarterback to win two Super Bowls as a starter to not be inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Plunkett is the only NFL Quarterback to win two Super Bowls with the same team in two different cities in","title":"Jim Plunkett"},{"id":"3394631","text":"Bart Starr Bryan Bartlett \"Bart\" Starr (born January 9, 1934) is a former professional American football player and coach. He played quarterback for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL) from 1956 through 1971. Starr is the only quarterback in NFL history to lead a team to three consecutive league championships (1965–67). Starr and New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady are tied for total NFL championships, at five each. Starr led his team to victories in the first two Super Bowls: I and II. As the Packers' head coach, he was less successful, compiling a 52–76–3 ()","title":"Bart Starr"},{"id":"2413209","text":"Judi's House. Bob Griese Robert Allen Griese (pronounced ; born February 3, 1945) is a former American football quarterback who earned All-American honors with the Purdue Boilermakers before being drafted in 1967 by the American Football League's Miami Dolphins. Griese led the Dolphins to three consecutive Super Bowl appearances, including two Super Bowl victories in VII and VIII (three straight appearances with two victories is unmatched by any other team, let alone any single quarterback). Griese was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame and the Indiana Football Hall of Fame in 1984 and the Pro Football Hall of","title":"Bob Griese"},{"id":"3925447","text":"Doug Williams (quarterback) Douglas Lee Williams (born August 9, 1955) is a former American football quarterback and former head coach of the Grambling State Tigers football team. Williams is known for his remarkable performance with the Washington Redskins in Super Bowl XXII against the Denver Broncos. Williams, who was named the Super Bowl MVP, passed for a Super Bowl record 340 yards and four touchdowns, with one interception. He was the first African-American starting quarterback to win a Super Bowl. Williams also became the first player in Super Bowl history to pass for four touchdowns in a half, and the","title":"Doug Williams (quarterback)"},{"id":"3608227","text":"all rounds. As of 2012, this draft also has two other records attached to it: it became the draft with the shortest time between having multiple quarterbacks being drafted and starting for Super Bowl winners (Ben Roethlisberger for the 2005 Steelers, and Manning for the 2007 Giants) and it has become the first draft ever to have produced two QBs who each won multiple Super Bowls (with Roethlisberger winning his second in 2008 and Eli his second in 2011). The 255 players chosen in the draft were composed of: 2004 NFL Draft The 2004 NFL draft was the procedure by","title":"2004 NFL Draft"},{"id":"10046865","text":"teams and competed in the 2010 BCS National Championship Game with the former. Gilbert is also the father of Texas Christian University Horned Frogs freshman tight end Griffin Gilbert. Gale Gilbert Gale Reed Gilbert (born December 20, 1961) is a former American football quarterback who played eight seasons in the NFL for the Seattle Seahawks, Buffalo Bills, and the San Diego Chargers. Gilbert is the only player in NFL history to be on five consecutive Super Bowl teams, none of which were won. Gilbert was the catcher for a baseball team from Red Bluff, California, which played in the 1974","title":"Gale Gilbert"},{"id":"4245749","text":"spending a few years in the Arena Football League, Warner became the St. Louis Rams starting quarterback in 1999 due to a pre-season injury of starter Trent Green. He went on to lead the Rams to two Super Bowls and one Super Bowl win (in which Warner was named MVP), while also winning two NFL MVP Awards. But in 2002, Warner's production was drastically reduced by injuries and he soon lost his starting job to Marc Bulger. He eventually left the team to join the New York Giants, but once again he lost his starting job (replaced by Eli Manning)","title":"Super Bowl XLIII"},{"id":"394107","text":"Super Bowl victories. With this start, Staubach became the first quarterback to start four Super Bowls. Bradshaw joined Fran Tarkenton, Bob Griese as well as Staubach as the only quarterbacks to start at least three Super Bowls. The only quarterbacks to start more Super Bowls than Staubach and Bradshaw are John Elway and Tom Brady, who guided the Broncos and Patriots to five and seven Super Bowls respectively. 49ers quarterback Joe Montana and Bills quarterback Jim Kelly later matched Staubach and Bradshaw by leading their teams to four Super Bowls. The point spread for the game opened at Pittsburgh -3.5","title":"Super Bowl XIII"},{"id":"3200079","text":"a touchdown in back-to-back Super Bowls. With the victory, Tom Brady became just the fourth quarterback to win at least three Super Bowls, along with Terry Bradshaw, Joe Montana and Troy Aikman. Brady also became the fourth quarterback to throw a touchdown pass in three different Super Bowls. Other quarterbacks to do it were Terry Bradshaw, Joe Montana and John Elway, with Kurt Warner later accomplishing the feat during Super Bowl XLIII and Peyton Manning in Super Bowl XLVIII. The Patriots joined the Dallas Cowboys as the only teams in NFL history to win three Super Bowls in a span","title":"Super Bowl XXXIX"},{"id":"3394652","text":"game and instead sent a videotaped greeting from home. Bart Starr Bryan Bartlett \"Bart\" Starr (born January 9, 1934) is a former professional American football player and coach. He played quarterback for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL) from 1956 through 1971. Starr is the only quarterback in NFL history to lead a team to three consecutive league championships (1965–67). Starr and New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady are tied for total NFL championships, at five each. Starr led his team to victories in the first two Super Bowls: I and II. As the Packers' head","title":"Bart Starr"},{"id":"3893613","text":"Joe Theismann Joseph Robert Theismann (born September 9, 1949) is a former professional gridiron football player, sports commentator, corporate speaker and restaurateur. He played quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) and Canadian Football League (CFL), achieving his most enduring fame in 12 seasons with the Washington Redskins, where he was a two-time Pro Bowler and helped the team to consecutive Super Bowl appearances, winning Super Bowl XVII and losing Super Bowl XVIII. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2003. Following his retirement from football in 1985 after a career-ending injury, Theismann worked as a","title":"Joe Theismann"},{"id":"2015369","text":"Joe Montana Joseph Clifford Montana Jr. (born June 11, 1956), nicknamed \"Joe Cool\" and \"The Comeback Kid\", is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 16 seasons with the San Francisco 49ers and Kansas City Chiefs. After winning a college national championship at Notre Dame, Montana started his NFL career in 1979 with San Francisco, where he played for the next 14 seasons. While a member of the 49ers, Montana started and won four Super Bowls and was the first player ever to have been named Super Bowl Most Valuable Player three times.","title":"Joe Montana"},{"id":"10259943","text":"zone. Gibbs, who earned induction into the Pro Football Hall of Fame for his work as Redskins head coach, is also the first head coach in NFL history to win 3 Super Bowls with 3 different quarterbacks: Joe Theismann, Doug Williams, and Mark Rypien. Norv Turner, a former Washington Redskins and San Diego Chargers head coach, and offensive coordinator of the Dallas Cowboys, San Francisco 49ers and currently the Carolina Panthers, also implements a version of the Coryell style of offense. The Turner strain of Coryell offenses are still very reliant on a good receiving TE. Norv Turner strains sometimes","title":"Air Coryell"},{"id":"7678075","text":"two seasons with the Vikings. In that time, he made an NFL-record 297 consecutive starts, 321 including the playoffs. Favre's eleven Pro Bowl invitations is the third most among quarterbacks in NFL history. He is the only player to win the Associated Press NFL Most Valuable Player Award three consecutive times, doing so from 1995 to 1997, and is one of only six quarterbacks to have won the award as well as the Super Bowl in the same season. He led teams to eight division championships, five NFC Championship Games, and two Super Bowl appearances: Super Bowl XXXI and Super","title":"Brett Favre"},{"id":"394319","text":"where the game was coincidentally played in the home market of one of the participants. The game was hyped as the battle between two great quarterbacks: Miami's Dan Marino and San Francisco's Joe Montana. The Dolphins entered their fifth Super Bowl in team history after posting a 14–2 regular season record. The 49ers were making their second Super Bowl appearance after becoming the first team ever to win 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule in 1978. With Marino and Montana, the game became the first Super Bowl in which the starting quarterbacks of each","title":"Super Bowl XIX"},{"id":"1439781","text":"Jim McMahon James Robert McMahon, Jr. (born August 21, 1959) is a former American football player. He played college football at Brigham Young University, where he was a two-time All-American (1980, 1981) and later in the professional ranks with the Chicago Bears, San Diego Chargers, Philadelphia Eagles, Minnesota Vikings, Arizona Cardinals, Cleveland Browns, and Green Bay Packers. He won two Super Bowl titles, the first with the Bears in Super Bowl XX where he was the starting quarterback, and the second with their rivals, the Green Bay Packers, in Super Bowl XXXI where he was a backup to Brett Favre.","title":"Jim McMahon"},{"id":"15909328","text":"Brock Osweiler Brock Alan Osweiler (born November 22, 1990) is an American football quarterback for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL). Osweiler played college football at Arizona State University and was drafted by the Denver Broncos in the second round of the 2012 NFL Draft. During his fourth year with the Broncos, Osweiler was a member of the team that won Super Bowl 50 over the Carolina Panthers. That season marked his first appearance as a starter when he relieved an injured Peyton Manning, to whom he had served as a backup in his first three years,","title":"Brock Osweiler"},{"id":"2527999","text":"part of Manning's career, \"his record-breaking stats were written off because of the Colts' postseason failures\"; conversely he posted poor statistics in the 2015 regular season and Super Bowl 50, which would be his final season, but nonetheless won his second Super Bowl thanks to his team's defense. Manning is also the only quarterback in NFL history to make the Super Bowl four times with four head coaches (Dungy, Caldwell, Fox and Kubiak). Despite concerns about his arm strength and mobility, Manning was selected first overall in the 1998 NFL Draft by the Indianapolis Colts. Although many considered Washington State","title":"Peyton Manning"},{"id":"7801949","text":"Jay Schroeder Jay Brian Schroeder (born June 28, 1961) is a former professional American football quarterback. He played college football at UCLA, after which he was selected in the third round (83rd overall) of the 1984 NFL draft by the Washington Redskins where he played for three seasons. He then played for the Los Angeles Raiders for five seasons and spent one season each with the Cincinnati Bengals and Arizona Cardinals. While with the Washington Redskins, Schroeder was selected to his only Pro Bowl after the 1986 season season. He also won his only Super Bowl ring, when the Redskins","title":"Jay Schroeder"},{"id":"18084527","text":"was 3-of-15. The two teams' combined third down conversion percentage of 13.8 was the lowest in Super Bowl history. Manning and Newton had quarterback passer ratings of 56.6 and 55.4, respectively, and their added total of 112 is a record lowest aggregate passer rating for a Super Bowl. Manning became the oldest quarterback ever to win a Super Bowl at age 39, the first quarterback ever to win a Super Bowl starting for two teams, and the first quarterback ever to win 200 games (regular season and postseason) as a starter. Gary Kubiak became the first head coach to win","title":"Super Bowl 50"},{"id":"1996290","text":"from the winning team every year except 1971, when Dallas Cowboys linebacker Chuck Howley won the award despite the Cowboys' loss in Super Bowl V to the Baltimore Colts. Harvey Martin and Randy White were named co-MVPs of Super Bowl XII, the only time co-MVPs have been chosen. Including the Super Bowl XII co-MVPs, seven Cowboys players have won Super Bowl MVP awards, the most of any NFL team. Quarterbacks have earned the honor 29 times in 52 games. Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award The Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award, or Super Bowl MVP, is presented annually to","title":"Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award"},{"id":"6000949","text":"for roster spots with Eli Manning, Tim Hasselbeck, and Jared Lorenzen. He was named the third-string quarterback in a season that saw the team win Super Bowl XLII, beating the previously undefeated New England Patriots. On August 18, 2008, Wright suffered a back injury in a preseason game against the Cleveland Browns and was eventually placed on the injured reserve list on August 30. He wasn't re-signed the next season and decided to announce his retirement. His cousin Jesse Campbell played safety in the NFL. Anthony Wright (American football) Anthony Lavon Wright (born February 14, 1976) is a former American","title":"Anthony Wright (American football)"},{"id":"3893636","text":"time in the league and left the team when it was folded into the Virginia Destroyers in January 2011. In 2011, Theismann was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame. Joe Theismann Joseph Robert Theismann (born September 9, 1949) is a former professional gridiron football player, sports commentator, corporate speaker and restaurateur. He played quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) and Canadian Football League (CFL), achieving his most enduring fame in 12 seasons with the Washington Redskins, where he was a two-time Pro Bowler and helped the team to consecutive Super Bowl appearances, winning Super Bowl XVII and","title":"Joe Theismann"},{"id":"3093351","text":"He attended Ole Miss as starting quarterback and was drafted No. 1 overall by the San Diego Chargers in the 2004 NFL Draft. However, he was traded to the Giants for Philip Rivers on draft day, after repeatedly threatening not to sign with the Chargers. He led the Giants to Super Bowl XLII and won 17–14 over a then-undefeated New England Patriots team. In 2012, the Giants again defeated the New England Patriots 21–17 in Super Bowl XLVI. He won the Most Valuable Player award of both Super Bowls. Cooper, Peyton, and Eli all attended and graduated from Isidore Newman","title":"Archie Manning"},{"id":"9372830","text":"still, Joe Gibbs won 3 Super Bowls running his version of the Coryell offense when he was head coach of the Washington Redskins from 1981-1992 (He also served as Redskins head coach from 2004-2007). Gibbs, who earned induction into the Hall of Fame as a head coach, is the only coach to win 3 Super Bowls with 3 different quarterbacks (Joe Theismann, Doug Williams and Mark Rypien). Around 2011, Bill Belichick increasingly adopted an up-tempo, no-huddle offense for his team. The idea behind this strategy is for the offense to call plays rapidly without pause and without a huddle. The","title":"New England Patriots strategy"},{"id":"2722697","text":"Roger Staubach Roger Thomas Staubach (born February 5, 1942), nicknamed \"Roger the Dodger\", \"Captain America\" and \"Captain Comeback\", is a former American football quarterback in the National Football League (NFL). He attended the U.S. Naval Academy where he won the 1963 Heisman Trophy, and after graduation he served in the U.S. Navy, including a tour of duty in Vietnam. Staubach joined the Dallas Cowboys in 1969 and played with the club during all 11 seasons of his career. He led the team to the Super Bowl five times, four as the starting quarterback. He led the Cowboys to victories in","title":"Roger Staubach"},{"id":"7005059","text":"Damon Huard Damon Paul Huard (born July 9, 1973) is a former American football quarterback. He is the director of community relations and fundraiser for the University of Washington football program, his alma mater. Huard was signed by the Cincinnati Bengals as an undrafted free agent in 1996, and played twelve seasons in the NFL with the Miami Dolphins, New England Patriots, and Kansas City Chiefs. While with the Patriots, he won two Super Bowl rings. Born in Yakima, Washington, Huard was raised southeast of Tacoma in Puyallup, where his father Mike was a high school teacher and head football","title":"Damon Huard"},{"id":"18262152","text":"Jacoby Brissett Jacoby Jajuan Brissett (born December 11, 1992) is an American football quarterback for the Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Florida before transferring to NC State, and was drafted by the New England Patriots in the third round of the 2016 NFL Draft. As a member of the Patriots he won Super Bowl LI over the Atlanta Falcons as a backup to Tom Brady, and was traded to the Colts the following season. Brissett attended William T. Dwyer High School in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida. Rivals.com ranked him as a four-star","title":"Jacoby Brissett"},{"id":"3086907","text":"Tommy Maddox Thomas Alfred Maddox (born September 2, 1971) is a former football quarterback in the National Football League (NFL), the XFL, and the Arena Football League. He is one of three players (Bobby Singh and Ron Carpenter) to have won both Super Bowl and XFL championships. Maddox was born in Shreveport, Louisiana and raised in Hurst, Texas, in the Dallas/Fort Worth area. At UCLA, Maddox played collegiately for two seasons and led UCLA to the John Hancock Bowl in 1991. The Denver Broncos drafted Maddox in the first round of the 1992 NFL Draft. Originally thought to be the","title":"Tommy Maddox"},{"id":"393901","text":"became the first quarterback to start three Super Bowls and is joined by Jim Kelly as the only quarterbacks to start at least three consecutive Super Bowls. Wide receiver Paul Warfield remained the main deep threat on the team, catching 29 passes for 514 yards and 11 touchdowns. The offensive line was strong, once again led by center Jim Langer and right guard Larry Little. Griese, Csonka, Warfield, Langer, Nick Buoniconti and Little would all eventually be elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Miami's \"No Name Defense\" continued to dominate their opponents. Future Hall of Fame linebacker Nick","title":"Super Bowl VIII"},{"id":"3354626","text":"Super Bowl, defeating the Philadelphia Eagles 27–10 in Super Bowl XV. Throwing for 261 yards and three touchdowns, Plunkett was named the game's MVP; subsequently, Plunkett has the distinction of being the first minority to quarterback a team to a Super Bowl victory and the only Latino to be named Super Bowl MVP. In addition to this, he became the second of four players to win the Heisman Trophy and Super Bowl MVP, Roger Staubach before him, and Marcus Allen and Desmond Howard after him. Later in his career, the Raiders moved to Los Angeles. After returning to the backup","title":"Jim Plunkett"},{"id":"3093350","text":"attending the University of Tennessee. Considered one of the greatest players in NFL history, he led the Indianapolis Colts to a 29–17 victory in Super Bowl XLI over the Chicago Bears on February 4, 2007, and was the game's MVP. After missing the entire 2011 NFL season, he signed with the Denver Broncos on March 20, 2012, and won Super Bowl 50 against the Carolina Panthers on February 7, 2016. He retired from pro football a month later, on March 7. Eli Manning was born in New Orleans in 1981. He is currently a quarterback with the New York Giants.","title":"Archie Manning"},{"id":"10482351","text":"Marino helped the Dolphins become consistent postseason contenders, leading them to the playoffs ten times and one Super Bowl appearance in XIX, although a title victory ultimately eluded him during his career. Marino is considered by many to be one of the greatest players to never win a Super Bowl and has the most career victories of quarterbacks to not win a title at 155 (147–93 in regular season and 8–10 in playoffs). A nine-time Pro Bowl selection, and seven time first or second team All-Pro, Marino was the NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP) in 1984, when he set single","title":"Dan Marino"},{"id":"6136112","text":"Tebucky Jones Tebucky Shermain Jones (born October 6, 1974) is a former American football safety in the National Football League. His professional career began when he was drafted out of Syracuse University in the first round of the 1998 NFL Draft by the New England Patriots. He also played for the Miami Dolphins and the New Orleans Saints. Jones is best known for his role on the 2001 Patriots team that won Super Bowl XXXVI. In the Super Bowl, in the fourth quarter with the St. Louis Rams in a do-or-die situation down 3-17 against the Patriots, Rams quarterback Kurt","title":"Tebucky Jones"},{"id":"4281409","text":"Brian Griese Brian David Griese (; born March 18, 1975) is a former American football quarterback and current color commentator for \"ESPN College Football\". He was drafted by the Broncos in the third round of the 1998 NFL Draft. He played high school football at Christopher Columbus High School and later college football at Michigan. During his rookie year in 1998, he earned a Super Bowl ring with the Broncos, as John Elway led the Broncos to a victory in Super Bowl XXXIII over the Atlanta Falcons. Elway retired after the Super Bowl and Griese became the starting quarterback for","title":"Brian Griese"},{"id":"3047497","text":"Poly\" O'Brien, Tim Simpson, Doug Marrone, and Brad Johnson, a quarterback who would go on to win Super Bowl XXXVII with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Also of note was Dedrick Dodge, a special teams maven who went on to win a number of Super Bowl rings with the San Francisco 49ers and the Denver Broncos and LaVar Ball, a tight end whose sons play basketball, including Lonzo Ball of the Los Angeles Lakers, who was the second overall pick in the 2017 NBA draft. London Monarchs The London Monarchs were a professional American football team in NFL Europe and its","title":"London Monarchs"},{"id":"340459","text":"other team sports, before the implementation of NFL team captains in 2007, the starting quarterback was usually the \"de facto\" team leader and well-respected player on and off the field. Since 2007, when the NFL allowed teams to designate several captains to serve as on-field leaders, the starting quarterback has usually been one of the team captains as the leader of the team's offense. After a Super Bowl victory, the starting quarterback is the first player (and third person after the team owner and head coach) to be presented with the Vince Lombardi Trophy. The starting quarterback of the victorious","title":"Quarterback"},{"id":"2158405","text":"Tom Flores Thomas Raymond Flores (born March 21, 1937) is a Mexican-American former professional football coach and player. He and Mike Ditka are the only two people in National Football League history to win a Super Bowl as a player, assistant coach, and head coach (Super Bowl IV as a player for the Chiefs, Super Bowl XI as an assistant coach of the Raiders, and Super Bowl XV and Super Bowl XVIII as head coach of the Raiders). Flores was also the first Hispanic starting quarterback and the first minority head coach in professional football history to win a Super","title":"Tom Flores"},{"id":"703818","text":"Terry Bradshaw Terry Paxton Bradshaw (born September 2, 1948) is a former American football quarterback who played professionally in the National Football League (NFL). Since 1994, he has been a TV sports analyst and co-host of \"Fox NFL Sunday\". Bradshaw is also an actor, having participated in many television shows and films, most notably starring in the movie \"Failure to Launch\". He played for 14 seasons with Pittsburgh, won four Super Bowl titles in a six-year period (1974, 1975, 1978, and 1979), becoming the first quarterback to win three and four Super Bowls, and led the Steelers to eight AFC","title":"Terry Bradshaw"},{"id":"11395896","text":"Tracy Porter Tracy O'Neil Porter (born August 11, 1986) is an American football cornerback who is currently a free agent. He was drafted by the New Orleans Saints in the second round of the 2008 NFL Draft. With the Saints, he won Super Bowl XLIV against the Indianapolis Colts, sealing the game with a memorable interception returned for a touchdown. He played college football at Indiana. Porter has also played for the Denver Broncos, Oakland Raiders, Washington Redskins, and Chicago Bears. Porter attended Port Allen High School, where he played quarterback, running back, wide receiver, and cornerback. He earned first","title":"Tracy Porter"},{"id":"10341298","text":"as a quarterback. He later transferred to Bethune-Cookman University, where he played basketball but not football. From 2000 to 2002, Toliver spent time on the practice squads of the St. Louis Rams, San Francisco 49ers and Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League. He was part of the Buccaneers team that won Super Bowl XXXVII in January 2003. He played for the Tampa Bay Storm of the AFL from 2002 to 2005. In 2003, he was part of the Storm team that won ArenaBowl XVII, becoming the first person to win an ArenaBowl and Super Bowl in the same","title":"T. T. Toliver"},{"id":"327181","text":"John Wooden; basketball Hall of Famers Stretch Murphy, Piggy Lambert, and Rick Mount; NBA Champions Paul Hoffman, Herm Gilliam, Frank Kendrick, Jerry Sichting, Glenn Robinson, and Brian Cardinal; and NBA All-Stars Glenn Robinson, Brad Miller, Terry Dischinger, and Joe Barry Carroll. Purdue has three NFL Super Bowl–winning quarterbacks in Drew Brees, Bob Griese, and Len Dawson. Additionally, a total of 19 Purdue alumni have been on a Super Bowl–winning team . Purdue also produced Super Bowl IV winning coach Hank Stram. Daytona 500 winner Ryan Newman graduated from Purdue with a bachelor's degree in vehicle structure engineering. Three Purdue alumni","title":"Purdue University"},{"id":"7702035","text":"Owen Daniels Owen Four Daniels (born November 9, 1982) is a former American football tight end. He played college football for the University of Wisconsin, and was drafted by the Houston Texans in the fourth round of the 2006 NFL Draft. He is a two-time Pro Bowl selection. He also played for the Baltimore Ravens and Denver Broncos. As a member of the Broncos, he helped the team win Super Bowl 50 over the Carolina Panthers. Daniels attended Naperville Central High School in Naperville, Illinois. As a starting quarterback on the football team, Daniels led Naperville Central to an undefeated","title":"Owen Daniels"},{"id":"3354612","text":"Jim Plunkett Jim Plunkett (born December 5, 1947) is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for sixteen seasons. He achieved his greatest success during his final nine seasons with the Oakland Raiders franchise, whom he helped lead to two Super Bowl victories. A Heisman Trophy winner during his collegiate career at Stanford, Plunkett was selected by the New England Patriots as the first overall pick in the 1971 NFL Draft and later played for the San Francisco 49ers. His tenure with the teams was mostly unsuccessful and led to him being signed by","title":"Jim Plunkett"},{"id":"3020747","text":"Len Dawson Leonard Ray Dawson (born June 20, 1935) is a former American football quarterback and a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame. He played 19 seasons for three professional teams, the last 14 seasons with the Dallas Texans/Kansas City Chiefs, and played college football at Purdue University. Dawson led the Texans/Chiefs to three American Football League Championships (1962, 1966, 1969), and a victory in Super Bowl IV over the Minnesota Vikings, for which he won the game's MVP award. Dawson retired from professional football after the 1975 season, and was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of","title":"Len Dawson"},{"id":"17704007","text":"Jimmy Garoppolo James Richard Garoppolo (born November 2, 1991) is an American football quarterback for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Eastern Illinois and was drafted in the second round of the 2014 NFL Draft by the New England Patriots, with whom he won two Super Bowls as the backup to Tom Brady. As a senior in 2013, Garoppolo broke Tony Romo's school records for career passing touchdowns, career passing yards, and passing touchdowns in a season. That season, he also won the Walter Payton Award as the best offensive player","title":"Jimmy Garoppolo"},{"id":"5732094","text":"Troy Aikman, himself a three-time Super Bowl winner as a Dallas Cowboys quarterback, as the color analyst. Mike Pereira joined Buck and Aikman in the broadcast booth to comment on instant replay reviews, while Pam Oliver and Chris Myers served as sideline reporters. The pre-game show featured the \"Fox NFL Sunday\" crew of host Curt Menefee and a group of analysts with extensive Super Bowl experiences of their own: Terry Bradshaw (4 time Super Bowl winning QB with the Pittsburgh Steelers), Howie Long (one-time Super Bowl winning defensive end with the then-Los Angeles Raiders), Michael Strahan (one-time Super Bowl winning","title":"Super Bowl XLV"},{"id":"4042976","text":"England Patriots]]. He was also a backup to [[Dan Marino]] as a member of the [[Miami Dolphins]], and a starting quarterback for the Eagles and [[Cleveland Browns]]. In his second season as the Eagles' head coach, Pederson won [[Super Bowl LII]] (also against the Patriots), marking the first [[Super Bowl]] title in franchise history. He also became just the fourth person, after [[Mike Ditka]], [[Tom Flores]] and [[Tony Dungy]] to win a Super Bowl as both a player and head coach. Pederson was born in Bellingham, Washington, in 1968. He attended [[Ferndale High School (Washington)|Ferndale High School]] in nearby [[Ferndale,","title":"Doug Pederson"},{"id":"3354630","text":"a result of his physical injuries. Jim Plunkett Jim Plunkett (born December 5, 1947) is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for sixteen seasons. He achieved his greatest success during his final nine seasons with the Oakland Raiders franchise, whom he helped lead to two Super Bowl victories. A Heisman Trophy winner during his collegiate career at Stanford, Plunkett was selected by the New England Patriots as the first overall pick in the 1971 NFL Draft and later played for the San Francisco 49ers. His tenure with the teams was mostly unsuccessful and","title":"Jim Plunkett"},{"id":"7002533","text":"teams that had been given the last rites by many near the end of the season, emerged as champions at the end. Eli Manning became (and still remains) the only quarterback to throw for more than 4,900 yards and win a Super Bowl in the same season. The Giants became the first team to have won Super Bowl games broadcast on all four U.S. national networks (CBS, ABC, FOX, and now NBC). The Giants and Patriots became the 3rd and 4th teams (after the Oakland Raiders and Pittsburgh Steelers) to appear in Super Bowls in four different decades (both in","title":"Super Bowl XLVI"},{"id":"17704021","text":"with a left knee injury. It was later revealed he tore his ACL, prematurely ending his season. \"Source\": Jimmy Garoppolo James Richard Garoppolo (born November 2, 1991) is an American football quarterback for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Eastern Illinois and was drafted in the second round of the 2014 NFL Draft by the New England Patriots, with whom he won two Super Bowls as the backup to Tom Brady. As a senior in 2013, Garoppolo broke Tony Romo's school records for career passing touchdowns, career passing yards, and passing","title":"Jimmy Garoppolo"},{"id":"11236483","text":"Joe Flacco Joseph Vincent Flacco (born January 16, 1985) is an American football quarterback for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Delaware after transferring from Pittsburgh, and was drafted by the Ravens in the first round of the 2008 NFL Draft. With Flacco as Baltimore's starting quarterback since his rookie season, the Ravens have won the AFC North twice, appeared in three AFC Championship Games, and defeated the San Francisco 49ers to win Super Bowl XLVII following the 2012 season. Flacco was named Super Bowl XLVII's MVP, concluding a postseason run in","title":"Joe Flacco"},{"id":"374918","text":"Bowl since becoming starters, none had produced a season with a losing record until Schaub in 2010, but Roethlisberger and Manning both have won two Super Bowls. They have been compared favorably to the Quarterback class of 1983, which included Hall of Fame quarterbacks John Elway (1st pick), Jim Kelly (14th), and Dan Marino (27th). In August 2004, Rivers signed a six-year, $40.5 million contract that included $14.5 million in signing bonuses. However, due to a protracted contract negotiation, Rivers only reported to the team during the last week of training camp, and incumbent Drew Brees retained his starting job.","title":"Los Angeles Chargers"},{"id":"3797571","text":"Chuck Howley Charles Louis Howley (born June 28, 1936) is a former American football linebacker who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 15 seasons, primarily with the Dallas Cowboys. Howley was a member of the Chicago Bears in his first two seasons and spent the remainder of his career with the Cowboys. He was named the MVP of Super Bowl V, and as of 2018 is the only player on a losing team to receive the award. He was also the first non-quarterback to receive the award. Born and raised in Wheeling, West Virginia, Howley attended Warwood High","title":"Chuck Howley"},{"id":"4500744","text":"Trent Dilfer Trent Farris Dilfer (born March 13, 1972) is a former American football quarterback and analyst who played 14 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He is best known as the starting quarterback for the Baltimore Ravens during their Super Bowl-winning season in 2000. After six seasons with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, who drafted him in the first round of the 1994 NFL Draft, Dilfer signed with the Ravens as a backup and became the team's starter midway through the year. Starting in the rest of the team's games, his time with the Ravens concluded with the franchise's","title":"Trent Dilfer"},{"id":"3191067","text":"Mark Brunell Mark Allen Brunell (born September 17, 1970) is an American football coach and former quarterback who is the current head coach at the Episcopal School of Jacksonville. He was selected by the Green Bay Packers in the fifth round of the 1993 NFL Draft. He played college football at Washington. Brunell was a three-time Pro Bowl selection with the Jacksonville Jaguars. He has also played for the Washington Redskins, New Orleans Saints, and New York Jets. In 2009, he earned a Super Bowl ring as the backup quarterback and holder for the Saints' Super Bowl XLIV winning team","title":"Mark Brunell"},{"id":"340495","text":"QB during an NFL season. Since the inception of the game, only two quarterbacks with known black ancestry have led their team to a Super Bowl victory: Doug Williams in 1988 and Russell Wilson, who is multiracial, in 2014. Some black quarterbacks claim to have experienced bias towards or against them due to their race. Despite his ability to both pass and run effectively, current Houston Texans signal-caller Deshaun Watson despises being called a dual-threat quarterback because he believes the term is often used to stereotype black quarterbacks. Quarterback A quarterback (commonly abbreviated \"QB\") is a position in American and","title":"Quarterback"},{"id":"3220800","text":"Tagliabue announced the selection of Roethlisberger, the phone call he received by Steelers head coach Bill Cowher was shown live on ESPN, confirming the team's selection before the official announcement. Roethlisberger, Rivers, and Manning have all been voted to the Pro Bowl since becoming starters. Roethlisberger and Manning have each won two Super Bowls. The trio have been compared favorably to the Quarterback class of 1983, which included Hall of Fame quarterbacks Dan Marino, John Elway, and Jim Kelly. Roethlisberger was selected 11th overall in the 2004 NFL Draft by the Pittsburgh Steelers. On August 4, 2004, he signed a","title":"Ben Roethlisberger"},{"id":"18084486","text":"Bowl quarterbacks at 13 years and 48 days (Manning was 39, Newton was 26). In addition, this was the first Super Bowl to feature a quarterback on both teams who was the #1 pick in their draft classes. Manning was the #1 selection of the 1998 NFL Draft, while Newton was picked first in 2011. The matchup also pits the top two picks of the 2011 draft against each other: Newton for Carolina and Von Miller for Denver. With Ron Rivera having been a linebacker with the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX, and Kubiak replacing Elway at the end","title":"Super Bowl 50"},{"id":"20959491","text":"Moon's success largely broke the stereotype that blacks could not succeed as quarterbacks, which ushered more prominent black quarterbacks into the NFL starting in the 1980s. Since the inception of the game, only two quarterbacks with known black ancestry have led their team to a Super Bowl victory: Doug Williams in 1988 and Russell Wilson, who is multiracial, in 2014. Other black quarterbacks to start in a Super Bowl include Steve McNair in 2000, Donovan McNabb in 2005, Colin Kaepernick in 2013, and Cam Newton in 2016. In 2003, conservative radio talk show host Rush Limbaugh made headlines when he","title":"Racial issues faced by black quarterbacks"},{"id":"6878912","text":"by the Oakland Raiders. On August 30, he was traded to the St. Louis Rams in exchange for a seven-round draft choice (#238-Rodregis Brooks). The St. Louis Rams acquired Justin to provide depth at quarterback, after Trent Green suffered a serious left knee injury in the last preseason game and Kurt Warner was named the new starter. He was a part of the Super Bowl XXXIV winning team. On March 30, 2000, he was signed as a free agent by the Dallas Cowboys, to replace the departed Jason Garrett as the backup quarterback. After struggling in preseason (he accounted for","title":"Paul Justin"},{"id":"2722708","text":"two games behind the Washington Redskins in the NFC East race. Staubach assumed the full-time quarterbacking duties in a week-eight victory over the St. Louis Cardinals and led the Cowboys to 10 consecutive victories, including their first Super Bowl victory, 24–3 over the Miami Dolphins in Super Bowl VI in January 1972. He was named the game's MVP, completing 12 out of 19 passes for 119 yards and two touchdowns and rushing for 18 yards. In 1972, Staubach missed most of the season with a separated shoulder, but he relieved Morton in a divisional playoff against the San Francisco 49ers","title":"Roger Staubach"},{"id":"10482374","text":"was ranked number 25 on the NFL's \"Top 100 Greatest Players\" list. Marino was known for his quick release, and despite the fact that he was not skilled at scrambling, Marino possessed an uncanny awareness in the pocket, often sliding a step or two to avoid the pass rush. Marino is currently fifth, behind Tom Brady, Peyton Manning, Brett Favre and John Elway on the list of most wins by a starting quarterback and, with 155, the most of a quarterback not to win a Super Bowl. On Sunday, September 17, 2000, at halftime of the Dolphins-Baltimore Ravens game at","title":"Dan Marino"},{"id":"14937900","text":"following the draft, as well as second-round draft pick Brock Osweiler, would each eventually win starting quarterback positions during later seasons. Luck, Griffin, and Wilson would be named to the Pro Bowl following the conclusion of the regular season, while Foles and Cousins would be recognized as Pro Bowlers later on in their careers. Wilson, Osweiler, and Foles have each been a part of a Super Bowl winning team, with Nick Foles eventually becoming the MVP of Super Bowl LII. In the draft, a record 5 players not from the United States were drafted, being Canadians Tyrone Crawford (drafted 81st","title":"2012 NFL Draft"},{"id":"19353633","text":"Avenue include the following. Carl Edward Vuono (born October 18, 1934) is a retired United States Army General who served as the Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1987 to 1991. Joseph Montana is a retired professional American football quarterback. He played in college for the University of Notre Dame and in the National Football League (NFL) for the San Francisco 49ers and Kansas City Chiefs. Montana maintains a laundry list of records, of which include the first player to win the Super Bowl MVP three times. Frederick Cox is the all-time leading scorer for the Minnesota","title":"Park Avenue (Monongahela)"},{"id":"4227477","text":"Bernie Kosar Bernard Joseph Kosar Jr. (born November 25, 1963) is a former American football quarterback who played professionally in the National Football League (NFL). Kosar played for the Cleveland Browns from 1985 to 1993 and then finished his career with the Dallas Cowboys and the Miami Dolphins. With the Cowboys, he won Super Bowl XXVIII, beating the Buffalo Bills, on January 30, 1994. He has even been referenced in several books such as the Lorien Legacies series. Of Hungarian descent, Kosar was born in Youngstown, Ohio, and raised in suburban Boardman. He attended Boardman High School, where he earned","title":"Bernie Kosar"},{"id":"3034509","text":"Bowl since becoming starters. Until 2013, Roethlisberger and Manning had not produced a season with a losing record (although each had an 8-8 season), and Roethlisberger and Manning have each won two Super Bowls. They have been compared favorably to the Quarterback class of 1983, which included Hall of Fame quarterbacks Dan Marino, John Elway, and Jim Kelly. Manning made his NFL debut in Week 1 against the Philadelphia Eagles. He came into the game toward the end the fourth quarter in relief of Kurt Warner. He finished the 31–17 loss 3-of-9 for 66 yards. Manning made his first career","title":"Eli Manning"},{"id":"3034551","text":"to win the award. The Giants also became the first team ever with fewer than ten wins in a 16-game regular season to win the Super Bowl. Manning also became the first quarterback in NFL history to throw for 4,900+ yards and win a Super Bowl in the same season. The Giants were the first team with a running game ranked last (32nd) and a defense ranked as low as 27th to win a Super Bowl. For winning the Super Bowl, Manning and the Giants received a victory parade in Manhattan and were honored with symbolic keys to the city","title":"Eli Manning"},{"id":"2528078","text":"of 26-16. Manning was 32-of-43 for 400 passing yards and two passing touchdowns in the victory. Manning became the third starting quarterback to reach the Super Bowl with two teams, after Craig Morton and Kurt Warner. In Super Bowl XLVIII, Manning's Broncos lost to the Seattle Seahawks by a score of 43–8. Manning was up against the Seahawks' young starting quarterback Russell Wilson, who idolized Manning and attended one of Manning's passing camps as a teenager, and later met Manning at a Broncos pre-draft interview. The Seahawks' number one ranked defense proved too much for the Broncos' number one ranked","title":"Peyton Manning"},{"id":"18018565","text":"Angela Akins played golf for the TCU Horned Frogs before transferring to the Texas Longhorns for her junior and senior years. She was named to the All-Big XII Academic Team. In July 2017, Angela married professional golfer Sergio García. She became a golf channel reporter in 2017. Akins's nephew is former Purdue starting quarterback Drew Brees, who won Super Bowl XLIV with the New Orleans Saints. Marty Akins Martin Ray Akins (born January 6, 1954) is a former college All-American football player and politician. He started as quarterback for the Texas Longhorns in the early 1970s and was the only","title":"Marty Akins"},{"id":"2199979","text":"coach Bill Belichick have combined to form the most successful quarterback-head coach tandem in NFL history, winning more regular season games and postseason games than any other such duo as well as appearing in eight Super Bowls. All of these events set new NFL records. In his second season, Brady took over as the starting quarterback after Drew Bledsoe was injured. He led the Patriots to first place in the AFC East and a victory over the favored St. Louis Rams in Super Bowl XXXVI, winning his first Super Bowl MVP award. Despite the Patriots' missing the playoffs the following","title":"Tom Brady"},{"id":"13195407","text":"overall pick, following Elway, Plunkett and Bobby Garrett, but the first since Elway was taken by the Colts in 1983. Stanford quarterbacks have started 7 Super Bowls, winning 4, and garnering two Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Awards. In 2005, a \"Sporting News\" writer described Texas Tech as Quarterback U in an article that bestowed several positional \"U\" monikers with the criteria being college performance since 2000. Its author cited head coach Mike Leach's numerous 4,000-yard-plus passers. During the 1980s, the term was also applied to Maryland, which produced several NFL-caliber quarterbacks during the tenures of head coach Bobby Ross","title":"Quarterback U"},{"id":"6708195","text":"Jim Sorgi James Joseph Sorgi Jr. (born December 3, 1980) is a former American football quarterback. He played college football at the University of Wisconsin and was drafted by the Indianapolis Colts in the sixth round of the 2004 NFL Draft. Sorgi served as the backup to Peyton Manning for several years, and won a ring when the Colts won Super Bowl XLI against the Chicago Bears. Once he was released by the Colts, he signed with the New York Giants to compete for the backup job to Eli Manning, but lost, and he was released that offseason. Sorgi attended","title":"Jim Sorgi"},{"id":"4444716","text":"Ken Stabler Kenneth Michael Stabler (December 25, 1945 – July 8, 2015), nicknamed \"Snake\", was an American football quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) for the Oakland Raiders (1970–1979), Houston Oilers (1980–1981) and New Orleans Saints (1982–1984). He played college football for the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa. Stabler quarterbacked the Raiders to victory in Super Bowl XI, was the 1974 NFL Most Valuable Player and was selected as a quarterback for the NFL 1970s All-Decade Team. Stabler was posthumously elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2016. Stabler became a highly touted football player at Foley","title":"Ken Stabler"},{"id":"9671977","text":"History of Kansas City Chiefs quarterbacks 31 quarterbacks have started for the National Football League's Kansas City Chiefs since their franchise began. The team has also had numerous backup quarterbacks that have stolen the spotlight from the starters. Under Len Dawson, the Texans/Chiefs won three American Football League championships and appeared in two Super Bowl championship games. Dawson was named Most Valuable Player following the Chiefs' victory in Super Bowl IV. Dawson played a total of 13 seasons with Kansas City and retired with many franchise records. Despite never having success in developing and drafting a quality quarterback of their","title":"History of Kansas City Chiefs quarterbacks"},{"id":"5759936","text":"Charlie Batch Charles D'Donte Batch (born December 5, 1974) is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Detroit Lions in the second round of the 1998 NFL Draft and played 15 seasons in the NFL, most of it as a backup with his hometown Pittsburgh Steelers, with whom he earned two Super Bowl rings (Super Bowl XL and Super Bowl XLIII). He played college football at Eastern Michigan. Batch currently works for KDKA-TV in Pittsburgh as a pre-game analyst for the Steelers as well as a color commentator for","title":"Charlie Batch"},{"id":"394059","text":"two different franchises (Kurt Warner was the second with St. Louis Rams and Arizona Cardinals, and Peyton Manning was the third with the Indianapolis Colts and Denver Broncos). Morton is also the only quarterback to have started two different franchises' \"first\" Super Bowl appearances. This was the final Super Bowl in the 14-game schedule era. The following season, the NFL went to a 16-game schedule, where it has remained since. Super Bowl XII provided an opportunity for Morton to not only beat his former team, but also to redeem himself for his Super Bowl V loss and the loss of","title":"Super Bowl XII"},{"id":"10482350","text":"Dan Marino Daniel Constantine Marino Jr. (born September 15, 1961) is a former American football quarterback who played seventeen seasons for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL). The last quarterback of the quarterback class of 1983 to be taken in the first round, Marino held or currently holds dozens of NFL records associated with the quarterback position. Despite never being on a Super Bowl-winning team, he is recognized as one of the greatest quarterbacks, and generally considered to be among the best pure passers in American football history. Best remembered for his quick release and powerful arm,","title":"Dan Marino"},{"id":"9860101","text":"0–2 in, over a contract dispute, and was named both NFL and Super Bowl MVP. Smith is one of only six players to win both the NFL MVP award and Super Bowl MVP award in the same season, and is the only one of those six players who was not a quarterback. Only weeks after Super Bowl XXVIII, however, friction between Johnson and Jones culminated in Johnson stunning the football world by announcing his resignation. The next day Jones hired former University of Oklahoma head coach Barry Switzer to replace Johnson. Norton and guard Kevin Gogan departed via free agency,","title":"History of the Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"9002022","text":"York Giants), Ray Lewis (2000 and 2012 Baltimore Ravens), Peyton Manning (2006 Indianapolis Colts and 2015 Denver Broncos), and LeGarrette Blount (2016 New England Patriots and 2017 Philadelphia Eagles). Ernie Accorsi and Rich Dalrymple are the only non-players or coaches to be interviewed for the series—both were team administrators. Of the \"Blue Ribbon\" top 20 teams, the San Francisco 49ers and Dallas Cowboys are represented most often as a franchise with three championship teams each. The Green Bay Packers, Pittsburgh Steelers, and Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders are each represented twice. According to Steve Sabol, president of NFL Films, only 20 teams","title":"America's Game: The Super Bowl Champions"},{"id":"3020762","text":"City. Dawson is a seventh son of a seventh son. In 1991, Dawson was diagnosed with prostate cancer. Len Dawson Leonard Ray Dawson (born June 20, 1935) is a former American football quarterback and a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame. He played 19 seasons for three professional teams, the last 14 seasons with the Dallas Texans/Kansas City Chiefs, and played college football at Purdue University. Dawson led the Texans/Chiefs to three American Football League Championships (1962, 1966, 1969), and a victory in Super Bowl IV over the Minnesota Vikings, for which he won the game's","title":"Len Dawson"},{"id":"3315289","text":"Mark Rypien Mark Robert Rypien (born October 2, 1962) is a former professional football quarterback. He was drafted by the Washington Redskins of the National Football League (NFL) in the 6th round of the 1986 NFL draft. He is the first Canadian-born quarterback to start in the NFL and win the Super Bowl MVP award, doing so in Super Bowl XXVI. Born in Calgary, Alberta, Rypien moved to the United States in 1965 and was raised in Spokane, Washington. He was a star three-sport athlete at Shadle Park High School, and led the Highlanders to the state title in basketball","title":"Mark Rypien"},{"id":"1362018","text":"was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2010 and the College Football Hall of Fame in 2006. Smith played thirteen seasons with the Cowboys and two with the Arizona Cardinals. While playing for Dallas, Smith plus quarterback Troy Aikman and wide receiver Michael Irvin were known as \"The Triplets,\" and they led their team to three Super Bowl championships during the 1990s. Smith was born in Pensacola, Florida, the son of Mary J. Smith and Emmitt James Smith, Jr. He attended Escambia High School in Pensacola, where he played high school football and ran track for the","title":"Emmitt Smith"},{"id":"12863151","text":"Blount rushed for 90 yards, which included a 21-yard touchdown run. The Eagles won against his former team the Patriots 41–33, giving Blount his third Super Bowl championship and the Eagles' first in franchise history. Blount is one of only five players to win back-to-back Super Bowls with different teams along with Ken Norton, Jr., Deion Sanders, Brandon Browner, and teammate Chris Long. On March 16, 2018, Blount signed a one-year, $4.5 million contract which includes a $1 million signing bonus and $2.5 million in incentives with the Detroit Lions. During Week 2 against the San Francisco 49ers, Blount shoved","title":"LeGarrette Blount"},{"id":"2413186","text":"1990. He later worked as a television commentator, calling NFL games for NBC Sports and college football for ESPN and ABC Sports. Griese is one of three quarterbacks from Purdue to win the Super Bowl (along with Len Dawson and Drew Brees). Griese was born in Evansville, Indiana to Ida (Ulrich) and Sylverious \"Slick\" Griese. Slick owned a plumbing company in Evansville and died in 1955 when Bob was ten years old. Bob played baseball primarily, and excelled as a pitcher. He also starred in basketball and football at Evansville's Rex Mundi High School. He earned 12 varsity letters for","title":"Bob Griese"},{"id":"3495668","text":"David Carr (American football) David Duke Carr (born July 21, 1979) is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Houston Texans first overall in the 2002 NFL Draft. He played college football at Fresno State. Carr also played professionally for the Carolina Panthers, New York Giants, and San Francisco 49ers. He received a Super Bowl ring as a backup for the Giants after their victory over the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLVI. Carr's status as a number one draft pick and subsequent career has led to him","title":"David Carr (American football)"},{"id":"8383612","text":"proliffic passing quarterbacks, ranging from players who have set School, Big Ten & NCAA records, to being named All-Americans and finalist for national awards, to being elected into the College Football and Pro Football Hall of Fames. This great tradition has led to the school being nicknamed the \"Cradle of Quarterbacks\". When Drew Brees led the New Orleans Saints to a victory in Super Bowl XLIV, Purdue became just the second college in history to produce 3 different Super Bowl winning quarterbacks. † Quarterbacks to start and win a Super Bowl. The Purdue All-American Marching Band is the marching band","title":"Purdue Boilermakers football"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"2461905\",\n \"text\": \"January 18, Warner threw for 279 yards, four touchdowns, and no interceptions against the Philadelphia Eagles to lead the Cardinals to their first Super Bowl appearance in history. Warner is one of three quarterbacks who made Super Bowl starts with two teams (the others are Craig Morton [1970: Dallas Cowboys and 1977: Denver Broncos] and Peyton Manning [2006 & 2009: Indianapolis Colts and 2013 & 2015: Denver Broncos]). Warner also became the third quarterback in NFL history to win a conference championship with two teams (following Craig Morton and Earl Morrall). In Warner's third career Super Bowl appearance on February\",\n \"title\": \"Kurt Warner\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2528093\",\n \"text\": \"conversion, which ended up being the final pass of his career. Manning became the oldest starting quarterback to both play in and win a Super Bowl. Manning also became the first quarterback to start two Super Bowls with multiple franchises, with different head coaches each time (Dungy, Caldwell, Fox, and Kubiak) and the first quarterback to lead two franchises to a Super Bowl victory. The victory gave Manning his 200th overall win including regular season and playoffs, making him at the time the starting quarterback with the most combined regular season and postseason wins in NFL history. Peyton and Eli\",\n \"title\": \"Peyton Manning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2199960\",\n \"text\": \"Tom Brady Thomas \\\"Tom\\\" Edward Patrick Brady Jr. (born August 3, 1977) is an American football quarterback for the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). He is one of only two players in NFL history to have won five Super Bowls (along with defensive player Charles Haley), and he is the only player to have won them all with a single franchise. Because of his numerous accomplishments and accolades, many analysts and sportswriters consider Brady to be among the greatest quarterbacks of all time. After playing college football for the University of Michigan, Brady was drafted by\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Brady\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2527984\",\n \"text\": \"Manning is also the only quarterback to start the Super Bowl for two franchises more than once each, with different coaches at each Super Bowl start (Dungy, Caldwell, Fox, Kubiak), and the only starting quarterback to win a Super Bowl with two franchises. At 39 years of age, Manning was the oldest quarterback to start in and win a Super Bowl. During a 2009 \\\"Monday Night Football\\\" game, Manning received the nickname \\\"The Sheriff\\\" from color commentator Jon Gruden due to his tendency to audible prior to the snap, and he was one of the most recognizable and parodied players\",\n \"title\": \"Peyton Manning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13026263\",\n \"text\": \"include Super Bowl finalists and winners; for instance Super Bowl XXXV was contested between two journeyman quarterbacks (Trent Dilfer and Kerry Collins), and arguably so was Super Bowl XXXVII (Brad Johnson and Rich Gannon) Journeyman quarterback A journeyman quarterback in American football (typically NFL), is a quarterback who plays for several teams over a career. Such a player is typically signed to year-by-year contracts, and may be signed by a team to fill in for an injured starter. The term journeyman is normally pejorative. The paradigm of a journeyman quarterback might be J. T. O'Sullivan, who spent time with 11\",\n \"title\": \"Journeyman quarterback\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9862428\",\n \"text\": \"defense created three lost fumbles and an interception and scored a defensive touchdown to power the team to a 24-10 victory, the third NFL title for the franchise. Von Miller, who had 2.5 sacks and two forced fumbles, was named the game's Most Valuable Player. Peyton Manning made history as the first quarterback to start and win a Super Bowl for two teams. Gary Kubiak became the fourth coach to win a Super Bowl in his first year with a new team. The Broncos' third championship tied them for seventh-most Super Bowl wins all-time, along with the Washington Redskins and\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Denver Broncos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4730190\",\n \"text\": \"a total of 5,734 yards, 29 touchdowns, 49 interceptions and a 52.1 completion percentage. At age 34, Morton revived his career with the Broncos, finishing the season as the second rated passer in the AFC. Although he suffered in the playoffs from a swollen left hip that needed to be drained, he overcame the injury to become the first NFL quarterback to start the Super Bowl for two different teams (Dallas in V and Denver in XII). This was later equaled by Kurt Warner and Peyton Manning, but Morton is the only quarterback to have started for two different team's\",\n \"title\": \"Craig Morton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2413185\",\n \"text\": \"Bob Griese Robert Allen Griese (pronounced ; born February 3, 1945) is a former American football quarterback who earned All-American honors with the Purdue Boilermakers before being drafted in 1967 by the American Football League's Miami Dolphins. Griese led the Dolphins to three consecutive Super Bowl appearances, including two Super Bowl victories in VII and VIII (three straight appearances with two victories is unmatched by any other team, let alone any single quarterback). Griese was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame and the Indiana Football Hall of Fame in 1984 and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in\",\n \"title\": \"Bob Griese\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4365807\",\n \"text\": \"the Indianapolis Colts, and the Denver Broncos. Eli was also a star quarterback at Ole Miss and is the current quarterback of the NFL's New York Giants. Both Peyton and Eli were All-America selections during their college careers and both have led their respective professional teams to Super Bowl championships (Peyton with the Indianapolis Colts in Super Bowl XLI and with the Broncos in Super Bowl 50, and Eli with the New York Giants in Super Bowls XLII and XLVI). Both have won the Super Bowl MVP award, Eli twice. Archie was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame\",\n \"title\": \"Manning Award\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8020990\",\n \"text\": \"Troy Aikman Troy Kenneth Aikman (born November 21, 1966) is a former American football quarterback who played for the Dallas Cowboys in the National Football League (NFL). The number one overall draft pick in 1989, Aikman played twelve consecutive seasons as quarterback with the Cowboys. During his career he was a six-time Pro Bowl selection, led the team to three Super Bowl victories, and was the MVP of Super Bowl XXVII. Aikman was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2006 and to the College Football Hall of Fame on December 9, 2008 in New York City. Currently\",\n \"title\": \"Troy Aikman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18084485\",\n \"text\": \"Manning reached his fourth Super Bowl, with appearances under as many head coaches (Tony Dungy, Jim Caldwell, John Fox, and Gary Kubiak). He became the first quarterback ever to lead two teams to multiple Super Bowls. He was also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super Bowl at age 39. The previous record was held by John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII at age 38 and is currently Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager. Manning and Newton set the record for the largest age difference between opposing Super\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl 50\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"340460\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl team is often chosen for the \\\"I'm going to Disney World!\\\" campaign (which includes a trip to Walt Disney World for them and their families), whether they are the Super Bowl MVP or not; examples include Joe Montana (XXIII), Trent Dilfer (XXXV), and Peyton Manning (50). Dilfer was chosen even though teammate Ray Lewis was the MVP of Super Bowl XXXV, due to the bad publicity from Lewis' murder trial the prior year. In addition to their main role, quarterbacks are occasionally used in other roles. Most teams utilize a backup quarterback as their holder on placekicks. A\",\n \"title\": \"Quarterback\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10046860\",\n \"text\": \"Gale Gilbert Gale Reed Gilbert (born December 20, 1961) is a former American football quarterback who played eight seasons in the NFL for the Seattle Seahawks, Buffalo Bills, and the San Diego Chargers. Gilbert is the only player in NFL history to be on five consecutive Super Bowl teams, none of which were won. Gilbert was the catcher for a baseball team from Red Bluff, California, which played in the 1974 Little League World Series. That team lost the nationally televised championship game to a team from Taiwan. Gale Gilbert played college football for the California Golden Bears. He was\",\n \"title\": \"Gale Gilbert\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3354613\",\n \"text\": \"the Raiders. Initially serving as a backup, he became the team's starting quarterback during the 1980 season and helped Raiders win Super Bowl XV, where he was named the game's MVP. In 1983, Plunkett again ascended from backup to starting quarterback to assist the Raiders in winning Super Bowl XVIII before retiring three years later. He is the only eligible quarterback to win two Super Bowls as a starter to not be inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Plunkett is the only NFL Quarterback to win two Super Bowls with the same team in two different cities in\",\n \"title\": \"Jim Plunkett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3394631\",\n \"text\": \"Bart Starr Bryan Bartlett \\\"Bart\\\" Starr (born January 9, 1934) is a former professional American football player and coach. He played quarterback for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL) from 1956 through 1971. Starr is the only quarterback in NFL history to lead a team to three consecutive league championships (1965–67). Starr and New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady are tied for total NFL championships, at five each. Starr led his team to victories in the first two Super Bowls: I and II. As the Packers' head coach, he was less successful, compiling a 52–76–3 ()\",\n \"title\": \"Bart Starr\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2413209\",\n \"text\": \"Judi's House. Bob Griese Robert Allen Griese (pronounced ; born February 3, 1945) is a former American football quarterback who earned All-American honors with the Purdue Boilermakers before being drafted in 1967 by the American Football League's Miami Dolphins. Griese led the Dolphins to three consecutive Super Bowl appearances, including two Super Bowl victories in VII and VIII (three straight appearances with two victories is unmatched by any other team, let alone any single quarterback). Griese was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame and the Indiana Football Hall of Fame in 1984 and the Pro Football Hall of\",\n \"title\": \"Bob Griese\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3925447\",\n \"text\": \"Doug Williams (quarterback) Douglas Lee Williams (born August 9, 1955) is a former American football quarterback and former head coach of the Grambling State Tigers football team. Williams is known for his remarkable performance with the Washington Redskins in Super Bowl XXII against the Denver Broncos. Williams, who was named the Super Bowl MVP, passed for a Super Bowl record 340 yards and four touchdowns, with one interception. He was the first African-American starting quarterback to win a Super Bowl. Williams also became the first player in Super Bowl history to pass for four touchdowns in a half, and the\",\n \"title\": \"Doug Williams (quarterback)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3608227\",\n \"text\": \"all rounds. As of 2012, this draft also has two other records attached to it: it became the draft with the shortest time between having multiple quarterbacks being drafted and starting for Super Bowl winners (Ben Roethlisberger for the 2005 Steelers, and Manning for the 2007 Giants) and it has become the first draft ever to have produced two QBs who each won multiple Super Bowls (with Roethlisberger winning his second in 2008 and Eli his second in 2011). The 255 players chosen in the draft were composed of: 2004 NFL Draft The 2004 NFL draft was the procedure by\",\n \"title\": \"2004 NFL Draft\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10046865\",\n \"text\": \"teams and competed in the 2010 BCS National Championship Game with the former. Gilbert is also the father of Texas Christian University Horned Frogs freshman tight end Griffin Gilbert. Gale Gilbert Gale Reed Gilbert (born December 20, 1961) is a former American football quarterback who played eight seasons in the NFL for the Seattle Seahawks, Buffalo Bills, and the San Diego Chargers. Gilbert is the only player in NFL history to be on five consecutive Super Bowl teams, none of which were won. Gilbert was the catcher for a baseball team from Red Bluff, California, which played in the 1974\",\n \"title\": \"Gale Gilbert\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4245749\",\n \"text\": \"spending a few years in the Arena Football League, Warner became the St. Louis Rams starting quarterback in 1999 due to a pre-season injury of starter Trent Green. He went on to lead the Rams to two Super Bowls and one Super Bowl win (in which Warner was named MVP), while also winning two NFL MVP Awards. But in 2002, Warner's production was drastically reduced by injuries and he soon lost his starting job to Marc Bulger. He eventually left the team to join the New York Giants, but once again he lost his starting job (replaced by Eli Manning)\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394107\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl victories. With this start, Staubach became the first quarterback to start four Super Bowls. Bradshaw joined Fran Tarkenton, Bob Griese as well as Staubach as the only quarterbacks to start at least three Super Bowls. The only quarterbacks to start more Super Bowls than Staubach and Bradshaw are John Elway and Tom Brady, who guided the Broncos and Patriots to five and seven Super Bowls respectively. 49ers quarterback Joe Montana and Bills quarterback Jim Kelly later matched Staubach and Bradshaw by leading their teams to four Super Bowls. The point spread for the game opened at Pittsburgh -3.5\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3200079\",\n \"text\": \"a touchdown in back-to-back Super Bowls. With the victory, Tom Brady became just the fourth quarterback to win at least three Super Bowls, along with Terry Bradshaw, Joe Montana and Troy Aikman. Brady also became the fourth quarterback to throw a touchdown pass in three different Super Bowls. Other quarterbacks to do it were Terry Bradshaw, Joe Montana and John Elway, with Kurt Warner later accomplishing the feat during Super Bowl XLIII and Peyton Manning in Super Bowl XLVIII. The Patriots joined the Dallas Cowboys as the only teams in NFL history to win three Super Bowls in a span\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXXIX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3394652\",\n \"text\": \"game and instead sent a videotaped greeting from home. Bart Starr Bryan Bartlett \\\"Bart\\\" Starr (born January 9, 1934) is a former professional American football player and coach. He played quarterback for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL) from 1956 through 1971. Starr is the only quarterback in NFL history to lead a team to three consecutive league championships (1965–67). Starr and New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady are tied for total NFL championships, at five each. Starr led his team to victories in the first two Super Bowls: I and II. As the Packers' head\",\n \"title\": \"Bart Starr\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3893613\",\n \"text\": \"Joe Theismann Joseph Robert Theismann (born September 9, 1949) is a former professional gridiron football player, sports commentator, corporate speaker and restaurateur. He played quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) and Canadian Football League (CFL), achieving his most enduring fame in 12 seasons with the Washington Redskins, where he was a two-time Pro Bowler and helped the team to consecutive Super Bowl appearances, winning Super Bowl XVII and losing Super Bowl XVIII. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2003. Following his retirement from football in 1985 after a career-ending injury, Theismann worked as a\",\n \"title\": \"Joe Theismann\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2015369\",\n \"text\": \"Joe Montana Joseph Clifford Montana Jr. (born June 11, 1956), nicknamed \\\"Joe Cool\\\" and \\\"The Comeback Kid\\\", is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 16 seasons with the San Francisco 49ers and Kansas City Chiefs. After winning a college national championship at Notre Dame, Montana started his NFL career in 1979 with San Francisco, where he played for the next 14 seasons. While a member of the 49ers, Montana started and won four Super Bowls and was the first player ever to have been named Super Bowl Most Valuable Player three times.\",\n \"title\": \"Joe Montana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10259943\",\n \"text\": \"zone. Gibbs, who earned induction into the Pro Football Hall of Fame for his work as Redskins head coach, is also the first head coach in NFL history to win 3 Super Bowls with 3 different quarterbacks: Joe Theismann, Doug Williams, and Mark Rypien. Norv Turner, a former Washington Redskins and San Diego Chargers head coach, and offensive coordinator of the Dallas Cowboys, San Francisco 49ers and currently the Carolina Panthers, also implements a version of the Coryell style of offense. The Turner strain of Coryell offenses are still very reliant on a good receiving TE. Norv Turner strains sometimes\",\n \"title\": \"Air Coryell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7678075\",\n \"text\": \"two seasons with the Vikings. In that time, he made an NFL-record 297 consecutive starts, 321 including the playoffs. Favre's eleven Pro Bowl invitations is the third most among quarterbacks in NFL history. He is the only player to win the Associated Press NFL Most Valuable Player Award three consecutive times, doing so from 1995 to 1997, and is one of only six quarterbacks to have won the award as well as the Super Bowl in the same season. He led teams to eight division championships, five NFC Championship Games, and two Super Bowl appearances: Super Bowl XXXI and Super\",\n \"title\": \"Brett Favre\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394319\",\n \"text\": \"where the game was coincidentally played in the home market of one of the participants. The game was hyped as the battle between two great quarterbacks: Miami's Dan Marino and San Francisco's Joe Montana. The Dolphins entered their fifth Super Bowl in team history after posting a 14–2 regular season record. The 49ers were making their second Super Bowl appearance after becoming the first team ever to win 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule in 1978. With Marino and Montana, the game became the first Super Bowl in which the starting quarterbacks of each\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XIX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1439781\",\n \"text\": \"Jim McMahon James Robert McMahon, Jr. (born August 21, 1959) is a former American football player. He played college football at Brigham Young University, where he was a two-time All-American (1980, 1981) and later in the professional ranks with the Chicago Bears, San Diego Chargers, Philadelphia Eagles, Minnesota Vikings, Arizona Cardinals, Cleveland Browns, and Green Bay Packers. He won two Super Bowl titles, the first with the Bears in Super Bowl XX where he was the starting quarterback, and the second with their rivals, the Green Bay Packers, in Super Bowl XXXI where he was a backup to Brett Favre.\",\n \"title\": \"Jim McMahon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15909328\",\n \"text\": \"Brock Osweiler Brock Alan Osweiler (born November 22, 1990) is an American football quarterback for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL). Osweiler played college football at Arizona State University and was drafted by the Denver Broncos in the second round of the 2012 NFL Draft. During his fourth year with the Broncos, Osweiler was a member of the team that won Super Bowl 50 over the Carolina Panthers. That season marked his first appearance as a starter when he relieved an injured Peyton Manning, to whom he had served as a backup in his first three years,\",\n \"title\": \"Brock Osweiler\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2527999\",\n \"text\": \"part of Manning's career, \\\"his record-breaking stats were written off because of the Colts' postseason failures\\\"; conversely he posted poor statistics in the 2015 regular season and Super Bowl 50, which would be his final season, but nonetheless won his second Super Bowl thanks to his team's defense. Manning is also the only quarterback in NFL history to make the Super Bowl four times with four head coaches (Dungy, Caldwell, Fox and Kubiak). Despite concerns about his arm strength and mobility, Manning was selected first overall in the 1998 NFL Draft by the Indianapolis Colts. Although many considered Washington State\",\n \"title\": \"Peyton Manning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7801949\",\n \"text\": \"Jay Schroeder Jay Brian Schroeder (born June 28, 1961) is a former professional American football quarterback. He played college football at UCLA, after which he was selected in the third round (83rd overall) of the 1984 NFL draft by the Washington Redskins where he played for three seasons. He then played for the Los Angeles Raiders for five seasons and spent one season each with the Cincinnati Bengals and Arizona Cardinals. While with the Washington Redskins, Schroeder was selected to his only Pro Bowl after the 1986 season season. He also won his only Super Bowl ring, when the Redskins\",\n \"title\": \"Jay Schroeder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18084527\",\n \"text\": \"was 3-of-15. The two teams' combined third down conversion percentage of 13.8 was the lowest in Super Bowl history. Manning and Newton had quarterback passer ratings of 56.6 and 55.4, respectively, and their added total of 112 is a record lowest aggregate passer rating for a Super Bowl. Manning became the oldest quarterback ever to win a Super Bowl at age 39, the first quarterback ever to win a Super Bowl starting for two teams, and the first quarterback ever to win 200 games (regular season and postseason) as a starter. Gary Kubiak became the first head coach to win\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl 50\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1996290\",\n \"text\": \"from the winning team every year except 1971, when Dallas Cowboys linebacker Chuck Howley won the award despite the Cowboys' loss in Super Bowl V to the Baltimore Colts. Harvey Martin and Randy White were named co-MVPs of Super Bowl XII, the only time co-MVPs have been chosen. Including the Super Bowl XII co-MVPs, seven Cowboys players have won Super Bowl MVP awards, the most of any NFL team. Quarterbacks have earned the honor 29 times in 52 games. Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award The Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award, or Super Bowl MVP, is presented annually to\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6000949\",\n \"text\": \"for roster spots with Eli Manning, Tim Hasselbeck, and Jared Lorenzen. He was named the third-string quarterback in a season that saw the team win Super Bowl XLII, beating the previously undefeated New England Patriots. On August 18, 2008, Wright suffered a back injury in a preseason game against the Cleveland Browns and was eventually placed on the injured reserve list on August 30. He wasn't re-signed the next season and decided to announce his retirement. His cousin Jesse Campbell played safety in the NFL. Anthony Wright (American football) Anthony Lavon Wright (born February 14, 1976) is a former American\",\n \"title\": \"Anthony Wright (American football)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3893636\",\n \"text\": \"time in the league and left the team when it was folded into the Virginia Destroyers in January 2011. In 2011, Theismann was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame. Joe Theismann Joseph Robert Theismann (born September 9, 1949) is a former professional gridiron football player, sports commentator, corporate speaker and restaurateur. He played quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) and Canadian Football League (CFL), achieving his most enduring fame in 12 seasons with the Washington Redskins, where he was a two-time Pro Bowler and helped the team to consecutive Super Bowl appearances, winning Super Bowl XVII and\",\n \"title\": \"Joe Theismann\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3093351\",\n \"text\": \"He attended Ole Miss as starting quarterback and was drafted No. 1 overall by the San Diego Chargers in the 2004 NFL Draft. However, he was traded to the Giants for Philip Rivers on draft day, after repeatedly threatening not to sign with the Chargers. He led the Giants to Super Bowl XLII and won 17–14 over a then-undefeated New England Patriots team. In 2012, the Giants again defeated the New England Patriots 21–17 in Super Bowl XLVI. He won the Most Valuable Player award of both Super Bowls. Cooper, Peyton, and Eli all attended and graduated from Isidore Newman\",\n \"title\": \"Archie Manning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9372830\",\n \"text\": \"still, Joe Gibbs won 3 Super Bowls running his version of the Coryell offense when he was head coach of the Washington Redskins from 1981-1992 (He also served as Redskins head coach from 2004-2007). Gibbs, who earned induction into the Hall of Fame as a head coach, is the only coach to win 3 Super Bowls with 3 different quarterbacks (Joe Theismann, Doug Williams and Mark Rypien). Around 2011, Bill Belichick increasingly adopted an up-tempo, no-huddle offense for his team. The idea behind this strategy is for the offense to call plays rapidly without pause and without a huddle. The\",\n \"title\": \"New England Patriots strategy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2722697\",\n \"text\": \"Roger Staubach Roger Thomas Staubach (born February 5, 1942), nicknamed \\\"Roger the Dodger\\\", \\\"Captain America\\\" and \\\"Captain Comeback\\\", is a former American football quarterback in the National Football League (NFL). He attended the U.S. Naval Academy where he won the 1963 Heisman Trophy, and after graduation he served in the U.S. Navy, including a tour of duty in Vietnam. Staubach joined the Dallas Cowboys in 1969 and played with the club during all 11 seasons of his career. He led the team to the Super Bowl five times, four as the starting quarterback. He led the Cowboys to victories in\",\n \"title\": \"Roger Staubach\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7005059\",\n \"text\": \"Damon Huard Damon Paul Huard (born July 9, 1973) is a former American football quarterback. He is the director of community relations and fundraiser for the University of Washington football program, his alma mater. Huard was signed by the Cincinnati Bengals as an undrafted free agent in 1996, and played twelve seasons in the NFL with the Miami Dolphins, New England Patriots, and Kansas City Chiefs. While with the Patriots, he won two Super Bowl rings. Born in Yakima, Washington, Huard was raised southeast of Tacoma in Puyallup, where his father Mike was a high school teacher and head football\",\n \"title\": \"Damon Huard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18262152\",\n \"text\": \"Jacoby Brissett Jacoby Jajuan Brissett (born December 11, 1992) is an American football quarterback for the Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Florida before transferring to NC State, and was drafted by the New England Patriots in the third round of the 2016 NFL Draft. As a member of the Patriots he won Super Bowl LI over the Atlanta Falcons as a backup to Tom Brady, and was traded to the Colts the following season. Brissett attended William T. Dwyer High School in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida. Rivals.com ranked him as a four-star\",\n \"title\": \"Jacoby Brissett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3086907\",\n \"text\": \"Tommy Maddox Thomas Alfred Maddox (born September 2, 1971) is a former football quarterback in the National Football League (NFL), the XFL, and the Arena Football League. He is one of three players (Bobby Singh and Ron Carpenter) to have won both Super Bowl and XFL championships. Maddox was born in Shreveport, Louisiana and raised in Hurst, Texas, in the Dallas/Fort Worth area. At UCLA, Maddox played collegiately for two seasons and led UCLA to the John Hancock Bowl in 1991. The Denver Broncos drafted Maddox in the first round of the 1992 NFL Draft. Originally thought to be the\",\n \"title\": \"Tommy Maddox\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"393901\",\n \"text\": \"became the first quarterback to start three Super Bowls and is joined by Jim Kelly as the only quarterbacks to start at least three consecutive Super Bowls. Wide receiver Paul Warfield remained the main deep threat on the team, catching 29 passes for 514 yards and 11 touchdowns. The offensive line was strong, once again led by center Jim Langer and right guard Larry Little. Griese, Csonka, Warfield, Langer, Nick Buoniconti and Little would all eventually be elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Miami's \\\"No Name Defense\\\" continued to dominate their opponents. Future Hall of Fame linebacker Nick\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl VIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3354626\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl, defeating the Philadelphia Eagles 27–10 in Super Bowl XV. Throwing for 261 yards and three touchdowns, Plunkett was named the game's MVP; subsequently, Plunkett has the distinction of being the first minority to quarterback a team to a Super Bowl victory and the only Latino to be named Super Bowl MVP. In addition to this, he became the second of four players to win the Heisman Trophy and Super Bowl MVP, Roger Staubach before him, and Marcus Allen and Desmond Howard after him. Later in his career, the Raiders moved to Los Angeles. After returning to the backup\",\n \"title\": \"Jim Plunkett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3093350\",\n \"text\": \"attending the University of Tennessee. Considered one of the greatest players in NFL history, he led the Indianapolis Colts to a 29–17 victory in Super Bowl XLI over the Chicago Bears on February 4, 2007, and was the game's MVP. After missing the entire 2011 NFL season, he signed with the Denver Broncos on March 20, 2012, and won Super Bowl 50 against the Carolina Panthers on February 7, 2016. He retired from pro football a month later, on March 7. Eli Manning was born in New Orleans in 1981. He is currently a quarterback with the New York Giants.\",\n \"title\": \"Archie Manning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10482351\",\n \"text\": \"Marino helped the Dolphins become consistent postseason contenders, leading them to the playoffs ten times and one Super Bowl appearance in XIX, although a title victory ultimately eluded him during his career. Marino is considered by many to be one of the greatest players to never win a Super Bowl and has the most career victories of quarterbacks to not win a title at 155 (147–93 in regular season and 8–10 in playoffs). A nine-time Pro Bowl selection, and seven time first or second team All-Pro, Marino was the NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP) in 1984, when he set single\",\n \"title\": \"Dan Marino\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6136112\",\n \"text\": \"Tebucky Jones Tebucky Shermain Jones (born October 6, 1974) is a former American football safety in the National Football League. His professional career began when he was drafted out of Syracuse University in the first round of the 1998 NFL Draft by the New England Patriots. He also played for the Miami Dolphins and the New Orleans Saints. Jones is best known for his role on the 2001 Patriots team that won Super Bowl XXXVI. In the Super Bowl, in the fourth quarter with the St. Louis Rams in a do-or-die situation down 3-17 against the Patriots, Rams quarterback Kurt\",\n \"title\": \"Tebucky Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4281409\",\n \"text\": \"Brian Griese Brian David Griese (; born March 18, 1975) is a former American football quarterback and current color commentator for \\\"ESPN College Football\\\". He was drafted by the Broncos in the third round of the 1998 NFL Draft. He played high school football at Christopher Columbus High School and later college football at Michigan. During his rookie year in 1998, he earned a Super Bowl ring with the Broncos, as John Elway led the Broncos to a victory in Super Bowl XXXIII over the Atlanta Falcons. Elway retired after the Super Bowl and Griese became the starting quarterback for\",\n \"title\": \"Brian Griese\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3047497\",\n \"text\": \"Poly\\\" O'Brien, Tim Simpson, Doug Marrone, and Brad Johnson, a quarterback who would go on to win Super Bowl XXXVII with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Also of note was Dedrick Dodge, a special teams maven who went on to win a number of Super Bowl rings with the San Francisco 49ers and the Denver Broncos and LaVar Ball, a tight end whose sons play basketball, including Lonzo Ball of the Los Angeles Lakers, who was the second overall pick in the 2017 NBA draft. London Monarchs The London Monarchs were a professional American football team in NFL Europe and its\",\n \"title\": \"London Monarchs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"340459\",\n \"text\": \"other team sports, before the implementation of NFL team captains in 2007, the starting quarterback was usually the \\\"de facto\\\" team leader and well-respected player on and off the field. Since 2007, when the NFL allowed teams to designate several captains to serve as on-field leaders, the starting quarterback has usually been one of the team captains as the leader of the team's offense. After a Super Bowl victory, the starting quarterback is the first player (and third person after the team owner and head coach) to be presented with the Vince Lombardi Trophy. The starting quarterback of the victorious\",\n \"title\": \"Quarterback\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2158405\",\n \"text\": \"Tom Flores Thomas Raymond Flores (born March 21, 1937) is a Mexican-American former professional football coach and player. He and Mike Ditka are the only two people in National Football League history to win a Super Bowl as a player, assistant coach, and head coach (Super Bowl IV as a player for the Chiefs, Super Bowl XI as an assistant coach of the Raiders, and Super Bowl XV and Super Bowl XVIII as head coach of the Raiders). Flores was also the first Hispanic starting quarterback and the first minority head coach in professional football history to win a Super\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Flores\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"703818\",\n \"text\": \"Terry Bradshaw Terry Paxton Bradshaw (born September 2, 1948) is a former American football quarterback who played professionally in the National Football League (NFL). Since 1994, he has been a TV sports analyst and co-host of \\\"Fox NFL Sunday\\\". Bradshaw is also an actor, having participated in many television shows and films, most notably starring in the movie \\\"Failure to Launch\\\". He played for 14 seasons with Pittsburgh, won four Super Bowl titles in a six-year period (1974, 1975, 1978, and 1979), becoming the first quarterback to win three and four Super Bowls, and led the Steelers to eight AFC\",\n \"title\": \"Terry Bradshaw\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11395896\",\n \"text\": \"Tracy Porter Tracy O'Neil Porter (born August 11, 1986) is an American football cornerback who is currently a free agent. He was drafted by the New Orleans Saints in the second round of the 2008 NFL Draft. With the Saints, he won Super Bowl XLIV against the Indianapolis Colts, sealing the game with a memorable interception returned for a touchdown. He played college football at Indiana. Porter has also played for the Denver Broncos, Oakland Raiders, Washington Redskins, and Chicago Bears. Porter attended Port Allen High School, where he played quarterback, running back, wide receiver, and cornerback. He earned first\",\n \"title\": \"Tracy Porter\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10341298\",\n \"text\": \"as a quarterback. He later transferred to Bethune-Cookman University, where he played basketball but not football. From 2000 to 2002, Toliver spent time on the practice squads of the St. Louis Rams, San Francisco 49ers and Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League. He was part of the Buccaneers team that won Super Bowl XXXVII in January 2003. He played for the Tampa Bay Storm of the AFL from 2002 to 2005. In 2003, he was part of the Storm team that won ArenaBowl XVII, becoming the first person to win an ArenaBowl and Super Bowl in the same\",\n \"title\": \"T. T. Toliver\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"327181\",\n \"text\": \"John Wooden; basketball Hall of Famers Stretch Murphy, Piggy Lambert, and Rick Mount; NBA Champions Paul Hoffman, Herm Gilliam, Frank Kendrick, Jerry Sichting, Glenn Robinson, and Brian Cardinal; and NBA All-Stars Glenn Robinson, Brad Miller, Terry Dischinger, and Joe Barry Carroll. Purdue has three NFL Super Bowl–winning quarterbacks in Drew Brees, Bob Griese, and Len Dawson. Additionally, a total of 19 Purdue alumni have been on a Super Bowl–winning team . Purdue also produced Super Bowl IV winning coach Hank Stram. Daytona 500 winner Ryan Newman graduated from Purdue with a bachelor's degree in vehicle structure engineering. Three Purdue alumni\",\n \"title\": \"Purdue University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7702035\",\n \"text\": \"Owen Daniels Owen Four Daniels (born November 9, 1982) is a former American football tight end. He played college football for the University of Wisconsin, and was drafted by the Houston Texans in the fourth round of the 2006 NFL Draft. He is a two-time Pro Bowl selection. He also played for the Baltimore Ravens and Denver Broncos. As a member of the Broncos, he helped the team win Super Bowl 50 over the Carolina Panthers. Daniels attended Naperville Central High School in Naperville, Illinois. As a starting quarterback on the football team, Daniels led Naperville Central to an undefeated\",\n \"title\": \"Owen Daniels\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3354612\",\n \"text\": \"Jim Plunkett Jim Plunkett (born December 5, 1947) is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for sixteen seasons. He achieved his greatest success during his final nine seasons with the Oakland Raiders franchise, whom he helped lead to two Super Bowl victories. A Heisman Trophy winner during his collegiate career at Stanford, Plunkett was selected by the New England Patriots as the first overall pick in the 1971 NFL Draft and later played for the San Francisco 49ers. His tenure with the teams was mostly unsuccessful and led to him being signed by\",\n \"title\": \"Jim Plunkett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3020747\",\n \"text\": \"Len Dawson Leonard Ray Dawson (born June 20, 1935) is a former American football quarterback and a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame. He played 19 seasons for three professional teams, the last 14 seasons with the Dallas Texans/Kansas City Chiefs, and played college football at Purdue University. Dawson led the Texans/Chiefs to three American Football League Championships (1962, 1966, 1969), and a victory in Super Bowl IV over the Minnesota Vikings, for which he won the game's MVP award. Dawson retired from professional football after the 1975 season, and was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of\",\n \"title\": \"Len Dawson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17704007\",\n \"text\": \"Jimmy Garoppolo James Richard Garoppolo (born November 2, 1991) is an American football quarterback for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Eastern Illinois and was drafted in the second round of the 2014 NFL Draft by the New England Patriots, with whom he won two Super Bowls as the backup to Tom Brady. As a senior in 2013, Garoppolo broke Tony Romo's school records for career passing touchdowns, career passing yards, and passing touchdowns in a season. That season, he also won the Walter Payton Award as the best offensive player\",\n \"title\": \"Jimmy Garoppolo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5732094\",\n \"text\": \"Troy Aikman, himself a three-time Super Bowl winner as a Dallas Cowboys quarterback, as the color analyst. Mike Pereira joined Buck and Aikman in the broadcast booth to comment on instant replay reviews, while Pam Oliver and Chris Myers served as sideline reporters. The pre-game show featured the \\\"Fox NFL Sunday\\\" crew of host Curt Menefee and a group of analysts with extensive Super Bowl experiences of their own: Terry Bradshaw (4 time Super Bowl winning QB with the Pittsburgh Steelers), Howie Long (one-time Super Bowl winning defensive end with the then-Los Angeles Raiders), Michael Strahan (one-time Super Bowl winning\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4042976\",\n \"text\": \"England Patriots]]. He was also a backup to [[Dan Marino]] as a member of the [[Miami Dolphins]], and a starting quarterback for the Eagles and [[Cleveland Browns]]. In his second season as the Eagles' head coach, Pederson won [[Super Bowl LII]] (also against the Patriots), marking the first [[Super Bowl]] title in franchise history. He also became just the fourth person, after [[Mike Ditka]], [[Tom Flores]] and [[Tony Dungy]] to win a Super Bowl as both a player and head coach. Pederson was born in Bellingham, Washington, in 1968. He attended [[Ferndale High School (Washington)|Ferndale High School]] in nearby [[Ferndale,\",\n \"title\": \"Doug Pederson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3354630\",\n \"text\": \"a result of his physical injuries. Jim Plunkett Jim Plunkett (born December 5, 1947) is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for sixteen seasons. He achieved his greatest success during his final nine seasons with the Oakland Raiders franchise, whom he helped lead to two Super Bowl victories. A Heisman Trophy winner during his collegiate career at Stanford, Plunkett was selected by the New England Patriots as the first overall pick in the 1971 NFL Draft and later played for the San Francisco 49ers. His tenure with the teams was mostly unsuccessful and\",\n \"title\": \"Jim Plunkett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7002533\",\n \"text\": \"teams that had been given the last rites by many near the end of the season, emerged as champions at the end. Eli Manning became (and still remains) the only quarterback to throw for more than 4,900 yards and win a Super Bowl in the same season. The Giants became the first team to have won Super Bowl games broadcast on all four U.S. national networks (CBS, ABC, FOX, and now NBC). The Giants and Patriots became the 3rd and 4th teams (after the Oakland Raiders and Pittsburgh Steelers) to appear in Super Bowls in four different decades (both in\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLVI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17704021\",\n \"text\": \"with a left knee injury. It was later revealed he tore his ACL, prematurely ending his season. \\\"Source\\\": Jimmy Garoppolo James Richard Garoppolo (born November 2, 1991) is an American football quarterback for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Eastern Illinois and was drafted in the second round of the 2014 NFL Draft by the New England Patriots, with whom he won two Super Bowls as the backup to Tom Brady. As a senior in 2013, Garoppolo broke Tony Romo's school records for career passing touchdowns, career passing yards, and passing\",\n \"title\": \"Jimmy Garoppolo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11236483\",\n \"text\": \"Joe Flacco Joseph Vincent Flacco (born January 16, 1985) is an American football quarterback for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Delaware after transferring from Pittsburgh, and was drafted by the Ravens in the first round of the 2008 NFL Draft. With Flacco as Baltimore's starting quarterback since his rookie season, the Ravens have won the AFC North twice, appeared in three AFC Championship Games, and defeated the San Francisco 49ers to win Super Bowl XLVII following the 2012 season. Flacco was named Super Bowl XLVII's MVP, concluding a postseason run in\",\n \"title\": \"Joe Flacco\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"374918\",\n \"text\": \"Bowl since becoming starters, none had produced a season with a losing record until Schaub in 2010, but Roethlisberger and Manning both have won two Super Bowls. They have been compared favorably to the Quarterback class of 1983, which included Hall of Fame quarterbacks John Elway (1st pick), Jim Kelly (14th), and Dan Marino (27th). In August 2004, Rivers signed a six-year, $40.5 million contract that included $14.5 million in signing bonuses. However, due to a protracted contract negotiation, Rivers only reported to the team during the last week of training camp, and incumbent Drew Brees retained his starting job.\",\n \"title\": \"Los Angeles Chargers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3797571\",\n \"text\": \"Chuck Howley Charles Louis Howley (born June 28, 1936) is a former American football linebacker who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 15 seasons, primarily with the Dallas Cowboys. Howley was a member of the Chicago Bears in his first two seasons and spent the remainder of his career with the Cowboys. He was named the MVP of Super Bowl V, and as of 2018 is the only player on a losing team to receive the award. He was also the first non-quarterback to receive the award. Born and raised in Wheeling, West Virginia, Howley attended Warwood High\",\n \"title\": \"Chuck Howley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4500744\",\n \"text\": \"Trent Dilfer Trent Farris Dilfer (born March 13, 1972) is a former American football quarterback and analyst who played 14 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He is best known as the starting quarterback for the Baltimore Ravens during their Super Bowl-winning season in 2000. After six seasons with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, who drafted him in the first round of the 1994 NFL Draft, Dilfer signed with the Ravens as a backup and became the team's starter midway through the year. Starting in the rest of the team's games, his time with the Ravens concluded with the franchise's\",\n \"title\": \"Trent Dilfer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3191067\",\n \"text\": \"Mark Brunell Mark Allen Brunell (born September 17, 1970) is an American football coach and former quarterback who is the current head coach at the Episcopal School of Jacksonville. He was selected by the Green Bay Packers in the fifth round of the 1993 NFL Draft. He played college football at Washington. Brunell was a three-time Pro Bowl selection with the Jacksonville Jaguars. He has also played for the Washington Redskins, New Orleans Saints, and New York Jets. In 2009, he earned a Super Bowl ring as the backup quarterback and holder for the Saints' Super Bowl XLIV winning team\",\n \"title\": \"Mark Brunell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"340495\",\n \"text\": \"QB during an NFL season. Since the inception of the game, only two quarterbacks with known black ancestry have led their team to a Super Bowl victory: Doug Williams in 1988 and Russell Wilson, who is multiracial, in 2014. Some black quarterbacks claim to have experienced bias towards or against them due to their race. Despite his ability to both pass and run effectively, current Houston Texans signal-caller Deshaun Watson despises being called a dual-threat quarterback because he believes the term is often used to stereotype black quarterbacks. Quarterback A quarterback (commonly abbreviated \\\"QB\\\") is a position in American and\",\n \"title\": \"Quarterback\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3220800\",\n \"text\": \"Tagliabue announced the selection of Roethlisberger, the phone call he received by Steelers head coach Bill Cowher was shown live on ESPN, confirming the team's selection before the official announcement. Roethlisberger, Rivers, and Manning have all been voted to the Pro Bowl since becoming starters. Roethlisberger and Manning have each won two Super Bowls. The trio have been compared favorably to the Quarterback class of 1983, which included Hall of Fame quarterbacks Dan Marino, John Elway, and Jim Kelly. Roethlisberger was selected 11th overall in the 2004 NFL Draft by the Pittsburgh Steelers. On August 4, 2004, he signed a\",\n \"title\": \"Ben Roethlisberger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18084486\",\n \"text\": \"Bowl quarterbacks at 13 years and 48 days (Manning was 39, Newton was 26). In addition, this was the first Super Bowl to feature a quarterback on both teams who was the #1 pick in their draft classes. Manning was the #1 selection of the 1998 NFL Draft, while Newton was picked first in 2011. The matchup also pits the top two picks of the 2011 draft against each other: Newton for Carolina and Von Miller for Denver. With Ron Rivera having been a linebacker with the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX, and Kubiak replacing Elway at the end\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl 50\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20959491\",\n \"text\": \"Moon's success largely broke the stereotype that blacks could not succeed as quarterbacks, which ushered more prominent black quarterbacks into the NFL starting in the 1980s. Since the inception of the game, only two quarterbacks with known black ancestry have led their team to a Super Bowl victory: Doug Williams in 1988 and Russell Wilson, who is multiracial, in 2014. Other black quarterbacks to start in a Super Bowl include Steve McNair in 2000, Donovan McNabb in 2005, Colin Kaepernick in 2013, and Cam Newton in 2016. In 2003, conservative radio talk show host Rush Limbaugh made headlines when he\",\n \"title\": \"Racial issues faced by black quarterbacks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6878912\",\n \"text\": \"by the Oakland Raiders. On August 30, he was traded to the St. Louis Rams in exchange for a seven-round draft choice (#238-Rodregis Brooks). The St. Louis Rams acquired Justin to provide depth at quarterback, after Trent Green suffered a serious left knee injury in the last preseason game and Kurt Warner was named the new starter. He was a part of the Super Bowl XXXIV winning team. On March 30, 2000, he was signed as a free agent by the Dallas Cowboys, to replace the departed Jason Garrett as the backup quarterback. After struggling in preseason (he accounted for\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Justin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2722708\",\n \"text\": \"two games behind the Washington Redskins in the NFC East race. Staubach assumed the full-time quarterbacking duties in a week-eight victory over the St. Louis Cardinals and led the Cowboys to 10 consecutive victories, including their first Super Bowl victory, 24–3 over the Miami Dolphins in Super Bowl VI in January 1972. He was named the game's MVP, completing 12 out of 19 passes for 119 yards and two touchdowns and rushing for 18 yards. In 1972, Staubach missed most of the season with a separated shoulder, but he relieved Morton in a divisional playoff against the San Francisco 49ers\",\n \"title\": \"Roger Staubach\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10482374\",\n \"text\": \"was ranked number 25 on the NFL's \\\"Top 100 Greatest Players\\\" list. Marino was known for his quick release, and despite the fact that he was not skilled at scrambling, Marino possessed an uncanny awareness in the pocket, often sliding a step or two to avoid the pass rush. Marino is currently fifth, behind Tom Brady, Peyton Manning, Brett Favre and John Elway on the list of most wins by a starting quarterback and, with 155, the most of a quarterback not to win a Super Bowl. On Sunday, September 17, 2000, at halftime of the Dolphins-Baltimore Ravens game at\",\n \"title\": \"Dan Marino\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14937900\",\n \"text\": \"following the draft, as well as second-round draft pick Brock Osweiler, would each eventually win starting quarterback positions during later seasons. Luck, Griffin, and Wilson would be named to the Pro Bowl following the conclusion of the regular season, while Foles and Cousins would be recognized as Pro Bowlers later on in their careers. Wilson, Osweiler, and Foles have each been a part of a Super Bowl winning team, with Nick Foles eventually becoming the MVP of Super Bowl LII. In the draft, a record 5 players not from the United States were drafted, being Canadians Tyrone Crawford (drafted 81st\",\n \"title\": \"2012 NFL Draft\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19353633\",\n \"text\": \"Avenue include the following. Carl Edward Vuono (born October 18, 1934) is a retired United States Army General who served as the Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1987 to 1991. Joseph Montana is a retired professional American football quarterback. He played in college for the University of Notre Dame and in the National Football League (NFL) for the San Francisco 49ers and Kansas City Chiefs. Montana maintains a laundry list of records, of which include the first player to win the Super Bowl MVP three times. Frederick Cox is the all-time leading scorer for the Minnesota\",\n \"title\": \"Park Avenue (Monongahela)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4227477\",\n \"text\": \"Bernie Kosar Bernard Joseph Kosar Jr. (born November 25, 1963) is a former American football quarterback who played professionally in the National Football League (NFL). Kosar played for the Cleveland Browns from 1985 to 1993 and then finished his career with the Dallas Cowboys and the Miami Dolphins. With the Cowboys, he won Super Bowl XXVIII, beating the Buffalo Bills, on January 30, 1994. He has even been referenced in several books such as the Lorien Legacies series. Of Hungarian descent, Kosar was born in Youngstown, Ohio, and raised in suburban Boardman. He attended Boardman High School, where he earned\",\n \"title\": \"Bernie Kosar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3034509\",\n \"text\": \"Bowl since becoming starters. Until 2013, Roethlisberger and Manning had not produced a season with a losing record (although each had an 8-8 season), and Roethlisberger and Manning have each won two Super Bowls. They have been compared favorably to the Quarterback class of 1983, which included Hall of Fame quarterbacks Dan Marino, John Elway, and Jim Kelly. Manning made his NFL debut in Week 1 against the Philadelphia Eagles. He came into the game toward the end the fourth quarter in relief of Kurt Warner. He finished the 31–17 loss 3-of-9 for 66 yards. Manning made his first career\",\n \"title\": \"Eli Manning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3034551\",\n \"text\": \"to win the award. The Giants also became the first team ever with fewer than ten wins in a 16-game regular season to win the Super Bowl. Manning also became the first quarterback in NFL history to throw for 4,900+ yards and win a Super Bowl in the same season. The Giants were the first team with a running game ranked last (32nd) and a defense ranked as low as 27th to win a Super Bowl. For winning the Super Bowl, Manning and the Giants received a victory parade in Manhattan and were honored with symbolic keys to the city\",\n \"title\": \"Eli Manning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2528078\",\n \"text\": \"of 26-16. Manning was 32-of-43 for 400 passing yards and two passing touchdowns in the victory. Manning became the third starting quarterback to reach the Super Bowl with two teams, after Craig Morton and Kurt Warner. In Super Bowl XLVIII, Manning's Broncos lost to the Seattle Seahawks by a score of 43–8. Manning was up against the Seahawks' young starting quarterback Russell Wilson, who idolized Manning and attended one of Manning's passing camps as a teenager, and later met Manning at a Broncos pre-draft interview. The Seahawks' number one ranked defense proved too much for the Broncos' number one ranked\",\n \"title\": \"Peyton Manning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18018565\",\n \"text\": \"Angela Akins played golf for the TCU Horned Frogs before transferring to the Texas Longhorns for her junior and senior years. She was named to the All-Big XII Academic Team. In July 2017, Angela married professional golfer Sergio García. She became a golf channel reporter in 2017. Akins's nephew is former Purdue starting quarterback Drew Brees, who won Super Bowl XLIV with the New Orleans Saints. Marty Akins Martin Ray Akins (born January 6, 1954) is a former college All-American football player and politician. He started as quarterback for the Texas Longhorns in the early 1970s and was the only\",\n \"title\": \"Marty Akins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2199979\",\n \"text\": \"coach Bill Belichick have combined to form the most successful quarterback-head coach tandem in NFL history, winning more regular season games and postseason games than any other such duo as well as appearing in eight Super Bowls. All of these events set new NFL records. In his second season, Brady took over as the starting quarterback after Drew Bledsoe was injured. He led the Patriots to first place in the AFC East and a victory over the favored St. Louis Rams in Super Bowl XXXVI, winning his first Super Bowl MVP award. Despite the Patriots' missing the playoffs the following\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Brady\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13195407\",\n \"text\": \"overall pick, following Elway, Plunkett and Bobby Garrett, but the first since Elway was taken by the Colts in 1983. Stanford quarterbacks have started 7 Super Bowls, winning 4, and garnering two Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Awards. In 2005, a \\\"Sporting News\\\" writer described Texas Tech as Quarterback U in an article that bestowed several positional \\\"U\\\" monikers with the criteria being college performance since 2000. Its author cited head coach Mike Leach's numerous 4,000-yard-plus passers. During the 1980s, the term was also applied to Maryland, which produced several NFL-caliber quarterbacks during the tenures of head coach Bobby Ross\",\n \"title\": \"Quarterback U\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6708195\",\n \"text\": \"Jim Sorgi James Joseph Sorgi Jr. (born December 3, 1980) is a former American football quarterback. He played college football at the University of Wisconsin and was drafted by the Indianapolis Colts in the sixth round of the 2004 NFL Draft. Sorgi served as the backup to Peyton Manning for several years, and won a ring when the Colts won Super Bowl XLI against the Chicago Bears. Once he was released by the Colts, he signed with the New York Giants to compete for the backup job to Eli Manning, but lost, and he was released that offseason. Sorgi attended\",\n \"title\": \"Jim Sorgi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4444716\",\n \"text\": \"Ken Stabler Kenneth Michael Stabler (December 25, 1945 – July 8, 2015), nicknamed \\\"Snake\\\", was an American football quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) for the Oakland Raiders (1970–1979), Houston Oilers (1980–1981) and New Orleans Saints (1982–1984). He played college football for the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa. Stabler quarterbacked the Raiders to victory in Super Bowl XI, was the 1974 NFL Most Valuable Player and was selected as a quarterback for the NFL 1970s All-Decade Team. Stabler was posthumously elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2016. Stabler became a highly touted football player at Foley\",\n \"title\": \"Ken Stabler\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9671977\",\n \"text\": \"History of Kansas City Chiefs quarterbacks 31 quarterbacks have started for the National Football League's Kansas City Chiefs since their franchise began. The team has also had numerous backup quarterbacks that have stolen the spotlight from the starters. Under Len Dawson, the Texans/Chiefs won three American Football League championships and appeared in two Super Bowl championship games. Dawson was named Most Valuable Player following the Chiefs' victory in Super Bowl IV. Dawson played a total of 13 seasons with Kansas City and retired with many franchise records. Despite never having success in developing and drafting a quality quarterback of their\",\n \"title\": \"History of Kansas City Chiefs quarterbacks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5759936\",\n \"text\": \"Charlie Batch Charles D'Donte Batch (born December 5, 1974) is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Detroit Lions in the second round of the 1998 NFL Draft and played 15 seasons in the NFL, most of it as a backup with his hometown Pittsburgh Steelers, with whom he earned two Super Bowl rings (Super Bowl XL and Super Bowl XLIII). He played college football at Eastern Michigan. Batch currently works for KDKA-TV in Pittsburgh as a pre-game analyst for the Steelers as well as a color commentator for\",\n \"title\": \"Charlie Batch\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394059\",\n \"text\": \"two different franchises (Kurt Warner was the second with St. Louis Rams and Arizona Cardinals, and Peyton Manning was the third with the Indianapolis Colts and Denver Broncos). Morton is also the only quarterback to have started two different franchises' \\\"first\\\" Super Bowl appearances. This was the final Super Bowl in the 14-game schedule era. The following season, the NFL went to a 16-game schedule, where it has remained since. Super Bowl XII provided an opportunity for Morton to not only beat his former team, but also to redeem himself for his Super Bowl V loss and the loss of\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10482350\",\n \"text\": \"Dan Marino Daniel Constantine Marino Jr. (born September 15, 1961) is a former American football quarterback who played seventeen seasons for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL). The last quarterback of the quarterback class of 1983 to be taken in the first round, Marino held or currently holds dozens of NFL records associated with the quarterback position. Despite never being on a Super Bowl-winning team, he is recognized as one of the greatest quarterbacks, and generally considered to be among the best pure passers in American football history. Best remembered for his quick release and powerful arm,\",\n \"title\": \"Dan Marino\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9860101\",\n \"text\": \"0–2 in, over a contract dispute, and was named both NFL and Super Bowl MVP. Smith is one of only six players to win both the NFL MVP award and Super Bowl MVP award in the same season, and is the only one of those six players who was not a quarterback. Only weeks after Super Bowl XXVIII, however, friction between Johnson and Jones culminated in Johnson stunning the football world by announcing his resignation. The next day Jones hired former University of Oklahoma head coach Barry Switzer to replace Johnson. Norton and guard Kevin Gogan departed via free agency,\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9002022\",\n \"text\": \"York Giants), Ray Lewis (2000 and 2012 Baltimore Ravens), Peyton Manning (2006 Indianapolis Colts and 2015 Denver Broncos), and LeGarrette Blount (2016 New England Patriots and 2017 Philadelphia Eagles). Ernie Accorsi and Rich Dalrymple are the only non-players or coaches to be interviewed for the series—both were team administrators. Of the \\\"Blue Ribbon\\\" top 20 teams, the San Francisco 49ers and Dallas Cowboys are represented most often as a franchise with three championship teams each. The Green Bay Packers, Pittsburgh Steelers, and Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders are each represented twice. According to Steve Sabol, president of NFL Films, only 20 teams\",\n \"title\": \"America's Game: The Super Bowl Champions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3020762\",\n \"text\": \"City. Dawson is a seventh son of a seventh son. In 1991, Dawson was diagnosed with prostate cancer. Len Dawson Leonard Ray Dawson (born June 20, 1935) is a former American football quarterback and a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame. He played 19 seasons for three professional teams, the last 14 seasons with the Dallas Texans/Kansas City Chiefs, and played college football at Purdue University. Dawson led the Texans/Chiefs to three American Football League Championships (1962, 1966, 1969), and a victory in Super Bowl IV over the Minnesota Vikings, for which he won the game's\",\n \"title\": \"Len Dawson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3315289\",\n \"text\": \"Mark Rypien Mark Robert Rypien (born October 2, 1962) is a former professional football quarterback. He was drafted by the Washington Redskins of the National Football League (NFL) in the 6th round of the 1986 NFL draft. He is the first Canadian-born quarterback to start in the NFL and win the Super Bowl MVP award, doing so in Super Bowl XXVI. Born in Calgary, Alberta, Rypien moved to the United States in 1965 and was raised in Spokane, Washington. He was a star three-sport athlete at Shadle Park High School, and led the Highlanders to the state title in basketball\",\n \"title\": \"Mark Rypien\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1362018\",\n \"text\": \"was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2010 and the College Football Hall of Fame in 2006. Smith played thirteen seasons with the Cowboys and two with the Arizona Cardinals. While playing for Dallas, Smith plus quarterback Troy Aikman and wide receiver Michael Irvin were known as \\\"The Triplets,\\\" and they led their team to three Super Bowl championships during the 1990s. Smith was born in Pensacola, Florida, the son of Mary J. Smith and Emmitt James Smith, Jr. He attended Escambia High School in Pensacola, where he played high school football and ran track for the\",\n \"title\": \"Emmitt Smith\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12863151\",\n \"text\": \"Blount rushed for 90 yards, which included a 21-yard touchdown run. The Eagles won against his former team the Patriots 41–33, giving Blount his third Super Bowl championship and the Eagles' first in franchise history. Blount is one of only five players to win back-to-back Super Bowls with different teams along with Ken Norton, Jr., Deion Sanders, Brandon Browner, and teammate Chris Long. On March 16, 2018, Blount signed a one-year, $4.5 million contract which includes a $1 million signing bonus and $2.5 million in incentives with the Detroit Lions. During Week 2 against the San Francisco 49ers, Blount shoved\",\n \"title\": \"LeGarrette Blount\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2413186\",\n \"text\": \"1990. He later worked as a television commentator, calling NFL games for NBC Sports and college football for ESPN and ABC Sports. Griese is one of three quarterbacks from Purdue to win the Super Bowl (along with Len Dawson and Drew Brees). Griese was born in Evansville, Indiana to Ida (Ulrich) and Sylverious \\\"Slick\\\" Griese. Slick owned a plumbing company in Evansville and died in 1955 when Bob was ten years old. Bob played baseball primarily, and excelled as a pitcher. He also starred in basketball and football at Evansville's Rex Mundi High School. He earned 12 varsity letters for\",\n \"title\": \"Bob Griese\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3495668\",\n \"text\": \"David Carr (American football) David Duke Carr (born July 21, 1979) is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Houston Texans first overall in the 2002 NFL Draft. He played college football at Fresno State. Carr also played professionally for the Carolina Panthers, New York Giants, and San Francisco 49ers. He received a Super Bowl ring as a backup for the Giants after their victory over the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLVI. Carr's status as a number one draft pick and subsequent career has led to him\",\n \"title\": \"David Carr (American football)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8383612\",\n \"text\": \"proliffic passing quarterbacks, ranging from players who have set School, Big Ten & NCAA records, to being named All-Americans and finalist for national awards, to being elected into the College Football and Pro Football Hall of Fames. This great tradition has led to the school being nicknamed the \\\"Cradle of Quarterbacks\\\". When Drew Brees led the New Orleans Saints to a victory in Super Bowl XLIV, Purdue became just the second college in history to produce 3 different Super Bowl winning quarterbacks. † Quarterbacks to start and win a Super Bowl. The Purdue All-American Marching Band is the marching band\",\n \"title\": \"Purdue Boilermakers football\"\n }\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"quarterbacks who won super bowls with different teams"}}},{"rowIdx":8389,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Kris Marshall","Ardal O'Hanlon","Ben Miller"],"string":"[\n \"Kris Marshall\",\n \"Ardal O'Hanlon\",\n \"Ben Miller\"\n]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"16017722","text":"Richard Poole (Ben Miller) is assigned to investigate the murder of a British police officer on the fictional Caribbean island of Saint Marie. After he successfully finds the murderer, he is reluctantly required by his supervisors to replace the victim and stay on as the detective inspector (DI) of the island, solving new cases as they appear, and being the object of many fish-out-of-water jokes. At the start of Series 3, Poole is killed and uncoordinated London detective Humphrey Goodman (Kris Marshall) arrives to investigate the death of his strait-laced predecessor. He then stays in the job as chief investigator","title":"Death in Paradise (TV series)"},{"id":"16017729","text":"is largely set on an islet just off Saint Marie; it is privately owned and relatively small. This episode was actually filmed on the island of Kahouanne, around off the north-west coast of Guadeloupe where the series is normally filmed. It can often be seen in the background from a beach on Saint Marie. Episodes 6.5 and 6.6 are largely set in London, when DI Goodman, DS Cassell and Officer Myers form a liaison team with future lead DI Jack Mooney in order to track down suspects in a murder investigation in Saint Marie, and later to investigate the murder","title":"Death in Paradise (TV series)"},{"id":"16198477","text":"enjoys viciously beating his wife (Debra Christofferson). Jesse and officer Molly Crane (Viola Davis) try to convince Mrs. Snyder to leave her husband and she eventually does. Meanwhile, Jesse's investigation leads him to Sister Mary John (Kerri Smith), a Catholic nun who runs the shelter where Billie sought refuge. Sister Mary provides Jesse with a phone number that Billie gave her in case of an emergency. Jesse soon dismisses Hooker as a suspect and turns his investigational focus on local writer Norman Shaw (Gary Basaraba), a well-connected citizen with ties to the Boston mob, as the prime suspect. It was","title":"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise"},{"id":"4084432","text":"Ben Miller Bennet Evan Miller (born 24 February 1966) is an English comedian, actor and director. He is best known as one half of comedy double act Armstrong and Miller, with Alexander Armstrong. Miller and Armstrong wrote and starred in the Channel 4 sketch show \"Armstrong and Miller\", as well as the BBC sketch show \"The Armstrong & Miller Show\". Miller is also known for playing the lead role of DI Richard Poole in the first two series of the BBC Crime Drama \"Death in Paradise\". Miller was born in London, England and grew up in Nantwich, Cheshire. His paternal","title":"Ben Miller"},{"id":"16017730","text":"of one of the suspects. Made a voice cameo in this episode. Danny John-Jules (who plays Officer Dwayne Myers) will not be returning for series eight and will be replaced by actress Shyko Amos playing Officer Ruby Patterson, the niece of the commissioner. John-Jules cited his reason for exiting the show as wanting to “leave on a high\". The series is filmed on the French island of Guadeloupe in the Lesser Antilles, mainly in the commune of Deshaies (which doubles for the town of Honoré on the fictional island of Saint Marie), with the help of the \"Bureau d’accueil des","title":"Death in Paradise (TV series)"},{"id":"16198472","text":"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise is a 2006 American made-for-television crime film directed by Robert Harmon and starring Tom Selleck, Viola Davis, and Kohl Sudduth. Based on the 2001 novel \"Death in Paradise\" by Robert B. Parker, the film is about a small town police chief and struggling alcoholic who investigates the murder of a teenage girl whose body is found floating in a lake. The case brings the former LAPD homicide detective into the affluent world of a bestselling writer who exploits troubled teens, and the violent world of a Boston mobster. Filmed on","title":"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise"},{"id":"2481490","text":"be joining the cast of BBC drama \"Death In Paradise\" as the island's new lead detective, DI Humphrey Goodman. His character was introduced in the first episode of the third series which aired on 14 January 2014, with his first case being to solve the murder of his predecessor, DI Richard Poole (played by Ben Miller). In January 2017 it was leaked that Marshall would be leaving the series citing the pressures it placed upon his family and that he would be replaced by Ardal O'Hanlon who plays DI Jack Mooney. Marshall starred as Tom Sanger in the 2015 independent","title":"Kris Marshall"},{"id":"16017721","text":"Death in Paradise (TV series) Death in Paradise is a British-French crime drama television series created by Robert Thorogood, starring Ben Miller (series 1–3), Kris Marshall (series 3–6) and Ardal O'Hanlon (series 6–present). The programme is a joint UK and French production filmed on the French Caribbean island of Guadeloupe and broadcast on BBC One in the United Kingdom and France 2 in France. \"Death in Paradise\" has enjoyed high ratings, leading to repeated renewals. A seventh series began broadcasting on 4 January 2018, with an eighth for 2019 already commissioned, with O'Hanlon and Jobert confirmed to return. British detective","title":"Death in Paradise (TV series)"},{"id":"18993994","text":"Michael Hogan suggests that Bordey is \"as underdressed as Miller is overdressed, investigating murders in vest and hotpants.\" Camille Bordey Detective Sergeant Camille Bordey is a character in the crime drama television series \"Death in Paradise\", portrayed by Sara Martins. A former undercover investigator, Bordey was assigned to Honoré Police because her cover was blown when she was arrested during DI Richard Poole's first investigation. She was the team's best investigator after Poole, often handling the computer work. Initially, she and Poole did not get along as a result of a culture clash. Over time their relationship became a friendship,","title":"Camille Bordey"},{"id":"16097042","text":"Sara Martins Sara Martins (born 19 August 1977) is a Portuguese actress of Cape-Verdean descent. She is known in France for her roles on television and in film and theatre. She appeared as Detective Sergeant Camille Bordey in the joint British-French crime comedy-drama \"Death in Paradise\", filmed in Guadeloupe, a French overseas department. She left the show halfway through series 4 (January 2015). Martins was born in Faro, Portugal, and is of Cape Verdean descent. She moved to France at the age of three. She studied ballet in her youth and was the first person of African descent to join","title":"Sara Martins"},{"id":"4084439","text":"Not Rocket Science,\" from the Royal Society in London. He also appeared at the British Comedy Awards with Armstrong on Channel 4. In 2013, Miller took part in an episode of \"Room 101\" and a \"Comic Relief\" special of game show \"Pointless\". On 13 December 2014, he appeared in a Christmas edition of \"The Celebrity Chase\". From 2011 until the series three premiere in 2014, Miller starred in the BBC-French co-produced series \"Death in Paradise\" as Detective Inspector (DI) Richard Poole. A third series of \"Death in Paradise\" was commissioned for early 2014. On 9 April 2013 it was announced","title":"Ben Miller"},{"id":"16097045","text":"was Martins' debut in both comedy and on British television. Martins did have experience playing a cop. \"Death in Paradise\" premiered on 25 October 2011. Martins played Camille Bordey, a detective sergeant on the fictional Caribbean island of Saint-Marie. Camille and other local officers help British Detective Inspector Richard Poole (played by Ben Miller in the 1st & 2nd series) solve murders. During a stunt for a 1st series episode, Martins tore her achilles tendon. She has said that during the production of \"Death in Paradise\" she discovered that some of her mannerisms are distinctly French. The 3rd series killed","title":"Sara Martins"},{"id":"16017741","text":"is \"Sunday Shining\" by Finley Quaye. In January 2015, an official soundtrack compiling 26 songs from the first four series of the show was released by the BBC. It contains original music for \"Death in Paradise\" and already extant tunes, though it does not include the theme music from the show. The creator of the show, Robert Thorogood, signed a three-book deal to write \"Death in Paradise\" novels featuring the original characters (D.I. Richard Poole, D.S. Camille Bordey, Officer Dwayne Myers, Sergeant Fidel Best and Comm. Selwyn Patterson). The first of these, \"A Meditation on Murder (A Death in Paradise","title":"Death in Paradise (TV series)"},{"id":"6818942","text":"the \"100 Greatest TV Ads\" in 2000. In 2011, she starred as Detective Constable Hazel Savage in \"Appropriate Adult\". In 2012, Le Touzel starred as MP Mary Drake in \"The Thick of It\". Le Touzel starred in the second episode of \"Dirk Gently\" as Emelda Ransome. She portrayed Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon in the 2012 ITV mini-series \"Titanic\". In 2015, Le Touzel appeared as Sandra Kendrick in the BBC TV series \"Death in Paradise\" episode 4.7. In 2017, she portrayed Lady Dorothy Macmillan in the Netflix series \"The Crown\". Le Touzel played Marianne Thornton in the 2006 film \"Amazing Grace\" and","title":"Sylvestra Le Touzel"},{"id":"18993992","text":"Camille Bordey Detective Sergeant Camille Bordey is a character in the crime drama television series \"Death in Paradise\", portrayed by Sara Martins. A former undercover investigator, Bordey was assigned to Honoré Police because her cover was blown when she was arrested during DI Richard Poole's first investigation. She was the team's best investigator after Poole, often handling the computer work. Initially, she and Poole did not get along as a result of a culture clash. Over time their relationship became a friendship, and showed some hints of romance - when he briefly left Saint Marie, she admitted she admired him","title":"Camille Bordey"},{"id":"16198473","text":"location in Nova Scotia, the story is set in the fictitious town of Paradise, Massachusetts. \"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise\" is the third in a series of nine television films based on Parker's Jesse Stone novels. The film first aired on the CBS television network April 30, 2006. In the small town of Paradise, Massachusetts, Chief of police Jesse Stone (Tom Selleck) and his men investigate the death of teenage girl found floating in a lake. Officer Luther \"Suitcase\" Simpson (Kohl Sudduth) discovers a high school ring bearing the initials \"HR\". In the coming days, Jesse is haunted by disturbing","title":"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise"},{"id":"16017726","text":"in the end, he decides to remain on the island. This format was subverted in the sixth series, when the two-part storyline in the fifth and sixth episodes saw the team travel to London to follow up on a current case, resulting in then-lead detective Humphrey Goodman deciding to remain to be with his new girlfriend; D.I. Jack Mooney travelled back to Saint-Marie, initially as a holiday, but decided to remain as the new detective inspector of the island in the series finale. \"Death in Paradise\" is set on the fictional Caribbean island of Saint Marie, described in Episode 3.3","title":"Death in Paradise (TV series)"},{"id":"16017742","text":"novel)\", was published in January 2015. Early reviews were generally favourable, with the \"Daily Express\" in particular being complimentary, giving it four stars. The second book was released in 2016 with the title \"The Killing of Polly Carter\". The third book, titled \"Death Knocks Twice\" was released in 2017. An additional fourth book, \"Murder in the Caribbean\", is due to be released late 2018. Death in Paradise (TV series) Death in Paradise is a British-French crime drama television series created by Robert Thorogood, starring Ben Miller (series 1–3), Kris Marshall (series 3–6) and Ardal O'Hanlon (series 6–present). The programme is","title":"Death in Paradise (TV series)"},{"id":"18994415","text":"Richard Poole (character) Detective Inspector Richard Poole is a character in the crime drama television series \"Death in Paradise\", portrayed by Ben Miller. Poole also appears in novels based on the TV series written by Robert Thorogood. A British police inspector assigned to Saint Marie to investigate the previous inspector's murder, Poole was instructed to remain on the island as the new detective inspector. Despite his distaste for the island and inexperience with tropical weather - to the point where he continued to wear his old suits - he often showed a useful knack for making deductive leaps based on","title":"Richard Poole (character)"},{"id":"18994596","text":"Humphrey Goodman Detective Inspector Humphrey Goodman is a character in the crime drama television series \"Death in Paradise\", portrayed by Kris Marshall. Goodman is assigned to Saint Marie after the murder of D.I. Richard Poole at the start of Series 3. Clues from Poole's investigation helped Goodman reveal the motive and the killer's identity; Goodman commented that Poole had 'solved his own murder.' Goodman stayed on in Saint Marie after his wife Sally announced she would not be joining him on the Caribbean island. He became the chief inspector on the island, and took to Poole's old habit of announcing","title":"Humphrey Goodman"},{"id":"16017736","text":"of \"The Daily Telegraph\" criticised the laid-back tone of the series, calling it too methodical with nothing unique about it besides the setting. Red Planet Pictures was nominated for, and won, the \"Diversity in a Drama Production Award\" for \"Death In Paradise\". Sara Martins, Danny John-Jules, Don Warrington and Tobi Bakare collected the award at a ceremony supported by the BBC and ITV that took place on 15 February 2015. In the U.K., all series were shown on BBC One. The first series was broadcast in late 2011. The second series was broadcast in January 2013, with subsequent series filling","title":"Death in Paradise (TV series)"},{"id":"14185765","text":"It turns out to be the number of Gino Fish's cover business. Later Sister Mary gives Jesse another number that two separate girls had given her. The number turns out to belong to Gino Fish's associate and probable lover, Alan Garner. Jesse begins following Garner and catches him setting up men with underage prostitutes. Jesse questions Garner about it, and he agrees to talk under Stone's promise not to make him testify. Garner then admits that he has been pimping underage prostitutes since long before knowing Gino. Jesse interviews Norman Shaw, a wealthy local citizen and famous author, who drinks","title":"Death in Paradise (novel)"},{"id":"16017723","text":"on the island. In the second half of Series 6, he resigns so he can stay in London with his new girlfriend Martha Lloyd. His replacement on Saint Marie is DI Jack Mooney, played by Ardal O'Hanlon. While \"Death in Paradise\" has continued to be in the top three most popular programmes on British television, critics have called the crime drama \"unremarkable\" and \"an undemanding detective show, with nice Caribbean scenery\". The show is known for its formulaic approach to its plots with each episode roughly the same in both style and narrative structure. Each episode begins with a pre-credits","title":"Death in Paradise (TV series)"},{"id":"16198475","text":"Taylor, for whose death he still feels deeply responsible. State homicide commander Captain Healy (Stephen McHattie) delivers his autopsy report to Jesse, who learns that the girl drowned, and alcohol and muscle relaxer were found in her blood. The fourteen-year-old girl was probably in the water for three weeks, and was pregnant. Soon after, Jesse goes to the high school and meets with head mistress Dr. Lilly Summers (Orla Brady) who identifies the owner of the ring, William Hooker Royce (Matt Barr), an all-American athlete at the school. Later, when asked about the ring, Hooker tells Jesse that he briefly","title":"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise"},{"id":"4561379","text":"Impulse women's body spray. She became well known in the UK during the late 1990s as nurse Tina Seabrook in \"Casualty\". From August 2008, she played Inspector Rachel Weston in ITV's \"The Bill\". In 2011 she appeared in BBC1 drama \"Exile\" with John Simm, and in 2015 appeared in the fourth series of \"Death in Paradise\". From 2015 she stars as the titular character in the BBC Birmingham daytime drama \"The Coroner\", set in the fictional coastal town of Lighthaven in South Devon. The series ran to 20 episodes. The BBC announced on 2 March 2017 that there would be","title":"Claire Goose"},{"id":"6003084","text":"to his writing two productions featuring cast members from that show, which were broadcast in 1998. Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart of UNIT asks the Doctor to investigate a particularly gruesome murder at a new theme park on London's Hampstead Heath, called \"Space World\". Together with journalist Sarah Jane Smith and her photographer Jeremy Fitzoliver, they take in the incongruous exhibits, including virtual reality machines, and even seemingly living alien monstrosities – which the Brigadier immediately suspects of the killing. The owners of the theme park are a \"gang of alien carpetbaggers from outer space\", who are ostensibly trying to persuade the Government","title":"The Paradise of Death"},{"id":"2481486","text":"Kris Marshall Kristopher Marshall (born 11 April 1973) is an English actor. He has played Nick Harper in \"My Family\", Colin Frissell in the 2003 film \"Love Actually\", Adam in BT Retail adverts from 2005 until 2011, and Dave in the first series of \"Citizen Khan\" (2012). He played DI Humphrey Goodman in \"Death in Paradise\", taking over the role April 2013 for the show's third series and leaving it in February 2017 in the sixth series. Kristopher Marshall was born on 11 April 1973 in Bath, Somerset. His father was a Royal Air Force navigator, whose career included a","title":"Kris Marshall"},{"id":"18994599","text":"their time together, she eventually returns to London to start her dream job at a new restaurant. When a subsequent case sends Goodman and his team to London to track their suspects, he is inspired to stay with Martha, nominating the recently widowed DI Jack Mooney- the team's London liaison for their latest case- as his successor in Saint Marie. Goodman is awkward and accident prone. Michael Hogan argues that \"his bumbling and stammering resemble a Hugh Grant impersonation.\" Humphrey Goodman Detective Inspector Humphrey Goodman is a character in the crime drama television series \"Death in Paradise\", portrayed by Kris","title":"Humphrey Goodman"},{"id":"16198478","text":"his phone number that Billie provided to the Sister Mary. Shaw purportedly has a predilection for young girls. Jesse and Luther pay a visit to Norman Shaw who is hosting a fundraising party with influential politicians and prominent citizens. Afterwards, Jesse learns from Captain Healey that Shaw is writing a book on Boston mobster Leo Finn (Steven Flynn) who has a very dangerous gunsel working for him. Jesse visits Development Associates and meets Finn and his strongman Lovey Norris (Brendan Kelly). Asked about his relationship with Shaw, Finn reveals nothing. Soon after, Jesse and Luther respond to an armed robbery","title":"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise"},{"id":"14185763","text":"Death in Paradise (novel) Death in Paradise is a crime novel by Robert B. Parker, the third in his Jesse Stone series. It was made into a film in 2006. The third Jesse Stone novel finds Chief Stone investigating the death of a teenage girl after her body washes up on shore. While searching for clues at the crime scene, Stone finds a class ring that ends up belonging to a senior at the high school. Jesse questions him and discovers that he gave his class ring to a fifteen-year-old girl called Eleanor “Billie” Bishop. Chief Stone then questions the","title":"Death in Paradise (novel)"},{"id":"14185767","text":"and hands over Shaw's gun which Jesse easily confirms as the murder weapon. With this evidence in hand, Jesse forces Alan Garner to make a statement and then leaves him to be dealt with by Gino. Stone has Suit stake out the hotel that Shaw meets girls at, and when Shaw arrives Stone and Suit break in and catch Shaw in the act with a fifteen-year-old girl. During questioning, Shaw admits to killing Billie after she began threatening to turn him in to the police. When Jesse informs Billie's parents that he has solved the case, that he knows Billie","title":"Death in Paradise (novel)"},{"id":"5537745","text":"which has been broadcast since 11 January 2010. Since 2011, Warrington has played Commissioner Selwyn Patterson in the hit BBC show \"Death in Paradise\". He also appeared as jazz musician Frederick J. Louden in a BBC radio production of \"The Devil's Music\", written by Alan Plater. In 2011, Warrington played the father of a suspected terrorist in the last series of the BBC drama \"Waking the Dead\". His film roles included the movie version of \"Rising Damp\" (1980), the Kenny Everett horror comedy \"Bloodbath at the House of Death\" (1983), Kenneth Branagh's \"Hamlet\" (1996), Peter Greenaway's \"8½ Women\" (1999) and","title":"Don Warrington"},{"id":"16017725","text":"who of the murder are comprehended by the DI, but are not revealed to the audience. The suspects are then gathered, and the DI talks through the evidence; often, flashbacks are used to show what happened. The murderer and the motive are revealed in the dénouement of the episode. Normally, each episode ends with a comedic scene or a celebratory trip by the police force to Catherine's bar. The final episode of most series has included a subplot wherein the lead DI is tempted to return to the UK by the prospect of a job offer or personal relationship, but","title":"Death in Paradise (TV series)"},{"id":"26464","text":"the 2015 Sky Cat Laughs Comedy Festival which takes place in Kilkenny from 28 May–1 June. In 2015 he played the role of Peter the Milkman in the Sky 1 sitcom \"After Hours\". On 2 February 2017, it was announced he would play the lead role in the BBC crime drama \"Death in Paradise\" taking the role of DI Jack Mooney following Kris Marshall's departure the same day. Ardal has been doing stand up for many years appearing on many shows including Live at the Apollo, Michael McIntyre's Comedy Roadshow and Dave's One Night Stand. In 1994 he won the","title":"Ardal O'Hanlon"},{"id":"16017724","text":"sequence showing the events leading up to a murder, and often the discovery of the body afterwards; this sequence also serves to introduce that particular episode's guest characters. The police force of Saint Marie are subsequently informed of the murder, preliminary investigations and interviews take place to establish the suspects, and photographs of the suspects and crime scene are placed on the whiteboard at police headquarters. Often towards the end, the lead DI will have a moment of realisation, perhaps brought on by something that someone says or does or by some occurrence. In this moment, the how, why, and","title":"Death in Paradise (TV series)"},{"id":"16017732","text":"the birth of his baby daughter Elsie, it left him feeling \"bereft and empty\", and he quit the show. From episode 7 of the sixth series, the lead role was taken by Ardal O'Hanlon playing DI Jack Mooney, a London colleague. Regarding British TV ratings, \"Death in Paradise\" has gained in popularity over time. Series 1 (2011) has been the least-watched to date, averaging 5.89 million viewers, with the 5.3 million viewers for the sixth episode, “An Unhelpful Aid” the lowest the show has had. Even so, each episode was among the top five most-watched programmes of the day, and","title":"Death in Paradise (TV series)"},{"id":"6593367","text":"\"Lead Balloon\", Prudence in \"Keen Eddie\", Elle Kensington in \"Chasing Alice\", Angela Warren in \"Poirot\" (in the episode \"Five Little Pigs\"), Princess Eleanor in \"The Palace\", Ghislaine in \"Robin Hood\", Alice Shadwell in \"Dalziel and Pascoe\", Ann Hamilton in \"Death in Paradise\", Jill in NBC's \"Hot in Cleveland\", Sharon Kirby in \"CSI Miami\" and Dorothy Gibson in \"Titanic\". Winkleman was nominated for Best Newcomer by the BBC for her performance as Clara Gold in \"Waking the Dead\". Winkleman made her debut on American television as the star of the NBC sitcom \"100 Questions\" as main character Charlotte Payne and as","title":"Sophie Winkleman"},{"id":"16017731","text":"tournages de la Région Guadeloupe.\" The site of the Honoré police station is a church hall in Deshaies, with the priest's office appearing as the incident room. Miller left the series at the start of series 3, as he felt he was spending too much time away from his family, since his wife was unable to join him on the island during production. Marshall's family joined him on the island during his first three six-month shoots, and his son Thomas enrolled at a local school. When his family did not join him during the filming of the sixth series, following","title":"Death in Paradise (TV series)"},{"id":"14185772","text":"her death and is shown visiting her grave. The main plot differs significantly. In the film, Shaw is framed for Billie's murder by a man named Leo Finn. Alan Garner is not involved in the plot at all. In the film, Shaw is writing an unflattering exposé on Finn. In an attempt to prevent this, he has his Henchman Lovey Norris murder Billie Bishop. Shaw later tells Jesse that he had fallen in love with Billie, who was pregnant with his child. Jesse confronts Finn and Norris with this information in a warehouse. Norris responds by trying to shoot Jesse,","title":"Death in Paradise (novel)"},{"id":"16198474","text":"dreams about the girl's murder. Since moving to Paradise, his private life involves drinking alone at his isolated house on the water with his dog Reggie looking on, occasionally talking on the phone with his ex-wife in California. Forced to resign from the LAPD for a drinking problem that began following his divorce, Jesse is still in contact with his ex-wife Jenn, who calls him regularly. Concerned about his drinking, she convinces him to see psychiatrist Dr. Dix (William Devane), a former detective and recovering alcoholic himself. Following his first session, Jesse visits the grave of his former girlfriend, Abby","title":"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise"},{"id":"5544946","text":"Ken Biller to shoot for Nat Geo which was premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival in April 2017. 2017 also saw the final five episodes of AMC's in Richmond, Virginia. In June 2016, Brown played the role of Bob Clay in the BBC film \"Reg\". In September 2017 Brown travelled to Guadeloupe for a guest lead in the BBCtv show Death In Paradise. In 2018, Brown was interviewed at length about his career, with particular focus on his time on \"The Bill\", for an edition of The Bill Podcast Early years were in Moving Parts Theatre Company with Rachel Feldberg,","title":"Ralph Brown"},{"id":"18345501","text":"its writing, direction, and acting. With Peter Capaldi, Jenna Coleman, Samuel Anderson, and Michelle Gomez receiving widespread acclaim for their performances, Gomez was consistently highly praised in reviews, with many calling her a highlight of the eighth series. Continuing from \"Dark Water\", Clara Oswald is trapped with a Cyberman in the headquarters of 3W in St Paul's Cathedral and manages to stop it from killing her by stating that she is really the Doctor. Outside, the Doctor reels from the revelation that Missy, the woman controlling the Cybermen, is a female incarnation of the Master. The public appears unconcerned by","title":"Death in Heaven"},{"id":"16017735","text":"8.34 million viewers. Based on consolidated figures, each episode was the most-watched programme of the day, and in the top ten most-watched programmes of the week. The series has received mixed reviews from critics, with most criticism directed towards its formulaic structure. The first series was praised for its refreshing style and setting. Kris Marshall's introduction at the start of series 3 was particularly well received, with Rebecca Smith of \"The Daily Telegraph\" citing Marshall as a \"winning addition\" to the cast. The series 4 premiere was described as \"a little piece of escapism\" and was generally praised. Mark Monahan","title":"Death in Paradise (TV series)"},{"id":"14185766","text":"heavily throughout. He passes out at the table. Later, Jesse questions one of Shaw's many ex-wives who tells him that she had a private detective follow him while they were married. She had suspected him of infidelities, and the detective confirms this, informing her that he is seeing underage prostitutes almost nightly. Although, she never sees that photos, she uses the information to get a large divorce settlement. Next, Jesse sees her detective who gives him the incriminating photos which depict graphic sexual acts between Shaw and underage girls. Jesse takes the photos to Shaw's current wife who is disgusted","title":"Death in Paradise (novel)"},{"id":"26456","text":"Ardal O'Hanlon Ardal O'Hanlon (; born 8 October 1965) is an Irish comedian and actor. He played Father Dougal McGuire in \"Father Ted\", George Sunday/Thermoman in \"My Hero\", and DI Jack Mooney in \"Death in Paradise\". Ardal O'Hanlon was born on 8 October 1965 in Carrickmacross, County Monaghan, the son of politician and doctor Rory O'Hanlon and Teresa Ward. He has five siblings. The episode of \"Who Do You Think You Are?\" which aired on 6 October 2008 revealed that O'Hanlon's paternal grandfather, Michael O'Hanlon, was a UCD medicine student who had joined the IRA during the Irish War of","title":"Ardal O'Hanlon"},{"id":"6360883","text":"romantic comedy miniseries \"Material Girl\". In June 2010, she also played the role of Ashley in a BBC Three pilot, \"Dappers\". That same month, Crichlow presented \"Nelson Mandela: One Incredible Life\" on BBC Three. For the documentary, Crichlow travelled to South Africa to learn more about Nelson Mandela's story. In 2011, Crichlow played the character of Police Sergeant Lily Thomson in the BBC drama \"Death in Paradise\". In January 2011, Crichlow appeared in six short accompaniments for \"The Tudors\" airings on BBC America. Crichlow also narrated \"The Gatwick Baby: Abandoned at Birth\", shown on BBC Three on 13 April 2011.","title":"Lenora Crichlow"},{"id":"13701916","text":"from a crash, claims a mystery aircraft attacked them, the owner, Henry Goering (Henry Hall) hires psychiatrist, Dr. Norris (John Elliott), to question the man. Dr. Norris believes a psychotic ex-World War I flying ace, whom he dubs \"Pilot X,\" may be behind the attacks. With the help of Blackwood, Goering and Norris assemble a group of five ex-flying aces living in the area who may have a connection with the mysterious Pilot X. He recruits German Lieutenant Baron von Guttard (Hans Joby), French Lieutenant Rene Le Rue (Gaston Glass), British Captain Roland Saunders (Pat Somerset), Canadian Lieutenant Douglas Thompson","title":"Death in the Air"},{"id":"13701915","text":"being shot down by a large black fighter aircraft with a large \"X\" painted on the wing. The chief suspects may be the very pilots that have been gathered together to solve the mystery, and are invited for the weekend to an old dark mansion. Inspector Gallagher (Willard Kent) of the United States Department of Commerce views a number of crashes and disappearances of Goering-Gage Aviation Corporation aircraft as suspicious. With United States Army Reserve test pilot Jerry Blackwood (John Carroll), Gallagher visits the Goering-Gage company. Jerry test flies Goering-Gage aircraft but finds nothing wrong. When a severely injured passenger","title":"Death in the Air"},{"id":"7467336","text":"Sally Bretton Sally Bretton (born Sally Davis) is an English actress. She is best known for appearing as Lucy Adams in the television sitcom \"Not Going Out\" since 2007, and as Martha Lloyd in the BBC1 crime drama \"Death in Paradise\", between 2015 and 2017. She has also been featured in programmes such as \"Absolute Power\", \"Green Wing\" and \"The Office\". In 2008, she played Goneril in Shakespeare's \"King Lear\" at Shakespeare's Globe. Bretton trained at the Central School of Speech and Drama, and worked as a drama teacher at Top Hat Stage and Screen School. She chose the professional","title":"Sally Bretton"},{"id":"16017738","text":"in April and May 2013. In the New England area, WGBH-TV started airing Series 1 and 2 in 2013. Other PBS stations that air the programme as of 2016 include WPBA, WLIW, WTTW, KAET, KUAT, KUHT Houston, and WNED, among others. In Seattle-Tacoma, WA area broadcast on KBTC TV (PBS), Series 1-7 on Friday evenings with the current series aired April-May. In Australia, recent series have aired nationally on Foxtel within a few hours of their UK release. Series 1–6 were broadcast on ABC One a few months behind original broadcast in the U.K. Generally, this was shown in a","title":"Death in Paradise (TV series)"},{"id":"2420369","text":"acting roles alongside their father. He is also an avid motorcyclist and regularly participates in charity rides. Danny John-Jules Danny John-Jules (born 16 September 1960) is an English actor, singer and dancer. His most successful roles have been Cat in the sci-fi comedy series \"Red Dwarf\" and policeman Dwayne Myers in the crime drama \"Death in Paradise\". He was also a protagonist in the hit CBBC children's spy drama \"M.I. High\", in which he portrayed Lenny Bicknall, the caretaker. On 13 August 2018 he was announced as one of the celebrity contestants on the current 2018 series of \"Strictly Come","title":"Danny John-Jules"},{"id":"13107666","text":"credits include writing, producing and directing two seasons of BBC’s award-winning comedy sketch show \"The Real McCoy\". He also wrote and directed two award-winning short films, \"Driving Miss Crazy\", which won the HBO Best Short Film in Acapulco and \"A Woman Scorned\" which won a Best Short Film prize at the Hollywood Scare-fest Film Festival. Treva Etienne Treva Etienne (born 21 July 1965) is an English actor. Etienne guest starred in the \"BBC drama\" \"Death In Paradise\", the CBS spinoff \"Criminal Minds Beyond Borders\", and the CW fantasy/horror \"Supernatural\". He has a leading role in the indie horror movie \"Itsy","title":"Treva Etienne"},{"id":"16017737","text":"the same January slot; all series were shown in a 9:00–10:00 pm slot. The series has also been shown on repeat on the Alibi channel, although with each episode missing the pre-intro sequence and a few expendable scenes due to the need for adverts on Alibi. In France the programme is broadcast on France Ô. In the U.S., many, but not all, member stations of PBS broadcast \"Death In Paradise.\" Series 1 and 2 were broadcast in the San Francisco Bay Area on KQED \"Mystery Night\" in 2013. Series 1 aired in January and February 2013 and series 2 aired","title":"Death in Paradise (TV series)"},{"id":"2420358","text":"Danny John-Jules Danny John-Jules (born 16 September 1960) is an English actor, singer and dancer. His most successful roles have been Cat in the sci-fi comedy series \"Red Dwarf\" and policeman Dwayne Myers in the crime drama \"Death in Paradise\". He was also a protagonist in the hit CBBC children's spy drama \"M.I. High\", in which he portrayed Lenny Bicknall, the caretaker. On 13 August 2018 he was announced as one of the celebrity contestants on the current 2018 series of \"Strictly Come Dancing\". He was eliminated from the show on 11 November 2018. John-Jules was born in Paddington, London,","title":"Danny John-Jules"},{"id":"8814344","text":"series 17 of \"Silent Witness\". In 2015 Wragg appeared as Izzy Cartwright in the BBC TV series \"Death in Paradise\" Series 4 Episode 7. Having been together for 14 years, Wragg married Jamie Darling at Tatton Park, Cheshire, on 17 November 2007. They have two daughters Matilda and Molly. Kaye Wragg Kaye Michelle Wragg (born 15 December 1972 in Stockport, Cheshire) is an English actress best known for her television roles as Sergeant Diane Noble in \"The Bill\", Kate Oakley in \"No Angels\", Essie Harrison in \"Holby City\" and Lucy Archer in \"The Lakes\". She studied at the University of","title":"Kaye Wragg"},{"id":"2420364","text":"shows such as \"Comedy Connections\", \"Casualty\", \"\" and \"Night Fever\". He has also appeared in at least one episode of CBBC's sitcom \"Kerching!\", playing Michael's father, Trevor and appeared as Lenny Bicknall in series 1 and 2 of \"M.I.High\", also on CBBC. He has also appeared in \"The Crouches\". On 8 November 2009, he made a brief appearance during BBC Two's coverage of the 2009 Valencian Moto Grand Prix. He appeared in the BBC One series \"Death in Paradise\" as policeman Dwayne Myers from its start until 2018, in 2014, he played Nigel Rogers in \"The Life of Rock with","title":"Danny John-Jules"},{"id":"18345500","text":"Death in Heaven \"Death in Heaven\" is the twelfth and final episode of the eighth series of the British science fiction television programme \"Doctor Who\". It was first broadcast on BBC One on 8 November 2014. It is the second episode of a two-part story involving the return of the Cybermen and the Master in the form of 'Missy', the first part being \"Dark Water\", written by Steven Moffat and directed by Rachel Talalay. The episode stars Peter Capaldi, Jenna Coleman, Samuel Anderson, Michelle Gomez, Chris Addison, Jemma Redgrave, and Ingrid Oliver. The episode received positive reviews, with critics praising","title":"Death in Heaven"},{"id":"6632621","text":"Paul. In 2010 he appeared in the Royal Court Theatre's \"Sucker Punch\" by Roy Williams. In 2012 he appeared in \"Hustle\" as a police officer. In 2015 he played Docker in BBC One drama \"The Interceptor\" and also featured in the Ron Howard-directed movie \"In the Heart of the Sea\" which was released in December 2015. In 2016, he starred as Abioseh, an ex-tribesman in the Royal National Theatre's production of \"Les Blancs\". He also starred in an episode of the BBC's \"Death in Paradise\", and as a Detective Chief Inspector in \"Silent Witness\". In 2017, Beadle starred as Archdeacon","title":"Gary Beadle"},{"id":"14185764","text":"school principal, Dr. Lilly Summers, who informs Jesse that Billie was the “town pump.” The case becomes odd when Jesse questions Billie's parents and they deny that she is even their daughter. He confirms that she is indeed their daughter through her two sisters. They also inform Jesse that Billie ran away because her parents did not approve of her behavior, particularly her promiscuity. Jesse later finds that Billie had been staying at a shelter run by a Sister Mary John. Although he finds that Billie is no longer there, the nun gives Jesse the contact number that Billie left.","title":"Death in Paradise (novel)"},{"id":"14185770","text":"him, where he tells him he is going to kill his wife, then Jesse, then himself. Before he can do it, Jesse shoots and kills Snyder. Jesse also continues his bizarre relationship with his ex-wife, Jenn. They continue to see each other and other people. Among the other people is Marcy Campbell, first introduced in \"Trouble in Paradise\", and Dr. Lilly Summers, Billie's school principal. Lilly becomes very much infatuated with Jesse; attending his softball games, and later confessing to being in love with him. Finally, at Jenn's bidding Jesse begins seeing a counselor, Dr. Dix, about his drinking. The","title":"Death in Paradise (novel)"},{"id":"13643024","text":"Trenchcoat in Paradise Trenchcoat in Paradise is a 1989 American made-for-television mystery-crime film directed by Martha Coolidge and starring Dirk Benedict, Sydney Walsh, Catherine Oxenberg, Michelle Phillips and Bruce Dern. The main character, Eddie Mazda (Dirk Benedict), is a hard-nosed private investigator originally from Jersey City, New Jersey. After working a job for a widow named Nan Thompson (Amy Yasbeck), he soon after is confronted by mob boss Dom Gellatti (Ralph Drischell), the man who killed Mrs. Thompson's husband. Having already ransacked Mazda's film studio for any incriminating pictures against him for fear of federal prosecutions, Gellatti gives Eddie the","title":"Trenchcoat in Paradise"},{"id":"7467337","text":"name Bretton as a Sally Davis was already registered with actors' union Equity. Bretton has three daughters with her husband, Lee, a photographer. She grew up in a small town in Hertfordshire and as of 2015 resides near Hitchin, Hertfordshire. Guest Sally Bretton Sally Bretton (born Sally Davis) is an English actress. She is best known for appearing as Lucy Adams in the television sitcom \"Not Going Out\" since 2007, and as Martha Lloyd in the BBC1 crime drama \"Death in Paradise\", between 2015 and 2017. She has also been featured in programmes such as \"Absolute Power\", \"Green Wing\" and","title":"Sally Bretton"},{"id":"16375130","text":"series of \"Merlin\" in 2012. In 2011, he appeared in two episodes of \"The Hour\" as the character Sey, and reprised the role for three episodes in 2012. In 2015, Edun had a recurring role on the third season of \"Bates Motel\" as Marcus Young, a candidate for sheriff of White Pine Bay, which he followed with roles in \"Lucifer\", \"Legends\", and \"Death in Paradise\". He also appeared as Mr Brocks in the 2016 \"Doctor Who\" Christmas Special in 2016. The following year, Edun portrayed a war criminal in an episode of \"Elementary\". Edun performed motion capture and voiced the","title":"Adetomiwa Edun"},{"id":"11633124","text":"first series of \"Inside No. 9\", written by Steve Pemberton and Reece Shearsmith. Edwards played Sophie in the BAFTA award-winning BBC Four comedy series \"Detectorists\"; series 1 in 2014 and series 2 in 2015. In 2016, she appeared as Sian in \"Death In Paradise\" as a young girl who is murdered. In 2017, she was Josh's (ex)girlfriend in Channel 4 comedy \"Loaded\". Edwards made her stage debut in 2008 in \"SH*T-M*X\" at the Trafalgar Studios in London. In 2009, she performed in Jez Butterworth's play \"Jerusalem\" at the Royal Court Theatre, alongside Mackenzie Crook. In 2011, she made her Broadway","title":"Aimee-Ffion Edwards"},{"id":"7446297","text":"Doyle the mother of a murder victim found buried having gone missing 30 years earlier. She guest-starred in \"Death in Paradise\" in 2017, as Ernestine Gray. She guest-starred in \"Holby City\" in 2018, as Ursula Stork. Angela Bruce Angela Bruce (born 1951) is an English actress, noted for her television work. Bruce was born in Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire to a West Indian father and white mother, but was put up for adoption aged three, and brought up in Craghead, County Durham. She made her screen debut in the 1973 film \"Man at the Top\". Her regular or recurring","title":"Angela Bruce"},{"id":"16230098","text":"Robert Thorogood Robert Thorogood (born 1972) is an English screenwriter. He is best known as the creator of the BBC One murder mystery series \"Death in Paradise\". He won France Film's \"En Route to France\" award in 2012. Thorogood was educated at Uppingham School in Rutland where he met his future wife, Classic FM (UK) presenter Katie Breathwick. He read History at Downing College, Cambridge where he toured with the university's student comedy troupe Footlights in 1993 and was elected President in 1994. Soon after leaving Cambridge Thorogood set up a theatre company that toured small theatres and schools, the","title":"Robert Thorogood"},{"id":"19527684","text":"Death in the Desert (film) Death in the Desert is a 2015 American crime-drama film directed and produced by Josh Evans and starring Michael Madsen and Shayla Beesley, with John Palladino, Paz de la Huerta, and Roxy Saint appearing in supporting roles. Principal filming completed in February 2014 in Las Vegas, Nevada. It is the second film collaboration between Madsen and Evans, who produced \"The Price of Air\" in which Madsen starred. Released in March 2016 by Osiris Entertainment, the film is based on the book \"Death in the Desert\" by true-crime author Cathy Scott about Ted Binion, a wealthy","title":"Death in the Desert (film)"},{"id":"7081425","text":"Lee Boardman Lee Harold Boardman (born 2 July 1972) is an English actor and narrator. He has appeared in the films \"Jack the Giant Slayer\" and \"Love's Kitchen\", and the television series \"Rome\". Boardman played Murray Priestman in \"Drop Dead Gorgeous\" as well as the drug dealer Jez Quigley in \"Coronation Street\". He appears as Timon the Jew in the television series \"Rome\". He also made an appearance in the fifth episode of the 2011 BBC crime-drama series \"Death in Paradise\". In 2013 he starred in the ITV1 comedy drama series \"Great Night Out\" as Hodge. In 2014 he played","title":"Lee Boardman"},{"id":"26465","text":"Hackney Empire New Act of the Year. O'Hanlon is married to Melanie, whom he met as a teenager, and with whom he has three children: Emily, Rebecca and Red. He is a supporter of Leeds United. Ardal O'Hanlon Ardal O'Hanlon (; born 8 October 1965) is an Irish comedian and actor. He played Father Dougal McGuire in \"Father Ted\", George Sunday/Thermoman in \"My Hero\", and DI Jack Mooney in \"Death in Paradise\". Ardal O'Hanlon was born on 8 October 1965 in Carrickmacross, County Monaghan, the son of politician and doctor Rory O'Hanlon and Teresa Ward. He has five siblings. The","title":"Ardal O'Hanlon"},{"id":"14185773","text":"but Jesse shields himself with Finn's body and Norris accidentally kills him. Jesse then draws his weapon and kills Norris. A final significant difference is that Suitcase Simpson is shot in the head during the standoff with Snyder. The film ends with Suitcase in a coma. Death in Paradise (novel) Death in Paradise is a crime novel by Robert B. Parker, the third in his Jesse Stone series. It was made into a film in 2006. The third Jesse Stone novel finds Chief Stone investigating the death of a teenage girl after her body washes up on shore. While searching","title":"Death in Paradise (novel)"},{"id":"18345502","text":"the arrival of the Cybermen, but UNIT, led by Kate Lethbridge-Stewart, turn up and surround the Doctor, Missy, and her group of Cybermen. The Cybermen take to the air using built-in leg jets and scatter over the British Isles. Missy reveals that 91 Cybermen one for every major population area in the United Kingdom have been released from St Paul's to explode over graveyards in each populated area, releasing 'Cyberpollen' that will resurrect the dead as Cybermen. Similar events occur all over the world. UNIT renders both Missy and the Doctor unconscious and takes them into custody. In the Nethersphere,","title":"Death in Heaven"},{"id":"19091854","text":"cop, who advises, \"If you don't like the answers you're getting, check your premises.\" Stone visits gangster Gino Fish (William Sadler) and learns where the fourth victim worked as a prostitute. The \"dating agency\" owner tells Stone about Mavis Davies' friend, Charlotte (Amelia Rose Blaire), who recently left the business. He finds Charlotte, now running a cafe under her real name, Amelia Hope, and learns that Mavis was having an affair and was in love with a police officer. Back at Lt. Greenstreet's office, Stone reveals that he suspects that Detective Leary was Mavis' lover and that he killed Mavis","title":"Jesse Stone: Lost in Paradise"},{"id":"8659516","text":"hostage. The police see the license plates on the car in front of the Anderson house are from a stolen car, and therefore order Vic and Caesar to come out with their hands held up. While the inmates are busy figuring out what to do, they get attacked by Timmy, who immobilizes Caesar and shoots Vic. The police rush into the house and take everyone to the office. There, FBI agent Shaddus Peyser (Richard Jenkins) tries to figure out what happened, and because the town's people hide what they know about Bill, Alvin, and Dave and the church pastor returns","title":"Trapped in Paradise"},{"id":"17995566","text":"Snow in Paradise Snow in Paradise is a 2014 British thriller film directed by Andrew Hulme and co-written by Hulme and Martin Askew, who also co-stars in the film. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival. The film had its UK premier at the Curzon Soho as part of the London Film Festival. Petty criminal Dave lives in London, high on crime and drugs. After a heist gone wrong brings about his best friend's death, he turns to Islam for finding peace to his feelings for shame and remorse, but soon his","title":"Snow in Paradise"},{"id":"16198481","text":"Jesse speculates that Shaw was working on an exposé of Finn rather than a biography, and that he now knows Finn had Billie killed and framed Shaw as the murderer in order to stop the publication of the exposé. When Lovey pulls his weapon, Jesse steps behind Finn who takes Lovey's initial shot in the back, and Jesse returns fire, killing Lovey. Later, after visiting Billie's grave, Jesse returns to the hospital, sits at Luther's side, and begins reading to him the story of the baseball player named Harry \"Suitcase\" Simpson. In his review in \"DVD Talk\", Paul Mavis found","title":"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise"},{"id":"4319350","text":"Street\". In January 2014, Collins claimed she was \"unhappy\" over the lack of screen time for her and her character. Collins filmed her final scenes on 19 February 2014, and made her final appearance as Stella on 2 April 2014. Since leaving \"Coronation Street\", Collins has had various guest roles in television dramas such as \"Casualty\" (2014) as Samantha Kellman, \"Death in Paradise\" (2015) as Annette Burgess and in 2016 as Nadine Campbell in an episode of \"Midsomer Murders\". In 2016, Collins took part in the ITV reality series \"\". Collins has a daughter by ex-partner Fabrizio Tassalini, Maia Rose","title":"Michelle Collins"},{"id":"14185768","text":"is their daughter, and that it is indeed her body that was found their responses couldn't be more different. The father seems to be overcome and leaves the room, while Billie's domineering mother seems not to care at all. The novel also details a subplot about a woman and her abusive husband. The Snyders are first brought into his office after a domestic dispute in a bar where several witnesses, including Suitcase, witness the man beating his wife. Jesse locks up the husband, and sends the wife to the hospital. She later admits to suffering years of abuse, and asks","title":"Death in Paradise (novel)"},{"id":"8668571","text":"Death in the Garden La mort en ce jardin (\"Death in the Garden\") is a 1956 film by director Luis Buñuel based on the novel by José-André Lacour. Amid a revolution in a South American mining outpost, a band of fugitives—a roguish adventurer (Georges Marchal), a local hooker (Simone Signoret), a priest (Michel Piccoli), an aging diamond miner (Charles Vanel), and the miner's deaf-mute daughter (Michèle Girardon)—are forced to flee for their lives into the jungle. Starving, exhausted, and stripped of their old identities, they wander desperately lured by one deceptive promise of salvation after another. Shot in vibrant Eastmancolor","title":"Death in the Garden"},{"id":"10943591","text":"Green, Anthony Antonelli, Mike Bakalis, Eugene Hornsby, George Loomis and Bill \"Garloo\" Wilkins. They work with Assistant U.S. Attorneys Margaret Healy and Ira Littleton. The squad is also working on the murder of Jacqueline Taylor. Their main suspect is Tyree Williams. Rhonda is the primary on the murder of Jamal White. Her investigation includes his friend Leon Mayo, girlfriend Darcia Johnson and her room mate Shaylene Vaughn. Shaylene and Darcia work for a pimp called Dominique Lyons. Crooks: Conrad Gaskins and Romeo Brock are stick-up men who make their living robbing drug dealers. Gaskins is a parolee and is dubious","title":"The Night Gardener"},{"id":"16198479","text":"in progress at a local supermarket. Inside, Jesse encounters Jerry Snyder holding his wife hostage after shooting Mr. Kim (Michael Ha), the store owner. When Jerry fires his weapon to the side, Jesse shoots him dead. However, Luther had been shot by Jerry. At the hospital, Luther is in critical condition and in a coma. Molly stays at Luther's side and reads to him. Jesse returns to Shaw's house asking where he was the night of Billie's murder, and Shaw offers an alibi involving a meeting with Leo Finn. Later Finn tells Jesse he refused to meet with Shaw, saying","title":"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise"},{"id":"16198476","text":"dated a girl named Billie Bishop and had given her his ring when he broke up with her. Jesse returns to the school and learns from Lilly that Billie was a former A-student before coming to Paradise two years earlier when something changed her. He visits her parents and learns that she was thrown out of her home following a dramatic change in her behavior and academic performance. In the coming days Jesse and Dr. Summers become involved romantically. While working to solve Billie's murder, Jesse deals with a domestic violence case involving Jerry Snyder (John Diehl), a loser who","title":"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise"},{"id":"5230188","text":"Ladykillers\", playing the role of Mrs Wilberforce. In 2014, she played Pam Chandler, a suspected murderer, in the last episode of series three of \"Death in Paradise\". In 2015, she played Marion, mother to Christine in the Inside No. 9 episode \"The 12 Days of Christine\". In 2016, she played Nancy, the faithful dresser and woman of all work to the main character, in the West End production of \"Nell Gwynn.\" In 2017 she played Jessie in the stage musical \"The Girls\" at the Phoenix Theatre in the West End. In 2018 she returned to television playing Edna Friendship in","title":"Michele Dotrice"},{"id":"7136111","text":"American romantic comedy \"Double Wedding\". Fagbenle also appeared as 'Mark Lightfoot' in episode six of the first season of \"Death in Paradise\" in 2011. In 2012 after taking some time out to 'do some theatre and develop [his] writing projects' Fagbenle accepted a lead role in the BBC comedy \"Quick Cuts\" alongside cult comedy actress and star of \"Smack the Pony\" Doon Mackichan. In 2014 Fagbenle starred in the first season of HBO's original drama \"Looking\". He played 'Frank' a sweet hearted musician from Ohio having trouble with his live in partner. He reprised the role in 2015 for season","title":"O. T. Fagbenle"},{"id":"5621374","text":"\"Dirty Filthy Love\" (2004); Ursula Blake in the \"Doctor Who\" episode \"Love & Monsters\" (2006); Emmeline Fox in \"The Crimson Petal and the White\" (2011); DS Angela Young in \"Death in Paradise\" (2011); and Meg Hawkins in \"Treasure Island\" (2012). She played Karen, the lead role, opposite John Simm in Channel 4's \"Everyday\" and Meme Kartosov in \"Anna Karenina\". Shirley Henderson Shirley Henderson (born 24 November 1965) is a Scottish actress. Her film roles include playing Gail in \"Trainspotting\" (1996), Jude in the three \"Bridget Jones\" films (2001/04/16), and Moaning Myrtle in \"Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets\" (2002)","title":"Shirley Henderson"},{"id":"9607334","text":"debut in 2003 in Noël Coward's \"Private Lives.\" She has also appeared in numerous radio plays for the BBC, including playing Esme in Tom Stoppard's \"Rock 'n' Roll\", a role she also played in the West End. More recently, she appeared in the BBC TV mini-series \"Cranford\". In 2009 she appeared as Daisy alongside Timothy West in the BBC Radio 4 adaptation of John Mortimer's \"Rumpole and the Penge Bungalow Murders\". She has also appeared in the crime drama 'Death in Paradise' playing the part of Astrid Knight. (Season 1 Episode 4). In 2014, she appeared in another crime drama","title":"Emma Fielding"},{"id":"20270441","text":"After that, he signed with an agent and continued to get minor roles in TV shows like \"Hawthorne\", \"\", and \"NCIS\", as well as films like \"\". In 2011, Garrett started a recurring role as Deputy Sheriff Cane on FX's \"Sons of Anarchy\". He appeared in 17 episodes from 2011 to 2014. In 2016, Garrett landed two key roles; the first one, as Lieutenant TAO Cameron Burke on TNT's \"The Last Ship\", and the second as Secret Service agent Mike Ritter on ABC's \"Designated Survivor\". David Guggenheim, creator and executive producer of the latter, said they \"needed someone who could","title":"LaMonica Garrett"},{"id":"4591290","text":"a small part as Mrs Beeton in an episode of the BBC educational programme \"The Charles Dickens Show\". In 2015 she appeared as Mae Harmer in the BBC TV series \"Death in Paradise\" episode 4.8. On 9 May 2015 she portrayed a wartime letter writer at in Horse Guards Parade, London that was broadcast live on BBC1. She also appeared in the ITV series \"Lewis\" episode \"Magnum Opus\". Weeks has appeared in the films \"My Brother Tom\", \"Red Mercury\" and \"The Wicker Tree\" (the \"spiritual successor\" to \"The Wicker Man)\". In early 2010, she appeared as \"Sarah Prentice\" in a","title":"Honeysuckle Weeks"},{"id":"17845401","text":"with commercials, and characters are able to use stronger profanity. Cast members Mireille Enos and Joel Kinnaman return as detectives Sarah Linden and Stephen Holder, respectively. New series regulars for the fourth season include Joan Allen as Margaret Rayne, the head of an all-boys military academy. In February 2014, Sterling Beaumon, Levi Meaden, and Tyler Ross were cast as Lincoln Knopf, AJ Fielding, and Cameron Stanton (later changed to Kyle Stansbury), respectively; playing teens connected to the military academy. Gregg Henry, who had a recurring role in the third season as Detective Carl Reddick, was promoted to series regular for","title":"The Killing (season 4)"},{"id":"19091853","text":"to Steve, and to his surprise, the dog eats it. Back on the case, Stone meets with State Police Detective Dan Leary (Alex Carter), the officer who arrested the killer, who tells Stone that he's convinced the \"Boston Ripper\" committed all four murders, noting that since Richard was jailed, \"the murders have stopped\". Continuing his investigation, Stone interviews the autopsy doctor and confirms that the toxicology report is missing from the file. Stone tells Lt. Greenstreet that he believes the file was \"scrubbed\". Later, Stone discusses the case with his psychiatrist, Dr. Dix (William Devane), who is also a former","title":"Jesse Stone: Lost in Paradise"},{"id":"9472790","text":"he had a small role in an episode of BBC drama series \"Death In Paradise\". Also in February 2014, it was announced that Anderson had been cast as recurring character Danny Pink, a teacher at Coal Hill School, in the eighth series of \"Doctor Who\", and he appeared in 11 episodes. Between 2014 and 2017, Anderson appeared in Sky1 sitcom Trollied, playing the role of Daniel. In February 2016, he appeared in the BBC One drama series \"Moving On\". Currently, starting in the comedy Loaded on Channel 4. Television Samuel Anderson (actor) Samuel Anderson (born 1982) is a British actor.","title":"Samuel Anderson (actor)"},{"id":"9395352","text":"Oswald James appeared in the second series of \"Death in Paradise\" as the character Ronnie Stuart in ep:6 - A Dash of Sunshine - Series 2 - broadcast February 2013 and filmed in Guadeloupe. He also filmed the first episode of \"Midsomer Murders\" season 16 for airing over the Christmas 2013 season - \"A Christmas Haunting\". His character was a traumatized soldier called Ollie Tabori. James was cast as Niles Pottinger, the new Mayor of Defiance. The second season of the hit Syfy series \"Defiance\" started production in August, 2013 in Toronto and continued until December 2013. Series 2 aired","title":"James Murray (English actor)"},{"id":"9175842","text":"TV series \"Cucumber\". He also appeared in an episode of \"Goodnight Sweetheart\" playing a doctor at the hospital where Yvonne Sparrow loses her unborn child (series 4). In 2016 he played Polonius in Simon Godwin's production of \"Hamlet\" for the Royal Shakespeare Company. In late October 2016 he made his debut as a recurring character in the Doctor Who Spin off Class. In 2017, he also had a minor role in an episode of the long running detective programme \"Death in Paradise\", playing a corrupt mayor. Nri's family are Igbo; they fled the country in 1968 prior to the end","title":"Cyril Nri"},{"id":"16105987","text":"Hetti Bywater Harriet Jessica P \"Hetti\" Bywater (born 10 September 1994) is an English actress best known for playing Lucy Beale in the BBC soap opera \"EastEnders.\" Bywater was born in Reigate, Surrey to parents originally from Swansea, Wales. She studied performing arts at The Theatre Workshop in Sussex. Bywater began her career in 2011, making guest appearances in \"Casualty\" and \"Doctors\". She also starred in the \"St George's Day\" film in the same year. In 2015, Bywater guest-starred in the fourth series of \"Death in Paradise.\" In late 2016, Bywater guest starred in two episodes of the first series","title":"Hetti Bywater"},{"id":"16105989","text":"Hetti Bywater Harriet Jessica P \"Hetti\" Bywater (born 10 September 1994) is an English actress best known for playing Lucy Beale in the BBC soap opera \"EastEnders.\" Bywater was born in Reigate, Surrey to parents originally from Swansea, Wales. She studied performing arts at The Theatre Workshop in Sussex. Bywater began her career in 2011, making guest appearances in \"Casualty\" and \"Doctors\". She also starred in the \"St George's Day\" film in the same year. In 2015, Bywater guest-starred in the fourth series of \"Death in Paradise.\" In late 2016, Bywater guest starred in two episodes of the first series","title":"Hetti Bywater"},{"id":"16017728","text":"an airport, a university, a convent, approximately 100 public beaches and a Crown Court. It also has its own newspaper, \"The Saint Marie Times\". Honoré, the main town, has a leisure/commercial marina, market, bars, and restaurants as well as the police station. The neighbouring town to Honoré is named as Port Royal. Saint Marie's main economic ties are to Guadeloupe, the UK, and France. The island's main religions are Catholicism and Voodoo, with several religious festivals featuring in the programme, including the Saint Ursula Festival (in reality, a major festival of the Virgin Islands) and some Voodoo festivals. Episode 3.7","title":"Death in Paradise (TV series)"},{"id":"5833578","text":"landlady of the main characters, in the comedy \"Never Better\" and as a nurse in BBC's \"Outnumbered\" that aired on 30 August 2009. In December 2010, she appeared in the British BBC soap opera \"EastEnders\" as Gloria MacDonald, a role which she reprised in February 2016. On 12 February 2013 she played the part of Estelle in an episode of Death in Paradise on BBC1. In 2016 she appeared in the BBC series \"The Coroner\" episode 2.6 \"Life\" Michele Austin Michele Austin is a British actress best known for her role as PC Yvonne Hemmingway on ITV's \"The Bill\", for","title":"Michele Austin"},{"id":"5145879","text":"negative reviews from critics. It was followed by two sequels, \"Angels & Demons\" (2009) and \"Inferno\" (2016). Jacques Saunière, the Louvre's curator, is pursued through the Grand Gallery by an albino Catholic monk named Silas, who demands the location of the Priory's \"keystone\" to find and destroy the Holy Grail. Saunière gives him a false lead and is murdered. When the police arrive, they find his body posed like Da Vinci's Vitruvian Man. The police captain, Bezu Fache, sends his lieutenant, Jérôme Collet, to summon American symbologist Robert Langdon, in the midst of signing autographs after one of his public","title":"The Da Vinci Code (film)"},{"id":"16097044","text":"Le Radeau de la Méduse at the Théâtre National Populaire in Villeurbanne. She appeared in a play at the Young Vic in London called \"Le Costume\" (\"The Suit\") and in a French-language production of David Mamet’s \"Race\". Martins' television debut was in 2001, in the French police series \"Police District\". She appeared in the series \"Pigalle, la nuit\" as Fleur. While filming \"Death in Paradise\", Martins worked on the French TV crime series \"Détectives\" as Nora Abadie. In April 2011, BBC One announced that Martins would star in the crime comedy-drama \"Death in Paradise\", co-produced with France Télévisions. The series","title":"Sara Martins"},{"id":"7716068","text":"Arliss Howard Arliss Howard (born Leslie Richard Howard; October 18, 1954) is an American actor, writer and film director. Howard was born in Independence, Missouri and has a younger brother, Jim Howard (b. 1956). He graduated from Truman High School and Columbia College in Columbia, Missouri. Howard established his career with stand-out roles in \"Natural Born Killers\", \"Full Metal Jacket\", and \"Ruby\". In \"Till Death Us Do Part\" (1992), he portrayed author and attorney Vincent Bugliosi, who led the prosecution in the Tate-LaBianca murder trial. In 1997, he co-starred in \"Jurassic Park\"s sequel, \"\", as Hammond's conniving nephew Peter Ludlow,","title":"Arliss Howard"},{"id":"1720011","text":"radio by BBC Radio 4 in 2003, featuring John Moffatt as Poirot, Philip Jackson as Chief Inspector Japp (as in the \"Agatha Christie's Poirot\" adaptation), Geoffrey Whitehead as Monsieur Fournier, and Teresa Gallagher as Jane Grey. The book was first serialised in the US in \"The Saturday Evening Post\" in six instalments from 9 February (Volume 207, Number 32) to 16 March 1935 (Volume 207, Number 37) under the title \"Death in the Air\" with illustrations by Frederick Mizen. In the UK, the novel was serialised as an abridged version in the weekly \"Women's Pictorial\" magazine in six instalments from","title":"Death in the Clouds"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"16017722\",\n \"text\": \"Richard Poole (Ben Miller) is assigned to investigate the murder of a British police officer on the fictional Caribbean island of Saint Marie. After he successfully finds the murderer, he is reluctantly required by his supervisors to replace the victim and stay on as the detective inspector (DI) of the island, solving new cases as they appear, and being the object of many fish-out-of-water jokes. At the start of Series 3, Poole is killed and uncoordinated London detective Humphrey Goodman (Kris Marshall) arrives to investigate the death of his strait-laced predecessor. He then stays in the job as chief investigator\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16017729\",\n \"text\": \"is largely set on an islet just off Saint Marie; it is privately owned and relatively small. This episode was actually filmed on the island of Kahouanne, around off the north-west coast of Guadeloupe where the series is normally filmed. It can often be seen in the background from a beach on Saint Marie. Episodes 6.5 and 6.6 are largely set in London, when DI Goodman, DS Cassell and Officer Myers form a liaison team with future lead DI Jack Mooney in order to track down suspects in a murder investigation in Saint Marie, and later to investigate the murder\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16198477\",\n \"text\": \"enjoys viciously beating his wife (Debra Christofferson). Jesse and officer Molly Crane (Viola Davis) try to convince Mrs. Snyder to leave her husband and she eventually does. Meanwhile, Jesse's investigation leads him to Sister Mary John (Kerri Smith), a Catholic nun who runs the shelter where Billie sought refuge. Sister Mary provides Jesse with a phone number that Billie gave her in case of an emergency. Jesse soon dismisses Hooker as a suspect and turns his investigational focus on local writer Norman Shaw (Gary Basaraba), a well-connected citizen with ties to the Boston mob, as the prime suspect. It was\",\n \"title\": \"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4084432\",\n \"text\": \"Ben Miller Bennet Evan Miller (born 24 February 1966) is an English comedian, actor and director. He is best known as one half of comedy double act Armstrong and Miller, with Alexander Armstrong. Miller and Armstrong wrote and starred in the Channel 4 sketch show \\\"Armstrong and Miller\\\", as well as the BBC sketch show \\\"The Armstrong & Miller Show\\\". Miller is also known for playing the lead role of DI Richard Poole in the first two series of the BBC Crime Drama \\\"Death in Paradise\\\". Miller was born in London, England and grew up in Nantwich, Cheshire. His paternal\",\n \"title\": \"Ben Miller\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16017730\",\n \"text\": \"of one of the suspects. Made a voice cameo in this episode. Danny John-Jules (who plays Officer Dwayne Myers) will not be returning for series eight and will be replaced by actress Shyko Amos playing Officer Ruby Patterson, the niece of the commissioner. John-Jules cited his reason for exiting the show as wanting to “leave on a high\\\". The series is filmed on the French island of Guadeloupe in the Lesser Antilles, mainly in the commune of Deshaies (which doubles for the town of Honoré on the fictional island of Saint Marie), with the help of the \\\"Bureau d’accueil des\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16198472\",\n \"text\": \"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise is a 2006 American made-for-television crime film directed by Robert Harmon and starring Tom Selleck, Viola Davis, and Kohl Sudduth. Based on the 2001 novel \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" by Robert B. Parker, the film is about a small town police chief and struggling alcoholic who investigates the murder of a teenage girl whose body is found floating in a lake. The case brings the former LAPD homicide detective into the affluent world of a bestselling writer who exploits troubled teens, and the violent world of a Boston mobster. Filmed on\",\n \"title\": \"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2481490\",\n \"text\": \"be joining the cast of BBC drama \\\"Death In Paradise\\\" as the island's new lead detective, DI Humphrey Goodman. His character was introduced in the first episode of the third series which aired on 14 January 2014, with his first case being to solve the murder of his predecessor, DI Richard Poole (played by Ben Miller). In January 2017 it was leaked that Marshall would be leaving the series citing the pressures it placed upon his family and that he would be replaced by Ardal O'Hanlon who plays DI Jack Mooney. Marshall starred as Tom Sanger in the 2015 independent\",\n \"title\": \"Kris Marshall\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16017721\",\n \"text\": \"Death in Paradise (TV series) Death in Paradise is a British-French crime drama television series created by Robert Thorogood, starring Ben Miller (series 1–3), Kris Marshall (series 3–6) and Ardal O'Hanlon (series 6–present). The programme is a joint UK and French production filmed on the French Caribbean island of Guadeloupe and broadcast on BBC One in the United Kingdom and France 2 in France. \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" has enjoyed high ratings, leading to repeated renewals. A seventh series began broadcasting on 4 January 2018, with an eighth for 2019 already commissioned, with O'Hanlon and Jobert confirmed to return. British detective\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18993994\",\n \"text\": \"Michael Hogan suggests that Bordey is \\\"as underdressed as Miller is overdressed, investigating murders in vest and hotpants.\\\" Camille Bordey Detective Sergeant Camille Bordey is a character in the crime drama television series \\\"Death in Paradise\\\", portrayed by Sara Martins. A former undercover investigator, Bordey was assigned to Honoré Police because her cover was blown when she was arrested during DI Richard Poole's first investigation. She was the team's best investigator after Poole, often handling the computer work. Initially, she and Poole did not get along as a result of a culture clash. Over time their relationship became a friendship,\",\n \"title\": \"Camille Bordey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16097042\",\n \"text\": \"Sara Martins Sara Martins (born 19 August 1977) is a Portuguese actress of Cape-Verdean descent. She is known in France for her roles on television and in film and theatre. She appeared as Detective Sergeant Camille Bordey in the joint British-French crime comedy-drama \\\"Death in Paradise\\\", filmed in Guadeloupe, a French overseas department. She left the show halfway through series 4 (January 2015). Martins was born in Faro, Portugal, and is of Cape Verdean descent. She moved to France at the age of three. She studied ballet in her youth and was the first person of African descent to join\",\n \"title\": \"Sara Martins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4084439\",\n \"text\": \"Not Rocket Science,\\\" from the Royal Society in London. He also appeared at the British Comedy Awards with Armstrong on Channel 4. In 2013, Miller took part in an episode of \\\"Room 101\\\" and a \\\"Comic Relief\\\" special of game show \\\"Pointless\\\". On 13 December 2014, he appeared in a Christmas edition of \\\"The Celebrity Chase\\\". From 2011 until the series three premiere in 2014, Miller starred in the BBC-French co-produced series \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" as Detective Inspector (DI) Richard Poole. A third series of \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" was commissioned for early 2014. On 9 April 2013 it was announced\",\n \"title\": \"Ben Miller\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16097045\",\n \"text\": \"was Martins' debut in both comedy and on British television. Martins did have experience playing a cop. \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" premiered on 25 October 2011. Martins played Camille Bordey, a detective sergeant on the fictional Caribbean island of Saint-Marie. Camille and other local officers help British Detective Inspector Richard Poole (played by Ben Miller in the 1st & 2nd series) solve murders. During a stunt for a 1st series episode, Martins tore her achilles tendon. She has said that during the production of \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" she discovered that some of her mannerisms are distinctly French. The 3rd series killed\",\n \"title\": \"Sara Martins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16017741\",\n \"text\": \"is \\\"Sunday Shining\\\" by Finley Quaye. In January 2015, an official soundtrack compiling 26 songs from the first four series of the show was released by the BBC. It contains original music for \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" and already extant tunes, though it does not include the theme music from the show. The creator of the show, Robert Thorogood, signed a three-book deal to write \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" novels featuring the original characters (D.I. Richard Poole, D.S. Camille Bordey, Officer Dwayne Myers, Sergeant Fidel Best and Comm. Selwyn Patterson). The first of these, \\\"A Meditation on Murder (A Death in Paradise\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6818942\",\n \"text\": \"the \\\"100 Greatest TV Ads\\\" in 2000. In 2011, she starred as Detective Constable Hazel Savage in \\\"Appropriate Adult\\\". In 2012, Le Touzel starred as MP Mary Drake in \\\"The Thick of It\\\". Le Touzel starred in the second episode of \\\"Dirk Gently\\\" as Emelda Ransome. She portrayed Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon in the 2012 ITV mini-series \\\"Titanic\\\". In 2015, Le Touzel appeared as Sandra Kendrick in the BBC TV series \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" episode 4.7. In 2017, she portrayed Lady Dorothy Macmillan in the Netflix series \\\"The Crown\\\". Le Touzel played Marianne Thornton in the 2006 film \\\"Amazing Grace\\\" and\",\n \"title\": \"Sylvestra Le Touzel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18993992\",\n \"text\": \"Camille Bordey Detective Sergeant Camille Bordey is a character in the crime drama television series \\\"Death in Paradise\\\", portrayed by Sara Martins. A former undercover investigator, Bordey was assigned to Honoré Police because her cover was blown when she was arrested during DI Richard Poole's first investigation. She was the team's best investigator after Poole, often handling the computer work. Initially, she and Poole did not get along as a result of a culture clash. Over time their relationship became a friendship, and showed some hints of romance - when he briefly left Saint Marie, she admitted she admired him\",\n \"title\": \"Camille Bordey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16198473\",\n \"text\": \"location in Nova Scotia, the story is set in the fictitious town of Paradise, Massachusetts. \\\"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise\\\" is the third in a series of nine television films based on Parker's Jesse Stone novels. The film first aired on the CBS television network April 30, 2006. In the small town of Paradise, Massachusetts, Chief of police Jesse Stone (Tom Selleck) and his men investigate the death of teenage girl found floating in a lake. Officer Luther \\\"Suitcase\\\" Simpson (Kohl Sudduth) discovers a high school ring bearing the initials \\\"HR\\\". In the coming days, Jesse is haunted by disturbing\",\n \"title\": \"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16017726\",\n \"text\": \"in the end, he decides to remain on the island. This format was subverted in the sixth series, when the two-part storyline in the fifth and sixth episodes saw the team travel to London to follow up on a current case, resulting in then-lead detective Humphrey Goodman deciding to remain to be with his new girlfriend; D.I. Jack Mooney travelled back to Saint-Marie, initially as a holiday, but decided to remain as the new detective inspector of the island in the series finale. \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" is set on the fictional Caribbean island of Saint Marie, described in Episode 3.3\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16017742\",\n \"text\": \"novel)\\\", was published in January 2015. Early reviews were generally favourable, with the \\\"Daily Express\\\" in particular being complimentary, giving it four stars. The second book was released in 2016 with the title \\\"The Killing of Polly Carter\\\". The third book, titled \\\"Death Knocks Twice\\\" was released in 2017. An additional fourth book, \\\"Murder in the Caribbean\\\", is due to be released late 2018. Death in Paradise (TV series) Death in Paradise is a British-French crime drama television series created by Robert Thorogood, starring Ben Miller (series 1–3), Kris Marshall (series 3–6) and Ardal O'Hanlon (series 6–present). The programme is\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18994415\",\n \"text\": \"Richard Poole (character) Detective Inspector Richard Poole is a character in the crime drama television series \\\"Death in Paradise\\\", portrayed by Ben Miller. Poole also appears in novels based on the TV series written by Robert Thorogood. A British police inspector assigned to Saint Marie to investigate the previous inspector's murder, Poole was instructed to remain on the island as the new detective inspector. Despite his distaste for the island and inexperience with tropical weather - to the point where he continued to wear his old suits - he often showed a useful knack for making deductive leaps based on\",\n \"title\": \"Richard Poole (character)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18994596\",\n \"text\": \"Humphrey Goodman Detective Inspector Humphrey Goodman is a character in the crime drama television series \\\"Death in Paradise\\\", portrayed by Kris Marshall. Goodman is assigned to Saint Marie after the murder of D.I. Richard Poole at the start of Series 3. Clues from Poole's investigation helped Goodman reveal the motive and the killer's identity; Goodman commented that Poole had 'solved his own murder.' Goodman stayed on in Saint Marie after his wife Sally announced she would not be joining him on the Caribbean island. He became the chief inspector on the island, and took to Poole's old habit of announcing\",\n \"title\": \"Humphrey Goodman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16017736\",\n \"text\": \"of \\\"The Daily Telegraph\\\" criticised the laid-back tone of the series, calling it too methodical with nothing unique about it besides the setting. Red Planet Pictures was nominated for, and won, the \\\"Diversity in a Drama Production Award\\\" for \\\"Death In Paradise\\\". Sara Martins, Danny John-Jules, Don Warrington and Tobi Bakare collected the award at a ceremony supported by the BBC and ITV that took place on 15 February 2015. In the U.K., all series were shown on BBC One. The first series was broadcast in late 2011. The second series was broadcast in January 2013, with subsequent series filling\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14185765\",\n \"text\": \"It turns out to be the number of Gino Fish's cover business. Later Sister Mary gives Jesse another number that two separate girls had given her. The number turns out to belong to Gino Fish's associate and probable lover, Alan Garner. Jesse begins following Garner and catches him setting up men with underage prostitutes. Jesse questions Garner about it, and he agrees to talk under Stone's promise not to make him testify. Garner then admits that he has been pimping underage prostitutes since long before knowing Gino. Jesse interviews Norman Shaw, a wealthy local citizen and famous author, who drinks\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16017723\",\n \"text\": \"on the island. In the second half of Series 6, he resigns so he can stay in London with his new girlfriend Martha Lloyd. His replacement on Saint Marie is DI Jack Mooney, played by Ardal O'Hanlon. While \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" has continued to be in the top three most popular programmes on British television, critics have called the crime drama \\\"unremarkable\\\" and \\\"an undemanding detective show, with nice Caribbean scenery\\\". The show is known for its formulaic approach to its plots with each episode roughly the same in both style and narrative structure. Each episode begins with a pre-credits\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16198475\",\n \"text\": \"Taylor, for whose death he still feels deeply responsible. State homicide commander Captain Healy (Stephen McHattie) delivers his autopsy report to Jesse, who learns that the girl drowned, and alcohol and muscle relaxer were found in her blood. The fourteen-year-old girl was probably in the water for three weeks, and was pregnant. Soon after, Jesse goes to the high school and meets with head mistress Dr. Lilly Summers (Orla Brady) who identifies the owner of the ring, William Hooker Royce (Matt Barr), an all-American athlete at the school. Later, when asked about the ring, Hooker tells Jesse that he briefly\",\n \"title\": \"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4561379\",\n \"text\": \"Impulse women's body spray. She became well known in the UK during the late 1990s as nurse Tina Seabrook in \\\"Casualty\\\". From August 2008, she played Inspector Rachel Weston in ITV's \\\"The Bill\\\". In 2011 she appeared in BBC1 drama \\\"Exile\\\" with John Simm, and in 2015 appeared in the fourth series of \\\"Death in Paradise\\\". From 2015 she stars as the titular character in the BBC Birmingham daytime drama \\\"The Coroner\\\", set in the fictional coastal town of Lighthaven in South Devon. The series ran to 20 episodes. The BBC announced on 2 March 2017 that there would be\",\n \"title\": \"Claire Goose\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6003084\",\n \"text\": \"to his writing two productions featuring cast members from that show, which were broadcast in 1998. Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart of UNIT asks the Doctor to investigate a particularly gruesome murder at a new theme park on London's Hampstead Heath, called \\\"Space World\\\". Together with journalist Sarah Jane Smith and her photographer Jeremy Fitzoliver, they take in the incongruous exhibits, including virtual reality machines, and even seemingly living alien monstrosities – which the Brigadier immediately suspects of the killing. The owners of the theme park are a \\\"gang of alien carpetbaggers from outer space\\\", who are ostensibly trying to persuade the Government\",\n \"title\": \"The Paradise of Death\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2481486\",\n \"text\": \"Kris Marshall Kristopher Marshall (born 11 April 1973) is an English actor. He has played Nick Harper in \\\"My Family\\\", Colin Frissell in the 2003 film \\\"Love Actually\\\", Adam in BT Retail adverts from 2005 until 2011, and Dave in the first series of \\\"Citizen Khan\\\" (2012). He played DI Humphrey Goodman in \\\"Death in Paradise\\\", taking over the role April 2013 for the show's third series and leaving it in February 2017 in the sixth series. Kristopher Marshall was born on 11 April 1973 in Bath, Somerset. His father was a Royal Air Force navigator, whose career included a\",\n \"title\": \"Kris Marshall\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18994599\",\n \"text\": \"their time together, she eventually returns to London to start her dream job at a new restaurant. When a subsequent case sends Goodman and his team to London to track their suspects, he is inspired to stay with Martha, nominating the recently widowed DI Jack Mooney- the team's London liaison for their latest case- as his successor in Saint Marie. Goodman is awkward and accident prone. Michael Hogan argues that \\\"his bumbling and stammering resemble a Hugh Grant impersonation.\\\" Humphrey Goodman Detective Inspector Humphrey Goodman is a character in the crime drama television series \\\"Death in Paradise\\\", portrayed by Kris\",\n \"title\": \"Humphrey Goodman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16198478\",\n \"text\": \"his phone number that Billie provided to the Sister Mary. Shaw purportedly has a predilection for young girls. Jesse and Luther pay a visit to Norman Shaw who is hosting a fundraising party with influential politicians and prominent citizens. Afterwards, Jesse learns from Captain Healey that Shaw is writing a book on Boston mobster Leo Finn (Steven Flynn) who has a very dangerous gunsel working for him. Jesse visits Development Associates and meets Finn and his strongman Lovey Norris (Brendan Kelly). Asked about his relationship with Shaw, Finn reveals nothing. Soon after, Jesse and Luther respond to an armed robbery\",\n \"title\": \"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14185763\",\n \"text\": \"Death in Paradise (novel) Death in Paradise is a crime novel by Robert B. Parker, the third in his Jesse Stone series. It was made into a film in 2006. The third Jesse Stone novel finds Chief Stone investigating the death of a teenage girl after her body washes up on shore. While searching for clues at the crime scene, Stone finds a class ring that ends up belonging to a senior at the high school. Jesse questions him and discovers that he gave his class ring to a fifteen-year-old girl called Eleanor “Billie” Bishop. Chief Stone then questions the\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14185767\",\n \"text\": \"and hands over Shaw's gun which Jesse easily confirms as the murder weapon. With this evidence in hand, Jesse forces Alan Garner to make a statement and then leaves him to be dealt with by Gino. Stone has Suit stake out the hotel that Shaw meets girls at, and when Shaw arrives Stone and Suit break in and catch Shaw in the act with a fifteen-year-old girl. During questioning, Shaw admits to killing Billie after she began threatening to turn him in to the police. When Jesse informs Billie's parents that he has solved the case, that he knows Billie\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5537745\",\n \"text\": \"which has been broadcast since 11 January 2010. Since 2011, Warrington has played Commissioner Selwyn Patterson in the hit BBC show \\\"Death in Paradise\\\". He also appeared as jazz musician Frederick J. Louden in a BBC radio production of \\\"The Devil's Music\\\", written by Alan Plater. In 2011, Warrington played the father of a suspected terrorist in the last series of the BBC drama \\\"Waking the Dead\\\". His film roles included the movie version of \\\"Rising Damp\\\" (1980), the Kenny Everett horror comedy \\\"Bloodbath at the House of Death\\\" (1983), Kenneth Branagh's \\\"Hamlet\\\" (1996), Peter Greenaway's \\\"8½ Women\\\" (1999) and\",\n \"title\": \"Don Warrington\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16017725\",\n \"text\": \"who of the murder are comprehended by the DI, but are not revealed to the audience. The suspects are then gathered, and the DI talks through the evidence; often, flashbacks are used to show what happened. The murderer and the motive are revealed in the dénouement of the episode. Normally, each episode ends with a comedic scene or a celebratory trip by the police force to Catherine's bar. The final episode of most series has included a subplot wherein the lead DI is tempted to return to the UK by the prospect of a job offer or personal relationship, but\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"26464\",\n \"text\": \"the 2015 Sky Cat Laughs Comedy Festival which takes place in Kilkenny from 28 May–1 June. In 2015 he played the role of Peter the Milkman in the Sky 1 sitcom \\\"After Hours\\\". On 2 February 2017, it was announced he would play the lead role in the BBC crime drama \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" taking the role of DI Jack Mooney following Kris Marshall's departure the same day. Ardal has been doing stand up for many years appearing on many shows including Live at the Apollo, Michael McIntyre's Comedy Roadshow and Dave's One Night Stand. In 1994 he won the\",\n \"title\": \"Ardal O'Hanlon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16017724\",\n \"text\": \"sequence showing the events leading up to a murder, and often the discovery of the body afterwards; this sequence also serves to introduce that particular episode's guest characters. The police force of Saint Marie are subsequently informed of the murder, preliminary investigations and interviews take place to establish the suspects, and photographs of the suspects and crime scene are placed on the whiteboard at police headquarters. Often towards the end, the lead DI will have a moment of realisation, perhaps brought on by something that someone says or does or by some occurrence. In this moment, the how, why, and\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16017732\",\n \"text\": \"the birth of his baby daughter Elsie, it left him feeling \\\"bereft and empty\\\", and he quit the show. From episode 7 of the sixth series, the lead role was taken by Ardal O'Hanlon playing DI Jack Mooney, a London colleague. Regarding British TV ratings, \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" has gained in popularity over time. Series 1 (2011) has been the least-watched to date, averaging 5.89 million viewers, with the 5.3 million viewers for the sixth episode, “An Unhelpful Aid” the lowest the show has had. Even so, each episode was among the top five most-watched programmes of the day, and\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6593367\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Lead Balloon\\\", Prudence in \\\"Keen Eddie\\\", Elle Kensington in \\\"Chasing Alice\\\", Angela Warren in \\\"Poirot\\\" (in the episode \\\"Five Little Pigs\\\"), Princess Eleanor in \\\"The Palace\\\", Ghislaine in \\\"Robin Hood\\\", Alice Shadwell in \\\"Dalziel and Pascoe\\\", Ann Hamilton in \\\"Death in Paradise\\\", Jill in NBC's \\\"Hot in Cleveland\\\", Sharon Kirby in \\\"CSI Miami\\\" and Dorothy Gibson in \\\"Titanic\\\". Winkleman was nominated for Best Newcomer by the BBC for her performance as Clara Gold in \\\"Waking the Dead\\\". Winkleman made her debut on American television as the star of the NBC sitcom \\\"100 Questions\\\" as main character Charlotte Payne and as\",\n \"title\": \"Sophie Winkleman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16017731\",\n \"text\": \"tournages de la Région Guadeloupe.\\\" The site of the Honoré police station is a church hall in Deshaies, with the priest's office appearing as the incident room. Miller left the series at the start of series 3, as he felt he was spending too much time away from his family, since his wife was unable to join him on the island during production. Marshall's family joined him on the island during his first three six-month shoots, and his son Thomas enrolled at a local school. When his family did not join him during the filming of the sixth series, following\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14185772\",\n \"text\": \"her death and is shown visiting her grave. The main plot differs significantly. In the film, Shaw is framed for Billie's murder by a man named Leo Finn. Alan Garner is not involved in the plot at all. In the film, Shaw is writing an unflattering exposé on Finn. In an attempt to prevent this, he has his Henchman Lovey Norris murder Billie Bishop. Shaw later tells Jesse that he had fallen in love with Billie, who was pregnant with his child. Jesse confronts Finn and Norris with this information in a warehouse. Norris responds by trying to shoot Jesse,\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16198474\",\n \"text\": \"dreams about the girl's murder. Since moving to Paradise, his private life involves drinking alone at his isolated house on the water with his dog Reggie looking on, occasionally talking on the phone with his ex-wife in California. Forced to resign from the LAPD for a drinking problem that began following his divorce, Jesse is still in contact with his ex-wife Jenn, who calls him regularly. Concerned about his drinking, she convinces him to see psychiatrist Dr. Dix (William Devane), a former detective and recovering alcoholic himself. Following his first session, Jesse visits the grave of his former girlfriend, Abby\",\n \"title\": \"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5544946\",\n \"text\": \"Ken Biller to shoot for Nat Geo which was premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival in April 2017. 2017 also saw the final five episodes of AMC's in Richmond, Virginia. In June 2016, Brown played the role of Bob Clay in the BBC film \\\"Reg\\\". In September 2017 Brown travelled to Guadeloupe for a guest lead in the BBCtv show Death In Paradise. In 2018, Brown was interviewed at length about his career, with particular focus on his time on \\\"The Bill\\\", for an edition of The Bill Podcast Early years were in Moving Parts Theatre Company with Rachel Feldberg,\",\n \"title\": \"Ralph Brown\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18345501\",\n \"text\": \"its writing, direction, and acting. With Peter Capaldi, Jenna Coleman, Samuel Anderson, and Michelle Gomez receiving widespread acclaim for their performances, Gomez was consistently highly praised in reviews, with many calling her a highlight of the eighth series. Continuing from \\\"Dark Water\\\", Clara Oswald is trapped with a Cyberman in the headquarters of 3W in St Paul's Cathedral and manages to stop it from killing her by stating that she is really the Doctor. Outside, the Doctor reels from the revelation that Missy, the woman controlling the Cybermen, is a female incarnation of the Master. The public appears unconcerned by\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Heaven\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16017735\",\n \"text\": \"8.34 million viewers. Based on consolidated figures, each episode was the most-watched programme of the day, and in the top ten most-watched programmes of the week. The series has received mixed reviews from critics, with most criticism directed towards its formulaic structure. The first series was praised for its refreshing style and setting. Kris Marshall's introduction at the start of series 3 was particularly well received, with Rebecca Smith of \\\"The Daily Telegraph\\\" citing Marshall as a \\\"winning addition\\\" to the cast. The series 4 premiere was described as \\\"a little piece of escapism\\\" and was generally praised. Mark Monahan\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14185766\",\n \"text\": \"heavily throughout. He passes out at the table. Later, Jesse questions one of Shaw's many ex-wives who tells him that she had a private detective follow him while they were married. She had suspected him of infidelities, and the detective confirms this, informing her that he is seeing underage prostitutes almost nightly. Although, she never sees that photos, she uses the information to get a large divorce settlement. Next, Jesse sees her detective who gives him the incriminating photos which depict graphic sexual acts between Shaw and underage girls. Jesse takes the photos to Shaw's current wife who is disgusted\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"26456\",\n \"text\": \"Ardal O'Hanlon Ardal O'Hanlon (; born 8 October 1965) is an Irish comedian and actor. He played Father Dougal McGuire in \\\"Father Ted\\\", George Sunday/Thermoman in \\\"My Hero\\\", and DI Jack Mooney in \\\"Death in Paradise\\\". Ardal O'Hanlon was born on 8 October 1965 in Carrickmacross, County Monaghan, the son of politician and doctor Rory O'Hanlon and Teresa Ward. He has five siblings. The episode of \\\"Who Do You Think You Are?\\\" which aired on 6 October 2008 revealed that O'Hanlon's paternal grandfather, Michael O'Hanlon, was a UCD medicine student who had joined the IRA during the Irish War of\",\n \"title\": \"Ardal O'Hanlon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6360883\",\n \"text\": \"romantic comedy miniseries \\\"Material Girl\\\". In June 2010, she also played the role of Ashley in a BBC Three pilot, \\\"Dappers\\\". That same month, Crichlow presented \\\"Nelson Mandela: One Incredible Life\\\" on BBC Three. For the documentary, Crichlow travelled to South Africa to learn more about Nelson Mandela's story. In 2011, Crichlow played the character of Police Sergeant Lily Thomson in the BBC drama \\\"Death in Paradise\\\". In January 2011, Crichlow appeared in six short accompaniments for \\\"The Tudors\\\" airings on BBC America. Crichlow also narrated \\\"The Gatwick Baby: Abandoned at Birth\\\", shown on BBC Three on 13 April 2011.\",\n \"title\": \"Lenora Crichlow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13701916\",\n \"text\": \"from a crash, claims a mystery aircraft attacked them, the owner, Henry Goering (Henry Hall) hires psychiatrist, Dr. Norris (John Elliott), to question the man. Dr. Norris believes a psychotic ex-World War I flying ace, whom he dubs \\\"Pilot X,\\\" may be behind the attacks. With the help of Blackwood, Goering and Norris assemble a group of five ex-flying aces living in the area who may have a connection with the mysterious Pilot X. He recruits German Lieutenant Baron von Guttard (Hans Joby), French Lieutenant Rene Le Rue (Gaston Glass), British Captain Roland Saunders (Pat Somerset), Canadian Lieutenant Douglas Thompson\",\n \"title\": \"Death in the Air\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13701915\",\n \"text\": \"being shot down by a large black fighter aircraft with a large \\\"X\\\" painted on the wing. The chief suspects may be the very pilots that have been gathered together to solve the mystery, and are invited for the weekend to an old dark mansion. Inspector Gallagher (Willard Kent) of the United States Department of Commerce views a number of crashes and disappearances of Goering-Gage Aviation Corporation aircraft as suspicious. With United States Army Reserve test pilot Jerry Blackwood (John Carroll), Gallagher visits the Goering-Gage company. Jerry test flies Goering-Gage aircraft but finds nothing wrong. When a severely injured passenger\",\n \"title\": \"Death in the Air\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7467336\",\n \"text\": \"Sally Bretton Sally Bretton (born Sally Davis) is an English actress. She is best known for appearing as Lucy Adams in the television sitcom \\\"Not Going Out\\\" since 2007, and as Martha Lloyd in the BBC1 crime drama \\\"Death in Paradise\\\", between 2015 and 2017. She has also been featured in programmes such as \\\"Absolute Power\\\", \\\"Green Wing\\\" and \\\"The Office\\\". In 2008, she played Goneril in Shakespeare's \\\"King Lear\\\" at Shakespeare's Globe. Bretton trained at the Central School of Speech and Drama, and worked as a drama teacher at Top Hat Stage and Screen School. She chose the professional\",\n \"title\": \"Sally Bretton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16017738\",\n \"text\": \"in April and May 2013. In the New England area, WGBH-TV started airing Series 1 and 2 in 2013. Other PBS stations that air the programme as of 2016 include WPBA, WLIW, WTTW, KAET, KUAT, KUHT Houston, and WNED, among others. In Seattle-Tacoma, WA area broadcast on KBTC TV (PBS), Series 1-7 on Friday evenings with the current series aired April-May. In Australia, recent series have aired nationally on Foxtel within a few hours of their UK release. Series 1–6 were broadcast on ABC One a few months behind original broadcast in the U.K. Generally, this was shown in a\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2420369\",\n \"text\": \"acting roles alongside their father. He is also an avid motorcyclist and regularly participates in charity rides. Danny John-Jules Danny John-Jules (born 16 September 1960) is an English actor, singer and dancer. His most successful roles have been Cat in the sci-fi comedy series \\\"Red Dwarf\\\" and policeman Dwayne Myers in the crime drama \\\"Death in Paradise\\\". He was also a protagonist in the hit CBBC children's spy drama \\\"M.I. High\\\", in which he portrayed Lenny Bicknall, the caretaker. On 13 August 2018 he was announced as one of the celebrity contestants on the current 2018 series of \\\"Strictly Come\",\n \"title\": \"Danny John-Jules\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13107666\",\n \"text\": \"credits include writing, producing and directing two seasons of BBC’s award-winning comedy sketch show \\\"The Real McCoy\\\". He also wrote and directed two award-winning short films, \\\"Driving Miss Crazy\\\", which won the HBO Best Short Film in Acapulco and \\\"A Woman Scorned\\\" which won a Best Short Film prize at the Hollywood Scare-fest Film Festival. Treva Etienne Treva Etienne (born 21 July 1965) is an English actor. Etienne guest starred in the \\\"BBC drama\\\" \\\"Death In Paradise\\\", the CBS spinoff \\\"Criminal Minds Beyond Borders\\\", and the CW fantasy/horror \\\"Supernatural\\\". He has a leading role in the indie horror movie \\\"Itsy\",\n \"title\": \"Treva Etienne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16017737\",\n \"text\": \"the same January slot; all series were shown in a 9:00–10:00 pm slot. The series has also been shown on repeat on the Alibi channel, although with each episode missing the pre-intro sequence and a few expendable scenes due to the need for adverts on Alibi. In France the programme is broadcast on France Ô. In the U.S., many, but not all, member stations of PBS broadcast \\\"Death In Paradise.\\\" Series 1 and 2 were broadcast in the San Francisco Bay Area on KQED \\\"Mystery Night\\\" in 2013. Series 1 aired in January and February 2013 and series 2 aired\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2420358\",\n \"text\": \"Danny John-Jules Danny John-Jules (born 16 September 1960) is an English actor, singer and dancer. His most successful roles have been Cat in the sci-fi comedy series \\\"Red Dwarf\\\" and policeman Dwayne Myers in the crime drama \\\"Death in Paradise\\\". He was also a protagonist in the hit CBBC children's spy drama \\\"M.I. High\\\", in which he portrayed Lenny Bicknall, the caretaker. On 13 August 2018 he was announced as one of the celebrity contestants on the current 2018 series of \\\"Strictly Come Dancing\\\". He was eliminated from the show on 11 November 2018. John-Jules was born in Paddington, London,\",\n \"title\": \"Danny John-Jules\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8814344\",\n \"text\": \"series 17 of \\\"Silent Witness\\\". In 2015 Wragg appeared as Izzy Cartwright in the BBC TV series \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" Series 4 Episode 7. Having been together for 14 years, Wragg married Jamie Darling at Tatton Park, Cheshire, on 17 November 2007. They have two daughters Matilda and Molly. Kaye Wragg Kaye Michelle Wragg (born 15 December 1972 in Stockport, Cheshire) is an English actress best known for her television roles as Sergeant Diane Noble in \\\"The Bill\\\", Kate Oakley in \\\"No Angels\\\", Essie Harrison in \\\"Holby City\\\" and Lucy Archer in \\\"The Lakes\\\". She studied at the University of\",\n \"title\": \"Kaye Wragg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2420364\",\n \"text\": \"shows such as \\\"Comedy Connections\\\", \\\"Casualty\\\", \\\"\\\" and \\\"Night Fever\\\". He has also appeared in at least one episode of CBBC's sitcom \\\"Kerching!\\\", playing Michael's father, Trevor and appeared as Lenny Bicknall in series 1 and 2 of \\\"M.I.High\\\", also on CBBC. He has also appeared in \\\"The Crouches\\\". On 8 November 2009, he made a brief appearance during BBC Two's coverage of the 2009 Valencian Moto Grand Prix. He appeared in the BBC One series \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" as policeman Dwayne Myers from its start until 2018, in 2014, he played Nigel Rogers in \\\"The Life of Rock with\",\n \"title\": \"Danny John-Jules\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18345500\",\n \"text\": \"Death in Heaven \\\"Death in Heaven\\\" is the twelfth and final episode of the eighth series of the British science fiction television programme \\\"Doctor Who\\\". It was first broadcast on BBC One on 8 November 2014. It is the second episode of a two-part story involving the return of the Cybermen and the Master in the form of 'Missy', the first part being \\\"Dark Water\\\", written by Steven Moffat and directed by Rachel Talalay. The episode stars Peter Capaldi, Jenna Coleman, Samuel Anderson, Michelle Gomez, Chris Addison, Jemma Redgrave, and Ingrid Oliver. The episode received positive reviews, with critics praising\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Heaven\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6632621\",\n \"text\": \"Paul. In 2010 he appeared in the Royal Court Theatre's \\\"Sucker Punch\\\" by Roy Williams. In 2012 he appeared in \\\"Hustle\\\" as a police officer. In 2015 he played Docker in BBC One drama \\\"The Interceptor\\\" and also featured in the Ron Howard-directed movie \\\"In the Heart of the Sea\\\" which was released in December 2015. In 2016, he starred as Abioseh, an ex-tribesman in the Royal National Theatre's production of \\\"Les Blancs\\\". He also starred in an episode of the BBC's \\\"Death in Paradise\\\", and as a Detective Chief Inspector in \\\"Silent Witness\\\". In 2017, Beadle starred as Archdeacon\",\n \"title\": \"Gary Beadle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14185764\",\n \"text\": \"school principal, Dr. Lilly Summers, who informs Jesse that Billie was the “town pump.” The case becomes odd when Jesse questions Billie's parents and they deny that she is even their daughter. He confirms that she is indeed their daughter through her two sisters. They also inform Jesse that Billie ran away because her parents did not approve of her behavior, particularly her promiscuity. Jesse later finds that Billie had been staying at a shelter run by a Sister Mary John. Although he finds that Billie is no longer there, the nun gives Jesse the contact number that Billie left.\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14185770\",\n \"text\": \"him, where he tells him he is going to kill his wife, then Jesse, then himself. Before he can do it, Jesse shoots and kills Snyder. Jesse also continues his bizarre relationship with his ex-wife, Jenn. They continue to see each other and other people. Among the other people is Marcy Campbell, first introduced in \\\"Trouble in Paradise\\\", and Dr. Lilly Summers, Billie's school principal. Lilly becomes very much infatuated with Jesse; attending his softball games, and later confessing to being in love with him. Finally, at Jenn's bidding Jesse begins seeing a counselor, Dr. Dix, about his drinking. The\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13643024\",\n \"text\": \"Trenchcoat in Paradise Trenchcoat in Paradise is a 1989 American made-for-television mystery-crime film directed by Martha Coolidge and starring Dirk Benedict, Sydney Walsh, Catherine Oxenberg, Michelle Phillips and Bruce Dern. The main character, Eddie Mazda (Dirk Benedict), is a hard-nosed private investigator originally from Jersey City, New Jersey. After working a job for a widow named Nan Thompson (Amy Yasbeck), he soon after is confronted by mob boss Dom Gellatti (Ralph Drischell), the man who killed Mrs. Thompson's husband. Having already ransacked Mazda's film studio for any incriminating pictures against him for fear of federal prosecutions, Gellatti gives Eddie the\",\n \"title\": \"Trenchcoat in Paradise\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7467337\",\n \"text\": \"name Bretton as a Sally Davis was already registered with actors' union Equity. Bretton has three daughters with her husband, Lee, a photographer. She grew up in a small town in Hertfordshire and as of 2015 resides near Hitchin, Hertfordshire. Guest Sally Bretton Sally Bretton (born Sally Davis) is an English actress. She is best known for appearing as Lucy Adams in the television sitcom \\\"Not Going Out\\\" since 2007, and as Martha Lloyd in the BBC1 crime drama \\\"Death in Paradise\\\", between 2015 and 2017. She has also been featured in programmes such as \\\"Absolute Power\\\", \\\"Green Wing\\\" and\",\n \"title\": \"Sally Bretton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16375130\",\n \"text\": \"series of \\\"Merlin\\\" in 2012. In 2011, he appeared in two episodes of \\\"The Hour\\\" as the character Sey, and reprised the role for three episodes in 2012. In 2015, Edun had a recurring role on the third season of \\\"Bates Motel\\\" as Marcus Young, a candidate for sheriff of White Pine Bay, which he followed with roles in \\\"Lucifer\\\", \\\"Legends\\\", and \\\"Death in Paradise\\\". He also appeared as Mr Brocks in the 2016 \\\"Doctor Who\\\" Christmas Special in 2016. The following year, Edun portrayed a war criminal in an episode of \\\"Elementary\\\". Edun performed motion capture and voiced the\",\n \"title\": \"Adetomiwa Edun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11633124\",\n \"text\": \"first series of \\\"Inside No. 9\\\", written by Steve Pemberton and Reece Shearsmith. Edwards played Sophie in the BAFTA award-winning BBC Four comedy series \\\"Detectorists\\\"; series 1 in 2014 and series 2 in 2015. In 2016, she appeared as Sian in \\\"Death In Paradise\\\" as a young girl who is murdered. In 2017, she was Josh's (ex)girlfriend in Channel 4 comedy \\\"Loaded\\\". Edwards made her stage debut in 2008 in \\\"SH*T-M*X\\\" at the Trafalgar Studios in London. In 2009, she performed in Jez Butterworth's play \\\"Jerusalem\\\" at the Royal Court Theatre, alongside Mackenzie Crook. In 2011, she made her Broadway\",\n \"title\": \"Aimee-Ffion Edwards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7446297\",\n \"text\": \"Doyle the mother of a murder victim found buried having gone missing 30 years earlier. She guest-starred in \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" in 2017, as Ernestine Gray. She guest-starred in \\\"Holby City\\\" in 2018, as Ursula Stork. Angela Bruce Angela Bruce (born 1951) is an English actress, noted for her television work. Bruce was born in Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire to a West Indian father and white mother, but was put up for adoption aged three, and brought up in Craghead, County Durham. She made her screen debut in the 1973 film \\\"Man at the Top\\\". Her regular or recurring\",\n \"title\": \"Angela Bruce\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16230098\",\n \"text\": \"Robert Thorogood Robert Thorogood (born 1972) is an English screenwriter. He is best known as the creator of the BBC One murder mystery series \\\"Death in Paradise\\\". He won France Film's \\\"En Route to France\\\" award in 2012. Thorogood was educated at Uppingham School in Rutland where he met his future wife, Classic FM (UK) presenter Katie Breathwick. He read History at Downing College, Cambridge where he toured with the university's student comedy troupe Footlights in 1993 and was elected President in 1994. Soon after leaving Cambridge Thorogood set up a theatre company that toured small theatres and schools, the\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Thorogood\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19527684\",\n \"text\": \"Death in the Desert (film) Death in the Desert is a 2015 American crime-drama film directed and produced by Josh Evans and starring Michael Madsen and Shayla Beesley, with John Palladino, Paz de la Huerta, and Roxy Saint appearing in supporting roles. Principal filming completed in February 2014 in Las Vegas, Nevada. It is the second film collaboration between Madsen and Evans, who produced \\\"The Price of Air\\\" in which Madsen starred. Released in March 2016 by Osiris Entertainment, the film is based on the book \\\"Death in the Desert\\\" by true-crime author Cathy Scott about Ted Binion, a wealthy\",\n \"title\": \"Death in the Desert (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7081425\",\n \"text\": \"Lee Boardman Lee Harold Boardman (born 2 July 1972) is an English actor and narrator. He has appeared in the films \\\"Jack the Giant Slayer\\\" and \\\"Love's Kitchen\\\", and the television series \\\"Rome\\\". Boardman played Murray Priestman in \\\"Drop Dead Gorgeous\\\" as well as the drug dealer Jez Quigley in \\\"Coronation Street\\\". He appears as Timon the Jew in the television series \\\"Rome\\\". He also made an appearance in the fifth episode of the 2011 BBC crime-drama series \\\"Death in Paradise\\\". In 2013 he starred in the ITV1 comedy drama series \\\"Great Night Out\\\" as Hodge. In 2014 he played\",\n \"title\": \"Lee Boardman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"26465\",\n \"text\": \"Hackney Empire New Act of the Year. O'Hanlon is married to Melanie, whom he met as a teenager, and with whom he has three children: Emily, Rebecca and Red. He is a supporter of Leeds United. Ardal O'Hanlon Ardal O'Hanlon (; born 8 October 1965) is an Irish comedian and actor. He played Father Dougal McGuire in \\\"Father Ted\\\", George Sunday/Thermoman in \\\"My Hero\\\", and DI Jack Mooney in \\\"Death in Paradise\\\". Ardal O'Hanlon was born on 8 October 1965 in Carrickmacross, County Monaghan, the son of politician and doctor Rory O'Hanlon and Teresa Ward. He has five siblings. The\",\n \"title\": \"Ardal O'Hanlon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14185773\",\n \"text\": \"but Jesse shields himself with Finn's body and Norris accidentally kills him. Jesse then draws his weapon and kills Norris. A final significant difference is that Suitcase Simpson is shot in the head during the standoff with Snyder. The film ends with Suitcase in a coma. Death in Paradise (novel) Death in Paradise is a crime novel by Robert B. Parker, the third in his Jesse Stone series. It was made into a film in 2006. The third Jesse Stone novel finds Chief Stone investigating the death of a teenage girl after her body washes up on shore. While searching\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18345502\",\n \"text\": \"the arrival of the Cybermen, but UNIT, led by Kate Lethbridge-Stewart, turn up and surround the Doctor, Missy, and her group of Cybermen. The Cybermen take to the air using built-in leg jets and scatter over the British Isles. Missy reveals that 91 Cybermen one for every major population area in the United Kingdom have been released from St Paul's to explode over graveyards in each populated area, releasing 'Cyberpollen' that will resurrect the dead as Cybermen. Similar events occur all over the world. UNIT renders both Missy and the Doctor unconscious and takes them into custody. In the Nethersphere,\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Heaven\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19091854\",\n \"text\": \"cop, who advises, \\\"If you don't like the answers you're getting, check your premises.\\\" Stone visits gangster Gino Fish (William Sadler) and learns where the fourth victim worked as a prostitute. The \\\"dating agency\\\" owner tells Stone about Mavis Davies' friend, Charlotte (Amelia Rose Blaire), who recently left the business. He finds Charlotte, now running a cafe under her real name, Amelia Hope, and learns that Mavis was having an affair and was in love with a police officer. Back at Lt. Greenstreet's office, Stone reveals that he suspects that Detective Leary was Mavis' lover and that he killed Mavis\",\n \"title\": \"Jesse Stone: Lost in Paradise\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8659516\",\n \"text\": \"hostage. The police see the license plates on the car in front of the Anderson house are from a stolen car, and therefore order Vic and Caesar to come out with their hands held up. While the inmates are busy figuring out what to do, they get attacked by Timmy, who immobilizes Caesar and shoots Vic. The police rush into the house and take everyone to the office. There, FBI agent Shaddus Peyser (Richard Jenkins) tries to figure out what happened, and because the town's people hide what they know about Bill, Alvin, and Dave and the church pastor returns\",\n \"title\": \"Trapped in Paradise\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17995566\",\n \"text\": \"Snow in Paradise Snow in Paradise is a 2014 British thriller film directed by Andrew Hulme and co-written by Hulme and Martin Askew, who also co-stars in the film. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival. The film had its UK premier at the Curzon Soho as part of the London Film Festival. Petty criminal Dave lives in London, high on crime and drugs. After a heist gone wrong brings about his best friend's death, he turns to Islam for finding peace to his feelings for shame and remorse, but soon his\",\n \"title\": \"Snow in Paradise\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16198481\",\n \"text\": \"Jesse speculates that Shaw was working on an exposé of Finn rather than a biography, and that he now knows Finn had Billie killed and framed Shaw as the murderer in order to stop the publication of the exposé. When Lovey pulls his weapon, Jesse steps behind Finn who takes Lovey's initial shot in the back, and Jesse returns fire, killing Lovey. Later, after visiting Billie's grave, Jesse returns to the hospital, sits at Luther's side, and begins reading to him the story of the baseball player named Harry \\\"Suitcase\\\" Simpson. In his review in \\\"DVD Talk\\\", Paul Mavis found\",\n \"title\": \"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4319350\",\n \"text\": \"Street\\\". In January 2014, Collins claimed she was \\\"unhappy\\\" over the lack of screen time for her and her character. Collins filmed her final scenes on 19 February 2014, and made her final appearance as Stella on 2 April 2014. Since leaving \\\"Coronation Street\\\", Collins has had various guest roles in television dramas such as \\\"Casualty\\\" (2014) as Samantha Kellman, \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" (2015) as Annette Burgess and in 2016 as Nadine Campbell in an episode of \\\"Midsomer Murders\\\". In 2016, Collins took part in the ITV reality series \\\"\\\". Collins has a daughter by ex-partner Fabrizio Tassalini, Maia Rose\",\n \"title\": \"Michelle Collins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14185768\",\n \"text\": \"is their daughter, and that it is indeed her body that was found their responses couldn't be more different. The father seems to be overcome and leaves the room, while Billie's domineering mother seems not to care at all. The novel also details a subplot about a woman and her abusive husband. The Snyders are first brought into his office after a domestic dispute in a bar where several witnesses, including Suitcase, witness the man beating his wife. Jesse locks up the husband, and sends the wife to the hospital. She later admits to suffering years of abuse, and asks\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8668571\",\n \"text\": \"Death in the Garden La mort en ce jardin (\\\"Death in the Garden\\\") is a 1956 film by director Luis Buñuel based on the novel by José-André Lacour. Amid a revolution in a South American mining outpost, a band of fugitives—a roguish adventurer (Georges Marchal), a local hooker (Simone Signoret), a priest (Michel Piccoli), an aging diamond miner (Charles Vanel), and the miner's deaf-mute daughter (Michèle Girardon)—are forced to flee for their lives into the jungle. Starving, exhausted, and stripped of their old identities, they wander desperately lured by one deceptive promise of salvation after another. Shot in vibrant Eastmancolor\",\n \"title\": \"Death in the Garden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10943591\",\n \"text\": \"Green, Anthony Antonelli, Mike Bakalis, Eugene Hornsby, George Loomis and Bill \\\"Garloo\\\" Wilkins. They work with Assistant U.S. Attorneys Margaret Healy and Ira Littleton. The squad is also working on the murder of Jacqueline Taylor. Their main suspect is Tyree Williams. Rhonda is the primary on the murder of Jamal White. Her investigation includes his friend Leon Mayo, girlfriend Darcia Johnson and her room mate Shaylene Vaughn. Shaylene and Darcia work for a pimp called Dominique Lyons. Crooks: Conrad Gaskins and Romeo Brock are stick-up men who make their living robbing drug dealers. Gaskins is a parolee and is dubious\",\n \"title\": \"The Night Gardener\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16198479\",\n \"text\": \"in progress at a local supermarket. Inside, Jesse encounters Jerry Snyder holding his wife hostage after shooting Mr. Kim (Michael Ha), the store owner. When Jerry fires his weapon to the side, Jesse shoots him dead. However, Luther had been shot by Jerry. At the hospital, Luther is in critical condition and in a coma. Molly stays at Luther's side and reads to him. Jesse returns to Shaw's house asking where he was the night of Billie's murder, and Shaw offers an alibi involving a meeting with Leo Finn. Later Finn tells Jesse he refused to meet with Shaw, saying\",\n \"title\": \"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16198476\",\n \"text\": \"dated a girl named Billie Bishop and had given her his ring when he broke up with her. Jesse returns to the school and learns from Lilly that Billie was a former A-student before coming to Paradise two years earlier when something changed her. He visits her parents and learns that she was thrown out of her home following a dramatic change in her behavior and academic performance. In the coming days Jesse and Dr. Summers become involved romantically. While working to solve Billie's murder, Jesse deals with a domestic violence case involving Jerry Snyder (John Diehl), a loser who\",\n \"title\": \"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5230188\",\n \"text\": \"Ladykillers\\\", playing the role of Mrs Wilberforce. In 2014, she played Pam Chandler, a suspected murderer, in the last episode of series three of \\\"Death in Paradise\\\". In 2015, she played Marion, mother to Christine in the Inside No. 9 episode \\\"The 12 Days of Christine\\\". In 2016, she played Nancy, the faithful dresser and woman of all work to the main character, in the West End production of \\\"Nell Gwynn.\\\" In 2017 she played Jessie in the stage musical \\\"The Girls\\\" at the Phoenix Theatre in the West End. In 2018 she returned to television playing Edna Friendship in\",\n \"title\": \"Michele Dotrice\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7136111\",\n \"text\": \"American romantic comedy \\\"Double Wedding\\\". Fagbenle also appeared as 'Mark Lightfoot' in episode six of the first season of \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" in 2011. In 2012 after taking some time out to 'do some theatre and develop [his] writing projects' Fagbenle accepted a lead role in the BBC comedy \\\"Quick Cuts\\\" alongside cult comedy actress and star of \\\"Smack the Pony\\\" Doon Mackichan. In 2014 Fagbenle starred in the first season of HBO's original drama \\\"Looking\\\". He played 'Frank' a sweet hearted musician from Ohio having trouble with his live in partner. He reprised the role in 2015 for season\",\n \"title\": \"O. T. Fagbenle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5621374\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Dirty Filthy Love\\\" (2004); Ursula Blake in the \\\"Doctor Who\\\" episode \\\"Love & Monsters\\\" (2006); Emmeline Fox in \\\"The Crimson Petal and the White\\\" (2011); DS Angela Young in \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" (2011); and Meg Hawkins in \\\"Treasure Island\\\" (2012). She played Karen, the lead role, opposite John Simm in Channel 4's \\\"Everyday\\\" and Meme Kartosov in \\\"Anna Karenina\\\". Shirley Henderson Shirley Henderson (born 24 November 1965) is a Scottish actress. Her film roles include playing Gail in \\\"Trainspotting\\\" (1996), Jude in the three \\\"Bridget Jones\\\" films (2001/04/16), and Moaning Myrtle in \\\"Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets\\\" (2002)\",\n \"title\": \"Shirley Henderson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9607334\",\n \"text\": \"debut in 2003 in Noël Coward's \\\"Private Lives.\\\" She has also appeared in numerous radio plays for the BBC, including playing Esme in Tom Stoppard's \\\"Rock 'n' Roll\\\", a role she also played in the West End. More recently, she appeared in the BBC TV mini-series \\\"Cranford\\\". In 2009 she appeared as Daisy alongside Timothy West in the BBC Radio 4 adaptation of John Mortimer's \\\"Rumpole and the Penge Bungalow Murders\\\". She has also appeared in the crime drama 'Death in Paradise' playing the part of Astrid Knight. (Season 1 Episode 4). In 2014, she appeared in another crime drama\",\n \"title\": \"Emma Fielding\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20270441\",\n \"text\": \"After that, he signed with an agent and continued to get minor roles in TV shows like \\\"Hawthorne\\\", \\\"\\\", and \\\"NCIS\\\", as well as films like \\\"\\\". In 2011, Garrett started a recurring role as Deputy Sheriff Cane on FX's \\\"Sons of Anarchy\\\". He appeared in 17 episodes from 2011 to 2014. In 2016, Garrett landed two key roles; the first one, as Lieutenant TAO Cameron Burke on TNT's \\\"The Last Ship\\\", and the second as Secret Service agent Mike Ritter on ABC's \\\"Designated Survivor\\\". David Guggenheim, creator and executive producer of the latter, said they \\\"needed someone who could\",\n \"title\": \"LaMonica Garrett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4591290\",\n \"text\": \"a small part as Mrs Beeton in an episode of the BBC educational programme \\\"The Charles Dickens Show\\\". In 2015 she appeared as Mae Harmer in the BBC TV series \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" episode 4.8. On 9 May 2015 she portrayed a wartime letter writer at in Horse Guards Parade, London that was broadcast live on BBC1. She also appeared in the ITV series \\\"Lewis\\\" episode \\\"Magnum Opus\\\". Weeks has appeared in the films \\\"My Brother Tom\\\", \\\"Red Mercury\\\" and \\\"The Wicker Tree\\\" (the \\\"spiritual successor\\\" to \\\"The Wicker Man)\\\". In early 2010, she appeared as \\\"Sarah Prentice\\\" in a\",\n \"title\": \"Honeysuckle Weeks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17845401\",\n \"text\": \"with commercials, and characters are able to use stronger profanity. Cast members Mireille Enos and Joel Kinnaman return as detectives Sarah Linden and Stephen Holder, respectively. New series regulars for the fourth season include Joan Allen as Margaret Rayne, the head of an all-boys military academy. In February 2014, Sterling Beaumon, Levi Meaden, and Tyler Ross were cast as Lincoln Knopf, AJ Fielding, and Cameron Stanton (later changed to Kyle Stansbury), respectively; playing teens connected to the military academy. Gregg Henry, who had a recurring role in the third season as Detective Carl Reddick, was promoted to series regular for\",\n \"title\": \"The Killing (season 4)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19091853\",\n \"text\": \"to Steve, and to his surprise, the dog eats it. Back on the case, Stone meets with State Police Detective Dan Leary (Alex Carter), the officer who arrested the killer, who tells Stone that he's convinced the \\\"Boston Ripper\\\" committed all four murders, noting that since Richard was jailed, \\\"the murders have stopped\\\". Continuing his investigation, Stone interviews the autopsy doctor and confirms that the toxicology report is missing from the file. Stone tells Lt. Greenstreet that he believes the file was \\\"scrubbed\\\". Later, Stone discusses the case with his psychiatrist, Dr. Dix (William Devane), who is also a former\",\n \"title\": \"Jesse Stone: Lost in Paradise\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9472790\",\n \"text\": \"he had a small role in an episode of BBC drama series \\\"Death In Paradise\\\". Also in February 2014, it was announced that Anderson had been cast as recurring character Danny Pink, a teacher at Coal Hill School, in the eighth series of \\\"Doctor Who\\\", and he appeared in 11 episodes. Between 2014 and 2017, Anderson appeared in Sky1 sitcom Trollied, playing the role of Daniel. In February 2016, he appeared in the BBC One drama series \\\"Moving On\\\". Currently, starting in the comedy Loaded on Channel 4. Television Samuel Anderson (actor) Samuel Anderson (born 1982) is a British actor.\",\n \"title\": \"Samuel Anderson (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9395352\",\n \"text\": \"Oswald James appeared in the second series of \\\"Death in Paradise\\\" as the character Ronnie Stuart in ep:6 - A Dash of Sunshine - Series 2 - broadcast February 2013 and filmed in Guadeloupe. He also filmed the first episode of \\\"Midsomer Murders\\\" season 16 for airing over the Christmas 2013 season - \\\"A Christmas Haunting\\\". His character was a traumatized soldier called Ollie Tabori. James was cast as Niles Pottinger, the new Mayor of Defiance. The second season of the hit Syfy series \\\"Defiance\\\" started production in August, 2013 in Toronto and continued until December 2013. Series 2 aired\",\n \"title\": \"James Murray (English actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9175842\",\n \"text\": \"TV series \\\"Cucumber\\\". He also appeared in an episode of \\\"Goodnight Sweetheart\\\" playing a doctor at the hospital where Yvonne Sparrow loses her unborn child (series 4). In 2016 he played Polonius in Simon Godwin's production of \\\"Hamlet\\\" for the Royal Shakespeare Company. In late October 2016 he made his debut as a recurring character in the Doctor Who Spin off Class. In 2017, he also had a minor role in an episode of the long running detective programme \\\"Death in Paradise\\\", playing a corrupt mayor. Nri's family are Igbo; they fled the country in 1968 prior to the end\",\n \"title\": \"Cyril Nri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16105987\",\n \"text\": \"Hetti Bywater Harriet Jessica P \\\"Hetti\\\" Bywater (born 10 September 1994) is an English actress best known for playing Lucy Beale in the BBC soap opera \\\"EastEnders.\\\" Bywater was born in Reigate, Surrey to parents originally from Swansea, Wales. She studied performing arts at The Theatre Workshop in Sussex. Bywater began her career in 2011, making guest appearances in \\\"Casualty\\\" and \\\"Doctors\\\". She also starred in the \\\"St George's Day\\\" film in the same year. In 2015, Bywater guest-starred in the fourth series of \\\"Death in Paradise.\\\" In late 2016, Bywater guest starred in two episodes of the first series\",\n \"title\": \"Hetti Bywater\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16105989\",\n \"text\": \"Hetti Bywater Harriet Jessica P \\\"Hetti\\\" Bywater (born 10 September 1994) is an English actress best known for playing Lucy Beale in the BBC soap opera \\\"EastEnders.\\\" Bywater was born in Reigate, Surrey to parents originally from Swansea, Wales. She studied performing arts at The Theatre Workshop in Sussex. Bywater began her career in 2011, making guest appearances in \\\"Casualty\\\" and \\\"Doctors\\\". She also starred in the \\\"St George's Day\\\" film in the same year. In 2015, Bywater guest-starred in the fourth series of \\\"Death in Paradise.\\\" In late 2016, Bywater guest starred in two episodes of the first series\",\n \"title\": \"Hetti Bywater\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16017728\",\n \"text\": \"an airport, a university, a convent, approximately 100 public beaches and a Crown Court. It also has its own newspaper, \\\"The Saint Marie Times\\\". Honoré, the main town, has a leisure/commercial marina, market, bars, and restaurants as well as the police station. The neighbouring town to Honoré is named as Port Royal. Saint Marie's main economic ties are to Guadeloupe, the UK, and France. The island's main religions are Catholicism and Voodoo, with several religious festivals featuring in the programme, including the Saint Ursula Festival (in reality, a major festival of the Virgin Islands) and some Voodoo festivals. Episode 3.7\",\n \"title\": \"Death in Paradise (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5833578\",\n \"text\": \"landlady of the main characters, in the comedy \\\"Never Better\\\" and as a nurse in BBC's \\\"Outnumbered\\\" that aired on 30 August 2009. In December 2010, she appeared in the British BBC soap opera \\\"EastEnders\\\" as Gloria MacDonald, a role which she reprised in February 2016. On 12 February 2013 she played the part of Estelle in an episode of Death in Paradise on BBC1. In 2016 she appeared in the BBC series \\\"The Coroner\\\" episode 2.6 \\\"Life\\\" Michele Austin Michele Austin is a British actress best known for her role as PC Yvonne Hemmingway on ITV's \\\"The Bill\\\", for\",\n \"title\": \"Michele Austin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5145879\",\n \"text\": \"negative reviews from critics. It was followed by two sequels, \\\"Angels & Demons\\\" (2009) and \\\"Inferno\\\" (2016). Jacques Saunière, the Louvre's curator, is pursued through the Grand Gallery by an albino Catholic monk named Silas, who demands the location of the Priory's \\\"keystone\\\" to find and destroy the Holy Grail. Saunière gives him a false lead and is murdered. When the police arrive, they find his body posed like Da Vinci's Vitruvian Man. The police captain, Bezu Fache, sends his lieutenant, Jérôme Collet, to summon American symbologist Robert Langdon, in the midst of signing autographs after one of his public\",\n \"title\": \"The Da Vinci Code (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16097044\",\n \"text\": \"Le Radeau de la Méduse at the Théâtre National Populaire in Villeurbanne. She appeared in a play at the Young Vic in London called \\\"Le Costume\\\" (\\\"The Suit\\\") and in a French-language production of David Mamet’s \\\"Race\\\". Martins' television debut was in 2001, in the French police series \\\"Police District\\\". She appeared in the series \\\"Pigalle, la nuit\\\" as Fleur. While filming \\\"Death in Paradise\\\", Martins worked on the French TV crime series \\\"Détectives\\\" as Nora Abadie. In April 2011, BBC One announced that Martins would star in the crime comedy-drama \\\"Death in Paradise\\\", co-produced with France Télévisions. The series\",\n \"title\": \"Sara Martins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7716068\",\n \"text\": \"Arliss Howard Arliss Howard (born Leslie Richard Howard; October 18, 1954) is an American actor, writer and film director. Howard was born in Independence, Missouri and has a younger brother, Jim Howard (b. 1956). He graduated from Truman High School and Columbia College in Columbia, Missouri. Howard established his career with stand-out roles in \\\"Natural Born Killers\\\", \\\"Full Metal Jacket\\\", and \\\"Ruby\\\". In \\\"Till Death Us Do Part\\\" (1992), he portrayed author and attorney Vincent Bugliosi, who led the prosecution in the Tate-LaBianca murder trial. In 1997, he co-starred in \\\"Jurassic Park\\\"s sequel, \\\"\\\", as Hammond's conniving nephew Peter Ludlow,\",\n \"title\": \"Arliss Howard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1720011\",\n \"text\": \"radio by BBC Radio 4 in 2003, featuring John Moffatt as Poirot, Philip Jackson as Chief Inspector Japp (as in the \\\"Agatha Christie's Poirot\\\" adaptation), Geoffrey Whitehead as Monsieur Fournier, and Teresa Gallagher as Jane Grey. The book was first serialised in the US in \\\"The Saturday Evening Post\\\" in six instalments from 9 February (Volume 207, Number 32) to 16 March 1935 (Volume 207, Number 37) under the title \\\"Death in the Air\\\" with illustrations by Frederick Mizen. In the UK, the novel was serialised as an abridged version in the weekly \\\"Women's Pictorial\\\" magazine in six instalments from\",\n \"title\": \"Death in the Clouds\"\n }\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who have been the detectives in death in paradise"}}},{"rowIdx":8390,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["1936"],"string":"[\n \"1936\"\n]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"41795","text":"1930, but baseball was hit hard by the Great Depression and in 1933 the average fell below five thousand for the only time between the wars. 1933 also saw the introduction of the All-Star game, a mid-season break in which the greatest players in each league play against one another in a hard-fought but officially meaningless demonstration game. In 1936 the Baseball Hall of Fame was instituted and five players elected: Ty Cobb, Walter Johnson, Christy Mathewson, Babe Ruth and Honus Wagner. The Hall formally opened in 1939. In 1941, a year which saw the premature death of Lou Gehrig,","title":"History of baseball in the United States"},{"id":"15858153","text":"San Diego Padres Hall of Fame The San Diego Padres are an American professional baseball team in Major League Baseball (MLB) based in San Diego, California. The club was founded in 1969 as part of the league's expansion. The team's hall of fame, created in 1999 to honor the club's 30th anniversary, recognizes players, coaches, and executives who have made key contributions to the franchise. Voting is conducted by a 35-member committee. Candidates typically must wait at least two years after retiring to be eligible for induction, though Tony Gwynn was selected during his final season in 2001 before the","title":"San Diego Padres Hall of Fame"},{"id":"4567215","text":"2008, then as a member of The Four Horsemen in 2012. WWF Hall of Fame (1993) was the inaugural class of the WWE Hall of Fame. It was announced on the March 22, 1993 episode of \"Monday Night Raw\" where André the Giant, who had died nearly two months prior, was announced as the sole inductee. During the episode of \"Monday Night Raw\" a video package announcing his induction was shown. No ceremony took place, and André was inducted posthumously. In March 2015 a condensed version of the 1994 ceremony was added to the WWE Network. Due to no original","title":"WWE Hall of Fame"},{"id":"2991075","text":"hitter of the new era, helped permanently alter the nature of the game. The club with which Ruth set most of his slugging records, the New York Yankees, built a reputation as the majors' premier team. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, St. Louis Cardinals general manager Branch Rickey invested in several minor league clubs and developed the first modern \"farm system\". A new Negro National League was organized in 1933; four years later, it was joined by the Negro American League. The first elections to the National Baseball Hall of Fame took place in 1936. In 1939 Little","title":"History of baseball"},{"id":"41699","text":"traveled farther when hit. The rise of the legendary player Babe Ruth, the first great power hitter of the new era, helped permanently alter the nature of the game. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, St. Louis Cardinals general manager Branch Rickey invested in several minor league clubs and developed the first modern farm system. A new Negro National League was organized in 1933; four years later, it was joined by the Negro American League. The first elections to the National Baseball Hall of Fame took place in 1936. In 1939, Little League Baseball was founded in Pennsylvania. A","title":"Baseball"},{"id":"48323","text":"and Museum, similarly to Canton for the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio. The Hall of Fame was established in 1939 by Stephen Carlton Clark, the owner of a local hotel. Clark had sought to bring tourists to a city hurt by the Great Depression, which reduced the local tourist trade, and Prohibition, which devastated the local hops industry. A new building was constructed, and the Hall of Fame was dedicated on June 12, 1939. (Clark's granddaughter, Jane Forbes Clark, is the current chairman of the Board of Directors.) The erroneous claim that Civil War hero Abner Doubleday","title":"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"},{"id":"5040342","text":"WCW Hall of Fame The World Championship Wrestling (WCW) Hall of Fame was an American professional wrestling hall of fame maintained by World Championship Wrestling (WCW). It was established in 1993 to honor wrestlers who began their careers long before the 1990s, mostly alumni of the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) and Jim Crockett Promotions (JCP), the predecessors of WCW. Inductees received commemorative plaques that had their names & portraits inscribed on it. Wrestlers were inducted by Gordon Solie, a senior announcer in professional wrestling, and received their plaque during the \"Legends Reunion\" segment at WCW's May pay-per-view event, Slamboree. The","title":"WCW Hall of Fame"},{"id":"4567212","text":"WWE Hall of Fame The WWE Hall of Fame is a hall of fame for professional wrestlers and professional wrestling personalities maintained by WWE. The 1994 and 1995 ceremonies were held in conjunction with the annual King of the Ring pay-per-view events. In 1996, the ceremony was held with the Survivor Series event, for the first time in front of a paying audience as well as the wrestlers, after which, the Hall of Fame went on hiatus. In 2004, WWE relaunched the Hall of Fame to coincide with WrestleMania XX. This ceremony, like its predecessors, was not broadcast on television.","title":"WWE Hall of Fame"},{"id":"48326","text":"Ruth, Honus Wagner, Christy Mathewson and Walter Johnson, chosen in 1936; roughly 20 more were selected before the entire group was inducted at the Hall's 1939 opening. , 323 people had been elected to the Hall of Fame, including 226 former Major League Baseball players, 35 Negro league baseball players and executives, 22 managers, 10 umpires, and 30 pioneers, executives, and organizers. 114 members of the Hall of Fame have been inducted posthumously, including four who died after their selection was announced. Of the 35 Negro league members, 29 were inducted posthumously, including all 24 selected since the 1990s. The","title":"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"},{"id":"695637","text":"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located on the shore of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, recognizes and archives the history of the best-known and most influential artists, producers, engineers, and other notable figures who have had some major influence on the development of rock and roll. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation was established on April 20, 1983, by Atlantic Records founder and chairman Ahmet Ertegun. In 1986, Cleveland was chosen as the Hall of Fame's permanent home. Founder Ahmet Ertegun assembled a team that included attorney Suzan Evans,","title":"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame"},{"id":"5040343","text":"WCW Hall of Fame was the second hall of fame established to honor professional wrestlers, after the creation of the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) Hall of Fame in February 1993. After the 1995 Hall of Fame ceremony, WCW stopped the production of the Hall of Fame without a formal announcement. In 2001, after WCW filed for bankruptcy, the WWF acquired all of its assets; this led to the formal stoppage of the WCW Hall of Fame. The WWF, however, stopped producing its Hall of Fame ceremony after 1996. In 2004, World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), the WWF's successor, reinstated the WWE","title":"WCW Hall of Fame"},{"id":"48331","text":"death on New Year's Eve, 1972. The five-year waiting period was established in 1954 after an evolutionary process. In 1936 all players were eligible, including active ones. From the 1937 election until the 1945 election, there was no waiting period, so any retired player was eligible, but writers were discouraged from voting for current major leaguers. Since there was no formal rule preventing a writer from casting a ballot for an active player, the scribes did not always comply with the informal guideline; Joe DiMaggio received a vote in 1945, for example. From the 1946 election until the 1954 election,","title":"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"},{"id":"2055740","text":"Ford Frick Ford Christopher Frick (December 19, 1894 – April 8, 1978) was an American sportswriter and baseball executive. After working as a teacher and as a sportswriter for the \"New York American\", he served as public relations director of the National League (NL), then as the league's president from to . He was the third Commissioner of Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1951 to . While Frick was NL president, he had a major role in the establishment of the Baseball Hall of Fame as a museum that honors the best players in baseball history. He extinguished threats of","title":"Ford Frick"},{"id":"1937912","text":"teams; in 1945, the scheduled All-Star Game was cancelled due to travel restrictions during World War II and no players were officially named. From 1959 through 1962, All-Stars played in two All-Star Games each season. On January 29, 1936, Babe Ruth became the first of the original thirty-six All-Stars to be inducted in the National Baseball Hall of Fame; twenty original All-Stars are enshrined in the Hall of Fame. Hank Aaron holds the record for the most All-Star namings (21) and the most All-Star Game appearances (25). In 2017, each All-Star team had 32 players, with fans voting for the","title":"Major League Baseball All-Star Game"},{"id":"13834675","text":"International League Hall of Fame The International League Hall of Fame is an American baseball hall of fame which honors players, managers, and executives of the International League (IL). It was created by the International League Baseball Writers' Association in 1947 to honor those individuals who made significant contributions to the league. The Hall of Fame inducted its first class of nine former players, managers, and league officials in 1947. A plaque was unveiled at the IL's New York City offices located in the Ruppert Building at 535 Fifth Avenue. Today, the plaque has no permanent home, but exists as","title":"International League Hall of Fame"},{"id":"16691441","text":"(ages 4–18), Bambino Buddy Ball (ages 5–20), and Xtreme Fastpitch (ages 6–18). Baseball Hall of Fame inductees who played Babe Ruth League include Carl Yastrzemski, Joe Morgan, Jim Palmer, Rod Carew, George Brett, Nolan Ryan, Cal Ripken, Jr., Frank Thomas, Randy Johnson, John Smoltz, and Mike Piazza. In 1951, ten men, who believed that the future of their community depended upon the proper development of the young people, met at the historic Yardville Hotel in Hamilton, New Jersey, for the purpose of developing a baseball program for young men between 13 and 15 years of age. Babe Ruth League, Inc.","title":"Babe Ruth League"},{"id":"48327","text":"Hall of Fame includes one female member, Effa Manley. The newest members elected on January 24, 2018, are players Chipper Jones, Jim Thome, Vladimir Guerrero, and Trevor Hoffman. They were officially inducted on July 29, 2018, alongside players Jack Morris and Alan Trammell. Players are currently inducted into the Hall of Fame through election by either the Baseball Writers' Association of America (or BBWAA), or the Veterans Committee, which now consists of four subcommittees, each of which considers and votes for candidates from a separate era of baseball. Five years after retirement, any player with 10 years of major league","title":"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"},{"id":"48322","text":"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum is an American history museum and hall of fame, located in Cooperstown, New York, and operated by private interests. It serves as the central point for the study of the history of baseball in the United States and beyond, displays baseball-related artifacts and exhibits, and honors those who have excelled in playing, managing, and serving the sport. The Hall's motto is \"Preserving History, Honoring Excellence, Connecting Generations.\" The word Cooperstown is often used as shorthand (or a metonym) for the National Baseball Hall of Fame","title":"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"},{"id":"695638","text":"\"Rolling Stone\" magazine editor and publisher Jann S. Wenner, attorney Allen Grubman, and record executives Seymour Stein, Bob Krasnow, and Noreen Woods. The Foundation began inducting artists in 1986, but the Hall of Fame still had no home. The search committee considered several cities, including Philadelphia (home of Bill Haley and \"American Bandstand\"), Memphis (home of Sun Studios and Stax Records), Detroit (home of Motown Records), Cincinnati (home of King Records), New York City, and Cleveland. Cleveland lobbied for the museum, citing that WJW disc jockey Alan Freed both coined the term \"rock and roll\" and heavily promoted the new","title":"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame"},{"id":"10484617","text":"Hispanic Heritage Baseball Museum The Hispanic Heritage Baseball Museum Hall of Fame was founded in the Mission District in San Francisco, California on October 24, 1998, and Incorporated as a 501c3 non-profit organization on June 23, 1999 in Sacramento, California by Gabriel \"Tito\" Avila, Jr. a former Semi-pro, Sandlot, High School, College player and a Vietnam Era Veteran from New York City and San Francisco resident who wanted to honor the greatest Hispanic Baseball position players of all time. The HHBMHOF is International and dedicated to recognizing the contributions made to baseball by Hispanic players. Since its inception, the HHBMHOF","title":"Hispanic Heritage Baseball Museum"},{"id":"2055756","text":"DePauw University Athletic Hall of Fame. Ford Frick Ford Christopher Frick (December 19, 1894 – April 8, 1978) was an American sportswriter and baseball executive. After working as a teacher and as a sportswriter for the \"New York American\", he served as public relations director of the National League (NL), then as the league's president from to . He was the third Commissioner of Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1951 to . While Frick was NL president, he had a major role in the establishment of the Baseball Hall of Fame as a museum that honors the best players in","title":"Ford Frick"},{"id":"5040344","text":"Hall of Fame, which included inductees that were alumni of WWE, NWA, JCP, and WCW. The first Hall of Fame ceremony was held on May 23, 1993 at Slamboree 1993 at The Omni in Atlanta, Georgia. The first wrestler inducted into the Hall of Fame was Lou Thesz, along with Verne Gagne and Mr. Wrestling II. Eddie Graham was also inducted that year; he was the first posthumous inductee into the Hall of Fame. During the following Hall of Fame ceremony on May 22, 1994 at Slamboree 1994 at Civic Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Harley Race led the Class of","title":"WCW Hall of Fame"},{"id":"13834693","text":"Pacific Coast League Hall of Fame The Pacific Coast League Hall of Fame is an American baseball hall of fame which honors players, managers, and executives of the Pacific Coast League (PCL). It was created by the Helms Athletic Foundation of Los Angeles in 1942 to honor those individuals who made significant contributions to the league's ideals. The Hall of Fame inducted its first class in 1943. A special Hall of Fame room was set up at Los Angeles' Wrigley Field on June 27, 1943. After the 1957 death of founder and main supporter Paul Helms and the arrival of","title":"Pacific Coast League Hall of Fame"},{"id":"48324","text":"invented baseball in Cooperstown was instrumental in the early marketing of the Hall. An expanded library and research facility opened in 1994. Dale Petroskey became the organization's president in 1999. In 2002, the Hall launched \"Baseball As America\", a traveling exhibit that toured ten American museums over six years. The Hall of Fame has since also sponsored educational programming on the Internet to bring the Hall of Fame to schoolchildren who might not visit. The Hall and Museum completed a series of renovations in spring 2005. The Hall of Fame also presents an annual exhibit at FanFest at the Major","title":"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"},{"id":"5213672","text":"the launch of interleague play, further reducing the game's cachet. On January 29, 2008, Major League Baseball announced that the final Hall of Fame Game would be played on June 16, 2008 between the Chicago Cubs and San Diego Padres, citing \"the inherent challenges\" of scheduling teams in the modern day as the reason for ending the annual contest. However, the contest was canceled on account of rain. In November 2008, the Hall of Fame and the MLB Players Alumni Association announced the creation of the Hall of Fame Classic, an exhibition game involving Hall of Famers and other retired","title":"Doubleday Field"},{"id":"15858157","text":"(PCL). On the same day the plaza opened, the Padres inducted San Diego native Ted Williams into their hall of fame. He played for the PCL Padres in 1936 and 1937, and is also a member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame. The Hall of Fame Plaza at Petco originally was to be named in honor of then-MLB commissioner Bud Selig, but the Padres reconsidered after negative reaction from the media and fans. Plans for the plaza also included eventual statues of Padres greats. San Diego Padres Hall of Fame The San Diego Padres are an American professional baseball","title":"San Diego Padres Hall of Fame"},{"id":"695643","text":"m) due to its proximity to Burke Lakefront Airport. The building's base is approximately 150,000 square feet (14,000 m2). The groundbreaking ceremony took place on June 7, 1993. Pete Townshend, Chuck Berry, Billy Joel, Sam Phillips, Ruth Brown, Sam Moore of Sam and Dave, Carl Gardner of the Coasters and Dave Pirner of Soul Asylum all appeared at the groundbreaking. The museum was dedicated on September 1, 1995, with the ribbon being cut by an ensemble that included Yoko Ono and Little Richard, among others, before a crowd of more than 10,000 people. The following night an all-star concert was","title":"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame"},{"id":"369842","text":"San Diego Padres on July 15, 1999. There were 44,607 people in attendance that night. Seattle Mariners former chairman and CEO John Ellis announced on June 14, 1997 the creation of a Mariners Hall of Fame. It is operated by the Seattle Mariners organization. It honors the players, staff and other individuals that greatly contributed to the history and success of the Mariners franchise. It is located at the Baseball Museum of the Pacific Northwest in Safeco Field. The Mariners plan to retire uniform numbers only very selectively and subject to substantially higher expectations than those applied to the Mariners'","title":"Seattle Mariners"},{"id":"2360483","text":"Pud Galvin James Francis \"Pud\" Galvin (December 25, 1856 – March 7, 1902) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher in the 19th century. He was MLB's first 300-game winner and was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1965. Galvin grew up in Kerry Patch, an Irish neighborhood in St. Louis. He debuted for St. Louis of the National Association in , the franchise's inaugural season, and started eight games for the team. He spent the next 6½ seasons with Buffalo in the International Association and later of the National League. In his first full MLB season in","title":"Pud Galvin"},{"id":"13721977","text":"Seattle Mariners Hall of Fame The Seattle Mariners Hall of Fame is an American museum and hall of fame. It is located at Safeco Field in the SoDo district of downtown Seattle. Seattle Mariners former chairman and CEO John Ellis announced on June 14, 1997 the creation of a Mariners Hall of Fame. It is operated by the Seattle Mariners organization. It honors the players, staff, and other individuals that greatly contributed to the history and success of the Mariners franchise. It is located at the Baseball Museum of the Pacific Northwest in Safeco Field. Inductees are selected on the","title":"Seattle Mariners Hall of Fame"},{"id":"48342","text":"in 2010 for 2011 induction, with longtime general manager Pat Gillick becoming the first individual elected under the new procedure. The Golden Era committee voted in 2011 for the induction class of 2012, with Ron Santo becoming the first player elected under the new procedure. The Pre-Integration Era committee voted in 2012 for the induction class of 2013, electing three figures. Subsequent elections rotated among the three committees in that order through the 2016 election. In July 2016, however, the Hall of Fame announced a restructuring of the timeframes to be considered, with a much greater emphasis on modern eras.","title":"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"},{"id":"48325","text":"League Baseball All-Star Game. Jeff Idelson replaced Petroskey as president on April 16, 2008. He had been acting as president since March 25, 2008, when Petroskey was forced to resign for having \"failed to exercise proper fiduciary responsibility\" and making \"judgments that were not in the best interest of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum.\" Among baseball fans, \"Hall of Fame\" means not only the museum and facility in Cooperstown, New York, but the pantheon of players, managers, umpires, executives, and pioneers who have been enshrined in the Hall. The first five men elected were Ty Cobb, Babe","title":"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"},{"id":"2055746","text":"ability, good habits and strong character. He asserted that he was not aware of a case in which race had played a role in the selection of a major league player. In the late 1930s, Frick played a central role in establishing the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown, New York. He gathered a team of representatives from the major news wire services, including Davis Walsh of the International News Service, Alan J. Gould of the Associated Press, and Henry L. Farrell of United Press International. They took the idea to the Baseball Writers Association of America","title":"Ford Frick"},{"id":"48335","text":"the new process is available below. From 2008 to 2010, following changes made by the Hall in July 2007, the main Veterans Committee, then made up of living Hall of Famers, voted only on players whose careers began in 1943 or later. These changes also established three separate committees to select other figures: Players of the Negro Leagues have also been considered at various times, beginning in 1971. In 2005 the Hall completed a study on African American players between the late 19th century and the integration of the major leagues in 1947, and conducted a special election for such","title":"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"},{"id":"14819230","text":"meet the demand for Major League teams. Later, another venue, Sam Guinn Field was built in 1933 at 497 Crescent Avenue to host Negro League spring training. The original playing field was estimated to be between 500–600 feet to center field. In 1910, the original grandstand was demolished and home plate moved, giving the field shorter dimensions. In 1938, the right field fence was heightened by 15-feet because right field distance was only 260 feet. Over 130 Major League Baseball Hall of Fame players, including Babe Ruth, Cy Young, Cap Anson, Honus Wagner, Ty Cobb, Tris Speaker, Walter Johnson, Rogers","title":"Ban Johnson Park"},{"id":"6041899","text":"Henry Mitchell MacCracken, Chancellor of New York University, was the originator of The Hall of Fame. It was the first hall of fame in the United States. \"Fame\" here means \"renown\" (rather than today's more common meaning of \"celebrity\"). Chancellor MacCracken acknowledged inspiration from the Ruhmeshalle (Hall of Fame) in Munich, Germany. Other monuments of a similar purpose had been built earlier. King Ludwig I of Bavaria actually built two: a Walhalla Ruhmes- und Ehrenhalle near Regensburg, Germany, completed in 1842, and a \"Ruhmeshalle auf der Anhöhe\" (Bavarian Hall of Fame), in Munich, completed in 1853. Chancellor McCracken described the","title":"Hall of Fame for Great Americans"},{"id":"19256086","text":"2016 All-Star break. On December 6, during the 2016 winter meetings, Smith was named as the 2017 recipient. She received 272 of a possible 449 votes (with three ballots left blank). At the time of announcement, Smith was ESPN's news editor for remote production, with chief responsibility for incorporating news and analysis in the network's MLB-related broadcasts, as well as \"SportsCenter\". She became the first African-American woman, and the first woman of any ethnicity, to regularly cover MLB for a newspaper when she began covering the New York Yankees for \"The Hartford Courant\" in 1983. Smith went from there to","title":"2017 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting"},{"id":"13721998","text":"was inducted into the Mariners Hall of Fame on August 8, 2015. Seattle Mariners Hall of Fame The Seattle Mariners Hall of Fame is an American museum and hall of fame. It is located at Safeco Field in the SoDo district of downtown Seattle. Seattle Mariners former chairman and CEO John Ellis announced on June 14, 1997 the creation of a Mariners Hall of Fame. It is operated by the Seattle Mariners organization. It honors the players, staff, and other individuals that greatly contributed to the history and success of the Mariners franchise. It is located at the Baseball Museum","title":"Seattle Mariners Hall of Fame"},{"id":"6005339","text":"Stephen Carlton Clark Stephen Carlton Clark (August 29, 1882 – September 17, 1960) was an American art collector, businessman, newspaper publisher and philanthropist. He founded the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York. Clark was the youngest of the four sons of Alfred Corning Clark and Elizabeth Scriven. His grandfather, Edward Cabot Clark, a lawyer, had been Isaac Singer's partner in the Singer Sewing Machine Company. His father invested heavily in New York City real estate, and died in April 1896, leaving a $30,000,000 family trust. He was educated at Phillips Academy (Andover), Yale University (B.A. 1903) and Columbia","title":"Stephen Carlton Clark"},{"id":"19950571","text":"Kennedy, Rodrigo López, Mike MacDougal, Guillermo Mota, Will Ohman, Vicente Padilla, Carl Pavano, Scott Podsednik, Juan Rivera, J. C. Romero, Brian Schneider, Ben Sheets, Jeff Suppan, Kip Wells, Dan Wheeler and Jack Wilson. On July 23, 2016, the Hall of Fame announced changes to the Era Committee system. The system's timeframes were restructured to place a greater emphasis on the modern game, and to reduce the frequency at which individuals from the pre-1970 game (including Negro Leagues figures) will have their careers reviewed. Separate 16-member subcommittees continue to vote on individuals from different eras of baseball, with candidates still being","title":"2018 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting"},{"id":"2991080","text":"season was extended from 154 games to 162. This coincidentally helped Roger Maris break Babe Ruth's long-standing single-season home run record, one of the most celebrated marks in baseball. Along with the Angels, three other new franchises were launched during 1961–62. With this, the first major league expansion in 60 years, each league now had ten teams. The players' union became bolder under the leadership of former United Steelworkers chief economist and negotiator Marvin Miller, who was elected executive director in 1966. On the playing field, major league pitchers were becoming increasingly dominant again. After the 1968 season, in an","title":"History of baseball"},{"id":"215087","text":"Jackie Robinson Jack Roosevelt Robinson (January 31, 1919 – October 24, 1972) was an American professional baseball player who became the first African American to play in Major League Baseball (MLB) in the modern era. Robinson broke the baseball color line when the Brooklyn Dodgers started him at first base on April 15, 1947. When the Dodgers signed Robinson, they heralded the end of racial segregation in professional baseball that had relegated black players to the Negro leagues since the 1880s. Robinson was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962. Robinson had an exceptional 10-year MLB career. He","title":"Jackie Robinson"},{"id":"695661","text":"(1998), Louis Jordan (1999), Muddy Waters (2000), Bessie Smith (2001), Hank Williams (2002), Buddy Holly (2003), Lead Belly (2004), Sam Cooke (2005), Roy Orbison (2006), Jerry Lee Lewis (2007), Les Paul (2008), Janis Joplin (2009), Fats Domino and Dave Bartholomew (2010), Aretha Franklin (2011), and Chuck Berry (2012). Hall of Fame museum curator James Henke, along with \"the museum's curatorial staff and numerous rock critics and music experts\", created an unordered list of \"500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll\". The list is part of a permanent exhibit at the museum, and was envisioned as part of the museum from","title":"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame"},{"id":"49370","text":"slugging (OPS) (1.164); the latter two still stand . Ruth is regarded as one of the greatest sports heroes in American culture and is considered by many to be the greatest baseball player of all time. In 1936, Ruth was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame as one of its \"first five\" inaugural members. At age seven, Ruth was sent to St. Mary's Industrial School for Boys, a reformatory where he learned life lessons and baseball skills from Brother Matthias Boutlier of the Xaverian Brothers, the school's disciplinarian and a capable baseball player. In 1914, Ruth was signed to","title":"Babe Ruth"},{"id":"1944522","text":"the league. Groundbreaking for the building was held on August 11, 1962. The original building contained just two rooms, and of interior space. In April 1970, ground was broken for the first of many expansions. This first expansion cost $620,000, and was completed in May 1971. The size was increased to by adding another room. The pro shop opened with this expansion. This was also an important milestone for the Pro Football Hall of Fame, as yearly attendance passed the 200,000 mark for the first time. This was at least in some part due to the increase in popularity of","title":"Pro Football Hall of Fame"},{"id":"8089084","text":"Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame and Museum The Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame and Museum is an entity established by Major League Baseball's Cincinnati Reds franchise that pays homage to the team's past through displays, photographs and multimedia. It was instituted in 1958 to recognize the career of former Cincinnati Reds players, managers and front-office executives. It is located at the Great American Ball Park. Currently, the Hall of Fame section is home to 81 inductees. These inductees include players, managers & executives who were involved in Cincinnati's baseball legacy, which dates back to 1869, the year the original Cincinnati","title":"Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame and Museum"},{"id":"6094647","text":"suicide in 1909. As NL president again from 1918 to 1934, he hired the Elias brothers to maintain as official keeper of playing statistics (1919), and he pushed for the selection of Kenesaw Mountain Landis as Commissioner of Baseball (1921), realizing the importance of an official who could keep the owners in check. Later he helped to establish the Baseball Hall of Fame. In December 1928, Heydler proposed permitting a tenth player to bat in place of the pitcher – a rule which came about with the creation of the designated hitter in 1973. After retiring as league president, he","title":"John Heydler"},{"id":"48350","text":"up with other property owned by the Commissioner's office and employees of the office, and moved to the garage of Joe Reichler, an assistant to Commissioner Bowie Kuhn, who sold the items to resolve his personal financial difficulties. Under pressure from the New York Attorney General, the Commissioner's Office made reparations, but the negative publicity damaged the Hall of Fame's reputation, and made it more difficult for it to solicit donations. Following the banning of Pete Rose from MLB, the selection rules for the Baseball Hall of Fame were modified to prevent the induction of anyone on Baseball's \"permanently ineligible\"","title":"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"},{"id":"12201615","text":"Coaches Association All Star Games in Beaumont about starting the Hall of Fame. The sports writers unanimously agreed with Johnson and in 1951 baseball great Tris Speaker was the inaugural inductee and Texas became the first state to honor its athletes with a hall of fame. The Texas Sports Hall of Fame under the guidance of Texas sports entrepreneur Lamar Hunt was opened in Grand Prairie on Saturday, May 23, 1981 but was closed in 1986. The Hall of Fame remained dormant until several prominent members of the Waco community created a plan in 1990 to have the Hall of","title":"Texas Sports Hall of Fame"},{"id":"1003586","text":"redevelopment of Hollywood Boulevard, the 1960s and 1970s were periods of protracted urban decay in the Hollywood area as residents moved to suburbs. After the initial installation of approximately 1,500 stars in 1960 and 1961, eight years passed without the addition of a new star. In 1962 the Los Angeles City Council passed an ordinance naming the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce \"the agent to advise the City\" about adding names to the Walk, and the Chamber, over the following six years, devised rules, procedures, and financing methods to do so. In December 1968, Richard D. Zanuck was awarded the first","title":"Hollywood Walk of Fame"},{"id":"5213673","text":"MLB players to be played on Father's Day weekend, and in recent years on the Saturday before Memorial Day. The inaugural Hall of Fame Classic was played on Sunday, June 21, 2009. The Hall of Fame game lasts seven innings or two hours, whichever comes first. In addition to the game, there is a home run derby beforehand. The Cooperstown Classic was an International League regular season game played in honor of the 125th anniversary of the league in 2008. The game was held on a Sunday afternoon in may between the Rochester Red Wings and the Syracuse Chiefs. The","title":"Doubleday Field"},{"id":"5751534","text":"August 1. Unlike the majority of NFL preseason games, which air on local TV stations, the Hall of Fame Game airs nationwide. From 1999 to 2005, the game was held on Monday night, televised as part of ABC's \"Monday Night Football\" package. It had previously been held typically on Saturday afternoons, except from 1963 to 1965 on Sunday afternoons, televised as part of ABC's \"Wide World of Sports\" package (still using the \"MNF\" crew). In 1998, the game was put in the \"MNF\" package, and played on a Saturday night, which served as a test run for the move to","title":"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game"},{"id":"48332","text":"an official one-year waiting period was in effect. (DiMaggio, for example, retired after the 1951 season and was first eligible in the 1953 election.) The modern rule establishing a wait of five years was passed in 1954, although an exception was made for Joe DiMaggio because of his high level of previous support, thus permitting him to be elected within four years of his retirement. Contrary to popular belief, no formal exception was made for Lou Gehrig (other than to hold a special one-man election for him): there was no waiting period at that time, and Gehrig met all other","title":"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"},{"id":"15858156","text":"well as future plans to relocate and redesign the hall's exhibit at Petco Park. The exhibit opened on July 1, 2016, at Padres Hall of Fame Plaza, which is located near the left field entrance of the park at the back of the Western Metal Supply Company building. The new facilities were part of the festivities for the 2016 MLB All-Star Game, which was hosted at Petco Park. The plaza is a tribute to not only the history of the major league club, but also the history of baseball in San Diego, including the Padres from the Pacific Coast League","title":"San Diego Padres Hall of Fame"},{"id":"19950568","text":"change were replaced by a new set of four panels in 2016. The Modern Baseball Era Committee convened on December 10, 2017 to select from a ballot of retired players and non-playing personnel who made their greatest contributions to the sport between 1970 and 1987, with Jack Morris and Alan Trammell elected by this body. The formal induction ceremony was held at the Hall's facilities in Cooperstown, New York on July 29, 2018. The BBWAA election rules remained identical to those that were in effect for the most recent elections. The BBWAA voted at the 2016 winter meetings to make","title":"2018 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting"},{"id":"48354","text":"50,000 gold coins, 400,000 silver coins, and 750,000 clad (Nickel-Copper) coins. The Mint released them on March 27, 2014, and the gold and silver editions quickly sold out. The Hall receives money from surcharges included in the sale price: a total of $9.5 million if all the coins are sold. Notes National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum is an American history museum and hall of fame, located in Cooperstown, New York, and operated by private interests. It serves as the central point for the study of the history of baseball in","title":"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"},{"id":"5751530","text":"it was moved to the beginning of the preseason. Prior to 2002, it was not uncommon for the game to be played in July. Since 2002, when the league permanently moved the start of the season to the weekend after Labor Day, the game has always been played in early August. The 2011 game was originally scheduled between the St. Louis Rams and the Chicago Bears, but the game was canceled due to an ongoing labor dispute that had disrupted nearly all league activity during the 2011 offseason. The two clubs had set a deadline of July 22 to ratify","title":"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game"},{"id":"14483170","text":"has a long and storied baseball history, including its distinction as the birthplace of Babe Ruth in 1895. The original 19th century Baltimore Orioles were one of the most successful early franchises, featuring numerous hall of famers during its years from 1882 to 1899. As one of the eight inaugural American League franchises, the Baltimore Orioles played in the AL during the 1901 and 1902 seasons. The team moved to New York City before the 1903 season and was renamed the New York Highlanders, which later became the New York Yankees. Ruth played for the minor league Baltimore Orioles team,","title":"Baltimore"},{"id":"17783211","text":"more broadly defined Veterans Committee following an earlier rules change in July 2010, convened at Major League Baseball's winter meetings in San Diego on December 8, 2014 to select from a ballot of 10 retired players and non-playing personnel who made their greatest contributions to the sport between 1947 and 1972. None of these candidates received enough votes to be elected. The Hall of Fame induction ceremonies were held on July 26 at the Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York, with new commissioner Rob Manfred presiding for the first time. On the day before the actual induction ceremony, the","title":"2015 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting"},{"id":"14545509","text":"supervising sports activities in Cuba. The hall was inaugurated on July 26, 1939—about six weeks after the June 12 dedication and opening of the U.S. National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown—by placing a bronze plaque at Havana's La Tropical Stadium. The first ten inductees were selected by former and current baseball writers and the DGND's baseball advisers (\"asesores de baseball\"). The inaugural class included 19th-century Cuban stars (Antonio María García, Valentín González, Adolfo Luján, and Carlos Royer), black players who had achieved success in the U.S. Negro leagues (Luis Bustamante, José de la Caridad Méndez, Gervasio González,","title":"Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame"},{"id":"20569547","text":"most notable as forming one of MLB's first play-by-play teams in the 1930s alongside fellow Frick Award recipient Red Barber, and also as the lead announcer for the Mutual Broadcasting System's \"Game of the Day\" in the 1950s. 2019 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting Elections to the Baseball Hall of Fame for 2019 are proceeding according to rules most recently amended in 2016. As in the past, the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) will vote by mail to select from a ballot of recently retired players. The results will be announced on January 22, 2019. The Today's Game Era","title":"2019 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting"},{"id":"1722872","text":"Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame The Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame & Museum () is a museum located in St. Marys, Ontario, Canada. The museum commemorates great players, teams, and accomplishments of baseball in Canada. The museum was founded in October 1983 in Toronto at Exhibition Place and later moved to Ontario Place theme park. In 1994, it moved to St. Marys, Ontario. The Hall of Fame and Museum is dedicated to preserving Canada's baseball heritage which dates back to June 4, 1838, when a game which very closely resembled today's game of baseball was played in Beachville, Ontario. The","title":"Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame"},{"id":"1944523","text":"professional football caused by the advent of the American Football League and its success in the final two AFL-NFL World Championship games. In November 1977, work began on another expansion project, costing US$1,200,000. It was completed in November 1978, enlarging the gift shop and research library, while doubling the size of the theater. The total size of the hall was now , more than 2.5 times the original size. The building remained largely unchanged until July 1993. The Hall then announced yet another expansion, costing US$9,200,000, and adding a fifth room. This expansion was completed in October 1995. The building's","title":"Pro Football Hall of Fame"},{"id":"7608551","text":"derby, also called \"skate-out music\", has been a part of the sport since its very beginning. The practice of using a heavy metal theme song to signal the entrance of a relief pitcher began at Qualcomm Stadium in 1998, when the San Diego Padres started playing \"Hells Bells\" by AC/DC to accompany Trevor Hoffman's taking the mound. \"San Jose Mercury News\" and \"ESPN.com\" wrote that the song should be honored by the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. The use of rock and roll for entrance music emerged from the 1989 film, \"Major League\", in which relief pitcher Rick","title":"Entrance music"},{"id":"6290211","text":"candidates were eligible. On December 11, 2003, 10 finalists were announced. In accordance with guidelines established in 2003, seven were chosen by a research committee at the museum: Ken Coleman, Jack Graney, Graham McNamee, Hal Totten, Gene Elston, France Laux and Ty Tyson. Three additional candidates – Joe Nuxhall, Dave Niehaus and Lon Simmons – were selected in voting by over 105,000 fans prior to November 2003 at the Hall's official website . On February 26, Lon Simmons was announced as the 2004 recipient ; an original voice of the San Francisco Giants, as well as an announcer for the","title":"2004 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting"},{"id":"2991081","text":"effort to restore balance, the strike zone was reduced and the height of the pitcher's mound was lowered from 15 to 10 inches (38.1 - 25.4 cm). In 1969, both the National and American Leagues added two more expansion teams, the leagues were reorganized into two divisions each, and a post-season playoff system leading to the World Series was instituted. Also that same year, Curt Flood of the St. Louis Cardinals made the first serious legal challenge to the reserve clause. The major leagues' first general players' strike took place in 1972, delaying the season's start for two weeks. In","title":"History of baseball"},{"id":"350708","text":"Mays. On July 25, 1956, in a 9–8 Pittsburgh win against the Chicago Cubs, Clemente hit the only walk-off inside-the-park grand slam in professional baseball history. On March 20, 1973, the Baseball Writers' Association of America held a special election for the Baseball Hall of Fame. They voted to waive the waiting period for Clemente, due to the circumstances of his death, and posthumously elected him for induction into the Hall of Fame, giving him 393 out of 420 available votes, for 92.7% of the vote. Clemente's Hall of Fame plaque originally had his name as \"Roberto Walker Clemente\" instead","title":"Roberto Clemente"},{"id":"3261754","text":"particular urgency to many who had been anticipating the five promised but unfulfilled selections in that area for over three years. In the BBWAA election, voters were instructed to cast votes for 10 candidates; any candidate receiving votes on at least 75% of the ballots would be honored with induction to the Hall upon its opening in Cooperstown, New York on June 12 of that year. After the Hall's opening, a special election was also held in December. Because the initial goal for the Hall's opening of selecting 10 players from the 20th century had now been met, it was","title":"1939 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting"},{"id":"2360489","text":"yet furnished of the value of the discovery.\" Pud Galvin James Francis \"Pud\" Galvin (December 25, 1856 – March 7, 1902) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher in the 19th century. He was MLB's first 300-game winner and was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1965. Galvin grew up in Kerry Patch, an Irish neighborhood in St. Louis. He debuted for St. Louis of the National Association in , the franchise's inaugural season, and started eight games for the team. He spent the next 6½ seasons with Buffalo in the International Association and later of the National","title":"Pud Galvin"},{"id":"4567219","text":"to the original ceremony only being partially recorded and not originally intended to air, Gene Okerlund and Renee Young host the program with added commentary. Due to Vincent J. McMahon's passing in 1984, he was posthumously inducted by the McMahon family. ! class=\"unsortable\"| Image ! Ring name(Birth Name) ! Inducted by ! class=\"unsortable\"| WWE recognized accolades WWE Hall of Fame The WWE Hall of Fame is a hall of fame for professional wrestlers and professional wrestling personalities maintained by WWE. The 1994 and 1995 ceremonies were held in conjunction with the annual King of the Ring pay-per-view events. In 1996,","title":"WWE Hall of Fame"},{"id":"18511560","text":"Kapler, Mike Lamb, Jason LaRue, Ron Mahay, Dámaso Marte, Gary Matthews Jr., Gil Meche, Brian Moehler, Chad Moeller, Bengie Molina, Russ Ortiz, Chan Ho Park, Jay Payton, Mike Redmond, Juan Rincón, David Riske, Scott Schoeneweis, Scot Shields, Russ Springer, Fernando Tatís, Jeff Weaver and Gregg Zaun. In keeping with the voting procedure by eras, the BBWAA-appointed Historical Overview Committee, made up of 11 BBWAA members, identified ten Pre-Integration candidates who were judged to have made their greatest contributions from the origins of the sport to the end of baseball's color line in 1947. This era was previously under consideration in","title":"2016 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting"},{"id":"1003585","text":"generate publicity and to demonstrate how the Walk would eventually look. The other seven names were Olive Borden, Ronald Colman, Louise Fazenda, Preston Foster, Burt Lancaster, Edward Sedgwick, and Ernest Torrence. Official groundbreaking took place on February 8, 1960. On March 28, 1960, the first permanent star, director Stanley Kramer's, was completed on the easternmost end of the new Walk near the intersection of Hollywood and Gower. The Joanne Woodward legend may have originated, according to one source, because she was the first to pose with her star for photographers. Though the Walk was originally conceived in part to encourage","title":"Hollywood Walk of Fame"},{"id":"13834677","text":"up to three inductees have been voted into the Hall annually. As of 2018, 122 individuals have been inducted into the International League Hall of Fame. International League Hall of Fame The International League Hall of Fame is an American baseball hall of fame which honors players, managers, and executives of the International League (IL). It was created by the International League Baseball Writers' Association in 1947 to honor those individuals who made significant contributions to the league. The Hall of Fame inducted its first class of nine former players, managers, and league officials in 1947. A plaque was unveiled","title":"International League Hall of Fame"},{"id":"496027","text":"of MLB. The early years of the NL were tumultuous, with threats from rival leagues and a rebellion by players against the hated \"reserve clause\", which restricted the free movement of players between clubs. Competitor leagues formed regularly and also disbanded regularly. The most successful was the American Association (1882–1891), sometimes called the \"beer and whiskey league\" for its tolerance of the sale of alcoholic beverages to spectators. For several years, the NL and American Association champions met in a postseason championship series—the first attempt at a World Series. The two leagues merged in 1892 as a single 12-team NL,","title":"Major League Baseball"},{"id":"2991183","text":"the Baseball Hall of Fame declares he set the bases 90 feet apart and established nine innings as a game and nine players as a team. He did none of these things, and every other word of substance on his plaque is false.\" His authorship may have been exaggerated in a modern attempt to identify a single inventor of the game, and heavily advanced by a relentless public-relations campaign by his son and grandson. The 1845 Rules themselves are signed by the \"Committee on By-Laws\", William R. Wheaton and William H. Tucker. There is evidence that these rules had been","title":"Origins of baseball"},{"id":"496048","text":"wishes of Ford Frick, the Commissioner of Baseball. The dual moves were successful for both franchises—and for MLB. The Dodgers set a single-game MLB attendance record in their first home appearance with 78,672 fans. In 1961, the first Washington Senators franchise moved to Minneapolis–St. Paul to become the Minnesota Twins. Two new teams were added to the American League at the same time: the Los Angeles Angels (who soon moved from downtown L.A. to nearby Anaheim) and a new Washington Senators franchise. The NL added the Houston Astros and the New York Mets in 1962. The Astros (known as the","title":"Major League Baseball"},{"id":"5480314","text":"1988. He was succeeded by Edgar Scherick, who in turn passed the reins to Norman Lear. The first ceremony in 1984 celebrated the careers of Lucille Ball, Milton Berle, Paddy Chayefsky, Norman Lear, Edward R. Murrow, William S. Paley and David Sarnoff. The honorees received glass statuettes in the form of two ballet dancers that were created by sculptor and painter Pascal to reflect the self-discipline required in all facets of the arts. Since 1988, inductees have brought home an award in the form of a crystal television screen atop a cast-bronze base. The new awards were designed by art","title":"Television Hall of Fame"},{"id":"3124827","text":"during the season. After the Association folded, the Orioles joined the National League in 1892. The beginnings of what was to become a legendary team can be traced to June 1892, when Harry Von der Horst hired Ned Hanlon to manage the Orioles, giving him stock in the team and full authority over baseball operations. Ned moved his growing family to a house that stood a block away from Union Park. After two years finishing near the bottom of the league, the Orioles won three consecutive pennants with several future Hall of Famers under player/manager Ned Hanlon from 1894 to","title":"Baltimore Orioles (1882–99)"},{"id":"13834676","text":"a traveling display which visits a number of the league's ballparks each season. From 1949 through 1960, the league inducted up to three new members each year. Only one member was inducted annually from 1961 to 1963. After the cessation of the league's Baseball Writers' Association, the Hall of Fame became dormant from 1964 to 2006. The Hall was reestablished in 2007 to commemorate the League's 125th season of play in 2008. Two new members were inducted in 2007, and plans were made to elect up to 28, 14, and 7 inductees, respectively, over the next three years. Since 2011,","title":"International League Hall of Fame"},{"id":"5751535","text":"Monday night. Starting in 2006, it was moved to Sunday night, coinciding with the new \"NBC Sunday Night Football\" television package. The 2007 game was telecast on NFL Network, as NBC was intending to televise the China Bowl game in Beijing, China (a game which was postponed to 2009 and later canceled). The Hall of Fame Game has since bounced between both networks. The 2012 game aired on NFL Network due to NBC's coverage of the Summer Olympics. After a two-year absence, the game returned to NBC in 2013 and remained on the network until 2015. The 2016 game was","title":"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game"},{"id":"3562656","text":"who later said that Chase admitted to throwing a game. A few months later, he tore both Achilles tendons in a car accident. He later drifted to Mexico, where in 1925 he began making plans to organize a professional league. When American League president Ban Johnson got word of it, however, he pressured Mexican authorities to deport Chase. Despite his unsavory past, Chase received a certain amount of National Baseball Hall of Fame support early in its history. During the inaugural Hall of Fame balloting of 1936, Chase garnered 11 votes and was named on 4.9% of the ballots. This","title":"Hal Chase"},{"id":"496012","text":"Major League Baseball Major League Baseball (MLB) is a professional baseball organization, the oldest of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. A total of 30 teams play in the National League (NL) and American League (AL), with 15 teams in each league. The NL and AL were formed as separate legal entities in 1876 and 1901 respectively. After cooperating but remaining legally separate entities beginning in 1903, the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball in 2000. The organization also oversees Minor League Baseball, which comprises 256 teams affiliated","title":"Major League Baseball"},{"id":"6519556","text":"football to a Chinese audience\". In 2016, two clubs were honoured: Cambridge University, for their unofficial claim to be the world's oldest club; some documents in their archive suggest a foundation year of 1856, the year before Sheffield began, and Notts County for their status as the world's oldest club currently playing at a professional level; founded in 1862. Team awards were introduced in 2008, as part of a one-off European Hall of Fame ceremony. Manchester United and Liverpool's European Cup winning sides of 1968 and 1978 were the first teams inducted. In 2009, Manchester United's Busby Babes squad of","title":"English Football Hall of Fame"},{"id":"48353","text":"put Jackson in the Hall of Fame to \"those women who show up at murder trials wanting to marry the cute murderer\". In 2012, Congress passed and President Barack Obama signed a law ordering the United States Mint to produce and sell commemorative, non-circulating coins to benefit the private, non-profit Hall. The bill, , was introduced in the United States House of Representatives by Rep. Richard Hanna, a Republican from New York, and passed the House on October 26, 2011. The coins, which depict baseball gloves and balls, are the first concave designs produced by the Mint. The mintage included","title":"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"},{"id":"1944520","text":"Pro Football Hall of Fame The Pro Football Hall of Fame is the hall of fame for professional American football, located in Canton, Ohio. Opened in 1963, the Hall of Fame enshrines exceptional figures in the sport of professional football, including players, coaches, franchise owners, and front-office personnel, almost all of whom made their primary contributions to the game in the National Football League (NFL); the Hall inducts between four and eight new enshrinees each year. The Hall of Fame's Mission is to \"Honor the Heroes of the Game, Preserve its History, Promote its Values & Celebrate Excellence EVERYWHERE.\" With","title":"Pro Football Hall of Fame"},{"id":"14545507","text":"Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame The Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame (\"Salón de la Fama del Béisbol Cubano\") is a hall of fame that honors eminent baseball players from Cuban baseball. Established in 1939 to honor players, managers, and umpires in the pre-revolution Cuban League, by 1961 it had honored 68 players, managers, and umpires whose names are shown on a marble plaque at Havana's Estadio Latinoamericano. After the revolution, however, the Hall of Fame languished for more than 50 years, seldom mentioned or acknowledged and with no new inductees. Following a campaign led by Cuban filmmaker Ian Padrón, a","title":"Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame"},{"id":"749025","text":"the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1999 on the first ballot and is the only player in MLB history to win a batting title in three different decades. Brett was named the Royals' interim hitting coach in 2013 on May 30, but stepped down from the position on July 25 in order to resume his position of vice president of baseball operations. Born in Glen Dale, West Virginia, Brett was the youngest of four sons of a sports-minded family which included Ken, the second oldest, a major league pitcher who pitched in the 1967 World Series at age 19. Brothers","title":"George Brett"},{"id":"1937927","text":"1945, no MLB All-Star Game was held and no All-Stars were officially named. In 1947, fans were given the opportunity to vote on the eight starting position players, but in 1957, fans of the Cincinnati Reds stuffed the ballot box (see below), and elected a Red to every position except first base. Commissioner Ford Frick stepped in and removed two Reds from the lineup. As a response to this unfairness, fan voting was discontinued; players, coaches, and managers were given the sole authority to elect starting position players, for the next dozen years. Between the lack of fan input and","title":"Major League Baseball All-Star Game"},{"id":"4388695","text":"eligible. On December 13, 2004, 10 finalists were announced. In accordance with guidelines established in 2003, seven were chosen by a research committee at the museum: Jerry Coleman, Ken Coleman, Dizzy Dean, Gene Elston, Tony Kubek, France Laux and Graham McNamee. Three additional candidates – Dave Niehaus, Tom Cheek and Ron Santo – were selected in voting by over 65,000 fans prior to November 2004 at the Hall's official website . On February 22, Jerry Coleman was announced as the 2005 recipient ; a former major league infielder and the voice of the San Diego Padres almost continuously since 1972,","title":"2005 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting"},{"id":"3578568","text":"balls. In 1925, the minimum distance for a home run was made 250 feet. After that, the rules remained virtually static for decades. In 1961, the 162-game schedule was adopted. In 1969, the pitcher's mound was dropped five inches and the strike zone reduced: from the armpits to the top of the knees. In 1973, the American League adopted the designated hitter rule—rejected to this day by the National League. This was probably the most controversial rule change in baseball's history, and is still subject to lively debate. Also controversial when adopted, although more generally accepted now, was the later","title":"Baseball rules"},{"id":"49489","text":"two years later. The next week, Ruth went to Cooperstown, New York, for the formal opening of the Baseball Hall of Fame. Three years earlier, he was one of the first five players elected to the hall. As radio broadcasts of baseball games became popular, Ruth sought a job in that field, arguing that his celebrity and knowledge of baseball would assure large audiences, but he received no offers. During World War II, he made many personal appearances to advance the war effort, including his last appearance as a player at Yankee Stadium, in a 1943 exhibition for the Army-Navy","title":"Babe Ruth"},{"id":"20591829","text":"to fans at the team store or on the MLB online store, and for sale to retailers and other marketers of authenticated MLB merchandise. Occasionally items are sent for inclusion in the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. In 2001 MLB Properties contracted with the Arthur Andersen accounting firm to oversee and authenticate private autographing sessions for balls, bats, base pads, and other items. The Deloitte & Touche accounting firm took over this role in 2002. Major League Baseball Authentication Program The Major League Baseball Authentication Program, or MLB Authentication Program, is a program run by Major League Baseball","title":"Major League Baseball Authentication Program"},{"id":"16676998","text":"dramas \"All My Children\" and \"One Life to Live\". The song was covered on the \"Glee\" episode \"All or Nothing\". \"\" used it as the theme song in the opening credits. The song was also published in the ads section for NBC's primetime drama, \"Chicago Fire\". The song has also been used as the theme song for Impact Wrestling and WWE's Hall of Fame ceremonies. It has also been used at recent Arena Football League and National Football League Hall Of Fame Games. The song was used in a 2014 Omega SA commercial featuring professional golfer Rory McIlroy. In 2016,","title":"Hall of Fame (song)"},{"id":"332630","text":"generally thought to have favored batters. His dominance, reflected by modern statistics, has led many to consider Martinez as one of the greatest pitchers in MLB history. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2015, his first year of eligibility, joining Juan Marichal as the second Dominican to be enshrined; his number (45) was retired by the Red Sox in a ceremony two days after his Hall induction. Martínez grew up in the Dominican Republic in the Santo Domingo suburb of Manoguayabo. He was the fifth of six siblings living in a palm wood house with a","title":"Pedro Martínez"},{"id":"15241296","text":"finalists were announced on October 5, 2011. In accord with guidelines established in 2003, seven were chosen by a committee composed of the living recipients along with broadcasting historians and columnists. Three were selected from a list of candidates by fan voting in September 2011 at the Hall's Facebook page. Five candidates were living when the ballot was announced—the active McCarver, Nadel, and Shannon; and the retired Cárdenas and Doucet. On December 7, Tim McCarver, the lead analyst for \"Major League Baseball on Fox\" since , was named as the recipient. A catcher in MLB for 22 years, mostly with","title":"2012 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting"},{"id":"12910730","text":"1963 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting Elections to the Baseball Hall of Fame for 1963 followed a system established for odd-number years after the 1956 election. Namely, the baseball writers were voting on recent players only in even-number years. The Veterans Committee met in closed sessions to consider executives, managers, umpires, and earlier major league players. It selected four people: 19th-century 300-game winner John Clarkson, turn-of-the-century outfielder Elmer Flick, 266-game winner Eppa Rixey, and outfielder Sam Rice, who had 2987 career hits. Following the death of J. G. Taylor Spink in December, the Baseball Writers Association of America inaugurated the","title":"1963 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting"},{"id":"19256081","text":"and Chris Woodward. 442 ballots were cast, 2 more than in 2016. Jeff Bagwell, Tim Raines and Iván Rodríguez were elected. Raines and Lee Smith were on the ballot for their final time; Smith dropped off the ballot, while Raines was the fifth player to be elected in his final ballot, after Red Ruffing, Joe Medwick, Ralph Kiner, and Jim Rice. Rodríguez was elected in his first year of eligibility. Voting results from 2017: On July 23, 2016, the Hall of Fame announced changes to the Era Committee system. The system's timeframes were restructured to place a greater emphasis on","title":"2017 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting"},{"id":"1967365","text":"new Busch Stadium for its first season in 2006, where it became a popular meeting place for generations of Cardinals fans. Musial's statue is inscribed with a quote attributed to former baseball commissioner Ford Frick: \"Here stands baseball's perfect warrior. Here stands baseball's perfect knight.\" Musial was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility in , when he was named on 93.2 percent of the ballots. On June 14, 1973 he was the first inductee into the National Polish-American Hall of Fame, housed at St. Mary's College in Orchard Lake, Michigan. In 1989, he","title":"Stan Musial"},{"id":"10267925","text":"manager, and sportswriter that lent credibility to his assertion that Cooperstown, New York be the location for a \"memorial\" to the great players from the past. Cooperstown was, at the time, the place that many people believed where Abner Doubleday had invented the game of baseball. It was this idea of a memorial that eventually led to the creation of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in . Crane died at the age of 71 of pneumonia in New York City, and is interred at the Lutheran All Faith Cemetery in Middle Village, New York. Sam Crane (second","title":"Sam Crane (second baseman)"},{"id":"14399289","text":"1961 Major League Baseball All-Star Game (first game) The first 1961 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was played in Candlestick Park in San Francisco on July 11, 1961. The National League scored two runs in the bottom of the tenth inning to win 5–4. Stu Miller was the winning pitcher and Hoyt Wilhelm was charged with the loss. Players in \"italics\" have since been inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame. Umpires: Stan Landes, Home Plate (NL); Frank Umont, First Base (AL); Shag Crawford, Second Base (NL); Ed Runge, Third Base (AL); Ed Vargo, Left Field (NL); Cal Drummond,","title":"1961 Major League Baseball All-Star Game (first game)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"41795\",\n \"text\": \"1930, but baseball was hit hard by the Great Depression and in 1933 the average fell below five thousand for the only time between the wars. 1933 also saw the introduction of the All-Star game, a mid-season break in which the greatest players in each league play against one another in a hard-fought but officially meaningless demonstration game. In 1936 the Baseball Hall of Fame was instituted and five players elected: Ty Cobb, Walter Johnson, Christy Mathewson, Babe Ruth and Honus Wagner. The Hall formally opened in 1939. In 1941, a year which saw the premature death of Lou Gehrig,\",\n \"title\": \"History of baseball in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15858153\",\n \"text\": \"San Diego Padres Hall of Fame The San Diego Padres are an American professional baseball team in Major League Baseball (MLB) based in San Diego, California. The club was founded in 1969 as part of the league's expansion. The team's hall of fame, created in 1999 to honor the club's 30th anniversary, recognizes players, coaches, and executives who have made key contributions to the franchise. Voting is conducted by a 35-member committee. Candidates typically must wait at least two years after retiring to be eligible for induction, though Tony Gwynn was selected during his final season in 2001 before the\",\n \"title\": \"San Diego Padres Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4567215\",\n \"text\": \"2008, then as a member of The Four Horsemen in 2012. WWF Hall of Fame (1993) was the inaugural class of the WWE Hall of Fame. It was announced on the March 22, 1993 episode of \\\"Monday Night Raw\\\" where André the Giant, who had died nearly two months prior, was announced as the sole inductee. During the episode of \\\"Monday Night Raw\\\" a video package announcing his induction was shown. No ceremony took place, and André was inducted posthumously. In March 2015 a condensed version of the 1994 ceremony was added to the WWE Network. Due to no original\",\n \"title\": \"WWE Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2991075\",\n \"text\": \"hitter of the new era, helped permanently alter the nature of the game. The club with which Ruth set most of his slugging records, the New York Yankees, built a reputation as the majors' premier team. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, St. Louis Cardinals general manager Branch Rickey invested in several minor league clubs and developed the first modern \\\"farm system\\\". A new Negro National League was organized in 1933; four years later, it was joined by the Negro American League. The first elections to the National Baseball Hall of Fame took place in 1936. In 1939 Little\",\n \"title\": \"History of baseball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"41699\",\n \"text\": \"traveled farther when hit. The rise of the legendary player Babe Ruth, the first great power hitter of the new era, helped permanently alter the nature of the game. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, St. Louis Cardinals general manager Branch Rickey invested in several minor league clubs and developed the first modern farm system. A new Negro National League was organized in 1933; four years later, it was joined by the Negro American League. The first elections to the National Baseball Hall of Fame took place in 1936. In 1939, Little League Baseball was founded in Pennsylvania. A\",\n \"title\": \"Baseball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"48323\",\n \"text\": \"and Museum, similarly to Canton for the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio. The Hall of Fame was established in 1939 by Stephen Carlton Clark, the owner of a local hotel. Clark had sought to bring tourists to a city hurt by the Great Depression, which reduced the local tourist trade, and Prohibition, which devastated the local hops industry. A new building was constructed, and the Hall of Fame was dedicated on June 12, 1939. (Clark's granddaughter, Jane Forbes Clark, is the current chairman of the Board of Directors.) The erroneous claim that Civil War hero Abner Doubleday\",\n \"title\": \"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5040342\",\n \"text\": \"WCW Hall of Fame The World Championship Wrestling (WCW) Hall of Fame was an American professional wrestling hall of fame maintained by World Championship Wrestling (WCW). It was established in 1993 to honor wrestlers who began their careers long before the 1990s, mostly alumni of the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) and Jim Crockett Promotions (JCP), the predecessors of WCW. Inductees received commemorative plaques that had their names & portraits inscribed on it. Wrestlers were inducted by Gordon Solie, a senior announcer in professional wrestling, and received their plaque during the \\\"Legends Reunion\\\" segment at WCW's May pay-per-view event, Slamboree. The\",\n \"title\": \"WCW Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4567212\",\n \"text\": \"WWE Hall of Fame The WWE Hall of Fame is a hall of fame for professional wrestlers and professional wrestling personalities maintained by WWE. The 1994 and 1995 ceremonies were held in conjunction with the annual King of the Ring pay-per-view events. In 1996, the ceremony was held with the Survivor Series event, for the first time in front of a paying audience as well as the wrestlers, after which, the Hall of Fame went on hiatus. In 2004, WWE relaunched the Hall of Fame to coincide with WrestleMania XX. This ceremony, like its predecessors, was not broadcast on television.\",\n \"title\": \"WWE Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"48326\",\n \"text\": \"Ruth, Honus Wagner, Christy Mathewson and Walter Johnson, chosen in 1936; roughly 20 more were selected before the entire group was inducted at the Hall's 1939 opening. , 323 people had been elected to the Hall of Fame, including 226 former Major League Baseball players, 35 Negro league baseball players and executives, 22 managers, 10 umpires, and 30 pioneers, executives, and organizers. 114 members of the Hall of Fame have been inducted posthumously, including four who died after their selection was announced. Of the 35 Negro league members, 29 were inducted posthumously, including all 24 selected since the 1990s. The\",\n \"title\": \"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"695637\",\n \"text\": \"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located on the shore of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, recognizes and archives the history of the best-known and most influential artists, producers, engineers, and other notable figures who have had some major influence on the development of rock and roll. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation was established on April 20, 1983, by Atlantic Records founder and chairman Ahmet Ertegun. In 1986, Cleveland was chosen as the Hall of Fame's permanent home. Founder Ahmet Ertegun assembled a team that included attorney Suzan Evans,\",\n \"title\": \"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5040343\",\n \"text\": \"WCW Hall of Fame was the second hall of fame established to honor professional wrestlers, after the creation of the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) Hall of Fame in February 1993. After the 1995 Hall of Fame ceremony, WCW stopped the production of the Hall of Fame without a formal announcement. In 2001, after WCW filed for bankruptcy, the WWF acquired all of its assets; this led to the formal stoppage of the WCW Hall of Fame. The WWF, however, stopped producing its Hall of Fame ceremony after 1996. In 2004, World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), the WWF's successor, reinstated the WWE\",\n \"title\": \"WCW Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"48331\",\n \"text\": \"death on New Year's Eve, 1972. The five-year waiting period was established in 1954 after an evolutionary process. In 1936 all players were eligible, including active ones. From the 1937 election until the 1945 election, there was no waiting period, so any retired player was eligible, but writers were discouraged from voting for current major leaguers. Since there was no formal rule preventing a writer from casting a ballot for an active player, the scribes did not always comply with the informal guideline; Joe DiMaggio received a vote in 1945, for example. From the 1946 election until the 1954 election,\",\n \"title\": \"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2055740\",\n \"text\": \"Ford Frick Ford Christopher Frick (December 19, 1894 – April 8, 1978) was an American sportswriter and baseball executive. After working as a teacher and as a sportswriter for the \\\"New York American\\\", he served as public relations director of the National League (NL), then as the league's president from to . He was the third Commissioner of Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1951 to . While Frick was NL president, he had a major role in the establishment of the Baseball Hall of Fame as a museum that honors the best players in baseball history. He extinguished threats of\",\n \"title\": \"Ford Frick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1937912\",\n \"text\": \"teams; in 1945, the scheduled All-Star Game was cancelled due to travel restrictions during World War II and no players were officially named. From 1959 through 1962, All-Stars played in two All-Star Games each season. On January 29, 1936, Babe Ruth became the first of the original thirty-six All-Stars to be inducted in the National Baseball Hall of Fame; twenty original All-Stars are enshrined in the Hall of Fame. Hank Aaron holds the record for the most All-Star namings (21) and the most All-Star Game appearances (25). In 2017, each All-Star team had 32 players, with fans voting for the\",\n \"title\": \"Major League Baseball All-Star Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13834675\",\n \"text\": \"International League Hall of Fame The International League Hall of Fame is an American baseball hall of fame which honors players, managers, and executives of the International League (IL). It was created by the International League Baseball Writers' Association in 1947 to honor those individuals who made significant contributions to the league. The Hall of Fame inducted its first class of nine former players, managers, and league officials in 1947. A plaque was unveiled at the IL's New York City offices located in the Ruppert Building at 535 Fifth Avenue. Today, the plaque has no permanent home, but exists as\",\n \"title\": \"International League Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16691441\",\n \"text\": \"(ages 4–18), Bambino Buddy Ball (ages 5–20), and Xtreme Fastpitch (ages 6–18). Baseball Hall of Fame inductees who played Babe Ruth League include Carl Yastrzemski, Joe Morgan, Jim Palmer, Rod Carew, George Brett, Nolan Ryan, Cal Ripken, Jr., Frank Thomas, Randy Johnson, John Smoltz, and Mike Piazza. In 1951, ten men, who believed that the future of their community depended upon the proper development of the young people, met at the historic Yardville Hotel in Hamilton, New Jersey, for the purpose of developing a baseball program for young men between 13 and 15 years of age. Babe Ruth League, Inc.\",\n \"title\": \"Babe Ruth League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"48327\",\n \"text\": \"Hall of Fame includes one female member, Effa Manley. The newest members elected on January 24, 2018, are players Chipper Jones, Jim Thome, Vladimir Guerrero, and Trevor Hoffman. They were officially inducted on July 29, 2018, alongside players Jack Morris and Alan Trammell. Players are currently inducted into the Hall of Fame through election by either the Baseball Writers' Association of America (or BBWAA), or the Veterans Committee, which now consists of four subcommittees, each of which considers and votes for candidates from a separate era of baseball. Five years after retirement, any player with 10 years of major league\",\n \"title\": \"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"48322\",\n \"text\": \"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum is an American history museum and hall of fame, located in Cooperstown, New York, and operated by private interests. It serves as the central point for the study of the history of baseball in the United States and beyond, displays baseball-related artifacts and exhibits, and honors those who have excelled in playing, managing, and serving the sport. The Hall's motto is \\\"Preserving History, Honoring Excellence, Connecting Generations.\\\" The word Cooperstown is often used as shorthand (or a metonym) for the National Baseball Hall of Fame\",\n \"title\": \"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"695638\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Rolling Stone\\\" magazine editor and publisher Jann S. Wenner, attorney Allen Grubman, and record executives Seymour Stein, Bob Krasnow, and Noreen Woods. The Foundation began inducting artists in 1986, but the Hall of Fame still had no home. The search committee considered several cities, including Philadelphia (home of Bill Haley and \\\"American Bandstand\\\"), Memphis (home of Sun Studios and Stax Records), Detroit (home of Motown Records), Cincinnati (home of King Records), New York City, and Cleveland. Cleveland lobbied for the museum, citing that WJW disc jockey Alan Freed both coined the term \\\"rock and roll\\\" and heavily promoted the new\",\n \"title\": \"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10484617\",\n \"text\": \"Hispanic Heritage Baseball Museum The Hispanic Heritage Baseball Museum Hall of Fame was founded in the Mission District in San Francisco, California on October 24, 1998, and Incorporated as a 501c3 non-profit organization on June 23, 1999 in Sacramento, California by Gabriel \\\"Tito\\\" Avila, Jr. a former Semi-pro, Sandlot, High School, College player and a Vietnam Era Veteran from New York City and San Francisco resident who wanted to honor the greatest Hispanic Baseball position players of all time. The HHBMHOF is International and dedicated to recognizing the contributions made to baseball by Hispanic players. Since its inception, the HHBMHOF\",\n \"title\": \"Hispanic Heritage Baseball Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2055756\",\n \"text\": \"DePauw University Athletic Hall of Fame. Ford Frick Ford Christopher Frick (December 19, 1894 – April 8, 1978) was an American sportswriter and baseball executive. After working as a teacher and as a sportswriter for the \\\"New York American\\\", he served as public relations director of the National League (NL), then as the league's president from to . He was the third Commissioner of Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1951 to . While Frick was NL president, he had a major role in the establishment of the Baseball Hall of Fame as a museum that honors the best players in\",\n \"title\": \"Ford Frick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5040344\",\n \"text\": \"Hall of Fame, which included inductees that were alumni of WWE, NWA, JCP, and WCW. The first Hall of Fame ceremony was held on May 23, 1993 at Slamboree 1993 at The Omni in Atlanta, Georgia. The first wrestler inducted into the Hall of Fame was Lou Thesz, along with Verne Gagne and Mr. Wrestling II. Eddie Graham was also inducted that year; he was the first posthumous inductee into the Hall of Fame. During the following Hall of Fame ceremony on May 22, 1994 at Slamboree 1994 at Civic Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Harley Race led the Class of\",\n \"title\": \"WCW Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13834693\",\n \"text\": \"Pacific Coast League Hall of Fame The Pacific Coast League Hall of Fame is an American baseball hall of fame which honors players, managers, and executives of the Pacific Coast League (PCL). It was created by the Helms Athletic Foundation of Los Angeles in 1942 to honor those individuals who made significant contributions to the league's ideals. The Hall of Fame inducted its first class in 1943. A special Hall of Fame room was set up at Los Angeles' Wrigley Field on June 27, 1943. After the 1957 death of founder and main supporter Paul Helms and the arrival of\",\n \"title\": \"Pacific Coast League Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"48324\",\n \"text\": \"invented baseball in Cooperstown was instrumental in the early marketing of the Hall. An expanded library and research facility opened in 1994. Dale Petroskey became the organization's president in 1999. In 2002, the Hall launched \\\"Baseball As America\\\", a traveling exhibit that toured ten American museums over six years. The Hall of Fame has since also sponsored educational programming on the Internet to bring the Hall of Fame to schoolchildren who might not visit. The Hall and Museum completed a series of renovations in spring 2005. The Hall of Fame also presents an annual exhibit at FanFest at the Major\",\n \"title\": \"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5213672\",\n \"text\": \"the launch of interleague play, further reducing the game's cachet. On January 29, 2008, Major League Baseball announced that the final Hall of Fame Game would be played on June 16, 2008 between the Chicago Cubs and San Diego Padres, citing \\\"the inherent challenges\\\" of scheduling teams in the modern day as the reason for ending the annual contest. However, the contest was canceled on account of rain. In November 2008, the Hall of Fame and the MLB Players Alumni Association announced the creation of the Hall of Fame Classic, an exhibition game involving Hall of Famers and other retired\",\n \"title\": \"Doubleday Field\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15858157\",\n \"text\": \"(PCL). On the same day the plaza opened, the Padres inducted San Diego native Ted Williams into their hall of fame. He played for the PCL Padres in 1936 and 1937, and is also a member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame. The Hall of Fame Plaza at Petco originally was to be named in honor of then-MLB commissioner Bud Selig, but the Padres reconsidered after negative reaction from the media and fans. Plans for the plaza also included eventual statues of Padres greats. San Diego Padres Hall of Fame The San Diego Padres are an American professional baseball\",\n \"title\": \"San Diego Padres Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"695643\",\n \"text\": \"m) due to its proximity to Burke Lakefront Airport. The building's base is approximately 150,000 square feet (14,000 m2). The groundbreaking ceremony took place on June 7, 1993. Pete Townshend, Chuck Berry, Billy Joel, Sam Phillips, Ruth Brown, Sam Moore of Sam and Dave, Carl Gardner of the Coasters and Dave Pirner of Soul Asylum all appeared at the groundbreaking. The museum was dedicated on September 1, 1995, with the ribbon being cut by an ensemble that included Yoko Ono and Little Richard, among others, before a crowd of more than 10,000 people. The following night an all-star concert was\",\n \"title\": \"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"369842\",\n \"text\": \"San Diego Padres on July 15, 1999. There were 44,607 people in attendance that night. Seattle Mariners former chairman and CEO John Ellis announced on June 14, 1997 the creation of a Mariners Hall of Fame. It is operated by the Seattle Mariners organization. It honors the players, staff and other individuals that greatly contributed to the history and success of the Mariners franchise. It is located at the Baseball Museum of the Pacific Northwest in Safeco Field. The Mariners plan to retire uniform numbers only very selectively and subject to substantially higher expectations than those applied to the Mariners'\",\n \"title\": \"Seattle Mariners\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2360483\",\n \"text\": \"Pud Galvin James Francis \\\"Pud\\\" Galvin (December 25, 1856 – March 7, 1902) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher in the 19th century. He was MLB's first 300-game winner and was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1965. Galvin grew up in Kerry Patch, an Irish neighborhood in St. Louis. He debuted for St. Louis of the National Association in , the franchise's inaugural season, and started eight games for the team. He spent the next 6½ seasons with Buffalo in the International Association and later of the National League. In his first full MLB season in\",\n \"title\": \"Pud Galvin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13721977\",\n \"text\": \"Seattle Mariners Hall of Fame The Seattle Mariners Hall of Fame is an American museum and hall of fame. It is located at Safeco Field in the SoDo district of downtown Seattle. Seattle Mariners former chairman and CEO John Ellis announced on June 14, 1997 the creation of a Mariners Hall of Fame. It is operated by the Seattle Mariners organization. It honors the players, staff, and other individuals that greatly contributed to the history and success of the Mariners franchise. It is located at the Baseball Museum of the Pacific Northwest in Safeco Field. Inductees are selected on the\",\n \"title\": \"Seattle Mariners Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"48342\",\n \"text\": \"in 2010 for 2011 induction, with longtime general manager Pat Gillick becoming the first individual elected under the new procedure. The Golden Era committee voted in 2011 for the induction class of 2012, with Ron Santo becoming the first player elected under the new procedure. The Pre-Integration Era committee voted in 2012 for the induction class of 2013, electing three figures. Subsequent elections rotated among the three committees in that order through the 2016 election. In July 2016, however, the Hall of Fame announced a restructuring of the timeframes to be considered, with a much greater emphasis on modern eras.\",\n \"title\": \"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"48325\",\n \"text\": \"League Baseball All-Star Game. Jeff Idelson replaced Petroskey as president on April 16, 2008. He had been acting as president since March 25, 2008, when Petroskey was forced to resign for having \\\"failed to exercise proper fiduciary responsibility\\\" and making \\\"judgments that were not in the best interest of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum.\\\" Among baseball fans, \\\"Hall of Fame\\\" means not only the museum and facility in Cooperstown, New York, but the pantheon of players, managers, umpires, executives, and pioneers who have been enshrined in the Hall. The first five men elected were Ty Cobb, Babe\",\n \"title\": \"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2055746\",\n \"text\": \"ability, good habits and strong character. He asserted that he was not aware of a case in which race had played a role in the selection of a major league player. In the late 1930s, Frick played a central role in establishing the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown, New York. He gathered a team of representatives from the major news wire services, including Davis Walsh of the International News Service, Alan J. Gould of the Associated Press, and Henry L. Farrell of United Press International. They took the idea to the Baseball Writers Association of America\",\n \"title\": \"Ford Frick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"48335\",\n \"text\": \"the new process is available below. From 2008 to 2010, following changes made by the Hall in July 2007, the main Veterans Committee, then made up of living Hall of Famers, voted only on players whose careers began in 1943 or later. These changes also established three separate committees to select other figures: Players of the Negro Leagues have also been considered at various times, beginning in 1971. In 2005 the Hall completed a study on African American players between the late 19th century and the integration of the major leagues in 1947, and conducted a special election for such\",\n \"title\": \"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14819230\",\n \"text\": \"meet the demand for Major League teams. Later, another venue, Sam Guinn Field was built in 1933 at 497 Crescent Avenue to host Negro League spring training. The original playing field was estimated to be between 500–600 feet to center field. In 1910, the original grandstand was demolished and home plate moved, giving the field shorter dimensions. In 1938, the right field fence was heightened by 15-feet because right field distance was only 260 feet. Over 130 Major League Baseball Hall of Fame players, including Babe Ruth, Cy Young, Cap Anson, Honus Wagner, Ty Cobb, Tris Speaker, Walter Johnson, Rogers\",\n \"title\": \"Ban Johnson Park\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6041899\",\n \"text\": \"Henry Mitchell MacCracken, Chancellor of New York University, was the originator of The Hall of Fame. It was the first hall of fame in the United States. \\\"Fame\\\" here means \\\"renown\\\" (rather than today's more common meaning of \\\"celebrity\\\"). Chancellor MacCracken acknowledged inspiration from the Ruhmeshalle (Hall of Fame) in Munich, Germany. Other monuments of a similar purpose had been built earlier. King Ludwig I of Bavaria actually built two: a Walhalla Ruhmes- und Ehrenhalle near Regensburg, Germany, completed in 1842, and a \\\"Ruhmeshalle auf der Anhöhe\\\" (Bavarian Hall of Fame), in Munich, completed in 1853. Chancellor McCracken described the\",\n \"title\": \"Hall of Fame for Great Americans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19256086\",\n \"text\": \"2016 All-Star break. On December 6, during the 2016 winter meetings, Smith was named as the 2017 recipient. She received 272 of a possible 449 votes (with three ballots left blank). At the time of announcement, Smith was ESPN's news editor for remote production, with chief responsibility for incorporating news and analysis in the network's MLB-related broadcasts, as well as \\\"SportsCenter\\\". She became the first African-American woman, and the first woman of any ethnicity, to regularly cover MLB for a newspaper when she began covering the New York Yankees for \\\"The Hartford Courant\\\" in 1983. Smith went from there to\",\n \"title\": \"2017 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13721998\",\n \"text\": \"was inducted into the Mariners Hall of Fame on August 8, 2015. Seattle Mariners Hall of Fame The Seattle Mariners Hall of Fame is an American museum and hall of fame. It is located at Safeco Field in the SoDo district of downtown Seattle. Seattle Mariners former chairman and CEO John Ellis announced on June 14, 1997 the creation of a Mariners Hall of Fame. It is operated by the Seattle Mariners organization. It honors the players, staff, and other individuals that greatly contributed to the history and success of the Mariners franchise. It is located at the Baseball Museum\",\n \"title\": \"Seattle Mariners Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6005339\",\n \"text\": \"Stephen Carlton Clark Stephen Carlton Clark (August 29, 1882 – September 17, 1960) was an American art collector, businessman, newspaper publisher and philanthropist. He founded the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York. Clark was the youngest of the four sons of Alfred Corning Clark and Elizabeth Scriven. His grandfather, Edward Cabot Clark, a lawyer, had been Isaac Singer's partner in the Singer Sewing Machine Company. His father invested heavily in New York City real estate, and died in April 1896, leaving a $30,000,000 family trust. He was educated at Phillips Academy (Andover), Yale University (B.A. 1903) and Columbia\",\n \"title\": \"Stephen Carlton Clark\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19950571\",\n \"text\": \"Kennedy, Rodrigo López, Mike MacDougal, Guillermo Mota, Will Ohman, Vicente Padilla, Carl Pavano, Scott Podsednik, Juan Rivera, J. C. Romero, Brian Schneider, Ben Sheets, Jeff Suppan, Kip Wells, Dan Wheeler and Jack Wilson. On July 23, 2016, the Hall of Fame announced changes to the Era Committee system. The system's timeframes were restructured to place a greater emphasis on the modern game, and to reduce the frequency at which individuals from the pre-1970 game (including Negro Leagues figures) will have their careers reviewed. Separate 16-member subcommittees continue to vote on individuals from different eras of baseball, with candidates still being\",\n \"title\": \"2018 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2991080\",\n \"text\": \"season was extended from 154 games to 162. This coincidentally helped Roger Maris break Babe Ruth's long-standing single-season home run record, one of the most celebrated marks in baseball. Along with the Angels, three other new franchises were launched during 1961–62. With this, the first major league expansion in 60 years, each league now had ten teams. The players' union became bolder under the leadership of former United Steelworkers chief economist and negotiator Marvin Miller, who was elected executive director in 1966. On the playing field, major league pitchers were becoming increasingly dominant again. After the 1968 season, in an\",\n \"title\": \"History of baseball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"215087\",\n \"text\": \"Jackie Robinson Jack Roosevelt Robinson (January 31, 1919 – October 24, 1972) was an American professional baseball player who became the first African American to play in Major League Baseball (MLB) in the modern era. Robinson broke the baseball color line when the Brooklyn Dodgers started him at first base on April 15, 1947. When the Dodgers signed Robinson, they heralded the end of racial segregation in professional baseball that had relegated black players to the Negro leagues since the 1880s. Robinson was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962. Robinson had an exceptional 10-year MLB career. He\",\n \"title\": \"Jackie Robinson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"695661\",\n \"text\": \"(1998), Louis Jordan (1999), Muddy Waters (2000), Bessie Smith (2001), Hank Williams (2002), Buddy Holly (2003), Lead Belly (2004), Sam Cooke (2005), Roy Orbison (2006), Jerry Lee Lewis (2007), Les Paul (2008), Janis Joplin (2009), Fats Domino and Dave Bartholomew (2010), Aretha Franklin (2011), and Chuck Berry (2012). Hall of Fame museum curator James Henke, along with \\\"the museum's curatorial staff and numerous rock critics and music experts\\\", created an unordered list of \\\"500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll\\\". The list is part of a permanent exhibit at the museum, and was envisioned as part of the museum from\",\n \"title\": \"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"49370\",\n \"text\": \"slugging (OPS) (1.164); the latter two still stand . Ruth is regarded as one of the greatest sports heroes in American culture and is considered by many to be the greatest baseball player of all time. In 1936, Ruth was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame as one of its \\\"first five\\\" inaugural members. At age seven, Ruth was sent to St. Mary's Industrial School for Boys, a reformatory where he learned life lessons and baseball skills from Brother Matthias Boutlier of the Xaverian Brothers, the school's disciplinarian and a capable baseball player. In 1914, Ruth was signed to\",\n \"title\": \"Babe Ruth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1944522\",\n \"text\": \"the league. Groundbreaking for the building was held on August 11, 1962. The original building contained just two rooms, and of interior space. In April 1970, ground was broken for the first of many expansions. This first expansion cost $620,000, and was completed in May 1971. The size was increased to by adding another room. The pro shop opened with this expansion. This was also an important milestone for the Pro Football Hall of Fame, as yearly attendance passed the 200,000 mark for the first time. This was at least in some part due to the increase in popularity of\",\n \"title\": \"Pro Football Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8089084\",\n \"text\": \"Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame and Museum The Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame and Museum is an entity established by Major League Baseball's Cincinnati Reds franchise that pays homage to the team's past through displays, photographs and multimedia. It was instituted in 1958 to recognize the career of former Cincinnati Reds players, managers and front-office executives. It is located at the Great American Ball Park. Currently, the Hall of Fame section is home to 81 inductees. These inductees include players, managers & executives who were involved in Cincinnati's baseball legacy, which dates back to 1869, the year the original Cincinnati\",\n \"title\": \"Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame and Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6094647\",\n \"text\": \"suicide in 1909. As NL president again from 1918 to 1934, he hired the Elias brothers to maintain as official keeper of playing statistics (1919), and he pushed for the selection of Kenesaw Mountain Landis as Commissioner of Baseball (1921), realizing the importance of an official who could keep the owners in check. Later he helped to establish the Baseball Hall of Fame. In December 1928, Heydler proposed permitting a tenth player to bat in place of the pitcher – a rule which came about with the creation of the designated hitter in 1973. After retiring as league president, he\",\n \"title\": \"John Heydler\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"48350\",\n \"text\": \"up with other property owned by the Commissioner's office and employees of the office, and moved to the garage of Joe Reichler, an assistant to Commissioner Bowie Kuhn, who sold the items to resolve his personal financial difficulties. Under pressure from the New York Attorney General, the Commissioner's Office made reparations, but the negative publicity damaged the Hall of Fame's reputation, and made it more difficult for it to solicit donations. Following the banning of Pete Rose from MLB, the selection rules for the Baseball Hall of Fame were modified to prevent the induction of anyone on Baseball's \\\"permanently ineligible\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12201615\",\n \"text\": \"Coaches Association All Star Games in Beaumont about starting the Hall of Fame. The sports writers unanimously agreed with Johnson and in 1951 baseball great Tris Speaker was the inaugural inductee and Texas became the first state to honor its athletes with a hall of fame. The Texas Sports Hall of Fame under the guidance of Texas sports entrepreneur Lamar Hunt was opened in Grand Prairie on Saturday, May 23, 1981 but was closed in 1986. The Hall of Fame remained dormant until several prominent members of the Waco community created a plan in 1990 to have the Hall of\",\n \"title\": \"Texas Sports Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1003586\",\n \"text\": \"redevelopment of Hollywood Boulevard, the 1960s and 1970s were periods of protracted urban decay in the Hollywood area as residents moved to suburbs. After the initial installation of approximately 1,500 stars in 1960 and 1961, eight years passed without the addition of a new star. In 1962 the Los Angeles City Council passed an ordinance naming the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce \\\"the agent to advise the City\\\" about adding names to the Walk, and the Chamber, over the following six years, devised rules, procedures, and financing methods to do so. In December 1968, Richard D. Zanuck was awarded the first\",\n \"title\": \"Hollywood Walk of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5213673\",\n \"text\": \"MLB players to be played on Father's Day weekend, and in recent years on the Saturday before Memorial Day. The inaugural Hall of Fame Classic was played on Sunday, June 21, 2009. The Hall of Fame game lasts seven innings or two hours, whichever comes first. In addition to the game, there is a home run derby beforehand. The Cooperstown Classic was an International League regular season game played in honor of the 125th anniversary of the league in 2008. The game was held on a Sunday afternoon in may between the Rochester Red Wings and the Syracuse Chiefs. The\",\n \"title\": \"Doubleday Field\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5751534\",\n \"text\": \"August 1. Unlike the majority of NFL preseason games, which air on local TV stations, the Hall of Fame Game airs nationwide. From 1999 to 2005, the game was held on Monday night, televised as part of ABC's \\\"Monday Night Football\\\" package. It had previously been held typically on Saturday afternoons, except from 1963 to 1965 on Sunday afternoons, televised as part of ABC's \\\"Wide World of Sports\\\" package (still using the \\\"MNF\\\" crew). In 1998, the game was put in the \\\"MNF\\\" package, and played on a Saturday night, which served as a test run for the move to\",\n \"title\": \"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"48332\",\n \"text\": \"an official one-year waiting period was in effect. (DiMaggio, for example, retired after the 1951 season and was first eligible in the 1953 election.) The modern rule establishing a wait of five years was passed in 1954, although an exception was made for Joe DiMaggio because of his high level of previous support, thus permitting him to be elected within four years of his retirement. Contrary to popular belief, no formal exception was made for Lou Gehrig (other than to hold a special one-man election for him): there was no waiting period at that time, and Gehrig met all other\",\n \"title\": \"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15858156\",\n \"text\": \"well as future plans to relocate and redesign the hall's exhibit at Petco Park. The exhibit opened on July 1, 2016, at Padres Hall of Fame Plaza, which is located near the left field entrance of the park at the back of the Western Metal Supply Company building. The new facilities were part of the festivities for the 2016 MLB All-Star Game, which was hosted at Petco Park. The plaza is a tribute to not only the history of the major league club, but also the history of baseball in San Diego, including the Padres from the Pacific Coast League\",\n \"title\": \"San Diego Padres Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19950568\",\n \"text\": \"change were replaced by a new set of four panels in 2016. The Modern Baseball Era Committee convened on December 10, 2017 to select from a ballot of retired players and non-playing personnel who made their greatest contributions to the sport between 1970 and 1987, with Jack Morris and Alan Trammell elected by this body. The formal induction ceremony was held at the Hall's facilities in Cooperstown, New York on July 29, 2018. The BBWAA election rules remained identical to those that were in effect for the most recent elections. The BBWAA voted at the 2016 winter meetings to make\",\n \"title\": \"2018 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"48354\",\n \"text\": \"50,000 gold coins, 400,000 silver coins, and 750,000 clad (Nickel-Copper) coins. The Mint released them on March 27, 2014, and the gold and silver editions quickly sold out. The Hall receives money from surcharges included in the sale price: a total of $9.5 million if all the coins are sold. Notes National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum is an American history museum and hall of fame, located in Cooperstown, New York, and operated by private interests. It serves as the central point for the study of the history of baseball in\",\n \"title\": \"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5751530\",\n \"text\": \"it was moved to the beginning of the preseason. Prior to 2002, it was not uncommon for the game to be played in July. Since 2002, when the league permanently moved the start of the season to the weekend after Labor Day, the game has always been played in early August. The 2011 game was originally scheduled between the St. Louis Rams and the Chicago Bears, but the game was canceled due to an ongoing labor dispute that had disrupted nearly all league activity during the 2011 offseason. The two clubs had set a deadline of July 22 to ratify\",\n \"title\": \"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14483170\",\n \"text\": \"has a long and storied baseball history, including its distinction as the birthplace of Babe Ruth in 1895. The original 19th century Baltimore Orioles were one of the most successful early franchises, featuring numerous hall of famers during its years from 1882 to 1899. As one of the eight inaugural American League franchises, the Baltimore Orioles played in the AL during the 1901 and 1902 seasons. The team moved to New York City before the 1903 season and was renamed the New York Highlanders, which later became the New York Yankees. Ruth played for the minor league Baltimore Orioles team,\",\n \"title\": \"Baltimore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17783211\",\n \"text\": \"more broadly defined Veterans Committee following an earlier rules change in July 2010, convened at Major League Baseball's winter meetings in San Diego on December 8, 2014 to select from a ballot of 10 retired players and non-playing personnel who made their greatest contributions to the sport between 1947 and 1972. None of these candidates received enough votes to be elected. The Hall of Fame induction ceremonies were held on July 26 at the Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York, with new commissioner Rob Manfred presiding for the first time. On the day before the actual induction ceremony, the\",\n \"title\": \"2015 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14545509\",\n \"text\": \"supervising sports activities in Cuba. The hall was inaugurated on July 26, 1939—about six weeks after the June 12 dedication and opening of the U.S. National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown—by placing a bronze plaque at Havana's La Tropical Stadium. The first ten inductees were selected by former and current baseball writers and the DGND's baseball advisers (\\\"asesores de baseball\\\"). The inaugural class included 19th-century Cuban stars (Antonio María García, Valentín González, Adolfo Luján, and Carlos Royer), black players who had achieved success in the U.S. Negro leagues (Luis Bustamante, José de la Caridad Méndez, Gervasio González,\",\n \"title\": \"Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20569547\",\n \"text\": \"most notable as forming one of MLB's first play-by-play teams in the 1930s alongside fellow Frick Award recipient Red Barber, and also as the lead announcer for the Mutual Broadcasting System's \\\"Game of the Day\\\" in the 1950s. 2019 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting Elections to the Baseball Hall of Fame for 2019 are proceeding according to rules most recently amended in 2016. As in the past, the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) will vote by mail to select from a ballot of recently retired players. The results will be announced on January 22, 2019. The Today's Game Era\",\n \"title\": \"2019 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1722872\",\n \"text\": \"Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame The Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame & Museum () is a museum located in St. Marys, Ontario, Canada. The museum commemorates great players, teams, and accomplishments of baseball in Canada. The museum was founded in October 1983 in Toronto at Exhibition Place and later moved to Ontario Place theme park. In 1994, it moved to St. Marys, Ontario. The Hall of Fame and Museum is dedicated to preserving Canada's baseball heritage which dates back to June 4, 1838, when a game which very closely resembled today's game of baseball was played in Beachville, Ontario. The\",\n \"title\": \"Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1944523\",\n \"text\": \"professional football caused by the advent of the American Football League and its success in the final two AFL-NFL World Championship games. In November 1977, work began on another expansion project, costing US$1,200,000. It was completed in November 1978, enlarging the gift shop and research library, while doubling the size of the theater. The total size of the hall was now , more than 2.5 times the original size. The building remained largely unchanged until July 1993. The Hall then announced yet another expansion, costing US$9,200,000, and adding a fifth room. This expansion was completed in October 1995. The building's\",\n \"title\": \"Pro Football Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7608551\",\n \"text\": \"derby, also called \\\"skate-out music\\\", has been a part of the sport since its very beginning. The practice of using a heavy metal theme song to signal the entrance of a relief pitcher began at Qualcomm Stadium in 1998, when the San Diego Padres started playing \\\"Hells Bells\\\" by AC/DC to accompany Trevor Hoffman's taking the mound. \\\"San Jose Mercury News\\\" and \\\"ESPN.com\\\" wrote that the song should be honored by the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. The use of rock and roll for entrance music emerged from the 1989 film, \\\"Major League\\\", in which relief pitcher Rick\",\n \"title\": \"Entrance music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6290211\",\n \"text\": \"candidates were eligible. On December 11, 2003, 10 finalists were announced. In accordance with guidelines established in 2003, seven were chosen by a research committee at the museum: Ken Coleman, Jack Graney, Graham McNamee, Hal Totten, Gene Elston, France Laux and Ty Tyson. Three additional candidates – Joe Nuxhall, Dave Niehaus and Lon Simmons – were selected in voting by over 105,000 fans prior to November 2003 at the Hall's official website . On February 26, Lon Simmons was announced as the 2004 recipient ; an original voice of the San Francisco Giants, as well as an announcer for the\",\n \"title\": \"2004 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2991081\",\n \"text\": \"effort to restore balance, the strike zone was reduced and the height of the pitcher's mound was lowered from 15 to 10 inches (38.1 - 25.4 cm). In 1969, both the National and American Leagues added two more expansion teams, the leagues were reorganized into two divisions each, and a post-season playoff system leading to the World Series was instituted. Also that same year, Curt Flood of the St. Louis Cardinals made the first serious legal challenge to the reserve clause. The major leagues' first general players' strike took place in 1972, delaying the season's start for two weeks. In\",\n \"title\": \"History of baseball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"350708\",\n \"text\": \"Mays. On July 25, 1956, in a 9–8 Pittsburgh win against the Chicago Cubs, Clemente hit the only walk-off inside-the-park grand slam in professional baseball history. On March 20, 1973, the Baseball Writers' Association of America held a special election for the Baseball Hall of Fame. They voted to waive the waiting period for Clemente, due to the circumstances of his death, and posthumously elected him for induction into the Hall of Fame, giving him 393 out of 420 available votes, for 92.7% of the vote. Clemente's Hall of Fame plaque originally had his name as \\\"Roberto Walker Clemente\\\" instead\",\n \"title\": \"Roberto Clemente\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3261754\",\n \"text\": \"particular urgency to many who had been anticipating the five promised but unfulfilled selections in that area for over three years. In the BBWAA election, voters were instructed to cast votes for 10 candidates; any candidate receiving votes on at least 75% of the ballots would be honored with induction to the Hall upon its opening in Cooperstown, New York on June 12 of that year. After the Hall's opening, a special election was also held in December. Because the initial goal for the Hall's opening of selecting 10 players from the 20th century had now been met, it was\",\n \"title\": \"1939 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2360489\",\n \"text\": \"yet furnished of the value of the discovery.\\\" Pud Galvin James Francis \\\"Pud\\\" Galvin (December 25, 1856 – March 7, 1902) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher in the 19th century. He was MLB's first 300-game winner and was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1965. Galvin grew up in Kerry Patch, an Irish neighborhood in St. Louis. He debuted for St. Louis of the National Association in , the franchise's inaugural season, and started eight games for the team. He spent the next 6½ seasons with Buffalo in the International Association and later of the National\",\n \"title\": \"Pud Galvin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4567219\",\n \"text\": \"to the original ceremony only being partially recorded and not originally intended to air, Gene Okerlund and Renee Young host the program with added commentary. Due to Vincent J. McMahon's passing in 1984, he was posthumously inducted by the McMahon family. ! class=\\\"unsortable\\\"| Image ! Ring name(Birth Name) ! Inducted by ! class=\\\"unsortable\\\"| WWE recognized accolades WWE Hall of Fame The WWE Hall of Fame is a hall of fame for professional wrestlers and professional wrestling personalities maintained by WWE. The 1994 and 1995 ceremonies were held in conjunction with the annual King of the Ring pay-per-view events. In 1996,\",\n \"title\": \"WWE Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18511560\",\n \"text\": \"Kapler, Mike Lamb, Jason LaRue, Ron Mahay, Dámaso Marte, Gary Matthews Jr., Gil Meche, Brian Moehler, Chad Moeller, Bengie Molina, Russ Ortiz, Chan Ho Park, Jay Payton, Mike Redmond, Juan Rincón, David Riske, Scott Schoeneweis, Scot Shields, Russ Springer, Fernando Tatís, Jeff Weaver and Gregg Zaun. In keeping with the voting procedure by eras, the BBWAA-appointed Historical Overview Committee, made up of 11 BBWAA members, identified ten Pre-Integration candidates who were judged to have made their greatest contributions from the origins of the sport to the end of baseball's color line in 1947. This era was previously under consideration in\",\n \"title\": \"2016 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1003585\",\n \"text\": \"generate publicity and to demonstrate how the Walk would eventually look. The other seven names were Olive Borden, Ronald Colman, Louise Fazenda, Preston Foster, Burt Lancaster, Edward Sedgwick, and Ernest Torrence. Official groundbreaking took place on February 8, 1960. On March 28, 1960, the first permanent star, director Stanley Kramer's, was completed on the easternmost end of the new Walk near the intersection of Hollywood and Gower. The Joanne Woodward legend may have originated, according to one source, because she was the first to pose with her star for photographers. Though the Walk was originally conceived in part to encourage\",\n \"title\": \"Hollywood Walk of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13834677\",\n \"text\": \"up to three inductees have been voted into the Hall annually. As of 2018, 122 individuals have been inducted into the International League Hall of Fame. International League Hall of Fame The International League Hall of Fame is an American baseball hall of fame which honors players, managers, and executives of the International League (IL). It was created by the International League Baseball Writers' Association in 1947 to honor those individuals who made significant contributions to the league. The Hall of Fame inducted its first class of nine former players, managers, and league officials in 1947. A plaque was unveiled\",\n \"title\": \"International League Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"496027\",\n \"text\": \"of MLB. The early years of the NL were tumultuous, with threats from rival leagues and a rebellion by players against the hated \\\"reserve clause\\\", which restricted the free movement of players between clubs. Competitor leagues formed regularly and also disbanded regularly. The most successful was the American Association (1882–1891), sometimes called the \\\"beer and whiskey league\\\" for its tolerance of the sale of alcoholic beverages to spectators. For several years, the NL and American Association champions met in a postseason championship series—the first attempt at a World Series. The two leagues merged in 1892 as a single 12-team NL,\",\n \"title\": \"Major League Baseball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2991183\",\n \"text\": \"the Baseball Hall of Fame declares he set the bases 90 feet apart and established nine innings as a game and nine players as a team. He did none of these things, and every other word of substance on his plaque is false.\\\" His authorship may have been exaggerated in a modern attempt to identify a single inventor of the game, and heavily advanced by a relentless public-relations campaign by his son and grandson. The 1845 Rules themselves are signed by the \\\"Committee on By-Laws\\\", William R. Wheaton and William H. Tucker. There is evidence that these rules had been\",\n \"title\": \"Origins of baseball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"496048\",\n \"text\": \"wishes of Ford Frick, the Commissioner of Baseball. The dual moves were successful for both franchises—and for MLB. The Dodgers set a single-game MLB attendance record in their first home appearance with 78,672 fans. In 1961, the first Washington Senators franchise moved to Minneapolis–St. Paul to become the Minnesota Twins. Two new teams were added to the American League at the same time: the Los Angeles Angels (who soon moved from downtown L.A. to nearby Anaheim) and a new Washington Senators franchise. The NL added the Houston Astros and the New York Mets in 1962. The Astros (known as the\",\n \"title\": \"Major League Baseball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5480314\",\n \"text\": \"1988. He was succeeded by Edgar Scherick, who in turn passed the reins to Norman Lear. The first ceremony in 1984 celebrated the careers of Lucille Ball, Milton Berle, Paddy Chayefsky, Norman Lear, Edward R. Murrow, William S. Paley and David Sarnoff. The honorees received glass statuettes in the form of two ballet dancers that were created by sculptor and painter Pascal to reflect the self-discipline required in all facets of the arts. Since 1988, inductees have brought home an award in the form of a crystal television screen atop a cast-bronze base. The new awards were designed by art\",\n \"title\": \"Television Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3124827\",\n \"text\": \"during the season. After the Association folded, the Orioles joined the National League in 1892. The beginnings of what was to become a legendary team can be traced to June 1892, when Harry Von der Horst hired Ned Hanlon to manage the Orioles, giving him stock in the team and full authority over baseball operations. Ned moved his growing family to a house that stood a block away from Union Park. After two years finishing near the bottom of the league, the Orioles won three consecutive pennants with several future Hall of Famers under player/manager Ned Hanlon from 1894 to\",\n \"title\": \"Baltimore Orioles (1882–99)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13834676\",\n \"text\": \"a traveling display which visits a number of the league's ballparks each season. From 1949 through 1960, the league inducted up to three new members each year. Only one member was inducted annually from 1961 to 1963. After the cessation of the league's Baseball Writers' Association, the Hall of Fame became dormant from 1964 to 2006. The Hall was reestablished in 2007 to commemorate the League's 125th season of play in 2008. Two new members were inducted in 2007, and plans were made to elect up to 28, 14, and 7 inductees, respectively, over the next three years. Since 2011,\",\n \"title\": \"International League Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5751535\",\n \"text\": \"Monday night. Starting in 2006, it was moved to Sunday night, coinciding with the new \\\"NBC Sunday Night Football\\\" television package. The 2007 game was telecast on NFL Network, as NBC was intending to televise the China Bowl game in Beijing, China (a game which was postponed to 2009 and later canceled). The Hall of Fame Game has since bounced between both networks. The 2012 game aired on NFL Network due to NBC's coverage of the Summer Olympics. After a two-year absence, the game returned to NBC in 2013 and remained on the network until 2015. The 2016 game was\",\n \"title\": \"Pro Football Hall of Fame Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3562656\",\n \"text\": \"who later said that Chase admitted to throwing a game. A few months later, he tore both Achilles tendons in a car accident. He later drifted to Mexico, where in 1925 he began making plans to organize a professional league. When American League president Ban Johnson got word of it, however, he pressured Mexican authorities to deport Chase. Despite his unsavory past, Chase received a certain amount of National Baseball Hall of Fame support early in its history. During the inaugural Hall of Fame balloting of 1936, Chase garnered 11 votes and was named on 4.9% of the ballots. This\",\n \"title\": \"Hal Chase\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"496012\",\n \"text\": \"Major League Baseball Major League Baseball (MLB) is a professional baseball organization, the oldest of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. A total of 30 teams play in the National League (NL) and American League (AL), with 15 teams in each league. The NL and AL were formed as separate legal entities in 1876 and 1901 respectively. After cooperating but remaining legally separate entities beginning in 1903, the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball in 2000. The organization also oversees Minor League Baseball, which comprises 256 teams affiliated\",\n \"title\": \"Major League Baseball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6519556\",\n \"text\": \"football to a Chinese audience\\\". In 2016, two clubs were honoured: Cambridge University, for their unofficial claim to be the world's oldest club; some documents in their archive suggest a foundation year of 1856, the year before Sheffield began, and Notts County for their status as the world's oldest club currently playing at a professional level; founded in 1862. Team awards were introduced in 2008, as part of a one-off European Hall of Fame ceremony. Manchester United and Liverpool's European Cup winning sides of 1968 and 1978 were the first teams inducted. In 2009, Manchester United's Busby Babes squad of\",\n \"title\": \"English Football Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"48353\",\n \"text\": \"put Jackson in the Hall of Fame to \\\"those women who show up at murder trials wanting to marry the cute murderer\\\". In 2012, Congress passed and President Barack Obama signed a law ordering the United States Mint to produce and sell commemorative, non-circulating coins to benefit the private, non-profit Hall. The bill, , was introduced in the United States House of Representatives by Rep. Richard Hanna, a Republican from New York, and passed the House on October 26, 2011. The coins, which depict baseball gloves and balls, are the first concave designs produced by the Mint. The mintage included\",\n \"title\": \"National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1944520\",\n \"text\": \"Pro Football Hall of Fame The Pro Football Hall of Fame is the hall of fame for professional American football, located in Canton, Ohio. Opened in 1963, the Hall of Fame enshrines exceptional figures in the sport of professional football, including players, coaches, franchise owners, and front-office personnel, almost all of whom made their primary contributions to the game in the National Football League (NFL); the Hall inducts between four and eight new enshrinees each year. The Hall of Fame's Mission is to \\\"Honor the Heroes of the Game, Preserve its History, Promote its Values & Celebrate Excellence EVERYWHERE.\\\" With\",\n \"title\": \"Pro Football Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14545507\",\n \"text\": \"Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame The Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame (\\\"Salón de la Fama del Béisbol Cubano\\\") is a hall of fame that honors eminent baseball players from Cuban baseball. Established in 1939 to honor players, managers, and umpires in the pre-revolution Cuban League, by 1961 it had honored 68 players, managers, and umpires whose names are shown on a marble plaque at Havana's Estadio Latinoamericano. After the revolution, however, the Hall of Fame languished for more than 50 years, seldom mentioned or acknowledged and with no new inductees. Following a campaign led by Cuban filmmaker Ian Padrón, a\",\n \"title\": \"Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"749025\",\n \"text\": \"the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1999 on the first ballot and is the only player in MLB history to win a batting title in three different decades. Brett was named the Royals' interim hitting coach in 2013 on May 30, but stepped down from the position on July 25 in order to resume his position of vice president of baseball operations. Born in Glen Dale, West Virginia, Brett was the youngest of four sons of a sports-minded family which included Ken, the second oldest, a major league pitcher who pitched in the 1967 World Series at age 19. Brothers\",\n \"title\": \"George Brett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1937927\",\n \"text\": \"1945, no MLB All-Star Game was held and no All-Stars were officially named. In 1947, fans were given the opportunity to vote on the eight starting position players, but in 1957, fans of the Cincinnati Reds stuffed the ballot box (see below), and elected a Red to every position except first base. Commissioner Ford Frick stepped in and removed two Reds from the lineup. As a response to this unfairness, fan voting was discontinued; players, coaches, and managers were given the sole authority to elect starting position players, for the next dozen years. Between the lack of fan input and\",\n \"title\": \"Major League Baseball All-Star Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4388695\",\n \"text\": \"eligible. On December 13, 2004, 10 finalists were announced. In accordance with guidelines established in 2003, seven were chosen by a research committee at the museum: Jerry Coleman, Ken Coleman, Dizzy Dean, Gene Elston, Tony Kubek, France Laux and Graham McNamee. Three additional candidates – Dave Niehaus, Tom Cheek and Ron Santo – were selected in voting by over 65,000 fans prior to November 2004 at the Hall's official website . On February 22, Jerry Coleman was announced as the 2005 recipient ; a former major league infielder and the voice of the San Diego Padres almost continuously since 1972,\",\n \"title\": \"2005 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3578568\",\n \"text\": \"balls. In 1925, the minimum distance for a home run was made 250 feet. After that, the rules remained virtually static for decades. In 1961, the 162-game schedule was adopted. In 1969, the pitcher's mound was dropped five inches and the strike zone reduced: from the armpits to the top of the knees. In 1973, the American League adopted the designated hitter rule—rejected to this day by the National League. This was probably the most controversial rule change in baseball's history, and is still subject to lively debate. Also controversial when adopted, although more generally accepted now, was the later\",\n \"title\": \"Baseball rules\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"49489\",\n \"text\": \"two years later. The next week, Ruth went to Cooperstown, New York, for the formal opening of the Baseball Hall of Fame. Three years earlier, he was one of the first five players elected to the hall. As radio broadcasts of baseball games became popular, Ruth sought a job in that field, arguing that his celebrity and knowledge of baseball would assure large audiences, but he received no offers. During World War II, he made many personal appearances to advance the war effort, including his last appearance as a player at Yankee Stadium, in a 1943 exhibition for the Army-Navy\",\n \"title\": \"Babe Ruth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20591829\",\n \"text\": \"to fans at the team store or on the MLB online store, and for sale to retailers and other marketers of authenticated MLB merchandise. Occasionally items are sent for inclusion in the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. In 2001 MLB Properties contracted with the Arthur Andersen accounting firm to oversee and authenticate private autographing sessions for balls, bats, base pads, and other items. The Deloitte & Touche accounting firm took over this role in 2002. Major League Baseball Authentication Program The Major League Baseball Authentication Program, or MLB Authentication Program, is a program run by Major League Baseball\",\n \"title\": \"Major League Baseball Authentication Program\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16676998\",\n \"text\": \"dramas \\\"All My Children\\\" and \\\"One Life to Live\\\". The song was covered on the \\\"Glee\\\" episode \\\"All or Nothing\\\". \\\"\\\" used it as the theme song in the opening credits. The song was also published in the ads section for NBC's primetime drama, \\\"Chicago Fire\\\". The song has also been used as the theme song for Impact Wrestling and WWE's Hall of Fame ceremonies. It has also been used at recent Arena Football League and National Football League Hall Of Fame Games. The song was used in a 2014 Omega SA commercial featuring professional golfer Rory McIlroy. In 2016,\",\n \"title\": \"Hall of Fame (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"332630\",\n \"text\": \"generally thought to have favored batters. His dominance, reflected by modern statistics, has led many to consider Martinez as one of the greatest pitchers in MLB history. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2015, his first year of eligibility, joining Juan Marichal as the second Dominican to be enshrined; his number (45) was retired by the Red Sox in a ceremony two days after his Hall induction. Martínez grew up in the Dominican Republic in the Santo Domingo suburb of Manoguayabo. He was the fifth of six siblings living in a palm wood house with a\",\n \"title\": \"Pedro Martínez\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15241296\",\n \"text\": \"finalists were announced on October 5, 2011. In accord with guidelines established in 2003, seven were chosen by a committee composed of the living recipients along with broadcasting historians and columnists. Three were selected from a list of candidates by fan voting in September 2011 at the Hall's Facebook page. Five candidates were living when the ballot was announced—the active McCarver, Nadel, and Shannon; and the retired Cárdenas and Doucet. On December 7, Tim McCarver, the lead analyst for \\\"Major League Baseball on Fox\\\" since , was named as the recipient. A catcher in MLB for 22 years, mostly with\",\n \"title\": \"2012 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12910730\",\n \"text\": \"1963 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting Elections to the Baseball Hall of Fame for 1963 followed a system established for odd-number years after the 1956 election. Namely, the baseball writers were voting on recent players only in even-number years. The Veterans Committee met in closed sessions to consider executives, managers, umpires, and earlier major league players. It selected four people: 19th-century 300-game winner John Clarkson, turn-of-the-century outfielder Elmer Flick, 266-game winner Eppa Rixey, and outfielder Sam Rice, who had 2987 career hits. Following the death of J. G. Taylor Spink in December, the Baseball Writers Association of America inaugurated the\",\n \"title\": \"1963 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19256081\",\n \"text\": \"and Chris Woodward. 442 ballots were cast, 2 more than in 2016. Jeff Bagwell, Tim Raines and Iván Rodríguez were elected. Raines and Lee Smith were on the ballot for their final time; Smith dropped off the ballot, while Raines was the fifth player to be elected in his final ballot, after Red Ruffing, Joe Medwick, Ralph Kiner, and Jim Rice. Rodríguez was elected in his first year of eligibility. Voting results from 2017: On July 23, 2016, the Hall of Fame announced changes to the Era Committee system. The system's timeframes were restructured to place a greater emphasis on\",\n \"title\": \"2017 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1967365\",\n \"text\": \"new Busch Stadium for its first season in 2006, where it became a popular meeting place for generations of Cardinals fans. Musial's statue is inscribed with a quote attributed to former baseball commissioner Ford Frick: \\\"Here stands baseball's perfect warrior. Here stands baseball's perfect knight.\\\" Musial was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility in , when he was named on 93.2 percent of the ballots. On June 14, 1973 he was the first inductee into the National Polish-American Hall of Fame, housed at St. Mary's College in Orchard Lake, Michigan. In 1989, he\",\n \"title\": \"Stan Musial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10267925\",\n \"text\": \"manager, and sportswriter that lent credibility to his assertion that Cooperstown, New York be the location for a \\\"memorial\\\" to the great players from the past. Cooperstown was, at the time, the place that many people believed where Abner Doubleday had invented the game of baseball. It was this idea of a memorial that eventually led to the creation of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in . Crane died at the age of 71 of pneumonia in New York City, and is interred at the Lutheran All Faith Cemetery in Middle Village, New York. Sam Crane (second\",\n \"title\": \"Sam Crane (second baseman)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14399289\",\n \"text\": \"1961 Major League Baseball All-Star Game (first game) The first 1961 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was played in Candlestick Park in San Francisco on July 11, 1961. The National League scored two runs in the bottom of the tenth inning to win 5–4. Stu Miller was the winning pitcher and Hoyt Wilhelm was charged with the loss. Players in \\\"italics\\\" have since been inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame. Umpires: Stan Landes, Home Plate (NL); Frank Umont, First Base (AL); Shag Crawford, Second Base (NL); Ed Runge, Third Base (AL); Ed Vargo, Left Field (NL); Cal Drummond,\",\n \"title\": \"1961 Major League Baseball All-Star Game (first game)\"\n }\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"when did the mlb hall of fame start"}}},{"rowIdx":8391,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Gabriel Narutowicz"],"string":"[\n \"Gabriel Narutowicz\"\n]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"540753","text":"President of Poland The President of the Republic of Poland (, shorter form: \"Prezydent RP\") is the head of state of Poland. Their rights and obligations are determined in the Constitution of Poland. The president heads the executive branch. In addition the president has a right to dissolve the parliament in certain cases and represents Poland in the international arena. The first president of Poland, Gabriel Narutowicz, was sworn in as president of the Second Republic on 11 December 1922. He was elected by the National Assembly (the Sejm and the Senate) under the terms of the 1921 Constitution of","title":"President of Poland"},{"id":"540756","text":"on the March 1921 constitution, that Bierut was elected president by the Sejm, the Senate having been abolished the previous year by the Polish people's referendum, 1946. He served until the 1952 Constitution eliminated the office of the president. Following the 1989 amendments to the constitution which restored the presidency, Wojciech Jaruzelski, the existing head of state, took office. In Poland's first direct presidential election, Lech Wałęsa won and was sworn in on 22 December 1990. The office of the president was continued in the Constitution of 1997, which now provides the requirements for, the duties of and the authority","title":"President of Poland"},{"id":"2253011","text":"entirely free. Candidates supported by Solidarity's Citizens' Committees won most of the elections they contested, although voter turnout was only a little over 40%. The cabinet was reshuffled in July 1990; the national defence and interior affairs ministers (hold-overs from the previous communist government) were among those replaced. In October 1990, the constitution was amended to curtail the term of President Jaruzelski. In December, Lech Wałęsa became the first popularly elected President of Poland. In the early 1990s, Poland made great progress towards achieving a fully democratic government and a market economy. In November 1990, Lech Wałęsa was elected President","title":"History of Poland (1989–present)"},{"id":"4460732","text":"supported by Solidarity. Jaruzelski was elected by the Sejm as President of Poland. The May 1990 local elections were entirely free. Candidates supported by Solidarity's Citizens' Committees won most of the elections they contested, although voter turnout was only a little over 40%. The cabinet was reshuffled in July 1990; the national defence and interior affairs ministers (hold-overs from the previous communist government) were among those replaced. In October 1990, the constitution was amended to curtail the term of President Jaruzelski. In December, Lech Wałęsa became the first popularly elected President of Poland. Poland's first free parliamentary elections were held","title":"Elections in Poland"},{"id":"2459558","text":"Gabriel Narutowicz Gabriel Narutowicz (; 17 March 1865 – 16 December 1922) was a Polish professor of hydroelectric engineering and politician who served as the 1st President of Poland from 11 December 1922 until his assassination on 16 December, five days after assuming office. He previously served as the Minister of Public Works from 1920 to 1921 and briefly as Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1922. A renowned engineer and politically independent, Narutowicz was the first elected head of state following Poland's regained sovereignty from partitioning powers. Born into a noble family with strong patriotic sentiment, Narutowicz studied at the","title":"Gabriel Narutowicz"},{"id":"5589316","text":"Ryszard Kaczorowski Ryszard Kaczorowski, GCMG (; 26 November 1919 – 10 April 2010) was a Polish statesman. Between 1989 and 1990 he served as the last President of Poland in exile. He succeeded Kazimierz Sabbat and resigned his post following Poland's regaining independence from the Soviet sphere of influence and election of Lech Wałęsa as the first democratically elected president of Poland since World War II. He also passed the presidential insignia to Wałęsa, thus ending the 45-years long episode of the Polish government in exile. Ryszard Kaczorowski was born on 26 November 1919, in Białystok, Poland. His parents were","title":"Ryszard Kaczorowski"},{"id":"540754","text":"Poland. Previously Józef Piłsudski had been \"Chief of State\" (\"Naczelnik Państwa\") under the provisional 1919 Constitution. In 1926, Piłsudski, who was fed up with regional bickering, staged a coup deposed the president and had the National Assembly elect a new one, Ignacy Mościcki, under the thumb of Sanacja. Just before Piłsudski died, parliament passed the 1935 April Constitution of Poland which incorporated Piłsudski's ideals, but was not in accord with the amendment procedures of the 1921 Constitution. Mościcki continued as president until he resigned following the German invasion of Poland in 1939. Mościcki and his government went into exile first","title":"President of Poland"},{"id":"5422148","text":"unite the various émigré circles and created ever stronger links with the opposition movement in Poland, which benefited from the Government in exile's moral and material help through different Funds. He became President of the Republic of Poland (in Exile) in 1986 succeeding Edward Raczyński. He died in London, aged 76, in 1989. Coincidentally, on the same day Wojciech Jaruzelski was elected by a still unfree Parliament as the first President of the country since the 1950s. Ryszard Kaczorowski, Minister of Domestic Affairs and designated successor, took office in exile and on 22 December 1990, after the first free and","title":"Kazimierz Sabbat"},{"id":"8228585","text":"soon began to lose popularity. Conflicts among Solidarity factions intensified. Wałęsa was elected Solidarity chairman, but support for him could be seen to be crumbling. One of his main opponents, Władysław Frasyniuk, withdrew from elections altogether. In September 1990, Wałęsa declared that Gazeta Wyborcza had no right to use the Solidarity logo. Later that month, Wałęsa announced his intent to run for president of Poland. In December 1990, he was elected president. He resigned his Solidarity post and became the first president of Poland ever to be elected by popular vote. Next year, in February 1991, Marian Krzaklewski was elected","title":"History of Solidarity"},{"id":"540755","text":"into Romania, where Mościcki was interned, then to Angers in France where Władysław Raczkiewicz, at the time the Speaker of the Senate, assumed the presidency following Mościcki's resignation on 29 September 1939, and then on to London. The transfer from Mościcki to Raczkiewicz was in accordance with Article 24 of the 1935 April Constitution. Following the invasion of Poland by the Red Army in 1944, Bolesław Bierut assumed the reins of government, and in July 1945 was internationally recognized as the head of state, but it was not until 1947 when the Sejm passed an interim constitution based in part","title":"President of Poland"},{"id":"179182","text":"The communist Polish United Workers' Party dissolved itself in January 1990. In its place, a new party, Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland, was created. \"Territorial self-government\", abolished in 1950, was legislated back in March 1990, to be led by locally elected officials; its fundamental unit was the administratively independent gmina. In October 1990, the constitution was amended to curtail the term of President Jaruzelski. In November 1990, the German–Polish Border Treaty, with unified Germany, was signed. In November 1990, Lech Wałęsa was elected president for a five-year term; in December, he became the first popularly elected president of","title":"History of Poland"},{"id":"4042071","text":"1990 Polish presidential election Presidential elections were held in Poland on 25 November 1990, with a second round on 9 December. They were the first direct presidential elections in the history of Poland, and the first free presidential elections since the May Coup of 1926. Before World War II, presidents were elected by the Sejm. From 1952 to 1989—the bulk of the Communist era—the presidency did not exist as a separate institution, and most of its functions were fulfilled by the State Council of Poland, whose chairman was considered the equivalent of a president. The leader of the Solidarity movement,","title":"1990 Polish presidential election"},{"id":"4818599","text":"worker unrest Wałęsa declared himself a supporter of workers' interests, allegedly threatened by those whom he identified as communists (such as President Jaruzelski) or elitist political liberals (such as Prime Minister Mazowiecki). Wałęsa presented himself as a person of good conservative, Christian and nationalist credentials. In 1990, Jaruzelski resigned as Poland's president and was succeeded by Wałęsa, who won the 1990 presidential elections. Lech Wałęsa's inauguration as president took place on 22 December 1990; he accepted the prewar presidential insignia from the stepping down President-in-Exile Ryszard Kaczorowski, distancing himself from Wojciech Jaruzelski. Wałęsa defeated Mazowiecki and in the second round","title":"History of Poland (1945–1989)"},{"id":"179094","text":"March 1921. At the insistence of the National Democrats, who were concerned about how aggressively Józef Piłsudski might exercise presidential powers if he were elected to office, the constitution mandated limited prerogatives for the presidency. The proclamation of the March Constitution was followed by a short and turbulent period of constitutional order and parliamentary democracy that lasted until 1926. The legislature remained fragmented, without stable majorities, and governments changed frequently. The open-minded Gabriel Narutowicz was elected president constitutionally (without a popular vote) by the National Assembly in 1922. However, members of the nationalist right-wing faction did not regard his elevation","title":"History of Poland"},{"id":"15855189","text":"President of the Republic of Poland Gabriel Narutowicz was elected after several rounds by joint chambers of Sejm and Senate (at time of Second Polish Republic joint parliament elected President. The first direct vote took place in 1990). Narutowicz, however, was assassinated just five days since taking office. According to the Constitution the Sejm Marshal Maciej Rataj became Acting President of the Republic of Poland and organised new elections, which took place on December 20. Stanislaw Wojciechowski won the second election, and took office on December 22. 1922 Polish presidential elections The 1922 presidential elections were the first two Polish","title":"1922 Polish presidential elections"},{"id":"540762","text":"Kaczyński, his wife, and 94 others including many Polish officials crashed near Smolensk-North Airport in Russia. There were no survivors. Bronisław Komorowski took over acting presidential powers following the incident. On 8 July Bronislaw Komorowski resigned from the office of Marshal of the Sejm after winning the presidential election. According to the constitution, the acting president then became the Marshal of the Senate, Bogdan Borusewicz. In the afternoon Grzegorz Schetyna was elected as a new Marshal of the Sejm and he became acting president. Schetyna served as the interim head of state until Komorowski's swearing-in on 6 August. Within Poland,","title":"President of Poland"},{"id":"14512904","text":"election. The election of Polish kings lasted until the Partitions of Poland. The elected kings in chronological order were: Henry of Valois, Anna Jagiellon, Stephen Báthory, Sigismund III Vasa, Władysław IV, John II Casimir, Michael Korybut Wiśniowiecki, John III Sobieski, Augustus II the Strong, Stanisław Leszczyński, Augustus III and Stanisław August Poniatowski. The first Polish royal election was held in 1573. The four men running for the office were Henry of Valois, who was the brother of King Charles IX of France, Tsar Ivan IV of Russia, Archduke Ernest of Austria, and King John III of Sweden. Henry of Valois","title":"History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1648)"},{"id":"540757","text":"of the office. The President of Poland is elected directly by the people to serve for five years and can be reelected only once. Pursuant to the provisions of the Constitution, the President is elected by an absolute majority. If no candidate succeeds in passing this threshold, a second round of voting is held with the participation of the two candidates with the largest and second largest number of votes respectively. In order to be registered as a candidate in the presidential election, one must be a Polish citizen, be at least 35 years old on the day of the","title":"President of Poland"},{"id":"12883537","text":"1926 Polish presidential elections Two presidential elections were held in Poland in 1926. They followed the May Coup, which forced President Stanisław Wojciechowski and Prime Minister Wincenty Witos to resign and gave effective power to coup leader, Marshal Józef Piłsudski. According to then Constitution President was elected by joint houses of Sejm and Senate (National Assembly). There were two candidates: Piłsudski and supported by the National Democracy, Christian Democracy and Piast Adolf Bniński, Voivode of Poznań. Several other politicians were mentioned to run, most notably outsed President Wojciechowski, Sejm Marshal and now Acting President Maciej Rataj (Polish People's Party \"Piast\")","title":"1926 Polish presidential elections"},{"id":"179179","text":"by the opposition) resulted in a political crisis. The new April Novelization to the constitution called for re-establishment of the Polish presidency and on 19 July the National Assembly elected the communist leader, General Wojciech Jaruzelski, to that office. His election, seen at the time as politically necessary, was barely accomplished with tacit support from some Solidarity deputies, and the new president's position was not strong. Moreover, the unexpected definitiveness of the parliamentary election results created new political dynamics and attempts by the communists to form a government failed. On 19 August, President Jaruzelski asked journalist and Solidarity activist Tadeusz","title":"History of Poland"},{"id":"2198022","text":"such as Central Industrial Region (Poland), nearly finished by early 1939, and the projects that were to follow it. After the death of Piłsudski in May 1935, policies in Poland were set by five senior officials, including President Ignacy Mościcki; Vice-President Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski; the Premier, Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski; and Marshal Edward Smigly-Rydz, the Commander-in-Chief of the army. Foreign policy was the exclusive domain of the Foreign Minister, Colonel Józef Beck. Elections were held but there was no democracy and the Sejm was merely a rubber stamp. Watt notes that these men had emerged victorious from their struggles for independence and","title":"History of Poland (1918–1939)"},{"id":"10240509","text":"did so twice, Bronisław Komorowski, Bogdan Borusewicz and Grzegorz Schetyna. Rataj, Komorowski and Schetyna were Marshals of the Sejm, and Borusewicz the Speaker of the Senate. Rataj's first term was between the assassination of President Gabriel Narutowicz and the election of Stanisław Wojciechowski, December 16–22, 1922, the second between the resignation of President Wojciechowski and the election of Ignacy Mościcki, May 15–June 4, 1926. Both times he appointed a new cabinet. Komorowski became acting President on April 10, 2010, following the death of President Lech Kaczyński in a plane crash. On July 8, 2010 Poland had three different acting Presidents.","title":"Acting President of Poland"},{"id":"15855187","text":"1922 Polish presidential elections The 1922 presidential elections were the first two Polish presidential elections in history, held eleven days apart. After acquisition of independence of Poland the head of state was Naczelnik Państwa Józef Piłsudski. In a new constitution adopted by Polish Sejm new head of state was to be the President of Republic of Poland going to be choose by the National Assembly (combined Sejm and Senate). After parliamentary election planned the first Polish presidential election. Main probably candidate Józef Piłsudski despite proposals for starting and did not stand in election. He propose a former Prime Minister Wincenty","title":"1922 Polish presidential elections"},{"id":"18273743","text":"Assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz Gabriel Narutowicz, the first president of Poland after regaining independence, was assassinated on 16 December 1922, five days after taking office. He was fatally shot by Eligiusz Niewiadomski, an artist and art critic, while visiting an exhibition at Warsaw's Zachęta gallery. Poland regained independence in 1918 in the aftermath of World War I. Soon afterwards, Gabriel Narutowicz, professor of engineering, became one of the left-wing leaders in the Sejm (Polish parliament). Following the 1921 March Constitution of Poland and the November 1922 Polish legislative election, Narutowicz was elected the first president of Poland in the Polish","title":"Assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz"},{"id":"5881487","text":"was sworn in as President on 6 August 2010. Komorowski thus became the second person to serve on two occasions as Polish head of state since 1918, after Maciej Rataj. On 25 May 2015, Komorowski conceded the presidency of Poland to the rival candidate Andrzej Duda, after the latter won the second round of the 2015 presidential election. Bronisław Maria Komorowski was born in Oborniki Śląskie. Born as a son of Zygmunt Leon Komorowski (1925–1992), professor of African Studies at the University of Warsaw and Jadwiga Komorowska (née Szalkowska) . From 1957 to 1959 he lived in Józefów near Otwock.","title":"Bronisław Komorowski"},{"id":"179183","text":"Poland. Poland's first free parliamentary election was held in October 1991. 18 parties entered the new Sejm, but the largest representation received only 12% of the total vote. There were several post-Solidarity governments between the 1989 election and the 1993 election, after which the \"post-communist\" left-wing parties took over. In 1993, the formerly Soviet Northern Group of Forces, a vestige of past domination, left Poland. In 1995, Aleksander Kwaśniewski of the social democratic party was elected president and remained in that capacity for the next ten years (two terms). In 1997, the new Constitution of Poland was finalized and approved","title":"History of Poland"},{"id":"6305684","text":"of Poland by an absolute majority of votes. In 1935, it was replaced by an Assembly of Electors, which consisted of the Marshal of the Senate (as president of Assembly of Electors), the Marshal of the Sejm, the Prime Minister, the Chief Justice, the General Armed Forces Inspector, 50 electors elected by the Sejm, and 25 electors elected by the Senate. The Senate was abolished in 1946 so in 1947 Bolesław Bierut was elected President only by the Sejm. There were no presidents from 1952 until 1989 when the Senate was restored and the National Assembly elected Wojciech Jaruzelski as","title":"Parliament of Poland"},{"id":"2253017","text":"led the SLD. In April 1997, the first post-communist Constitution of Poland was finalized, and in July put into effect. In June 2000, UW withdrew from the governing coalition, leaving AWS at the helm of a minority government. In the presidential election of 2000, Aleksander Kwaśniewski, the incumbent former leader of the post-communist SLD, was re-elected in the first round of voting, with 53.9% of the popular vote. Second place, with only 17.3%, went to Andrzej Olechowski. It is thought that the opposition campaign was hindered by their inability to put forward a charismatic (or even a single major) candidate,","title":"History of Poland (1989–present)"},{"id":"12883539","text":"again. Mościcki accepted his election. 1926 Polish presidential elections Two presidential elections were held in Poland in 1926. They followed the May Coup, which forced President Stanisław Wojciechowski and Prime Minister Wincenty Witos to resign and gave effective power to coup leader, Marshal Józef Piłsudski. According to then Constitution President was elected by joint houses of Sejm and Senate (National Assembly). There were two candidates: Piłsudski and supported by the National Democracy, Christian Democracy and Piast Adolf Bniński, Voivode of Poznań. Several other politicians were mentioned to run, most notably outsed President Wojciechowski, Sejm Marshal and now Acting President Maciej","title":"1926 Polish presidential elections"},{"id":"307614","text":"the Polish United Workers' Party and by 1989 had triumphed in Poland's first partially free and democratic parliamentary elections since the end of the Second World War. Lech Wałęsa, a Solidarity candidate, eventually won the presidency in 1990. The Solidarity movement heralded the collapse of communist regimes and parties across Europe. A shock therapy programme, initiated by Leszek Balcerowicz in the early 1990s enabled the country to transform its socialist-style planned economy into a market economy. As with other post-communist countries, Poland suffered slumps in social and economic standards, but it became the first post-communist country to reach its pre-1989","title":"Poland"},{"id":"4847213","text":"2005 Polish presidential election The 2005 Presidential elections were held in Poland on October 9 and October 23, 2005. The outgoing President of Poland, Aleksander Kwaśniewski, had served two five-year terms and was unable to stand for a third term. Lech Kaczyński defeated Donald Tusk to become President of Poland. Two center-right candidates, Donald Tusk, chairman of the Civic Platform party (PO), and Lech Kaczyński, leader of the Law and Justice party (PiS) and mayor of Warsaw, led the poll in the first round, as was widely expected. As neither received 50 percent of the vote, a second round was","title":"2005 Polish presidential election"},{"id":"4460728","text":"Jagiellonian dynasty, and following a brief period of interregnum, the entire nobility (szlachta) of the Commonwealth (10% of the population) could take part in the elections of the monarchs. Last elected king was Stanisław August Poniatowski in 1764. He abdicated in 1795 after the partitions of Poland ended the existence of sovereign state of Poland for 123 years. It is disputed how free were elections held after 1926 were; in particular, the 1930 elections are often considered to have been non-free . Polish presidents were elected by the Sejm and Senate (Zgromadzenie Narodowe), not in a popular vote. Before 1922,","title":"Elections in Poland"},{"id":"5589323","text":"and 94 others. He was the oldest victim of the crash. On 19 April 2010, Kaczorowski's coffin was taken to St John's Cathedral for a funeral mass, before being buried in a crypt at the National Temple of Divine Providence in Warsaw. http://www.thenews.pl/radio/newsfrompoland/default.aspx?id=129920 Ryszard Kaczorowski Ryszard Kaczorowski, GCMG (; 26 November 1919 – 10 April 2010) was a Polish statesman. Between 1989 and 1990 he served as the last President of Poland in exile. He succeeded Kazimierz Sabbat and resigned his post following Poland's regaining independence from the Soviet sphere of influence and election of Lech Wałęsa as the first","title":"Ryszard Kaczorowski"},{"id":"9825820","text":"or embroidered on the \"vexillum\". A royal banner was used as early as the reign of Boleslaus the Generous (r. 1076-1079). The earliest mention of a banner (, pronounced ) bearing the sign of an eagle is found in Wincenty Kadłubek's \"Chronicle\" which says that Duke Casimir the Just fought the Ruthenians in 1182 \"under the sign of the victorious eagle\". A seal of Duke Premislaus II from 1290 shows the ruler holding a banner emblazoned with a crowned eagle. Five years later, Premislaus was crowned King of Poland, and he made the crowned White Eagle a national coat of","title":"Banner of Poland"},{"id":"3098068","text":"Ignacy Mościcki Ignacy Mościcki (; 1 December 18672 October 1946) was a Polish chemist, politician, and President of Poland from 1926 to 1939. He was the longest serving President in Poland's history. Ignacy Mościcki was born on 1 December 1867 in Mierzanowo, a small village near Ciechanów, Congress Poland. After completing school in Warsaw, he studied chemistry at the Riga Polytechnicum. There he joined the Polish underground leftist organization, \"Proletariat\". On graduating, he returned to Warsaw, but was threatened by the Tsarist secret police with life imprisonment in Siberia and was forced to emigrate in 1892 to London. In 1896","title":"Ignacy Mościcki"},{"id":"20107907","text":"Polish presidential inauguration Polish presidential inauguration is an event marking the beginning of a new term for the President of Poland. According to Article 130 of the current Constitution of Poland (1997) the only condition of taking the office of President of Poland is taking the oath before the National Assembly. All other events are purely ceremonial. If the winning candidate holds any other office, he is obliged to renounce the previously held office on the same day the chairman of National Electoral Commission officially presents election certificate to president-elect. Electoral law specifies that the president-elect is to be inaugurated","title":"Polish presidential inauguration"},{"id":"14511281","text":"Lech Wałęsa Lech Wałęsa (; born 29 September 1943) is a retired Polish politician and labour activist. He co-founded and headed Solidarity (\"Solidarność\"), the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland from 1990 to 1995. While working at the Lenin Shipyard (now Gdańsk Shipyard), Wałęsa, an electrician, became a trade-union activist, for which he was persecuted by the Communist authorities, placed under surveillance, fired in 1976, and arrested several times. In August 1980 he was instrumental in political negotiations that led to the ground-breaking Gdańsk Agreement between striking","title":"Lech Wałęsa"},{"id":"18562938","text":"Andrzej Duda Andrzej Sebastian Duda ( ; born 16 May 1972) is a Polish politician who serves as the sixth and current President of Poland, holding the office since 6 August 2015. Before his tenure as President, Duda was a member of Polish Lower House (Sejm) from 2011 to 2014 and the European Parliament from 2014 to 2015. Duda was the presidential candidate for the right wing Law and Justice party, during the 2015 presidential election in May 2015. In the first round of voting, Duda received 5,179,092 votes – 34.76% of valid votes. In the second round of voting,","title":"Andrzej Duda"},{"id":"715313","text":"Bolesław Bierut Bolesław Bierut (; 18 April 1892 – 12 March 1956) was a Polish Communist leader, NKVD agent, and a hard-line Stalinist who became President of Poland after the defeat of the Nazi forces in . Bierut was born in Rury, now a part of Lublin, to Wojciech Bierut, a village teacher, and his wife Maria (née Biernacka). He began his studies in 1899/1900 at the public school in Lublin. The school focused majorly on religiousness & patriotism of the students. At the same time he was closely related to the church, and his parents planned to send him","title":"Bolesław Bierut"},{"id":"9825830","text":"last Polish president-in-exile, Ryszard Kaczorowski, handed the presidential insignia, including one of the banners rescued by Mościcki in 1939, to Lech Wałęsa, the first democratically elected president of post-war Poland. The ceremony, held at the Royal Castle in Warsaw was seen as a symbol of the Third Republic's continuity with the pre-war Second Republic. However, since legal regulations on national symbols did not recognize a national banner at that time, the banner brought by Kaczorowski did not become the presidential insignia again but was instead donated to the Royal Castle museum where it is now on display. The other of","title":"Banner of Poland"},{"id":"2253033","text":"an increase for the former and a drop for the latter compared to the 2006 elections. In October 2011 Donald Tusk, with a clear pro-European agenda, became the first ever Polish Prime Minister to be reelected in post-communist Poland. PO won a record of four consecutive elections, and Donald Tusk was left as the kingmaker. PO's dominance was seen as a reflection of right-wing weakness and divisions, with PiS splitting in autumn 2010. After two rounds of elections in May 2015, opposition Law and Justice (PiS) candidate Andrzej Duda became President by a 3% margin. In October 2015, the PiS","title":"History of Poland (1989–present)"},{"id":"641798","text":"Stanisław Wojciechowski Stanisław Wojciechowski (; 15 March 1869 – 9 April 1953) was a Polish politician, scholar, and activist in the cooperative movement. In 1922 he was elected the second President of the Republic of Poland following the assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz. He was ousted by the May Coup d'État of 1926. While a student at the University of Warsaw, Wojciechowski worked for the Polish Socialist movement, which at the time was a major force in the Polish independence effort. He was arrested by czarist police in 1891, and again in 1892. Upon his release he moved to Zurich, then","title":"Stanisław Wojciechowski"},{"id":"2253032","text":"the event of Russian aggressions towards Poland. On 10 April 2010, numerous members of the political elite died in the Smolensk air crash, including Lech Kaczyński, incumbent President of Poland. At the Polish presidential election in 2010, Donald Tusk decided not to run. At PO primary elections, Bronisław Komorowski defeated the Oxford-educated Foreign Minister Radosław Sikorski, at the second round of voting on 4 July 2010, he defeated PiS's Jarosław Kaczyński. and on August 6, 2010 he was sworn in as new President. In the November 2010 local elections PO won 31 percent of the votes and PiS 23 percent,","title":"History of Poland (1989–present)"},{"id":"3098072","text":"Romania and was forced by France to resign his office. He transferred the office to General Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski, who held it for only one day before General Władysław Sikorski and the French government ousted him in favor of Władysław Raczkiewicz. In December 1939 Mościcki was released and allowed to move to Switzerland, where he remained through World War II. He died at his home near Geneva on 2 October 1946. Ignacy Mościcki Ignacy Mościcki (; 1 December 18672 October 1946) was a Polish chemist, politician, and President of Poland from 1926 to 1939. He was the longest serving President in","title":"Ignacy Mościcki"},{"id":"2253009","text":"Senate were freely contested; the majority of these were by candidates supported by Solidarity. The failure of the communists at the polls produced a political crisis. The round-table agreement called for a communist president, and on July 19, the National Assembly, with the support of a number of Solidarity deputies, elected General Wojciech Jaruzelski to that office. However, two attempts by the communists to form governments failed. On August 19, President Jaruzelski asked journalist/Solidarity activist Tadeusz Mazowiecki to form a government; on September 12, the Sejm voted approval of Prime Minister Mazowiecki and his cabinet. For the first time in","title":"History of Poland (1989–present)"},{"id":"4241168","text":"to confirm the heir's appointment, dates to the very beginning of Polish statehood. Legends survive of the 9th-century election of the legendary founder of the first Polish royal family, Piast the Wheelwright of the Piast dynasty, and of a similar election of his son, Siemowit (that would place a Polish ruler's election a century before the earliest Icelandic ones by the Althing), but sources for that time are very sparse, and it is hard to estimate to whether those elections were more than a formality. The election privilege, exercised during the gatherings known as \"wiec\", was usually limited to the","title":"Royal elections in Poland"},{"id":"20455248","text":"Małgorzata Gersdorf Małgorzata Maria Gersdorf (; born 22 November 1952) is a Polish lawyer and judge who currently serves as the First President of the Supreme Court of Poland, a position she has held since 2014. She graduated from the University of Warsaw with a law degree in 1975, and obtained a doctorate degree in 1981. She became a professor for the University of Warsaw in 1992, served as Vice-Rector of the University in 2005, and became head of the Law Department in 2008. Politically, Gersdorf was part of the Solidarity movement in the 1980s, and worked in the Supreme","title":"Małgorzata Gersdorf"},{"id":"14511337","text":"by Simon Bolivar and is ranked just above Ivan the Terrible. Lech Wałęsa Lech Wałęsa (; born 29 September 1943) is a retired Polish politician and labour activist. He co-founded and headed Solidarity (\"Solidarność\"), the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland from 1990 to 1995. While working at the Lenin Shipyard (now Gdańsk Shipyard), Wałęsa, an electrician, became a trade-union activist, for which he was persecuted by the Communist authorities, placed under surveillance, fired in 1976, and arrested several times. In August 1980 he was instrumental in","title":"Lech Wałęsa"},{"id":"4622168","text":"Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski Bolesław Ignacy Florian Wieniawa-Długoszowski (22 July 1881 – 1 July 1942) was a Polish general, adjutant to Chief of State Józef Piłsudski, politician, diplomat, poet , artist, and formally, for one day, President of the Republic of Poland. Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski was born 22 July 1881 on his family's estate in Maksymówka (near Stanisławów – now Ivano-Frankivsk), the son of Bolesław Długoszowski and Józefina, \"née\" Struszkiewicz. In 1877 his family moved to a palace on another family estate, in Bobowa. There Bolesław spent his early life. He attended secondary school in Lwów, where he was a top student. Subsequently","title":"Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski"},{"id":"4042075","text":"runoff. After the election Tymiński tried to establish a new political party, but quickly disappeared from the political scene in Poland. Although an independent, Cimoszewicz was supported by Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland (SdRP). 1990 Polish presidential election Presidential elections were held in Poland on 25 November 1990, with a second round on 9 December. They were the first direct presidential elections in the history of Poland, and the first free presidential elections since the May Coup of 1926. Before World War II, presidents were elected by the Sejm. From 1952 to 1989—the bulk of the Communist era—the","title":"1990 Polish presidential election"},{"id":"2253024","text":"turning to the left in 1993 and 2001, and to the right in 1997 and 2005. Presidential elections in October followed a similar script. The early favorite, Donald Tusk, leader of the PO, saw his opinion poll lead slip away and was beaten 54% to 46% in the second round by the PiS candidate Lech Kaczyński (one of the twins, founders of the party). Both elections were blighted by low turn-outs: only 51% in the second and deciding round of the presidential election and just over 40% in the parliamentary election. The suggested cause of the low turnout is popular","title":"History of Poland (1989–present)"},{"id":"4385603","text":"exile. He was also a member of the Committee for Polish Affairs and an advisor of various British governmental agencies and ministries. In March 1979, Raczyński became President in exile, after being previously chosen by the outgoing President Stanisław Ostrowski. In turn, he chose as his successor Prime Minister Kazimierz Sabbat. During the Raczyński presidency (1979–1986) the Solidarity movement was established in Poland. Raczyński played an important role in raising awareness about the events in Poland in Western countries and in establishing closer ties with the opposition movement in Poland. President Raczyński at some point considered naming Władysław Bartoszewski as","title":"Edward Bernard Raczyński"},{"id":"2885659","text":"Władysław Raczkiewicz Władysław Raczkiewicz (; 28 January 1885 – 6 June 1947) was a Polish politician, lawyer, diplomat and the first president of the Polish government in exile from 1939 until his death in 1947. Until 1945 he was the internationally recognized Polish head of state, and the Polish Government in Exile was recognized as the continuum to the Polish government of 1939. Władysław Raczkiewicz was born in Kutaisi, the second-largest city in Georgia, at that time part of the Russian Empire to Polish parents Józef Raczkiewicz, a court judge, and Ludwika Łukaszewicz. He studied in Saint Petersburg where he","title":"Władysław Raczkiewicz"},{"id":"2197981","text":"the Germans sent Piłsudski, then under arrest, back to Warsaw. On November 11, 1918, he took control from the puppet government the Germans had set up. Ignacy Daszyński headed a short-lived Polish government in Lublin from November 6 but Piłsudski had overwhelming prestige at this point. Daszyński and the other Polish leaders acknowledged him as head of the army and in effect head of what became the Republic of Poland. Germany, now defeated, followed the terms of the Armistice and withdrew its forces. Paderewski became the first prime minister (in early 1919) and Dmowsky headed the largest party. From its","title":"History of Poland (1918–1939)"},{"id":"4818598","text":"limited elections, and the subsequent formation of the first non-communist government in the region in decades, encouraged many similar peaceful transitions from communist party rule in Central and Eastern Europe in the second half of 1989. In December 1989, changes to the Polish constitution were made, officially eliminating the \"socialist\" order: Marxist references were removed and the name of the country was changed back to the Polish Republic. Wałęsa, president of the Solidarity trade union, demanded early presidential elections acting against the advice of his traditional Solidarity allies, intellectuals who were now running the government. Under pressure from the continuing","title":"History of Poland (1945–1989)"},{"id":"179010","text":"known as the baptism of Poland, and its date is often used to mark a symbolic beginning of Polish statehood. Mieszko completed a unification of the West Slavic tribal lands that was fundamental to the new country's existence. Following its emergence, Poland was led by a series of rulers who converted the population to Christianity, created a strong kingdom and fostered a distinctive Polish culture that was integrated into the broader European culture. Mieszko's son, Duke Bolesław I the Brave (r. 992–1025), established a Polish Church structure, pursued territorial conquests and was officially crowned the first king of Poland in","title":"History of Poland"},{"id":"2838124","text":"provided as follows: It was not until 29 or 30 September 1939 that Mościcki resigned. Raczkiewicz, who was already in Paris, immediately took his constitutional oath at the Polish Embassy and became President of the Republic of Poland. Raczkiewicz then appointed General Władysław Sikorski to be Prime Minister. After Edward Rydz-Śmigły stepped down, Raczkiewicz also made Sikorski Commander-in-Chief of the Polish Armed Forces. Most of the Polish Navy escaped to Britain, and tens of thousands of Polish soldiers and airmen escaped through Hungary and Romania or across the Baltic Sea to continue the fight in France. Many Poles subsequently took","title":"Polish government-in-exile"},{"id":"879935","text":"President is elected by popular vote for a five-year term, the Prime minister and Deputy Prime Ministers (if any) are appointed by the President and confirmed by the \"Sejm\". The Council of Ministers is responsible to the Prime Minister and the \"Sejm\". The President is elected by terms; as head of state, supreme commander of the Armed Forces, and supreme representative of the Republic of Poland. The President has the right to veto legislation, although veto may be overridden by the assembly with a three-fifths majority vote. The President, as representative of the state in foreign affairs, shall ratify and","title":"Politics of Poland"},{"id":"4460735","text":"at the helm of a minority government. In the presidential election of 2000, Aleksander Kwaśniewski, the incumbent former leader of the post-communist Democratic Left Alliance (SLD), was re-elected in the first round of voting, with 53.9% of the popular vote. Second place, with only 17.3%, went to Andrzej Olechowski. It is thought that the opposition campaign was hindered by their inability to put forward a charismatic (or even a single major) candidate, as well as falling support for the centre-right Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS) government. This was related to internal friction in the ruling parliamentary coalition. The 1997 Constitution and","title":"Elections in Poland"},{"id":"20107908","text":"on day of expiry of the outgoing president's term or if the office was vacated before the election, 7 days after the Supreme Court confirmed the election results to be valid. President-elect arrives at the National Assembly, usually accompanied by the First Lady. The Ceremony is presided by the Marshal of the Sejm or in his/her absence, the Marshal of the Senate. The inauguration begins by opening of the session by the presiding officer and singing of the national anthem of Poland (titled \"Poland Is Not Yet Lost\" and commonly known as \"Dąbrowski's Mazurka\"). , the current procedure of the","title":"Polish presidential inauguration"},{"id":"179175","text":"suspended and a small number of political prisoners, including Wałęsa, were released. Although martial law formally ended in July 1983 and a partial amnesty was enacted, several hundred political prisoners remained in jail. Jerzy Popiełuszko, a popular pro-Solidarity priest, was abducted and murdered by security functionaries in October 1984. Further developments in Poland occurred concurrently with and were influenced by the reformist leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union (processes known as Glasnost and Perestroika). In September 1986, a general amnesty was declared and the government released nearly all political prisoners. However, the country lacked basic stability, as the","title":"History of Poland"},{"id":"4818434","text":"Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union, increasing pressure from the West, and dysfunctional economy, the regime was forced to negotiate with its opponents. The 1989 Round Table Talks led to Solidarity's participation in the 1989 election. Its candidates' striking victory gave rise to the first of the succession of transitions from communist rule in Central and Eastern Europe. In 1990, Jaruzelski resigned from the presidency of the Republic of Poland; following the presidential election, he was succeeded by Wałęsa. Before World War II, a third of Poland's population was composed of ethnic minorities. Poland had about 35 million inhabitants in","title":"History of Poland (1945–1989)"},{"id":"5422146","text":"Kazimierz Sabbat Kazimierz Aleksander Sabbat (27 February 1913 – 19 July 1989), was President of Poland in Exile from 8 April 1986 until his death, 19 July 1989, after serving (from 1976) as Prime Minister of the Polish Government in Exile. Sabbat was born on 27 February 1913 in Bieliny Kapitulne, at the foot of the Lysa Gora mountain. Sabbat completed secondary school in Mielec, and studied Law at the Warsaw University shortly before the World War II. He was a Scout, and remained dedicated to the concept of Scouting, even in his later life while in exile. After a","title":"Kazimierz Sabbat"},{"id":"18273746","text":"than three hundred babies baptized in Warsaw were given the uncommon name Eligiusz\". The murder of the first president of the Second Polish Republic and the angry canvassing against him revealed impermanence of democratic mechanisms in Poland at that time. The murder of Narutowicz served as the inspiration and a main theme for a number of works. They include the 1977 Polish feature film \"Death of a President\" (Polish: \"Śmierć prezydenta\"), directed by Jerzy Kawalerowicz and Wilhelm Sasnal's 2003 painting \"Narutowicz\". Assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz Gabriel Narutowicz, the first president of Poland after regaining independence, was assassinated on 16 December","title":"Assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz"},{"id":"15855188","text":"Witos for a president. Witos also refused. Finally Piłsudski supported candidature of Minister of Foreign Affairs Gabriel Narutowicz. At the time of election the main candidates were count Maurycy Zamoyski, the candidate of National Democracy and Stanisław Wojciechowski, candidate of Polish People's Party \"Piast\". Narutowicz's good score was a surprise. After the long voting, Zamoyski and Narutowicz advanced to the fifth ballot. Narutowicz finally won the election by the support of \"Piast\" (Wojciechowski was eliminated on the fourth round). Narutowicz was sworn in as president on 11 December 1922, but was assassinated just five days later. The first election, when","title":"1922 Polish presidential elections"},{"id":"2235025","text":"occupation. Tens or hundreds of thousands on both sides (estimates differ widely) lost their lives over the course of this conflict. Because of the Polish government leaders' internment in Romania, a practically new government was assembled in Paris as a government in exile. Under French pressure, on 30 September 1939 Władysław Raczkiewicz was appointed as president and General Władysław Sikorski became prime minister and commander-in-chief of the Polish armed forces, reconstructed in the West and as an underground activity in occupied Poland. The exile government was authorized by the Sanation government leaders interned in Romania and was conceived as a","title":"History of Poland (1939–1945)"},{"id":"641808","text":"Central European politicians during the early 20th century. A radical in his youth, his ideology matured and grew more conservative with age. He was at the forefront of over a quarter-century of Polish political development and is considered one of the founders of the modern independent Polish state. Stanisław Wojciechowski Stanisław Wojciechowski (; 15 March 1869 – 9 April 1953) was a Polish politician, scholar, and activist in the cooperative movement. In 1922 he was elected the second President of the Republic of Poland following the assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz. He was ousted by the May Coup d'État of 1926.","title":"Stanisław Wojciechowski"},{"id":"540763","text":"former presidents are entitled to lifetime personal security protection by Biuro Ochrony Rządu officers, in addition to receiving a substantial pension and a private office. On 10 April 2010, Lech Kaczyński, president at the time, and Ryszard Kaczorowski, the last president-in-exile although not internationally recognized, died in the crash of the Polish Air Force Tu-154 en route to Russia. As of 2016, three former Presidents of Poland are alive: Also, three former Acting Presidents are alive: There are three living former Polish Presidents: President of Poland The President of the Republic of Poland (, shorter form: \"Prezydent RP\") is the","title":"President of Poland"},{"id":"11288588","text":"spite of the efforts of individuals like Tadeusz Rejtan, Samuel Korsak, and Stanisław Bohuszewicz to prevent it, the deed was accomplished with the aid of Poniński, Radziwiłł, and the bishops Andrzej Młodziejowski, Ignacy Jakub Massalski, and Antoni Kazimierz Ostrowski (primate of Poland), who occupied high positions in the Senate of Poland. The Sejm elected a committee of thirty to deal with the various matters presented. On September 18, 1773, the committee signed the treaty of cession, renouncing all claims of the Commonwealth to the lost territories. a The picture shows the rulers of the three countries that participated in the","title":"First Partition of Poland"},{"id":"10240508","text":"of President, and retaining his previous office. In either case, all the powers of the President devolve to the acting President, with the exception of the right to dissolve the Parliament. The first person in line to become acting President is the Marshal of the Sejm. Should he be unable to serve, the next is the Marshal of the Senate. This order of precedence has been in effect since the creation of the Office of President, with the exception of the period 1935-1939, when the order was reversed. To date four people have served as acting President: Maciej Rataj who","title":"Acting President of Poland"},{"id":"307618","text":"victims of the Katyń massacre when the tragedy took place. In 2011, the Presidency of the Council of the European Union responsible for the functioning of the Council was awarded to Poland. The same year parliamentary elections took place in both the Senate and the Sejm. They were won by the ruling Civic Platform. Poland joined European Space Agency in 2012, as well as organised the UEFA Euro 2012 (along with Ukraine). In 2013, Poland also became a member of the Development Assistance Committee. In 2014, the Prime Minister of Poland, Donald Tusk, was chosen to be President of the","title":"Poland"},{"id":"617232","text":"be the last word (explanations given in the Court)\") (2008). Wojciech Jaruzelski Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski (; 6 July 1923 – 25 May 2014) was a Polish military officer and politician. He was First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party from 1981 to 1989, and as such was the last leader of the People's Republic of Poland. He also served as Prime Minister from 1981 to 1985 and the country's head of state from 1985 to 1990 (titled as Chairman of the Council of State from 1985 to 1989 and as President from 1989 to 1990). He was also the","title":"Wojciech Jaruzelski"},{"id":"12874412","text":"1989 Polish presidential election The Polish presidential election, 1989 took place on July 19, 1989, and was notable for several reasons. Firstly, the office of President of the Republic of Poland had been reestablished after a period of Communist rule. Secondly, this was the last time when the President was elected by Parliament (joint houses of the Sejm and Senate). Finally, despite adoption of the democratic system there was only one candidate. After the Round Table Agreement, which resulted in a semi-free parliamentary election, marked by effective Solidarity victory and \"de facto\" loss of the Polish United Workers' Party, on","title":"1989 Polish presidential election"},{"id":"2798780","text":"and continued his work there as a clerk. However, on November 8, 1921, after Antoni Ponikowski's government refused to grant Niewiadomski's department a higher budget, he resigned his post. He then devoted himself to writing and prepared several monographs on 19th- and 20th-century Polish painting, and on the theory of art. He made his living illustrating books. On December 9, 1922, Gabriel Narutowicz was elected by the National Assembly as the first President of Poland. After a heated debate, Narutowicz's candidacy managed to gather 289 votes, including 113 votes of various national minority MPs. The defeated candidate of the National","title":"Eligiusz Niewiadomski"},{"id":"4241172","text":"Jagiełło (Jogaila), Grand Duke of Lithuania, as the first king of Poland's second dynasty. The electors chose Władysław II Jagiełło as king, and he married a daughter of Louis I, Jadwiga of Poland, but had no promise that his dynasty would continue on the throne. He would need to issue more privileges to the nobility to secure the guarantee that upon his death, one of his sons would inherit. The royal council chose the candidates, and the delegates of nobility and towns confirmed them during the sejm. The principle of election continued in effect throughout the nearly two centuries of","title":"Royal elections in Poland"},{"id":"5881486","text":"Bronisław Komorowski Bronisław Maria Komorowski (born 4 June 1952) is a Polish politician and historian who served as President of Poland from 2010 to 2015. Komorowski served as Minister of Defence from 2000 to 2001. As Marshal of the Sejm (Speaker of the lower house of Parliament), Komorowski exercised the powers and duties of head of state following the death of President Lech Kaczyński in a plane crash on 10 April 2010. Komorowski was then the governing Civic Platform party's candidate in the resulting presidential election, which he won in the second round of voting on 4 July 2010. He","title":"Bronisław Komorowski"},{"id":"179009","text":"structure in the 10th century that became the state of Poland, one of the West Slavic nations. Poland was established as a state under the Piast dynasty, which ruled the country between the 10th and 14th centuries. Historical records referring to the Polish state begin with the rule of Duke Mieszko I. Mieszko, whose reign commenced sometime before 963 and who continued as the Polish monarch until his death in 992, chose to be baptized in the Western Latin Rite, probably on 14 April 966, following his marriage to Princess Doubravka of Bohemia, a fervent Christian. This event has become","title":"History of Poland"},{"id":"716254","text":"genealogy to the dynasty. About 1295, Przemysł II used a coat of arms with a white eagle – a symbol later referred to as the Piast coat of arms or as the Piast Eagle. Piast kings and rulers of Poland appear in list form in the following table. For a list of all rulers, see List of Polish monarchs. Piast dynasty The Piast dynasty was the first historical ruling dynasty of Poland. The first documented Polish monarch was Prince Mieszko I (c. 930–992). The Piasts' royal rule in Poland ended in 1370 with the death of king Casimir III the","title":"Piast dynasty"},{"id":"2885378","text":"Aleksander Zawadzki Aleksander Zawadzki (; 16 December 1899 – 7 August 1964) was a Polish Communist political figure and President of Poland from 1952 to 1964. A member of the Communist Youth Union, Zawadzki went into exile in the Soviet Union in 1931, after spending six years in prison for subversive activities against the Polish state. He returned to Poland in 1939, just before the outbreak of World War II, but was immediately arrested. Freed from prison by the Soviet occupation of Eastern Poland, Zawadzki eventually joined the Soviet-organized Polish People's Army, rising to the rank of major general. Upon","title":"Aleksander Zawadzki"},{"id":"19526795","text":"attempts, founded (or revived) by Juliusz Nowina-Sokolnicki who claimed to be the president of the Polish government-in-exile from 1972 until the restoration of Polish democracy in 1990. In his capacity as president, he claimed to restore the Order of Saint Stanislaus on 9 June 1979. Sokolnicki's claim to the Polish presidency was widely rejected and he is not recognized by the current government of Poland (in 1990, Lech Wałęsa accepted symbols of the pre-War presidency from Ryszard Kaczorowski). Sokolnicki's status was enhanced by the fact that he was an associate of August Zaleski, generally recognized as the head of the","title":"Ordo Sancti Stanislai"},{"id":"9562165","text":"Władysław Anders) in 1942. In 1944-45 he participated in the anti-Nazi Germany Italian campaign as a physician of military hospitals. When World War II ended, he moved to England and became involved in the politics of the Polish community there, which included the Polish government in exile. Ostrowski was the third President of Poland in exile (1972–1979). He took office after death of President August Zaleski. To begin with he had to deal with a deep crisis within the emigre circles. Zaleski, despite earlier promises, declined to step down after seven years in office (1954), which caused formation of the","title":"Stanisław Ostrowski"},{"id":"1324297","text":"1995, defeating the incumbent, Lech Wałęsa. He was re-elected to a second and final term as president in 2000 in a decisive first-round victory. Although he was praised for attempting to further integrate Poland into the European Union, he faced criticism for involving the country in the Iraq War. His term ended on 23 December 2005, when he handed over power to his elected successor, conservative Lech Kaczyński. In the years 1973 to 1977, Kwaśniewski studied transport economics and foreign trade at the University of Gdańsk, though he never graduated. He became politically active at this time, and joined the","title":"Aleksander Kwaśniewski"},{"id":"18386747","text":"1933 Polish presidential election In the Polish Presidential election, 1933 Professor Ignacy Mościcki was re-elected President of the Second Republic of Poland on May 8 1933 for a further period of seven years, having previously been elected to the position in 1926. He was elected by 332 votes, with 11 votes appearing to be void. The result was greeted with loud cheers. He was elected by the Polish Sejm (Diet) and Senate sitting together as the National Assembly. The National Assembly had 555 members but only 343 were present, mainly members of the government party of Marshal Józef Piłsudski. The","title":"1933 Polish presidential election"},{"id":"10574551","text":"2010 Polish presidential election The popular election of the President of Poland was held on 20 June 2010. As no candidate received a majority of votes in the first round, a second round was held on 4 July 2010. Bronisław Komorowski, candidate of Civic Platform, defeated Jarosław Kaczyński, candidate of Law and Justice. The global financial crisis, flooding in Poland and the Smolensk disaster were the main themes in the last months of the election campaign. After President Lech Kaczyński's death in a plane crash on 10 April 2010, the Constitution required the Marshal of the Sejm to declare the","title":"2010 Polish presidential election"},{"id":"6229739","text":"Droz (1904), the first President of the Turkish Republic Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1937), Pope Nuncio Angelo Roncalli - the future Pope John XXIII. During his visit in 1941 he gave Religious confirmation to local children. The first Polish politician to visit after the Second World War was Adam Rapacki, then the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Polish Republic, accompanied by Turkish dignitaries (1961). In 1985 the village was visited by Kenan Evren, the head of the temporary military dictatorship during that period in Turkey, and in 1994 by Lech Wałęsa. The next President of Poland, Aleksander Kwaśniewski, came twice","title":"Polonezköy"},{"id":"11521359","text":"events, the 15 August is celebrated in Poland as the Day of Polish Army. On 16 December 1922, in the gallery Zachęta, Eligiusz Niewiadomski, a painter with mental disorder, who belonged to the right-wing National Democracy, assassinated the first President of Poland, Gabriel Narutowicz, who had been elected five days earlier by Sejm. The other event was the May Coup d'Etat (1926). On 12 May, Marshall Józef Piłsudski, displeased with the situation in Poland, and in particular with the appointment of a new government, arrived in Warsaw from his residence in Sulejówek (a small town east of Warsaw) at the","title":"History of Warsaw"},{"id":"8228543","text":"political repression, but in the end was forced into negotiation. The Roundtable Talks between the government and the Solidarity-led opposition resulted in semi-free elections in 1989. By the end of August 1989, a Solidarity-led coalition government had been formed, and, in December 1990, Wałęsa was elected president. This was soon followed by the dismantling of the communist governmental system and by Poland's transformation into a modern democratic state. Solidarity's early survival represented a break in the hard-line stance of the communist Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR), and was an unprecedented event; not only for the People's Republic of Poland—a satellite","title":"History of Solidarity"},{"id":"14491981","text":"History of Poland during the Piast dynasty The period of rule by the Piast dynasty between the 10th and 14th centuries is the first major stage of the history of the Polish nation. The dynasty was founded by a series of dukes listed by the chronicler Gallus Anonymous in the early 12th century: Siemowit, Lestek and Siemomysł. It was Mieszko I, the son of Siemomysł, who is now considered the proper founder of the Polish state at about 960 AD. The ruling house then remained in power in the Polish lands until 1370. Mieszko converted to Christianity of the Western","title":"History of Poland during the Piast dynasty"},{"id":"179030","text":"of the vacancy of the French throne, to which he was the heir presumptive. From the start, the royal elections increased foreign influence in the Commonwealth as foreign powers sought to manipulate the Polish nobility to place candidates amicable to their interests. The reign of Stephen Báthory of Hungary followed (r. 1576–1586). He was militarily and domestically assertive and is revered in Polish historical tradition as a rare case of successful elective king. The establishment of the legal Crown Tribunal in 1578 meant a transfer of many appellate cases from the royal to noble jurisdiction. A period of rule under","title":"History of Poland"},{"id":"4818488","text":"rules and practices to supervise all governmental institutions specified in the constitution. The post of President of Poland was replaced with the collective Council of State, but Bierut, the party's first secretary, remained the effective leader of Poland. In the future, the existence of a constitution with democratic provisions would give the opposition a legal tool and a way to pressure the regime. Stalin died in 1953, which was followed by a partial thaw in Poland. Nikita Khrushchev became first secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The PZPR's Second Congress deliberated in March 1954. Cyrankiewicz, previously replaced","title":"History of Poland (1945–1989)"},{"id":"307564","text":"to the south and Germany to the west. The establishment of the Polish state can be traced back to A.D. 966, when Mieszko I, ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland, converted to Christianity. The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. This union formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest (about 1 million km) and most populous countries of 16th- and 17th-century Europe, with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe's first","title":"Poland"},{"id":"2798774","text":"Eligiusz Niewiadomski Eligiusz Niewiadomski (December 1, 1869 in Warsaw – January 31, 1923 in Warsaw) was a Polish modernist painter and art critic who belonged to the right-wing National Democratic Party till 1904 and later continued supporting it. In 1922 he assassinated Poland's first President, Gabriel Narutowicz, in his first week in office as president. Niewiadomski was born into a family of gentry descent. His father, Wincenty Niewiadomski, of the \"Prus\" coat-of-arms, was a veteran of the January Uprising and a worker at the Warsaw mint. At the age of two, Eligiusz lost his mother Julia, and was raised by","title":"Eligiusz Niewiadomski"},{"id":"5276922","text":"the Judiciary. The President also selects the First President of the court from candidates presented by the General Assembly of the Supreme Court. The First President holds office for a six-year term, though he or she may be dismissed by the Sejm upon a motion by the President of the Republic of Poland if found convicted of a crime. In July 2018 a new law came into force which lowers the mandatory retirement age from 70 to 65. The introduction of this law is contested and the constitutionality of the law is being assessed. Critics have argued the law is","title":"Supreme Court of Poland"},{"id":"16531059","text":"Stanisław Klimecki Stanisław Klimecki (November 20, 1883 – December 11, 1942) was a Polish lawyer, social activist, and the President of Kraków at the time of the German invasion of Poland in September 1939. He served as president only for a few weeks, before his German successor from the NSDAP took over by the order of \"SS-Obergruppenführer\", Hans Frank. Klimecki saved the city from being shelled by the invading Wehrmacht troops on his own initiative. Klimecki was arrested and then released numerous times during the occupation of Kraków, before his death at the hands of the Nazis. The first time,","title":"Stanisław Klimecki"},{"id":"2253014","text":"the Prime Minister remained poor throughout the Pawlak government, with the President charging Pawlak with furthering personal and party interests while neglecting matters of state importance. Following a number of scandals implicating Pawlak and increasing political tension over control of the armed forces, Wałęsa demanded Pawlak's resignation in January 1995. A crisis resulted and the coalition removed Pawlak from office and replaced him with the SLD's Józef Oleksy as the new Prime Minister. In November 1995, Poland held its second post-war free presidential elections. SLD leader Aleksander Kwaśniewski defeated Wałęsa by a narrow margin—51.7% to 48.3%. Soon after Wałęsa's defeat,","title":"History of Poland (1989–present)"},{"id":"2253012","text":"for a 5-year term. Jan Krzysztof Bielecki, at Wałęsa's request, formed a government and served as its Prime Minister until October 1991, introducing world prices and greatly expanding the scope of private enterprise. Poland's first free parliamentary elections were held in 1991. More than 100 parties participated, representing the full spectrum of political views. No single party received more than 13% of the total vote. The government of Prime Minister Jan Olszewski was the first fully free and democratic Polish government since 1926. This cabinet was supported by the Kaczyński brothers. Olszewski was replaced by Hanna Suchocka as the first","title":"History of Poland (1989–present)"},{"id":"2838123","text":"in Paris and then in Angers. From 1940, following the Fall of France, the government moved to London, and remained in the United Kingdom until its dissolution in 1990. On 17 September 1939, the President of the Polish Republic, Ignacy Mościcki, who was then in the small town of Kuty (now Ukraine) near the southern Polish border, issued a proclamation about his plan to transfer power and appointing Władysław Raczkiewicz, the Marshal of the Senate, as his successor. This was done in accordance with Article 24 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, adopted in April 1935. Article 24","title":"Polish government-in-exile"},{"id":"4622173","text":"nominated president of Poland by retiring President Ignacy Mościcki. On the same day, Poland was invaded by the Soviet Union and he emigrated to Paris to perform his new role but was blackballed by Władysław Sikorski, the French Third Republic and the United Kingdom. After the capitulation of France he emigrated to Lisbon but soon he moved to New York. Many sources do not list Wieniawa as President, merely \"designated successor\". However, according to the then constitution, when the President can not execute his powers (as when Mościcki was interned in Romania and it was clear that he would not","title":"Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski"},{"id":"178999","text":"History of Poland The history of Poland has its roots in the migrations of Slavs, who established permanent settlements in the Polish lands during the Early Middle Ages. The first ruling dynasty, the Piasts, emerged by the 10th century AD. Duke Mieszko I (d. 992) is considered the \"de facto\" creator of the Polish state and is widely recognized for the adoption of Western Christianity that followed his baptism in 966. Mieszko's duchy of Poland was formally reconstituted as a medieval kingdom in 1025 by his son Bolesław I the Brave, known for military expansion under his rule. Perhaps the","title":"History of Poland"},{"id":"307571","text":"to form into a recognizable unitary and territorial entity around the middle of the 10th century under the Piast dynasty. Poland's first historically documented ruler, Mieszko I, accepted Christianity with the Baptism of Poland in 966, as the new official religion of his subjects. The bulk of the population converted in the course of the next few centuries. In 1000, Boleslaw the Brave, continuing the policy of his father Mieszko, held a Congress of Gniezno and created the metropolis of Gniezno and the dioceses of Kraków, Kołobrzeg, and Wrocław. However, the pagan unrest led to the transfer of the capital","title":"Poland"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"540753\",\n \"text\": \"President of Poland The President of the Republic of Poland (, shorter form: \\\"Prezydent RP\\\") is the head of state of Poland. Their rights and obligations are determined in the Constitution of Poland. The president heads the executive branch. In addition the president has a right to dissolve the parliament in certain cases and represents Poland in the international arena. The first president of Poland, Gabriel Narutowicz, was sworn in as president of the Second Republic on 11 December 1922. He was elected by the National Assembly (the Sejm and the Senate) under the terms of the 1921 Constitution of\",\n \"title\": \"President of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"540756\",\n \"text\": \"on the March 1921 constitution, that Bierut was elected president by the Sejm, the Senate having been abolished the previous year by the Polish people's referendum, 1946. He served until the 1952 Constitution eliminated the office of the president. Following the 1989 amendments to the constitution which restored the presidency, Wojciech Jaruzelski, the existing head of state, took office. In Poland's first direct presidential election, Lech Wałęsa won and was sworn in on 22 December 1990. The office of the president was continued in the Constitution of 1997, which now provides the requirements for, the duties of and the authority\",\n \"title\": \"President of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2253011\",\n \"text\": \"entirely free. Candidates supported by Solidarity's Citizens' Committees won most of the elections they contested, although voter turnout was only a little over 40%. The cabinet was reshuffled in July 1990; the national defence and interior affairs ministers (hold-overs from the previous communist government) were among those replaced. In October 1990, the constitution was amended to curtail the term of President Jaruzelski. In December, Lech Wałęsa became the first popularly elected President of Poland. In the early 1990s, Poland made great progress towards achieving a fully democratic government and a market economy. In November 1990, Lech Wałęsa was elected President\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland (1989–present)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4460732\",\n \"text\": \"supported by Solidarity. Jaruzelski was elected by the Sejm as President of Poland. The May 1990 local elections were entirely free. Candidates supported by Solidarity's Citizens' Committees won most of the elections they contested, although voter turnout was only a little over 40%. The cabinet was reshuffled in July 1990; the national defence and interior affairs ministers (hold-overs from the previous communist government) were among those replaced. In October 1990, the constitution was amended to curtail the term of President Jaruzelski. In December, Lech Wałęsa became the first popularly elected President of Poland. Poland's first free parliamentary elections were held\",\n \"title\": \"Elections in Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2459558\",\n \"text\": \"Gabriel Narutowicz Gabriel Narutowicz (; 17 March 1865 – 16 December 1922) was a Polish professor of hydroelectric engineering and politician who served as the 1st President of Poland from 11 December 1922 until his assassination on 16 December, five days after assuming office. He previously served as the Minister of Public Works from 1920 to 1921 and briefly as Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1922. A renowned engineer and politically independent, Narutowicz was the first elected head of state following Poland's regained sovereignty from partitioning powers. Born into a noble family with strong patriotic sentiment, Narutowicz studied at the\",\n \"title\": \"Gabriel Narutowicz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5589316\",\n \"text\": \"Ryszard Kaczorowski Ryszard Kaczorowski, GCMG (; 26 November 1919 – 10 April 2010) was a Polish statesman. Between 1989 and 1990 he served as the last President of Poland in exile. He succeeded Kazimierz Sabbat and resigned his post following Poland's regaining independence from the Soviet sphere of influence and election of Lech Wałęsa as the first democratically elected president of Poland since World War II. He also passed the presidential insignia to Wałęsa, thus ending the 45-years long episode of the Polish government in exile. Ryszard Kaczorowski was born on 26 November 1919, in Białystok, Poland. His parents were\",\n \"title\": \"Ryszard Kaczorowski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"540754\",\n \"text\": \"Poland. Previously Józef Piłsudski had been \\\"Chief of State\\\" (\\\"Naczelnik Państwa\\\") under the provisional 1919 Constitution. In 1926, Piłsudski, who was fed up with regional bickering, staged a coup deposed the president and had the National Assembly elect a new one, Ignacy Mościcki, under the thumb of Sanacja. Just before Piłsudski died, parliament passed the 1935 April Constitution of Poland which incorporated Piłsudski's ideals, but was not in accord with the amendment procedures of the 1921 Constitution. Mościcki continued as president until he resigned following the German invasion of Poland in 1939. Mościcki and his government went into exile first\",\n \"title\": \"President of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5422148\",\n \"text\": \"unite the various émigré circles and created ever stronger links with the opposition movement in Poland, which benefited from the Government in exile's moral and material help through different Funds. He became President of the Republic of Poland (in Exile) in 1986 succeeding Edward Raczyński. He died in London, aged 76, in 1989. Coincidentally, on the same day Wojciech Jaruzelski was elected by a still unfree Parliament as the first President of the country since the 1950s. Ryszard Kaczorowski, Minister of Domestic Affairs and designated successor, took office in exile and on 22 December 1990, after the first free and\",\n \"title\": \"Kazimierz Sabbat\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8228585\",\n \"text\": \"soon began to lose popularity. Conflicts among Solidarity factions intensified. Wałęsa was elected Solidarity chairman, but support for him could be seen to be crumbling. One of his main opponents, Władysław Frasyniuk, withdrew from elections altogether. In September 1990, Wałęsa declared that Gazeta Wyborcza had no right to use the Solidarity logo. Later that month, Wałęsa announced his intent to run for president of Poland. In December 1990, he was elected president. He resigned his Solidarity post and became the first president of Poland ever to be elected by popular vote. Next year, in February 1991, Marian Krzaklewski was elected\",\n \"title\": \"History of Solidarity\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"540755\",\n \"text\": \"into Romania, where Mościcki was interned, then to Angers in France where Władysław Raczkiewicz, at the time the Speaker of the Senate, assumed the presidency following Mościcki's resignation on 29 September 1939, and then on to London. The transfer from Mościcki to Raczkiewicz was in accordance with Article 24 of the 1935 April Constitution. Following the invasion of Poland by the Red Army in 1944, Bolesław Bierut assumed the reins of government, and in July 1945 was internationally recognized as the head of state, but it was not until 1947 when the Sejm passed an interim constitution based in part\",\n \"title\": \"President of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"179182\",\n \"text\": \"The communist Polish United Workers' Party dissolved itself in January 1990. In its place, a new party, Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland, was created. \\\"Territorial self-government\\\", abolished in 1950, was legislated back in March 1990, to be led by locally elected officials; its fundamental unit was the administratively independent gmina. In October 1990, the constitution was amended to curtail the term of President Jaruzelski. In November 1990, the German–Polish Border Treaty, with unified Germany, was signed. In November 1990, Lech Wałęsa was elected president for a five-year term; in December, he became the first popularly elected president of\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4042071\",\n \"text\": \"1990 Polish presidential election Presidential elections were held in Poland on 25 November 1990, with a second round on 9 December. They were the first direct presidential elections in the history of Poland, and the first free presidential elections since the May Coup of 1926. Before World War II, presidents were elected by the Sejm. From 1952 to 1989—the bulk of the Communist era—the presidency did not exist as a separate institution, and most of its functions were fulfilled by the State Council of Poland, whose chairman was considered the equivalent of a president. The leader of the Solidarity movement,\",\n \"title\": \"1990 Polish presidential election\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4818599\",\n \"text\": \"worker unrest Wałęsa declared himself a supporter of workers' interests, allegedly threatened by those whom he identified as communists (such as President Jaruzelski) or elitist political liberals (such as Prime Minister Mazowiecki). Wałęsa presented himself as a person of good conservative, Christian and nationalist credentials. In 1990, Jaruzelski resigned as Poland's president and was succeeded by Wałęsa, who won the 1990 presidential elections. Lech Wałęsa's inauguration as president took place on 22 December 1990; he accepted the prewar presidential insignia from the stepping down President-in-Exile Ryszard Kaczorowski, distancing himself from Wojciech Jaruzelski. Wałęsa defeated Mazowiecki and in the second round\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland (1945–1989)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"179094\",\n \"text\": \"March 1921. At the insistence of the National Democrats, who were concerned about how aggressively Józef Piłsudski might exercise presidential powers if he were elected to office, the constitution mandated limited prerogatives for the presidency. The proclamation of the March Constitution was followed by a short and turbulent period of constitutional order and parliamentary democracy that lasted until 1926. The legislature remained fragmented, without stable majorities, and governments changed frequently. The open-minded Gabriel Narutowicz was elected president constitutionally (without a popular vote) by the National Assembly in 1922. However, members of the nationalist right-wing faction did not regard his elevation\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15855189\",\n \"text\": \"President of the Republic of Poland Gabriel Narutowicz was elected after several rounds by joint chambers of Sejm and Senate (at time of Second Polish Republic joint parliament elected President. The first direct vote took place in 1990). Narutowicz, however, was assassinated just five days since taking office. According to the Constitution the Sejm Marshal Maciej Rataj became Acting President of the Republic of Poland and organised new elections, which took place on December 20. Stanislaw Wojciechowski won the second election, and took office on December 22. 1922 Polish presidential elections The 1922 presidential elections were the first two Polish\",\n \"title\": \"1922 Polish presidential elections\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"540762\",\n \"text\": \"Kaczyński, his wife, and 94 others including many Polish officials crashed near Smolensk-North Airport in Russia. There were no survivors. Bronisław Komorowski took over acting presidential powers following the incident. On 8 July Bronislaw Komorowski resigned from the office of Marshal of the Sejm after winning the presidential election. According to the constitution, the acting president then became the Marshal of the Senate, Bogdan Borusewicz. In the afternoon Grzegorz Schetyna was elected as a new Marshal of the Sejm and he became acting president. Schetyna served as the interim head of state until Komorowski's swearing-in on 6 August. Within Poland,\",\n \"title\": \"President of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14512904\",\n \"text\": \"election. The election of Polish kings lasted until the Partitions of Poland. The elected kings in chronological order were: Henry of Valois, Anna Jagiellon, Stephen Báthory, Sigismund III Vasa, Władysław IV, John II Casimir, Michael Korybut Wiśniowiecki, John III Sobieski, Augustus II the Strong, Stanisław Leszczyński, Augustus III and Stanisław August Poniatowski. The first Polish royal election was held in 1573. The four men running for the office were Henry of Valois, who was the brother of King Charles IX of France, Tsar Ivan IV of Russia, Archduke Ernest of Austria, and King John III of Sweden. Henry of Valois\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1648)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"540757\",\n \"text\": \"of the office. The President of Poland is elected directly by the people to serve for five years and can be reelected only once. Pursuant to the provisions of the Constitution, the President is elected by an absolute majority. If no candidate succeeds in passing this threshold, a second round of voting is held with the participation of the two candidates with the largest and second largest number of votes respectively. In order to be registered as a candidate in the presidential election, one must be a Polish citizen, be at least 35 years old on the day of the\",\n \"title\": \"President of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12883537\",\n \"text\": \"1926 Polish presidential elections Two presidential elections were held in Poland in 1926. They followed the May Coup, which forced President Stanisław Wojciechowski and Prime Minister Wincenty Witos to resign and gave effective power to coup leader, Marshal Józef Piłsudski. According to then Constitution President was elected by joint houses of Sejm and Senate (National Assembly). There were two candidates: Piłsudski and supported by the National Democracy, Christian Democracy and Piast Adolf Bniński, Voivode of Poznań. Several other politicians were mentioned to run, most notably outsed President Wojciechowski, Sejm Marshal and now Acting President Maciej Rataj (Polish People's Party \\\"Piast\\\")\",\n \"title\": \"1926 Polish presidential elections\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"179179\",\n \"text\": \"by the opposition) resulted in a political crisis. The new April Novelization to the constitution called for re-establishment of the Polish presidency and on 19 July the National Assembly elected the communist leader, General Wojciech Jaruzelski, to that office. His election, seen at the time as politically necessary, was barely accomplished with tacit support from some Solidarity deputies, and the new president's position was not strong. Moreover, the unexpected definitiveness of the parliamentary election results created new political dynamics and attempts by the communists to form a government failed. On 19 August, President Jaruzelski asked journalist and Solidarity activist Tadeusz\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2198022\",\n \"text\": \"such as Central Industrial Region (Poland), nearly finished by early 1939, and the projects that were to follow it. After the death of Piłsudski in May 1935, policies in Poland were set by five senior officials, including President Ignacy Mościcki; Vice-President Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski; the Premier, Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski; and Marshal Edward Smigly-Rydz, the Commander-in-Chief of the army. Foreign policy was the exclusive domain of the Foreign Minister, Colonel Józef Beck. Elections were held but there was no democracy and the Sejm was merely a rubber stamp. Watt notes that these men had emerged victorious from their struggles for independence and\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland (1918–1939)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10240509\",\n \"text\": \"did so twice, Bronisław Komorowski, Bogdan Borusewicz and Grzegorz Schetyna. Rataj, Komorowski and Schetyna were Marshals of the Sejm, and Borusewicz the Speaker of the Senate. Rataj's first term was between the assassination of President Gabriel Narutowicz and the election of Stanisław Wojciechowski, December 16–22, 1922, the second between the resignation of President Wojciechowski and the election of Ignacy Mościcki, May 15–June 4, 1926. Both times he appointed a new cabinet. Komorowski became acting President on April 10, 2010, following the death of President Lech Kaczyński in a plane crash. On July 8, 2010 Poland had three different acting Presidents.\",\n \"title\": \"Acting President of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15855187\",\n \"text\": \"1922 Polish presidential elections The 1922 presidential elections were the first two Polish presidential elections in history, held eleven days apart. After acquisition of independence of Poland the head of state was Naczelnik Państwa Józef Piłsudski. In a new constitution adopted by Polish Sejm new head of state was to be the President of Republic of Poland going to be choose by the National Assembly (combined Sejm and Senate). After parliamentary election planned the first Polish presidential election. Main probably candidate Józef Piłsudski despite proposals for starting and did not stand in election. He propose a former Prime Minister Wincenty\",\n \"title\": \"1922 Polish presidential elections\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18273743\",\n \"text\": \"Assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz Gabriel Narutowicz, the first president of Poland after regaining independence, was assassinated on 16 December 1922, five days after taking office. He was fatally shot by Eligiusz Niewiadomski, an artist and art critic, while visiting an exhibition at Warsaw's Zachęta gallery. Poland regained independence in 1918 in the aftermath of World War I. Soon afterwards, Gabriel Narutowicz, professor of engineering, became one of the left-wing leaders in the Sejm (Polish parliament). Following the 1921 March Constitution of Poland and the November 1922 Polish legislative election, Narutowicz was elected the first president of Poland in the Polish\",\n \"title\": \"Assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5881487\",\n \"text\": \"was sworn in as President on 6 August 2010. Komorowski thus became the second person to serve on two occasions as Polish head of state since 1918, after Maciej Rataj. On 25 May 2015, Komorowski conceded the presidency of Poland to the rival candidate Andrzej Duda, after the latter won the second round of the 2015 presidential election. Bronisław Maria Komorowski was born in Oborniki Śląskie. Born as a son of Zygmunt Leon Komorowski (1925–1992), professor of African Studies at the University of Warsaw and Jadwiga Komorowska (née Szalkowska) . From 1957 to 1959 he lived in Józefów near Otwock.\",\n \"title\": \"Bronisław Komorowski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"179183\",\n \"text\": \"Poland. Poland's first free parliamentary election was held in October 1991. 18 parties entered the new Sejm, but the largest representation received only 12% of the total vote. There were several post-Solidarity governments between the 1989 election and the 1993 election, after which the \\\"post-communist\\\" left-wing parties took over. In 1993, the formerly Soviet Northern Group of Forces, a vestige of past domination, left Poland. In 1995, Aleksander Kwaśniewski of the social democratic party was elected president and remained in that capacity for the next ten years (two terms). In 1997, the new Constitution of Poland was finalized and approved\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6305684\",\n \"text\": \"of Poland by an absolute majority of votes. In 1935, it was replaced by an Assembly of Electors, which consisted of the Marshal of the Senate (as president of Assembly of Electors), the Marshal of the Sejm, the Prime Minister, the Chief Justice, the General Armed Forces Inspector, 50 electors elected by the Sejm, and 25 electors elected by the Senate. The Senate was abolished in 1946 so in 1947 Bolesław Bierut was elected President only by the Sejm. There were no presidents from 1952 until 1989 when the Senate was restored and the National Assembly elected Wojciech Jaruzelski as\",\n \"title\": \"Parliament of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2253017\",\n \"text\": \"led the SLD. In April 1997, the first post-communist Constitution of Poland was finalized, and in July put into effect. In June 2000, UW withdrew from the governing coalition, leaving AWS at the helm of a minority government. In the presidential election of 2000, Aleksander Kwaśniewski, the incumbent former leader of the post-communist SLD, was re-elected in the first round of voting, with 53.9% of the popular vote. Second place, with only 17.3%, went to Andrzej Olechowski. It is thought that the opposition campaign was hindered by their inability to put forward a charismatic (or even a single major) candidate,\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland (1989–present)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12883539\",\n \"text\": \"again. Mościcki accepted his election. 1926 Polish presidential elections Two presidential elections were held in Poland in 1926. They followed the May Coup, which forced President Stanisław Wojciechowski and Prime Minister Wincenty Witos to resign and gave effective power to coup leader, Marshal Józef Piłsudski. According to then Constitution President was elected by joint houses of Sejm and Senate (National Assembly). There were two candidates: Piłsudski and supported by the National Democracy, Christian Democracy and Piast Adolf Bniński, Voivode of Poznań. Several other politicians were mentioned to run, most notably outsed President Wojciechowski, Sejm Marshal and now Acting President Maciej\",\n \"title\": \"1926 Polish presidential elections\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"307614\",\n \"text\": \"the Polish United Workers' Party and by 1989 had triumphed in Poland's first partially free and democratic parliamentary elections since the end of the Second World War. Lech Wałęsa, a Solidarity candidate, eventually won the presidency in 1990. The Solidarity movement heralded the collapse of communist regimes and parties across Europe. A shock therapy programme, initiated by Leszek Balcerowicz in the early 1990s enabled the country to transform its socialist-style planned economy into a market economy. As with other post-communist countries, Poland suffered slumps in social and economic standards, but it became the first post-communist country to reach its pre-1989\",\n \"title\": \"Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4847213\",\n \"text\": \"2005 Polish presidential election The 2005 Presidential elections were held in Poland on October 9 and October 23, 2005. The outgoing President of Poland, Aleksander Kwaśniewski, had served two five-year terms and was unable to stand for a third term. Lech Kaczyński defeated Donald Tusk to become President of Poland. Two center-right candidates, Donald Tusk, chairman of the Civic Platform party (PO), and Lech Kaczyński, leader of the Law and Justice party (PiS) and mayor of Warsaw, led the poll in the first round, as was widely expected. As neither received 50 percent of the vote, a second round was\",\n \"title\": \"2005 Polish presidential election\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4460728\",\n \"text\": \"Jagiellonian dynasty, and following a brief period of interregnum, the entire nobility (szlachta) of the Commonwealth (10% of the population) could take part in the elections of the monarchs. Last elected king was Stanisław August Poniatowski in 1764. He abdicated in 1795 after the partitions of Poland ended the existence of sovereign state of Poland for 123 years. It is disputed how free were elections held after 1926 were; in particular, the 1930 elections are often considered to have been non-free . Polish presidents were elected by the Sejm and Senate (Zgromadzenie Narodowe), not in a popular vote. Before 1922,\",\n \"title\": \"Elections in Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5589323\",\n \"text\": \"and 94 others. He was the oldest victim of the crash. On 19 April 2010, Kaczorowski's coffin was taken to St John's Cathedral for a funeral mass, before being buried in a crypt at the National Temple of Divine Providence in Warsaw. http://www.thenews.pl/radio/newsfrompoland/default.aspx?id=129920 Ryszard Kaczorowski Ryszard Kaczorowski, GCMG (; 26 November 1919 – 10 April 2010) was a Polish statesman. Between 1989 and 1990 he served as the last President of Poland in exile. He succeeded Kazimierz Sabbat and resigned his post following Poland's regaining independence from the Soviet sphere of influence and election of Lech Wałęsa as the first\",\n \"title\": \"Ryszard Kaczorowski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9825820\",\n \"text\": \"or embroidered on the \\\"vexillum\\\". A royal banner was used as early as the reign of Boleslaus the Generous (r. 1076-1079). The earliest mention of a banner (, pronounced ) bearing the sign of an eagle is found in Wincenty Kadłubek's \\\"Chronicle\\\" which says that Duke Casimir the Just fought the Ruthenians in 1182 \\\"under the sign of the victorious eagle\\\". A seal of Duke Premislaus II from 1290 shows the ruler holding a banner emblazoned with a crowned eagle. Five years later, Premislaus was crowned King of Poland, and he made the crowned White Eagle a national coat of\",\n \"title\": \"Banner of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3098068\",\n \"text\": \"Ignacy Mościcki Ignacy Mościcki (; 1 December 18672 October 1946) was a Polish chemist, politician, and President of Poland from 1926 to 1939. He was the longest serving President in Poland's history. Ignacy Mościcki was born on 1 December 1867 in Mierzanowo, a small village near Ciechanów, Congress Poland. After completing school in Warsaw, he studied chemistry at the Riga Polytechnicum. There he joined the Polish underground leftist organization, \\\"Proletariat\\\". On graduating, he returned to Warsaw, but was threatened by the Tsarist secret police with life imprisonment in Siberia and was forced to emigrate in 1892 to London. In 1896\",\n \"title\": \"Ignacy Mościcki\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20107907\",\n \"text\": \"Polish presidential inauguration Polish presidential inauguration is an event marking the beginning of a new term for the President of Poland. According to Article 130 of the current Constitution of Poland (1997) the only condition of taking the office of President of Poland is taking the oath before the National Assembly. All other events are purely ceremonial. If the winning candidate holds any other office, he is obliged to renounce the previously held office on the same day the chairman of National Electoral Commission officially presents election certificate to president-elect. Electoral law specifies that the president-elect is to be inaugurated\",\n \"title\": \"Polish presidential inauguration\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14511281\",\n \"text\": \"Lech Wałęsa Lech Wałęsa (; born 29 September 1943) is a retired Polish politician and labour activist. He co-founded and headed Solidarity (\\\"Solidarność\\\"), the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland from 1990 to 1995. While working at the Lenin Shipyard (now Gdańsk Shipyard), Wałęsa, an electrician, became a trade-union activist, for which he was persecuted by the Communist authorities, placed under surveillance, fired in 1976, and arrested several times. In August 1980 he was instrumental in political negotiations that led to the ground-breaking Gdańsk Agreement between striking\",\n \"title\": \"Lech Wałęsa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18562938\",\n \"text\": \"Andrzej Duda Andrzej Sebastian Duda ( ; born 16 May 1972) is a Polish politician who serves as the sixth and current President of Poland, holding the office since 6 August 2015. Before his tenure as President, Duda was a member of Polish Lower House (Sejm) from 2011 to 2014 and the European Parliament from 2014 to 2015. Duda was the presidential candidate for the right wing Law and Justice party, during the 2015 presidential election in May 2015. In the first round of voting, Duda received 5,179,092 votes – 34.76% of valid votes. In the second round of voting,\",\n \"title\": \"Andrzej Duda\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"715313\",\n \"text\": \"Bolesław Bierut Bolesław Bierut (; 18 April 1892 – 12 March 1956) was a Polish Communist leader, NKVD agent, and a hard-line Stalinist who became President of Poland after the defeat of the Nazi forces in . Bierut was born in Rury, now a part of Lublin, to Wojciech Bierut, a village teacher, and his wife Maria (née Biernacka). He began his studies in 1899/1900 at the public school in Lublin. The school focused majorly on religiousness & patriotism of the students. At the same time he was closely related to the church, and his parents planned to send him\",\n \"title\": \"Bolesław Bierut\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9825830\",\n \"text\": \"last Polish president-in-exile, Ryszard Kaczorowski, handed the presidential insignia, including one of the banners rescued by Mościcki in 1939, to Lech Wałęsa, the first democratically elected president of post-war Poland. The ceremony, held at the Royal Castle in Warsaw was seen as a symbol of the Third Republic's continuity with the pre-war Second Republic. However, since legal regulations on national symbols did not recognize a national banner at that time, the banner brought by Kaczorowski did not become the presidential insignia again but was instead donated to the Royal Castle museum where it is now on display. The other of\",\n \"title\": \"Banner of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2253033\",\n \"text\": \"an increase for the former and a drop for the latter compared to the 2006 elections. In October 2011 Donald Tusk, with a clear pro-European agenda, became the first ever Polish Prime Minister to be reelected in post-communist Poland. PO won a record of four consecutive elections, and Donald Tusk was left as the kingmaker. PO's dominance was seen as a reflection of right-wing weakness and divisions, with PiS splitting in autumn 2010. After two rounds of elections in May 2015, opposition Law and Justice (PiS) candidate Andrzej Duda became President by a 3% margin. In October 2015, the PiS\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland (1989–present)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"641798\",\n \"text\": \"Stanisław Wojciechowski Stanisław Wojciechowski (; 15 March 1869 – 9 April 1953) was a Polish politician, scholar, and activist in the cooperative movement. In 1922 he was elected the second President of the Republic of Poland following the assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz. He was ousted by the May Coup d'État of 1926. While a student at the University of Warsaw, Wojciechowski worked for the Polish Socialist movement, which at the time was a major force in the Polish independence effort. He was arrested by czarist police in 1891, and again in 1892. Upon his release he moved to Zurich, then\",\n \"title\": \"Stanisław Wojciechowski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2253032\",\n \"text\": \"the event of Russian aggressions towards Poland. On 10 April 2010, numerous members of the political elite died in the Smolensk air crash, including Lech Kaczyński, incumbent President of Poland. At the Polish presidential election in 2010, Donald Tusk decided not to run. At PO primary elections, Bronisław Komorowski defeated the Oxford-educated Foreign Minister Radosław Sikorski, at the second round of voting on 4 July 2010, he defeated PiS's Jarosław Kaczyński. and on August 6, 2010 he was sworn in as new President. In the November 2010 local elections PO won 31 percent of the votes and PiS 23 percent,\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland (1989–present)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3098072\",\n \"text\": \"Romania and was forced by France to resign his office. He transferred the office to General Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski, who held it for only one day before General Władysław Sikorski and the French government ousted him in favor of Władysław Raczkiewicz. In December 1939 Mościcki was released and allowed to move to Switzerland, where he remained through World War II. He died at his home near Geneva on 2 October 1946. Ignacy Mościcki Ignacy Mościcki (; 1 December 18672 October 1946) was a Polish chemist, politician, and President of Poland from 1926 to 1939. He was the longest serving President in\",\n \"title\": \"Ignacy Mościcki\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2253009\",\n \"text\": \"Senate were freely contested; the majority of these were by candidates supported by Solidarity. The failure of the communists at the polls produced a political crisis. The round-table agreement called for a communist president, and on July 19, the National Assembly, with the support of a number of Solidarity deputies, elected General Wojciech Jaruzelski to that office. However, two attempts by the communists to form governments failed. On August 19, President Jaruzelski asked journalist/Solidarity activist Tadeusz Mazowiecki to form a government; on September 12, the Sejm voted approval of Prime Minister Mazowiecki and his cabinet. For the first time in\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland (1989–present)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4241168\",\n \"text\": \"to confirm the heir's appointment, dates to the very beginning of Polish statehood. Legends survive of the 9th-century election of the legendary founder of the first Polish royal family, Piast the Wheelwright of the Piast dynasty, and of a similar election of his son, Siemowit (that would place a Polish ruler's election a century before the earliest Icelandic ones by the Althing), but sources for that time are very sparse, and it is hard to estimate to whether those elections were more than a formality. The election privilege, exercised during the gatherings known as \\\"wiec\\\", was usually limited to the\",\n \"title\": \"Royal elections in Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20455248\",\n \"text\": \"Małgorzata Gersdorf Małgorzata Maria Gersdorf (; born 22 November 1952) is a Polish lawyer and judge who currently serves as the First President of the Supreme Court of Poland, a position she has held since 2014. She graduated from the University of Warsaw with a law degree in 1975, and obtained a doctorate degree in 1981. She became a professor for the University of Warsaw in 1992, served as Vice-Rector of the University in 2005, and became head of the Law Department in 2008. Politically, Gersdorf was part of the Solidarity movement in the 1980s, and worked in the Supreme\",\n \"title\": \"Małgorzata Gersdorf\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14511337\",\n \"text\": \"by Simon Bolivar and is ranked just above Ivan the Terrible. Lech Wałęsa Lech Wałęsa (; born 29 September 1943) is a retired Polish politician and labour activist. He co-founded and headed Solidarity (\\\"Solidarność\\\"), the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland from 1990 to 1995. While working at the Lenin Shipyard (now Gdańsk Shipyard), Wałęsa, an electrician, became a trade-union activist, for which he was persecuted by the Communist authorities, placed under surveillance, fired in 1976, and arrested several times. In August 1980 he was instrumental in\",\n \"title\": \"Lech Wałęsa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4622168\",\n \"text\": \"Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski Bolesław Ignacy Florian Wieniawa-Długoszowski (22 July 1881 – 1 July 1942) was a Polish general, adjutant to Chief of State Józef Piłsudski, politician, diplomat, poet , artist, and formally, for one day, President of the Republic of Poland. Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski was born 22 July 1881 on his family's estate in Maksymówka (near Stanisławów – now Ivano-Frankivsk), the son of Bolesław Długoszowski and Józefina, \\\"née\\\" Struszkiewicz. In 1877 his family moved to a palace on another family estate, in Bobowa. There Bolesław spent his early life. He attended secondary school in Lwów, where he was a top student. Subsequently\",\n \"title\": \"Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4042075\",\n \"text\": \"runoff. After the election Tymiński tried to establish a new political party, but quickly disappeared from the political scene in Poland. Although an independent, Cimoszewicz was supported by Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland (SdRP). 1990 Polish presidential election Presidential elections were held in Poland on 25 November 1990, with a second round on 9 December. They were the first direct presidential elections in the history of Poland, and the first free presidential elections since the May Coup of 1926. Before World War II, presidents were elected by the Sejm. From 1952 to 1989—the bulk of the Communist era—the\",\n \"title\": \"1990 Polish presidential election\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2253024\",\n \"text\": \"turning to the left in 1993 and 2001, and to the right in 1997 and 2005. Presidential elections in October followed a similar script. The early favorite, Donald Tusk, leader of the PO, saw his opinion poll lead slip away and was beaten 54% to 46% in the second round by the PiS candidate Lech Kaczyński (one of the twins, founders of the party). Both elections were blighted by low turn-outs: only 51% in the second and deciding round of the presidential election and just over 40% in the parliamentary election. The suggested cause of the low turnout is popular\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland (1989–present)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4385603\",\n \"text\": \"exile. He was also a member of the Committee for Polish Affairs and an advisor of various British governmental agencies and ministries. In March 1979, Raczyński became President in exile, after being previously chosen by the outgoing President Stanisław Ostrowski. In turn, he chose as his successor Prime Minister Kazimierz Sabbat. During the Raczyński presidency (1979–1986) the Solidarity movement was established in Poland. Raczyński played an important role in raising awareness about the events in Poland in Western countries and in establishing closer ties with the opposition movement in Poland. President Raczyński at some point considered naming Władysław Bartoszewski as\",\n \"title\": \"Edward Bernard Raczyński\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2885659\",\n \"text\": \"Władysław Raczkiewicz Władysław Raczkiewicz (; 28 January 1885 – 6 June 1947) was a Polish politician, lawyer, diplomat and the first president of the Polish government in exile from 1939 until his death in 1947. Until 1945 he was the internationally recognized Polish head of state, and the Polish Government in Exile was recognized as the continuum to the Polish government of 1939. Władysław Raczkiewicz was born in Kutaisi, the second-largest city in Georgia, at that time part of the Russian Empire to Polish parents Józef Raczkiewicz, a court judge, and Ludwika Łukaszewicz. He studied in Saint Petersburg where he\",\n \"title\": \"Władysław Raczkiewicz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2197981\",\n \"text\": \"the Germans sent Piłsudski, then under arrest, back to Warsaw. On November 11, 1918, he took control from the puppet government the Germans had set up. Ignacy Daszyński headed a short-lived Polish government in Lublin from November 6 but Piłsudski had overwhelming prestige at this point. Daszyński and the other Polish leaders acknowledged him as head of the army and in effect head of what became the Republic of Poland. Germany, now defeated, followed the terms of the Armistice and withdrew its forces. Paderewski became the first prime minister (in early 1919) and Dmowsky headed the largest party. From its\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland (1918–1939)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4818598\",\n \"text\": \"limited elections, and the subsequent formation of the first non-communist government in the region in decades, encouraged many similar peaceful transitions from communist party rule in Central and Eastern Europe in the second half of 1989. In December 1989, changes to the Polish constitution were made, officially eliminating the \\\"socialist\\\" order: Marxist references were removed and the name of the country was changed back to the Polish Republic. Wałęsa, president of the Solidarity trade union, demanded early presidential elections acting against the advice of his traditional Solidarity allies, intellectuals who were now running the government. Under pressure from the continuing\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland (1945–1989)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"179010\",\n \"text\": \"known as the baptism of Poland, and its date is often used to mark a symbolic beginning of Polish statehood. Mieszko completed a unification of the West Slavic tribal lands that was fundamental to the new country's existence. Following its emergence, Poland was led by a series of rulers who converted the population to Christianity, created a strong kingdom and fostered a distinctive Polish culture that was integrated into the broader European culture. Mieszko's son, Duke Bolesław I the Brave (r. 992–1025), established a Polish Church structure, pursued territorial conquests and was officially crowned the first king of Poland in\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2838124\",\n \"text\": \"provided as follows: It was not until 29 or 30 September 1939 that Mościcki resigned. Raczkiewicz, who was already in Paris, immediately took his constitutional oath at the Polish Embassy and became President of the Republic of Poland. Raczkiewicz then appointed General Władysław Sikorski to be Prime Minister. After Edward Rydz-Śmigły stepped down, Raczkiewicz also made Sikorski Commander-in-Chief of the Polish Armed Forces. Most of the Polish Navy escaped to Britain, and tens of thousands of Polish soldiers and airmen escaped through Hungary and Romania or across the Baltic Sea to continue the fight in France. Many Poles subsequently took\",\n \"title\": \"Polish government-in-exile\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"879935\",\n \"text\": \"President is elected by popular vote for a five-year term, the Prime minister and Deputy Prime Ministers (if any) are appointed by the President and confirmed by the \\\"Sejm\\\". The Council of Ministers is responsible to the Prime Minister and the \\\"Sejm\\\". The President is elected by terms; as head of state, supreme commander of the Armed Forces, and supreme representative of the Republic of Poland. The President has the right to veto legislation, although veto may be overridden by the assembly with a three-fifths majority vote. The President, as representative of the state in foreign affairs, shall ratify and\",\n \"title\": \"Politics of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4460735\",\n \"text\": \"at the helm of a minority government. In the presidential election of 2000, Aleksander Kwaśniewski, the incumbent former leader of the post-communist Democratic Left Alliance (SLD), was re-elected in the first round of voting, with 53.9% of the popular vote. Second place, with only 17.3%, went to Andrzej Olechowski. It is thought that the opposition campaign was hindered by their inability to put forward a charismatic (or even a single major) candidate, as well as falling support for the centre-right Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS) government. This was related to internal friction in the ruling parliamentary coalition. The 1997 Constitution and\",\n \"title\": \"Elections in Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20107908\",\n \"text\": \"on day of expiry of the outgoing president's term or if the office was vacated before the election, 7 days after the Supreme Court confirmed the election results to be valid. President-elect arrives at the National Assembly, usually accompanied by the First Lady. The Ceremony is presided by the Marshal of the Sejm or in his/her absence, the Marshal of the Senate. The inauguration begins by opening of the session by the presiding officer and singing of the national anthem of Poland (titled \\\"Poland Is Not Yet Lost\\\" and commonly known as \\\"Dąbrowski's Mazurka\\\"). , the current procedure of the\",\n \"title\": \"Polish presidential inauguration\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"179175\",\n \"text\": \"suspended and a small number of political prisoners, including Wałęsa, were released. Although martial law formally ended in July 1983 and a partial amnesty was enacted, several hundred political prisoners remained in jail. Jerzy Popiełuszko, a popular pro-Solidarity priest, was abducted and murdered by security functionaries in October 1984. Further developments in Poland occurred concurrently with and were influenced by the reformist leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union (processes known as Glasnost and Perestroika). In September 1986, a general amnesty was declared and the government released nearly all political prisoners. However, the country lacked basic stability, as the\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4818434\",\n \"text\": \"Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union, increasing pressure from the West, and dysfunctional economy, the regime was forced to negotiate with its opponents. The 1989 Round Table Talks led to Solidarity's participation in the 1989 election. Its candidates' striking victory gave rise to the first of the succession of transitions from communist rule in Central and Eastern Europe. In 1990, Jaruzelski resigned from the presidency of the Republic of Poland; following the presidential election, he was succeeded by Wałęsa. Before World War II, a third of Poland's population was composed of ethnic minorities. Poland had about 35 million inhabitants in\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland (1945–1989)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5422146\",\n \"text\": \"Kazimierz Sabbat Kazimierz Aleksander Sabbat (27 February 1913 – 19 July 1989), was President of Poland in Exile from 8 April 1986 until his death, 19 July 1989, after serving (from 1976) as Prime Minister of the Polish Government in Exile. Sabbat was born on 27 February 1913 in Bieliny Kapitulne, at the foot of the Lysa Gora mountain. Sabbat completed secondary school in Mielec, and studied Law at the Warsaw University shortly before the World War II. He was a Scout, and remained dedicated to the concept of Scouting, even in his later life while in exile. After a\",\n \"title\": \"Kazimierz Sabbat\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18273746\",\n \"text\": \"than three hundred babies baptized in Warsaw were given the uncommon name Eligiusz\\\". The murder of the first president of the Second Polish Republic and the angry canvassing against him revealed impermanence of democratic mechanisms in Poland at that time. The murder of Narutowicz served as the inspiration and a main theme for a number of works. They include the 1977 Polish feature film \\\"Death of a President\\\" (Polish: \\\"Śmierć prezydenta\\\"), directed by Jerzy Kawalerowicz and Wilhelm Sasnal's 2003 painting \\\"Narutowicz\\\". Assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz Gabriel Narutowicz, the first president of Poland after regaining independence, was assassinated on 16 December\",\n \"title\": \"Assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15855188\",\n \"text\": \"Witos for a president. Witos also refused. Finally Piłsudski supported candidature of Minister of Foreign Affairs Gabriel Narutowicz. At the time of election the main candidates were count Maurycy Zamoyski, the candidate of National Democracy and Stanisław Wojciechowski, candidate of Polish People's Party \\\"Piast\\\". Narutowicz's good score was a surprise. After the long voting, Zamoyski and Narutowicz advanced to the fifth ballot. Narutowicz finally won the election by the support of \\\"Piast\\\" (Wojciechowski was eliminated on the fourth round). Narutowicz was sworn in as president on 11 December 1922, but was assassinated just five days later. The first election, when\",\n \"title\": \"1922 Polish presidential elections\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2235025\",\n \"text\": \"occupation. Tens or hundreds of thousands on both sides (estimates differ widely) lost their lives over the course of this conflict. Because of the Polish government leaders' internment in Romania, a practically new government was assembled in Paris as a government in exile. Under French pressure, on 30 September 1939 Władysław Raczkiewicz was appointed as president and General Władysław Sikorski became prime minister and commander-in-chief of the Polish armed forces, reconstructed in the West and as an underground activity in occupied Poland. The exile government was authorized by the Sanation government leaders interned in Romania and was conceived as a\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland (1939–1945)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"641808\",\n \"text\": \"Central European politicians during the early 20th century. A radical in his youth, his ideology matured and grew more conservative with age. He was at the forefront of over a quarter-century of Polish political development and is considered one of the founders of the modern independent Polish state. Stanisław Wojciechowski Stanisław Wojciechowski (; 15 March 1869 – 9 April 1953) was a Polish politician, scholar, and activist in the cooperative movement. In 1922 he was elected the second President of the Republic of Poland following the assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz. He was ousted by the May Coup d'État of 1926.\",\n \"title\": \"Stanisław Wojciechowski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"540763\",\n \"text\": \"former presidents are entitled to lifetime personal security protection by Biuro Ochrony Rządu officers, in addition to receiving a substantial pension and a private office. On 10 April 2010, Lech Kaczyński, president at the time, and Ryszard Kaczorowski, the last president-in-exile although not internationally recognized, died in the crash of the Polish Air Force Tu-154 en route to Russia. As of 2016, three former Presidents of Poland are alive: Also, three former Acting Presidents are alive: There are three living former Polish Presidents: President of Poland The President of the Republic of Poland (, shorter form: \\\"Prezydent RP\\\") is the\",\n \"title\": \"President of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11288588\",\n \"text\": \"spite of the efforts of individuals like Tadeusz Rejtan, Samuel Korsak, and Stanisław Bohuszewicz to prevent it, the deed was accomplished with the aid of Poniński, Radziwiłł, and the bishops Andrzej Młodziejowski, Ignacy Jakub Massalski, and Antoni Kazimierz Ostrowski (primate of Poland), who occupied high positions in the Senate of Poland. The Sejm elected a committee of thirty to deal with the various matters presented. On September 18, 1773, the committee signed the treaty of cession, renouncing all claims of the Commonwealth to the lost territories. a The picture shows the rulers of the three countries that participated in the\",\n \"title\": \"First Partition of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10240508\",\n \"text\": \"of President, and retaining his previous office. In either case, all the powers of the President devolve to the acting President, with the exception of the right to dissolve the Parliament. The first person in line to become acting President is the Marshal of the Sejm. Should he be unable to serve, the next is the Marshal of the Senate. This order of precedence has been in effect since the creation of the Office of President, with the exception of the period 1935-1939, when the order was reversed. To date four people have served as acting President: Maciej Rataj who\",\n \"title\": \"Acting President of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"307618\",\n \"text\": \"victims of the Katyń massacre when the tragedy took place. In 2011, the Presidency of the Council of the European Union responsible for the functioning of the Council was awarded to Poland. The same year parliamentary elections took place in both the Senate and the Sejm. They were won by the ruling Civic Platform. Poland joined European Space Agency in 2012, as well as organised the UEFA Euro 2012 (along with Ukraine). In 2013, Poland also became a member of the Development Assistance Committee. In 2014, the Prime Minister of Poland, Donald Tusk, was chosen to be President of the\",\n \"title\": \"Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"617232\",\n \"text\": \"be the last word (explanations given in the Court)\\\") (2008). Wojciech Jaruzelski Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski (; 6 July 1923 – 25 May 2014) was a Polish military officer and politician. He was First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party from 1981 to 1989, and as such was the last leader of the People's Republic of Poland. He also served as Prime Minister from 1981 to 1985 and the country's head of state from 1985 to 1990 (titled as Chairman of the Council of State from 1985 to 1989 and as President from 1989 to 1990). He was also the\",\n \"title\": \"Wojciech Jaruzelski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12874412\",\n \"text\": \"1989 Polish presidential election The Polish presidential election, 1989 took place on July 19, 1989, and was notable for several reasons. Firstly, the office of President of the Republic of Poland had been reestablished after a period of Communist rule. Secondly, this was the last time when the President was elected by Parliament (joint houses of the Sejm and Senate). Finally, despite adoption of the democratic system there was only one candidate. After the Round Table Agreement, which resulted in a semi-free parliamentary election, marked by effective Solidarity victory and \\\"de facto\\\" loss of the Polish United Workers' Party, on\",\n \"title\": \"1989 Polish presidential election\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2798780\",\n \"text\": \"and continued his work there as a clerk. However, on November 8, 1921, after Antoni Ponikowski's government refused to grant Niewiadomski's department a higher budget, he resigned his post. He then devoted himself to writing and prepared several monographs on 19th- and 20th-century Polish painting, and on the theory of art. He made his living illustrating books. On December 9, 1922, Gabriel Narutowicz was elected by the National Assembly as the first President of Poland. After a heated debate, Narutowicz's candidacy managed to gather 289 votes, including 113 votes of various national minority MPs. The defeated candidate of the National\",\n \"title\": \"Eligiusz Niewiadomski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4241172\",\n \"text\": \"Jagiełło (Jogaila), Grand Duke of Lithuania, as the first king of Poland's second dynasty. The electors chose Władysław II Jagiełło as king, and he married a daughter of Louis I, Jadwiga of Poland, but had no promise that his dynasty would continue on the throne. He would need to issue more privileges to the nobility to secure the guarantee that upon his death, one of his sons would inherit. The royal council chose the candidates, and the delegates of nobility and towns confirmed them during the sejm. The principle of election continued in effect throughout the nearly two centuries of\",\n \"title\": \"Royal elections in Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5881486\",\n \"text\": \"Bronisław Komorowski Bronisław Maria Komorowski (born 4 June 1952) is a Polish politician and historian who served as President of Poland from 2010 to 2015. Komorowski served as Minister of Defence from 2000 to 2001. As Marshal of the Sejm (Speaker of the lower house of Parliament), Komorowski exercised the powers and duties of head of state following the death of President Lech Kaczyński in a plane crash on 10 April 2010. Komorowski was then the governing Civic Platform party's candidate in the resulting presidential election, which he won in the second round of voting on 4 July 2010. He\",\n \"title\": \"Bronisław Komorowski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"179009\",\n \"text\": \"structure in the 10th century that became the state of Poland, one of the West Slavic nations. Poland was established as a state under the Piast dynasty, which ruled the country between the 10th and 14th centuries. Historical records referring to the Polish state begin with the rule of Duke Mieszko I. Mieszko, whose reign commenced sometime before 963 and who continued as the Polish monarch until his death in 992, chose to be baptized in the Western Latin Rite, probably on 14 April 966, following his marriage to Princess Doubravka of Bohemia, a fervent Christian. This event has become\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"716254\",\n \"text\": \"genealogy to the dynasty. About 1295, Przemysł II used a coat of arms with a white eagle – a symbol later referred to as the Piast coat of arms or as the Piast Eagle. Piast kings and rulers of Poland appear in list form in the following table. For a list of all rulers, see List of Polish monarchs. Piast dynasty The Piast dynasty was the first historical ruling dynasty of Poland. The first documented Polish monarch was Prince Mieszko I (c. 930–992). The Piasts' royal rule in Poland ended in 1370 with the death of king Casimir III the\",\n \"title\": \"Piast dynasty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2885378\",\n \"text\": \"Aleksander Zawadzki Aleksander Zawadzki (; 16 December 1899 – 7 August 1964) was a Polish Communist political figure and President of Poland from 1952 to 1964. A member of the Communist Youth Union, Zawadzki went into exile in the Soviet Union in 1931, after spending six years in prison for subversive activities against the Polish state. He returned to Poland in 1939, just before the outbreak of World War II, but was immediately arrested. Freed from prison by the Soviet occupation of Eastern Poland, Zawadzki eventually joined the Soviet-organized Polish People's Army, rising to the rank of major general. Upon\",\n \"title\": \"Aleksander Zawadzki\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19526795\",\n \"text\": \"attempts, founded (or revived) by Juliusz Nowina-Sokolnicki who claimed to be the president of the Polish government-in-exile from 1972 until the restoration of Polish democracy in 1990. In his capacity as president, he claimed to restore the Order of Saint Stanislaus on 9 June 1979. Sokolnicki's claim to the Polish presidency was widely rejected and he is not recognized by the current government of Poland (in 1990, Lech Wałęsa accepted symbols of the pre-War presidency from Ryszard Kaczorowski). Sokolnicki's status was enhanced by the fact that he was an associate of August Zaleski, generally recognized as the head of the\",\n \"title\": \"Ordo Sancti Stanislai\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9562165\",\n \"text\": \"Władysław Anders) in 1942. In 1944-45 he participated in the anti-Nazi Germany Italian campaign as a physician of military hospitals. When World War II ended, he moved to England and became involved in the politics of the Polish community there, which included the Polish government in exile. Ostrowski was the third President of Poland in exile (1972–1979). He took office after death of President August Zaleski. To begin with he had to deal with a deep crisis within the emigre circles. Zaleski, despite earlier promises, declined to step down after seven years in office (1954), which caused formation of the\",\n \"title\": \"Stanisław Ostrowski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1324297\",\n \"text\": \"1995, defeating the incumbent, Lech Wałęsa. He was re-elected to a second and final term as president in 2000 in a decisive first-round victory. Although he was praised for attempting to further integrate Poland into the European Union, he faced criticism for involving the country in the Iraq War. His term ended on 23 December 2005, when he handed over power to his elected successor, conservative Lech Kaczyński. In the years 1973 to 1977, Kwaśniewski studied transport economics and foreign trade at the University of Gdańsk, though he never graduated. He became politically active at this time, and joined the\",\n \"title\": \"Aleksander Kwaśniewski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18386747\",\n \"text\": \"1933 Polish presidential election In the Polish Presidential election, 1933 Professor Ignacy Mościcki was re-elected President of the Second Republic of Poland on May 8 1933 for a further period of seven years, having previously been elected to the position in 1926. He was elected by 332 votes, with 11 votes appearing to be void. The result was greeted with loud cheers. He was elected by the Polish Sejm (Diet) and Senate sitting together as the National Assembly. The National Assembly had 555 members but only 343 were present, mainly members of the government party of Marshal Józef Piłsudski. The\",\n \"title\": \"1933 Polish presidential election\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10574551\",\n \"text\": \"2010 Polish presidential election The popular election of the President of Poland was held on 20 June 2010. As no candidate received a majority of votes in the first round, a second round was held on 4 July 2010. Bronisław Komorowski, candidate of Civic Platform, defeated Jarosław Kaczyński, candidate of Law and Justice. The global financial crisis, flooding in Poland and the Smolensk disaster were the main themes in the last months of the election campaign. After President Lech Kaczyński's death in a plane crash on 10 April 2010, the Constitution required the Marshal of the Sejm to declare the\",\n \"title\": \"2010 Polish presidential election\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6229739\",\n \"text\": \"Droz (1904), the first President of the Turkish Republic Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1937), Pope Nuncio Angelo Roncalli - the future Pope John XXIII. During his visit in 1941 he gave Religious confirmation to local children. The first Polish politician to visit after the Second World War was Adam Rapacki, then the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Polish Republic, accompanied by Turkish dignitaries (1961). In 1985 the village was visited by Kenan Evren, the head of the temporary military dictatorship during that period in Turkey, and in 1994 by Lech Wałęsa. The next President of Poland, Aleksander Kwaśniewski, came twice\",\n \"title\": \"Polonezköy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11521359\",\n \"text\": \"events, the 15 August is celebrated in Poland as the Day of Polish Army. On 16 December 1922, in the gallery Zachęta, Eligiusz Niewiadomski, a painter with mental disorder, who belonged to the right-wing National Democracy, assassinated the first President of Poland, Gabriel Narutowicz, who had been elected five days earlier by Sejm. The other event was the May Coup d'Etat (1926). On 12 May, Marshall Józef Piłsudski, displeased with the situation in Poland, and in particular with the appointment of a new government, arrived in Warsaw from his residence in Sulejówek (a small town east of Warsaw) at the\",\n \"title\": \"History of Warsaw\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8228543\",\n \"text\": \"political repression, but in the end was forced into negotiation. The Roundtable Talks between the government and the Solidarity-led opposition resulted in semi-free elections in 1989. By the end of August 1989, a Solidarity-led coalition government had been formed, and, in December 1990, Wałęsa was elected president. This was soon followed by the dismantling of the communist governmental system and by Poland's transformation into a modern democratic state. Solidarity's early survival represented a break in the hard-line stance of the communist Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR), and was an unprecedented event; not only for the People's Republic of Poland—a satellite\",\n \"title\": \"History of Solidarity\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14491981\",\n \"text\": \"History of Poland during the Piast dynasty The period of rule by the Piast dynasty between the 10th and 14th centuries is the first major stage of the history of the Polish nation. The dynasty was founded by a series of dukes listed by the chronicler Gallus Anonymous in the early 12th century: Siemowit, Lestek and Siemomysł. It was Mieszko I, the son of Siemomysł, who is now considered the proper founder of the Polish state at about 960 AD. The ruling house then remained in power in the Polish lands until 1370. Mieszko converted to Christianity of the Western\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland during the Piast dynasty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"179030\",\n \"text\": \"of the vacancy of the French throne, to which he was the heir presumptive. From the start, the royal elections increased foreign influence in the Commonwealth as foreign powers sought to manipulate the Polish nobility to place candidates amicable to their interests. The reign of Stephen Báthory of Hungary followed (r. 1576–1586). He was militarily and domestically assertive and is revered in Polish historical tradition as a rare case of successful elective king. The establishment of the legal Crown Tribunal in 1578 meant a transfer of many appellate cases from the royal to noble jurisdiction. A period of rule under\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4818488\",\n \"text\": \"rules and practices to supervise all governmental institutions specified in the constitution. The post of President of Poland was replaced with the collective Council of State, but Bierut, the party's first secretary, remained the effective leader of Poland. In the future, the existence of a constitution with democratic provisions would give the opposition a legal tool and a way to pressure the regime. Stalin died in 1953, which was followed by a partial thaw in Poland. Nikita Khrushchev became first secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The PZPR's Second Congress deliberated in March 1954. Cyrankiewicz, previously replaced\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland (1945–1989)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"307564\",\n \"text\": \"to the south and Germany to the west. The establishment of the Polish state can be traced back to A.D. 966, when Mieszko I, ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland, converted to Christianity. The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. This union formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest (about 1 million km) and most populous countries of 16th- and 17th-century Europe, with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe's first\",\n \"title\": \"Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2798774\",\n \"text\": \"Eligiusz Niewiadomski Eligiusz Niewiadomski (December 1, 1869 in Warsaw – January 31, 1923 in Warsaw) was a Polish modernist painter and art critic who belonged to the right-wing National Democratic Party till 1904 and later continued supporting it. In 1922 he assassinated Poland's first President, Gabriel Narutowicz, in his first week in office as president. Niewiadomski was born into a family of gentry descent. His father, Wincenty Niewiadomski, of the \\\"Prus\\\" coat-of-arms, was a veteran of the January Uprising and a worker at the Warsaw mint. At the age of two, Eligiusz lost his mother Julia, and was raised by\",\n \"title\": \"Eligiusz Niewiadomski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5276922\",\n \"text\": \"the Judiciary. The President also selects the First President of the court from candidates presented by the General Assembly of the Supreme Court. The First President holds office for a six-year term, though he or she may be dismissed by the Sejm upon a motion by the President of the Republic of Poland if found convicted of a crime. In July 2018 a new law came into force which lowers the mandatory retirement age from 70 to 65. The introduction of this law is contested and the constitutionality of the law is being assessed. Critics have argued the law is\",\n \"title\": \"Supreme Court of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16531059\",\n \"text\": \"Stanisław Klimecki Stanisław Klimecki (November 20, 1883 – December 11, 1942) was a Polish lawyer, social activist, and the President of Kraków at the time of the German invasion of Poland in September 1939. He served as president only for a few weeks, before his German successor from the NSDAP took over by the order of \\\"SS-Obergruppenführer\\\", Hans Frank. Klimecki saved the city from being shelled by the invading Wehrmacht troops on his own initiative. Klimecki was arrested and then released numerous times during the occupation of Kraków, before his death at the hands of the Nazis. The first time,\",\n \"title\": \"Stanisław Klimecki\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2253014\",\n \"text\": \"the Prime Minister remained poor throughout the Pawlak government, with the President charging Pawlak with furthering personal and party interests while neglecting matters of state importance. Following a number of scandals implicating Pawlak and increasing political tension over control of the armed forces, Wałęsa demanded Pawlak's resignation in January 1995. A crisis resulted and the coalition removed Pawlak from office and replaced him with the SLD's Józef Oleksy as the new Prime Minister. In November 1995, Poland held its second post-war free presidential elections. SLD leader Aleksander Kwaśniewski defeated Wałęsa by a narrow margin—51.7% to 48.3%. Soon after Wałęsa's defeat,\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland (1989–present)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2253012\",\n \"text\": \"for a 5-year term. Jan Krzysztof Bielecki, at Wałęsa's request, formed a government and served as its Prime Minister until October 1991, introducing world prices and greatly expanding the scope of private enterprise. Poland's first free parliamentary elections were held in 1991. More than 100 parties participated, representing the full spectrum of political views. No single party received more than 13% of the total vote. The government of Prime Minister Jan Olszewski was the first fully free and democratic Polish government since 1926. This cabinet was supported by the Kaczyński brothers. Olszewski was replaced by Hanna Suchocka as the first\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland (1989–present)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2838123\",\n \"text\": \"in Paris and then in Angers. From 1940, following the Fall of France, the government moved to London, and remained in the United Kingdom until its dissolution in 1990. On 17 September 1939, the President of the Polish Republic, Ignacy Mościcki, who was then in the small town of Kuty (now Ukraine) near the southern Polish border, issued a proclamation about his plan to transfer power and appointing Władysław Raczkiewicz, the Marshal of the Senate, as his successor. This was done in accordance with Article 24 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, adopted in April 1935. Article 24\",\n \"title\": \"Polish government-in-exile\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4622173\",\n \"text\": \"nominated president of Poland by retiring President Ignacy Mościcki. On the same day, Poland was invaded by the Soviet Union and he emigrated to Paris to perform his new role but was blackballed by Władysław Sikorski, the French Third Republic and the United Kingdom. After the capitulation of France he emigrated to Lisbon but soon he moved to New York. Many sources do not list Wieniawa as President, merely \\\"designated successor\\\". However, according to the then constitution, when the President can not execute his powers (as when Mościcki was interned in Romania and it was clear that he would not\",\n \"title\": \"Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"178999\",\n \"text\": \"History of Poland The history of Poland has its roots in the migrations of Slavs, who established permanent settlements in the Polish lands during the Early Middle Ages. The first ruling dynasty, the Piasts, emerged by the 10th century AD. Duke Mieszko I (d. 992) is considered the \\\"de facto\\\" creator of the Polish state and is widely recognized for the adoption of Western Christianity that followed his baptism in 966. Mieszko's duchy of Poland was formally reconstituted as a medieval kingdom in 1025 by his son Bolesław I the Brave, known for military expansion under his rule. Perhaps the\",\n \"title\": \"History of Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"307571\",\n \"text\": \"to form into a recognizable unitary and territorial entity around the middle of the 10th century under the Piast dynasty. Poland's first historically documented ruler, Mieszko I, accepted Christianity with the Baptism of Poland in 966, as the new official religion of his subjects. The bulk of the population converted in the course of the next few centuries. In 1000, Boleslaw the Brave, continuing the policy of his father Mieszko, held a Congress of Gniezno and created the metropolis of Gniezno and the dioceses of Kraków, Kołobrzeg, and Wrocław. However, the pagan unrest led to the transfer of the capital\",\n \"title\": \"Poland\"\n }\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who was the first elected president of poland"}}},{"rowIdx":8392,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["İstanbul"],"string":"[\n \"İstanbul\"\n]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"68666","text":"Latin script that had been used in Ottoman times. In time the city came to be known as Istanbul and its variations in most world languages. The name \"Constantinople\" is still used by members of the Eastern Orthodox Church in the title of one of their most important leaders, the Orthodox patriarch based in the city, referred to as \"His Most Divine All-Holiness the Archbishop of Constantinople New Rome and Ecumenical Patriarch.\" In Greece today, the city is still called \"Konstantinoúpoli(s)\" () or simply just \"the City\" (). Constantinople was founded by the Roman Emperor Constantine I (272–337) in 324","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"68654","text":"Constantinople Constantinople (; ) was the capital city of the Roman/Byzantine Empire (330–1204 and 1261–1453), and also of the brief Crusader state known as the Latin Empire (1204–1261), until finally falling to the Ottoman (1453–1923) empire. It was reinaugurated in 324 from ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great, after whom it was named, and dedicated on 11 May 330. The city was largely located in what is now the European side and the core of modern Istanbul. From the mid-5th century to the early 13th century, Constantinople was the largest and","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"68665","text":"The modern Turkish name for the city, \"İstanbul\", derives from the Greek phrase \"eis tin polin\" (), meaning \"(in)to the city\". This name was used in Turkish alongside \"Kostantiniyye\", the more formal adaptation of the original \"Constantinople\", during the period of Ottoman rule, while western languages mostly continued to refer to the city as Constantinople until the early 20th century. In 1928, the Turkish alphabet was changed from Arabic script to Latin script. After that, as part of the 1920s Turkification movement, Turkey started to urge other countries to use Turkish names for Turkish cities, instead of other transliterations to","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"68662","text":"after either the assassination of Caracalla in 217 or, at the latest, the fall of the Severan dynasty in 235. Byzantium took on the name of \"Kōnstantinoupolis\" (\"city of Constantine\", \"Constantinople\") after its refoundation under Roman emperor Constantine I, who transferred the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium in 330 and designated his new capital officially as \"Nova Roma\" () 'New Rome'. During this time, the city was also called 'Second Rome', 'Eastern Rome', and \"Roma Constantinopolitana\". As the city became the sole remaining capital of the Roman Empire after the fall of the West, and its wealth, population,","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"7074609","text":"Great Palace of Constantinople The Great Palace of Constantinople (, \"Méga Palátion\"; Latin: \"Palatium Magnum\", Turkish: \"Büyük Saray\"), also known as the Sacred Palace (, \"Hieròn Palátion\"; Latin: \"Sacrum Palatium\"), was the large Imperial Byzantine palace complex located in the south-eastern end of the peninsula now known as \"Old Istanbul\" (formerly Constantinople), in modern Turkey. It served as the main royal residence of the Eastern Roman or Byzantine emperors from 330 to 1081 and was the center of imperial administration for over 690 years. Only a few remnants and fragments of its foundations have survived into the present day. When","title":"Great Palace of Constantinople"},{"id":"7971193","text":"Israel it has virtually disappeared, replaced by the Hebrew transliteration of the Turkish \"Istanbul\" (). Present-day Chinese use transcriptions of the name Istanbul (Yisitanbu'er 伊斯坦布尔 or Yisitanbao 伊斯坦堡) when referring to the modern city. Most modern Western languages have adopted the name \"Istanbul\" for the modern city during the 20th century, following the current usage in the Turkish Republic. However, many languages also preserve other, traditional names. Greeks continue to call the city Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολη \"Konstantinupoli\" in Modern Greek) or simply \"The City\" (η Πόλη \"i Poli\"). Languages that use forms based on \"Stamboul\" include Russian, Polish (though the alternative","title":"Names of Istanbul"},{"id":"68661","text":"colonists, Byzas. The later Byzantines of Constantinople themselves would maintain that the city was named in honour of two men, Byzas and Antes, though this was more likely just a play on the word Byzantion. The city was briefly renamed \"Augusta Antonina\" in the early 3rd century AD by the Emperor Septimius Severus (193–211), having razed the city to the ground in 196 for supporting a rival contender in the civil war and rebuilt, in honour of his son Antoninus, the later Emperor Caracalla. The name appears to have been quickly forgotten and abandoned, and the city reverted to Byzantium/Byzantion","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"6652901","text":"the name given to it at its foundation by Megarean colonists around 660 BCE. The name is thought to be derived from a personal name, Byzas. Ancient Greek tradition refers to a legendary king of that name as the leader of the Greek colonists. Modern scholars have also hypothesized that the name of Byzas was of local Thracian or Illyrian origin and hence predated the Megarean settlement. After Constantine the Great made it the new eastern capital of the Roman Empire in 330 CE, the city became widely known as Constantinople, which, as the Latinized form of \"\" (\"Konstantinoúpolis\"), means","title":"Istanbul"},{"id":"68722","text":"purported clepsydra mounted with a golden statue of a man. The Chinese histories even related how the city had been besieged in the 7th century by Muawiyah I and how he exacted tribute in a peace settlement. Constantinople Constantinople (; ) was the capital city of the Roman/Byzantine Empire (330–1204 and 1261–1453), and also of the brief Crusader state known as the Latin Empire (1204–1261), until finally falling to the Ottoman (1453–1923) empire. It was reinaugurated in 324 from ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great, after whom it was named, and","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"2373714","text":"New Rome New Rome (Greek: Νέα Ῥώμη, \"Nea Romē\"; Latin: \"Nova Roma\") was a name sometimes used to describe the new city that the Roman Emperor Constantine created as his new imperial capital on the European coast of the Bosphorus strait. The city was known as Byzantium prior to his rededication, and as Constantinople thereafter, until the 20th century, when it was renamed Istanbul. 'New Rome' was never an official title, but was sometimes used as a laudatory description of the city, which was often compared with Rome in many ways (see the paragraph that follows). Constantine essentially rebuilt the","title":"New Rome"},{"id":"7971175","text":"New, second Rome\", \"Alma Roma\" , , \"Eastern Rome\", \"Roma Constantinopolitana\". The Third Canon of the First Council of Constantinople (360) refers to the city as New Rome. The term \"New Rome\" lent itself to East–West polemics, especially in the context of the Great Schism, when it was used by Greek writers to stress the rivalry with (the original) Rome. \"New Rome\" is also still part of the official title of the Patriarch of Constantinople. \"Kōnstantinoúpolis\" (Κωνσταντινούπολις), \"Constantinopolis\" in Latin and \"Constantinople\" in English, was the name by which the city became soon more widely known, in honour of Constantine","title":"Names of Istanbul"},{"id":"7971177","text":"popular speech, the most common way of referring to it came to be simply \"the City\" (Greek: \"hē Polis\", , Modern Greek: \"i Poli\", η Πόλη). This usage, still current today in colloquial Greek and Armenian (Պոլիս, pronounced \"Polis\" or \"Bolis\" in the Western Armenian dialect prevalent in the city), also became the source of the later Turkish name, \"Istanbul\" (see below). \"Kostantiniyye\" (Arabic, Persian , \"Qusṭanṭīniyya\", Ottoman Turkish , \"Ḳosṭanṭīnīye\") is the name by which the city came to be known in the Islamic world. It is an Arabic calqued form of \"Constantinople\", with an Arabic ending meaning 'place","title":"Names of Istanbul"},{"id":"6652902","text":"the \"City of Constantine\". He also attempted to promote the name \"Nova Roma\" and its Greek version \"\" \"Nea Romē\" (New Rome), but this did not enter widespread usage. \"Constantinople\" remained the most common name for the city in the West until the establishment of the Turkish Republic, and \"Kostantiniyye\" () and \"Be Makam-e Qonstantiniyyah al-Mahmiyyah\" (meaning \"the Protected Location of Constantinople\") and \"İstanbul\" were the names used alternatively by the Ottomans during their rule. The use of \"Constantinople\" to refer to the city during the Ottoman period (from the mid-15th century) is now considered politically incorrect, even if not","title":"Istanbul"},{"id":"7074619","text":"harbour of Bucoleon. Great Palace of Constantinople The Great Palace of Constantinople (, \"Méga Palátion\"; Latin: \"Palatium Magnum\", Turkish: \"Büyük Saray\"), also known as the Sacred Palace (, \"Hieròn Palátion\"; Latin: \"Sacrum Palatium\"), was the large Imperial Byzantine palace complex located in the south-eastern end of the peninsula now known as \"Old Istanbul\" (formerly Constantinople), in modern Turkey. It served as the main royal residence of the Eastern Roman or Byzantine emperors from 330 to 1081 and was the center of imperial administration for over 690 years. Only a few remnants and fragments of its foundations have survived into the","title":"Great Palace of Constantinople"},{"id":"6652897","text":"million residents. Istanbul is one of the world's most populous cities and ranks as the world's fourth-largest city proper and the largest European city. Istanbul is viewed as a bridge between the East and West. Founded under the name of \"Byzantion\" (Βυζάντιον) on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BCE, the city grew in size and influence, becoming one of the most important cities in history. After its reestablishment as \"Constantinople\" in 330 CE, it served as an imperial capital for almost 16 centuries, during the Roman/Byzantine (330–1204), Latin (1204–1261), Palaiologos Byzantine (1261–1453) and Ottoman (1453–1922) empires. It was instrumental in","title":"Istanbul"},{"id":"7971172","text":"Names of Istanbul The city of Istanbul has been known by a number of different names. The most notable names besides the modern Turkish name are \"Byzantium\", \"Constantinople\", and \"Stamboul\". Different names are associated with different phases of its history and with different languages. According to Pliny the Elder the first name of Byzantium was \"Lygos\". This may have been the name of a Thracian settlement situated on the site of the later city, near the point of the peninsula (Sarayburnu). \"Byzantion\" (Βυζάντιον), Latinized as \"Byzantium\", was founded by Greek colonists from Megara in 667 BC. The name is believed","title":"Names of Istanbul"},{"id":"68660","text":"Thracian origin founded between the 13th and 11th centuries BC. The site, according to the founding myth of the city, was abandoned by the time Greek settlers from the city-state of Megara founded \"Byzantium\" (, \"Byzántion\") in around 657 BC, across from the town of Chalcedon on the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus. The origins of the name of \"Byzantion\", more commonly known by the later Latin \"Byzantium\", are not entirely clear, though some suggest it is of Thraco-Illyrian origin. The founding myth of the city has it told that the settlement was named after the leader of the Megarian","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"68663","text":"and influence grew, the city also came to have a multitude of nicknames. As the largest and wealthiest city in Europe during the 4th–13th centuries and a centre of culture and education of the Mediterranean basin, Constantinople came to be known by prestigious titles such as \"Basileuousa\" (Queen of Cities) and \"Megalopolis\" (the Great City) and was, in colloquial speech, commonly referred to as just \"Polis\" () 'the City' by Constantinopolitans and provincial Byzantines alike. In the language of other peoples, Constantinople was referred to just as reverently. The medieval Vikings, who had contacts with the empire through their expansion","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"2065249","text":"Byzantine architecture Byzantine architecture () is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, also known as the Later Roman or Eastern Roman Empire. The Byzantine era is the period after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire. Constantinople became known as the Roman capital in 330 AD. Constantinople is what is now present day Istanbul. Byzantine architecture was mostly influenced by Roman and Greek architecture. It began with Constantine the Great when he rebuilt the city of Byzantium and named it Constantinople and continued with his building of churches and the forum of Constantine, as also the Church of St. George,","title":"Byzantine architecture"},{"id":"2065279","text":"of Constantinople by the Ottomans. Byzantine architecture Byzantine architecture () is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, also known as the Later Roman or Eastern Roman Empire. The Byzantine era is the period after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire. Constantinople became known as the Roman capital in 330 AD. Constantinople is what is now present day Istanbul. Byzantine architecture was mostly influenced by Roman and Greek architecture. It began with Constantine the Great when he rebuilt the city of Byzantium and named it Constantinople and continued with his building of churches and the forum of Constantine, as also","title":"Byzantine architecture"},{"id":"90880","text":"of Constantine. He is venerated as a saint by the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches. He has historically been referred to as the \"First Christian Emperor\", and he did heavily promote the Christian Church. Some modern scholars, however, debate his beliefs and even his comprehension of the Christian faith itself. The age of Constantine marked a distinct epoch in the history of the Roman Empire. He built a new imperial residence at Byzantium and renamed the city Constantinople (now Istanbul) after himself (the laudatory epithet of \"New Rome\" came later, and was never an official title). It became the","title":"Constantine the Great"},{"id":"68664","text":"in eastern Europe (Varangians) used the Old Norse name \"Miklagarðr\" (from \"mikill\" 'big' and \"garðr\" 'city'), and later \"Miklagard\" and \"Miklagarth\". In Arabic, the city was sometimes called \"Rūmiyyat al-Kubra\" (Great City of the Romans) and in Persian as \"Takht-e Rum\" (Throne of the Romans). In East and South Slavic languages, including in medieval Russia, Constantinople has been referred to as \"Tsargrad\" (\"Царьград\") or \"Carigrad\", 'City of the Caesar (Emperor)', from the Slavonic words \"tsar\" ('Caesar' or 'King') and \"grad\" ('city'). This was presumably a calque on a Greek phrase such as (\"Vasileos Polis\"), 'the city of the emperor [king]'.","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"6652911","text":"into the 20th century. On 11 May 330, Constantinople was proclaimed the capital of the Roman Empire, which was later permanently divided between the two sons of Theodosius I upon his death on 17 January 395, when the city became the capital of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. The establishment of Constantinople served as one of Constantine's most lasting accomplishments, shifting Roman power eastward as the city became a center of Greek culture and Christianity. Numerous churches were built across the city, including the Hagia Sophia which was built during the reign of Justinian the Great and remained the world's","title":"Istanbul"},{"id":"68715","text":"to come back to the city. Constantinople was the largest and richest urban center in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea during the late Eastern Roman Empire, mostly as a result of its strategic position commanding the trade routes between the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea. It would remain the capital of the eastern, Greek-speaking empire for over a thousand years. At its peak, roughly corresponding to the Middle Ages, it was the richest and largest European city, exerting a powerful cultural pull and dominating economic life in the Mediterranean. Visitors and merchants were especially struck by the beautiful monasteries and","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"68659","text":"began to lose territories and the city began to lose population. By the early 15th century, the Byzantine Empire was reduced to just Constantinople and its environs, along with Morea in Greece, making it an enclave inside the Ottoman Empire; after a 53-day siege the city eventually fell to the Ottomans, led by Sultan Mehmed II, on 29 May 1453, whereafter it replaced Edirne (Adrianople) as the new capital of the Ottoman Empire. According to Pliny the Elder in his \"Natural History\", the first known name of a settlement on the site of Constantinople was \"Lygos\", a settlement likely of","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"981870","text":"some contemporary writers to Sultan Mehmed II himself. The name of Istanbul is thought to be derived from the Greek phrase \"īs tīmbolī(n)\" (, translit. \"eis tēn pólin\", \"to the City\"), and it is claimed that it had already spread among the Turkish populace of the Ottoman Empire before the conquest. However, Istanbul only became the official name of the city in 1930 by the revised Turkish Postal Law as part of Atatürk's reforms. Melville Jones, John, The Siege of Constantinople 1453: Seven Contemporary Accounts, Amsterdam 1972 Philippides, Marios and Walter K. Hanak, The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople","title":"Fall of Constantinople"},{"id":"4334092","text":"may be a special case. When the city was first settled by Englishmen, in the early 17th century, both names were in use. Possibly they referred to different villages which were fused into the new settlement. In any case, Madras became the exonym, while more recently, Chennai became the endonym. Likewise, Istanbul (İstanbul in Turkish) is still called Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολη) in Greek, although the name was changed in Turkish to disassociate the city from its Greek past between 1923 and 1930 (the name Istanbul itself derives from a Medieval Greek phrase). Prior to Constantinople, the city was known in Greek","title":"Exonym and endonym"},{"id":"9663518","text":"to Ankara. Since 1930, the native name \"Istanbul\" has been the sole official name of the city in Turkish and has since replaced the traditional name \"Constantinople\" in most western languages as well. Humans have lived in the area now known as Istanbul since at least the Neolithic period. The earliest known settlement dates from 6700 BC, discovered in 2008, during the construction works of the Yenikapı subway station and the Marmaray tunnel at the historic peninsula on the European side. The first human settlement on the Anatolian side, the Fikirtepe mound, is from the Copper Age period, with artifacts","title":"History of Istanbul"},{"id":"2797683","text":"Edict of Milan, which granted liberty for Christians to profess their religion. Constantine was converted to Christianity, enforcing the Christian faith. He began the Christianization of the Empire and of Europe – a process concluded by the Catholic Church in the Middle Ages. He was defeated by the Franks and the Alamanni during 306–308. In 324 he defeated another tetrarch, Licinius, and controlled all the empire, as it was before Diocletian. To celebrate his victories and Christianity's relevance, he rebuilt Byzantium and renamed it Nova Roma (\"New Rome\"); but the city soon gained the informal name of Constantinople (\"City of","title":"Ancient Rome"},{"id":"7971176","text":"the Great who established it as his capital. It is first attested in official use under Emperor Theodosius II (408–450). It remained the principal official name of the city throughout the Byzantine period, and the most common name used for it in the West until the early 20th century. It was also used (including its Kostantiniyye variant) by the Ottoman Empire until the advent of the Republic of Turkey. Besides \"Constantinople\", the Byzantines referred to the city with a large range of honorary appellations, such as the \"Queen of Cities\" (), also as an adjective, Βασιλεύουσα, the 'Reigning City'. In","title":"Names of Istanbul"},{"id":"10202120","text":"Wars. According to Acts of Apostles 11, a city in the southern of Turkey, Antioch (now Antakya) is the birthplace of the first Christian community. In 324, Constantine I chose Byzantium to be the new capital of the Roman Empire, renaming it New Rome. Following the death of Theodosius I in 395 and the permanent division of the Roman Empire between his two sons, the city, which would popularly come to be known as Constantinople, became the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. This empire, which would later be branded by historians as the Byzantine Empire, ruled most of the","title":"Turkey"},{"id":"68655","text":"wealthiest city in Europe. The city was also famed for its architectural masterpieces, such as the Greek Orthodox cathedral of Hagia Sophia, which served as the seat of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, the sacred Imperial Palace where the Emperors lived, the Galata Tower, the Hippodrome, the Golden Gate of the Land Walls, and the opulent aristocratic palaces lining the arcaded avenues and squares. The University of Constantinople was founded in the fifth century and contained numerous artistic and literary treasures before it was sacked in 1204 and 1453, including its vast Imperial Library which contained the remnants of the Library of","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"981808","text":"Fall of Constantinople The Fall of Constantinople (; ) was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by an invading Ottoman army on 29 May 1453. The attackers were commanded by the 21-year-old Sultan Mehmed II, who defeated an army commanded by Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos and took control of the imperial capital, ending a 53-day siege that began on 6 April 1453. After conquering the city, Sultan Mehmed transferred the capital of his Empire from Edirne to Constantinople and established his court there. The capture of the city (and two other Byzantine splinter territories soon thereafter) marked","title":"Fall of Constantinople"},{"id":"981860","text":"and Constantine Lascaris, fled the city and found refuge in the Latin West, bringing with them knowledge and documents from the Greco-Roman tradition to Italy and other regions that further propelled the Renaissance. Those Greeks who stayed behind in Constantinople mostly lived in the Phanar and Galata districts of the city. The Phanariotes, as they were called, provided many capable advisers to the Ottoman rulers. Byzantium is a term used by modern historians to refer to the later Roman Empire. In its own time, the Empire ruled from Constantinople (or \"New Rome\" as some people call it, although this was","title":"Fall of Constantinople"},{"id":"6652905","text":"importance of Constantinople in the Ottoman world was also reflected by its Ottoman name 'Der Saadet' meaning the 'gate to Prosperity' in Ottoman. An alternative view is that the name evolved directly from the name \"Constantinople\", with the first and third syllables dropped. A Turkish folk etymology traces the name to Islam bol \"plenty of Islam\" because the city was called \"Islambol\" (\"plenty of Islam\") or \"Islambul\" (\"find Islam\") as the capital of the Islamic Ottoman Empire. It is first attested shortly after the conquest, and its invention was ascribed by some contemporary writers to Sultan Mehmed II himself. Some","title":"Istanbul"},{"id":"981869","text":"of the war Venizelos lost the election of 1920 and went into exile and Greece was defeated in the war by Turkey. Ottomans used the Arabic transliteration of the city's name \"Kostantiniyye,\" (القسطنطينية), as can be seen in numerous Ottoman documents. \"Islambol\" (, \"Full of Islam\") or \"Islambul\" (\"find Islam\") or \"Islam(b)ol\" (\"old Turkic: be Islam\"), both in Turkish Language, were folk-etymological adaptations of \"Istanbul\" created after the Ottoman conquest of 1453 to express the city's new role as the capital of the Islamic Ottoman Empire. It is first attested shortly after the conquest, and its invention was ascribed by","title":"Fall of Constantinople"},{"id":"9663523","text":"capital city. Byzantium (now renamed as \"Nova Roma\" which eventually became \"Constantinopolis\", i.e. \"The City of Constantine\") was officially proclaimed the new capital of the Roman Empire in 330. Following the death of Theodosius I in 395 and the permanent partition of the Roman Empire between his two sons, Constantinople became the capital of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. The combination of imperialism and location would play an important role as the crossing point between two continents (Europe and Asia), and later a magnet for Africa and others as well, in terms of commerce, culture, diplomacy, and strategy. It was","title":"History of Istanbul"},{"id":"3005335","text":"29 May 1453 after a six-week siege. The walls were largely maintained intact during most of the Ottoman period, until sections began to be dismantled in the 19th century, as the city outgrew its medieval boundaries. Despite the subsequent lack of maintenance, many parts of the walls survived and are still standing today. A large-scale restoration program has been under way since the 1980s. According to tradition, the city was founded as Byzantium by Greek colonists from Megara, led by the eponymous Byzas, around 658 BC. At the time the city consisted of a small region around an acropolis, located","title":"Walls of Constantinople"},{"id":"68656","text":"Alexandria and had over 100,000 volumes of ancient texts. It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times as the home of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople and as the guardian of Christendom's holiest relics such as the Crown of Thorns and the True Cross. Constantinople was famed for its massive and complex defences. The first wall of the city was erected by Constantine I, and surrounded the city on both land and sea fronts. Later, in the 5th century, the Praetorian Prefect Anthemius under the child emperor Theodosius II undertook the construction of the Theodosian","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"3005333","text":"Walls of Constantinople The Walls of Constantinople are a series of defensive stone walls that have surrounded and protected the city of Constantinople (today Istanbul in Turkey) since its founding as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Constantine the Great. With numerous additions and modifications during their history, they were the last great fortification system of antiquity, and one of the most complex and elaborate systems ever built. Initially built by Constantine the Great, the walls surrounded the new city on all sides, protecting it against attack from both sea and land. As the city grew, the famous","title":"Walls of Constantinople"},{"id":"68687","text":"was designed in the form of an equal-armed cross with five domes, and ornamented with beautiful mosaics. This church was to remain the burial place of the Emperors from Constantine himself until the 11th century. When the city fell to the Turks in 1453, the church was demolished to make room for the tomb of Mehmet II the Conqueror. Justinian was also concerned with other aspects of the city's built environment, legislating against the abuse of laws prohibiting building within of the sea front, in order to protect the view. During Justinian I's reign, the city's population reached about 500,000","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"68673","text":"the Danube or the Euphrates frontiers, his court supplied from the rich gardens and sophisticated workshops of Roman Asia, his treasuries filled by the wealthiest provinces of the Empire. Constantinople was built over six years, and consecrated on 11 May 330. Constantine divided the expanded city, like Rome, into 14 regions, and ornamented it with public works worthy of an imperial metropolis. Yet, at first, Constantine's new Rome did not have all the dignities of old Rome. It possessed a proconsul, rather than an urban prefect. It had no praetors, tribunes, or quaestors. Although it did have senators, they held","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"7971187","text":"to refer to the authorities located there, and hence for the central Ottoman imperial administration. Modern historians also refer to government by these terms, similar to popular usage of Whitehall in Britain. The sublime Gate is not inside Topkapı palace; the administration building whose gate is named Bâb-ı Âlî is between Agia Sofia and Beyazit mosque, a huge building. Many peoples neighboring on the Byzantine Empire used names expressing concepts like \"The Great City\", \"City of the Emperors\", \"Capital of the Romans\" or similar. During the 10th to 12th century Constantinople was one of the largest two cities in the","title":"Names of Istanbul"},{"id":"68721","text":"the barbarians coming from south of the Danube river, who found easier targets to the west rather than the richer provinces to the east in Asia. From the 5th century, the city was also protected by the Anastasian Wall, a 60-kilometer chain of walls across the Thracian peninsula. Many scholars argue that these sophisticated fortifications allowed the east to develop relatively unmolested while Ancient Rome and the west collapsed. Constantinople's fame was such that it was described even in contemporary Chinese histories, the \"Old\" and \"New Book of Tang\", which mentioned its massive walls and gates as well as a","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"8694002","text":"and the Sassanid Dynasty rose. Constantinople, situated on the Bosporus Straits at the mouth of the Black Sea, became a capital of the Roman Empire in 330 AD after Constantine the Great, the first Christian emperor, refounded the city of Byzantium. Although the city was called Constantinople until its fall, the Eastern Roman Empire became known by the classical name of Byzantium, and often the city was called by its old name as well. The city's status as residence of the Eastern Roman Emperor made it into the premier city in all of the Eastern Roman colonies in the Balkans,","title":"Middle Eastern empires"},{"id":"6652910","text":"Niger against Emperor Septimius Severus cost it dearly; by the time it surrendered at the end of 195 CE, two years of siege had left the city devastated. Five years later, Severus began to rebuild Byzantium, and the city regained—and, by some accounts, surpassed—its previous prosperity. Constantine the Great effectively became the emperor of the whole of the Roman Empire in September 324. Two months later, he laid out the plans for a new, Christian city to replace Byzantium. As the eastern capital of the empire, the city was named \"Nova Roma\"; most called it Constantinople, a name that persisted","title":"Istanbul"},{"id":"68679","text":"was located), Pontus and Asia comparable to the 100-mile extraordinary jurisdiction of the prefect of Rome. The emperor Valens, who hated the city and spent only one year there, nevertheless built the Palace of Hebdomon on the shore of the Propontis near the Golden Gate, probably for use when reviewing troops. All the emperors up to Zeno and Basiliscus were crowned and acclaimed at the Hebdomon. Theodosius I founded the Church of John the Baptist to house the skull of the saint (today preserved at the Topkapı Palace), put up a memorial pillar to himself in the Forum of Taurus,","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"6652935","text":"Fatih district, which was named after Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror (Turkish: \"Fatih Sultan Mehmed\"), corresponds to what was, until the Ottoman conquest in 1453, the whole of the city of Constantinople (today is the capital district and called the \"historic peninsula\" of Istanbul) on the southern shore of the Golden Horn, across the medieval Genoese citadel of Galata on the northern shore. The Genoese fortifications in Galata were largely demolished in the 19th century, leaving only the Galata Tower, to make way for the northward expansion of the city. Galata (Karaköy) is today a quarter within the Beyoğlu (Pera) district,","title":"Istanbul"},{"id":"68712","text":"Constantinople. In 1453, when the Ottoman Turks captured the city, it contained approximately 50,000 people. Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Empire on 29 May 1453. The Ottomans were commanded by 22-year-old Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II. The conquest of Constantinople followed a seven-week siege which had begun on 6 April 1453. The Christian Orthodox city of Constantinople was now under Ottoman control. When Mehmed II finally entered Constantinople through what is now known as the Topkapi Gate, he immediately rode his horse to the Hagia Sophia, where he ordered his soldiers to stop hacking at the marbles and 'be satisfied","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"6652903","text":"historically inaccurate, by Turks. By the 19th century, the city had acquired other names used by either foreigners or Turks. Europeans used \"Constantinople\" to refer to the whole of the city, but used the name \"Stamboul\"—as the Turks also did—to describe the walled peninsula between the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara. \"Pera\" (from the Greek word for \"across\") was used to describe the area between the Golden Horn and the Bosphorus, but Turks also used the name \"Beyoğlu\" (today the official name for one of the city's constituent districts). \"Islambol\" (meaning either \"City of Islam\" or \"Full of","title":"Istanbul"},{"id":"68685","text":"back, and wide-sleeved tunics tight at the wrist; and to form gangs to engage in night-time muggings and street violence. At last these disorders took the form of a major rebellion of 532, known as the \"Nika\" riots (from the battle-cry of \"Conquer!\" of those involved). Fires started by the Nika rioters consumed Constantine's basilica of Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom), the city's principal church, which lay to the north of the Augustaeum. Justinian commissioned Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus to replace it with a new and incomparable Hagia Sophia. This was the great cathedral of the Orthodox Church,","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"13791571","text":"admirer of everything German, Peter the Great originally named the city, Sankt-Peterburg (; note that the Russian name lacks the letter \"s\" between \"Peter\" and \"burg\"). On 1 September 1914, after the outbreak of World War I, the Imperial government renamed the city Petrograd (), meaning \"Peter's city\", in order to expunge the German name \"Sankt\" and \"Burg\". On 26 January 1924, shortly after the death of Lenin, it was renamed to Leningrad (), meaning \"Lenin's City\". On 6 September 1991, the original name, Sankt-Peterburg, was returned. Today, in English the city is known as \"Saint Petersburg\". Local residents often","title":"Saint Petersburg"},{"id":"68675","text":"in Asiana and Pontica and on 18 May 332 he announced that, as in Rome, free distributions of food would be made to the citizens. At the time, the amount is said to have been 80,000 rations a day, doled out from 117 distribution points around the city. Constantine laid out a new square at the centre of old Byzantium, naming it the Augustaeum. The new senate-house (or Curia) was housed in a basilica on the east side. On the south side of the great square was erected the Great Palace of the Emperor with its imposing entrance, the Chalke,","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"90938","text":"also considered. Eventually, however, Constantine decided to work on the Greek city of Byzantium, which offered the advantage of having already been extensively rebuilt on Roman patterns of urbanism, during the preceding century, by Septimius Severus and Caracalla, who had already acknowledged its strategic importance. The city was thus founded in 324, dedicated on 11 May 330 and renamed \"Constantinopolis\" (\"Constantine's City\" or Constantinople in English). Special commemorative coins were issued in 330 to honor the event. The new city was protected by the relics of the True Cross, the Rod of Moses and other holy relics, though a cameo","title":"Constantine the Great"},{"id":"9663532","text":"semi-ghost town with, as Ibn Battuta noted, sown fields within the city walls. The city by 1453 held less than a tenth of its former population. The city, known alternatively in Ottoman Turkish as \"Ḳosṭanṭīnīye\" ( after the Arabic form ) or Istanbul (while its Christian minorities continued to name it Constantinople), was the capital of the Ottoman Empire from its conquest in 1453 until the empire's collapse in 1922. On 29 May 1453, Sultan Mehmed II \"the Conqueror\", entered Constantinople after a 53–day siege during which his cannon had torn a huge hole in the Walls of Theodosius II.","title":"History of Istanbul"},{"id":"68658","text":"the prosperity it achieved from being the gateway between two continents (Europe and Asia) and two seas (the Mediterranean and the Black Sea). Although besieged on numerous occasions by various armies, the defences of Constantinople proved impregnable for nearly nine hundred years. In 1204, however, the armies of the Fourth Crusade took and devastated the city, and its inhabitants lived several decades under Latin misrule. In 1261 the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos liberated the city, and after the restoration under the Palaiologos dynasty, enjoyed a partial recovery. With the advent of the Ottoman Empire in 1299, the Byzantine Empire","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"13973222","text":"Byzantine Empire under the Constantinian and Valentinian dynasties Byzantium under the Constantinian and Valentinian dynasties was the earliest period of the Byzantine history that saw a shift in government from Rome in the west to Constantinople in the East within the Roman Empire under emperor Constantine the Great and his successors. Constantinople, formally named Nova Roma, was created on the site of the old Greek Byzantium, which is the origin of the historiographical name for the Eastern Empire, which self-identified simply as the \"Roman Empire\". In the 3rd century, the Roman Empire suffered troubling economic difficulties that spread over a","title":"Byzantine Empire under the Constantinian and Valentinian dynasties"},{"id":"6652952","text":"promotion of arts, culture, and nature conservation. Vasip Şahin has been the Governor of Istanbul Province since September 25, 2014. Throughout most of its history, Istanbul has ranked among the largest cities in the world. By 500 CE, Constantinople had somewhere between 400,000 and 500,000 people, edging out its predecessor, Rome, for world's largest city. Constantinople jostled with other major historical cities, such as Baghdad, Chang'an, Kaifeng and Merv for the position of world's most populous city until the 12th century. It never returned to being the world's largest, but remained Europe's largest city from 1500 to 1750, when it","title":"Istanbul"},{"id":"68671","text":"to the ground for supporting Pescennius Niger's claimancy. It was a move greatly criticized by the contemporary consul and historian Cassius Dio who said that Severus had destroyed \"a strong Roman outpost and a base of operations against the barbarians from Pontus and Asia\". He would later rebuild Byzantium towards the end of his reign, in which it would be briefly renamed \"Augusta Antonina\", fortifying it with a new city wall in his name, the Severan Wall. Constantine had altogether more colourful plans. Having restored the unity of the Empire, and, being in the course of major governmental reforms as","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"1689973","text":"Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (, \"Oikoumenikón Patriarkhíon Konstantinoupóleos\", ; ; , \"Roman Orthodox Patriarchate\") is one of the fourteen autocephalous churches (or \"jurisdictions\") that together compose the Eastern Orthodox Church. It is headed by the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, currently Bartholomew I, Archbishop of Constantinople. Because of its historical location as the capital of the former Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire and its role as the Mother Church of most modern Orthodox churches, Constantinople holds a special place of honor within Orthodoxy and serves as the seat for the Ecumenical Patriarch, who enjoys the status of","title":"Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople"},{"id":"3005381","text":"named after a popular monastery outside the Walls, the \"Zōodochos Pēgē\" (\"Life-giving Spring\") in the modern suburb of Balıklı. Its modern Turkish name, Gate of Selymbria (Tr. \"Silivri Kapısı\", Gk. ), appeared in Byzantine sources shortly before 1453. It lies between the heptagonal towers 35 and 36, which were extensively rebuilt in later Byzantine times: its southern tower bears an inscription dated to 1439 commemorating repairs carried out under John VIII Palaiologos. The gate arch was replaced in the Ottoman period. In addition, in 1998 a subterranean basement with 4th/5th century reliefs and tombs was discovered underneath the gate. Van","title":"Walls of Constantinople"},{"id":"6652906","text":"Ottoman sources of the 17th century, such as Evliya Çelebi, describe it as the common Turkish name of the time; between the late 17th and late 18th centuries, it was also in official use. The first use of the word \"Islambol\" on coinage was in 1703 (1115 AH) during the reign of Sultan Ahmed III. Nevertheless, the use of the name \"Constantinople\" remained common in English into the 20th century, \"Istanbul\" became common after Turkey adopted the Latin alphabet in 1928 and urged other countries to use the city's Turkish name. In modern Turkish, the name is written as \"İstanbul\",","title":"Istanbul"},{"id":"68714","text":"thousand households needed to be transferred to Constantinople by September. From all over the Islamic empire, prisoners of war and deported people were sent to the city: these people were called \"Sürgün\" in Turkish (). Two centuries later, Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi gave a list of groups introduced into the city with their respective origins. Even today, many quarters of Istanbul, such as Aksaray, Çarşamba, bear the names of the places of origin of their inhabitants. However, many people escaped again from the city, and there were several outbreaks of plague, so that in 1459 Mehmet allowed the deported Greeks","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"13405039","text":"The prestige of important Christian centers depended in part on their apostolic founders, from whom the bishops were therefore the spiritual successors according to the doctrine of Apostolic succession. Constantine erected a new capital at Byzantium, a strategically placed city on the Bosporus. He renamed his new capital \"Nova Roma\" (\"New Rome\"), but the city would become known as Constantinople. The Second Ecumenical Council, held at the new capital in 381, elevated the see of Constantinople to a position ahead of the other chief metropolitan sees, except that of Rome. Mentioning in particular the provinces of Asia, Pontus and Thrace,","title":"Christianity in the 4th century"},{"id":"9663516","text":"History of Istanbul The city today known as Istanbul has been the site of human settlement for approximately three thousand years. The settlement was founded by Thracian tribes between the 13th and 11th centuries BC, whose earliest known name is Lygos. It was colonised by the Greeks in the 7th century BC. It fell to the Roman Empire in AD 196, and was known as Byzantium until 330, when it was renamed Constantinople and made the new capital of the Roman Empire. During late antiquity, the city rose to be the largest of the western world, with a population peaking","title":"History of Istanbul"},{"id":"7971183","text":"\"Constantinople\" instead of \"Istanbul\" were no longer delivered by Turkey's PTT, which contributed to the eventual worldwide adoption of the new name. In English the name is usually written \"Istanbul\". In modern Turkish the name is written \"İstanbul\" (dotted i/İ and dotless ı/I being two distinct letters in the Turkish alphabet). \"Stamboul\" or \"Stambul\" is a variant form of \"İstanbul.\" Greek for 'the town'. Like \"Istanbul\" itself, forms without the initial \"i-\" are attested from early on in the Middle Ages, first in Arabic sources of the 10th century and Armenian ones of the 12th. Some early sources also attest","title":"Names of Istanbul"},{"id":"68716","text":"churches of the city, in particular the Hagia Sophia, or the Church of Holy Wisdom. According to Russian 14th-century traveler Stephen of Novgorod: \"As for Hagia Sophia, the human mind can neither tell it nor make description of it.\" It was especially important for preserving in its libraries manuscripts of Greek and Latin authors throughout a period when instability and disorder caused their mass-destruction in western Europe and north Africa: On the city's fall, thousands of these were brought by refugees to Italy, and played a key part in stimulating the Renaissance, and the transition to the modern world. The","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"981871","text":"in 1453, Ashgate, Farnham and Burlington 2011. Fall of Constantinople The Fall of Constantinople (; ) was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by an invading Ottoman army on 29 May 1453. The attackers were commanded by the 21-year-old Sultan Mehmed II, who defeated an army commanded by Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos and took control of the imperial capital, ending a 53-day siege that began on 6 April 1453. After conquering the city, Sultan Mehmed transferred the capital of his Empire from Edirne to Constantinople and established his court there. The capture of the city (and two","title":"Fall of Constantinople"},{"id":"68711","text":"resources, and struggled to survive. The palace of Blachernae in the north-west of the city became the main Imperial residence, with the old Great Palace on the shores of the Bosporus going into decline. When Michael VIII captured the city, its population was 35,000 people, but, by the end of his reign, he had succeeded in increasing the population to about 70,000 people. The Emperor achieved this by summoning former residents who had fled the city when the crusaders captured it, and by relocating Greeks from the recently reconquered Peloponnese to the capital. In 1347, the Black Death spread to","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"20765755","text":"Drypia Drypia (), also Dripeia (Δριπεία) or Grypes (Γρύπες), was a Byzantine-era settlement and rural suburb of Constantinople. In his studies on the topography of Constantinople, Raymond Janin identified the site with the locality of Ayazmaderesi, some west of the Theodosian Walls, but this is rejected by Andreas Külzer, who identifies it—via the later corrupted form Grypes—with the modern Istanbul district of Bağcılar. In early Byzantine times, the settlement was known for its church dedicated to Thomas the Apostle, established in the late 4th century. In late 398, Empress Aelia Eudoxia ordered the translation of the relics of several unnamed","title":"Drypia"},{"id":"8302848","text":"Hieria Hieria (in Greek variously ), modern Fenerbahçe, was a suburb of Byzantine-era Constantinople (modern Istanbul, Turkey). It is prominent in the city's history as the site of an imperial palace. The name derives from \"Heraion akron\" (Greek: , \"Cape of Hera\"), which was given in antiquity to a small promontory on the Asian shore of the Bosporus, opposite Chalcedon (modern Kadıköy). The Emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565) built a palace here, which included a harbour and a church dedicated to St. Mary. The palace, which survived at least until 1203, served as a summer residence for a number of","title":"Hieria"},{"id":"11872097","text":"Palace of Daphne The Palace of Daphne () was one of the major wings of the Great Palace of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire (modern Istanbul, Turkey). According to George Codinus, it was named after a statue of the nymph Daphne, brought from Rome. The exact layout and appearance of the palace is unclear, since it lies under the Sultan Ahmed Mosque, and the only surviving evidence comes from literary sources. Bardill, however, has suggested that the peristyle with mosaics adjoining an apsed hall, excavated by the Walker Trust excavations in 1935-7 and 1952-4, could be the Augusteus","title":"Palace of Daphne"},{"id":"68720","text":"the Ecumenical Patriarch, and made it a prime center of Christianity alongside Rome. This contributed to cultural and theological differences between Eastern and Western Christianity eventually leading to the Great Schism that divided Western Catholicism from Eastern Orthodoxy from 1054 onwards. Constantinople is also of great religious importance to Islam, as the conquest of Constantinople is one of the signs of the End time in Islam. The city provided a defence for the eastern provinces of the old Roman Empire against the barbarian invasions of the 5th century. The 18-meter-tall walls built by Theodosius II were, in essence, impregnable to","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"68695","text":"It is an impressive testament to the strength of tradition how little these arrangements had changed since the office, then known by the Latin version of its title, had been set up in 330 to mirror the urban prefecture of Rome. In the 9th and 10th centuries, Constantinople had a population of between 500,000 and 800,000. In the 8th and 9th centuries, the iconoclast movement caused serious political unrest throughout the Empire. The emperor Leo III issued a decree in 726 against images, and ordered the destruction of a statue of Christ over one of the doors of the Chalke,","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"5095508","text":"name, Koumoutsinas. This remained the city's name throughout the Ottoman period (ca. 1361–1912) and continues as its modern Turkish-language name today. The city continued to be an important hub connecting the capital city of Constantinople with the European part of the Empire, and grew accordingly. Many monuments in the city today date to this era. Many local families fled at that time to Epirus and founded the Koumoutzades village (modern Ammotopos, Arta). Even there they were persecuted and some of them found refuge in Tropaia of Gortynia. The bond between the inhabitants of Komotini, Ammotopos and Tropaia exists to this","title":"Komotini"},{"id":"68667","text":"on the site of an already-existing city, Byzantium, which was settled in the early days of Greek colonial expansion, in around 657 BC, by colonists of the city-state of Megara. This is the first major settlement that would develop on the site of later Constantinople, but the first known settlements was that of \"Lygos\", referred to in Pliny's Natural Histories. Apart from this, little is known about this initial settlement. The site, according to the founding myth of the city, was abandoned by the time Greek settlers from the city-state of Megara founded Byzantium () in around 657 BC, across","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"3005433","text":"gate of the imperial Boukoleon Palace, known in Byzantine times as the Gate of the Lion (Gk. Πόρτα Λέοντος, \"Porta Leontos\", in Latin \"Porta Leonis\") after the marble lions that flanked its entrance, as well as Gate of the Bear (, \"porta tēs arkoudas\") after depictions of that animal at the quay. In Turkish it is known as \"Çatladıkapı\" (\"Broken Gate\"). To the west of the Bucoleon Palace lies the Church of SS. Sergius and Bacchus, and the first of the harbours of the city's southern shore, that of the Sophiae, named after the wife of Emperor Justin II (r.","title":"Walls of Constantinople"},{"id":"9132029","text":"Palace of the Porphyrogenitus The Palace of the Porphyrogenitus (), known in Turkish as the Tekfur Sarayı (\"Palace of the Sovereign\"), is a late 13th-century Byzantine palace in the north-western part of the old city of Constantinople (present-day Istanbul, Turkey). An annex of the greater palace complex of Blachernae, it is the best preserved of the three Byzantine palaces to survive in the city (together with the ruins of the Boukoleon Palace; and the ruins of the Great Palace of Constantinople with its surviving substructures, retrieved mosaics and standing Magnaura section), and one of the few relatively intact examples of","title":"Palace of the Porphyrogenitus"},{"id":"6652913","text":"on the European continent and at times the largest in the world. Constantinople began to decline continuously after the end of the reign of Basil II in 1025. The final blow was given by the conquest of Villardouin and Enrico Dandolo in 1204 during the Fourth Crusade, where the City was sacked and pillaged. The city subsequently became the center of the Latin Empire, created by Catholic crusaders to replace the Orthodox Byzantine Empire. Hagia Sophia was converted to a Catholic church in 1204. The Byzantine Empire was restored, albeit weakened, in 1261. Constantinople's churches, defenses, and basic services were","title":"Istanbul"},{"id":"9663549","text":"was moved from Istanbul to Ankara. As a consequence, population collapsed, from an estimated 1,125,000 in 1914 to about 500,000 in 1924; but population steadily grew during the later 20th century, the metropolitan population surpassing 10 million in the year 2000. The city's name \"İstanbul\" is a shortened version with a Turkish character of the Medieval Greek phrase \"εἰς τὴν Πόλιν\" [is tin ˈpolin], meaning \"into the city\", which had long been in vernacular use by the local population. The international name \"Constantinople\" also remained in use until Turkey adapted the Latin alphabet in 1928 and urged other countries to","title":"History of Istanbul"},{"id":"3005380","text":"to a story related by Niketas Choniates, in 1189 the gate was walled off by Emperor Isaac II Angelos, because according to a prophecy, it was this gate that Western Emperor Frederick Barbarossa would enter the city through. It was re-opened in 1346, but closed again before the siege of 1453 and remained closed until 1886, leading to its early Ottoman name, \"Kapalı Kapı\" (\"Closed Gate\"). The gate () is located between towers 30 and 31, little remains of the original gate, and the modern reconstruction may not be accurate. The Gate of the Spring or Pēgē Gate () was","title":"Walls of Constantinople"},{"id":"164755","text":"named Constantinople (\"City of Constantine\"). In 395 Theodosius I, who had made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire, would be the last emperor to preside over a united Roman Empire. The empire was split into two halves: the Western Roman Empire centred in Ravenna, and the Eastern Roman Empire (later to be referred to as the Byzantine Empire) centred in Constantinople. The Roman Empire was repeatedly attacked by Hunnic, Germanic, Slavic and other “barbarian” tribes (see: Migration Period), and in 476 finally the Western part fell to the Heruli chieftain Odoacer. Roman authority in the Western part of","title":"History of Europe"},{"id":"725995","text":"one Galata played to Constantinople (modern Istanbul). Trabzon formed the basis of several states in its long history and was the capital city of the Empire of Trebizond between 1204 and 1461. During the early modern period, Trabzon, because of the importance of its port, again became a focal point of trade to Persia and the Caucasus. The Turkish name of the city is Trabzon. It is historically known in English as Trebizond. The first recorded name of the city is Τραπεζοῦς (\"Trapezous\"), referencing the table-like central hill between the Zağnos (İskeleboz) and Kuzgun streams on which it was founded","title":"Trabzon"},{"id":"2194111","text":"Hippodrome of Constantinople The Hippodrome of Constantinople () was a circus that was the sporting and social centre of Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire. Today it is a square named \"Sultanahmet Meydanı\" (\"Sultan Ahmet Square\") in the Turkish city of Istanbul, with a few fragments of the original structure surviving. The word \"hippodrome\" comes from the Greek \"hippos\" (), horse, and \"dromos\" (δρόμος), path or way. For this reason, it is sometimes also called \"Atmeydanı\" (\"Horse Square\") in Turkish. Horse racing and chariot racing were popular pastimes in the ancient world and hippodromes were common features of Greek cities","title":"Hippodrome of Constantinople"},{"id":"44976","text":"as an imperial residence inspired by Rome itself. (See Nova Roma.) After his death the city was called Constantinople (Greek Κωνσταντινούπολις, \"Konstantinoupolis\", \"city of Constantine\"). This combination of imperialism and location would affect Constantinople's role as the nexus between the continents of Europe and Asia. It was a commercial, cultural, and diplomatic centre. With its strategic position, Constantinople controlled the major trade routes between Asia and Europe, as well as the passage from the Mediterranean Sea to the Black Sea. On May 29, 1453, the city fell to the Ottoman Turks, and again became the capital of a powerful state,","title":"Byzantium"},{"id":"11844892","text":"Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, which had been founded as Byzantium). It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. Both","title":"Byzantine Empire"},{"id":"3005436","text":"junction of the sea wall with the city's original Constantinian Wall. That view however is disputed by Janin, as the junction of the walls occurred considerably to the west from the modern gate's location. Further to the west, where the shoreline turns sharply south, stood the Gate of Psamathia (, \"Porta tou Psamatha/Psamatheos\"), modern \"Samatya Kapısı\", leading to the suburb of the same name. Further south and west lies the gate known today as \"Narlıkapı\" (\"Pomegranate Gate\"). Its Byzantine name is unknown, but is prominent on account of its proximity to the famed Monastery of Stoudios. During the whole existence","title":"Walls of Constantinople"},{"id":"3818796","text":"at Yale University, perform the song at the end of most of their concerts. The song has been in the repertoire of the Duke's Men since 1953. During the 2000s, the song was performed live by Australian Klezmer/Gypsy Jazz band Monsieur Camembert, appearing on the album \"Live on Stage\". Istanbul (Not Constantinople) \"Istanbul (Not Constantinople)\" is a 1953 novelty song, with lyrics by Jimmy Kennedy and music by Nat Simon. Written on the 500th anniversary of the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans, the lyrics humorously refer to the official 1930 renaming of the city of Constantinople to Istanbul. The","title":"Istanbul (Not Constantinople)"},{"id":"68674","text":"the title \"clarus\", not \"clarissimus\", like those of Rome. It also lacked the panoply of other administrative offices regulating the food supply, police, statues, temples, sewers, aqueducts, or other public works. The new programme of building was carried out in great haste: columns, marbles, doors, and tiles were taken wholesale from the temples of the empire and moved to the new city. In similar fashion, many of the greatest works of Greek and Roman art were soon to be seen in its squares and streets. The emperor stimulated private building by promising householders gifts of land from the imperial estates","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"3630538","text":"empire; and was renamed Istanbul in 1924, making the city itself into a metaphor for shifting identities, whatever they be national, cultural, religious, gender, ethnic or sexual. In the 17th century, Constantinople was Europe's largest city as well as one of the most wealthiest. The American scholar Urmila Seshagiri wrote that the \"fixed British hegemonies\" of the early chapters set in London and in the English countryside seem \"fragile\" when Orlando is confronted with the vast, teeming, wealthy city of Constantinople with its multi-ethnic, multi-religious population that appears as a far more powerful and greater city than London, which was","title":"Orlando: A Biography"},{"id":"9288007","text":"initial phase in accordance with the Armistice gave way in 1920 to a more formal arrangement under the Treaty of Sèvres. Ultimately, the Treaty of Lausanne, signed on 24 July 1923, led to the end of the occupation. The last troops of the Allies departed from the city on 4 October 1923, and the first troops of the Ankara government, commanded by Şükrü Naili Pasha (3rd Corps), entered the city with a ceremony on 6 October 1923, which has been marked as the \"Liberation Day\" of Istanbul (Turkish: \"İstanbul'un Kurtuluşu\") and is commemorated every year on its anniversary. 1918 saw","title":"Occupation of Constantinople"},{"id":"981863","text":"a corruption of the Russian Church, which they considered to be the \"true\" Church of God. As the other Churches were more closely related to Constantinople in their liturgies, Avvakum argued that Constantinople fell to the Turks because of these heretical beliefs and practices. The fall of Constantinople has a profound impact on the ancient Pentarchy of the Orthodox Church. Today, the four ancient sees of Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria, and Constantinople are almost completely devoid of followers and believers because of Islamization and the \"Dhimma\" system to which Christians have been subjected since the earliest days of Islam. As a","title":"Fall of Constantinople"},{"id":"3005425","text":"of the city. In the early Ottoman period, it was known in Turkish as the \"Çıfıtkapı\" (\"Hebrew Gate\"), but its modern name is \"Bahçekapı\" (\"Garden Gate\"). The eastern limit of the Pisan quarter was located a bit eastwards of the gate. The 12th-century Genoese quarter of the city extended from there to the east, and in the documents conferring privileges on them one finds mention of two gates: the \"Porta Bonu\" (\"Gate of Bonus\", probably transcribed from Greek ), and the \"Porta Veteris Rectoris\" (\"Gate of the old rector\"). It is very likely that these two names refer to the","title":"Walls of Constantinople"},{"id":"311871","text":"Pope The pope ( from \"pappas\", \"father\"), also known as the supreme pontiff (from Latin \"pontifex maximus\" \"greatest priest\"), is the Bishop of Rome and \"ex officio\" leader of the worldwide Catholic Church. Since 1929, the pope has also been head of state of Vatican City, a city-state enclaved within Rome, Italy. The current pope is Francis, who was elected on 13 March 2013, succeeding Benedict XVI. While his office is called the papacy, the episcopal see and ecclesiastical jurisdiction is called the Holy See. It is the Holy See that is the sovereign entity of international law headquartered in","title":"Pope"},{"id":"981864","text":"result of this process, the center of authority in the Orthodox Church changed and migrated to Eastern Europe (e.g., Russia) rather than remaining in the former Byzantine Middle East. There are many legends in Greece surrounding the Fall of Constantinople. It was said that the partial lunar eclipse that occurred on 22 May 1453 represented a fulfillment of a prophecy of the city's demise. Four days later, the whole city was blotted out by a thick fog, a condition unknown in that part of the world in May. When the fog lifted that evening, a strange light was seen playing","title":"Fall of Constantinople"},{"id":"66348","text":"locus of power in the West shifted to Constantinople and to the ascendant Islamic civilization with its major cities Baghdad, Cairo, and Córdoba. From the 9th through the end of the 12th century, Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire, was the largest and wealthiest city in Europe, with a population approaching 1 million. The Ottoman Empire gradually gained control over many cities in the Mediterranean area, including Constantinople in 1453. In the Holy Roman Empire, beginning in the 12th. century, free imperial cities such as Nuremberg, Strasbourg, Frankfurt, Zurich, Nijmegen became a privileged elite among towns having won self-governance from","title":"City"},{"id":"6652896","text":"Istanbul Istanbul (, or or ; ), historically known as Byzantium and before 1924 as Constantinople, is the most populous city in Turkey and the country's economic, cultural, and historic center. Istanbul is a transcontinental city in Eurasia, straddling the Bosporus strait (which separates Europe and Asia) between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea. Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives on the Asian side. The city is the administrative center of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (coterminous with Istanbul Province), both hosting a population of around 15","title":"Istanbul"},{"id":"6530759","text":"Byzantine gardens The city of Byzantium in the Byzantine Empire occupies an important place in the history of garden design between eras and cultures (c. 4th century - 10th century CE). The city, later renamed Constantinople and the present day Istanbul, was capital of the Eastern Roman Empire and survived for a thousand years after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The gardens of Byzantium were, however, mostly destroyed after the 15th-century Turkish conquest of the city. Byzantine gardens were based largely on Roman ideas emphasizing elaborate mosaic designs, a typical classical feature of formally arrayed trees and built","title":"Byzantine gardens"},{"id":"68681","text":"Taurus, on 27 February 425. Uldin, a prince of the Huns, appeared on the Danube about this time and advanced into Thrace, but he was deserted by many of his followers, who joined with the Romans in driving their king back north of the river. Subsequent to this, new walls were built to defend the city and the fleet on the Danube improved. After the barbarians overran the Western Roman Empire, Constantinople became the indisputable capital city of the Roman Empire. Emperors were no longer peripatetic between various court capitals and palaces. They remained in their palace in the Great","title":"Constantinople"},{"id":"68668","text":"from the town of Chalcedon on the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus. The city maintained independence as a city-state until it was annexed by Darius I in 512 BC into the Persian Empire, who saw the site as the optimal location to construct a pontoon bridge crossing into Europe as Byzantium was situated at the narrowest point in the Bosphorus strait. Persian rule lasted until 478 BC when as part of the Greek counterattack to the Second Persian Invasion of Greece, a Greek army led by the Spartan general Pausanias captured the city which remained an independent, yet subordinate, city","title":"Constantinople"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"68666\",\n \"text\": \"Latin script that had been used in Ottoman times. In time the city came to be known as Istanbul and its variations in most world languages. The name \\\"Constantinople\\\" is still used by members of the Eastern Orthodox Church in the title of one of their most important leaders, the Orthodox patriarch based in the city, referred to as \\\"His Most Divine All-Holiness the Archbishop of Constantinople New Rome and Ecumenical Patriarch.\\\" In Greece today, the city is still called \\\"Konstantinoúpoli(s)\\\" () or simply just \\\"the City\\\" (). Constantinople was founded by the Roman Emperor Constantine I (272–337) in 324\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68654\",\n \"text\": \"Constantinople Constantinople (; ) was the capital city of the Roman/Byzantine Empire (330–1204 and 1261–1453), and also of the brief Crusader state known as the Latin Empire (1204–1261), until finally falling to the Ottoman (1453–1923) empire. It was reinaugurated in 324 from ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great, after whom it was named, and dedicated on 11 May 330. The city was largely located in what is now the European side and the core of modern Istanbul. From the mid-5th century to the early 13th century, Constantinople was the largest and\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68665\",\n \"text\": \"The modern Turkish name for the city, \\\"İstanbul\\\", derives from the Greek phrase \\\"eis tin polin\\\" (), meaning \\\"(in)to the city\\\". This name was used in Turkish alongside \\\"Kostantiniyye\\\", the more formal adaptation of the original \\\"Constantinople\\\", during the period of Ottoman rule, while western languages mostly continued to refer to the city as Constantinople until the early 20th century. In 1928, the Turkish alphabet was changed from Arabic script to Latin script. After that, as part of the 1920s Turkification movement, Turkey started to urge other countries to use Turkish names for Turkish cities, instead of other transliterations to\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68662\",\n \"text\": \"after either the assassination of Caracalla in 217 or, at the latest, the fall of the Severan dynasty in 235. Byzantium took on the name of \\\"Kōnstantinoupolis\\\" (\\\"city of Constantine\\\", \\\"Constantinople\\\") after its refoundation under Roman emperor Constantine I, who transferred the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium in 330 and designated his new capital officially as \\\"Nova Roma\\\" () 'New Rome'. During this time, the city was also called 'Second Rome', 'Eastern Rome', and \\\"Roma Constantinopolitana\\\". As the city became the sole remaining capital of the Roman Empire after the fall of the West, and its wealth, population,\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7074609\",\n \"text\": \"Great Palace of Constantinople The Great Palace of Constantinople (, \\\"Méga Palátion\\\"; Latin: \\\"Palatium Magnum\\\", Turkish: \\\"Büyük Saray\\\"), also known as the Sacred Palace (, \\\"Hieròn Palátion\\\"; Latin: \\\"Sacrum Palatium\\\"), was the large Imperial Byzantine palace complex located in the south-eastern end of the peninsula now known as \\\"Old Istanbul\\\" (formerly Constantinople), in modern Turkey. It served as the main royal residence of the Eastern Roman or Byzantine emperors from 330 to 1081 and was the center of imperial administration for over 690 years. Only a few remnants and fragments of its foundations have survived into the present day. When\",\n \"title\": \"Great Palace of Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7971193\",\n \"text\": \"Israel it has virtually disappeared, replaced by the Hebrew transliteration of the Turkish \\\"Istanbul\\\" (). Present-day Chinese use transcriptions of the name Istanbul (Yisitanbu'er 伊斯坦布尔 or Yisitanbao 伊斯坦堡) when referring to the modern city. Most modern Western languages have adopted the name \\\"Istanbul\\\" for the modern city during the 20th century, following the current usage in the Turkish Republic. However, many languages also preserve other, traditional names. Greeks continue to call the city Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολη \\\"Konstantinupoli\\\" in Modern Greek) or simply \\\"The City\\\" (η Πόλη \\\"i Poli\\\"). Languages that use forms based on \\\"Stamboul\\\" include Russian, Polish (though the alternative\",\n \"title\": \"Names of Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68661\",\n \"text\": \"colonists, Byzas. The later Byzantines of Constantinople themselves would maintain that the city was named in honour of two men, Byzas and Antes, though this was more likely just a play on the word Byzantion. The city was briefly renamed \\\"Augusta Antonina\\\" in the early 3rd century AD by the Emperor Septimius Severus (193–211), having razed the city to the ground in 196 for supporting a rival contender in the civil war and rebuilt, in honour of his son Antoninus, the later Emperor Caracalla. The name appears to have been quickly forgotten and abandoned, and the city reverted to Byzantium/Byzantion\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6652901\",\n \"text\": \"the name given to it at its foundation by Megarean colonists around 660 BCE. The name is thought to be derived from a personal name, Byzas. Ancient Greek tradition refers to a legendary king of that name as the leader of the Greek colonists. Modern scholars have also hypothesized that the name of Byzas was of local Thracian or Illyrian origin and hence predated the Megarean settlement. After Constantine the Great made it the new eastern capital of the Roman Empire in 330 CE, the city became widely known as Constantinople, which, as the Latinized form of \\\"\\\" (\\\"Konstantinoúpolis\\\"), means\",\n \"title\": \"Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68722\",\n \"text\": \"purported clepsydra mounted with a golden statue of a man. The Chinese histories even related how the city had been besieged in the 7th century by Muawiyah I and how he exacted tribute in a peace settlement. Constantinople Constantinople (; ) was the capital city of the Roman/Byzantine Empire (330–1204 and 1261–1453), and also of the brief Crusader state known as the Latin Empire (1204–1261), until finally falling to the Ottoman (1453–1923) empire. It was reinaugurated in 324 from ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great, after whom it was named, and\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2373714\",\n \"text\": \"New Rome New Rome (Greek: Νέα Ῥώμη, \\\"Nea Romē\\\"; Latin: \\\"Nova Roma\\\") was a name sometimes used to describe the new city that the Roman Emperor Constantine created as his new imperial capital on the European coast of the Bosphorus strait. The city was known as Byzantium prior to his rededication, and as Constantinople thereafter, until the 20th century, when it was renamed Istanbul. 'New Rome' was never an official title, but was sometimes used as a laudatory description of the city, which was often compared with Rome in many ways (see the paragraph that follows). Constantine essentially rebuilt the\",\n \"title\": \"New Rome\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7971175\",\n \"text\": \"New, second Rome\\\", \\\"Alma Roma\\\" , , \\\"Eastern Rome\\\", \\\"Roma Constantinopolitana\\\". The Third Canon of the First Council of Constantinople (360) refers to the city as New Rome. The term \\\"New Rome\\\" lent itself to East–West polemics, especially in the context of the Great Schism, when it was used by Greek writers to stress the rivalry with (the original) Rome. \\\"New Rome\\\" is also still part of the official title of the Patriarch of Constantinople. \\\"Kōnstantinoúpolis\\\" (Κωνσταντινούπολις), \\\"Constantinopolis\\\" in Latin and \\\"Constantinople\\\" in English, was the name by which the city became soon more widely known, in honour of Constantine\",\n \"title\": \"Names of Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7971177\",\n \"text\": \"popular speech, the most common way of referring to it came to be simply \\\"the City\\\" (Greek: \\\"hē Polis\\\", , Modern Greek: \\\"i Poli\\\", η Πόλη). This usage, still current today in colloquial Greek and Armenian (Պոլիս, pronounced \\\"Polis\\\" or \\\"Bolis\\\" in the Western Armenian dialect prevalent in the city), also became the source of the later Turkish name, \\\"Istanbul\\\" (see below). \\\"Kostantiniyye\\\" (Arabic, Persian , \\\"Qusṭanṭīniyya\\\", Ottoman Turkish , \\\"Ḳosṭanṭīnīye\\\") is the name by which the city came to be known in the Islamic world. It is an Arabic calqued form of \\\"Constantinople\\\", with an Arabic ending meaning 'place\",\n \"title\": \"Names of Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6652902\",\n \"text\": \"the \\\"City of Constantine\\\". He also attempted to promote the name \\\"Nova Roma\\\" and its Greek version \\\"\\\" \\\"Nea Romē\\\" (New Rome), but this did not enter widespread usage. \\\"Constantinople\\\" remained the most common name for the city in the West until the establishment of the Turkish Republic, and \\\"Kostantiniyye\\\" () and \\\"Be Makam-e Qonstantiniyyah al-Mahmiyyah\\\" (meaning \\\"the Protected Location of Constantinople\\\") and \\\"İstanbul\\\" were the names used alternatively by the Ottomans during their rule. The use of \\\"Constantinople\\\" to refer to the city during the Ottoman period (from the mid-15th century) is now considered politically incorrect, even if not\",\n \"title\": \"Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7074619\",\n \"text\": \"harbour of Bucoleon. Great Palace of Constantinople The Great Palace of Constantinople (, \\\"Méga Palátion\\\"; Latin: \\\"Palatium Magnum\\\", Turkish: \\\"Büyük Saray\\\"), also known as the Sacred Palace (, \\\"Hieròn Palátion\\\"; Latin: \\\"Sacrum Palatium\\\"), was the large Imperial Byzantine palace complex located in the south-eastern end of the peninsula now known as \\\"Old Istanbul\\\" (formerly Constantinople), in modern Turkey. It served as the main royal residence of the Eastern Roman or Byzantine emperors from 330 to 1081 and was the center of imperial administration for over 690 years. Only a few remnants and fragments of its foundations have survived into the\",\n \"title\": \"Great Palace of Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6652897\",\n \"text\": \"million residents. Istanbul is one of the world's most populous cities and ranks as the world's fourth-largest city proper and the largest European city. Istanbul is viewed as a bridge between the East and West. Founded under the name of \\\"Byzantion\\\" (Βυζάντιον) on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BCE, the city grew in size and influence, becoming one of the most important cities in history. After its reestablishment as \\\"Constantinople\\\" in 330 CE, it served as an imperial capital for almost 16 centuries, during the Roman/Byzantine (330–1204), Latin (1204–1261), Palaiologos Byzantine (1261–1453) and Ottoman (1453–1922) empires. It was instrumental in\",\n \"title\": \"Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7971172\",\n \"text\": \"Names of Istanbul The city of Istanbul has been known by a number of different names. The most notable names besides the modern Turkish name are \\\"Byzantium\\\", \\\"Constantinople\\\", and \\\"Stamboul\\\". Different names are associated with different phases of its history and with different languages. According to Pliny the Elder the first name of Byzantium was \\\"Lygos\\\". This may have been the name of a Thracian settlement situated on the site of the later city, near the point of the peninsula (Sarayburnu). \\\"Byzantion\\\" (Βυζάντιον), Latinized as \\\"Byzantium\\\", was founded by Greek colonists from Megara in 667 BC. The name is believed\",\n \"title\": \"Names of Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68660\",\n \"text\": \"Thracian origin founded between the 13th and 11th centuries BC. The site, according to the founding myth of the city, was abandoned by the time Greek settlers from the city-state of Megara founded \\\"Byzantium\\\" (, \\\"Byzántion\\\") in around 657 BC, across from the town of Chalcedon on the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus. The origins of the name of \\\"Byzantion\\\", more commonly known by the later Latin \\\"Byzantium\\\", are not entirely clear, though some suggest it is of Thraco-Illyrian origin. The founding myth of the city has it told that the settlement was named after the leader of the Megarian\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68663\",\n \"text\": \"and influence grew, the city also came to have a multitude of nicknames. As the largest and wealthiest city in Europe during the 4th–13th centuries and a centre of culture and education of the Mediterranean basin, Constantinople came to be known by prestigious titles such as \\\"Basileuousa\\\" (Queen of Cities) and \\\"Megalopolis\\\" (the Great City) and was, in colloquial speech, commonly referred to as just \\\"Polis\\\" () 'the City' by Constantinopolitans and provincial Byzantines alike. In the language of other peoples, Constantinople was referred to just as reverently. The medieval Vikings, who had contacts with the empire through their expansion\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2065249\",\n \"text\": \"Byzantine architecture Byzantine architecture () is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, also known as the Later Roman or Eastern Roman Empire. The Byzantine era is the period after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire. Constantinople became known as the Roman capital in 330 AD. Constantinople is what is now present day Istanbul. Byzantine architecture was mostly influenced by Roman and Greek architecture. It began with Constantine the Great when he rebuilt the city of Byzantium and named it Constantinople and continued with his building of churches and the forum of Constantine, as also the Church of St. George,\",\n \"title\": \"Byzantine architecture\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2065279\",\n \"text\": \"of Constantinople by the Ottomans. Byzantine architecture Byzantine architecture () is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, also known as the Later Roman or Eastern Roman Empire. The Byzantine era is the period after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire. Constantinople became known as the Roman capital in 330 AD. Constantinople is what is now present day Istanbul. Byzantine architecture was mostly influenced by Roman and Greek architecture. It began with Constantine the Great when he rebuilt the city of Byzantium and named it Constantinople and continued with his building of churches and the forum of Constantine, as also\",\n \"title\": \"Byzantine architecture\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"90880\",\n \"text\": \"of Constantine. He is venerated as a saint by the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches. He has historically been referred to as the \\\"First Christian Emperor\\\", and he did heavily promote the Christian Church. Some modern scholars, however, debate his beliefs and even his comprehension of the Christian faith itself. The age of Constantine marked a distinct epoch in the history of the Roman Empire. He built a new imperial residence at Byzantium and renamed the city Constantinople (now Istanbul) after himself (the laudatory epithet of \\\"New Rome\\\" came later, and was never an official title). It became the\",\n \"title\": \"Constantine the Great\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68664\",\n \"text\": \"in eastern Europe (Varangians) used the Old Norse name \\\"Miklagarðr\\\" (from \\\"mikill\\\" 'big' and \\\"garðr\\\" 'city'), and later \\\"Miklagard\\\" and \\\"Miklagarth\\\". In Arabic, the city was sometimes called \\\"Rūmiyyat al-Kubra\\\" (Great City of the Romans) and in Persian as \\\"Takht-e Rum\\\" (Throne of the Romans). In East and South Slavic languages, including in medieval Russia, Constantinople has been referred to as \\\"Tsargrad\\\" (\\\"Царьград\\\") or \\\"Carigrad\\\", 'City of the Caesar (Emperor)', from the Slavonic words \\\"tsar\\\" ('Caesar' or 'King') and \\\"grad\\\" ('city'). This was presumably a calque on a Greek phrase such as (\\\"Vasileos Polis\\\"), 'the city of the emperor [king]'.\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6652911\",\n \"text\": \"into the 20th century. On 11 May 330, Constantinople was proclaimed the capital of the Roman Empire, which was later permanently divided between the two sons of Theodosius I upon his death on 17 January 395, when the city became the capital of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. The establishment of Constantinople served as one of Constantine's most lasting accomplishments, shifting Roman power eastward as the city became a center of Greek culture and Christianity. Numerous churches were built across the city, including the Hagia Sophia which was built during the reign of Justinian the Great and remained the world's\",\n \"title\": \"Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68715\",\n \"text\": \"to come back to the city. Constantinople was the largest and richest urban center in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea during the late Eastern Roman Empire, mostly as a result of its strategic position commanding the trade routes between the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea. It would remain the capital of the eastern, Greek-speaking empire for over a thousand years. At its peak, roughly corresponding to the Middle Ages, it was the richest and largest European city, exerting a powerful cultural pull and dominating economic life in the Mediterranean. Visitors and merchants were especially struck by the beautiful monasteries and\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68659\",\n \"text\": \"began to lose territories and the city began to lose population. By the early 15th century, the Byzantine Empire was reduced to just Constantinople and its environs, along with Morea in Greece, making it an enclave inside the Ottoman Empire; after a 53-day siege the city eventually fell to the Ottomans, led by Sultan Mehmed II, on 29 May 1453, whereafter it replaced Edirne (Adrianople) as the new capital of the Ottoman Empire. According to Pliny the Elder in his \\\"Natural History\\\", the first known name of a settlement on the site of Constantinople was \\\"Lygos\\\", a settlement likely of\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"981870\",\n \"text\": \"some contemporary writers to Sultan Mehmed II himself. The name of Istanbul is thought to be derived from the Greek phrase \\\"īs tīmbolī(n)\\\" (, translit. \\\"eis tēn pólin\\\", \\\"to the City\\\"), and it is claimed that it had already spread among the Turkish populace of the Ottoman Empire before the conquest. However, Istanbul only became the official name of the city in 1930 by the revised Turkish Postal Law as part of Atatürk's reforms. Melville Jones, John, The Siege of Constantinople 1453: Seven Contemporary Accounts, Amsterdam 1972 Philippides, Marios and Walter K. Hanak, The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople\",\n \"title\": \"Fall of Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4334092\",\n \"text\": \"may be a special case. When the city was first settled by Englishmen, in the early 17th century, both names were in use. Possibly they referred to different villages which were fused into the new settlement. In any case, Madras became the exonym, while more recently, Chennai became the endonym. Likewise, Istanbul (İstanbul in Turkish) is still called Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολη) in Greek, although the name was changed in Turkish to disassociate the city from its Greek past between 1923 and 1930 (the name Istanbul itself derives from a Medieval Greek phrase). Prior to Constantinople, the city was known in Greek\",\n \"title\": \"Exonym and endonym\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9663518\",\n \"text\": \"to Ankara. Since 1930, the native name \\\"Istanbul\\\" has been the sole official name of the city in Turkish and has since replaced the traditional name \\\"Constantinople\\\" in most western languages as well. Humans have lived in the area now known as Istanbul since at least the Neolithic period. The earliest known settlement dates from 6700 BC, discovered in 2008, during the construction works of the Yenikapı subway station and the Marmaray tunnel at the historic peninsula on the European side. The first human settlement on the Anatolian side, the Fikirtepe mound, is from the Copper Age period, with artifacts\",\n \"title\": \"History of Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2797683\",\n \"text\": \"Edict of Milan, which granted liberty for Christians to profess their religion. Constantine was converted to Christianity, enforcing the Christian faith. He began the Christianization of the Empire and of Europe – a process concluded by the Catholic Church in the Middle Ages. He was defeated by the Franks and the Alamanni during 306–308. In 324 he defeated another tetrarch, Licinius, and controlled all the empire, as it was before Diocletian. To celebrate his victories and Christianity's relevance, he rebuilt Byzantium and renamed it Nova Roma (\\\"New Rome\\\"); but the city soon gained the informal name of Constantinople (\\\"City of\",\n \"title\": \"Ancient Rome\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7971176\",\n \"text\": \"the Great who established it as his capital. It is first attested in official use under Emperor Theodosius II (408–450). It remained the principal official name of the city throughout the Byzantine period, and the most common name used for it in the West until the early 20th century. It was also used (including its Kostantiniyye variant) by the Ottoman Empire until the advent of the Republic of Turkey. Besides \\\"Constantinople\\\", the Byzantines referred to the city with a large range of honorary appellations, such as the \\\"Queen of Cities\\\" (), also as an adjective, Βασιλεύουσα, the 'Reigning City'. In\",\n \"title\": \"Names of Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10202120\",\n \"text\": \"Wars. According to Acts of Apostles 11, a city in the southern of Turkey, Antioch (now Antakya) is the birthplace of the first Christian community. In 324, Constantine I chose Byzantium to be the new capital of the Roman Empire, renaming it New Rome. Following the death of Theodosius I in 395 and the permanent division of the Roman Empire between his two sons, the city, which would popularly come to be known as Constantinople, became the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. This empire, which would later be branded by historians as the Byzantine Empire, ruled most of the\",\n \"title\": \"Turkey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68655\",\n \"text\": \"wealthiest city in Europe. The city was also famed for its architectural masterpieces, such as the Greek Orthodox cathedral of Hagia Sophia, which served as the seat of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, the sacred Imperial Palace where the Emperors lived, the Galata Tower, the Hippodrome, the Golden Gate of the Land Walls, and the opulent aristocratic palaces lining the arcaded avenues and squares. The University of Constantinople was founded in the fifth century and contained numerous artistic and literary treasures before it was sacked in 1204 and 1453, including its vast Imperial Library which contained the remnants of the Library of\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"981808\",\n \"text\": \"Fall of Constantinople The Fall of Constantinople (; ) was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by an invading Ottoman army on 29 May 1453. The attackers were commanded by the 21-year-old Sultan Mehmed II, who defeated an army commanded by Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos and took control of the imperial capital, ending a 53-day siege that began on 6 April 1453. After conquering the city, Sultan Mehmed transferred the capital of his Empire from Edirne to Constantinople and established his court there. The capture of the city (and two other Byzantine splinter territories soon thereafter) marked\",\n \"title\": \"Fall of Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"981860\",\n \"text\": \"and Constantine Lascaris, fled the city and found refuge in the Latin West, bringing with them knowledge and documents from the Greco-Roman tradition to Italy and other regions that further propelled the Renaissance. Those Greeks who stayed behind in Constantinople mostly lived in the Phanar and Galata districts of the city. The Phanariotes, as they were called, provided many capable advisers to the Ottoman rulers. Byzantium is a term used by modern historians to refer to the later Roman Empire. In its own time, the Empire ruled from Constantinople (or \\\"New Rome\\\" as some people call it, although this was\",\n \"title\": \"Fall of Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6652905\",\n \"text\": \"importance of Constantinople in the Ottoman world was also reflected by its Ottoman name 'Der Saadet' meaning the 'gate to Prosperity' in Ottoman. An alternative view is that the name evolved directly from the name \\\"Constantinople\\\", with the first and third syllables dropped. A Turkish folk etymology traces the name to Islam bol \\\"plenty of Islam\\\" because the city was called \\\"Islambol\\\" (\\\"plenty of Islam\\\") or \\\"Islambul\\\" (\\\"find Islam\\\") as the capital of the Islamic Ottoman Empire. It is first attested shortly after the conquest, and its invention was ascribed by some contemporary writers to Sultan Mehmed II himself. Some\",\n \"title\": \"Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"981869\",\n \"text\": \"of the war Venizelos lost the election of 1920 and went into exile and Greece was defeated in the war by Turkey. Ottomans used the Arabic transliteration of the city's name \\\"Kostantiniyye,\\\" (القسطنطينية), as can be seen in numerous Ottoman documents. \\\"Islambol\\\" (, \\\"Full of Islam\\\") or \\\"Islambul\\\" (\\\"find Islam\\\") or \\\"Islam(b)ol\\\" (\\\"old Turkic: be Islam\\\"), both in Turkish Language, were folk-etymological adaptations of \\\"Istanbul\\\" created after the Ottoman conquest of 1453 to express the city's new role as the capital of the Islamic Ottoman Empire. It is first attested shortly after the conquest, and its invention was ascribed by\",\n \"title\": \"Fall of Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9663523\",\n \"text\": \"capital city. Byzantium (now renamed as \\\"Nova Roma\\\" which eventually became \\\"Constantinopolis\\\", i.e. \\\"The City of Constantine\\\") was officially proclaimed the new capital of the Roman Empire in 330. Following the death of Theodosius I in 395 and the permanent partition of the Roman Empire between his two sons, Constantinople became the capital of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. The combination of imperialism and location would play an important role as the crossing point between two continents (Europe and Asia), and later a magnet for Africa and others as well, in terms of commerce, culture, diplomacy, and strategy. It was\",\n \"title\": \"History of Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3005335\",\n \"text\": \"29 May 1453 after a six-week siege. The walls were largely maintained intact during most of the Ottoman period, until sections began to be dismantled in the 19th century, as the city outgrew its medieval boundaries. Despite the subsequent lack of maintenance, many parts of the walls survived and are still standing today. A large-scale restoration program has been under way since the 1980s. According to tradition, the city was founded as Byzantium by Greek colonists from Megara, led by the eponymous Byzas, around 658 BC. At the time the city consisted of a small region around an acropolis, located\",\n \"title\": \"Walls of Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68656\",\n \"text\": \"Alexandria and had over 100,000 volumes of ancient texts. It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times as the home of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople and as the guardian of Christendom's holiest relics such as the Crown of Thorns and the True Cross. Constantinople was famed for its massive and complex defences. The first wall of the city was erected by Constantine I, and surrounded the city on both land and sea fronts. Later, in the 5th century, the Praetorian Prefect Anthemius under the child emperor Theodosius II undertook the construction of the Theodosian\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3005333\",\n \"text\": \"Walls of Constantinople The Walls of Constantinople are a series of defensive stone walls that have surrounded and protected the city of Constantinople (today Istanbul in Turkey) since its founding as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Constantine the Great. With numerous additions and modifications during their history, they were the last great fortification system of antiquity, and one of the most complex and elaborate systems ever built. Initially built by Constantine the Great, the walls surrounded the new city on all sides, protecting it against attack from both sea and land. As the city grew, the famous\",\n \"title\": \"Walls of Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68687\",\n \"text\": \"was designed in the form of an equal-armed cross with five domes, and ornamented with beautiful mosaics. This church was to remain the burial place of the Emperors from Constantine himself until the 11th century. When the city fell to the Turks in 1453, the church was demolished to make room for the tomb of Mehmet II the Conqueror. Justinian was also concerned with other aspects of the city's built environment, legislating against the abuse of laws prohibiting building within of the sea front, in order to protect the view. During Justinian I's reign, the city's population reached about 500,000\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68673\",\n \"text\": \"the Danube or the Euphrates frontiers, his court supplied from the rich gardens and sophisticated workshops of Roman Asia, his treasuries filled by the wealthiest provinces of the Empire. Constantinople was built over six years, and consecrated on 11 May 330. Constantine divided the expanded city, like Rome, into 14 regions, and ornamented it with public works worthy of an imperial metropolis. Yet, at first, Constantine's new Rome did not have all the dignities of old Rome. It possessed a proconsul, rather than an urban prefect. It had no praetors, tribunes, or quaestors. Although it did have senators, they held\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7971187\",\n \"text\": \"to refer to the authorities located there, and hence for the central Ottoman imperial administration. Modern historians also refer to government by these terms, similar to popular usage of Whitehall in Britain. The sublime Gate is not inside Topkapı palace; the administration building whose gate is named Bâb-ı Âlî is between Agia Sofia and Beyazit mosque, a huge building. Many peoples neighboring on the Byzantine Empire used names expressing concepts like \\\"The Great City\\\", \\\"City of the Emperors\\\", \\\"Capital of the Romans\\\" or similar. During the 10th to 12th century Constantinople was one of the largest two cities in the\",\n \"title\": \"Names of Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68721\",\n \"text\": \"the barbarians coming from south of the Danube river, who found easier targets to the west rather than the richer provinces to the east in Asia. From the 5th century, the city was also protected by the Anastasian Wall, a 60-kilometer chain of walls across the Thracian peninsula. Many scholars argue that these sophisticated fortifications allowed the east to develop relatively unmolested while Ancient Rome and the west collapsed. Constantinople's fame was such that it was described even in contemporary Chinese histories, the \\\"Old\\\" and \\\"New Book of Tang\\\", which mentioned its massive walls and gates as well as a\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8694002\",\n \"text\": \"and the Sassanid Dynasty rose. Constantinople, situated on the Bosporus Straits at the mouth of the Black Sea, became a capital of the Roman Empire in 330 AD after Constantine the Great, the first Christian emperor, refounded the city of Byzantium. Although the city was called Constantinople until its fall, the Eastern Roman Empire became known by the classical name of Byzantium, and often the city was called by its old name as well. The city's status as residence of the Eastern Roman Emperor made it into the premier city in all of the Eastern Roman colonies in the Balkans,\",\n \"title\": \"Middle Eastern empires\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6652910\",\n \"text\": \"Niger against Emperor Septimius Severus cost it dearly; by the time it surrendered at the end of 195 CE, two years of siege had left the city devastated. Five years later, Severus began to rebuild Byzantium, and the city regained—and, by some accounts, surpassed—its previous prosperity. Constantine the Great effectively became the emperor of the whole of the Roman Empire in September 324. Two months later, he laid out the plans for a new, Christian city to replace Byzantium. As the eastern capital of the empire, the city was named \\\"Nova Roma\\\"; most called it Constantinople, a name that persisted\",\n \"title\": \"Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68679\",\n \"text\": \"was located), Pontus and Asia comparable to the 100-mile extraordinary jurisdiction of the prefect of Rome. The emperor Valens, who hated the city and spent only one year there, nevertheless built the Palace of Hebdomon on the shore of the Propontis near the Golden Gate, probably for use when reviewing troops. All the emperors up to Zeno and Basiliscus were crowned and acclaimed at the Hebdomon. Theodosius I founded the Church of John the Baptist to house the skull of the saint (today preserved at the Topkapı Palace), put up a memorial pillar to himself in the Forum of Taurus,\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6652935\",\n \"text\": \"Fatih district, which was named after Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror (Turkish: \\\"Fatih Sultan Mehmed\\\"), corresponds to what was, until the Ottoman conquest in 1453, the whole of the city of Constantinople (today is the capital district and called the \\\"historic peninsula\\\" of Istanbul) on the southern shore of the Golden Horn, across the medieval Genoese citadel of Galata on the northern shore. The Genoese fortifications in Galata were largely demolished in the 19th century, leaving only the Galata Tower, to make way for the northward expansion of the city. Galata (Karaköy) is today a quarter within the Beyoğlu (Pera) district,\",\n \"title\": \"Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68712\",\n \"text\": \"Constantinople. In 1453, when the Ottoman Turks captured the city, it contained approximately 50,000 people. Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Empire on 29 May 1453. The Ottomans were commanded by 22-year-old Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II. The conquest of Constantinople followed a seven-week siege which had begun on 6 April 1453. The Christian Orthodox city of Constantinople was now under Ottoman control. When Mehmed II finally entered Constantinople through what is now known as the Topkapi Gate, he immediately rode his horse to the Hagia Sophia, where he ordered his soldiers to stop hacking at the marbles and 'be satisfied\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6652903\",\n \"text\": \"historically inaccurate, by Turks. By the 19th century, the city had acquired other names used by either foreigners or Turks. Europeans used \\\"Constantinople\\\" to refer to the whole of the city, but used the name \\\"Stamboul\\\"—as the Turks also did—to describe the walled peninsula between the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara. \\\"Pera\\\" (from the Greek word for \\\"across\\\") was used to describe the area between the Golden Horn and the Bosphorus, but Turks also used the name \\\"Beyoğlu\\\" (today the official name for one of the city's constituent districts). \\\"Islambol\\\" (meaning either \\\"City of Islam\\\" or \\\"Full of\",\n \"title\": \"Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68685\",\n \"text\": \"back, and wide-sleeved tunics tight at the wrist; and to form gangs to engage in night-time muggings and street violence. At last these disorders took the form of a major rebellion of 532, known as the \\\"Nika\\\" riots (from the battle-cry of \\\"Conquer!\\\" of those involved). Fires started by the Nika rioters consumed Constantine's basilica of Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom), the city's principal church, which lay to the north of the Augustaeum. Justinian commissioned Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus to replace it with a new and incomparable Hagia Sophia. This was the great cathedral of the Orthodox Church,\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13791571\",\n \"text\": \"admirer of everything German, Peter the Great originally named the city, Sankt-Peterburg (; note that the Russian name lacks the letter \\\"s\\\" between \\\"Peter\\\" and \\\"burg\\\"). On 1 September 1914, after the outbreak of World War I, the Imperial government renamed the city Petrograd (), meaning \\\"Peter's city\\\", in order to expunge the German name \\\"Sankt\\\" and \\\"Burg\\\". On 26 January 1924, shortly after the death of Lenin, it was renamed to Leningrad (), meaning \\\"Lenin's City\\\". On 6 September 1991, the original name, Sankt-Peterburg, was returned. Today, in English the city is known as \\\"Saint Petersburg\\\". Local residents often\",\n \"title\": \"Saint Petersburg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68675\",\n \"text\": \"in Asiana and Pontica and on 18 May 332 he announced that, as in Rome, free distributions of food would be made to the citizens. At the time, the amount is said to have been 80,000 rations a day, doled out from 117 distribution points around the city. Constantine laid out a new square at the centre of old Byzantium, naming it the Augustaeum. The new senate-house (or Curia) was housed in a basilica on the east side. On the south side of the great square was erected the Great Palace of the Emperor with its imposing entrance, the Chalke,\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"90938\",\n \"text\": \"also considered. Eventually, however, Constantine decided to work on the Greek city of Byzantium, which offered the advantage of having already been extensively rebuilt on Roman patterns of urbanism, during the preceding century, by Septimius Severus and Caracalla, who had already acknowledged its strategic importance. The city was thus founded in 324, dedicated on 11 May 330 and renamed \\\"Constantinopolis\\\" (\\\"Constantine's City\\\" or Constantinople in English). Special commemorative coins were issued in 330 to honor the event. The new city was protected by the relics of the True Cross, the Rod of Moses and other holy relics, though a cameo\",\n \"title\": \"Constantine the Great\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9663532\",\n \"text\": \"semi-ghost town with, as Ibn Battuta noted, sown fields within the city walls. The city by 1453 held less than a tenth of its former population. The city, known alternatively in Ottoman Turkish as \\\"Ḳosṭanṭīnīye\\\" ( after the Arabic form ) or Istanbul (while its Christian minorities continued to name it Constantinople), was the capital of the Ottoman Empire from its conquest in 1453 until the empire's collapse in 1922. On 29 May 1453, Sultan Mehmed II \\\"the Conqueror\\\", entered Constantinople after a 53–day siege during which his cannon had torn a huge hole in the Walls of Theodosius II.\",\n \"title\": \"History of Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68658\",\n \"text\": \"the prosperity it achieved from being the gateway between two continents (Europe and Asia) and two seas (the Mediterranean and the Black Sea). Although besieged on numerous occasions by various armies, the defences of Constantinople proved impregnable for nearly nine hundred years. In 1204, however, the armies of the Fourth Crusade took and devastated the city, and its inhabitants lived several decades under Latin misrule. In 1261 the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos liberated the city, and after the restoration under the Palaiologos dynasty, enjoyed a partial recovery. With the advent of the Ottoman Empire in 1299, the Byzantine Empire\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13973222\",\n \"text\": \"Byzantine Empire under the Constantinian and Valentinian dynasties Byzantium under the Constantinian and Valentinian dynasties was the earliest period of the Byzantine history that saw a shift in government from Rome in the west to Constantinople in the East within the Roman Empire under emperor Constantine the Great and his successors. Constantinople, formally named Nova Roma, was created on the site of the old Greek Byzantium, which is the origin of the historiographical name for the Eastern Empire, which self-identified simply as the \\\"Roman Empire\\\". In the 3rd century, the Roman Empire suffered troubling economic difficulties that spread over a\",\n \"title\": \"Byzantine Empire under the Constantinian and Valentinian dynasties\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6652952\",\n \"text\": \"promotion of arts, culture, and nature conservation. Vasip Şahin has been the Governor of Istanbul Province since September 25, 2014. Throughout most of its history, Istanbul has ranked among the largest cities in the world. By 500 CE, Constantinople had somewhere between 400,000 and 500,000 people, edging out its predecessor, Rome, for world's largest city. Constantinople jostled with other major historical cities, such as Baghdad, Chang'an, Kaifeng and Merv for the position of world's most populous city until the 12th century. It never returned to being the world's largest, but remained Europe's largest city from 1500 to 1750, when it\",\n \"title\": \"Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68671\",\n \"text\": \"to the ground for supporting Pescennius Niger's claimancy. It was a move greatly criticized by the contemporary consul and historian Cassius Dio who said that Severus had destroyed \\\"a strong Roman outpost and a base of operations against the barbarians from Pontus and Asia\\\". He would later rebuild Byzantium towards the end of his reign, in which it would be briefly renamed \\\"Augusta Antonina\\\", fortifying it with a new city wall in his name, the Severan Wall. Constantine had altogether more colourful plans. Having restored the unity of the Empire, and, being in the course of major governmental reforms as\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1689973\",\n \"text\": \"Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (, \\\"Oikoumenikón Patriarkhíon Konstantinoupóleos\\\", ; ; , \\\"Roman Orthodox Patriarchate\\\") is one of the fourteen autocephalous churches (or \\\"jurisdictions\\\") that together compose the Eastern Orthodox Church. It is headed by the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, currently Bartholomew I, Archbishop of Constantinople. Because of its historical location as the capital of the former Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire and its role as the Mother Church of most modern Orthodox churches, Constantinople holds a special place of honor within Orthodoxy and serves as the seat for the Ecumenical Patriarch, who enjoys the status of\",\n \"title\": \"Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3005381\",\n \"text\": \"named after a popular monastery outside the Walls, the \\\"Zōodochos Pēgē\\\" (\\\"Life-giving Spring\\\") in the modern suburb of Balıklı. Its modern Turkish name, Gate of Selymbria (Tr. \\\"Silivri Kapısı\\\", Gk. ), appeared in Byzantine sources shortly before 1453. It lies between the heptagonal towers 35 and 36, which were extensively rebuilt in later Byzantine times: its southern tower bears an inscription dated to 1439 commemorating repairs carried out under John VIII Palaiologos. The gate arch was replaced in the Ottoman period. In addition, in 1998 a subterranean basement with 4th/5th century reliefs and tombs was discovered underneath the gate. Van\",\n \"title\": \"Walls of Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6652906\",\n \"text\": \"Ottoman sources of the 17th century, such as Evliya Çelebi, describe it as the common Turkish name of the time; between the late 17th and late 18th centuries, it was also in official use. The first use of the word \\\"Islambol\\\" on coinage was in 1703 (1115 AH) during the reign of Sultan Ahmed III. Nevertheless, the use of the name \\\"Constantinople\\\" remained common in English into the 20th century, \\\"Istanbul\\\" became common after Turkey adopted the Latin alphabet in 1928 and urged other countries to use the city's Turkish name. In modern Turkish, the name is written as \\\"İstanbul\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68714\",\n \"text\": \"thousand households needed to be transferred to Constantinople by September. From all over the Islamic empire, prisoners of war and deported people were sent to the city: these people were called \\\"Sürgün\\\" in Turkish (). Two centuries later, Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi gave a list of groups introduced into the city with their respective origins. Even today, many quarters of Istanbul, such as Aksaray, Çarşamba, bear the names of the places of origin of their inhabitants. However, many people escaped again from the city, and there were several outbreaks of plague, so that in 1459 Mehmet allowed the deported Greeks\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13405039\",\n \"text\": \"The prestige of important Christian centers depended in part on their apostolic founders, from whom the bishops were therefore the spiritual successors according to the doctrine of Apostolic succession. Constantine erected a new capital at Byzantium, a strategically placed city on the Bosporus. He renamed his new capital \\\"Nova Roma\\\" (\\\"New Rome\\\"), but the city would become known as Constantinople. The Second Ecumenical Council, held at the new capital in 381, elevated the see of Constantinople to a position ahead of the other chief metropolitan sees, except that of Rome. Mentioning in particular the provinces of Asia, Pontus and Thrace,\",\n \"title\": \"Christianity in the 4th century\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9663516\",\n \"text\": \"History of Istanbul The city today known as Istanbul has been the site of human settlement for approximately three thousand years. The settlement was founded by Thracian tribes between the 13th and 11th centuries BC, whose earliest known name is Lygos. It was colonised by the Greeks in the 7th century BC. It fell to the Roman Empire in AD 196, and was known as Byzantium until 330, when it was renamed Constantinople and made the new capital of the Roman Empire. During late antiquity, the city rose to be the largest of the western world, with a population peaking\",\n \"title\": \"History of Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7971183\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Constantinople\\\" instead of \\\"Istanbul\\\" were no longer delivered by Turkey's PTT, which contributed to the eventual worldwide adoption of the new name. In English the name is usually written \\\"Istanbul\\\". In modern Turkish the name is written \\\"İstanbul\\\" (dotted i/İ and dotless ı/I being two distinct letters in the Turkish alphabet). \\\"Stamboul\\\" or \\\"Stambul\\\" is a variant form of \\\"İstanbul.\\\" Greek for 'the town'. Like \\\"Istanbul\\\" itself, forms without the initial \\\"i-\\\" are attested from early on in the Middle Ages, first in Arabic sources of the 10th century and Armenian ones of the 12th. Some early sources also attest\",\n \"title\": \"Names of Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68716\",\n \"text\": \"churches of the city, in particular the Hagia Sophia, or the Church of Holy Wisdom. According to Russian 14th-century traveler Stephen of Novgorod: \\\"As for Hagia Sophia, the human mind can neither tell it nor make description of it.\\\" It was especially important for preserving in its libraries manuscripts of Greek and Latin authors throughout a period when instability and disorder caused their mass-destruction in western Europe and north Africa: On the city's fall, thousands of these were brought by refugees to Italy, and played a key part in stimulating the Renaissance, and the transition to the modern world. The\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"981871\",\n \"text\": \"in 1453, Ashgate, Farnham and Burlington 2011. Fall of Constantinople The Fall of Constantinople (; ) was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by an invading Ottoman army on 29 May 1453. The attackers were commanded by the 21-year-old Sultan Mehmed II, who defeated an army commanded by Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos and took control of the imperial capital, ending a 53-day siege that began on 6 April 1453. After conquering the city, Sultan Mehmed transferred the capital of his Empire from Edirne to Constantinople and established his court there. The capture of the city (and two\",\n \"title\": \"Fall of Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68711\",\n \"text\": \"resources, and struggled to survive. The palace of Blachernae in the north-west of the city became the main Imperial residence, with the old Great Palace on the shores of the Bosporus going into decline. When Michael VIII captured the city, its population was 35,000 people, but, by the end of his reign, he had succeeded in increasing the population to about 70,000 people. The Emperor achieved this by summoning former residents who had fled the city when the crusaders captured it, and by relocating Greeks from the recently reconquered Peloponnese to the capital. In 1347, the Black Death spread to\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20765755\",\n \"text\": \"Drypia Drypia (), also Dripeia (Δριπεία) or Grypes (Γρύπες), was a Byzantine-era settlement and rural suburb of Constantinople. In his studies on the topography of Constantinople, Raymond Janin identified the site with the locality of Ayazmaderesi, some west of the Theodosian Walls, but this is rejected by Andreas Külzer, who identifies it—via the later corrupted form Grypes—with the modern Istanbul district of Bağcılar. In early Byzantine times, the settlement was known for its church dedicated to Thomas the Apostle, established in the late 4th century. In late 398, Empress Aelia Eudoxia ordered the translation of the relics of several unnamed\",\n \"title\": \"Drypia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8302848\",\n \"text\": \"Hieria Hieria (in Greek variously ), modern Fenerbahçe, was a suburb of Byzantine-era Constantinople (modern Istanbul, Turkey). It is prominent in the city's history as the site of an imperial palace. The name derives from \\\"Heraion akron\\\" (Greek: , \\\"Cape of Hera\\\"), which was given in antiquity to a small promontory on the Asian shore of the Bosporus, opposite Chalcedon (modern Kadıköy). The Emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565) built a palace here, which included a harbour and a church dedicated to St. Mary. The palace, which survived at least until 1203, served as a summer residence for a number of\",\n \"title\": \"Hieria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11872097\",\n \"text\": \"Palace of Daphne The Palace of Daphne () was one of the major wings of the Great Palace of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire (modern Istanbul, Turkey). According to George Codinus, it was named after a statue of the nymph Daphne, brought from Rome. The exact layout and appearance of the palace is unclear, since it lies under the Sultan Ahmed Mosque, and the only surviving evidence comes from literary sources. Bardill, however, has suggested that the peristyle with mosaics adjoining an apsed hall, excavated by the Walker Trust excavations in 1935-7 and 1952-4, could be the Augusteus\",\n \"title\": \"Palace of Daphne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68720\",\n \"text\": \"the Ecumenical Patriarch, and made it a prime center of Christianity alongside Rome. This contributed to cultural and theological differences between Eastern and Western Christianity eventually leading to the Great Schism that divided Western Catholicism from Eastern Orthodoxy from 1054 onwards. Constantinople is also of great religious importance to Islam, as the conquest of Constantinople is one of the signs of the End time in Islam. The city provided a defence for the eastern provinces of the old Roman Empire against the barbarian invasions of the 5th century. The 18-meter-tall walls built by Theodosius II were, in essence, impregnable to\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68695\",\n \"text\": \"It is an impressive testament to the strength of tradition how little these arrangements had changed since the office, then known by the Latin version of its title, had been set up in 330 to mirror the urban prefecture of Rome. In the 9th and 10th centuries, Constantinople had a population of between 500,000 and 800,000. In the 8th and 9th centuries, the iconoclast movement caused serious political unrest throughout the Empire. The emperor Leo III issued a decree in 726 against images, and ordered the destruction of a statue of Christ over one of the doors of the Chalke,\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5095508\",\n \"text\": \"name, Koumoutsinas. This remained the city's name throughout the Ottoman period (ca. 1361–1912) and continues as its modern Turkish-language name today. The city continued to be an important hub connecting the capital city of Constantinople with the European part of the Empire, and grew accordingly. Many monuments in the city today date to this era. Many local families fled at that time to Epirus and founded the Koumoutzades village (modern Ammotopos, Arta). Even there they were persecuted and some of them found refuge in Tropaia of Gortynia. The bond between the inhabitants of Komotini, Ammotopos and Tropaia exists to this\",\n \"title\": \"Komotini\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68667\",\n \"text\": \"on the site of an already-existing city, Byzantium, which was settled in the early days of Greek colonial expansion, in around 657 BC, by colonists of the city-state of Megara. This is the first major settlement that would develop on the site of later Constantinople, but the first known settlements was that of \\\"Lygos\\\", referred to in Pliny's Natural Histories. Apart from this, little is known about this initial settlement. The site, according to the founding myth of the city, was abandoned by the time Greek settlers from the city-state of Megara founded Byzantium () in around 657 BC, across\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3005433\",\n \"text\": \"gate of the imperial Boukoleon Palace, known in Byzantine times as the Gate of the Lion (Gk. Πόρτα Λέοντος, \\\"Porta Leontos\\\", in Latin \\\"Porta Leonis\\\") after the marble lions that flanked its entrance, as well as Gate of the Bear (, \\\"porta tēs arkoudas\\\") after depictions of that animal at the quay. In Turkish it is known as \\\"Çatladıkapı\\\" (\\\"Broken Gate\\\"). To the west of the Bucoleon Palace lies the Church of SS. Sergius and Bacchus, and the first of the harbours of the city's southern shore, that of the Sophiae, named after the wife of Emperor Justin II (r.\",\n \"title\": \"Walls of Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9132029\",\n \"text\": \"Palace of the Porphyrogenitus The Palace of the Porphyrogenitus (), known in Turkish as the Tekfur Sarayı (\\\"Palace of the Sovereign\\\"), is a late 13th-century Byzantine palace in the north-western part of the old city of Constantinople (present-day Istanbul, Turkey). An annex of the greater palace complex of Blachernae, it is the best preserved of the three Byzantine palaces to survive in the city (together with the ruins of the Boukoleon Palace; and the ruins of the Great Palace of Constantinople with its surviving substructures, retrieved mosaics and standing Magnaura section), and one of the few relatively intact examples of\",\n \"title\": \"Palace of the Porphyrogenitus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6652913\",\n \"text\": \"on the European continent and at times the largest in the world. Constantinople began to decline continuously after the end of the reign of Basil II in 1025. The final blow was given by the conquest of Villardouin and Enrico Dandolo in 1204 during the Fourth Crusade, where the City was sacked and pillaged. The city subsequently became the center of the Latin Empire, created by Catholic crusaders to replace the Orthodox Byzantine Empire. Hagia Sophia was converted to a Catholic church in 1204. The Byzantine Empire was restored, albeit weakened, in 1261. Constantinople's churches, defenses, and basic services were\",\n \"title\": \"Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9663549\",\n \"text\": \"was moved from Istanbul to Ankara. As a consequence, population collapsed, from an estimated 1,125,000 in 1914 to about 500,000 in 1924; but population steadily grew during the later 20th century, the metropolitan population surpassing 10 million in the year 2000. The city's name \\\"İstanbul\\\" is a shortened version with a Turkish character of the Medieval Greek phrase \\\"εἰς τὴν Πόλιν\\\" [is tin ˈpolin], meaning \\\"into the city\\\", which had long been in vernacular use by the local population. The international name \\\"Constantinople\\\" also remained in use until Turkey adapted the Latin alphabet in 1928 and urged other countries to\",\n \"title\": \"History of Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3005380\",\n \"text\": \"to a story related by Niketas Choniates, in 1189 the gate was walled off by Emperor Isaac II Angelos, because according to a prophecy, it was this gate that Western Emperor Frederick Barbarossa would enter the city through. It was re-opened in 1346, but closed again before the siege of 1453 and remained closed until 1886, leading to its early Ottoman name, \\\"Kapalı Kapı\\\" (\\\"Closed Gate\\\"). The gate () is located between towers 30 and 31, little remains of the original gate, and the modern reconstruction may not be accurate. The Gate of the Spring or Pēgē Gate () was\",\n \"title\": \"Walls of Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"164755\",\n \"text\": \"named Constantinople (\\\"City of Constantine\\\"). In 395 Theodosius I, who had made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire, would be the last emperor to preside over a united Roman Empire. The empire was split into two halves: the Western Roman Empire centred in Ravenna, and the Eastern Roman Empire (later to be referred to as the Byzantine Empire) centred in Constantinople. The Roman Empire was repeatedly attacked by Hunnic, Germanic, Slavic and other “barbarian” tribes (see: Migration Period), and in 476 finally the Western part fell to the Heruli chieftain Odoacer. Roman authority in the Western part of\",\n \"title\": \"History of Europe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"725995\",\n \"text\": \"one Galata played to Constantinople (modern Istanbul). Trabzon formed the basis of several states in its long history and was the capital city of the Empire of Trebizond between 1204 and 1461. During the early modern period, Trabzon, because of the importance of its port, again became a focal point of trade to Persia and the Caucasus. The Turkish name of the city is Trabzon. It is historically known in English as Trebizond. The first recorded name of the city is Τραπεζοῦς (\\\"Trapezous\\\"), referencing the table-like central hill between the Zağnos (İskeleboz) and Kuzgun streams on which it was founded\",\n \"title\": \"Trabzon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2194111\",\n \"text\": \"Hippodrome of Constantinople The Hippodrome of Constantinople () was a circus that was the sporting and social centre of Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire. Today it is a square named \\\"Sultanahmet Meydanı\\\" (\\\"Sultan Ahmet Square\\\") in the Turkish city of Istanbul, with a few fragments of the original structure surviving. The word \\\"hippodrome\\\" comes from the Greek \\\"hippos\\\" (), horse, and \\\"dromos\\\" (δρόμος), path or way. For this reason, it is sometimes also called \\\"Atmeydanı\\\" (\\\"Horse Square\\\") in Turkish. Horse racing and chariot racing were popular pastimes in the ancient world and hippodromes were common features of Greek cities\",\n \"title\": \"Hippodrome of Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"44976\",\n \"text\": \"as an imperial residence inspired by Rome itself. (See Nova Roma.) After his death the city was called Constantinople (Greek Κωνσταντινούπολις, \\\"Konstantinoupolis\\\", \\\"city of Constantine\\\"). This combination of imperialism and location would affect Constantinople's role as the nexus between the continents of Europe and Asia. It was a commercial, cultural, and diplomatic centre. With its strategic position, Constantinople controlled the major trade routes between Asia and Europe, as well as the passage from the Mediterranean Sea to the Black Sea. On May 29, 1453, the city fell to the Ottoman Turks, and again became the capital of a powerful state,\",\n \"title\": \"Byzantium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11844892\",\n \"text\": \"Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, which had been founded as Byzantium). It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. Both\",\n \"title\": \"Byzantine Empire\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3005436\",\n \"text\": \"junction of the sea wall with the city's original Constantinian Wall. That view however is disputed by Janin, as the junction of the walls occurred considerably to the west from the modern gate's location. Further to the west, where the shoreline turns sharply south, stood the Gate of Psamathia (, \\\"Porta tou Psamatha/Psamatheos\\\"), modern \\\"Samatya Kapısı\\\", leading to the suburb of the same name. Further south and west lies the gate known today as \\\"Narlıkapı\\\" (\\\"Pomegranate Gate\\\"). Its Byzantine name is unknown, but is prominent on account of its proximity to the famed Monastery of Stoudios. During the whole existence\",\n \"title\": \"Walls of Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3818796\",\n \"text\": \"at Yale University, perform the song at the end of most of their concerts. The song has been in the repertoire of the Duke's Men since 1953. During the 2000s, the song was performed live by Australian Klezmer/Gypsy Jazz band Monsieur Camembert, appearing on the album \\\"Live on Stage\\\". Istanbul (Not Constantinople) \\\"Istanbul (Not Constantinople)\\\" is a 1953 novelty song, with lyrics by Jimmy Kennedy and music by Nat Simon. Written on the 500th anniversary of the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans, the lyrics humorously refer to the official 1930 renaming of the city of Constantinople to Istanbul. The\",\n \"title\": \"Istanbul (Not Constantinople)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68674\",\n \"text\": \"the title \\\"clarus\\\", not \\\"clarissimus\\\", like those of Rome. It also lacked the panoply of other administrative offices regulating the food supply, police, statues, temples, sewers, aqueducts, or other public works. The new programme of building was carried out in great haste: columns, marbles, doors, and tiles were taken wholesale from the temples of the empire and moved to the new city. In similar fashion, many of the greatest works of Greek and Roman art were soon to be seen in its squares and streets. The emperor stimulated private building by promising householders gifts of land from the imperial estates\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3630538\",\n \"text\": \"empire; and was renamed Istanbul in 1924, making the city itself into a metaphor for shifting identities, whatever they be national, cultural, religious, gender, ethnic or sexual. In the 17th century, Constantinople was Europe's largest city as well as one of the most wealthiest. The American scholar Urmila Seshagiri wrote that the \\\"fixed British hegemonies\\\" of the early chapters set in London and in the English countryside seem \\\"fragile\\\" when Orlando is confronted with the vast, teeming, wealthy city of Constantinople with its multi-ethnic, multi-religious population that appears as a far more powerful and greater city than London, which was\",\n \"title\": \"Orlando: A Biography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9288007\",\n \"text\": \"initial phase in accordance with the Armistice gave way in 1920 to a more formal arrangement under the Treaty of Sèvres. Ultimately, the Treaty of Lausanne, signed on 24 July 1923, led to the end of the occupation. The last troops of the Allies departed from the city on 4 October 1923, and the first troops of the Ankara government, commanded by Şükrü Naili Pasha (3rd Corps), entered the city with a ceremony on 6 October 1923, which has been marked as the \\\"Liberation Day\\\" of Istanbul (Turkish: \\\"İstanbul'un Kurtuluşu\\\") and is commemorated every year on its anniversary. 1918 saw\",\n \"title\": \"Occupation of Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"981863\",\n \"text\": \"a corruption of the Russian Church, which they considered to be the \\\"true\\\" Church of God. As the other Churches were more closely related to Constantinople in their liturgies, Avvakum argued that Constantinople fell to the Turks because of these heretical beliefs and practices. The fall of Constantinople has a profound impact on the ancient Pentarchy of the Orthodox Church. Today, the four ancient sees of Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria, and Constantinople are almost completely devoid of followers and believers because of Islamization and the \\\"Dhimma\\\" system to which Christians have been subjected since the earliest days of Islam. As a\",\n \"title\": \"Fall of Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3005425\",\n \"text\": \"of the city. In the early Ottoman period, it was known in Turkish as the \\\"Çıfıtkapı\\\" (\\\"Hebrew Gate\\\"), but its modern name is \\\"Bahçekapı\\\" (\\\"Garden Gate\\\"). The eastern limit of the Pisan quarter was located a bit eastwards of the gate. The 12th-century Genoese quarter of the city extended from there to the east, and in the documents conferring privileges on them one finds mention of two gates: the \\\"Porta Bonu\\\" (\\\"Gate of Bonus\\\", probably transcribed from Greek ), and the \\\"Porta Veteris Rectoris\\\" (\\\"Gate of the old rector\\\"). It is very likely that these two names refer to the\",\n \"title\": \"Walls of Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"311871\",\n \"text\": \"Pope The pope ( from \\\"pappas\\\", \\\"father\\\"), also known as the supreme pontiff (from Latin \\\"pontifex maximus\\\" \\\"greatest priest\\\"), is the Bishop of Rome and \\\"ex officio\\\" leader of the worldwide Catholic Church. Since 1929, the pope has also been head of state of Vatican City, a city-state enclaved within Rome, Italy. The current pope is Francis, who was elected on 13 March 2013, succeeding Benedict XVI. While his office is called the papacy, the episcopal see and ecclesiastical jurisdiction is called the Holy See. It is the Holy See that is the sovereign entity of international law headquartered in\",\n \"title\": \"Pope\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"981864\",\n \"text\": \"result of this process, the center of authority in the Orthodox Church changed and migrated to Eastern Europe (e.g., Russia) rather than remaining in the former Byzantine Middle East. There are many legends in Greece surrounding the Fall of Constantinople. It was said that the partial lunar eclipse that occurred on 22 May 1453 represented a fulfillment of a prophecy of the city's demise. Four days later, the whole city was blotted out by a thick fog, a condition unknown in that part of the world in May. When the fog lifted that evening, a strange light was seen playing\",\n \"title\": \"Fall of Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"66348\",\n \"text\": \"locus of power in the West shifted to Constantinople and to the ascendant Islamic civilization with its major cities Baghdad, Cairo, and Córdoba. From the 9th through the end of the 12th century, Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire, was the largest and wealthiest city in Europe, with a population approaching 1 million. The Ottoman Empire gradually gained control over many cities in the Mediterranean area, including Constantinople in 1453. In the Holy Roman Empire, beginning in the 12th. century, free imperial cities such as Nuremberg, Strasbourg, Frankfurt, Zurich, Nijmegen became a privileged elite among towns having won self-governance from\",\n \"title\": \"City\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6652896\",\n \"text\": \"Istanbul Istanbul (, or or ; ), historically known as Byzantium and before 1924 as Constantinople, is the most populous city in Turkey and the country's economic, cultural, and historic center. Istanbul is a transcontinental city in Eurasia, straddling the Bosporus strait (which separates Europe and Asia) between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea. Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives on the Asian side. The city is the administrative center of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (coterminous with Istanbul Province), both hosting a population of around 15\",\n \"title\": \"Istanbul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6530759\",\n \"text\": \"Byzantine gardens The city of Byzantium in the Byzantine Empire occupies an important place in the history of garden design between eras and cultures (c. 4th century - 10th century CE). The city, later renamed Constantinople and the present day Istanbul, was capital of the Eastern Roman Empire and survived for a thousand years after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The gardens of Byzantium were, however, mostly destroyed after the 15th-century Turkish conquest of the city. Byzantine gardens were based largely on Roman ideas emphasizing elaborate mosaic designs, a typical classical feature of formally arrayed trees and built\",\n \"title\": \"Byzantine gardens\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68681\",\n \"text\": \"Taurus, on 27 February 425. Uldin, a prince of the Huns, appeared on the Danube about this time and advanced into Thrace, but he was deserted by many of his followers, who joined with the Romans in driving their king back north of the river. Subsequent to this, new walls were built to defend the city and the fleet on the Danube improved. After the barbarians overran the Western Roman Empire, Constantinople became the indisputable capital city of the Roman Empire. Emperors were no longer peripatetic between various court capitals and palaces. They remained in their palace in the Great\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68668\",\n \"text\": \"from the town of Chalcedon on the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus. The city maintained independence as a city-state until it was annexed by Darius I in 512 BC into the Persian Empire, who saw the site as the optimal location to construct a pontoon bridge crossing into Europe as Byzantium was situated at the narrowest point in the Bosphorus strait. Persian rule lasted until 478 BC when as part of the Greek counterattack to the Second Persian Invasion of Greece, a Greek army led by the Spartan general Pausanias captured the city which remained an independent, yet subordinate, city\",\n \"title\": \"Constantinople\"\n }\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"what is the modern day name for the city of constantinople"}}},{"rowIdx":8393,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["tympani bone"],"string":"[\n \"tympani bone\"\n]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"7147320","text":"Internal auditory meatus The internal auditory meatus (also meatus acusticus internus, internal acoustic meatus, internal auditory canal, or internal acoustic canal) is a canal within the petrous part of the temporal bone of the skull between the posterior cranial fossa and the inner ear. The opening to the meatus is called the porus acusticus internus or internal acoustic opening. It is located inside the posterior cranial fossa of the skull, near the center of the posterior surface of the petrous part of the temporal bone. The size varies considerably. Its outer margins are smooth and rounded. The canal which comprises","title":"Internal auditory meatus"},{"id":"1450723","text":"Skull The skull is a bony structure that forms the head in vertebrates. It supports the structures of the face and provides a protective cavity for the brain. The skull is composed of two parts: the cranium and the mandible. In the human, these two parts are the neurocranium and the viscerocranium or facial skeleton that includes the mandible as its largest bone. The skull forms the anterior most portion of the skeleton and is a product of cephalisation—housing the brain, and several sensory structures such as the eyes, ears, nose, and mouth. In humans these sensory structures are part","title":"Skull"},{"id":"1450753","text":"they are related as follows: The jugal is a skull bone found in most reptiles, amphibians, and birds. In mammals, the jugal is often called the zygomatic bone or malar bone. The prefrontal bone is a bone separating the lacrimal and frontal bones in many tetrapod skulls. Skull The skull is a bony structure that forms the head in vertebrates. It supports the structures of the face and provides a protective cavity for the brain. The skull is composed of two parts: the cranium and the mandible. In the human, these two parts are the neurocranium and the viscerocranium or","title":"Skull"},{"id":"14620425","text":"Porion \"For people with the surname, see Porion (surname).\" The porion is the point on the human skull located at the upper margin of each ear canal (external auditory meatus, external acoustic meatus). It lies on the superior margin of the tragus. It is a cephalometric landmark with significance in biological anthropology and in clinical applications such as oral and maxillofacial surgery. The porion is one of the three anatomical points used to determine the Frankfurt plane. The Frankfurt plane (also called the auriculo-orbital plane) was established at the World Congress on Anthropology in Frankfurt, Germany in 1884, and decreed","title":"Porion"},{"id":"7147323","text":"also contains the vestibular ganglion. Internal auditory meatus The internal auditory meatus (also meatus acusticus internus, internal acoustic meatus, internal auditory canal, or internal acoustic canal) is a canal within the petrous part of the temporal bone of the skull between the posterior cranial fossa and the inner ear. The opening to the meatus is called the porus acusticus internus or internal acoustic opening. It is located inside the posterior cranial fossa of the skull, near the center of the posterior surface of the petrous part of the temporal bone. The size varies considerably. Its outer margins are smooth and","title":"Internal auditory meatus"},{"id":"4914803","text":"Ear canal The ear canal (external acoustic meatus, external auditory meatus, EAM; ) is a tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear. The adult human ear canal extends from the pinna to the eardrum and is about in length and in diameter. The human ear canal is divided into two parts. The elastic cartilage part forms the outer third of the canal; its anterior and lower wall are cartilaginous, whereas its superior and back wall are fibrous. The cartilage is the continuation of the cartilage framework of pinna. The bony part forms the inner two thirds. The","title":"Ear canal"},{"id":"3077810","text":"attenuated when they hit the pinna, and these changes provide additional information that will help the brain determine the sound direction. The sound waves enter the auditory canal, a deceptively simple tube. The ear canal amplifies sounds that are between 3 and 12 kHz. The tympanic membrane, at the far end of the ear canal marks the beginning of the middle ear. Sound waves travel through the ear canal and hit the tympanic membrane, or eardrum. This wave information travels across the air-filled middle ear cavity via a series of delicate bones: the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil) and stapes (stirrup).","title":"Auditory system"},{"id":"7525228","text":"Petrous part of the temporal bone The petrous part of the temporal bone is pyramid-shaped and is wedged in at the base of the skull between the sphenoid and occipital bones. Directed medially, forward, and a little upward, it presents a base, an apex, three surfaces, and three angles, and houses in its interior, the components of the inner ear. The petrous portion is among the most basal elements of the skull and forms part of the endocranium. Petrous comes from the Latin word \"petrosus\", meaning \"stone-like, hard\". It is one of the densest bones in the body. The petrous","title":"Petrous part of the temporal bone"},{"id":"1450725","text":"bones, and contains many foramina, fossae, processes, and several cavities or sinuses. In zoology there are openings in the skull called fenestrae. The human skull is the bony structure that forms the head in the human skeleton. It supports the structures of the face and forms a cavity for the brain. Like the skulls of other vertebrates, it protects the brain from injury. The skull consists of two parts, of different embryological origin—the neurocranium and the facial skeleton (also called the \"membraneous viscerocranium\"). The neurocranium (or \"braincase\") forms the protective cranial cavity that surrounds and houses the brain and brainstem.","title":"Skull"},{"id":"5946322","text":"require no intervention for the fracture itself. Depressed fractures are usually comminuted, with broken portions of bone displaced inward—and may require surgical intervention to repair underlying tissue damage. Diastatic fractures widen the sutures of the skull and usually affect children under three. Basilar fractures are in the bones at the base of the skull. The human skull is anatomically divided into two parts: the neurocranium, formed by eight cranial bones that houses and protect the brain—and the facial skeleton (viscerocranium) composed of fourteen bones, not including the three ossicles of the inner ear. The term \"skull fracture\" typically means fractures","title":"Skull fracture"},{"id":"1450745","text":"to enclose the olfactory organs. Behind these are the orbits, and then an additional pair of capsules enclosing the structure of the inner ear. Finally, the skull tapers towards the rear, where the foramen magnum lies immediately above a single condyle, articulating with the first vertebra. There are, in addition, at various points throughout the cranium, smaller foramina for the cranial nerves. The jaws consist of separate hoops of cartilage, almost always distinct from the cranium proper. In ray-finned fishes, there has also been considerable modification from the primitive pattern. The roof of the skull is generally well formed, and","title":"Skull"},{"id":"3363474","text":"the ear canal, as does the facing antitragus. The hollow region in front of the ear canal is called the concha. The ear canal stretches for about 1inch (2.5cm). The first part of the canal is surrounded by cartilage, while the second part near the eardrum is surrounded by bone. This bony part is known as the auditory bulla and is formed by the tympanic part of the temporal bone. The skin surrounding the ear canal contains ceruminous and sebaceous glands that produce protective ear wax. The ear canal ends at the external surface of the eardrum. Two sets of","title":"Ear"},{"id":"3363477","text":"between the outer ear and the inner ear. It consists of an air-filled cavity called the tympanic cavity and includes the three ossicles and their attaching ligaments; the auditory tube; and the round and oval windows. The ossicles are three small bones that function together to receive, amplify, and transmit the sound from the eardrum to the inner ear. The ossicles are the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and the stapes (stirrup). The stapes is the smallest named bone in the body. The middle ear also connects to the upper throat at the nasopharynx via the pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian","title":"Ear"},{"id":"14620427","text":"the three points listed above, sufficient to describe a plane in three-dimensional space. The Mastoid Index (a craniometric measurement)is the distance from the porion to the asterion. The determination of the Frankfort plane differs between skeletal and soft tissues, soft tissue using the tragus as the landmark in place of the porion. Porion \"For people with the surname, see Porion (surname).\" The porion is the point on the human skull located at the upper margin of each ear canal (external auditory meatus, external acoustic meatus). It lies on the superior margin of the tragus. It is a cephalometric landmark with","title":"Porion"},{"id":"1450726","text":"The upper areas of the cranial bones form the calvaria (skullcap). The membranous viscerocranium includes the mandible. The facial skeleton is formed by the bones supporting the face. Except for the mandible, all of the bones of the skull are joined together by sutures—synarthrodial (immovable) joints formed by bony ossification, with Sharpey's fibres permitting some flexibility. Sometimes there can be extra bone pieces within the suture known as wormian bones or \"sutural bones\". Most commonly these are found in the course of the lambdoid suture. The human skull is generally considered to consist of twenty-two bones—eight cranial bones and fourteen","title":"Skull"},{"id":"7525236","text":"DNA. Petrous part of the temporal bone The petrous part of the temporal bone is pyramid-shaped and is wedged in at the base of the skull between the sphenoid and occipital bones. Directed medially, forward, and a little upward, it presents a base, an apex, three surfaces, and three angles, and houses in its interior, the components of the inner ear. The petrous portion is among the most basal elements of the skull and forms part of the endocranium. Petrous comes from the Latin word \"petrosus\", meaning \"stone-like, hard\". It is one of the densest bones in the body. The","title":"Petrous part of the temporal bone"},{"id":"2091007","text":"Ethmoid bone The ethmoid bone (; from Greek \"ethmos\", \"sieve\") is an unpaired bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. It is located at the roof of the nose, between the two orbits. The cubical bone is lightweight due to a spongy construction. The ethmoid bone is one of the bones that make up the orbit of the eye. The ethmoid bone is an anterior cranial bone located between the eyes. It contributes to the medial wall of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the nasal septum. The ethmoid has three parts: cribriform plate, ethmoidal","title":"Ethmoid bone"},{"id":"14091053","text":"Skull roof The skull roof, or the roofing bones of the skull, are a set of bones covering the brain, eyes and nostrils in bony fishes and all land-living vertebrates. The bones are derived from dermal bone and are part of the dermatocranium. In comparative anatomy the term is used on the full dermatocranium. In general anatomy, the roofing bones may refer specifically to the bones that form above and alongside the brain and neurocranium (i.e., excluding the marginal upper jaw bones such as the maxilla and premaxilla), and in human anatomy, the skull roof often refers specifically to the","title":"Skull roof"},{"id":"1450728","text":"the stated twenty-two. Some of these bones—the occipital, parietal, frontal, in the neurocranium, and the nasal, lacrimal, and vomer, in the facial skeleton are flat bones. The skull also contains sinuses, air-filled cavities known as paranasal sinuses, and numerous foramina. The sinuses are lined with respiratory epithelium. Their known functions are the lessening of the weight of the skull, the aiding of resonance to the voice and the warming and moistening of the air drawn into the nasal cavity. The foramina are openings in the skull. The largest of these is the foramen magnum that allows the passage of the","title":"Skull"},{"id":"2131002","text":"the hard palate beneath the vomer means that the bone is now located in a nasal chamber, separate from the mouth. Vomer The vomer () is one of the unpaired facial bones of the skull. It is located in the midsagittal line, and articulates with the sphenoid, the ethmoid, the left and right palatine bones, and the left and right maxillary bones. The vomer forms the inferior part of the nasal septum, with the superior part formed by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone. The name is derived from the Latin word for a ploughshare and the shape of","title":"Vomer"},{"id":"3363473","text":"via the pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian tube. The inner ear contains the otolith organs—the utricle and saccule—and the semicircular canals belonging to the vestibular system, as well as the cochlea of the auditory system. The outer ear is the external portion of the ear and includes the fleshy visible pinna (also called the auricle), the ear canal, and the outer layer of the eardrum (also called the tympanic membrane). The pinna consists of the curving outer rim called the helix, the inner curved rim called the antihelix, and opens into the ear canal. The tragus protrudes and partially obscures","title":"Ear"},{"id":"8866149","text":"Greater palatine canal The greater palatine canal (or pterygopalatine canal) is a passage in the skull that transmits the descending palatine artery, vein, and greater and lesser palatine nerves between the pterygopalatine fossa and the oral cavity. The greater palatine canal starts on the inferior aspect of the pterygopalatine fossa. It goes through the maxilla and palatine bones to reach the palate, ending at the greater palatine foramen. From this canal, accessory canals branch off; these are known as the lesser palatine canals. The canal is formed by a vertical groove on the posterior part of the maxillary surface of","title":"Greater palatine canal"},{"id":"4914805","text":"ear canals. It plays an important role in the human ear canal, assisting in cleaning and lubrication, and also provides some protection from bacteria, fungi, and insects. Excess or impacted cerumen can press against the eardrum and/or occlude the external auditory canal and impair hearing, causing conductive hearing loss. Ear canal The ear canal (external acoustic meatus, external auditory meatus, EAM; ) is a tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear. The adult human ear canal extends from the pinna to the eardrum and is about in length and in diameter. The human ear canal is divided","title":"Ear canal"},{"id":"8866150","text":"the palatine bone; it is converted into a canal by articulation with the maxilla. The canal transmits the descending palatine vessels, the greater palatine nerve, and the lesser palatine nerve. Greater palatine canal The greater palatine canal (or pterygopalatine canal) is a passage in the skull that transmits the descending palatine artery, vein, and greater and lesser palatine nerves between the pterygopalatine fossa and the oral cavity. The greater palatine canal starts on the inferior aspect of the pterygopalatine fossa. It goes through the maxilla and palatine bones to reach the palate, ending at the greater palatine foramen. From this","title":"Greater palatine canal"},{"id":"15757738","text":"Bone conduction auditory brainstem response Bone-conduction auditory brainstem response or BCABR is a type of auditory evoked response that records neural response from EEG with stimulus transmitted through bone conduction. Vibration of the skull results in auditory sensation. This is a way to somewhat bypass the outer and middle ears to stimulate the cochlea. Von Bekesy is credited with the discovery that at the level of the cochlea, phase shifted bone-conduction signals cancel out air conduction signals. Bone-conduction works because all of the bones of the skull are connected, including the temporal bone, which in turn stimulates the cochlea. Barany","title":"Bone conduction auditory brainstem response"},{"id":"1450747","text":"the living lungfishes. The skull roof is not fully formed, and consists of multiple, somewhat irregularly shaped bones with no direct relationship to those of tetrapods. The upper jaw is formed from the pterygoids and vomers alone, all of which bear teeth. Much of the skull is formed from cartilage, and its overall structure is reduced. The skulls of the earliest tetrapods closely resembled those of their ancestors amongst the lobe-finned fishes. The skull roof is formed of a series of plate-like bones, including the maxilla, frontals, parietals, and lacrimals, among others. It is overlaying the endocranium, corresponding to the","title":"Skull"},{"id":"3454475","text":"Articular bone The articular bone is part of the lower jaw of most vertebrates, including most jawed fish, amphibians, birds and various kinds of reptiles, as well as Stem-mammal. In these animals it is connected to two other lower jaw bones, the suprangular and the angular. It forms the jaw joint by articulating with the quadrate bone of the skull. In mammals, the articular bone has migrated to the middle ear to become the malleus, while the quadrate bone becomes the incus. Paleontologists regard this as a defining characteristic of mammalian fossils. It is analogous to, but not homologous to","title":"Articular bone"},{"id":"6862332","text":"Hypoglossal canal The hypoglossal canal is a foramen in the occipital bone of the skull. It is hidden medially and superiorly to each occipital condyle. The hypoglossal nerve traverses the canal. It transmits the hypoglossal nerve from its point of entry near the medulla oblongata to its exit from the base of the skull near the jugular foramen. It lies in the epiphyseal junction between the basiocciput and the jugular process of the occipital bone. The hypoglossal canal has recently been used to try to determine the antiquity of human speech. Researchers have found that hominids who lived as long","title":"Hypoglossal canal"},{"id":"2945702","text":"the skull passes through the pelvis and birth canal during birth. During development the eight separate plates of the immature bones fuse together into one single structure known as the Skull. The only bone that remains separate from the rest of the skull is the mandible. The rib cage is composed of 12 pairs of ribs plus the sternum for a total of 25 separate bones. The rib cage functions as protection for the vital organs such as the heart and lungs. The ribs are shaped like crescents, with one end flattened and the other end rounded. The","title":"Axial skeleton"},{"id":"2787079","text":"tend to tolerate this arrangement very well. When the child's skull bone is sufficiently thick, a titanium \"post\" can be surgically embedded into the skull with a small abutment exposed outside the skin. The BAHA sound processor sits on this abutment and transmits sound vibrations to the external abutment of the titanium implant. The implant vibrates the skull and inner ear, which stimulate the nerve fibers of the inner ear, allowing hearing. The surgical procedure is simple both for the surgeon, involving very few risks for the experienced ear surgeon. For the patient, minimal discomfort and pain is reported. Patients","title":"Hearing aid"},{"id":"5492544","text":"Tensor tympani muscle The tensor tympani is a muscle within the ear, located in the bony canal above the osseous portion of the auditory tube. Its role is to damp loud sounds, such as those produced from chewing, shouting, or thunder. Because its reaction time is not fast enough, the muscle cannot protect against hearing damage caused by sudden loud explosions or gunshots. The tensor tympani arises from the cartilaginous portion of the auditory tube, and the adjoining part of the great wing of the sphenoid, as well as from the osseous canal in which it is contained. Passing backward","title":"Tensor tympani muscle"},{"id":"6479167","text":"Greek ἀστέριον (\"astērion\"), meaning \"star\" or \"starry\". The \"Mercedes point\" is an alternative term for the asterion, for its resemblance to the Mercedes-Benz logo. Asterion (anatomy) The asterion is the point on the skull corresponding to the posterior end of the parietomastoid suture. In human anatomy, the asterion is a visible, so-called craniometric, point on the exposed skull, just behind the ear, where three cranial sutures meet: or where three cranial bones meet: In the adult, it lies 4 cm behind and 12 mm above the center of the entrance to the ear canal. Neurosurgeons use this point to orient","title":"Asterion (anatomy)"},{"id":"1450746","text":"although the exact relationship of its bones to those of tetrapods is unclear, they are usually given similar names for convenience. Other elements of the skull, however, may be reduced; there is little cheek region behind the enlarged orbits, and little, if any bone in between them. The upper jaw is often formed largely from the premaxilla, with the maxilla itself located further back, and an additional bone, the symplectic, linking the jaw to the rest of the cranium. Although the skulls of fossil lobe-finned fish resemble those of the early tetrapods, the same cannot be said of those of","title":"Skull"},{"id":"1450729","text":"spinal cord as well as nerves and blood vessels. The many processes of the skull include the mastoid process and the zygomatic processes. The skull is a complex structure; its bones are formed both by intramembranous and endochondral ossification. The skull roof bones, comprising the bones of the facial skeleton and the sides and roof of the neurocranium, are dermal bones formed by intramembranous ossification, though the temporal bones are formed by endochondral ossification. The endocranium, the bones supporting the brain (the occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid) are largely formed by endochondral ossification. Thus frontal and parietal bones are purely membranous.","title":"Skull"},{"id":"2087276","text":"Occipital bone The occipital bone () is a cranial dermal bone and the main bone of the occiput (back and lower part of the skull). It is trapezoidal in shape and curved on itself like a shallow dish. The occipital bone overlies the occipital lobes of the cerebrum. At the base of skull in the occipital bone, there is a large oval opening called the foramen magnum, which allows the passage of the spinal cord. Like the other cranial bones, it is classed as a flat bone. Due to its many attachments and features, the occipital bone is described in","title":"Occipital bone"},{"id":"10670482","text":"the Moupin pika. A fairly small pika, the Moupin pika measures in length, and weighs . The skull is in length, and is larger than that of the Gansu pika. The frontal bone is flat and low, and has no alveolus above it. The auditory bullae are small, and the posterior processes of the cheek bone are almost parallel. The anterior palatine foramen (funnel-shaped opening in the bony plate of the skull, located in the roof of the mouth, immediately behind the incisor teeth where blood vessels and nerves pass) and the palatal foramen are combined. In summer, the dorsal","title":"Moupin pika"},{"id":"14620426","text":"as the anatomical position of the human skull for comparative craniometric measurements. It was decided that a plane passing through the inferior margin of the left orbit (the point called the left orbitale) and the upper margin of each ear canal or external auditory meatus, a point called the porion, was most nearly parallel to the surface of the earth at the position the head is normally carried in the living subject. In normal subjects, both orbitales and both porions lie in a single plane. However, due to pathology, this is not always the case. The formal definition specifies only","title":"Porion"},{"id":"9694731","text":"Calvaria (skull) The calvaria or skullcap (feminine Latin noun with plural \"calvariae\"; however, many medical texts list the word as \"calvarium\", neuter Latin noun with plural \"calvaria\") is the upper part of the neurocranium and covers the cranial cavity containing the brain. It forms the main component of the skull roof. The calvaria (skullcap) is made up of the superior portions of the frontal bone, occipital bone, and parietal bones. In the human skull, the sutures between the bones normally remain flexible during the first few years of postnatal development, and fontanelles are palpable. Premature complete ossification of these sutures","title":"Calvaria (skull)"},{"id":"7525241","text":"upper part of the posterior wall by the squama. Its inner end is closed, by the tympanic membrane which originates from the tympanic sulcus; the upper limit of its outer orifice is formed by the posterior root of the zygomatic process, immediately below which there is sometimes seen a small spine, the \"suprameatal spine\", situated at the upper and posterior part of the orifice. The auditory bulla (pl. bullae) is a hollow bony structure on the ventral, posterior portion of the skull that encloses parts of the middle and inner ear. In most species, it is formed by the tympanic","title":"Tympanic part of the temporal bone"},{"id":"14091058","text":"the openings independently: The synapsids are the mammal-like reptiles and the mammals. In mammals, the side opening is closed by the sphenoid bone, so that the skull roof appear whole, despite the temporal opening. All other reptiles (with the possible exception of turtles) and the birds are diapsids. Skull roof The skull roof, or the roofing bones of the skull, are a set of bones covering the brain, eyes and nostrils in bony fishes and all land-living vertebrates. The bones are derived from dermal bone and are part of the dermatocranium. In comparative anatomy the term is used on the","title":"Skull roof"},{"id":"1450724","text":"of the facial skeleton. Functions of the skull include protection of the brain, fixing the distance between the eyes to allow stereoscopic vision, and fixing the position of the ears to enable sound localisation of the direction and distance of sounds. In some animals such as horned ungulates, the skull also has a defensive function by providing the mount (on the frontal bone) for the horns. The English word \"skull\" is probably derived from Old Norse \"skulle\", while the Latin word \"cranium\" comes from the Greek root κρανίον (\"kranion\"). The skull is made up of a number of fused flat","title":"Skull"},{"id":"1777492","text":"Eustachian tube The Eustachian tube, also known as the auditory tube or pharyngotympanic tube, is a tube that links the nasopharynx to the middle ear. It is a part of the middle ear. In adult humans the Eustachian tube is approximately long and in diameter. It is named after the sixteenth-century Italian anatomist Bartolomeo Eustachi. In humans and other land animals the middle ear (like the ear canal) is normally filled with air. Unlike the open ear canal, however, the air of the middle ear is not in direct contact with the atmosphere outside the body. The Eustachian tube connects","title":"Eustachian tube"},{"id":"5946323","text":"to the neurocranium, while fractures of the facial portion of the skull are \"facial fractures\", or if the jaw is fractured, a \"mandibular fracture\". The eight cranial bones are separated by sutures : one frontal bone, two parietal bones, two temporal bones, one occipital bone, one sphenoid bone, and one ethmoid bone. The bones of the skull are in three layers: the hard compact layer of the external table (\"lamina externa\"), the diploë (a spongy layer of red bone marrow in the middle, and the compact layer of the inner table (\"Lamina interna\"). Skull thickness is variable, depending on location.","title":"Skull fracture"},{"id":"7525245","text":"Temporal styloid process The temporal styloid process is a process of bone that extends down from the temporal bone of the human skull, just below the ear. The styloid process is a slender pointed piece of bone just below the ear. It projects down and forward from the inferior surface of the temporal bone, and serves as an anchor point for several muscles associated with the tongue and larynx. The stylohyoid ligament extends from the apex of the process to the lesser cornu of the hyoid bone, and can sometimes be partially or completely ossified. A small percentage of the","title":"Temporal styloid process"},{"id":"5946324","text":"Thus the traumatic impact required to cause a fracture depends on the impact site. The skull is thick at the glabella, the external occipital protuberance, the mastoid processes, and the external angular process. Areas of the skull that are covered with muscle have no underlying diploë formation between the internal and external lamina, which results in thin bone more susceptible to fractures. Skull fractures occur more easily at the thin squamous temporal and parietal bones, the sphenoid sinus, the foramen magnum (the opening at the base of the skull that the spinal cord passes through), the petrous temporal ridge, and","title":"Skull fracture"},{"id":"10912538","text":"Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles The evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles was an evolutionary event in which bones in the jaw of reptiles were co-opted to form part of the hearing apparatus in mammals. The event is well-documented and important as a demonstration of transitional forms and exaptation, the re-purposing of existing structures during evolution. In reptiles, the eardrum is connected to the inner ear via a single bone, the columella, while the upper and lower jaws contain several bones not found in mammals. Over the course of the evolution of mammals, one bone from the lower and one from","title":"Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles"},{"id":"11481940","text":"is considered to be a primitive feature in dinosaurs. The prefrontal makes contact with several other bones in the skull. The anterior part of the bone articulates with the nasal bone and the lacrimal bone. The posterior part of the bone articulates with the frontal bone and more rarely the palpebral bone. The prefrontal bone sometimes forms part of the upper margin of the orbit. This bone is part of the skull roof, which is a set of bones that cover the brain, eyes and nostrils. Prefrontal bone The prefrontal bone is a bone separating the lacrimal and frontal bones","title":"Prefrontal bone"},{"id":"2764821","text":"the rest of the cartilage to enter the middle ear where it becomes the incus. Quadrate bone The quadrate bone is part of a skull in most tetrapods, including amphibians, sauropsids (reptiles, birds), and early synapsids. In these animals it connects to the quadratojugal and squamosal in the skull, and forms part of the jaw joint (the other part is the articular bone at the rear end of the lower jaw). It is formed by endochondral ossification and is formed from the hindmost part of the primitive cartilaginous upper jaw. In snakes, the quadrate bone has become elongated and very","title":"Quadrate bone"},{"id":"663247","text":"Outer ear The outer ear, external ear, or auris externa is the external portion of the ear, which consists of the auricle (also pinna) and the ear canal. It gathers sound energy and focuses it on the eardrum (tympanic membrane). The visible part is called the auricle, also known as the pinna, especially in other animals. It is composed of a thin plate of yellow elastic cartilage, covered with integument, and connected to the surrounding parts by ligaments and muscles; and to the commencement of the ear canal by fibrous tissue. Many mammals can move the pinna (with the auriculares","title":"Outer ear"},{"id":"1450727","text":"facial skeleton bones. In the neurocranium these are the occipital bone, two temporal bones, two parietal bones, the sphenoid, ethmoid and frontal bones. The bones of the facial skeleton(14) are the vomer, two inferior nasal conchae, two nasal bones, two maxilla, the mandible, two palatine bones, two zygomatic bones, and two lacrimal bones. Some sources count a paired bone as one, or the maxilla as having two bones (as its parts); some sources include the hyoid bone or the three ossicles of the middle ear but the overall general consensus of the number of bones in the human skull is","title":"Skull"},{"id":"7142981","text":"Jugular foramen The jugular foramen is a large foramen (aperture) in the base of the skull. It is located behind the carotid canal and is formed in front by the petrous portion of the temporal bone, and behind by the occipital bone; it is generally larger on the right than on the left side. Cranial nerves IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), and XI (accessory) and the internal jugular vein pass through the jugular foramen. The jugular foramen may be subdivided into three compartments, each with their own contents. An alternative imaging based subclassification exists, delineated by the jugular spine which is","title":"Jugular foramen"},{"id":"15284024","text":"Mandible The mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human face. It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place. The mandible sits beneath the maxilla. It is the only movable bone of the skull (discounting the ossicles of the middle ear). The bone is formed in the fetus from a fusion of the left and right mandibular prominences, and the point where these sides join, the mandibular symphysis, is still visible as a faint ridge in the midline. Like other symphyses in the body, this is a midline articulation","title":"Mandible"},{"id":"6331025","text":"ear, bypassing the external auditory canal and middle ear. A titanium prosthesis is surgically embedded into the skull with a small abutment exposed outside the skin. A sound processor sits on this abutment and transmits sound vibrations to the titanium implant. The implant vibrates the skull and inner ear, which stimulate the nerve fibers of the inner ear, allowing hearing. The surgery is often performed under local anaesthesia and as an outpatient procedure. An important piece of information for patients is that if they for whatever reason are not satisfied with the BAHA solution, removing the implant is easy. No","title":"Bone-anchored hearing aid"},{"id":"13263623","text":"that it had a very thin plate of bone that acted as an eardrum, receiving sounds and transferring them to a small air-filled cavity. The stapes and vestibular foramen (the hole that connects the middle and inner ears) are preserved in one specimen of \"Glanosuchus\" that was examined by grinding away cross sections of the skull. The anular ligament, a ring-like structure that forms a seal between the end of the stapes and the rim of the vestibular foramen, was probably held in place by cartilage. The transfer of sound between the thin bony plate and the vestibular foramen in","title":"Glanosuchus"},{"id":"1973100","text":"Foramen magnum The foramen magnum () is a large oval opening (foramen) in the occipital bone of the skull in humans and various other animals. It is one of the several oval or circular openings (foramina) in the base of the skull. The spinal cord, an extension of the medulla, passes through the foramen magnum as it exits the cranial cavity. Apart from the transmission of the medulla oblongata and its membranes, the foramen magnum transmits the vertebral arteries, the anterior and posterior spinal arteries, the tectorial membranes and alar ligaments. It also transmits the spinal component of the accessory","title":"Foramen magnum"},{"id":"7578613","text":"Subarcuate fossa In the temporal bone at the sides of the skull, above and between the aquæductus vestibuli is an irregular depression which lodges a process of the dura mater and transmits a small vein and the subarcuate artery a branch of the meatal segment of anterior inferior cerebellar artery, which is an end artery that supplies blood to the inner ear ; in the infant this depression is represented by a large fossa, the subarcuate fossa, which extends backward as a blind tunnel under the superior semicircular canal. It is extensive in most primates (except for great apes) and","title":"Subarcuate fossa"},{"id":"2106971","text":"left here. There is also a probable connection with the Greek verb \"temnion\", to wound in battle. The skull is thin in this area and presents a vulnerable area for a blow from a battle axe. Another possible etymology is described at Temple (anatomy). Glomus jugulare tumor: Temporal bone The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull, and lateral to the temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex. The temporal bones are overlaid by the sides of the head known as the temples, and house the structures of the ears. The lower seven cranial nerves and","title":"Temporal bone"},{"id":"2054777","text":"Foramen ovale (skull) At the base of the skull, the foramen ovale (Latin: oval window) is one of the larger of the several holes (the foramina) that transmit nerves through the skull. The foramen ovale is situated in the posterior part of the sphenoid bone, posterolateral to the foramen rotundum. The foramen ovale is an opening in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone. The foramen ovale is one of two cranial foramina in the greater wing, the other being the foramen spinosum. Similar to other foramina, the foramen ovale differs in shape and size throughout the natural life. The","title":"Foramen ovale (skull)"},{"id":"1830894","text":"3 bones, the ectopterygoid, the palantine, and the vomer. The teeth are on two bones, the premaxillae and the maxillae. Another three bones make up the lower jaw the dentary, the angular, and the surangular. The cranial surface of the skull is made up of the nasals, the antorbital, the lacrimal, the parietal, the intertemporal, the post parietal, the supratemporal, the extra scapular, the post temporal, and the opercular. The entirety of the skull is attached to the girdle through another set of bones. Bowfin are often referred to as \"living fossils\", or \"primitive fishes\" because they retained some of","title":"Bowfin"},{"id":"2945701","text":"cranium is formed from eight plate-shaped bones which fit together at meeting points (joints) called sutures. In addition there are 14 facial bones which form the lower front part of the skull. Together the 22 bones that compose the skull form additional, smaller spaces besides the cranial vault, such as the cavities for the eyes, the internal ear, the nose, and the mouth. The most important facial bones include the jaw or mandible, the upper jaw or maxilla, the zygomatic or cheek bone, and the nasal bone. Humans are born with separate plates which later fuse to allow flexibility as","title":"Axial skeleton"},{"id":"10335821","text":"bone. The pterygoid plates lie posterior to the upper dental row, or alveolar ridge, when viewing the face from an anterior view. The fractures are named after French surgeon René Le Fort (1869–1951), who discovered the fracture patterns by examining crush injuries in cadavers. Lefort I — Slight swelling of the upper lip, ecchymosis is present in the buccal sulcus beneath each zygomatic arch, malocclusion, mobility of teeth. Impacted type of fractures may be almost immobile and it is only by grasping the maxillary teeth and applying a little firm pressure that a characteristic grate can be felt which is","title":"Le Fort fracture of skull"},{"id":"6051136","text":"of infection or for some other reason, it can be drained by puncturing the tympanic membrane with a large bore needle (tympanocentesis). Tympanic cavity The tympanic cavity is a small cavity surrounding the bones of the middle ear. Within it sit the ossicles, three small bones that transmit vibrations used in the detection of sound. On its lateral surface, it abuts the external auditory meatus [ ear canal ] from which it is separated by the tympanic membrane (eardrum). The tympanic cavity is bounded by: It is formed from the tubotympanic recess, an expansion of the first pharyngeal pouch. If","title":"Tympanic cavity"},{"id":"2087289","text":"most basal portion of the skull. In Chondrichthyes and Agnathans, the occipital does not form as a separate element, but remains part of the chondrocranium throughout life. In most higher vertebrates, the foramen magnum is surrounded by a ring of four bones. The basioccipital lies in front of the opening, the two exoccipital condyles lie to either side, and the larger supraoccipital lies to the posterior, and forms at least part of the rear of the cranium. In many bony fish and amphibians, the supraoccipital is never ossified, and remains as cartilage throughout life. In primitive forms the basioccipital and","title":"Occipital bone"},{"id":"7525206","text":"be distinguished from the mastoid cells, though it communicates with them. Like the mastoid cells it is filled with air and lined by a prolongation of the mucous membrane of the tympanic cavity, with which it communicates. The tympanic antrum is bounded above by a thin plate of bone, the tegmen tympani, which separates it from the middle fossa of the base of the skull; below by the mastoid process; laterally by the squama just below the temporal line, and medially by the lateral semicircular canal of the internal ear which projects into its cavity. It opens in front into","title":"Mastoid part of the temporal bone"},{"id":"3454476","text":"the articular process of the lower jaw. Articular bone The articular bone is part of the lower jaw of most vertebrates, including most jawed fish, amphibians, birds and various kinds of reptiles, as well as Stem-mammal. In these animals it is connected to two other lower jaw bones, the suprangular and the angular. It forms the jaw joint by articulating with the quadrate bone of the skull. In mammals, the articular bone has migrated to the middle ear to become the malleus, while the quadrate bone becomes the incus. Paleontologists regard this as a defining characteristic of mammalian fossils. It","title":"Articular bone"},{"id":"12331181","text":"jaws are homologous to the gill arches of jawless fishes. The upper portion of the second embryonic arch supporting the gill became the hyomandibular bone of jawed fishes, which supports the skull and therefore links the jaw to the cranium. When vertebrates found their way onto land, the hyomandibula, with its location near the ear, began to function as a sound amplifier beside its function to support the skull. As evolution later attached the cranium of terrestrial vertebrates to the rest of the skull, the hyomandibula lost its supportive function and became an interior organ, the stapes, and thus its","title":"Hyomandibula"},{"id":"7106884","text":"Jugular fossa The jugular fossa is a deep depression in the inferior part of the base of the skull. More specifically, it is located in the temporal bone, posterior to the carotid canal and the aquæductus cochleæ. It is of variable depth and size in different skulls; it lodges the bulb of the internal jugular vein. In the bony ridge dividing the carotid canal from the jugular fossa is the small inferior tympanic canaliculus for the passage of the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve. In the lateral part of the jugular fossa is the mastoid canaliculus for the entrance","title":"Jugular fossa"},{"id":"6495746","text":"Foramen spinosum The foramen spinosum is one of two foramina located in the base of the human skull, on the sphenoid bone. It is situated just anterior to the spine of the sphenoid bone, and just lateral to the foramen ovale. The middle meningeal artery, middle meningeal vein, and the meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve pass through the foramen. The foramen spinosum is often used as a landmark in neurosurgery, due to its close relations with other cranial foramina. It was first described by Jakob Benignus Winslow in the 18th century. The foramen spinosum is a foramen through the","title":"Foramen spinosum"},{"id":"6051792","text":"inner ear, to the swim bladder. The structure acts as an amplifier of sound waves that would otherwise be only slightly perceivable by the inner ear structure alone. The generalized structure of the Weberian apparatus is akin to a skeletal complex of bones and ossicles that are physically connected to the labyrinth auditory complex anteriorly and the anteriormost region of the swim bladder posteriorly. The entire structure is derived from skeletal elements of the first four vertebrae. The involved elements include: the supraneural bones of the skull; modified neural arch bones, specifically the paired claustra and the scaphia; the intercalarium","title":"Weberian apparatus"},{"id":"6479166","text":"Asterion (anatomy) The asterion is the point on the skull corresponding to the posterior end of the parietomastoid suture. In human anatomy, the asterion is a visible, so-called craniometric, point on the exposed skull, just behind the ear, where three cranial sutures meet: or where three cranial bones meet: In the adult, it lies 4 cm behind and 12 mm above the center of the entrance to the ear canal. Neurosurgeons use this point to orient themselves, in order to plan safe entry into the skull for some operations, such as retro-sigmoid approach. The asterion receives its name from the","title":"Asterion (anatomy)"},{"id":"2130997","text":"Vomer The vomer () is one of the unpaired facial bones of the skull. It is located in the midsagittal line, and articulates with the sphenoid, the ethmoid, the left and right palatine bones, and the left and right maxillary bones. The vomer forms the inferior part of the nasal septum, with the superior part formed by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone. The name is derived from the Latin word for a ploughshare and the shape of the bone. The vomer is situated in the median plane, but its anterior portion is frequently bent to one side. It","title":"Vomer"},{"id":"6495751","text":"because of its relationship to the spinous process of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone. However, due to incorrectly declining the noun, the literal meaning is \"hole full of thorns\" (). The correct, but unused name would, in fact, be \"\". Foramen spinosum The foramen spinosum is one of two foramina located in the base of the human skull, on the sphenoid bone. It is situated just anterior to the spine of the sphenoid bone, and just lateral to the foramen ovale. The middle meningeal artery, middle meningeal vein, and the meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve pass through","title":"Foramen spinosum"},{"id":"2091013","text":"with anosmia were more than four times as likely to die in five years compared to those with a healthy sense of smell. Ethmoid bone The ethmoid bone (; from Greek \"ethmos\", \"sieve\") is an unpaired bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. It is located at the roof of the nose, between the two orbits. The cubical bone is lightweight due to a spongy construction. The ethmoid bone is one of the bones that make up the orbit of the eye. The ethmoid bone is an anterior cranial bone located between the eyes. It","title":"Ethmoid bone"},{"id":"1450749","text":"dentary) is homologous with the mammalian mandible. In living tetrapods, a great many of the original bones have either disappeared or fused into one another in various arrangements. Birds have a diapsid skull, as in reptiles, with a prelacrymal fossa (present in some reptiles). The skull has a single occipital condyle. The skull consists of five major bones: the frontal (top of head), parietal (back of head), premaxillary and nasal (top beak), and the mandible (bottom beak). The skull of a normal bird usually weighs about 1% of the bird's total bodyweight. The eye occupies a considerable amount of the","title":"Skull"},{"id":"7447676","text":"Infraorbital foramen In human anatomy, the infraorbital foramen is an opening in the maxillary bone of the skull located below the infraorbital margin of the orbit. It transmits the infraorbital artery and vein, and the infraorbital nerve, a branch of the maxillary nerve. It is typically from the infraorbital margin. Forming the exterior end of the infraorbital canal, the infraorbital foramen communicates with the infraorbital groove, the canal's opening on the interior side. The ramifications of the three principal branches of the trigeminal nerve—at the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramen—are distributed on a vertical line (in anterior view) passing through","title":"Infraorbital foramen"},{"id":"2106966","text":"Temporal bone The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull, and lateral to the temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex. The temporal bones are overlaid by the sides of the head known as the temples, and house the structures of the ears. The lower seven cranial nerves and the major vessels to and from the brain traverse the temporal bone. The temporal bone consists of four parts— the squamous, mastoid, petrous and tympanic parts. The squamous part is the largest and most superiorly positioned relative to the rest of the bone. The zygomatic process is","title":"Temporal bone"},{"id":"2087409","text":"fish and amphibians it is often separated from the orbits by one or two additional bones not found in mammals. These bones, the prefrontals and postfrontals, together form the upper margin of the eye sockets, and lie to either side of the frontal bones. The frontal bone is one of the principal paired mid-line bones in dinosaur skulls. This bone is part of the skull roof, which is a set of bones that cover the brain, eyes and nostrils. The frontal makes contact with several other bones in the skull. The anterior part of the bone articulates with the nasal","title":"Frontal bone"},{"id":"2924349","text":"forming the lateral posterior portion of the bony orbital process, the maxillary bone inferiorly and medially which, along with the lacrimal and ethmoid bones, forms the medial wall of the orbital canal. The ethmoid air cells are extremely thin, and form a structure known as the lamina papyracea, the most delicate bony structure in the skull, and one of the most commonly fractured bones in orbital trauma. The lacrimal bone also contains the nasolacrimal duct. The superior bony margin of the orbital rim, otherwise known as the orbital process, is formed by the frontal bone. The roof (superior wall) is","title":"Orbit (anatomy)"},{"id":"11180769","text":"Inferior petrosal sulcus The inferior petrosal sulcus is the groove containing the inferior petrosal sinus. The inferior petrosal sulcus is formed by the junction of the petrous part of the temporal bone of the skull with the basilar part of the occipital bone. It begins in the postero-inferior part of the cavernous sinus, and, passing through the anterior part of the jugular foramen, ends in the superior bulb of the internal jugular vein. The inferior petrosal sinus receives the internal auditory veins and also veins from the medulla oblongata, pons, and under surface of the cerebellum. The exact relation of","title":"Inferior petrosal sulcus"},{"id":"663207","text":"Inner ear The inner ear (internal ear, auris interna) is the innermost part of the vertebrate ear. In vertebrates, the inner ear is mainly responsible for sound detection and balance. In mammals, it consists of the bony labyrinth, a hollow cavity in the temporal bone of the skull with a system of passages comprising two main functional parts: The inner ear is found in all vertebrates, with substantial variations in form and function. The inner ear is innervated by the eighth cranial nerve in all vertebrates. The labyrinth can be divided by layer or by region. The bony labyrinth, or","title":"Inner ear"},{"id":"7525237","text":"Tympanic part of the temporal bone The tympanic part of the temporal bone is a curved plate of bone lying below the squamous part of the temporal bone, in front of the mastoid process, and surrounding the external part of the ear canal. It originates as a separate bone (tympanic bone), which in some mammals stays separate through life. Evolutionarily, a portion of it is derived from the angular bone of the reptilian lower jaw. Its postero-superior surface is concave, and forms the anterior wall, the floor, and part of the posterior wall of the bony ear canal. Medially, it","title":"Tympanic part of the temporal bone"},{"id":"6051135","text":"Tympanic cavity The tympanic cavity is a small cavity surrounding the bones of the middle ear. Within it sit the ossicles, three small bones that transmit vibrations used in the detection of sound. On its lateral surface, it abuts the external auditory meatus [ ear canal ] from which it is separated by the tympanic membrane (eardrum). The tympanic cavity is bounded by: It is formed from the tubotympanic recess, an expansion of the first pharyngeal pouch. If damaged, the tympanic membrane can be repaired in a procedure called tympanoplasty. Should fluid accumulate within the middle ear as the result","title":"Tympanic cavity"},{"id":"1450748","text":"cartilaginous skull in sharks and rays. The various separate bones that compose the temporal bone of humans are also part of the skull roof series. A further plate composed of four pairs of bones forms the roof of the mouth; these include the vomer and palatine bones. The base of the cranium is formed from a ring of bones surrounding the foramen magnum and a median bone lying further forward; these are homologous with the occipital bone and parts of the sphenoid in mammals. Finally, the lower jaw is composed of multiple bones, only the most anterior of which (the","title":"Skull"},{"id":"3363472","text":"may also be affected by damage to the brain or neural pathways leading from the ear. The ear has been adorned by earrings and other jewelry in numerous cultures for thousands of years, and has been subjected to surgical and cosmetic alterations. The human ear consists of three parts—the outer ear, middle ear and inner ear. The ear canal of the outer ear is separated from the air-filled tympanic cavity of the middle ear by the eardrum. The middle ear contains the three small bones—the ossicles—involved in the transmission of sound, and is connected to the throat at the nasopharynx,","title":"Ear"},{"id":"2091561","text":"Sphenoid bone The sphenoid bone is an unpaired bone of the neurocranium. It is situated in the middle of the skull towards the front, in front of the temporal bone and the basilar part of the occipital bone. The sphenoid bone is one of the seven bones that articulate to form the orbit. Its shape somewhat resembles that of a butterfly or bat with its wings extended. It is divided into the following parts: Two sphenoidal conchae are situated at the anterior and inferior part of the body. The more important of these are: These ligaments occasionally ossify. The sphenoid","title":"Sphenoid bone"},{"id":"6862334","text":"presence of more than two canals as the occipital bone is formed. Study of this area aids in the diagnosis of a variety of tumors found at the base of the skull, including: large glomus jugulare neoplasms, myelomas, and the occasional meningioma. Studies of the hypoglossal canal revolve around the development of safe drilling techniques to conduct surgery on that area of the brain. Hypoglossal canal The hypoglossal canal is a foramen in the occipital bone of the skull. It is hidden medially and superiorly to each occipital condyle. The hypoglossal nerve traverses the canal. It transmits the hypoglossal nerve","title":"Hypoglossal canal"},{"id":"7525242","text":"part of the temporal bone. In all extant and extinct primates, including humans, the auditory bulla is formed by the petrosal bone (the petrous part of the temporal bone). This is a diagnostic trait that can be used to distinguish primates, including anthropoids, tarsiers, lemurs, and lorises, from all other mammals. Tympanic part of the temporal bone The tympanic part of the temporal bone is a curved plate of bone lying below the squamous part of the temporal bone, in front of the mastoid process, and surrounding the external part of the ear canal. It originates as a separate bone","title":"Tympanic part of the temporal bone"},{"id":"663231","text":"Middle ear The middle ear is the portion of the ear internal to the eardrum, and external to the oval window of the inner ear. The mammalian middle ear contains three ossicles, which transfer the vibrations of the eardrum into waves in the fluid and membranes of the inner ear. The hollow space of the middle ear is also known as the tympanic cavity and is surrounded by the tympani bone. The auditory tube (also known as the Eustachian tube or the pharyngotympanic tube) joins the tympanic cavity with the nasal cavity (nasopharynx), allowing pressure to equalize between the middle","title":"Middle ear"},{"id":"663243","text":"of the bone known as the hyomandibula in fish ancestors, a bone that supported the skull and braincase. The structure of the middle ear in living amphibians varies considerably, and is often degenerate. In most frogs and toads, it is similar to that of reptiles, but in other amphibians, the middle ear cavity is often absent. In these cases, the stapes either is also missing or, in the absence of an eardrum, connects to the quadrate bone in the skull, although, it is presumed, it still has some ability to transmit vibrations to the inner ear. In many amphibians, there","title":"Middle ear"},{"id":"5821878","text":"set of bones known as \"Weberian ossicles\", a chain of small bones that connect the auditory system to the gas bladder of fishes. The ossicles connect the gas bladder wall with Y-shaped lymph sinus that abuts the lymph-filled transverse canal joining the sacculi of the right and left ears. This allows the transmission of vibrations to the inner ear. In anotophysians, the three first vertebrae are specialized and associated with one or more cephalic ribs (a primitive Weberian apparatus). In the otophysians, a distinct modification of the anterior four or five first vertebrae is found, as well as the Weberian","title":"Ostariophysi"},{"id":"1994768","text":"Zygomatic bone In the human skull, the zygomatic bone (cheekbone or malar bone) is a paired irregular bone which articulates with the maxilla, the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. It is situated at the upper and lateral part of the face and forms the prominence of the cheek, part of the lateral wall and floor of the orbit, and parts of the temporal fossa and the infratemporal fossa. It presents a malar and a temporal surface; four processes (the frontosphenoidal, orbital, maxillary, and temporal), and four borders. The \"malar surface\" is convex and perforated near its","title":"Zygomatic bone"},{"id":"15055509","text":"area of the skull (the base of the skull) shows part of the boundary of the foramen magnum (through which the spinal cord enters the skull), channels for the vestibular system (part of the inner ear responsible for balance), and holes for the semicircular canal (also part of the vestibular system). These holes and channels are found on the supraoccipital bone. The exoccipitals and opisthotics are also known in \"Tarjadia\", and form the paraoccipital processes, two projections for the attachments of muscles that open the lower jaw. These processes form notches that may be tympanic fossae, cavities of the middle","title":"Tarjadia"},{"id":"2091569","text":"(with mandibular nerve). The sphenoid bone of humans is homologous with a number of bones that are often separate in other animals, and have a somewhat complex arrangement. In the early lobe-finned fishes and tetrapods, the pterygoid bones were flat, wing-like bones forming the major part of the roof of the mouth. Above the pterygoids were the epipterygoid bones, which formed part of a flexible joint between the braincase and the palatal region, as well as extending a vertical bar of bone towards the roof of the skull. Between the pterygoids lay an elongated, narrow parasphenoid bone, which also spread","title":"Sphenoid bone"},{"id":"3454492","text":"Jugal bone The jugal is a skull bone found in most reptiles, amphibians and birds. In mammals, the jugal is often called the malar or Zygomatic. It is connected to the quadratojugal and maxilla, as well as other bones, which may vary by species. This bone is considered key in the determination of general traits of the skull, in the case of creatures, as with dinosaurs in paleontology, whose entire skull has not been found. The jugal bone forms the cheek area in dinosaurs, and is part of the series of bones termed the circumorbital series, as they define the","title":"Jugal bone"},{"id":"2335978","text":"Spiracle Spiracles () are openings on the surface of some animals, which usually lead to respiratory systems. The spiracle is a small hole behind each eye that opens to the mouth in some fish. In the primitive jawless fish the first gill opening immediately behind the mouth is essentially similar to the other gill opening. With the evolution of the jaw in the early jawed vertebrates, this gill slit was \"caught\" between the forward gill-rod (now functioning as the jaw) and the next rod, the hyomandibular bone, supporting the jaw hinge and anchoring the jaw to the skull proper. The","title":"Spiracle"},{"id":"663232","text":"ear and throat. The primary function of the middle ear is to efficiently transfer acoustic energy from compression waves in air to fluid–membrane waves within the cochlea. The middle ear contains three tiny bones known as the ossicles: \"malleus\", \"incus\", and \"stapes\". The ossicles were given their Latin names for their distinctive shapes; they are also referred to as the \"hammer\", \"anvil\", and \"stirrup\", respectively. The ossicles directly couple sound energy from the ear drum to the oval window of the cochlea. While the stapes is present in all tetrapods, the malleus and incus evolved from lower and upper jaw","title":"Middle ear"},{"id":"1617312","text":"these bones varies across the bird families. The lower mandible is supported by a bone known as the inferior maxillary bone—a compound bone composed of two distinct ossified pieces. These ossified plates (or rami), which can be U-shaped or V-shaped, join distally (the exact location of the joint depends on the species) but are separated proximally, attaching on either side of the head to the quadrate bone. The jaw muscles, which allow the bird to close its beak, attach to the proximal end of the lower mandible and to the bird's skull. The muscles that depress the lower mandible are","title":"Beak"},{"id":"18706137","text":"Thus evidence from fossils demonstrate homoplasies for the detachment of the ear from the jaw. Furthermore, it is apparent that the land-based eardrum, or tympanic membrane, and connecting structures such as the Eustachian tube evolved convergently in multiple different settings as opposed to being a defining morphology. Evolution of the cochlea Cochlea is Latin for “snail, shell or screw” and originates from the Greek word κοχλίας \"kohlias\". The modern definition, the auditory portion of the inner ear, originated in the late 17th century. Within the mammalian cochlea exists the organ of Corti, which contains hair cells that are responsible for","title":"Evolution of the cochlea"},{"id":"663242","text":"form an opening; in most tetrapods, this breach is never quite completed, and the final vestige of tissue separating it from the outside world becomes the eardrum. The inner part of the spiracle, still connected to the pharynx, forms the eustachian tube. In reptiles, birds, and early fossil tetrapods, there is a single auditory ossicle, the columella ( that is homologous with the stapes, or \"stirrup\" of mammals). This is connected indirectly with the eardrum via a mostly cartilaginous extracolumella and medially to the inner-ear spaces via a widened footplate in the fenestra ovalis. The columella is an evolutionary derivative","title":"Middle ear"},{"id":"361864","text":"fenestra (an opening on the top of the skull), a drop-like ectotympanic (a bony ring that holds the ear drum), and pachyosteosclerotic (dense and bulky) bones. Sirenians first appeared in the fossil record in the Early Eocene and significantly diversified throughout the epoch. They inhabited rivers, estuaries, and nearshore marine waters. Sirenians, unlike other marine mammals such as cetaceans, lived in the New World. One of the earliest aquatic sirenians discovered is \"Prorastomus\" which dates back to 40 million years ago, and the first known sirenian, the quadruped \"Pezosiren\", lived 50 million years ago. An ancient sirenian fossil of a","title":"Sirenia"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"7147320\",\n \"text\": \"Internal auditory meatus The internal auditory meatus (also meatus acusticus internus, internal acoustic meatus, internal auditory canal, or internal acoustic canal) is a canal within the petrous part of the temporal bone of the skull between the posterior cranial fossa and the inner ear. The opening to the meatus is called the porus acusticus internus or internal acoustic opening. It is located inside the posterior cranial fossa of the skull, near the center of the posterior surface of the petrous part of the temporal bone. The size varies considerably. Its outer margins are smooth and rounded. The canal which comprises\",\n \"title\": \"Internal auditory meatus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1450723\",\n \"text\": \"Skull The skull is a bony structure that forms the head in vertebrates. It supports the structures of the face and provides a protective cavity for the brain. The skull is composed of two parts: the cranium and the mandible. In the human, these two parts are the neurocranium and the viscerocranium or facial skeleton that includes the mandible as its largest bone. The skull forms the anterior most portion of the skeleton and is a product of cephalisation—housing the brain, and several sensory structures such as the eyes, ears, nose, and mouth. In humans these sensory structures are part\",\n \"title\": \"Skull\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1450753\",\n \"text\": \"they are related as follows: The jugal is a skull bone found in most reptiles, amphibians, and birds. In mammals, the jugal is often called the zygomatic bone or malar bone. The prefrontal bone is a bone separating the lacrimal and frontal bones in many tetrapod skulls. Skull The skull is a bony structure that forms the head in vertebrates. It supports the structures of the face and provides a protective cavity for the brain. The skull is composed of two parts: the cranium and the mandible. In the human, these two parts are the neurocranium and the viscerocranium or\",\n \"title\": \"Skull\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14620425\",\n \"text\": \"Porion \\\"For people with the surname, see Porion (surname).\\\" The porion is the point on the human skull located at the upper margin of each ear canal (external auditory meatus, external acoustic meatus). It lies on the superior margin of the tragus. It is a cephalometric landmark with significance in biological anthropology and in clinical applications such as oral and maxillofacial surgery. The porion is one of the three anatomical points used to determine the Frankfurt plane. The Frankfurt plane (also called the auriculo-orbital plane) was established at the World Congress on Anthropology in Frankfurt, Germany in 1884, and decreed\",\n \"title\": \"Porion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7147323\",\n \"text\": \"also contains the vestibular ganglion. Internal auditory meatus The internal auditory meatus (also meatus acusticus internus, internal acoustic meatus, internal auditory canal, or internal acoustic canal) is a canal within the petrous part of the temporal bone of the skull between the posterior cranial fossa and the inner ear. The opening to the meatus is called the porus acusticus internus or internal acoustic opening. It is located inside the posterior cranial fossa of the skull, near the center of the posterior surface of the petrous part of the temporal bone. The size varies considerably. Its outer margins are smooth and\",\n \"title\": \"Internal auditory meatus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4914803\",\n \"text\": \"Ear canal The ear canal (external acoustic meatus, external auditory meatus, EAM; ) is a tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear. The adult human ear canal extends from the pinna to the eardrum and is about in length and in diameter. The human ear canal is divided into two parts. The elastic cartilage part forms the outer third of the canal; its anterior and lower wall are cartilaginous, whereas its superior and back wall are fibrous. The cartilage is the continuation of the cartilage framework of pinna. The bony part forms the inner two thirds. The\",\n \"title\": \"Ear canal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3077810\",\n \"text\": \"attenuated when they hit the pinna, and these changes provide additional information that will help the brain determine the sound direction. The sound waves enter the auditory canal, a deceptively simple tube. The ear canal amplifies sounds that are between 3 and 12 kHz. The tympanic membrane, at the far end of the ear canal marks the beginning of the middle ear. Sound waves travel through the ear canal and hit the tympanic membrane, or eardrum. This wave information travels across the air-filled middle ear cavity via a series of delicate bones: the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil) and stapes (stirrup).\",\n \"title\": \"Auditory system\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7525228\",\n \"text\": \"Petrous part of the temporal bone The petrous part of the temporal bone is pyramid-shaped and is wedged in at the base of the skull between the sphenoid and occipital bones. Directed medially, forward, and a little upward, it presents a base, an apex, three surfaces, and three angles, and houses in its interior, the components of the inner ear. The petrous portion is among the most basal elements of the skull and forms part of the endocranium. Petrous comes from the Latin word \\\"petrosus\\\", meaning \\\"stone-like, hard\\\". It is one of the densest bones in the body. The petrous\",\n \"title\": \"Petrous part of the temporal bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1450725\",\n \"text\": \"bones, and contains many foramina, fossae, processes, and several cavities or sinuses. In zoology there are openings in the skull called fenestrae. The human skull is the bony structure that forms the head in the human skeleton. It supports the structures of the face and forms a cavity for the brain. Like the skulls of other vertebrates, it protects the brain from injury. The skull consists of two parts, of different embryological origin—the neurocranium and the facial skeleton (also called the \\\"membraneous viscerocranium\\\"). The neurocranium (or \\\"braincase\\\") forms the protective cranial cavity that surrounds and houses the brain and brainstem.\",\n \"title\": \"Skull\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5946322\",\n \"text\": \"require no intervention for the fracture itself. Depressed fractures are usually comminuted, with broken portions of bone displaced inward—and may require surgical intervention to repair underlying tissue damage. Diastatic fractures widen the sutures of the skull and usually affect children under three. Basilar fractures are in the bones at the base of the skull. The human skull is anatomically divided into two parts: the neurocranium, formed by eight cranial bones that houses and protect the brain—and the facial skeleton (viscerocranium) composed of fourteen bones, not including the three ossicles of the inner ear. The term \\\"skull fracture\\\" typically means fractures\",\n \"title\": \"Skull fracture\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1450745\",\n \"text\": \"to enclose the olfactory organs. Behind these are the orbits, and then an additional pair of capsules enclosing the structure of the inner ear. Finally, the skull tapers towards the rear, where the foramen magnum lies immediately above a single condyle, articulating with the first vertebra. There are, in addition, at various points throughout the cranium, smaller foramina for the cranial nerves. The jaws consist of separate hoops of cartilage, almost always distinct from the cranium proper. In ray-finned fishes, there has also been considerable modification from the primitive pattern. The roof of the skull is generally well formed, and\",\n \"title\": \"Skull\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3363474\",\n \"text\": \"the ear canal, as does the facing antitragus. The hollow region in front of the ear canal is called the concha. The ear canal stretches for about 1inch (2.5cm). The first part of the canal is surrounded by cartilage, while the second part near the eardrum is surrounded by bone. This bony part is known as the auditory bulla and is formed by the tympanic part of the temporal bone. The skin surrounding the ear canal contains ceruminous and sebaceous glands that produce protective ear wax. The ear canal ends at the external surface of the eardrum. Two sets of\",\n \"title\": \"Ear\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3363477\",\n \"text\": \"between the outer ear and the inner ear. It consists of an air-filled cavity called the tympanic cavity and includes the three ossicles and their attaching ligaments; the auditory tube; and the round and oval windows. The ossicles are three small bones that function together to receive, amplify, and transmit the sound from the eardrum to the inner ear. The ossicles are the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and the stapes (stirrup). The stapes is the smallest named bone in the body. The middle ear also connects to the upper throat at the nasopharynx via the pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian\",\n \"title\": \"Ear\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14620427\",\n \"text\": \"the three points listed above, sufficient to describe a plane in three-dimensional space. The Mastoid Index (a craniometric measurement)is the distance from the porion to the asterion. The determination of the Frankfort plane differs between skeletal and soft tissues, soft tissue using the tragus as the landmark in place of the porion. Porion \\\"For people with the surname, see Porion (surname).\\\" The porion is the point on the human skull located at the upper margin of each ear canal (external auditory meatus, external acoustic meatus). It lies on the superior margin of the tragus. It is a cephalometric landmark with\",\n \"title\": \"Porion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1450726\",\n \"text\": \"The upper areas of the cranial bones form the calvaria (skullcap). The membranous viscerocranium includes the mandible. The facial skeleton is formed by the bones supporting the face. Except for the mandible, all of the bones of the skull are joined together by sutures—synarthrodial (immovable) joints formed by bony ossification, with Sharpey's fibres permitting some flexibility. Sometimes there can be extra bone pieces within the suture known as wormian bones or \\\"sutural bones\\\". Most commonly these are found in the course of the lambdoid suture. The human skull is generally considered to consist of twenty-two bones—eight cranial bones and fourteen\",\n \"title\": \"Skull\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7525236\",\n \"text\": \"DNA. Petrous part of the temporal bone The petrous part of the temporal bone is pyramid-shaped and is wedged in at the base of the skull between the sphenoid and occipital bones. Directed medially, forward, and a little upward, it presents a base, an apex, three surfaces, and three angles, and houses in its interior, the components of the inner ear. The petrous portion is among the most basal elements of the skull and forms part of the endocranium. Petrous comes from the Latin word \\\"petrosus\\\", meaning \\\"stone-like, hard\\\". It is one of the densest bones in the body. The\",\n \"title\": \"Petrous part of the temporal bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2091007\",\n \"text\": \"Ethmoid bone The ethmoid bone (; from Greek \\\"ethmos\\\", \\\"sieve\\\") is an unpaired bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. It is located at the roof of the nose, between the two orbits. The cubical bone is lightweight due to a spongy construction. The ethmoid bone is one of the bones that make up the orbit of the eye. The ethmoid bone is an anterior cranial bone located between the eyes. It contributes to the medial wall of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the nasal septum. The ethmoid has three parts: cribriform plate, ethmoidal\",\n \"title\": \"Ethmoid bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14091053\",\n \"text\": \"Skull roof The skull roof, or the roofing bones of the skull, are a set of bones covering the brain, eyes and nostrils in bony fishes and all land-living vertebrates. The bones are derived from dermal bone and are part of the dermatocranium. In comparative anatomy the term is used on the full dermatocranium. In general anatomy, the roofing bones may refer specifically to the bones that form above and alongside the brain and neurocranium (i.e., excluding the marginal upper jaw bones such as the maxilla and premaxilla), and in human anatomy, the skull roof often refers specifically to the\",\n \"title\": \"Skull roof\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1450728\",\n \"text\": \"the stated twenty-two. Some of these bones—the occipital, parietal, frontal, in the neurocranium, and the nasal, lacrimal, and vomer, in the facial skeleton are flat bones. The skull also contains sinuses, air-filled cavities known as paranasal sinuses, and numerous foramina. The sinuses are lined with respiratory epithelium. Their known functions are the lessening of the weight of the skull, the aiding of resonance to the voice and the warming and moistening of the air drawn into the nasal cavity. The foramina are openings in the skull. The largest of these is the foramen magnum that allows the passage of the\",\n \"title\": \"Skull\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2131002\",\n \"text\": \"the hard palate beneath the vomer means that the bone is now located in a nasal chamber, separate from the mouth. Vomer The vomer () is one of the unpaired facial bones of the skull. It is located in the midsagittal line, and articulates with the sphenoid, the ethmoid, the left and right palatine bones, and the left and right maxillary bones. The vomer forms the inferior part of the nasal septum, with the superior part formed by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone. The name is derived from the Latin word for a ploughshare and the shape of\",\n \"title\": \"Vomer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3363473\",\n \"text\": \"via the pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian tube. The inner ear contains the otolith organs—the utricle and saccule—and the semicircular canals belonging to the vestibular system, as well as the cochlea of the auditory system. The outer ear is the external portion of the ear and includes the fleshy visible pinna (also called the auricle), the ear canal, and the outer layer of the eardrum (also called the tympanic membrane). The pinna consists of the curving outer rim called the helix, the inner curved rim called the antihelix, and opens into the ear canal. The tragus protrudes and partially obscures\",\n \"title\": \"Ear\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8866149\",\n \"text\": \"Greater palatine canal The greater palatine canal (or pterygopalatine canal) is a passage in the skull that transmits the descending palatine artery, vein, and greater and lesser palatine nerves between the pterygopalatine fossa and the oral cavity. The greater palatine canal starts on the inferior aspect of the pterygopalatine fossa. It goes through the maxilla and palatine bones to reach the palate, ending at the greater palatine foramen. From this canal, accessory canals branch off; these are known as the lesser palatine canals. The canal is formed by a vertical groove on the posterior part of the maxillary surface of\",\n \"title\": \"Greater palatine canal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4914805\",\n \"text\": \"ear canals. It plays an important role in the human ear canal, assisting in cleaning and lubrication, and also provides some protection from bacteria, fungi, and insects. Excess or impacted cerumen can press against the eardrum and/or occlude the external auditory canal and impair hearing, causing conductive hearing loss. Ear canal The ear canal (external acoustic meatus, external auditory meatus, EAM; ) is a tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear. The adult human ear canal extends from the pinna to the eardrum and is about in length and in diameter. The human ear canal is divided\",\n \"title\": \"Ear canal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8866150\",\n \"text\": \"the palatine bone; it is converted into a canal by articulation with the maxilla. The canal transmits the descending palatine vessels, the greater palatine nerve, and the lesser palatine nerve. Greater palatine canal The greater palatine canal (or pterygopalatine canal) is a passage in the skull that transmits the descending palatine artery, vein, and greater and lesser palatine nerves between the pterygopalatine fossa and the oral cavity. The greater palatine canal starts on the inferior aspect of the pterygopalatine fossa. It goes through the maxilla and palatine bones to reach the palate, ending at the greater palatine foramen. From this\",\n \"title\": \"Greater palatine canal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15757738\",\n \"text\": \"Bone conduction auditory brainstem response Bone-conduction auditory brainstem response or BCABR is a type of auditory evoked response that records neural response from EEG with stimulus transmitted through bone conduction. Vibration of the skull results in auditory sensation. This is a way to somewhat bypass the outer and middle ears to stimulate the cochlea. Von Bekesy is credited with the discovery that at the level of the cochlea, phase shifted bone-conduction signals cancel out air conduction signals. Bone-conduction works because all of the bones of the skull are connected, including the temporal bone, which in turn stimulates the cochlea. Barany\",\n \"title\": \"Bone conduction auditory brainstem response\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1450747\",\n \"text\": \"the living lungfishes. The skull roof is not fully formed, and consists of multiple, somewhat irregularly shaped bones with no direct relationship to those of tetrapods. The upper jaw is formed from the pterygoids and vomers alone, all of which bear teeth. Much of the skull is formed from cartilage, and its overall structure is reduced. The skulls of the earliest tetrapods closely resembled those of their ancestors amongst the lobe-finned fishes. The skull roof is formed of a series of plate-like bones, including the maxilla, frontals, parietals, and lacrimals, among others. It is overlaying the endocranium, corresponding to the\",\n \"title\": \"Skull\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3454475\",\n \"text\": \"Articular bone The articular bone is part of the lower jaw of most vertebrates, including most jawed fish, amphibians, birds and various kinds of reptiles, as well as Stem-mammal. In these animals it is connected to two other lower jaw bones, the suprangular and the angular. It forms the jaw joint by articulating with the quadrate bone of the skull. In mammals, the articular bone has migrated to the middle ear to become the malleus, while the quadrate bone becomes the incus. Paleontologists regard this as a defining characteristic of mammalian fossils. It is analogous to, but not homologous to\",\n \"title\": \"Articular bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6862332\",\n \"text\": \"Hypoglossal canal The hypoglossal canal is a foramen in the occipital bone of the skull. It is hidden medially and superiorly to each occipital condyle. The hypoglossal nerve traverses the canal. It transmits the hypoglossal nerve from its point of entry near the medulla oblongata to its exit from the base of the skull near the jugular foramen. It lies in the epiphyseal junction between the basiocciput and the jugular process of the occipital bone. The hypoglossal canal has recently been used to try to determine the antiquity of human speech. Researchers have found that hominids who lived as long\",\n \"title\": \"Hypoglossal canal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2945702\",\n \"text\": \"the skull passes through the pelvis and birth canal during birth. During development the eight separate plates of the immature bones fuse together into one single structure known as the Skull. The only bone that remains separate from the rest of the skull is the mandible. The rib cage is composed of 12 pairs of ribs plus the sternum for a total of 25 separate bones. The rib cage functions as protection for the vital organs such as the heart and lungs. The ribs are shaped like crescents, with one end flattened and the other end rounded. The\",\n \"title\": \"Axial skeleton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2787079\",\n \"text\": \"tend to tolerate this arrangement very well. When the child's skull bone is sufficiently thick, a titanium \\\"post\\\" can be surgically embedded into the skull with a small abutment exposed outside the skin. The BAHA sound processor sits on this abutment and transmits sound vibrations to the external abutment of the titanium implant. The implant vibrates the skull and inner ear, which stimulate the nerve fibers of the inner ear, allowing hearing. The surgical procedure is simple both for the surgeon, involving very few risks for the experienced ear surgeon. For the patient, minimal discomfort and pain is reported. Patients\",\n \"title\": \"Hearing aid\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5492544\",\n \"text\": \"Tensor tympani muscle The tensor tympani is a muscle within the ear, located in the bony canal above the osseous portion of the auditory tube. Its role is to damp loud sounds, such as those produced from chewing, shouting, or thunder. Because its reaction time is not fast enough, the muscle cannot protect against hearing damage caused by sudden loud explosions or gunshots. The tensor tympani arises from the cartilaginous portion of the auditory tube, and the adjoining part of the great wing of the sphenoid, as well as from the osseous canal in which it is contained. Passing backward\",\n \"title\": \"Tensor tympani muscle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6479167\",\n \"text\": \"Greek ἀστέριον (\\\"astērion\\\"), meaning \\\"star\\\" or \\\"starry\\\". The \\\"Mercedes point\\\" is an alternative term for the asterion, for its resemblance to the Mercedes-Benz logo. Asterion (anatomy) The asterion is the point on the skull corresponding to the posterior end of the parietomastoid suture. In human anatomy, the asterion is a visible, so-called craniometric, point on the exposed skull, just behind the ear, where three cranial sutures meet: or where three cranial bones meet: In the adult, it lies 4 cm behind and 12 mm above the center of the entrance to the ear canal. Neurosurgeons use this point to orient\",\n \"title\": \"Asterion (anatomy)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1450746\",\n \"text\": \"although the exact relationship of its bones to those of tetrapods is unclear, they are usually given similar names for convenience. Other elements of the skull, however, may be reduced; there is little cheek region behind the enlarged orbits, and little, if any bone in between them. The upper jaw is often formed largely from the premaxilla, with the maxilla itself located further back, and an additional bone, the symplectic, linking the jaw to the rest of the cranium. Although the skulls of fossil lobe-finned fish resemble those of the early tetrapods, the same cannot be said of those of\",\n \"title\": \"Skull\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1450729\",\n \"text\": \"spinal cord as well as nerves and blood vessels. The many processes of the skull include the mastoid process and the zygomatic processes. The skull is a complex structure; its bones are formed both by intramembranous and endochondral ossification. The skull roof bones, comprising the bones of the facial skeleton and the sides and roof of the neurocranium, are dermal bones formed by intramembranous ossification, though the temporal bones are formed by endochondral ossification. The endocranium, the bones supporting the brain (the occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid) are largely formed by endochondral ossification. Thus frontal and parietal bones are purely membranous.\",\n \"title\": \"Skull\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2087276\",\n \"text\": \"Occipital bone The occipital bone () is a cranial dermal bone and the main bone of the occiput (back and lower part of the skull). It is trapezoidal in shape and curved on itself like a shallow dish. The occipital bone overlies the occipital lobes of the cerebrum. At the base of skull in the occipital bone, there is a large oval opening called the foramen magnum, which allows the passage of the spinal cord. Like the other cranial bones, it is classed as a flat bone. Due to its many attachments and features, the occipital bone is described in\",\n \"title\": \"Occipital bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10670482\",\n \"text\": \"the Moupin pika. A fairly small pika, the Moupin pika measures in length, and weighs . The skull is in length, and is larger than that of the Gansu pika. The frontal bone is flat and low, and has no alveolus above it. The auditory bullae are small, and the posterior processes of the cheek bone are almost parallel. The anterior palatine foramen (funnel-shaped opening in the bony plate of the skull, located in the roof of the mouth, immediately behind the incisor teeth where blood vessels and nerves pass) and the palatal foramen are combined. In summer, the dorsal\",\n \"title\": \"Moupin pika\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14620426\",\n \"text\": \"as the anatomical position of the human skull for comparative craniometric measurements. It was decided that a plane passing through the inferior margin of the left orbit (the point called the left orbitale) and the upper margin of each ear canal or external auditory meatus, a point called the porion, was most nearly parallel to the surface of the earth at the position the head is normally carried in the living subject. In normal subjects, both orbitales and both porions lie in a single plane. However, due to pathology, this is not always the case. The formal definition specifies only\",\n \"title\": \"Porion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9694731\",\n \"text\": \"Calvaria (skull) The calvaria or skullcap (feminine Latin noun with plural \\\"calvariae\\\"; however, many medical texts list the word as \\\"calvarium\\\", neuter Latin noun with plural \\\"calvaria\\\") is the upper part of the neurocranium and covers the cranial cavity containing the brain. It forms the main component of the skull roof. The calvaria (skullcap) is made up of the superior portions of the frontal bone, occipital bone, and parietal bones. In the human skull, the sutures between the bones normally remain flexible during the first few years of postnatal development, and fontanelles are palpable. Premature complete ossification of these sutures\",\n \"title\": \"Calvaria (skull)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7525241\",\n \"text\": \"upper part of the posterior wall by the squama. Its inner end is closed, by the tympanic membrane which originates from the tympanic sulcus; the upper limit of its outer orifice is formed by the posterior root of the zygomatic process, immediately below which there is sometimes seen a small spine, the \\\"suprameatal spine\\\", situated at the upper and posterior part of the orifice. The auditory bulla (pl. bullae) is a hollow bony structure on the ventral, posterior portion of the skull that encloses parts of the middle and inner ear. In most species, it is formed by the tympanic\",\n \"title\": \"Tympanic part of the temporal bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14091058\",\n \"text\": \"the openings independently: The synapsids are the mammal-like reptiles and the mammals. In mammals, the side opening is closed by the sphenoid bone, so that the skull roof appear whole, despite the temporal opening. All other reptiles (with the possible exception of turtles) and the birds are diapsids. Skull roof The skull roof, or the roofing bones of the skull, are a set of bones covering the brain, eyes and nostrils in bony fishes and all land-living vertebrates. The bones are derived from dermal bone and are part of the dermatocranium. In comparative anatomy the term is used on the\",\n \"title\": \"Skull roof\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1450724\",\n \"text\": \"of the facial skeleton. Functions of the skull include protection of the brain, fixing the distance between the eyes to allow stereoscopic vision, and fixing the position of the ears to enable sound localisation of the direction and distance of sounds. In some animals such as horned ungulates, the skull also has a defensive function by providing the mount (on the frontal bone) for the horns. The English word \\\"skull\\\" is probably derived from Old Norse \\\"skulle\\\", while the Latin word \\\"cranium\\\" comes from the Greek root κρανίον (\\\"kranion\\\"). The skull is made up of a number of fused flat\",\n \"title\": \"Skull\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1777492\",\n \"text\": \"Eustachian tube The Eustachian tube, also known as the auditory tube or pharyngotympanic tube, is a tube that links the nasopharynx to the middle ear. It is a part of the middle ear. In adult humans the Eustachian tube is approximately long and in diameter. It is named after the sixteenth-century Italian anatomist Bartolomeo Eustachi. In humans and other land animals the middle ear (like the ear canal) is normally filled with air. Unlike the open ear canal, however, the air of the middle ear is not in direct contact with the atmosphere outside the body. The Eustachian tube connects\",\n \"title\": \"Eustachian tube\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5946323\",\n \"text\": \"to the neurocranium, while fractures of the facial portion of the skull are \\\"facial fractures\\\", or if the jaw is fractured, a \\\"mandibular fracture\\\". The eight cranial bones are separated by sutures : one frontal bone, two parietal bones, two temporal bones, one occipital bone, one sphenoid bone, and one ethmoid bone. The bones of the skull are in three layers: the hard compact layer of the external table (\\\"lamina externa\\\"), the diploë (a spongy layer of red bone marrow in the middle, and the compact layer of the inner table (\\\"Lamina interna\\\"). Skull thickness is variable, depending on location.\",\n \"title\": \"Skull fracture\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7525245\",\n \"text\": \"Temporal styloid process The temporal styloid process is a process of bone that extends down from the temporal bone of the human skull, just below the ear. The styloid process is a slender pointed piece of bone just below the ear. It projects down and forward from the inferior surface of the temporal bone, and serves as an anchor point for several muscles associated with the tongue and larynx. The stylohyoid ligament extends from the apex of the process to the lesser cornu of the hyoid bone, and can sometimes be partially or completely ossified. A small percentage of the\",\n \"title\": \"Temporal styloid process\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5946324\",\n \"text\": \"Thus the traumatic impact required to cause a fracture depends on the impact site. The skull is thick at the glabella, the external occipital protuberance, the mastoid processes, and the external angular process. Areas of the skull that are covered with muscle have no underlying diploë formation between the internal and external lamina, which results in thin bone more susceptible to fractures. Skull fractures occur more easily at the thin squamous temporal and parietal bones, the sphenoid sinus, the foramen magnum (the opening at the base of the skull that the spinal cord passes through), the petrous temporal ridge, and\",\n \"title\": \"Skull fracture\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10912538\",\n \"text\": \"Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles The evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles was an evolutionary event in which bones in the jaw of reptiles were co-opted to form part of the hearing apparatus in mammals. The event is well-documented and important as a demonstration of transitional forms and exaptation, the re-purposing of existing structures during evolution. In reptiles, the eardrum is connected to the inner ear via a single bone, the columella, while the upper and lower jaws contain several bones not found in mammals. Over the course of the evolution of mammals, one bone from the lower and one from\",\n \"title\": \"Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11481940\",\n \"text\": \"is considered to be a primitive feature in dinosaurs. The prefrontal makes contact with several other bones in the skull. The anterior part of the bone articulates with the nasal bone and the lacrimal bone. The posterior part of the bone articulates with the frontal bone and more rarely the palpebral bone. The prefrontal bone sometimes forms part of the upper margin of the orbit. This bone is part of the skull roof, which is a set of bones that cover the brain, eyes and nostrils. Prefrontal bone The prefrontal bone is a bone separating the lacrimal and frontal bones\",\n \"title\": \"Prefrontal bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2764821\",\n \"text\": \"the rest of the cartilage to enter the middle ear where it becomes the incus. Quadrate bone The quadrate bone is part of a skull in most tetrapods, including amphibians, sauropsids (reptiles, birds), and early synapsids. In these animals it connects to the quadratojugal and squamosal in the skull, and forms part of the jaw joint (the other part is the articular bone at the rear end of the lower jaw). It is formed by endochondral ossification and is formed from the hindmost part of the primitive cartilaginous upper jaw. In snakes, the quadrate bone has become elongated and very\",\n \"title\": \"Quadrate bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"663247\",\n \"text\": \"Outer ear The outer ear, external ear, or auris externa is the external portion of the ear, which consists of the auricle (also pinna) and the ear canal. It gathers sound energy and focuses it on the eardrum (tympanic membrane). The visible part is called the auricle, also known as the pinna, especially in other animals. It is composed of a thin plate of yellow elastic cartilage, covered with integument, and connected to the surrounding parts by ligaments and muscles; and to the commencement of the ear canal by fibrous tissue. Many mammals can move the pinna (with the auriculares\",\n \"title\": \"Outer ear\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1450727\",\n \"text\": \"facial skeleton bones. In the neurocranium these are the occipital bone, two temporal bones, two parietal bones, the sphenoid, ethmoid and frontal bones. The bones of the facial skeleton(14) are the vomer, two inferior nasal conchae, two nasal bones, two maxilla, the mandible, two palatine bones, two zygomatic bones, and two lacrimal bones. Some sources count a paired bone as one, or the maxilla as having two bones (as its parts); some sources include the hyoid bone or the three ossicles of the middle ear but the overall general consensus of the number of bones in the human skull is\",\n \"title\": \"Skull\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7142981\",\n \"text\": \"Jugular foramen The jugular foramen is a large foramen (aperture) in the base of the skull. It is located behind the carotid canal and is formed in front by the petrous portion of the temporal bone, and behind by the occipital bone; it is generally larger on the right than on the left side. Cranial nerves IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), and XI (accessory) and the internal jugular vein pass through the jugular foramen. The jugular foramen may be subdivided into three compartments, each with their own contents. An alternative imaging based subclassification exists, delineated by the jugular spine which is\",\n \"title\": \"Jugular foramen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15284024\",\n \"text\": \"Mandible The mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human face. It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place. The mandible sits beneath the maxilla. It is the only movable bone of the skull (discounting the ossicles of the middle ear). The bone is formed in the fetus from a fusion of the left and right mandibular prominences, and the point where these sides join, the mandibular symphysis, is still visible as a faint ridge in the midline. Like other symphyses in the body, this is a midline articulation\",\n \"title\": \"Mandible\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6331025\",\n \"text\": \"ear, bypassing the external auditory canal and middle ear. A titanium prosthesis is surgically embedded into the skull with a small abutment exposed outside the skin. A sound processor sits on this abutment and transmits sound vibrations to the titanium implant. The implant vibrates the skull and inner ear, which stimulate the nerve fibers of the inner ear, allowing hearing. The surgery is often performed under local anaesthesia and as an outpatient procedure. An important piece of information for patients is that if they for whatever reason are not satisfied with the BAHA solution, removing the implant is easy. No\",\n \"title\": \"Bone-anchored hearing aid\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13263623\",\n \"text\": \"that it had a very thin plate of bone that acted as an eardrum, receiving sounds and transferring them to a small air-filled cavity. The stapes and vestibular foramen (the hole that connects the middle and inner ears) are preserved in one specimen of \\\"Glanosuchus\\\" that was examined by grinding away cross sections of the skull. The anular ligament, a ring-like structure that forms a seal between the end of the stapes and the rim of the vestibular foramen, was probably held in place by cartilage. The transfer of sound between the thin bony plate and the vestibular foramen in\",\n \"title\": \"Glanosuchus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1973100\",\n \"text\": \"Foramen magnum The foramen magnum () is a large oval opening (foramen) in the occipital bone of the skull in humans and various other animals. It is one of the several oval or circular openings (foramina) in the base of the skull. The spinal cord, an extension of the medulla, passes through the foramen magnum as it exits the cranial cavity. Apart from the transmission of the medulla oblongata and its membranes, the foramen magnum transmits the vertebral arteries, the anterior and posterior spinal arteries, the tectorial membranes and alar ligaments. It also transmits the spinal component of the accessory\",\n \"title\": \"Foramen magnum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7578613\",\n \"text\": \"Subarcuate fossa In the temporal bone at the sides of the skull, above and between the aquæductus vestibuli is an irregular depression which lodges a process of the dura mater and transmits a small vein and the subarcuate artery a branch of the meatal segment of anterior inferior cerebellar artery, which is an end artery that supplies blood to the inner ear ; in the infant this depression is represented by a large fossa, the subarcuate fossa, which extends backward as a blind tunnel under the superior semicircular canal. It is extensive in most primates (except for great apes) and\",\n \"title\": \"Subarcuate fossa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2106971\",\n \"text\": \"left here. There is also a probable connection with the Greek verb \\\"temnion\\\", to wound in battle. The skull is thin in this area and presents a vulnerable area for a blow from a battle axe. Another possible etymology is described at Temple (anatomy). Glomus jugulare tumor: Temporal bone The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull, and lateral to the temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex. The temporal bones are overlaid by the sides of the head known as the temples, and house the structures of the ears. The lower seven cranial nerves and\",\n \"title\": \"Temporal bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2054777\",\n \"text\": \"Foramen ovale (skull) At the base of the skull, the foramen ovale (Latin: oval window) is one of the larger of the several holes (the foramina) that transmit nerves through the skull. The foramen ovale is situated in the posterior part of the sphenoid bone, posterolateral to the foramen rotundum. The foramen ovale is an opening in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone. The foramen ovale is one of two cranial foramina in the greater wing, the other being the foramen spinosum. Similar to other foramina, the foramen ovale differs in shape and size throughout the natural life. The\",\n \"title\": \"Foramen ovale (skull)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1830894\",\n \"text\": \"3 bones, the ectopterygoid, the palantine, and the vomer. The teeth are on two bones, the premaxillae and the maxillae. Another three bones make up the lower jaw the dentary, the angular, and the surangular. The cranial surface of the skull is made up of the nasals, the antorbital, the lacrimal, the parietal, the intertemporal, the post parietal, the supratemporal, the extra scapular, the post temporal, and the opercular. The entirety of the skull is attached to the girdle through another set of bones. Bowfin are often referred to as \\\"living fossils\\\", or \\\"primitive fishes\\\" because they retained some of\",\n \"title\": \"Bowfin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2945701\",\n \"text\": \"cranium is formed from eight plate-shaped bones which fit together at meeting points (joints) called sutures. In addition there are 14 facial bones which form the lower front part of the skull. Together the 22 bones that compose the skull form additional, smaller spaces besides the cranial vault, such as the cavities for the eyes, the internal ear, the nose, and the mouth. The most important facial bones include the jaw or mandible, the upper jaw or maxilla, the zygomatic or cheek bone, and the nasal bone. Humans are born with separate plates which later fuse to allow flexibility as\",\n \"title\": \"Axial skeleton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10335821\",\n \"text\": \"bone. The pterygoid plates lie posterior to the upper dental row, or alveolar ridge, when viewing the face from an anterior view. The fractures are named after French surgeon René Le Fort (1869–1951), who discovered the fracture patterns by examining crush injuries in cadavers. Lefort I — Slight swelling of the upper lip, ecchymosis is present in the buccal sulcus beneath each zygomatic arch, malocclusion, mobility of teeth. Impacted type of fractures may be almost immobile and it is only by grasping the maxillary teeth and applying a little firm pressure that a characteristic grate can be felt which is\",\n \"title\": \"Le Fort fracture of skull\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6051136\",\n \"text\": \"of infection or for some other reason, it can be drained by puncturing the tympanic membrane with a large bore needle (tympanocentesis). Tympanic cavity The tympanic cavity is a small cavity surrounding the bones of the middle ear. Within it sit the ossicles, three small bones that transmit vibrations used in the detection of sound. On its lateral surface, it abuts the external auditory meatus [ ear canal ] from which it is separated by the tympanic membrane (eardrum). The tympanic cavity is bounded by: It is formed from the tubotympanic recess, an expansion of the first pharyngeal pouch. If\",\n \"title\": \"Tympanic cavity\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2087289\",\n \"text\": \"most basal portion of the skull. In Chondrichthyes and Agnathans, the occipital does not form as a separate element, but remains part of the chondrocranium throughout life. In most higher vertebrates, the foramen magnum is surrounded by a ring of four bones. The basioccipital lies in front of the opening, the two exoccipital condyles lie to either side, and the larger supraoccipital lies to the posterior, and forms at least part of the rear of the cranium. In many bony fish and amphibians, the supraoccipital is never ossified, and remains as cartilage throughout life. In primitive forms the basioccipital and\",\n \"title\": \"Occipital bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7525206\",\n \"text\": \"be distinguished from the mastoid cells, though it communicates with them. Like the mastoid cells it is filled with air and lined by a prolongation of the mucous membrane of the tympanic cavity, with which it communicates. The tympanic antrum is bounded above by a thin plate of bone, the tegmen tympani, which separates it from the middle fossa of the base of the skull; below by the mastoid process; laterally by the squama just below the temporal line, and medially by the lateral semicircular canal of the internal ear which projects into its cavity. It opens in front into\",\n \"title\": \"Mastoid part of the temporal bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3454476\",\n \"text\": \"the articular process of the lower jaw. Articular bone The articular bone is part of the lower jaw of most vertebrates, including most jawed fish, amphibians, birds and various kinds of reptiles, as well as Stem-mammal. In these animals it is connected to two other lower jaw bones, the suprangular and the angular. It forms the jaw joint by articulating with the quadrate bone of the skull. In mammals, the articular bone has migrated to the middle ear to become the malleus, while the quadrate bone becomes the incus. Paleontologists regard this as a defining characteristic of mammalian fossils. It\",\n \"title\": \"Articular bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12331181\",\n \"text\": \"jaws are homologous to the gill arches of jawless fishes. The upper portion of the second embryonic arch supporting the gill became the hyomandibular bone of jawed fishes, which supports the skull and therefore links the jaw to the cranium. When vertebrates found their way onto land, the hyomandibula, with its location near the ear, began to function as a sound amplifier beside its function to support the skull. As evolution later attached the cranium of terrestrial vertebrates to the rest of the skull, the hyomandibula lost its supportive function and became an interior organ, the stapes, and thus its\",\n \"title\": \"Hyomandibula\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7106884\",\n \"text\": \"Jugular fossa The jugular fossa is a deep depression in the inferior part of the base of the skull. More specifically, it is located in the temporal bone, posterior to the carotid canal and the aquæductus cochleæ. It is of variable depth and size in different skulls; it lodges the bulb of the internal jugular vein. In the bony ridge dividing the carotid canal from the jugular fossa is the small inferior tympanic canaliculus for the passage of the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve. In the lateral part of the jugular fossa is the mastoid canaliculus for the entrance\",\n \"title\": \"Jugular fossa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6495746\",\n \"text\": \"Foramen spinosum The foramen spinosum is one of two foramina located in the base of the human skull, on the sphenoid bone. It is situated just anterior to the spine of the sphenoid bone, and just lateral to the foramen ovale. The middle meningeal artery, middle meningeal vein, and the meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve pass through the foramen. The foramen spinosum is often used as a landmark in neurosurgery, due to its close relations with other cranial foramina. It was first described by Jakob Benignus Winslow in the 18th century. The foramen spinosum is a foramen through the\",\n \"title\": \"Foramen spinosum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6051792\",\n \"text\": \"inner ear, to the swim bladder. The structure acts as an amplifier of sound waves that would otherwise be only slightly perceivable by the inner ear structure alone. The generalized structure of the Weberian apparatus is akin to a skeletal complex of bones and ossicles that are physically connected to the labyrinth auditory complex anteriorly and the anteriormost region of the swim bladder posteriorly. The entire structure is derived from skeletal elements of the first four vertebrae. The involved elements include: the supraneural bones of the skull; modified neural arch bones, specifically the paired claustra and the scaphia; the intercalarium\",\n \"title\": \"Weberian apparatus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6479166\",\n \"text\": \"Asterion (anatomy) The asterion is the point on the skull corresponding to the posterior end of the parietomastoid suture. In human anatomy, the asterion is a visible, so-called craniometric, point on the exposed skull, just behind the ear, where three cranial sutures meet: or where three cranial bones meet: In the adult, it lies 4 cm behind and 12 mm above the center of the entrance to the ear canal. Neurosurgeons use this point to orient themselves, in order to plan safe entry into the skull for some operations, such as retro-sigmoid approach. The asterion receives its name from the\",\n \"title\": \"Asterion (anatomy)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2130997\",\n \"text\": \"Vomer The vomer () is one of the unpaired facial bones of the skull. It is located in the midsagittal line, and articulates with the sphenoid, the ethmoid, the left and right palatine bones, and the left and right maxillary bones. The vomer forms the inferior part of the nasal septum, with the superior part formed by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone. The name is derived from the Latin word for a ploughshare and the shape of the bone. The vomer is situated in the median plane, but its anterior portion is frequently bent to one side. It\",\n \"title\": \"Vomer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6495751\",\n \"text\": \"because of its relationship to the spinous process of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone. However, due to incorrectly declining the noun, the literal meaning is \\\"hole full of thorns\\\" (). The correct, but unused name would, in fact, be \\\"\\\". Foramen spinosum The foramen spinosum is one of two foramina located in the base of the human skull, on the sphenoid bone. It is situated just anterior to the spine of the sphenoid bone, and just lateral to the foramen ovale. The middle meningeal artery, middle meningeal vein, and the meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve pass through\",\n \"title\": \"Foramen spinosum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2091013\",\n \"text\": \"with anosmia were more than four times as likely to die in five years compared to those with a healthy sense of smell. Ethmoid bone The ethmoid bone (; from Greek \\\"ethmos\\\", \\\"sieve\\\") is an unpaired bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. It is located at the roof of the nose, between the two orbits. The cubical bone is lightweight due to a spongy construction. The ethmoid bone is one of the bones that make up the orbit of the eye. The ethmoid bone is an anterior cranial bone located between the eyes. It\",\n \"title\": \"Ethmoid bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1450749\",\n \"text\": \"dentary) is homologous with the mammalian mandible. In living tetrapods, a great many of the original bones have either disappeared or fused into one another in various arrangements. Birds have a diapsid skull, as in reptiles, with a prelacrymal fossa (present in some reptiles). The skull has a single occipital condyle. The skull consists of five major bones: the frontal (top of head), parietal (back of head), premaxillary and nasal (top beak), and the mandible (bottom beak). The skull of a normal bird usually weighs about 1% of the bird's total bodyweight. The eye occupies a considerable amount of the\",\n \"title\": \"Skull\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7447676\",\n \"text\": \"Infraorbital foramen In human anatomy, the infraorbital foramen is an opening in the maxillary bone of the skull located below the infraorbital margin of the orbit. It transmits the infraorbital artery and vein, and the infraorbital nerve, a branch of the maxillary nerve. It is typically from the infraorbital margin. Forming the exterior end of the infraorbital canal, the infraorbital foramen communicates with the infraorbital groove, the canal's opening on the interior side. The ramifications of the three principal branches of the trigeminal nerve—at the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramen—are distributed on a vertical line (in anterior view) passing through\",\n \"title\": \"Infraorbital foramen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2106966\",\n \"text\": \"Temporal bone The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull, and lateral to the temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex. The temporal bones are overlaid by the sides of the head known as the temples, and house the structures of the ears. The lower seven cranial nerves and the major vessels to and from the brain traverse the temporal bone. The temporal bone consists of four parts— the squamous, mastoid, petrous and tympanic parts. The squamous part is the largest and most superiorly positioned relative to the rest of the bone. The zygomatic process is\",\n \"title\": \"Temporal bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2087409\",\n \"text\": \"fish and amphibians it is often separated from the orbits by one or two additional bones not found in mammals. These bones, the prefrontals and postfrontals, together form the upper margin of the eye sockets, and lie to either side of the frontal bones. The frontal bone is one of the principal paired mid-line bones in dinosaur skulls. This bone is part of the skull roof, which is a set of bones that cover the brain, eyes and nostrils. The frontal makes contact with several other bones in the skull. The anterior part of the bone articulates with the nasal\",\n \"title\": \"Frontal bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2924349\",\n \"text\": \"forming the lateral posterior portion of the bony orbital process, the maxillary bone inferiorly and medially which, along with the lacrimal and ethmoid bones, forms the medial wall of the orbital canal. The ethmoid air cells are extremely thin, and form a structure known as the lamina papyracea, the most delicate bony structure in the skull, and one of the most commonly fractured bones in orbital trauma. The lacrimal bone also contains the nasolacrimal duct. The superior bony margin of the orbital rim, otherwise known as the orbital process, is formed by the frontal bone. The roof (superior wall) is\",\n \"title\": \"Orbit (anatomy)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11180769\",\n \"text\": \"Inferior petrosal sulcus The inferior petrosal sulcus is the groove containing the inferior petrosal sinus. The inferior petrosal sulcus is formed by the junction of the petrous part of the temporal bone of the skull with the basilar part of the occipital bone. It begins in the postero-inferior part of the cavernous sinus, and, passing through the anterior part of the jugular foramen, ends in the superior bulb of the internal jugular vein. The inferior petrosal sinus receives the internal auditory veins and also veins from the medulla oblongata, pons, and under surface of the cerebellum. The exact relation of\",\n \"title\": \"Inferior petrosal sulcus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"663207\",\n \"text\": \"Inner ear The inner ear (internal ear, auris interna) is the innermost part of the vertebrate ear. In vertebrates, the inner ear is mainly responsible for sound detection and balance. In mammals, it consists of the bony labyrinth, a hollow cavity in the temporal bone of the skull with a system of passages comprising two main functional parts: The inner ear is found in all vertebrates, with substantial variations in form and function. The inner ear is innervated by the eighth cranial nerve in all vertebrates. The labyrinth can be divided by layer or by region. The bony labyrinth, or\",\n \"title\": \"Inner ear\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7525237\",\n \"text\": \"Tympanic part of the temporal bone The tympanic part of the temporal bone is a curved plate of bone lying below the squamous part of the temporal bone, in front of the mastoid process, and surrounding the external part of the ear canal. It originates as a separate bone (tympanic bone), which in some mammals stays separate through life. Evolutionarily, a portion of it is derived from the angular bone of the reptilian lower jaw. Its postero-superior surface is concave, and forms the anterior wall, the floor, and part of the posterior wall of the bony ear canal. Medially, it\",\n \"title\": \"Tympanic part of the temporal bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6051135\",\n \"text\": \"Tympanic cavity The tympanic cavity is a small cavity surrounding the bones of the middle ear. Within it sit the ossicles, three small bones that transmit vibrations used in the detection of sound. On its lateral surface, it abuts the external auditory meatus [ ear canal ] from which it is separated by the tympanic membrane (eardrum). The tympanic cavity is bounded by: It is formed from the tubotympanic recess, an expansion of the first pharyngeal pouch. If damaged, the tympanic membrane can be repaired in a procedure called tympanoplasty. Should fluid accumulate within the middle ear as the result\",\n \"title\": \"Tympanic cavity\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1450748\",\n \"text\": \"cartilaginous skull in sharks and rays. The various separate bones that compose the temporal bone of humans are also part of the skull roof series. A further plate composed of four pairs of bones forms the roof of the mouth; these include the vomer and palatine bones. The base of the cranium is formed from a ring of bones surrounding the foramen magnum and a median bone lying further forward; these are homologous with the occipital bone and parts of the sphenoid in mammals. Finally, the lower jaw is composed of multiple bones, only the most anterior of which (the\",\n \"title\": \"Skull\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3363472\",\n \"text\": \"may also be affected by damage to the brain or neural pathways leading from the ear. The ear has been adorned by earrings and other jewelry in numerous cultures for thousands of years, and has been subjected to surgical and cosmetic alterations. The human ear consists of three parts—the outer ear, middle ear and inner ear. The ear canal of the outer ear is separated from the air-filled tympanic cavity of the middle ear by the eardrum. The middle ear contains the three small bones—the ossicles—involved in the transmission of sound, and is connected to the throat at the nasopharynx,\",\n \"title\": \"Ear\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2091561\",\n \"text\": \"Sphenoid bone The sphenoid bone is an unpaired bone of the neurocranium. It is situated in the middle of the skull towards the front, in front of the temporal bone and the basilar part of the occipital bone. The sphenoid bone is one of the seven bones that articulate to form the orbit. Its shape somewhat resembles that of a butterfly or bat with its wings extended. It is divided into the following parts: Two sphenoidal conchae are situated at the anterior and inferior part of the body. The more important of these are: These ligaments occasionally ossify. The sphenoid\",\n \"title\": \"Sphenoid bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6862334\",\n \"text\": \"presence of more than two canals as the occipital bone is formed. Study of this area aids in the diagnosis of a variety of tumors found at the base of the skull, including: large glomus jugulare neoplasms, myelomas, and the occasional meningioma. Studies of the hypoglossal canal revolve around the development of safe drilling techniques to conduct surgery on that area of the brain. Hypoglossal canal The hypoglossal canal is a foramen in the occipital bone of the skull. It is hidden medially and superiorly to each occipital condyle. The hypoglossal nerve traverses the canal. It transmits the hypoglossal nerve\",\n \"title\": \"Hypoglossal canal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7525242\",\n \"text\": \"part of the temporal bone. In all extant and extinct primates, including humans, the auditory bulla is formed by the petrosal bone (the petrous part of the temporal bone). This is a diagnostic trait that can be used to distinguish primates, including anthropoids, tarsiers, lemurs, and lorises, from all other mammals. Tympanic part of the temporal bone The tympanic part of the temporal bone is a curved plate of bone lying below the squamous part of the temporal bone, in front of the mastoid process, and surrounding the external part of the ear canal. It originates as a separate bone\",\n \"title\": \"Tympanic part of the temporal bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"663231\",\n \"text\": \"Middle ear The middle ear is the portion of the ear internal to the eardrum, and external to the oval window of the inner ear. The mammalian middle ear contains three ossicles, which transfer the vibrations of the eardrum into waves in the fluid and membranes of the inner ear. The hollow space of the middle ear is also known as the tympanic cavity and is surrounded by the tympani bone. The auditory tube (also known as the Eustachian tube or the pharyngotympanic tube) joins the tympanic cavity with the nasal cavity (nasopharynx), allowing pressure to equalize between the middle\",\n \"title\": \"Middle ear\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"663243\",\n \"text\": \"of the bone known as the hyomandibula in fish ancestors, a bone that supported the skull and braincase. The structure of the middle ear in living amphibians varies considerably, and is often degenerate. In most frogs and toads, it is similar to that of reptiles, but in other amphibians, the middle ear cavity is often absent. In these cases, the stapes either is also missing or, in the absence of an eardrum, connects to the quadrate bone in the skull, although, it is presumed, it still has some ability to transmit vibrations to the inner ear. In many amphibians, there\",\n \"title\": \"Middle ear\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5821878\",\n \"text\": \"set of bones known as \\\"Weberian ossicles\\\", a chain of small bones that connect the auditory system to the gas bladder of fishes. The ossicles connect the gas bladder wall with Y-shaped lymph sinus that abuts the lymph-filled transverse canal joining the sacculi of the right and left ears. This allows the transmission of vibrations to the inner ear. In anotophysians, the three first vertebrae are specialized and associated with one or more cephalic ribs (a primitive Weberian apparatus). In the otophysians, a distinct modification of the anterior four or five first vertebrae is found, as well as the Weberian\",\n \"title\": \"Ostariophysi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1994768\",\n \"text\": \"Zygomatic bone In the human skull, the zygomatic bone (cheekbone or malar bone) is a paired irregular bone which articulates with the maxilla, the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. It is situated at the upper and lateral part of the face and forms the prominence of the cheek, part of the lateral wall and floor of the orbit, and parts of the temporal fossa and the infratemporal fossa. It presents a malar and a temporal surface; four processes (the frontosphenoidal, orbital, maxillary, and temporal), and four borders. The \\\"malar surface\\\" is convex and perforated near its\",\n \"title\": \"Zygomatic bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15055509\",\n \"text\": \"area of the skull (the base of the skull) shows part of the boundary of the foramen magnum (through which the spinal cord enters the skull), channels for the vestibular system (part of the inner ear responsible for balance), and holes for the semicircular canal (also part of the vestibular system). These holes and channels are found on the supraoccipital bone. The exoccipitals and opisthotics are also known in \\\"Tarjadia\\\", and form the paraoccipital processes, two projections for the attachments of muscles that open the lower jaw. These processes form notches that may be tympanic fossae, cavities of the middle\",\n \"title\": \"Tarjadia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2091569\",\n \"text\": \"(with mandibular nerve). The sphenoid bone of humans is homologous with a number of bones that are often separate in other animals, and have a somewhat complex arrangement. In the early lobe-finned fishes and tetrapods, the pterygoid bones were flat, wing-like bones forming the major part of the roof of the mouth. Above the pterygoids were the epipterygoid bones, which formed part of a flexible joint between the braincase and the palatal region, as well as extending a vertical bar of bone towards the roof of the skull. Between the pterygoids lay an elongated, narrow parasphenoid bone, which also spread\",\n \"title\": \"Sphenoid bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3454492\",\n \"text\": \"Jugal bone The jugal is a skull bone found in most reptiles, amphibians and birds. In mammals, the jugal is often called the malar or Zygomatic. It is connected to the quadratojugal and maxilla, as well as other bones, which may vary by species. This bone is considered key in the determination of general traits of the skull, in the case of creatures, as with dinosaurs in paleontology, whose entire skull has not been found. The jugal bone forms the cheek area in dinosaurs, and is part of the series of bones termed the circumorbital series, as they define the\",\n \"title\": \"Jugal bone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2335978\",\n \"text\": \"Spiracle Spiracles () are openings on the surface of some animals, which usually lead to respiratory systems. The spiracle is a small hole behind each eye that opens to the mouth in some fish. In the primitive jawless fish the first gill opening immediately behind the mouth is essentially similar to the other gill opening. With the evolution of the jaw in the early jawed vertebrates, this gill slit was \\\"caught\\\" between the forward gill-rod (now functioning as the jaw) and the next rod, the hyomandibular bone, supporting the jaw hinge and anchoring the jaw to the skull proper. The\",\n \"title\": \"Spiracle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"663232\",\n \"text\": \"ear and throat. The primary function of the middle ear is to efficiently transfer acoustic energy from compression waves in air to fluid–membrane waves within the cochlea. The middle ear contains three tiny bones known as the ossicles: \\\"malleus\\\", \\\"incus\\\", and \\\"stapes\\\". The ossicles were given their Latin names for their distinctive shapes; they are also referred to as the \\\"hammer\\\", \\\"anvil\\\", and \\\"stirrup\\\", respectively. The ossicles directly couple sound energy from the ear drum to the oval window of the cochlea. While the stapes is present in all tetrapods, the malleus and incus evolved from lower and upper jaw\",\n \"title\": \"Middle ear\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1617312\",\n \"text\": \"these bones varies across the bird families. The lower mandible is supported by a bone known as the inferior maxillary bone—a compound bone composed of two distinct ossified pieces. These ossified plates (or rami), which can be U-shaped or V-shaped, join distally (the exact location of the joint depends on the species) but are separated proximally, attaching on either side of the head to the quadrate bone. The jaw muscles, which allow the bird to close its beak, attach to the proximal end of the lower mandible and to the bird's skull. The muscles that depress the lower mandible are\",\n \"title\": \"Beak\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18706137\",\n \"text\": \"Thus evidence from fossils demonstrate homoplasies for the detachment of the ear from the jaw. Furthermore, it is apparent that the land-based eardrum, or tympanic membrane, and connecting structures such as the Eustachian tube evolved convergently in multiple different settings as opposed to being a defining morphology. Evolution of the cochlea Cochlea is Latin for “snail, shell or screw” and originates from the Greek word κοχλίας \\\"kohlias\\\". The modern definition, the auditory portion of the inner ear, originated in the late 17th century. Within the mammalian cochlea exists the organ of Corti, which contains hair cells that are responsible for\",\n \"title\": \"Evolution of the cochlea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"663242\",\n \"text\": \"form an opening; in most tetrapods, this breach is never quite completed, and the final vestige of tissue separating it from the outside world becomes the eardrum. The inner part of the spiracle, still connected to the pharynx, forms the eustachian tube. In reptiles, birds, and early fossil tetrapods, there is a single auditory ossicle, the columella ( that is homologous with the stapes, or \\\"stirrup\\\" of mammals). This is connected indirectly with the eardrum via a mostly cartilaginous extracolumella and medially to the inner-ear spaces via a widened footplate in the fenestra ovalis. The columella is an evolutionary derivative\",\n \"title\": \"Middle ear\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"361864\",\n \"text\": \"fenestra (an opening on the top of the skull), a drop-like ectotympanic (a bony ring that holds the ear drum), and pachyosteosclerotic (dense and bulky) bones. Sirenians first appeared in the fossil record in the Early Eocene and significantly diversified throughout the epoch. They inhabited rivers, estuaries, and nearshore marine waters. Sirenians, unlike other marine mammals such as cetaceans, lived in the New World. One of the earliest aquatic sirenians discovered is \\\"Prorastomus\\\" which dates back to 40 million years ago, and the first known sirenian, the quadruped \\\"Pezosiren\\\", lived 50 million years ago. An ancient sirenian fossil of a\",\n \"title\": \"Sirenia\"\n }\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"the auditory canal is formed out of which bone of the skull"}}},{"rowIdx":8394,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Dan Stevens"],"string":"[\n \"Dan Stevens\"\n]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"18553291","text":"were revealed to be in talks to play Gaston and the Beast respectively, and Watson confirmed their casting the following day through tweets. The rest of the principal cast, including Josh Gad, Emma Thompson, Kevin Kline, Audra McDonald, Ian McKellen, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Ewan McGregor and Stanley Tucci were announced between March and April to play LeFou, Mrs. Potts, Maurice, Madame de Garderobe, Cogsworth, Plumette, Lumière and Cadenza, respectively. Susan Egan, who originated the role of Belle on Broadway, commented on the casting of Watson as \"perfect\". Paige O'Hara, who voiced Belle in the original animated film and its sequels, offered","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553276","text":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film) Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill Condon from a screenplay written by Stephen Chbosky and Evan Spiliotopoulos, and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films. The film is a live-action reimagining of Disney's 1991 animated film of the same name, itself an adaptation of Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont's 18th-century fairy tale. The film features an ensemble cast that includes Emma Watson and Dan Stevens as the eponymous characters with Luke Evans, Kevin Kline, Josh Gad, Ewan McGregor, Stanley Tucci, Audra McDonald, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Ian","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"20071633","text":"Evermore (Beauty and the Beast song) \"Evermore\" is a song written by composer Alan Menken and lyricist Tim Rice for the musical fantasy film \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017), a live-action remake of Disney's 1991 animated film of the same name. Originally recorded for the film by English actor Dan Stevens, who performs the song in his starring role as the titular Beast, \"Evermore\" was first released as a single by American singer Josh Groban on March 3, 2017. Stevens' version became available on March 10, 2017 when the film's soundtrack was released online, while Groban's cover is played during","title":"Evermore (Beauty and the Beast song)"},{"id":"8316034","text":"beautiful young woman named Belle who he imprisons in his castle. All this must be done before the last petal falls from the enchanted rose on his twenty-first birthday. In all animated film appearances, the Beast is voiced by American actor Robby Benson. The 1991 animated film was adapted into a Broadway musical in 1994, with the role being originated by American actor Terrence Mann. Dan Stevens portrays the character in a 2017 live-action adaptation of the original 1991 film. Determining a suitable appearance for the Beast proved challenging. Although entirely fictional, supervising animator Glen Keane felt it essential for","title":"Beast (Beauty and the Beast)"},{"id":"18553277","text":"McKellen, and Emma Thompson in supporting roles. Principal photography began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey, England on May 18, 2015, and ended on August 21. With an estimated budget of around $255 million, it is one of the most expensive films ever made. \"Beauty and the Beast\" premiered at Spencer House in London on February 23, 2017, and was released in the United States in standard, Disney Digital 3-D, RealD 3D, IMAX and IMAX 3D formats, along with Dolby Cinema on March 17, 2017. The film received generally favorable reviews, with many praising the performances and its faithfulness to the","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"8316069","text":"Beast in a live-action adaptation of the film, which was released on March 17, 2017. The Beast was portrayed with a “more traditional motion capture puppeteering for the body and the physical orientation\", where Stevens was \"in a forty-pound gray suit on stilts for much of the film\". The facial capture for the Beast was done separately order to \"communicate the subtleties of the human face\" and \"[capture the] thought that occurs to him\" which gets \"through [to] the eyes, which are the last human element in the Beast.” The live-action portrayal closely follows the animated version, but with some","title":"Beast (Beauty and the Beast)"},{"id":"18553301","text":"in 3D on March 17, 2017. The first official presentation of the film took place at Disney's three-day D23 Expo in August 2015. The world premiere of \"Beauty and the Beast\" took place at Spencer House in London, England on February 23, 2017; and the film later premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood, California, on March 2, 2017. The stream was broadcast onto YouTube. A sing along version of the film released in over 1,200 US theaters nationwide on April 7, 2017. The United Kingdom received the same version on April 21, 2017. The film was re-released in","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"19955601","text":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack) Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the 2017 film \"Beauty and the Beast\". The album, largely based on material from Disney's 1991 animated version, features songs and instrumental score composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Howard Ashman and three new songs composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Tim Rice. The soundtrack album was released by Walt Disney Records on March 10, 2017. The songs feature vocal performances by the film's ensemble cast including Emma Watson, Dan Stevens, Luke Evans, Kevin Kline, Josh Gad, Ewan McGregor,","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack)"},{"id":"20084381","text":"Days in the Sun \"Days in the Sun\" is a song written by composer Alan Menken and lyricist Tim Rice for the musical fantasy film \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017), a live-action adaptation of Disney's 1991 animated film of the same name. Rice and Menken developed the concept in 2007 during the first discussions about a remake. Performed by Adam Mitchell, Stanley Tucci, Ewan McGregor, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Ian McKellen, Emma Thompson, Emma Watson, Audra McDonald, and Clive Rowe, \"Days in the Sun\" is one of four songs added to the 2017 film. It was released on March 10, 2017, as","title":"Days in the Sun"},{"id":"18553294","text":"due to confusion among test audiences caused by actress Harriet Jones, who looked similar to Hattie Morahan, who portrayed Agathe. In the original version of the scene, it was Jones's character, the Prince's mother, who sings the first verse of the song, with Rudi Goodman playing the young Prince and Henry Garrett playing his father; but in the reshot version of the scene, the singing part is given to the Prince (now played by Adam Mitchell). The King was also recast to Tom Turner, although Harriet Jones was still the Queen, albeit with dark hair. Both Goodman and Garrett's names","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"17628851","text":"of Friendship\" is a live-action/animated direct-to-video installment of the film series. It was directed by Jimbo Mitchell, and released on August 17, 1999. It is set during the original film, and was released in part to help promote Disney Channel's television series, Sing Me a Story with Belle. On March 17, 2017, Disney released a live-action adaptation of the film, which was directed by Bill Condon. The movie stars Emma Watson as Belle, Dan Stevens as the Beast, Luke Evans as Gaston, Ewan McGregor as Lumière, Ian McKellen as Cogsworth, Emma Thompson as Mrs. Potts, Kevin Kline as Maurice, and","title":"Beauty and the Beast (franchise)"},{"id":"18553292","text":"to help Watson with her singing lessons. According to \"The Hollywood Reporter\", Emma Watson was reportedly paid $3 million upfront, together with an agreement that her final take-home pay could rise as high as $15 million if the film generated gross box office income similar to \"Maleficent\"'s $759 million worldwide gross. Principal photography on the film began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey, England, on May 18, 2015. Filming with the principal actors concluded on August 21. Six days later, co-producer Jack Morrissey confirmed that the film had officially wrapped production. The Beast was portrayed with a \"more traditional motion capture","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553319","text":"28, the film had earned over $500 million in ticket sales becoming the first film of 2017 (until it was later surpassed by \"The Last Jedi\"), the third female-fueled film (after \"The Force Awakens\" and \"Rogue One: A Star Wars Story\" followed by \"Wonder Woman\" and \"The Last Jedi\") and the eighth overall film in cinematic history to pass the mark. It has already become the biggest March release, dethroning \"The Hunger Games\" (2012), the biggest musical film (both animated and live-action), as well as the biggest film of 2017 (alongside \"The Last Jedi\"). Outside the US and Canada, the","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553278","text":"original animated film, as well as elements from the Broadway musical, visual style, production values, and score, though it received criticism for some of the character designs and its excessive similarity to the original. The film grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide, becoming the highest-grossing live-action musical film, and making it the second-highest-grossing film of 2017, the tenth-highest-ever-grossing film in North America and the 14th-highest-grossing film of all time. The film received four nominations at the 23rd Critics' Choice Awards and two nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards. It also received Academy Award nominations for Best Production Design and","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"1320544","text":"She also appeared in an episode of \"The Vicar of Dibley\", in which she played Reverend Iris. In February 2016, Watson announced she was taking a year-long break from acting. She planned to spend the time on her \"personal development\" and her women's rights work. Watson played Belle in the 2017 live action Disney adaptation of \"Beauty and the Beast\" directed by Bill Condon, and starring opposite Dan Stevens as the Beast. The film earned over $1.2 billion at the box office and emerged as the second highest-grossing film of 2017, behind only \"\", and the 14th highest-grossing film of","title":"Emma Watson"},{"id":"4755008","text":"Choice Award for Best Dramatic Movie. Chbosky re-wrote Evan Spiliotopoulos's original script for the 2017 live action reboot of Disney's \"Beauty and the Beast\", directed by Bill Condon and starring Emma Watson as Belle. Chbosky and Watson developed a close relationship during the production of \"The Perks of Being a Wallflower.\" The adaptation was faithful to the original 1991 animated film \"Beauty and the Beast\", with all the original musical numbers included. The film was released on March 17, 2017. Chbosky directed the 2017 film \"Wonder\", co-written by Chbosky, Jack Thorne, and Steve Conrad and based on the 2012 novel","title":"Stephen Chbosky"},{"id":"8316068","text":"of \"the Beast\" is actually another fairy tale character, Rumplestiltskin (played by Robert Carlyle), who gains possession of Belle as part of a deal to save Belle's kingdom from losing a war. Indian actor Vikram portrayed Beast for sequences in a dreamy song \"Ennodu Nee Irundhal\" in the 2015 Tamil language film \"\"I\"\" opposite Amy Jackson who portrayed Belle. The original prosthetic make-up for the characters were provided by Sean Foot (Shaun) and Davina Lamont and additional works were done by National Film Award winners—Christien Tinsley and Dominie Till. In March 2015, English actor Dan Stevens was cast as the","title":"Beast (Beauty and the Beast)"},{"id":"18553286","text":"to the Beast, Agathe reveals herself as the enchantress and undoes the curse, repairing the crumbling castle, and reviving the Beast then turning him and his servants' human making the villagers' remember their loved ones. The Prince and Belle host a ball for the villagers, where they dance happily. In the initial theatrical release, Mitchell was miscredited as Rudi Goodman in the cast, but listed under his real name in the soundtrack credits Stephen Merchant also appeared in the film as Monsieur Toilette, a servant who was turned into a toilet. This character was cut from the film, but is","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18571033","text":"the feature dancer in the music video for \"Wide Open\" by The Chemical Brothers and Beck. In August 2016, she appeared in the music video for Frank Ocean's song \"Nikes\". In 2016 Mizuno was in \"La La Land\", playing the role of Caitlin, one of the three roommates of Mia, played by Emma Stone. In 2017, Mizuno appeared in a small role as the debutante in Disney's live-action adaptation of \"Beauty and the Beast\", and in 2018, she acted in the Warner Bros. film \"Crazy Rich Asians\", opposite Constance Wu and Michelle Yeoh. Sonoya Mizuno Sonoya Mizuno (born 1 July","title":"Sonoya Mizuno"},{"id":"12330932","text":"Jeremy Irons. In January 2015, Evans officially exited \"The Crow\" to pursue other projects. The same year, he was named one of \"GQ\"s 50 best dressed British men. In 2016, Evans appeared in the thriller film \"The Girl on the Train\", co-starring Emily Blunt. In 2017, he had the villainous role of Gaston in Disney's live action remake, \"Beauty and the Beast\", which co-stars Emma Watson; and also played the lead role, William Moulton Marston, the creator of Wonder Woman, in the film \"Professor Marston and the Wonder Women\". In 2018, Evans stars in TNT drama \"The Alienist\", as newspaper","title":"Luke Evans (actor)"},{"id":"18553307","text":"shot of passing $1 billion worldwide from theatrical earnings. On April 12, it passed the $1 billion threshold, becoming the first film of 2017, the fourteenth Disney film, and the twenty-ninth film overall to pass the mark. It became the first film since \"Rogue One\" (also a Disney property) in December 2016 to make over a billion dollars, and did so on its 29th day of release. It is currently the second-highest-grossing film of 2017 (behind \"\"), the highest-grossing March release, the highest-grossing remake of all time, and the sixth-biggest Disney film. Even after inflation adjusted, it is still ahead","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"12330926","text":"Peter Jackson's three-part adaptation of J. R. R. Tolkien's \"The Hobbit\". Evans also portrayed the vampire Dracula in the character's film origin story, \"Dracula Untold\". In 2017, Evans starred as Gaston in Disney's live action adaptation of \"Beauty and the Beast\", and portrayed American psychologist William Moulton Marston, creator of fictional character Wonder Woman, in the biographical drama \"Professor Marston and the Wonder Women\". Evans was born on Easter Sunday, 15 April 1979, in Pontypool, and brought up in Aberbargoed, a small town in the Rhymney Valley, Wales, the only child of Yvonne and David Evans. He was raised as","title":"Luke Evans (actor)"},{"id":"20084394","text":"as \"uninspired and hard to recall after the fact\". Days in the Sun \"Days in the Sun\" is a song written by composer Alan Menken and lyricist Tim Rice for the musical fantasy film \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017), a live-action adaptation of Disney's 1991 animated film of the same name. Rice and Menken developed the concept in 2007 during the first discussions about a remake. Performed by Adam Mitchell, Stanley Tucci, Ewan McGregor, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Ian McKellen, Emma Thompson, Emma Watson, Audra McDonald, and Clive Rowe, \"Days in the Sun\" is one of four songs added to the 2017","title":"Days in the Sun"},{"id":"7125781","text":"Dan Stevens Daniel Jonathan Stevens (born 10 October 1982) is an English actor. He first drew international attention for his role as Matthew Crawley in the ITV acclaimed period drama series \"Downton Abbey\" (2010–12). He also starred as David in the thriller film \"The Guest\" (2014), Sir Lancelot in the adventure film \"\" (2014), The Beast/Prince in Disney's live action adaptation of \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017), Lorin Willis in the biographical legal drama \"Marshall\" (2017), and Charles Dickens in the biographical drama \"The Man Who Invented Christmas\" (2017). Since 2017, he has starred as David Haller in the FX","title":"Dan Stevens"},{"id":"18553333","text":"effects, costume designs and the sets, while commending the inclusion of Gad's character of LeFou as the first LGBT character in Disney. Owen Gleiberman of \"Variety\", in his positive review of the film, wrote: \"It's a lovingly crafted movie, and in many ways a good one, but before that it's an enraptured piece of old-is-new nostalgia.\" Gleiberman compared Steven's character of the Beast to a royal version of the titular character in \"The Elephant Man\" and the 1946 version of the Beast in Jean Cocteau's original adaptation. A. O. Scott of \"The New York Times\" praised the performances of both","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553290","text":"we just couldn't get it to click and it was Alan Horn who championed the idea of owning the Disney of it all. We realized there was a competitive advantage in the songs. What is wrong with making adults feel like kids again?\" In January 2015, Emma Watson announced that she would be starring as Belle, the female lead. She was the first choice of Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn, as he had previously overseen Warner Bros. which released the eight \"Harry Potter\" films that co-starred Watson as Hermione Granger. Two months later, Luke Evans and Dan Stevens","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"19955602","text":"Stanley Tucci, Audra McDonald, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Nathan Mack, Ian McKellen, and Emma Thompson. The album debuted at No. 3 on the Billboard 200 chart with 57,000 units, 48,000 of which are traditional album sales. It has sold 337,000 copies in the United States as of July 2017. Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack) Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the 2017 film \"Beauty and the Beast\". The album, largely based on material from Disney's 1991 animated version, features songs and instrumental score composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Howard Ashman and three","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack)"},{"id":"20071673","text":"ounces of shame.\" 34th Street Magazine contributor Haley Weiss preferred Groban's version to Stevens' original, calling it \"breathtaking and downright lovely to listen to\" while dismissing the film version as \"downright mediocre in comparison.\" Weiss questioned why Disney hadn't cast Groban as the Beast instead of Stevens due to the former's acting and musical theatre background. Evermore (Beauty and the Beast song) \"Evermore\" is a song written by composer Alan Menken and lyricist Tim Rice for the musical fantasy film \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017), a live-action remake of Disney's 1991 animated film of the same name. Originally recorded for","title":"Evermore (Beauty and the Beast song)"},{"id":"18553297","text":"film as a \"straight-forward, live-action, large-budget movie musical\". Menken returned to score the film's music, which features songs from the original film by him and Howard Ashman, plus new material written by Menken and Tim Rice. Menken said the film would not include songs that were written for the Broadway musical and instead, created four new songs. However, an instrumental version of the song \"Home\", which was written for the musical, is used during the scene where Belle first enters her room in the castle. On January 19, 2017, it was confirmed by both Disney and Céline Dion—singer of the","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553279","text":"Best Costume Design at the 90th Academy Awards. A beautiful enchantress disguised as an old beggar woman arrives at a French castle during a ball and offers the host, a cruel and selfish prince, a rose in return for shelter from a storm. When he refuses, she reveals her identity. To punish the prince for his lack of compassion, the enchantress transforms him into a beast and his servants into household objects, then erases the castle, the prince and his servants from the memories of their loved ones (in the small town of Villeneuve nearby). She casts a spell on","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553336","text":"satisfied.\" In her A- review, Nancy Churnin of \"The Dallas Morning News\" praised the film's emotional and thematic depth, remarking: \"There's an emotional authenticity in director Bill Condon's live-action Beauty and the Beast film that helps you rediscover Disney's beloved 1991 animated film and 1994 stage show in fresh, stirring ways.\" James Berardinelli of ReelViews described the 2017 version as \"enthralling\". Brian Truitt of \"USA Today\" commended the performances of Evans, Gad, McGregor and Thompson alongside Condon's affinity with musicals, the production design, visual effects featured in some of the song numbers including new songs made by the composers Alan","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553331","text":"\"Rogue One: A Star Wars Story\"). \"Beauty and the Beast\" received generally positive reviews, with praise for its ensemble cast, visuals, production values, musical score, songs, and faithfulness to the original film with a few elements of the Broadway musical version, while the designs of the Beast and the servants' household object forms received mixed reviews. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 71% based on 336 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \"With an enchanting cast, beautifully crafted songs, and a painterly eye for detail, \"Beauty and the","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"7426417","text":"heroes in film ranking. The character also appears in the film's several sequels and spin-offs, as well as her own live-action television series. American actress Susan Egan originated the role of Belle in the Broadway musical adaptation of the film, for which she was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical. Emma Watson plays a live-action version of the character in a 2017 live action adaptation of the original 1991 film. After the success of Walt Disney Productions' first feature-length animated film \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\" (1937), filmmaker Walt Disney himself made several attempts","title":"Belle (Beauty and the Beast)"},{"id":"6915977","text":"and Bryson duetted at the JT Super Producers 94 tribute concert to David Foster, and as part of Dion's 1994-95 The Colour of My Love Tour, though they have also often sung with different duet partners. Dion has sung with Tommy Körberg, Brian McKnight, Terry Bradford, Maurice Davis, Barnev Valsaint, and René Froger among others; Peabo has sung with Coko and Regine Velasquez. Ariana Grande and John Legend covered \"Beauty and the Beast\" for the 2017 live-action adaption of the same name. The accompanying music video, directed by Dave Meyers premiered on Freeform on March 5, 2017. In March 2017,","title":"Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)"},{"id":"9446008","text":"Hattie Morahan Harriet Jane ″Hattie″ Morahan (born 7 October 1978) is an English television, film, and stage actress. Her roles include Alice in \"The Bletchley Circle\", Gale Benson in \"The Bank Job\" (2008), Ann in \"Mr. Holmes\" (2015), Rose Coyne in \"My Mother and Other Strangers\" (2016), and Agathe/The Enchantress in \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017). Morahan was born at Lambeth, London, England. She is the younger daughter of television and film director Christopher Morahan and actress Anna Carteret. Her older sister Rebecca is a theatre director, and her half-brother Andy is a music video and film director. As a","title":"Hattie Morahan"},{"id":"18553287","text":"featured in the deleted scenes. Previously, Disney had begun work on a film adaptation of the 1994 Broadway musical. However, in a 2011 interview, composer Alan Menken stated the planned film version of the \"Beauty and the Beast\" stage musical \"was canned\". By April 2014, Walt Disney Pictures had already begun developing a new live-action version of \"Beauty and the Beast\" after making other live-action fantasy films such as \"Alice in Wonderland\", \"Maleficent\", \"Cinderella\" and \"The Jungle Book\". In June 2014, Bill Condon was signed to direct the film from a script by Evan Spiliotopoulos. Later in September of that","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553299","text":"couldn't say yes right away, because I felt like I was kind of cheating in a way\". She eventually felt compelled to record the song because of the impact \"Beauty and the Beast\" has had on her career. According to Dion, \"I was at the beginning of my career, it put me on the map, it put me where I am today\". Also, Josh Groban was announced to be performing the new original song \"Evermore\" on January 26, 2017. The 2017 film features a remake of the 1991 original song recorded as a duet by Ariana Grande and John Legend.","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"201239","text":"appeared as Norman to Anthony Hopkins' Sir in a BBC Two production of Ronald Harwood's \"The Dresser\", alongside Edward Fox and Emily Watson. In 2017, McKellen voiced Cogsworth, the Beast's loyal majordomo, who was turned into a pendulum clock, in a live-action adaptation of Disney's \"Beauty and the Beast\". McKellen and his first partner, Brian Taylor, a history teacher from Bolton, began their relationship in 1964. Their relationship lasted for eight years, ending in 1972. They lived in London, where McKellen continued to pursue his career as an actor. For over a decade, he has lived in a five-storey Victorian","title":"Ian McKellen"},{"id":"7426460","text":"for the characters were provided by Sean Foot (Shaun) and Davina Lamont and additional works were done by National Film Award winners—Christien Tinsley and Dominie Till. In January 2015, Emma Watson announced that she would be portraying Belle in a live-action version of the film, which was released in 2017. \"Beauty and the Beast\" was the first of the Disney remakes in which an A-list actress portrays a Disney princess. As a feminist and model, Watson suggested several changes to the character in the live-action film. For costume design Watson rejected the traditional \"big princess dress\" and corset for the","title":"Belle (Beauty and the Beast)"},{"id":"4410972","text":"the box office and closed after just seven weeks. In 2015, Condon directed \"Mr. Holmes\" starring Ian McKellen. Condon noted its similarity to \"Gods and Monsters\", not only because of its lead actor but because \"Both movies are about aging and mortality. You have a celebrated man facing the decline of his public image.\" Condon directed the 2017 live action film adaptation of the animated 1991 film \"Beauty and the Beast\". A few weeks before the film's scheduled release on March 17, 2017, Condon announced that one character, LeFou, has \"a nice, exclusively gay moment\", which resulted in an \"internet","title":"Bill Condon"},{"id":"7125792","text":"Eden (born 2016), and a son, Aubrey (born 2012). Actress Rebecca Hall is godmother to his daughter Willow. Stevens endorsed Senator Bernie Sanders for President in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Dan Stevens Daniel Jonathan Stevens (born 10 October 1982) is an English actor. He first drew international attention for his role as Matthew Crawley in the ITV acclaimed period drama series \"Downton Abbey\" (2010–12). He also starred as David in the thriller film \"The Guest\" (2014), Sir Lancelot in the adventure film \"\" (2014), The Beast/Prince in Disney's live action adaptation of \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017), Lorin Willis","title":"Dan Stevens"},{"id":"18553309","text":"the time the film's release was 10 days away, analysts raised projections to as high as $150 million. It earned $16.3 million from Thursday previews night, marking the biggest of 2017 (breaking \"Logan\"'s record), the biggest ever for a Disney live-action film (breaking \"Maleficent\"'s record), the second-biggest ever for both a G- or PG-rated film (behind the sixth \"Harry Potter\" film \"Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\" which also starred Watson), and the third-biggest ever in the month of March (behind \"\" and \"The Hunger Games\"). An estimated 41% of the gross came from IMAX, 3D and premium large format","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"4159114","text":"at Emerson's Bar and Grill\" for HBO in which McDonald portrayed jazz legend Billie Holiday. She won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Class Program in 2015 for her work hosting the program \"Live from Lincoln Center\". On film she is best known for her portrayals of Maureen in \"Ricki and the Flash\" (2015) opposite Meryl Streep and Madame de Garderobe in the 2017 film version of Disney's \"Beauty and the Beast\". She has been nominated five times for the NAACP Image Awards for her work in television and film. McDonald was born in West Berlin, Germany, the daughter","title":"Audra McDonald"},{"id":"18553293","text":"puppeteering for the body and the physical orientation\", where actor Dan Stevens was \"in a forty-pound gray suit on stilts for much of the film\". The facial capture for the Beast was done separately in order to \"communicate the subtleties of the human face\" and \"[capture the] thought that occurs to him\" which gets \"through [to] the eyes, which are the last human element in the Beast.\" The castle servants who are transformed into household objects were created with CGI animation. Before the release of the film, Bill Condon refilmed one certain sequence in the \"Days of the Sun\" number,","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553317","text":"is the third-smallest drop for any film opening above $125 million (behind \"Finding Dory\" and \"The Force Awakens\"). The hold was notable considering how the film was able to fend off three new wide releases: \"Power Rangers\", \"Life\", and \"CHiPs\". As a result, it passed the $300 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 the pass said mark. The film grossed $45.4 million in its third weekend, finally being overtaken for the top spot by newcomer \"The Boss Baby\" ($50.2 million). On April 4, 2017, its nineteenth day of release, it passed the $400 million threshold becoming the first","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553300","text":"Grande and Legend's updated version of the title song is faithful to the original, Grammy-winning duet, performed by Céline Dion and Peabo Bryson for the 1991 Disney film. Disney debuted the music video for Ariana Grande and John Legend's interpretation of the title song on Freeform television network on March 5, 2017, and it has since been viewed over 100 million views on the Vevo video-hosting service. Emma Thompson also performed a rendition of the title song, which was performed by Angela Lansbury in the original 1991 animated film. On March 16, 2015, Disney announced the film would be released","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553347","text":"from cinemas by National Cinema Company which owns most of the cinemas in the country. A board member of the company stated that the Ministry of Information's censorship department had requested it to stop its screening and edit it for things deemed offensive by it. The film also received criticism over its portrayal of LeFou, as many felt that it relied on stereotypes and was used as a way of teasing LGBT+ viewers without providing adequate representation. LeFou's status as a sidekick to the main villain brought about criticism over Disney's queercoding of villains in the past, and his infatuation","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553315","text":"from audiences, good reviews from critics, effective marketing which sold the title not just as a family film but also as a romantic drama, the cast's star power (especially Emma Watson), lack of competition, being the first family film since \"The Lego Batman Movie\" a month earlier, nostalgia, and the success and ubiquity of the first film and Disney's brand. On Monday, its fourth day of release, the film fell precipitously by 72% earning $13.5 million. The steep fall was due to a limited marketplace where only 11% K-12 and 15% colleges were off per ComScore. Nevertheless, it is the","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"6915925","text":"was present in the recording studio at the time to tears. Meanwhile, the actress credits recording the song with ultimately helping her gain further perspective on Mrs. Potts' role in the film. Some of Ashman's cut lyrics from the 1991 film were reinstated for the version in the 2017 film. The scene in \"Beauty and the Beast\" during which the song is heard is the moment when Belle and the Beast's true feelings for each other are finally established. Set in the ballroom of the Beast's castle, \"Beauty and the Beast\" is performed by the character Mrs. Potts, an enchanted","title":"Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)"},{"id":"18553351","text":"not model healthy romantic relationships for young viewers. Constance Grady of Vox writes that Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont's \"Beauty and the Beast\" was a fairy tale originally written to prepare young girls in 18th-century France for arranged marriages, and that the power disparity is amplified in the Disney version. Anna Menta of \"Elite Daily\" argued that the Beast does not apologize to Belle for imprisoning, hurting, or manipulating her, and his treatment of Belle is not painted as wrong. Beauty and the Beast (2017 film) Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"8316033","text":"Beast (Beauty and the Beast) The Beast is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Animation Studios' 30th animated feature film \"Beauty and the Beast\" (1991). He also appears in the film's two direct-to-video followups \"\" and \"Belle's Magical World\". Based on the hero of the French fairy tale by Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont, the Beast was created by screenwriter Linda Woolverton and animated by Glen Keane. A pampered prince transformed into a hideous beast as punishment for his cold-hearted and selfish ways, the Beast must, in order to return to his former self, earn the love of a","title":"Beast (Beauty and the Beast)"},{"id":"18545310","text":"series \"Reward\" (Bulgarian: Отплата) at Nova TV. In 2014, he played the leading role in Nikolay Iliev's movie \"Living Legends\" (Bulgarian: Живи Легенди). In 2016, he synchronized the leading role of the dog Max, in new Disney movie called \"The Secret Life of Pets\" (Bulgarian: Тайният живот на домашните любимци), on cinemas in August 2016. In 2017 Orlin Pavlov is going to synchronize the leading role as the Beast in new Disney movie \"Beauty and the Beast\" (Bulgarian: Красавицата и Звяра), in cinemas from 17 March. Orlin Pavlov Orlin Orlinov Pavlov (born April 23, 1979) (Bulgarian Cyrillic: Орлин Орлинов Павлов)","title":"Orlin Pavlov"},{"id":"20084386","text":"did not feel it \"len[t] itself to the process\". A version of \"Evermore\" performed by Josh Groban was ultimately chosen as a single. Before the film's debut and the soundtrack's release, a series of nail polishes was released; a yellow nail polish was named after the song. \"Days in the Sun\" was released on March 10, 2017, as a track on the \"Beauty and the Beast\" soundtrack; it was made available as an audio CD and a digital download. It is performed by Adam Mitchell as the young Beast, Emma Watson as Belle, and Stanley Tucci, Ewan McGregor, Gugu Mbatha-Raw,","title":"Days in the Sun"},{"id":"2599773","text":"leading roles in Screen Gems horror-thriller film \"Patient Zero\", along with Matt Smith and Natalie Dormer. Tucci played the role of the composer Maestro Cadenza in the live-action remake of \"Beauty and the Beast\". Tucci played the husband of Dame Fiona Maye, a British High Court judge, opposite Emma Thompson in \"The Children Act\", based on the novel by Ian McEwan (2017). Tucci's first wife, Kathryn \"Kate\" Tucci (b. 1962), died of breast cancer in 2009. She was a social worker and former wife of actor and stage manager Alexander R. Scott, the elder son of actors Colleen Dewhurst and","title":"Stanley Tucci"},{"id":"18553343","text":"the new songs were \"not transporting\". He felt the film needed more life and depth, but praised Watson's performance as the \"one of the film's stronger elements\". Dana Schwartz of \"The New York Observer\" felt that some of the characters, such as Gaston and the Beast, had been watered down from the 1991 film, and that the additional backstory elements failed to \"advance the plot or theme in any meaningful way\" while adding considerable bloat. Schwartz considered the singing of the cast to be adequate but felt that their voices should have been dubbed over, especially for the complex songs.","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"12566281","text":"and Julia Roberts in \"\", which was based on Tracy Letts's Pulitzer Prize-winning . McGregor starred in the action comedy film \"Mortdecai\" (2015), alongside Johnny Depp and Paul Bettany. Robbie Collin of \"The Daily Telegraph\" felt the film was \"psychotically unfunny\". He made his directorial debut with \"American Pastoral\" (2016), in which he also starred. In 2017, he reprised his role as Mark Renton in \"T2 Trainspotting\". McGregor played Lumiere in the live action adaptation of Disney's \"Beauty and the Beast\", directed by Bill Condon with an ensemble cast featuring Emma Watson in a leading role alongside Dan Stevens, Luke","title":"Ewan McGregor"},{"id":"1208692","text":"Tucci, and Gugu Mbatha-Raw joined the cast, as Cogsworth, Lumière, Cadenza, and Plumette, respectively. Composer Alan Menken returned to score the film's music, with new material written by Menken and Tim Rice. In June 2015, Menken said the film would not include the songs that were written for the Broadway musical. Filming began on May 18, 2015 in London, and production officially wrapped in August 2015. The film was released on March 17, 2017. \"Beauty and the Beast\" merchandise cover a wide variety of products, among them storybook versions of the film's story, a comic book based on the film","title":"Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)"},{"id":"8316067","text":"the events that occurred between \"Kingdom Hearts\" and \"Kingdom Hearts II\", such as Belle and Beast attempting to resume their normal lives and Beast's first encounter with Xaldin. The Beast appears in the Broadway musical adaptation of Disney's \"Beauty and the Beast\", originally portrayed by Terrence Mann. Other actors who have taken on the role include Chuck Wagner (1997), James Barbour (1998), Jeff McCarthy (2004), and Steve Blanchard. The movie and others never made mention of his real name. A CD-ROM game said \"The Prince's name is Adam.\" In the 2011 ABC series \"Once Upon a Time\", the show's version","title":"Beast (Beauty and the Beast)"},{"id":"8316073","text":"the villagers. Beast (Beauty and the Beast) The Beast is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Animation Studios' 30th animated feature film \"Beauty and the Beast\" (1991). He also appears in the film's two direct-to-video followups \"\" and \"Belle's Magical World\". Based on the hero of the French fairy tale by Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont, the Beast was created by screenwriter Linda Woolverton and animated by Glen Keane. A pampered prince transformed into a hideous beast as punishment for his cold-hearted and selfish ways, the Beast must, in order to return to his former self, earn the love","title":"Beast (Beauty and the Beast)"},{"id":"18553304","text":"Golden Globe Awards. Disney released the final trailer on January 30, 2017. \"Beauty and the Beast\" was released on Blu-ray, DVD and Digital HD on June 6, 2017. The film debuted at No. 1 on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart, with all other titles in the top 20, collectively, selling only 40% as many units as \"Beauty and the Beast\". The movie regained the top spot on the national home video sales charts during its third week of release. The movie became available on Netflix on September 19, 2017. \"Beauty and the Beast\" grossed $504 million in the","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"3135248","text":"Robby Benson Robin David Segal (born January 21, 1956), known by the stage name Robby Benson, is an American actor, voice actor, musician, singer, director, producer and educator. He is known as the voice of Beast in the Disney animated film \"Beauty and the Beast\" and its numerous sequels and spin-offs, and directed several episodes of the sitcom \"Friends\". Benson was born in Dallas, Texas, the son of Freda Ann (\"née\" Benson), a singer, actor, and business promotions manager, and Jerry Segal, a writer. His family is Jewish. Benson was raised in New York City and took his mother's maiden","title":"Robby Benson"},{"id":"18553308","text":"of the $425 million gross ($760 million in 2017 dollars) of the original film. \"Deadline Hollywood\" calculated the net profit of the film to be $414.7 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues, making it the second-most profitable release of 2017. In the United States and Canada, \"Beauty and the Beast\" topped Fandango's pre-sales and became the fastest-selling family film in the company's history, topping the studio's own animated film \"Finding Dory\" released the previous year. Early tracking had the film grossing around $100 million in its opening weekend, with some publications predicting it could reach $130 million. By","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553302","text":"New York and Los Angeles for a one-week engagement starting December 1, 2017. The move was an awards push as awards season heats up. Disney spent around $140 million to market the film worldwide. Following an announcement on May 22, 2016, Disney premiered the first official teaser trailer on \"Good Morning America\" the next day. In its first 24 hours, the teaser trailer reached 91.8 million views, which was the largest number ever seen for a trailer in that amount of time. This record has since been broken by \"\", \"It\" and \"\". The first official teaser poster was released","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"1208691","text":"the Menken/Rice songs from the Broadway musical, with the intention of making the film as a \"straight-forward, live-action, large-budget movie musical\". In September 2014, it was announced that Stephen Chbosky (\"The Perks of Being a Wallflower\") would re-write the script. In January 2015, Emma Watson announced on her Facebook page that she would portray Belle in the new live action remake film. In March 2015, Dan Stevens, Luke Evans, Emma Thompson, Josh Gad, Audra McDonald, and Kevin Kline joined the film as the Beast, Gaston, Mrs. Potts, Lefou, Garderobe, and Maurice, respectively. The following month, Ian McKellen, Ewan McGregor, Stanley","title":"Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)"},{"id":"17897364","text":"in the live-action adaptation of \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017). Ian McKellen, roles and awards Ian McKellen (born 25 May 1939) is an English stage and screen actor. He is the recipient of six Laurence Olivier Awards, a Tony Award, a Golden Globe Award, two Academy Award nominations, four BAFTA nominations and five Emmy Award nominations. McKellen's work spans genres ranging from Shakespearean and modern theatre to popular fantasy and science fiction. His notable film roles include Gandalf in \"The Lord of the Rings\" and \"The Hobbit\" trilogies, Magneto in the \"X-Men\" films, Sir Leigh Teabing in \"The Da Vinci","title":"Ian McKellen, roles and awards"},{"id":"12566271","text":"Copperbottom in \"Robots\" (2005), Camerlengo Father Patrick McKenna in \"Angels and Demons\" (2009), \"the ghost\" in Roman Polanski's political thriller \"The Ghost Writer\" (2010), Dr. Alfred Jones in the romantic comedy-drama \"Salmon Fishing in the Yemen\" (2011), Lumière in a live-action adaptation of the musical romantic fantasy \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017), and the adult version of the titular character in the fantasy comedy-drama \"Christopher Robin\" (2018). In 2018, McGregor won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film for his performance as brothers in the third season of FX anthology series \"Fargo\", and received Golden","title":"Ewan McGregor"},{"id":"18553339","text":"also praised the film for its emotional and psychological tone as well Steven's motion capture performance. Tim Robey of \"The Daily Telegraph\" gave the film four stars out of five and wrote that \"It dazzles on this chocolate box of a picture that feels almost greedy yet to make this film work, down to a sugar-rush finale to grasp the nettle and make an out-an-out, bells-and-whistles musical\" while he praised the performances of Watson, McKellen, Thompson, McGregor, Evans and Gad. Mark Hughes of \"Forbes\" also similarly praised the film which he wrote that \"it could revive the story in a","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"11548195","text":"that we all can do this,\" she said. In 2017, Greenwood worked on Disney's live action version of \"Beauty and the Beast\", directed by Bill Condon and released in March, and the biopic \"Darkest Hour\", directed by Joe Wright; receiving Oscar nominations for both. Sarah Greenwood Sarah Greenwood is a British production designer. She has been nominated six times for an Academy Award – in 2006 for \"Pride & Prejudice\", in 2008 for \"Atonement\", in 2010 for \"Sherlock Holmes\", in 2013 for \"Anna Karenina\" and in 2018 for both \"Beauty and the Beast\", and \"Darkest Hour\". In 2013, she was","title":"Sarah Greenwood"},{"id":"3135254","text":"practices Transcendental Meditation. Robby Benson Robin David Segal (born January 21, 1956), known by the stage name Robby Benson, is an American actor, voice actor, musician, singer, director, producer and educator. He is known as the voice of Beast in the Disney animated film \"Beauty and the Beast\" and its numerous sequels and spin-offs, and directed several episodes of the sitcom \"Friends\". Benson was born in Dallas, Texas, the son of Freda Ann (\"née\" Benson), a singer, actor, and business promotions manager, and Jerry Segal, a writer. His family is Jewish. Benson was raised in New York City and took","title":"Robby Benson"},{"id":"18553340","text":"faithful but entirely new and unique way elevating the material beyond expectations, establishing itself as a cinematic equal to the original\" and also complimented the importance of undertaking a renowned yet problematic masterpiece as well addressing changes in the elements of the story while acknowledging the film's effectiveness in resonating to the audiences. Stephen Whitty of the \"New York Daily News\" called it \"this year's best new old musical\" and \"the most magical thing of all\" while describing Watson's performance of Belle as \"breakthrough\". Several critics regarded the film as inferior to its 1991 animated predecessor. David Sims of \"The","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553323","text":"million), Russia ($6 million), and Spain ($5.8 million). In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the film recorded the biggest opening ever for a PG-rated film, the biggest Disney live-action opening of all time, the biggest March opening weekend, the biggest opening for a musical (ahead of 2012's \"Les Misérables\"), the number one opening of 2017 to date and the fifth-biggest-ever overall with £19.7 million ($24.5 million) from 639 theatres and almost twice that of \"The Jungle Book\" (£9.9 million). This included the second-biggest Saturday ever (£7.9 million), only behind \"\". It witnessed a decline in its second weekend, earning £12.33","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"16247435","text":"Stuart Gillard, Steven A. Adelson, Morris Claiborne, Mairzee Almas, Bradley Walsh, Fred Gerber, Kevin Fair, Mike Rohl, Gary Fleder, Paul Fox, P.J. Pesce, Paul A. Kaufman, Scott Peters, Jeff Renfroe, Michael Robison, Lee Rose, Rick Rosenthal, Bobby Roth, Norma Bailey, Grant Harvey, Allan Kroeker, Rich Newey, and Sudz Sutherland. Casting announcements began in February 2012, when Kristin Kreuk was first cast in the lead role of Catherine Chandler. Austin Basis was then cast in the role of J.T. Forbes, Vincent's best friend. Nina Lisandrello and Nicole Gale Anderson were then added to the cast, with Lisandrello landing the role of","title":"Beauty & the Beast (2012 TV series)"},{"id":"6915919","text":"Beast\" also launched Dion's career and established her as a bankable recording artist. After \"Beauty and the Beast\" became the first Disney song to undergo a complete pop transformation, several contemporary artists were inspired to release their own radio-friendly renditions of Disney songs throughout the decade. Considered to be among Disney's best and most popular songs, \"Beauty and the Beast\" has since been covered by numerous artists. In 2004, the American Film Institute officially recognized \"Beauty and the Beast\" as one of the greatest songs in film history, ranking it 62nd. The song is also featured in the 2017 live-action","title":"Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)"},{"id":"8316037","text":"the arms and body of a bear, the eyebrows of a gorilla, the jaws, teeth, and mane of a lion, the tusks of a wild boar and the legs and tail of a wolf. He also bears resemblance to mythical monsters like the Minotaur or a werewolf. He also has blue eyes, the one physical feature that does not change whether he is a beast or a human. As opposed to his original counterpart, Disney gave him a more primal nature to his personality and mannerisms, which truly exploited his character as an untamed animal (i.e. alternating between walking and","title":"Beast (Beauty and the Beast)"},{"id":"18553305","text":"United States and Canada and $759.5 million in other countries for a worldwide gross of $1.263 billion. With a production budget of $254 million, it is the most expensive musical ever made. In just ten days, it became the highest-grossing live-action musical of all time, beating the nine-year-old record held by \"Mamma Mia!\". It is currently the second-biggest musical ever overall, behind Disney's \"Frozen\" (2013). Worldwide, the film proved to be a global phenomenon, earning a total of $357 million over its four-day opening weekend from 56 markets. Critics said the film was playing like superhero movies amongst women. It","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"9024855","text":"Mirror\", and played a major supporting role in \"Miss Sloane\", a drama about Washington lobbyists, starring Jessica Chastain. The film premiered at the AFI Film Festival in November. In 2017, Mbatha-Raw played Plumette in the live-action remake of \"Beauty and the Beast\". In 2018, Mbatha-Raw starred in a number of science fiction feature productions, including \"A Wrinkle in Time\", directed by Ava DuVernay, and \"The Cloverfield Paradox\". The latter film made history that year, with a marketing campaign that saw the film's release onto the streaming platform Netflix, directly after it was advertised worldwide at the 2018 Super Bowl. Mbatha-Raw","title":"Gugu Mbatha-Raw"},{"id":"18553341","text":"Atlantic\" wrote that the 2017 film \"feels particularly egregious, in part, because it's so slavishly devoted to the original; every time it falls short of its predecessor (which is quite often), it's hard not to notice\". Michael Phillips of the \"Chicago Tribune\" said that the 2017 film \"takes our knowledge and our interest in the material for granted. It zips from one number to another, throwing a ton of frenetically edited eye candy at the screen, charmlessly.\" Phillips wrote that the film featured some \"less conspicuously talented\" performers who are \"stuck doing karaoke, or motion-capture work of middling quality\", though","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"1478947","text":"Best Picture nomination: \"Mary Poppins\" (1964), \"Beauty and the Beast\" (1991), \"Up\" (2009), and \"Toy Story 3\" (2010). Walt Disney Pictures has produced four films that have grossed over $1 billion at the worldwide box office: \"\" (2006), \"Alice in Wonderland\" (2010), \"\" (2011), and \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017); and has released five animated films that have reached that milestone: \"Toy Story 3\" (2010), \"Frozen\" (2013), \"Zootopia\", \"Finding Dory\" (both 2016), and \"Incredibles 2\" (2018). —Includes theatrical reissue(s). Walt Disney Pictures Walt Disney Pictures, formally known as Buena Vista Pictures, is an American film studio and a subsidiary of","title":"Walt Disney Pictures"},{"id":"19023171","text":"intern. In 2014, Spiliotopoulos re-wrote the screenplay for the action-adventure fantasy film \"Hercules\", original written by Ryan J. Condal. Brett Ratner directed the film which released on July 25, 2014 by Paramount Pictures. Spiliotopoulos wrote the screenplay of action-adventure fantasy film \"\", along with Craig Mazin, and rewritten by Frank Darabont. Cedric Nicolas-Troyan directed the film, which was released on April 22, 2016 by Universal Pictures. Spiliotopoulos and Stephen Chbosky wrote Walt Disney Pictures' live action musical romantic fantasy film \"Beauty and the Beast\", which was directed by Bill Condon. The film was released on March 17, 2017. In the","title":"Evan Spiliotopoulos"},{"id":"18553330","text":"United Kingdom and Ireland, ahead of all but one \"Harry Potter\" film (\"Deathly Hallows – Part 2\") and all three \"The Lord of the Rings\" movies (which also starred Ian McKellen). It is currently the eighth-biggest grosser with £70.1 million ($90 million), overtaking \"Mamma Mia!\" to become the biggest musical production ever there. The biggest international earning markets following the UK are Japan ($108 million), China ($85.8 million), Brazil ($41.5 million), Korea ($37.5 million), and Australia ($35 million). In Europe alone, the cumulative total is $267 million, which led it to become the second-highest-grossing film in the past year (behind","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553288","text":"same year, Stephen Chbosky (who had previously directed Watson in \"The Perks of Being a Wallflower\") was hired to re-write the script. Before Condon was hired to direct the film, Disney approached him with a proposal to remake the film in a more radical way as Universal Studios had remade \"Snow White and the Huntsman\" (2012). Condon later explained that \"after \"Frozen\" opened, the studio saw that there was this big international audience for an old-school-musical approach. But initially, they said, 'We're interested in a musical to a degree, but only half full of songs.' My interest was taking that","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553334","text":"Watson and Stevens, and wrote: \"It looks good, moves gracefully and leaves a clean and invigorating aftertaste. I almost didn't recognize the flavor: I think the name for it is joy.\" Likewise, \"The Washington Post\"s Ann Hornaday complimented Watson's performance, describing it as \"alert and solemn\" while noting her singing ability as \"serviceable enough to get the job done\". Richard Roeper of \"Chicago Sun-Times\" awarded the film three and a half stars, lauded the performances of Watson and Thompson which he drew a comparison to Paige O'Hara's and Angela Lansbury's performances in the 1991 animated version while appreciating the performances","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18896500","text":"film's budget since he felt high-quality musicals could not be made cheaply. Initially, Miles Teller and Emma Watson were slated to star in the leads. Watson dropped out because of a commitment to the 2017 musical adaptation of \"Beauty and the Beast\", while Teller departed via long contract negotiations. Conversely, Gosling turned down a role as the Beast in \"Beauty and the Beast\" in favor of \"La La Land\". Chazelle decided to make his characters somewhat older, with experience in struggling to make their dreams, rather than younger newcomers just arriving in Los Angeles. Emma Stone plays Mia, a struggling","title":"La La Land (film)"},{"id":"18553332","text":"Beast\" offers a faithful yet fresh retelling that honors its beloved source material.\" On Metacritic, the film has a score of 65 out of 100, based on 47 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". In CinemaScore polls, audiences gave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale. Leslie Felperin of \"The Hollywood Reporter\" wrote: \"It's a Michelin-triple-starred master class in patisserie skills that transforms the cinematic equivalent of a sugar rush into a kind of crystal-meth-like narcotic high that lasts about two hours.\" Felperin also praised the performances of Watson and Kline as well the special","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553310","text":"screenings which began at 6 pm, while the rest—59%—came from regular 2D shows which began at 7 pm. The numbers were considered more impressive given that the film played during a school week. On its opening day, the film made $63.8 million from 4,210 theaters across 9,200 screens, marking the third biggest in the month of March, trailing behind \"Batman v Superman\" ($81.5 million) and \"The Hunger Games\" ($67 million). It was also the biggest opening day ever for a film that wasn't PG-13, displacing the $58 million opening Wednesday of \"Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\". Its opening day","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"20086070","text":"Nathan Mack Nathan Mack (born 15 April 2007) is a British child actor who is known for portraying Tyler in 2014's \"Babylon\" and Chip Potts in the 2017 live-action adaptation of \"Beauty and the Beast\". He attends Stagecoach Performing Arts School for children, which also helped him land the role. Nathan Mack was born on April 15, 2007 in England. He attends Stagecoach Performing Arts School for children where he has been a student since he was seven. For the role of Chip his teachers put him forward for the audition. Nathan states that although it was nerve-wracking, it was","title":"Nathan Mack"},{"id":"18553337","text":"Menken and Tim Rice, particularly \"Evermore\" which he described the new song with a potential for an Academy Award for Best Original Song. Peter Travers of \"Rolling Stone\" rated the film three out of four stars which he deemed it as an \"exhilarating gift\" while he remarked that \"\"Beauty and the Beast\" does justice to Disney's animated classic, even if some of the magic is M.I.A (Missing in Action)\". Stephanie Zacharek of \"Time\" magazine gave a positive review with a description as \"Wild, Vivid and Crazy-Beautiful\" as she wrote \"Nearly everything about \"Beauty and the Beast\" is larger than life,","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"20010995","text":"in category Original Song - Sci-Fi, Fantasy, Horror Film. It was also nominated in the Original Song — Animated Film category. How Does a Moment Last Forever \"How Does a Moment Last Forever\" is a song written by lyricist Tim Rice and composer Alan Menken for the Disney live action film \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017), a remake of the animated musical of the same name. This Broadway-inspired ballad is performed in the movie by American actor Kevin Kline in his role as Maurice. It describes the relationship between his character and that of his wife, Belle's deceased mother. Later","title":"How Does a Moment Last Forever"},{"id":"7125788","text":"\"The Guest\", winning critical acclaim for his portrayal of a recently discharged army veteran who goes on a killing spree to protect his true identity. He earned a Saturn Award for Best Actor nomination for his performance. Also in 2014, he appeared in the magic realism comedy-drama film \"The Cobbler\", and in the dark action film \"A Walk Among the Tombstones\". He played a simulacrum of Sir Lancelot in the 2014 comedy film \"\". Stevens played the Beast, opposite Emma Watson as Belle, in Disney's live action remake adaptation of \"Beauty and the Beast\". The film was released in March","title":"Dan Stevens"},{"id":"10558127","text":"in Lars Von Trier's controversial \"Manderlay\". He appeared in the 2017 live-action remake of Beauty and the Beast as Cuisinier – the castle's head chef who has been transformed into a stove. While a student at the Guildhall School, played Wally Watkins in a production of \"Lady Be Good\", which caused the Opera critic to note \"one of two potential stars in the cast\" who \"sang the title song most winningly and rattled off the acres of daffy dialogue with the aplomb and timing of a Durante\". In 1992, Rowe was nominated for an Olivier Award for his performance as","title":"Clive Rowe"},{"id":"16247433","text":"on June 2, 2016, before concluding on September 15, 2016. Sherri Cooper-Landsman, Jennifer Levin, Ron Koslow, Gary Fleder, Paul Junger Witt, Frank Siracusa, Tony Thomas, John Weber, Bill Haber, C. Anthony Thomas and current showruner Brad Kern have served as executive producers. Roger Grant, Kevin Lafferty, Thom J. Pretak, Mairzee Almas and Michael J. Maschio serve as producers. Other producers on the show include Stuart Gillard, John A. Norris, Holly Henderson, Don Whitehead, Courtney Kemp Agboh, and Eric Tuchman as co-executive producers; Bill Goddard, Blair Singer, and Melissa Glenn as co-producers; Sean Sforza, Julie Lawrence, Kyle MacDonald, and Larry Goldstein","title":"Beauty & the Beast (2012 TV series)"},{"id":"18553313","text":"biggest outside of summer, save for \"\", not accounting for inflation. It became the forty-third film to debut with over $100 million and the fifteenth film to open above $150 million. Its three-day opening alone surpassed the entire original North American run of the first film ($146 million; before the 3D re-release), instantly becoming the second-biggest film of the year, behind \"Logan\" ($184 million), and also the second-highest-grossing musical, behind \"Grease\"'s $188 million cumulative gross in 1978. Seventy percent of the total ticket sales came from 2D showings signifying that people who don't go to theaters frequently came out in","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553296","text":"the best Broadway musical of 1991. The animated version was already darker and more modern than the previous Disney fairytales. Take that vision, put it into a new medium, make it a radical reinvention, something not just for the stage because it's not just being literal, now other elements come into play. It's not just having real actors do it\". Condon initially prepared on only drawing inspiration from the original film, but he also planned to include most of the songs composed by Alan Menken, Howard Ashman and Tim Rice from the Broadway musical, with the intention of making the","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553280","text":"the rose and warns the prince that the curse will only be broken if he learns to love another, and earn their love in return, before the last petal falls. Some years later, at Villeneuve, Belle, the book-loving daughter of a music box maker and artist, Maurice, dreams of adventure and brushes off advances from Gaston, an arrogant former soldier. On his way to a convention and lost in the forest, Maurice seeks refuge in the Beast's castle warming himself near the fire then being scared away by Chip after having some food, but the Beast imprisons him for stealing","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"11174675","text":"he easily overpowers Gaston and intends to kill him. However, when Gaston begs for his life, the Beast decides to be the better man and have mercy, and climbs back up to Belle. Ungrateful and unrepentant, Gaston stabs the Beast in the back when he sees him embracing Belle, but loses his balance when the Beast swings his arm backwards at him; consequently, Gaston falls to his death. Gaston appears in the 2017 remake as played by Welsh actor Luke Evans. During an interview with \"Empire\" magazine, Evans said that Gaston would retain his hunter background, yet would also be","title":"Gaston (Beauty and the Beast)"},{"id":"18553320","text":"film began playing on Thursday, March 16, 2017. Through Sunday, March 19, it had a total international opening of $182.3 million from 55 markets, 44 of which were major territories, far exceeding initial estimations of $100 million and opened at No. 1 in virtually all markets except Vietnam, Turkey, and India. Its launch is the second-biggest for the month of March, behind \"Batman v Superman\" ($256.5 million). In IMAX, it recorded the biggest debut for a PG-rated title (although it carried varying certificate amongst different markets) with $8.5 million from 649 screens, the second-biggest for a PG title behind \"The","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"18553342","text":"he praised Kline's performance as the \"best, sweetest thing in the movie; he brings a sense of calm, droll authority\". Peter Bradshaw of \"The Guardian\" praised Watson's performance and wrote that the film was \"lit in that fascinatingly artificial honey-glow light, and it runs smoothly on rails—the kind of rails that bring in and out the stage sets for the lucrative Broadway touring version.\" In the same newspaper, Wendy Ide criticized the film as \"ornate to the point of desperation\" in its attempt to emulate the animated film. Chris Nashawaty of \"Entertainment Weekly\" gave the film a B-, writing that","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"},{"id":"7239603","text":"star Ariel Winter. In the 2014 film \"Maleficent\", Aurora is played by Elle Fanning. Lily James portrays Cinderella in the 2015 film of the same name. Emma Watson is seen as Belle in the 2017 film \"Beauty and the Beast\". Naomi Scott is set to star as Jasmine in the 2019 film \"Aladdin\". Liu Yifei will appear as Mulan in the 2020 film of the same name. The Princesses, along with Anna, Elsa and Moana, all make guest appearances in the 2018 film \"Ralph Breaks the Internet\". This film marks the first direct interaction between the characters in an animated","title":"Disney Princess"},{"id":"4687394","text":"guest vocals on Kelly Clarkson's song \"Run Run Run\" for her album \"Piece by Piece\". He also co-wrote and provided vocals for French DJ David Guetta's song \"Listen,\" as part of the album \"Listen\". Legend released his new album \"Darkness and Light\", with first single \"Love Me Now,\" on December 2, 2016 with songs featuring Chance the Rapper and Miguel. For the 2017 film \"Beauty and the Beast\", Legend and Ariana Grande performed a duet on the title track, a remake of the 1991 original version sung by Celine Dion and Peabo Bryson. On December 19, 2017, NBC announced that","title":"John Legend"},{"id":"18553295","text":"were mistakenly featured in the original theatrical release's credits, but was later corrected in home releases. When released in 1991, \"Beauty and the Beast\", marked a turning point for Walt Disney Pictures by appealing to millions of fans with its Oscar-winning musical score by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken. In Bill Condon's opinion, that original score was the key reason he agreed to direct a live-action version of the movie. \"That score had more to reveal\", he says, \"You look at the songs and there's not a clunker in the group. In fact, Frank Rich described it as","title":"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"18553291\",\n \"text\": \"were revealed to be in talks to play Gaston and the Beast respectively, and Watson confirmed their casting the following day through tweets. The rest of the principal cast, including Josh Gad, Emma Thompson, Kevin Kline, Audra McDonald, Ian McKellen, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Ewan McGregor and Stanley Tucci were announced between March and April to play LeFou, Mrs. Potts, Maurice, Madame de Garderobe, Cogsworth, Plumette, Lumière and Cadenza, respectively. Susan Egan, who originated the role of Belle on Broadway, commented on the casting of Watson as \\\"perfect\\\". Paige O'Hara, who voiced Belle in the original animated film and its sequels, offered\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553276\",\n \"text\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film) Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill Condon from a screenplay written by Stephen Chbosky and Evan Spiliotopoulos, and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films. The film is a live-action reimagining of Disney's 1991 animated film of the same name, itself an adaptation of Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont's 18th-century fairy tale. The film features an ensemble cast that includes Emma Watson and Dan Stevens as the eponymous characters with Luke Evans, Kevin Kline, Josh Gad, Ewan McGregor, Stanley Tucci, Audra McDonald, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Ian\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20071633\",\n \"text\": \"Evermore (Beauty and the Beast song) \\\"Evermore\\\" is a song written by composer Alan Menken and lyricist Tim Rice for the musical fantasy film \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (2017), a live-action remake of Disney's 1991 animated film of the same name. Originally recorded for the film by English actor Dan Stevens, who performs the song in his starring role as the titular Beast, \\\"Evermore\\\" was first released as a single by American singer Josh Groban on March 3, 2017. Stevens' version became available on March 10, 2017 when the film's soundtrack was released online, while Groban's cover is played during\",\n \"title\": \"Evermore (Beauty and the Beast song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8316034\",\n \"text\": \"beautiful young woman named Belle who he imprisons in his castle. All this must be done before the last petal falls from the enchanted rose on his twenty-first birthday. In all animated film appearances, the Beast is voiced by American actor Robby Benson. The 1991 animated film was adapted into a Broadway musical in 1994, with the role being originated by American actor Terrence Mann. Dan Stevens portrays the character in a 2017 live-action adaptation of the original 1991 film. Determining a suitable appearance for the Beast proved challenging. Although entirely fictional, supervising animator Glen Keane felt it essential for\",\n \"title\": \"Beast (Beauty and the Beast)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553277\",\n \"text\": \"McKellen, and Emma Thompson in supporting roles. Principal photography began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey, England on May 18, 2015, and ended on August 21. With an estimated budget of around $255 million, it is one of the most expensive films ever made. \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" premiered at Spencer House in London on February 23, 2017, and was released in the United States in standard, Disney Digital 3-D, RealD 3D, IMAX and IMAX 3D formats, along with Dolby Cinema on March 17, 2017. The film received generally favorable reviews, with many praising the performances and its faithfulness to the\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8316069\",\n \"text\": \"Beast in a live-action adaptation of the film, which was released on March 17, 2017. The Beast was portrayed with a “more traditional motion capture puppeteering for the body and the physical orientation\\\", where Stevens was \\\"in a forty-pound gray suit on stilts for much of the film\\\". The facial capture for the Beast was done separately order to \\\"communicate the subtleties of the human face\\\" and \\\"[capture the] thought that occurs to him\\\" which gets \\\"through [to] the eyes, which are the last human element in the Beast.” The live-action portrayal closely follows the animated version, but with some\",\n \"title\": \"Beast (Beauty and the Beast)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553301\",\n \"text\": \"in 3D on March 17, 2017. The first official presentation of the film took place at Disney's three-day D23 Expo in August 2015. The world premiere of \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" took place at Spencer House in London, England on February 23, 2017; and the film later premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood, California, on March 2, 2017. The stream was broadcast onto YouTube. A sing along version of the film released in over 1,200 US theaters nationwide on April 7, 2017. The United Kingdom received the same version on April 21, 2017. The film was re-released in\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19955601\",\n \"text\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack) Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the 2017 film \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\". The album, largely based on material from Disney's 1991 animated version, features songs and instrumental score composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Howard Ashman and three new songs composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Tim Rice. The soundtrack album was released by Walt Disney Records on March 10, 2017. The songs feature vocal performances by the film's ensemble cast including Emma Watson, Dan Stevens, Luke Evans, Kevin Kline, Josh Gad, Ewan McGregor,\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20084381\",\n \"text\": \"Days in the Sun \\\"Days in the Sun\\\" is a song written by composer Alan Menken and lyricist Tim Rice for the musical fantasy film \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (2017), a live-action adaptation of Disney's 1991 animated film of the same name. Rice and Menken developed the concept in 2007 during the first discussions about a remake. Performed by Adam Mitchell, Stanley Tucci, Ewan McGregor, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Ian McKellen, Emma Thompson, Emma Watson, Audra McDonald, and Clive Rowe, \\\"Days in the Sun\\\" is one of four songs added to the 2017 film. It was released on March 10, 2017, as\",\n \"title\": \"Days in the Sun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553294\",\n \"text\": \"due to confusion among test audiences caused by actress Harriet Jones, who looked similar to Hattie Morahan, who portrayed Agathe. In the original version of the scene, it was Jones's character, the Prince's mother, who sings the first verse of the song, with Rudi Goodman playing the young Prince and Henry Garrett playing his father; but in the reshot version of the scene, the singing part is given to the Prince (now played by Adam Mitchell). The King was also recast to Tom Turner, although Harriet Jones was still the Queen, albeit with dark hair. Both Goodman and Garrett's names\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17628851\",\n \"text\": \"of Friendship\\\" is a live-action/animated direct-to-video installment of the film series. It was directed by Jimbo Mitchell, and released on August 17, 1999. It is set during the original film, and was released in part to help promote Disney Channel's television series, Sing Me a Story with Belle. On March 17, 2017, Disney released a live-action adaptation of the film, which was directed by Bill Condon. The movie stars Emma Watson as Belle, Dan Stevens as the Beast, Luke Evans as Gaston, Ewan McGregor as Lumière, Ian McKellen as Cogsworth, Emma Thompson as Mrs. Potts, Kevin Kline as Maurice, and\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (franchise)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553292\",\n \"text\": \"to help Watson with her singing lessons. According to \\\"The Hollywood Reporter\\\", Emma Watson was reportedly paid $3 million upfront, together with an agreement that her final take-home pay could rise as high as $15 million if the film generated gross box office income similar to \\\"Maleficent\\\"'s $759 million worldwide gross. Principal photography on the film began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey, England, on May 18, 2015. Filming with the principal actors concluded on August 21. Six days later, co-producer Jack Morrissey confirmed that the film had officially wrapped production. The Beast was portrayed with a \\\"more traditional motion capture\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553319\",\n \"text\": \"28, the film had earned over $500 million in ticket sales becoming the first film of 2017 (until it was later surpassed by \\\"The Last Jedi\\\"), the third female-fueled film (after \\\"The Force Awakens\\\" and \\\"Rogue One: A Star Wars Story\\\" followed by \\\"Wonder Woman\\\" and \\\"The Last Jedi\\\") and the eighth overall film in cinematic history to pass the mark. It has already become the biggest March release, dethroning \\\"The Hunger Games\\\" (2012), the biggest musical film (both animated and live-action), as well as the biggest film of 2017 (alongside \\\"The Last Jedi\\\"). Outside the US and Canada, the\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553278\",\n \"text\": \"original animated film, as well as elements from the Broadway musical, visual style, production values, and score, though it received criticism for some of the character designs and its excessive similarity to the original. The film grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide, becoming the highest-grossing live-action musical film, and making it the second-highest-grossing film of 2017, the tenth-highest-ever-grossing film in North America and the 14th-highest-grossing film of all time. The film received four nominations at the 23rd Critics' Choice Awards and two nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards. It also received Academy Award nominations for Best Production Design and\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1320544\",\n \"text\": \"She also appeared in an episode of \\\"The Vicar of Dibley\\\", in which she played Reverend Iris. In February 2016, Watson announced she was taking a year-long break from acting. She planned to spend the time on her \\\"personal development\\\" and her women's rights work. Watson played Belle in the 2017 live action Disney adaptation of \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" directed by Bill Condon, and starring opposite Dan Stevens as the Beast. The film earned over $1.2 billion at the box office and emerged as the second highest-grossing film of 2017, behind only \\\"\\\", and the 14th highest-grossing film of\",\n \"title\": \"Emma Watson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4755008\",\n \"text\": \"Choice Award for Best Dramatic Movie. Chbosky re-wrote Evan Spiliotopoulos's original script for the 2017 live action reboot of Disney's \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", directed by Bill Condon and starring Emma Watson as Belle. Chbosky and Watson developed a close relationship during the production of \\\"The Perks of Being a Wallflower.\\\" The adaptation was faithful to the original 1991 animated film \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", with all the original musical numbers included. The film was released on March 17, 2017. Chbosky directed the 2017 film \\\"Wonder\\\", co-written by Chbosky, Jack Thorne, and Steve Conrad and based on the 2012 novel\",\n \"title\": \"Stephen Chbosky\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8316068\",\n \"text\": \"of \\\"the Beast\\\" is actually another fairy tale character, Rumplestiltskin (played by Robert Carlyle), who gains possession of Belle as part of a deal to save Belle's kingdom from losing a war. Indian actor Vikram portrayed Beast for sequences in a dreamy song \\\"Ennodu Nee Irundhal\\\" in the 2015 Tamil language film \\\"\\\"I\\\"\\\" opposite Amy Jackson who portrayed Belle. The original prosthetic make-up for the characters were provided by Sean Foot (Shaun) and Davina Lamont and additional works were done by National Film Award winners—Christien Tinsley and Dominie Till. In March 2015, English actor Dan Stevens was cast as the\",\n \"title\": \"Beast (Beauty and the Beast)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553286\",\n \"text\": \"to the Beast, Agathe reveals herself as the enchantress and undoes the curse, repairing the crumbling castle, and reviving the Beast then turning him and his servants' human making the villagers' remember their loved ones. The Prince and Belle host a ball for the villagers, where they dance happily. In the initial theatrical release, Mitchell was miscredited as Rudi Goodman in the cast, but listed under his real name in the soundtrack credits Stephen Merchant also appeared in the film as Monsieur Toilette, a servant who was turned into a toilet. This character was cut from the film, but is\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18571033\",\n \"text\": \"the feature dancer in the music video for \\\"Wide Open\\\" by The Chemical Brothers and Beck. In August 2016, she appeared in the music video for Frank Ocean's song \\\"Nikes\\\". In 2016 Mizuno was in \\\"La La Land\\\", playing the role of Caitlin, one of the three roommates of Mia, played by Emma Stone. In 2017, Mizuno appeared in a small role as the debutante in Disney's live-action adaptation of \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", and in 2018, she acted in the Warner Bros. film \\\"Crazy Rich Asians\\\", opposite Constance Wu and Michelle Yeoh. Sonoya Mizuno Sonoya Mizuno (born 1 July\",\n \"title\": \"Sonoya Mizuno\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12330932\",\n \"text\": \"Jeremy Irons. In January 2015, Evans officially exited \\\"The Crow\\\" to pursue other projects. The same year, he was named one of \\\"GQ\\\"s 50 best dressed British men. In 2016, Evans appeared in the thriller film \\\"The Girl on the Train\\\", co-starring Emily Blunt. In 2017, he had the villainous role of Gaston in Disney's live action remake, \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", which co-stars Emma Watson; and also played the lead role, William Moulton Marston, the creator of Wonder Woman, in the film \\\"Professor Marston and the Wonder Women\\\". In 2018, Evans stars in TNT drama \\\"The Alienist\\\", as newspaper\",\n \"title\": \"Luke Evans (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553307\",\n \"text\": \"shot of passing $1 billion worldwide from theatrical earnings. On April 12, it passed the $1 billion threshold, becoming the first film of 2017, the fourteenth Disney film, and the twenty-ninth film overall to pass the mark. It became the first film since \\\"Rogue One\\\" (also a Disney property) in December 2016 to make over a billion dollars, and did so on its 29th day of release. It is currently the second-highest-grossing film of 2017 (behind \\\"\\\"), the highest-grossing March release, the highest-grossing remake of all time, and the sixth-biggest Disney film. Even after inflation adjusted, it is still ahead\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12330926\",\n \"text\": \"Peter Jackson's three-part adaptation of J. R. R. Tolkien's \\\"The Hobbit\\\". Evans also portrayed the vampire Dracula in the character's film origin story, \\\"Dracula Untold\\\". In 2017, Evans starred as Gaston in Disney's live action adaptation of \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", and portrayed American psychologist William Moulton Marston, creator of fictional character Wonder Woman, in the biographical drama \\\"Professor Marston and the Wonder Women\\\". Evans was born on Easter Sunday, 15 April 1979, in Pontypool, and brought up in Aberbargoed, a small town in the Rhymney Valley, Wales, the only child of Yvonne and David Evans. He was raised as\",\n \"title\": \"Luke Evans (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20084394\",\n \"text\": \"as \\\"uninspired and hard to recall after the fact\\\". Days in the Sun \\\"Days in the Sun\\\" is a song written by composer Alan Menken and lyricist Tim Rice for the musical fantasy film \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (2017), a live-action adaptation of Disney's 1991 animated film of the same name. Rice and Menken developed the concept in 2007 during the first discussions about a remake. Performed by Adam Mitchell, Stanley Tucci, Ewan McGregor, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Ian McKellen, Emma Thompson, Emma Watson, Audra McDonald, and Clive Rowe, \\\"Days in the Sun\\\" is one of four songs added to the 2017\",\n \"title\": \"Days in the Sun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7125781\",\n \"text\": \"Dan Stevens Daniel Jonathan Stevens (born 10 October 1982) is an English actor. He first drew international attention for his role as Matthew Crawley in the ITV acclaimed period drama series \\\"Downton Abbey\\\" (2010–12). He also starred as David in the thriller film \\\"The Guest\\\" (2014), Sir Lancelot in the adventure film \\\"\\\" (2014), The Beast/Prince in Disney's live action adaptation of \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (2017), Lorin Willis in the biographical legal drama \\\"Marshall\\\" (2017), and Charles Dickens in the biographical drama \\\"The Man Who Invented Christmas\\\" (2017). Since 2017, he has starred as David Haller in the FX\",\n \"title\": \"Dan Stevens\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553333\",\n \"text\": \"effects, costume designs and the sets, while commending the inclusion of Gad's character of LeFou as the first LGBT character in Disney. Owen Gleiberman of \\\"Variety\\\", in his positive review of the film, wrote: \\\"It's a lovingly crafted movie, and in many ways a good one, but before that it's an enraptured piece of old-is-new nostalgia.\\\" Gleiberman compared Steven's character of the Beast to a royal version of the titular character in \\\"The Elephant Man\\\" and the 1946 version of the Beast in Jean Cocteau's original adaptation. A. O. Scott of \\\"The New York Times\\\" praised the performances of both\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553290\",\n \"text\": \"we just couldn't get it to click and it was Alan Horn who championed the idea of owning the Disney of it all. We realized there was a competitive advantage in the songs. What is wrong with making adults feel like kids again?\\\" In January 2015, Emma Watson announced that she would be starring as Belle, the female lead. She was the first choice of Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn, as he had previously overseen Warner Bros. which released the eight \\\"Harry Potter\\\" films that co-starred Watson as Hermione Granger. Two months later, Luke Evans and Dan Stevens\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19955602\",\n \"text\": \"Stanley Tucci, Audra McDonald, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Nathan Mack, Ian McKellen, and Emma Thompson. The album debuted at No. 3 on the Billboard 200 chart with 57,000 units, 48,000 of which are traditional album sales. It has sold 337,000 copies in the United States as of July 2017. Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack) Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the 2017 film \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\". The album, largely based on material from Disney's 1991 animated version, features songs and instrumental score composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Howard Ashman and three\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20071673\",\n \"text\": \"ounces of shame.\\\" 34th Street Magazine contributor Haley Weiss preferred Groban's version to Stevens' original, calling it \\\"breathtaking and downright lovely to listen to\\\" while dismissing the film version as \\\"downright mediocre in comparison.\\\" Weiss questioned why Disney hadn't cast Groban as the Beast instead of Stevens due to the former's acting and musical theatre background. Evermore (Beauty and the Beast song) \\\"Evermore\\\" is a song written by composer Alan Menken and lyricist Tim Rice for the musical fantasy film \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (2017), a live-action remake of Disney's 1991 animated film of the same name. Originally recorded for\",\n \"title\": \"Evermore (Beauty and the Beast song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553297\",\n \"text\": \"film as a \\\"straight-forward, live-action, large-budget movie musical\\\". Menken returned to score the film's music, which features songs from the original film by him and Howard Ashman, plus new material written by Menken and Tim Rice. Menken said the film would not include songs that were written for the Broadway musical and instead, created four new songs. However, an instrumental version of the song \\\"Home\\\", which was written for the musical, is used during the scene where Belle first enters her room in the castle. On January 19, 2017, it was confirmed by both Disney and Céline Dion—singer of the\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553279\",\n \"text\": \"Best Costume Design at the 90th Academy Awards. A beautiful enchantress disguised as an old beggar woman arrives at a French castle during a ball and offers the host, a cruel and selfish prince, a rose in return for shelter from a storm. When he refuses, she reveals her identity. To punish the prince for his lack of compassion, the enchantress transforms him into a beast and his servants into household objects, then erases the castle, the prince and his servants from the memories of their loved ones (in the small town of Villeneuve nearby). She casts a spell on\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553336\",\n \"text\": \"satisfied.\\\" In her A- review, Nancy Churnin of \\\"The Dallas Morning News\\\" praised the film's emotional and thematic depth, remarking: \\\"There's an emotional authenticity in director Bill Condon's live-action Beauty and the Beast film that helps you rediscover Disney's beloved 1991 animated film and 1994 stage show in fresh, stirring ways.\\\" James Berardinelli of ReelViews described the 2017 version as \\\"enthralling\\\". Brian Truitt of \\\"USA Today\\\" commended the performances of Evans, Gad, McGregor and Thompson alongside Condon's affinity with musicals, the production design, visual effects featured in some of the song numbers including new songs made by the composers Alan\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553331\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Rogue One: A Star Wars Story\\\"). \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" received generally positive reviews, with praise for its ensemble cast, visuals, production values, musical score, songs, and faithfulness to the original film with a few elements of the Broadway musical version, while the designs of the Beast and the servants' household object forms received mixed reviews. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 71% based on 336 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \\\"With an enchanting cast, beautifully crafted songs, and a painterly eye for detail, \\\"Beauty and the\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7426417\",\n \"text\": \"heroes in film ranking. The character also appears in the film's several sequels and spin-offs, as well as her own live-action television series. American actress Susan Egan originated the role of Belle in the Broadway musical adaptation of the film, for which she was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical. Emma Watson plays a live-action version of the character in a 2017 live action adaptation of the original 1991 film. After the success of Walt Disney Productions' first feature-length animated film \\\"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\\\" (1937), filmmaker Walt Disney himself made several attempts\",\n \"title\": \"Belle (Beauty and the Beast)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6915977\",\n \"text\": \"and Bryson duetted at the JT Super Producers 94 tribute concert to David Foster, and as part of Dion's 1994-95 The Colour of My Love Tour, though they have also often sung with different duet partners. Dion has sung with Tommy Körberg, Brian McKnight, Terry Bradford, Maurice Davis, Barnev Valsaint, and René Froger among others; Peabo has sung with Coko and Regine Velasquez. Ariana Grande and John Legend covered \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" for the 2017 live-action adaption of the same name. The accompanying music video, directed by Dave Meyers premiered on Freeform on March 5, 2017. In March 2017,\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9446008\",\n \"text\": \"Hattie Morahan Harriet Jane ″Hattie″ Morahan (born 7 October 1978) is an English television, film, and stage actress. Her roles include Alice in \\\"The Bletchley Circle\\\", Gale Benson in \\\"The Bank Job\\\" (2008), Ann in \\\"Mr. Holmes\\\" (2015), Rose Coyne in \\\"My Mother and Other Strangers\\\" (2016), and Agathe/The Enchantress in \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (2017). Morahan was born at Lambeth, London, England. She is the younger daughter of television and film director Christopher Morahan and actress Anna Carteret. Her older sister Rebecca is a theatre director, and her half-brother Andy is a music video and film director. As a\",\n \"title\": \"Hattie Morahan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553287\",\n \"text\": \"featured in the deleted scenes. Previously, Disney had begun work on a film adaptation of the 1994 Broadway musical. However, in a 2011 interview, composer Alan Menken stated the planned film version of the \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" stage musical \\\"was canned\\\". By April 2014, Walt Disney Pictures had already begun developing a new live-action version of \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" after making other live-action fantasy films such as \\\"Alice in Wonderland\\\", \\\"Maleficent\\\", \\\"Cinderella\\\" and \\\"The Jungle Book\\\". In June 2014, Bill Condon was signed to direct the film from a script by Evan Spiliotopoulos. Later in September of that\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553299\",\n \"text\": \"couldn't say yes right away, because I felt like I was kind of cheating in a way\\\". She eventually felt compelled to record the song because of the impact \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" has had on her career. According to Dion, \\\"I was at the beginning of my career, it put me on the map, it put me where I am today\\\". Also, Josh Groban was announced to be performing the new original song \\\"Evermore\\\" on January 26, 2017. The 2017 film features a remake of the 1991 original song recorded as a duet by Ariana Grande and John Legend.\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"201239\",\n \"text\": \"appeared as Norman to Anthony Hopkins' Sir in a BBC Two production of Ronald Harwood's \\\"The Dresser\\\", alongside Edward Fox and Emily Watson. In 2017, McKellen voiced Cogsworth, the Beast's loyal majordomo, who was turned into a pendulum clock, in a live-action adaptation of Disney's \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\". McKellen and his first partner, Brian Taylor, a history teacher from Bolton, began their relationship in 1964. Their relationship lasted for eight years, ending in 1972. They lived in London, where McKellen continued to pursue his career as an actor. For over a decade, he has lived in a five-storey Victorian\",\n \"title\": \"Ian McKellen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7426460\",\n \"text\": \"for the characters were provided by Sean Foot (Shaun) and Davina Lamont and additional works were done by National Film Award winners—Christien Tinsley and Dominie Till. In January 2015, Emma Watson announced that she would be portraying Belle in a live-action version of the film, which was released in 2017. \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" was the first of the Disney remakes in which an A-list actress portrays a Disney princess. As a feminist and model, Watson suggested several changes to the character in the live-action film. For costume design Watson rejected the traditional \\\"big princess dress\\\" and corset for the\",\n \"title\": \"Belle (Beauty and the Beast)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4410972\",\n \"text\": \"the box office and closed after just seven weeks. In 2015, Condon directed \\\"Mr. Holmes\\\" starring Ian McKellen. Condon noted its similarity to \\\"Gods and Monsters\\\", not only because of its lead actor but because \\\"Both movies are about aging and mortality. You have a celebrated man facing the decline of his public image.\\\" Condon directed the 2017 live action film adaptation of the animated 1991 film \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\". A few weeks before the film's scheduled release on March 17, 2017, Condon announced that one character, LeFou, has \\\"a nice, exclusively gay moment\\\", which resulted in an \\\"internet\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Condon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7125792\",\n \"text\": \"Eden (born 2016), and a son, Aubrey (born 2012). Actress Rebecca Hall is godmother to his daughter Willow. Stevens endorsed Senator Bernie Sanders for President in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Dan Stevens Daniel Jonathan Stevens (born 10 October 1982) is an English actor. He first drew international attention for his role as Matthew Crawley in the ITV acclaimed period drama series \\\"Downton Abbey\\\" (2010–12). He also starred as David in the thriller film \\\"The Guest\\\" (2014), Sir Lancelot in the adventure film \\\"\\\" (2014), The Beast/Prince in Disney's live action adaptation of \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (2017), Lorin Willis\",\n \"title\": \"Dan Stevens\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553309\",\n \"text\": \"the time the film's release was 10 days away, analysts raised projections to as high as $150 million. It earned $16.3 million from Thursday previews night, marking the biggest of 2017 (breaking \\\"Logan\\\"'s record), the biggest ever for a Disney live-action film (breaking \\\"Maleficent\\\"'s record), the second-biggest ever for both a G- or PG-rated film (behind the sixth \\\"Harry Potter\\\" film \\\"Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\\\" which also starred Watson), and the third-biggest ever in the month of March (behind \\\"\\\" and \\\"The Hunger Games\\\"). An estimated 41% of the gross came from IMAX, 3D and premium large format\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4159114\",\n \"text\": \"at Emerson's Bar and Grill\\\" for HBO in which McDonald portrayed jazz legend Billie Holiday. She won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Class Program in 2015 for her work hosting the program \\\"Live from Lincoln Center\\\". On film she is best known for her portrayals of Maureen in \\\"Ricki and the Flash\\\" (2015) opposite Meryl Streep and Madame de Garderobe in the 2017 film version of Disney's \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\". She has been nominated five times for the NAACP Image Awards for her work in television and film. McDonald was born in West Berlin, Germany, the daughter\",\n \"title\": \"Audra McDonald\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553293\",\n \"text\": \"puppeteering for the body and the physical orientation\\\", where actor Dan Stevens was \\\"in a forty-pound gray suit on stilts for much of the film\\\". The facial capture for the Beast was done separately in order to \\\"communicate the subtleties of the human face\\\" and \\\"[capture the] thought that occurs to him\\\" which gets \\\"through [to] the eyes, which are the last human element in the Beast.\\\" The castle servants who are transformed into household objects were created with CGI animation. Before the release of the film, Bill Condon refilmed one certain sequence in the \\\"Days of the Sun\\\" number,\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553317\",\n \"text\": \"is the third-smallest drop for any film opening above $125 million (behind \\\"Finding Dory\\\" and \\\"The Force Awakens\\\"). The hold was notable considering how the film was able to fend off three new wide releases: \\\"Power Rangers\\\", \\\"Life\\\", and \\\"CHiPs\\\". As a result, it passed the $300 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 the pass said mark. The film grossed $45.4 million in its third weekend, finally being overtaken for the top spot by newcomer \\\"The Boss Baby\\\" ($50.2 million). On April 4, 2017, its nineteenth day of release, it passed the $400 million threshold becoming the first\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553300\",\n \"text\": \"Grande and Legend's updated version of the title song is faithful to the original, Grammy-winning duet, performed by Céline Dion and Peabo Bryson for the 1991 Disney film. Disney debuted the music video for Ariana Grande and John Legend's interpretation of the title song on Freeform television network on March 5, 2017, and it has since been viewed over 100 million views on the Vevo video-hosting service. Emma Thompson also performed a rendition of the title song, which was performed by Angela Lansbury in the original 1991 animated film. On March 16, 2015, Disney announced the film would be released\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553347\",\n \"text\": \"from cinemas by National Cinema Company which owns most of the cinemas in the country. A board member of the company stated that the Ministry of Information's censorship department had requested it to stop its screening and edit it for things deemed offensive by it. The film also received criticism over its portrayal of LeFou, as many felt that it relied on stereotypes and was used as a way of teasing LGBT+ viewers without providing adequate representation. LeFou's status as a sidekick to the main villain brought about criticism over Disney's queercoding of villains in the past, and his infatuation\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553315\",\n \"text\": \"from audiences, good reviews from critics, effective marketing which sold the title not just as a family film but also as a romantic drama, the cast's star power (especially Emma Watson), lack of competition, being the first family film since \\\"The Lego Batman Movie\\\" a month earlier, nostalgia, and the success and ubiquity of the first film and Disney's brand. On Monday, its fourth day of release, the film fell precipitously by 72% earning $13.5 million. The steep fall was due to a limited marketplace where only 11% K-12 and 15% colleges were off per ComScore. Nevertheless, it is the\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6915925\",\n \"text\": \"was present in the recording studio at the time to tears. Meanwhile, the actress credits recording the song with ultimately helping her gain further perspective on Mrs. Potts' role in the film. Some of Ashman's cut lyrics from the 1991 film were reinstated for the version in the 2017 film. The scene in \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" during which the song is heard is the moment when Belle and the Beast's true feelings for each other are finally established. Set in the ballroom of the Beast's castle, \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" is performed by the character Mrs. Potts, an enchanted\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553351\",\n \"text\": \"not model healthy romantic relationships for young viewers. Constance Grady of Vox writes that Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont's \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" was a fairy tale originally written to prepare young girls in 18th-century France for arranged marriages, and that the power disparity is amplified in the Disney version. Anna Menta of \\\"Elite Daily\\\" argued that the Beast does not apologize to Belle for imprisoning, hurting, or manipulating her, and his treatment of Belle is not painted as wrong. Beauty and the Beast (2017 film) Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8316033\",\n \"text\": \"Beast (Beauty and the Beast) The Beast is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Animation Studios' 30th animated feature film \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (1991). He also appears in the film's two direct-to-video followups \\\"\\\" and \\\"Belle's Magical World\\\". Based on the hero of the French fairy tale by Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont, the Beast was created by screenwriter Linda Woolverton and animated by Glen Keane. A pampered prince transformed into a hideous beast as punishment for his cold-hearted and selfish ways, the Beast must, in order to return to his former self, earn the love of a\",\n \"title\": \"Beast (Beauty and the Beast)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18545310\",\n \"text\": \"series \\\"Reward\\\" (Bulgarian: Отплата) at Nova TV. In 2014, he played the leading role in Nikolay Iliev's movie \\\"Living Legends\\\" (Bulgarian: Живи Легенди). In 2016, he synchronized the leading role of the dog Max, in new Disney movie called \\\"The Secret Life of Pets\\\" (Bulgarian: Тайният живот на домашните любимци), on cinemas in August 2016. In 2017 Orlin Pavlov is going to synchronize the leading role as the Beast in new Disney movie \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (Bulgarian: Красавицата и Звяра), in cinemas from 17 March. Orlin Pavlov Orlin Orlinov Pavlov (born April 23, 1979) (Bulgarian Cyrillic: Орлин Орлинов Павлов)\",\n \"title\": \"Orlin Pavlov\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20084386\",\n \"text\": \"did not feel it \\\"len[t] itself to the process\\\". A version of \\\"Evermore\\\" performed by Josh Groban was ultimately chosen as a single. Before the film's debut and the soundtrack's release, a series of nail polishes was released; a yellow nail polish was named after the song. \\\"Days in the Sun\\\" was released on March 10, 2017, as a track on the \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" soundtrack; it was made available as an audio CD and a digital download. It is performed by Adam Mitchell as the young Beast, Emma Watson as Belle, and Stanley Tucci, Ewan McGregor, Gugu Mbatha-Raw,\",\n \"title\": \"Days in the Sun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2599773\",\n \"text\": \"leading roles in Screen Gems horror-thriller film \\\"Patient Zero\\\", along with Matt Smith and Natalie Dormer. Tucci played the role of the composer Maestro Cadenza in the live-action remake of \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\". Tucci played the husband of Dame Fiona Maye, a British High Court judge, opposite Emma Thompson in \\\"The Children Act\\\", based on the novel by Ian McEwan (2017). Tucci's first wife, Kathryn \\\"Kate\\\" Tucci (b. 1962), died of breast cancer in 2009. She was a social worker and former wife of actor and stage manager Alexander R. Scott, the elder son of actors Colleen Dewhurst and\",\n \"title\": \"Stanley Tucci\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553343\",\n \"text\": \"the new songs were \\\"not transporting\\\". He felt the film needed more life and depth, but praised Watson's performance as the \\\"one of the film's stronger elements\\\". Dana Schwartz of \\\"The New York Observer\\\" felt that some of the characters, such as Gaston and the Beast, had been watered down from the 1991 film, and that the additional backstory elements failed to \\\"advance the plot or theme in any meaningful way\\\" while adding considerable bloat. Schwartz considered the singing of the cast to be adequate but felt that their voices should have been dubbed over, especially for the complex songs.\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12566281\",\n \"text\": \"and Julia Roberts in \\\"\\\", which was based on Tracy Letts's Pulitzer Prize-winning . McGregor starred in the action comedy film \\\"Mortdecai\\\" (2015), alongside Johnny Depp and Paul Bettany. Robbie Collin of \\\"The Daily Telegraph\\\" felt the film was \\\"psychotically unfunny\\\". He made his directorial debut with \\\"American Pastoral\\\" (2016), in which he also starred. In 2017, he reprised his role as Mark Renton in \\\"T2 Trainspotting\\\". McGregor played Lumiere in the live action adaptation of Disney's \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", directed by Bill Condon with an ensemble cast featuring Emma Watson in a leading role alongside Dan Stevens, Luke\",\n \"title\": \"Ewan McGregor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1208692\",\n \"text\": \"Tucci, and Gugu Mbatha-Raw joined the cast, as Cogsworth, Lumière, Cadenza, and Plumette, respectively. Composer Alan Menken returned to score the film's music, with new material written by Menken and Tim Rice. In June 2015, Menken said the film would not include the songs that were written for the Broadway musical. Filming began on May 18, 2015 in London, and production officially wrapped in August 2015. The film was released on March 17, 2017. \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" merchandise cover a wide variety of products, among them storybook versions of the film's story, a comic book based on the film\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8316067\",\n \"text\": \"the events that occurred between \\\"Kingdom Hearts\\\" and \\\"Kingdom Hearts II\\\", such as Belle and Beast attempting to resume their normal lives and Beast's first encounter with Xaldin. The Beast appears in the Broadway musical adaptation of Disney's \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", originally portrayed by Terrence Mann. Other actors who have taken on the role include Chuck Wagner (1997), James Barbour (1998), Jeff McCarthy (2004), and Steve Blanchard. The movie and others never made mention of his real name. A CD-ROM game said \\\"The Prince's name is Adam.\\\" In the 2011 ABC series \\\"Once Upon a Time\\\", the show's version\",\n \"title\": \"Beast (Beauty and the Beast)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8316073\",\n \"text\": \"the villagers. Beast (Beauty and the Beast) The Beast is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Animation Studios' 30th animated feature film \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (1991). He also appears in the film's two direct-to-video followups \\\"\\\" and \\\"Belle's Magical World\\\". Based on the hero of the French fairy tale by Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont, the Beast was created by screenwriter Linda Woolverton and animated by Glen Keane. A pampered prince transformed into a hideous beast as punishment for his cold-hearted and selfish ways, the Beast must, in order to return to his former self, earn the love\",\n \"title\": \"Beast (Beauty and the Beast)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553304\",\n \"text\": \"Golden Globe Awards. Disney released the final trailer on January 30, 2017. \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" was released on Blu-ray, DVD and Digital HD on June 6, 2017. The film debuted at No. 1 on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart, with all other titles in the top 20, collectively, selling only 40% as many units as \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\". The movie regained the top spot on the national home video sales charts during its third week of release. The movie became available on Netflix on September 19, 2017. \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" grossed $504 million in the\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3135248\",\n \"text\": \"Robby Benson Robin David Segal (born January 21, 1956), known by the stage name Robby Benson, is an American actor, voice actor, musician, singer, director, producer and educator. He is known as the voice of Beast in the Disney animated film \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" and its numerous sequels and spin-offs, and directed several episodes of the sitcom \\\"Friends\\\". Benson was born in Dallas, Texas, the son of Freda Ann (\\\"née\\\" Benson), a singer, actor, and business promotions manager, and Jerry Segal, a writer. His family is Jewish. Benson was raised in New York City and took his mother's maiden\",\n \"title\": \"Robby Benson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553308\",\n \"text\": \"of the $425 million gross ($760 million in 2017 dollars) of the original film. \\\"Deadline Hollywood\\\" calculated the net profit of the film to be $414.7 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues, making it the second-most profitable release of 2017. In the United States and Canada, \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" topped Fandango's pre-sales and became the fastest-selling family film in the company's history, topping the studio's own animated film \\\"Finding Dory\\\" released the previous year. Early tracking had the film grossing around $100 million in its opening weekend, with some publications predicting it could reach $130 million. By\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553302\",\n \"text\": \"New York and Los Angeles for a one-week engagement starting December 1, 2017. The move was an awards push as awards season heats up. Disney spent around $140 million to market the film worldwide. Following an announcement on May 22, 2016, Disney premiered the first official teaser trailer on \\\"Good Morning America\\\" the next day. In its first 24 hours, the teaser trailer reached 91.8 million views, which was the largest number ever seen for a trailer in that amount of time. This record has since been broken by \\\"\\\", \\\"It\\\" and \\\"\\\". The first official teaser poster was released\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1208691\",\n \"text\": \"the Menken/Rice songs from the Broadway musical, with the intention of making the film as a \\\"straight-forward, live-action, large-budget movie musical\\\". In September 2014, it was announced that Stephen Chbosky (\\\"The Perks of Being a Wallflower\\\") would re-write the script. In January 2015, Emma Watson announced on her Facebook page that she would portray Belle in the new live action remake film. In March 2015, Dan Stevens, Luke Evans, Emma Thompson, Josh Gad, Audra McDonald, and Kevin Kline joined the film as the Beast, Gaston, Mrs. Potts, Lefou, Garderobe, and Maurice, respectively. The following month, Ian McKellen, Ewan McGregor, Stanley\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17897364\",\n \"text\": \"in the live-action adaptation of \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (2017). Ian McKellen, roles and awards Ian McKellen (born 25 May 1939) is an English stage and screen actor. He is the recipient of six Laurence Olivier Awards, a Tony Award, a Golden Globe Award, two Academy Award nominations, four BAFTA nominations and five Emmy Award nominations. McKellen's work spans genres ranging from Shakespearean and modern theatre to popular fantasy and science fiction. His notable film roles include Gandalf in \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" and \\\"The Hobbit\\\" trilogies, Magneto in the \\\"X-Men\\\" films, Sir Leigh Teabing in \\\"The Da Vinci\",\n \"title\": \"Ian McKellen, roles and awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12566271\",\n \"text\": \"Copperbottom in \\\"Robots\\\" (2005), Camerlengo Father Patrick McKenna in \\\"Angels and Demons\\\" (2009), \\\"the ghost\\\" in Roman Polanski's political thriller \\\"The Ghost Writer\\\" (2010), Dr. Alfred Jones in the romantic comedy-drama \\\"Salmon Fishing in the Yemen\\\" (2011), Lumière in a live-action adaptation of the musical romantic fantasy \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (2017), and the adult version of the titular character in the fantasy comedy-drama \\\"Christopher Robin\\\" (2018). In 2018, McGregor won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film for his performance as brothers in the third season of FX anthology series \\\"Fargo\\\", and received Golden\",\n \"title\": \"Ewan McGregor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553339\",\n \"text\": \"also praised the film for its emotional and psychological tone as well Steven's motion capture performance. Tim Robey of \\\"The Daily Telegraph\\\" gave the film four stars out of five and wrote that \\\"It dazzles on this chocolate box of a picture that feels almost greedy yet to make this film work, down to a sugar-rush finale to grasp the nettle and make an out-an-out, bells-and-whistles musical\\\" while he praised the performances of Watson, McKellen, Thompson, McGregor, Evans and Gad. Mark Hughes of \\\"Forbes\\\" also similarly praised the film which he wrote that \\\"it could revive the story in a\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11548195\",\n \"text\": \"that we all can do this,\\\" she said. In 2017, Greenwood worked on Disney's live action version of \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", directed by Bill Condon and released in March, and the biopic \\\"Darkest Hour\\\", directed by Joe Wright; receiving Oscar nominations for both. Sarah Greenwood Sarah Greenwood is a British production designer. She has been nominated six times for an Academy Award – in 2006 for \\\"Pride & Prejudice\\\", in 2008 for \\\"Atonement\\\", in 2010 for \\\"Sherlock Holmes\\\", in 2013 for \\\"Anna Karenina\\\" and in 2018 for both \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", and \\\"Darkest Hour\\\". In 2013, she was\",\n \"title\": \"Sarah Greenwood\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3135254\",\n \"text\": \"practices Transcendental Meditation. Robby Benson Robin David Segal (born January 21, 1956), known by the stage name Robby Benson, is an American actor, voice actor, musician, singer, director, producer and educator. He is known as the voice of Beast in the Disney animated film \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" and its numerous sequels and spin-offs, and directed several episodes of the sitcom \\\"Friends\\\". Benson was born in Dallas, Texas, the son of Freda Ann (\\\"née\\\" Benson), a singer, actor, and business promotions manager, and Jerry Segal, a writer. His family is Jewish. Benson was raised in New York City and took\",\n \"title\": \"Robby Benson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553340\",\n \"text\": \"faithful but entirely new and unique way elevating the material beyond expectations, establishing itself as a cinematic equal to the original\\\" and also complimented the importance of undertaking a renowned yet problematic masterpiece as well addressing changes in the elements of the story while acknowledging the film's effectiveness in resonating to the audiences. Stephen Whitty of the \\\"New York Daily News\\\" called it \\\"this year's best new old musical\\\" and \\\"the most magical thing of all\\\" while describing Watson's performance of Belle as \\\"breakthrough\\\". Several critics regarded the film as inferior to its 1991 animated predecessor. David Sims of \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553323\",\n \"text\": \"million), Russia ($6 million), and Spain ($5.8 million). In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the film recorded the biggest opening ever for a PG-rated film, the biggest Disney live-action opening of all time, the biggest March opening weekend, the biggest opening for a musical (ahead of 2012's \\\"Les Misérables\\\"), the number one opening of 2017 to date and the fifth-biggest-ever overall with £19.7 million ($24.5 million) from 639 theatres and almost twice that of \\\"The Jungle Book\\\" (£9.9 million). This included the second-biggest Saturday ever (£7.9 million), only behind \\\"\\\". It witnessed a decline in its second weekend, earning £12.33\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16247435\",\n \"text\": \"Stuart Gillard, Steven A. Adelson, Morris Claiborne, Mairzee Almas, Bradley Walsh, Fred Gerber, Kevin Fair, Mike Rohl, Gary Fleder, Paul Fox, P.J. Pesce, Paul A. Kaufman, Scott Peters, Jeff Renfroe, Michael Robison, Lee Rose, Rick Rosenthal, Bobby Roth, Norma Bailey, Grant Harvey, Allan Kroeker, Rich Newey, and Sudz Sutherland. Casting announcements began in February 2012, when Kristin Kreuk was first cast in the lead role of Catherine Chandler. Austin Basis was then cast in the role of J.T. Forbes, Vincent's best friend. Nina Lisandrello and Nicole Gale Anderson were then added to the cast, with Lisandrello landing the role of\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty & the Beast (2012 TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6915919\",\n \"text\": \"Beast\\\" also launched Dion's career and established her as a bankable recording artist. After \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" became the first Disney song to undergo a complete pop transformation, several contemporary artists were inspired to release their own radio-friendly renditions of Disney songs throughout the decade. Considered to be among Disney's best and most popular songs, \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" has since been covered by numerous artists. In 2004, the American Film Institute officially recognized \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" as one of the greatest songs in film history, ranking it 62nd. The song is also featured in the 2017 live-action\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8316037\",\n \"text\": \"the arms and body of a bear, the eyebrows of a gorilla, the jaws, teeth, and mane of a lion, the tusks of a wild boar and the legs and tail of a wolf. He also bears resemblance to mythical monsters like the Minotaur or a werewolf. He also has blue eyes, the one physical feature that does not change whether he is a beast or a human. As opposed to his original counterpart, Disney gave him a more primal nature to his personality and mannerisms, which truly exploited his character as an untamed animal (i.e. alternating between walking and\",\n \"title\": \"Beast (Beauty and the Beast)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553305\",\n \"text\": \"United States and Canada and $759.5 million in other countries for a worldwide gross of $1.263 billion. With a production budget of $254 million, it is the most expensive musical ever made. In just ten days, it became the highest-grossing live-action musical of all time, beating the nine-year-old record held by \\\"Mamma Mia!\\\". It is currently the second-biggest musical ever overall, behind Disney's \\\"Frozen\\\" (2013). Worldwide, the film proved to be a global phenomenon, earning a total of $357 million over its four-day opening weekend from 56 markets. Critics said the film was playing like superhero movies amongst women. It\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9024855\",\n \"text\": \"Mirror\\\", and played a major supporting role in \\\"Miss Sloane\\\", a drama about Washington lobbyists, starring Jessica Chastain. The film premiered at the AFI Film Festival in November. In 2017, Mbatha-Raw played Plumette in the live-action remake of \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\". In 2018, Mbatha-Raw starred in a number of science fiction feature productions, including \\\"A Wrinkle in Time\\\", directed by Ava DuVernay, and \\\"The Cloverfield Paradox\\\". The latter film made history that year, with a marketing campaign that saw the film's release onto the streaming platform Netflix, directly after it was advertised worldwide at the 2018 Super Bowl. Mbatha-Raw\",\n \"title\": \"Gugu Mbatha-Raw\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553341\",\n \"text\": \"Atlantic\\\" wrote that the 2017 film \\\"feels particularly egregious, in part, because it's so slavishly devoted to the original; every time it falls short of its predecessor (which is quite often), it's hard not to notice\\\". Michael Phillips of the \\\"Chicago Tribune\\\" said that the 2017 film \\\"takes our knowledge and our interest in the material for granted. It zips from one number to another, throwing a ton of frenetically edited eye candy at the screen, charmlessly.\\\" Phillips wrote that the film featured some \\\"less conspicuously talented\\\" performers who are \\\"stuck doing karaoke, or motion-capture work of middling quality\\\", though\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1478947\",\n \"text\": \"Best Picture nomination: \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" (1964), \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (1991), \\\"Up\\\" (2009), and \\\"Toy Story 3\\\" (2010). Walt Disney Pictures has produced four films that have grossed over $1 billion at the worldwide box office: \\\"\\\" (2006), \\\"Alice in Wonderland\\\" (2010), \\\"\\\" (2011), and \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (2017); and has released five animated films that have reached that milestone: \\\"Toy Story 3\\\" (2010), \\\"Frozen\\\" (2013), \\\"Zootopia\\\", \\\"Finding Dory\\\" (both 2016), and \\\"Incredibles 2\\\" (2018). —Includes theatrical reissue(s). Walt Disney Pictures Walt Disney Pictures, formally known as Buena Vista Pictures, is an American film studio and a subsidiary of\",\n \"title\": \"Walt Disney Pictures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19023171\",\n \"text\": \"intern. In 2014, Spiliotopoulos re-wrote the screenplay for the action-adventure fantasy film \\\"Hercules\\\", original written by Ryan J. Condal. Brett Ratner directed the film which released on July 25, 2014 by Paramount Pictures. Spiliotopoulos wrote the screenplay of action-adventure fantasy film \\\"\\\", along with Craig Mazin, and rewritten by Frank Darabont. Cedric Nicolas-Troyan directed the film, which was released on April 22, 2016 by Universal Pictures. Spiliotopoulos and Stephen Chbosky wrote Walt Disney Pictures' live action musical romantic fantasy film \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", which was directed by Bill Condon. The film was released on March 17, 2017. In the\",\n \"title\": \"Evan Spiliotopoulos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553330\",\n \"text\": \"United Kingdom and Ireland, ahead of all but one \\\"Harry Potter\\\" film (\\\"Deathly Hallows – Part 2\\\") and all three \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" movies (which also starred Ian McKellen). It is currently the eighth-biggest grosser with £70.1 million ($90 million), overtaking \\\"Mamma Mia!\\\" to become the biggest musical production ever there. The biggest international earning markets following the UK are Japan ($108 million), China ($85.8 million), Brazil ($41.5 million), Korea ($37.5 million), and Australia ($35 million). In Europe alone, the cumulative total is $267 million, which led it to become the second-highest-grossing film in the past year (behind\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553288\",\n \"text\": \"same year, Stephen Chbosky (who had previously directed Watson in \\\"The Perks of Being a Wallflower\\\") was hired to re-write the script. Before Condon was hired to direct the film, Disney approached him with a proposal to remake the film in a more radical way as Universal Studios had remade \\\"Snow White and the Huntsman\\\" (2012). Condon later explained that \\\"after \\\"Frozen\\\" opened, the studio saw that there was this big international audience for an old-school-musical approach. But initially, they said, 'We're interested in a musical to a degree, but only half full of songs.' My interest was taking that\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553334\",\n \"text\": \"Watson and Stevens, and wrote: \\\"It looks good, moves gracefully and leaves a clean and invigorating aftertaste. I almost didn't recognize the flavor: I think the name for it is joy.\\\" Likewise, \\\"The Washington Post\\\"s Ann Hornaday complimented Watson's performance, describing it as \\\"alert and solemn\\\" while noting her singing ability as \\\"serviceable enough to get the job done\\\". Richard Roeper of \\\"Chicago Sun-Times\\\" awarded the film three and a half stars, lauded the performances of Watson and Thompson which he drew a comparison to Paige O'Hara's and Angela Lansbury's performances in the 1991 animated version while appreciating the performances\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18896500\",\n \"text\": \"film's budget since he felt high-quality musicals could not be made cheaply. Initially, Miles Teller and Emma Watson were slated to star in the leads. Watson dropped out because of a commitment to the 2017 musical adaptation of \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", while Teller departed via long contract negotiations. Conversely, Gosling turned down a role as the Beast in \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" in favor of \\\"La La Land\\\". Chazelle decided to make his characters somewhat older, with experience in struggling to make their dreams, rather than younger newcomers just arriving in Los Angeles. Emma Stone plays Mia, a struggling\",\n \"title\": \"La La Land (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553332\",\n \"text\": \"Beast\\\" offers a faithful yet fresh retelling that honors its beloved source material.\\\" On Metacritic, the film has a score of 65 out of 100, based on 47 critics, indicating \\\"generally favorable reviews\\\". In CinemaScore polls, audiences gave the film an average grade of \\\"A\\\" on an A+ to F scale. Leslie Felperin of \\\"The Hollywood Reporter\\\" wrote: \\\"It's a Michelin-triple-starred master class in patisserie skills that transforms the cinematic equivalent of a sugar rush into a kind of crystal-meth-like narcotic high that lasts about two hours.\\\" Felperin also praised the performances of Watson and Kline as well the special\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553310\",\n \"text\": \"screenings which began at 6 pm, while the rest—59%—came from regular 2D shows which began at 7 pm. The numbers were considered more impressive given that the film played during a school week. On its opening day, the film made $63.8 million from 4,210 theaters across 9,200 screens, marking the third biggest in the month of March, trailing behind \\\"Batman v Superman\\\" ($81.5 million) and \\\"The Hunger Games\\\" ($67 million). It was also the biggest opening day ever for a film that wasn't PG-13, displacing the $58 million opening Wednesday of \\\"Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\\\". Its opening day\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20086070\",\n \"text\": \"Nathan Mack Nathan Mack (born 15 April 2007) is a British child actor who is known for portraying Tyler in 2014's \\\"Babylon\\\" and Chip Potts in the 2017 live-action adaptation of \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\". He attends Stagecoach Performing Arts School for children, which also helped him land the role. Nathan Mack was born on April 15, 2007 in England. He attends Stagecoach Performing Arts School for children where he has been a student since he was seven. For the role of Chip his teachers put him forward for the audition. Nathan states that although it was nerve-wracking, it was\",\n \"title\": \"Nathan Mack\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553337\",\n \"text\": \"Menken and Tim Rice, particularly \\\"Evermore\\\" which he described the new song with a potential for an Academy Award for Best Original Song. Peter Travers of \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" rated the film three out of four stars which he deemed it as an \\\"exhilarating gift\\\" while he remarked that \\\"\\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" does justice to Disney's animated classic, even if some of the magic is M.I.A (Missing in Action)\\\". Stephanie Zacharek of \\\"Time\\\" magazine gave a positive review with a description as \\\"Wild, Vivid and Crazy-Beautiful\\\" as she wrote \\\"Nearly everything about \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" is larger than life,\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20010995\",\n \"text\": \"in category Original Song - Sci-Fi, Fantasy, Horror Film. It was also nominated in the Original Song — Animated Film category. How Does a Moment Last Forever \\\"How Does a Moment Last Forever\\\" is a song written by lyricist Tim Rice and composer Alan Menken for the Disney live action film \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\" (2017), a remake of the animated musical of the same name. This Broadway-inspired ballad is performed in the movie by American actor Kevin Kline in his role as Maurice. It describes the relationship between his character and that of his wife, Belle's deceased mother. Later\",\n \"title\": \"How Does a Moment Last Forever\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7125788\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Guest\\\", winning critical acclaim for his portrayal of a recently discharged army veteran who goes on a killing spree to protect his true identity. He earned a Saturn Award for Best Actor nomination for his performance. Also in 2014, he appeared in the magic realism comedy-drama film \\\"The Cobbler\\\", and in the dark action film \\\"A Walk Among the Tombstones\\\". He played a simulacrum of Sir Lancelot in the 2014 comedy film \\\"\\\". Stevens played the Beast, opposite Emma Watson as Belle, in Disney's live action remake adaptation of \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\". The film was released in March\",\n \"title\": \"Dan Stevens\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10558127\",\n \"text\": \"in Lars Von Trier's controversial \\\"Manderlay\\\". He appeared in the 2017 live-action remake of Beauty and the Beast as Cuisinier – the castle's head chef who has been transformed into a stove. While a student at the Guildhall School, played Wally Watkins in a production of \\\"Lady Be Good\\\", which caused the Opera critic to note \\\"one of two potential stars in the cast\\\" who \\\"sang the title song most winningly and rattled off the acres of daffy dialogue with the aplomb and timing of a Durante\\\". In 1992, Rowe was nominated for an Olivier Award for his performance as\",\n \"title\": \"Clive Rowe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16247433\",\n \"text\": \"on June 2, 2016, before concluding on September 15, 2016. Sherri Cooper-Landsman, Jennifer Levin, Ron Koslow, Gary Fleder, Paul Junger Witt, Frank Siracusa, Tony Thomas, John Weber, Bill Haber, C. Anthony Thomas and current showruner Brad Kern have served as executive producers. Roger Grant, Kevin Lafferty, Thom J. Pretak, Mairzee Almas and Michael J. Maschio serve as producers. Other producers on the show include Stuart Gillard, John A. Norris, Holly Henderson, Don Whitehead, Courtney Kemp Agboh, and Eric Tuchman as co-executive producers; Bill Goddard, Blair Singer, and Melissa Glenn as co-producers; Sean Sforza, Julie Lawrence, Kyle MacDonald, and Larry Goldstein\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty & the Beast (2012 TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553313\",\n \"text\": \"biggest outside of summer, save for \\\"\\\", not accounting for inflation. It became the forty-third film to debut with over $100 million and the fifteenth film to open above $150 million. Its three-day opening alone surpassed the entire original North American run of the first film ($146 million; before the 3D re-release), instantly becoming the second-biggest film of the year, behind \\\"Logan\\\" ($184 million), and also the second-highest-grossing musical, behind \\\"Grease\\\"'s $188 million cumulative gross in 1978. Seventy percent of the total ticket sales came from 2D showings signifying that people who don't go to theaters frequently came out in\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553296\",\n \"text\": \"the best Broadway musical of 1991. The animated version was already darker and more modern than the previous Disney fairytales. Take that vision, put it into a new medium, make it a radical reinvention, something not just for the stage because it's not just being literal, now other elements come into play. It's not just having real actors do it\\\". Condon initially prepared on only drawing inspiration from the original film, but he also planned to include most of the songs composed by Alan Menken, Howard Ashman and Tim Rice from the Broadway musical, with the intention of making the\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553280\",\n \"text\": \"the rose and warns the prince that the curse will only be broken if he learns to love another, and earn their love in return, before the last petal falls. Some years later, at Villeneuve, Belle, the book-loving daughter of a music box maker and artist, Maurice, dreams of adventure and brushes off advances from Gaston, an arrogant former soldier. On his way to a convention and lost in the forest, Maurice seeks refuge in the Beast's castle warming himself near the fire then being scared away by Chip after having some food, but the Beast imprisons him for stealing\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11174675\",\n \"text\": \"he easily overpowers Gaston and intends to kill him. However, when Gaston begs for his life, the Beast decides to be the better man and have mercy, and climbs back up to Belle. Ungrateful and unrepentant, Gaston stabs the Beast in the back when he sees him embracing Belle, but loses his balance when the Beast swings his arm backwards at him; consequently, Gaston falls to his death. Gaston appears in the 2017 remake as played by Welsh actor Luke Evans. During an interview with \\\"Empire\\\" magazine, Evans said that Gaston would retain his hunter background, yet would also be\",\n \"title\": \"Gaston (Beauty and the Beast)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553320\",\n \"text\": \"film began playing on Thursday, March 16, 2017. Through Sunday, March 19, it had a total international opening of $182.3 million from 55 markets, 44 of which were major territories, far exceeding initial estimations of $100 million and opened at No. 1 in virtually all markets except Vietnam, Turkey, and India. Its launch is the second-biggest for the month of March, behind \\\"Batman v Superman\\\" ($256.5 million). In IMAX, it recorded the biggest debut for a PG-rated title (although it carried varying certificate amongst different markets) with $8.5 million from 649 screens, the second-biggest for a PG title behind \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553342\",\n \"text\": \"he praised Kline's performance as the \\\"best, sweetest thing in the movie; he brings a sense of calm, droll authority\\\". Peter Bradshaw of \\\"The Guardian\\\" praised Watson's performance and wrote that the film was \\\"lit in that fascinatingly artificial honey-glow light, and it runs smoothly on rails—the kind of rails that bring in and out the stage sets for the lucrative Broadway touring version.\\\" In the same newspaper, Wendy Ide criticized the film as \\\"ornate to the point of desperation\\\" in its attempt to emulate the animated film. Chris Nashawaty of \\\"Entertainment Weekly\\\" gave the film a B-, writing that\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7239603\",\n \"text\": \"star Ariel Winter. In the 2014 film \\\"Maleficent\\\", Aurora is played by Elle Fanning. Lily James portrays Cinderella in the 2015 film of the same name. Emma Watson is seen as Belle in the 2017 film \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\". Naomi Scott is set to star as Jasmine in the 2019 film \\\"Aladdin\\\". Liu Yifei will appear as Mulan in the 2020 film of the same name. The Princesses, along with Anna, Elsa and Moana, all make guest appearances in the 2018 film \\\"Ralph Breaks the Internet\\\". This film marks the first direct interaction between the characters in an animated\",\n \"title\": \"Disney Princess\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4687394\",\n \"text\": \"guest vocals on Kelly Clarkson's song \\\"Run Run Run\\\" for her album \\\"Piece by Piece\\\". He also co-wrote and provided vocals for French DJ David Guetta's song \\\"Listen,\\\" as part of the album \\\"Listen\\\". Legend released his new album \\\"Darkness and Light\\\", with first single \\\"Love Me Now,\\\" on December 2, 2016 with songs featuring Chance the Rapper and Miguel. For the 2017 film \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", Legend and Ariana Grande performed a duet on the title track, a remake of the 1991 original version sung by Celine Dion and Peabo Bryson. On December 19, 2017, NBC announced that\",\n \"title\": \"John Legend\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18553295\",\n \"text\": \"were mistakenly featured in the original theatrical release's credits, but was later corrected in home releases. When released in 1991, \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", marked a turning point for Walt Disney Pictures by appealing to millions of fans with its Oscar-winning musical score by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken. In Bill Condon's opinion, that original score was the key reason he agreed to direct a live-action version of the movie. \\\"That score had more to reveal\\\", he says, \\\"You look at the songs and there's not a clunker in the group. In fact, Frank Rich described it as\",\n \"title\": \"Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)\"\n }\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who is playing the beast in beauty and the beast 2017"}}},{"rowIdx":8395,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Tali"],"string":"[\n \"Tali\"\n]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"17372311","text":"former CIA Agent Trent Kort, and Tony learns that he and Ziva have a daughter, who she named after her sister, Tali. These events drive Tony to leave NCIS to care for their daughter. Michael Weatherly was cast for the role of Anthony \"Tony\" DiNozzo in 2003 and appeared in every episode of the show's first 13 seasons. The character is portrayed as \"complex\": he is a former Baltimore homicide detective with a \"heroic spirit\" as well as a \"total dinosaur in terms of sexual politics\". In the second season finale, \"NCIS\" series regular Caitlin Todd was killed off after","title":"Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David"},{"id":"6018777","text":"popular actors on primetime television, according to Q Score. In January 2016, Weatherly and CBS confirmed that Season 13 would be DiNozzo's last as a series regular. DiNozzo leaves after finding out that he has a daughter with his former partner and Special Agent Ziva David, who died in a mortar attack on her home in Israel. He decides to leave NCIS in order to \"look for some answers\" and to care for their daughter. Michael Weatherly was cast for the role of Tony DiNozzo in 2003. Series creator Don Bellisario related the events that led to Weatherly being selected:","title":"Anthony DiNozzo"},{"id":"12898202","text":"Cote de Pablo María José de Pablo Fernández, known professionally as Cote de Pablo (born November 12, 1979), is a Chilean-American actress and singer. Born in Santiago, Chile, at the age of ten she moved to the United States, where she studied acting. De Pablo co-hosted episodes of the Latin-American talk show \"Control\" with former \"Entertainment Tonight\" host, Carlos Ponce, at the age of 15 before attending Carnegie Mellon University to study music and theatre. After appearing in a number of television roles, she was cast to portray main character Ziva David in the CBS television series \"NCIS\" in 2005","title":"Cote de Pablo"},{"id":"6577525","text":"Tony, and McGee, who brought her back to America. These events led to her resigning from Mossad, applying to become an NCIS agent, and being sworn in as a U.S. citizen. In the season 13 finale, \"Family First\", in 2016, it is discovered that she has a daughter, Tali, with Anthony DiNozzo. During a mortar attack arranged by former CIA agent Trent Kort, Ziva is apparently killed. In an interview with \"Deadline Hollywood\", executive producer and show runner Gary Glasberg commented on Ziva's fate; \"Tremendous thought was put into every element of what you saw last night ... down to","title":"Ziva David"},{"id":"17498683","text":"an assassin and being \"an extremely skilled interrogator, nearly impossible to break\". Initially rejected by most of the other characters, she is eventually accepted as a member of the NCIS team and as a surrogate daughter figure to team leader Gibbs (Mark Harmon). She also serves as a foil for Special Agent Tony DiNozzo, a former Baltimore homicide cop and \"wannabe playboy\" played by Michael Weatherly. Early on, producers began to toy with the idea of pairing them romantically but avoided going through with the relationship by dealing them a number of obstacles, namely difficult circumstances and other love interests.","title":"Ziva David captivity storyline"},{"id":"6018617","text":"years, he is scripted as more stoical, with Bellisario stating, \"I thought the best thing to do was to give him a minimum of dialogue.\" It was not until the third season that the backstory surrounding his first wife and daughter's murder was revealed. His relationships with his coworkers were developed, with him becoming something of a father figure to Special Agent Ziva David and Forensic Specialist Abby Sciuto. Mark Harmon's oldest son Sean has appeared on \"NCIS\" portraying a younger version of Gibbs in flashbacks. In the backstory, Gibbs was born on May 2, 1954, and was shown in","title":"Leroy Jethro Gibbs"},{"id":"3044561","text":"Roxana Zal Roxana Zal (born November 8, 1969, Malibu, California) is an American actress. Zal was born and raised in Malibu, California, the daughter of Maureen and Hossein Zal, an Iranian-born Los Angeles investor. Her first acting role was a guest spot on \"Hart to Hart\" at age 12. She has had several other guest roles since then, the most recent being in the show \"NCIS\". She won a Primetime Emmy Award for her role in the 1984 TV movie \"Something About Amelia\". She co-produced and starred in the 1998 independent film \"Broken Vessels\", and also played a main role","title":"Roxana Zal"},{"id":"2281896","text":"Sofia Coppola Sofia Carmina Coppola (; born May 14, 1971) is an American screenwriter, director, producer, and former actress. She is the daughter of director, producer, and screenwriter Francis Ford Coppola, and made her film debut as an infant in her father's acclaimed crime drama film, \"The Godfather\" (1972). She later appeared in a supporting role in \"Peggy Sue Got Married\" (1986) and portrayed Mary Corleone, the daughter of Michael Corleone, in \"\" (1990). The latter film earned her much derision and critical backlash, effectively ending her acting career. Coppola then turned her attention to filmmaking. She made her feature-length","title":"Sofia Coppola"},{"id":"9255943","text":"Pudding Theatricals in 2003, worked for Let's Go Travel Guides, and was credited as associate editor for the travel book \"Let's Go: Vietnam\". Thompson graduated in 2005 with a bachelor's degree in Performance Studies and Literature, focusing on French and Postcolonial works. After graduating Thompson landed her first role in the television show \"Brotherhood\" (2006) opposite Jason Isaacs. She then guest starred in several television shows before landing a recurring role on the CBS show \"NCIS\" (2006–2007) as Dr. Jeanne Benoit, the girlfriend of Tony DiNozzo (played by Michael Weatherly) and the daughter of Rene Benoit (played by Armand Assante).","title":"Scottie Thompson"},{"id":"3929040","text":"Melinda McGraw Melinda McGraw (born 1963) is an American actress. She has starred in movies such as \"Albino Alligator\" (1996), \"Wrongfully Accused\" (1998), and \"\" (2000), and is also known for her television performances on \"The Commish\", \"The X-Files\", \"NCIS\" and \"Mad Men\". McGraw was born in Nicosia, Cyprus, to American parents. The youngest of three daughters, she grew up in Cambridge and Dover in the Boston area. Her father served as a diplomat for the Agency of International Development before becoming an executive with a major hotel in Boston. She attended the Buckingham Browne & Nichols School in Cambridge","title":"Melinda McGraw"},{"id":"9672959","text":"Harmon) being severely injured in a ship bombing, his subsequent memory loss, and the team's struggle to find the perpetrator before another attack. The episodes also delve into Gibbs' past, culminating in the revelation of his wife and daughter's deaths 15 years prior. \"NCIS\" follows a team of government agents who work for the Naval Criminal Investigative Service. The main cast during the filming of the third season included Mark Harmon as team leader Leroy Jethro Gibbs, Michael Weatherly as Senior Agent Anthony \"Tony\" DiNozzo, Cote de Pablo as Mossad Liaison Officer Ziva David, Pauley Perrette as Forensic Specialist Abby","title":"Hiatus (NCIS)"},{"id":"2281946","text":"work rather than allowing them to have a real childhood. Sofia Coppola Sofia Carmina Coppola (; born May 14, 1971) is an American screenwriter, director, producer, and former actress. She is the daughter of director, producer, and screenwriter Francis Ford Coppola, and made her film debut as an infant in her father's acclaimed crime drama film, \"The Godfather\" (1972). She later appeared in a supporting role in \"Peggy Sue Got Married\" (1986) and portrayed Mary Corleone, the daughter of Michael Corleone, in \"\" (1990). The latter film earned her much derision and critical backlash, effectively ending her acting career. Coppola","title":"Sofia Coppola"},{"id":"8397800","text":"recurring role on \"NCIS\" as Leroy Jethro Gibbs' daughter Kelly. She also had a series regular role in the CW series \"Life Is Wild\" as Mia Weller, for 13 episodes. At the 2006 Best of Fest Awards at the KIDS FIRST! Film and Video Festival, Mouser received the Outstanding Performance Award for her voiceover work in \"\". More recently she was on \"Lie To Me\". Mouser also had a guest star role on \"Ghost Whisperer\" as the character Madison. Mouser starred in the ABC medical drama \"Body of Proof\" as Dana Delany's daughter, Lacey Fleming. Mouser played the roles of","title":"Mary Mouser"},{"id":"17372369","text":"to the United States and NCIS, Ziva instead chooses to stay in Israel, with Tony reluctantly returning to the United States although Tony manages to find Ziva's Star of David necklace in his jacket pocket. In the season 13 finale \"Family First,\" after learning of Ziva's death in the bombing of her Israel home caused by Trent Kort, the NCIS crew mourn her. Tony is then introduced to his almost two-year-old daughter, Tali. Conflicted, Tony asks Mossad Director Orli Elbaz about Ziva's motivations for not telling him about Tali. Orli tells him that she wanted to, especially as Tali grew","title":"Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David"},{"id":"13208281","text":"Acres also appeared on an episode of \"Monk\" in 2007, and single episodes of \"The Mentalist\" where she plays Patrick Jane's (Simon Baker) daughter and on the hit television show \"Hannah Montana\". Acres was nominated for Best Performance in a TV Series, Guest Starring Young Actress at the Young Artist Awards 2009 for her performance in \"The Mentalist\". She had a recurring role of Soleil Friedman in the second season of the Fox television series \"Touch\". Isabella Acres Isabella Acres (born February 21, 2001) is an American actress who played Rose on \"Better Off Ted\". Acres was born in Atlanta","title":"Isabella Acres"},{"id":"5148175","text":"Michael Nouri Michael Nouri (born December 9, 1945) is an American television and film actor. His father was born in Iraq. He may be best known for his role as Nick Hurley in the 1983 film \"Flashdance\". He has had recurring roles in numerous television series, including \"NCIS\" as Eli David, the father of Mossad officer (later Special Agent) Ziva David, \"The O.C.\" as Dr. Neil Roberts, and \"Damages\" as Phil Grey. He also appeared as Congressman Stewart with Queen Latifah in the 2006 comedy movie \"Last Holiday\" and LAPD Detective Thomas Beck in the science fiction action film \"The","title":"Michael Nouri"},{"id":"14075424","text":"Southern California in 2009. Bellisario made her acting debut in the 1988 film \"Last Rites\" at the age of three. From 1990 to 2007, she guest starred on such television series as \"Quantum Leap\", \"Tequila and Bonetti\", \"JAG\", \"First Monday\" and \"NCIS\", television series that were produced by her father Donald P. Bellisario. In \"NCIS\", she played Sarah McGee, sister of Special Agent Timothy McGee, played by her real-life stepbrother Sean Murray. In 1998, she co-starred with Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen in the film \"Billboard Dad\". Beginning in 2006, Bellisario began appearing in a number of independent short films namely,","title":"Troian Bellisario"},{"id":"17372370","text":"but that she feared he would not be pleased, to which Tony tells her \"Then she never knew me at all.\" Later in the episode, Tony finds a picture of him and Ziva in Paris, to which Tali points to each of them, saying \"Ima\" and \"Abba\" indicating that she knew who he was, her father. After killing Kort, Tony and Gibbs have a heart to heart, where DiNozzo informs him that he is moving on from NCIS, with his daughter, his family. Speaking of Ziva's fate, Glasberg stated \"Tremendous thought was put into every element of what you saw","title":"Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David"},{"id":"9672960","text":"Sciuto, Sean Murray as Special Agent Timothy McGee, David McCallum as NCIS Medical Examiner Donald \"Ducky\" Mallard, and Lauren Holly as NCIS Director Jenny Shepard. Gibbs was originally scripted as having been married and divorced three consecutive times. His backstory was later revised to include his \"first wife\" Shannon and daughter Kelly, both of whom were killed years prior. This is first implied early in the third season, and series creator Donald P. Bellisario continued to develop the idea until it came to a head in \"Hiatus\". Tony, McGee, and Ziva wait in a car as Gibbs contacts an undercover","title":"Hiatus (NCIS)"},{"id":"14611111","text":"McGee (Sean Murray), Ziva David (Cote de Pablo), Eleanor Bishop (Emily Wickersham), Alexandra Quinn (Jennifer Esposito), and Nicholas Torres (Wilmer Valderrama). Over the course of the series, they are further assisted by allies both foreign and domestic, including Dr. Donald Mallard (David McCallum), Dr. Jimmy Palmer (Brian Dietzen), forensic specialists Abby Sciuto (Pauley Perrette) and Kasie Hines (Diona Reasonover), British intelligence officer Clayton Reeves (Duane Henry), operational psychologist and senior special agent Dr. Jacqueline Sloane (Maria Bello), and successive NCIS Directors Jennifer Shepard (Lauren Holly) and Leon Vance (Rocky Carroll). Prior to the launch of the first season, advertisements on","title":"NCIS (TV series)"},{"id":"3044562","text":"of \"Tara Matthews\" in the 1999 film \"Primal Force\". Roxana Zal Roxana Zal (born November 8, 1969, Malibu, California) is an American actress. Zal was born and raised in Malibu, California, the daughter of Maureen and Hossein Zal, an Iranian-born Los Angeles investor. Her first acting role was a guest spot on \"Hart to Hart\" at age 12. She has had several other guest roles since then, the most recent being in the show \"NCIS\". She won a Primetime Emmy Award for her role in the 1984 TV movie \"Something About Amelia\". She co-produced and starred in the 1998 independent","title":"Roxana Zal"},{"id":"6577524","text":"season 10, Gabi Coccio recurrently portrayed a young Ziva in flashbacks. Ziva is introduced to the show as an Israeli citizen, an agent of the Kidon unit of the Mossad, a daughter of Mossad Director Eli David, and a friend of NCIS Director Jenny Shepard. She was assigned to NCIS as a liaison officer in an arrangement between Eli and Jenny, a position she held for four years until she returned to Mossad in the season 6 finale, \"Aliyah\". After being captured by terrorists in Somalia while on assignment for Mossad and presumed dead, she was eventually saved by Gibbs,","title":"Ziva David"},{"id":"14611118","text":"Meredith Eaton, Joe Spano, Diane Neal, and Leslie Hope have all guest-starred on \"NCIS: New Orleans\". \"NCIS\" airs on Network Ten and TV Hits (formerly TV1) in Australia, Global (syndicated on Showcase and Lifetime) in Canada, TV3 and The Box in New Zealand, Seriale+ (premieres), TVN (free-TV premieres), TVN7 (reruns), AXN (reruns) and TV Puls (reruns) in Poland, and Fox, CBS Action, Universal, Channel 5 and 5USA in the United Kingdom. The first 11 seasons of \"NCIS\" have been released in Regions 1, 2, and 4. In Germany (Region 2), seasons 1–4 and 5–8 were released in two separate sets","title":"NCIS (TV series)"},{"id":"6215019","text":"Wendy Makkena Wendy Rosenberg Makkena (born October 4, 1958) is an American actress. Born in Manhattan, she started her acting career in 1986 and appeared in the TV show \"Santa Barbara\". She later landed her first movie role in \"Eight Men Out\". She has made various guest or recurring roles on such television shows as \"Law & Order\", \"Monsters\", \"NYPD Blue\", \"House\", and \"NCIS\". In 1992 she had a supporting role in the movie \"Sister Act\" as the shy but talented singing nun Sister Mary Robert, a role she reprised in \"\" the following year. (In both films, singer Andrea","title":"Wendy Makkena"},{"id":"10520692","text":"career as a local theatre actress, before acting on television and independent films. She briefly modeled for two years. Russo is married to Michael Cassady and gave birth to their first child, a daughter, in June 2015. Deanna Russo Deanna Russo is an American actress. She is known for her starring roles on the 2008 NBC version of \"Knight Rider\" and the 2014 USA Network television series \"Satisfaction\". In 2003, she made her television debut in an episode of \"Charmed\", and later guest starred on \"\", \"\", \"How I Met Your Mother\", and \"NCIS\". In 2007, she had a recurring","title":"Deanna Russo"},{"id":"3929045","text":"arc was closed when she was murdered in the episode \"Check\". In 2013 she appeared in ABC series \"Scandal\". McGraw is married to composer/recording artist Steve Pierson, eight years her junior, and they have a daughter Lucy. They all belong to Pierson's band Jambo, which performs roots music for children. Melinda McGraw Melinda McGraw (born 1963) is an American actress. She has starred in movies such as \"Albino Alligator\" (1996), \"Wrongfully Accused\" (1998), and \"\" (2000), and is also known for her television performances on \"The Commish\", \"The X-Files\", \"NCIS\" and \"Mad Men\". McGraw was born in Nicosia, Cyprus, to","title":"Melinda McGraw"},{"id":"19887442","text":"Shalita Grant Shalita Grant (born August 28, 1988) is an American actress on \"\", portraying NCIS Agent Sonja Percy, and also on \"Mercy Street\", portraying Aurelia Johnson, a stoic \"contraband,\" or escaped slave. Grant was born in Petersburg, Virginia, and attended high school at the Baltimore School for the Arts in Maryland, where she was a YoungArts Winner in Theater and Presidential Scholar in the Arts. At 17, she received a scholarship to attend the Juilliard School. In 2010, she graduated from Juilliard with a B.F.A. in Drama. In August 2018, Grant married her wife Sabrina Skau. Grant was nominated","title":"Shalita Grant"},{"id":"18312539","text":"by Tobias Fornell, who was also married to Diane at one point and who was dealing with intense grief and depression following Diane's murder. It is revealed that Sergei and Ari Haswari are half brothers from Ari's mother, whereas Ari and Ziva David were half brother and sister from their father, Eli David. On March 13, 2014, CBS renewed \"NCIS\" for this season. On June 11, 2014, at the Cannes Film Festival, NCIS was awarded the honor of being the most-watched drama in the world, with 57.6 million viewers worldwide. Gary Glasberg, the executive producer of the show, said, \"As","title":"NCIS (season 12)"},{"id":"6577523","text":"Ziva David Ziva David (; Hebrew: זיוה דוד, , Ziva: \"Radiance\"; birth date November 12, 1982, Beersheba in the Negev desert of southern Israel) is a fictional character from the CBS television series \"NCIS\", portrayed by Chilean-born American actress Cote de Pablo. Ziva first appeared in the season 3 premiere episode, \"Kill Ari (Part 1)\", and became a regular cast member from the episode \"Silver War\". She replaced Caitlin \"Kate\" Todd (Sasha Alexander), who was killed at the hands of Ziva's half-brother, Ari Haswari (Rudolf Martin), in the season 2 finale. Following the onscreen death of the character's father in","title":"Ziva David"},{"id":"10601375","text":"cast in the 2013 horror film \"The Damned\" (originally titled \"Gallow's Hill\"), playing Jill, the daughter of Peter Facinelli's character. Nathalia Ramos Nathalia Norah Ramos Cohen (born July 3, 1992) is a Spanish actress, who also holds U.S. citizenship. Ramos is known for her portrayals of Yasmin in the 2007 film \"Bratz\", Jill in the 2013 film \"The Damned\", and lead character Nina Martin in the 2011 Nickelodeon television series \"House of Anubis\". Ramos was born in Madrid, Spain on July 3, 1992. Her mother is from Australia and her father is Juan Carlos Ramos Vaquero, usually known by his","title":"Nathalia Ramos"},{"id":"6577527","text":"society and culture, its positive portrayal of an Israeli, and its \"cheerleading for American ties to Israel\". The role has also made de Pablo the second most popular actress on U.S. primetime television, according to Q Score, and a 2013 study by E-Poll Market Research listed her among the top 10 most appealing celebrities in America. On July 10, 2013, CBS television studios announced that Cote de Pablo would be leaving \"NCIS\" during season eleven. De Pablo appeared in two episodes as a series regular, and was subsequently replaced by Special Agent Eleanor Bishop (Emily Wickersham). Sasha Alexander's character Kate","title":"Ziva David"},{"id":"3562915","text":"Jennifer Esposito Jennifer Esposito (born April 11, 1973) is an American actress and author. She is known for her roles in the feature films \"Crash\", \"Summer of Sam\", \"Don't Say a Word\", \"Taxi\"and \"Welcome to Collinwood\". Esposito has also appeared in several television series, most notably \"Spin City\", \"Related\", \"Samantha Who?\", \"Blue Bloods\", and \"Mistresses\". From 2016 to 2017, Esposito played Special Agent Alexandra Quinn on the CBS series \"NCIS\". Esposito was born on April 11, 1973, in New York City, into a working class household, the second of two daughters of Phyllis, an interior decorator, and Robert Esposito, a","title":"Jennifer Esposito"},{"id":"6036564","text":"that made it really brilliant, because she played Nina honestly. Really honestly. And then she was a villain. Genius. That was such a great one.\" On 5 April 2009, Thomason married lighting technician Craig Sykes in Malibu, California. Their daughter, Tallulah Anaïs, was born on 12 June 2013. Thomason is an avid supporter of Manchester City. Marsha Thomason Marsha Lisa Thomason (born 19 January 1976) is an English television and film actress who is best known for playing Nessa Holt in the first two seasons of the NBC series \"Las Vegas\", Naomi Dorrit on the ABC series \"Lost\", and FBI","title":"Marsha Thomason"},{"id":"17267410","text":"producers advertised the reported development of Ziva's relationship with Tony within the episode. Particularly, a scene in which the characters dance together while in Berlin was heavily promoted and received favorable commentary from reviewers. \"NCIS\" follows a team of government agents who work for the Naval Criminal Investigative Service. The main cast includes Mark Harmon as team leader Leroy Jethro Gibbs, Michael Weatherly as Senior Agent Anthony \"Tony\" DiNozzo, Cote de Pablo as Mossad Liaison Officer turned NCIS Agent Ziva David, Pauley Perrette as Forensic Specialist Abby Sciuto, Sean Murray as Special Agent Timothy McGee, David McCallum as Autopsy Technician","title":"Berlin (NCIS)"},{"id":"8114502","text":"Someone Blue\". According to Daphne their brother Billy would spy on Nigel in the shower. He was portrayed by Cameron Dye. Briefly appears in \"Something Borrowed, Someone Blue\". Briefly appears in \"Something Borrowed, Someone Blue\". Coincidentally Daphne names her and Niles's son David (though in memory of series producer David Angell ). Alice May Doyle (played by Ashley Thomas, 2002–2004) is the daughter of Roz Doyle. She first appears as a newborn in the fifth-season episode \"Life of the Party\", and by the end of the series has become a child of six. Her father, Rick Garrett, had only just","title":"Minor characters on Frasier"},{"id":"17288459","text":"always delivers the goods when she is portraying her characters dramatic side. She manages to slide smoothly between vengeful agent and emotionally shattered daughter which leaves me in awe of her acting skills.\" Michelle Calbert from BuddyTV included \"Shiva\" in her list of \"The 10 Best Ziva Episodes\" and said, \"In this episode, Ziva and the rest of the team have had a fairly long while to deal with the deaths of both her father and Vance's wife. All of them want justice for the man behind the murders, but it's Ziva who wants revenge. Even after being injured in","title":"Revenge (NCIS)"},{"id":"2213476","text":"Bridget Fonda Bridget Jane Fonda (born January 27, 1964) is a retired American actress. She is known for her roles in \"The Godfather Part III\" (1990), \"Single White Female\" (1992), \"Singles (1992 film)\" (1992), \"Point of No Return\" (1993), \"It Could Happen to You\" (1994), and \"Jackie Brown\" (1997). She is the daughter of Peter Fonda, niece of Jane Fonda and granddaughter of Henry Fonda. Fonda was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress for playing Mandy Rice-Davies in the 1989 film \"Scandal\" and provided the voice for Jenna in the 1995 animated feature film \"Balto\". She","title":"Bridget Fonda"},{"id":"14808272","text":"irregularities. She is divorced from Francis Coady and has one child. Jodie Fisher Jodie Lin Fisher (born July 17, 1969) is an American actress whose acting credits include \"NCIS: Los Angeles\", \"Star Trek\", and \"Little Big League\" as well as the reality TV series Age of Love. Jodie Fisher was born in Dallas, Texas, and is of Scandinavian and Irish ancestry. She graduated from Texas Tech University with a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science, Dean's List. Fisher has appeared as a lead actress in television and movie roles, including a 2011 episode of the television series \"\". After her","title":"Jodie Fisher"},{"id":"13139703","text":"Ruah and Olsen had a second child, daughter Sierra Esther Ruah Olsen, on September 4, 2016. Daniela Ruah Daniela Sofia Korn Ruah (born December 2, 1983) is a Portuguese-American actress best known for playing NCIS Special Agent Kensi Blye in the CBS police procedural series \"\". Ruah was born in Boston, U.S., to Jewish parents from Portugal, where her mother is an otologist and her father is an ENT surgeon. When Ruah was 5, the family moved back to Portugal, where she attended St Julian's School and, at 16, began acting in telenovelas. She won a Portuguese-television dance competition. Ruah","title":"Daniela Ruah"},{"id":"10158259","text":"Liza Lapira Liza Lapira (born December 3, 1981) is an American actress. She played Kianna in the 2008 film \"21\", Special Agent Michelle Lee in the CBS police procedural series \"NCIS\" and Ivy, Topher Brink's assistant in \"Dollhouse\". Lapira has also co-starred in the short-lived sitcoms \"Traffic Light\", \"Don't Trust the B---- in Apartment 23\", and \"Super Fun Night\". Liza Lapira was born in Queens, New York. She is of Filipino, Spanish, and Chinese ancestry. In New York, she acted on stage and in independent films. She moved to Los Angeles in 2004 to work in television. Lapira's New York","title":"Liza Lapira"},{"id":"6018614","text":"Torres and Jacqueline Sloane and previous staff Caitlin Todd (killed in the line of duty), Anthony DiNozzo (left to look after his newly found daughter), Ziva David (killed after leaving NCIS), Alexandra Quinn (left to look after her sick mother) and Clayton Reeves (killed defending Abby Sciuto). Leroy Jethro Gibbs was born in 1954 as confirmed in the episode \"Date with Destiny\", in which he visits Shannon's grave and the date is shown on the headstone. Series creator Donald P. Bellisario initially did not think Mark Harmon would fit the role of Gibbs, a \"flinty type with a strong sense","title":"Leroy Jethro Gibbs"},{"id":"17267421","text":"after the episode aired, Williams and Monreal stated: \"Berlin\" marked the first appearance of Eli David's killer, Ilan Bodnar, played by Oded Fehr, since the January episode \"Shiva\". Gabi Coccio reprised her role as young Ziva for flashbacks threaded throughout the episode, and Ben Morrison acted alongside her as young Eli. On March 25, 2013, the casting of Marina Sirtis as Orli Elbaz, the new director of Mossad, was announced. Sirtis, who formerly portrayed the main character Deanna Troi in the \"Star Trek\" enterprise, indicated that she enjoyed working with Mark Harmon and said that he welcomed her to the","title":"Berlin (NCIS)"},{"id":"8767520","text":"(1995-2003) to Andy Cadiff (2003–2010) and to William Newkirk (?) . She has a daughter with Cassidy, Juliet. Juliet Jones-Diol Cassidy was born on March 19, 1998 during Diol's marriage to Shaun Cassidy. Susan Diol Susan Vanita Diol is an American television actress who has played supporting roles in over forty series, including \"One Life to Live\", \"\", \"NCIS\", and \"\". Diol acted in children's theatre productions in Illinois before beginning her on-screen career. She graduated from Otterbein College in Westerville, Ohio. In 1990, Diol appeared in two episodes of the TV series \"Night Court\", playing Dan Fielding's (\"John Larroquette\")","title":"Susan Diol"},{"id":"12898206","text":"on the Fox Network). The show was short-lived, screening only 10 one-hour episodes. In 2005, De Pablo was about to make her Broadway debut in \"The Mambo Kings\" as Dolores Fuentes, but the show closed after a short trial run in San Francisco. Cote de Pablo is primarily known for her portrayal of Ziva David, an Israeli Mossad officer turned NCIS agent, in the police procedural drama \"NCIS\". She had sent in a videotape audition while waiting for \"The Mambo Kings\" to move forward and was asked to fly to Los Angeles for a screen test two days after it","title":"Cote de Pablo"},{"id":"12296094","text":"Rosie Day Rosie-Jane Day (born 6 March 1995) is an English actress. She is known for playing Mary Hawkins in the Golden Globe nominated Starz and Sony Pictures TV series \"Outlander\" and Sarah Jessica Parker's daughter in the comedy road film \"All Roads Lead to Rome\", which she co-starred in. She also stars as Tina Pemberton in Sky One's \"Living the Dream\" alongside Phillip Glenister and Lesley Sharp and the 2018 Summit Entertainment feature \"Down a Dark Hall\" alongside Uma Thurman. Her first film was playing Angel in Paul Hyett's feature film \"The Seasoning House\" for which she received positive","title":"Rosie Day"},{"id":"17267426","text":"little girl in Ziva\" is shown and as Tony takes charge of the situation while they are dancing. De Pablo said that she found this reversal in their interactions to be an interesting change. Producers Avery Drewe and Richie Owens coordinated the visual effects during the final scene of the episode and were only able to do one take during filming. Stunt driver Steve Kelso drove the SUV when it crashed into Tony's car, reportedly driving at 50 miles per hour, though bloggers indicated that they thought that the car looked more like it was going 80 miles per hour.","title":"Berlin (NCIS)"},{"id":"17372375","text":"undeniable.\" In 2012, they appeared again in the magazine's \"30 Best 'Will They/Won't They?' TV Couples\". Similarly, the pair was included in BuddyTV's compile of \"The Top 12 Will-They-or-Won't-They Couples of 2012\" and \"TV Guide\"'s top 15 \"TV Duos Who Should Do It\". Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David are fictional characters from the American police procedural drama \"NCIS\". Tony, an original character, is portrayed by Michael Weatherly, and Ziva, who first appeared in the third season, is portrayed by Cote de Pablo. Frequently referred to by the portmanteau \"Tiva\" (for Tony and Ziva), the characters'","title":"Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David"},{"id":"14808270","text":"Jodie Fisher Jodie Lin Fisher (born July 17, 1969) is an American actress whose acting credits include \"NCIS: Los Angeles\", \"Star Trek\", and \"Little Big League\" as well as the reality TV series Age of Love. Jodie Fisher was born in Dallas, Texas, and is of Scandinavian and Irish ancestry. She graduated from Texas Tech University with a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science, Dean's List. Fisher has appeared as a lead actress in television and movie roles, including a 2011 episode of the television series \"\". After her sexual harassment claim which resulted in the resignation of then Hewlett-Packard","title":"Jodie Fisher"},{"id":"8684261","text":"Cameron Goodman Cameron Elizabeth Goodman (born August 24, 1984) is an American actress. She was born in Texas but grew up in Washington D.C. She attended Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. after transferring from Syracuse University in New York. Goodman has been in numerous films in her career, first starting out in 2002 as a freshman doing her comedic acting at Syracuse University in a show called \"SU Live\". In 2003, she left Syracuse and transferred to Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. Goodman had guest roles on ABC's \"Sons & Daughters\", \"\", \"NCIS\", \"The Suite Life of Zack & Cody\",","title":"Cameron Goodman"},{"id":"17267408","text":"Berlin (NCIS) \"Berlin\" is the 21st episode of the tenth season of the American police procedural drama \"NCIS\", and the 231st episode overall. It originally aired on CBS in the United States on April 23, 2013. The episode is written by Scott Williams and Gina Lucita Monreal and directed by Terrence O'Hara, and was seen live by 17.33 million viewers. The episode advances a storyline focusing on the murder of significant secondary characters in the series and the romance between main characters Tony and Ziva. It carries the storyline surrounding the deaths of Ziva's father, Mossad Director Eli David, and","title":"Berlin (NCIS)"},{"id":"7266843","text":"a recurring role on the ABC sitcom \"Who's the Boss?\", and guest starred on \"CHiPs\", \"Trapper John, M.D.\" and \"Seven Brides for Seven Brothers\". Tonya Crowe Tonya Crowe (born January 24, 1971) is an American actress, best known for playing Olivia Cunningham, the daughter of Donna Mills's Abby Cunningham, in the CBS prime time soap opera, \"Knots Landing\", a role she played from 1980 to 1990 as well as in the reunion miniseries \"\" (1997). She received three Soap Opera Digest Awards for Outstanding Actress in a Supporting Role: Prime Time., and well as Young Artist Award for Best Young","title":"Tonya Crowe"},{"id":"17205140","text":"C. Fornell in the first two episodes. Muse Watson (as Mike Franks) appeared in the fourth episode. Ralph Waite (as Gibbs' father Jackson Gibbs) and Robert Wagner (as Tony's father Anthony DiNozzo, Sr.) are also confirmed to return. Diane Neal reprises her role CGIS Special Agent Abigail Borin in episode six \"Oil & Water\". The second episode includes a character named Sarah Porter, played by Leslie Hope, who is the new Secretary of the Navy, while Margo Harshman has been cast in a potentially recurring role as Timothy McGee's girlfriend, Delilah Fielding. The third episode introduces retiring NCIS Special Agent","title":"NCIS (season 11)"},{"id":"10645142","text":"Lina Esco Lina Esco is an American actress, producer, director and activist. She gained recognition in 2007 for portraying Jimmy Smits' character's daughter in the CBS television drama \"Cane\". Esco has also performed in films, including \"London\" (2005), \"Kingshighway\" (2010), \"LOL\" (2012), and \"Free the Nipple\" (2014). Esco was cast in her first television guest star role in 2006, as Angie Watson in series \"\". In March, 2007 Esco joined the cast of the CBS drama \"Cane\". In 2009, she guest starred in an episode of \"Drop Dead Diva\" series with Paula Abdul. Esco played a lingerie model who had","title":"Lina Esco"},{"id":"11369137","text":"before later appearing as Sam's sister Katie in the episode \"The Leap Home.\" She has had a number of film and TV appearances since then, including appearances on both \"JAG\" and its spin-off, \"NCIS\" (though playing different characters). Both shows were produced by Donald P. Bellisario, who had also created \"Quantum Leap\". Burnette also produced the short film, \"Mountain Cry\". Olivia Burnette Olivia Nicole Burnette (born March 24, 1977) is an American actress who began her career as a child actress at the age of six. She is perhaps best known for her role in the NBC sitcom \"The Torkelsons\"","title":"Olivia Burnette"},{"id":"9385946","text":"Berlinda Tolbert Berlinda Tolbert (born November 4, 1949) is an American film and television actress. Tolbert is best known for her role as Jenny Willis Jefferson, the daughter of Tom and Helen Willis on the CBS sitcom \"The Jeffersons\", which originally aired from 1975 until 1985. Tolbert majored in theater at the North Carolina School of the Arts in Winston-Salem. She also studied drama in London. In a 2013 interview, Tolbert stated, \"I’ve only had one job in my entire life… professional actress.\" She got her first film part from Martin Scorsese in the early 1970s, when she was in","title":"Berlinda Tolbert"},{"id":"4605777","text":"Abby Sciuto, he is one of only two actors who have appeared in all four shows (\"JAG, NCIS, NCIS: LA, NCIS: NO\"). In 2004 he starred in the television film \"The Mystery of Natalie Wood\", portraying Robert Wagner. Since 2010, Robert Wagner had made eight guest appearances on \"NCIS\" as Anthony DiNozzo, Sr., the father of Weatherly's character. He was a guest presenter at the Australian Logie Awards of 2007 on May 6, 2007, and was a guest on \"Rove Live\". Weatherly made his directing debut with the season-eight episode of \"NCIS\" titled \"One Last Score\", which aired March 1,","title":"Michael Weatherly"},{"id":"5148176","text":"Hidden\". He also starred opposite Julie Andrews as King Marchand in the 1995 Broadway adaptation of \"Victor/Victoria.\" Michael Nouri Michael Nouri (born December 9, 1945) is an American television and film actor. His father was born in Iraq. He may be best known for his role as Nick Hurley in the 1983 film \"Flashdance\". He has had recurring roles in numerous television series, including \"NCIS\" as Eli David, the father of Mossad officer (later Special Agent) Ziva David, \"The O.C.\" as Dr. Neil Roberts, and \"Damages\" as Phil Grey. He also appeared as Congressman Stewart with Queen Latifah in the","title":"Michael Nouri"},{"id":"3332647","text":"was first introduced in a guest starring role in two episodes of \"JAG\". Since 2003, Harmon has starred in \"NCIS\" as the same character. Harmon was born in Burbank, California, the youngest of three children and the only son. His parents were Heisman Trophy–winning football player and broadcaster Tom Harmon and actress and artist Elyse Knox (née Elsie Lillian Kornbrath). Harmon has two older sisters, actress and painter Kristin Nelson, who was divorced from the late singer Rick Nelson, and actress-model Kelly Harmon, who was once married to car magnate John DeLorean. His maternal grandparents were Austrian immigrants. After graduating","title":"Mark Harmon"},{"id":"2214486","text":"to believe. I'm completely different.\" Alba met Cash Warren, son of actor Michael Warren, while filming \"Fantastic Four\" in 2004. The pair were married in Los Angeles in May 2008. They have three children: daughters Honor Marie Warren (born 2008), Haven Garner Warren (born 2011), and son Hayes Alba Warren (born New Year's Eve 2017). The first pictures of eldest daughter Honor appearing in the July 2008 issue of \"OK!\" magazine were reportedly paid US$1.5 million. Alba appeared on George Lopez's series \"Lopez Tonight\". After she and her father had submitted DNA samples (cheek swabs) to the DNA Diagnostic Center","title":"Jessica Alba"},{"id":"3534193","text":"Nia Long Nia Talita Long, (born October 30, 1970) is an American actress. She is known for her roles in the television series \"The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air\", \"Third Watch\" and \"Empire\", and the films \"Boyz n the Hood\", \"Friday\", \"Love Jones\", \"Soul Food\", \"In Too Deep\", \"The Best Man\", \"Big Momma's House\" and \"Are We There Yet?\". Long was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Talita Long (née Gillman), a teacher and printmaker, and Doughtry Long, a high school teacher and poet. Her family is of Trinidadian, Grenadian, Vincentian, and Barbadian descent. She has an older half-sister, the actress","title":"Nia Long"},{"id":"10765799","text":"Soniya Mehra Sonia Mehra (born 2 December 1988) is an Indian Bollywood actress and daughter of late actor Vinod Mehra. She is best known for playing Tanya Kapoor in \"Ragini MMS 2\". She is the daughter of the late actor Vinod Mehra from his third and last wife Kiran. She was less than two years old when her father died in October 1990. She was brought up in Kenya with her brother Rohan by her maternal grandparents. Soniya went to The Mombasa Academy in Mombasa, Kenya and completed her education in London. She began her training in acting at the","title":"Soniya Mehra"},{"id":"10578145","text":"other notable television credits include \"Early Edition\", \"Criminal Minds\" and \"NCIS\", and her other film credits include supporting roles in \"Arctic Blue\", \"Deep Impact\", \"Jaded\" and \"Women in Trouble\". In 1994, Kihlstedt married actor Gil Bellows. They have two children, Ava Emanuelle (born 1999), and Giovanni (born 2001). She is the sister of Oakland-based violinist, Carla Kihlstedt. Rya Kihlstedt Rya Kihlstedt (born July 23, 1970) is an American actress. She is known for co-starring in the 1997 comedy film \"Home Alone 3\", and for her recurring roles as Dr. Michelle Ross in the Showtime crime drama \"Dexter\" and Marilyn Rhodes","title":"Rya Kihlstedt"},{"id":"6577528","text":"Todd was killed in the second \"NCIS\" season finale following Alexander's decision to permanently leave the show. Shortly afterwards, series creator Donald Bellisario announced plans to replace Todd with another female lead. At the time, he stated that the new character would be \"quite different\" from the previous and of an undecided foreign nationality—\"I want to go for a European or Australian girl who is very comfortable with her femininity and sexuality.\" Before joining the cast of \"NCIS\", Cote de Pablo, who lived in New York at the time, had performed primarily in the theatre. She was intended to portray","title":"Ziva David"},{"id":"17111257","text":"Linda Powell Linda Powell (born April, 1965) is an American actress. Powell was born in Fort Benning, Georgia, the daughter of Alma and Colin Powell, the former United States Secretary of State, National Security Advisor and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. She was raised on a series of military bases, because of her father's career. She has a B.A. in English literature from the College of William & Mary in Virginia, and studied theater at the Circle in the Square Theatre School. Powell has had a long career of supporting roles in film and television. Her most notable","title":"Linda Powell"},{"id":"1743685","text":"Posey and Melvil Poupaud in \"Broken English\", an independent American feature written and directed by her daughter Zoe Cassavetes. In 2009, she appeared on an episode of \"Monk\" (\"Mr. Monk and the Lady Next Door\"). On March 2, 2010, she appeared on an episode of \"NCIS\" as lead character Leroy Jethro Gibbs's former mother-in-law, who is embroiled in a murder investigation. In 2014, she starred in the film adaptation of \"Six Dance Lessons in Six Weeks\". Rowlands was married to John Cassavetes from April 9, 1954, until his death on February 3, 1989. They met at the American Academy at","title":"Gena Rowlands"},{"id":"12174091","text":"Kimberly Cullum Kimberly Cullum (born November 29, 1981) is an American former child actress who had many film and television roles during the 1990s. Born in Los Angeles, California, Cullum is the daughter of cartoonist Leo Cullum whose work regularly appeared in \"The New Yorker\" magazine. Her younger sister Kaitlin Cullum is also a former child actress. Cullum began acting professionally at the age of seven when she starred in the 1989 made-for-TV movie \"The Revenge of Al Capone\", starring Keith Carradine. Among her other credits are appearances on \"The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air\", \"Empty Nest\" (in the episode \"Read","title":"Kimberly Cullum"},{"id":"17122310","text":"Emily Wilson (actress) Emily Wilson (born May 28, 1985 in Westminster, Colorado) is an American actress. Wilson began her acting career in 2005 in the TV series \"NCIS\" (\"SWAK\"). In 2006, she was the Audition Revealed - Winner on \"KTLA Morning News\". In 2007, Wilson guest starred on \"MADtv\", \"Californication\", and \"Side Order of Life\". Wilson was in \"Meet The Spartans\" (2008) and \"The House Bunny\" (2008). In 2009, she guest starred on \"Secret Girlfriend\". In 2010, Wilson was in the independent film \"The Boys and Girls Guide to Getting Down\" and \"L.A. Vampire\". She also guest starred on \"Entourage\"","title":"Emily Wilson (actress)"},{"id":"6577553","text":"with her father's successor - Director Orli Elbaz - who later informs DiNozzo of the difficulty Ziva had faced while deciding whether to inform him of the birth of their daughter which Tony is given care of after Ziva is killed. Cote de Pablo describes the character as someone who is \"completely different from anyone else on the show\" and that because \"she's been around men all her life; she's used to men in authority. She's not afraid of men.\" She later stated that, \"This woman is a soldier. She takes things to the extreme. She knows how to use","title":"Ziva David"},{"id":"12659868","text":"of 11. Lucas left the company of \"Fun Home\" on October 4, 2015. Lucas played Mary Lennox in \"The Secret Garden\" with Manhattan Concert Productions on February 21 and 22, 2016 at Lincoln Center’s David Geffen Hall. Lucas has portrayed the younger version of two different characters played by Kristen Wiig in the films \"Girl Most Likely\" (2012) and \"The Skeleton Twins\" (2014). Her television credits include guest roles on \"\", \"Royal Pains\", \"Saturday Night Live\", and \"Team Umizoomi\". She has also appeared as Malcolm's Daughter in Giuseppe Verdi's \"Macbeth\" at the Metropolitan Opera in 2012. Sydney Lucas Sydney Ellen","title":"Sydney Lucas"},{"id":"17205138","text":"his contract on the show with a new \"multiyear deal\" with CBS. It was announced on July 10, 2013 that Cote de Pablo, who plays Ziva David, had chosen not to return for the eleventh season as a regular. She will appear in enough episodes to close out her character's storylines. Because of de Pablo's exit, showrunner Gary Glasberg had to change his planned storyline for season 11. \"Someone asked me if I was planning for this, but I really wasn't, so basically the minute that this became real, I had to throw out a lot of what I was","title":"NCIS (season 11)"},{"id":"3271738","text":"Katherine Kelly Lang Katherine Kelly Lang (born Katherine Kelly Wegeman; July 25, 1961) is an American actress best known for playing Brooke Logan in the CBS soap opera \"The Bold and the Beautiful\". She was born in Hollywood, California and graduated from Beverly Hills High School. She is the daughter of Olympic ski jumper Keith R. Wegeman and actress Judith Lang and the granddaughter of Oscar-winning cinematographer Charles Lang. Lang was divorced twice. She is the mother of three children: Jeremy Skott Snider (born 1990), Julian Lang Snider (born 1992), Zoe Katrina D'Andrea (born 1997), and has a stepdaughter, Danyelle","title":"Katherine Kelly Lang"},{"id":"17227708","text":"and -- BANG -- Saleem was gone. Gibbs took him out with one shot. On the emotional front, of course, Ziva is shell-shocked. She feels undeserving of the rescue, and when she returned to the office and everyone applauded the team for their mission, the vacant look in her eyes spoke volumes. Abby hugged her, doing what Tony wanted to do, but Ziva's not really all there yet. She's traumatized. It's going to take some time to get back to normal. All the more reason why next week's show is must-see viewing for me and the other 20 million who","title":"Truth or Consequences (NCIS)"},{"id":"4742034","text":"Lauren Holly Lauren Michael Holly (born October 28, 1963) is an American-Canadian actress. She is known for her roles as Deputy Sheriff Maxine Stewart in the television series \"Picket Fences\", Director Jenny Shepard in the series \"NCIS\", and Dr. Betty Rogers on Canadian series \"Motive\"; as well as playing Mary Swanson in \"Dumb and Dumber\", Linda Lee in \"\", Darian Smalls in \"Beautiful Girls\", Cindy Rooney in \"Any Given Sunday\", and Gigi in \"What Women Want\". Holly was born in Bristol, Pennsylvania. Her mother, Michael Ann Holly, is an art historian and the Starr Director of Research and Academic Program","title":"Lauren Holly"},{"id":"9140616","text":"long-term contract child in Hollywood,\" having been signed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. That same year, she appeared in her favorite film, \"The Last Time I Saw Paris\". Based on F. Scott Fitzgerald's famous short story \"Babylon Revisited\", she played Vicky, the daughter of Van Johnson and Elizabeth Taylor. After her mother dies, Vicky is adopted by her mother's sister, played by Donna Reed. The movie called on her to speak French and to dance ballet. In 1954, she also played a crippled child in a Martin and Lewis film. In 1955, she was in \"The Prodigal\" with Lana Turner. Then she played","title":"Sandy Descher"},{"id":"18583313","text":"Terri Hoyos Teresa Victoria \"Terri\" Hoyos is an American actress. Hoyos was born and raised in Los Angeles, California. She is of Mexican descent and is the daughter of actor Rodolfo Hoyos, Jr. In the 1980s, she began her career as a makeup artist, and later trained in acting at LACC Theatre Arts Academy. Hoyos made her screen debut in 1984, with a small part in the film \"Crimes of Passion\", and later had guest starring roles on \"Hill Street Blues\", \"Gimme a Break!\", \"Cheers\", \"ER\", \"Dharma & Greg\", \"Frasier\", \"NYPD Blue\", \"Parks and Recreation\", and \"Modern Family\". She also","title":"Terri Hoyos"},{"id":"8354692","text":"World\". This role elevated her career and she has since appeared in several films and guest starred on such popular television shows as \"Scrubs\", \"NCIS\", and \"Two and a Half Men\". She appeared in the TV series \"\" episode \"Nailed\" as Charlene Hartford, the woman responsible for accidentally injuring the character Ryan Wolfe with a nailgun. She lives in Southern California and has two sons; Logan and Ledger. O'Dell has also been a professional photographer since 2009. Jennifer O'Dell Jennifer O'Dell (born November 27, 1974 in Ridgecrest, California) is an American film and television actress. She is best known for","title":"Jennifer O'Dell"},{"id":"17648535","text":"Stephanie Beatriz Stephanie Beatriz Bischoff Alvizuri (born 10 February 1981) is an Argentine-born American actress best known for playing Detective Rosa Diaz in the Fox/NBC comedy series \"Brooklyn Nine-Nine\" and Jessica in the independent drama \"Short Term 12\" (2013). Stephanie Beatriz Bischoff Alvizuri was born in Neuquén, Neuquén Province, Argentina, the daughter of a Colombian father and a Bolivian mother. She also has German ancestry. With her parents and a younger sister, she arrived in the United States at the age of three. She grew up in Webster, Texas and attended Clear Brook High School. She graduated from Stephens College","title":"Stephanie Beatriz"},{"id":"6577552","text":"relationship, leading to Ziva becoming pregnant. Though DiNozzo was not informed of this, Ziva gave birth to a daughter named Tali. In season thirteen (\"Family First\"), Ziva's farmhouse is destroyed in a mortar attack ordered by CIA Agent Trent Kort. Although Tali is found alive, the NCIS crew are informed that Ziva is dead, though her remains are not found at the house. DiNozzo subsequently departs NCIS in order to care for their daughter, and travel to both Israel (in search of answers), and Paris (as \"Ziva loves Paris\"). Prior to the season thirteen finale, Ziva builds a strong friendship","title":"Ziva David"},{"id":"2046132","text":"Laurie Holden Heather Laurie Holden (born December 17, 1969) is an American-Canadian actress, producer, model, and human rights activist. She is known for her roles as Marita Covarrubias in \"The X-Files\" (1996–2002), Adele Stanton in \"The Majestic\" (2001), Cybil Bennett in \"Silent Hill\" (2006), Amanda Dumfries in \"The Mist\" (2007), Olivia Murray in \"The Shield\" (2008), Andrea in \"The Walking Dead\" (2010–2013) and Renee in \"The Americans\" (2017-2018). Born in Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, California, and raised in Toronto, Ontario, Holden holds dual citizenship in the United States and Canada. After her parents, actors Glen Corbett and Adrienne Ellis,","title":"Laurie Holden"},{"id":"12892843","text":"Pauley Perrette Pauley Perrette (born March 27, 1969) is an American actress, best known for playing Abby Sciuto on the U.S. TV series \"NCIS\". She is also a published writer, singer, and civil rights advocate. Perrette was born in New Orleans and raised throughout the southern United States. On \"The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson\", she told host Craig Ferguson that she lived in Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, New York, New Jersey, and California. In a 2011 interview with the Associated Press, Perrette confessed her early ambitions were to work with animals, be in a rock","title":"Pauley Perrette"},{"id":"8239928","text":"Elsa Pataky Elsa Lafuente Medianu (born 18 July 1976), known professionally as Elsa Pataky, is a Spanish model, actress, and film producer. Pataky is known for her role as Elena Neves in \"The Fast and the Furious\" franchise. She has appeared in the films \"Snakes on a Plane\" (2006), \"Giallo\" (2009) and \"Give 'Em Hell, Malone\" (2009). She also starred in the Spanish film \"Di Di Hollywood\" in 2010. Pataky was born Elsa Lafuente Medianu in Madrid, Spain, the daughter of José Francisco Lafuente, a Spanish biochemist, and Cristina Medianu Pataky, a publicist of Romanian and Hungarian ancestry. She has","title":"Elsa Pataky"},{"id":"12296096","text":"for Summit Entertainment. \"Butterfly Kisses\", a film in which she was the lead, won the Crystal Bear for best feature at the 67th Berlinale festival. She stars as Tina in the Sky series \"Living the Dream\". Rosie Day Rosie-Jane Day (born 6 March 1995) is an English actress. She is known for playing Mary Hawkins in the Golden Globe nominated Starz and Sony Pictures TV series \"Outlander\" and Sarah Jessica Parker's daughter in the comedy road film \"All Roads Lead to Rome\", which she co-starred in. She also stars as Tina Pemberton in Sky One's \"Living the Dream\" alongside Phillip","title":"Rosie Day"},{"id":"18227848","text":"Michael Foster. In 2016, Carver was cast as Michelle Geiss, a reluctant beauty and aspiring photographer who is both intellectual and talented, in the ABC television pilot \"Model Woman\". She starred opposite Andie MacDowell, Steven Weber (actor), and Nicole Ari Parker. She was also cast in Warren Beatty's \"Rule's Don't Apply\", and made appearances on \"NCIS\", \"Timeless\", and \"Heroes Reborn\". In 2017, Carver was cast as Nancy Kerrigan alongside Margot Robbie, Allison Janney, and Sebastian Stan in the award-winning film \"I, Tonya\". She currently recurs as Muffy Tuttle on Netflix's \"Dear White People\". Caitlin Carver Caitlin Carver (born March 31,","title":"Caitlin Carver"},{"id":"4910935","text":"Samantha Mathis Samantha Mathis (born May 12, 1970) is an American actress. The daughter of actress Bibi Besch, Mathis made her film debut in \"Pump Up the Volume\" (1990), and later co-starred or appeared in such films as \"Little Women\" (1994), \"The American President\" (1995), \"Broken Arrow\" (1996), \"American Psycho\" (2000), \"The Punisher\" (2004), and \"\" (2012). Mathis was born in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York, the daughter of Donald Mathis and Austrian-born actress Bibi Besch. Her parents divorced when she was two years old, and Mathis was raised by her mother. She relocated with her mother to Los Angeles at","title":"Samantha Mathis"},{"id":"15470145","text":"playing the daughter of lead Monica Potter. In 2016 Prosperi starred in the Lifetime movie \"His Double Life\". Cristine Prosperi Cristine Prosperi (born ) is a Canadian actress. She is known for portraying Imogen Moreno on \"\", Tiara Turner on the Family Channel series \"Really Me\", and Mikayla in the TeenNick series \"Open Heart\". Prosperi was born in Toronto. Prosperi began her career with small roles in the 2007 movies \"\" and \"Your Beautiful Cul de Sac Home\". In 2009 she guest starred on the comedy series \"The Latest Buzz\". She has several commercials under her belt; she shot an","title":"Cristine Prosperi"},{"id":"19887445","text":"(2010), \"Invisible\" (2010), and the Oscar-nominated documentary, \"Rehearsing a Dream\" (2006). Grant splits her time between New Orleans, Louisiana, where \"\" is filmed, and Los Angeles, California. Shalita Grant Shalita Grant (born August 28, 1988) is an American actress on \"\", portraying NCIS Agent Sonja Percy, and also on \"Mercy Street\", portraying Aurelia Johnson, a stoic \"contraband,\" or escaped slave. Grant was born in Petersburg, Virginia, and attended high school at the Baltimore School for the Arts in Maryland, where she was a YoungArts Winner in Theater and Presidential Scholar in the Arts. At 17, she received a scholarship to","title":"Shalita Grant"},{"id":"5078442","text":"and Rachel Dratch; she plays Truvy, the friend of a college co-ed (Amber Tamblyn) who is also the daughter of a powerful senator. She appeared in the role of Sandy in the \"NCIS\" episode \"Seek\". Sarah Hagan Sarah Margaret Hagan (born May 24, 1984) is an American television and film actress. Hagan was born in Austin, Texas. She has been acting since the age of six, when her mother first signed her up for musical theater. Hagan was first involved with theater companies such as Houston's Playhouse 1960, the Houston Grand Opera (where she sang in the children's chorus), the","title":"Sarah Hagan"},{"id":"6039765","text":"Pratt was finishing her bachelor's degree in Business, while working on prerequisites for a Master's program in occupational therapy at the University of Southern California. She married fellow actor Kenneth Mitchell in May 2006, with whom she has two children, a daughter, Lilah Ruby Mitchell (born July 7, 2007) and son, Kallum Porter Mitchell (born December 9, 2012). Susan May Pratt Susan May Pratt (born February 8, 1974) is an American actress. She played Mandella in \"10 Things I Hate About You\", Alicia in \"Drive Me Crazy\", and Maureen Cummings in \"Center Stage\". Pratt was born in Lansing, Michigan and","title":"Susan May Pratt"},{"id":"6818592","text":"Stephanie Hodge Stephanie Hodge (born December 24, 1956) is an American actress and stand-up comedian, best known for her role as Jennie Malloy on the WB sitcom \"Unhappily Ever After\" from 1995 to 1998. Hodge was born in Wilmington, Ohio. She attended Wilmington College and Ohio University in Athens, OH. She starred in a number of television sitcoms in 1990s, like \"Sugar and Spice\", \"My Talk Show\", \"Nurses\", and \"Muddling Through\". After leaving \"Unhappily Ever After\", Hodge appeared in the 2001 film \"Evolution\", the film \"Yes Man\" and later guest-starred on \"Reba\", \"NCIS\", \"The Suite Life of Zack and Cody\",","title":"Stephanie Hodge"},{"id":"2499307","text":"Denise Crosby Denise Michelle Crosby (; born November 24, 1957) is an American actress and model, best known for portraying Security Chief Tasha Yar in of \"\" as well as Yar's daughter, the half-Romulan Commander Sela, in subsequent seasons. She is also known for her numerous film and television roles, and for starring in and producing the film \"Trekkies\". Denise Michelle Crosby was born on November 24, 1957 in Hollywood, California, the daughter of Marilyn Scott and actor Dennis Crosby (whom Denise was named after). Her mother pursued a sensational, three-year-long lawsuit against her father, at the conclusion of which","title":"Denise Crosby"},{"id":"2499319","text":"Denise Crosby Denise Michelle Crosby (; born November 24, 1957) is an American actress and model, best known for portraying Security Chief Tasha Yar in of \"\" as well as Yar's daughter, the half-Romulan Commander Sela, in subsequent seasons. She is also known for her numerous film and television roles, and for starring in and producing the film \"Trekkies\". Denise Michelle Crosby was born on November 24, 1957 in Hollywood, California, the daughter of Marilyn Scott and actor Dennis Crosby (whom Denise was named after). Her mother pursued a sensational, three-year-long lawsuit against her father, at the conclusion of which","title":"Denise Crosby"},{"id":"12403632","text":"who starred as Susan's daughter, Julie, departed from the cast, as her character left for college at the end of the fourth season. Teri Hatcher expressed disappointment in the producers' decision, but Cherry stated that Bowen would return in the future. Joy Lauren, who portrayed Bree's daughter, Danielle, and Lyndsy Fonseca, who played Katherine's daughter, Dylan, also left the main cast, although the former appeared in the season premiere as a guest star. Because the fourth season ended leaving Mike's whereabouts unknown, James Denton's return to the series was questioned during hiatus. Denton stated in May 2008 that producers would","title":"You're Gonna Love Tomorrow"},{"id":"5842394","text":"NBC.com. Donovan had a role in the film \"A Golden Christmas\", where she played Anna, the sister of the main character and she played the lead role in \"The 12 Wishes of Christmas.\" In 2006 she played a guest role in the \"NCIS\" episode \"Dead and Unburied\". She was also featured in 'N Sync's 1999 music video for \"Thinking of You (I Drive Myself Crazy)\" as the love interest for Joey Fatone. Donovan has been married to her husband Charlie Bigelow since October 20, 2012. They have a daughter named Scarlett Avery Bigelow (born May 8, 2012). Elisa Donovan Elisa","title":"Elisa Donovan"},{"id":"5858778","text":"her early career. In 2003, she had a role as Lindsay Lohan's character's rival in \"Freaky Friday\". She played a similar role the following year in the romantic comedy \"A Cinderella Story\", opposite Hilary Duff, and Chad Michael Murray, and also appeared in \"\" and \"Christmas with the Kranks\", as Jamie Lee Curtis' character's daughter. In 2005, she had supporting role in another romantic comedy, \"Must Love Dogs\". Her other credits including 2007 thriller \"Cherry Crush\" and the lead role in the 2013 comedy horror movie \"Vamp U\". In 2006, Gonzalo was cast in a series regular role as Parker","title":"Julie Gonzalo"},{"id":"17179488","text":"by her father, as was confirmed in \"Aliyah\". However, Merik Tadros, who portrayed Rivkin, voiced his opinion on the subject: \"They could easily have been paired and had to be in love and then had to learn to love each other... The way I've always approached it is that Rivkin loves Ziva. They've always wanted to add some suspense and mystery to all of it, but I would always say to the directors, 'How could I not love her?'\" When asked how Tony and Ziva's relationship would be affected, Cote de Pablo replied, \"We could not be farther away from","title":"Aliyah (NCIS)"},{"id":"13327527","text":"Yvonne DeLaRosa Yvonne DeLaRosa is an American actress, best known for her role on the Imagen award-winning series \"Los Americans\", Yvonne has appeared in films such as \"Helter Skelter\", \"Mystery Woman: Snapshot\", and \"The Sorrow\", in addition to landing roles on TV shows, including \"How I Met Your Mother\", \"NCIS (TV series)\", \"Weeds\", and \"The King of Queens\". She has been heralded as 'The face of the new wave of Latino talent' by \"Jimmy Smits\". She is also a serial entrepreneur of two successive cannabis dispensaries. Born to a Colombian mother and Native American father, DeLaRosa began studying theater at","title":"Yvonne DeLaRosa"},{"id":"10520690","text":"Deanna Russo Deanna Russo is an American actress. She is known for her starring roles on the 2008 NBC version of \"Knight Rider\" and the 2014 USA Network television series \"Satisfaction\". In 2003, she made her television debut in an episode of \"Charmed\", and later guest starred on \"\", \"\", \"How I Met Your Mother\", and \"NCIS\". In 2007, she had a recurring role as Dr. Logan Armstrong on the CBS soap opera, \"The Young and the Restless\". In 2007, Russo won Best Director for her short, Taste of Kream, in the New Orleans Film Festival. Russo starred in the","title":"Deanna Russo"},{"id":"17372366","text":"that Cote De Pablo would not be returning to her role as Ziva David for the upcoming 11th season. De Pablo stated \"I've had 8 great years with NCIS and Ziva David. I have huge respect and affection for Mark, Gary, Michael, David, Rocky, Pauley, Brian, Sean, all of the team and CBS. I look forward to finishing Ziva's story.\" However it was announced that Cote De Pablo would return for the beginning of season 11 to wrap up Ziva's storyline. Show runner Gary Glasberg stated in an interview with EW that: \"The amazing resolution you're going to see is","title":"Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David"},{"id":"17951534","text":"director, wanted her to do it because it was the role of a Parsi woman. In this film, Daisy Irani, who had worked with Shammi in her first film as a child artist for the film Bandish in 1955, played her daughter-in-law. She died in her sleep on 6 March 2018, from natural causes at the age of 88. Shammi (actress) Nargis Rabadi (24 April 1929 – 6 March 2018), better known by her stage name Shammi, was an Indian actress who appeared in over two hundred Hindi films. Shammi remained a sought-after with filmmakers when it came to goofy","title":"Shammi (actress)"},{"id":"6018639","text":"front door.\" Alyssa Rosenberg of the \"Washington Monthly\" also suggested that Gibbs, \"a former Marine with a Bush-like faith in his 'gut', appeared as a distinctly conservative figure in the series, in contrast to \"liberal stand-ins\" McGee and Abby Sciuto. In 2011, it was reported that the role had made Mark Harmon the fourth most popular actor on primetime television. Several other members of the \"NCIS\" cast were also listed in the top ten, including Pauley Perrette (Abby Sciuto), Cote de Pablo (Ziva David), David McCallum (Ducky Mallard), and Michael Weatherly (Anthony DiNozzo). Leroy Jethro Gibbs Leroy Jethro Gibbs is","title":"Leroy Jethro Gibbs"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"17372311\",\n \"text\": \"former CIA Agent Trent Kort, and Tony learns that he and Ziva have a daughter, who she named after her sister, Tali. These events drive Tony to leave NCIS to care for their daughter. Michael Weatherly was cast for the role of Anthony \\\"Tony\\\" DiNozzo in 2003 and appeared in every episode of the show's first 13 seasons. The character is portrayed as \\\"complex\\\": he is a former Baltimore homicide detective with a \\\"heroic spirit\\\" as well as a \\\"total dinosaur in terms of sexual politics\\\". In the second season finale, \\\"NCIS\\\" series regular Caitlin Todd was killed off after\",\n \"title\": \"Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6018777\",\n \"text\": \"popular actors on primetime television, according to Q Score. In January 2016, Weatherly and CBS confirmed that Season 13 would be DiNozzo's last as a series regular. DiNozzo leaves after finding out that he has a daughter with his former partner and Special Agent Ziva David, who died in a mortar attack on her home in Israel. He decides to leave NCIS in order to \\\"look for some answers\\\" and to care for their daughter. Michael Weatherly was cast for the role of Tony DiNozzo in 2003. Series creator Don Bellisario related the events that led to Weatherly being selected:\",\n \"title\": \"Anthony DiNozzo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12898202\",\n \"text\": \"Cote de Pablo María José de Pablo Fernández, known professionally as Cote de Pablo (born November 12, 1979), is a Chilean-American actress and singer. Born in Santiago, Chile, at the age of ten she moved to the United States, where she studied acting. De Pablo co-hosted episodes of the Latin-American talk show \\\"Control\\\" with former \\\"Entertainment Tonight\\\" host, Carlos Ponce, at the age of 15 before attending Carnegie Mellon University to study music and theatre. After appearing in a number of television roles, she was cast to portray main character Ziva David in the CBS television series \\\"NCIS\\\" in 2005\",\n \"title\": \"Cote de Pablo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6577525\",\n \"text\": \"Tony, and McGee, who brought her back to America. These events led to her resigning from Mossad, applying to become an NCIS agent, and being sworn in as a U.S. citizen. In the season 13 finale, \\\"Family First\\\", in 2016, it is discovered that she has a daughter, Tali, with Anthony DiNozzo. During a mortar attack arranged by former CIA agent Trent Kort, Ziva is apparently killed. In an interview with \\\"Deadline Hollywood\\\", executive producer and show runner Gary Glasberg commented on Ziva's fate; \\\"Tremendous thought was put into every element of what you saw last night ... down to\",\n \"title\": \"Ziva David\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17498683\",\n \"text\": \"an assassin and being \\\"an extremely skilled interrogator, nearly impossible to break\\\". Initially rejected by most of the other characters, she is eventually accepted as a member of the NCIS team and as a surrogate daughter figure to team leader Gibbs (Mark Harmon). She also serves as a foil for Special Agent Tony DiNozzo, a former Baltimore homicide cop and \\\"wannabe playboy\\\" played by Michael Weatherly. Early on, producers began to toy with the idea of pairing them romantically but avoided going through with the relationship by dealing them a number of obstacles, namely difficult circumstances and other love interests.\",\n \"title\": \"Ziva David captivity storyline\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6018617\",\n \"text\": \"years, he is scripted as more stoical, with Bellisario stating, \\\"I thought the best thing to do was to give him a minimum of dialogue.\\\" It was not until the third season that the backstory surrounding his first wife and daughter's murder was revealed. His relationships with his coworkers were developed, with him becoming something of a father figure to Special Agent Ziva David and Forensic Specialist Abby Sciuto. Mark Harmon's oldest son Sean has appeared on \\\"NCIS\\\" portraying a younger version of Gibbs in flashbacks. In the backstory, Gibbs was born on May 2, 1954, and was shown in\",\n \"title\": \"Leroy Jethro Gibbs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3044561\",\n \"text\": \"Roxana Zal Roxana Zal (born November 8, 1969, Malibu, California) is an American actress. Zal was born and raised in Malibu, California, the daughter of Maureen and Hossein Zal, an Iranian-born Los Angeles investor. Her first acting role was a guest spot on \\\"Hart to Hart\\\" at age 12. She has had several other guest roles since then, the most recent being in the show \\\"NCIS\\\". She won a Primetime Emmy Award for her role in the 1984 TV movie \\\"Something About Amelia\\\". She co-produced and starred in the 1998 independent film \\\"Broken Vessels\\\", and also played a main role\",\n \"title\": \"Roxana Zal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2281896\",\n \"text\": \"Sofia Coppola Sofia Carmina Coppola (; born May 14, 1971) is an American screenwriter, director, producer, and former actress. She is the daughter of director, producer, and screenwriter Francis Ford Coppola, and made her film debut as an infant in her father's acclaimed crime drama film, \\\"The Godfather\\\" (1972). She later appeared in a supporting role in \\\"Peggy Sue Got Married\\\" (1986) and portrayed Mary Corleone, the daughter of Michael Corleone, in \\\"\\\" (1990). The latter film earned her much derision and critical backlash, effectively ending her acting career. Coppola then turned her attention to filmmaking. She made her feature-length\",\n \"title\": \"Sofia Coppola\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9255943\",\n \"text\": \"Pudding Theatricals in 2003, worked for Let's Go Travel Guides, and was credited as associate editor for the travel book \\\"Let's Go: Vietnam\\\". Thompson graduated in 2005 with a bachelor's degree in Performance Studies and Literature, focusing on French and Postcolonial works. After graduating Thompson landed her first role in the television show \\\"Brotherhood\\\" (2006) opposite Jason Isaacs. She then guest starred in several television shows before landing a recurring role on the CBS show \\\"NCIS\\\" (2006–2007) as Dr. Jeanne Benoit, the girlfriend of Tony DiNozzo (played by Michael Weatherly) and the daughter of Rene Benoit (played by Armand Assante).\",\n \"title\": \"Scottie Thompson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3929040\",\n \"text\": \"Melinda McGraw Melinda McGraw (born 1963) is an American actress. She has starred in movies such as \\\"Albino Alligator\\\" (1996), \\\"Wrongfully Accused\\\" (1998), and \\\"\\\" (2000), and is also known for her television performances on \\\"The Commish\\\", \\\"The X-Files\\\", \\\"NCIS\\\" and \\\"Mad Men\\\". McGraw was born in Nicosia, Cyprus, to American parents. The youngest of three daughters, she grew up in Cambridge and Dover in the Boston area. Her father served as a diplomat for the Agency of International Development before becoming an executive with a major hotel in Boston. She attended the Buckingham Browne & Nichols School in Cambridge\",\n \"title\": \"Melinda McGraw\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9672959\",\n \"text\": \"Harmon) being severely injured in a ship bombing, his subsequent memory loss, and the team's struggle to find the perpetrator before another attack. The episodes also delve into Gibbs' past, culminating in the revelation of his wife and daughter's deaths 15 years prior. \\\"NCIS\\\" follows a team of government agents who work for the Naval Criminal Investigative Service. The main cast during the filming of the third season included Mark Harmon as team leader Leroy Jethro Gibbs, Michael Weatherly as Senior Agent Anthony \\\"Tony\\\" DiNozzo, Cote de Pablo as Mossad Liaison Officer Ziva David, Pauley Perrette as Forensic Specialist Abby\",\n \"title\": \"Hiatus (NCIS)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2281946\",\n \"text\": \"work rather than allowing them to have a real childhood. Sofia Coppola Sofia Carmina Coppola (; born May 14, 1971) is an American screenwriter, director, producer, and former actress. She is the daughter of director, producer, and screenwriter Francis Ford Coppola, and made her film debut as an infant in her father's acclaimed crime drama film, \\\"The Godfather\\\" (1972). She later appeared in a supporting role in \\\"Peggy Sue Got Married\\\" (1986) and portrayed Mary Corleone, the daughter of Michael Corleone, in \\\"\\\" (1990). The latter film earned her much derision and critical backlash, effectively ending her acting career. Coppola\",\n \"title\": \"Sofia Coppola\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8397800\",\n \"text\": \"recurring role on \\\"NCIS\\\" as Leroy Jethro Gibbs' daughter Kelly. She also had a series regular role in the CW series \\\"Life Is Wild\\\" as Mia Weller, for 13 episodes. At the 2006 Best of Fest Awards at the KIDS FIRST! Film and Video Festival, Mouser received the Outstanding Performance Award for her voiceover work in \\\"\\\". More recently she was on \\\"Lie To Me\\\". Mouser also had a guest star role on \\\"Ghost Whisperer\\\" as the character Madison. Mouser starred in the ABC medical drama \\\"Body of Proof\\\" as Dana Delany's daughter, Lacey Fleming. Mouser played the roles of\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Mouser\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17372369\",\n \"text\": \"to the United States and NCIS, Ziva instead chooses to stay in Israel, with Tony reluctantly returning to the United States although Tony manages to find Ziva's Star of David necklace in his jacket pocket. In the season 13 finale \\\"Family First,\\\" after learning of Ziva's death in the bombing of her Israel home caused by Trent Kort, the NCIS crew mourn her. Tony is then introduced to his almost two-year-old daughter, Tali. Conflicted, Tony asks Mossad Director Orli Elbaz about Ziva's motivations for not telling him about Tali. Orli tells him that she wanted to, especially as Tali grew\",\n \"title\": \"Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13208281\",\n \"text\": \"Acres also appeared on an episode of \\\"Monk\\\" in 2007, and single episodes of \\\"The Mentalist\\\" where she plays Patrick Jane's (Simon Baker) daughter and on the hit television show \\\"Hannah Montana\\\". Acres was nominated for Best Performance in a TV Series, Guest Starring Young Actress at the Young Artist Awards 2009 for her performance in \\\"The Mentalist\\\". She had a recurring role of Soleil Friedman in the second season of the Fox television series \\\"Touch\\\". Isabella Acres Isabella Acres (born February 21, 2001) is an American actress who played Rose on \\\"Better Off Ted\\\". Acres was born in Atlanta\",\n \"title\": \"Isabella Acres\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5148175\",\n \"text\": \"Michael Nouri Michael Nouri (born December 9, 1945) is an American television and film actor. His father was born in Iraq. He may be best known for his role as Nick Hurley in the 1983 film \\\"Flashdance\\\". He has had recurring roles in numerous television series, including \\\"NCIS\\\" as Eli David, the father of Mossad officer (later Special Agent) Ziva David, \\\"The O.C.\\\" as Dr. Neil Roberts, and \\\"Damages\\\" as Phil Grey. He also appeared as Congressman Stewart with Queen Latifah in the 2006 comedy movie \\\"Last Holiday\\\" and LAPD Detective Thomas Beck in the science fiction action film \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Nouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14075424\",\n \"text\": \"Southern California in 2009. Bellisario made her acting debut in the 1988 film \\\"Last Rites\\\" at the age of three. From 1990 to 2007, she guest starred on such television series as \\\"Quantum Leap\\\", \\\"Tequila and Bonetti\\\", \\\"JAG\\\", \\\"First Monday\\\" and \\\"NCIS\\\", television series that were produced by her father Donald P. Bellisario. In \\\"NCIS\\\", she played Sarah McGee, sister of Special Agent Timothy McGee, played by her real-life stepbrother Sean Murray. In 1998, she co-starred with Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen in the film \\\"Billboard Dad\\\". Beginning in 2006, Bellisario began appearing in a number of independent short films namely,\",\n \"title\": \"Troian Bellisario\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17372370\",\n \"text\": \"but that she feared he would not be pleased, to which Tony tells her \\\"Then she never knew me at all.\\\" Later in the episode, Tony finds a picture of him and Ziva in Paris, to which Tali points to each of them, saying \\\"Ima\\\" and \\\"Abba\\\" indicating that she knew who he was, her father. After killing Kort, Tony and Gibbs have a heart to heart, where DiNozzo informs him that he is moving on from NCIS, with his daughter, his family. Speaking of Ziva's fate, Glasberg stated \\\"Tremendous thought was put into every element of what you saw\",\n \"title\": \"Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9672960\",\n \"text\": \"Sciuto, Sean Murray as Special Agent Timothy McGee, David McCallum as NCIS Medical Examiner Donald \\\"Ducky\\\" Mallard, and Lauren Holly as NCIS Director Jenny Shepard. Gibbs was originally scripted as having been married and divorced three consecutive times. His backstory was later revised to include his \\\"first wife\\\" Shannon and daughter Kelly, both of whom were killed years prior. This is first implied early in the third season, and series creator Donald P. Bellisario continued to develop the idea until it came to a head in \\\"Hiatus\\\". Tony, McGee, and Ziva wait in a car as Gibbs contacts an undercover\",\n \"title\": \"Hiatus (NCIS)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14611111\",\n \"text\": \"McGee (Sean Murray), Ziva David (Cote de Pablo), Eleanor Bishop (Emily Wickersham), Alexandra Quinn (Jennifer Esposito), and Nicholas Torres (Wilmer Valderrama). Over the course of the series, they are further assisted by allies both foreign and domestic, including Dr. Donald Mallard (David McCallum), Dr. Jimmy Palmer (Brian Dietzen), forensic specialists Abby Sciuto (Pauley Perrette) and Kasie Hines (Diona Reasonover), British intelligence officer Clayton Reeves (Duane Henry), operational psychologist and senior special agent Dr. Jacqueline Sloane (Maria Bello), and successive NCIS Directors Jennifer Shepard (Lauren Holly) and Leon Vance (Rocky Carroll). Prior to the launch of the first season, advertisements on\",\n \"title\": \"NCIS (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3044562\",\n \"text\": \"of \\\"Tara Matthews\\\" in the 1999 film \\\"Primal Force\\\". Roxana Zal Roxana Zal (born November 8, 1969, Malibu, California) is an American actress. Zal was born and raised in Malibu, California, the daughter of Maureen and Hossein Zal, an Iranian-born Los Angeles investor. Her first acting role was a guest spot on \\\"Hart to Hart\\\" at age 12. She has had several other guest roles since then, the most recent being in the show \\\"NCIS\\\". She won a Primetime Emmy Award for her role in the 1984 TV movie \\\"Something About Amelia\\\". She co-produced and starred in the 1998 independent\",\n \"title\": \"Roxana Zal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6577524\",\n \"text\": \"season 10, Gabi Coccio recurrently portrayed a young Ziva in flashbacks. Ziva is introduced to the show as an Israeli citizen, an agent of the Kidon unit of the Mossad, a daughter of Mossad Director Eli David, and a friend of NCIS Director Jenny Shepard. She was assigned to NCIS as a liaison officer in an arrangement between Eli and Jenny, a position she held for four years until she returned to Mossad in the season 6 finale, \\\"Aliyah\\\". After being captured by terrorists in Somalia while on assignment for Mossad and presumed dead, she was eventually saved by Gibbs,\",\n \"title\": \"Ziva David\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14611118\",\n \"text\": \"Meredith Eaton, Joe Spano, Diane Neal, and Leslie Hope have all guest-starred on \\\"NCIS: New Orleans\\\". \\\"NCIS\\\" airs on Network Ten and TV Hits (formerly TV1) in Australia, Global (syndicated on Showcase and Lifetime) in Canada, TV3 and The Box in New Zealand, Seriale+ (premieres), TVN (free-TV premieres), TVN7 (reruns), AXN (reruns) and TV Puls (reruns) in Poland, and Fox, CBS Action, Universal, Channel 5 and 5USA in the United Kingdom. The first 11 seasons of \\\"NCIS\\\" have been released in Regions 1, 2, and 4. In Germany (Region 2), seasons 1–4 and 5–8 were released in two separate sets\",\n \"title\": \"NCIS (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6215019\",\n \"text\": \"Wendy Makkena Wendy Rosenberg Makkena (born October 4, 1958) is an American actress. Born in Manhattan, she started her acting career in 1986 and appeared in the TV show \\\"Santa Barbara\\\". She later landed her first movie role in \\\"Eight Men Out\\\". She has made various guest or recurring roles on such television shows as \\\"Law & Order\\\", \\\"Monsters\\\", \\\"NYPD Blue\\\", \\\"House\\\", and \\\"NCIS\\\". In 1992 she had a supporting role in the movie \\\"Sister Act\\\" as the shy but talented singing nun Sister Mary Robert, a role she reprised in \\\"\\\" the following year. (In both films, singer Andrea\",\n \"title\": \"Wendy Makkena\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10520692\",\n \"text\": \"career as a local theatre actress, before acting on television and independent films. She briefly modeled for two years. Russo is married to Michael Cassady and gave birth to their first child, a daughter, in June 2015. Deanna Russo Deanna Russo is an American actress. She is known for her starring roles on the 2008 NBC version of \\\"Knight Rider\\\" and the 2014 USA Network television series \\\"Satisfaction\\\". In 2003, she made her television debut in an episode of \\\"Charmed\\\", and later guest starred on \\\"\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"How I Met Your Mother\\\", and \\\"NCIS\\\". In 2007, she had a recurring\",\n \"title\": \"Deanna Russo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3929045\",\n \"text\": \"arc was closed when she was murdered in the episode \\\"Check\\\". In 2013 she appeared in ABC series \\\"Scandal\\\". McGraw is married to composer/recording artist Steve Pierson, eight years her junior, and they have a daughter Lucy. They all belong to Pierson's band Jambo, which performs roots music for children. Melinda McGraw Melinda McGraw (born 1963) is an American actress. She has starred in movies such as \\\"Albino Alligator\\\" (1996), \\\"Wrongfully Accused\\\" (1998), and \\\"\\\" (2000), and is also known for her television performances on \\\"The Commish\\\", \\\"The X-Files\\\", \\\"NCIS\\\" and \\\"Mad Men\\\". McGraw was born in Nicosia, Cyprus, to\",\n \"title\": \"Melinda McGraw\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19887442\",\n \"text\": \"Shalita Grant Shalita Grant (born August 28, 1988) is an American actress on \\\"\\\", portraying NCIS Agent Sonja Percy, and also on \\\"Mercy Street\\\", portraying Aurelia Johnson, a stoic \\\"contraband,\\\" or escaped slave. Grant was born in Petersburg, Virginia, and attended high school at the Baltimore School for the Arts in Maryland, where she was a YoungArts Winner in Theater and Presidential Scholar in the Arts. At 17, she received a scholarship to attend the Juilliard School. In 2010, she graduated from Juilliard with a B.F.A. in Drama. In August 2018, Grant married her wife Sabrina Skau. Grant was nominated\",\n \"title\": \"Shalita Grant\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18312539\",\n \"text\": \"by Tobias Fornell, who was also married to Diane at one point and who was dealing with intense grief and depression following Diane's murder. It is revealed that Sergei and Ari Haswari are half brothers from Ari's mother, whereas Ari and Ziva David were half brother and sister from their father, Eli David. On March 13, 2014, CBS renewed \\\"NCIS\\\" for this season. On June 11, 2014, at the Cannes Film Festival, NCIS was awarded the honor of being the most-watched drama in the world, with 57.6 million viewers worldwide. Gary Glasberg, the executive producer of the show, said, \\\"As\",\n \"title\": \"NCIS (season 12)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6577523\",\n \"text\": \"Ziva David Ziva David (; Hebrew: זיוה דוד, , Ziva: \\\"Radiance\\\"; birth date November 12, 1982, Beersheba in the Negev desert of southern Israel) is a fictional character from the CBS television series \\\"NCIS\\\", portrayed by Chilean-born American actress Cote de Pablo. Ziva first appeared in the season 3 premiere episode, \\\"Kill Ari (Part 1)\\\", and became a regular cast member from the episode \\\"Silver War\\\". She replaced Caitlin \\\"Kate\\\" Todd (Sasha Alexander), who was killed at the hands of Ziva's half-brother, Ari Haswari (Rudolf Martin), in the season 2 finale. Following the onscreen death of the character's father in\",\n \"title\": \"Ziva David\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10601375\",\n \"text\": \"cast in the 2013 horror film \\\"The Damned\\\" (originally titled \\\"Gallow's Hill\\\"), playing Jill, the daughter of Peter Facinelli's character. Nathalia Ramos Nathalia Norah Ramos Cohen (born July 3, 1992) is a Spanish actress, who also holds U.S. citizenship. Ramos is known for her portrayals of Yasmin in the 2007 film \\\"Bratz\\\", Jill in the 2013 film \\\"The Damned\\\", and lead character Nina Martin in the 2011 Nickelodeon television series \\\"House of Anubis\\\". Ramos was born in Madrid, Spain on July 3, 1992. Her mother is from Australia and her father is Juan Carlos Ramos Vaquero, usually known by his\",\n \"title\": \"Nathalia Ramos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6577527\",\n \"text\": \"society and culture, its positive portrayal of an Israeli, and its \\\"cheerleading for American ties to Israel\\\". The role has also made de Pablo the second most popular actress on U.S. primetime television, according to Q Score, and a 2013 study by E-Poll Market Research listed her among the top 10 most appealing celebrities in America. On July 10, 2013, CBS television studios announced that Cote de Pablo would be leaving \\\"NCIS\\\" during season eleven. De Pablo appeared in two episodes as a series regular, and was subsequently replaced by Special Agent Eleanor Bishop (Emily Wickersham). Sasha Alexander's character Kate\",\n \"title\": \"Ziva David\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3562915\",\n \"text\": \"Jennifer Esposito Jennifer Esposito (born April 11, 1973) is an American actress and author. She is known for her roles in the feature films \\\"Crash\\\", \\\"Summer of Sam\\\", \\\"Don't Say a Word\\\", \\\"Taxi\\\"and \\\"Welcome to Collinwood\\\". Esposito has also appeared in several television series, most notably \\\"Spin City\\\", \\\"Related\\\", \\\"Samantha Who?\\\", \\\"Blue Bloods\\\", and \\\"Mistresses\\\". From 2016 to 2017, Esposito played Special Agent Alexandra Quinn on the CBS series \\\"NCIS\\\". Esposito was born on April 11, 1973, in New York City, into a working class household, the second of two daughters of Phyllis, an interior decorator, and Robert Esposito, a\",\n \"title\": \"Jennifer Esposito\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6036564\",\n \"text\": \"that made it really brilliant, because she played Nina honestly. Really honestly. And then she was a villain. Genius. That was such a great one.\\\" On 5 April 2009, Thomason married lighting technician Craig Sykes in Malibu, California. Their daughter, Tallulah Anaïs, was born on 12 June 2013. Thomason is an avid supporter of Manchester City. Marsha Thomason Marsha Lisa Thomason (born 19 January 1976) is an English television and film actress who is best known for playing Nessa Holt in the first two seasons of the NBC series \\\"Las Vegas\\\", Naomi Dorrit on the ABC series \\\"Lost\\\", and FBI\",\n \"title\": \"Marsha Thomason\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17267410\",\n \"text\": \"producers advertised the reported development of Ziva's relationship with Tony within the episode. Particularly, a scene in which the characters dance together while in Berlin was heavily promoted and received favorable commentary from reviewers. \\\"NCIS\\\" follows a team of government agents who work for the Naval Criminal Investigative Service. The main cast includes Mark Harmon as team leader Leroy Jethro Gibbs, Michael Weatherly as Senior Agent Anthony \\\"Tony\\\" DiNozzo, Cote de Pablo as Mossad Liaison Officer turned NCIS Agent Ziva David, Pauley Perrette as Forensic Specialist Abby Sciuto, Sean Murray as Special Agent Timothy McGee, David McCallum as Autopsy Technician\",\n \"title\": \"Berlin (NCIS)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8114502\",\n \"text\": \"Someone Blue\\\". According to Daphne their brother Billy would spy on Nigel in the shower. He was portrayed by Cameron Dye. Briefly appears in \\\"Something Borrowed, Someone Blue\\\". Briefly appears in \\\"Something Borrowed, Someone Blue\\\". Coincidentally Daphne names her and Niles's son David (though in memory of series producer David Angell ). Alice May Doyle (played by Ashley Thomas, 2002–2004) is the daughter of Roz Doyle. She first appears as a newborn in the fifth-season episode \\\"Life of the Party\\\", and by the end of the series has become a child of six. Her father, Rick Garrett, had only just\",\n \"title\": \"Minor characters on Frasier\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17288459\",\n \"text\": \"always delivers the goods when she is portraying her characters dramatic side. She manages to slide smoothly between vengeful agent and emotionally shattered daughter which leaves me in awe of her acting skills.\\\" Michelle Calbert from BuddyTV included \\\"Shiva\\\" in her list of \\\"The 10 Best Ziva Episodes\\\" and said, \\\"In this episode, Ziva and the rest of the team have had a fairly long while to deal with the deaths of both her father and Vance's wife. All of them want justice for the man behind the murders, but it's Ziva who wants revenge. Even after being injured in\",\n \"title\": \"Revenge (NCIS)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2213476\",\n \"text\": \"Bridget Fonda Bridget Jane Fonda (born January 27, 1964) is a retired American actress. She is known for her roles in \\\"The Godfather Part III\\\" (1990), \\\"Single White Female\\\" (1992), \\\"Singles (1992 film)\\\" (1992), \\\"Point of No Return\\\" (1993), \\\"It Could Happen to You\\\" (1994), and \\\"Jackie Brown\\\" (1997). She is the daughter of Peter Fonda, niece of Jane Fonda and granddaughter of Henry Fonda. Fonda was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress for playing Mandy Rice-Davies in the 1989 film \\\"Scandal\\\" and provided the voice for Jenna in the 1995 animated feature film \\\"Balto\\\". She\",\n \"title\": \"Bridget Fonda\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14808272\",\n \"text\": \"irregularities. She is divorced from Francis Coady and has one child. Jodie Fisher Jodie Lin Fisher (born July 17, 1969) is an American actress whose acting credits include \\\"NCIS: Los Angeles\\\", \\\"Star Trek\\\", and \\\"Little Big League\\\" as well as the reality TV series Age of Love. Jodie Fisher was born in Dallas, Texas, and is of Scandinavian and Irish ancestry. She graduated from Texas Tech University with a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science, Dean's List. Fisher has appeared as a lead actress in television and movie roles, including a 2011 episode of the television series \\\"\\\". After her\",\n \"title\": \"Jodie Fisher\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13139703\",\n \"text\": \"Ruah and Olsen had a second child, daughter Sierra Esther Ruah Olsen, on September 4, 2016. Daniela Ruah Daniela Sofia Korn Ruah (born December 2, 1983) is a Portuguese-American actress best known for playing NCIS Special Agent Kensi Blye in the CBS police procedural series \\\"\\\". Ruah was born in Boston, U.S., to Jewish parents from Portugal, where her mother is an otologist and her father is an ENT surgeon. When Ruah was 5, the family moved back to Portugal, where she attended St Julian's School and, at 16, began acting in telenovelas. She won a Portuguese-television dance competition. Ruah\",\n \"title\": \"Daniela Ruah\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10158259\",\n \"text\": \"Liza Lapira Liza Lapira (born December 3, 1981) is an American actress. She played Kianna in the 2008 film \\\"21\\\", Special Agent Michelle Lee in the CBS police procedural series \\\"NCIS\\\" and Ivy, Topher Brink's assistant in \\\"Dollhouse\\\". Lapira has also co-starred in the short-lived sitcoms \\\"Traffic Light\\\", \\\"Don't Trust the B---- in Apartment 23\\\", and \\\"Super Fun Night\\\". Liza Lapira was born in Queens, New York. She is of Filipino, Spanish, and Chinese ancestry. In New York, she acted on stage and in independent films. She moved to Los Angeles in 2004 to work in television. Lapira's New York\",\n \"title\": \"Liza Lapira\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6018614\",\n \"text\": \"Torres and Jacqueline Sloane and previous staff Caitlin Todd (killed in the line of duty), Anthony DiNozzo (left to look after his newly found daughter), Ziva David (killed after leaving NCIS), Alexandra Quinn (left to look after her sick mother) and Clayton Reeves (killed defending Abby Sciuto). Leroy Jethro Gibbs was born in 1954 as confirmed in the episode \\\"Date with Destiny\\\", in which he visits Shannon's grave and the date is shown on the headstone. Series creator Donald P. Bellisario initially did not think Mark Harmon would fit the role of Gibbs, a \\\"flinty type with a strong sense\",\n \"title\": \"Leroy Jethro Gibbs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17267421\",\n \"text\": \"after the episode aired, Williams and Monreal stated: \\\"Berlin\\\" marked the first appearance of Eli David's killer, Ilan Bodnar, played by Oded Fehr, since the January episode \\\"Shiva\\\". Gabi Coccio reprised her role as young Ziva for flashbacks threaded throughout the episode, and Ben Morrison acted alongside her as young Eli. On March 25, 2013, the casting of Marina Sirtis as Orli Elbaz, the new director of Mossad, was announced. Sirtis, who formerly portrayed the main character Deanna Troi in the \\\"Star Trek\\\" enterprise, indicated that she enjoyed working with Mark Harmon and said that he welcomed her to the\",\n \"title\": \"Berlin (NCIS)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8767520\",\n \"text\": \"(1995-2003) to Andy Cadiff (2003–2010) and to William Newkirk (?) . She has a daughter with Cassidy, Juliet. Juliet Jones-Diol Cassidy was born on March 19, 1998 during Diol's marriage to Shaun Cassidy. Susan Diol Susan Vanita Diol is an American television actress who has played supporting roles in over forty series, including \\\"One Life to Live\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"NCIS\\\", and \\\"\\\". Diol acted in children's theatre productions in Illinois before beginning her on-screen career. She graduated from Otterbein College in Westerville, Ohio. In 1990, Diol appeared in two episodes of the TV series \\\"Night Court\\\", playing Dan Fielding's (\\\"John Larroquette\\\")\",\n \"title\": \"Susan Diol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12898206\",\n \"text\": \"on the Fox Network). The show was short-lived, screening only 10 one-hour episodes. In 2005, De Pablo was about to make her Broadway debut in \\\"The Mambo Kings\\\" as Dolores Fuentes, but the show closed after a short trial run in San Francisco. Cote de Pablo is primarily known for her portrayal of Ziva David, an Israeli Mossad officer turned NCIS agent, in the police procedural drama \\\"NCIS\\\". She had sent in a videotape audition while waiting for \\\"The Mambo Kings\\\" to move forward and was asked to fly to Los Angeles for a screen test two days after it\",\n \"title\": \"Cote de Pablo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12296094\",\n \"text\": \"Rosie Day Rosie-Jane Day (born 6 March 1995) is an English actress. She is known for playing Mary Hawkins in the Golden Globe nominated Starz and Sony Pictures TV series \\\"Outlander\\\" and Sarah Jessica Parker's daughter in the comedy road film \\\"All Roads Lead to Rome\\\", which she co-starred in. She also stars as Tina Pemberton in Sky One's \\\"Living the Dream\\\" alongside Phillip Glenister and Lesley Sharp and the 2018 Summit Entertainment feature \\\"Down a Dark Hall\\\" alongside Uma Thurman. Her first film was playing Angel in Paul Hyett's feature film \\\"The Seasoning House\\\" for which she received positive\",\n \"title\": \"Rosie Day\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17267426\",\n \"text\": \"little girl in Ziva\\\" is shown and as Tony takes charge of the situation while they are dancing. De Pablo said that she found this reversal in their interactions to be an interesting change. Producers Avery Drewe and Richie Owens coordinated the visual effects during the final scene of the episode and were only able to do one take during filming. Stunt driver Steve Kelso drove the SUV when it crashed into Tony's car, reportedly driving at 50 miles per hour, though bloggers indicated that they thought that the car looked more like it was going 80 miles per hour.\",\n \"title\": \"Berlin (NCIS)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17372375\",\n \"text\": \"undeniable.\\\" In 2012, they appeared again in the magazine's \\\"30 Best 'Will They/Won't They?' TV Couples\\\". Similarly, the pair was included in BuddyTV's compile of \\\"The Top 12 Will-They-or-Won't-They Couples of 2012\\\" and \\\"TV Guide\\\"'s top 15 \\\"TV Duos Who Should Do It\\\". Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David are fictional characters from the American police procedural drama \\\"NCIS\\\". Tony, an original character, is portrayed by Michael Weatherly, and Ziva, who first appeared in the third season, is portrayed by Cote de Pablo. Frequently referred to by the portmanteau \\\"Tiva\\\" (for Tony and Ziva), the characters'\",\n \"title\": \"Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14808270\",\n \"text\": \"Jodie Fisher Jodie Lin Fisher (born July 17, 1969) is an American actress whose acting credits include \\\"NCIS: Los Angeles\\\", \\\"Star Trek\\\", and \\\"Little Big League\\\" as well as the reality TV series Age of Love. Jodie Fisher was born in Dallas, Texas, and is of Scandinavian and Irish ancestry. She graduated from Texas Tech University with a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science, Dean's List. Fisher has appeared as a lead actress in television and movie roles, including a 2011 episode of the television series \\\"\\\". After her sexual harassment claim which resulted in the resignation of then Hewlett-Packard\",\n \"title\": \"Jodie Fisher\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8684261\",\n \"text\": \"Cameron Goodman Cameron Elizabeth Goodman (born August 24, 1984) is an American actress. She was born in Texas but grew up in Washington D.C. She attended Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. after transferring from Syracuse University in New York. Goodman has been in numerous films in her career, first starting out in 2002 as a freshman doing her comedic acting at Syracuse University in a show called \\\"SU Live\\\". In 2003, she left Syracuse and transferred to Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. Goodman had guest roles on ABC's \\\"Sons & Daughters\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"NCIS\\\", \\\"The Suite Life of Zack & Cody\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Cameron Goodman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17267408\",\n \"text\": \"Berlin (NCIS) \\\"Berlin\\\" is the 21st episode of the tenth season of the American police procedural drama \\\"NCIS\\\", and the 231st episode overall. It originally aired on CBS in the United States on April 23, 2013. The episode is written by Scott Williams and Gina Lucita Monreal and directed by Terrence O'Hara, and was seen live by 17.33 million viewers. The episode advances a storyline focusing on the murder of significant secondary characters in the series and the romance between main characters Tony and Ziva. It carries the storyline surrounding the deaths of Ziva's father, Mossad Director Eli David, and\",\n \"title\": \"Berlin (NCIS)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7266843\",\n \"text\": \"a recurring role on the ABC sitcom \\\"Who's the Boss?\\\", and guest starred on \\\"CHiPs\\\", \\\"Trapper John, M.D.\\\" and \\\"Seven Brides for Seven Brothers\\\". Tonya Crowe Tonya Crowe (born January 24, 1971) is an American actress, best known for playing Olivia Cunningham, the daughter of Donna Mills's Abby Cunningham, in the CBS prime time soap opera, \\\"Knots Landing\\\", a role she played from 1980 to 1990 as well as in the reunion miniseries \\\"\\\" (1997). She received three Soap Opera Digest Awards for Outstanding Actress in a Supporting Role: Prime Time., and well as Young Artist Award for Best Young\",\n \"title\": \"Tonya Crowe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17205140\",\n \"text\": \"C. Fornell in the first two episodes. Muse Watson (as Mike Franks) appeared in the fourth episode. Ralph Waite (as Gibbs' father Jackson Gibbs) and Robert Wagner (as Tony's father Anthony DiNozzo, Sr.) are also confirmed to return. Diane Neal reprises her role CGIS Special Agent Abigail Borin in episode six \\\"Oil & Water\\\". The second episode includes a character named Sarah Porter, played by Leslie Hope, who is the new Secretary of the Navy, while Margo Harshman has been cast in a potentially recurring role as Timothy McGee's girlfriend, Delilah Fielding. The third episode introduces retiring NCIS Special Agent\",\n \"title\": \"NCIS (season 11)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10645142\",\n \"text\": \"Lina Esco Lina Esco is an American actress, producer, director and activist. She gained recognition in 2007 for portraying Jimmy Smits' character's daughter in the CBS television drama \\\"Cane\\\". Esco has also performed in films, including \\\"London\\\" (2005), \\\"Kingshighway\\\" (2010), \\\"LOL\\\" (2012), and \\\"Free the Nipple\\\" (2014). Esco was cast in her first television guest star role in 2006, as Angie Watson in series \\\"\\\". In March, 2007 Esco joined the cast of the CBS drama \\\"Cane\\\". In 2009, she guest starred in an episode of \\\"Drop Dead Diva\\\" series with Paula Abdul. Esco played a lingerie model who had\",\n \"title\": \"Lina Esco\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11369137\",\n \"text\": \"before later appearing as Sam's sister Katie in the episode \\\"The Leap Home.\\\" She has had a number of film and TV appearances since then, including appearances on both \\\"JAG\\\" and its spin-off, \\\"NCIS\\\" (though playing different characters). Both shows were produced by Donald P. Bellisario, who had also created \\\"Quantum Leap\\\". Burnette also produced the short film, \\\"Mountain Cry\\\". Olivia Burnette Olivia Nicole Burnette (born March 24, 1977) is an American actress who began her career as a child actress at the age of six. She is perhaps best known for her role in the NBC sitcom \\\"The Torkelsons\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Olivia Burnette\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9385946\",\n \"text\": \"Berlinda Tolbert Berlinda Tolbert (born November 4, 1949) is an American film and television actress. Tolbert is best known for her role as Jenny Willis Jefferson, the daughter of Tom and Helen Willis on the CBS sitcom \\\"The Jeffersons\\\", which originally aired from 1975 until 1985. Tolbert majored in theater at the North Carolina School of the Arts in Winston-Salem. She also studied drama in London. In a 2013 interview, Tolbert stated, \\\"I’ve only had one job in my entire life… professional actress.\\\" She got her first film part from Martin Scorsese in the early 1970s, when she was in\",\n \"title\": \"Berlinda Tolbert\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4605777\",\n \"text\": \"Abby Sciuto, he is one of only two actors who have appeared in all four shows (\\\"JAG, NCIS, NCIS: LA, NCIS: NO\\\"). In 2004 he starred in the television film \\\"The Mystery of Natalie Wood\\\", portraying Robert Wagner. Since 2010, Robert Wagner had made eight guest appearances on \\\"NCIS\\\" as Anthony DiNozzo, Sr., the father of Weatherly's character. He was a guest presenter at the Australian Logie Awards of 2007 on May 6, 2007, and was a guest on \\\"Rove Live\\\". Weatherly made his directing debut with the season-eight episode of \\\"NCIS\\\" titled \\\"One Last Score\\\", which aired March 1,\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Weatherly\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5148176\",\n \"text\": \"Hidden\\\". He also starred opposite Julie Andrews as King Marchand in the 1995 Broadway adaptation of \\\"Victor/Victoria.\\\" Michael Nouri Michael Nouri (born December 9, 1945) is an American television and film actor. His father was born in Iraq. He may be best known for his role as Nick Hurley in the 1983 film \\\"Flashdance\\\". He has had recurring roles in numerous television series, including \\\"NCIS\\\" as Eli David, the father of Mossad officer (later Special Agent) Ziva David, \\\"The O.C.\\\" as Dr. Neil Roberts, and \\\"Damages\\\" as Phil Grey. He also appeared as Congressman Stewart with Queen Latifah in the\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Nouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3332647\",\n \"text\": \"was first introduced in a guest starring role in two episodes of \\\"JAG\\\". Since 2003, Harmon has starred in \\\"NCIS\\\" as the same character. Harmon was born in Burbank, California, the youngest of three children and the only son. His parents were Heisman Trophy–winning football player and broadcaster Tom Harmon and actress and artist Elyse Knox (née Elsie Lillian Kornbrath). Harmon has two older sisters, actress and painter Kristin Nelson, who was divorced from the late singer Rick Nelson, and actress-model Kelly Harmon, who was once married to car magnate John DeLorean. His maternal grandparents were Austrian immigrants. After graduating\",\n \"title\": \"Mark Harmon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2214486\",\n \"text\": \"to believe. I'm completely different.\\\" Alba met Cash Warren, son of actor Michael Warren, while filming \\\"Fantastic Four\\\" in 2004. The pair were married in Los Angeles in May 2008. They have three children: daughters Honor Marie Warren (born 2008), Haven Garner Warren (born 2011), and son Hayes Alba Warren (born New Year's Eve 2017). The first pictures of eldest daughter Honor appearing in the July 2008 issue of \\\"OK!\\\" magazine were reportedly paid US$1.5 million. Alba appeared on George Lopez's series \\\"Lopez Tonight\\\". After she and her father had submitted DNA samples (cheek swabs) to the DNA Diagnostic Center\",\n \"title\": \"Jessica Alba\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3534193\",\n \"text\": \"Nia Long Nia Talita Long, (born October 30, 1970) is an American actress. She is known for her roles in the television series \\\"The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air\\\", \\\"Third Watch\\\" and \\\"Empire\\\", and the films \\\"Boyz n the Hood\\\", \\\"Friday\\\", \\\"Love Jones\\\", \\\"Soul Food\\\", \\\"In Too Deep\\\", \\\"The Best Man\\\", \\\"Big Momma's House\\\" and \\\"Are We There Yet?\\\". Long was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Talita Long (née Gillman), a teacher and printmaker, and Doughtry Long, a high school teacher and poet. Her family is of Trinidadian, Grenadian, Vincentian, and Barbadian descent. She has an older half-sister, the actress\",\n \"title\": \"Nia Long\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10765799\",\n \"text\": \"Soniya Mehra Sonia Mehra (born 2 December 1988) is an Indian Bollywood actress and daughter of late actor Vinod Mehra. She is best known for playing Tanya Kapoor in \\\"Ragini MMS 2\\\". She is the daughter of the late actor Vinod Mehra from his third and last wife Kiran. She was less than two years old when her father died in October 1990. She was brought up in Kenya with her brother Rohan by her maternal grandparents. Soniya went to The Mombasa Academy in Mombasa, Kenya and completed her education in London. She began her training in acting at the\",\n \"title\": \"Soniya Mehra\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10578145\",\n \"text\": \"other notable television credits include \\\"Early Edition\\\", \\\"Criminal Minds\\\" and \\\"NCIS\\\", and her other film credits include supporting roles in \\\"Arctic Blue\\\", \\\"Deep Impact\\\", \\\"Jaded\\\" and \\\"Women in Trouble\\\". In 1994, Kihlstedt married actor Gil Bellows. They have two children, Ava Emanuelle (born 1999), and Giovanni (born 2001). She is the sister of Oakland-based violinist, Carla Kihlstedt. Rya Kihlstedt Rya Kihlstedt (born July 23, 1970) is an American actress. She is known for co-starring in the 1997 comedy film \\\"Home Alone 3\\\", and for her recurring roles as Dr. Michelle Ross in the Showtime crime drama \\\"Dexter\\\" and Marilyn Rhodes\",\n \"title\": \"Rya Kihlstedt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6577528\",\n \"text\": \"Todd was killed in the second \\\"NCIS\\\" season finale following Alexander's decision to permanently leave the show. Shortly afterwards, series creator Donald Bellisario announced plans to replace Todd with another female lead. At the time, he stated that the new character would be \\\"quite different\\\" from the previous and of an undecided foreign nationality—\\\"I want to go for a European or Australian girl who is very comfortable with her femininity and sexuality.\\\" Before joining the cast of \\\"NCIS\\\", Cote de Pablo, who lived in New York at the time, had performed primarily in the theatre. She was intended to portray\",\n \"title\": \"Ziva David\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17111257\",\n \"text\": \"Linda Powell Linda Powell (born April, 1965) is an American actress. Powell was born in Fort Benning, Georgia, the daughter of Alma and Colin Powell, the former United States Secretary of State, National Security Advisor and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. She was raised on a series of military bases, because of her father's career. She has a B.A. in English literature from the College of William & Mary in Virginia, and studied theater at the Circle in the Square Theatre School. Powell has had a long career of supporting roles in film and television. Her most notable\",\n \"title\": \"Linda Powell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1743685\",\n \"text\": \"Posey and Melvil Poupaud in \\\"Broken English\\\", an independent American feature written and directed by her daughter Zoe Cassavetes. In 2009, she appeared on an episode of \\\"Monk\\\" (\\\"Mr. Monk and the Lady Next Door\\\"). On March 2, 2010, she appeared on an episode of \\\"NCIS\\\" as lead character Leroy Jethro Gibbs's former mother-in-law, who is embroiled in a murder investigation. In 2014, she starred in the film adaptation of \\\"Six Dance Lessons in Six Weeks\\\". Rowlands was married to John Cassavetes from April 9, 1954, until his death on February 3, 1989. They met at the American Academy at\",\n \"title\": \"Gena Rowlands\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12174091\",\n \"text\": \"Kimberly Cullum Kimberly Cullum (born November 29, 1981) is an American former child actress who had many film and television roles during the 1990s. Born in Los Angeles, California, Cullum is the daughter of cartoonist Leo Cullum whose work regularly appeared in \\\"The New Yorker\\\" magazine. Her younger sister Kaitlin Cullum is also a former child actress. Cullum began acting professionally at the age of seven when she starred in the 1989 made-for-TV movie \\\"The Revenge of Al Capone\\\", starring Keith Carradine. Among her other credits are appearances on \\\"The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air\\\", \\\"Empty Nest\\\" (in the episode \\\"Read\",\n \"title\": \"Kimberly Cullum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17122310\",\n \"text\": \"Emily Wilson (actress) Emily Wilson (born May 28, 1985 in Westminster, Colorado) is an American actress. Wilson began her acting career in 2005 in the TV series \\\"NCIS\\\" (\\\"SWAK\\\"). In 2006, she was the Audition Revealed - Winner on \\\"KTLA Morning News\\\". In 2007, Wilson guest starred on \\\"MADtv\\\", \\\"Californication\\\", and \\\"Side Order of Life\\\". Wilson was in \\\"Meet The Spartans\\\" (2008) and \\\"The House Bunny\\\" (2008). In 2009, she guest starred on \\\"Secret Girlfriend\\\". In 2010, Wilson was in the independent film \\\"The Boys and Girls Guide to Getting Down\\\" and \\\"L.A. Vampire\\\". She also guest starred on \\\"Entourage\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Emily Wilson (actress)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6577553\",\n \"text\": \"with her father's successor - Director Orli Elbaz - who later informs DiNozzo of the difficulty Ziva had faced while deciding whether to inform him of the birth of their daughter which Tony is given care of after Ziva is killed. Cote de Pablo describes the character as someone who is \\\"completely different from anyone else on the show\\\" and that because \\\"she's been around men all her life; she's used to men in authority. She's not afraid of men.\\\" She later stated that, \\\"This woman is a soldier. She takes things to the extreme. She knows how to use\",\n \"title\": \"Ziva David\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12659868\",\n \"text\": \"of 11. Lucas left the company of \\\"Fun Home\\\" on October 4, 2015. Lucas played Mary Lennox in \\\"The Secret Garden\\\" with Manhattan Concert Productions on February 21 and 22, 2016 at Lincoln Center’s David Geffen Hall. Lucas has portrayed the younger version of two different characters played by Kristen Wiig in the films \\\"Girl Most Likely\\\" (2012) and \\\"The Skeleton Twins\\\" (2014). Her television credits include guest roles on \\\"\\\", \\\"Royal Pains\\\", \\\"Saturday Night Live\\\", and \\\"Team Umizoomi\\\". She has also appeared as Malcolm's Daughter in Giuseppe Verdi's \\\"Macbeth\\\" at the Metropolitan Opera in 2012. Sydney Lucas Sydney Ellen\",\n \"title\": \"Sydney Lucas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17205138\",\n \"text\": \"his contract on the show with a new \\\"multiyear deal\\\" with CBS. It was announced on July 10, 2013 that Cote de Pablo, who plays Ziva David, had chosen not to return for the eleventh season as a regular. She will appear in enough episodes to close out her character's storylines. Because of de Pablo's exit, showrunner Gary Glasberg had to change his planned storyline for season 11. \\\"Someone asked me if I was planning for this, but I really wasn't, so basically the minute that this became real, I had to throw out a lot of what I was\",\n \"title\": \"NCIS (season 11)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3271738\",\n \"text\": \"Katherine Kelly Lang Katherine Kelly Lang (born Katherine Kelly Wegeman; July 25, 1961) is an American actress best known for playing Brooke Logan in the CBS soap opera \\\"The Bold and the Beautiful\\\". She was born in Hollywood, California and graduated from Beverly Hills High School. She is the daughter of Olympic ski jumper Keith R. Wegeman and actress Judith Lang and the granddaughter of Oscar-winning cinematographer Charles Lang. Lang was divorced twice. She is the mother of three children: Jeremy Skott Snider (born 1990), Julian Lang Snider (born 1992), Zoe Katrina D'Andrea (born 1997), and has a stepdaughter, Danyelle\",\n \"title\": \"Katherine Kelly Lang\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17227708\",\n \"text\": \"and -- BANG -- Saleem was gone. Gibbs took him out with one shot. On the emotional front, of course, Ziva is shell-shocked. She feels undeserving of the rescue, and when she returned to the office and everyone applauded the team for their mission, the vacant look in her eyes spoke volumes. Abby hugged her, doing what Tony wanted to do, but Ziva's not really all there yet. She's traumatized. It's going to take some time to get back to normal. All the more reason why next week's show is must-see viewing for me and the other 20 million who\",\n \"title\": \"Truth or Consequences (NCIS)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4742034\",\n \"text\": \"Lauren Holly Lauren Michael Holly (born October 28, 1963) is an American-Canadian actress. She is known for her roles as Deputy Sheriff Maxine Stewart in the television series \\\"Picket Fences\\\", Director Jenny Shepard in the series \\\"NCIS\\\", and Dr. Betty Rogers on Canadian series \\\"Motive\\\"; as well as playing Mary Swanson in \\\"Dumb and Dumber\\\", Linda Lee in \\\"\\\", Darian Smalls in \\\"Beautiful Girls\\\", Cindy Rooney in \\\"Any Given Sunday\\\", and Gigi in \\\"What Women Want\\\". Holly was born in Bristol, Pennsylvania. Her mother, Michael Ann Holly, is an art historian and the Starr Director of Research and Academic Program\",\n \"title\": \"Lauren Holly\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9140616\",\n \"text\": \"long-term contract child in Hollywood,\\\" having been signed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. That same year, she appeared in her favorite film, \\\"The Last Time I Saw Paris\\\". Based on F. Scott Fitzgerald's famous short story \\\"Babylon Revisited\\\", she played Vicky, the daughter of Van Johnson and Elizabeth Taylor. After her mother dies, Vicky is adopted by her mother's sister, played by Donna Reed. The movie called on her to speak French and to dance ballet. In 1954, she also played a crippled child in a Martin and Lewis film. In 1955, she was in \\\"The Prodigal\\\" with Lana Turner. Then she played\",\n \"title\": \"Sandy Descher\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18583313\",\n \"text\": \"Terri Hoyos Teresa Victoria \\\"Terri\\\" Hoyos is an American actress. Hoyos was born and raised in Los Angeles, California. She is of Mexican descent and is the daughter of actor Rodolfo Hoyos, Jr. In the 1980s, she began her career as a makeup artist, and later trained in acting at LACC Theatre Arts Academy. Hoyos made her screen debut in 1984, with a small part in the film \\\"Crimes of Passion\\\", and later had guest starring roles on \\\"Hill Street Blues\\\", \\\"Gimme a Break!\\\", \\\"Cheers\\\", \\\"ER\\\", \\\"Dharma & Greg\\\", \\\"Frasier\\\", \\\"NYPD Blue\\\", \\\"Parks and Recreation\\\", and \\\"Modern Family\\\". She also\",\n \"title\": \"Terri Hoyos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8354692\",\n \"text\": \"World\\\". This role elevated her career and she has since appeared in several films and guest starred on such popular television shows as \\\"Scrubs\\\", \\\"NCIS\\\", and \\\"Two and a Half Men\\\". She appeared in the TV series \\\"\\\" episode \\\"Nailed\\\" as Charlene Hartford, the woman responsible for accidentally injuring the character Ryan Wolfe with a nailgun. She lives in Southern California and has two sons; Logan and Ledger. O'Dell has also been a professional photographer since 2009. Jennifer O'Dell Jennifer O'Dell (born November 27, 1974 in Ridgecrest, California) is an American film and television actress. She is best known for\",\n \"title\": \"Jennifer O'Dell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17648535\",\n \"text\": \"Stephanie Beatriz Stephanie Beatriz Bischoff Alvizuri (born 10 February 1981) is an Argentine-born American actress best known for playing Detective Rosa Diaz in the Fox/NBC comedy series \\\"Brooklyn Nine-Nine\\\" and Jessica in the independent drama \\\"Short Term 12\\\" (2013). Stephanie Beatriz Bischoff Alvizuri was born in Neuquén, Neuquén Province, Argentina, the daughter of a Colombian father and a Bolivian mother. She also has German ancestry. With her parents and a younger sister, she arrived in the United States at the age of three. She grew up in Webster, Texas and attended Clear Brook High School. She graduated from Stephens College\",\n \"title\": \"Stephanie Beatriz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6577552\",\n \"text\": \"relationship, leading to Ziva becoming pregnant. Though DiNozzo was not informed of this, Ziva gave birth to a daughter named Tali. In season thirteen (\\\"Family First\\\"), Ziva's farmhouse is destroyed in a mortar attack ordered by CIA Agent Trent Kort. Although Tali is found alive, the NCIS crew are informed that Ziva is dead, though her remains are not found at the house. DiNozzo subsequently departs NCIS in order to care for their daughter, and travel to both Israel (in search of answers), and Paris (as \\\"Ziva loves Paris\\\"). Prior to the season thirteen finale, Ziva builds a strong friendship\",\n \"title\": \"Ziva David\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2046132\",\n \"text\": \"Laurie Holden Heather Laurie Holden (born December 17, 1969) is an American-Canadian actress, producer, model, and human rights activist. She is known for her roles as Marita Covarrubias in \\\"The X-Files\\\" (1996–2002), Adele Stanton in \\\"The Majestic\\\" (2001), Cybil Bennett in \\\"Silent Hill\\\" (2006), Amanda Dumfries in \\\"The Mist\\\" (2007), Olivia Murray in \\\"The Shield\\\" (2008), Andrea in \\\"The Walking Dead\\\" (2010–2013) and Renee in \\\"The Americans\\\" (2017-2018). Born in Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, California, and raised in Toronto, Ontario, Holden holds dual citizenship in the United States and Canada. After her parents, actors Glen Corbett and Adrienne Ellis,\",\n \"title\": \"Laurie Holden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12892843\",\n \"text\": \"Pauley Perrette Pauley Perrette (born March 27, 1969) is an American actress, best known for playing Abby Sciuto on the U.S. TV series \\\"NCIS\\\". She is also a published writer, singer, and civil rights advocate. Perrette was born in New Orleans and raised throughout the southern United States. On \\\"The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson\\\", she told host Craig Ferguson that she lived in Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, New York, New Jersey, and California. In a 2011 interview with the Associated Press, Perrette confessed her early ambitions were to work with animals, be in a rock\",\n \"title\": \"Pauley Perrette\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8239928\",\n \"text\": \"Elsa Pataky Elsa Lafuente Medianu (born 18 July 1976), known professionally as Elsa Pataky, is a Spanish model, actress, and film producer. Pataky is known for her role as Elena Neves in \\\"The Fast and the Furious\\\" franchise. She has appeared in the films \\\"Snakes on a Plane\\\" (2006), \\\"Giallo\\\" (2009) and \\\"Give 'Em Hell, Malone\\\" (2009). She also starred in the Spanish film \\\"Di Di Hollywood\\\" in 2010. Pataky was born Elsa Lafuente Medianu in Madrid, Spain, the daughter of José Francisco Lafuente, a Spanish biochemist, and Cristina Medianu Pataky, a publicist of Romanian and Hungarian ancestry. She has\",\n \"title\": \"Elsa Pataky\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12296096\",\n \"text\": \"for Summit Entertainment. \\\"Butterfly Kisses\\\", a film in which she was the lead, won the Crystal Bear for best feature at the 67th Berlinale festival. She stars as Tina in the Sky series \\\"Living the Dream\\\". Rosie Day Rosie-Jane Day (born 6 March 1995) is an English actress. She is known for playing Mary Hawkins in the Golden Globe nominated Starz and Sony Pictures TV series \\\"Outlander\\\" and Sarah Jessica Parker's daughter in the comedy road film \\\"All Roads Lead to Rome\\\", which she co-starred in. She also stars as Tina Pemberton in Sky One's \\\"Living the Dream\\\" alongside Phillip\",\n \"title\": \"Rosie Day\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18227848\",\n \"text\": \"Michael Foster. In 2016, Carver was cast as Michelle Geiss, a reluctant beauty and aspiring photographer who is both intellectual and talented, in the ABC television pilot \\\"Model Woman\\\". She starred opposite Andie MacDowell, Steven Weber (actor), and Nicole Ari Parker. She was also cast in Warren Beatty's \\\"Rule's Don't Apply\\\", and made appearances on \\\"NCIS\\\", \\\"Timeless\\\", and \\\"Heroes Reborn\\\". In 2017, Carver was cast as Nancy Kerrigan alongside Margot Robbie, Allison Janney, and Sebastian Stan in the award-winning film \\\"I, Tonya\\\". She currently recurs as Muffy Tuttle on Netflix's \\\"Dear White People\\\". Caitlin Carver Caitlin Carver (born March 31,\",\n \"title\": \"Caitlin Carver\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4910935\",\n \"text\": \"Samantha Mathis Samantha Mathis (born May 12, 1970) is an American actress. The daughter of actress Bibi Besch, Mathis made her film debut in \\\"Pump Up the Volume\\\" (1990), and later co-starred or appeared in such films as \\\"Little Women\\\" (1994), \\\"The American President\\\" (1995), \\\"Broken Arrow\\\" (1996), \\\"American Psycho\\\" (2000), \\\"The Punisher\\\" (2004), and \\\"\\\" (2012). Mathis was born in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York, the daughter of Donald Mathis and Austrian-born actress Bibi Besch. Her parents divorced when she was two years old, and Mathis was raised by her mother. She relocated with her mother to Los Angeles at\",\n \"title\": \"Samantha Mathis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15470145\",\n \"text\": \"playing the daughter of lead Monica Potter. In 2016 Prosperi starred in the Lifetime movie \\\"His Double Life\\\". Cristine Prosperi Cristine Prosperi (born ) is a Canadian actress. She is known for portraying Imogen Moreno on \\\"\\\", Tiara Turner on the Family Channel series \\\"Really Me\\\", and Mikayla in the TeenNick series \\\"Open Heart\\\". Prosperi was born in Toronto. Prosperi began her career with small roles in the 2007 movies \\\"\\\" and \\\"Your Beautiful Cul de Sac Home\\\". In 2009 she guest starred on the comedy series \\\"The Latest Buzz\\\". She has several commercials under her belt; she shot an\",\n \"title\": \"Cristine Prosperi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19887445\",\n \"text\": \"(2010), \\\"Invisible\\\" (2010), and the Oscar-nominated documentary, \\\"Rehearsing a Dream\\\" (2006). Grant splits her time between New Orleans, Louisiana, where \\\"\\\" is filmed, and Los Angeles, California. Shalita Grant Shalita Grant (born August 28, 1988) is an American actress on \\\"\\\", portraying NCIS Agent Sonja Percy, and also on \\\"Mercy Street\\\", portraying Aurelia Johnson, a stoic \\\"contraband,\\\" or escaped slave. Grant was born in Petersburg, Virginia, and attended high school at the Baltimore School for the Arts in Maryland, where she was a YoungArts Winner in Theater and Presidential Scholar in the Arts. At 17, she received a scholarship to\",\n \"title\": \"Shalita Grant\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5078442\",\n \"text\": \"and Rachel Dratch; she plays Truvy, the friend of a college co-ed (Amber Tamblyn) who is also the daughter of a powerful senator. She appeared in the role of Sandy in the \\\"NCIS\\\" episode \\\"Seek\\\". Sarah Hagan Sarah Margaret Hagan (born May 24, 1984) is an American television and film actress. Hagan was born in Austin, Texas. She has been acting since the age of six, when her mother first signed her up for musical theater. Hagan was first involved with theater companies such as Houston's Playhouse 1960, the Houston Grand Opera (where she sang in the children's chorus), the\",\n \"title\": \"Sarah Hagan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6039765\",\n \"text\": \"Pratt was finishing her bachelor's degree in Business, while working on prerequisites for a Master's program in occupational therapy at the University of Southern California. She married fellow actor Kenneth Mitchell in May 2006, with whom she has two children, a daughter, Lilah Ruby Mitchell (born July 7, 2007) and son, Kallum Porter Mitchell (born December 9, 2012). Susan May Pratt Susan May Pratt (born February 8, 1974) is an American actress. She played Mandella in \\\"10 Things I Hate About You\\\", Alicia in \\\"Drive Me Crazy\\\", and Maureen Cummings in \\\"Center Stage\\\". Pratt was born in Lansing, Michigan and\",\n \"title\": \"Susan May Pratt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6818592\",\n \"text\": \"Stephanie Hodge Stephanie Hodge (born December 24, 1956) is an American actress and stand-up comedian, best known for her role as Jennie Malloy on the WB sitcom \\\"Unhappily Ever After\\\" from 1995 to 1998. Hodge was born in Wilmington, Ohio. She attended Wilmington College and Ohio University in Athens, OH. She starred in a number of television sitcoms in 1990s, like \\\"Sugar and Spice\\\", \\\"My Talk Show\\\", \\\"Nurses\\\", and \\\"Muddling Through\\\". After leaving \\\"Unhappily Ever After\\\", Hodge appeared in the 2001 film \\\"Evolution\\\", the film \\\"Yes Man\\\" and later guest-starred on \\\"Reba\\\", \\\"NCIS\\\", \\\"The Suite Life of Zack and Cody\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Stephanie Hodge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2499307\",\n \"text\": \"Denise Crosby Denise Michelle Crosby (; born November 24, 1957) is an American actress and model, best known for portraying Security Chief Tasha Yar in of \\\"\\\" as well as Yar's daughter, the half-Romulan Commander Sela, in subsequent seasons. She is also known for her numerous film and television roles, and for starring in and producing the film \\\"Trekkies\\\". Denise Michelle Crosby was born on November 24, 1957 in Hollywood, California, the daughter of Marilyn Scott and actor Dennis Crosby (whom Denise was named after). Her mother pursued a sensational, three-year-long lawsuit against her father, at the conclusion of which\",\n \"title\": \"Denise Crosby\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2499319\",\n \"text\": \"Denise Crosby Denise Michelle Crosby (; born November 24, 1957) is an American actress and model, best known for portraying Security Chief Tasha Yar in of \\\"\\\" as well as Yar's daughter, the half-Romulan Commander Sela, in subsequent seasons. She is also known for her numerous film and television roles, and for starring in and producing the film \\\"Trekkies\\\". Denise Michelle Crosby was born on November 24, 1957 in Hollywood, California, the daughter of Marilyn Scott and actor Dennis Crosby (whom Denise was named after). Her mother pursued a sensational, three-year-long lawsuit against her father, at the conclusion of which\",\n \"title\": \"Denise Crosby\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12403632\",\n \"text\": \"who starred as Susan's daughter, Julie, departed from the cast, as her character left for college at the end of the fourth season. Teri Hatcher expressed disappointment in the producers' decision, but Cherry stated that Bowen would return in the future. Joy Lauren, who portrayed Bree's daughter, Danielle, and Lyndsy Fonseca, who played Katherine's daughter, Dylan, also left the main cast, although the former appeared in the season premiere as a guest star. Because the fourth season ended leaving Mike's whereabouts unknown, James Denton's return to the series was questioned during hiatus. Denton stated in May 2008 that producers would\",\n \"title\": \"You're Gonna Love Tomorrow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5842394\",\n \"text\": \"NBC.com. Donovan had a role in the film \\\"A Golden Christmas\\\", where she played Anna, the sister of the main character and she played the lead role in \\\"The 12 Wishes of Christmas.\\\" In 2006 she played a guest role in the \\\"NCIS\\\" episode \\\"Dead and Unburied\\\". She was also featured in 'N Sync's 1999 music video for \\\"Thinking of You (I Drive Myself Crazy)\\\" as the love interest for Joey Fatone. Donovan has been married to her husband Charlie Bigelow since October 20, 2012. They have a daughter named Scarlett Avery Bigelow (born May 8, 2012). Elisa Donovan Elisa\",\n \"title\": \"Elisa Donovan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5858778\",\n \"text\": \"her early career. In 2003, she had a role as Lindsay Lohan's character's rival in \\\"Freaky Friday\\\". She played a similar role the following year in the romantic comedy \\\"A Cinderella Story\\\", opposite Hilary Duff, and Chad Michael Murray, and also appeared in \\\"\\\" and \\\"Christmas with the Kranks\\\", as Jamie Lee Curtis' character's daughter. In 2005, she had supporting role in another romantic comedy, \\\"Must Love Dogs\\\". Her other credits including 2007 thriller \\\"Cherry Crush\\\" and the lead role in the 2013 comedy horror movie \\\"Vamp U\\\". In 2006, Gonzalo was cast in a series regular role as Parker\",\n \"title\": \"Julie Gonzalo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17179488\",\n \"text\": \"by her father, as was confirmed in \\\"Aliyah\\\". However, Merik Tadros, who portrayed Rivkin, voiced his opinion on the subject: \\\"They could easily have been paired and had to be in love and then had to learn to love each other... The way I've always approached it is that Rivkin loves Ziva. They've always wanted to add some suspense and mystery to all of it, but I would always say to the directors, 'How could I not love her?'\\\" When asked how Tony and Ziva's relationship would be affected, Cote de Pablo replied, \\\"We could not be farther away from\",\n \"title\": \"Aliyah (NCIS)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13327527\",\n \"text\": \"Yvonne DeLaRosa Yvonne DeLaRosa is an American actress, best known for her role on the Imagen award-winning series \\\"Los Americans\\\", Yvonne has appeared in films such as \\\"Helter Skelter\\\", \\\"Mystery Woman: Snapshot\\\", and \\\"The Sorrow\\\", in addition to landing roles on TV shows, including \\\"How I Met Your Mother\\\", \\\"NCIS (TV series)\\\", \\\"Weeds\\\", and \\\"The King of Queens\\\". She has been heralded as 'The face of the new wave of Latino talent' by \\\"Jimmy Smits\\\". She is also a serial entrepreneur of two successive cannabis dispensaries. Born to a Colombian mother and Native American father, DeLaRosa began studying theater at\",\n \"title\": \"Yvonne DeLaRosa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10520690\",\n \"text\": \"Deanna Russo Deanna Russo is an American actress. She is known for her starring roles on the 2008 NBC version of \\\"Knight Rider\\\" and the 2014 USA Network television series \\\"Satisfaction\\\". In 2003, she made her television debut in an episode of \\\"Charmed\\\", and later guest starred on \\\"\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"How I Met Your Mother\\\", and \\\"NCIS\\\". In 2007, she had a recurring role as Dr. Logan Armstrong on the CBS soap opera, \\\"The Young and the Restless\\\". In 2007, Russo won Best Director for her short, Taste of Kream, in the New Orleans Film Festival. Russo starred in the\",\n \"title\": \"Deanna Russo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17372366\",\n \"text\": \"that Cote De Pablo would not be returning to her role as Ziva David for the upcoming 11th season. De Pablo stated \\\"I've had 8 great years with NCIS and Ziva David. I have huge respect and affection for Mark, Gary, Michael, David, Rocky, Pauley, Brian, Sean, all of the team and CBS. I look forward to finishing Ziva's story.\\\" However it was announced that Cote De Pablo would return for the beginning of season 11 to wrap up Ziva's storyline. Show runner Gary Glasberg stated in an interview with EW that: \\\"The amazing resolution you're going to see is\",\n \"title\": \"Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17951534\",\n \"text\": \"director, wanted her to do it because it was the role of a Parsi woman. In this film, Daisy Irani, who had worked with Shammi in her first film as a child artist for the film Bandish in 1955, played her daughter-in-law. She died in her sleep on 6 March 2018, from natural causes at the age of 88. Shammi (actress) Nargis Rabadi (24 April 1929 – 6 March 2018), better known by her stage name Shammi, was an Indian actress who appeared in over two hundred Hindi films. Shammi remained a sought-after with filmmakers when it came to goofy\",\n \"title\": \"Shammi (actress)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6018639\",\n \"text\": \"front door.\\\" Alyssa Rosenberg of the \\\"Washington Monthly\\\" also suggested that Gibbs, \\\"a former Marine with a Bush-like faith in his 'gut', appeared as a distinctly conservative figure in the series, in contrast to \\\"liberal stand-ins\\\" McGee and Abby Sciuto. In 2011, it was reported that the role had made Mark Harmon the fourth most popular actor on primetime television. Several other members of the \\\"NCIS\\\" cast were also listed in the top ten, including Pauley Perrette (Abby Sciuto), Cote de Pablo (Ziva David), David McCallum (Ducky Mallard), and Michael Weatherly (Anthony DiNozzo). Leroy Jethro Gibbs Leroy Jethro Gibbs is\",\n \"title\": \"Leroy Jethro Gibbs\"\n }\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who played tony and ziva's daughter on ncis"}}},{"rowIdx":8396,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["12"],"string":"[\n \"12\"\n]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"552783","text":"is used. The use of a jury is optional for civil trials in any Australian state. The use of a jury in criminal trials is generally by a unanimous verdict of 12 lay members of the public. Some States provide exceptions such as majority (11-to-1 or 10-to-2) verdicts where a jury cannot otherwise reach a verdict. Sometimes a state law may allow an accused person to elect to use a judge-only trial rather than the default jury provision. The Constitution of Australia provides in section 80 that 'the trial on indictment of any offense against any law of the Commonwealth","title":"Jury"},{"id":"218112","text":"side where the offence was murder, and eight for all other cases. In 1987 this was lowered to three peremptory challenges per side, the same amount allowed in South Australia. Eight peremptory challenges are allowed for both counsels for all offences in Queensland. Victoria, Tasmania and the Northern Territory allow for six. Western Australia allows five peremptory challenges per side. In Australia majority verdicts are allowed in South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia, Tasmania, the Northern Territory, New South Wales and Queensland, while the ACT require unanimous verdicts. Since 1927 South Australia has permitted majority verdicts of 11:1, and 10:1 or","title":"Jury trial"},{"id":"218132","text":"a majority of nine of the twelve members. In a criminal case, a verdict need not be unanimous where there are not fewer than eleven jurors if ten of them agree on a verdict after considering the case for a reasonable time. Juries are selected from a jury panel, which is picked at random by the county registrar from the electoral register. The principal statute regulating the selection, obligations and conduct of juries is the Juries Act 1976 as amended by the Civil Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2008, which scrapped the upper age limit of 70. Juries are not paid,","title":"Jury trial"},{"id":"5025275","text":"jurisdiction,\" which enables them to hear all legal issues arising from a single set of facts. This enables all courts to deal with virtually all issues arising from the facts of a case, provided that the particular court has jurisdiction to hear the principal cause of action. Most of the states have two further levels of courts, which are comparable across the country. The district court (or county court in Victoria) handles most criminal trials for less serious indictable offences, and most civil matters below a threshold (usually around $1 million). The magistrates court (or local court) handles summary matters","title":"Judiciary of Australia"},{"id":"552803","text":"picked at random by the county registrar from the electoral register. Juries only decide questions of fact and have no role in criminal sentencing. It is not necessary that a jury be unanimous in its verdict. In civil cases, a verdict may be reached by a majority of nine of the twelve members. In a criminal case, a verdict need not be unanimous where there are not fewer than eleven jurors if ten of them agree on a verdict after considering the case for a \"reasonable time\". Juries are not paid, nor do they receive travel expenses; however they do","title":"Jury"},{"id":"218115","text":"offences that carry a life sentence, although only 11:1 or 10:1 majorities are allowed. Majority verdicts were introduced in New South Wales in 2006. In New South Wales, a majority verdict can only be returned if the jury consists of at least 11 jurors and the deliberation has occurred for at least 8 hours or for a period that the court considers reasonable having regard to the nature and complexity of the case. Additionally, the court must be satisfied through examination of one or more of the jurors on oath, that a unanimous verdict will not be reached if further","title":"Jury trial"},{"id":"5855927","text":"verdict. Part XX of the \"Criminal Code of Canada\" allows for a jury in a Canadian murder trial to consist of twelve jurors. However, a minimum of ten jurors and a maximum of 14 jurors may hear the evidence a trial. At the end of trial, a maximum of twelve jurors and minimum of ten jurors may deliberate. Section 631(2.2) as well as section 643 of the \"Criminal Code\" specify that a jury may consist of either 12, 13 or 14 members, however, 12 is most common. Section 631(2.2) allows a judge to order that 13 or 14 jurors be","title":"Jury selection"},{"id":"218113","text":"9:1 where the jury has been reduced, in criminal trials if a unanimous verdict cannot be reached in four hours. They are accepted in all cases except for \"guilty\" verdicts where the defendant is on trial for murder or treason. Victoria has accepted majority verdicts with the same conditions since 1994, though deliberations must go on for six hours before a majority verdict can be made. Western Australia accepted majority verdicts in 1957 for all trials except where the crime is murder or has a life sentence. A 10:2 verdict is accepted. Majority verdicts of 10:2 have been allowed in","title":"Jury trial"},{"id":"552758","text":"refusal to impanel more than the six members provided for by Florida law \"did not violate petitioner's Sixth Amendment rights as applied to the States through the Fourteenth.\" In \"Ballew v. Georgia\", , the Supreme Court ruled that the number of jurors could not be reduced below six. In \"Brownlee v The Queen\" (2001) 207 CLR 278, the High Court of Australia unanimously held that a jury of 12 members was not an essential feature of \"trial by jury\" in section 80 of the Australian Constitution. In Scotland, a jury in a criminal trial consists of 15 jurors, which is","title":"Jury"},{"id":"10499488","text":"is being considered for exclusion: Judges may face the need to weigh the probative value versus the prejudicial impact in nearly any case. A part of this is symbolized by a weighing scale and represents justice. Australian rule of evidence is a mixture of statute and common law. It has a uniform \"Evidence Act\" (UEA or the 'Act') that consists of Acts of the Commonwealth, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, Australian Capital Territory, Northern Territory and Norfolk Island. The rules of evidence work to ensure that criminal trials are conducted in a manner that is fair to both parties in","title":"Relevance (law)"},{"id":"218114","text":"Tasmania since 1936 for all cases except murder and treason if a unanimous decision has not been made within two hours. Since 1943 verdicts of \"not guilty\" for murder and treason have also been included, but must be discussed for six hours. The Northern Territory has allowed majority verdicts of 10:2, 10:1 and 9:1 since 1963 and does not discriminate between cases whether the charge is murder or not. Deliberation must go for at least six hours before delivering a majority verdict. The Queensland \"Jury Act 1995\" (s 59F) allows majority verdicts for all crimes except for murder and other","title":"Jury trial"},{"id":"6441073","text":"burden of proof lies with the prosecutor. The general rule is that an accused person is 'innocent until proven guilty'. The standard of proof is 'beyond reasonable doubt' which is the highest standard in law. Generally speaking, you have the right to remain silent if you are questioned by the police and you can not be forced to give evidence at your own trial. Australian criminal law was originally received from the English common law, which continues to evolve in Australian courts. Although all states now also have some criminal law legislation, in some states the criminal law has been","title":"Criminal law of Australia"},{"id":"218109","text":"police procedural and legal dramas, in what is known as the 'CSI effect' (after the ). In at least one English trial the misuse or misunderstanding or misrepresentation by the prosecution of statistics has led to wrongful conviction. Is one of the first countries in Latin America that has implemented the Trial by Juries. Although it has a Civil Law process, since November of 2015, it now has Jury system for serious crimes cases. The Australian Constitution provides that: \"80. The trial on indictment of any offence against any law of the Commonwealth shall be by jury, and every such","title":"Jury trial"},{"id":"218164","text":"members, though fewer may sit on cases involving lesser offenses. Criminal juries decide whether the defendant committed the crime as charged. In several southern states, the jury sets punishment, while in most states and at the federal level, it is set by the judge. Verdicts in criminal cases must be unanimous, with the following exceptions: Currently, two states, Oregon and Louisiana, do not require unanimous verdicts in criminal cases. Each requires a 10–2 majority for conviction, except for capital crimes: Oregon requires unanimous verdicts for guilty to any murder case and Louisiana requires all 12. But in Oregon, unlike any","title":"Jury trial"},{"id":"14290013","text":"In Queensland each jury has a choice for an Oath or Affirmation. The Oath is as follows: The Affirmation is as follows: According to the French Code of Penal Procedure, all jurors must individually swear to the following message from the judge presiding the court: A New Zealand juror's oath reads: \"Members of the jury: Do each of you swear by Almighty God (or solemnly, sincerely, and truly declare and affirm) that you will try the case before you to the best of your ability and give your verdict according to the evidence?\" In the United Kingdom, each juror can","title":"Juror's oath"},{"id":"202290","text":"Indictable offence In many common law jurisdictions (e.g., England and Wales, Ireland, Canada, Hong Kong, India, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, Singapore), an indictable offence is an offence which can only be tried on an indictment after a preliminary hearing to determine whether there is a \"prima facie\" case to answer or by a grand jury (in contrast to a summary offence). In the United States, a crime of similar severity and rules is called a felony, which also requires an indictment. In relation to England and Wales, the expression \"indictable offence\" means an offence which, if committed by an adult,","title":"Indictable offence"},{"id":"6441074","text":"wholly codified, whereas in other states the bulk of the criminal law remains based on the common law, but may be partially expressed in legislation. These two types of criminal law systems are generally referred to as 'code jurisdictions' or 'common law jurisdictions' respectively. New South Wales, South Australia and Victoria are common law jurisdictions. These states have legislation which lists the most common offences and fix their penalties, but do not always exhaustively define the elements of the offence. For example, in New South Wales, section 117 of the \"Crimes Act 1900\" (NSW) states:117. Punishment for larceny
Whosoever commits larceny,","title":"Criminal law of Australia"},{"id":"5231343","text":"Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory The Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory is the superior court for the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). It has unlimited jurisdiction within the territory in civil matters (although it usually only hears matters involving more than 250,000), and hears the most serious criminal matters. Criminal trials may be heard before a judge and jury, or by judge alone at the election of the accused. All matters are heard before a single judge, including appellate matters from the Magistrates Court, the Children's Court, and the ACT Civil and Administrative Tribunal. In the Australian","title":"Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory"},{"id":"5025277","text":"As these territories have very small populations, the courts only sit from time to time as needed. The three external territories are Norfolk Island, Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands. The remaining external territories (including Antarctica) do not have permanent courts. In the event of a case arising from these territories, the courts of the ACT have jurisdiction. All the States and Territories, with the exception of Tasmania, have a Civil and Administrative Tribunal. These hear cases relating to lesser State or Territory administrative disputes (involving some individual, business or government body). These commonly involve actions by persons bound to","title":"Judiciary of Australia"},{"id":"552795","text":"an inquest. Criminal cases are normally tried by a 7-person jury and sometimes, at the discretion of the court, a 9-person jury. Nevertheless, the Jury Ordinance requires that a jury in any proceedings should be composed of at least 5 jurors. Although article 86 of the basic law states that ‘the principle of trial by jury previously practiced in Hong Kong shall be maintained’, it does not guarantee that every case is to be tried by a jury. In the case \"Chiang Lily v. Secretary for Justice\" (2010), the Court of Final Appeal agreed that ‘there is no right to","title":"Jury"},{"id":"552737","text":"Jury A jury is a sworn body of people convened to render an impartial verdict (a finding of fact on a question) officially submitted to them by a court, or to set a penalty or judgment. Modern juries tend to be found in courts to ascertain the guilt or lack thereof in a crime. In Anglophone jurisdictions, the verdict may be \"guilty\" or \"not guilty\" (\"not proven\"; a verdict of acquittal, based on the state's failure to prove guilt rather than any proof of innocence, is also available in Scotland). The old institution of grand juries still exists in some","title":"Jury"},{"id":"6441085","text":"jurisdiction are codified in the Crimes Act 1958 (Vic) and the state's main criminal procedure laws are consolidated in the Criminal Procedure Act 2009 (Vic). Other relevant criminal legislation include the Evidence Act 2008 (Vic), the Summary Offences Act 1966 (Vic) and Jury Directions Act 2015 (Vic). There are also a number of common law provisions for criminal conduct within Victoria. The \"Criminal Code Act 1899 (Qld)\", is the primary instrument for the source of criminal law in Queensland. The Criminal Code Act was largely the product of Sir Samuel Walker Griffith, then Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of","title":"Criminal law of Australia"},{"id":"218111","text":"William IV No 12). The \"voir dire\" system of examining the jury pool before selection is not permitted in Australia as it violates the privacy of jurors. Therefore, though it exists, the right to challenge for cause during jury selection cannot be employed much. Peremptory challenges are usually based on the hunches of counsel and no reason is needed to use them. All Australian states allow for peremptory challenges in jury selection; however, the number of challenges granted to the counsels in each state are not all the same. Until 1987 New South Wales had twenty peremptory challenges for each","title":"Jury trial"},{"id":"6441072","text":"Criminal law of Australia The criminal law of Australia is the body of law made, recognised and applied in Australia that relates to crime. Most criminal law is made and administered by the individual states and territories of Australia. However, a body of criminal law is also made and administered by the federal government. Criminal law may be differentiated from civil law, which in Australia relates to non-criminal law including civil wrongs, contract law, much of property law and other areas that concern the rights and duties of individuals amongst themselves. In Australia, when a criminal prosecution is commenced, the","title":"Criminal law of Australia"},{"id":"218149","text":"tried by magistrates or the defendant may elect trial by jury in the Crown Court. Serious (\"indictable\") offences, however, must be tried before a jury in the Crown Court. Juries sit in few civil cases, being restricted to false imprisonment, malicious prosecution, and civil fraud (unless ordered otherwise by a judge). Juries also sit in coroner's courts for more contentious inquests. All criminal juries consist of 12 jurors, those in a County Court having 8 jurors and Coroner's Court juries having between 7 and 11 members. Jurors must be between 18–75 years of age, and are selected at random from","title":"Jury trial"},{"id":"20497599","text":"Court Justice: Sydney Court Justice: Sydney is an Australian factual television show that looks at the work of twelve magistrates who preside at the Downing Centre, a major courthouse complex in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. This observational documentary series began on the Crime and Investigation Network on 2 July 2017. It is narrated by Chris Bourke. This series takes a look inside one of the world's busiest local courts. The twelve magistrates that preside at Sydney’s Downing Centre handle over 30,000 cases every year, from minor traffic offences to major assaults. The defendants can range from habitual offenders to","title":"Court Justice: Sydney"},{"id":"218135","text":"or more. For most offences, the defendant can choose to forego a jury trial in favour of a judge-alone (bench) trial. Serious \"category 4\" offences such as murder, manslaughter and treason are always tried by jury, with some exceptions. Civil jury trials are restricted to cases involving defamation, false imprisonment or malicious prosecution. New Zealand previously required jury verdicts to be passed unanimously, but since the passing of the Criminal Procedure Bill in 2009 the Juries Act 1981 has permitted verdicts to be passed by a majority of one less than the full jury (that is an 11–1 or a","title":"Jury trial"},{"id":"218140","text":"away at what types of criminal offenses merit a jury trial. They are similar to common law juries, and unlike lay judges, in that they sit separately from the judges and decide questions of fact alone while the judge determines questions of law. They must return unanimous verdicts during the first 3 hours of deliberation, but may return majority verdicts after that, with 6 jurors being enough to acquit. They may also request that the judge show leniency in sentencing. Juries have granted acquittals in 15–20% of cases, compared with less than 1% in cases decided by judges. Juries may","title":"Jury trial"},{"id":"5025262","text":"courts, in a manner similar to that of the Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873 (United Kingdom). Legal and equitable remedies may be pursued in the one action in the one court. Judges are appointed by the executive government, without intervention by the existing judiciary. Once appointed, judges have tenure and there are restrictions on their removal from office. For example, a federal judge may not be removed from office except by the Governor-General upon an address of both Houses of Parliament for proved misbehavior. Judges in Australia are appointed by the Executive government of the relevant jurisdiction, and most","title":"Judiciary of Australia"},{"id":"552762","text":"is usually only required until a verdict has been reached, and jurors have sometimes made remarks that called into question whether a verdict was properly reached. In Australia, academics are permitted to scrutinize the jury process only after obtaining a certificate or approval from the Attorney-General. Because of the importance of preventing undue influence on a jury, jury tampering (like witness tampering) is a serious crime, whether attempted through bribery, threat of violence, or other means. Jurors themselves can also be held liable if they deliberately compromise their impartiality. The role of the jury is described as that of a","title":"Jury"},{"id":"8010514","text":"(e.g., HIPAA) objections to this. Australia uses an adversarial system, and potential jurors are randomly selected from an electoral roll. Jurors receive a small payment for each day of attendance. Employers are also required to pay their employees \"make-up pay\", that is, the usual pay the employee would have earned from working, less the jury duty payment received from the state. Under the National Employment Standards, make-up pay is required only for the first ten days of jury service - however the laws of Victoria, Queensland and Western Australia extend the make-up pay requirement for the entire duration of the","title":"Jury duty"},{"id":"10261950","text":"Court Act 1930 (ACT)\". It has a summary jurisdiction to deal with most criminal offences other than serious criminal matters such as murder and sexual assaults. It also has jurisdiction to hear civil cases that are between $10,000 and $250,000 in value, although it cannot hear cases in which the title to land is in dispute. Any amount in dispute under $10,000 is dealt with by the ACT Civil and Administrative Tribunal. The court is constituted by either magistrates or special magistrates. Generally, magistrates sit alone. A special magistrates may also constitute the court. Magistrates and special magistrates are appointed","title":"Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory"},{"id":"552787","text":"by juries. Seven jurors vote in secret to decide whether the defendant is guilty or not, and decisions are taken by the majority. Manslaughter and other crimes in which the killing was committed without intent, however, are judged by a professional judge instead. In Canada, juries are used for some criminal trials but not others. For summary conviction offences or offences found under section 553 of the Criminal Code (theft and fraud up to the value of $5,000 and certain nuisance offences), the trial is before a judge alone. For most indictable offences, the accused person can elect to be","title":"Jury"},{"id":"552828","text":"In 1970, however, the Supreme Court held that the twelve person requirement was a \"historical accident\", and upheld six-person juries if provided for under state law in both criminal and civil state court cases. There is controversy over smaller juries, with proponents arguing that they are more efficient and opponents arguing that they lead to fluctuating verdicts. In a later case, however, the court rejected the use of five-person juries in criminal cases. Juries go through a selection process called \"voir dire\" in which the lawyers question the jurors and then make \"challenges for cause\" and \"peremptory challenges\" to remove","title":"Jury"},{"id":"163068","text":"Australia, grand juries existed for longer periods of time. In South Australia, the first grand jury sat on 13 May 1837, but they were abolished in 1852. In Western Australia, by the Grand Jury Abolition Act Amendment Act 1883 (WA), grand juries were abolished (section 4: A Grand Jury shall not be summoned for the Supreme Court of Western Australia, nor for any General Quarter Sessions for the said Colony). The Australian state of Victoria maintained, until 2009, provisions for a grand jury in the Crimes Act 1958 under section 354 indictments, which had been used on rare occasions by","title":"Grand jury"},{"id":"552789","text":"murder (but the judge is not bound by the jury's recommendation, and the jury is not required to make a recommendation). Jury selection is in accordance with specific criteria. Prospective jurors may only be asked certain questions, selected for direct pertinence to impartiality or other relevant matters. Any other questions must be approved by the judge. A jury in a criminal trial is initially composed of 12 jurors. The trial judge has the discretion to direct that one or two alternate jurors also be appointed. If a juror is discharged during the course of the trial, the trial will continue","title":"Jury"},{"id":"5025278","text":"act pursuant to some form of devolved legislation; such as Environmental Regulations or Rental Tenancy Regulations. A table of the Court hierarchy and Civil and Administrative Tribunals of the Australian States and Territories follows here: Judiciary of Australia The judiciary of Australia comprises judges who sit in federal courts and courts of the States and Territories of Australia. The High Court of Australia sits at the apex of the Australian court hierarchy as the ultimate court of appeal on matters of both federal and State law. The large number of courts in Australia have different procedural powers and characteristics, different","title":"Judiciary of Australia"},{"id":"5197207","text":"Australia is the highest court in Australia, and hears appeals from federal and State courts on matters of both federal and State law. Unlike the United States, there is only one common law of Australia rather than common laws for each of the several jurisdictions of the states and territories. The legal institutions and traditions of Australian law are monocultural in character, reflecting its English origins. When the British arrived in Australia, they considered the continent to be \"terra nullius\", or land belonging to no-one, on the basis that the Aboriginal peoples already inhabiting the continent were too primitive to","title":"Law of Australia"},{"id":"1452658","text":"varies depending on the laws of the specific jurisdiction. In some places the panel (be it judges or a jury) is required to issue a unanimous decision, while in others only a majority vote is required. In America, this process depends on the state, level of court, and even agreements between the prosecuting and defending parties. Some nations do not use juries at all, or rely on theological or military authorities to issue verdicts. Some cases can be disposed of without the need for a trial. In fact, the vast majority are. If the accused confesses his or her guilt,","title":"Criminal justice"},{"id":"5213826","text":"such cases, the Court ordinarily consists of a single judge. The Court sits as a Full Court (usually consisting of a bench of three judges) when it hears appeals from the decisions of a single judge of the Supreme Court or District Court, or from certain other tribunals. Some of these appeals lie as of right, while others require leave (permission) from either the court appealed from or the Supreme Court. When the Supreme Court sits as a Full Court in criminal matters (other than those originating in the Magistrates Court and Youth Court), it is commonly referred to as","title":"Supreme Court of South Australia"},{"id":"20497600","text":"everyday citizens that have made bad mistakes. Court Justice: Sydney Court Justice: Sydney is an Australian factual television show that looks at the work of twelve magistrates who preside at the Downing Centre, a major courthouse complex in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. This observational documentary series began on the Crime and Investigation Network on 2 July 2017. It is narrated by Chris Bourke. This series takes a look inside one of the world's busiest local courts. The twelve magistrates that preside at Sydney’s Downing Centre handle over 30,000 cases every year, from minor traffic offences to major assaults. The","title":"Court Justice: Sydney"},{"id":"3054247","text":"declared. A new panel of jurors will be selected for the retrial. Each jury in criminal courts contain twelve jurors. However this is not the case in civil cases. In civil cases, only six people are necessary for a jury, and if there is one dissenter but the rest are unanimous (i.e. a 5-1 vote) the one dissenter can be ignored with the majority opinion becoming the final verdict. In New Zealand, the jury must initially try to reach a unanimous verdict. If the jury cannot reach a unanimous verdict after a reasonable time given the nature and complexity of","title":"Hung jury"},{"id":"11457550","text":"Extradition law in Australia Extradition law in Australia is the formal process by which a fugitive found outside a jurisdiction is surrendered to the jurisdiction where an alleged offence has taken place for trial or punishment, under Australian law. This may include a process done within the country or one between Australia and another country. The power to extradite between and among the states and territories of Australia is conferred by s 51(xxiv) of the Australian Constitution which says that the Commonwealth Parliament shall, subject to the Constitution, have the power to make laws for the peace, order, and good","title":"Extradition law in Australia"},{"id":"19604689","text":"Whose Line Is It Anyway? Australia Whose Line is it Anyway? Australia (also known as Whose Line? and Whose Line? Oz) is a 10-part Australian improvisational comedy show, based on the British show of the same name, hosted by Tommy Little on Foxtel network's The Comedy Channel, premiering on 27 November 2016. There are seven cast members throughout the series, with four performing each episode, using the same basic formula as the other versions of the show. The ensemble cast include Rhys Darby, Cal Wilson, Tegan Higginbotham, Susie Youssef, Steen Raskopoulos, Bridie Connell and Tom Walker. On 10 November 2016,","title":"Whose Line Is It Anyway? Australia"},{"id":"20486144","text":"Court Justice (TV Series) Court Justice is an observational documentary series made in Australia and is broadcast on Foxtel's Crime + Investigation Network. The series films real people and real cases taking place in The Downing Centre in Sydney. The twelve magistrates that preside at Sydney’s Downing Centre handle over 30,000 cases every year; everything from minor traffic offences to major assaults. Court Justice Premiered on the 2nd of July 2017 at 7.30 AEST. In July the series will also become available on \"On Demand\" The series has been filmed over a six-week period in late 2016 an each episode","title":"Court Justice (TV Series)"},{"id":"15400395","text":"Punishment in Australia Punishment in Australia usually occurs when an individual breaks the law, and enters into the Australian criminal justice system. Australia uses prisons, as well as community corrections (various non-custodial punishments such as parole, probation, community service etc). The death penalty has been abolished, and corporal punishment is no longer used. Before the colonisation of Australia by Europeans, Indigenous Australians had their own traditional punishments, some of which are still practiced in the 21st century. Prisons in Australia are operated for the detention of minimum, medium, maximum and supermax security prisoners convicted in state and federal courts, as","title":"Punishment in Australia"},{"id":"552791","text":"in the Federal Court. Three professional judges sit alongside six jurors in first instance proceedings or nine in appeal proceedings. Before 2012, there were nine or twelve jurors, but this was reduced to cut spending. A two-thirds majority is needed in order to convict the defendant. During these procedures, judges and jurors have equal positions on questions of fact, while judges decide on questions of procedure. Judges and jurors also have equal positions on sentencing. Trial by jury was introduced in most German states after the revolutionary events of 1848. However, it remained controversial; and, early in the 20th century,","title":"Jury"},{"id":"5025259","text":"Judiciary of Australia The judiciary of Australia comprises judges who sit in federal courts and courts of the States and Territories of Australia. The High Court of Australia sits at the apex of the Australian court hierarchy as the ultimate court of appeal on matters of both federal and State law. The large number of courts in Australia have different procedural powers and characteristics, different jurisdictional limits, different remedial powers and different cost structures. Under the Australian Constitution, federal judicial power is vested in the High Court of Australia and such other federal courts as may be created by the","title":"Judiciary of Australia"},{"id":"5200797","text":"Supreme Court of Queensland The Supreme Court of Queensland is the highest court in the Australian State of Queensland. The original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court allows its trial division to hear civil matters involving claims of more than 750,000; criminal matters involving serious offences (including murder and manslaughter); and matters arising under the \"Corporations Act 2001\" (Cth) and cross-vesting legislation. A jury is used to decide whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty. The division also hears all civil matters involving amounts of more than 750,000. A jury may be used to decide these disputes. The appellate jurisdiction","title":"Supreme Court of Queensland"},{"id":"14290016","text":"Courts state: James Duane has said, with regard to the juror's oath, \"In federal court it is not even prescribed by statute. It is simply an old tradition judges have made up.\" Juror's oath A juror's oath is used to swear in jurors at the beginning of jury selection or trial. In a New South Wales juror's oath, the juror promises to \"...well and truly try and true deliverance make between our Sovereign Lady the Queen and the accused whom you shall have in charge, and a true verdict give according to the evidence.\" In Western Australia each jury has","title":"Juror's oath"},{"id":"218163","text":"in the conduct of serious human affairs\". Because they are fact-finders, juries are sometimes expected to perform a role similar to a lie detector, especially when presented with testimony from witnesses. A civil jury is typically made up of 6 to 12 persons. In a civil case, the role of the jury is to listen to the evidence presented at a trial, to decide whether the defendant injured the plaintiff or otherwise failed to fulfill a legal duty to the plaintiff, and to determine what the compensation or penalty should be. A criminal jury is usually made up of 12","title":"Jury trial"},{"id":"13436502","text":"Age of criminal responsibility in Australia The age of criminal responsibility in Australia is the age below which a child is deemed incapable of having committed a criminal offence. In legal terms, it is referred to as a defence of infancy. All States and self-governing Territories of Australia have adopted 10 years of age as a uniform age of criminal responsibility. Doli incapax refers to a presumption that a child is \"incapable of crime\" under legislation or common law. Or rather, the presumption that a child cannot form mens rea as they do not yet have a sufficient understanding between","title":"Age of criminal responsibility in Australia"},{"id":"13436504","text":"Age of criminal responsibility in Australia The age of criminal responsibility in Australia is the age below which a child is deemed incapable of having committed a criminal offence. In legal terms, it is referred to as a defence of infancy. All States and self-governing Territories of Australia have adopted 10 years of age as a uniform age of criminal responsibility. Doli incapax refers to a presumption that a child is \"incapable of crime\" under legislation or common law. Or rather, the presumption that a child cannot form mens rea as they do not yet have a sufficient understanding between","title":"Age of criminal responsibility in Australia"},{"id":"9769051","text":"the court. The governor can also appoint a chief magistrate, as well as deputy chief magistrates. The court normally sits with a magistrate sitting alone. However, the governor may make a regulation which allows a single justice of the peace or two justices of the peace to sit as the court. About 43,000 civil cases are filed each year in the court. Magistrates Court of Western Australia The Magistrates Court of Western Australia is the first tier court in Western Australia, a state of Australia. It has jurisdiction in respect of criminal and civil matters, as well as a range","title":"Magistrates Court of Western Australia"},{"id":"9936418","text":"Court of Summary Jurisdiction The Court of Summary Jurisdiction is a court in the Northern Territory of Australia. It has jurisdiction to deal with criminal offences which occur in the territory. It is one of the courts that is usually referred to as a magistrates court. The court was established under the Justices Act (NT) in 1974 and replaced the courts of petty sessions commonly established in Australia since British settlement in 1788 to deal with less serious crime. Those courts followed the English tradition of justices of the peace sitting in and out of sessions in England. The court","title":"Court of Summary Jurisdiction"},{"id":"5025272","text":"Federal Circuit Court judges, as are decisions of these courts on appeal from a Federal Circuit Court judge. In other circumstances, decisions of a single Federal or Family Court judge are not strictly binding; however, these will usually be followed by sentencing. The Federal Circuit Court of Australia (formerly known as the Federal Magistrates Court of Australia) is an Australian court with jurisdiction over matters broadly relating to family law and child support, administrative law, admiralty law, bankruptcy, copyright, human rights, industrial law, migration, privacy and trade practices.There has been a shift recently towards having most cases held in this","title":"Judiciary of Australia"},{"id":"5231346","text":"Canberra Times\" reported that the court would soon be upgraded to meet the requirements of the city's judicial system over the next 50 years. Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory The Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory is the superior court for the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). It has unlimited jurisdiction within the territory in civil matters (although it usually only hears matters involving more than 250,000), and hears the most serious criminal matters. Criminal trials may be heard before a judge and jury, or by judge alone at the election of the accused. All matters are heard","title":"Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory"},{"id":"3239319","text":"\"not guilty\", more so than if the case is found \"not proven\". In Scotland, a criminal case may be decided either \"\"in solemn procedure\"\" by a jury (instructed by the judge), or \"\"in summary procedure\"\" by the judge alone (with no jury appointed). There are various rules for when the one or the other procedure may or must be employed; in general, juries are employed for the more severe accusations, while petty crimes and offences are treated summarily. A criminal case jury consists of 15 jurors, who make their decision by a simple majority vote: eight votes are necessary and","title":"Not proven"},{"id":"1880258","text":"and Codes and is regarded by the courts as an important common law right and a part of the privilege against self-incrimination. In general, criminal suspects in Australia have the right to refuse to answer questions posed to them by police before trial and to refuse to give evidence at trial. However a person must answer questions related to their name and place of residence if asked to by police. As a general rule judges cannot direct juries to draw adverse inferences from a defendant's silence (\"Petty v R\") but there are exceptions to this rule, most notably in cases","title":"Right to silence"},{"id":"6441092","text":"part, joins the NT & WA in having exhaustively codified criminal law. Criminal law of Australia The criminal law of Australia is the body of law made, recognised and applied in Australia that relates to crime. Most criminal law is made and administered by the individual states and territories of Australia. However, a body of criminal law is also made and administered by the federal government. Criminal law may be differentiated from civil law, which in Australia relates to non-criminal law including civil wrongs, contract law, much of property law and other areas that concern the rights and duties of","title":"Criminal law of Australia"},{"id":"2440998","text":"to the judge. In the United Kingdom (except Scotland), Cyprus, Hong Kong, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea and Canada, it refers to a \"trial within a trial\". It is a hearing to determine the admissibility of evidence, or the competency of a witness or juror. As the subject matter of the \"voir dire\" often relates to evidence, competence or other matters that may lead to bias on behalf of the jury, the jury may be removed from the court for the \"voir dire\". The term has thus been broadened in Australian jurisdictions to include any hearing during a","title":"Voir dire"},{"id":"6620000","text":"Crown. The presiding judge must determine whether there is sufficient evidence for a jury, acting reasonably and judicially, to convict the accused. The judge may neither weigh the evidence nor determine whether the evidence is admissible. If the judge determines there is sufficient evidence for a jury acting reasonably and judicially to convict the accused, the judge must commit the accused to stand trial. If not, the judge must discharge the accused and the proceedings end. However, if at a later date the Crown tenders further evidence, the Crown may recommence the proceedings. A discharge at a preliminary inquiry does","title":"Criminal law of Canada"},{"id":"8631110","text":"the \"Bankruptcy Act 1966\", except those requiring jury trials. The vast majority of bankruptcy court cases in Australia are heard by The Federal Circuit Court (92% in 2004-5). The Court has civil jurisdiction with respect to claims under the following provisions of the \"Competition and Consumer Act 2010\" (formerly known as the \"Trade Practices Act 1974\"): The Court can provide injunctive relief and award damages of up to $750 000. The Court also has civil jurisdiction with respect to claims under the \"National Consumer Credit Protection Act 2009\". There is provision in certain proceedings for a litigant to elect that","title":"Federal Circuit Court of Australia"},{"id":"9936422","text":"offender. Court of Summary Jurisdiction The Court of Summary Jurisdiction is a court in the Northern Territory of Australia. It has jurisdiction to deal with criminal offences which occur in the territory. It is one of the courts that is usually referred to as a magistrates court. The court was established under the Justices Act (NT) in 1974 and replaced the courts of petty sessions commonly established in Australia since British settlement in 1788 to deal with less serious crime. Those courts followed the English tradition of justices of the peace sitting in and out of sessions in England. The","title":"Court of Summary Jurisdiction"},{"id":"6527959","text":"Crown Prosecutor (Australia) Crown Prosecutors are the public prosecutors in the legal system of Australia. Crown Prosecutors represent the Crown in right of the Commonwealth and in right of each State or Territory in criminal proceedings. Crown Prosecutors are appointed not elected and are not public servants; they are private counsel briefed by the Director of Public Prosecutions for particular cases. Their mixed caseload as prosecutor and defence counsel, with the consequent ability to see both sides, is widely seen as an advantage of the system. Both the Commonwealth of Australia and the Australian States and Territories can make criminal","title":"Crown Prosecutor (Australia)"},{"id":"218139","text":"for serious crimes the accused has the option of a jury trial consisting of 12 jurors. The number of jury trials remains small, at about 600 per year, out of about 1 million trials. A juror must be 25 years old, legally competent, and without a criminal record. The 12 jurors are selected by the prosecution and defense from a list of 30–40 eligible candidates. The Constitution of Russia stipulates that, until the abolition of the death penalty, all defendants in a case that may result in a death sentence are entitled to a jury trial. Lawmakers are continuously chipping","title":"Jury trial"},{"id":"4746285","text":"more peremptory challenges than the prosecution (e.g. when indicted on a felony in the USA the defense gets 10 challenges to the prosecution’s 6). All Australian states allow for peremptory challenges in jury selection; however, the number of challenges granted to the counsels can vary between states. The rules regarding peremptory challenges in Canada are laid out in §634 of the Criminal Code of Canada. The number of challenges awarded to each the prosecutor and the defense depends on the type of charge and maximum potential sentence. Twenty challenges are awarded in cases for high treason and first degree murder,","title":"Peremptory challenge"},{"id":"3957589","text":"not prevailed. On the other hand, where Parliament \"has\" prescribed jury trial, the Court has been willing to impose some content on that notion. In particular, it has insisted that conviction by a jury for a Federal offence must be by the unanimous agreement of the jurors – a majority verdict will not suffice. To a very large extent, the Constitution leaves it to Parliament to determine both the High Court's original jurisdiction (section 76), and the exceptions to, and conditions on, its power to hear appeals (section 73). However, the Constitution grants the Court some original jurisdiction directly, without","title":"Australian constitutional law"},{"id":"5645356","text":"Crime in Australia Crime in Australia is combated by the Australian police and other agencies. The number of offenders proceeded against by police during 2016–2017 increased by 1% from the previous year to approximately 414,000. In 2016–2017, the offender rate, which is the number of offenders in the population of Australia, increased slightly from 1.98% to 2%. The youth offender rate decreased for the seventh consecutive year in 2016–17, between 2009–10 and 2016–17, the rate fell from 3,339 to 2,330 offenders per 100,000 persons aged 10 to 17. The most common type of offence in 2016-17 was illicit drug offences","title":"Crime in Australia"},{"id":"6584546","text":"Melbourne Magistrates' Court The Melbourne Magistrates' Court is the largest venue at which the Magistrates' Court of Victoria sits. It is a court in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia that deals with, and dispenses of, a range of criminal and civil matters, including criminal prosecutions, money claims and disputes up to $100,000, and family violence and family law proceedings. In 1995, the Melbourne Magistrates Court was relocated to 233 William Street, Melbourne, which it remains to date. The building is divided into 8 floors, the first 6 of which are accessible to the public. Court hours are 9:00am through 4:30pm, with a","title":"Melbourne Magistrates' Court"},{"id":"10261954","text":"the crime, the magistrate may sentence the person if found guilty, or may commit the person for trial to the Supreme Court. Hearings are heard in open court unless there is a law or a good reason for the matter to be heard in closed court. In certain circumstances, decisions made by the Magistrates Court may be appealed to the Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory. The Magistrates Court does not hear matters on appeal. Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory The Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory is a court of summary jurisdiction that deals with","title":"Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory"},{"id":"552802","text":"€500 for failing to report for jury service, though this was poorly enforced until a change of policy at the Courts Service in 2016. Criminal jury trials are held in the Circuit Court or the Central Criminal Court. Juryless trials under the inadequacy exception, dealing with terrorism or organised crime, are held in the Special Criminal Court, on application by the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP). Juries are also used in some civil law trials, such as for defamation; they are sometimes used at coroner's inquests. Normally consisting of twelve persons, juries are selected from a jury panel which is","title":"Jury"},{"id":"7554523","text":"Federal Court of Australia The Federal Court of Australia is an Australian superior court of record which has jurisdiction to deal with most civil disputes governed by federal law (with the exception of family law matters), along with some summary (less serious) criminal matters. Cases are heard at first instance by single Judges. The Court includes an appeal division referred to as the Full Court comprising three Judges, the only avenue of appeal from which lies to the High Court of Australia. In the Australian court hierarchy, the Federal Court occupies a position equivalent to the Supreme Courts of each","title":"Federal Court of Australia"},{"id":"202295","text":"felony, court findings of, or an act of gross negligence can be counted as an indictable offence. Indictable offence In many common law jurisdictions (e.g., England and Wales, Ireland, Canada, Hong Kong, India, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, Singapore), an indictable offence is an offence which can only be tried on an indictment after a preliminary hearing to determine whether there is a \"prima facie\" case to answer or by a grand jury (in contrast to a summary offence). In the United States, a crime of similar severity and rules is called a felony, which also requires an indictment. In relation","title":"Indictable offence"},{"id":"5855928","text":"sworn in under certain circumstances. Jurors may also be excused during trial. According to section 644(1) of the \"Criminal Code\", a judge may discharge any juror during the trial due to illness or “other reasonable cause” such as impartiality (see \"R v Tsouma\" (1973) and R v Holcomb (1973)). Section 644(2) further specifies that a jury is still properly constituted to complete its duties even if a juror is discharged during the trial as long as the number of jurors is not reduced below ten. At the conclusion of trial and following the jury charge, a maximum of twelve jurors","title":"Jury selection"},{"id":"218173","text":"grants a jury trial. In accordance with Beacon Theaters, the jury first determines the facts, then the judge enter judgment on the equitable claims. Following the English tradition, U.S. juries have usually been composed of 12 jurors, and the jury's verdict has usually been required to be unanimous. However, in many jurisdictions, the number of jurors is often reduced to a lesser number (such as five or six) by legislative enactment, or by agreement of both sides. Some jurisdictions also permit a verdict to be returned despite the dissent of one, two, or three jurors. The vast majority of U.S.","title":"Jury trial"},{"id":"10923079","text":"judge must not, in any event, suggest that a majority is acceptable until after 2 hours and 10 minutes. This was originally 2 hours but it was extended to allow time for the jury to settle after retiring. Unanimous verdicts were required until the Criminal Justice Act 1967. During the Second World War, the Administration of Justice (Emergency Provisions) Act 1939 authorised trials with only 7 jurors, except for treason or murder. A jury panel is summoned from those who meet all of the following criteria: Those who are liable to be detained under the Mental Health Act 1983 or","title":"Juries in England and Wales"},{"id":"12009118","text":"trials (). The court evaluates evidence brought before it by the parties to the trial but makes no attempt to uncover any additional evidence or otherwise investigate the matter itself. Criminal trials are inquisitorial trials (). The court is actively involved, questioning witnesses brought forward by the parties to the trials, summoning expert witnesses on its own initiative, and generally attempting to determine the truth. Most trials are bench trials, although the bench will often be a panel including one or more lay judges (). Criminal defendants accused of political transgressions or of serious crimes with severe penalties have a","title":"Judiciary of Austria"},{"id":"14525098","text":"required to be unanimous. However, in many jurisdictions, the number of jurors is often reduced to a lesser number (such as five or six) by legislative enactment, or by agreement of both sides. Some jurisdictions also permit a verdict to be returned despite the dissent of one, two, or three jurors. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 48 states that a federal civil jury must begin with at least 6 and no more than 12 members, and that the verdict must be unanimous unless the parties stipulate otherwise. Alternative dispute resolution is becoming increasingly common. Mandatory binding arbitration has been used","title":"Juries in the United States"},{"id":"218153","text":"that one class of people don't sit in judgement over another and the public have confidence in an open and representative justice system. The trial started in 2010, with the four defendants convicted on the 31 March 2010 by Mr Justice Treacy at the Old Bailey. In Scots law the jury system has some similarities with England but some important differences, in particular there are juries of 15 in criminal trials, with verdicts by simple majority. In Northern Ireland, the role of the jury trial is roughly similar to England and Wales, except that jury trials have been replaced in","title":"Jury trial"},{"id":"218131","text":"study by Elisabeth Kolsky argues that many \"perverse verdicts\" were delivered by white juries in trial of \"European British subjects\" charged with murder, assault, confinement of Indians. In the Republic of Ireland, a common law jurisdiction, jury trials are available for criminal cases before the Circuit Court, Central Criminal Court and defamation cases, consisting of twelve jurors. Juries only decide questions of fact; they have no role in criminal sentencing in criminal cases or awarding damages in libel cases. It is not necessary that a jury be unanimous in its verdict. In civil cases, a verdict may be reached by","title":"Jury trial"},{"id":"218100","text":"trials by jury are applied in cases of voluntary crimes against life, such as first and second degree murder, forced abortion and instigation of suicide, even if only attempted. In others, such as the United Kingdom, jury trials are only available for criminal cases and very specific civil cases (malicious prosecution, civil fraud and false imprisonment). In the United States, jury trials are available in both civil and criminal cases. In Canada, an individual charged with an indictable offence may elect to be tried by a judge alone in a provincial court, by judge alone in a superior court, or","title":"Jury trial"},{"id":"14290012","text":"Juror's oath A juror's oath is used to swear in jurors at the beginning of jury selection or trial. In a New South Wales juror's oath, the juror promises to \"...well and truly try and true deliverance make between our Sovereign Lady the Queen and the accused whom you shall have in charge, and a true verdict give according to the evidence.\" In Western Australia each jury has a choice to either \"swear by Almighty God\" or \"solemnly and sincerely declare and affirm\" to \"give a true verdict according to the evidence upon the issue(s) to be tried by me.\"","title":"Juror's oath"},{"id":"552804","text":"receive lunch for the days that they are serving. The Law Reform Commission examined jury service, producing a consultation paper in 2010 and then a report in 2013. One of its recommendations, to permit extra jurors for long trials in case some are excused, was enacted in 2013. In November 2013, the DPP requested a 15-member jury at the trial of three Anglo Irish Bank executives. Where more than twelve jurors are present, twelve will be chosen by lot to retire and consider the verdict. In Italy, a Civil law jurisdiction, untrained judges are present only in the Corte d'Assise,","title":"Jury"},{"id":"15400430","text":"public as museums. Many movies and television shows have depicted the punishment of early convicts and bushrangers in Australia. See those articles for more information. Punishment in Australia Punishment in Australia usually occurs when an individual breaks the law, and enters into the Australian criminal justice system. Australia uses prisons, as well as community corrections (various non-custodial punishments such as parole, probation, community service etc). The death penalty has been abolished, and corporal punishment is no longer used. Before the colonisation of Australia by Europeans, Indigenous Australians had their own traditional punishments, some of which are still practiced in the","title":"Punishment in Australia"},{"id":"8249063","text":"officers, or the State Board of Pardons and Paroles (varies from state to state) for state offenses. Each jurisdiction whose law allows expungement has its own definitions of expungement proceedings. Generally, expungement is the process to \"remove from general review\" the records pertaining to a case. In many jurisdictions, however, the records may not completely \"disappear\" and may still be available to law enforcement, to sentencing judges on subsequent offenses, and to corrections facilities to which the individual may be sentenced on subsequent convictions. Criminal records in each state of Australia are covered by state law. In New South Wales,","title":"Expungement"},{"id":"14328536","text":"harm). \"Felony murder\" (called constructive murder in Australian jurisdictions) and murder by omission are also recognised crimes in this jurisdiction. Section 23 of the \"Crimes Act 1900\" provides for the partial defence of provocation, and can refer to actions taken by the deceased both immediately before, and prior to, the murder. If proven by the defence where there is a charge of murder, the jury will be directed to reduce the offence to manslaughter. If prior to or at the time of the committal proceedings an offender enters a plea of guilty to the lesser offence of manslaughter on the","title":"Murder (Australian law)"},{"id":"12346129","text":"by the Governor-General constituted it as required. The court was permitted to sit anywhere in Australia as the interests of justice required, and was not confined to hearing a case on the island. When hearing criminal cases, the court sat with a jury to determine an accused person’s guilt. If the court sat outside the island, the court could use jurors from the State or Territory that the court was actually sitting at. In April 1988 the court tried two defendants concerning the murder of Tan Soo Cher (Tan). Tan had been murdered during the early hours of 12 May","title":"Supreme Court of Christmas Island"},{"id":"5855933","text":"the same number that they would receive if tried separately, while the prosecutor has as many challenges as the total number available to all of the accused (i.e., in a case wherein two co-accused are charged with first-degree murder, each receives twenty peremptory challenges, and the prosecutor receives forty) [s. 634 (4), Criminal Code of Canada]. The amount of peremptory challenges can also vary according to the circumstances of the jury. The prosecutor and the accused are each entitled to one additional peremptory challenge if there are 13 jurors, or two additional challenges each in the case of 14 jurors","title":"Jury selection"},{"id":"552759","text":"thought to be the largest in the world. In 2009 a review by the Scottish Government regarding the possibility of reduction led to the decision to retain 15 jurors, with the Cabinet Secretary for Justice stating that after extensive consultation, he had decided that Scotland had got it \"uniquely right\". Trials in the Republic of Ireland which are scheduled to last over 2 months can, but do not have to, have 15 jurors. A study by the University of Glasgow suggested that a civil jury of 12 people was ineffective because a few jurors ended up dominating the discussion, and","title":"Jury"},{"id":"552809","text":"imprisonment and malicious prosecution. Juries must initially try to reach a unanimous verdict, but if one cannot be reached in a reasonable timeframe, the judge may accept a majority verdict of all-but-one (i.e. 11–1 or 10–1) in criminal cases and three-quarters (i.e. 9–3 or 9–2) in civil cases. Juries existed in Norway as early as the year 800, and perhaps even earlier. They brought the jury system to England and Scotland. Juries were phased out as late as the 17th century, when Norway´s central government was in Copenhagen, Denmark. Though Norway and Denmark had different legal systems throughout their personal","title":"Jury"},{"id":"10923089","text":"records may only be made if authorised by the Attorney General and there are adequate grounds for a prosecution request to stand by. During a trial, an individual juror can be discharged and the trial can continue so long as the minimum number of jurors remain. Discharge is at the discretion of the judge and should be exercised in cases of \"evident necessity\". The test was given in \"Porter v Magill\" as \"Would a fair-minded and informed observer conclude that there was a real possibility, or real danger (the two being the same) that the tribunal was biased?\" Where misconduct","title":"Juries in England and Wales"},{"id":"5262327","text":"or the juror serves in that capacity; and in jurisdictions with a dead man statute, a person is deemed not competent to testify as to statements of or transactions with a deceased opposing party. Often, a Government or Parliamentary Act will govern the rules affecting the giving of evidence by witnesses in court. An example is the \"Evidence Act(NSW)\"1995 which sets out the procedures for witnesses to follow in New South Wales, Australia. Hearsay is one of the largest and most complex areas of the law of evidence in common-law jurisdictions. The default rule is that hearsay evidence is inadmissible.","title":"Evidence (law)"},{"id":"5631174","text":"opening statements and closing arguments to minimize the possible impact of the CSI effect, and instruct jurors to adhere to the court's standards of evidence rather than those seen on television. Prosecutors have even hired expert witnesses to explain why particular forms of physical evidence are not relevant to their cases. In one Australian murder case, the defense counsel requested a judge-only trial to avoid having DNA evidence misinterpreted by a jury. By 2006, the CSI effect had become widely accepted as reality among legal professionals, despite little empirical evidence to validate or disprove it. A 2008 survey by researcher","title":"CSI effect"},{"id":"218145","text":"e.g. libel or incitement to ethnic or racial hatred, in a medium covered by the fundamental laws (e.g. a printed paper or a radio programme), she has the right to have the accusation tried by a jury of nine jurors. This applies also in civil (tort) cases under the fundamental laws. A majority of at least six jurors must find that the defendant has committed the alleged crime. If it does not, the defendant is acquitted or, in a civil case, held not liable. If such a majority of the jurors hold that said crime has in fact been committed,","title":"Jury trial"},{"id":"6441078","text":"this code, and in some instances rejected the code entirely. The Commonwealth has its own criminal jurisdiction for offences against federal laws. However, its jurisdiction in criminal matters is more limited than that of the States. The situation is similar to American criminal law (see also Federal crime in the United States). The principal source of Commonwealth criminal law was originally the \"Crimes Act 1914\" (Cth). In 1987, the Commonwealth Attorney-General established a committee chaired by Sir Harry Gibbs to undertake a review of Commonwealth criminal law. The committee published its final report in 1991, recommending the development of a","title":"Criminal law of Australia"},{"id":"11457551","text":"government of the Commonwealth with respect to (inter alia): the service and execution throughout the Commonwealth of the civil and criminal process and the judgments of the courts of the States. Interstate extradition procedures are governed by the \"Service and Execution of Process Act 1992\" (Cth), Part 5. Under the Act, a person named in an extradition warrant issued in any State may be arrested in accordance to that warrant in another State. Upon apprehension, that person must be brought before a Magistrate of the State in which they were apprehended along with the warrant or a copy of the","title":"Extradition law in Australia"},{"id":"218122","text":"jury is the \"cour d'assises,\" in which three professional judges sit together with six or nine jurors (on appeal). Conviction requires a two-thirds majority (four or six votes). The country that originated the concept of the jury trial retains it in an unusual form. The Constitution of Greece and Code of criminal procedure provide that felonies (Greek: Κακουργήματα) are tried by a \"Mixed Court\" composed of three professional judges, including the President of the Court, and four jurors who decide the facts, and the appropriate penalty if they convict. Certain Felonies, such as terrorism, are exempt, due to their nature,","title":"Jury trial"},{"id":"5025269","text":"was created by the Federal Court of Australia Act in 1976. Decisions of the High Court are binding on the Federal Court. There is an appeal level of the Federal Court (the \"Full Court\" of the Federal Court), which consists of several judges, usually three but occasionally five in very significant cases. The Family Court has jurisdiction over family law matters. It is a superior court of limited jurisdiction and was established in 1975 by the Family Law Act 1975 by the federal parliament. The Commonwealth has power over marriage and divorce under the Constitution. In the 1990s the states","title":"Judiciary of Australia"},{"id":"10235826","text":"the hangings when he miscalculated the drop necessary for the youths. One died instantly but the remaining three struggled for several minutes. The trial was dramatised in a 2012 ABC docudrama, the first of a three-part series entitled \"Australia on Trial\". Presented by historian Michael Cathcart, the script was based on official court transcripts of the trial. Mount Rennie rape case The Mount Rennie rape case is the only gang rape in Sydney during the 1880s that led to a full conviction of the participants involved in the crime—young larrikins of the \"Waterloo Push\". The attack is sometimes referred to","title":"Mount Rennie rape case"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"552783\",\n \"text\": \"is used. The use of a jury is optional for civil trials in any Australian state. The use of a jury in criminal trials is generally by a unanimous verdict of 12 lay members of the public. Some States provide exceptions such as majority (11-to-1 or 10-to-2) verdicts where a jury cannot otherwise reach a verdict. Sometimes a state law may allow an accused person to elect to use a judge-only trial rather than the default jury provision. The Constitution of Australia provides in section 80 that 'the trial on indictment of any offense against any law of the Commonwealth\",\n \"title\": \"Jury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"218112\",\n \"text\": \"side where the offence was murder, and eight for all other cases. In 1987 this was lowered to three peremptory challenges per side, the same amount allowed in South Australia. Eight peremptory challenges are allowed for both counsels for all offences in Queensland. Victoria, Tasmania and the Northern Territory allow for six. Western Australia allows five peremptory challenges per side. In Australia majority verdicts are allowed in South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia, Tasmania, the Northern Territory, New South Wales and Queensland, while the ACT require unanimous verdicts. Since 1927 South Australia has permitted majority verdicts of 11:1, and 10:1 or\",\n \"title\": \"Jury trial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"218132\",\n \"text\": \"a majority of nine of the twelve members. In a criminal case, a verdict need not be unanimous where there are not fewer than eleven jurors if ten of them agree on a verdict after considering the case for a reasonable time. Juries are selected from a jury panel, which is picked at random by the county registrar from the electoral register. The principal statute regulating the selection, obligations and conduct of juries is the Juries Act 1976 as amended by the Civil Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2008, which scrapped the upper age limit of 70. Juries are not paid,\",\n \"title\": \"Jury trial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5025275\",\n \"text\": \"jurisdiction,\\\" which enables them to hear all legal issues arising from a single set of facts. This enables all courts to deal with virtually all issues arising from the facts of a case, provided that the particular court has jurisdiction to hear the principal cause of action. Most of the states have two further levels of courts, which are comparable across the country. The district court (or county court in Victoria) handles most criminal trials for less serious indictable offences, and most civil matters below a threshold (usually around $1 million). The magistrates court (or local court) handles summary matters\",\n \"title\": \"Judiciary of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552803\",\n \"text\": \"picked at random by the county registrar from the electoral register. Juries only decide questions of fact and have no role in criminal sentencing. It is not necessary that a jury be unanimous in its verdict. In civil cases, a verdict may be reached by a majority of nine of the twelve members. In a criminal case, a verdict need not be unanimous where there are not fewer than eleven jurors if ten of them agree on a verdict after considering the case for a \\\"reasonable time\\\". Juries are not paid, nor do they receive travel expenses; however they do\",\n \"title\": \"Jury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"218115\",\n \"text\": \"offences that carry a life sentence, although only 11:1 or 10:1 majorities are allowed. Majority verdicts were introduced in New South Wales in 2006. In New South Wales, a majority verdict can only be returned if the jury consists of at least 11 jurors and the deliberation has occurred for at least 8 hours or for a period that the court considers reasonable having regard to the nature and complexity of the case. Additionally, the court must be satisfied through examination of one or more of the jurors on oath, that a unanimous verdict will not be reached if further\",\n \"title\": \"Jury trial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5855927\",\n \"text\": \"verdict. Part XX of the \\\"Criminal Code of Canada\\\" allows for a jury in a Canadian murder trial to consist of twelve jurors. However, a minimum of ten jurors and a maximum of 14 jurors may hear the evidence a trial. At the end of trial, a maximum of twelve jurors and minimum of ten jurors may deliberate. Section 631(2.2) as well as section 643 of the \\\"Criminal Code\\\" specify that a jury may consist of either 12, 13 or 14 members, however, 12 is most common. Section 631(2.2) allows a judge to order that 13 or 14 jurors be\",\n \"title\": \"Jury selection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"218113\",\n \"text\": \"9:1 where the jury has been reduced, in criminal trials if a unanimous verdict cannot be reached in four hours. They are accepted in all cases except for \\\"guilty\\\" verdicts where the defendant is on trial for murder or treason. Victoria has accepted majority verdicts with the same conditions since 1994, though deliberations must go on for six hours before a majority verdict can be made. Western Australia accepted majority verdicts in 1957 for all trials except where the crime is murder or has a life sentence. A 10:2 verdict is accepted. Majority verdicts of 10:2 have been allowed in\",\n \"title\": \"Jury trial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552758\",\n \"text\": \"refusal to impanel more than the six members provided for by Florida law \\\"did not violate petitioner's Sixth Amendment rights as applied to the States through the Fourteenth.\\\" In \\\"Ballew v. Georgia\\\", , the Supreme Court ruled that the number of jurors could not be reduced below six. In \\\"Brownlee v The Queen\\\" (2001) 207 CLR 278, the High Court of Australia unanimously held that a jury of 12 members was not an essential feature of \\\"trial by jury\\\" in section 80 of the Australian Constitution. In Scotland, a jury in a criminal trial consists of 15 jurors, which is\",\n \"title\": \"Jury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10499488\",\n \"text\": \"is being considered for exclusion: Judges may face the need to weigh the probative value versus the prejudicial impact in nearly any case. A part of this is symbolized by a weighing scale and represents justice. Australian rule of evidence is a mixture of statute and common law. It has a uniform \\\"Evidence Act\\\" (UEA or the 'Act') that consists of Acts of the Commonwealth, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, Australian Capital Territory, Northern Territory and Norfolk Island. The rules of evidence work to ensure that criminal trials are conducted in a manner that is fair to both parties in\",\n \"title\": \"Relevance (law)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"218114\",\n \"text\": \"Tasmania since 1936 for all cases except murder and treason if a unanimous decision has not been made within two hours. Since 1943 verdicts of \\\"not guilty\\\" for murder and treason have also been included, but must be discussed for six hours. The Northern Territory has allowed majority verdicts of 10:2, 10:1 and 9:1 since 1963 and does not discriminate between cases whether the charge is murder or not. Deliberation must go for at least six hours before delivering a majority verdict. The Queensland \\\"Jury Act 1995\\\" (s 59F) allows majority verdicts for all crimes except for murder and other\",\n \"title\": \"Jury trial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6441073\",\n \"text\": \"burden of proof lies with the prosecutor. The general rule is that an accused person is 'innocent until proven guilty'. The standard of proof is 'beyond reasonable doubt' which is the highest standard in law. Generally speaking, you have the right to remain silent if you are questioned by the police and you can not be forced to give evidence at your own trial. Australian criminal law was originally received from the English common law, which continues to evolve in Australian courts. Although all states now also have some criminal law legislation, in some states the criminal law has been\",\n \"title\": \"Criminal law of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"218109\",\n \"text\": \"police procedural and legal dramas, in what is known as the 'CSI effect' (after the ). In at least one English trial the misuse or misunderstanding or misrepresentation by the prosecution of statistics has led to wrongful conviction. Is one of the first countries in Latin America that has implemented the Trial by Juries. Although it has a Civil Law process, since November of 2015, it now has Jury system for serious crimes cases. The Australian Constitution provides that: \\\"80. The trial on indictment of any offence against any law of the Commonwealth shall be by jury, and every such\",\n \"title\": \"Jury trial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"218164\",\n \"text\": \"members, though fewer may sit on cases involving lesser offenses. Criminal juries decide whether the defendant committed the crime as charged. In several southern states, the jury sets punishment, while in most states and at the federal level, it is set by the judge. Verdicts in criminal cases must be unanimous, with the following exceptions: Currently, two states, Oregon and Louisiana, do not require unanimous verdicts in criminal cases. Each requires a 10–2 majority for conviction, except for capital crimes: Oregon requires unanimous verdicts for guilty to any murder case and Louisiana requires all 12. But in Oregon, unlike any\",\n \"title\": \"Jury trial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14290013\",\n \"text\": \"In Queensland each jury has a choice for an Oath or Affirmation. The Oath is as follows: The Affirmation is as follows: According to the French Code of Penal Procedure, all jurors must individually swear to the following message from the judge presiding the court: A New Zealand juror's oath reads: \\\"Members of the jury: Do each of you swear by Almighty God (or solemnly, sincerely, and truly declare and affirm) that you will try the case before you to the best of your ability and give your verdict according to the evidence?\\\" In the United Kingdom, each juror can\",\n \"title\": \"Juror's oath\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202290\",\n \"text\": \"Indictable offence In many common law jurisdictions (e.g., England and Wales, Ireland, Canada, Hong Kong, India, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, Singapore), an indictable offence is an offence which can only be tried on an indictment after a preliminary hearing to determine whether there is a \\\"prima facie\\\" case to answer or by a grand jury (in contrast to a summary offence). In the United States, a crime of similar severity and rules is called a felony, which also requires an indictment. In relation to England and Wales, the expression \\\"indictable offence\\\" means an offence which, if committed by an adult,\",\n \"title\": \"Indictable offence\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6441074\",\n \"text\": \"wholly codified, whereas in other states the bulk of the criminal law remains based on the common law, but may be partially expressed in legislation. These two types of criminal law systems are generally referred to as 'code jurisdictions' or 'common law jurisdictions' respectively. New South Wales, South Australia and Victoria are common law jurisdictions. These states have legislation which lists the most common offences and fix their penalties, but do not always exhaustively define the elements of the offence. For example, in New South Wales, section 117 of the \\\"Crimes Act 1900\\\" (NSW) states:117. Punishment for larceny
Whosoever commits larceny,\",\n \"title\": \"Criminal law of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5231343\",\n \"text\": \"Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory The Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory is the superior court for the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). It has unlimited jurisdiction within the territory in civil matters (although it usually only hears matters involving more than 250,000), and hears the most serious criminal matters. Criminal trials may be heard before a judge and jury, or by judge alone at the election of the accused. All matters are heard before a single judge, including appellate matters from the Magistrates Court, the Children's Court, and the ACT Civil and Administrative Tribunal. In the Australian\",\n \"title\": \"Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5025277\",\n \"text\": \"As these territories have very small populations, the courts only sit from time to time as needed. The three external territories are Norfolk Island, Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands. The remaining external territories (including Antarctica) do not have permanent courts. In the event of a case arising from these territories, the courts of the ACT have jurisdiction. All the States and Territories, with the exception of Tasmania, have a Civil and Administrative Tribunal. These hear cases relating to lesser State or Territory administrative disputes (involving some individual, business or government body). These commonly involve actions by persons bound to\",\n \"title\": \"Judiciary of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552795\",\n \"text\": \"an inquest. Criminal cases are normally tried by a 7-person jury and sometimes, at the discretion of the court, a 9-person jury. Nevertheless, the Jury Ordinance requires that a jury in any proceedings should be composed of at least 5 jurors. Although article 86 of the basic law states that ‘the principle of trial by jury previously practiced in Hong Kong shall be maintained’, it does not guarantee that every case is to be tried by a jury. In the case \\\"Chiang Lily v. Secretary for Justice\\\" (2010), the Court of Final Appeal agreed that ‘there is no right to\",\n \"title\": \"Jury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552737\",\n \"text\": \"Jury A jury is a sworn body of people convened to render an impartial verdict (a finding of fact on a question) officially submitted to them by a court, or to set a penalty or judgment. Modern juries tend to be found in courts to ascertain the guilt or lack thereof in a crime. In Anglophone jurisdictions, the verdict may be \\\"guilty\\\" or \\\"not guilty\\\" (\\\"not proven\\\"; a verdict of acquittal, based on the state's failure to prove guilt rather than any proof of innocence, is also available in Scotland). The old institution of grand juries still exists in some\",\n \"title\": \"Jury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6441085\",\n \"text\": \"jurisdiction are codified in the Crimes Act 1958 (Vic) and the state's main criminal procedure laws are consolidated in the Criminal Procedure Act 2009 (Vic). Other relevant criminal legislation include the Evidence Act 2008 (Vic), the Summary Offences Act 1966 (Vic) and Jury Directions Act 2015 (Vic). There are also a number of common law provisions for criminal conduct within Victoria. The \\\"Criminal Code Act 1899 (Qld)\\\", is the primary instrument for the source of criminal law in Queensland. The Criminal Code Act was largely the product of Sir Samuel Walker Griffith, then Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of\",\n \"title\": \"Criminal law of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"218111\",\n \"text\": \"William IV No 12). The \\\"voir dire\\\" system of examining the jury pool before selection is not permitted in Australia as it violates the privacy of jurors. Therefore, though it exists, the right to challenge for cause during jury selection cannot be employed much. Peremptory challenges are usually based on the hunches of counsel and no reason is needed to use them. All Australian states allow for peremptory challenges in jury selection; however, the number of challenges granted to the counsels in each state are not all the same. Until 1987 New South Wales had twenty peremptory challenges for each\",\n \"title\": \"Jury trial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6441072\",\n \"text\": \"Criminal law of Australia The criminal law of Australia is the body of law made, recognised and applied in Australia that relates to crime. Most criminal law is made and administered by the individual states and territories of Australia. However, a body of criminal law is also made and administered by the federal government. Criminal law may be differentiated from civil law, which in Australia relates to non-criminal law including civil wrongs, contract law, much of property law and other areas that concern the rights and duties of individuals amongst themselves. In Australia, when a criminal prosecution is commenced, the\",\n \"title\": \"Criminal law of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"218149\",\n \"text\": \"tried by magistrates or the defendant may elect trial by jury in the Crown Court. Serious (\\\"indictable\\\") offences, however, must be tried before a jury in the Crown Court. Juries sit in few civil cases, being restricted to false imprisonment, malicious prosecution, and civil fraud (unless ordered otherwise by a judge). Juries also sit in coroner's courts for more contentious inquests. All criminal juries consist of 12 jurors, those in a County Court having 8 jurors and Coroner's Court juries having between 7 and 11 members. Jurors must be between 18–75 years of age, and are selected at random from\",\n \"title\": \"Jury trial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20497599\",\n \"text\": \"Court Justice: Sydney Court Justice: Sydney is an Australian factual television show that looks at the work of twelve magistrates who preside at the Downing Centre, a major courthouse complex in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. This observational documentary series began on the Crime and Investigation Network on 2 July 2017. It is narrated by Chris Bourke. This series takes a look inside one of the world's busiest local courts. The twelve magistrates that preside at Sydney’s Downing Centre handle over 30,000 cases every year, from minor traffic offences to major assaults. The defendants can range from habitual offenders to\",\n \"title\": \"Court Justice: Sydney\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"218135\",\n \"text\": \"or more. For most offences, the defendant can choose to forego a jury trial in favour of a judge-alone (bench) trial. Serious \\\"category 4\\\" offences such as murder, manslaughter and treason are always tried by jury, with some exceptions. Civil jury trials are restricted to cases involving defamation, false imprisonment or malicious prosecution. New Zealand previously required jury verdicts to be passed unanimously, but since the passing of the Criminal Procedure Bill in 2009 the Juries Act 1981 has permitted verdicts to be passed by a majority of one less than the full jury (that is an 11–1 or a\",\n \"title\": \"Jury trial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"218140\",\n \"text\": \"away at what types of criminal offenses merit a jury trial. They are similar to common law juries, and unlike lay judges, in that they sit separately from the judges and decide questions of fact alone while the judge determines questions of law. They must return unanimous verdicts during the first 3 hours of deliberation, but may return majority verdicts after that, with 6 jurors being enough to acquit. They may also request that the judge show leniency in sentencing. Juries have granted acquittals in 15–20% of cases, compared with less than 1% in cases decided by judges. Juries may\",\n \"title\": \"Jury trial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5025262\",\n \"text\": \"courts, in a manner similar to that of the Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873 (United Kingdom). Legal and equitable remedies may be pursued in the one action in the one court. Judges are appointed by the executive government, without intervention by the existing judiciary. Once appointed, judges have tenure and there are restrictions on their removal from office. For example, a federal judge may not be removed from office except by the Governor-General upon an address of both Houses of Parliament for proved misbehavior. Judges in Australia are appointed by the Executive government of the relevant jurisdiction, and most\",\n \"title\": \"Judiciary of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552762\",\n \"text\": \"is usually only required until a verdict has been reached, and jurors have sometimes made remarks that called into question whether a verdict was properly reached. In Australia, academics are permitted to scrutinize the jury process only after obtaining a certificate or approval from the Attorney-General. Because of the importance of preventing undue influence on a jury, jury tampering (like witness tampering) is a serious crime, whether attempted through bribery, threat of violence, or other means. Jurors themselves can also be held liable if they deliberately compromise their impartiality. The role of the jury is described as that of a\",\n \"title\": \"Jury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8010514\",\n \"text\": \"(e.g., HIPAA) objections to this. Australia uses an adversarial system, and potential jurors are randomly selected from an electoral roll. Jurors receive a small payment for each day of attendance. Employers are also required to pay their employees \\\"make-up pay\\\", that is, the usual pay the employee would have earned from working, less the jury duty payment received from the state. Under the National Employment Standards, make-up pay is required only for the first ten days of jury service - however the laws of Victoria, Queensland and Western Australia extend the make-up pay requirement for the entire duration of the\",\n \"title\": \"Jury duty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10261950\",\n \"text\": \"Court Act 1930 (ACT)\\\". It has a summary jurisdiction to deal with most criminal offences other than serious criminal matters such as murder and sexual assaults. It also has jurisdiction to hear civil cases that are between $10,000 and $250,000 in value, although it cannot hear cases in which the title to land is in dispute. Any amount in dispute under $10,000 is dealt with by the ACT Civil and Administrative Tribunal. The court is constituted by either magistrates or special magistrates. Generally, magistrates sit alone. A special magistrates may also constitute the court. Magistrates and special magistrates are appointed\",\n \"title\": \"Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552787\",\n \"text\": \"by juries. Seven jurors vote in secret to decide whether the defendant is guilty or not, and decisions are taken by the majority. Manslaughter and other crimes in which the killing was committed without intent, however, are judged by a professional judge instead. In Canada, juries are used for some criminal trials but not others. For summary conviction offences or offences found under section 553 of the Criminal Code (theft and fraud up to the value of $5,000 and certain nuisance offences), the trial is before a judge alone. For most indictable offences, the accused person can elect to be\",\n \"title\": \"Jury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552828\",\n \"text\": \"In 1970, however, the Supreme Court held that the twelve person requirement was a \\\"historical accident\\\", and upheld six-person juries if provided for under state law in both criminal and civil state court cases. There is controversy over smaller juries, with proponents arguing that they are more efficient and opponents arguing that they lead to fluctuating verdicts. In a later case, however, the court rejected the use of five-person juries in criminal cases. Juries go through a selection process called \\\"voir dire\\\" in which the lawyers question the jurors and then make \\\"challenges for cause\\\" and \\\"peremptory challenges\\\" to remove\",\n \"title\": \"Jury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"163068\",\n \"text\": \"Australia, grand juries existed for longer periods of time. In South Australia, the first grand jury sat on 13 May 1837, but they were abolished in 1852. In Western Australia, by the Grand Jury Abolition Act Amendment Act 1883 (WA), grand juries were abolished (section 4: A Grand Jury shall not be summoned for the Supreme Court of Western Australia, nor for any General Quarter Sessions for the said Colony). The Australian state of Victoria maintained, until 2009, provisions for a grand jury in the Crimes Act 1958 under section 354 indictments, which had been used on rare occasions by\",\n \"title\": \"Grand jury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552789\",\n \"text\": \"murder (but the judge is not bound by the jury's recommendation, and the jury is not required to make a recommendation). Jury selection is in accordance with specific criteria. Prospective jurors may only be asked certain questions, selected for direct pertinence to impartiality or other relevant matters. Any other questions must be approved by the judge. A jury in a criminal trial is initially composed of 12 jurors. The trial judge has the discretion to direct that one or two alternate jurors also be appointed. If a juror is discharged during the course of the trial, the trial will continue\",\n \"title\": \"Jury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5025278\",\n \"text\": \"act pursuant to some form of devolved legislation; such as Environmental Regulations or Rental Tenancy Regulations. A table of the Court hierarchy and Civil and Administrative Tribunals of the Australian States and Territories follows here: Judiciary of Australia The judiciary of Australia comprises judges who sit in federal courts and courts of the States and Territories of Australia. The High Court of Australia sits at the apex of the Australian court hierarchy as the ultimate court of appeal on matters of both federal and State law. The large number of courts in Australia have different procedural powers and characteristics, different\",\n \"title\": \"Judiciary of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5197207\",\n \"text\": \"Australia is the highest court in Australia, and hears appeals from federal and State courts on matters of both federal and State law. Unlike the United States, there is only one common law of Australia rather than common laws for each of the several jurisdictions of the states and territories. The legal institutions and traditions of Australian law are monocultural in character, reflecting its English origins. When the British arrived in Australia, they considered the continent to be \\\"terra nullius\\\", or land belonging to no-one, on the basis that the Aboriginal peoples already inhabiting the continent were too primitive to\",\n \"title\": \"Law of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1452658\",\n \"text\": \"varies depending on the laws of the specific jurisdiction. In some places the panel (be it judges or a jury) is required to issue a unanimous decision, while in others only a majority vote is required. In America, this process depends on the state, level of court, and even agreements between the prosecuting and defending parties. Some nations do not use juries at all, or rely on theological or military authorities to issue verdicts. Some cases can be disposed of without the need for a trial. In fact, the vast majority are. If the accused confesses his or her guilt,\",\n \"title\": \"Criminal justice\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5213826\",\n \"text\": \"such cases, the Court ordinarily consists of a single judge. The Court sits as a Full Court (usually consisting of a bench of three judges) when it hears appeals from the decisions of a single judge of the Supreme Court or District Court, or from certain other tribunals. Some of these appeals lie as of right, while others require leave (permission) from either the court appealed from or the Supreme Court. When the Supreme Court sits as a Full Court in criminal matters (other than those originating in the Magistrates Court and Youth Court), it is commonly referred to as\",\n \"title\": \"Supreme Court of South Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20497600\",\n \"text\": \"everyday citizens that have made bad mistakes. Court Justice: Sydney Court Justice: Sydney is an Australian factual television show that looks at the work of twelve magistrates who preside at the Downing Centre, a major courthouse complex in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. This observational documentary series began on the Crime and Investigation Network on 2 July 2017. It is narrated by Chris Bourke. This series takes a look inside one of the world's busiest local courts. The twelve magistrates that preside at Sydney’s Downing Centre handle over 30,000 cases every year, from minor traffic offences to major assaults. The\",\n \"title\": \"Court Justice: Sydney\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3054247\",\n \"text\": \"declared. A new panel of jurors will be selected for the retrial. Each jury in criminal courts contain twelve jurors. However this is not the case in civil cases. In civil cases, only six people are necessary for a jury, and if there is one dissenter but the rest are unanimous (i.e. a 5-1 vote) the one dissenter can be ignored with the majority opinion becoming the final verdict. In New Zealand, the jury must initially try to reach a unanimous verdict. If the jury cannot reach a unanimous verdict after a reasonable time given the nature and complexity of\",\n \"title\": \"Hung jury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11457550\",\n \"text\": \"Extradition law in Australia Extradition law in Australia is the formal process by which a fugitive found outside a jurisdiction is surrendered to the jurisdiction where an alleged offence has taken place for trial or punishment, under Australian law. This may include a process done within the country or one between Australia and another country. The power to extradite between and among the states and territories of Australia is conferred by s 51(xxiv) of the Australian Constitution which says that the Commonwealth Parliament shall, subject to the Constitution, have the power to make laws for the peace, order, and good\",\n \"title\": \"Extradition law in Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19604689\",\n \"text\": \"Whose Line Is It Anyway? Australia Whose Line is it Anyway? Australia (also known as Whose Line? and Whose Line? Oz) is a 10-part Australian improvisational comedy show, based on the British show of the same name, hosted by Tommy Little on Foxtel network's The Comedy Channel, premiering on 27 November 2016. There are seven cast members throughout the series, with four performing each episode, using the same basic formula as the other versions of the show. The ensemble cast include Rhys Darby, Cal Wilson, Tegan Higginbotham, Susie Youssef, Steen Raskopoulos, Bridie Connell and Tom Walker. On 10 November 2016,\",\n \"title\": \"Whose Line Is It Anyway? Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20486144\",\n \"text\": \"Court Justice (TV Series) Court Justice is an observational documentary series made in Australia and is broadcast on Foxtel's Crime + Investigation Network. The series films real people and real cases taking place in The Downing Centre in Sydney. The twelve magistrates that preside at Sydney’s Downing Centre handle over 30,000 cases every year; everything from minor traffic offences to major assaults. Court Justice Premiered on the 2nd of July 2017 at 7.30 AEST. In July the series will also become available on \\\"On Demand\\\" The series has been filmed over a six-week period in late 2016 an each episode\",\n \"title\": \"Court Justice (TV Series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15400395\",\n \"text\": \"Punishment in Australia Punishment in Australia usually occurs when an individual breaks the law, and enters into the Australian criminal justice system. Australia uses prisons, as well as community corrections (various non-custodial punishments such as parole, probation, community service etc). The death penalty has been abolished, and corporal punishment is no longer used. Before the colonisation of Australia by Europeans, Indigenous Australians had their own traditional punishments, some of which are still practiced in the 21st century. Prisons in Australia are operated for the detention of minimum, medium, maximum and supermax security prisoners convicted in state and federal courts, as\",\n \"title\": \"Punishment in Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552791\",\n \"text\": \"in the Federal Court. Three professional judges sit alongside six jurors in first instance proceedings or nine in appeal proceedings. Before 2012, there were nine or twelve jurors, but this was reduced to cut spending. A two-thirds majority is needed in order to convict the defendant. During these procedures, judges and jurors have equal positions on questions of fact, while judges decide on questions of procedure. Judges and jurors also have equal positions on sentencing. Trial by jury was introduced in most German states after the revolutionary events of 1848. However, it remained controversial; and, early in the 20th century,\",\n \"title\": \"Jury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5025259\",\n \"text\": \"Judiciary of Australia The judiciary of Australia comprises judges who sit in federal courts and courts of the States and Territories of Australia. The High Court of Australia sits at the apex of the Australian court hierarchy as the ultimate court of appeal on matters of both federal and State law. The large number of courts in Australia have different procedural powers and characteristics, different jurisdictional limits, different remedial powers and different cost structures. Under the Australian Constitution, federal judicial power is vested in the High Court of Australia and such other federal courts as may be created by the\",\n \"title\": \"Judiciary of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5200797\",\n \"text\": \"Supreme Court of Queensland The Supreme Court of Queensland is the highest court in the Australian State of Queensland. The original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court allows its trial division to hear civil matters involving claims of more than 750,000; criminal matters involving serious offences (including murder and manslaughter); and matters arising under the \\\"Corporations Act 2001\\\" (Cth) and cross-vesting legislation. A jury is used to decide whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty. The division also hears all civil matters involving amounts of more than 750,000. A jury may be used to decide these disputes. The appellate jurisdiction\",\n \"title\": \"Supreme Court of Queensland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14290016\",\n \"text\": \"Courts state: James Duane has said, with regard to the juror's oath, \\\"In federal court it is not even prescribed by statute. It is simply an old tradition judges have made up.\\\" Juror's oath A juror's oath is used to swear in jurors at the beginning of jury selection or trial. In a New South Wales juror's oath, the juror promises to \\\"...well and truly try and true deliverance make between our Sovereign Lady the Queen and the accused whom you shall have in charge, and a true verdict give according to the evidence.\\\" In Western Australia each jury has\",\n \"title\": \"Juror's oath\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"218163\",\n \"text\": \"in the conduct of serious human affairs\\\". Because they are fact-finders, juries are sometimes expected to perform a role similar to a lie detector, especially when presented with testimony from witnesses. A civil jury is typically made up of 6 to 12 persons. In a civil case, the role of the jury is to listen to the evidence presented at a trial, to decide whether the defendant injured the plaintiff or otherwise failed to fulfill a legal duty to the plaintiff, and to determine what the compensation or penalty should be. A criminal jury is usually made up of 12\",\n \"title\": \"Jury trial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13436502\",\n \"text\": \"Age of criminal responsibility in Australia The age of criminal responsibility in Australia is the age below which a child is deemed incapable of having committed a criminal offence. In legal terms, it is referred to as a defence of infancy. All States and self-governing Territories of Australia have adopted 10 years of age as a uniform age of criminal responsibility. Doli incapax refers to a presumption that a child is \\\"incapable of crime\\\" under legislation or common law. Or rather, the presumption that a child cannot form mens rea as they do not yet have a sufficient understanding between\",\n \"title\": \"Age of criminal responsibility in Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13436504\",\n \"text\": \"Age of criminal responsibility in Australia The age of criminal responsibility in Australia is the age below which a child is deemed incapable of having committed a criminal offence. In legal terms, it is referred to as a defence of infancy. All States and self-governing Territories of Australia have adopted 10 years of age as a uniform age of criminal responsibility. Doli incapax refers to a presumption that a child is \\\"incapable of crime\\\" under legislation or common law. Or rather, the presumption that a child cannot form mens rea as they do not yet have a sufficient understanding between\",\n \"title\": \"Age of criminal responsibility in Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9769051\",\n \"text\": \"the court. The governor can also appoint a chief magistrate, as well as deputy chief magistrates. The court normally sits with a magistrate sitting alone. However, the governor may make a regulation which allows a single justice of the peace or two justices of the peace to sit as the court. About 43,000 civil cases are filed each year in the court. Magistrates Court of Western Australia The Magistrates Court of Western Australia is the first tier court in Western Australia, a state of Australia. It has jurisdiction in respect of criminal and civil matters, as well as a range\",\n \"title\": \"Magistrates Court of Western Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9936418\",\n \"text\": \"Court of Summary Jurisdiction The Court of Summary Jurisdiction is a court in the Northern Territory of Australia. It has jurisdiction to deal with criminal offences which occur in the territory. It is one of the courts that is usually referred to as a magistrates court. The court was established under the Justices Act (NT) in 1974 and replaced the courts of petty sessions commonly established in Australia since British settlement in 1788 to deal with less serious crime. Those courts followed the English tradition of justices of the peace sitting in and out of sessions in England. The court\",\n \"title\": \"Court of Summary Jurisdiction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5025272\",\n \"text\": \"Federal Circuit Court judges, as are decisions of these courts on appeal from a Federal Circuit Court judge. In other circumstances, decisions of a single Federal or Family Court judge are not strictly binding; however, these will usually be followed by sentencing. The Federal Circuit Court of Australia (formerly known as the Federal Magistrates Court of Australia) is an Australian court with jurisdiction over matters broadly relating to family law and child support, administrative law, admiralty law, bankruptcy, copyright, human rights, industrial law, migration, privacy and trade practices.There has been a shift recently towards having most cases held in this\",\n \"title\": \"Judiciary of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5231346\",\n \"text\": \"Canberra Times\\\" reported that the court would soon be upgraded to meet the requirements of the city's judicial system over the next 50 years. Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory The Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory is the superior court for the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). It has unlimited jurisdiction within the territory in civil matters (although it usually only hears matters involving more than 250,000), and hears the most serious criminal matters. Criminal trials may be heard before a judge and jury, or by judge alone at the election of the accused. All matters are heard\",\n \"title\": \"Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3239319\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"not guilty\\\", more so than if the case is found \\\"not proven\\\". In Scotland, a criminal case may be decided either \\\"\\\"in solemn procedure\\\"\\\" by a jury (instructed by the judge), or \\\"\\\"in summary procedure\\\"\\\" by the judge alone (with no jury appointed). There are various rules for when the one or the other procedure may or must be employed; in general, juries are employed for the more severe accusations, while petty crimes and offences are treated summarily. A criminal case jury consists of 15 jurors, who make their decision by a simple majority vote: eight votes are necessary and\",\n \"title\": \"Not proven\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1880258\",\n \"text\": \"and Codes and is regarded by the courts as an important common law right and a part of the privilege against self-incrimination. In general, criminal suspects in Australia have the right to refuse to answer questions posed to them by police before trial and to refuse to give evidence at trial. However a person must answer questions related to their name and place of residence if asked to by police. As a general rule judges cannot direct juries to draw adverse inferences from a defendant's silence (\\\"Petty v R\\\") but there are exceptions to this rule, most notably in cases\",\n \"title\": \"Right to silence\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6441092\",\n \"text\": \"part, joins the NT & WA in having exhaustively codified criminal law. Criminal law of Australia The criminal law of Australia is the body of law made, recognised and applied in Australia that relates to crime. Most criminal law is made and administered by the individual states and territories of Australia. However, a body of criminal law is also made and administered by the federal government. Criminal law may be differentiated from civil law, which in Australia relates to non-criminal law including civil wrongs, contract law, much of property law and other areas that concern the rights and duties of\",\n \"title\": \"Criminal law of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2440998\",\n \"text\": \"to the judge. In the United Kingdom (except Scotland), Cyprus, Hong Kong, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea and Canada, it refers to a \\\"trial within a trial\\\". It is a hearing to determine the admissibility of evidence, or the competency of a witness or juror. As the subject matter of the \\\"voir dire\\\" often relates to evidence, competence or other matters that may lead to bias on behalf of the jury, the jury may be removed from the court for the \\\"voir dire\\\". The term has thus been broadened in Australian jurisdictions to include any hearing during a\",\n \"title\": \"Voir dire\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6620000\",\n \"text\": \"Crown. The presiding judge must determine whether there is sufficient evidence for a jury, acting reasonably and judicially, to convict the accused. The judge may neither weigh the evidence nor determine whether the evidence is admissible. If the judge determines there is sufficient evidence for a jury acting reasonably and judicially to convict the accused, the judge must commit the accused to stand trial. If not, the judge must discharge the accused and the proceedings end. However, if at a later date the Crown tenders further evidence, the Crown may recommence the proceedings. A discharge at a preliminary inquiry does\",\n \"title\": \"Criminal law of Canada\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8631110\",\n \"text\": \"the \\\"Bankruptcy Act 1966\\\", except those requiring jury trials. The vast majority of bankruptcy court cases in Australia are heard by The Federal Circuit Court (92% in 2004-5). The Court has civil jurisdiction with respect to claims under the following provisions of the \\\"Competition and Consumer Act 2010\\\" (formerly known as the \\\"Trade Practices Act 1974\\\"): The Court can provide injunctive relief and award damages of up to $750 000. The Court also has civil jurisdiction with respect to claims under the \\\"National Consumer Credit Protection Act 2009\\\". There is provision in certain proceedings for a litigant to elect that\",\n \"title\": \"Federal Circuit Court of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9936422\",\n \"text\": \"offender. Court of Summary Jurisdiction The Court of Summary Jurisdiction is a court in the Northern Territory of Australia. It has jurisdiction to deal with criminal offences which occur in the territory. It is one of the courts that is usually referred to as a magistrates court. The court was established under the Justices Act (NT) in 1974 and replaced the courts of petty sessions commonly established in Australia since British settlement in 1788 to deal with less serious crime. Those courts followed the English tradition of justices of the peace sitting in and out of sessions in England. The\",\n \"title\": \"Court of Summary Jurisdiction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6527959\",\n \"text\": \"Crown Prosecutor (Australia) Crown Prosecutors are the public prosecutors in the legal system of Australia. Crown Prosecutors represent the Crown in right of the Commonwealth and in right of each State or Territory in criminal proceedings. Crown Prosecutors are appointed not elected and are not public servants; they are private counsel briefed by the Director of Public Prosecutions for particular cases. Their mixed caseload as prosecutor and defence counsel, with the consequent ability to see both sides, is widely seen as an advantage of the system. Both the Commonwealth of Australia and the Australian States and Territories can make criminal\",\n \"title\": \"Crown Prosecutor (Australia)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"218139\",\n \"text\": \"for serious crimes the accused has the option of a jury trial consisting of 12 jurors. The number of jury trials remains small, at about 600 per year, out of about 1 million trials. A juror must be 25 years old, legally competent, and without a criminal record. The 12 jurors are selected by the prosecution and defense from a list of 30–40 eligible candidates. The Constitution of Russia stipulates that, until the abolition of the death penalty, all defendants in a case that may result in a death sentence are entitled to a jury trial. Lawmakers are continuously chipping\",\n \"title\": \"Jury trial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4746285\",\n \"text\": \"more peremptory challenges than the prosecution (e.g. when indicted on a felony in the USA the defense gets 10 challenges to the prosecution’s 6). All Australian states allow for peremptory challenges in jury selection; however, the number of challenges granted to the counsels can vary between states. The rules regarding peremptory challenges in Canada are laid out in §634 of the Criminal Code of Canada. The number of challenges awarded to each the prosecutor and the defense depends on the type of charge and maximum potential sentence. Twenty challenges are awarded in cases for high treason and first degree murder,\",\n \"title\": \"Peremptory challenge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3957589\",\n \"text\": \"not prevailed. On the other hand, where Parliament \\\"has\\\" prescribed jury trial, the Court has been willing to impose some content on that notion. In particular, it has insisted that conviction by a jury for a Federal offence must be by the unanimous agreement of the jurors – a majority verdict will not suffice. To a very large extent, the Constitution leaves it to Parliament to determine both the High Court's original jurisdiction (section 76), and the exceptions to, and conditions on, its power to hear appeals (section 73). However, the Constitution grants the Court some original jurisdiction directly, without\",\n \"title\": \"Australian constitutional law\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5645356\",\n \"text\": \"Crime in Australia Crime in Australia is combated by the Australian police and other agencies. The number of offenders proceeded against by police during 2016–2017 increased by 1% from the previous year to approximately 414,000. In 2016–2017, the offender rate, which is the number of offenders in the population of Australia, increased slightly from 1.98% to 2%. The youth offender rate decreased for the seventh consecutive year in 2016–17, between 2009–10 and 2016–17, the rate fell from 3,339 to 2,330 offenders per 100,000 persons aged 10 to 17. The most common type of offence in 2016-17 was illicit drug offences\",\n \"title\": \"Crime in Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6584546\",\n \"text\": \"Melbourne Magistrates' Court The Melbourne Magistrates' Court is the largest venue at which the Magistrates' Court of Victoria sits. It is a court in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia that deals with, and dispenses of, a range of criminal and civil matters, including criminal prosecutions, money claims and disputes up to $100,000, and family violence and family law proceedings. In 1995, the Melbourne Magistrates Court was relocated to 233 William Street, Melbourne, which it remains to date. The building is divided into 8 floors, the first 6 of which are accessible to the public. Court hours are 9:00am through 4:30pm, with a\",\n \"title\": \"Melbourne Magistrates' Court\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10261954\",\n \"text\": \"the crime, the magistrate may sentence the person if found guilty, or may commit the person for trial to the Supreme Court. Hearings are heard in open court unless there is a law or a good reason for the matter to be heard in closed court. In certain circumstances, decisions made by the Magistrates Court may be appealed to the Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory. The Magistrates Court does not hear matters on appeal. Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory The Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory is a court of summary jurisdiction that deals with\",\n \"title\": \"Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552802\",\n \"text\": \"€500 for failing to report for jury service, though this was poorly enforced until a change of policy at the Courts Service in 2016. Criminal jury trials are held in the Circuit Court or the Central Criminal Court. Juryless trials under the inadequacy exception, dealing with terrorism or organised crime, are held in the Special Criminal Court, on application by the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP). Juries are also used in some civil law trials, such as for defamation; they are sometimes used at coroner's inquests. Normally consisting of twelve persons, juries are selected from a jury panel which is\",\n \"title\": \"Jury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7554523\",\n \"text\": \"Federal Court of Australia The Federal Court of Australia is an Australian superior court of record which has jurisdiction to deal with most civil disputes governed by federal law (with the exception of family law matters), along with some summary (less serious) criminal matters. Cases are heard at first instance by single Judges. The Court includes an appeal division referred to as the Full Court comprising three Judges, the only avenue of appeal from which lies to the High Court of Australia. In the Australian court hierarchy, the Federal Court occupies a position equivalent to the Supreme Courts of each\",\n \"title\": \"Federal Court of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"202295\",\n \"text\": \"felony, court findings of, or an act of gross negligence can be counted as an indictable offence. Indictable offence In many common law jurisdictions (e.g., England and Wales, Ireland, Canada, Hong Kong, India, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, Singapore), an indictable offence is an offence which can only be tried on an indictment after a preliminary hearing to determine whether there is a \\\"prima facie\\\" case to answer or by a grand jury (in contrast to a summary offence). In the United States, a crime of similar severity and rules is called a felony, which also requires an indictment. In relation\",\n \"title\": \"Indictable offence\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5855928\",\n \"text\": \"sworn in under certain circumstances. Jurors may also be excused during trial. According to section 644(1) of the \\\"Criminal Code\\\", a judge may discharge any juror during the trial due to illness or “other reasonable cause” such as impartiality (see \\\"R v Tsouma\\\" (1973) and R v Holcomb (1973)). Section 644(2) further specifies that a jury is still properly constituted to complete its duties even if a juror is discharged during the trial as long as the number of jurors is not reduced below ten. At the conclusion of trial and following the jury charge, a maximum of twelve jurors\",\n \"title\": \"Jury selection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"218173\",\n \"text\": \"grants a jury trial. In accordance with Beacon Theaters, the jury first determines the facts, then the judge enter judgment on the equitable claims. Following the English tradition, U.S. juries have usually been composed of 12 jurors, and the jury's verdict has usually been required to be unanimous. However, in many jurisdictions, the number of jurors is often reduced to a lesser number (such as five or six) by legislative enactment, or by agreement of both sides. Some jurisdictions also permit a verdict to be returned despite the dissent of one, two, or three jurors. The vast majority of U.S.\",\n \"title\": \"Jury trial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10923079\",\n \"text\": \"judge must not, in any event, suggest that a majority is acceptable until after 2 hours and 10 minutes. This was originally 2 hours but it was extended to allow time for the jury to settle after retiring. Unanimous verdicts were required until the Criminal Justice Act 1967. During the Second World War, the Administration of Justice (Emergency Provisions) Act 1939 authorised trials with only 7 jurors, except for treason or murder. A jury panel is summoned from those who meet all of the following criteria: Those who are liable to be detained under the Mental Health Act 1983 or\",\n \"title\": \"Juries in England and Wales\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12009118\",\n \"text\": \"trials (). The court evaluates evidence brought before it by the parties to the trial but makes no attempt to uncover any additional evidence or otherwise investigate the matter itself. Criminal trials are inquisitorial trials (). The court is actively involved, questioning witnesses brought forward by the parties to the trials, summoning expert witnesses on its own initiative, and generally attempting to determine the truth. Most trials are bench trials, although the bench will often be a panel including one or more lay judges (). Criminal defendants accused of political transgressions or of serious crimes with severe penalties have a\",\n \"title\": \"Judiciary of Austria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14525098\",\n \"text\": \"required to be unanimous. However, in many jurisdictions, the number of jurors is often reduced to a lesser number (such as five or six) by legislative enactment, or by agreement of both sides. Some jurisdictions also permit a verdict to be returned despite the dissent of one, two, or three jurors. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 48 states that a federal civil jury must begin with at least 6 and no more than 12 members, and that the verdict must be unanimous unless the parties stipulate otherwise. Alternative dispute resolution is becoming increasingly common. Mandatory binding arbitration has been used\",\n \"title\": \"Juries in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"218153\",\n \"text\": \"that one class of people don't sit in judgement over another and the public have confidence in an open and representative justice system. The trial started in 2010, with the four defendants convicted on the 31 March 2010 by Mr Justice Treacy at the Old Bailey. In Scots law the jury system has some similarities with England but some important differences, in particular there are juries of 15 in criminal trials, with verdicts by simple majority. In Northern Ireland, the role of the jury trial is roughly similar to England and Wales, except that jury trials have been replaced in\",\n \"title\": \"Jury trial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"218131\",\n \"text\": \"study by Elisabeth Kolsky argues that many \\\"perverse verdicts\\\" were delivered by white juries in trial of \\\"European British subjects\\\" charged with murder, assault, confinement of Indians. In the Republic of Ireland, a common law jurisdiction, jury trials are available for criminal cases before the Circuit Court, Central Criminal Court and defamation cases, consisting of twelve jurors. Juries only decide questions of fact; they have no role in criminal sentencing in criminal cases or awarding damages in libel cases. It is not necessary that a jury be unanimous in its verdict. In civil cases, a verdict may be reached by\",\n \"title\": \"Jury trial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"218100\",\n \"text\": \"trials by jury are applied in cases of voluntary crimes against life, such as first and second degree murder, forced abortion and instigation of suicide, even if only attempted. In others, such as the United Kingdom, jury trials are only available for criminal cases and very specific civil cases (malicious prosecution, civil fraud and false imprisonment). In the United States, jury trials are available in both civil and criminal cases. In Canada, an individual charged with an indictable offence may elect to be tried by a judge alone in a provincial court, by judge alone in a superior court, or\",\n \"title\": \"Jury trial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14290012\",\n \"text\": \"Juror's oath A juror's oath is used to swear in jurors at the beginning of jury selection or trial. In a New South Wales juror's oath, the juror promises to \\\"...well and truly try and true deliverance make between our Sovereign Lady the Queen and the accused whom you shall have in charge, and a true verdict give according to the evidence.\\\" In Western Australia each jury has a choice to either \\\"swear by Almighty God\\\" or \\\"solemnly and sincerely declare and affirm\\\" to \\\"give a true verdict according to the evidence upon the issue(s) to be tried by me.\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Juror's oath\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552804\",\n \"text\": \"receive lunch for the days that they are serving. The Law Reform Commission examined jury service, producing a consultation paper in 2010 and then a report in 2013. One of its recommendations, to permit extra jurors for long trials in case some are excused, was enacted in 2013. In November 2013, the DPP requested a 15-member jury at the trial of three Anglo Irish Bank executives. Where more than twelve jurors are present, twelve will be chosen by lot to retire and consider the verdict. In Italy, a Civil law jurisdiction, untrained judges are present only in the Corte d'Assise,\",\n \"title\": \"Jury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15400430\",\n \"text\": \"public as museums. Many movies and television shows have depicted the punishment of early convicts and bushrangers in Australia. See those articles for more information. Punishment in Australia Punishment in Australia usually occurs when an individual breaks the law, and enters into the Australian criminal justice system. Australia uses prisons, as well as community corrections (various non-custodial punishments such as parole, probation, community service etc). The death penalty has been abolished, and corporal punishment is no longer used. Before the colonisation of Australia by Europeans, Indigenous Australians had their own traditional punishments, some of which are still practiced in the\",\n \"title\": \"Punishment in Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8249063\",\n \"text\": \"officers, or the State Board of Pardons and Paroles (varies from state to state) for state offenses. Each jurisdiction whose law allows expungement has its own definitions of expungement proceedings. Generally, expungement is the process to \\\"remove from general review\\\" the records pertaining to a case. In many jurisdictions, however, the records may not completely \\\"disappear\\\" and may still be available to law enforcement, to sentencing judges on subsequent offenses, and to corrections facilities to which the individual may be sentenced on subsequent convictions. Criminal records in each state of Australia are covered by state law. In New South Wales,\",\n \"title\": \"Expungement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14328536\",\n \"text\": \"harm). \\\"Felony murder\\\" (called constructive murder in Australian jurisdictions) and murder by omission are also recognised crimes in this jurisdiction. Section 23 of the \\\"Crimes Act 1900\\\" provides for the partial defence of provocation, and can refer to actions taken by the deceased both immediately before, and prior to, the murder. If proven by the defence where there is a charge of murder, the jury will be directed to reduce the offence to manslaughter. If prior to or at the time of the committal proceedings an offender enters a plea of guilty to the lesser offence of manslaughter on the\",\n \"title\": \"Murder (Australian law)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12346129\",\n \"text\": \"by the Governor-General constituted it as required. The court was permitted to sit anywhere in Australia as the interests of justice required, and was not confined to hearing a case on the island. When hearing criminal cases, the court sat with a jury to determine an accused person’s guilt. If the court sat outside the island, the court could use jurors from the State or Territory that the court was actually sitting at. In April 1988 the court tried two defendants concerning the murder of Tan Soo Cher (Tan). Tan had been murdered during the early hours of 12 May\",\n \"title\": \"Supreme Court of Christmas Island\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5855933\",\n \"text\": \"the same number that they would receive if tried separately, while the prosecutor has as many challenges as the total number available to all of the accused (i.e., in a case wherein two co-accused are charged with first-degree murder, each receives twenty peremptory challenges, and the prosecutor receives forty) [s. 634 (4), Criminal Code of Canada]. The amount of peremptory challenges can also vary according to the circumstances of the jury. The prosecutor and the accused are each entitled to one additional peremptory challenge if there are 13 jurors, or two additional challenges each in the case of 14 jurors\",\n \"title\": \"Jury selection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552759\",\n \"text\": \"thought to be the largest in the world. In 2009 a review by the Scottish Government regarding the possibility of reduction led to the decision to retain 15 jurors, with the Cabinet Secretary for Justice stating that after extensive consultation, he had decided that Scotland had got it \\\"uniquely right\\\". Trials in the Republic of Ireland which are scheduled to last over 2 months can, but do not have to, have 15 jurors. A study by the University of Glasgow suggested that a civil jury of 12 people was ineffective because a few jurors ended up dominating the discussion, and\",\n \"title\": \"Jury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"552809\",\n \"text\": \"imprisonment and malicious prosecution. Juries must initially try to reach a unanimous verdict, but if one cannot be reached in a reasonable timeframe, the judge may accept a majority verdict of all-but-one (i.e. 11–1 or 10–1) in criminal cases and three-quarters (i.e. 9–3 or 9–2) in civil cases. Juries existed in Norway as early as the year 800, and perhaps even earlier. They brought the jury system to England and Scotland. Juries were phased out as late as the 17th century, when Norway´s central government was in Copenhagen, Denmark. Though Norway and Denmark had different legal systems throughout their personal\",\n \"title\": \"Jury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10923089\",\n \"text\": \"records may only be made if authorised by the Attorney General and there are adequate grounds for a prosecution request to stand by. During a trial, an individual juror can be discharged and the trial can continue so long as the minimum number of jurors remain. Discharge is at the discretion of the judge and should be exercised in cases of \\\"evident necessity\\\". The test was given in \\\"Porter v Magill\\\" as \\\"Would a fair-minded and informed observer conclude that there was a real possibility, or real danger (the two being the same) that the tribunal was biased?\\\" Where misconduct\",\n \"title\": \"Juries in England and Wales\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5262327\",\n \"text\": \"or the juror serves in that capacity; and in jurisdictions with a dead man statute, a person is deemed not competent to testify as to statements of or transactions with a deceased opposing party. Often, a Government or Parliamentary Act will govern the rules affecting the giving of evidence by witnesses in court. An example is the \\\"Evidence Act(NSW)\\\"1995 which sets out the procedures for witnesses to follow in New South Wales, Australia. Hearsay is one of the largest and most complex areas of the law of evidence in common-law jurisdictions. The default rule is that hearsay evidence is inadmissible.\",\n \"title\": \"Evidence (law)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5631174\",\n \"text\": \"opening statements and closing arguments to minimize the possible impact of the CSI effect, and instruct jurors to adhere to the court's standards of evidence rather than those seen on television. Prosecutors have even hired expert witnesses to explain why particular forms of physical evidence are not relevant to their cases. In one Australian murder case, the defense counsel requested a judge-only trial to avoid having DNA evidence misinterpreted by a jury. By 2006, the CSI effect had become widely accepted as reality among legal professionals, despite little empirical evidence to validate or disprove it. A 2008 survey by researcher\",\n \"title\": \"CSI effect\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"218145\",\n \"text\": \"e.g. libel or incitement to ethnic or racial hatred, in a medium covered by the fundamental laws (e.g. a printed paper or a radio programme), she has the right to have the accusation tried by a jury of nine jurors. This applies also in civil (tort) cases under the fundamental laws. A majority of at least six jurors must find that the defendant has committed the alleged crime. If it does not, the defendant is acquitted or, in a civil case, held not liable. If such a majority of the jurors hold that said crime has in fact been committed,\",\n \"title\": \"Jury trial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6441078\",\n \"text\": \"this code, and in some instances rejected the code entirely. The Commonwealth has its own criminal jurisdiction for offences against federal laws. However, its jurisdiction in criminal matters is more limited than that of the States. The situation is similar to American criminal law (see also Federal crime in the United States). The principal source of Commonwealth criminal law was originally the \\\"Crimes Act 1914\\\" (Cth). In 1987, the Commonwealth Attorney-General established a committee chaired by Sir Harry Gibbs to undertake a review of Commonwealth criminal law. The committee published its final report in 1991, recommending the development of a\",\n \"title\": \"Criminal law of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11457551\",\n \"text\": \"government of the Commonwealth with respect to (inter alia): the service and execution throughout the Commonwealth of the civil and criminal process and the judgments of the courts of the States. Interstate extradition procedures are governed by the \\\"Service and Execution of Process Act 1992\\\" (Cth), Part 5. Under the Act, a person named in an extradition warrant issued in any State may be arrested in accordance to that warrant in another State. Upon apprehension, that person must be brought before a Magistrate of the State in which they were apprehended along with the warrant or a copy of the\",\n \"title\": \"Extradition law in Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"218122\",\n \"text\": \"jury is the \\\"cour d'assises,\\\" in which three professional judges sit together with six or nine jurors (on appeal). Conviction requires a two-thirds majority (four or six votes). The country that originated the concept of the jury trial retains it in an unusual form. The Constitution of Greece and Code of criminal procedure provide that felonies (Greek: Κακουργήματα) are tried by a \\\"Mixed Court\\\" composed of three professional judges, including the President of the Court, and four jurors who decide the facts, and the appropriate penalty if they convict. Certain Felonies, such as terrorism, are exempt, due to their nature,\",\n \"title\": \"Jury trial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5025269\",\n \"text\": \"was created by the Federal Court of Australia Act in 1976. Decisions of the High Court are binding on the Federal Court. There is an appeal level of the Federal Court (the \\\"Full Court\\\" of the Federal Court), which consists of several judges, usually three but occasionally five in very significant cases. The Family Court has jurisdiction over family law matters. It is a superior court of limited jurisdiction and was established in 1975 by the Family Law Act 1975 by the federal parliament. The Commonwealth has power over marriage and divorce under the Constitution. In the 1990s the states\",\n \"title\": \"Judiciary of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10235826\",\n \"text\": \"the hangings when he miscalculated the drop necessary for the youths. One died instantly but the remaining three struggled for several minutes. The trial was dramatised in a 2012 ABC docudrama, the first of a three-part series entitled \\\"Australia on Trial\\\". Presented by historian Michael Cathcart, the script was based on official court transcripts of the trial. Mount Rennie rape case The Mount Rennie rape case is the only gang rape in Sydney during the 1880s that led to a full conviction of the participants involved in the crime—young larrikins of the \\\"Waterloo Push\\\". The attack is sometimes referred to\",\n \"title\": \"Mount Rennie rape case\"\n }\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"how many jurors in a criminal case australia"}}},{"rowIdx":8397,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["The Sound of Music"],"string":"[\n \"The Sound of Music\"\n]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"2475873","text":"based in and around the 30 Mile Zone in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California. Director D. W. Griffith was central to the development of a film grammar. Orson Welles's \"Citizen Kane\" (1941) is frequently cited in critics' polls as the greatest film of all time. The major film studios of Hollywood are the primary source of the most commercially successful and most ticket selling movies in the world, such as \"The Birth of a Nation\" (1915), \"Gone with the Wind\" (1939), \"The Sound of Music\" (1965), \"The Godfather\" (1972), \"Jaws\" (1975), \"Star Wars\" (1977), \"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\" (1982), \"Jurassic Park\" (1993),","title":"Cinema of the United States"},{"id":"7635608","text":"film was a major commercial success, becoming the number one box office movie after four weeks, and the highest-grossing film of 1965. By November 1966, \"The Sound of Music\" had become the highest-grossing film of all-time—surpassing \"Gone with the Wind\"—and held that distinction for five years. The film was just as popular throughout the world, breaking previous box-office records in twenty-nine countries. Following an initial theatrical release that lasted four and a half years, and two successful re-releases, the film sold 283 million admissions worldwide and earned a total worldwide gross of $286,000,000. \"The Sound of Music\" received five Academy","title":"The Sound of Music (film)"},{"id":"1591165","text":"MGM's own back lots. More of the successful films were those based in the harsh truths of war, rather than the excesses of the 1960s. Films like the Francis Ford Coppola-scripted \"Patton\", starring George C. Scott as the World War II general, and Robert Altman's \"MASH\", about a Korean War field hospital, were major box-office draws in 1970. Honest, old-fashioned films like \"Summer of '42\", and the Erich Segal adaptation, \"Love Story\", were commercial and critical hits. (Love Story and \"Summer\" remain, , two of the most successful films in Hollywood history. \"Summer\", costing $1,000,000 USD, brought in $25,000,000 at","title":"1970s in film"},{"id":"482025","text":"process to transfer the drawings to animation cels. Disney's live-action releases were spread across a number of genres, including historical fiction (\"Johnny Tremain\", 1957), adaptations of children's books (\"Pollyanna\", 1960) and modern-day comedies (\"The Shaggy Dog\", 1959). Disney's most successful film of the 1960s was a live action/animated musical adaptation of \"Mary Poppins\", which was one of the all-time highest-grossing movies and received five Academy Awards, including Best Actress for Julie Andrews and Best Song for Robert B. Sherman & Richard M. Sherman for \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\". The theme park design and architectural group became so integral to the Disney","title":"The Walt Disney Company"},{"id":"469414","text":"Zeppelin was the most successful musical act of the 1970s, having sold more than 300 million records since 1969. Oscar winners of the decade were \"Patton\" (1970), \"The French Connection\" (1971), \"The Godfather\" (1972), \"The Sting\" (1973), \"The Godfather Part II\" (1974), \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" (1975), \"Rocky\" (1976), \"Annie Hall\" (1977), \"The Deer Hunter\" (1978), and \"Kramer vs. Kramer\" (1979). The top ten highest-grossing films of the decade are (in order from highest to lowest grossing): \"Star Wars\", \"Jaws\", \"Grease\", \"The Exorcist\", \"Close Encounters of the Third Kind\", \"Superman\", \"The Godfather\", \"Saturday Night Fever\", \"Rocky\", and \"Jaws","title":"1970s"},{"id":"1458494","text":"money, axed the long-running Movietone Newsreel, and made a series of cheap, popular pictures that restored Fox as a major studio. The saving grace for the studio's fortunes came from the tremendous success of \"The Sound of Music\" (1965), an expensive and handsomely produced film adaptation of the highly acclaimed Rodgers and Hammerstein Broadway musical, which became a significant success at the box office and won five Academy Awards, including Best Director (Robert Wise) and Best Picture of the Year. Fox also had two big science-fiction hits in the 1960s: \"Fantastic Voyage\" (1966), and the original \"Planet of the Apes\"","title":"20th Century Fox"},{"id":"10981612","text":"fall of 1958. Manulis's film version was released in December 1962 and received Academy Award nominations for best actor, best actress, best art direction, best costume design, and best original song. It was selected by the film critics of \"The New York Times\" as one of the 1000 best films ever made and as one of American Film Institute's best 400 films. Other motion pictures produced by Manulis in the 1960s include \"Dear Heart\" (1964), a romantic comedy directed by Delbert Mann, and starring Glenn Ford and Geraldine Page; \"Luv\" (1967), a romantic comedy directed by Clive Donner and starring","title":"Martin Manulis"},{"id":"16623587","text":"a Mockingbird\" (1962) and \"Oliver!\" (1968), directed by Carol Reed, portrayed children as naturally innocent. Other films of the 1960s that involved children include \"The Sound of Music\" (1965) by Robert Wise and \"The Miracle Worker\" (1962). These were very successful musical motion picture that were in the genre of family films. Four of the top ten highest-grossing films of the decade were family films: \"The Sound of Music\", \"One Hundred and One Dalmatians\" (1961), \"The Jungle Book\" (1967), and \"Mary Poppins\". Hollywood also released motion pictures starring children though these were not commercially successful and they were literary adaptations","title":"Children's film"},{"id":"1476313","text":"1967 in film The year 1967 in film involved some significant events. It is widely considered as one of the most ground-breaking years in film, with \"revolutionary\" films highlighting the change, including: \"Bonnie and Clyde\", \"The Graduate\", \"Guess Who's Coming to Dinner\", \"Cool Hand Luke\", \"The Dirty Dozen\", and \"In the Heat of the Night\". \"The Born Losers\" was released in 1967 and earned $2.25 million in U.S. and Canadian rentals. It was re-released in 1974 and by 1977 it had earned $12.5 million in U.S. and Canadian rentals with a reported total gross of $36,000,000. The highest-grossing 1967 films","title":"1967 in film"},{"id":"6683649","text":"films topping the American Film Institute's AFI 100 list include Orson Welles's \"Citizen Kane\" (1941), which is frequently cited as the greatest film of all time, \"Casablanca\" (1942), \"The Godfather\" (1972), \"Gone with the Wind\" (1939), \"Lawrence of Arabia\" (1962), \"The Wizard of Oz\" (1939), \"The Graduate\" (1967), \"On the Waterfront\" (1954), \"Schindler's List\" (1993), \"Singin' in the Rain\" (1952), \"It's a Wonderful Life\" (1946) and \"Sunset Boulevard\" (1950). The Academy Awards, popularly known as the Oscars, have been held annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1929, and the Golden Globe Awards have been held","title":"United States"},{"id":"768830","text":"on material from another medium to \"Judgement at Nuremberg\" (1961). \"West Side Story\" was a box office hit, and critics have declared it \"a cinema masterpiece\". Prior to directing \"The Sound of Music\" (1965), Wise directed the psychological horror film \"The Haunting\" (1963), starring Julie Harris, in an adaptation of Shirley Jackson's novel, \"The Haunting of Hill House\". Wise's big-budget adaptation of Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein's family-oriented musical \"The Sound of Music\", with Julie Andrews as Maria and Christopher Plummer as Captain von Trapp, became one of film history's top-grossing movies. Wise won Academy Awards for Best Director and","title":"Robert Wise"},{"id":"7635653","text":"million in rentals and grossed £6 million—more than twice as much as any other film had ever taken in. It was also a major success in Holland, Hong Kong and Tokyo, where it played for as long as two years at some theaters. It was not a universal success, however, with the film only enjoying modest success in France and it was a flop in Germany. It also initially performed poorly in Italy, but a re-release after the Oscars brought better results. By November 1966, \"The Sound of Music\" had become the highest-grossing film of all-time, surpassing \"Gone with the","title":"The Sound of Music (film)"},{"id":"3420394","text":"1960 and beating other hits of that year such as \"Psycho\", \"Spartacus\", and \"Exodus\" at the box office. Adjusted for ticket-price inflation, the box office revenue is $ million, making it one of the biggest hits of all time. The movie was re-released in 1969 and earned $6.4 million in rentals in North America. It was the 15th most popular movie at the U.S. box office that year. The film currently holds an 84% approval rating at the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes. Upon the film's initial release, \"New York Times\" film critic Howard Thompson lauded the film by writing,","title":"Swiss Family Robinson (1960 film)"},{"id":"5650171","text":"the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 36 nominations went to 14 films on the list. Only \"The Fugitive\" (3rd), \"The Firm\" (4th), \"Sleepless in Seattle\" (6th), \"In the Line of Fire\" (7th), \"Dave\" (13th), \"Philadelphia\" (29th), \"What's Love Got to Do With It\" (38th), and \"The Age of Innocence\" (49th) were nominated for directing, acting, screenwriting, or Best Picture. The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations were \"Jurassic Park\" (1st), \"Mrs. Doubtfire\" (2nd), \"Cliffhanger\" (9th), \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\" (24th), \"Addams Family Values\" (25th), and \"Beethoven's 2nd\" (27th). The show received a positive reception from","title":"66th Academy Awards"},{"id":"2631500","text":"(1965), \"The Knack ...and How to Get It\" (1965), the Michelangelo Antonioni film \"Blowup\" (1966), \"Alfie\" (1966), \"\" (1966), \"Georgy Girl\" (1966), \"The Jokers\" (1967), \"Casino Royale\" (1967), \"Smashing Time\" (1967), \"To Sir, with Love\" (1967), \"Bedazzled\" (1967), \"Poor Cow\" (1967), \"I'll Never Forget What's'isname\" (1967), \"Up the Junction\" (1968), \"Joanna\" (1968), \"Otley\" (1968), \"The Magic Christian\" (1969), \"The Brain\" (1969), \"If It's Tuesday, This Must Be Belgium\" (1969), and \"Performance\" (1970). The comedy films \"\" (1997) and \"\" (1999) resurrected the imagery but were filmed in Hollywood and the 2009 film \"The Boat That Rocked\". Swinging Sixties The Swinging","title":"Swinging Sixties"},{"id":"469347","text":"the film industry in the 1960s: The most prominent American TV series of the 1960s include: \"The Ed Sullivan Show\", \"\", \"Peyton Place\", \"The Twilight Zone\", \"The Outer Limits\", \"The Andy Williams Show\", \"The Dean Martin Show\", \"The Wonderful World of Disney\", \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\", \"The Beverly Hillbillies\", \"Bonanza\", \"Batman\", \"McHale's Navy\", \"Laugh-In\", \"The Dick Van Dyke Show\", \"The Fugitive\", \"The Tonight Show\", \"Gunsmoke\", \"The Andy Griffith Show\", \"Gilligan's Island, \", \"The Flintstones\", \"The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet\", \"Lassie\", \"The Danny Thomas Show\", \"The Lucy Show\", \"My Three Sons\", \"The Red Skelton Show\", \"Bewitched\" and \"I Dream of Jeannie\".","title":"1960s"},{"id":"252426","text":"could be relied upon for sure-fire hits. Audiences for them lessened and fewer musical films were produced as the genre became less mainstream and more specialized. In the 1960s, the critical and box-office success of the films \"West Side Story\", \"Gypsy\", \"The Music Man\", \"Bye Bye Birdie\", \"My Fair Lady\", \"Mary Poppins\", \"The Sound of Music\", \"A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum\", \"The Jungle Book\", \"Thoroughly Modern Millie\", \"Oliver!\", and \"Funny Girl\" suggested that the traditional musical was in good health, while French filmmaker Jacques Demy's jazz musicals \"The Umbrellas of Cherbourg\" and \"The Young Girls","title":"Musical film"},{"id":"4942062","text":"Smoky Mountains, the film was shot in the Los Angeles (LA) area, both on set at MGM Studios and outdoors in the San Bernardino Mountains east of LA. The film was produced by Dick Fitzwell for Four-Leaf Productions, and was distributed in the United States by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The film was released in the United States on March 6, 1964 and reached #11 on the \"Variety\" National Box Office Chart, earning $3 million, and finished at #26 on the year end list of the top-grossing movies of 1964. Sam Katzman produced an unsuccessful 1965 MGM Television television pilot starring Edd Byrnes","title":"Kissin' Cousins"},{"id":"9142019","text":"18th Golden Globe Awards The 18th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film for 1960 films, were held on March 16, 1961. \"' Burt Lancaster – \"Elmer Gantry\" \"' Jack Lemmon – \"The Apartment\" \"' Greer Garson – \"Sunrise at Campobello\" \"' Shirley MacLaine – \"The Apartment\" \"' Jack Cardiff – \"Sons and Lovers\" \"' \"The Apartment\" \"' \"Spartacus\" \"' \"Song Without End\" Dimitri Tiomkin – The Alamo \"' Sal Mineo – \"Exodus\" \"' Janet Leigh – \"Psycho\" Hand in Hand Michael Callan Mark Damon Brett Halsey Ina Balin Nancy Kwan Hayley Mills Tony Curtis Rock Hudson Gina Lollobrigida","title":"18th Golden Globe Awards"},{"id":"14926773","text":"financial success in India and an even bigger hit in the Soviet Union. In India, it was the eighth top-grossing film of 1980, earning nett from a gross collection of (). It reached silver jubilee status after running in theaters across India for 25weeks continuously. In the Soviet Union, it was the fifth top-grossing domestic film of 1980, and the 32nd highest-grossing domestic film of all time, with 52.8million box office admissions. This was equivalent to approximately 13.2million Soviet rubles (, ). Worldwide, the film grossed (). This is equivalent to () adjusted for inflation in 2017. The film wons","title":"Adventures of Ali-Baba and the Forty Thieves (1980 film)"},{"id":"482028","text":"Walt's son-in-law Ron Miller, each trained by Walt and Roy. While Walt Disney Productions continued releasing family-friendly films throughout the 1970s, such as \"Escape to Witch Mountain\" (1975) and \"Freaky Friday\" (1976), the films did not fare as well at the box office as earlier material. However, the animation studio saw success with \"Robin Hood\" (1973), \"The Rescuers\" (1977), and \"The Fox and the Hound\" (1981). As head of the studio, Miller attempted to make films to drive the profitable teenage market who generally passed on seeing Disney films. Inspired by the popularity of \"Star Wars\", Disney produced the science-fiction","title":"The Walt Disney Company"},{"id":"2764519","text":"hole through the hull, assist the sole group of six survivors from the ship, and fly them to safety. \"The Poseidon Adventure\" has received largely positive reviews, with review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reporting 79% of 24 critics gave the film a positive review, with an above average score of 7.1/10. \"Boxoffice\" magazine reported \"The Poseidon Adventure\" was the #1 Box Office Champ of 1973. By the end of 1974, it ranked among the six most successful features in film history, along with \"Gone with the Wind\" (1939), \"The Godfather\" (1972), \"Love Story\" (1970), \"Airport\" (1970), and \"The Sound of Music\"","title":"The Poseidon Adventure (1972 film)"},{"id":"6131761","text":"of a Nation\" had been seen by fifty million people by 1930. When it was re-released in 1947, it earned an impressive $5 million rental in the United States and Canada, and was one of the top ten releases of the year. Successful re-releases in 1954 and 1961 enabled it to retain its position as the industry's top earner, despite strong challenges from more recent films such as \"Ben-Hur\", but it was finally overtaken by \"The Sound of Music\" in 1966. The 1967 reissue was unusual in that MGM opted to roadshow it, a decision that turned it into the","title":"Gone with the Wind (film)"},{"id":"469346","text":"arguably continued through his 1968 opus \"Once Upon a Time in the West\", starring Henry Fonda, Charles Bronson, Claudia Cardinale, and Jason Robards. \"The Magnificent Seven\" a 1960 American western film directed by John Sturges was a remake of Akira Kurosawa's 1954 film, \"Seven Samurai\". The 1960s were also about experimentation. With the explosion of light-weight and affordable cameras, the underground avant-garde film movement thrived. Canada's Michael Snow, Americans Kenneth Anger, Stan Brakhage, Andy Warhol, and Jack Smith. Notable films in this genre are: \"Dog Star Man\"; \"Scorpio Rising\"; \"Wavelength\"; \"Chelsea Girls\"; \"Blow Job\"; \"Vinyl\"; \"Flaming Creatures\". Significant events in","title":"1960s"},{"id":"1476314","text":"in countries outside North America. Academy Awards: Golden Globe Awards: Palme d'Or (Cannes Film Festival): Golden Lion (Venice Film Festival): Golden Bear (Berlin Film Festival): US unless stated US unless stated A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y 1967 in film The year 1967 in film involved some significant events. It is widely considered as one of the most ground-breaking years in film, with \"revolutionary\" films highlighting the change, including: \"Bonnie and Clyde\", \"The Graduate\", \"Guess Who's Coming to Dinner\", \"Cool Hand Luke\",","title":"1967 in film"},{"id":"7498500","text":"West Side Story (film) West Side Story is a 1961 American romantic musical tragedy film directed by Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins. The film is an adaptation of the 1957 Broadway musical of the same name, which in turn was inspired by William Shakespeare's play \"Romeo and Juliet\". It stars Natalie Wood, Richard Beymer, Russ Tamblyn, Rita Moreno, and George Chakiris, and was photographed by Daniel L. Fapp, A.S.C., in Super Panavision 70. Released on October 18, 1961, through United Artists, the film received high praise from critics and viewers, and became the second highest grossing film of the year","title":"West Side Story (film)"},{"id":"1406489","text":"several plays for television in Britain. In 1960 he appeared in \"The Entertainer\" opposite Laurence Olivier, his first film role. Bates worked for the \"Padded Wagon Moving Company\" in the early 1960s while acting at the \"Circle in the Square Theatre\" in New York City. Throughout the 1960s he starred in several major films including \"Whistle Down the Wind\" (1961), \"A Kind of Loving\" (1962), \"Zorba the Greek\" (1964), Philippe de Broca's \"King of Hearts\" (1966), \"Georgy Girl\" (1966), \"Far From the Madding Crowd\" (1967) and the Bernard Malamud film \"The Fixer\" (1968), which earned him an Academy Award nomination","title":"Alan Bates"},{"id":"4067177","text":"Stella Stevens Stella Stevens (born Estelle Eggleston; October 1, 1938) is an American film, television, and stage actress. She began her acting career in 1959 and starred in such popular films as \"Girls! Girls! Girls!\" (1962), \"The Nutty Professor\" (1963), \"The Courtship of Eddie's Father\" (1963), \"The Silencers\" (1966), \"Where Angels Go, Trouble Follows\" (1968), \"The Ballad of Cable Hogue\" (1970) and \"The Poseidon Adventure\" (1972). Stevens also appeared in numerous television series, miniseries, and movies, including \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\" (1960, 1988), \"Bonanza\" (1960), \"The Love Boat\" (1977, 1983), \"Hart to Hart\" (1979), \"Newhart\" (1983), \"Murder, She Wrote\" (1985), \"Magnum,","title":"Stella Stevens"},{"id":"8566456","text":"the host of the anthology television series \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\" which he also produced. In 1958, Hitchcock directed the psychological thriller \"Vertigo\" starring Stewart and Kim Novak. The film topped the 2012 poll of the British film magazine \"Sight & Sound\" of the 50 Greatest Films of All Time and also topped the American Film Institute's Top Ten in the mystery genre. He followed this with the spy thriller \"North by Northwest\" (1959) which starred Grant and Eva Marie Saint. In 1960, he directed \"Psycho\", the biggest commercial success of his career and for which he received his fifth nomination","title":"Alfred Hitchcock filmography"},{"id":"13924511","text":"element of racism that continued to persist across the country, particularly in the South. In popular culture, \"\" was the most profitable film of the year, earning $56.7 million, while \"Oliver!\" won the Academy Award for Best Picture. \"Hey Jude\" by the Beatles was the hottest single of 1968 in the U.S. according to Billboard, demonstrating the continued popularity of bands associated with the British Invasion that began in 1964. 1968 in the United States 1968 in the United States was marked by several major historical events. It is often considered to be one of the most turbulent and traumatic","title":"1968 in the United States"},{"id":"2784160","text":"Ray Stark Ray Stark (October 3, 1915 – January 17, 2004) was one of the most successful and prolific independent film producers in postwar Hollywood. Highly tenacious and intelligent, Stark’s background as a literary and theatrical agent groomed him to produce some of the most dynamic and profitable films of the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, such as \"The World of Suzie Wong\" (1961), \"West Side Story\" (1961), \"The Misfits\" (1961), \"Lolita\" (1962), \"The Night of The Iguana\" (1964), \"Reflections in a Golden Eye\" (1967), \"Funny Girl\" (1968), \"The Goodbye Girl\" (1977), \"The Toy\" (1982), \"Annie\" (1982), and \"Steel Magnolias\"","title":"Ray Stark"},{"id":"900942","text":"the US during this period and led US media to proclaim the United Kingdom as the center of music and fashion. The Beatles movie \"A Hard Day's Night\" marked the group's entrance into film. \"Mary Poppins\", released on August 27, 1964, and starring English actress Julie Andrews as the titular character, became the most Oscar-winning and Oscar-nominated Disney film in history, and \"My Fair Lady\", released on December 25, 1964, starring British actress Audrey Hepburn as Cockney flower girl Eliza Doolittle, won eight Academy Awards. Besides the Bond series which commenced with Sean Connery as James Bond in 1962, films","title":"British Invasion"},{"id":"7419356","text":"38th Academy Awards The 38th Academy Awards, honoring the best in film for 1965, were held on April 18, 1966, at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Santa Monica, California. They were hosted by Bob Hope. The ceremony was broadcast on the ABC network and was the first to be broadcast live in color. The two most nominated films were \"The Sound of Music\" and \"Doctor Zhivago\", each with ten nominations and five wins. The winner of Best Picture was 20th Century Fox's and Robert Wise's \"The Sound of Music\", adapted from the Rodgers and Hammerstein's Broadway musical. Both movies","title":"38th Academy Awards"},{"id":"11215696","text":"box office hit in France, Bardot's biggest ever success at the box office and the third most popular film of the year (after \"Ben Hur\" and \"Le Bossu\"). The \"Los Angeles Times\" called the film \"an amazing picture, a tour de force from all concerned. It is at once immoral, amoral and strangely moral.\" The Truth (1960 film) The Truth () is a 1960 French film directed by Henri-Georges Clouzot and starring Brigitte Bardot. The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Dominique Marceau is a young Frenchwoman on trial for killing her lover, Gilbert.","title":"The Truth (1960 film)"},{"id":"6131699","text":"to win an Academy Award). It set records for the total number of wins and nominations at the time. The film has been criticized as historical revisionism glorifying slavery, and it has been credited with triggering changes in the way in which African Americans are depicted cinematically. \"Gone with the Wind\" was immensely popular when first released. It became the highest-earning film made up to that point, and held the record for over a quarter of a century. When adjusted for monetary inflation, it is still the most successful film in box-office history. It was re-released periodically throughout the 20th","title":"Gone with the Wind (film)"},{"id":"12096226","text":"to 11 movies made by her late husband's company: \"It Conquered the World\" (1956) and its 1966 remake \"Zontar, The Thing from Venus\", \"Invasion of the Saucer Men\" (1957) and its 1965 remake \"The Eye Creatures\", \"I Was a Teenage Frankenstein\" (1957), \"I Was a Teenage Werewolf\" (1957), \"The Amazing Colossal Man\" (1957), \"Terror from the Year 5000\" (1958), \"Apache Woman\" (1955), \"The Oklahoma Woman\" (1956) and \"Naked Paradise\" (1957). Susan Hart Susan Hart (born June 2, 1941) is an American actress, and the widow of American International Pictures (AIP) co-founder James H. Nicholson. She is best known for her","title":"Susan Hart"},{"id":"144088","text":"the blossoming of Direct Cinema, an observational style of film making as well as the advent of more overtly partisan films like \"In the Year of the Pig\" about the Vietnam War by Emile de Antonio. By the late 1960s however, Hollywood filmmakers were beginning to create more innovative and groundbreaking films that reflected the social revolution taken over much of the western world such as \"Bonnie and Clyde\" (1967), \"The Graduate\" (1967), \"\" (1968), \"Rosemary's Baby\" (1968), \"Midnight Cowboy\" (1969), \"Easy Rider\" (1969) and \"The Wild Bunch\" (1969). \"Bonnie and Clyde\" is often considered the beginning of the so-called","title":"History of film"},{"id":"3877302","text":"Bond movies, \"It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World\" (1963), \"A Hard Day's Night\" starring the Beatles (1964), \"The Greatest Story Ever Told\" (1965), \"A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum\" (1966), \"Fiddler on the Roof\" (1971), and \"Man of La Mancha\" (1972). The soundtrack album of United Artists's \"West Side Story\" (1961) was released by Columbia Records, which had also released the Broadway cast album. Also, the American version of the soundtrack album of United Artists's \"Help!\" (1965), also starring the Beatles, was released on Capitol Records. As Henry Mancini was signed to RCA Victor, that","title":"United Artists Records"},{"id":"9295356","text":"by wires. Medfield College, which was also the setting for the earlier film \"The Absent-Minded Professor\", was later used for a trilogy of Disney's \"Dexter Riley\" films: \"The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes\" (1969), \"Now You See Him, Now You Don't\" (1972), and \"The Strongest Man in the World\" (1975), each starring Kurt Russell and Cesar Romero. \"Son of Flubber\" was a critical and commercial success. It grossed $22,129,412 at the box office, earning $7.1 million in theatrical rentals, making it the 7th highest-grossing film of 1963. The film currently holds an 86% \"Fresh\" rating on the review aggregate website Rotten","title":"Son of Flubber"},{"id":"829481","text":"A 1966 reissue earned $6,000,000, and further re-releases brought the total American theater rentals to $43 million, equivalent to gross ticket sales of $89 million at the box office. Globally, it ultimately collected $90,066,230 in revenues up to 1979. It remains one of the most popular films ever made. Adjusted for inflation, it has earned a box office gross equivalent to $2 billion at 2011 prices, according to \"Guinness World Records\"; only \"Gone with the Wind\" (1939), \"Avatar\" (2009), \"Star Wars\" (1977), \"Titanic\" (1997), \"The Sound of Music\" (1965), and \"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\" (1982) have generated higher grosses in constant","title":"The Ten Commandments (1956 film)"},{"id":"694731","text":"left the studio in 1953, leaving Hanna and Barbera to focus on the popular \"Tom and Jerry\" and \"Droopy\" series. After 1955, all cartoons were filmed in CinemaScope until MGM closed its cartoon division in 1957. In 1959, MGM enjoyed what is quite probably its greatest financial success of later years, with the release of its nearly four-hour Technicolor epic \"Ben–Hur\", a remake of its 1925 silent film hit, loosely based on the novel by General Lew Wallace. Starring Charlton Heston in the title role, the film was critically acclaimed, and won 11 Academy Awards, including Best Picture, a record","title":"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"id":"2213879","text":"DVD edition was also released on the same day. \"The Aristocats\" was released in December 1970 where it grossed $10.1 million in United States and Canadian rentals by the end of 1971. The film was the most popular \"general release\" movie at the British box office in 1971. The film was the second most popular film in France in 1971–72 with 6 million admissions and has total admissions of 12,701,541 making it the most popular film released in France in 1971. It is also ranked as the eighteenth highest-grossing of all time. The film is the most popular film released","title":"The Aristocats"},{"id":"829448","text":"Review Award for Best Actor for his role as Rameses and his other roles in \"Anastasia\" and \"The King and I\". It is also one of the most financially successful films ever made, grossing approximately $122.7 million at the box office during its initial release; it was the most successful film of 1956 and the second-highest-grossing film of the decade. According to \"Guinness World Records\", in terms of theatrical exhibition it is the seventh most successful film of all-time when the box office gross is adjusted for inflation. In 1999, the film was selected for preservation in the United States","title":"The Ten Commandments (1956 film)"},{"id":"16869144","text":"as he receives a golden ticket and visits Willy Wonka's chocolate factory with four other children from around the world. Filming took place in Munich in 1970, and the film was released on June 30, 1971. It received positive reviews, but it was a box office disappointment despite the fact that it recouped its budget. However, it developed into a cult film due to its repeated television airings and home video sales. In 1972, the film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score. \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory\" is a 2005 film adaptation of the 1964 book of","title":"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (franchise)"},{"id":"4128592","text":"popular musicals of the 1950s include \"Love Me Tender\" which starred Elvis Presley, \"High Society\", \"An American in Paris\", \"Singin' in the Rain\", \"Guys and Dolls\", \"The Band Wagon\", \"Show Boat\", \"Seven Brides for Seven Brothers\", \"Gigi\", \"Daddy Long Legs\", \"Funny Face\", \"Calamity Jane\", \"Porgy and Bess\", \"Carmen Jones\", and many others. The Walt Disney Studios enjoyed a decade of prosperity with animated feature-length films \"Cinderella\", \"Alice in Wonderland\", \"Peter Pan\", \"Lady and the Tramp\" (Disney's first wide-screen animated film), and \"Sleeping Beauty\". The studio began producing live-action period and historical films such as \"The Sword and the Rose\", \"Davy","title":"United States in the 1950s"},{"id":"1591173","text":"African American filmmakers also found success in the 1970s with such hits as \"Shaft\" and \"Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song\". Like other sequels in the 1970s, \"Shaft\" went on to have two more adventures, each less successful than the last. An adaptation of a Mario Puzo novel, \"The Godfather\", was a box-office and critical success in 1972. The three-hour epic followed a Mafia boss, played by Marlon Brando, through his life of crime. Beyond the violence and drama were themes of love, pride, and greed. \"The Godfather\" went on to earn $134 million at American box office, and $245 million throughout","title":"1970s in film"},{"id":"10238888","text":"song \"Baharon Phool Barsao\" topped the Binaca Geetmala annual list of 1966 charts. Similarly, the song \"Titli Udi Ud Jo Chali\" was listed at No. 21. At the end of its theatrical run, the film grossed around 50,000,000 with a net of 25,000,000, thus becoming the second highest grossing film of 1966 with a verdict of super-hit at Box Office India. According to IBOS.com, the film had grossed at about 40.0 million and, adjusted to inflation, the gross is 5042.9 million. The film was also one of the last box office hits of Rajendra Kumar, who was regarded as Bollywood's","title":"Suraj (1966 film)"},{"id":"469341","text":"dominated much of the first half of the 20th century. Country music gained popularity on the West Coast, due in large part to the Bakersfield sound, led by Buck Owens and Merle Haggard. Female country artists were also becoming more mainstream (in a genre dominated by men in prior decades), with such acts as Patsy Cline, Loretta Lynn, and Tammy Wynette. Significant events in music in the 1960s: The highest-grossing film of the decade was 20th Century Fox's \"The Sound of Music\" (1965). Some of Hollywood's most notable blockbuster films of the 1960s include: The counterculture movement had a significant","title":"1960s"},{"id":"7340583","text":"Cinemation Industries Cinemation Industries was a New York City-based film studio and distributor owned and run by exploitation producer Jerry Gross. Among other films, the company has distributed exploitation films such as \"Shanty Tramp\" (1967), \"Teenage Mother\" (1967), \"The Cheerleaders\" (1973), \"The Black Six\" (1974), and \"The Black Godfather\" (1974). The company, however, also distributed unexpected smash hit independent films like Melvin Van Peebles' \"Sweet Sweetback's Baad Asssss Song\" (1971) and Ralph Bakshi's \"Fritz the Cat\" (1972). Other films released by the distributor include Peter Fonda's \"Idaho Transfer\" (1973), Freddie Francis' \"Son of Dracula\" (1974), Alain Resnais' \"Stavisky\" (1975), and","title":"Cinemation Industries"},{"id":"4067189","text":"Stevens' Beverly Hills home. In 2005, Stevens received the Reel Cowboys Silver Spur Award for her contributions to the Western genre. Stella Stevens Stella Stevens (born Estelle Eggleston; October 1, 1938) is an American film, television, and stage actress. She began her acting career in 1959 and starred in such popular films as \"Girls! Girls! Girls!\" (1962), \"The Nutty Professor\" (1963), \"The Courtship of Eddie's Father\" (1963), \"The Silencers\" (1966), \"Where Angels Go, Trouble Follows\" (1968), \"The Ballad of Cable Hogue\" (1970) and \"The Poseidon Adventure\" (1972). Stevens also appeared in numerous television series, miniseries, and movies, including \"Alfred Hitchcock","title":"Stella Stevens"},{"id":"1153627","text":"MGM Soundstage on May 9. During post-production, the songs were dubbed into the films scenes, in which Presley mimed the lyrics. \"Jailhouse Rock\" premiered on October 17, 1957 in Memphis, Tennessee and was released nationwide on November 8, 1957. It peaked at number 3 on the \"Variety\" box office chart, and reached number 14 in the year's box office totals, grossing $4 million. \"Jailhouse Rock\" earned mixed reviews, with most of the negative reception directed towards Presley's persona. In 2004, the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. Construction worker Vince Everett (Elvis) accidentally kills a drunken","title":"Jailhouse Rock (film)"},{"id":"525075","text":"initial theatrical run. When box office prices are adjusted for inflation, it remains one of the top 100 grossing films in U.S. history. Among films released before 1950, only \"Gone With the Wind\", \"The Bells of St. Mary's\", \"The Big Parade\" and four Disney titles have done more total business, in part due to later re-releases. (Reliable box office figures for certain early films such as \"The Birth of a Nation\" and Charlie Chaplin's comedies are unavailable.) However, because of the distribution arrangement RKO had with Goldwyn, RKO recorded a loss of $660,000 on the film. 1947 Academy Awards \"The","title":"The Best Years of Our Lives"},{"id":"2411887","text":"Chinese Theater. The Sherman Brothers' numerous other Disney and non-Disney top box office film credits include \"The Jungle Book\" (1967), \"The Aristocats\" (1970), \"The Parent Trap\" (1961), \"The Parent Trap\" (1998), \"Charlotte's Web\" (1973), \"Huckleberry Finn\" (1974), \"The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh\" (1977), \"Snoopy, Come Home\" (1972), \"Bedknobs and Broomsticks\" (1971), and \"\" (1989). Outside the motion-picture realm, their Tony Award-nominated smash hit \"Over Here!\" (1974) was the biggest-grossing original Broadway musical of that year. The Sherman Brothers have also written numerous top-selling songs including \"You're Sixteen,\" which reached \"Billboard\"'s Hot 100 top 10 twice: first with Johnny","title":"Sherman Brothers"},{"id":"252428","text":"\"Mary Poppins\" and \"The Jungle Book\", two of Disney's biggest hits of all time. The phenomenal box-office performance of \"The Sound of Music\" gave the major Hollywood studios more confidence to produce lengthy, large-budget musicals. Despite the resounding success of some of these films, Hollywood also produced a large number of musical flops in the late 1960s and early 1970s which appeared to seriously misjudge public taste. The commercially and/or critically unsuccessful films included \"Camelot\", \"Finian's Rainbow\", \"Hello Dolly!\", \"Sweet Charity\", \"Doctor Dolittle\", \"Star!\", \"Darling Lili\", \"Goodbye, Mr. Chips\", \"Paint Your Wagon\", \"Song of Norway\", \"On a Clear Day You","title":"Musical film"},{"id":"4569829","text":"theatrically released in the United States on December 22, 1995 and then international theatres on January 13, 1996 when it first premiered in Brazil. Its release was vastly overshadowed by the performance of Disney•Pixar's \"Toy Story,\" which premiered a month earlier. The film ranked 15th on its opening weekend and earned $1.5 million from a total of 1,427 theaters. The film also ranked 7th among G-rated movies in 1995. Total domestic gross reach up to $11,348,324. While the film was not as successful at the box office, it was far more successful in terms of video sales. These strong video","title":"Balto (film)"},{"id":"561956","text":"made on a budget of just over $1 million, was a sleeper hit; it earned $225 million in global box office receipts, becoming the highest-grossing film of 1976, and went on to win three Oscars, including Best Picture. The film received many positive reviews and turned Stallone into a major movie star. In 2006, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically or aesthetically significant\". \"Rocky\" is considered to be one of the greatest sports films ever made and was ranked as the second-best in the","title":"Rocky"},{"id":"7472666","text":"of the most expensive comedies ever produced. Concerns that the film would fail limited its initial bookings to less than half those a film of its magnitude normally received. Released in the United States on June 20, 1980, it received mostly positive reviews. It earned just under $5 million in its opening weekend and went on to gross over $115 million in theaters worldwide before its release on home video. It has become a cult classic, spawning the sequel, \"Blues Brothers 2000\", 18 years later, which was a critical and commercial failure. Jake Blues is released from Joliet Correctional Center","title":"The Blues Brothers (film)"},{"id":"4361536","text":"the box office), generating approximately $74.7 million in box office sales. Outside of North America, it earned $32.5 million in rentals (about $72.2 million at the box office) for a worldwide total of $66.1 million in rental earnings, roughly equivalent to $146.9 million in box office receipts. It was the fastest-grossing film as well as the highest-grossing film of 1959, in the process becoming the second-highest-grossing film of all-time (at that time) behind \"Gone with the Wind\". \"Ben-Hur\" saved MGM from financial disaster, making a profit of $20,409,000 on its initial release, and another $10.1 million in profits when re-released","title":"Ben-Hur (1959 film)"},{"id":"733312","text":"Story\". She rose to prominence in 1960s with such films as \"Period of Adjustment\" (1962), \"Sunday in New York\" (1963), \"Cat Ballou\" (1965), \"Barefoot in the Park\" (1967) and \"Barbarella\" (1968). Her first husband was \"Barbarella\" director Roger Vadim. A seven-time Academy Award nominee, she received her first nomination for \"They Shoot Horses, Don't They?\" (1969) and went on to win two Best Actress Oscars in the 1970s for \"Klute\" (1971) and \"Coming Home\" (1978). Her other nominations were for \"Julia\" (1977), \"The China Syndrome\" (1979), \"On Golden Pond\" (1981) and \"The Morning After\" (1986). Consecutive hits \"Fun with Dick","title":"Jane Fonda"},{"id":"14221342","text":"the time, but took an instant liking to Clint and accepted. Pat Hingle, Dennis Hopper, Ed Begley, Bruce Dern and James MacArthur were also cast. Filming began in June 1967, in the Las Cruces area of New Mexico. Additional scenes were shot at White Sands. Interiors were shot in MGM studios. Eastwood had considerable leeway in the production, especially in the script, which was altered in parts, such as the dialogue and setting of the barroom scene, to his liking. The film became a major success after release in July 1968 and with an opening day revenue of $5,241 in","title":"Clint Eastwood in the 1960s"},{"id":"1399223","text":"million. Both franchises fell out rather quickly, when \"Child's Play 3\" (1991) selling only 3.5 million tickets in North America and \"\" (1995) selling only 3.2 million. Internationally, the slasher film remained profitable. Mexico released \"Zombie Apocalypse\" (1985), \"Don't Panic\" (1988), \"Grave Robbers\" (1990) and \"Hell's Trap\" (1990). Europe saw releases from Sweden's \"Blood Tracks\" (1985), The United Kingdom's \"Lucifer\" (1987), Spain's \"Anguish\" (1987) and Italy's \"StageFright\" (1987) and \"BodyCount\" (1987). In the Pacific, Australia released \"Symphony of Evil\" (1987), \"Houseboat Horror\" (1989), and \"Bloodmoon\" (1990), while Japan released \"Evil Dead Trap\" (1988). By 1989 the major franchises had faded","title":"Slasher film"},{"id":"16651894","text":"Fritz Lang's final two American films, \"While the City Sleeps\" and \"Beyond a Reasonable Doubt\" (both 1956), but years of mismanagement had driven away many directors, producers, and stars. The studio was also saddled with the last of the inflated B movies such as \"Pearl of the South Pacific\" (1955) and \"The Conqueror\" (1956) that enchanted Hughes. The latter, starring John Wayne, was the biggest hit produced at the studio during the decade, but its $4.5 million in North American rentals did not come close to covering its $6 million cost. After a year and a half without a notable","title":"RKO Pictures"},{"id":"1591180","text":"gore films \"Last House on the Left\" and \"The Hills Have Eyes\", as well as Tobe Hooper's \"The Texas Chain Saw Massacre\". The blockbuster was born in 1975. While the 1973 horror classic \"The Exorcist\" was among the top five grossing films of the 1970s, the first film given the blockbuster distinction was 1975's \"Jaws\". Released on June 20, the film about a series of horrific deaths related to a massive great white shark was director Steven Spielberg's first big-budget Hollywood production, coming in at $9 million in cost. The film slowly grew in ticket sales and became one of","title":"1970s in film"},{"id":"5810909","text":"of Christmas Day in 1971, with profits from the premiere donated to The Boys Club of New York. Before the film premiered, the film had already made $15 million from rentals from over 400 theaters. The following day, the film opened in New York at five theaters. Next was Los Angeles at two theaters on March 22. \"The Godfather\" was commercially released on March 24, 1972, throughout the rest of the United States. The film reached 316 theaters around the country five days later. \"The Godfather\" was a blockbuster, breaking many box office records to become the highest grossing film","title":"The Godfather"},{"id":"14475973","text":"in the 1930s with profits of $1.3 million. They were voted fourth on the Top Ten Money Making Stars Poll published by Quigley Publishing Company. By 1936, Astaire and Rogers were top box office names. That year they made another two movies together: \"Follow the Fleet\" and \"Swing Time\", which were both hits, earning worldwide rentals of $2.7 million and $2.6 million respectively. \"Follow the Fleet\" boasted another Irving Berlin score, which featured the well known vignette \"Let's Face the Music and Dance\". \"Swing Time\" spawned the Oscar-winning song \"The Way You Look Tonight\", written by Jerome Kern with lyrics","title":"Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers"},{"id":"4955463","text":"Frankie and Johnny (1966 film) Frankie and Johnny is a 1966 American musical film starring Elvis Presley as a riverboat gambler. The role of \"Frankie\" was played by Donna Douglas from \"The Beverly Hillbillies\" TV series. The film reached #40 on the \"Variety\" weekly national box office list for 1966. The budget of the film was estimated at $4.5 million. The director was Frederick De Cordova, who was the director and producer of \"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson\" beginning in 1970. Johnny and girlfriend Frankie are performers on a Mississippi River riverboat, which also has a casino. Johnny is","title":"Frankie and Johnny (1966 film)"},{"id":"5747499","text":"to MGM records the film earned $2,325,000 in the US and Canada and $2,500,000 overseas, resulting in an overall loss of $3,618,000. In 1961 the film was nominated for Best Art Direction (George W. Davis, Addison Hehr, Henry Grace, Hugh Hunt, and Otto Siegel) and Best Sound (Franklin Milton), but failed to win either. While the 1931 adaptation is arguably the better and more successful of the two, the 1960 remake receives more attention and is still broadcast on television. Cimarron (1960 film) Cimarron is a 1960 Metrocolor western film filmed in CinemaScope, based on the Edna Ferber novel \"Cimarron\",","title":"Cimarron (1960 film)"},{"id":"964659","text":"\"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid\" has gone down as among the defining moments in late-'60s American cinema. Newman and Redford's chemistry was praised as was the film's charm and humor. The film earned $15 million in rentals in North America during its first year of release. With US box office of over US$100 million, it was the top-grossing film of the year. Adjusted for inflation, \"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid\" ranks as the 34th top-grossing film of all time and the top 10 for its decade, due in part to subsequent re-releases. It was the eighth most popular","title":"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid"},{"id":"6131762","text":"most successful re-release in the history of the industry. It generated a box-office gross of $68 million, making it MGM's most lucrative picture after \"Doctor Zhivago\" from the latter half of the decade. MGM earned a rental of $41 million from the release, with the U.S. and Canadian share amounting to over $30 million, placing it second only to \"The Graduate\" for that year. Including its $6.7 million rental from the 1961 reissue, it was the fourth highest-earner of the decade in the North American market, with only \"The Sound of Music\", \"The Graduate\" and \"Doctor Zhivago\" making more for","title":"Gone with the Wind (film)"},{"id":"788469","text":"Review Best Supporting Actress Winner), and \"Tammy and the Bachelor\" (1957), in which her performance of the song \"Tammy\" reached number one on the \"Billboard\" music charts. In 1959, she released her first pop music album, titled \"Debbie\". She starred in \"How the West Was Won\" (1962), and \"The Unsinkable Molly Brown\" (1964), a biographical film about the famously boisterous Molly Brown. Her performance as Brown earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress. Her other films include \"The Singing Nun\" (1966), \"Divorce American Style\" (1967), \"What's the Matter with Helen?\" (1971), \"Charlotte's Web\" (1973), \"Mother\" (1996)","title":"Debbie Reynolds"},{"id":"721489","text":"novel was No. 1 in the \"New York Times\" for 30 weeks, and became the top-selling novel of the year. The film adaptation, released in 1970, was the second-highest-grossing film of the year (second only to \"Love Story\") and received ten Academy Award nominations, including best picture. The success of the film, together with that of 1972's \"The Poseidon Adventure\", led to the proliferation of \"disaster films\" during the 1970s, which included three additional films in what became the \"Airport\" franchise. After the financial success of \"Airport\", on the advice of his tax attorney, Hailey moved as a tax exile","title":"Arthur Hailey"},{"id":"4310765","text":"1951, met with a lukewarm response at the box office and was a sharp critical disappointment in its initial release. \"Peter Pan\", released in 1953, was, on the other hand, a commercial success and the highest-grossing film of the year. In 1955, \"Lady and the Tramp\" was released to higher box office success than any other Disney feature from the studio since \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\", earning an estimated $7.5 million in rentals at the North American box office in 1955. \"Lady\" is significant as Disney's first widescreen animated feature, produced in the CinemaScope process, and was the","title":"Walt Disney Animation Studios"},{"id":"768771","text":"film was \"The Graduate\" (1967), starring Dustin Hoffman, Anne Bancroft and Katharine Ross. It became the highest-grossing film of 1967 and one of the biggest grossing films in history up to that date. It was nominated for seven Academy Awards, including Best Picture, with Nichols winning as Best Director. In 2007, it was ranked #17 in \"AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition)\". However, getting the film made was difficult for Nichols, who, while noted for being a successful Broadway director, was still an unknown in Hollywood. Producer Lawrence Turman, who wanted only Nichols to direct it, was continually","title":"Mike Nichols"},{"id":"9142074","text":"and John Wayne \"High Noon\" – Dimitri Tiomkin \"5 Fingers\" – Michael Wilson Millard Mitchell – \"My Six Convicts\" Katy Jurado – \"High Noon\" Walt Disney \"My Cousin Rachel\" – Richard Burton \"Moulin Rouge\" – Colette Marchand \"The Member of the Wedding\" – Brandon deWilde 10th Golden Globe Awards The 10th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film for 1952 films, were held on February 26, 1953, at the Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles) in Los Angeles. Gary Cooper – \"High Noon\" Donald O'Connor – \"Singin' in the Rain\" Shirley Booth – \"Come Back, Little Sheba\" Susan Hayward – \"With","title":"10th Golden Globe Awards"},{"id":"768756","text":"film was \"The Graduate\" in 1967, starring then unknown actor Dustin Hoffman, alongside Anne Bancroft and Katharine Ross. The film was another critical and financial success, becoming the highest-grossing film of 1967 and receiving seven Academy Award nominations, winning Nichols the Academy Award for Best Director. Among the other films he directed were \"Catch-22\" (1970), \"Carnal Knowledge\" (1971), \"Silkwood\" (1983), \"Working Girl\" (1988), \"Wolf\" (1994), \"The Birdcage\" (1996), \"Closer\" (2004), and \"Charlie Wilson's War\" (2007). Along with an Academy Award, Nichols won a Grammy Award (the first for a comedian born outside the United States), four Emmy Awards and nine","title":"Mike Nichols"},{"id":"7733793","text":"Male\" (1967) and \"Some Girls Do\" (1969). In between he directed Rod Taylor in a poorly-received thriller, \"Nobody Runs Forever\" (also known as \"The High Commissioner\", 1968). Thomas shot the last \"doctor\" film, \"Doctor in Trouble\" in 1970. It made money but Thomas and Box were getting sick of the series and sold the franchise to television. They had a big hit \"Percy\" (1971) which led to a sequel, \"Percy's Progress\" (1974). However, other films Thomas made around this time – \"Quest for Love\" (1971), an unusual sci-fi love story starring Joan Collins, and \"The Love Ban\" (1973) – were","title":"Ralph Thomas"},{"id":"4844949","text":"a Way to Go!\" premiered on May 12, 1964, and grossed $11,180,531 at the U.S. box office, earning $6.10 million in the U.S. It was the 11th highest-grossing film of 1964. \"What a Way to Go!\" was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Art Direction (Jack Martin Smith, Ted Haworth, Walter M. Scott, Stuart A. Reiss) and Best Costumes by Edith Head and Moss Mabry, a BAFTA Best Foreign Actress Award for Shirley MacLaine, a Laurel award for Best Comedy and Best Comedy performer for Paul Newman, and an American Cinema Editors Eddie award for best editor for Marjorie Fowler.","title":"What a Way to Go! (film)"},{"id":"1490225","text":"1963, UA released two Stanley Kramer films, \"It's A Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World\" and \"A Child Is Waiting\". In 1964, UA introduced U.S. film audiences to the Beatles by releasing \"A Hard Day's Night\" (1964) and \"Help!\" (1965). At the same time, it backed two expatriate North Americans in Britain, who had acquired screen rights to Ian Fleming's James Bond novels. For $1 million, UA backed Harry Saltzman and Albert Broccoli's \"Dr. No\" in 1963 and launched the James Bond franchise. The franchise outlived UA's time as a major studio, continuing half a century later. Other successful projects backed","title":"United Artists"},{"id":"143705","text":"Run\", between 1958 and 1979. Truffaut's 1973 film \"Day for Night\" earned him critical acclaim and several accolades, including the BAFTA Award for Best Film and the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. His other notable films include \"Shoot the Piano Player\" (1960), \"Jules et Jim\" (1961), \"The Wild Child\" (1970), \"Two English Girls\" (1971), and \"The Woman Next Door\" (1981). He passed away at the age of 52. Truffaut was born in Paris on 6 February 1932. His mother was Janine de Montferrand. His mother's future husband, Roland Truffaut, accepted him as an adopted son and gave him","title":"François Truffaut"},{"id":"4128593","text":"Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier\", \"Johnny Tremain\", \"Old Yeller\", \"Light in the Forest\", \"Tonka\", and \"Darby O'Gill and the Little People\". The studio produced its first live-action contemporary comedy \"The Shaggy Dog\" in 1959 with Disney teen stars Annette Funicello and Tommy Kirk. Established stars appeared in films that have come to be regarded as classics such as \"Sunset Boulevard\" (Gloria Swanson), and (William Holden), \"All About Eve\" (Bette Davis), \"Vertigo\" (James Stewart) and (Kim Novak), \"Some Like It Hot\" (Marilyn Monroe, Tony Curtis, and Jack Lemmon), \"High Noon\" (Gary Cooper and Grace Kelly), \"The Searchers\" (John Wayne), \"North","title":"United States in the 1950s"},{"id":"2308894","text":"was \"Oh! Those Most Secret Agents!\" in 1965. Only four of his other 1960s films were released in the U.S.: \"Massacre Time\" (as \"The Brute and the Beast\" in 1968), \"The Man Who Killed Billy the Kid\" (as \"I'll Kill Him and Return Alone\" in 1968), \"Una sull'altra\" (as \"One on Top of the Other\" in 1973) and \"Beatrice Cenci\" (as \"Conspiracy of Torture\", in 1976). In 1969, he moved into directing giallo thrillers such as \"A Lizard in a Woman's Skin\" and \"Sette note in nero\" (\"The Psychic\"), and Spaghetti Westerns such as \"Silver Saddle\" and \"Four of the","title":"Lucio Fulci"},{"id":"7108104","text":"with $39.3 million in the domestic box office receipts. The film was followed by \"Hannah and Her Sisters\" ($35.4 million), \"Children of a Lesser God\" ($22.1 million), \"A Room with a View\" ($11.5 million), and \"The Mission\" ($11.1 million). Of the 50 grossing movies of the year, 55 nominations went to 18 films on the list. Only \"Crocodile Dundee\" (2nd), \"Aliens\" (6th), \"The Color of Money\" (11th), \"Stand By Me\" (12th), \"Peggy Sue Got Married\" (18th), \"Platoon\" (23rd), \"Hannah and Her Sisters\" (29th), \"The Morning After\" (38th), \"The Color of Money\" (40th), and \"Crimes of the Heart\" (43rd) were nominated","title":"59th Academy Awards"},{"id":"4245328","text":"movies that appeared as the '60s ended, along with \"Yellow Submarine\", \"The Trip\", \"Psych-Out\", and \"Head\". The film opened to mixed box office, but later became a cult classic from the psychedelic years of film. It was the 18th highest grossing film of 1968. According to \"Variety\" the film earned North American rentals of $7.3 million, but because of costs (including over $1 million paid out in participation fees), recorded an overall loss of $25,000. It was the 12th most popular movie at the UK box office in 1969. Reviews were generally positive with a few misgivings. In a review","title":"Candy (1968 film)"},{"id":"4524109","text":"which were at #1, and became the biggest-selling novel of 1968. George Seaton wrote and directed the film adaptation, which was released by Universal in 1970. Starring Burt Lancaster, Dean Martin, Jean Seberg, Jacqueline Bisset, and George Kennedy, the film was nominated for ten Academy Awards, including Best Picture. It earned $100.5 million at the domestic box office (the equivalent of $571.9 in 2017). Its success, combined with that of 1972's \"The Poseidon Adventure\", led to the proliferation of \"disaster movies\" of the 1970s. \"Airport\" itself spawned three sequels, each progressively less successful: \"Airport 1975\" (1974; $47.3 million domestic), \"Airport","title":"Airport (novel)"},{"id":"3009640","text":"off the three thugs while the two begin to fall in love. The film was released in December 1963, only two weeks after the assassination of US President John F. Kennedy, and the word \"assassinate\" had to be redubbed twice. It was Donen's most financially successful film and influenced a number of romantic comedy-thrillers released in the years following it. Film critic Judith Crist called it a \"stylish and amusing melodrama\", and Pauline Kael said it had \"a freshness and spirit that makes [it] unlike the films of any other country\" and was \"probably the best American film of [1963]\".","title":"Stanley Donen"},{"id":"3553800","text":"the film is widely credited as one of the first major movies to employ a female trailer voice. In its opening weekend, \"Gone in 60 Seconds\" grossed $25,336,048 from 3,006 US theaters, leading all films that weekend. By the end of the film's theatrical run, it had grossed $101,648,571 domestically and $135,553,728 internationally, comprising a total gross revenue for the film of $237,202,299 worldwide. A soundtrack containing a blend of rock, electronic, and hip hop music was released on June 6, 2000 by the Island Def Jam Music Group. It peaked at #69 on the \"Billboard\" 200. The film garnered","title":"Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film)"},{"id":"7498525","text":"Brittany Snow and Drake Bell. West Side Story (film) West Side Story is a 1961 American romantic musical tragedy film directed by Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins. The film is an adaptation of the 1957 Broadway musical of the same name, which in turn was inspired by William Shakespeare's play \"Romeo and Juliet\". It stars Natalie Wood, Richard Beymer, Russ Tamblyn, Rita Moreno, and George Chakiris, and was photographed by Daniel L. Fapp, A.S.C., in Super Panavision 70. Released on October 18, 1961, through United Artists, the film received high praise from critics and viewers, and became the second highest","title":"West Side Story (film)"},{"id":"1582773","text":"nominations for Best Actress, as well as a Golden Globe award for Most Promising Newcomer that year. Her other early film roles included George Stevens' \"Giant\" (1956), playing the love interest of James Dean, and in the romantic comedy \"But Not for Me\" (1959). In 1961, Baker appeared in the controversial independent film \"Something Wild\", directed by her then-husband Jack Garfein, playing a traumatized rape victim. She went on to star in several critically acclaimed Westerns throughout the 1960s, such as \"The Big Country\" (1958), \"How the West Was Won\" (1962), and \"Cheyenne Autumn\" (1964). In the mid-1960s, as a","title":"Carroll Baker"},{"id":"3747115","text":"a 57% \"rotten\" rating at website Rotten Tomatoes based on 21 reviews. The film opened on April 10, 1987, and debuted at number one at the box office, taking $7.8 million in its opening weekend. It stayed at No. 1 for 5 weeks, and was in the top ten films for 2 months. It grossed $66,995,000 in the US, becoming the 7th highest-grossing film in the United States for the year 1987, and outgrossing such films as \"RoboCop\", \"Predator\", \"Lethal Weapon\" and \"Dirty Dancing\". The film went on to gross an additional $44,001,000 worldwide, giving it a total of $110,996,879.","title":"The Secret of My Success (1987 film)"},{"id":"767333","text":"realized that goal by leasing RKO Culver City Studios & back lot, formed Selznick International Pictures, and distributed his films through United Artists. His successes continued with classics such as \"The Garden of Allah\" (1936), \"The Prisoner of Zenda\" (1937), \"A Star Is Born\" (1937), \"Nothing Sacred\" (1937), \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" (1938), \"The Young in Heart\" (1938), \"Made for Each Other\" (1939), \"Intermezzo\" (1939) and \"Gone with the Wind\" (1939), which remains the highest-grossing film of all time (adjusted for inflation). \"Gone with the Wind\" won eight Oscars and two special awards. Selznick also won the Irving G.","title":"David O. Selznick"},{"id":"4553649","text":"Vista\" came from the street in Burbank, California, where the Disney Studios was located (and remains to this day). Buena Vista's first release was the Academy Award–winning live-action feature \"The Living Desert\" on November 10, 1953, along with \"Toot, Whistle, Plunk and Boom\", Buena Vista's first animated release. Notable subsequent releases include the foreign film, \"Princess Yang Kwei-Fei\" (\"Most Noble Lady\"), released in US theaters in September 1956, \"The Missouri Traveler\" in March 1958, and \"The Big Fisherman\" in July 1959 (the first third-party production financed by Disney). By July 5, 1957, RKO Japan, Ltd. was sold to Disney Productions","title":"Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures"},{"id":"12366726","text":"1963. The UK premiere was on December 2, 1963 at the Coliseum Cinerama Theatre in London's West End. Distinguished by the largest number of stars to appear in a film comedy, \"Mad World\" opened to acclaim from many critics and tremendous box office receipts, becoming the 3rd highest-grossing film of 1963, quickly establishing itself as one of the top 100 highest-grossing films of all time when adjusted for inflation, earning an estimated theatrical rental figure of $26 million. It grossed $46,332,858 domestically and $60,000,000 worldwide, on a budget of $9.4 million. However, because costs were so high it only earned","title":"It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World"},{"id":"5698801","text":"of the 1970s television series \"The Brady Bunch\". \"The Brady Bunch Movie\" was a box office hit with domestic ticket sales of $46,576,136, nearly quadrupling its $12,000,000 budget and making it at the time one of the highest-grossing films directed by a woman. She followed \"The Brady Bunch Movie\" with other successes, including \"Private Parts\" (1997), \"Dr. Dolittle\" (1998), \"28 Days\" (2000), and \"John Tucker Must Die\" (2006). 2009's \"\" became the first female-directed picture to gross more than $200 million and made her the most successful woman director to that time at the box office. In 2012, Thomas directed","title":"Betty Thomas"},{"id":"1343732","text":"Gershom Mendes Seixas in \"The Rebel\", and as the Rev. Alfred W. Price in \"God's Healing\". In the 1960s, Price achieved a number of low-budget filmmaking successes with Roger Corman and American International Pictures (AIP) starting with the \"House of Usher\" (1960), which earned over $2 million at the box office in the United States and led to the subsequent Edgar Allan Poe adaptations of \"The Pit and the Pendulum\" (1961), \"Tales of Terror\" (1962), \"The Comedy of Terrors\" (1963), \"The Raven\" (1963), \"The Masque of the Red Death\" (1964), and \"The Tomb of Ligeia\" (1964). He starred in \"The","title":"Vincent Price"},{"id":"469344","text":"Satyricon\"; \"Accattone\"; \"The Gospel According to St. Matthew\"; \"Theorem\"; \"Winter Light\"; \"The Silence\"; \"Persona\"; \"Shame\"; \"A Passion\"; \"Au Hasard Balthazar\"; \"Mouchette\"; \"Last Year at Marienbad\"; \"Chronique d'un été\"; \"Titicut Follies\"; \"High School\"; \"Salesman\"; \"La jetée\"; \"Warrendale;\" \"Knife in the Water\"; \"Repulsion\"; \"The Saragossa Manuscript\"; \"El Topo\"; \"A Hard Day's Night\"; and the cinema verite \"Dont Look Back\". In Japan, a film version of the story of the forty-seven ronin entitled \"\" directed by Hiroshi Inagaki was released in 1962, the legendary story was also remade as a television series in Japan. Academy Award-winning Japanese director Akira Kurosawa produced \"Yojimbo\" (1961),","title":"1960s"},{"id":"8391391","text":"33rd Academy Awards The 33rd Academy Awards, honoring the best in film for 1960, were held on April 17, 1961, at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Santa Monica, California. They were hosted by Bob Hope. This was the first ceremony to be aired on ABC television, which has aired the Academy Awards ever since (save for the period between 1971 and 1975, when they were aired on NBC for the first time since the previous year.) \"The Apartment\" was the last black-and-white film to win Best Picture until \"Schindler's List\" (1993). Gary Cooper was selected by the Academy Board","title":"33rd Academy Awards"},{"id":"694734","text":"policy began in 1959, when \"Ben–Hur\" was profitable enough to carry the studio through 1960. However, four succeeding big-budget epics — like \"Ben–Hur\", each a remake — failed: \"Cimarron\" (1960), \"King of Kings\" (1961), \"Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse\" (1961), and, most notoriously, the 1962 \"Mutiny on the Bounty\". The 1962 Cinerama film \"The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm\", the first film in Cinerama to actually tell a story, was also a flop. But one other epic that was a success, however, was the MGM-Cinerama co-production \"How the West Was Won\", with a huge all-star cast. \"King of Kings\",","title":"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"id":"2475913","text":"and most studios release blockbusters that both over- and underperform in a year. Classic blockbusters from this period include \"Raiders of the Lost Ark\", \"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\", \"Blade Runner\", \"Scarface\", \"Risky Business\", \"Ghostbusters\", \"The Terminator\", \"The Goonies\", \"Back to the Future\", \"The Breakfast Club\", \"Beverly Hills Cop\", \"Top Gun\", \"Aliens\", \"Lethal Weapon\", \"Fatal Attraction\", \"Broadcast News\", \"Wall Street\", \"The Princess Bride\", \"Dirty Dancing\", \"Who Framed Roger Rabbit\", \"The Naked Gun\", \"Rain Man\", \"Die Hard\", \"Batman\", \"Driving Miss Daisy\", \"The Little Mermaid\", \"Dances with Wolves\", \"Goodfellas\", \"Home Alone\", \"Pretty Woman\", \"Ghost\", \"Total Recall\", \"Thelma & Louise\", \"The Silence of the Lambs\",","title":"Cinema of the United States"},{"id":"5650478","text":"nominees at the US box office was $221 million with an average of $48.9 million. \"Fatal Attraction\" was the highest earner among the Best Picture nominees with $142 million in the domestic box office receipts. The film was followed by \"Broadcast News\" ($36.7 million), \"Moonstruck\" ($25.4 million), \"The Last Emperor\" ($11.9 million), and \"Hope and Glory\" ($5.2 million). Of the 50 highest-grossing movies of the year, 39 nominations went to 17 films on the list. Only \"Fatal Attraction\" (2nd), \"The Untouchables\" (4th), \"Good Morning Vietnam\" (10th), \"Throw Momma from the Train\" (14th), \"Full Metal Jacket\" (21st), \"Broadcast News\" (26th), \"Wall","title":"60th Academy Awards"},{"id":"4715005","text":"then worked his way into directing large scale musicals such as \"The Harvey Girls\" (1946), \"The Three Musketeers\" (1948), \"Annie Get Your Gun\" (1950), and \"Kiss Me Kate\" (1953). Sidney left MGM to make \"The Eddy Duchin Story\" (1956) at Columbia Pictures where he made his base for the next decade for such films as \"Jeanne Eagels\" (1957), \"Pal Joey\" (1957), \"Who Was That Lady?\" (1960), \"Pepe\" (1960), and \"Bye Bye Birdie\" (1963). He would return to MGM to film \"A Ticklish Affair\" (1963) and Elvis Presley's \"Viva Las Vegas\" (1964). His last film was \"Half a Sixpence\" (1967). Sidney","title":"George Sidney"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"2475873\",\n \"text\": \"based in and around the 30 Mile Zone in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California. Director D. W. Griffith was central to the development of a film grammar. Orson Welles's \\\"Citizen Kane\\\" (1941) is frequently cited in critics' polls as the greatest film of all time. The major film studios of Hollywood are the primary source of the most commercially successful and most ticket selling movies in the world, such as \\\"The Birth of a Nation\\\" (1915), \\\"Gone with the Wind\\\" (1939), \\\"The Sound of Music\\\" (1965), \\\"The Godfather\\\" (1972), \\\"Jaws\\\" (1975), \\\"Star Wars\\\" (1977), \\\"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\\\" (1982), \\\"Jurassic Park\\\" (1993),\",\n \"title\": \"Cinema of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7635608\",\n \"text\": \"film was a major commercial success, becoming the number one box office movie after four weeks, and the highest-grossing film of 1965. By November 1966, \\\"The Sound of Music\\\" had become the highest-grossing film of all-time—surpassing \\\"Gone with the Wind\\\"—and held that distinction for five years. The film was just as popular throughout the world, breaking previous box-office records in twenty-nine countries. Following an initial theatrical release that lasted four and a half years, and two successful re-releases, the film sold 283 million admissions worldwide and earned a total worldwide gross of $286,000,000. \\\"The Sound of Music\\\" received five Academy\",\n \"title\": \"The Sound of Music (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1591165\",\n \"text\": \"MGM's own back lots. More of the successful films were those based in the harsh truths of war, rather than the excesses of the 1960s. Films like the Francis Ford Coppola-scripted \\\"Patton\\\", starring George C. Scott as the World War II general, and Robert Altman's \\\"MASH\\\", about a Korean War field hospital, were major box-office draws in 1970. Honest, old-fashioned films like \\\"Summer of '42\\\", and the Erich Segal adaptation, \\\"Love Story\\\", were commercial and critical hits. (Love Story and \\\"Summer\\\" remain, , two of the most successful films in Hollywood history. \\\"Summer\\\", costing $1,000,000 USD, brought in $25,000,000 at\",\n \"title\": \"1970s in film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"482025\",\n \"text\": \"process to transfer the drawings to animation cels. Disney's live-action releases were spread across a number of genres, including historical fiction (\\\"Johnny Tremain\\\", 1957), adaptations of children's books (\\\"Pollyanna\\\", 1960) and modern-day comedies (\\\"The Shaggy Dog\\\", 1959). Disney's most successful film of the 1960s was a live action/animated musical adaptation of \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", which was one of the all-time highest-grossing movies and received five Academy Awards, including Best Actress for Julie Andrews and Best Song for Robert B. Sherman & Richard M. Sherman for \\\"Chim Chim Cher-ee\\\". The theme park design and architectural group became so integral to the Disney\",\n \"title\": \"The Walt Disney Company\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"469414\",\n \"text\": \"Zeppelin was the most successful musical act of the 1970s, having sold more than 300 million records since 1969. Oscar winners of the decade were \\\"Patton\\\" (1970), \\\"The French Connection\\\" (1971), \\\"The Godfather\\\" (1972), \\\"The Sting\\\" (1973), \\\"The Godfather Part II\\\" (1974), \\\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\\\" (1975), \\\"Rocky\\\" (1976), \\\"Annie Hall\\\" (1977), \\\"The Deer Hunter\\\" (1978), and \\\"Kramer vs. Kramer\\\" (1979). The top ten highest-grossing films of the decade are (in order from highest to lowest grossing): \\\"Star Wars\\\", \\\"Jaws\\\", \\\"Grease\\\", \\\"The Exorcist\\\", \\\"Close Encounters of the Third Kind\\\", \\\"Superman\\\", \\\"The Godfather\\\", \\\"Saturday Night Fever\\\", \\\"Rocky\\\", and \\\"Jaws\",\n \"title\": \"1970s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1458494\",\n \"text\": \"money, axed the long-running Movietone Newsreel, and made a series of cheap, popular pictures that restored Fox as a major studio. The saving grace for the studio's fortunes came from the tremendous success of \\\"The Sound of Music\\\" (1965), an expensive and handsomely produced film adaptation of the highly acclaimed Rodgers and Hammerstein Broadway musical, which became a significant success at the box office and won five Academy Awards, including Best Director (Robert Wise) and Best Picture of the Year. Fox also had two big science-fiction hits in the 1960s: \\\"Fantastic Voyage\\\" (1966), and the original \\\"Planet of the Apes\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"20th Century Fox\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10981612\",\n \"text\": \"fall of 1958. Manulis's film version was released in December 1962 and received Academy Award nominations for best actor, best actress, best art direction, best costume design, and best original song. It was selected by the film critics of \\\"The New York Times\\\" as one of the 1000 best films ever made and as one of American Film Institute's best 400 films. Other motion pictures produced by Manulis in the 1960s include \\\"Dear Heart\\\" (1964), a romantic comedy directed by Delbert Mann, and starring Glenn Ford and Geraldine Page; \\\"Luv\\\" (1967), a romantic comedy directed by Clive Donner and starring\",\n \"title\": \"Martin Manulis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16623587\",\n \"text\": \"a Mockingbird\\\" (1962) and \\\"Oliver!\\\" (1968), directed by Carol Reed, portrayed children as naturally innocent. Other films of the 1960s that involved children include \\\"The Sound of Music\\\" (1965) by Robert Wise and \\\"The Miracle Worker\\\" (1962). These were very successful musical motion picture that were in the genre of family films. Four of the top ten highest-grossing films of the decade were family films: \\\"The Sound of Music\\\", \\\"One Hundred and One Dalmatians\\\" (1961), \\\"The Jungle Book\\\" (1967), and \\\"Mary Poppins\\\". Hollywood also released motion pictures starring children though these were not commercially successful and they were literary adaptations\",\n \"title\": \"Children's film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1476313\",\n \"text\": \"1967 in film The year 1967 in film involved some significant events. It is widely considered as one of the most ground-breaking years in film, with \\\"revolutionary\\\" films highlighting the change, including: \\\"Bonnie and Clyde\\\", \\\"The Graduate\\\", \\\"Guess Who's Coming to Dinner\\\", \\\"Cool Hand Luke\\\", \\\"The Dirty Dozen\\\", and \\\"In the Heat of the Night\\\". \\\"The Born Losers\\\" was released in 1967 and earned $2.25 million in U.S. and Canadian rentals. It was re-released in 1974 and by 1977 it had earned $12.5 million in U.S. and Canadian rentals with a reported total gross of $36,000,000. The highest-grossing 1967 films\",\n \"title\": \"1967 in film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6683649\",\n \"text\": \"films topping the American Film Institute's AFI 100 list include Orson Welles's \\\"Citizen Kane\\\" (1941), which is frequently cited as the greatest film of all time, \\\"Casablanca\\\" (1942), \\\"The Godfather\\\" (1972), \\\"Gone with the Wind\\\" (1939), \\\"Lawrence of Arabia\\\" (1962), \\\"The Wizard of Oz\\\" (1939), \\\"The Graduate\\\" (1967), \\\"On the Waterfront\\\" (1954), \\\"Schindler's List\\\" (1993), \\\"Singin' in the Rain\\\" (1952), \\\"It's a Wonderful Life\\\" (1946) and \\\"Sunset Boulevard\\\" (1950). The Academy Awards, popularly known as the Oscars, have been held annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1929, and the Golden Globe Awards have been held\",\n \"title\": \"United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"768830\",\n \"text\": \"on material from another medium to \\\"Judgement at Nuremberg\\\" (1961). \\\"West Side Story\\\" was a box office hit, and critics have declared it \\\"a cinema masterpiece\\\". Prior to directing \\\"The Sound of Music\\\" (1965), Wise directed the psychological horror film \\\"The Haunting\\\" (1963), starring Julie Harris, in an adaptation of Shirley Jackson's novel, \\\"The Haunting of Hill House\\\". Wise's big-budget adaptation of Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein's family-oriented musical \\\"The Sound of Music\\\", with Julie Andrews as Maria and Christopher Plummer as Captain von Trapp, became one of film history's top-grossing movies. Wise won Academy Awards for Best Director and\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Wise\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7635653\",\n \"text\": \"million in rentals and grossed £6 million—more than twice as much as any other film had ever taken in. It was also a major success in Holland, Hong Kong and Tokyo, where it played for as long as two years at some theaters. It was not a universal success, however, with the film only enjoying modest success in France and it was a flop in Germany. It also initially performed poorly in Italy, but a re-release after the Oscars brought better results. By November 1966, \\\"The Sound of Music\\\" had become the highest-grossing film of all-time, surpassing \\\"Gone with the\",\n \"title\": \"The Sound of Music (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3420394\",\n \"text\": \"1960 and beating other hits of that year such as \\\"Psycho\\\", \\\"Spartacus\\\", and \\\"Exodus\\\" at the box office. Adjusted for ticket-price inflation, the box office revenue is $ million, making it one of the biggest hits of all time. The movie was re-released in 1969 and earned $6.4 million in rentals in North America. It was the 15th most popular movie at the U.S. box office that year. The film currently holds an 84% approval rating at the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes. Upon the film's initial release, \\\"New York Times\\\" film critic Howard Thompson lauded the film by writing,\",\n \"title\": \"Swiss Family Robinson (1960 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5650171\",\n \"text\": \"the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 36 nominations went to 14 films on the list. Only \\\"The Fugitive\\\" (3rd), \\\"The Firm\\\" (4th), \\\"Sleepless in Seattle\\\" (6th), \\\"In the Line of Fire\\\" (7th), \\\"Dave\\\" (13th), \\\"Philadelphia\\\" (29th), \\\"What's Love Got to Do With It\\\" (38th), and \\\"The Age of Innocence\\\" (49th) were nominated for directing, acting, screenwriting, or Best Picture. The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations were \\\"Jurassic Park\\\" (1st), \\\"Mrs. Doubtfire\\\" (2nd), \\\"Cliffhanger\\\" (9th), \\\"The Nightmare Before Christmas\\\" (24th), \\\"Addams Family Values\\\" (25th), and \\\"Beethoven's 2nd\\\" (27th). The show received a positive reception from\",\n \"title\": \"66th Academy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2631500\",\n \"text\": \"(1965), \\\"The Knack ...and How to Get It\\\" (1965), the Michelangelo Antonioni film \\\"Blowup\\\" (1966), \\\"Alfie\\\" (1966), \\\"\\\" (1966), \\\"Georgy Girl\\\" (1966), \\\"The Jokers\\\" (1967), \\\"Casino Royale\\\" (1967), \\\"Smashing Time\\\" (1967), \\\"To Sir, with Love\\\" (1967), \\\"Bedazzled\\\" (1967), \\\"Poor Cow\\\" (1967), \\\"I'll Never Forget What's'isname\\\" (1967), \\\"Up the Junction\\\" (1968), \\\"Joanna\\\" (1968), \\\"Otley\\\" (1968), \\\"The Magic Christian\\\" (1969), \\\"The Brain\\\" (1969), \\\"If It's Tuesday, This Must Be Belgium\\\" (1969), and \\\"Performance\\\" (1970). The comedy films \\\"\\\" (1997) and \\\"\\\" (1999) resurrected the imagery but were filmed in Hollywood and the 2009 film \\\"The Boat That Rocked\\\". Swinging Sixties The Swinging\",\n \"title\": \"Swinging Sixties\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"469347\",\n \"text\": \"the film industry in the 1960s: The most prominent American TV series of the 1960s include: \\\"The Ed Sullivan Show\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"Peyton Place\\\", \\\"The Twilight Zone\\\", \\\"The Outer Limits\\\", \\\"The Andy Williams Show\\\", \\\"The Dean Martin Show\\\", \\\"The Wonderful World of Disney\\\", \\\"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\\\", \\\"The Beverly Hillbillies\\\", \\\"Bonanza\\\", \\\"Batman\\\", \\\"McHale's Navy\\\", \\\"Laugh-In\\\", \\\"The Dick Van Dyke Show\\\", \\\"The Fugitive\\\", \\\"The Tonight Show\\\", \\\"Gunsmoke\\\", \\\"The Andy Griffith Show\\\", \\\"Gilligan's Island, \\\", \\\"The Flintstones\\\", \\\"The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet\\\", \\\"Lassie\\\", \\\"The Danny Thomas Show\\\", \\\"The Lucy Show\\\", \\\"My Three Sons\\\", \\\"The Red Skelton Show\\\", \\\"Bewitched\\\" and \\\"I Dream of Jeannie\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"1960s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"252426\",\n \"text\": \"could be relied upon for sure-fire hits. Audiences for them lessened and fewer musical films were produced as the genre became less mainstream and more specialized. In the 1960s, the critical and box-office success of the films \\\"West Side Story\\\", \\\"Gypsy\\\", \\\"The Music Man\\\", \\\"Bye Bye Birdie\\\", \\\"My Fair Lady\\\", \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", \\\"The Sound of Music\\\", \\\"A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum\\\", \\\"The Jungle Book\\\", \\\"Thoroughly Modern Millie\\\", \\\"Oliver!\\\", and \\\"Funny Girl\\\" suggested that the traditional musical was in good health, while French filmmaker Jacques Demy's jazz musicals \\\"The Umbrellas of Cherbourg\\\" and \\\"The Young Girls\",\n \"title\": \"Musical film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4942062\",\n \"text\": \"Smoky Mountains, the film was shot in the Los Angeles (LA) area, both on set at MGM Studios and outdoors in the San Bernardino Mountains east of LA. The film was produced by Dick Fitzwell for Four-Leaf Productions, and was distributed in the United States by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The film was released in the United States on March 6, 1964 and reached #11 on the \\\"Variety\\\" National Box Office Chart, earning $3 million, and finished at #26 on the year end list of the top-grossing movies of 1964. Sam Katzman produced an unsuccessful 1965 MGM Television television pilot starring Edd Byrnes\",\n \"title\": \"Kissin' Cousins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9142019\",\n \"text\": \"18th Golden Globe Awards The 18th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film for 1960 films, were held on March 16, 1961. \\\"' Burt Lancaster – \\\"Elmer Gantry\\\" \\\"' Jack Lemmon – \\\"The Apartment\\\" \\\"' Greer Garson – \\\"Sunrise at Campobello\\\" \\\"' Shirley MacLaine – \\\"The Apartment\\\" \\\"' Jack Cardiff – \\\"Sons and Lovers\\\" \\\"' \\\"The Apartment\\\" \\\"' \\\"Spartacus\\\" \\\"' \\\"Song Without End\\\" Dimitri Tiomkin – The Alamo \\\"' Sal Mineo – \\\"Exodus\\\" \\\"' Janet Leigh – \\\"Psycho\\\" Hand in Hand Michael Callan Mark Damon Brett Halsey Ina Balin Nancy Kwan Hayley Mills Tony Curtis Rock Hudson Gina Lollobrigida\",\n \"title\": \"18th Golden Globe Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14926773\",\n \"text\": \"financial success in India and an even bigger hit in the Soviet Union. In India, it was the eighth top-grossing film of 1980, earning nett from a gross collection of (). It reached silver jubilee status after running in theaters across India for 25weeks continuously. In the Soviet Union, it was the fifth top-grossing domestic film of 1980, and the 32nd highest-grossing domestic film of all time, with 52.8million box office admissions. This was equivalent to approximately 13.2million Soviet rubles (, ). Worldwide, the film grossed (). This is equivalent to () adjusted for inflation in 2017. The film wons\",\n \"title\": \"Adventures of Ali-Baba and the Forty Thieves (1980 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"482028\",\n \"text\": \"Walt's son-in-law Ron Miller, each trained by Walt and Roy. While Walt Disney Productions continued releasing family-friendly films throughout the 1970s, such as \\\"Escape to Witch Mountain\\\" (1975) and \\\"Freaky Friday\\\" (1976), the films did not fare as well at the box office as earlier material. However, the animation studio saw success with \\\"Robin Hood\\\" (1973), \\\"The Rescuers\\\" (1977), and \\\"The Fox and the Hound\\\" (1981). As head of the studio, Miller attempted to make films to drive the profitable teenage market who generally passed on seeing Disney films. Inspired by the popularity of \\\"Star Wars\\\", Disney produced the science-fiction\",\n \"title\": \"The Walt Disney Company\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2764519\",\n \"text\": \"hole through the hull, assist the sole group of six survivors from the ship, and fly them to safety. \\\"The Poseidon Adventure\\\" has received largely positive reviews, with review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reporting 79% of 24 critics gave the film a positive review, with an above average score of 7.1/10. \\\"Boxoffice\\\" magazine reported \\\"The Poseidon Adventure\\\" was the #1 Box Office Champ of 1973. By the end of 1974, it ranked among the six most successful features in film history, along with \\\"Gone with the Wind\\\" (1939), \\\"The Godfather\\\" (1972), \\\"Love Story\\\" (1970), \\\"Airport\\\" (1970), and \\\"The Sound of Music\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"The Poseidon Adventure (1972 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6131761\",\n \"text\": \"of a Nation\\\" had been seen by fifty million people by 1930. When it was re-released in 1947, it earned an impressive $5 million rental in the United States and Canada, and was one of the top ten releases of the year. Successful re-releases in 1954 and 1961 enabled it to retain its position as the industry's top earner, despite strong challenges from more recent films such as \\\"Ben-Hur\\\", but it was finally overtaken by \\\"The Sound of Music\\\" in 1966. The 1967 reissue was unusual in that MGM opted to roadshow it, a decision that turned it into the\",\n \"title\": \"Gone with the Wind (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"469346\",\n \"text\": \"arguably continued through his 1968 opus \\\"Once Upon a Time in the West\\\", starring Henry Fonda, Charles Bronson, Claudia Cardinale, and Jason Robards. \\\"The Magnificent Seven\\\" a 1960 American western film directed by John Sturges was a remake of Akira Kurosawa's 1954 film, \\\"Seven Samurai\\\". The 1960s were also about experimentation. With the explosion of light-weight and affordable cameras, the underground avant-garde film movement thrived. Canada's Michael Snow, Americans Kenneth Anger, Stan Brakhage, Andy Warhol, and Jack Smith. Notable films in this genre are: \\\"Dog Star Man\\\"; \\\"Scorpio Rising\\\"; \\\"Wavelength\\\"; \\\"Chelsea Girls\\\"; \\\"Blow Job\\\"; \\\"Vinyl\\\"; \\\"Flaming Creatures\\\". Significant events in\",\n \"title\": \"1960s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1476314\",\n \"text\": \"in countries outside North America. Academy Awards: Golden Globe Awards: Palme d'Or (Cannes Film Festival): Golden Lion (Venice Film Festival): Golden Bear (Berlin Film Festival): US unless stated US unless stated A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y 1967 in film The year 1967 in film involved some significant events. It is widely considered as one of the most ground-breaking years in film, with \\\"revolutionary\\\" films highlighting the change, including: \\\"Bonnie and Clyde\\\", \\\"The Graduate\\\", \\\"Guess Who's Coming to Dinner\\\", \\\"Cool Hand Luke\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"1967 in film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7498500\",\n \"text\": \"West Side Story (film) West Side Story is a 1961 American romantic musical tragedy film directed by Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins. The film is an adaptation of the 1957 Broadway musical of the same name, which in turn was inspired by William Shakespeare's play \\\"Romeo and Juliet\\\". It stars Natalie Wood, Richard Beymer, Russ Tamblyn, Rita Moreno, and George Chakiris, and was photographed by Daniel L. Fapp, A.S.C., in Super Panavision 70. Released on October 18, 1961, through United Artists, the film received high praise from critics and viewers, and became the second highest grossing film of the year\",\n \"title\": \"West Side Story (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1406489\",\n \"text\": \"several plays for television in Britain. In 1960 he appeared in \\\"The Entertainer\\\" opposite Laurence Olivier, his first film role. Bates worked for the \\\"Padded Wagon Moving Company\\\" in the early 1960s while acting at the \\\"Circle in the Square Theatre\\\" in New York City. Throughout the 1960s he starred in several major films including \\\"Whistle Down the Wind\\\" (1961), \\\"A Kind of Loving\\\" (1962), \\\"Zorba the Greek\\\" (1964), Philippe de Broca's \\\"King of Hearts\\\" (1966), \\\"Georgy Girl\\\" (1966), \\\"Far From the Madding Crowd\\\" (1967) and the Bernard Malamud film \\\"The Fixer\\\" (1968), which earned him an Academy Award nomination\",\n \"title\": \"Alan Bates\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4067177\",\n \"text\": \"Stella Stevens Stella Stevens (born Estelle Eggleston; October 1, 1938) is an American film, television, and stage actress. She began her acting career in 1959 and starred in such popular films as \\\"Girls! Girls! Girls!\\\" (1962), \\\"The Nutty Professor\\\" (1963), \\\"The Courtship of Eddie's Father\\\" (1963), \\\"The Silencers\\\" (1966), \\\"Where Angels Go, Trouble Follows\\\" (1968), \\\"The Ballad of Cable Hogue\\\" (1970) and \\\"The Poseidon Adventure\\\" (1972). Stevens also appeared in numerous television series, miniseries, and movies, including \\\"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\\\" (1960, 1988), \\\"Bonanza\\\" (1960), \\\"The Love Boat\\\" (1977, 1983), \\\"Hart to Hart\\\" (1979), \\\"Newhart\\\" (1983), \\\"Murder, She Wrote\\\" (1985), \\\"Magnum,\",\n \"title\": \"Stella Stevens\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8566456\",\n \"text\": \"the host of the anthology television series \\\"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\\\" which he also produced. In 1958, Hitchcock directed the psychological thriller \\\"Vertigo\\\" starring Stewart and Kim Novak. The film topped the 2012 poll of the British film magazine \\\"Sight & Sound\\\" of the 50 Greatest Films of All Time and also topped the American Film Institute's Top Ten in the mystery genre. He followed this with the spy thriller \\\"North by Northwest\\\" (1959) which starred Grant and Eva Marie Saint. In 1960, he directed \\\"Psycho\\\", the biggest commercial success of his career and for which he received his fifth nomination\",\n \"title\": \"Alfred Hitchcock filmography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13924511\",\n \"text\": \"element of racism that continued to persist across the country, particularly in the South. In popular culture, \\\"\\\" was the most profitable film of the year, earning $56.7 million, while \\\"Oliver!\\\" won the Academy Award for Best Picture. \\\"Hey Jude\\\" by the Beatles was the hottest single of 1968 in the U.S. according to Billboard, demonstrating the continued popularity of bands associated with the British Invasion that began in 1964. 1968 in the United States 1968 in the United States was marked by several major historical events. It is often considered to be one of the most turbulent and traumatic\",\n \"title\": \"1968 in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2784160\",\n \"text\": \"Ray Stark Ray Stark (October 3, 1915 – January 17, 2004) was one of the most successful and prolific independent film producers in postwar Hollywood. Highly tenacious and intelligent, Stark’s background as a literary and theatrical agent groomed him to produce some of the most dynamic and profitable films of the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, such as \\\"The World of Suzie Wong\\\" (1961), \\\"West Side Story\\\" (1961), \\\"The Misfits\\\" (1961), \\\"Lolita\\\" (1962), \\\"The Night of The Iguana\\\" (1964), \\\"Reflections in a Golden Eye\\\" (1967), \\\"Funny Girl\\\" (1968), \\\"The Goodbye Girl\\\" (1977), \\\"The Toy\\\" (1982), \\\"Annie\\\" (1982), and \\\"Steel Magnolias\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Ray Stark\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"900942\",\n \"text\": \"the US during this period and led US media to proclaim the United Kingdom as the center of music and fashion. The Beatles movie \\\"A Hard Day's Night\\\" marked the group's entrance into film. \\\"Mary Poppins\\\", released on August 27, 1964, and starring English actress Julie Andrews as the titular character, became the most Oscar-winning and Oscar-nominated Disney film in history, and \\\"My Fair Lady\\\", released on December 25, 1964, starring British actress Audrey Hepburn as Cockney flower girl Eliza Doolittle, won eight Academy Awards. Besides the Bond series which commenced with Sean Connery as James Bond in 1962, films\",\n \"title\": \"British Invasion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7419356\",\n \"text\": \"38th Academy Awards The 38th Academy Awards, honoring the best in film for 1965, were held on April 18, 1966, at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Santa Monica, California. They were hosted by Bob Hope. The ceremony was broadcast on the ABC network and was the first to be broadcast live in color. The two most nominated films were \\\"The Sound of Music\\\" and \\\"Doctor Zhivago\\\", each with ten nominations and five wins. The winner of Best Picture was 20th Century Fox's and Robert Wise's \\\"The Sound of Music\\\", adapted from the Rodgers and Hammerstein's Broadway musical. Both movies\",\n \"title\": \"38th Academy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11215696\",\n \"text\": \"box office hit in France, Bardot's biggest ever success at the box office and the third most popular film of the year (after \\\"Ben Hur\\\" and \\\"Le Bossu\\\"). The \\\"Los Angeles Times\\\" called the film \\\"an amazing picture, a tour de force from all concerned. It is at once immoral, amoral and strangely moral.\\\" The Truth (1960 film) The Truth () is a 1960 French film directed by Henri-Georges Clouzot and starring Brigitte Bardot. The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Dominique Marceau is a young Frenchwoman on trial for killing her lover, Gilbert.\",\n \"title\": \"The Truth (1960 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6131699\",\n \"text\": \"to win an Academy Award). It set records for the total number of wins and nominations at the time. The film has been criticized as historical revisionism glorifying slavery, and it has been credited with triggering changes in the way in which African Americans are depicted cinematically. \\\"Gone with the Wind\\\" was immensely popular when first released. It became the highest-earning film made up to that point, and held the record for over a quarter of a century. When adjusted for monetary inflation, it is still the most successful film in box-office history. It was re-released periodically throughout the 20th\",\n \"title\": \"Gone with the Wind (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12096226\",\n \"text\": \"to 11 movies made by her late husband's company: \\\"It Conquered the World\\\" (1956) and its 1966 remake \\\"Zontar, The Thing from Venus\\\", \\\"Invasion of the Saucer Men\\\" (1957) and its 1965 remake \\\"The Eye Creatures\\\", \\\"I Was a Teenage Frankenstein\\\" (1957), \\\"I Was a Teenage Werewolf\\\" (1957), \\\"The Amazing Colossal Man\\\" (1957), \\\"Terror from the Year 5000\\\" (1958), \\\"Apache Woman\\\" (1955), \\\"The Oklahoma Woman\\\" (1956) and \\\"Naked Paradise\\\" (1957). Susan Hart Susan Hart (born June 2, 1941) is an American actress, and the widow of American International Pictures (AIP) co-founder James H. Nicholson. She is best known for her\",\n \"title\": \"Susan Hart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"144088\",\n \"text\": \"the blossoming of Direct Cinema, an observational style of film making as well as the advent of more overtly partisan films like \\\"In the Year of the Pig\\\" about the Vietnam War by Emile de Antonio. By the late 1960s however, Hollywood filmmakers were beginning to create more innovative and groundbreaking films that reflected the social revolution taken over much of the western world such as \\\"Bonnie and Clyde\\\" (1967), \\\"The Graduate\\\" (1967), \\\"\\\" (1968), \\\"Rosemary's Baby\\\" (1968), \\\"Midnight Cowboy\\\" (1969), \\\"Easy Rider\\\" (1969) and \\\"The Wild Bunch\\\" (1969). \\\"Bonnie and Clyde\\\" is often considered the beginning of the so-called\",\n \"title\": \"History of film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3877302\",\n \"text\": \"Bond movies, \\\"It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World\\\" (1963), \\\"A Hard Day's Night\\\" starring the Beatles (1964), \\\"The Greatest Story Ever Told\\\" (1965), \\\"A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum\\\" (1966), \\\"Fiddler on the Roof\\\" (1971), and \\\"Man of La Mancha\\\" (1972). The soundtrack album of United Artists's \\\"West Side Story\\\" (1961) was released by Columbia Records, which had also released the Broadway cast album. Also, the American version of the soundtrack album of United Artists's \\\"Help!\\\" (1965), also starring the Beatles, was released on Capitol Records. As Henry Mancini was signed to RCA Victor, that\",\n \"title\": \"United Artists Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9295356\",\n \"text\": \"by wires. Medfield College, which was also the setting for the earlier film \\\"The Absent-Minded Professor\\\", was later used for a trilogy of Disney's \\\"Dexter Riley\\\" films: \\\"The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes\\\" (1969), \\\"Now You See Him, Now You Don't\\\" (1972), and \\\"The Strongest Man in the World\\\" (1975), each starring Kurt Russell and Cesar Romero. \\\"Son of Flubber\\\" was a critical and commercial success. It grossed $22,129,412 at the box office, earning $7.1 million in theatrical rentals, making it the 7th highest-grossing film of 1963. The film currently holds an 86% \\\"Fresh\\\" rating on the review aggregate website Rotten\",\n \"title\": \"Son of Flubber\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"829481\",\n \"text\": \"A 1966 reissue earned $6,000,000, and further re-releases brought the total American theater rentals to $43 million, equivalent to gross ticket sales of $89 million at the box office. Globally, it ultimately collected $90,066,230 in revenues up to 1979. It remains one of the most popular films ever made. Adjusted for inflation, it has earned a box office gross equivalent to $2 billion at 2011 prices, according to \\\"Guinness World Records\\\"; only \\\"Gone with the Wind\\\" (1939), \\\"Avatar\\\" (2009), \\\"Star Wars\\\" (1977), \\\"Titanic\\\" (1997), \\\"The Sound of Music\\\" (1965), and \\\"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\\\" (1982) have generated higher grosses in constant\",\n \"title\": \"The Ten Commandments (1956 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"694731\",\n \"text\": \"left the studio in 1953, leaving Hanna and Barbera to focus on the popular \\\"Tom and Jerry\\\" and \\\"Droopy\\\" series. After 1955, all cartoons were filmed in CinemaScope until MGM closed its cartoon division in 1957. In 1959, MGM enjoyed what is quite probably its greatest financial success of later years, with the release of its nearly four-hour Technicolor epic \\\"Ben–Hur\\\", a remake of its 1925 silent film hit, loosely based on the novel by General Lew Wallace. Starring Charlton Heston in the title role, the film was critically acclaimed, and won 11 Academy Awards, including Best Picture, a record\",\n \"title\": \"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2213879\",\n \"text\": \"DVD edition was also released on the same day. \\\"The Aristocats\\\" was released in December 1970 where it grossed $10.1 million in United States and Canadian rentals by the end of 1971. The film was the most popular \\\"general release\\\" movie at the British box office in 1971. The film was the second most popular film in France in 1971–72 with 6 million admissions and has total admissions of 12,701,541 making it the most popular film released in France in 1971. It is also ranked as the eighteenth highest-grossing of all time. The film is the most popular film released\",\n \"title\": \"The Aristocats\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"829448\",\n \"text\": \"Review Award for Best Actor for his role as Rameses and his other roles in \\\"Anastasia\\\" and \\\"The King and I\\\". It is also one of the most financially successful films ever made, grossing approximately $122.7 million at the box office during its initial release; it was the most successful film of 1956 and the second-highest-grossing film of the decade. According to \\\"Guinness World Records\\\", in terms of theatrical exhibition it is the seventh most successful film of all-time when the box office gross is adjusted for inflation. In 1999, the film was selected for preservation in the United States\",\n \"title\": \"The Ten Commandments (1956 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16869144\",\n \"text\": \"as he receives a golden ticket and visits Willy Wonka's chocolate factory with four other children from around the world. Filming took place in Munich in 1970, and the film was released on June 30, 1971. It received positive reviews, but it was a box office disappointment despite the fact that it recouped its budget. However, it developed into a cult film due to its repeated television airings and home video sales. In 1972, the film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score. \\\"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory\\\" is a 2005 film adaptation of the 1964 book of\",\n \"title\": \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (franchise)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4128592\",\n \"text\": \"popular musicals of the 1950s include \\\"Love Me Tender\\\" which starred Elvis Presley, \\\"High Society\\\", \\\"An American in Paris\\\", \\\"Singin' in the Rain\\\", \\\"Guys and Dolls\\\", \\\"The Band Wagon\\\", \\\"Show Boat\\\", \\\"Seven Brides for Seven Brothers\\\", \\\"Gigi\\\", \\\"Daddy Long Legs\\\", \\\"Funny Face\\\", \\\"Calamity Jane\\\", \\\"Porgy and Bess\\\", \\\"Carmen Jones\\\", and many others. The Walt Disney Studios enjoyed a decade of prosperity with animated feature-length films \\\"Cinderella\\\", \\\"Alice in Wonderland\\\", \\\"Peter Pan\\\", \\\"Lady and the Tramp\\\" (Disney's first wide-screen animated film), and \\\"Sleeping Beauty\\\". The studio began producing live-action period and historical films such as \\\"The Sword and the Rose\\\", \\\"Davy\",\n \"title\": \"United States in the 1950s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1591173\",\n \"text\": \"African American filmmakers also found success in the 1970s with such hits as \\\"Shaft\\\" and \\\"Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song\\\". Like other sequels in the 1970s, \\\"Shaft\\\" went on to have two more adventures, each less successful than the last. An adaptation of a Mario Puzo novel, \\\"The Godfather\\\", was a box-office and critical success in 1972. The three-hour epic followed a Mafia boss, played by Marlon Brando, through his life of crime. Beyond the violence and drama were themes of love, pride, and greed. \\\"The Godfather\\\" went on to earn $134 million at American box office, and $245 million throughout\",\n \"title\": \"1970s in film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10238888\",\n \"text\": \"song \\\"Baharon Phool Barsao\\\" topped the Binaca Geetmala annual list of 1966 charts. Similarly, the song \\\"Titli Udi Ud Jo Chali\\\" was listed at No. 21. At the end of its theatrical run, the film grossed around 50,000,000 with a net of 25,000,000, thus becoming the second highest grossing film of 1966 with a verdict of super-hit at Box Office India. According to IBOS.com, the film had grossed at about 40.0 million and, adjusted to inflation, the gross is 5042.9 million. The film was also one of the last box office hits of Rajendra Kumar, who was regarded as Bollywood's\",\n \"title\": \"Suraj (1966 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"469341\",\n \"text\": \"dominated much of the first half of the 20th century. Country music gained popularity on the West Coast, due in large part to the Bakersfield sound, led by Buck Owens and Merle Haggard. Female country artists were also becoming more mainstream (in a genre dominated by men in prior decades), with such acts as Patsy Cline, Loretta Lynn, and Tammy Wynette. Significant events in music in the 1960s: The highest-grossing film of the decade was 20th Century Fox's \\\"The Sound of Music\\\" (1965). Some of Hollywood's most notable blockbuster films of the 1960s include: The counterculture movement had a significant\",\n \"title\": \"1960s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7340583\",\n \"text\": \"Cinemation Industries Cinemation Industries was a New York City-based film studio and distributor owned and run by exploitation producer Jerry Gross. Among other films, the company has distributed exploitation films such as \\\"Shanty Tramp\\\" (1967), \\\"Teenage Mother\\\" (1967), \\\"The Cheerleaders\\\" (1973), \\\"The Black Six\\\" (1974), and \\\"The Black Godfather\\\" (1974). The company, however, also distributed unexpected smash hit independent films like Melvin Van Peebles' \\\"Sweet Sweetback's Baad Asssss Song\\\" (1971) and Ralph Bakshi's \\\"Fritz the Cat\\\" (1972). Other films released by the distributor include Peter Fonda's \\\"Idaho Transfer\\\" (1973), Freddie Francis' \\\"Son of Dracula\\\" (1974), Alain Resnais' \\\"Stavisky\\\" (1975), and\",\n \"title\": \"Cinemation Industries\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4067189\",\n \"text\": \"Stevens' Beverly Hills home. In 2005, Stevens received the Reel Cowboys Silver Spur Award for her contributions to the Western genre. Stella Stevens Stella Stevens (born Estelle Eggleston; October 1, 1938) is an American film, television, and stage actress. She began her acting career in 1959 and starred in such popular films as \\\"Girls! Girls! Girls!\\\" (1962), \\\"The Nutty Professor\\\" (1963), \\\"The Courtship of Eddie's Father\\\" (1963), \\\"The Silencers\\\" (1966), \\\"Where Angels Go, Trouble Follows\\\" (1968), \\\"The Ballad of Cable Hogue\\\" (1970) and \\\"The Poseidon Adventure\\\" (1972). Stevens also appeared in numerous television series, miniseries, and movies, including \\\"Alfred Hitchcock\",\n \"title\": \"Stella Stevens\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1153627\",\n \"text\": \"MGM Soundstage on May 9. During post-production, the songs were dubbed into the films scenes, in which Presley mimed the lyrics. \\\"Jailhouse Rock\\\" premiered on October 17, 1957 in Memphis, Tennessee and was released nationwide on November 8, 1957. It peaked at number 3 on the \\\"Variety\\\" box office chart, and reached number 14 in the year's box office totals, grossing $4 million. \\\"Jailhouse Rock\\\" earned mixed reviews, with most of the negative reception directed towards Presley's persona. In 2004, the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. Construction worker Vince Everett (Elvis) accidentally kills a drunken\",\n \"title\": \"Jailhouse Rock (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"525075\",\n \"text\": \"initial theatrical run. When box office prices are adjusted for inflation, it remains one of the top 100 grossing films in U.S. history. Among films released before 1950, only \\\"Gone With the Wind\\\", \\\"The Bells of St. Mary's\\\", \\\"The Big Parade\\\" and four Disney titles have done more total business, in part due to later re-releases. (Reliable box office figures for certain early films such as \\\"The Birth of a Nation\\\" and Charlie Chaplin's comedies are unavailable.) However, because of the distribution arrangement RKO had with Goldwyn, RKO recorded a loss of $660,000 on the film. 1947 Academy Awards \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"The Best Years of Our Lives\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2411887\",\n \"text\": \"Chinese Theater. The Sherman Brothers' numerous other Disney and non-Disney top box office film credits include \\\"The Jungle Book\\\" (1967), \\\"The Aristocats\\\" (1970), \\\"The Parent Trap\\\" (1961), \\\"The Parent Trap\\\" (1998), \\\"Charlotte's Web\\\" (1973), \\\"Huckleberry Finn\\\" (1974), \\\"The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh\\\" (1977), \\\"Snoopy, Come Home\\\" (1972), \\\"Bedknobs and Broomsticks\\\" (1971), and \\\"\\\" (1989). Outside the motion-picture realm, their Tony Award-nominated smash hit \\\"Over Here!\\\" (1974) was the biggest-grossing original Broadway musical of that year. The Sherman Brothers have also written numerous top-selling songs including \\\"You're Sixteen,\\\" which reached \\\"Billboard\\\"'s Hot 100 top 10 twice: first with Johnny\",\n \"title\": \"Sherman Brothers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"252428\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Mary Poppins\\\" and \\\"The Jungle Book\\\", two of Disney's biggest hits of all time. The phenomenal box-office performance of \\\"The Sound of Music\\\" gave the major Hollywood studios more confidence to produce lengthy, large-budget musicals. Despite the resounding success of some of these films, Hollywood also produced a large number of musical flops in the late 1960s and early 1970s which appeared to seriously misjudge public taste. The commercially and/or critically unsuccessful films included \\\"Camelot\\\", \\\"Finian's Rainbow\\\", \\\"Hello Dolly!\\\", \\\"Sweet Charity\\\", \\\"Doctor Dolittle\\\", \\\"Star!\\\", \\\"Darling Lili\\\", \\\"Goodbye, Mr. Chips\\\", \\\"Paint Your Wagon\\\", \\\"Song of Norway\\\", \\\"On a Clear Day You\",\n \"title\": \"Musical film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4569829\",\n \"text\": \"theatrically released in the United States on December 22, 1995 and then international theatres on January 13, 1996 when it first premiered in Brazil. Its release was vastly overshadowed by the performance of Disney•Pixar's \\\"Toy Story,\\\" which premiered a month earlier. The film ranked 15th on its opening weekend and earned $1.5 million from a total of 1,427 theaters. The film also ranked 7th among G-rated movies in 1995. Total domestic gross reach up to $11,348,324. While the film was not as successful at the box office, it was far more successful in terms of video sales. These strong video\",\n \"title\": \"Balto (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"561956\",\n \"text\": \"made on a budget of just over $1 million, was a sleeper hit; it earned $225 million in global box office receipts, becoming the highest-grossing film of 1976, and went on to win three Oscars, including Best Picture. The film received many positive reviews and turned Stallone into a major movie star. In 2006, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \\\"culturally, historically or aesthetically significant\\\". \\\"Rocky\\\" is considered to be one of the greatest sports films ever made and was ranked as the second-best in the\",\n \"title\": \"Rocky\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7472666\",\n \"text\": \"of the most expensive comedies ever produced. Concerns that the film would fail limited its initial bookings to less than half those a film of its magnitude normally received. Released in the United States on June 20, 1980, it received mostly positive reviews. It earned just under $5 million in its opening weekend and went on to gross over $115 million in theaters worldwide before its release on home video. It has become a cult classic, spawning the sequel, \\\"Blues Brothers 2000\\\", 18 years later, which was a critical and commercial failure. Jake Blues is released from Joliet Correctional Center\",\n \"title\": \"The Blues Brothers (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4361536\",\n \"text\": \"the box office), generating approximately $74.7 million in box office sales. Outside of North America, it earned $32.5 million in rentals (about $72.2 million at the box office) for a worldwide total of $66.1 million in rental earnings, roughly equivalent to $146.9 million in box office receipts. It was the fastest-grossing film as well as the highest-grossing film of 1959, in the process becoming the second-highest-grossing film of all-time (at that time) behind \\\"Gone with the Wind\\\". \\\"Ben-Hur\\\" saved MGM from financial disaster, making a profit of $20,409,000 on its initial release, and another $10.1 million in profits when re-released\",\n \"title\": \"Ben-Hur (1959 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"733312\",\n \"text\": \"Story\\\". She rose to prominence in 1960s with such films as \\\"Period of Adjustment\\\" (1962), \\\"Sunday in New York\\\" (1963), \\\"Cat Ballou\\\" (1965), \\\"Barefoot in the Park\\\" (1967) and \\\"Barbarella\\\" (1968). Her first husband was \\\"Barbarella\\\" director Roger Vadim. A seven-time Academy Award nominee, she received her first nomination for \\\"They Shoot Horses, Don't They?\\\" (1969) and went on to win two Best Actress Oscars in the 1970s for \\\"Klute\\\" (1971) and \\\"Coming Home\\\" (1978). Her other nominations were for \\\"Julia\\\" (1977), \\\"The China Syndrome\\\" (1979), \\\"On Golden Pond\\\" (1981) and \\\"The Morning After\\\" (1986). Consecutive hits \\\"Fun with Dick\",\n \"title\": \"Jane Fonda\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14221342\",\n \"text\": \"the time, but took an instant liking to Clint and accepted. Pat Hingle, Dennis Hopper, Ed Begley, Bruce Dern and James MacArthur were also cast. Filming began in June 1967, in the Las Cruces area of New Mexico. Additional scenes were shot at White Sands. Interiors were shot in MGM studios. Eastwood had considerable leeway in the production, especially in the script, which was altered in parts, such as the dialogue and setting of the barroom scene, to his liking. The film became a major success after release in July 1968 and with an opening day revenue of $5,241 in\",\n \"title\": \"Clint Eastwood in the 1960s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1399223\",\n \"text\": \"million. Both franchises fell out rather quickly, when \\\"Child's Play 3\\\" (1991) selling only 3.5 million tickets in North America and \\\"\\\" (1995) selling only 3.2 million. Internationally, the slasher film remained profitable. Mexico released \\\"Zombie Apocalypse\\\" (1985), \\\"Don't Panic\\\" (1988), \\\"Grave Robbers\\\" (1990) and \\\"Hell's Trap\\\" (1990). Europe saw releases from Sweden's \\\"Blood Tracks\\\" (1985), The United Kingdom's \\\"Lucifer\\\" (1987), Spain's \\\"Anguish\\\" (1987) and Italy's \\\"StageFright\\\" (1987) and \\\"BodyCount\\\" (1987). In the Pacific, Australia released \\\"Symphony of Evil\\\" (1987), \\\"Houseboat Horror\\\" (1989), and \\\"Bloodmoon\\\" (1990), while Japan released \\\"Evil Dead Trap\\\" (1988). By 1989 the major franchises had faded\",\n \"title\": \"Slasher film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16651894\",\n \"text\": \"Fritz Lang's final two American films, \\\"While the City Sleeps\\\" and \\\"Beyond a Reasonable Doubt\\\" (both 1956), but years of mismanagement had driven away many directors, producers, and stars. The studio was also saddled with the last of the inflated B movies such as \\\"Pearl of the South Pacific\\\" (1955) and \\\"The Conqueror\\\" (1956) that enchanted Hughes. The latter, starring John Wayne, was the biggest hit produced at the studio during the decade, but its $4.5 million in North American rentals did not come close to covering its $6 million cost. After a year and a half without a notable\",\n \"title\": \"RKO Pictures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1591180\",\n \"text\": \"gore films \\\"Last House on the Left\\\" and \\\"The Hills Have Eyes\\\", as well as Tobe Hooper's \\\"The Texas Chain Saw Massacre\\\". The blockbuster was born in 1975. While the 1973 horror classic \\\"The Exorcist\\\" was among the top five grossing films of the 1970s, the first film given the blockbuster distinction was 1975's \\\"Jaws\\\". Released on June 20, the film about a series of horrific deaths related to a massive great white shark was director Steven Spielberg's first big-budget Hollywood production, coming in at $9 million in cost. The film slowly grew in ticket sales and became one of\",\n \"title\": \"1970s in film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5810909\",\n \"text\": \"of Christmas Day in 1971, with profits from the premiere donated to The Boys Club of New York. Before the film premiered, the film had already made $15 million from rentals from over 400 theaters. The following day, the film opened in New York at five theaters. Next was Los Angeles at two theaters on March 22. \\\"The Godfather\\\" was commercially released on March 24, 1972, throughout the rest of the United States. The film reached 316 theaters around the country five days later. \\\"The Godfather\\\" was a blockbuster, breaking many box office records to become the highest grossing film\",\n \"title\": \"The Godfather\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14475973\",\n \"text\": \"in the 1930s with profits of $1.3 million. They were voted fourth on the Top Ten Money Making Stars Poll published by Quigley Publishing Company. By 1936, Astaire and Rogers were top box office names. That year they made another two movies together: \\\"Follow the Fleet\\\" and \\\"Swing Time\\\", which were both hits, earning worldwide rentals of $2.7 million and $2.6 million respectively. \\\"Follow the Fleet\\\" boasted another Irving Berlin score, which featured the well known vignette \\\"Let's Face the Music and Dance\\\". \\\"Swing Time\\\" spawned the Oscar-winning song \\\"The Way You Look Tonight\\\", written by Jerome Kern with lyrics\",\n \"title\": \"Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4955463\",\n \"text\": \"Frankie and Johnny (1966 film) Frankie and Johnny is a 1966 American musical film starring Elvis Presley as a riverboat gambler. The role of \\\"Frankie\\\" was played by Donna Douglas from \\\"The Beverly Hillbillies\\\" TV series. The film reached #40 on the \\\"Variety\\\" weekly national box office list for 1966. The budget of the film was estimated at $4.5 million. The director was Frederick De Cordova, who was the director and producer of \\\"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson\\\" beginning in 1970. Johnny and girlfriend Frankie are performers on a Mississippi River riverboat, which also has a casino. Johnny is\",\n \"title\": \"Frankie and Johnny (1966 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5747499\",\n \"text\": \"to MGM records the film earned $2,325,000 in the US and Canada and $2,500,000 overseas, resulting in an overall loss of $3,618,000. In 1961 the film was nominated for Best Art Direction (George W. Davis, Addison Hehr, Henry Grace, Hugh Hunt, and Otto Siegel) and Best Sound (Franklin Milton), but failed to win either. While the 1931 adaptation is arguably the better and more successful of the two, the 1960 remake receives more attention and is still broadcast on television. Cimarron (1960 film) Cimarron is a 1960 Metrocolor western film filmed in CinemaScope, based on the Edna Ferber novel \\\"Cimarron\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Cimarron (1960 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"964659\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid\\\" has gone down as among the defining moments in late-'60s American cinema. Newman and Redford's chemistry was praised as was the film's charm and humor. The film earned $15 million in rentals in North America during its first year of release. With US box office of over US$100 million, it was the top-grossing film of the year. Adjusted for inflation, \\\"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid\\\" ranks as the 34th top-grossing film of all time and the top 10 for its decade, due in part to subsequent re-releases. It was the eighth most popular\",\n \"title\": \"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6131762\",\n \"text\": \"most successful re-release in the history of the industry. It generated a box-office gross of $68 million, making it MGM's most lucrative picture after \\\"Doctor Zhivago\\\" from the latter half of the decade. MGM earned a rental of $41 million from the release, with the U.S. and Canadian share amounting to over $30 million, placing it second only to \\\"The Graduate\\\" for that year. Including its $6.7 million rental from the 1961 reissue, it was the fourth highest-earner of the decade in the North American market, with only \\\"The Sound of Music\\\", \\\"The Graduate\\\" and \\\"Doctor Zhivago\\\" making more for\",\n \"title\": \"Gone with the Wind (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"788469\",\n \"text\": \"Review Best Supporting Actress Winner), and \\\"Tammy and the Bachelor\\\" (1957), in which her performance of the song \\\"Tammy\\\" reached number one on the \\\"Billboard\\\" music charts. In 1959, she released her first pop music album, titled \\\"Debbie\\\". She starred in \\\"How the West Was Won\\\" (1962), and \\\"The Unsinkable Molly Brown\\\" (1964), a biographical film about the famously boisterous Molly Brown. Her performance as Brown earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress. Her other films include \\\"The Singing Nun\\\" (1966), \\\"Divorce American Style\\\" (1967), \\\"What's the Matter with Helen?\\\" (1971), \\\"Charlotte's Web\\\" (1973), \\\"Mother\\\" (1996)\",\n \"title\": \"Debbie Reynolds\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"721489\",\n \"text\": \"novel was No. 1 in the \\\"New York Times\\\" for 30 weeks, and became the top-selling novel of the year. The film adaptation, released in 1970, was the second-highest-grossing film of the year (second only to \\\"Love Story\\\") and received ten Academy Award nominations, including best picture. The success of the film, together with that of 1972's \\\"The Poseidon Adventure\\\", led to the proliferation of \\\"disaster films\\\" during the 1970s, which included three additional films in what became the \\\"Airport\\\" franchise. After the financial success of \\\"Airport\\\", on the advice of his tax attorney, Hailey moved as a tax exile\",\n \"title\": \"Arthur Hailey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4310765\",\n \"text\": \"1951, met with a lukewarm response at the box office and was a sharp critical disappointment in its initial release. \\\"Peter Pan\\\", released in 1953, was, on the other hand, a commercial success and the highest-grossing film of the year. In 1955, \\\"Lady and the Tramp\\\" was released to higher box office success than any other Disney feature from the studio since \\\"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\\\", earning an estimated $7.5 million in rentals at the North American box office in 1955. \\\"Lady\\\" is significant as Disney's first widescreen animated feature, produced in the CinemaScope process, and was the\",\n \"title\": \"Walt Disney Animation Studios\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"768771\",\n \"text\": \"film was \\\"The Graduate\\\" (1967), starring Dustin Hoffman, Anne Bancroft and Katharine Ross. It became the highest-grossing film of 1967 and one of the biggest grossing films in history up to that date. It was nominated for seven Academy Awards, including Best Picture, with Nichols winning as Best Director. In 2007, it was ranked #17 in \\\"AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition)\\\". However, getting the film made was difficult for Nichols, who, while noted for being a successful Broadway director, was still an unknown in Hollywood. Producer Lawrence Turman, who wanted only Nichols to direct it, was continually\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Nichols\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9142074\",\n \"text\": \"and John Wayne \\\"High Noon\\\" – Dimitri Tiomkin \\\"5 Fingers\\\" – Michael Wilson Millard Mitchell – \\\"My Six Convicts\\\" Katy Jurado – \\\"High Noon\\\" Walt Disney \\\"My Cousin Rachel\\\" – Richard Burton \\\"Moulin Rouge\\\" – Colette Marchand \\\"The Member of the Wedding\\\" – Brandon deWilde 10th Golden Globe Awards The 10th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film for 1952 films, were held on February 26, 1953, at the Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles) in Los Angeles. Gary Cooper – \\\"High Noon\\\" Donald O'Connor – \\\"Singin' in the Rain\\\" Shirley Booth – \\\"Come Back, Little Sheba\\\" Susan Hayward – \\\"With\",\n \"title\": \"10th Golden Globe Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"768756\",\n \"text\": \"film was \\\"The Graduate\\\" in 1967, starring then unknown actor Dustin Hoffman, alongside Anne Bancroft and Katharine Ross. The film was another critical and financial success, becoming the highest-grossing film of 1967 and receiving seven Academy Award nominations, winning Nichols the Academy Award for Best Director. Among the other films he directed were \\\"Catch-22\\\" (1970), \\\"Carnal Knowledge\\\" (1971), \\\"Silkwood\\\" (1983), \\\"Working Girl\\\" (1988), \\\"Wolf\\\" (1994), \\\"The Birdcage\\\" (1996), \\\"Closer\\\" (2004), and \\\"Charlie Wilson's War\\\" (2007). Along with an Academy Award, Nichols won a Grammy Award (the first for a comedian born outside the United States), four Emmy Awards and nine\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Nichols\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7733793\",\n \"text\": \"Male\\\" (1967) and \\\"Some Girls Do\\\" (1969). In between he directed Rod Taylor in a poorly-received thriller, \\\"Nobody Runs Forever\\\" (also known as \\\"The High Commissioner\\\", 1968). Thomas shot the last \\\"doctor\\\" film, \\\"Doctor in Trouble\\\" in 1970. It made money but Thomas and Box were getting sick of the series and sold the franchise to television. They had a big hit \\\"Percy\\\" (1971) which led to a sequel, \\\"Percy's Progress\\\" (1974). However, other films Thomas made around this time – \\\"Quest for Love\\\" (1971), an unusual sci-fi love story starring Joan Collins, and \\\"The Love Ban\\\" (1973) – were\",\n \"title\": \"Ralph Thomas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4844949\",\n \"text\": \"a Way to Go!\\\" premiered on May 12, 1964, and grossed $11,180,531 at the U.S. box office, earning $6.10 million in the U.S. It was the 11th highest-grossing film of 1964. \\\"What a Way to Go!\\\" was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Art Direction (Jack Martin Smith, Ted Haworth, Walter M. Scott, Stuart A. Reiss) and Best Costumes by Edith Head and Moss Mabry, a BAFTA Best Foreign Actress Award for Shirley MacLaine, a Laurel award for Best Comedy and Best Comedy performer for Paul Newman, and an American Cinema Editors Eddie award for best editor for Marjorie Fowler.\",\n \"title\": \"What a Way to Go! (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1490225\",\n \"text\": \"1963, UA released two Stanley Kramer films, \\\"It's A Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World\\\" and \\\"A Child Is Waiting\\\". In 1964, UA introduced U.S. film audiences to the Beatles by releasing \\\"A Hard Day's Night\\\" (1964) and \\\"Help!\\\" (1965). At the same time, it backed two expatriate North Americans in Britain, who had acquired screen rights to Ian Fleming's James Bond novels. For $1 million, UA backed Harry Saltzman and Albert Broccoli's \\\"Dr. No\\\" in 1963 and launched the James Bond franchise. The franchise outlived UA's time as a major studio, continuing half a century later. Other successful projects backed\",\n \"title\": \"United Artists\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"143705\",\n \"text\": \"Run\\\", between 1958 and 1979. Truffaut's 1973 film \\\"Day for Night\\\" earned him critical acclaim and several accolades, including the BAFTA Award for Best Film and the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. His other notable films include \\\"Shoot the Piano Player\\\" (1960), \\\"Jules et Jim\\\" (1961), \\\"The Wild Child\\\" (1970), \\\"Two English Girls\\\" (1971), and \\\"The Woman Next Door\\\" (1981). He passed away at the age of 52. Truffaut was born in Paris on 6 February 1932. His mother was Janine de Montferrand. His mother's future husband, Roland Truffaut, accepted him as an adopted son and gave him\",\n \"title\": \"François Truffaut\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4128593\",\n \"text\": \"Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier\\\", \\\"Johnny Tremain\\\", \\\"Old Yeller\\\", \\\"Light in the Forest\\\", \\\"Tonka\\\", and \\\"Darby O'Gill and the Little People\\\". The studio produced its first live-action contemporary comedy \\\"The Shaggy Dog\\\" in 1959 with Disney teen stars Annette Funicello and Tommy Kirk. Established stars appeared in films that have come to be regarded as classics such as \\\"Sunset Boulevard\\\" (Gloria Swanson), and (William Holden), \\\"All About Eve\\\" (Bette Davis), \\\"Vertigo\\\" (James Stewart) and (Kim Novak), \\\"Some Like It Hot\\\" (Marilyn Monroe, Tony Curtis, and Jack Lemmon), \\\"High Noon\\\" (Gary Cooper and Grace Kelly), \\\"The Searchers\\\" (John Wayne), \\\"North\",\n \"title\": \"United States in the 1950s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2308894\",\n \"text\": \"was \\\"Oh! Those Most Secret Agents!\\\" in 1965. Only four of his other 1960s films were released in the U.S.: \\\"Massacre Time\\\" (as \\\"The Brute and the Beast\\\" in 1968), \\\"The Man Who Killed Billy the Kid\\\" (as \\\"I'll Kill Him and Return Alone\\\" in 1968), \\\"Una sull'altra\\\" (as \\\"One on Top of the Other\\\" in 1973) and \\\"Beatrice Cenci\\\" (as \\\"Conspiracy of Torture\\\", in 1976). In 1969, he moved into directing giallo thrillers such as \\\"A Lizard in a Woman's Skin\\\" and \\\"Sette note in nero\\\" (\\\"The Psychic\\\"), and Spaghetti Westerns such as \\\"Silver Saddle\\\" and \\\"Four of the\",\n \"title\": \"Lucio Fulci\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7108104\",\n \"text\": \"with $39.3 million in the domestic box office receipts. The film was followed by \\\"Hannah and Her Sisters\\\" ($35.4 million), \\\"Children of a Lesser God\\\" ($22.1 million), \\\"A Room with a View\\\" ($11.5 million), and \\\"The Mission\\\" ($11.1 million). Of the 50 grossing movies of the year, 55 nominations went to 18 films on the list. Only \\\"Crocodile Dundee\\\" (2nd), \\\"Aliens\\\" (6th), \\\"The Color of Money\\\" (11th), \\\"Stand By Me\\\" (12th), \\\"Peggy Sue Got Married\\\" (18th), \\\"Platoon\\\" (23rd), \\\"Hannah and Her Sisters\\\" (29th), \\\"The Morning After\\\" (38th), \\\"The Color of Money\\\" (40th), and \\\"Crimes of the Heart\\\" (43rd) were nominated\",\n \"title\": \"59th Academy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4245328\",\n \"text\": \"movies that appeared as the '60s ended, along with \\\"Yellow Submarine\\\", \\\"The Trip\\\", \\\"Psych-Out\\\", and \\\"Head\\\". The film opened to mixed box office, but later became a cult classic from the psychedelic years of film. It was the 18th highest grossing film of 1968. According to \\\"Variety\\\" the film earned North American rentals of $7.3 million, but because of costs (including over $1 million paid out in participation fees), recorded an overall loss of $25,000. It was the 12th most popular movie at the UK box office in 1969. Reviews were generally positive with a few misgivings. In a review\",\n \"title\": \"Candy (1968 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4524109\",\n \"text\": \"which were at #1, and became the biggest-selling novel of 1968. George Seaton wrote and directed the film adaptation, which was released by Universal in 1970. Starring Burt Lancaster, Dean Martin, Jean Seberg, Jacqueline Bisset, and George Kennedy, the film was nominated for ten Academy Awards, including Best Picture. It earned $100.5 million at the domestic box office (the equivalent of $571.9 in 2017). Its success, combined with that of 1972's \\\"The Poseidon Adventure\\\", led to the proliferation of \\\"disaster movies\\\" of the 1970s. \\\"Airport\\\" itself spawned three sequels, each progressively less successful: \\\"Airport 1975\\\" (1974; $47.3 million domestic), \\\"Airport\",\n \"title\": \"Airport (novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3009640\",\n \"text\": \"off the three thugs while the two begin to fall in love. The film was released in December 1963, only two weeks after the assassination of US President John F. Kennedy, and the word \\\"assassinate\\\" had to be redubbed twice. It was Donen's most financially successful film and influenced a number of romantic comedy-thrillers released in the years following it. Film critic Judith Crist called it a \\\"stylish and amusing melodrama\\\", and Pauline Kael said it had \\\"a freshness and spirit that makes [it] unlike the films of any other country\\\" and was \\\"probably the best American film of [1963]\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Stanley Donen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3553800\",\n \"text\": \"the film is widely credited as one of the first major movies to employ a female trailer voice. In its opening weekend, \\\"Gone in 60 Seconds\\\" grossed $25,336,048 from 3,006 US theaters, leading all films that weekend. By the end of the film's theatrical run, it had grossed $101,648,571 domestically and $135,553,728 internationally, comprising a total gross revenue for the film of $237,202,299 worldwide. A soundtrack containing a blend of rock, electronic, and hip hop music was released on June 6, 2000 by the Island Def Jam Music Group. It peaked at #69 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" 200. The film garnered\",\n \"title\": \"Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7498525\",\n \"text\": \"Brittany Snow and Drake Bell. West Side Story (film) West Side Story is a 1961 American romantic musical tragedy film directed by Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins. The film is an adaptation of the 1957 Broadway musical of the same name, which in turn was inspired by William Shakespeare's play \\\"Romeo and Juliet\\\". It stars Natalie Wood, Richard Beymer, Russ Tamblyn, Rita Moreno, and George Chakiris, and was photographed by Daniel L. Fapp, A.S.C., in Super Panavision 70. Released on October 18, 1961, through United Artists, the film received high praise from critics and viewers, and became the second highest\",\n \"title\": \"West Side Story (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1582773\",\n \"text\": \"nominations for Best Actress, as well as a Golden Globe award for Most Promising Newcomer that year. Her other early film roles included George Stevens' \\\"Giant\\\" (1956), playing the love interest of James Dean, and in the romantic comedy \\\"But Not for Me\\\" (1959). In 1961, Baker appeared in the controversial independent film \\\"Something Wild\\\", directed by her then-husband Jack Garfein, playing a traumatized rape victim. She went on to star in several critically acclaimed Westerns throughout the 1960s, such as \\\"The Big Country\\\" (1958), \\\"How the West Was Won\\\" (1962), and \\\"Cheyenne Autumn\\\" (1964). In the mid-1960s, as a\",\n \"title\": \"Carroll Baker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3747115\",\n \"text\": \"a 57% \\\"rotten\\\" rating at website Rotten Tomatoes based on 21 reviews. The film opened on April 10, 1987, and debuted at number one at the box office, taking $7.8 million in its opening weekend. It stayed at No. 1 for 5 weeks, and was in the top ten films for 2 months. It grossed $66,995,000 in the US, becoming the 7th highest-grossing film in the United States for the year 1987, and outgrossing such films as \\\"RoboCop\\\", \\\"Predator\\\", \\\"Lethal Weapon\\\" and \\\"Dirty Dancing\\\". The film went on to gross an additional $44,001,000 worldwide, giving it a total of $110,996,879.\",\n \"title\": \"The Secret of My Success (1987 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"767333\",\n \"text\": \"realized that goal by leasing RKO Culver City Studios & back lot, formed Selznick International Pictures, and distributed his films through United Artists. His successes continued with classics such as \\\"The Garden of Allah\\\" (1936), \\\"The Prisoner of Zenda\\\" (1937), \\\"A Star Is Born\\\" (1937), \\\"Nothing Sacred\\\" (1937), \\\"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\\\" (1938), \\\"The Young in Heart\\\" (1938), \\\"Made for Each Other\\\" (1939), \\\"Intermezzo\\\" (1939) and \\\"Gone with the Wind\\\" (1939), which remains the highest-grossing film of all time (adjusted for inflation). \\\"Gone with the Wind\\\" won eight Oscars and two special awards. Selznick also won the Irving G.\",\n \"title\": \"David O. Selznick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4553649\",\n \"text\": \"Vista\\\" came from the street in Burbank, California, where the Disney Studios was located (and remains to this day). Buena Vista's first release was the Academy Award–winning live-action feature \\\"The Living Desert\\\" on November 10, 1953, along with \\\"Toot, Whistle, Plunk and Boom\\\", Buena Vista's first animated release. Notable subsequent releases include the foreign film, \\\"Princess Yang Kwei-Fei\\\" (\\\"Most Noble Lady\\\"), released in US theaters in September 1956, \\\"The Missouri Traveler\\\" in March 1958, and \\\"The Big Fisherman\\\" in July 1959 (the first third-party production financed by Disney). By July 5, 1957, RKO Japan, Ltd. was sold to Disney Productions\",\n \"title\": \"Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12366726\",\n \"text\": \"1963. The UK premiere was on December 2, 1963 at the Coliseum Cinerama Theatre in London's West End. Distinguished by the largest number of stars to appear in a film comedy, \\\"Mad World\\\" opened to acclaim from many critics and tremendous box office receipts, becoming the 3rd highest-grossing film of 1963, quickly establishing itself as one of the top 100 highest-grossing films of all time when adjusted for inflation, earning an estimated theatrical rental figure of $26 million. It grossed $46,332,858 domestically and $60,000,000 worldwide, on a budget of $9.4 million. However, because costs were so high it only earned\",\n \"title\": \"It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5698801\",\n \"text\": \"of the 1970s television series \\\"The Brady Bunch\\\". \\\"The Brady Bunch Movie\\\" was a box office hit with domestic ticket sales of $46,576,136, nearly quadrupling its $12,000,000 budget and making it at the time one of the highest-grossing films directed by a woman. She followed \\\"The Brady Bunch Movie\\\" with other successes, including \\\"Private Parts\\\" (1997), \\\"Dr. Dolittle\\\" (1998), \\\"28 Days\\\" (2000), and \\\"John Tucker Must Die\\\" (2006). 2009's \\\"\\\" became the first female-directed picture to gross more than $200 million and made her the most successful woman director to that time at the box office. In 2012, Thomas directed\",\n \"title\": \"Betty Thomas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1343732\",\n \"text\": \"Gershom Mendes Seixas in \\\"The Rebel\\\", and as the Rev. Alfred W. Price in \\\"God's Healing\\\". In the 1960s, Price achieved a number of low-budget filmmaking successes with Roger Corman and American International Pictures (AIP) starting with the \\\"House of Usher\\\" (1960), which earned over $2 million at the box office in the United States and led to the subsequent Edgar Allan Poe adaptations of \\\"The Pit and the Pendulum\\\" (1961), \\\"Tales of Terror\\\" (1962), \\\"The Comedy of Terrors\\\" (1963), \\\"The Raven\\\" (1963), \\\"The Masque of the Red Death\\\" (1964), and \\\"The Tomb of Ligeia\\\" (1964). He starred in \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"Vincent Price\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"469344\",\n \"text\": \"Satyricon\\\"; \\\"Accattone\\\"; \\\"The Gospel According to St. Matthew\\\"; \\\"Theorem\\\"; \\\"Winter Light\\\"; \\\"The Silence\\\"; \\\"Persona\\\"; \\\"Shame\\\"; \\\"A Passion\\\"; \\\"Au Hasard Balthazar\\\"; \\\"Mouchette\\\"; \\\"Last Year at Marienbad\\\"; \\\"Chronique d'un été\\\"; \\\"Titicut Follies\\\"; \\\"High School\\\"; \\\"Salesman\\\"; \\\"La jetée\\\"; \\\"Warrendale;\\\" \\\"Knife in the Water\\\"; \\\"Repulsion\\\"; \\\"The Saragossa Manuscript\\\"; \\\"El Topo\\\"; \\\"A Hard Day's Night\\\"; and the cinema verite \\\"Dont Look Back\\\". In Japan, a film version of the story of the forty-seven ronin entitled \\\"\\\" directed by Hiroshi Inagaki was released in 1962, the legendary story was also remade as a television series in Japan. Academy Award-winning Japanese director Akira Kurosawa produced \\\"Yojimbo\\\" (1961),\",\n \"title\": \"1960s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8391391\",\n \"text\": \"33rd Academy Awards The 33rd Academy Awards, honoring the best in film for 1960, were held on April 17, 1961, at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Santa Monica, California. They were hosted by Bob Hope. This was the first ceremony to be aired on ABC television, which has aired the Academy Awards ever since (save for the period between 1971 and 1975, when they were aired on NBC for the first time since the previous year.) \\\"The Apartment\\\" was the last black-and-white film to win Best Picture until \\\"Schindler's List\\\" (1993). Gary Cooper was selected by the Academy Board\",\n \"title\": \"33rd Academy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"694734\",\n \"text\": \"policy began in 1959, when \\\"Ben–Hur\\\" was profitable enough to carry the studio through 1960. However, four succeeding big-budget epics — like \\\"Ben–Hur\\\", each a remake — failed: \\\"Cimarron\\\" (1960), \\\"King of Kings\\\" (1961), \\\"Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse\\\" (1961), and, most notoriously, the 1962 \\\"Mutiny on the Bounty\\\". The 1962 Cinerama film \\\"The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm\\\", the first film in Cinerama to actually tell a story, was also a flop. But one other epic that was a success, however, was the MGM-Cinerama co-production \\\"How the West Was Won\\\", with a huge all-star cast. \\\"King of Kings\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2475913\",\n \"text\": \"and most studios release blockbusters that both over- and underperform in a year. Classic blockbusters from this period include \\\"Raiders of the Lost Ark\\\", \\\"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\\\", \\\"Blade Runner\\\", \\\"Scarface\\\", \\\"Risky Business\\\", \\\"Ghostbusters\\\", \\\"The Terminator\\\", \\\"The Goonies\\\", \\\"Back to the Future\\\", \\\"The Breakfast Club\\\", \\\"Beverly Hills Cop\\\", \\\"Top Gun\\\", \\\"Aliens\\\", \\\"Lethal Weapon\\\", \\\"Fatal Attraction\\\", \\\"Broadcast News\\\", \\\"Wall Street\\\", \\\"The Princess Bride\\\", \\\"Dirty Dancing\\\", \\\"Who Framed Roger Rabbit\\\", \\\"The Naked Gun\\\", \\\"Rain Man\\\", \\\"Die Hard\\\", \\\"Batman\\\", \\\"Driving Miss Daisy\\\", \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", \\\"Dances with Wolves\\\", \\\"Goodfellas\\\", \\\"Home Alone\\\", \\\"Pretty Woman\\\", \\\"Ghost\\\", \\\"Total Recall\\\", \\\"Thelma & Louise\\\", \\\"The Silence of the Lambs\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Cinema of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5650478\",\n \"text\": \"nominees at the US box office was $221 million with an average of $48.9 million. \\\"Fatal Attraction\\\" was the highest earner among the Best Picture nominees with $142 million in the domestic box office receipts. The film was followed by \\\"Broadcast News\\\" ($36.7 million), \\\"Moonstruck\\\" ($25.4 million), \\\"The Last Emperor\\\" ($11.9 million), and \\\"Hope and Glory\\\" ($5.2 million). Of the 50 highest-grossing movies of the year, 39 nominations went to 17 films on the list. Only \\\"Fatal Attraction\\\" (2nd), \\\"The Untouchables\\\" (4th), \\\"Good Morning Vietnam\\\" (10th), \\\"Throw Momma from the Train\\\" (14th), \\\"Full Metal Jacket\\\" (21st), \\\"Broadcast News\\\" (26th), \\\"Wall\",\n \"title\": \"60th Academy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4715005\",\n \"text\": \"then worked his way into directing large scale musicals such as \\\"The Harvey Girls\\\" (1946), \\\"The Three Musketeers\\\" (1948), \\\"Annie Get Your Gun\\\" (1950), and \\\"Kiss Me Kate\\\" (1953). Sidney left MGM to make \\\"The Eddy Duchin Story\\\" (1956) at Columbia Pictures where he made his base for the next decade for such films as \\\"Jeanne Eagels\\\" (1957), \\\"Pal Joey\\\" (1957), \\\"Who Was That Lady?\\\" (1960), \\\"Pepe\\\" (1960), and \\\"Bye Bye Birdie\\\" (1963). He would return to MGM to film \\\"A Ticklish Affair\\\" (1963) and Elvis Presley's \\\"Viva Las Vegas\\\" (1964). His last film was \\\"Half a Sixpence\\\" (1967). Sidney\",\n \"title\": \"George Sidney\"\n }\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"which film was the biggest box office hit of the 1960s"}}},{"rowIdx":8398,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["probable cause"],"string":"[\n \"probable cause\"\n]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"428406","text":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Fourth Amendment (Amendment IV) to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights. It prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures. In addition, it sets requirements for issuing warrants: warrants must be issued by a judge or magistrate, justified by probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and must particularly describe the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized. Fourth Amendment case law deals with three main issues: what government activities are \"searches\" and \"seizures,\" what constitutes probable cause to conduct searches and seizures, and how","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428407","text":"violations of Fourth Amendment rights should be addressed. Early court decisions limited the amendment's scope to physical intrusion of property or persons, but with \"Katz v. United States\" (1967), the Supreme Court held that its protections extend to intrusions on the privacy of individuals as well as to physical locations. A warrant is needed for most search and seizure activities, but the Court has carved out a series of exceptions for consent searches, motor vehicle searches, evidence in plain view, exigent circumstances, border searches, and other situations. The exclusionary rule is one way the amendment is enforced. Established in \"Weeks","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428427","text":"under the Fourth Amendment is that arrests and \"searches conducted outside the judicial process, without prior approval by judge or magistrate, are \"per se\" unreasonable\". In order for such a warrant to be considered reasonable, it must be supported by probable cause and be limited in scope according to specific information supplied by a person (usually a law enforcement officer) who has sworn by it and is therefore accountable to the issuing court. The Supreme Court further held in \"Chandler v. Miller\" (1997): \"To be reasonable under the Fourth Amendment, a search ordinarily must be based on individualized suspicion of","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428425","text":"privacy, dignity and security of persons against certain arbitrary and invasive acts by officers of the Government, without regard to whether the government actor is investigating crime or performing another function\". In \"Mapp v. Ohio\" (1961), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Fourth Amendment applies to the states by way of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Fourth Amendment case law deals with three central issues: what government activities constitute \"search\" and \"seizure\"; what constitutes probable cause for these actions; how violations of Fourth Amendment rights should be addressed. The Fourth Amendment typically requires \"a neutral and","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428426","text":"detached authority interposed between the police and the public\", and it is offended by \"general warrants\" and laws that allows searches to be conducted \"indiscriminately and without regard to their connection with [a] crime under investigation\", for the \"basic purpose of the Fourth Amendment, which is enforceable against the States through the Fourteenth, through its prohibition of 'unreasonable' searches and seizures is to safeguard the privacy and security of individuals against arbitrary invasions by governmental officials.\" The Fourth Amendment has been held to mean that a search or an arrest generally requires a judicially sanctioned warrant, because the basic rule","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428476","text":"January 2, 2014, that it will appeal the ruling that NSA bulk phone record collection is legal. \"The government has a legitimate interest in tracking the associations of suspected terrorists, but tracking those associations does not require the government to subject every citizen to permanent surveillance,\" deputy ACLU legal director Jameel Jaffer said in a statement. Citations Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Fourth Amendment (Amendment IV) to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights. It prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures. In addition, it sets requirements for issuing warrants: warrants must be issued by","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"10987877","text":"Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Fifth Amendment (Amendment V) to the United States Constitution addresses criminal procedure and other aspects of the Constitution. It was ratified in 1791 as part of the Bill of Rights. The Fifth Amendment originally applied only to the federal government, but the Supreme Court has applied most of the protections of this amendment to the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. One provision of the Fifth Amendment requires that felonies be tried only upon indictment by a grand jury. Another provision, the Double Jeopardy Clause, provides the right","title":"Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428444","text":"law, or otherwise qualified magistrate, to lawfully search and seize evidence while investigating criminal activity. A court grants permission by issuing a writ known as a warrant. A search or seizure is generally unreasonable and unconstitutional if conducted without a valid warrant and the police must obtain a warrant whenever practicable. Searches and seizures without a warrant are not considered unreasonable if one of the specifically established and well-delineated exceptions to the warrant requirement applies. These exceptions apply \"[o]nly in those exceptional circumstances in which special needs, beyond the normal need for law enforcement, make the warrant and probable cause","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"4286169","text":"of privacy by individuals can only be remedied under previous court decisions. The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States ensures that \"the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized\". The First Amendment protects the right to free assembly, broadening privacy rights. Some believe that the Ninth Amendment declares that the fact","title":"Privacy laws of the United States"},{"id":"428764","text":"believed that it would ensure that the states would be required to recognize the same individual rights as the federal government; all of these rights were likely understood as falling within the \"privileges or immunities\" safeguarded by the amendment. By the latter half of the 20th century, nearly all of the rights in the Bill of Rights had been applied to the states. The Supreme Court has held that the amendment's Due Process Clause incorporates all of the substantive protections of the First, Second, Fourth, Fifth (except for its Grand Jury Clause) and Sixth Amendments and the Cruel and Unusual","title":"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428755","text":"of the Fourteenth Amendment applies only against the states, but it is otherwise textually identical to the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment, which applies against the federal government; both clauses have been interpreted to encompass identical doctrines of procedural due process and substantive due process. Procedural due process is the guarantee of a fair legal process when the government tries to interfere with a person's protected interests in life, liberty, or property, and substantive due process is the guarantee that the fundamental rights of citizens will not be encroached on by government. The Due Process Clause of the","title":"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428420","text":"on the authority of the new federal government to conduct searches. In the 1st United States Congress, following the state legislatures' request, James Madison proposed twenty constitutional amendments based on state bills of rights and English sources such as the Bill of Rights 1689, including an amendment requiring probable cause for government searches. Congress reduced Madison's proposed twenty amendments to twelve, with modifications to Madison's language about searches and seizures. The final language was submitted to the states for ratification on September 25, 1789. By the time the Bill of Rights was submitted to the states for ratification, opinions had","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428409","text":"Madison, along with the other amendments in the Bill of Rights, in response to Anti-Federalist objections to the new Constitution. Congress submitted the amendment to the states on September 28, 1789. By December 15, 1791, the necessary three-fourths of the states had ratified it. On March 1, 1792, Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson announced that it was officially part of the Constitution. Because the Bill of Rights did not initially apply to state or local governments, and federal criminal investigations were less common in the first century of the nation's history, there is little significant case law for the Fourth","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428727","text":"the states, as well as to recognize substantive and procedural requirements that state laws must satisfy. The Equal Protection Clause requires each state to provide equal protection under the law to all people, including all non-citizens, within its jurisdiction. This clause has been the basis for many decisions rejecting irrational or unnecessary discrimination against people belonging to various groups. The second, third, and fourth sections of the amendment are seldom litigated. However, the second section's reference to \"rebellion, or other crime\" has been invoked as a constitutional ground for felony disenfranchisement. The fourth section was held, in \"Perry v. United","title":"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428417","text":"officer of the customs\" and barring all other writs. The governor overturned the legislation, finding it contrary to English law and parliamentary sovereignty. Seeing the danger general warrants presented, the Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776) explicitly forbade the use of general warrants. This prohibition became a precedent for the Fourth Amendment: Article XIV of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights, written by John Adams and enacted in 1780 as part of the Massachusetts Constitution, added the requirement that all searches must be \"reasonable,\" and served as another basis for the language of the Fourth Amendment: By 1784, eight state constitutions contained","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428464","text":"search exception. Most border searches may be conducted entirely at random, without any level of suspicion, pursuant to U.S. Customs and Border Protection plenary search authority. However, searches that intrude upon a traveler's personal dignity and privacy interests, such as strip and body cavity searches, must be supported by \"reasonable suspicion.\" The U.S. Courts of Appeals for the Fourth and Ninth circuits have ruled that information on a traveler's electronic materials, including personal files on a laptop computer, may be searched at random, without suspicion. The Supreme Court decision in \"United States v. U.S. District Court\" (1972) left open the","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"8218245","text":"their delegations to Congress. The Fourteenth Amendment, particularly its first section, is one of the most litigated parts of the Constitution, forming the basis for landmark decisions such as \"Roe v. Wade\" (1973), regarding abortion, and \"Bush v. Gore\" (2000), regarding the 2000 presidential election. The second, third, and fourth sections of the amendment are seldom, if ever, litigated. The fifth section gives Congress enforcement power. The amendment's first section includes several clauses: the Citizenship Clause, Privileges or Immunities Clause, Due Process Clause, and Equal Protection Clause. The Citizenship Clause provides a broad definition of citizenship, overruling the Supreme Court's","title":"Reconstruction Amendments"},{"id":"9592041","text":"and social discourse, the Second Amendment has been at the heart of several Supreme Court decisions. The Third Amendment restricts the quartering of soldiers in private homes, in response to Quartering Acts passed by the British parliament during the Revolutionary War. The amendment is one of the least controversial of the Constitution, and, , has never been the primary basis of a Supreme Court decision. The Fourth Amendment guards against unreasonable searches and seizures, along with requiring any warrant to be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause. It was adopted as a response to the abuse of the writ","title":"United States Bill of Rights"},{"id":"15323676","text":"the 4th Amendment, like the reasonableness and warrant requirements, would sufficiently safeguard the right to privacy. The abandonment of the mere evidence rule has been criticized. Professor Russell W. Galloway argued that the rule was a rational limitation on searches, and that its rejection paved the way for more intrusive paper searches and less protection for third parties. Mere evidence rule In the law of the United States, the mere evidence rule was a historical doctrine that defined the scope of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The mere evidence rule was drawn from the opinion of the","title":"Mere evidence rule"},{"id":"428432","text":"Fourth Amendment, and thus necessitated a warrant. The Court said that it was not recognizing any general right to privacy in the Fourth Amendment, and that this wiretap could have been authorized if proper procedures had been followed. This decision in \"Katz\" was later developed into the now commonly used two-prong test, adopted in \"Smith v. Maryland\" (1979), for determining whether a search has occurred for purposes of the Fourth Amendment: The Supreme Court has held that the Fourth Amendment does not apply to information that is voluntarily shared with third parties. In \"Smith\", the Court held individuals have no","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428445","text":"requirement impracticable\". In these situations where the warrant requirement doesn't apply a search or seizure nonetheless must be justified by some individualized suspicion of wrongdoing. However, the U.S. Supreme Court carved out an exception to the requirement of individualized suspicion. It ruled that, \"In limited circumstances, where the privacy interests implicated by the search are minimal and where an important governmental interest furthered by the intrusion would be placed in jeopardy by a requirement of individualized suspicion\" a search [or seizure] would still be reasonable. The standards of probable cause differ for an arrest and a search. The government has","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"2919500","text":"Constitution states that: The text of the amendment is brief, and most of the law determining what constitutes an unlawful search and seizure is found in court rulings. The brief definitions of the terms \"search\" and \"seizure\" was concisely summarized in \"United States v. Jacobsen\", which said that the Fourth Amendment: The general rule under the United States Constitution is that a valid warrant is required for a search. There are, however, several exceptions to this rule, based on the language of the fourth amendment that the people are to be \"secure ... against unreasonable searches and seizures\". For instance,","title":"Search and seizure"},{"id":"428408","text":"v. United States\" (1914), this rule holds that evidence obtained as a result of a Fourth Amendment violation is generally inadmissible at criminal trials. Evidence discovered as a later result of an illegal search may also be inadmissible as \"fruit of the poisonous tree\", unless it inevitably would have been discovered by legal means. The Fourth Amendment was adopted in response to the abuse of the writ of assistance, a type of general search warrant issued by the British government, and a major source of tension in pre-Revolutionary America. The Fourth Amendment was introduced in Congress in 1789 by James","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"10987879","text":"under police custody. The Fifth Amendment also contains the Takings Clause, which allows the federal government to take private property for public use if the government provides \"just compensation.\" Like the Fourteenth Amendment, the Fifth Amendment includes a due process clause stating that no person shall \"be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.\" The Fifth Amendment's due process clause applies to the federal government, while the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause applies to state governments. The Supreme Court has interpreted the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause as providing two main protections: procedural due process, which","title":"Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"17785057","text":"2017 but was then continued until January 19, 2018 where the vote ruled in favor of the extension by 256-164. President Donald Trump signed to enact S. 139 which became Public Law No: 115-118 that same day. On November 29, 2017 H.R. 4478 FISA Reauthorization Act of 2017, was introduced, sponsored by Republican Devin Nunes to extend Section 702. Representatives Justin Amish and Zoe Lofgren offered the USA Rights Act, pertaining a more balanced scale between security and liberty as this bill protects the 4th amendment along with eliminating the warrantless backdoor searches, that would then require government officials to","title":"Fourth Amendment Protection Act"},{"id":"428424","text":"the federal government, and went through a long initial phase of \"judicial dormancy\"; in the words of historian Gordon S. Wood, \"After ratification, most Americans promptly forgot about the first ten amendments to the Constitution.\" Federal jurisdiction regarding criminal law was narrow until the late 19th century when the Interstate Commerce Act and Sherman Antitrust Act were passed. As federal criminal jurisdiction expanded to include other areas such as narcotics, more questions about the Fourth Amendment came to the Supreme Court. The U.S. Supreme Court responded to these questions by outlining the fundamental purpose of the amendment as guaranteeing \"the","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428466","text":"believed to be located outside the United States.\" Despite the foregoing citation the Fourth Amendment prohibitions against unreasonable searches and seizures nonetheless apply to the contents of all communications, whatever the means, because, \"a person's private communications are akin to personal papers.\" To protect the telecommunication carriers cooperating with the US government from legal action, the Congress passed a bill updating the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 to permit this type of surveillance. In \"New Jersey v. T. L. O.\" (1985), the Supreme Court ruled that searches in public schools do not require warrants, as long as the searching","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"9540188","text":"Fourth Amendment right against unreasonable searches. The U.S. Supreme Court, in a 6-3 ruling, held that the search was reasonable under the Fourth Amendment. The Fourth Amendment only protects against unreasonable searches and seizures. Although a search is presumptively reasonable if carried out pursuant to a warrant issued upon a showing of probable cause, the Fourth Amendment does not require a showing of probable cause in all cases. When \"special needs\" outside of ordinary law enforcement needs make obtaining a warrant impractical, the Fourth Amendment allows officials to dispense with the formality of obtaining a warrant. Such \"special needs\" adhere","title":"Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton"},{"id":"3067063","text":"Due Process Clause The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution each contain a due process clause. Due process deals with the administration of justice and thus the due process clause acts as a safeguard from arbitrary denial of life, liberty, or property by the government outside the sanction of law. The Supreme Court of the United States interprets the clauses more broadly, concluding that these clauses provide four protections: procedural due process (in civil and criminal proceedings), substantive due process, a prohibition against vague laws, and as the vehicle for the incorporation of the Bill of Rights.","title":"Due Process Clause"},{"id":"18738076","text":"noted, the Amendment consists of two independent clauses joined by the conjunction \"and.\" See, e.g., Go-Bart Co. v. United States, 282 U. S. 344, 282 U. S. 356-357 (1931). The first clause forbids \"unreasonable searches and seizures\" of \"persons, houses, papers, and effects. . . .\" The second clause describes the circumstances under which a search warrant or arrest warrant may issue, requiring specification of the place to be searched as well as the persons or things to be seized. Much of the modern debate over the meaning of the Fourth Amendment has focused on the relationship between the reasonableness","title":"Ybarra v. Illinois"},{"id":"428452","text":"search\", proclaimed the Court, \"even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable.\" Similarly, \"open fields\" such as pastures, open water, and woods may be searched without a warrant, on the ground that conduct occurring therein would have no reasonable expectation of privacy. The doctrine was first articulated by the Court in \"Hester v. United States\" (1924), which stated that \"the special protection accorded by the Fourth Amendment to the people in their 'persons, houses, papers, and effects,' is not extended to the open fields.\" In \"Oliver v. United States\" (1984), the police ignored a \"no","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"10987880","text":"requires government officials to follow fair procedures before depriving a person of life, liberty, or property, and substantive due process, which protects certain fundamental rights from government interference. The Supreme Court has also held that the Due Process Clause contains a prohibition against vague laws and an implied equal protection requirement similar to the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause. The amendment as proposed by Congress in 1789 reads as follows: On June 8, 1789, Congressman James Madison introduced several proposed constitutional amendments during a speech to the House of Representatives. His draft language that later became the Fifth Amendment was","title":"Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"16172627","text":"appeal. All of the foregoing constitutional provisions apply exclusively to criminal matters. In contrast, the due process and equal protection clauses have substantial application outside of the criminal law. U.S. Const. amend. V provides: U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1 provides: The due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments apply generally to all stages of criminal proceedings. The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment was the vehicle for the incorporation of all of the foregoing rights (with the exception of the Grand Jury Clause, the Vicinage Clause, and maybe the Excessive Bail Clause) to apply in state","title":"United States constitutional criminal procedure"},{"id":"428437","text":"reasonable suspicion to believe that the person was driving a stolen car, cannot, after confirming that it is not stolen, compel the person to answer questions about anything else, such as the possession of contraband). The Fourth Amendment proscribes unreasonable seizure of any person, person's home (including its curtilage) or personal property without a warrant. A seizure of property occurs when there is \"some meaningful interference with an individual's possessory interests in that property\", such as when police officers take personal property away from an owner to use as evidence, or when they participate in an eviction. The amendment also","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428438","text":"protects against unreasonable seizure of persons, including a brief detention. A seizure does not occur just because the government questions an individual in a public place. The exclusionary rule would not bar voluntary answers to such questions from being offered into evidence in a subsequent criminal prosecution. The person is not being seized if his freedom of movement is not restrained. The government may not detain an individual even momentarily without reasonable, objective grounds, with few exceptions. His refusal to listen or answer does not by itself furnish such grounds. In \"United States v. Mendenhall\" (1980), the Court held that","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"7803447","text":"Warrantless searches in the United States Warrantless searches are searches and seizures conducted without search warrants. In the United States, warrantless searches are restricted under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, part of the Bill of Rights, which provides that, \"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.\" In the Thirteen Colonies,","title":"Warrantless searches in the United States"},{"id":"428430","text":"\"Silverman v. United States\" (1961), the Court stated of the amendment that \"at the very core stands the right of a man to retreat into his own home and there be free from unreasonable governmental intrusion\". Fourth Amendment protections expanded significantly with \"Katz v. United States\" (1967). In \"Katz\", the Supreme Court expanded that focus to embrace an individual's right to privacy, and ruled that a search had occurred when the government wiretapped a telephone booth using a microphone attached to the outside of the glass. While there was no physical intrusion into the booth, the Court reasoned that: 1)","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428462","text":"not germane to the reasonableness of a search incident to an arrest. \"Rabinowitz\" suggested that any area within the \"immediate control\" of the arrestee could be searched, but it did not define the term. In deciding \"Chimel v. California\" (1969), the Supreme Court elucidated its previous decisions. It held that when an arrest is made, it is reasonable for the officer to search the arrestee for weapons and evidence. However, in \"Riley v. California\" (2014), the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that police must obtain a warrant to search an arrestee's cellular phone. The Court said that earlier Supreme Court decisions","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428423","text":"later ratify the Bill of Rights for sesquicentennial celebrations in 1939.) In February through June 1790, New York, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island each ratified eleven of the amendments, including the Fourth. Virginia initially postponed its debate, but after Vermont was admitted to the Union in 1791, the total number of states needed for ratification rose to eleven. Vermont ratified on November 3, 1791, approving all twelve amendments, and Virginia finally followed on December 15, 1791. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson announced the adoption of the ten successfully ratified amendments on March 1, 1792. The Bill of Rights originally only restricted","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428724","text":"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Fourteenth Amendment (Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868, as one of the Reconstruction Amendments. Arguably one of the most consequential amendments to this day, the amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War. The amendment was bitterly contested, particularly by the states of the defeated Confederacy, which were forced to ratify it in order to regain representation in Congress. The amendment, particularly its first section, is one","title":"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428414","text":"the general warrant. During what scholar William Cuddihy called the \"colonial epidemic of general searches\", the authorities possessed almost unlimited power to search for anything at any time, with very little oversight. In 1756, the colony of Massachusetts barred the use of general warrants. This represented the first law in American history curtailing the use of seizure power. Its creation largely stemmed from the great public outcry over the Excise Act of 1754, which gave tax collectors unlimited powers to interrogate colonists concerning their use of goods subject to customs. The act also permitted the use of a general warrant","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"18976437","text":"the Court's ruling for encouraging citizens \"to stand up for their rights\", others have criticized it for failing to reflect the realities of \"real-life confrontations occurring on the street\" between citizens and law enforcement. The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution applies to both arrests and temporary detentions of criminal suspects, both of which have been defined by the Supreme Court of the United States as \"seizures\" of a person. Before conducting an arrest, an officer must demonstrate probable cause that a suspect has engaged in criminal activity. However, police officers may also conduct temporary detentions when officers have","title":"United States v. Drayton"},{"id":"428759","text":"the Due Process Clause is also the foundation of a constitutional right to privacy. The Court first ruled that privacy was protected by the Constitution in \"Griswold v. Connecticut\" (1965), which overturned a Connecticut law criminalizing birth control. While Justice William O. Douglas wrote for the majority that the right to privacy was found in the \"penumbras\" of various provisions in the Bill of Rights, Justices Arthur Goldberg and John Marshall Harlan II wrote in concurring opinions that the \"liberty\" protected by the Due Process Clause included individual privacy. The right to privacy was the basis for \"Roe v. Wade\"","title":"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"502348","text":"However, neither concept lines up perfectly with the American conception of due process, which presently contains many implied rights not found in the ancient or modern concepts of due process in England. The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution each contain a Due Process Clause. Due process deals with the administration of justice and thus the Due Process Clause acts as a safeguard from arbitrary denial of life, liberty, or property by the government outside the sanction of law. The Supreme Court of the United States interprets the clauses as providing four protections: procedural due process (in","title":"Due process"},{"id":"428458","text":"(1) vehicles generally do not serve as residences or repositories of personal effects, and (2) vehicles \"can be quickly moved out of the locality or jurisdiction in which the warrant must be sought.\" Vehicles may not be randomly stopped and searched; there must be probable cause or reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. Items in plain view may be seized; areas that could potentially hide weapons may also be searched. With probable cause to believe evidence is present, police officers may search any area in the vehicle. However, they may not extend the search to the vehicle's passengers without probable cause","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"16422211","text":"case, the Soldals' domicile was not only seized, it literally was carried away, giving new meaning to the term 'mobile home'.\" The Court emphatically disagreed with the Appeals Court, and found that: The case was reversed and remanded. The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (made applicable to the States by the Fourteenth Amendment), provides that: As was defined by \"United States v. Jacobsen\", the first Clause of the Fourth Amendment: The Fourth Amendment proscribes unreasonable seizure of any person, or of any person's home (including its curtilage) or personal property without a warrant. Although much of the recent body","title":"Soldal v. Cook County"},{"id":"12688496","text":"is because the Fourth Amendment defines the \"right to be secure\" in spatial terms that do not directly apply to the \"reasonable expectation of privacy\" in an online context. The Fourth Amendment protects \"the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures.\" The Fourth Amendment has been stressed as a right that protects people and not places, which leaves the interpretation of the amendment's language broad in scope. In addition, society has not reached clear consensus over expectations of privacy in terms of more modern (and developing, future) forms","title":"Stored Communications Act"},{"id":"428468","text":"way courts enforce the Fourth Amendment is through the use of the exclusionary rule. The rule provides that evidence obtained through a violation of the Fourth Amendment is generally not admissible by the prosecution during the defendant's criminal trial. The Court stated in \"Elkins v. United States\" (1960) that the rule's function \"is to deter—to compel respect for the constitutional guaranty in the only effectively available way—by removing the incentive to disregard it.\" The Court adopted the exclusionary rule in \"Weeks v. United States\" (1914), prior to which all evidence, no matter how seized, could be admitted in court. In","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428428","text":"wrongdoing. But particularized exceptions to the main rule are sometimes warranted based on 'special needs, beyond the normal need for law enforcement'. … When such 'special needs' are alleged, courts must undertake a context-specific inquiry, examining closely the competing private and public interests advanced by the parties.\" The amendment applies to governmental searches and seizures, but not those done by private citizens or organizations who are not acting on behalf of a government. In \"Ontario v. Quon\" (2010), the Court held the amendment to also apply to the government when acting as an employer, ruling that a government could search","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428753","text":"government, the right to peaceably assemble and petition the government, the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, and the right to participate in the government's administration. This decision has not been overruled and has been specifically reaffirmed several times. Largely as a result of the narrowness of the \"Slaughter-House\" opinion, this clause subsequently lay dormant for well over a century. In \"Saenz v. Roe\" (1999), the Court ruled that a component of the \"right to travel\" is protected by the Privileges or Immunities Clause: Justice Miller actually wrote in the \"Slaughter-House Cases\" that the right to become a citizen","title":"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428471","text":"blocked the state courts from expanding these protections further. Since \"United States v. Calandra\" (1974), the Supreme Court has repeatedly limited the exclusionary rule. The Court in \"Calandra\" ruled that grand juries may use illegally obtained evidence when questioning witnesses, because \"the damage to that institution from the unprecedented extension of the exclusionary rule outweighs the benefit of any possible incremental deterrent effect.\" Explaining the purpose of the rule, the Court said that the rule \"is a judicially created remedy designed to safeguard Fourth Amendment rights generally through its deterrent effect, rather than a personal constitutional right of the party","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428801","text":"obliged \"to prioritize incoming revenues to pay the public debt: interest on government bonds and any other 'vested' obligations. What falls into the latter category is not entirely clear, but a large number of other government obligations—and certainly payments for future services—would not count and would have to be sacrificed. This might include, for example, Social Security payments.\" Section 5, also known as the Enforcement Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, enables Congress to pass laws enforcing the amendment's other provisions. In the \"Civil Rights Cases\" (1883), the Supreme Court interpreted Section 5 narrowly, stating that \"the legislation which Congress is","title":"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"20676981","text":"the right to privacy of the home over federal use. The Fourth Amendment states that “the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated”. Therefore, the Fourth Amendment gives a constitutional right to security for people's \"private places, and private things\". Most privacy violation court cases (prior to explicit court precedents and legislation) relied on the \"unreasonable\" verbiage as the basis for there arguments of infringement of privacy. This suggests that whenever a search or seizure was deemed unreasonable the seized evidence was considered unlawful","title":"Privacy and the US government"},{"id":"428446","text":"probable cause to make an arrest when \"the facts and circumstances within their knowledge and of which they had reasonably trustworthy information\" would lead a prudent person to believe that the arrested person had committed or was committing a crime. Probable cause to arrest must exist before the arrest is made. Evidence obtained after the arrest may not apply retroactively to justify the arrest. When police conduct a search, the amendment requires that the warrant establish probable cause to believe that the search will uncover criminal activity or contraband. They must have legally sufficient reasons to believe a search is","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"2949404","text":"at issue in \"Griswold v. Connecticut\", when the Court held, in 1965, that criminal prohibition of contraceptive devices for married couples violated federal, judicially enforceable privacy rights. The right to contraceptives was found in what the Court called the \"penumbras\", or shadow edges, of certain amendments that arguably refer to certain privacy rights, such as the First Amendment, which protects freedom of expression; the Third Amendment, which protects homes from being taken for use by soldiers; and the Fourth Amendment, which provides security against unreasonable searches. The penumbra-based rationale of \"Griswold\" has since been discarded; the Supreme Court now uses","title":"Substantive due process"},{"id":"428448","text":"likely true than false. A \"practical, non-technical\" probability that incriminating evidence is involved is all that is required. In \"Illinois v. Gates\" (1983), the Court ruled that the reliability of an informant is to be determined based on the \"totality of the circumstances\". If a party gives consent to a search, a warrant is not required. There are exceptions and complications to the rule, including the scope of the consent given, whether the consent is voluntarily given, and whether an individual has the right to consent to a search of another's property. In \"Schneckloth v. Bustamonte\" (1973), the Court ruled","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"5744887","text":"any kind of monitoring based on the actual email sent. However, this method infamously failed to protect the privacy of the participants in the Petraeus scandal; after coming under investigation for unrelated activities, communication between the parties was accessed by the FBI. The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that “[T]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated.” This Amendment guarantees the privacy, dignity, and security of persons against certain arbitrary and invasive acts by officers of the government or those acting","title":"Email privacy"},{"id":"428410","text":"Amendment before the 20th century. The amendment was held to apply to state and local governments in \"Mapp v. Ohio\" (1961) via the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Like many other areas of American law, the Fourth Amendment finds its roots in English legal doctrine. In \"Semayne's case\" (1604), Sir Edward Coke famously stated: \"The house of every one is to him as his castle and fortress, as well for his defence against injury and violence as for his repose.\" \"Semayne's Case\" acknowledged that the King did not have unbridled authority to intrude on his subjects' dwellings, but","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"18738049","text":"by simply pointing to the fact that coincidentally there exists probable cause to search or seize another or to search the premises where the person may happen to be. The Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments protect the \"legitimate expectations of privacy\" of persons, not places. See Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U. S. 128, 439 U. S. 138-143, 439 U. S. 148-149; Katz v. United States, 389 U. S. 347, 389 U. S. 351-352. Each patron who walked into the Aurora Tap Tavern on March 1, 1976, was clothed with constitutional protection against an unreasonable search or an unreasonable seizure. That individualized","title":"Ybarra v. Illinois"},{"id":"3139168","text":"the meaning of the Fourth Amendment and thus required a warrant. According to Justice Harlan, there is a two-part requirement for a search: 1. That the individual have a subjective expectation of privacy; and 2. That the individual's expectation of privacy is \"one that society is prepared to recognize as 'reasonable.'\" Justice Harlan rejected the theory that the Constitution enshrined the so-called \"one man, one vote\" principle, or the principle that legislative districts must be roughly equal in population. In this regard, he shared the views of Justice Felix Frankfurter, who in \"Colegrove v. Green\" admonished the courts to stay","title":"John Marshall Harlan (born 1899)"},{"id":"5376110","text":"telephone is far greater than that involved in tampering with the mails.\" In its past rulings, the Court has refused to read a literal construction of the Fourth Amendment, most notably in the \"Boyd\" case. Unjustified search and seizure violate the Fourth Amendment, and it does not matter what type of papers were seized, whether the papers were in an office or a home, whether the papers were seized by force, etc. The protection guaranteed by the Fourth and Fifth Amendments are broad in scope. The framers of the Constitution sought \"to protect Americans in their beliefs, their thoughts, their","title":"Olmstead v. United States"},{"id":"428431","text":"Katz, by entering the booth and shutting the door behind him, had exhibited his expectation that \"the words he utters into the mouthpiece will not be broadcast to the world\"; and 2) society believes that his expectation was reasonable. Justice Potter Stewart wrote in the majority opinion that \"the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places\". A \"search\" occurs for purposes of the Fourth Amendment when the government violates a person's \"reasonable expectation of privacy\". Katz's reasonable expectation of privacy thus provided the basis to rule that the government's intrusion, though electronic rather than physical, was a search covered by the","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"15618622","text":"Kentucky v. King Kentucky v. King, 563 U.S. 452 (2011), was a decision by the United States Supreme Court which held that warrantless searches conducted in police-created exigent circumstances do not violate the Fourth Amendment so long as the police did not create the exigency by violating or threatening to violate the Fourth Amendment. The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution requires searches and seizures be reasonable. The Court has held a search or seizure without a warrant presumptively unreasonable. However, there are many exceptions to the warrant requirement, including exigent circumstances, search incident to arrest, consent search, plain","title":"Kentucky v. King"},{"id":"15618611","text":"Kentucky v. King Kentucky v. King, 563 U.S. 452 (2011), was a decision by the United States Supreme Court which held that warrantless searches conducted in police-created exigent circumstances do not violate the Fourth Amendment so long as the police did not create the exigency by violating or threatening to violate the Fourth Amendment. The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution requires searches and seizures be reasonable. The Court has held a search or seizure without a warrant presumptively unreasonable. However, there are many exceptions to the warrant requirement, including exigent circumstances, search incident to arrest, consent search, plain","title":"Kentucky v. King"},{"id":"10987882","text":"presentment or indictment by a grand jury shall be an essential preliminary... This draft was edited by Congress; all the material before the first ellipsis was placed at the end, and some of the wording was modified. After approval by Congress, the amendment was ratified by the states on December 15, 1791 as part of the Bill of Rights. Every one of the five clauses in the final amendment appeared in Madison's draft, and in their final order those clauses are the Grand Jury Clause (which Madison had placed last), the Double Jeopardy Clause, the Self Incrimination Clause, the Due","title":"Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428429","text":"a police officer's text messages that were sent over that government's pager. One threshold question in the Fourth Amendment jurisprudence is whether a \"search\" has occurred. Initial Fourth Amendment case law hinged on a citizen's property rights—that is, when the government physically intrudes on \"persons, houses, papers, or effects\" for the purpose of obtaining information, a \"search\" within the original meaning of the Fourth Amendment has occurred. Early 20th-century Court decisions, such as \"Olmstead v. United States\" (1928), held that Fourth Amendment rights applied in cases of physical intrusion, but not to other forms of police surveillance (e.g., wiretaps). In","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"785650","text":"Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Twenty-fourth Amendment (Amendment XXIV) of the United States Constitution prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax. The amendment was proposed by Congress to the states on August 27, 1962, and was ratified by the states on January 23, 1964. Southern states of the former Confederate States of America adopted poll taxes in laws of the late 19th century and new constitutions from 1890 to 1908, after the Democratic Party had generally regained control","title":"Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428455","text":"area is put, and the steps taken by the resident to protect the area from observation by people passing by.\" The Court has acknowledged that a doorbell or knocker is typically treated as an invitation, or license, to the public to approach the front door of the home to deliver mail, sell goods, solicit for charities, etc. This license extends to the police, who have the right to try engaging a home's occupant in a \"knock and talk\" for the purpose of gathering evidence without a warrant. However, they cannot bring a drug detection dog to sniff at the front","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428433","text":"\"legitimate expectation of privacy\" regarding the telephone numbers they dial because they knowingly give that information to telephone companies when they dial a number. However, under \"Carpenter v. United States\" (2018), individuals do have a reasonable expectation of privacy regarding cell phone records that would reveal where that person had traveled over many months and so law enforcement must get a search warrant before obtaining such records. Following \"Katz\", the vast majority of Fourth Amendment search cases have turned on the right to privacy, but in \"United States v. Jones\" (2012), the Court ruled that the \"Katz\" standard did not","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"17785049","text":"its president at the time, Andy Biggs. In Arizona, it would have prevented digital information obtained without a warrant from being used in court, prohibited federal agencies from using state funding to carry out data collection without proper warrants, and eliminated numerous gray areas not mentioned in the Fourth Amendment. It was intended to go into effect on January 1, 2015. However, this bill did not pass. On June 2, 2015, President Barack Obama signed a revised version of the USA Freedom Act. Under Section 215 the mass collection of phone data was no longer allowed. Phone records could now","title":"Fourth Amendment Protection Act"},{"id":"428763","text":"not necessarily include provisions comparable to the Bill of Rights. In \"Barron v. Baltimore\" (1833), the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the Bill of Rights restrained only the federal government, not the states. However, the Supreme Court has subsequently held that most provisions of the Bill of Rights apply to the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment under a doctrine called \"incorporation.\" Whether incorporation was intended by the amendment's framers, such as John Bingham, has been debated by legal historians. According to legal scholar Akhil Reed Amar, the framers and early supporters of the Fourteenth Amendment","title":"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428447","text":"necessary. In \"Carroll v. United States\" (1925), the Supreme Court stated that probable cause to search is a flexible, common-sense standard. To that end, the Court ruled in \"Dumbra v. United States\" (1925) that the term probable cause means \"less than evidence that would justify condemnation\", reiterating \"Carroll\"s assertion that it merely requires that the facts available to the officer would \"warrant a man of reasonable caution\" in the belief that specific items may be contraband or stolen property or useful as evidence of a crime. It does not demand any showing that such a belief be correct or more","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428725","text":"of the most litigated parts of the Constitution, forming the basis for landmark decisions such as \"Brown v. Board of Education\" (1954) regarding racial segregation, \"Miranda v. Arizona\" (1966) regarding that one can be tried only when they know their rights, \"Roe v. Wade\" (1973) regarding abortion, \"Bush v. Gore\" (2000) regarding the 2000 presidential election, and \"Obergefell v. Hodges\" (2015) regarding same-sex marriage. The amendment limits the actions of all state and local officials, including those acting on behalf of such an official. The amendment's first section includes several clauses: the Citizenship Clause, Privileges or Immunities Clause, Due Process","title":"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428453","text":"trespassing\" sign and a fence, trespassed onto the suspect's land without a warrant, followed a path for hundreds of feet, and discovered a field of marijuana. The Supreme Court ruled that no search had taken place, because there was no privacy expectation regarding an open field: While open fields are not protected by the Fourth Amendment, the curtilage, or outdoor area immediately surrounding the home, is protected. Courts have treated this area as an extension of the house and as such subject to all the privacy protections afforded a person's home (unlike a person's open fields) under the Fourth Amendment.","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"16208830","text":"unless the legislatively intends to depart; for example, Continuing Criminal Enterprise (CCE) may be punished separately from its predicates, as can conspiracy. The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides: The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides: In \"Williams v. New York\" (1949), the Supreme Court held that due process does not require the use of ordinary evidentiary rules at sentencing. United States constitutional sentencing law The United States Constitution contains several provisions related to criminal sentencing. The Excessive Fines Clause and the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause of the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution","title":"United States constitutional sentencing law"},{"id":"7820867","text":"not always an objective one, unlike a person's home. The expectation of privacy is crucial to distinguishing a legitimate, reasonable police search and seizure from an unreasonable one. A \"search\" occurs for purposes of the Fourth Amendment when the Government violates a person's \"reasonable expectation of privacy.\" In \"Katz v. United States\", Justice Harlan issued a concurring opinion articulating the two-prong test later adopted by the U.S. Supreme Court as the test for determining whether a police or government \"search\" is subject to the limitations of the Fourth Amendment: To meet the first part of the test, the person from","title":"Expectation of privacy"},{"id":"11140468","text":"and the federal government are often referred to as public defenders or court-appointed attorneys. A considerable aspect of this work requires the US criminal defense lawyer to have a clear understanding of the United States Constitution. Specifically, the Fourth Amendment protects against unlawful searches and seizures, while the Fifth and Sixth Amendments govern the right to remain silent so one does not become a witness against himself. All of the Amendments to the United States Constitution are guaranteed to the criminal accused against the states via the Fourteenth Amendment. Thus, a criminal defense lawyer must understand each of these rights.","title":"Criminal defense lawyer"},{"id":"428767","text":"text of the Fourteenth Amendment applies the Equal Protection Clause only against the states, the Supreme Court, since \"Bolling v. Sharpe\" (1954), has applied the Clause against the federal government through the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment under a doctrine called \"reverse incorporation.\" In \"Yick Wo v. Hopkins\" (1886), the Supreme Court has clarified that the meaning of \"person\" and \"within its jurisdiction\" in the Equal Protection Clause would not be limited to discrimination against African Americans, but would extend to other races, colors, and nationalities such as (in this case) legal aliens in the United States who","title":"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"427866","text":"during peacetime without their consent. Requested by several states during the Constitutional ratification debates, the amendment reflected the lingering resentment over the Quartering Acts passed by the British Parliament during the Revolutionary War, which had allowed British soldiers to take over private homes for their own use. The Fourth Amendment (1791) protects people against unreasonable searches and seizures of either self or property by government officials. A search can mean everything from a frisking by a police officer or to a demand for a blood test to a search of an individual's home or car. A seizure occurs when the","title":"United States Constitution"},{"id":"1300549","text":"met by the police the evidence found may become inadmissible against the accused at trial. Under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, most police searches require a search warrant based on probable cause, although there are exceptions. In the absence of valid consent or an exception to the warrant requirement, whether for purposes of effecting a search or an arrest, police entry in an individual's home always requires a warrant. The probable cause standard for obtaining a search warrant is lower than the quantum of proof required for a later conviction, proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Under the","title":"Search warrant"},{"id":"17816745","text":"Fourth Amendment Restoration Act The Fourth Amendment Restoration Act is a proposed bill introduced by Senator Rand Paul on June 7, 2013. It \"provides that the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution shall not be construed to allow any U.S. government agency to search the phone records of Americans without a warrant based on probable cause.\" The bill was authored in light of the Global Surveillance Disclosures of 2013, which Sen. Paul said \"represents an outrageous abuse of power.\" The bill lists for findings of Congress: The bill then states: \"The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution shall not be construed to","title":"Fourth Amendment Restoration Act"},{"id":"428154","text":"Borden\" still holds today, the Court, by looking to the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment (adopted 19 years after \"Luther v. Borden\" was decided), has developed new criteria for determining which questions are \"political\" in nature and which are \"justiciable\". Section Four requires the United States to protect each state from invasion, and, upon the application of the state legislature (or executive, if the legislature cannot be convened), from domestic violence. This provision was invoked by Woodrow Wilson during the 1914 Colorado coal strike. Article Four of the United States Constitution Article Four of the United States Constitution","title":"Article Four of the United States Constitution"},{"id":"3067065","text":"then adopted the exact wording that Madison proposed after Madison explained that the due process clause would not be sufficient to protect various other rights: The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides: Section One of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides: The Supreme Court has interpreted the due process clauses in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment identically, as Justice Felix Frankfurter once explained in a concurring opinion: In 1855, the Supreme Court explained that, to ascertain whether a process is due process, the first step is to \"examine the constitution itself, to see whether this","title":"Due Process Clause"},{"id":"12240529","text":"defendant then appealed the decision saying that because the stop was based solely on the basis of his ethnicity, it was a violation of his Fourth Amendment rights. The Fourth Amendment protects a person from unreasonable search and seizures. The Border Patrol derived its power to stop the individuals from two separate laws. The first was Section 287 (a) (1) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U. S. C. § 1357 (a) (1), authorizes any officer or employee of the Immigration and Naturalization Service without a warrant, \"to interrogate any alien or person believed to be an alien as","title":"United States v. Brignoni-Ponce"},{"id":"17521220","text":"1791, the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution was enacted in 1792, holding: In \"Katz v. United States\" (1967), the United States Supreme Court established its reasonable expectation of privacy test. In 1976 (\"United States v. Miller\") and 1979 (\"Smith v. Maryland\"), the Court affirmed that \"a person has no legitimate expectation of privacy in information he voluntarily turns over to third parties.\" In response to \"Katz v. United States\" (1967) and \"Berger v. New York\" (1967), the United States Congress enacted the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, of which Title III is known as","title":"Third-party doctrine"},{"id":"428803","text":"protect the rights guaranteed by the amendment. However, in \"City of Boerne v. Flores\" (1997), the Court narrowed Congress's enforcement power, holding that Congress may not enact legislation under Section 5 that substantively defines or interprets Fourteenth Amendment rights. The Court ruled that legislation is valid under Section 5 only if there is a \"congruence and proportionality\" between the injury to a person's Fourteenth Amendment right and the means Congress adopted to prevent or remedy that injury. Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Fourteenth Amendment (Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868,","title":"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"17785056","text":"an additional six years. The S. 139 bill has made minor key changes to potentially enhance more effective ways to protect privacy in the United States while still tracking possible terrorist attacks. A few changes will now require the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court to approve specified query procedures every year, as well as have the Inspector General of the Department of Justice over look the query procedures and practices of the FBI, and have limited use of Section 702 to not allow information found to be used against U.S citizens for criminal cases. Section 702 originally expired on December 31,","title":"Fourth Amendment Protection Act"},{"id":"20676984","text":"Supreme Court, to protect an entities right to privacy. Post World War II, this amendment was used to help protect individual liberty; for example, in the Griswold v. United States court case it was used to broadly justify the right to privacy not mentioned within the first eight amendments. The Fourteenth Amendment has embedded within it the due process clause and equal protection clauses, which state that no state shall \"deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process\", this has been interpreted to serve as a protection of privacy within the family, marriage, motherhood, procreation, and child","title":"Privacy and the US government"},{"id":"428449","text":"that a consent search is still valid even if the police do not inform a suspect of his right to refuse the search. This contrasts with Fifth Amendment rights, which cannot be relinquished without an explicit \"Miranda\" warning from police. The Court stated in \"United States v. Matlock\" (1974) that a third party co-occupant could give consent for a search without violating a suspect's Fourth Amendment rights. However, in \"Georgia v. Randolph\" (2006), the Supreme Court ruled that when two co-occupants are both present, one consenting and the other rejecting the search of a shared residence, the police may not","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"2842806","text":"In the \"Katz\" decision, the Court \"extended the Fourth Amendment protection from unreasonable search and seizure to protect individuals with a 'reasonable expectation of privacy.'\" Section 2511(3) of the Crime Control Bill specifies that nothing in the act or the Federal Communications Act of 1934 shall limit the constitutional power of the President \"\"to take such measures as he deems necessary\"\": The section also limits use in evidence only where the interception was reasonable and prohibits disclosure except for purpose. In 1975, the United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, (known as the","title":"Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968"},{"id":"428742","text":"The framers of the Fourteenth Amendment wanted these principles enshrined in the Constitution to protect the new Civil Rights Act from being declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court and also to prevent a future Congress from altering it by a mere majority vote. This section was also in response to violence against black people within the Southern States. The Joint Committee on Reconstruction found that only a Constitutional amendment could protect black people's rights and welfare within those states. Section 1 has been the most frequently litigated part of the amendment, and this amendment in turn has been the most","title":"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"15323671","text":"Mere evidence rule In the law of the United States, the mere evidence rule was a historical doctrine that defined the scope of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The mere evidence rule was drawn from the opinion of the United States Supreme Court in the case \"Boyd v. United States\". In \"Boyd\", the Court ruled that a statute that compelled the production of documents as part of an investigation into the payment of duties was a violation of the Fourth and Fifth Amendments. The Court reasoned that the defendant had a superior property right in the papers,","title":"Mere evidence rule"},{"id":"428421","text":"shifted in both parties. Many Federalists, who had previously opposed a Bill of Rights, now supported the Bill as a means of silencing the Anti-Federalists' most effective criticism. Many Anti-Federalists, in contrast, now opposed it, realizing that the Bill's adoption would greatly lessen the chances of a second constitutional convention, which they desired. Anti-Federalists such as Richard Henry Lee also argued that the Bill left the most objectionable portions of the Constitution, such as the federal judiciary and direct taxation, intact. On November 20, 1789, New Jersey ratified eleven of the twelve amendments, including the Fourth. On December 19, 1789,","title":"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"10987933","text":"Amendments to the United States Constitution each contain a due process clause. Due process deals with the administration of justice and thus the due process clause acts as a safeguard from arbitrary denial of life, liberty, or property by the government outside the sanction of law. The Supreme Court has interpreted the due process clauses to provide four protections: procedural due process (in civil and criminal proceedings), substantive due process, a prohibition against vague laws, and as the vehicle for the incorporation of the Bill of Rights. The Supreme Court has held that the federal government and each state has","title":"Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"428761","text":"a Texas law against same-sex sexual intercourse violated the right to privacy. In \"Obergefell v. Hodges\" (2015), the Court ruled that the fundamental right to marriage included same-sex couples being able to marry. When the government seeks to burden a person's protected liberty interest or property interest, the Supreme Court has held that procedural due process requires that, at a minimum, the government provide the person notice, an opportunity to be heard at an oral hearing, and a decision by a neutral decision maker. For example, such process is due when a government agency seeks to terminate civil service employees,","title":"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"337280","text":"could be defined as preventing \"intrusions into one's physical space or solitude.\" This would include concerns such as: An example of the legal basis for the right to physical privacy is the U.S. Fourth Amendment, which guarantees \"the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures\". Most countries have laws regarding trespassing and property rights also determine the right of physical privacy. Physical privacy may be a matter of cultural sensitivity, personal dignity, and/or shyness. There may also be concerns about safety, if for example one is wary of","title":"Privacy"},{"id":"8812731","text":"include vehicles parked within private property where there is a reasonable expectation of privacy, which includes a home and its surrounding curtilage, defined by the Fourth Amendment, as determined in \"Collins v. Virginia\" (2018). The Supreme Court also ruled in the 2017 case \"Byrd v. United States\" that the motor vehicle exception also includes to those driving rental vehicles even if the driver is not listed on the rental agreement. Motor vehicle exception The motor vehicle exception is a legal rule in the United States that modifies the normal probable cause requirement of the Fourth Amendment to the United States","title":"Motor vehicle exception"},{"id":"1672819","text":"Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1791. Under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution a warrant is broadly required which particularly describes the place to be searched, and the persons, or things, to be seized; and no warrants shall be issued, but upon probable cause, supported by testimony before a judge. The courts have recognized many exceptions to the warrant requirement, including exceptions for routine administrative or inventory searches, searches made under exigent circumstances, and searches made with consent. A typical arrest warrant in the United States will take the approximate form of: \"This Court orders the Sheriff","title":"Warrant (law)"},{"id":"12688495","text":"Stored Communications Act The Stored Communications Act (SCA, codified at 18 U.S.C. Chapter 121 §§ 2701–2712) is a law that addresses voluntary and compelled disclosure of \"stored wire and electronic communications and transactional records\" held by third-party internet service providers (ISPs). It was enacted as Title II of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 (ECPA). The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution protects the people's right \"to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures\". However, when applied to information stored online, the Fourth Amendment's protections are potentially far weaker. In part, this","title":"Stored Communications Act"},{"id":"1879972","text":"her own body\". In political terms, privacy can be understood as a condition in which one is not observed or disturbed by government. Traditionally, American courts have located the right to privacy in the Fourth Amendment, Ninth Amendment, Fourteenth Amendment, as well as the penumbra of the Bill of Rights. The landmark decision \"Roe v Wade\" relied on the 14th Amendment, which guarantees that federal rights shall be applied equally to all persons born in the United States. The 14th Amendment has given rise to the doctrine of Substantive due process, which is said to guarantee various privacy rights, including","title":"Abortion debate"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"428406\",\n \"text\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Fourth Amendment (Amendment IV) to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights. It prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures. In addition, it sets requirements for issuing warrants: warrants must be issued by a judge or magistrate, justified by probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and must particularly describe the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized. Fourth Amendment case law deals with three main issues: what government activities are \\\"searches\\\" and \\\"seizures,\\\" what constitutes probable cause to conduct searches and seizures, and how\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428407\",\n \"text\": \"violations of Fourth Amendment rights should be addressed. Early court decisions limited the amendment's scope to physical intrusion of property or persons, but with \\\"Katz v. United States\\\" (1967), the Supreme Court held that its protections extend to intrusions on the privacy of individuals as well as to physical locations. A warrant is needed for most search and seizure activities, but the Court has carved out a series of exceptions for consent searches, motor vehicle searches, evidence in plain view, exigent circumstances, border searches, and other situations. The exclusionary rule is one way the amendment is enforced. Established in \\\"Weeks\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428427\",\n \"text\": \"under the Fourth Amendment is that arrests and \\\"searches conducted outside the judicial process, without prior approval by judge or magistrate, are \\\"per se\\\" unreasonable\\\". In order for such a warrant to be considered reasonable, it must be supported by probable cause and be limited in scope according to specific information supplied by a person (usually a law enforcement officer) who has sworn by it and is therefore accountable to the issuing court. The Supreme Court further held in \\\"Chandler v. Miller\\\" (1997): \\\"To be reasonable under the Fourth Amendment, a search ordinarily must be based on individualized suspicion of\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428425\",\n \"text\": \"privacy, dignity and security of persons against certain arbitrary and invasive acts by officers of the Government, without regard to whether the government actor is investigating crime or performing another function\\\". In \\\"Mapp v. Ohio\\\" (1961), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Fourth Amendment applies to the states by way of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Fourth Amendment case law deals with three central issues: what government activities constitute \\\"search\\\" and \\\"seizure\\\"; what constitutes probable cause for these actions; how violations of Fourth Amendment rights should be addressed. The Fourth Amendment typically requires \\\"a neutral and\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428426\",\n \"text\": \"detached authority interposed between the police and the public\\\", and it is offended by \\\"general warrants\\\" and laws that allows searches to be conducted \\\"indiscriminately and without regard to their connection with [a] crime under investigation\\\", for the \\\"basic purpose of the Fourth Amendment, which is enforceable against the States through the Fourteenth, through its prohibition of 'unreasonable' searches and seizures is to safeguard the privacy and security of individuals against arbitrary invasions by governmental officials.\\\" The Fourth Amendment has been held to mean that a search or an arrest generally requires a judicially sanctioned warrant, because the basic rule\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428476\",\n \"text\": \"January 2, 2014, that it will appeal the ruling that NSA bulk phone record collection is legal. \\\"The government has a legitimate interest in tracking the associations of suspected terrorists, but tracking those associations does not require the government to subject every citizen to permanent surveillance,\\\" deputy ACLU legal director Jameel Jaffer said in a statement. Citations Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Fourth Amendment (Amendment IV) to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights. It prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures. In addition, it sets requirements for issuing warrants: warrants must be issued by\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10987877\",\n \"text\": \"Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Fifth Amendment (Amendment V) to the United States Constitution addresses criminal procedure and other aspects of the Constitution. It was ratified in 1791 as part of the Bill of Rights. The Fifth Amendment originally applied only to the federal government, but the Supreme Court has applied most of the protections of this amendment to the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. One provision of the Fifth Amendment requires that felonies be tried only upon indictment by a grand jury. Another provision, the Double Jeopardy Clause, provides the right\",\n \"title\": \"Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428444\",\n \"text\": \"law, or otherwise qualified magistrate, to lawfully search and seize evidence while investigating criminal activity. A court grants permission by issuing a writ known as a warrant. A search or seizure is generally unreasonable and unconstitutional if conducted without a valid warrant and the police must obtain a warrant whenever practicable. Searches and seizures without a warrant are not considered unreasonable if one of the specifically established and well-delineated exceptions to the warrant requirement applies. These exceptions apply \\\"[o]nly in those exceptional circumstances in which special needs, beyond the normal need for law enforcement, make the warrant and probable cause\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4286169\",\n \"text\": \"of privacy by individuals can only be remedied under previous court decisions. The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States ensures that \\\"the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized\\\". The First Amendment protects the right to free assembly, broadening privacy rights. Some believe that the Ninth Amendment declares that the fact\",\n \"title\": \"Privacy laws of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428764\",\n \"text\": \"believed that it would ensure that the states would be required to recognize the same individual rights as the federal government; all of these rights were likely understood as falling within the \\\"privileges or immunities\\\" safeguarded by the amendment. By the latter half of the 20th century, nearly all of the rights in the Bill of Rights had been applied to the states. The Supreme Court has held that the amendment's Due Process Clause incorporates all of the substantive protections of the First, Second, Fourth, Fifth (except for its Grand Jury Clause) and Sixth Amendments and the Cruel and Unusual\",\n \"title\": \"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428755\",\n \"text\": \"of the Fourteenth Amendment applies only against the states, but it is otherwise textually identical to the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment, which applies against the federal government; both clauses have been interpreted to encompass identical doctrines of procedural due process and substantive due process. Procedural due process is the guarantee of a fair legal process when the government tries to interfere with a person's protected interests in life, liberty, or property, and substantive due process is the guarantee that the fundamental rights of citizens will not be encroached on by government. The Due Process Clause of the\",\n \"title\": \"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428420\",\n \"text\": \"on the authority of the new federal government to conduct searches. In the 1st United States Congress, following the state legislatures' request, James Madison proposed twenty constitutional amendments based on state bills of rights and English sources such as the Bill of Rights 1689, including an amendment requiring probable cause for government searches. Congress reduced Madison's proposed twenty amendments to twelve, with modifications to Madison's language about searches and seizures. The final language was submitted to the states for ratification on September 25, 1789. By the time the Bill of Rights was submitted to the states for ratification, opinions had\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428409\",\n \"text\": \"Madison, along with the other amendments in the Bill of Rights, in response to Anti-Federalist objections to the new Constitution. Congress submitted the amendment to the states on September 28, 1789. By December 15, 1791, the necessary three-fourths of the states had ratified it. On March 1, 1792, Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson announced that it was officially part of the Constitution. Because the Bill of Rights did not initially apply to state or local governments, and federal criminal investigations were less common in the first century of the nation's history, there is little significant case law for the Fourth\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428727\",\n \"text\": \"the states, as well as to recognize substantive and procedural requirements that state laws must satisfy. The Equal Protection Clause requires each state to provide equal protection under the law to all people, including all non-citizens, within its jurisdiction. This clause has been the basis for many decisions rejecting irrational or unnecessary discrimination against people belonging to various groups. The second, third, and fourth sections of the amendment are seldom litigated. However, the second section's reference to \\\"rebellion, or other crime\\\" has been invoked as a constitutional ground for felony disenfranchisement. The fourth section was held, in \\\"Perry v. United\",\n \"title\": \"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428417\",\n \"text\": \"officer of the customs\\\" and barring all other writs. The governor overturned the legislation, finding it contrary to English law and parliamentary sovereignty. Seeing the danger general warrants presented, the Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776) explicitly forbade the use of general warrants. This prohibition became a precedent for the Fourth Amendment: Article XIV of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights, written by John Adams and enacted in 1780 as part of the Massachusetts Constitution, added the requirement that all searches must be \\\"reasonable,\\\" and served as another basis for the language of the Fourth Amendment: By 1784, eight state constitutions contained\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428464\",\n \"text\": \"search exception. Most border searches may be conducted entirely at random, without any level of suspicion, pursuant to U.S. Customs and Border Protection plenary search authority. However, searches that intrude upon a traveler's personal dignity and privacy interests, such as strip and body cavity searches, must be supported by \\\"reasonable suspicion.\\\" The U.S. Courts of Appeals for the Fourth and Ninth circuits have ruled that information on a traveler's electronic materials, including personal files on a laptop computer, may be searched at random, without suspicion. The Supreme Court decision in \\\"United States v. U.S. District Court\\\" (1972) left open the\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8218245\",\n \"text\": \"their delegations to Congress. The Fourteenth Amendment, particularly its first section, is one of the most litigated parts of the Constitution, forming the basis for landmark decisions such as \\\"Roe v. Wade\\\" (1973), regarding abortion, and \\\"Bush v. Gore\\\" (2000), regarding the 2000 presidential election. The second, third, and fourth sections of the amendment are seldom, if ever, litigated. The fifth section gives Congress enforcement power. The amendment's first section includes several clauses: the Citizenship Clause, Privileges or Immunities Clause, Due Process Clause, and Equal Protection Clause. The Citizenship Clause provides a broad definition of citizenship, overruling the Supreme Court's\",\n \"title\": \"Reconstruction Amendments\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9592041\",\n \"text\": \"and social discourse, the Second Amendment has been at the heart of several Supreme Court decisions. The Third Amendment restricts the quartering of soldiers in private homes, in response to Quartering Acts passed by the British parliament during the Revolutionary War. The amendment is one of the least controversial of the Constitution, and, , has never been the primary basis of a Supreme Court decision. The Fourth Amendment guards against unreasonable searches and seizures, along with requiring any warrant to be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause. It was adopted as a response to the abuse of the writ\",\n \"title\": \"United States Bill of Rights\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15323676\",\n \"text\": \"the 4th Amendment, like the reasonableness and warrant requirements, would sufficiently safeguard the right to privacy. The abandonment of the mere evidence rule has been criticized. Professor Russell W. Galloway argued that the rule was a rational limitation on searches, and that its rejection paved the way for more intrusive paper searches and less protection for third parties. Mere evidence rule In the law of the United States, the mere evidence rule was a historical doctrine that defined the scope of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The mere evidence rule was drawn from the opinion of the\",\n \"title\": \"Mere evidence rule\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428432\",\n \"text\": \"Fourth Amendment, and thus necessitated a warrant. The Court said that it was not recognizing any general right to privacy in the Fourth Amendment, and that this wiretap could have been authorized if proper procedures had been followed. This decision in \\\"Katz\\\" was later developed into the now commonly used two-prong test, adopted in \\\"Smith v. Maryland\\\" (1979), for determining whether a search has occurred for purposes of the Fourth Amendment: The Supreme Court has held that the Fourth Amendment does not apply to information that is voluntarily shared with third parties. In \\\"Smith\\\", the Court held individuals have no\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428445\",\n \"text\": \"requirement impracticable\\\". In these situations where the warrant requirement doesn't apply a search or seizure nonetheless must be justified by some individualized suspicion of wrongdoing. However, the U.S. Supreme Court carved out an exception to the requirement of individualized suspicion. It ruled that, \\\"In limited circumstances, where the privacy interests implicated by the search are minimal and where an important governmental interest furthered by the intrusion would be placed in jeopardy by a requirement of individualized suspicion\\\" a search [or seizure] would still be reasonable. The standards of probable cause differ for an arrest and a search. The government has\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2919500\",\n \"text\": \"Constitution states that: The text of the amendment is brief, and most of the law determining what constitutes an unlawful search and seizure is found in court rulings. The brief definitions of the terms \\\"search\\\" and \\\"seizure\\\" was concisely summarized in \\\"United States v. Jacobsen\\\", which said that the Fourth Amendment: The general rule under the United States Constitution is that a valid warrant is required for a search. There are, however, several exceptions to this rule, based on the language of the fourth amendment that the people are to be \\\"secure ... against unreasonable searches and seizures\\\". For instance,\",\n \"title\": \"Search and seizure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428408\",\n \"text\": \"v. United States\\\" (1914), this rule holds that evidence obtained as a result of a Fourth Amendment violation is generally inadmissible at criminal trials. Evidence discovered as a later result of an illegal search may also be inadmissible as \\\"fruit of the poisonous tree\\\", unless it inevitably would have been discovered by legal means. The Fourth Amendment was adopted in response to the abuse of the writ of assistance, a type of general search warrant issued by the British government, and a major source of tension in pre-Revolutionary America. The Fourth Amendment was introduced in Congress in 1789 by James\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10987879\",\n \"text\": \"under police custody. The Fifth Amendment also contains the Takings Clause, which allows the federal government to take private property for public use if the government provides \\\"just compensation.\\\" Like the Fourteenth Amendment, the Fifth Amendment includes a due process clause stating that no person shall \\\"be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.\\\" The Fifth Amendment's due process clause applies to the federal government, while the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause applies to state governments. The Supreme Court has interpreted the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause as providing two main protections: procedural due process, which\",\n \"title\": \"Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17785057\",\n \"text\": \"2017 but was then continued until January 19, 2018 where the vote ruled in favor of the extension by 256-164. President Donald Trump signed to enact S. 139 which became Public Law No: 115-118 that same day. On November 29, 2017 H.R. 4478 FISA Reauthorization Act of 2017, was introduced, sponsored by Republican Devin Nunes to extend Section 702. Representatives Justin Amish and Zoe Lofgren offered the USA Rights Act, pertaining a more balanced scale between security and liberty as this bill protects the 4th amendment along with eliminating the warrantless backdoor searches, that would then require government officials to\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment Protection Act\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428424\",\n \"text\": \"the federal government, and went through a long initial phase of \\\"judicial dormancy\\\"; in the words of historian Gordon S. Wood, \\\"After ratification, most Americans promptly forgot about the first ten amendments to the Constitution.\\\" Federal jurisdiction regarding criminal law was narrow until the late 19th century when the Interstate Commerce Act and Sherman Antitrust Act were passed. As federal criminal jurisdiction expanded to include other areas such as narcotics, more questions about the Fourth Amendment came to the Supreme Court. The U.S. Supreme Court responded to these questions by outlining the fundamental purpose of the amendment as guaranteeing \\\"the\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428466\",\n \"text\": \"believed to be located outside the United States.\\\" Despite the foregoing citation the Fourth Amendment prohibitions against unreasonable searches and seizures nonetheless apply to the contents of all communications, whatever the means, because, \\\"a person's private communications are akin to personal papers.\\\" To protect the telecommunication carriers cooperating with the US government from legal action, the Congress passed a bill updating the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 to permit this type of surveillance. In \\\"New Jersey v. T. L. O.\\\" (1985), the Supreme Court ruled that searches in public schools do not require warrants, as long as the searching\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9540188\",\n \"text\": \"Fourth Amendment right against unreasonable searches. The U.S. Supreme Court, in a 6-3 ruling, held that the search was reasonable under the Fourth Amendment. The Fourth Amendment only protects against unreasonable searches and seizures. Although a search is presumptively reasonable if carried out pursuant to a warrant issued upon a showing of probable cause, the Fourth Amendment does not require a showing of probable cause in all cases. When \\\"special needs\\\" outside of ordinary law enforcement needs make obtaining a warrant impractical, the Fourth Amendment allows officials to dispense with the formality of obtaining a warrant. Such \\\"special needs\\\" adhere\",\n \"title\": \"Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3067063\",\n \"text\": \"Due Process Clause The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution each contain a due process clause. Due process deals with the administration of justice and thus the due process clause acts as a safeguard from arbitrary denial of life, liberty, or property by the government outside the sanction of law. The Supreme Court of the United States interprets the clauses more broadly, concluding that these clauses provide four protections: procedural due process (in civil and criminal proceedings), substantive due process, a prohibition against vague laws, and as the vehicle for the incorporation of the Bill of Rights.\",\n \"title\": \"Due Process Clause\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18738076\",\n \"text\": \"noted, the Amendment consists of two independent clauses joined by the conjunction \\\"and.\\\" See, e.g., Go-Bart Co. v. United States, 282 U. S. 344, 282 U. S. 356-357 (1931). The first clause forbids \\\"unreasonable searches and seizures\\\" of \\\"persons, houses, papers, and effects. . . .\\\" The second clause describes the circumstances under which a search warrant or arrest warrant may issue, requiring specification of the place to be searched as well as the persons or things to be seized. Much of the modern debate over the meaning of the Fourth Amendment has focused on the relationship between the reasonableness\",\n \"title\": \"Ybarra v. Illinois\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428452\",\n \"text\": \"search\\\", proclaimed the Court, \\\"even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable.\\\" Similarly, \\\"open fields\\\" such as pastures, open water, and woods may be searched without a warrant, on the ground that conduct occurring therein would have no reasonable expectation of privacy. The doctrine was first articulated by the Court in \\\"Hester v. United States\\\" (1924), which stated that \\\"the special protection accorded by the Fourth Amendment to the people in their 'persons, houses, papers, and effects,' is not extended to the open fields.\\\" In \\\"Oliver v. United States\\\" (1984), the police ignored a \\\"no\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10987880\",\n \"text\": \"requires government officials to follow fair procedures before depriving a person of life, liberty, or property, and substantive due process, which protects certain fundamental rights from government interference. The Supreme Court has also held that the Due Process Clause contains a prohibition against vague laws and an implied equal protection requirement similar to the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause. The amendment as proposed by Congress in 1789 reads as follows: On June 8, 1789, Congressman James Madison introduced several proposed constitutional amendments during a speech to the House of Representatives. His draft language that later became the Fifth Amendment was\",\n \"title\": \"Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16172627\",\n \"text\": \"appeal. All of the foregoing constitutional provisions apply exclusively to criminal matters. In contrast, the due process and equal protection clauses have substantial application outside of the criminal law. U.S. Const. amend. V provides: U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1 provides: The due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments apply generally to all stages of criminal proceedings. The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment was the vehicle for the incorporation of all of the foregoing rights (with the exception of the Grand Jury Clause, the Vicinage Clause, and maybe the Excessive Bail Clause) to apply in state\",\n \"title\": \"United States constitutional criminal procedure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428437\",\n \"text\": \"reasonable suspicion to believe that the person was driving a stolen car, cannot, after confirming that it is not stolen, compel the person to answer questions about anything else, such as the possession of contraband). The Fourth Amendment proscribes unreasonable seizure of any person, person's home (including its curtilage) or personal property without a warrant. A seizure of property occurs when there is \\\"some meaningful interference with an individual's possessory interests in that property\\\", such as when police officers take personal property away from an owner to use as evidence, or when they participate in an eviction. The amendment also\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428438\",\n \"text\": \"protects against unreasonable seizure of persons, including a brief detention. A seizure does not occur just because the government questions an individual in a public place. The exclusionary rule would not bar voluntary answers to such questions from being offered into evidence in a subsequent criminal prosecution. The person is not being seized if his freedom of movement is not restrained. The government may not detain an individual even momentarily without reasonable, objective grounds, with few exceptions. His refusal to listen or answer does not by itself furnish such grounds. In \\\"United States v. Mendenhall\\\" (1980), the Court held that\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7803447\",\n \"text\": \"Warrantless searches in the United States Warrantless searches are searches and seizures conducted without search warrants. In the United States, warrantless searches are restricted under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, part of the Bill of Rights, which provides that, \\\"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.\\\" In the Thirteen Colonies,\",\n \"title\": \"Warrantless searches in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428430\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Silverman v. United States\\\" (1961), the Court stated of the amendment that \\\"at the very core stands the right of a man to retreat into his own home and there be free from unreasonable governmental intrusion\\\". Fourth Amendment protections expanded significantly with \\\"Katz v. United States\\\" (1967). In \\\"Katz\\\", the Supreme Court expanded that focus to embrace an individual's right to privacy, and ruled that a search had occurred when the government wiretapped a telephone booth using a microphone attached to the outside of the glass. While there was no physical intrusion into the booth, the Court reasoned that: 1)\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428462\",\n \"text\": \"not germane to the reasonableness of a search incident to an arrest. \\\"Rabinowitz\\\" suggested that any area within the \\\"immediate control\\\" of the arrestee could be searched, but it did not define the term. In deciding \\\"Chimel v. California\\\" (1969), the Supreme Court elucidated its previous decisions. It held that when an arrest is made, it is reasonable for the officer to search the arrestee for weapons and evidence. However, in \\\"Riley v. California\\\" (2014), the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that police must obtain a warrant to search an arrestee's cellular phone. The Court said that earlier Supreme Court decisions\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428423\",\n \"text\": \"later ratify the Bill of Rights for sesquicentennial celebrations in 1939.) In February through June 1790, New York, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island each ratified eleven of the amendments, including the Fourth. Virginia initially postponed its debate, but after Vermont was admitted to the Union in 1791, the total number of states needed for ratification rose to eleven. Vermont ratified on November 3, 1791, approving all twelve amendments, and Virginia finally followed on December 15, 1791. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson announced the adoption of the ten successfully ratified amendments on March 1, 1792. The Bill of Rights originally only restricted\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428724\",\n \"text\": \"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Fourteenth Amendment (Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868, as one of the Reconstruction Amendments. Arguably one of the most consequential amendments to this day, the amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War. The amendment was bitterly contested, particularly by the states of the defeated Confederacy, which were forced to ratify it in order to regain representation in Congress. The amendment, particularly its first section, is one\",\n \"title\": \"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428414\",\n \"text\": \"the general warrant. During what scholar William Cuddihy called the \\\"colonial epidemic of general searches\\\", the authorities possessed almost unlimited power to search for anything at any time, with very little oversight. In 1756, the colony of Massachusetts barred the use of general warrants. This represented the first law in American history curtailing the use of seizure power. Its creation largely stemmed from the great public outcry over the Excise Act of 1754, which gave tax collectors unlimited powers to interrogate colonists concerning their use of goods subject to customs. The act also permitted the use of a general warrant\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18976437\",\n \"text\": \"the Court's ruling for encouraging citizens \\\"to stand up for their rights\\\", others have criticized it for failing to reflect the realities of \\\"real-life confrontations occurring on the street\\\" between citizens and law enforcement. The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution applies to both arrests and temporary detentions of criminal suspects, both of which have been defined by the Supreme Court of the United States as \\\"seizures\\\" of a person. Before conducting an arrest, an officer must demonstrate probable cause that a suspect has engaged in criminal activity. However, police officers may also conduct temporary detentions when officers have\",\n \"title\": \"United States v. Drayton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428759\",\n \"text\": \"the Due Process Clause is also the foundation of a constitutional right to privacy. The Court first ruled that privacy was protected by the Constitution in \\\"Griswold v. Connecticut\\\" (1965), which overturned a Connecticut law criminalizing birth control. While Justice William O. Douglas wrote for the majority that the right to privacy was found in the \\\"penumbras\\\" of various provisions in the Bill of Rights, Justices Arthur Goldberg and John Marshall Harlan II wrote in concurring opinions that the \\\"liberty\\\" protected by the Due Process Clause included individual privacy. The right to privacy was the basis for \\\"Roe v. Wade\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"502348\",\n \"text\": \"However, neither concept lines up perfectly with the American conception of due process, which presently contains many implied rights not found in the ancient or modern concepts of due process in England. The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution each contain a Due Process Clause. Due process deals with the administration of justice and thus the Due Process Clause acts as a safeguard from arbitrary denial of life, liberty, or property by the government outside the sanction of law. The Supreme Court of the United States interprets the clauses as providing four protections: procedural due process (in\",\n \"title\": \"Due process\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428458\",\n \"text\": \"(1) vehicles generally do not serve as residences or repositories of personal effects, and (2) vehicles \\\"can be quickly moved out of the locality or jurisdiction in which the warrant must be sought.\\\" Vehicles may not be randomly stopped and searched; there must be probable cause or reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. Items in plain view may be seized; areas that could potentially hide weapons may also be searched. With probable cause to believe evidence is present, police officers may search any area in the vehicle. However, they may not extend the search to the vehicle's passengers without probable cause\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16422211\",\n \"text\": \"case, the Soldals' domicile was not only seized, it literally was carried away, giving new meaning to the term 'mobile home'.\\\" The Court emphatically disagreed with the Appeals Court, and found that: The case was reversed and remanded. The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (made applicable to the States by the Fourteenth Amendment), provides that: As was defined by \\\"United States v. Jacobsen\\\", the first Clause of the Fourth Amendment: The Fourth Amendment proscribes unreasonable seizure of any person, or of any person's home (including its curtilage) or personal property without a warrant. Although much of the recent body\",\n \"title\": \"Soldal v. Cook County\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12688496\",\n \"text\": \"is because the Fourth Amendment defines the \\\"right to be secure\\\" in spatial terms that do not directly apply to the \\\"reasonable expectation of privacy\\\" in an online context. The Fourth Amendment protects \\\"the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures.\\\" The Fourth Amendment has been stressed as a right that protects people and not places, which leaves the interpretation of the amendment's language broad in scope. In addition, society has not reached clear consensus over expectations of privacy in terms of more modern (and developing, future) forms\",\n \"title\": \"Stored Communications Act\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428468\",\n \"text\": \"way courts enforce the Fourth Amendment is through the use of the exclusionary rule. The rule provides that evidence obtained through a violation of the Fourth Amendment is generally not admissible by the prosecution during the defendant's criminal trial. The Court stated in \\\"Elkins v. United States\\\" (1960) that the rule's function \\\"is to deter—to compel respect for the constitutional guaranty in the only effectively available way—by removing the incentive to disregard it.\\\" The Court adopted the exclusionary rule in \\\"Weeks v. United States\\\" (1914), prior to which all evidence, no matter how seized, could be admitted in court. In\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428428\",\n \"text\": \"wrongdoing. But particularized exceptions to the main rule are sometimes warranted based on 'special needs, beyond the normal need for law enforcement'. … When such 'special needs' are alleged, courts must undertake a context-specific inquiry, examining closely the competing private and public interests advanced by the parties.\\\" The amendment applies to governmental searches and seizures, but not those done by private citizens or organizations who are not acting on behalf of a government. In \\\"Ontario v. Quon\\\" (2010), the Court held the amendment to also apply to the government when acting as an employer, ruling that a government could search\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428753\",\n \"text\": \"government, the right to peaceably assemble and petition the government, the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, and the right to participate in the government's administration. This decision has not been overruled and has been specifically reaffirmed several times. Largely as a result of the narrowness of the \\\"Slaughter-House\\\" opinion, this clause subsequently lay dormant for well over a century. In \\\"Saenz v. Roe\\\" (1999), the Court ruled that a component of the \\\"right to travel\\\" is protected by the Privileges or Immunities Clause: Justice Miller actually wrote in the \\\"Slaughter-House Cases\\\" that the right to become a citizen\",\n \"title\": \"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428471\",\n \"text\": \"blocked the state courts from expanding these protections further. Since \\\"United States v. Calandra\\\" (1974), the Supreme Court has repeatedly limited the exclusionary rule. The Court in \\\"Calandra\\\" ruled that grand juries may use illegally obtained evidence when questioning witnesses, because \\\"the damage to that institution from the unprecedented extension of the exclusionary rule outweighs the benefit of any possible incremental deterrent effect.\\\" Explaining the purpose of the rule, the Court said that the rule \\\"is a judicially created remedy designed to safeguard Fourth Amendment rights generally through its deterrent effect, rather than a personal constitutional right of the party\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428801\",\n \"text\": \"obliged \\\"to prioritize incoming revenues to pay the public debt: interest on government bonds and any other 'vested' obligations. What falls into the latter category is not entirely clear, but a large number of other government obligations—and certainly payments for future services—would not count and would have to be sacrificed. This might include, for example, Social Security payments.\\\" Section 5, also known as the Enforcement Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, enables Congress to pass laws enforcing the amendment's other provisions. In the \\\"Civil Rights Cases\\\" (1883), the Supreme Court interpreted Section 5 narrowly, stating that \\\"the legislation which Congress is\",\n \"title\": \"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20676981\",\n \"text\": \"the right to privacy of the home over federal use. The Fourth Amendment states that “the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated”. Therefore, the Fourth Amendment gives a constitutional right to security for people's \\\"private places, and private things\\\". Most privacy violation court cases (prior to explicit court precedents and legislation) relied on the \\\"unreasonable\\\" verbiage as the basis for there arguments of infringement of privacy. This suggests that whenever a search or seizure was deemed unreasonable the seized evidence was considered unlawful\",\n \"title\": \"Privacy and the US government\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428446\",\n \"text\": \"probable cause to make an arrest when \\\"the facts and circumstances within their knowledge and of which they had reasonably trustworthy information\\\" would lead a prudent person to believe that the arrested person had committed or was committing a crime. Probable cause to arrest must exist before the arrest is made. Evidence obtained after the arrest may not apply retroactively to justify the arrest. When police conduct a search, the amendment requires that the warrant establish probable cause to believe that the search will uncover criminal activity or contraband. They must have legally sufficient reasons to believe a search is\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2949404\",\n \"text\": \"at issue in \\\"Griswold v. Connecticut\\\", when the Court held, in 1965, that criminal prohibition of contraceptive devices for married couples violated federal, judicially enforceable privacy rights. The right to contraceptives was found in what the Court called the \\\"penumbras\\\", or shadow edges, of certain amendments that arguably refer to certain privacy rights, such as the First Amendment, which protects freedom of expression; the Third Amendment, which protects homes from being taken for use by soldiers; and the Fourth Amendment, which provides security against unreasonable searches. The penumbra-based rationale of \\\"Griswold\\\" has since been discarded; the Supreme Court now uses\",\n \"title\": \"Substantive due process\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428448\",\n \"text\": \"likely true than false. A \\\"practical, non-technical\\\" probability that incriminating evidence is involved is all that is required. In \\\"Illinois v. Gates\\\" (1983), the Court ruled that the reliability of an informant is to be determined based on the \\\"totality of the circumstances\\\". If a party gives consent to a search, a warrant is not required. There are exceptions and complications to the rule, including the scope of the consent given, whether the consent is voluntarily given, and whether an individual has the right to consent to a search of another's property. In \\\"Schneckloth v. Bustamonte\\\" (1973), the Court ruled\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5744887\",\n \"text\": \"any kind of monitoring based on the actual email sent. However, this method infamously failed to protect the privacy of the participants in the Petraeus scandal; after coming under investigation for unrelated activities, communication between the parties was accessed by the FBI. The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that “[T]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated.” This Amendment guarantees the privacy, dignity, and security of persons against certain arbitrary and invasive acts by officers of the government or those acting\",\n \"title\": \"Email privacy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428410\",\n \"text\": \"Amendment before the 20th century. The amendment was held to apply to state and local governments in \\\"Mapp v. Ohio\\\" (1961) via the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Like many other areas of American law, the Fourth Amendment finds its roots in English legal doctrine. In \\\"Semayne's case\\\" (1604), Sir Edward Coke famously stated: \\\"The house of every one is to him as his castle and fortress, as well for his defence against injury and violence as for his repose.\\\" \\\"Semayne's Case\\\" acknowledged that the King did not have unbridled authority to intrude on his subjects' dwellings, but\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18738049\",\n \"text\": \"by simply pointing to the fact that coincidentally there exists probable cause to search or seize another or to search the premises where the person may happen to be. The Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments protect the \\\"legitimate expectations of privacy\\\" of persons, not places. See Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U. S. 128, 439 U. S. 138-143, 439 U. S. 148-149; Katz v. United States, 389 U. S. 347, 389 U. S. 351-352. Each patron who walked into the Aurora Tap Tavern on March 1, 1976, was clothed with constitutional protection against an unreasonable search or an unreasonable seizure. That individualized\",\n \"title\": \"Ybarra v. Illinois\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3139168\",\n \"text\": \"the meaning of the Fourth Amendment and thus required a warrant. According to Justice Harlan, there is a two-part requirement for a search: 1. That the individual have a subjective expectation of privacy; and 2. That the individual's expectation of privacy is \\\"one that society is prepared to recognize as 'reasonable.'\\\" Justice Harlan rejected the theory that the Constitution enshrined the so-called \\\"one man, one vote\\\" principle, or the principle that legislative districts must be roughly equal in population. In this regard, he shared the views of Justice Felix Frankfurter, who in \\\"Colegrove v. Green\\\" admonished the courts to stay\",\n \"title\": \"John Marshall Harlan (born 1899)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5376110\",\n \"text\": \"telephone is far greater than that involved in tampering with the mails.\\\" In its past rulings, the Court has refused to read a literal construction of the Fourth Amendment, most notably in the \\\"Boyd\\\" case. Unjustified search and seizure violate the Fourth Amendment, and it does not matter what type of papers were seized, whether the papers were in an office or a home, whether the papers were seized by force, etc. The protection guaranteed by the Fourth and Fifth Amendments are broad in scope. The framers of the Constitution sought \\\"to protect Americans in their beliefs, their thoughts, their\",\n \"title\": \"Olmstead v. United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428431\",\n \"text\": \"Katz, by entering the booth and shutting the door behind him, had exhibited his expectation that \\\"the words he utters into the mouthpiece will not be broadcast to the world\\\"; and 2) society believes that his expectation was reasonable. Justice Potter Stewart wrote in the majority opinion that \\\"the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places\\\". A \\\"search\\\" occurs for purposes of the Fourth Amendment when the government violates a person's \\\"reasonable expectation of privacy\\\". Katz's reasonable expectation of privacy thus provided the basis to rule that the government's intrusion, though electronic rather than physical, was a search covered by the\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15618622\",\n \"text\": \"Kentucky v. King Kentucky v. King, 563 U.S. 452 (2011), was a decision by the United States Supreme Court which held that warrantless searches conducted in police-created exigent circumstances do not violate the Fourth Amendment so long as the police did not create the exigency by violating or threatening to violate the Fourth Amendment. The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution requires searches and seizures be reasonable. The Court has held a search or seizure without a warrant presumptively unreasonable. However, there are many exceptions to the warrant requirement, including exigent circumstances, search incident to arrest, consent search, plain\",\n \"title\": \"Kentucky v. King\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15618611\",\n \"text\": \"Kentucky v. King Kentucky v. King, 563 U.S. 452 (2011), was a decision by the United States Supreme Court which held that warrantless searches conducted in police-created exigent circumstances do not violate the Fourth Amendment so long as the police did not create the exigency by violating or threatening to violate the Fourth Amendment. The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution requires searches and seizures be reasonable. The Court has held a search or seizure without a warrant presumptively unreasonable. However, there are many exceptions to the warrant requirement, including exigent circumstances, search incident to arrest, consent search, plain\",\n \"title\": \"Kentucky v. King\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10987882\",\n \"text\": \"presentment or indictment by a grand jury shall be an essential preliminary... This draft was edited by Congress; all the material before the first ellipsis was placed at the end, and some of the wording was modified. After approval by Congress, the amendment was ratified by the states on December 15, 1791 as part of the Bill of Rights. Every one of the five clauses in the final amendment appeared in Madison's draft, and in their final order those clauses are the Grand Jury Clause (which Madison had placed last), the Double Jeopardy Clause, the Self Incrimination Clause, the Due\",\n \"title\": \"Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428429\",\n \"text\": \"a police officer's text messages that were sent over that government's pager. One threshold question in the Fourth Amendment jurisprudence is whether a \\\"search\\\" has occurred. Initial Fourth Amendment case law hinged on a citizen's property rights—that is, when the government physically intrudes on \\\"persons, houses, papers, or effects\\\" for the purpose of obtaining information, a \\\"search\\\" within the original meaning of the Fourth Amendment has occurred. Early 20th-century Court decisions, such as \\\"Olmstead v. United States\\\" (1928), held that Fourth Amendment rights applied in cases of physical intrusion, but not to other forms of police surveillance (e.g., wiretaps). In\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"785650\",\n \"text\": \"Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Twenty-fourth Amendment (Amendment XXIV) of the United States Constitution prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax. The amendment was proposed by Congress to the states on August 27, 1962, and was ratified by the states on January 23, 1964. Southern states of the former Confederate States of America adopted poll taxes in laws of the late 19th century and new constitutions from 1890 to 1908, after the Democratic Party had generally regained control\",\n \"title\": \"Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428455\",\n \"text\": \"area is put, and the steps taken by the resident to protect the area from observation by people passing by.\\\" The Court has acknowledged that a doorbell or knocker is typically treated as an invitation, or license, to the public to approach the front door of the home to deliver mail, sell goods, solicit for charities, etc. This license extends to the police, who have the right to try engaging a home's occupant in a \\\"knock and talk\\\" for the purpose of gathering evidence without a warrant. However, they cannot bring a drug detection dog to sniff at the front\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428433\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"legitimate expectation of privacy\\\" regarding the telephone numbers they dial because they knowingly give that information to telephone companies when they dial a number. However, under \\\"Carpenter v. United States\\\" (2018), individuals do have a reasonable expectation of privacy regarding cell phone records that would reveal where that person had traveled over many months and so law enforcement must get a search warrant before obtaining such records. Following \\\"Katz\\\", the vast majority of Fourth Amendment search cases have turned on the right to privacy, but in \\\"United States v. Jones\\\" (2012), the Court ruled that the \\\"Katz\\\" standard did not\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17785049\",\n \"text\": \"its president at the time, Andy Biggs. In Arizona, it would have prevented digital information obtained without a warrant from being used in court, prohibited federal agencies from using state funding to carry out data collection without proper warrants, and eliminated numerous gray areas not mentioned in the Fourth Amendment. It was intended to go into effect on January 1, 2015. However, this bill did not pass. On June 2, 2015, President Barack Obama signed a revised version of the USA Freedom Act. Under Section 215 the mass collection of phone data was no longer allowed. Phone records could now\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment Protection Act\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428763\",\n \"text\": \"not necessarily include provisions comparable to the Bill of Rights. In \\\"Barron v. Baltimore\\\" (1833), the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the Bill of Rights restrained only the federal government, not the states. However, the Supreme Court has subsequently held that most provisions of the Bill of Rights apply to the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment under a doctrine called \\\"incorporation.\\\" Whether incorporation was intended by the amendment's framers, such as John Bingham, has been debated by legal historians. According to legal scholar Akhil Reed Amar, the framers and early supporters of the Fourteenth Amendment\",\n \"title\": \"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428447\",\n \"text\": \"necessary. In \\\"Carroll v. United States\\\" (1925), the Supreme Court stated that probable cause to search is a flexible, common-sense standard. To that end, the Court ruled in \\\"Dumbra v. United States\\\" (1925) that the term probable cause means \\\"less than evidence that would justify condemnation\\\", reiterating \\\"Carroll\\\"s assertion that it merely requires that the facts available to the officer would \\\"warrant a man of reasonable caution\\\" in the belief that specific items may be contraband or stolen property or useful as evidence of a crime. It does not demand any showing that such a belief be correct or more\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428725\",\n \"text\": \"of the most litigated parts of the Constitution, forming the basis for landmark decisions such as \\\"Brown v. Board of Education\\\" (1954) regarding racial segregation, \\\"Miranda v. Arizona\\\" (1966) regarding that one can be tried only when they know their rights, \\\"Roe v. Wade\\\" (1973) regarding abortion, \\\"Bush v. Gore\\\" (2000) regarding the 2000 presidential election, and \\\"Obergefell v. Hodges\\\" (2015) regarding same-sex marriage. The amendment limits the actions of all state and local officials, including those acting on behalf of such an official. The amendment's first section includes several clauses: the Citizenship Clause, Privileges or Immunities Clause, Due Process\",\n \"title\": \"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428453\",\n \"text\": \"trespassing\\\" sign and a fence, trespassed onto the suspect's land without a warrant, followed a path for hundreds of feet, and discovered a field of marijuana. The Supreme Court ruled that no search had taken place, because there was no privacy expectation regarding an open field: While open fields are not protected by the Fourth Amendment, the curtilage, or outdoor area immediately surrounding the home, is protected. Courts have treated this area as an extension of the house and as such subject to all the privacy protections afforded a person's home (unlike a person's open fields) under the Fourth Amendment.\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16208830\",\n \"text\": \"unless the legislatively intends to depart; for example, Continuing Criminal Enterprise (CCE) may be punished separately from its predicates, as can conspiracy. The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides: The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides: In \\\"Williams v. New York\\\" (1949), the Supreme Court held that due process does not require the use of ordinary evidentiary rules at sentencing. United States constitutional sentencing law The United States Constitution contains several provisions related to criminal sentencing. The Excessive Fines Clause and the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause of the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution\",\n \"title\": \"United States constitutional sentencing law\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7820867\",\n \"text\": \"not always an objective one, unlike a person's home. The expectation of privacy is crucial to distinguishing a legitimate, reasonable police search and seizure from an unreasonable one. A \\\"search\\\" occurs for purposes of the Fourth Amendment when the Government violates a person's \\\"reasonable expectation of privacy.\\\" In \\\"Katz v. United States\\\", Justice Harlan issued a concurring opinion articulating the two-prong test later adopted by the U.S. Supreme Court as the test for determining whether a police or government \\\"search\\\" is subject to the limitations of the Fourth Amendment: To meet the first part of the test, the person from\",\n \"title\": \"Expectation of privacy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11140468\",\n \"text\": \"and the federal government are often referred to as public defenders or court-appointed attorneys. A considerable aspect of this work requires the US criminal defense lawyer to have a clear understanding of the United States Constitution. Specifically, the Fourth Amendment protects against unlawful searches and seizures, while the Fifth and Sixth Amendments govern the right to remain silent so one does not become a witness against himself. All of the Amendments to the United States Constitution are guaranteed to the criminal accused against the states via the Fourteenth Amendment. Thus, a criminal defense lawyer must understand each of these rights.\",\n \"title\": \"Criminal defense lawyer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428767\",\n \"text\": \"text of the Fourteenth Amendment applies the Equal Protection Clause only against the states, the Supreme Court, since \\\"Bolling v. Sharpe\\\" (1954), has applied the Clause against the federal government through the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment under a doctrine called \\\"reverse incorporation.\\\" In \\\"Yick Wo v. Hopkins\\\" (1886), the Supreme Court has clarified that the meaning of \\\"person\\\" and \\\"within its jurisdiction\\\" in the Equal Protection Clause would not be limited to discrimination against African Americans, but would extend to other races, colors, and nationalities such as (in this case) legal aliens in the United States who\",\n \"title\": \"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"427866\",\n \"text\": \"during peacetime without their consent. Requested by several states during the Constitutional ratification debates, the amendment reflected the lingering resentment over the Quartering Acts passed by the British Parliament during the Revolutionary War, which had allowed British soldiers to take over private homes for their own use. The Fourth Amendment (1791) protects people against unreasonable searches and seizures of either self or property by government officials. A search can mean everything from a frisking by a police officer or to a demand for a blood test to a search of an individual's home or car. A seizure occurs when the\",\n \"title\": \"United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1300549\",\n \"text\": \"met by the police the evidence found may become inadmissible against the accused at trial. Under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, most police searches require a search warrant based on probable cause, although there are exceptions. In the absence of valid consent or an exception to the warrant requirement, whether for purposes of effecting a search or an arrest, police entry in an individual's home always requires a warrant. The probable cause standard for obtaining a search warrant is lower than the quantum of proof required for a later conviction, proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Under the\",\n \"title\": \"Search warrant\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17816745\",\n \"text\": \"Fourth Amendment Restoration Act The Fourth Amendment Restoration Act is a proposed bill introduced by Senator Rand Paul on June 7, 2013. It \\\"provides that the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution shall not be construed to allow any U.S. government agency to search the phone records of Americans without a warrant based on probable cause.\\\" The bill was authored in light of the Global Surveillance Disclosures of 2013, which Sen. Paul said \\\"represents an outrageous abuse of power.\\\" The bill lists for findings of Congress: The bill then states: \\\"The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution shall not be construed to\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment Restoration Act\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428154\",\n \"text\": \"Borden\\\" still holds today, the Court, by looking to the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment (adopted 19 years after \\\"Luther v. Borden\\\" was decided), has developed new criteria for determining which questions are \\\"political\\\" in nature and which are \\\"justiciable\\\". Section Four requires the United States to protect each state from invasion, and, upon the application of the state legislature (or executive, if the legislature cannot be convened), from domestic violence. This provision was invoked by Woodrow Wilson during the 1914 Colorado coal strike. Article Four of the United States Constitution Article Four of the United States Constitution\",\n \"title\": \"Article Four of the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3067065\",\n \"text\": \"then adopted the exact wording that Madison proposed after Madison explained that the due process clause would not be sufficient to protect various other rights: The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides: Section One of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides: The Supreme Court has interpreted the due process clauses in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment identically, as Justice Felix Frankfurter once explained in a concurring opinion: In 1855, the Supreme Court explained that, to ascertain whether a process is due process, the first step is to \\\"examine the constitution itself, to see whether this\",\n \"title\": \"Due Process Clause\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12240529\",\n \"text\": \"defendant then appealed the decision saying that because the stop was based solely on the basis of his ethnicity, it was a violation of his Fourth Amendment rights. The Fourth Amendment protects a person from unreasonable search and seizures. The Border Patrol derived its power to stop the individuals from two separate laws. The first was Section 287 (a) (1) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U. S. C. § 1357 (a) (1), authorizes any officer or employee of the Immigration and Naturalization Service without a warrant, \\\"to interrogate any alien or person believed to be an alien as\",\n \"title\": \"United States v. Brignoni-Ponce\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17521220\",\n \"text\": \"1791, the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution was enacted in 1792, holding: In \\\"Katz v. United States\\\" (1967), the United States Supreme Court established its reasonable expectation of privacy test. In 1976 (\\\"United States v. Miller\\\") and 1979 (\\\"Smith v. Maryland\\\"), the Court affirmed that \\\"a person has no legitimate expectation of privacy in information he voluntarily turns over to third parties.\\\" In response to \\\"Katz v. United States\\\" (1967) and \\\"Berger v. New York\\\" (1967), the United States Congress enacted the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, of which Title III is known as\",\n \"title\": \"Third-party doctrine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428803\",\n \"text\": \"protect the rights guaranteed by the amendment. However, in \\\"City of Boerne v. Flores\\\" (1997), the Court narrowed Congress's enforcement power, holding that Congress may not enact legislation under Section 5 that substantively defines or interprets Fourteenth Amendment rights. The Court ruled that legislation is valid under Section 5 only if there is a \\\"congruence and proportionality\\\" between the injury to a person's Fourteenth Amendment right and the means Congress adopted to prevent or remedy that injury. Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Fourteenth Amendment (Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868,\",\n \"title\": \"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17785056\",\n \"text\": \"an additional six years. The S. 139 bill has made minor key changes to potentially enhance more effective ways to protect privacy in the United States while still tracking possible terrorist attacks. A few changes will now require the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court to approve specified query procedures every year, as well as have the Inspector General of the Department of Justice over look the query procedures and practices of the FBI, and have limited use of Section 702 to not allow information found to be used against U.S citizens for criminal cases. Section 702 originally expired on December 31,\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment Protection Act\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20676984\",\n \"text\": \"Supreme Court, to protect an entities right to privacy. Post World War II, this amendment was used to help protect individual liberty; for example, in the Griswold v. United States court case it was used to broadly justify the right to privacy not mentioned within the first eight amendments. The Fourteenth Amendment has embedded within it the due process clause and equal protection clauses, which state that no state shall \\\"deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process\\\", this has been interpreted to serve as a protection of privacy within the family, marriage, motherhood, procreation, and child\",\n \"title\": \"Privacy and the US government\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428449\",\n \"text\": \"that a consent search is still valid even if the police do not inform a suspect of his right to refuse the search. This contrasts with Fifth Amendment rights, which cannot be relinquished without an explicit \\\"Miranda\\\" warning from police. The Court stated in \\\"United States v. Matlock\\\" (1974) that a third party co-occupant could give consent for a search without violating a suspect's Fourth Amendment rights. However, in \\\"Georgia v. Randolph\\\" (2006), the Supreme Court ruled that when two co-occupants are both present, one consenting and the other rejecting the search of a shared residence, the police may not\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2842806\",\n \"text\": \"In the \\\"Katz\\\" decision, the Court \\\"extended the Fourth Amendment protection from unreasonable search and seizure to protect individuals with a 'reasonable expectation of privacy.'\\\" Section 2511(3) of the Crime Control Bill specifies that nothing in the act or the Federal Communications Act of 1934 shall limit the constitutional power of the President \\\"\\\"to take such measures as he deems necessary\\\"\\\": The section also limits use in evidence only where the interception was reasonable and prohibits disclosure except for purpose. In 1975, the United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, (known as the\",\n \"title\": \"Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428742\",\n \"text\": \"The framers of the Fourteenth Amendment wanted these principles enshrined in the Constitution to protect the new Civil Rights Act from being declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court and also to prevent a future Congress from altering it by a mere majority vote. This section was also in response to violence against black people within the Southern States. The Joint Committee on Reconstruction found that only a Constitutional amendment could protect black people's rights and welfare within those states. Section 1 has been the most frequently litigated part of the amendment, and this amendment in turn has been the most\",\n \"title\": \"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15323671\",\n \"text\": \"Mere evidence rule In the law of the United States, the mere evidence rule was a historical doctrine that defined the scope of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The mere evidence rule was drawn from the opinion of the United States Supreme Court in the case \\\"Boyd v. United States\\\". In \\\"Boyd\\\", the Court ruled that a statute that compelled the production of documents as part of an investigation into the payment of duties was a violation of the Fourth and Fifth Amendments. The Court reasoned that the defendant had a superior property right in the papers,\",\n \"title\": \"Mere evidence rule\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428421\",\n \"text\": \"shifted in both parties. Many Federalists, who had previously opposed a Bill of Rights, now supported the Bill as a means of silencing the Anti-Federalists' most effective criticism. Many Anti-Federalists, in contrast, now opposed it, realizing that the Bill's adoption would greatly lessen the chances of a second constitutional convention, which they desired. Anti-Federalists such as Richard Henry Lee also argued that the Bill left the most objectionable portions of the Constitution, such as the federal judiciary and direct taxation, intact. On November 20, 1789, New Jersey ratified eleven of the twelve amendments, including the Fourth. On December 19, 1789,\",\n \"title\": \"Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10987933\",\n \"text\": \"Amendments to the United States Constitution each contain a due process clause. Due process deals with the administration of justice and thus the due process clause acts as a safeguard from arbitrary denial of life, liberty, or property by the government outside the sanction of law. The Supreme Court has interpreted the due process clauses to provide four protections: procedural due process (in civil and criminal proceedings), substantive due process, a prohibition against vague laws, and as the vehicle for the incorporation of the Bill of Rights. The Supreme Court has held that the federal government and each state has\",\n \"title\": \"Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428761\",\n \"text\": \"a Texas law against same-sex sexual intercourse violated the right to privacy. In \\\"Obergefell v. Hodges\\\" (2015), the Court ruled that the fundamental right to marriage included same-sex couples being able to marry. When the government seeks to burden a person's protected liberty interest or property interest, the Supreme Court has held that procedural due process requires that, at a minimum, the government provide the person notice, an opportunity to be heard at an oral hearing, and a decision by a neutral decision maker. For example, such process is due when a government agency seeks to terminate civil service employees,\",\n \"title\": \"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"337280\",\n \"text\": \"could be defined as preventing \\\"intrusions into one's physical space or solitude.\\\" This would include concerns such as: An example of the legal basis for the right to physical privacy is the U.S. Fourth Amendment, which guarantees \\\"the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures\\\". Most countries have laws regarding trespassing and property rights also determine the right of physical privacy. Physical privacy may be a matter of cultural sensitivity, personal dignity, and/or shyness. There may also be concerns about safety, if for example one is wary of\",\n \"title\": \"Privacy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8812731\",\n \"text\": \"include vehicles parked within private property where there is a reasonable expectation of privacy, which includes a home and its surrounding curtilage, defined by the Fourth Amendment, as determined in \\\"Collins v. Virginia\\\" (2018). The Supreme Court also ruled in the 2017 case \\\"Byrd v. United States\\\" that the motor vehicle exception also includes to those driving rental vehicles even if the driver is not listed on the rental agreement. Motor vehicle exception The motor vehicle exception is a legal rule in the United States that modifies the normal probable cause requirement of the Fourth Amendment to the United States\",\n \"title\": \"Motor vehicle exception\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1672819\",\n \"text\": \"Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1791. Under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution a warrant is broadly required which particularly describes the place to be searched, and the persons, or things, to be seized; and no warrants shall be issued, but upon probable cause, supported by testimony before a judge. The courts have recognized many exceptions to the warrant requirement, including exceptions for routine administrative or inventory searches, searches made under exigent circumstances, and searches made with consent. A typical arrest warrant in the United States will take the approximate form of: \\\"This Court orders the Sheriff\",\n \"title\": \"Warrant (law)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12688495\",\n \"text\": \"Stored Communications Act The Stored Communications Act (SCA, codified at 18 U.S.C. Chapter 121 §§ 2701–2712) is a law that addresses voluntary and compelled disclosure of \\\"stored wire and electronic communications and transactional records\\\" held by third-party internet service providers (ISPs). It was enacted as Title II of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 (ECPA). The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution protects the people's right \\\"to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures\\\". However, when applied to information stored online, the Fourth Amendment's protections are potentially far weaker. In part, this\",\n \"title\": \"Stored Communications Act\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1879972\",\n \"text\": \"her own body\\\". In political terms, privacy can be understood as a condition in which one is not observed or disturbed by government. Traditionally, American courts have located the right to privacy in the Fourth Amendment, Ninth Amendment, Fourteenth Amendment, as well as the penumbra of the Bill of Rights. The landmark decision \\\"Roe v Wade\\\" relied on the 14th Amendment, which guarantees that federal rights shall be applied equally to all persons born in the United States. The 14th Amendment has given rise to the doctrine of Substantive due process, which is said to guarantee various privacy rights, including\",\n \"title\": \"Abortion debate\"\n }\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"there are two parts to the fourth amendment the reasonableness clause and the"}}},{"rowIdx":8399,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["U.S. Congress"],"string":"[\n \"U.S. Congress\"\n]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1376372","text":"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case holding that the Commerce Clause gave the U.S. Congress power to force private businesses to abide by Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits discrimination in public accommodations. This important case represented an immediate challenge to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the landmark piece of civil rights legislation which represented the first comprehensive act by Congress on civil rights and race relations since the Civil Rights Act","title":"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States"},{"id":"1376374","text":"637 (1950); \"NAACP v. Alabama\", 357 U.S. 449 (1958); \"Boynton v. Virginia\", 364 U.S. 454 (1960); and, most notably, \"Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka\", 347 U.S. 483 (1954), public opinion began to turn against segregation. Despite the outcomes of these cases, segregation remained in full effect into the 1960s in parts of the southern United States, where the Heart of Atlanta Motel was located. The Heart of Atlanta Motel was a large, 216-room motel in Atlanta, Georgia. In direct violation of the terms of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which banned racial discrimination in public places, largely","title":"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States"},{"id":"1376373","text":"of 1875. For much of the 100 years preceding 1964, race relations in the United States had been dominated by segregation, a system of racial separation which, while in name provided for \"separate but equal\" treatment of both white and black Americans, in truth perpetuated inferior accommodation, services, and treatment for black Americans. During the mid-20th century, partly as a result of cases such as \"Powell v. Alabama\", 287 U.S. 45 (1932); \"Smith v. Allwright\", 321 U.S. 649 (1944); \"Shelley v. Kraemer\", 334 U.S. 1 (1948); \"Sweatt v. Painter\", 339 U.S. 629 (1950); \"McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents\", 339 U.S.","title":"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States"},{"id":"1376378","text":"blacks. The opinion of the court, announced on December 14, 1964, was delivered by Justice Tom C. Clark, with concurring opinions by Justice Arthur Goldberg, Justice Hugo Black, and Justice William O. Douglas. The U.S. Supreme Court held that Congress acted well within its authority under the Commerce Clause in passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964, thereby upholding the act's Title II in question. While it might have been possible for Congress to pursue other methods for abolishing racial discrimination, the way in which Congress did so, according to the Court, was perfectly valid. It found no merit in","title":"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States"},{"id":"1376379","text":"the arguments pursuant to the Thirteenth Amendment, finding it difficult to conceive that such an amendment might be applicable in restraining civil rights legislation. Having observed that 75% of the Heart of Atlanta Motel's clientele came from out-of-state, and that it was strategically located near Interstates 75 and 85 as well as two major Georgia highways, the Court found that the business clearly affected interstate commerce. Accordingly, it upheld the permanent injunction issued by the district court and required the Heart of Atlanta Motel to receive business from clientele of all ethnicities. Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States","title":"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States"},{"id":"13114041","text":"that the Fourth Amendment prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures applies to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. He also wrote the majority opinion in \"Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States\", which upheld the public accommodations provision of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the majority opinions in \"Garner v. Board of Public Works\", \"Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson\", and \"Abington School District v. Schempp\". Clark was born in Dallas, Texas, on September 23, 1899, the son of Virginia Maxey (née Falls), and William Henry Clark. His parents had moved from Mississippi to Texas; his lawyer father became","title":"Tom C. Clark"},{"id":"1376377","text":"with it and so it undoubtedly would not place issues of racial discrimination in public accommodations beyond the reach of federal and state law. The United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia ruled in favor of the United States and issued a permanent injunction requiring the Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. to refrain from using racial discrimination when providing services or goods to guests or the general public on its premises. The case was combined with the case of the future Governor of Georgia Lester Maddox concerning his Pickrick restaurant and his case to refuse to serve","title":"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States"},{"id":"797712","text":"states reapportioned their legislatures quickly and with minimal troubles. Numerous commentators have concluded reapportionment was the Warren Court's great \"success story.\" Civil rights continued to be a major issue facing the Warren Court in the 1960s. In the 1963 case of \"Petersen v. Greenville\", Warren wrote the Court's majority opinion, which struck down local ordinances that prohibited restaurants from serving black and white individuals in the same room. Later in the decade, the Court upheld the constitutionality of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 in \"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\". The Court held that the Commerce Clause","title":"Earl Warren"},{"id":"1376375","text":"based on Congress's control of interstate commerce, the motel refused to rent rooms to black patrons. The owner, Moreton Rolleston, filed suit in federal court, arguing that the requirements of the Act exceeded the authority granted to Congress over interstate commerce. In addition, Rolleston maintained that it violated his Fifth Amendment rights to choose customers and operate his business as he wished and resulted in unjust deprivation of his property without due process of law and just compensation. Finally, he contended that Congress had placed him in a position of involuntary servitude by forcing him to rent available rooms to","title":"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States"},{"id":"11229004","text":"the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law on July 2. Legend has it that as he put down his pen Johnson told an aide, \"We have lost the South for a generation\", anticipating a coming backlash from Southern whites against Johnson's Democratic Party. The act banned racial segregation in public accommodations, banned employment discrimination on the basis of race or gender, and strengthened the federal government's power to investigate racial and gender employment discrimination. The law later upheld by the Supreme Court in cases such as \"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\". Biographer Randall B. Woods has","title":"Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson"},{"id":"797649","text":"would continue to issue rulings that helped bring an end to the segregationist Jim Crow laws that were prevalent throughout the South. In \"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\", the Court upheld the Civil Rights Act of 1964, a federal law that prohibits racial segregation in public institutions and public accommodations. In the 1960s, the Warren Court handed down several landmark rulings that transformed criminal procedure, redistricting, and other areas of the law. Many of the Court's decisions incorporated the Bill of Rights, making the protections of the Bill of Rights apply to state and local governments. \"Gideon","title":"Earl Warren"},{"id":"1376376","text":"blacks, thereby violating his Thirteenth Amendment rights. In response, the United States countered that the restrictions requiring adequate accommodation for black Americans were unquestionably related to interstate travel and that Congress, under the Constitution's Commerce Clause, certainly had the power to address such a matter in law. It further argued that the Fifth Amendment does not forbid reasonable regulation of interstate commerce and that such incidental damage did not constitute the \"taking\" of property without just compensation or due process of law. Lastly, it asserted that the Thirteenth Amendment applies primarily to slavery and the removal of widespread disabilities associated","title":"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States"},{"id":"1568650","text":"clause, thus paving the way for the Federal government to enact civil rights laws prohibiting both public and private sector discrimination on the basis of the commerce clause. After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed, the Supreme Court upheld the law's application to the private sector, on the grounds that Congress has the power to regulate commerce between the States. The landmark case \"Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States\" established the constitutionality of the law, but it did not settle all of the legal questions surrounding the law. In \"Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp.\", a 1971 Supreme","title":"Civil Rights Act of 1964"},{"id":"279437","text":"Travel Bureau) specialized in accommodations. Segregation of U.S. tourist accommodation would legally be ended by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and by a court ruling in \"Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States\" affirming that Congress' powers over interstate commerce extend to regulation of local incidents (such as racial discrimination in a motel serving interstate travelers) which might substantially and harmfully affect that commerce. The term \"motel\" originated with the Motel Inn of San Luis Obispo, originally called the Milestone Mo-Tel, which was constructed in 1925 by Arthur Heineman (although some hotels with a similar architecture existed at least","title":"Motel"},{"id":"1958979","text":"be said to rest upon some rational basis. (Citing \"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v United States\" (1964).) Justice Rehnquist echoed this point in his opinion in \"United States v. Lopez\", stating: \"Since [\"Wickard\"], the Court has ... undertaken to decide whether a rational basis existed for concluding that a regulated activity sufficiently affected interstate commerce. See, e.g., \"Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Association\", 452 U.S. 264, 276–280 (1981); \"Perez v. United States\", 402 U.S. 146, 155–156 (1971); \"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\", 379 U.S. 241, 252–253 (1964).\" Rational basis review begins with establishing the","title":"Commerce Clause"},{"id":"4798916","text":"she married Heyward Siddons,who died April 8, 2014. In 1991, she received an honorary degree in Doctor of Letters from Oglethorpe University. She lives in Charleston, South Carolina, and spends summers in Maine. \"Peachtree Road\", set in Atlanta, was a bestselling novel described as \"the Southern novel for our generation\" by Pat Conroy. More than a million copies are in print. In 1989 her book \"Heartbreak Hotel\" became a movie titled \"Heart of Dixie\", which starred Ally Sheedy, Virginia Madsen, Phoebe Cates, Treat Williams, Kyle Secor and Peter Berg. Siddons's book \"The House Next Door\" was adapted for a made-for-television","title":"Anne Rivers Siddons"},{"id":"1958966","text":"\"United States v. Lopez\" (1995) decision, after nearly 60 years of leaving any restraint on the use of the Commerce Clause to political means only, that the Court again ruled that a regulation enacted under the Clause was unconstitutional. The wide interpretation of the scope of the Commerce Clause continued following the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which aimed to prevent business from discriminating against black customers. The United States Supreme Court issued several opinions which supported this use of the Commerce Clause. \"Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States\", , ruled that Congress could regulate a","title":"Commerce Clause"},{"id":"17235198","text":"the government has a legitimate concern that physicians might recommend marijuana in bad faith. However, physicians in good faith using honest medical judgment should not fear DEA sanctions. Furthermore, The government appealed the District Court decision to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which issued its decision in 2002. Again the doctors and patients won and the federal government lost, while Judge Alex Kozinski's concurrence also brought in the First Amendment right of patients to hear accurate information from their doctors, and the state of California's right to make its own laws without being subverted by federal commandeering. The ruling","title":"Conant v. Walters"},{"id":"5012870","text":"was upheld by the Supreme Court of Georgia. The Supreme Court of the United States, however, per Justice Marshall, unanimously overturned the earlier decision and invalidated all state laws that forbade the private possession of materials judged obscene, on the grounds of the First and Fourteenth Amendments. Justices Stewart, Brennan, and White, contributed a joint concurring opinion. Justice Hugo Black also concurred, with a separate opinion having to do with the Fourth Amendment search and seizure provision. The case also established an implied right to pornography. The right to privacy to pornography is not absolute, however. For example, in \"Osborne","title":"Stanley v. Georgia"},{"id":"11070010","text":"of the U.S. Supreme Court with the 2002 ruling in Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council, Inc. v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency. Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, who had previously ruled with a 5-4 majority in favor of the landowner, switched sides to favor the government that had delayed development for more than 20 years because of the government's own indecision about alleged concerns about the water quality of Lake Tahoe. Specific zoning laws have been overturned in some other U.S. cases where the laws were not applied evenly (violating equal protection) or were considered to violate free speech. In the Atlanta suburb of","title":"Zoning in the United States"},{"id":"13896889","text":"United States v. Georgia United States v. Georgia, 546 U.S. 151 (2006), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court decided that the protection of Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), passed by the U.S. Congress, extends to persons held in a state prison and protects prison inmates from discrimination on the basis of disability by prison personnel. Specifically, the court held that Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, \".\", is a proper use of Congressional power under the Fourteenth Amendment, Section 5, making it applicable to prison system officials. The petitioner,","title":"United States v. Georgia"},{"id":"16352207","text":"all three continued to work for some time after that date and filed for back pay with the Court of Claims. The three were victorious before the Court of Claims, and the government appealed to the Supreme Court, which heard the cases in a consolidated argument in 1946. The Court heard the case as a seven-member panel, with Justice Jackson recused and Chief Justice Stone having died a month before oral arguments. The Court, in a decision authored by Justice Hugo Black, ruled unanimously to uphold the decision of the Court of Claims, finding that Kerr's provision was an unconstitutional","title":"United States v. Lovett"},{"id":"11070009","text":"concerns were not sufficient to deny all development without compensation. \"Dolan v. City of Tigard\" ruled that conditions of a permit must be roughly proportional to the impacts of the proposed new development. \"Palazzolo v. Rhode Island\" ruled property rights are not diminished by unconstitutional laws that exist without challenge at the time the complaining property owner acquired title. The landowner victories have been limited mostly to the U.S. Supreme Court, however, Each decision in favor of the landowner is based on the facts of the particular case, so that regulatory takings rulings in favor of landowners Even the trend","title":"Zoning in the United States"},{"id":"19830","text":"his banned \"American Mercury\" magazine; the ACLU defended him and won an acquittal. The ACLU went on to win additional victories, including the landmark case \"United States v. One Book Called Ulysses\" in 1933, which reversed a ban by the Customs Department against the book \"Ulysses\" by James Joyce. The ACLU only achieved mixed results in the early years, and it was not until 1966 that the Supreme Court finally clarified the obscenity laws in the \"Roth v. United States\" and \"Memoirs v. Massachusetts\" cases. The Comstock laws banned distribution of sex education information, based on the premise that it","title":"American Civil Liberties Union"},{"id":"14557349","text":"his death, the United States land commissioners found against the heirs who sought to confirm their title to the land. The U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California reversed that judgment and confirmed the title. The United States appealed and the U.S. Supreme Court agreed to hear the case. Affirmed. Justice John McLean delivered the opinion of the court. McLean stated that the lower court had found that the date on the affirmation of the grant had been altered, and thus could not be used against the heirs. In addition, the decedent and his heirs had maintained possession","title":"United States v. Heirs of De Haro"},{"id":"13766574","text":"lawyer Edward Greenspan said, \"The heart of their case was lost.\" However, former federal prosecutor and SEC enforcement lawyer Jacob Frenkel called it a \"stunning victory\" for the government and explained how a split verdict \"highlights for the appellate court that the jury was very thoughtful and thorough in its deliberations.\" Investigators hired by Hollinger companies to locate assets examined more than forty bank accounts which may be, or may have been, held in the name of Black, his wife, or affiliated entities. According to court filings, Ravelston Corp. also had a subsidiary in Barbados called Argent News Inc. and","title":"Black v. United States"},{"id":"13896892","text":"narrowly ruled that Congress has the authority to apply ADA to the administration of state prisons to the extent that it relates to conduct that actually violates the Fourteenth Amendment. Thus Congress was granted more authority over the States in this area of disability rights. United States v. Georgia United States v. Georgia, 546 U.S. 151 (2006), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court decided that the protection of Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), passed by the U.S. Congress, extends to persons held in a state prison and protects prison inmates from discrimination on","title":"United States v. Georgia"},{"id":"18480261","text":"and television broadcasts. Bohm is also a regular lecturer at legal conferences and is an adjunct professor of law at Tulane University Law School. Bohm is married to Elisa (Williams) and has three children. Bohm resides in Sacramento, California. Lawrance Bohm Lawrance A. Bohm (born July 4, 1972) is an American lawyer who is most noted for winning what is believed to be the two largest single-plaintiff employment verdicts in United States history: $185,872,719.52 in \"Juarez v. AutoZone Stores, Inc.\" (2014, United States District Court, Southern District of California) and $167,730,488.00 in \"Chopourian v. Catholic Healthcare West\" (2012, United States","title":"Lawrance Bohm"},{"id":"16622350","text":"United States issued a writ of certiorari to the United States Appeals Court for the Eleventh Circuit to consider appeals to its rulings in \"National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius\" and \"Florida v. United States Department of Health and Human Services\". The Court heard oral arguments March 26–28, 2012 and decided the consolidated case on June 28, 2012. Although the Supreme Court declared that the law could not have been upheld under an argument based on the regulatory power of Congress under the Commerce Clause, the Court declared that the legislatively-declared \"penalty\" was constitutional as a valid exercise of","title":"Constitutional challenges to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act"},{"id":"15741627","text":"District of Columbia Circuit overturned Jones's conviction, holding that the police action was a search because it violated Jones's \"reasonable expectation of privacy\". Judge Douglas H. Ginsburg was joined by Judges David S. Tatel and Thomas B. Griffith. The D.C. Circuit then denied prosecutors' petition for rehearing \"en banc\", over the dissent of Chief Judge David B. Sentelle, joined by Judges Karen L. Henderson, Janice Rogers Brown, and Brett Kavanaugh. The court's decision was the subject of significant legal debate. In 2007, Judge Richard Posner of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit had reached the opposite","title":"United States v. Jones"},{"id":"5299781","text":"juries, imposed the maximum sentence, 78 months, based on the jury's verdict. The government asked the judge to correct Fanfan’s sentence, which was denied. The Government filed a notice of appeal in the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit and a petition for a writ of certiorari in the Supreme Court in the Fanfan case. Because of the importance of the case, the Supreme Court granted the petition as well as a similar petition filed by the government in Booker’s case, following the Seventh Circuit's ruling in favor of Booker. The Government asked the Court to determine","title":"United States v. Booker"},{"id":"428760","text":"(1973), in which the Court invalidated a Texas law forbidding abortion except to save the mother's life. Like Goldberg's and Harlan's concurring opinions in \"Griswold\", the majority opinion authored by Justice Harry Blackmun located the right to privacy in the Due Process Clause's protection of liberty. The decision disallowed many state and federal abortion restrictions, and it became one of the most controversial in the Court's history. In \"Planned Parenthood v. Casey\" (1992), the Court decided that \"the essential holding of \"Roe v. Wade\" should be retained and once again reaffirmed.\" In \"Lawrence v. Texas\" (2003), the Court found that","title":"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"},{"id":"10939734","text":"medication on the grounds that it was necessary to restore Sell's competency to stand trial. The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the lower court's decision in a divided vote. Sell's attorney pointed out that Sell had already been incarcerated for a longer period of time than if he were convicted for the offenses as charged. Sell, on Writ of Certiorari, appealed to the United States Supreme Court. The American Psychological Association filed an amicus curiae brief taking a neutral position, supporting neither the government's nor Sell's position. Although the Supreme Court upheld two aspects of the appeal, it ultimately","title":"Sell v. United States"},{"id":"10223118","text":"court granted the union's injunction, finding that Section 93 of the act was preempted by Section 7 of the NLRA. The Court of Appeals relied heavily on the Supreme Court's decision in \"Hill v. Florida ex rel. Watson\", 325 U.S. 538 (1945), when it concluded that Section 7 conferred \"an unfettered right on employees to choose the officials of their own bargaining representatives.\" The state sought a rehearing \"en banc,\" but the entire court of appeals refused to rehear the case after it deadlocked in a 5-to-5 vote. The state appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which granted certiorari (464","title":"Brown v. Hotel and Restaurant Employees"},{"id":"15443433","text":"title suits against the federal government's officers and agents. Only when property has been transferred by the courts does a private citizen establish a right to establish or reclaim rights to title. But the circuit court in \"Lee\" held that much of the decision in \"Carr\" was dicta, and reaffirmed the jury decision. Two appeals were made to the U.S. Supreme Court. The first was by the United States government itself, while the second was made by the government on behalf of Kaufman and Strong. The question was whether the title actually transferred to the federal government. If yes, then","title":"United States v. Lee (1882)"},{"id":"15631713","text":"Thomas. A separate dissent was filed by Justice Alito that was joined by Chief Justice Roberts. \"Coleman v. Brown\" (Previously \"Coleman v. Wilson\") (E.D. Cal.), is a federal class action civil rights lawsuit under the Civil Rights Act of 1871, Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 alleging unconstitutional mental health care by the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR). The case was filed on April 23, 1990 and tried before a United States magistrate judge. In June 1994 the magistrate judge found that defendants’ delivery of mental health care to","title":"Brown v. Plata"},{"id":"7167590","text":"\"Crossfire\", \"The Ricki Lake Show\", \"The Today Show\", and \"Good Morning America\". Harvard University law professor Laurence Tribe commented during an appearance on \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\" television program that this case was the last time that the U.S. Supreme Court had decided favorably to a defendant in a civil rights case of this magnitude. California Penal Code § 647(e) was repealed by the California Legislature in 2008. Edward C. Lawson Edward C. Lawson is an African American civil rights activist, who was the plaintiff in the case of \"Kolender v. Lawson\", , in which the United States Supreme Court","title":"Edward C. Lawson"},{"id":"1828120","text":"Amendment was selected over the Fourteenth Amendment due to the lack of federal protections in the Fourteenth Amendment. He was arrested and convicted. No question was raised as to Korematsu's loyalty to the United States. The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the conviction, and the Supreme Court granted \"certiorari\". The decision of the case, written by Justice Hugo Black, found the case largely indistinguishable from the previous year's \"Hirabayashi v. United States\" decision, and rested largely on the same principle: deference to Congress and the military authorities, particularly in light of the uncertainty following Pearl Harbor. Justice","title":"Korematsu v. United States"},{"id":"16622348","text":"Congress had the power to pass the law because it affected interstate commerce and was part of a broader regulatory scheme. On June 29, 2011, a divided three-judge panel of the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the decision. Judge Jeffrey Sutton, a member of the three judge panel appointed by George W. Bush, was the first Republican-appointed judge to rule that the law is constitutional. In \"Seven-Sky v. Holder\" on November 8, 2011, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia upheld the constitutionality of the law. The decision was written by Senior Judge Laurence Silberman, a","title":"Constitutional challenges to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act"},{"id":"18881173","text":"the County of Los Angeles, by California, Drug Free America Foundation, California State Sheriffs' Association, and the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research. Briefs in support of Patel were filed by the Asian American Hotel Owners Association, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, the Rutherford Institute, Gun Owners of America, the Cato Institute, Professors Adam Lamparello & Charles E. MacLean, Institute for Justice, Google, and the Electronic Privacy Information Center. A brief in support of neither party was filed by Love146. Associate Justice Sonia Sotomayor authored the 5–4 majority opinion, joined by Justices Kennedy, Ginsburg, Breyer, and Kagan.","title":"City of Los Angeles v. Patel"},{"id":"12140999","text":"Anthony G. Amsterdam Anthony Guy Amsterdam (born September 12, 1935) is an American lawyer and professor of law at New York University School of Law. In 1981, Alan Dershowitz called Amsterdam “the most distinguished law professor in the United States.” Amsterdam grew up in a middle-class neighborhood in West Philadelphia. Working with the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Amsterdam argued and won \"Furman v. Georgia\" in 1972, in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled on the requirement for a degree of consistency in the application of the death penalty. He sits on the board of directors","title":"Anthony G. Amsterdam"},{"id":"433240","text":"and \"Gideon v. Wainwright\" (right to appointed counsel),—and required that criminal suspects be apprised of all these rights by police (\"Miranda v. Arizona\"). At the same time, however, the Court limited defamation suits by public figures (\"New York Times v. Sullivan\") and supplied the government with an unbroken run of antitrust victories. The Burger Court (1969–86) marked a conservative shift. It also expanded \"Griswold\"'s right to privacy to strike down abortion laws (\"Roe v. Wade\"), but divided deeply on affirmative action (\"Regents of the University of California v. Bakke\") and campaign finance regulation (\"Buckley v. Valeo\"). It also dithered on","title":"Supreme Court of the United States"},{"id":"12084186","text":"the government required reasonable suspicion to conduct the search. This motion was granted by the District Court, ruling in Arnold's favor. The Government promptly appealed the case, and stated that the border doctrine took precedence over the Fourth Amendment's protection from unreasonable search. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals overturned the lower court's ruling, holding in favor of the Government. Arnold was represented in the District Court and before the Ninth Circuit by Marilyn E. Bednarski and Kevin J. LaHue, of Kaye, McLane, Bednarski, & Litt. The crux of Arnold's argument is that a laptop is very similar to a","title":"United States v. Arnold"},{"id":"16622340","text":"mandate to purchase insurance exceeds the authority of Congress to regulate interstate commerce. Vinson further ruled the clause was not severable, which had the effect of striking down the entire law. On August 12, 2011, a divided three-judge panel of the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed Judge Vinson's decision in part: the court agreed that the mandate was unconstitutional, but held that it could be severed, allowing the rest of the ACA to remain. In September 2011, the Department of Justice decided not to ask for an en banc review by the 11th Circuit, and instead asked the U.S.","title":"Constitutional challenges to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act"},{"id":"19968205","text":"Decency Act as a publisher of user material, and was not required to comply with the trial court's removal order. However, the part of the trial court's decision that ordered the reviewer to remove the defamatory review and pay a monetary judgement were left intact. In early October 2018, Hassell, and her attorneys Charles Harder and Monique Olivier, appealed the California Supreme Court's decision and filed a petition seeking a writ of certiori for the case to be heard by the United States Supreme Court. The petition is now pending before the United State Supreme Court. In the summer of","title":"Hassell v. Bird"},{"id":"1323392","text":"\"Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States\", , and \"Katzenbach v. McClung\", . In several other federalism cases, however, Black ruled against the federal government. For instance, he partially dissented from \"South Carolina v. Katzenbach\", , in which the Court upheld the validity of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. In an attempt to protect the voting rights of African Americans, the act required any state whose population was at least 5% African American to obtain federal approval before changing its voting laws. Black wrote that the law, ... by providing that some of the States cannot pass state laws","title":"Hugo Black"},{"id":"6537359","text":"also written a book about her experiences in San Francisco politics, entitled \"Straight from the Heart\". After serving on the Board of Supervisors, Alioto opened her own law firm, which specializes in civil rights and anti-discrimination law. Alioto has won multiple landmark civil rights cases. In 2001, Alioto won the largest civil rights verdict in the history of the United States, against IBC/Wonder Bread for $135 million. Alioto represented 20 African-American men who endured years of racial slurs, and were wrongfully terminated or passed over for promotions. Her San Francisco employment law office has successfully won litigation against Mary Kay","title":"Angela Alioto"},{"id":"20428768","text":"an ultimate decision in his particular case by this Court whether certain material comes within the area of 'obscenity' as that term is confused by the Court today.\" One legal scholar likened the result of these three decisions to the Tower of Babel. This state of confusion would persist until the \"Miller v. California\" case in 1973. Ginzburg v. United States Ginzburg v. United States, 383 U.S. 463 (1966), was a decision by the United States Supreme Court involving the application of the First Amendment to Federal obscenity laws. One of a trio of cases (with \"Memoirs v. Massachusetts\" and","title":"Ginzburg v. United States"},{"id":"13644811","text":"Washington Nationals and Baltimore Orioles to Comcast's programming lineup in the Washington D.C. area. Frederick also represented MASN through three successful Federal Communications Commission (FCC) arbitration rulings against Time Warner Cable. Other noteworthy cases argued by Frederick include: \"South Carolina v. North Carolina\", \"Idaho v. United States\", \"New Jersey v. Delaware\", \"United States v. Locke\", \"Farina v. Nokia, Inc.\", \"Carter v. United States\", and \"California v. Deep Sea Research\". He has argued cases in all of the thirteen U.S. courts of appeals. In 2001, Frederick represented the United States in oral arguments before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the","title":"David Frederick"},{"id":"2072619","text":"law-enforcement agents on charges of obstructing justice. Bernard Carey, a Republican, defeated him in the next election, in part because of the support of outraged black voters.\" The families of Hampton and Clark filed a US$47.7 million civil suit against the city, state, and federal governments. The case went to trial before Federal Judge J. Sam Perry. After more than 18 months of testimony and at the close of the Plaintiff's case, Judge Perry dismissed the case. The Plaintiffs appealed and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit reversed, ordering the case to be retried. More than a","title":"Fred Hampton"},{"id":"8121105","text":"of the City of Griffin, and sentenced to punishment of 50 days in jail, as she had not paid her fine of $50. The county court denied Lovell's appeal. The Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment of the lower court, upholding her conviction. The Supreme Court of Georgia denied an application for certiorari. Lovell appealed further, reaching the jurisdiction of the United States Supreme Court. Chief Justice Hughes delivered the opinion of the court. Justice Cardozo did not take part in the proceedings. The Court decided that the city ordinance was unconstitutionally overbroad. Because the ordinance restricted not merely the","title":"Lovell v. City of Griffin"},{"id":"1568646","text":"and property without due process\". In \"Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States\" (1964), the Supreme Court held that Congress drew its authority from the Constitution's Commerce Clause, rejecting Rolleston's claims. Resistance to the public accommodation clause continued for years on the ground, especially in the South. When local college students in Orangeburg, South Carolina attempted to desegregate a bowling alley in 1968, they were violently attacked, leading to rioting and what became known as the \"Orangeburg massacre.\" Resistance by school boards continued into the next decade, with the most significant declines in black-white school segregation only occurring at the","title":"Civil Rights Act of 1964"},{"id":"16959289","text":"to decide if either of those issues was preserved, as well as a host of Government challenges to the Court of Federal Claims' fact-findings. The Arkansas Game and Fish Commission's position was supported by the National Association of Home Builders, the American Farm Bureau Federation, and the American Forest Resource Council, among others. The Pacific Legal Foundation also hailed the Court's decision as an important victory for property rights. Carrie Severino, writing for \"National Review\", characterized the decision as \"yet another unanimous defeat\" for the Obama administration before the Supreme Court, which she wrote had \"developed a noted pattern of","title":"Arkansas Game & Fish Commission v. United States"},{"id":"4413547","text":"same 7-2 majority that struck down a Texas abortion law in \"Roe v. Wade\", invalidated most of the remaining restrictions of the Georgia abortion law, including the medical approval and residency requirements. The Court reiterated the protected \"right to privacy,\" which applied to matters involving marriage, procreation, contraception, family relationships, child rearing, and education. Justice Harry A. Blackmun wrote the majority opinion for the Court, in which he explained \"the sensitive and emotional nature\" of the issue and \"the deep and seemingly absolute convictions\" on both sides. Justice Blackmun went on to conclude that as a constitutional matter, the right","title":"Doe v. Bolton"},{"id":"12456768","text":"sued the hotel for the difference between what she was paid, and the $14.50 per week of 48 hours established as a minimum wage by the Industrial Welfare Committee and Supervisor of Women in Industry, pursuant to Washington state law. The trial court, using \"Adkins\" as precedent, ruled for the defendant. The Washington Supreme Court, taking the case on a direct appeal, reversed the trial court and found in favor of Parrish. The hotel appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. The Court, in an opinion by Chief Justice Hughes, ruled that the Constitution permitted the restriction of liberty of contract","title":"West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish"},{"id":"4413549","text":"been aware that the case had been filed on her behalf and that if she had known she would not have supported the litigation. The district court denied her motion, and she appealed. When the appeals court also denied her motion, she requested review by the United States Supreme Court. However, the Supreme Court declined to hear Sandra Cano's suit to overturn the ruling. Sandra Cano died on September 30, 2014. Doe v. Bolton Doe v. Bolton, 410 U.S. 179 (1973), was a decision of the United States Supreme Court overturning the abortion law of Georgia. The Supreme Court's decision","title":"Doe v. Bolton"},{"id":"12506882","text":"Johnson signed the historic Civil Rights Act of 1964. It invoked the Commerce Clause to outlaw discrimination in public accommodations (privately owned restaurants, hotels, and stores, and in private schools and workplaces). This use of the Commerce Clause was upheld in \"Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States\" 379 US 241 (1964). By 1965, efforts to break the grip of state disenfranchisement by education for voter registration in southern counties had been under way for some time, but had achieved only modest success overall. In some areas of the Deep South, white resistance made these efforts almost entirely ineffectual. The","title":"Jim Crow laws"},{"id":"1879751","text":"Appeals issued their decision on 17 June 2016. On April 17, 2017, the US Supreme Court denied certiorari for the plaintiff's appeal, clearing the way for the case to be tried. The jury trial for the combined cases against Sánchez de Lozada and Sánchez Berzaín began on March 5, 2018 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. They were both found liable for the civilian deaths by the jury on April 3, 2018. The plaintiffs were awarded $10 million in damages. May 30, 2018, Fort Lauderdale, Florida – Today, a federal judge overturned the verdict of a jury that found the former president","title":"Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada"},{"id":"13639231","text":"Guardsmen, resulted in unanimous verdicts for all defendants on all claims after an eleven-week trial. The judgment on those verdicts was reversed by the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit on the ground that the federal trial judge had mishandled an out-of-court threat against a juror. On remand, the civil case was settled in return for payment of a total of $675,000 to all plaintiffs by the State of Ohio As per § 707(b) of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 1979, United States passports are required to enter and exit the country, and as per the and","title":"Human rights in the United States"},{"id":"14896889","text":"continued to refuse to pay. They were held briefly in jail, while claiming violation of First Amendment rights. That night Jones was released by the court. The ACLU had filed an \"amicus brief\" in support of Jones's protest plans. On November 11, 2011, Wayne County Circuit Court Judge Robert Ziolkowski vacated the \"breach of peace\" ruling against Jones and Wayne Sapp on the grounds that they were denied due process. Terry Jones and his organization Stand Up America Now won a victory in court on August 30, 2013 over the City of Dearborn and its Chief of Police, Ronald Haddad.","title":"Terry Jones (pastor)"},{"id":"19213578","text":"no other state had before refused to recognize an adoption decree from another state. On December 14, 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court stayed the ruling, pending their disposition of the case. The stay allowed V.L. to continue to visit her children while the court considered her petition to review the case. On March 7, 2016, the Supreme Court issued a per curiam summary disposition which reversed the Supreme Court of Alabama, and effectively reinstated V.L.'s rights granted by the Georgia Superior Court. The court's reasoning was based on the Full Faith and Credit Clause of the U.S. Constitution. The Supreme","title":"V.L. v. E.L."},{"id":"19307430","text":"and died. Judge Logan E. Bleckley filled his vacancy and then refused to hear the case again. Associate justices Samuel Hall and Mark Blanford remained to deliver the ruling regarding if the white relatives would receive a new trial. Ultimately, eight months later on June 13, 1887, Samuel Hall and Mark Blanford of the Georgia Supreme Court also ruled in favor of Amanda America and her two sons, formally settling the dispute of David Dickson's will. Citing the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, the Georgia Supreme Court affirmed the lower court's decision, saying that the rights and privileges of","title":"Amanda America Dickson"},{"id":"19213572","text":"recognize the adoption judgment, saying that the Georgia court misapplied its own state law. The court voided the recognition of the adoption judgment in Alabama. V.L. petitioned the United States Supreme Court to stay the ruling during her appeal and allow her to see her children. On December 14, 2015, the Supreme Court stayed the ruling pending their action on a petition for a writ of certiorari filed by V.L. On March 7, 2016, the Supreme Court of the United States reversed the decision of the Alabama Supreme Court by per curiam summary disposition. The plaintiff, identified only by initials","title":"V.L. v. E.L."},{"id":"10264491","text":"Superior Court Judge Richard Williams ruled that because there were \"no limits\" on what Trump could do with the property, the plan to take Coking's property did not meet the test of law. But Williams' ruling did not reject the practice of using eminent domain to take private property from one individual and transferring it to another, which would eventually be upheld by the Supreme Court of the United States in \"Kelo v. City of New London\". Two other properties that prevailed against eminent domain eventually did sell: Sabatini's restaurant received $2.1 million and a pawnshop sold for $1.6 million.","title":"Vera Coking"},{"id":"18480250","text":"Lawrance Bohm Lawrance A. Bohm (born July 4, 1972) is an American lawyer who is most noted for winning what is believed to be the two largest single-plaintiff employment verdicts in United States history: $185,872,719.52 in \"Juarez v. AutoZone Stores, Inc.\" (2014, United States District Court, Southern District of California) and $167,730,488.00 in \"Chopourian v. Catholic Healthcare West\" (2012, United States District Court, Eastern District of California). Bohm has won several other large verdicts protecting and defending civil and workplace rights. Bohm has represented clients in several high-profile cases. Bohm grew up on Long Island, New York and graduated high","title":"Lawrance Bohm"},{"id":"1567758","text":"(changes in user privacy settings), Google (roll-out of Google Buzz), Microsoft (Hailstorm log-in), and Choicepoint (sale of personal information to identity thieves). EPIC has also prevailed in significant Freedom of Information Act cases against the CIA, the DHS, the Dept. of Education, the FBI, the NSA, the ODNI, and the TSA. EPIC has also filed many \"friend of the court\" briefs on law and technology, including Riley v. California (U.S. 2014) (concerning cell phone privacy), and litigated important privacy cases, including EPIC v. DHS (D.C. Cir. 2011), which led to the removal of the x-ray body scanners in US airports,","title":"Electronic Privacy Information Center"},{"id":"14027284","text":"137 S. Ct. 743 (2017), he won a victory for a girl with cerebral palsy who sought to bring her service dog with her to school; the Court reversed a lower-court decision throwing the case out of court. In \"Young v. United Parcel Service\", 135 S. Ct 1338 (2015), the Court established new protections for pregnant workers. In \"United States v. Georgia\", 546 U.S. 151 (2006), the Court upheld the constitutionality of Title II of the \"Americans with Disabilities Act\", as applied in the case of a prisoner who used a wheelchair. And in \"Chevron v. Echazabal\", 536 U.S. 73","title":"Samuel Bagenstos"},{"id":"19890356","text":"target was its customer. In a unanimous opinion written by Justice Stephen Breyer, the Court held that a scheme to defraud customers also deprives the bank of money in which the bank held a \"property right\", and criminal defendants may therefore be convicted under the federal statute for schemes to defraud bank customers. However, the Supreme Court remanded the case to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit to determine whether the trial court administered an erroneous jury instruction. Shaw v. United States Shaw v. United States, 580 U.S. ___ (2016), was a United States Supreme Court","title":"Shaw v. United States"},{"id":"16872851","text":"directly to the circumstances of the crime.\" Though South Carolina asserted that such is the case here, the Court disagreed, holding that the content of the cards at issue to be irrelevant to the \"circumstances of the crime.\" Justice O'Connor authored a dissenting opinion, joined by Chief Justice Rehnquist and Justice Kennedy; Justice Scalia also dissented, expressly arguing that \"Booth v. Maryland\" should be overruled. The impact of the case was somewhat short-lived, as two years later the Rehnquist Court decided \"Payne\", which has since had a significant impact in victim's rights, criminology and the lives of the parties involved.","title":"South Carolina v. Gathers"},{"id":"5174666","text":"a Bowie knife fight in the courtroom of the Circuit Court for the Northern District of California, an altercation between Justice Stephen Johnson Field of the US Supreme Court and David S. Terry, a former Chief Judge of the California Supreme Court and the fatal shooting of Terry by a US Marshal, both in the breakfast room of a California railroad hotel at Lathrop, which culminated in a landmark US Supreme Court decision in the case \"In re Neagle (Cunningham v. Neagle)\", on the supremacy of federal law over state law. 135 U.S. 1; 10 S. Ct. 658; 34 L.","title":"William Sharon"},{"id":"1451142","text":"Fred M. Vinson, who was joined by Justices Stanley Forman Reed, Sherman Minton, and Harold H. Burton. Separate concurring opinions were delivered by Justices Felix Frankfurter and Robert H. Jackson. Justices Hugo Black and William O. Douglas wrote separate dissenting opinions. Justice Tom C. Clark did not participate in this case. The Court rule affirmed the conviction of the petitioner, a leader of the Communist Party in the United States. Dennis had been convicted of conspiring and organizing for the overthrow and destruction of the United States government by force and violence under provisions of the Smith Act. In affirming","title":"Dennis v. United States"},{"id":"18621414","text":"test to do so.\" As one professorial commentator noted, \"Because \"DDR Holdings\" is the only post-\"Alice\" Federal Circuit decision so far to uphold a patent against a § 101 challenge, patentees have been quick to cite it and accused infringers have found ways to distinguish it.\" Among the district court cases interpreting and applying \"DDR Holdings\" are: DDR Holdings v. Hotels.com DDR Holdings, LLC v. Hotels.com, L.P., , is the first United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit decision to uphold the validity of computer-implemented patent claims since the Supreme Court's decision in \"Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank","title":"DDR Holdings v. Hotels.com"},{"id":"8589090","text":"Cahill's litigation practice is one of the more prominent in the United States, handling high-profile securities, antitrust and first amendment litigation. The firm's partners have made frequent appearances before the United States Supreme Court. For instance, \"National Broadcasting Co. v. United States\" helped establish the power and authority of the Federal Communications Commission. Another case, \"Times-Picayune v. United States\", is among the Court's most important antitrust rulings. On behalf of Cahill, Floyd Abrams successfully defended \"The New York Times\" in the landmark \"New York Times Co. v. United States\" case. In that 1971 case the Supreme Court of the United","title":"Cahill Gordon & Reindel"},{"id":"16976652","text":"not Indian country. Following this ruling, the Fifth Circuit Court came to the same conclusion, and reversed the federal conviction on the grounds that the district court lacked jurisdiction. The United States then appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which granted certiorari to hear the cases. The United States was represented by H. Bartow Farr III. The United States argued that the land the reservation was on, and on which the crime was committed, was undisputedly land purchased by the federal government and held in trust for the Mississippi Choctaw tribe as an Indian reservation. By the plain text of","title":"United States v. John (1978)"},{"id":"12833893","text":"charts. In each episode, the winning song will be revealed in a performance by a special guest star, some of the hottest singers today. True Entertainment (“The Real Housewives of Atlanta”) developed the reality series for Bravo with Steven Weinstock, Glenda Hersh, Tim Bogart, Evan Bogart, David Quinones and Erika Nuri serving as executive producers. The Writing Camp is also a producer. 3LW - \"Love Don't Cost a Thing - Soundtrack\" Adam Lambert - \"For Your Entertainment\" Ashley Tisdale - \"Headstrong\" B2K - \"Pandemonium!\" Babyface - \"Face2Face\" Namie Amuro - \"FEEL\" Beyoncé - \"I Am... Sasha Fierce\" Big Time Rush","title":"The Writing Camp"},{"id":"17515530","text":"to most law students as declaring that Indian tribes had the right to occupy the land but only the United States held title to the land by right of discovery. It covers other major cases, including \"Cherokee Nation v. Georgia\" (1831) (the tribe lacked standing to contest Georgia's violation of treaty rights), \"Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock\" (1903) (the U.S. had the right to confiscate Indian lands unilaterally despite treaty provisions); and \"Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States\" (1955) (discovery and conquest doctrines applied even when the Alaskan natives had separate dealings with Russia). The book covers cases involving the adoption of","title":"In the Courts of the Conqueror"},{"id":"15750586","text":"the \"Life\" magazine staff was aware of the inaccuracy of the article in question, this lack of jury instruction was crucial. Medina said that due to this failure to inform the jury of a requirement to find willful inaccuracy on the part of \"Life\" magazine, \"I still think I am entitled to win.\" In January 1967, the Court determined in a 5-4 decision in favor of Time, Inc. Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. wrote the opinion of the Court. Justice Brennan had previously written the majority opinion in the case of \"New York Times Co. v. Sullivan\" in 1964; that","title":"Time, Inc. v. Hill"},{"id":"19336018","text":"in the controlling opinion in \"Memoirs.\" Two others, Justice Black and Justice Douglas, concurred on broader grounds in reversing the judgment below. They reiterated their well-known position that the First Amendment provides an absolute shield against governmental action aimed at suppressing obscenity. Justice Stewart also concurred in the judgment, based on his view that only \"hardcore pornography\" may be suppressed. The view of the \"Memoirs\" plurality therefore constituted the holding of the Court and provided the governing standards at the time the alleged crimes were committed. \"Miller\" marked a significant departure from \"Memoirs\" and there can be little doubt that","title":"Marks v. United States"},{"id":"11010594","text":"United States v. Binion United States v. Binion, 132 F. App'x 89 (8th Cir. 2005), is a case in which the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit applied two recent U.S. Supreme Court decisions, \"United States v. Booker\" and \"United States v. Fanfan\", in uphelding the sentencing decision by the trial court, the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri. Dammeon Binion was arrested for possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. Representing himself, the defendant filed a \"pro se\" motion for a competence-to-stand-trial evaluation in which psychological tests were administered by a","title":"United States v. Binion"},{"id":"9560395","text":"appeal the decision. Their lawyer Seth Cohen told reporters \"that the organization disagrees with the judge's finding\" and that he was \"confident they will win in the N.C. Court of Appeals\". Cohen went on to say: \"It's a shame that this matter cannot be resolved sooner. All we have ever asked is that people of all faiths be able to put their hands on the holy text of their choice. It's that simple. We don't understand why this is such a big deal.\" Cohen also said that members of Judaism have thrown their support behind the case as they would","title":"American Civil Liberties Union of North Carolina v. North Carolina"},{"id":"15741643","text":"the former U.S. Solicitor General and the attorney who represented the defendant, said the decision was \"a signal event in Fourth Amendment history.\" He also said the decision made it more risky for law enforcement to use a GPS tracking device without a warrant. FBI director Robert Mueller testified in March 2013 that the \"Jones\" decision had limited the Bureau's surveillance capabilities. Criminal defense attorneys and civil libertarians such as Virginia Sloan of the Constitution Project praised the ruling for protecting Fourth Amendment rights against government intrusion through modern technology. The Electronic Frontier Foundation, which filed an amicus brief arguing","title":"United States v. Jones"},{"id":"13103030","text":"opinion in several important cases, including \"Boumediene v. Bush\" and \"Citizens United v. FEC\". Kennedy wrote in part the majority opinions in \"Planned Parenthood v. Casey\". He is also known for his majority opinions in each of the Court's landmark gay rights cases: \"Romer v. Evans\", \"Lawrence v. Texas\", \"United States v. Windsor\", and \"Obergefell v. Hodges\". Kennedy was born and raised in an Irish Catholic family in Sacramento, California. He was the son of Anthony J. Kennedy, an attorney with a reputation for influence in the California legislature, and Gladys (née McLeod), who participated in many local civic activities.","title":"Anthony Kennedy"},{"id":"4328198","text":"under the supervision of a federal judge, would enforce the defendant's rights against the state. The two dissenting justices, Field and Clifford, explained their position in the case of \"Ex Parte Virginia\", decided the same day. In the latter case, Field wrote, with Clifford concurring, \"The equality of the protection secured extends only to civil rights, as distinguished from those which are political or arise from the form of the government and its mode of administration.\" While a victory for the rights of black defendants and an important early civil rights case, \"Strauder v. West Virginia\" upheld the right of","title":"Strauder v. West Virginia"},{"id":"16158135","text":"statements about civilian awards... [the Act] is a narrow law enacted to address an important problem, and it presents no threat to freedom of expression.\" The decision received praise on constitutional grounds from across the political spectrum. The First Amendment Center called the decision \"a victory for free speech and common sense.\" Several veterans organizations leaders were dismayed by the decision. A spokesperson for the Veterans of Foreign Wars said \"Despite the ruling, the VFW will continue to challenge far-fetched stories, and to publicize these false heroes to the broadest extent possible as a deterrent to others.” Harold A. Fritz,","title":"United States v. Alvarez"},{"id":"3653468","text":"Davis\" concerned a 63-year-old grandmother, Pearlie Rucker, who was evicted because a member of her family had incurred a drug conviction. The court held that the federal statute that allowed the Oakland Housing Authority to evict Rucker should not be interpreted to allow the eviction of a tenant merely because of the wrongdoing of another. However, the Ninth Circuit's \"en banc\" ruling was overturned in 2002 by the United States Supreme Court in \"HUD v. Rucker\". Chief Justice William Rehnquist, writing for a unanimous Court (with Justice Stephen Breyer having recused himself), held that \"the plain language of [the statute]","title":"One strike, you're out"},{"id":"20185365","text":"in 1980. Her legal career began with a position as an assistant district attorney in the Dallas County District Attorney's office, where she prosecuted more than 125 criminal trials to verdict and later advanced to the Organized Crime Division. She began specializing in environmental and toxic tort law in 1986 when she joined her husband, Fred Baron, at his law firm Baron & Budd, the largest environmental law firm in the United States. While at Baron & Budd 2001, she won her largest verdict to date, $55.5 million, in the El Paso asbestos case Hernandez v. Kelly-Moore Paints. After selling","title":"Lisa Blue Baron"},{"id":"994897","text":"challenge the law in court, in a case supported by the NAACP. The law was initially upheld by the US District Court and affirmed by the Appeals Court based in New Orleans. Known as \"Gomillion v. Lightfoot,\" it was decided by the US Supreme Court in 1960, with the ruling implemented in 1961. The court ruled that the gerrymandering of city boundaries was racially motivated and violated the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which states that \"states were not insulated from federal judicial review when they jeopardized federally protected rights.\" The exclusionary gerrymandering was overturned and the city","title":"Tuskegee, Alabama"},{"id":"19005075","text":"Litigation, which is frequently cited by California appellate courts as non-binding legal authorities. Jeffrey Ehrlich Jeffrey Isaac Ehrlich (born July 10, 1959) is an American lawyer and author, known for handling landmark appeals in the United States Supreme Court and the California Supreme Court. He is co-author of the influential Thomson Reuters treatise on insurance litigation, and Editor-in-Chief of \" Advocate\", the most widely circulated trial-bar magazine in the United States. He and his son, Clinton Ehrlich, are also known for exonerating Sgt. Raymond Lee Jennings, an Iraq War veteran who served 11 years of a life sentence for murdering","title":"Jeffrey Ehrlich"},{"id":"19213579","text":"Court also ruled that the Superior Court in Georgia did have subject matter jurisdiction to rule on the adoption and that E.L. had expressly consented to the adoption. Furthermore, the court ruled that since no Georgia law was contrary to the Georgia adoption judgment, the Supreme Court of Alabama was incorrect in refusing to recognize the judgment. The court reversed the Supreme Court of Alabama, and remanded the case for further proceedings. V.L. v. E.L. V.L. v. E.L., 577 U.S. ___ (2016), is a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States concerning the adoption rights of same-sex","title":"V.L. v. E.L."},{"id":"11411942","text":"on behalf of the Florida Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers as amicus curiae. In Justice Anthony Kennedy's unanimous majority opinion, the Court ruled that commentary issued by the United States Sentencing Commission (which promulgates the United States Sentencing Guidelines) that interprets or explains a guideline is authoritative unless it violates the Constitution or a federal statute, or is inconsistent with, or a plainly erroneous reading of, that guideline. The \"Stinson\" decision has had broad influence having been cited in over 1,000 other federal appellate decisions, including both \"Blakely v. Washington\" (2004) and \"United States v. Booker\" (2005) the cases which","title":"Stinson v. United States"},{"id":"14722674","text":"rung of the hierarchy of First Amendment values.” Justice Rehnquist concurred in the judgment only. Justice Marshall did not take part in consideration or decision of the case. The case was cited by the dissent in \"Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project\" (2010); Justice Stevens, the only remaining member of the Court from \"Claiborne Hardware\", joined the majority. NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Claiborne Hardware Co., 458 U.S. 886 (1982), is a landmark civil rights case in which the United States Supreme Court ruled 8-0 (Marshall did not participate in the decision)","title":"NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co."},{"id":"12688516","text":"cannot be seen as \"hybrid order\" and the SCA's warrant provisions do not apply extraterritorially. A 4-4 split decision on an en banc rehearing by the full Second Circuit left the panel's decision for the case. The U.S. Department of Justice appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States, which has heard the case. A decision was expected by June 2018, but the CLOUD Act may render the question moot. The case is considered to highlight issues related to the antiquated nature of the SCA compared to modern Internet technologies. At the time of the SCA's creation, social media","title":"Stored Communications Act"},{"id":"5012878","text":"Amendment, as applied to the states by the Fourteenth, private possession of obscenity was decided to be legal. The Court noted that this does not affect or change \"Roth\" or other cases that deal with public obscenity. Justice Stewart wrote a concurrence, which Justice Brennan and Justice White joined. There was also another issue with the Constitutionality of the case, which was not addressed in the majority decision. The films were seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment as applied to the states by the Fourteenth. The Fourth Amendment prohibits the issuance of general warrants to search a person’s home.","title":"Stanley v. Georgia"},{"id":"16976658","text":"the Indian Child Welfare Act. That act gave tribal courts exclusive jurisdiction on adoptions where the parents lived on the reservation, but the Mississippi Supreme Court had denied the tribal court's jurisdiction and found for the Holyfields. The tribe took it to the U.S. Supreme Court, probably to resist state encroachment on tribal rights, and won. The decision also has had an effect on other civil issues, such as taxation. In two Supreme Court cases from Oklahoma dealing with state taxation of Indians, the Court referred to its decision in \"John\" to declare trust land as being in Indian country","title":"United States v. John (1978)"},{"id":"5012871","text":"v. Ohio\" (1990) the Supreme Court upheld a law which criminalized the mere possession of child pornography. Prior to the \"Stanley\" case, the prevailing precedent was that of \"Roth v. United States\", where obscene material was determined to be unprotected by the First Amendment right to speech. In \"Roth\", the defendant sent lewd advertisements by mail and sold \"American Aphrodite\", a magazine containing erotica and pornography. A California court convicted him under state law, and when Roth appealed the decision, the Supreme Court upheld the conviction. In the majority decision, written by Justice Brenann, a new test was created for","title":"Stanley v. Georgia"},{"id":"4100835","text":"the Melish map was some east of the true 100th meridian and the Red River forked about east of the 100th meridian. Texas claimed the land south of the North Fork and the United States claimed the land north of the South Fork (later called the Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River). The dispute resulted in a lawsuit, which eventually wound up before the Supreme Court—no lower court having jurisdiction. The Court's opinion, in \"United States v. State of Texas\" , issued on March 16, held that the land of some 1.5 million acres (6070 km²/2345 mi²) belonged to the","title":"Greer County, Texas"},{"id":"7543594","text":"state’s separate and independent existence. Blackmun was later the swing justice who switched sides and helped overturn the case, asserting that the \"traditional government functions\" test he had previously supported had proved \"unworkable.\" Justices Brennan and Stevens wrote separate opinions that were dissenting. National League of Cities v. Usery National League of Cities v. Usery, 426 U.S. 833 (1976), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Fair Labor Standards Act could not constitutionally be applied to state governments. The decision was overruled by the U.S. Supreme Court in \"Garcia v. San Antonio","title":"National League of Cities v. Usery"},{"id":"17020323","text":"It has been cited as the nation's top litigation boutique law firm in the Vault Rankings every year since 2012. Susman has won some of the largest cases in U.S. history. In Samsung Electronics v. Texas Instruments, Inc., he won a $1.1 billion settlement on behalf of Texas Instruments. He secured a $536 million jury verdict on counterclaim in El Paso Natural Gas Co., et al., v. GHR Energy Corp. and in the Corrugated Container Antitrust case, he won a verdict for the plaintiffs and the case eventually settled for $500 million. An advocate for better management of the trial","title":"Stephen Susman"},{"id":"12127826","text":"are not entitled to the assumption of truth. While legal conclusions can provide the framework of a complaint, they must be supported by factual allegations. When there are well-pleaded factual allegations, a court should assume their veracity and then determine whether they plausibly give rise to an entitlement to relief. Our decision in \"Twombly\" illustrates the two-pronged approach. The two cases are often jointly referred to as \"Twiqbal\". The case was argued successfully by Michael K. Kellogg of law firm Kellogg, Huber, Hansen, Todd, Evans & Figel and Thomas O. Barnett, Assistant Attorney General of the United States Department of","title":"Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly"},{"id":"1451141","text":"George W. Crockett, Jr., Abraham J. Isserman and Harry Sacher argued the cause for petitioners. With them on the brief was Richard Gladstein. Solicitor General Philip B. Perlman and Irving S. Shapiro argued the cause for the United States. With them on the brief were U.S. Attorney General James Howard McGrath, U.S. Assistant Attorney General McInerney, Irving H. Saypol, Robert W. Ginnane, Frank H. Gordon, Edward C. Wallace, and Lawrence K. Bailey. Handed down as a 6-2 decision by the Court on June 4, 1951, the judgment and a plurality opinion was delivered by Chief Justice of the United States","title":"Dennis v. United States"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"1376372\",\n \"text\": \"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case holding that the Commerce Clause gave the U.S. Congress power to force private businesses to abide by Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits discrimination in public accommodations. This important case represented an immediate challenge to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the landmark piece of civil rights legislation which represented the first comprehensive act by Congress on civil rights and race relations since the Civil Rights Act\",\n \"title\": \"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1376374\",\n \"text\": \"637 (1950); \\\"NAACP v. Alabama\\\", 357 U.S. 449 (1958); \\\"Boynton v. Virginia\\\", 364 U.S. 454 (1960); and, most notably, \\\"Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka\\\", 347 U.S. 483 (1954), public opinion began to turn against segregation. Despite the outcomes of these cases, segregation remained in full effect into the 1960s in parts of the southern United States, where the Heart of Atlanta Motel was located. The Heart of Atlanta Motel was a large, 216-room motel in Atlanta, Georgia. In direct violation of the terms of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which banned racial discrimination in public places, largely\",\n \"title\": \"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1376373\",\n \"text\": \"of 1875. For much of the 100 years preceding 1964, race relations in the United States had been dominated by segregation, a system of racial separation which, while in name provided for \\\"separate but equal\\\" treatment of both white and black Americans, in truth perpetuated inferior accommodation, services, and treatment for black Americans. During the mid-20th century, partly as a result of cases such as \\\"Powell v. Alabama\\\", 287 U.S. 45 (1932); \\\"Smith v. Allwright\\\", 321 U.S. 649 (1944); \\\"Shelley v. Kraemer\\\", 334 U.S. 1 (1948); \\\"Sweatt v. Painter\\\", 339 U.S. 629 (1950); \\\"McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents\\\", 339 U.S.\",\n \"title\": \"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1376378\",\n \"text\": \"blacks. The opinion of the court, announced on December 14, 1964, was delivered by Justice Tom C. Clark, with concurring opinions by Justice Arthur Goldberg, Justice Hugo Black, and Justice William O. Douglas. The U.S. Supreme Court held that Congress acted well within its authority under the Commerce Clause in passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964, thereby upholding the act's Title II in question. While it might have been possible for Congress to pursue other methods for abolishing racial discrimination, the way in which Congress did so, according to the Court, was perfectly valid. It found no merit in\",\n \"title\": \"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1376379\",\n \"text\": \"the arguments pursuant to the Thirteenth Amendment, finding it difficult to conceive that such an amendment might be applicable in restraining civil rights legislation. Having observed that 75% of the Heart of Atlanta Motel's clientele came from out-of-state, and that it was strategically located near Interstates 75 and 85 as well as two major Georgia highways, the Court found that the business clearly affected interstate commerce. Accordingly, it upheld the permanent injunction issued by the district court and required the Heart of Atlanta Motel to receive business from clientele of all ethnicities. Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\",\n \"title\": \"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13114041\",\n \"text\": \"that the Fourth Amendment prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures applies to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. He also wrote the majority opinion in \\\"Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States\\\", which upheld the public accommodations provision of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the majority opinions in \\\"Garner v. Board of Public Works\\\", \\\"Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson\\\", and \\\"Abington School District v. Schempp\\\". Clark was born in Dallas, Texas, on September 23, 1899, the son of Virginia Maxey (née Falls), and William Henry Clark. His parents had moved from Mississippi to Texas; his lawyer father became\",\n \"title\": \"Tom C. Clark\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1376377\",\n \"text\": \"with it and so it undoubtedly would not place issues of racial discrimination in public accommodations beyond the reach of federal and state law. The United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia ruled in favor of the United States and issued a permanent injunction requiring the Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. to refrain from using racial discrimination when providing services or goods to guests or the general public on its premises. The case was combined with the case of the future Governor of Georgia Lester Maddox concerning his Pickrick restaurant and his case to refuse to serve\",\n \"title\": \"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"797712\",\n \"text\": \"states reapportioned their legislatures quickly and with minimal troubles. Numerous commentators have concluded reapportionment was the Warren Court's great \\\"success story.\\\" Civil rights continued to be a major issue facing the Warren Court in the 1960s. In the 1963 case of \\\"Petersen v. Greenville\\\", Warren wrote the Court's majority opinion, which struck down local ordinances that prohibited restaurants from serving black and white individuals in the same room. Later in the decade, the Court upheld the constitutionality of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 in \\\"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\\\". The Court held that the Commerce Clause\",\n \"title\": \"Earl Warren\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1376375\",\n \"text\": \"based on Congress's control of interstate commerce, the motel refused to rent rooms to black patrons. The owner, Moreton Rolleston, filed suit in federal court, arguing that the requirements of the Act exceeded the authority granted to Congress over interstate commerce. In addition, Rolleston maintained that it violated his Fifth Amendment rights to choose customers and operate his business as he wished and resulted in unjust deprivation of his property without due process of law and just compensation. Finally, he contended that Congress had placed him in a position of involuntary servitude by forcing him to rent available rooms to\",\n \"title\": \"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11229004\",\n \"text\": \"the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law on July 2. Legend has it that as he put down his pen Johnson told an aide, \\\"We have lost the South for a generation\\\", anticipating a coming backlash from Southern whites against Johnson's Democratic Party. The act banned racial segregation in public accommodations, banned employment discrimination on the basis of race or gender, and strengthened the federal government's power to investigate racial and gender employment discrimination. The law later upheld by the Supreme Court in cases such as \\\"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\\\". Biographer Randall B. Woods has\",\n \"title\": \"Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"797649\",\n \"text\": \"would continue to issue rulings that helped bring an end to the segregationist Jim Crow laws that were prevalent throughout the South. In \\\"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\\\", the Court upheld the Civil Rights Act of 1964, a federal law that prohibits racial segregation in public institutions and public accommodations. In the 1960s, the Warren Court handed down several landmark rulings that transformed criminal procedure, redistricting, and other areas of the law. Many of the Court's decisions incorporated the Bill of Rights, making the protections of the Bill of Rights apply to state and local governments. \\\"Gideon\",\n \"title\": \"Earl Warren\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1376376\",\n \"text\": \"blacks, thereby violating his Thirteenth Amendment rights. In response, the United States countered that the restrictions requiring adequate accommodation for black Americans were unquestionably related to interstate travel and that Congress, under the Constitution's Commerce Clause, certainly had the power to address such a matter in law. It further argued that the Fifth Amendment does not forbid reasonable regulation of interstate commerce and that such incidental damage did not constitute the \\\"taking\\\" of property without just compensation or due process of law. Lastly, it asserted that the Thirteenth Amendment applies primarily to slavery and the removal of widespread disabilities associated\",\n \"title\": \"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1568650\",\n \"text\": \"clause, thus paving the way for the Federal government to enact civil rights laws prohibiting both public and private sector discrimination on the basis of the commerce clause. After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed, the Supreme Court upheld the law's application to the private sector, on the grounds that Congress has the power to regulate commerce between the States. The landmark case \\\"Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States\\\" established the constitutionality of the law, but it did not settle all of the legal questions surrounding the law. In \\\"Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp.\\\", a 1971 Supreme\",\n \"title\": \"Civil Rights Act of 1964\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"279437\",\n \"text\": \"Travel Bureau) specialized in accommodations. Segregation of U.S. tourist accommodation would legally be ended by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and by a court ruling in \\\"Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States\\\" affirming that Congress' powers over interstate commerce extend to regulation of local incidents (such as racial discrimination in a motel serving interstate travelers) which might substantially and harmfully affect that commerce. The term \\\"motel\\\" originated with the Motel Inn of San Luis Obispo, originally called the Milestone Mo-Tel, which was constructed in 1925 by Arthur Heineman (although some hotels with a similar architecture existed at least\",\n \"title\": \"Motel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1958979\",\n \"text\": \"be said to rest upon some rational basis. (Citing \\\"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v United States\\\" (1964).) Justice Rehnquist echoed this point in his opinion in \\\"United States v. Lopez\\\", stating: \\\"Since [\\\"Wickard\\\"], the Court has ... undertaken to decide whether a rational basis existed for concluding that a regulated activity sufficiently affected interstate commerce. See, e.g., \\\"Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Association\\\", 452 U.S. 264, 276–280 (1981); \\\"Perez v. United States\\\", 402 U.S. 146, 155–156 (1971); \\\"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\\\", 379 U.S. 241, 252–253 (1964).\\\" Rational basis review begins with establishing the\",\n \"title\": \"Commerce Clause\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4798916\",\n \"text\": \"she married Heyward Siddons,who died April 8, 2014. In 1991, she received an honorary degree in Doctor of Letters from Oglethorpe University. She lives in Charleston, South Carolina, and spends summers in Maine. \\\"Peachtree Road\\\", set in Atlanta, was a bestselling novel described as \\\"the Southern novel for our generation\\\" by Pat Conroy. More than a million copies are in print. In 1989 her book \\\"Heartbreak Hotel\\\" became a movie titled \\\"Heart of Dixie\\\", which starred Ally Sheedy, Virginia Madsen, Phoebe Cates, Treat Williams, Kyle Secor and Peter Berg. Siddons's book \\\"The House Next Door\\\" was adapted for a made-for-television\",\n \"title\": \"Anne Rivers Siddons\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1958966\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"United States v. Lopez\\\" (1995) decision, after nearly 60 years of leaving any restraint on the use of the Commerce Clause to political means only, that the Court again ruled that a regulation enacted under the Clause was unconstitutional. The wide interpretation of the scope of the Commerce Clause continued following the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which aimed to prevent business from discriminating against black customers. The United States Supreme Court issued several opinions which supported this use of the Commerce Clause. \\\"Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States\\\", , ruled that Congress could regulate a\",\n \"title\": \"Commerce Clause\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17235198\",\n \"text\": \"the government has a legitimate concern that physicians might recommend marijuana in bad faith. However, physicians in good faith using honest medical judgment should not fear DEA sanctions. Furthermore, The government appealed the District Court decision to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which issued its decision in 2002. Again the doctors and patients won and the federal government lost, while Judge Alex Kozinski's concurrence also brought in the First Amendment right of patients to hear accurate information from their doctors, and the state of California's right to make its own laws without being subverted by federal commandeering. The ruling\",\n \"title\": \"Conant v. Walters\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5012870\",\n \"text\": \"was upheld by the Supreme Court of Georgia. The Supreme Court of the United States, however, per Justice Marshall, unanimously overturned the earlier decision and invalidated all state laws that forbade the private possession of materials judged obscene, on the grounds of the First and Fourteenth Amendments. Justices Stewart, Brennan, and White, contributed a joint concurring opinion. Justice Hugo Black also concurred, with a separate opinion having to do with the Fourth Amendment search and seizure provision. The case also established an implied right to pornography. The right to privacy to pornography is not absolute, however. For example, in \\\"Osborne\",\n \"title\": \"Stanley v. Georgia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11070010\",\n \"text\": \"of the U.S. Supreme Court with the 2002 ruling in Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council, Inc. v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency. Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, who had previously ruled with a 5-4 majority in favor of the landowner, switched sides to favor the government that had delayed development for more than 20 years because of the government's own indecision about alleged concerns about the water quality of Lake Tahoe. Specific zoning laws have been overturned in some other U.S. cases where the laws were not applied evenly (violating equal protection) or were considered to violate free speech. In the Atlanta suburb of\",\n \"title\": \"Zoning in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13896889\",\n \"text\": \"United States v. Georgia United States v. Georgia, 546 U.S. 151 (2006), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court decided that the protection of Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), passed by the U.S. Congress, extends to persons held in a state prison and protects prison inmates from discrimination on the basis of disability by prison personnel. Specifically, the court held that Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, \\\".\\\", is a proper use of Congressional power under the Fourteenth Amendment, Section 5, making it applicable to prison system officials. The petitioner,\",\n \"title\": \"United States v. Georgia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16352207\",\n \"text\": \"all three continued to work for some time after that date and filed for back pay with the Court of Claims. The three were victorious before the Court of Claims, and the government appealed to the Supreme Court, which heard the cases in a consolidated argument in 1946. The Court heard the case as a seven-member panel, with Justice Jackson recused and Chief Justice Stone having died a month before oral arguments. The Court, in a decision authored by Justice Hugo Black, ruled unanimously to uphold the decision of the Court of Claims, finding that Kerr's provision was an unconstitutional\",\n \"title\": \"United States v. Lovett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11070009\",\n \"text\": \"concerns were not sufficient to deny all development without compensation. \\\"Dolan v. City of Tigard\\\" ruled that conditions of a permit must be roughly proportional to the impacts of the proposed new development. \\\"Palazzolo v. Rhode Island\\\" ruled property rights are not diminished by unconstitutional laws that exist without challenge at the time the complaining property owner acquired title. The landowner victories have been limited mostly to the U.S. Supreme Court, however, Each decision in favor of the landowner is based on the facts of the particular case, so that regulatory takings rulings in favor of landowners Even the trend\",\n \"title\": \"Zoning in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19830\",\n \"text\": \"his banned \\\"American Mercury\\\" magazine; the ACLU defended him and won an acquittal. The ACLU went on to win additional victories, including the landmark case \\\"United States v. One Book Called Ulysses\\\" in 1933, which reversed a ban by the Customs Department against the book \\\"Ulysses\\\" by James Joyce. The ACLU only achieved mixed results in the early years, and it was not until 1966 that the Supreme Court finally clarified the obscenity laws in the \\\"Roth v. United States\\\" and \\\"Memoirs v. Massachusetts\\\" cases. The Comstock laws banned distribution of sex education information, based on the premise that it\",\n \"title\": \"American Civil Liberties Union\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14557349\",\n \"text\": \"his death, the United States land commissioners found against the heirs who sought to confirm their title to the land. The U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California reversed that judgment and confirmed the title. The United States appealed and the U.S. Supreme Court agreed to hear the case. Affirmed. Justice John McLean delivered the opinion of the court. McLean stated that the lower court had found that the date on the affirmation of the grant had been altered, and thus could not be used against the heirs. In addition, the decedent and his heirs had maintained possession\",\n \"title\": \"United States v. Heirs of De Haro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13766574\",\n \"text\": \"lawyer Edward Greenspan said, \\\"The heart of their case was lost.\\\" However, former federal prosecutor and SEC enforcement lawyer Jacob Frenkel called it a \\\"stunning victory\\\" for the government and explained how a split verdict \\\"highlights for the appellate court that the jury was very thoughtful and thorough in its deliberations.\\\" Investigators hired by Hollinger companies to locate assets examined more than forty bank accounts which may be, or may have been, held in the name of Black, his wife, or affiliated entities. According to court filings, Ravelston Corp. also had a subsidiary in Barbados called Argent News Inc. and\",\n \"title\": \"Black v. United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13896892\",\n \"text\": \"narrowly ruled that Congress has the authority to apply ADA to the administration of state prisons to the extent that it relates to conduct that actually violates the Fourteenth Amendment. Thus Congress was granted more authority over the States in this area of disability rights. United States v. Georgia United States v. Georgia, 546 U.S. 151 (2006), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court decided that the protection of Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), passed by the U.S. Congress, extends to persons held in a state prison and protects prison inmates from discrimination on\",\n \"title\": \"United States v. Georgia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18480261\",\n \"text\": \"and television broadcasts. Bohm is also a regular lecturer at legal conferences and is an adjunct professor of law at Tulane University Law School. Bohm is married to Elisa (Williams) and has three children. Bohm resides in Sacramento, California. Lawrance Bohm Lawrance A. Bohm (born July 4, 1972) is an American lawyer who is most noted for winning what is believed to be the two largest single-plaintiff employment verdicts in United States history: $185,872,719.52 in \\\"Juarez v. AutoZone Stores, Inc.\\\" (2014, United States District Court, Southern District of California) and $167,730,488.00 in \\\"Chopourian v. Catholic Healthcare West\\\" (2012, United States\",\n \"title\": \"Lawrance Bohm\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16622350\",\n \"text\": \"United States issued a writ of certiorari to the United States Appeals Court for the Eleventh Circuit to consider appeals to its rulings in \\\"National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius\\\" and \\\"Florida v. United States Department of Health and Human Services\\\". The Court heard oral arguments March 26–28, 2012 and decided the consolidated case on June 28, 2012. Although the Supreme Court declared that the law could not have been upheld under an argument based on the regulatory power of Congress under the Commerce Clause, the Court declared that the legislatively-declared \\\"penalty\\\" was constitutional as a valid exercise of\",\n \"title\": \"Constitutional challenges to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15741627\",\n \"text\": \"District of Columbia Circuit overturned Jones's conviction, holding that the police action was a search because it violated Jones's \\\"reasonable expectation of privacy\\\". Judge Douglas H. Ginsburg was joined by Judges David S. Tatel and Thomas B. Griffith. The D.C. Circuit then denied prosecutors' petition for rehearing \\\"en banc\\\", over the dissent of Chief Judge David B. Sentelle, joined by Judges Karen L. Henderson, Janice Rogers Brown, and Brett Kavanaugh. The court's decision was the subject of significant legal debate. In 2007, Judge Richard Posner of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit had reached the opposite\",\n \"title\": \"United States v. Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5299781\",\n \"text\": \"juries, imposed the maximum sentence, 78 months, based on the jury's verdict. The government asked the judge to correct Fanfan’s sentence, which was denied. The Government filed a notice of appeal in the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit and a petition for a writ of certiorari in the Supreme Court in the Fanfan case. Because of the importance of the case, the Supreme Court granted the petition as well as a similar petition filed by the government in Booker’s case, following the Seventh Circuit's ruling in favor of Booker. The Government asked the Court to determine\",\n \"title\": \"United States v. Booker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"428760\",\n \"text\": \"(1973), in which the Court invalidated a Texas law forbidding abortion except to save the mother's life. Like Goldberg's and Harlan's concurring opinions in \\\"Griswold\\\", the majority opinion authored by Justice Harry Blackmun located the right to privacy in the Due Process Clause's protection of liberty. The decision disallowed many state and federal abortion restrictions, and it became one of the most controversial in the Court's history. In \\\"Planned Parenthood v. Casey\\\" (1992), the Court decided that \\\"the essential holding of \\\"Roe v. Wade\\\" should be retained and once again reaffirmed.\\\" In \\\"Lawrence v. Texas\\\" (2003), the Court found that\",\n \"title\": \"Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10939734\",\n \"text\": \"medication on the grounds that it was necessary to restore Sell's competency to stand trial. The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the lower court's decision in a divided vote. Sell's attorney pointed out that Sell had already been incarcerated for a longer period of time than if he were convicted for the offenses as charged. Sell, on Writ of Certiorari, appealed to the United States Supreme Court. The American Psychological Association filed an amicus curiae brief taking a neutral position, supporting neither the government's nor Sell's position. Although the Supreme Court upheld two aspects of the appeal, it ultimately\",\n \"title\": \"Sell v. United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10223118\",\n \"text\": \"court granted the union's injunction, finding that Section 93 of the act was preempted by Section 7 of the NLRA. The Court of Appeals relied heavily on the Supreme Court's decision in \\\"Hill v. Florida ex rel. Watson\\\", 325 U.S. 538 (1945), when it concluded that Section 7 conferred \\\"an unfettered right on employees to choose the officials of their own bargaining representatives.\\\" The state sought a rehearing \\\"en banc,\\\" but the entire court of appeals refused to rehear the case after it deadlocked in a 5-to-5 vote. The state appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which granted certiorari (464\",\n \"title\": \"Brown v. Hotel and Restaurant Employees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15443433\",\n \"text\": \"title suits against the federal government's officers and agents. Only when property has been transferred by the courts does a private citizen establish a right to establish or reclaim rights to title. But the circuit court in \\\"Lee\\\" held that much of the decision in \\\"Carr\\\" was dicta, and reaffirmed the jury decision. Two appeals were made to the U.S. Supreme Court. The first was by the United States government itself, while the second was made by the government on behalf of Kaufman and Strong. The question was whether the title actually transferred to the federal government. If yes, then\",\n \"title\": \"United States v. Lee (1882)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15631713\",\n \"text\": \"Thomas. A separate dissent was filed by Justice Alito that was joined by Chief Justice Roberts. \\\"Coleman v. Brown\\\" (Previously \\\"Coleman v. Wilson\\\") (E.D. Cal.), is a federal class action civil rights lawsuit under the Civil Rights Act of 1871, Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 alleging unconstitutional mental health care by the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR). The case was filed on April 23, 1990 and tried before a United States magistrate judge. In June 1994 the magistrate judge found that defendants’ delivery of mental health care to\",\n \"title\": \"Brown v. Plata\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7167590\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Crossfire\\\", \\\"The Ricki Lake Show\\\", \\\"The Today Show\\\", and \\\"Good Morning America\\\". Harvard University law professor Laurence Tribe commented during an appearance on \\\"The Oprah Winfrey Show\\\" television program that this case was the last time that the U.S. Supreme Court had decided favorably to a defendant in a civil rights case of this magnitude. California Penal Code § 647(e) was repealed by the California Legislature in 2008. Edward C. Lawson Edward C. Lawson is an African American civil rights activist, who was the plaintiff in the case of \\\"Kolender v. Lawson\\\", , in which the United States Supreme Court\",\n \"title\": \"Edward C. Lawson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1828120\",\n \"text\": \"Amendment was selected over the Fourteenth Amendment due to the lack of federal protections in the Fourteenth Amendment. He was arrested and convicted. No question was raised as to Korematsu's loyalty to the United States. The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the conviction, and the Supreme Court granted \\\"certiorari\\\". The decision of the case, written by Justice Hugo Black, found the case largely indistinguishable from the previous year's \\\"Hirabayashi v. United States\\\" decision, and rested largely on the same principle: deference to Congress and the military authorities, particularly in light of the uncertainty following Pearl Harbor. Justice\",\n \"title\": \"Korematsu v. United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16622348\",\n \"text\": \"Congress had the power to pass the law because it affected interstate commerce and was part of a broader regulatory scheme. On June 29, 2011, a divided three-judge panel of the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the decision. Judge Jeffrey Sutton, a member of the three judge panel appointed by George W. Bush, was the first Republican-appointed judge to rule that the law is constitutional. In \\\"Seven-Sky v. Holder\\\" on November 8, 2011, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia upheld the constitutionality of the law. The decision was written by Senior Judge Laurence Silberman, a\",\n \"title\": \"Constitutional challenges to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18881173\",\n \"text\": \"the County of Los Angeles, by California, Drug Free America Foundation, California State Sheriffs' Association, and the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research. Briefs in support of Patel were filed by the Asian American Hotel Owners Association, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, the Rutherford Institute, Gun Owners of America, the Cato Institute, Professors Adam Lamparello & Charles E. MacLean, Institute for Justice, Google, and the Electronic Privacy Information Center. A brief in support of neither party was filed by Love146. Associate Justice Sonia Sotomayor authored the 5–4 majority opinion, joined by Justices Kennedy, Ginsburg, Breyer, and Kagan.\",\n \"title\": \"City of Los Angeles v. Patel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12140999\",\n \"text\": \"Anthony G. Amsterdam Anthony Guy Amsterdam (born September 12, 1935) is an American lawyer and professor of law at New York University School of Law. In 1981, Alan Dershowitz called Amsterdam “the most distinguished law professor in the United States.” Amsterdam grew up in a middle-class neighborhood in West Philadelphia. Working with the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Amsterdam argued and won \\\"Furman v. Georgia\\\" in 1972, in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled on the requirement for a degree of consistency in the application of the death penalty. He sits on the board of directors\",\n \"title\": \"Anthony G. Amsterdam\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"433240\",\n \"text\": \"and \\\"Gideon v. Wainwright\\\" (right to appointed counsel),—and required that criminal suspects be apprised of all these rights by police (\\\"Miranda v. Arizona\\\"). At the same time, however, the Court limited defamation suits by public figures (\\\"New York Times v. Sullivan\\\") and supplied the government with an unbroken run of antitrust victories. The Burger Court (1969–86) marked a conservative shift. It also expanded \\\"Griswold\\\"'s right to privacy to strike down abortion laws (\\\"Roe v. Wade\\\"), but divided deeply on affirmative action (\\\"Regents of the University of California v. Bakke\\\") and campaign finance regulation (\\\"Buckley v. Valeo\\\"). It also dithered on\",\n \"title\": \"Supreme Court of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12084186\",\n \"text\": \"the government required reasonable suspicion to conduct the search. This motion was granted by the District Court, ruling in Arnold's favor. The Government promptly appealed the case, and stated that the border doctrine took precedence over the Fourth Amendment's protection from unreasonable search. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals overturned the lower court's ruling, holding in favor of the Government. Arnold was represented in the District Court and before the Ninth Circuit by Marilyn E. Bednarski and Kevin J. LaHue, of Kaye, McLane, Bednarski, & Litt. The crux of Arnold's argument is that a laptop is very similar to a\",\n \"title\": \"United States v. Arnold\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16622340\",\n \"text\": \"mandate to purchase insurance exceeds the authority of Congress to regulate interstate commerce. Vinson further ruled the clause was not severable, which had the effect of striking down the entire law. On August 12, 2011, a divided three-judge panel of the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed Judge Vinson's decision in part: the court agreed that the mandate was unconstitutional, but held that it could be severed, allowing the rest of the ACA to remain. In September 2011, the Department of Justice decided not to ask for an en banc review by the 11th Circuit, and instead asked the U.S.\",\n \"title\": \"Constitutional challenges to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19968205\",\n \"text\": \"Decency Act as a publisher of user material, and was not required to comply with the trial court's removal order. However, the part of the trial court's decision that ordered the reviewer to remove the defamatory review and pay a monetary judgement were left intact. In early October 2018, Hassell, and her attorneys Charles Harder and Monique Olivier, appealed the California Supreme Court's decision and filed a petition seeking a writ of certiori for the case to be heard by the United States Supreme Court. The petition is now pending before the United State Supreme Court. In the summer of\",\n \"title\": \"Hassell v. Bird\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1323392\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States\\\", , and \\\"Katzenbach v. McClung\\\", . In several other federalism cases, however, Black ruled against the federal government. For instance, he partially dissented from \\\"South Carolina v. Katzenbach\\\", , in which the Court upheld the validity of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. In an attempt to protect the voting rights of African Americans, the act required any state whose population was at least 5% African American to obtain federal approval before changing its voting laws. Black wrote that the law, ... by providing that some of the States cannot pass state laws\",\n \"title\": \"Hugo Black\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6537359\",\n \"text\": \"also written a book about her experiences in San Francisco politics, entitled \\\"Straight from the Heart\\\". After serving on the Board of Supervisors, Alioto opened her own law firm, which specializes in civil rights and anti-discrimination law. Alioto has won multiple landmark civil rights cases. In 2001, Alioto won the largest civil rights verdict in the history of the United States, against IBC/Wonder Bread for $135 million. Alioto represented 20 African-American men who endured years of racial slurs, and were wrongfully terminated or passed over for promotions. Her San Francisco employment law office has successfully won litigation against Mary Kay\",\n \"title\": \"Angela Alioto\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20428768\",\n \"text\": \"an ultimate decision in his particular case by this Court whether certain material comes within the area of 'obscenity' as that term is confused by the Court today.\\\" One legal scholar likened the result of these three decisions to the Tower of Babel. This state of confusion would persist until the \\\"Miller v. California\\\" case in 1973. Ginzburg v. United States Ginzburg v. United States, 383 U.S. 463 (1966), was a decision by the United States Supreme Court involving the application of the First Amendment to Federal obscenity laws. One of a trio of cases (with \\\"Memoirs v. Massachusetts\\\" and\",\n \"title\": \"Ginzburg v. United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13644811\",\n \"text\": \"Washington Nationals and Baltimore Orioles to Comcast's programming lineup in the Washington D.C. area. Frederick also represented MASN through three successful Federal Communications Commission (FCC) arbitration rulings against Time Warner Cable. Other noteworthy cases argued by Frederick include: \\\"South Carolina v. North Carolina\\\", \\\"Idaho v. United States\\\", \\\"New Jersey v. Delaware\\\", \\\"United States v. Locke\\\", \\\"Farina v. Nokia, Inc.\\\", \\\"Carter v. United States\\\", and \\\"California v. Deep Sea Research\\\". He has argued cases in all of the thirteen U.S. courts of appeals. In 2001, Frederick represented the United States in oral arguments before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the\",\n \"title\": \"David Frederick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2072619\",\n \"text\": \"law-enforcement agents on charges of obstructing justice. Bernard Carey, a Republican, defeated him in the next election, in part because of the support of outraged black voters.\\\" The families of Hampton and Clark filed a US$47.7 million civil suit against the city, state, and federal governments. The case went to trial before Federal Judge J. Sam Perry. After more than 18 months of testimony and at the close of the Plaintiff's case, Judge Perry dismissed the case. The Plaintiffs appealed and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit reversed, ordering the case to be retried. More than a\",\n \"title\": \"Fred Hampton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8121105\",\n \"text\": \"of the City of Griffin, and sentenced to punishment of 50 days in jail, as she had not paid her fine of $50. The county court denied Lovell's appeal. The Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment of the lower court, upholding her conviction. The Supreme Court of Georgia denied an application for certiorari. Lovell appealed further, reaching the jurisdiction of the United States Supreme Court. Chief Justice Hughes delivered the opinion of the court. Justice Cardozo did not take part in the proceedings. The Court decided that the city ordinance was unconstitutionally overbroad. Because the ordinance restricted not merely the\",\n \"title\": \"Lovell v. City of Griffin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1568646\",\n \"text\": \"and property without due process\\\". In \\\"Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States\\\" (1964), the Supreme Court held that Congress drew its authority from the Constitution's Commerce Clause, rejecting Rolleston's claims. Resistance to the public accommodation clause continued for years on the ground, especially in the South. When local college students in Orangeburg, South Carolina attempted to desegregate a bowling alley in 1968, they were violently attacked, leading to rioting and what became known as the \\\"Orangeburg massacre.\\\" Resistance by school boards continued into the next decade, with the most significant declines in black-white school segregation only occurring at the\",\n \"title\": \"Civil Rights Act of 1964\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16959289\",\n \"text\": \"to decide if either of those issues was preserved, as well as a host of Government challenges to the Court of Federal Claims' fact-findings. The Arkansas Game and Fish Commission's position was supported by the National Association of Home Builders, the American Farm Bureau Federation, and the American Forest Resource Council, among others. The Pacific Legal Foundation also hailed the Court's decision as an important victory for property rights. Carrie Severino, writing for \\\"National Review\\\", characterized the decision as \\\"yet another unanimous defeat\\\" for the Obama administration before the Supreme Court, which she wrote had \\\"developed a noted pattern of\",\n \"title\": \"Arkansas Game & Fish Commission v. United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4413547\",\n \"text\": \"same 7-2 majority that struck down a Texas abortion law in \\\"Roe v. Wade\\\", invalidated most of the remaining restrictions of the Georgia abortion law, including the medical approval and residency requirements. The Court reiterated the protected \\\"right to privacy,\\\" which applied to matters involving marriage, procreation, contraception, family relationships, child rearing, and education. Justice Harry A. Blackmun wrote the majority opinion for the Court, in which he explained \\\"the sensitive and emotional nature\\\" of the issue and \\\"the deep and seemingly absolute convictions\\\" on both sides. Justice Blackmun went on to conclude that as a constitutional matter, the right\",\n \"title\": \"Doe v. Bolton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12456768\",\n \"text\": \"sued the hotel for the difference between what she was paid, and the $14.50 per week of 48 hours established as a minimum wage by the Industrial Welfare Committee and Supervisor of Women in Industry, pursuant to Washington state law. The trial court, using \\\"Adkins\\\" as precedent, ruled for the defendant. The Washington Supreme Court, taking the case on a direct appeal, reversed the trial court and found in favor of Parrish. The hotel appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. The Court, in an opinion by Chief Justice Hughes, ruled that the Constitution permitted the restriction of liberty of contract\",\n \"title\": \"West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4413549\",\n \"text\": \"been aware that the case had been filed on her behalf and that if she had known she would not have supported the litigation. The district court denied her motion, and she appealed. When the appeals court also denied her motion, she requested review by the United States Supreme Court. However, the Supreme Court declined to hear Sandra Cano's suit to overturn the ruling. Sandra Cano died on September 30, 2014. Doe v. Bolton Doe v. Bolton, 410 U.S. 179 (1973), was a decision of the United States Supreme Court overturning the abortion law of Georgia. The Supreme Court's decision\",\n \"title\": \"Doe v. Bolton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12506882\",\n \"text\": \"Johnson signed the historic Civil Rights Act of 1964. It invoked the Commerce Clause to outlaw discrimination in public accommodations (privately owned restaurants, hotels, and stores, and in private schools and workplaces). This use of the Commerce Clause was upheld in \\\"Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States\\\" 379 US 241 (1964). By 1965, efforts to break the grip of state disenfranchisement by education for voter registration in southern counties had been under way for some time, but had achieved only modest success overall. In some areas of the Deep South, white resistance made these efforts almost entirely ineffectual. The\",\n \"title\": \"Jim Crow laws\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1879751\",\n \"text\": \"Appeals issued their decision on 17 June 2016. On April 17, 2017, the US Supreme Court denied certiorari for the plaintiff's appeal, clearing the way for the case to be tried. The jury trial for the combined cases against Sánchez de Lozada and Sánchez Berzaín began on March 5, 2018 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. They were both found liable for the civilian deaths by the jury on April 3, 2018. The plaintiffs were awarded $10 million in damages. May 30, 2018, Fort Lauderdale, Florida – Today, a federal judge overturned the verdict of a jury that found the former president\",\n \"title\": \"Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13639231\",\n \"text\": \"Guardsmen, resulted in unanimous verdicts for all defendants on all claims after an eleven-week trial. The judgment on those verdicts was reversed by the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit on the ground that the federal trial judge had mishandled an out-of-court threat against a juror. On remand, the civil case was settled in return for payment of a total of $675,000 to all plaintiffs by the State of Ohio As per § 707(b) of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 1979, United States passports are required to enter and exit the country, and as per the and\",\n \"title\": \"Human rights in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14896889\",\n \"text\": \"continued to refuse to pay. They were held briefly in jail, while claiming violation of First Amendment rights. That night Jones was released by the court. The ACLU had filed an \\\"amicus brief\\\" in support of Jones's protest plans. On November 11, 2011, Wayne County Circuit Court Judge Robert Ziolkowski vacated the \\\"breach of peace\\\" ruling against Jones and Wayne Sapp on the grounds that they were denied due process. Terry Jones and his organization Stand Up America Now won a victory in court on August 30, 2013 over the City of Dearborn and its Chief of Police, Ronald Haddad.\",\n \"title\": \"Terry Jones (pastor)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19213578\",\n \"text\": \"no other state had before refused to recognize an adoption decree from another state. On December 14, 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court stayed the ruling, pending their disposition of the case. The stay allowed V.L. to continue to visit her children while the court considered her petition to review the case. On March 7, 2016, the Supreme Court issued a per curiam summary disposition which reversed the Supreme Court of Alabama, and effectively reinstated V.L.'s rights granted by the Georgia Superior Court. The court's reasoning was based on the Full Faith and Credit Clause of the U.S. Constitution. The Supreme\",\n \"title\": \"V.L. v. E.L.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19307430\",\n \"text\": \"and died. Judge Logan E. Bleckley filled his vacancy and then refused to hear the case again. Associate justices Samuel Hall and Mark Blanford remained to deliver the ruling regarding if the white relatives would receive a new trial. Ultimately, eight months later on June 13, 1887, Samuel Hall and Mark Blanford of the Georgia Supreme Court also ruled in favor of Amanda America and her two sons, formally settling the dispute of David Dickson's will. Citing the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, the Georgia Supreme Court affirmed the lower court's decision, saying that the rights and privileges of\",\n \"title\": \"Amanda America Dickson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19213572\",\n \"text\": \"recognize the adoption judgment, saying that the Georgia court misapplied its own state law. The court voided the recognition of the adoption judgment in Alabama. V.L. petitioned the United States Supreme Court to stay the ruling during her appeal and allow her to see her children. On December 14, 2015, the Supreme Court stayed the ruling pending their action on a petition for a writ of certiorari filed by V.L. On March 7, 2016, the Supreme Court of the United States reversed the decision of the Alabama Supreme Court by per curiam summary disposition. The plaintiff, identified only by initials\",\n \"title\": \"V.L. v. E.L.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10264491\",\n \"text\": \"Superior Court Judge Richard Williams ruled that because there were \\\"no limits\\\" on what Trump could do with the property, the plan to take Coking's property did not meet the test of law. But Williams' ruling did not reject the practice of using eminent domain to take private property from one individual and transferring it to another, which would eventually be upheld by the Supreme Court of the United States in \\\"Kelo v. City of New London\\\". Two other properties that prevailed against eminent domain eventually did sell: Sabatini's restaurant received $2.1 million and a pawnshop sold for $1.6 million.\",\n \"title\": \"Vera Coking\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18480250\",\n \"text\": \"Lawrance Bohm Lawrance A. Bohm (born July 4, 1972) is an American lawyer who is most noted for winning what is believed to be the two largest single-plaintiff employment verdicts in United States history: $185,872,719.52 in \\\"Juarez v. AutoZone Stores, Inc.\\\" (2014, United States District Court, Southern District of California) and $167,730,488.00 in \\\"Chopourian v. Catholic Healthcare West\\\" (2012, United States District Court, Eastern District of California). Bohm has won several other large verdicts protecting and defending civil and workplace rights. Bohm has represented clients in several high-profile cases. Bohm grew up on Long Island, New York and graduated high\",\n \"title\": \"Lawrance Bohm\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1567758\",\n \"text\": \"(changes in user privacy settings), Google (roll-out of Google Buzz), Microsoft (Hailstorm log-in), and Choicepoint (sale of personal information to identity thieves). EPIC has also prevailed in significant Freedom of Information Act cases against the CIA, the DHS, the Dept. of Education, the FBI, the NSA, the ODNI, and the TSA. EPIC has also filed many \\\"friend of the court\\\" briefs on law and technology, including Riley v. California (U.S. 2014) (concerning cell phone privacy), and litigated important privacy cases, including EPIC v. DHS (D.C. Cir. 2011), which led to the removal of the x-ray body scanners in US airports,\",\n \"title\": \"Electronic Privacy Information Center\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14027284\",\n \"text\": \"137 S. Ct. 743 (2017), he won a victory for a girl with cerebral palsy who sought to bring her service dog with her to school; the Court reversed a lower-court decision throwing the case out of court. In \\\"Young v. United Parcel Service\\\", 135 S. Ct 1338 (2015), the Court established new protections for pregnant workers. In \\\"United States v. Georgia\\\", 546 U.S. 151 (2006), the Court upheld the constitutionality of Title II of the \\\"Americans with Disabilities Act\\\", as applied in the case of a prisoner who used a wheelchair. And in \\\"Chevron v. Echazabal\\\", 536 U.S. 73\",\n \"title\": \"Samuel Bagenstos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19890356\",\n \"text\": \"target was its customer. In a unanimous opinion written by Justice Stephen Breyer, the Court held that a scheme to defraud customers also deprives the bank of money in which the bank held a \\\"property right\\\", and criminal defendants may therefore be convicted under the federal statute for schemes to defraud bank customers. However, the Supreme Court remanded the case to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit to determine whether the trial court administered an erroneous jury instruction. Shaw v. United States Shaw v. United States, 580 U.S. ___ (2016), was a United States Supreme Court\",\n \"title\": \"Shaw v. United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16872851\",\n \"text\": \"directly to the circumstances of the crime.\\\" Though South Carolina asserted that such is the case here, the Court disagreed, holding that the content of the cards at issue to be irrelevant to the \\\"circumstances of the crime.\\\" Justice O'Connor authored a dissenting opinion, joined by Chief Justice Rehnquist and Justice Kennedy; Justice Scalia also dissented, expressly arguing that \\\"Booth v. Maryland\\\" should be overruled. The impact of the case was somewhat short-lived, as two years later the Rehnquist Court decided \\\"Payne\\\", which has since had a significant impact in victim's rights, criminology and the lives of the parties involved.\",\n \"title\": \"South Carolina v. Gathers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5174666\",\n \"text\": \"a Bowie knife fight in the courtroom of the Circuit Court for the Northern District of California, an altercation between Justice Stephen Johnson Field of the US Supreme Court and David S. Terry, a former Chief Judge of the California Supreme Court and the fatal shooting of Terry by a US Marshal, both in the breakfast room of a California railroad hotel at Lathrop, which culminated in a landmark US Supreme Court decision in the case \\\"In re Neagle (Cunningham v. Neagle)\\\", on the supremacy of federal law over state law. 135 U.S. 1; 10 S. Ct. 658; 34 L.\",\n \"title\": \"William Sharon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1451142\",\n \"text\": \"Fred M. Vinson, who was joined by Justices Stanley Forman Reed, Sherman Minton, and Harold H. Burton. Separate concurring opinions were delivered by Justices Felix Frankfurter and Robert H. Jackson. Justices Hugo Black and William O. Douglas wrote separate dissenting opinions. Justice Tom C. Clark did not participate in this case. The Court rule affirmed the conviction of the petitioner, a leader of the Communist Party in the United States. Dennis had been convicted of conspiring and organizing for the overthrow and destruction of the United States government by force and violence under provisions of the Smith Act. In affirming\",\n \"title\": \"Dennis v. United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18621414\",\n \"text\": \"test to do so.\\\" As one professorial commentator noted, \\\"Because \\\"DDR Holdings\\\" is the only post-\\\"Alice\\\" Federal Circuit decision so far to uphold a patent against a § 101 challenge, patentees have been quick to cite it and accused infringers have found ways to distinguish it.\\\" Among the district court cases interpreting and applying \\\"DDR Holdings\\\" are: DDR Holdings v. Hotels.com DDR Holdings, LLC v. Hotels.com, L.P., , is the first United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit decision to uphold the validity of computer-implemented patent claims since the Supreme Court's decision in \\\"Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank\",\n \"title\": \"DDR Holdings v. Hotels.com\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8589090\",\n \"text\": \"Cahill's litigation practice is one of the more prominent in the United States, handling high-profile securities, antitrust and first amendment litigation. The firm's partners have made frequent appearances before the United States Supreme Court. For instance, \\\"National Broadcasting Co. v. United States\\\" helped establish the power and authority of the Federal Communications Commission. Another case, \\\"Times-Picayune v. United States\\\", is among the Court's most important antitrust rulings. On behalf of Cahill, Floyd Abrams successfully defended \\\"The New York Times\\\" in the landmark \\\"New York Times Co. v. United States\\\" case. In that 1971 case the Supreme Court of the United\",\n \"title\": \"Cahill Gordon & Reindel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16976652\",\n \"text\": \"not Indian country. Following this ruling, the Fifth Circuit Court came to the same conclusion, and reversed the federal conviction on the grounds that the district court lacked jurisdiction. The United States then appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which granted certiorari to hear the cases. The United States was represented by H. Bartow Farr III. The United States argued that the land the reservation was on, and on which the crime was committed, was undisputedly land purchased by the federal government and held in trust for the Mississippi Choctaw tribe as an Indian reservation. By the plain text of\",\n \"title\": \"United States v. John (1978)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12833893\",\n \"text\": \"charts. In each episode, the winning song will be revealed in a performance by a special guest star, some of the hottest singers today. True Entertainment (“The Real Housewives of Atlanta”) developed the reality series for Bravo with Steven Weinstock, Glenda Hersh, Tim Bogart, Evan Bogart, David Quinones and Erika Nuri serving as executive producers. The Writing Camp is also a producer. 3LW - \\\"Love Don't Cost a Thing - Soundtrack\\\" Adam Lambert - \\\"For Your Entertainment\\\" Ashley Tisdale - \\\"Headstrong\\\" B2K - \\\"Pandemonium!\\\" Babyface - \\\"Face2Face\\\" Namie Amuro - \\\"FEEL\\\" Beyoncé - \\\"I Am... Sasha Fierce\\\" Big Time Rush\",\n \"title\": \"The Writing Camp\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17515530\",\n \"text\": \"to most law students as declaring that Indian tribes had the right to occupy the land but only the United States held title to the land by right of discovery. It covers other major cases, including \\\"Cherokee Nation v. Georgia\\\" (1831) (the tribe lacked standing to contest Georgia's violation of treaty rights), \\\"Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock\\\" (1903) (the U.S. had the right to confiscate Indian lands unilaterally despite treaty provisions); and \\\"Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States\\\" (1955) (discovery and conquest doctrines applied even when the Alaskan natives had separate dealings with Russia). The book covers cases involving the adoption of\",\n \"title\": \"In the Courts of the Conqueror\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15750586\",\n \"text\": \"the \\\"Life\\\" magazine staff was aware of the inaccuracy of the article in question, this lack of jury instruction was crucial. Medina said that due to this failure to inform the jury of a requirement to find willful inaccuracy on the part of \\\"Life\\\" magazine, \\\"I still think I am entitled to win.\\\" In January 1967, the Court determined in a 5-4 decision in favor of Time, Inc. Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. wrote the opinion of the Court. Justice Brennan had previously written the majority opinion in the case of \\\"New York Times Co. v. Sullivan\\\" in 1964; that\",\n \"title\": \"Time, Inc. v. Hill\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19336018\",\n \"text\": \"in the controlling opinion in \\\"Memoirs.\\\" Two others, Justice Black and Justice Douglas, concurred on broader grounds in reversing the judgment below. They reiterated their well-known position that the First Amendment provides an absolute shield against governmental action aimed at suppressing obscenity. Justice Stewart also concurred in the judgment, based on his view that only \\\"hardcore pornography\\\" may be suppressed. The view of the \\\"Memoirs\\\" plurality therefore constituted the holding of the Court and provided the governing standards at the time the alleged crimes were committed. \\\"Miller\\\" marked a significant departure from \\\"Memoirs\\\" and there can be little doubt that\",\n \"title\": \"Marks v. United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11010594\",\n \"text\": \"United States v. Binion United States v. Binion, 132 F. App'x 89 (8th Cir. 2005), is a case in which the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit applied two recent U.S. Supreme Court decisions, \\\"United States v. Booker\\\" and \\\"United States v. Fanfan\\\", in uphelding the sentencing decision by the trial court, the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri. Dammeon Binion was arrested for possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. Representing himself, the defendant filed a \\\"pro se\\\" motion for a competence-to-stand-trial evaluation in which psychological tests were administered by a\",\n \"title\": \"United States v. Binion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9560395\",\n \"text\": \"appeal the decision. Their lawyer Seth Cohen told reporters \\\"that the organization disagrees with the judge's finding\\\" and that he was \\\"confident they will win in the N.C. Court of Appeals\\\". Cohen went on to say: \\\"It's a shame that this matter cannot be resolved sooner. All we have ever asked is that people of all faiths be able to put their hands on the holy text of their choice. It's that simple. We don't understand why this is such a big deal.\\\" Cohen also said that members of Judaism have thrown their support behind the case as they would\",\n \"title\": \"American Civil Liberties Union of North Carolina v. North Carolina\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15741643\",\n \"text\": \"the former U.S. Solicitor General and the attorney who represented the defendant, said the decision was \\\"a signal event in Fourth Amendment history.\\\" He also said the decision made it more risky for law enforcement to use a GPS tracking device without a warrant. FBI director Robert Mueller testified in March 2013 that the \\\"Jones\\\" decision had limited the Bureau's surveillance capabilities. Criminal defense attorneys and civil libertarians such as Virginia Sloan of the Constitution Project praised the ruling for protecting Fourth Amendment rights against government intrusion through modern technology. The Electronic Frontier Foundation, which filed an amicus brief arguing\",\n \"title\": \"United States v. Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13103030\",\n \"text\": \"opinion in several important cases, including \\\"Boumediene v. Bush\\\" and \\\"Citizens United v. FEC\\\". Kennedy wrote in part the majority opinions in \\\"Planned Parenthood v. Casey\\\". He is also known for his majority opinions in each of the Court's landmark gay rights cases: \\\"Romer v. Evans\\\", \\\"Lawrence v. Texas\\\", \\\"United States v. Windsor\\\", and \\\"Obergefell v. Hodges\\\". Kennedy was born and raised in an Irish Catholic family in Sacramento, California. He was the son of Anthony J. Kennedy, an attorney with a reputation for influence in the California legislature, and Gladys (née McLeod), who participated in many local civic activities.\",\n \"title\": \"Anthony Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4328198\",\n \"text\": \"under the supervision of a federal judge, would enforce the defendant's rights against the state. The two dissenting justices, Field and Clifford, explained their position in the case of \\\"Ex Parte Virginia\\\", decided the same day. In the latter case, Field wrote, with Clifford concurring, \\\"The equality of the protection secured extends only to civil rights, as distinguished from those which are political or arise from the form of the government and its mode of administration.\\\" While a victory for the rights of black defendants and an important early civil rights case, \\\"Strauder v. West Virginia\\\" upheld the right of\",\n \"title\": \"Strauder v. West Virginia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16158135\",\n \"text\": \"statements about civilian awards... [the Act] is a narrow law enacted to address an important problem, and it presents no threat to freedom of expression.\\\" The decision received praise on constitutional grounds from across the political spectrum. The First Amendment Center called the decision \\\"a victory for free speech and common sense.\\\" Several veterans organizations leaders were dismayed by the decision. A spokesperson for the Veterans of Foreign Wars said \\\"Despite the ruling, the VFW will continue to challenge far-fetched stories, and to publicize these false heroes to the broadest extent possible as a deterrent to others.” Harold A. Fritz,\",\n \"title\": \"United States v. Alvarez\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3653468\",\n \"text\": \"Davis\\\" concerned a 63-year-old grandmother, Pearlie Rucker, who was evicted because a member of her family had incurred a drug conviction. The court held that the federal statute that allowed the Oakland Housing Authority to evict Rucker should not be interpreted to allow the eviction of a tenant merely because of the wrongdoing of another. However, the Ninth Circuit's \\\"en banc\\\" ruling was overturned in 2002 by the United States Supreme Court in \\\"HUD v. Rucker\\\". Chief Justice William Rehnquist, writing for a unanimous Court (with Justice Stephen Breyer having recused himself), held that \\\"the plain language of [the statute]\",\n \"title\": \"One strike, you're out\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20185365\",\n \"text\": \"in 1980. Her legal career began with a position as an assistant district attorney in the Dallas County District Attorney's office, where she prosecuted more than 125 criminal trials to verdict and later advanced to the Organized Crime Division. She began specializing in environmental and toxic tort law in 1986 when she joined her husband, Fred Baron, at his law firm Baron & Budd, the largest environmental law firm in the United States. While at Baron & Budd 2001, she won her largest verdict to date, $55.5 million, in the El Paso asbestos case Hernandez v. Kelly-Moore Paints. After selling\",\n \"title\": \"Lisa Blue Baron\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"994897\",\n \"text\": \"challenge the law in court, in a case supported by the NAACP. The law was initially upheld by the US District Court and affirmed by the Appeals Court based in New Orleans. Known as \\\"Gomillion v. Lightfoot,\\\" it was decided by the US Supreme Court in 1960, with the ruling implemented in 1961. The court ruled that the gerrymandering of city boundaries was racially motivated and violated the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which states that \\\"states were not insulated from federal judicial review when they jeopardized federally protected rights.\\\" The exclusionary gerrymandering was overturned and the city\",\n \"title\": \"Tuskegee, Alabama\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19005075\",\n \"text\": \"Litigation, which is frequently cited by California appellate courts as non-binding legal authorities. Jeffrey Ehrlich Jeffrey Isaac Ehrlich (born July 10, 1959) is an American lawyer and author, known for handling landmark appeals in the United States Supreme Court and the California Supreme Court. He is co-author of the influential Thomson Reuters treatise on insurance litigation, and Editor-in-Chief of \\\" Advocate\\\", the most widely circulated trial-bar magazine in the United States. He and his son, Clinton Ehrlich, are also known for exonerating Sgt. Raymond Lee Jennings, an Iraq War veteran who served 11 years of a life sentence for murdering\",\n \"title\": \"Jeffrey Ehrlich\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19213579\",\n \"text\": \"Court also ruled that the Superior Court in Georgia did have subject matter jurisdiction to rule on the adoption and that E.L. had expressly consented to the adoption. Furthermore, the court ruled that since no Georgia law was contrary to the Georgia adoption judgment, the Supreme Court of Alabama was incorrect in refusing to recognize the judgment. The court reversed the Supreme Court of Alabama, and remanded the case for further proceedings. V.L. v. E.L. V.L. v. E.L., 577 U.S. ___ (2016), is a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States concerning the adoption rights of same-sex\",\n \"title\": \"V.L. v. E.L.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11411942\",\n \"text\": \"on behalf of the Florida Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers as amicus curiae. In Justice Anthony Kennedy's unanimous majority opinion, the Court ruled that commentary issued by the United States Sentencing Commission (which promulgates the United States Sentencing Guidelines) that interprets or explains a guideline is authoritative unless it violates the Constitution or a federal statute, or is inconsistent with, or a plainly erroneous reading of, that guideline. The \\\"Stinson\\\" decision has had broad influence having been cited in over 1,000 other federal appellate decisions, including both \\\"Blakely v. Washington\\\" (2004) and \\\"United States v. Booker\\\" (2005) the cases which\",\n \"title\": \"Stinson v. United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14722674\",\n \"text\": \"rung of the hierarchy of First Amendment values.” Justice Rehnquist concurred in the judgment only. Justice Marshall did not take part in consideration or decision of the case. The case was cited by the dissent in \\\"Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project\\\" (2010); Justice Stevens, the only remaining member of the Court from \\\"Claiborne Hardware\\\", joined the majority. NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Claiborne Hardware Co., 458 U.S. 886 (1982), is a landmark civil rights case in which the United States Supreme Court ruled 8-0 (Marshall did not participate in the decision)\",\n \"title\": \"NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12688516\",\n \"text\": \"cannot be seen as \\\"hybrid order\\\" and the SCA's warrant provisions do not apply extraterritorially. A 4-4 split decision on an en banc rehearing by the full Second Circuit left the panel's decision for the case. The U.S. Department of Justice appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States, which has heard the case. A decision was expected by June 2018, but the CLOUD Act may render the question moot. The case is considered to highlight issues related to the antiquated nature of the SCA compared to modern Internet technologies. At the time of the SCA's creation, social media\",\n \"title\": \"Stored Communications Act\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5012878\",\n \"text\": \"Amendment, as applied to the states by the Fourteenth, private possession of obscenity was decided to be legal. The Court noted that this does not affect or change \\\"Roth\\\" or other cases that deal with public obscenity. Justice Stewart wrote a concurrence, which Justice Brennan and Justice White joined. There was also another issue with the Constitutionality of the case, which was not addressed in the majority decision. The films were seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment as applied to the states by the Fourteenth. The Fourth Amendment prohibits the issuance of general warrants to search a person’s home.\",\n \"title\": \"Stanley v. Georgia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16976658\",\n \"text\": \"the Indian Child Welfare Act. That act gave tribal courts exclusive jurisdiction on adoptions where the parents lived on the reservation, but the Mississippi Supreme Court had denied the tribal court's jurisdiction and found for the Holyfields. The tribe took it to the U.S. Supreme Court, probably to resist state encroachment on tribal rights, and won. The decision also has had an effect on other civil issues, such as taxation. In two Supreme Court cases from Oklahoma dealing with state taxation of Indians, the Court referred to its decision in \\\"John\\\" to declare trust land as being in Indian country\",\n \"title\": \"United States v. John (1978)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5012871\",\n \"text\": \"v. Ohio\\\" (1990) the Supreme Court upheld a law which criminalized the mere possession of child pornography. Prior to the \\\"Stanley\\\" case, the prevailing precedent was that of \\\"Roth v. United States\\\", where obscene material was determined to be unprotected by the First Amendment right to speech. In \\\"Roth\\\", the defendant sent lewd advertisements by mail and sold \\\"American Aphrodite\\\", a magazine containing erotica and pornography. A California court convicted him under state law, and when Roth appealed the decision, the Supreme Court upheld the conviction. In the majority decision, written by Justice Brenann, a new test was created for\",\n \"title\": \"Stanley v. Georgia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4100835\",\n \"text\": \"the Melish map was some east of the true 100th meridian and the Red River forked about east of the 100th meridian. Texas claimed the land south of the North Fork and the United States claimed the land north of the South Fork (later called the Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River). The dispute resulted in a lawsuit, which eventually wound up before the Supreme Court—no lower court having jurisdiction. The Court's opinion, in \\\"United States v. State of Texas\\\" , issued on March 16, held that the land of some 1.5 million acres (6070 km²/2345 mi²) belonged to the\",\n \"title\": \"Greer County, Texas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7543594\",\n \"text\": \"state’s separate and independent existence. Blackmun was later the swing justice who switched sides and helped overturn the case, asserting that the \\\"traditional government functions\\\" test he had previously supported had proved \\\"unworkable.\\\" Justices Brennan and Stevens wrote separate opinions that were dissenting. National League of Cities v. Usery National League of Cities v. Usery, 426 U.S. 833 (1976), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Fair Labor Standards Act could not constitutionally be applied to state governments. The decision was overruled by the U.S. Supreme Court in \\\"Garcia v. San Antonio\",\n \"title\": \"National League of Cities v. Usery\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17020323\",\n \"text\": \"It has been cited as the nation's top litigation boutique law firm in the Vault Rankings every year since 2012. Susman has won some of the largest cases in U.S. history. In Samsung Electronics v. Texas Instruments, Inc., he won a $1.1 billion settlement on behalf of Texas Instruments. He secured a $536 million jury verdict on counterclaim in El Paso Natural Gas Co., et al., v. GHR Energy Corp. and in the Corrugated Container Antitrust case, he won a verdict for the plaintiffs and the case eventually settled for $500 million. An advocate for better management of the trial\",\n \"title\": \"Stephen Susman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12127826\",\n \"text\": \"are not entitled to the assumption of truth. While legal conclusions can provide the framework of a complaint, they must be supported by factual allegations. When there are well-pleaded factual allegations, a court should assume their veracity and then determine whether they plausibly give rise to an entitlement to relief. Our decision in \\\"Twombly\\\" illustrates the two-pronged approach. The two cases are often jointly referred to as \\\"Twiqbal\\\". The case was argued successfully by Michael K. Kellogg of law firm Kellogg, Huber, Hansen, Todd, Evans & Figel and Thomas O. Barnett, Assistant Attorney General of the United States Department of\",\n \"title\": \"Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1451141\",\n \"text\": \"George W. Crockett, Jr., Abraham J. Isserman and Harry Sacher argued the cause for petitioners. With them on the brief was Richard Gladstein. Solicitor General Philip B. Perlman and Irving S. Shapiro argued the cause for the United States. With them on the brief were U.S. Attorney General James Howard McGrath, U.S. Assistant Attorney General McInerney, Irving H. Saypol, Robert W. Ginnane, Frank H. Gordon, Edward C. Wallace, and Lawrence K. Bailey. Handed down as a 6-2 decision by the Court on June 4, 1951, the judgment and a plurality opinion was delivered by Chief Justice of the United States\",\n \"title\": \"Dennis v. United States\"\n }\n]"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who won heart of atlanta motel v. united states"}}}],"truncated":false,"partial":false},"paginationData":{"pageIndex":83,"numItemsPerPage":100,"numTotalItems":8757,"offset":8300,"length":100}},"jwt":"eyJhbGciOiJFZERTQSJ9.eyJyZWFkIjp0cnVlLCJwZXJtaXNzaW9ucyI6eyJyZXBvLmNvbnRlbnQucmVhZCI6dHJ1ZX0sImlhdCI6MTczNjczMjEyOCwic3ViIjoiL2RhdGFzZXRzL3hmYWN0L25xLWRwciIsImV4cCI6MTczNjczNTcyOCwiaXNzIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9odWdnaW5nZmFjZS5jbyJ9.kGjSYwK1PCVyLpqTDbTqskrGTLQL8W3dFfpC5PSO1IjCLyBbOMerMzOPVYr0OBTw9AzFCxpTHMW5NITs3lMwCw","displayUrls":true},"discussionsStats":{"closed":0,"open":0,"total":0},"fullWidth":true,"hasGatedAccess":true,"hasFullAccess":true,"isEmbedded":false}">
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{
"id": "20523447",
"text": "College Football Playoff National Championship due to ineffective play by Hurts. He threw the game-winning 41-yard touchdown pass in overtime to another true freshman, wide receiver Devonta Smith, to win the game and claim the 2017-2018 CFP National Championship. He finished the 26-23 victory over the Georgia Bulldogs 14-of-24 for 166 passing yards, three passing touchdowns & one interception, along with 27 rushing yards on 12 attempts. Tagovailoa was named the Offensive MVP of the game. On September 1, 2018, Tagovailoa made his first career start at the season's opening game, against Louisville, in Orlando, Florida. He finished 12-of-16, with",
"title": "Tua Tagovailoa"
},
{
"id": "11588630",
"text": "Frisco, Texas. JMU won the National Championship in decisive fashion, with a score of 28–14 (Youngstown State scored a meaningless touchdown with seconds left in the game) on a cold, 15°F afternoon in Frisco, Texas On January 7, 2017 JMU faced the Youngstown State Penguins football for the 2016 FCS National Championship at Toyota Stadium (Texas) in Frisco, Texas. JMU got off to a fast start leading Youngstown 21-0 by the middle of the second quarter. JMU QB Bryan Schor had two quick passing touchdowns and one rushing touchdown by JMU RB Khalid Abdullah got the game started quickly for",
"title": "James Madison Dukes football"
},
{
"id": "11786991",
"text": "state runner-up in 2009, boys' track placed best in school history with third in state in 2016. Both the boys' and girls' tennis teams have made multiple runs to the AA final four. BCHS cheerleading has won two state championships. The men's basketball team lost to Greater Atlanta Christian High School in GHSA AA State Basketball Final on March 8, 2013 by a score of 69 - 52. Bleckley County High School FFA took the title of the 2017 National FFA Forestry CDE Champions in October of 2017. The school's golf team annually awards the Bruce Fleisher Award. Bleckley County",
"title": "Bleckley County High School"
},
{
"id": "20692020",
"text": "attended Wheeling Jesuit University where he continued to play rugby and was named a Collegiate All American. In 2017, Malcolm moved to Austin, Texas, where he played for the Austin Huns. The Huns won the 2017 National Championship, with Malcolm scoring a try in the championship final against New York Athletic Club. Malcolm played for the Ohio Aviators in PRO Rugby's first and only season in 2016. Malcolm made his debut for the Aviators on May 1, starting in the Aviators' 51–17 victory over San Francisco. He scored his first (and only) try for the Aviators on June 26, in",
"title": "Peter Malcolm (rugby union)"
},
{
"id": "19521355",
"text": "2016–17 National League 1 The 2016–17 National League 1, known for sponsorship reasons as the SSE National League 1 was the eighth season of the third tier of the English rugby union system, since the professionalised format of the second tier RFU Championship was introduced; and was the 30th season since league rugby began in 1987. Hartpury College were crowned the champions on 11 March 2017 after winning their 25th match and maintaining their 100% record. The college side went on break more National League 1 records by winning all 30 games and gaining promotion to the highest level in",
"title": "2016–17 National League 1"
},
{
"id": "5711061",
"text": "challenged the Federation's decision to the Court of Arbitration for Sport. In May 2015 the Court ruled in their favour, restoring the deducted points, which helped the team secure a third-place finish in the league championship. CFR Cluj won the 2016 Cupa României final played against Dinamo București after penalty shootouts, being their first trophy since 2012. During early 2017, it was reported that businessman Marian Băgăcean purchased 62% stake of the club. On 30 May that year, after finishing the 2016–17 Liga I campaign on the 4th place, CFR Cluj finally got out of insolvency and was again able",
"title": "CFR Cluj"
},
{
"id": "19272004",
"text": "League qualifying tournament, the CONCACAF League. Cibao won the tournament by defeating San Juan Jabloteh in the final, becoming the first team from the Dominican Republic to be crowned Caribbean club champions and the first to qualify for the CONCACAF Champions League. Runners-up San Juan Jabloteh, together with third place Portmore United and fourth place Central, who were the two-time defending champions, qualified for the first edition of the CONCACAF League. The tournament was open to all league champions and runners-up from each of the 31 CFU member associations, once their competition ended by the end of 2016. A total",
"title": "2017 Caribbean Club Championship"
},
{
"id": "19653640",
"text": "Adam Rainaud, Mike Small, Brian Smock, Omar Uresti, Ryan Vermeer, J. J. Wood Daniel Berger (10), Wesley Bryan (10), Rafael Cabrera-Bello (9), Bud Cauley, Kevin Chappell (10), Tony Finau, Tommy Fleetwood, Rickie Fowler (9,10), Lucas Glover, Bill Haas, Adam Hadwin (10), James Hahn, Brian Harman (10), Russell Henley (10), Charley Hoffman, J. B. Holmes (9), Billy Horschel (10), Charles Howell III, Mackenzie Hughes (10), Kang Sung-hoon, Kim Si-woo (10), Kevin Kisner (10), Russell Knox (10), Kelly Kraft, Matt Kuchar (9), Martin Laird, Danny Lee, Marc Leishman (10), Luke List, Jamie Lovemark, Francesco Molinari, Ryan Moore (9,10), Kevin Na, Sean O'Hair,",
"title": "2017 PGA Championship"
},
{
"id": "19278460",
"text": "53rd Vanier Cup The 53rd Vanier Cup (branded as the ArcelorMittal Dofasco Vanier Cup for sponsorship reasons), the 2017 edition of the U Sports football championship, was held on November 25, 2017 at Tim Hortons Field in Hamilton, Ontario. The defending champion Laval Rouge et Or made their 11th Vanier Cup appearance while the Western Mustangs made their nation-leading 13th appearance. This was a rematch of the 44th Vanier Cup which was won by Laval and also played in Hamilton. Western defeated Laval, 39-17, to win its first national championship since 1994. Hamilton was awarded both the 2016 and 2017",
"title": "53rd Vanier Cup"
},
{
"id": "18020136",
"text": "States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) is an independent agency of the United States government responsible for consumer protection in the financial sector. Its jurisdiction includes banks, credit unions, securities firms, payday lenders, mortgage-servicing operations, foreclosure relief services, debt collectors and other financial companies operating in the United States. The CFPB's creation was authorized by the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, whose passage in 2010 was a legislative response to the financial crisis of 2007–08 and the subsequent Great Recession. \"This summary is based largely on the",
"title": "CFPB Rural Designation Petition and Correction Act"
},
{
"id": "19450064",
"text": "2017 National Hurling League The 2017 National Hurling League was the 86th season of the National Hurling League for senior county hurling teams. Clare were the defending champions, winning the title for the first time since 1977–78 after a 1-23 to 2-19 win against Waterford in a replay on 8 May 2016. Eir Sport (formerly Setanta) and TG4 provide live coverage of the league on Saturday nights and Sunday afternoons respectively, with highlights shown on \"GAA 2017\" during the week. RTÉ2 broadcasts highlights programme \"Allianz League Sunday\" on Sunday evenings. In the Division 1 final on 23 April, Galway won",
"title": "2017 National Hurling League"
},
{
"id": "14791982",
"text": "Jamie Scott was crowned victor. The other two finalists were Brian McLeish and Sven-Hanson Britt. Series 8 began airing on 10 November 2015. It was won by Mark Stinchcombe. Series 9 began airing on 8 November 2016. Scottish chef and college lecturer Gary Maclean was crowned the winner. Series 10 began airing on 7 November 2017. In the final, aired on 21 December 2017, Craig Johnston was crowned champion. The other two finalists were Louisa Ellis and Steven Lickley. Series 11 began airing on 6 November 2018. Legend: MasterChef: The Professionals MasterChef: The Professionals is a BBC television competitive cooking",
"title": "MasterChef: The Professionals"
},
{
"id": "18449411",
"text": "and Ben Boulware were named the Offensive and Defensive Most Valuable Players respectively. Competing bids were placed to host the championship game by Tampa, Jacksonville, Minneapolis, San Antonio, San Francisco, and South Florida. Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida, was announced as the host site for the third College Football Playoff (CFP) National Championship game on December 17, 2013. It became the first CFP championship game to not be held at the site of one of the \"New Year's Six\" bowls. This championship game is part of the third annual CFP, constituted by four teams playing to decide the national",
"title": "2017 College Football Playoff National Championship"
},
{
"id": "14245783",
"text": "by defeating the Central Penn Piranhas 16-6. In 2016, the Albany Metro Mallers would play for the National Championship in DeLand, Florida vs. Midwest (MO) Chargers. They went on to win 38-6, and became the 2016 National Champions. In 2017, the Albany Metro Mallers would play for the National Championship once again, in DeLand, Florida at Stetson University vs. PAFL (Premier Amateur Football League) Champions Columbus (OH) Fire. The Mallers lost 13-6. Quarterback Scott Lawson, who has been with the Mallers since 1990, broke the all-time semipro football record for the most touchdown passes in a career when he threw",
"title": "Albany Metro Mallers"
},
{
"id": "19082554",
"text": "Wayne Gallman Wayne Gallman Jr. (born October 1, 1994) is an American football running back for the New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Clemson and contributed to win the CFP National Championship (2017). Gallman attended Grayson High School in Loganville, Georgia, where he was teammates with Robert Nkemdiche. He was rated by Rivals.com as a three-star recruit and committed to Clemson University to play college football. Gallman attended and played college football for Clemson from 2013–2016. He redshirted during his first year at Clemson in 2013. Gallman played in all 13 games",
"title": "Wayne Gallman"
},
{
"id": "18247239",
"text": "sack against Colin Kaepernick. In Week 13, against the Los Angeles Rams, Butler intercepted rookie quarterback Jared Goff for his second interception of the season. Against the New York Jets in Week 16 on Christmas Eve, Butler had the first multi-interception game of his career: he picked off both Bryce Petty and Ryan Fitzpatrick and also recovered a fumble. Butler was named second-team All-Pro by Pro Football Focus and the Associated Press. On February 5, 2017, Butler won his second Super Bowl championship as the Patriots defeated the Atlanta Falcons in overtime by a score of 34–28 in Super Bowl",
"title": "Malcolm Butler"
},
{
"id": "19662331",
"text": "2017 CFL season The 2017 CFL season was the 64th season of modern Canadian professional football. Officially, it was the 60th season of the league. The regular season began on June 22 and concluded on November 4. The playoffs commenced on November 12 and concluded on November 26 with the Toronto Argonauts defeating the Calgary Stampeders to win the 105th Grey Cup. According to the new collective bargaining agreement, the 2017 salary cap was set at $5,150,000. As per the agreement, the cap was fixed did not vary with league revenue performance. The minimum team salary was set at $4,550,000",
"title": "2017 CFL season"
},
{
"id": "19653639",
"text": "Rory McIlroy (4,8,9,10), Shaun Micheel, Phil Mickelson (4,8,9), Vijay Singh, Jimmy Walker (6,8,9), Yang Yong-eun Sergio García (8,9), Adam Scott (8), Jordan Spieth (3,4,6,8,9,10), Bubba Watson, Danny Willett (9) Dustin Johnson (8,9,10), Brooks Koepka (6,8,9,10), Justin Rose (8,9,11) Zach Johnson (9), Henrik Stenson (6,8,9) Paul Casey (8), Branden Grace (8), Emiliano Grillo (8), Tyrrell Hatton, Hideki Matsuyama (8,10), William McGirt (8), Patrick Reed (8,9,10), Webb Simpson (8), Robert Streb, Daniel Summerhays Alex Beach, Rich Berberian, Jr., Jamie Broce, Paul Claxton, Stuart Deane, Matt Dobyns, Greg Gregory, Jaysen Hansen, Scott Hebert, Dave McNabb, Chris Moody, David Muttitt, Rod Perry, Kenny Pigman,",
"title": "2017 PGA Championship"
},
{
"id": "19428895",
"text": "2017 National Football League (Ireland) The 2017 National Football League, known for sponsorship reasons as the Allianz Football League, was the 86th staging of the National Football League, an annual gaelic football tournament for Gaelic Athletic Association county teams. Thirty-one county teams from the island of Ireland, plus London, compete. Kilkenny do not participate. On 9 April 2017 Kerry won their 20th National League title, beating Dublin by 0-20 to 1-16 in the final. Dublin were the reigning champions and were bidding for their fifth successive title. Eir Sport (formerly Setanta) and TG4 provide live coverage of the league on",
"title": "2017 National Football League (Ireland)"
},
{
"id": "19653641",
"text": "Louis Oosthuizen, Pat Perez (10), Thomas Pieters (9), Ian Poulter, Jon Rahm (10), Patrick Rodgers, Xander Schauffele (10), Charl Schwartzel, Cameron Smith (10), Kyle Stanley (10), Brendan Steele (10), Hudson Swafford (10), Justin Thomas (10), Jhonattan Vegas (10), Gary Woodland Matthew Fitzpatrick, Andy Sullivan, Lee Westwood, Chris Wood Jonas Blixt, Bryson DeChambeau, Cody Gribble, Grayson Murray, Rod Pampling, D. A. Points, Chris Stroud An Byeong-hun, Thomas Bjørn, Patrick Cantlay, Nicolas Colsaerts, Graham DeLaet, Luke Donald, Ernie Els, Ross Fisher, Ryan Fox, Dylan Frittelli, Jim Furyk, Scott Hend, Jim Herman, Yuta Ikeda, Thongchai Jaidee, Andrew Johnston, Kim Kyung-tae, Søren Kjeldsen, Satoshi",
"title": "2017 PGA Championship"
},
{
"id": "17852934",
"text": "the 113th United States Congress. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) is an independent federal agency that holds primary responsibility for regulating consumer protection with regard to financial products and services in the United States. It is supposed to protect the public from \"risky or fraudulent financial products\" and it has the power to issue regulations in order to accomplish this goal. The CFPB was created in 2011 after its conception was included as part of the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, which passed as a response to the financial crisis of 2007–08 that played a significant",
"title": "Consumer Financial Protection Safety and Soundness Improvement Act of 2013"
},
{
"id": "10776966",
"text": "score of 12–6. The Rebels would later go on to represent Ireland in the 2017 Atlantic Cup, as winners of the 2016 Shamrock Bowl. Facing off against 2016 Romanian Champions the Bucharest Rebels in Dublin in November 2017. The Dublin Rebels would come away with the trophy after a convincing 42–14 victory Dublin Rebels The Dublin Rebels are the most successful team in the history of the Irish American Football League with nine national championship wins (Shamrock Bowl XV, XVII, XVIII, XIX, XX, XXIV, XXV, XXX, XXXI), four league titles, three European crowns and registering the perfect season with no",
"title": "Dublin Rebels"
},
{
"id": "19554070",
"text": "2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game The 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game was the final game of the 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament. It determined the national champion for the 2016–17 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The game was played on April 3, 2017, at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona between the Gonzaga Bulldogs and the North Carolina Tar Heels. North Carolina defeated Gonzaga, 71–65, to win its sixth men's basketball national championship. This was the first national championship game to be played in a state in either the Mountain",
"title": "2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game"
},
{
"id": "12056785",
"text": "Kevin Bowerman and Raymond Gao's win in 2013, North Carolina became the first state to hold 3 National titles (Winning 3 of 5 tournaments: 2009, 2012, & 2013). California and Connecticut players have since then won 3 National titles: California players Zach Ansell (2015 and 2017), Jem Burch (2016 and 2017), and Cooper Komatsu (2016); Connecticut players Matthew Silver (2007 and 2008), Aune Mitchell (2007), Logan Rosen (2008), and Jeffrey Pogue (2018). Canadian teams were permitted to compete in this event starting in 2010, and 2011 saw the first Canadian champions: Alex Li and Jackson Smylie from Ontario. In 2018",
"title": "National School Scrabble Championship"
},
{
"id": "19389825",
"text": "2016 NCAA Division I FCS football season The 2016 NCAA Division I FCS football season, part of college football in the United States, is organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) at the Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) level. The FCS Championship Game was played on January 7, 2017 in Frisco, Texas. The James Madison Dukes defeated the Youngstown State Penguins 28–14 to capture the second National Championship in team history. The following rule changes were voted on by the NCAA Football Rules Committee for the 2016 season: The committee, once again, took no action on changing the",
"title": "2016 NCAA Division I FCS football season"
},
{
"id": "10489191",
"text": "capacity for the remainder of the Patriots 2012–13 season. On February 5, 2017, Daboll was part of the Patriots coaching staff that won Super Bowl LI. In the game, the Patriots defeated the Atlanta Falcons by a score of 34–28 in overtime. Daboll returned to college football in 2017 as offensive coordinator for Nick Saban and the Alabama Crimson Tide, starting February 20, 2017. He helped Alabama reach the 2018 National Championship Game, where the Tide defeated the Georgia Bulldogs in overtime. On January 14, 2018, Daboll was named as the new offensive coordinator for the Buffalo Bills. Brian Daboll",
"title": "Brian Daboll"
},
{
"id": "19391169",
"text": "Canada, and Jamie Koe – representing the Northwest Territories, again competed against each other. 2016 PEI Champion Adam Casey and his third David Mathers moved west to join rinks that then won the championships of Saskatchewan and Ontario, respectively. Glenn Howard won the Ontario Championship for the 17th time as either third or skip. By contrast, a team not skipped by either Kevin Martin, Randy Ferbey or Kevin Koe won the Alberta Championship for the first time since 1999 (although Kevin Martin coached Alberta's Brendan Bottcher). The teams are listed as follows: All draw times are listed in Newfoundland Standard",
"title": "2017 Tim Hortons Brier"
},
{
"id": "19777522",
"text": "1999. Nolan Cox, brother of Collingwood Football Club player Mason Cox, was named most consistent for the tournament in helping the Crows to their third D1 flag in three years. Austin's 4-0 record completed a perfect 18-0 season, and extended their win streak to 23 games, the second longest in Men's USAFL history. Elsewhere, the Calgary Kangaroos won their second ever Division 2 title, the Portland Steelheads became the first D3 team to win back to back titles, and the Ohio Valley River Rats won their fifth Division 4 premiership. In Women's Division 1, the Denver Lady Bulldogs saw their",
"title": "2016 USAFL National Championships"
},
{
"id": "19963013",
"text": "tiebreaker match. She then won three straight playoff games to claim the title. The 2017 Scotties Tournament of Hearts will be the first national championship for all four members of the Barker rink. The team is the first Moose Jaw-based team to win the provincial title since 1999. Dayna Demers, third for the Silvernagle rink won the Marj Mitchell Award for sportsmanship and competitiveness. Notably absent from the 2017 Saskatchewan Scotties is the defending champion Jolene Campbell rink. She failed to qualify for provincials after a 1-3 record at the \"last chance\" event. The top seed in the event was",
"title": "2017 Saskatchewan Scotties Tournament of Hearts"
},
{
"id": "20460584",
"text": "Leandra English Leandra English is an American government official who served as the Deputy Director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) from 2017 until her resignation in 2018. She was the plaintiff in the lawsuit \"English v. Trump\", in which she sought to have herself acknowledged as Acting Director of the CFPB. English has served in many capacities as a member of the U.S. federal government. Before joining the CFPB, she worked in both the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and the Department of the Treasury. She worked on the transition team that launched the new agency",
"title": "Leandra English"
},
{
"id": "19653636",
"text": "2017 PGA Championship The 2017 PGA Championship was the 99th PGA Championship, held August 10–13 at Quail Hollow Club in Charlotte, North Carolina. This was the first major at Quail Hollow, which is a regular stop on the PGA Tour. Early in the week of the tournament, it was announced that the championship will be held in May beginning in 2019. Justin Thomas, the son of a PGA professional, won his first career major title, two strokes ahead of runners-up Francesco Molinari, Louis Oosthuizen, and Patrick Reed. In the United States, the Championship was televised by CBS, with weekday and",
"title": "2017 PGA Championship"
},
{
"id": "20116085",
"text": "2017 FA Cup Final The 2017 FA Cup Final was the 136th final of the FA Cup, the world's oldest football cup competition. It took place on 27 May 2017 at Wembley Stadium in London, England and was contested between London rivals Arsenal and Chelsea. Arsenal won the game 2–1 to secure a record 13th title, while manager Arsène Wenger became the most successful manager in the tournament's history with seven wins. The winners would enter the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League group stage, had they not already qualified for the UEFA Champions League via other competitions. This was a rematch",
"title": "2017 FA Cup Final"
},
{
"id": "19704650",
"text": "J. B. Holmes (10), Billy Horschel (7), Mark Hubbard, John Huh, Fredrik Jacobson, Zach Johnson (5), Kang Sung-hoon, Smylie Kaufman, Jerry Kelly, Michael Kim, Chris Kirk, Kevin Kisner (10), Patton Kizzire, Brooks Koepka (10), Jason Kokrak, Matt Kuchar (6,10), Anirban Lahiri, Martin Laird, Danny Lee, Spencer Levin, David Lingmerth (9), Luke List, Andrew Loupe, Jamie Lovemark, Shane Lowry (8), Peter Malnati, Ben Martin, Graeme McDowell, Troy Merritt, Phil Mickelson (5,10), Bryce Molder, Francesco Molinari (10), Kevin Na, Noh Seung-yul, Sean O'Hair, Louis Oosthuizen (10), Ryan Palmer, Scott Piercy, Chez Reavie, Kyle Reifers, Patrick Rodgers, Charl Schwartzel (10), Adam Scott (5,8,10),",
"title": "2017 Players Championship"
},
{
"id": "19310836",
"text": "2016 U.S. F2000 National Championship The 2016 U.S. F2000 National Championship was the seventh season – since its revival in 2010 – of the U.S. F2000 National Championship, an open wheel auto racing series that is the first step in INDYCAR's Road to Indy ladder, and is owned by Andersen Promotions. A 16-race schedule was announced on October 27, 2015. The National class was re-introduced, for SCCA Formula Continental cars. Australian Anthony Martin and his Cape Motorsports teammate Canadian Parker Thompson were neck and neck throughout the season. Ultimately Martin captured the championship on the back of seven wins compared",
"title": "2016 U.S. F2000 National Championship"
},
{
"id": "13714055",
"text": "On March 1, 2015, Webster won the United States Youth Soccer Association National Championships with CalSouth Boys' U17 beating Iowa in the final. In the fall of 2017 Webster was the volunteer men's assistant coach for Cal State Dominguez Hills as they won the CCAA Championship. Webster has coached numerous club teams in the Southern California region winning multiple league and tournament titles. He is currently the Director of Coaching at Athletic Futbol Club who play in Coast Soccer League and are based out of Playa Vista. Webster began his broadcast career with Fox Soccer Channel (then Fox Sports World)",
"title": "Nick Webster"
},
{
"id": "20626023",
"text": "18, 2012, Trinity's 252-game unbeaten streak ended in a 5–4 loss to the Yale Bulldogs. The Bantams have won 13 consecutive national titles since 1998, when they first took home the Potter Trophy. They have also garnered attention and praise from major media outlets such as ESPN, \"Sports Illustrated\" and \"USA Today\", among others. They were recently ranked by ESPN as one of the top ten sports dynasties of all time. More recently, they are the 2017 and 2018 national champions. Updated March 2018. Updated March 2018. Notable alumni include: Trinity Bantams men's squash The Trinity Bantams Men's Squash team",
"title": "Trinity Bantams men's squash"
},
{
"id": "19585991",
"text": "2017 Stanley Cup Finals The 2017 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League's (NHL) 2016–17 season, and the culmination of the 2017 Stanley Cup playoffs. The Eastern Conference champion and defending Stanley Cup champion Pittsburgh Penguins defeated the Western Conference champion Nashville Predators, four games to two. Penguins captain Sidney Crosby was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player of the playoffs for the second consecutive year. The Penguins won the Stanley Cup in their opponent's rink, just like they did the previous four times. During the regular season, the Penguins finished",
"title": "2017 Stanley Cup Finals"
},
{
"id": "20465360",
"text": "losing to Louisville in the ACC Women's Tournament championship. They received an at-large bid as the No. 1 seed in the Spokane region. They defeated Cal State Northridge and Villanova to advance to the Sweet Sixteen. There they defeated Texas A&M and Oregon to advance to the Final Four. After upsetting then-unbeaten Connecticut 91–89 in overtime in the Final Four, Notre Dame played Mississippi State in the national championship. The Irish edged the Bulldogs 61–58 by Arike Ogunbowale's three-pointer with 0.1 seconds left on the clock, capturing their second national title in 18 years. The Irish became the first team",
"title": "2017–18 Notre Dame Fighting Irish women's basketball team"
},
{
"id": "11642947",
"text": "season and hosted their first ever semifinal playoff game against Memphis Tn Legacy at Woodward High School. The Cincinnati Sizzle beat the New England Nightmare 30-6 and claimed their first national title in the 2016 United States Women's Football League Championship Game played on Saturday, July 30, 2016 in Horn Lake, Mississippi. As of 2017, Cincinnati Sizzle plays in the Women's Football Alliance (WFA) . !Totals || 31 || 68 || 0 Cincinnati Sizzle The Cincinnati Sizzle is a women's professional full-contact/tackle football team from Cincinnati, Ohio. The team was established in 2003, by former Cincinnati Bengals running back Ickey",
"title": "Cincinnati Sizzle"
},
{
"id": "19777523",
"text": "six-year streak of National Championships snapped, falling to the San Francisco Iron Maidens. The Maidens, who are the women's arm of the Golden Gate Australian Football League, beat Denver 9-6 in their first game on Sunday afternoon, then defeated the Minnesota Freeze 16-6 to finish the round robin competition at 4-0 to clinch the title. The Division 2 Women's competition, made up of three combined teams, was won by the team with players from the Portland Sockeyes, Seattle Grizzlies, Arizona Hawks, and Tampa Bay ARFC. Special guests on the weekend were Hawthorn Football Club greats Dermott Brereton and Chris Wittman,",
"title": "2016 USAFL National Championships"
},
{
"id": "11834691",
"text": "wider range of young people to take advantage of what the Big Train players and coaches have to offer. In 2016, after a four-year title drought, Big Train captured the Cal Ripken League championship with a victory over the Baltimore Redbirds. The next year, Big Train again defeated the Redbirds in the finals to win back-to-back league championships. That season, Big Train outfielder James Outman was named the 2017 National Summer Collegiate Player of the Year by Perfect Game after hitting .341 with 18 stolen bases and a league-best nine homers and 36 RBIs. Bethesda Big Train The Bethesda Big",
"title": "Bethesda Big Train"
},
{
"id": "8517746",
"text": "Müller was sitting on the ground and Pepe walked back to Müller to headbutt him. Pepe was named man of the match in the Euro 2016 final, helping his team to keep a clean-sheet in a 1–0 extra-time victory over hosts France and win his nation's first ever international title. His performance in the final was particularly noted by some members of the media for being firm and disciplined. On 2 July 2017, in the third-place match against Mexico at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, Pepe scored an injury time equalizer to send the match into extra-time. Portugal eventually won",
"title": "Pepe (footballer, born 1983)"
},
{
"id": "8529684",
"text": "to CFR Cluj in January 2017. He played 15 matches and netted six goals in the remaining of the season, his good display drawing interest from fellow league team FC Steaua București. He nevertheless chose to stay with the \"Alb-vișinii\" and was offered the number 10 shirt ahead of the 2017–18 campaign. He recorded his first goal of the season in a 1–0 away win over Concordia Chiajna on 17 September 2017. Deac contributed with five goals and eleven assists, with the side claiming the fourth national championship in its history. Deac made his debut for the Romania under-21 team",
"title": "Ciprian Deac"
},
{
"id": "18716615",
"text": "Adam Casey and his Prince Edward Island team; 2006 Brier champion Jean-Michel Ménard skipping the Quebec team; 2003 World Junior Champion Steve Laycock and his Saskatchewan team; ten-time Territories champion Jamie Koe, representing the Northwest Territories; and four-time Territorial Champion Bob Smallwood representing the Yukon. The 2016 Brier also features four-time provincial champion Mike Kennedy skipping New Brunswick; Three-time provincial champion Jamie Murphy representing Nova Scotia; and Four-time World Champion Glenn Howard, who is making his Brier record 17th appearance at the national championships. Two teams are making their debut at the 2016 Brier. The World #2 ranked Mike McEwen",
"title": "2016 Tim Hortons Brier"
},
{
"id": "15317062",
"text": "Consumer Financial Protection Bureau The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), also known as the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (BCFP), is an agency of the United States government responsible for consumer protection in the financial sector. CFPB's jurisdiction includes banks, credit unions, securities firms, payday lenders, mortgage-servicing operations, foreclosure relief services, debt collectors and other financial companies operating in the United States. The CFPB's creation was authorized by the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, whose passage in 2010 was a legislative response to the financial crisis of 2007–08 and the subsequent Great Recession. The CFPB's status as",
"title": "Consumer Financial Protection Bureau"
},
{
"id": "19389828",
"text": "May 1, 2016. For coaching changes that occurred earlier in 2016, see 2015 NCAA Division I FCS end-of-season coaching changes. 2016 NCAA Division I FCS football season The 2016 NCAA Division I FCS football season, part of college football in the United States, is organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) at the Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) level. The FCS Championship Game was played on January 7, 2017 in Frisco, Texas. The James Madison Dukes defeated the Youngstown State Penguins 28–14 to capture the second National Championship in team history. The following rule changes were voted on",
"title": "2016 NCAA Division I FCS football season"
},
{
"id": "17561833",
"text": "Laurie Hernandez Lauren Zoe Hernandez (born June 9, 2000) is an American artistic gymnast. She competed as a member of the U.S. women's gymnastics team at the 2016 Summer Olympics, winning gold in the team event and silver on the balance beam. She was part of the gold-medal-winning team dubbed the \"Final Five\" at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. In 2016, Hernandez won season 23 of \"Dancing with the Stars\" with partner Val Chmerkovskiy. In 2017, Hernandez was on an episode of \"Stuck In The Middle\". Hernandez was born in Old Bridge Township, New Jersey, the daughter",
"title": "Laurie Hernandez"
},
{
"id": "16086760",
"text": "Giants as the Mets lost 3–0. Familia placed in a tie with catcher Wilson Ramos for seventeenth in voting for the 2016 National League Most Valuable Player Award. On March 29, 2017, Familia was suspended for the first 15 games of the season without pay for violating the league's personal conduct policy, regarding his previous domestic violence incident that occurred nearly five months prior to the suspension. Familia was activated on April 20 and made his season debut that night at Citi Field. On May 11, Familia was diagnosed with an arterial clot in his right shoulder. The next day,",
"title": "Jeurys Familia"
},
{
"id": "18312643",
"text": "& Redbridge he managed to play a lot more games and ended the season top scorer. In June 2016, Doidge left Dagenham & Redbridge after winning player of the year and supporters player of the year and signed a two-year contract with National League side Forest Green Rovers. His first goal for Forest Green came in a 4–1 away win over Maidstone United on 27 August 2016. On 14 May 2017, he scored in a 3–1 win over Tranmere Rovers at Wembley Stadium in the 2016–17 National League play-off final to help Forest Green claim a place in the Football",
"title": "Christian Doidge"
},
{
"id": "18720987",
"text": "claimed the Division 3B title in the old system. The victory also secured automatic promotion to Division 2B for 2017. At the other end of the table, Warwickshire were relegated after losing all five of their group stage games. They had secured promotion in 2015 but will return to Division 3B in 2017. Tyrone's Damian Casey was the Division 3A top scorer with 2-52. Roscommon's Noel Fallon was the top goalkeeper having kept 3 clean sheets. On 26 March 2016, Fermanagh won the title after a 2-13 to 3-8 win over Longford. It was their first league title since 2013",
"title": "2016 National Hurling League"
},
{
"id": "19310838",
"text": "old cars will remain eligible for National Class. 2016 U.S. F2000 National Championship The 2016 U.S. F2000 National Championship was the seventh season – since its revival in 2010 – of the U.S. F2000 National Championship, an open wheel auto racing series that is the first step in INDYCAR's Road to Indy ladder, and is owned by Andersen Promotions. A 16-race schedule was announced on October 27, 2015. The National class was re-introduced, for SCCA Formula Continental cars. Australian Anthony Martin and his Cape Motorsports teammate Canadian Parker Thompson were neck and neck throughout the season. Ultimately Martin captured the",
"title": "2016 U.S. F2000 National Championship"
},
{
"id": "9338448",
"text": "million. On November 21, 2016, Branch was notified that he was facing a four-game suspension for violating the league's policy on substance abuse but did not have to serve any games after the league rescinded the suspension before his appeal was even heard. Branch helped the Patriots win 14 games and earn the top seed for the AFC playoffs. On February 5, 2017, Branch was part of the Patriots team that won Super Bowl LI. In the game, the Patriots defeated the Atlanta Falcons by a score of 34–28 in overtime. The Patriots trailed 28–3 in the third quarter, but",
"title": "Alan Branch"
},
{
"id": "18957661",
"text": "2016 CFU Club Championship The 2016 CFU Club Championship was the 18th edition of CFU Club Championship, the annual international club football competition in the Caribbean region, held amongst clubs whose football associations are affiliated with the Caribbean Football Union (CFU). The top three teams in the tournament qualified for the 2016–17 CONCACAF Champions League. Central were the defending champions, having won the 2015 CFU Club Championship, and successfully defended their title, defeating fellow Trinidadian side W Connection in the final for the second straight year. The tournament was open to all league champions and runners-up from each of the",
"title": "2016 CFU Club Championship"
},
{
"id": "19807674",
"text": "Rob Gronkowski was suspended for one game after a late hit on Bills defensive back Tre'Davious White. The Pats' 14-game road win streak ended in Miami, the same place where they suffered their last regular season road loss on January 3, 2016. Rob Gronkowski missed this game due to suspension. The return of Rob Gronkowski, and a late-game interception resulted in the Patriots defeating the Steelers. The Pats win the AFC East for the 9th straight year. The Patriots trailed 24-16 at the end of the third quarter. They scored on a 46-yard field goal with 4:00 left in the",
"title": "2017 New England Patriots season"
},
{
"id": "7715042",
"text": "every minute of Cheltenham's 46 league matches. Cheltenham won promotion back into League Two at the first attempt, winning the National League title with 101 points. Parslow was named the Cheltenham Players' Player of the Year, and was included in the National League Team of the Year. He signed a new contract with the club in May 2016. On 12 January 2017, Parslow rejoined York City, now in the National League, on loan for the rest of 2016–17. On 21 May 2017, he started as York beat Macclesfield Town 3–2 at Wembley Stadium in the 2017 FA Trophy Final. He",
"title": "Danny Parslow"
},
{
"id": "2186058",
"text": "for the 2017 season. As such, UCF was selected as the 2017 National Champions by at least one NCAA recognized selector and thus claims a share of the 2017 National Championship. Rankings are based on the AP Poll prior to the game being played. \"Italics denote a tie game.\" Won: Alabama, Arizona State, Army, Baylor, East Carolina, Houston, Syracuse, TCU, Texas A&M, UCF Lost: Duke, Illinois, Iowa State, Washington Tied: Texas Tech, Vanderbilt Michigan will appear in the upcoming 2018 game. Through the January 2018 playing, there have been 50 games (100 total appearances). Records are based on a team's",
"title": "Peach Bowl"
},
{
"id": "20136581",
"text": "2017 British Speedway Championship The 2017 British Speedway Championship was the 2017 edition of the British Speedway Championship. Danny King was the defending champion having won the title in 2016. The competition consisted of two semi-finals and a final, with eight riders qualifying from each semi-final. The final took place at the National Speedway Stadium in Belle Vue, Manchester on 19 June 2017 and was won by Craig Cook. It was Cook's first national title, having finished second in the three previous years. He dominated the final, scoring 14 points, before beating Steve Worrall, Ben Barker and Australian Rory Schlein",
"title": "2017 British Speedway Championship"
},
{
"id": "20238037",
"text": "defeat to eventual winners Templeogue in January 2016. It served as a powerful motivator and he was determined to upset the odds once again. And so it was, on January 7, 2017, Turner amassed a staggering 28 rebounds and 15 points that helped his team to a memorable and unexpected 81–69 win over UCD Marian in the Men's National Cup semi-final. He was carried off following a knee injury with 3:33 remaining in the third quarter but after intense treatment returned to the action two minutes into the fourth quarter. Not many pundits gave Killester a chance of toppling UCD",
"title": "Jermaine Turner"
},
{
"id": "19661516",
"text": "8 April 2017, Tipperary captained by Fox won the Division 3 final of the 2017 National Football League after a 3-19 to 0-19 win against Louth in Croke Park. Brian Fox (Gaelic footballer) Brian Fox (born 19 July 1988) is an Irish Gaelic football player who plays at inter-county level for Tipperary, and plays his club football for Éire Óg. Fox is the nephew of former Tipperary hurler Pat Fox. He made his championship debut in 2009 against Limerick. On 31 July 2016, Fox started in the half forward line as Tipperary defeated Galway in the 2016 All-Ireland Quarter-finals at",
"title": "Brian Fox (Gaelic footballer)"
},
{
"id": "8456908",
"text": "to Macclesfield Town in February 2014. He went on to join Macclesfield permanently in the summer, and was voted Player of the Year in his first three seasons at the club. He also played in the club's defeat at the 2017 FA Trophy Final. He helped the club to win promotion back to the Football League as champions of the National League in 2017–18, before announcing his retirement in June 2018. Born in Rugeley, Staffordshire, Pilkington started his career at Stone Dominoes. He later became a trainee at Everton's Finch Farm, but did not make a first-team appearance for the",
"title": "George Pilkington"
},
{
"id": "19981139",
"text": "for the first time. There was live radio coverage by BBC Radio, which has held the radio rights since 1927, and by Talksport, which covered the main race live for the fourth time. The race was won by One For Arthur, only the second horse trained in Scotland to win the Grand National (the other being Rubstic in 1979). One For Arthur was ridden by Derek Fox and trained by Lucinda Russell, and was sent off at odds of . A total of 110 entries were received for consideration in the 2017 Grand National and were announced on 1 February",
"title": "2017 Grand National"
},
{
"id": "20331373",
"text": "the nation. After a 42–7 win vs Florida, the Bulldogs became No. 1 after Penn State lost. Fromm and the Bulldogs would eventually go on to win the 2017 SEC Championship against Auburn. He was named co-newcomer of the year by the Associated Press. He led Georgia to a 54–48 victory over Oklahoma in double overtime in the Rose Bowl on January 1, 2018 to earn them a spot in the CFP final against Alabama. Jake Fromm is a born again Christian. Fromm posted on Twitter: \"But God demonstrates his own love for us in this: While we were still",
"title": "Jake Fromm"
},
{
"id": "19521604",
"text": "first time in their history. 2017 National Cup honours went to Swords Thunder, who collected their first piece of silverware in the top flight league, while Tralee were crowned the winners of the season finale Champions Trophy tournament after defeating Templeogue in the final. Source: Basketball Ireland, Basketball Ireland Source: Basketball Ireland Basketball Ireland Winner of Series 5 vs Winner of Series 4 Winner of Series 6 vs Winner of Series 3 Winner of Series 1 vs Winner of Game 2, Round 2 Winner of Game 1, Round 2 vs Winner of Series 2 Source: Basketball Ireland \"Stats as of",
"title": "2016–17 Irish Super League season"
},
{
"id": "18716630",
"text": "Team North America, the teams participating included Canada Cup champions Kevin Koe and Rachel Homan, Tournament of Hearts champion Jennifer Jones, Brier champion Pat Simmons, and United States national champions Erika Brown and John Shuster. For Team World, the teams participating include reigning women's world champion Alina Pätz, Olympic bronze medallist Eve Muirhead, two-time world champion Niklas Edin, Japanese women's national champion Ayumi Ogasawara, Chinese men's national champion Zang Jialiang, and world champion Thomas Ulsrud. All times listed are in Pacific Standard Time (UTC−8). The draws for Thursday, Friday, and Saturday were released on Wednesday night, and the draws for",
"title": "2016 Continental Cup of Curling"
},
{
"id": "19511144",
"text": "William Byron of JR Motorsports won the driver's championship with a third place finish in the season finale. Team Penske won the owner's championship while Chevrolet won the manufacturer's championship. The initial schedule, comprising 33 races, was released on May 5, 2016. A final schedule with some modifications made in conjunction with broadcast partners Fox and NBC was released on July 27, 2016. Changes from 2016 include: The Fox and NBC broadcast networks aired four races each, where the rest aired on pay channels FS1 and NBCSN. () Bold – Pole position awarded by time. \"Italics\" – Pole position set",
"title": "2017 NASCAR Xfinity Series"
},
{
"id": "19391166",
"text": "2017 Tim Hortons Brier The 2017 Tim Hortons Brier, Canada's national men's curling championship, was held from March 4–12, 2017 at the Mile One Centre in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador. This marks the second time the Brier has been hosted in St. John's, the first being the 1972 Macdonald Brier. Newfoundland and Labrador won the Brier 7-6 in the final against Canada, giving skip Brad Gushue his first Brier title. With the win, the Gushue rink earned the right to represent Canada at the 2017 Ford World Men's Curling Championship to be held from April 1–9, 2017 at Northlands",
"title": "2017 Tim Hortons Brier"
},
{
"id": "12056786",
"text": "Noah Slatkoff, also from Ontario, was champion (with Jeffrey Pogue from Connecticut). In 2014, champion Thomas Draper became the first three-time finalist. The 2014 NASC was the first tournament to return to Providence since 2009. 2015 was the second year in a row where a bi-coastal team won the tournament and the fourth consecutive time where a team from North Carolina played in the final game. In 2018 the first U.S.-Canadian team won. Selected games from these tournaments were aired live with commentary on the internet. In 2017, champions Zach Ansell and Jem Burch both won for the second time,",
"title": "National School Scrabble Championship"
},
{
"id": "18465624",
"text": "2017 NFL season The 2017 NFL season was the 98th season in the history of the National Football League (NFL). The season began on September 7, 2017, with the Kansas City Chiefs defeating the defending Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots 42–27 in the NFL Kickoff Game. The season concluded with Super Bowl LII, where the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Philadelphia Eagles faced the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots. The Philadelphia Eagles defeated the New England Patriots 41–33 to win their first title in franchise history. It was also a rematch of Super Bowl XXXIX,",
"title": "2017 NFL season"
},
{
"id": "11588629",
"text": "led the Dukes to the 2016 Colonial Athletic Association football title with a 20–7 win over Villanova University gaining the University's first ever back to back titles. In the 2016 FCS playoff second round, he and the Dukes defeated the University of New Hampshire 55–22. The Dukes then went on to defeat Sam Houston State 65–7 in the NCAA FCS Quarterfinals. In the Semifinals, Mike Houston's Dukes defeated the five-time NCAA Division I FCS champions the North Dakota State University Bison 27–17, giving them the opportunity to face Youngstown State in the National Title Game on January 7, 2017 in",
"title": "James Madison Dukes football"
},
{
"id": "5711062",
"text": "to participate in European competitions starting with the 2018–19 season. In June 2017, Dan Petrescu replaced Vasile Miriuță as the head coach of the team, with the goal of a European cup return and an ambitious transfer campaign to support it. On 20 May 2018, \"the Railwaymen\" won 1–0 over defending champions Viitorul Constanța and clinched their fourth Liga I title as they finished one point above FCSB in the table. CFR also came victorious in the subsequent 2018 Supercupa României played against Universitatea Craiova, this time under the management of coach Edward Iordănescu. However, Iordănescu was replaced after just",
"title": "CFR Cluj"
},
{
"id": "9681162",
"text": "went on to defeat Derry by 1-21 to 2-17 in round 3A of the qualifiers to reach the All Ireland Quarter-finals for the first time. On 31 July 2016, Tipperary defeated Galway in the 2016 All-Ireland Quarter-finals at Croke Park to reach their first All-Ireland semi-final since 1935. On 21 August 2016, Tipperary were beaten in the semi-final by Mayo on a 2-13 to 0-14 scoreline. On 8 April 2017, Tipperary won the Division 3 final of the 2017 National Football League after a 3-19 to 0-19 win against Louth in Croke Park. As a player, Liam was a member",
"title": "Liam Kearns"
},
{
"id": "19653642",
"text": "Kodaira, Anirban Lahiri, Pablo Larrazábal, Alexander Lévy, Li Haotong, David Lingmerth, Shane Lowry, Joost Luiten, Graeme McDowell, Alex Norén, Thorbjørn Olesen, Jordan Smith, Song Young-han, Richard Sterne, Brandon Stone, Steve Stricker, Hideto Tanihara, Peter Uihlein, Wang Jeung-hun, Bernd Wiesberger, Fabrizio Zanotti Jason Kokrak \"Thursday, August 10, 2017\" Kevin Kisner and Thorbjørn Olesen were the co-leaders at 67 (−4), with five players one shot behind. \"Friday, August 11, 2017\"<br>\"Saturday, August 12, 2017\" Following a weather delay of nearly two hours in the late afternoon, play was suspended at 8:11 pm EDT due to darkness, with 25 players remaining on the course.",
"title": "2017 PGA Championship"
},
{
"id": "19810912",
"text": "Schwartzel (5), Adam Scott, Henrik Stenson (5), Jhonattan Vegas (4), Bernd Wiesberger (5) Patrick Cantlay, Charles Howell III, Chez Reavie, Kyle Stanley, Hudson Swafford Kiradech Aphibarnrat, Paul Dunne, Ryan Fox, Alexander Lévy, Li Haotong, Michael Lorenzo-Vera, Thorbjørn Olesen, Richie Ramsay, Jordan Smith, Matthew Southgate, Hideto Tanihara, Peter Uihlein, Fabrizio Zanotti Shiv Chawrasia, Gavin Green, Scott Hend, David Lipsky Chan Kim, Shugo Imahira Matthew Griffin, Michael Hendry Richard Sterne, Brandon Stone Cao Yi, Dou Zecheng, Liang Wenchong, Liu Yanwei, Wu Ashun, Zhang Xinjun \"Thursday, 26 October 2017\" Brooks Koepka shot an 8-under-par 64 to take a one-stroke lead over Kiradech Aphibarnrat",
"title": "2017 WGC-HSBC Champions"
},
{
"id": "20462658",
"text": "Cup and for the Broncos in the 2016 NRL Auckland Nines. Timu signed with the Reds for the 2018 season under the tutelage of former All Blacks and Kangaroos international Brad Thorn. Timu also won Player of the Year honours for his contributions to Bond University Queensland Country's winning the National Rugby Championship title in 2017. Timu is married to Pamera Paasi and the couple have two children. While playing rugby, Caleb is also currently a full-time student studying at Griffith University in Brisbane for a Bachelor of Commerce degree. Caleb Timu Caleb Timu (born 22 February 1994) is a",
"title": "Caleb Timu"
},
{
"id": "10409773",
"text": "Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd",
"title": "2007 Dallas Desperados season"
},
{
"id": "18070952",
"text": "willingness of the private financial system to support lending. Concerns about the soundness of U.S. credit and financial markets led to tightening credit around the world and slowing economic growth in the U.S. and Europe. The Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act was passed in 2010 was a legislative response to the financial crisis of 2007–08 (which the subprime mortgage crisis was a major part of) and the subsequent Great Recession. Dodd-Frank created the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), an independent agency of the United States government responsible for consumer protection in the financial sector. Its jurisdiction includes",
"title": "Mortgage Choice Act of 2013"
},
{
"id": "3285312",
"text": "LEAP, and booked 2,677 orders : 876 CFM56 and 1,801 LEAP for US$36 billion at list price. The LEAP engine backlog exceeds 12,200 which is valued at more than US$170 billion at list price. In 2017, CFM delivered 1,900 engines including 459 LEAPs, of which it plan to deliver 1,200 in 2018, 1,800 in 2019 and more than 2,000 in 2020. CFM International CFM International is a joint venture between GE Aviation, a division of General Electric of the United States, and Safran Aircraft Engines (formerly known as Snecma), a division of Safran of France. The joint venture was formed",
"title": "CFM International"
},
{
"id": "15317063",
"text": "an independent agency is currently questioned due to a circuit split in the U.S. Court of Appeals and a New York Federal District Court. On June 16, 2018, President Donald Trump selected Kathleen Kraninger, a White House budget official, as the nominee to be the next director of the CFPB. According to former Director Richard Cordray, the Bureau's priorities are mortgages, credit cards and student loans. The CFPB was designed to consolidate its employees and responsibilities from a number of other federal regulatory bodies, including the Federal Reserve, the Federal Trade Commission, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the National Credit",
"title": "Consumer Financial Protection Bureau"
},
{
"id": "19240340",
"text": "2016–17 NFL playoffs The National Football League playoffs for the 2016 NFL season began on Saturday, January 7, 2017. The postseason tournament concluded with Super Bowl LI on Sunday, February 5, 2017, when the New England Patriots defeated the Atlanta Falcons at NRG Stadium in Houston, Texas. Source: The Raiders were one of the most dominant teams in the AFC during the season, but in the final two weeks of the regular season, they lost starting quarterback Derek Carr and second-string quarterback Matt McGloin to injuries. The Raiders lost the last game and ended up going into the playoffs with",
"title": "2016–17 NFL playoffs"
},
{
"id": "10915545",
"text": "third placed in 2014 the Netherlands (for the first time since 2002), and four reigning continental champions: 2017 Africa Cup of Nations winners Cameroon, two-time Copa América champions and 2017 Confederations Cup runners-up Chile, 2016 OFC Nations Cup winners New Zealand, and 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup champions United States (for the first time since 1986). The other notable qualifying streaks broken were for Ghana and Ivory Coast, who had both made the previous three tournaments. \"Note: Numbers in parentheses indicate positions in the FIFA World Rankings at the time of the tournament.\" The draw was held on 1 December 2017",
"title": "2018 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "19310837",
"text": "to Thompson's four. Thompson finished on the podium in twelve of the sixteen races, one more than Martin. Brazilian Victor Franzoni won three races and was running at the finish of every race and finished third in points, fourteen points behind Thompson. Jordan Lloyd and Luo Yufeng also captured race victories. Cape Motorsports won the team championship by a comfortable margin. Eric Filgueiras won the National Class championship, largely unopposed. 2016 was the final year for the Van Diemen-designed Formula Continental derived cars in Championship Class. In 2017 it will be replaced by a new bespoke design from Tatuus. The",
"title": "2016 U.S. F2000 National Championship"
},
{
"id": "19219540",
"text": "the 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida. The Heisman Trophy is given to the year's most outstanding player. Quarterback Running back Wide receiver Tight end Lineman Defensive line Defensive back This is restricted to coaching changes taking place on or after May 1, 2016. For coaching changes that occurred earlier in 2016, see 2015 NCAA Division I FBS end-of-season coaching changes. 2016 NCAA Division I FBS football season The 2016 NCAA Division I FBS football season was the highest level of college football competition in the United States organized by the National Collegiate",
"title": "2016 NCAA Division I FBS football season"
},
{
"id": "18547879",
"text": "Undisputed national championship An undisputed national championship is a national championship that is recognized unanimously by all relevant entities. This phrase has recently been asserted in reference to American college football, especially referring to the winners of the CFP National Championship Game, which has since the 2014 season been intended to determine a national champion. Its validity in regards to the CFP Playoff's champion is hotly contested. The term \"undisputed national championship\" is meant to be the opposite of the \"mythical national championship\" which was awarded separately, and often controversially, by several different polling agencies, resulting in many controversial split",
"title": "Undisputed national championship"
},
{
"id": "18830295",
"text": "Sharp, Josh Speight, Joe Summerhays, Omar Uresti, Wyatt Worthington II Aaron Baddeley (10), Daniel Berger (10), Jason Bohn, Paul Casey, Roberto Castro, Kevin Chappell, Jon Curran, Harris English, Rickie Fowler (9,10), Jim Furyk (9), Sergio García (9,10), Fabián Gómez (10), Emiliano Grillo (10), Bill Haas, James Hahn (10), Jim Herman (10), Charley Hoffman (10), J. B. Holmes, Billy Hurley III (10), Smylie Kaufman (10), Kim Si-woo, Chris Kirk, Kevin Kisner (10), Patton Kizzire, Colt Knost, Russell Knox (10), Danny Lee, Jamie Lovemark, Shane Lowry, Hideki Matsuyama (10), Graeme McDowell (9,10), William McGirt (10), Bryce Molder, Ryan Moore, Kevin Na, Louis",
"title": "2016 PGA Championship"
},
{
"id": "4997954",
"text": "the Canadian Player of the year from the CSA for the second time in his career. Hutchinson was once again awarded the 2015 Canadian Men's Player of the Year by the CFA marking his 4th straight award and 5th in the last 6 years. He also won this title 2016 and 2017. Hutchinson continued to feature under Canada coach John Herdman and upon his recall to the team in October 2018, Hutchinson indicated he was looking to retire from the Canadian national team after the 2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup. Atiba Hutchinson Atiba Hutchinson (born 8 February 1983) is a Canadian",
"title": "Atiba Hutchinson"
},
{
"id": "3881211",
"text": "UAE President's Cup but was defeated by Al-Wahda in his last game in charge. Al-Nasr appointed Cesare Prandelli as his replacement. On 10 June 2017, he was appointed head coach of Liga I club CFR Cluj. On 20 May 2018, Cluj were crowned as Liga I champions for the 2017–18 season after a 1–0 victory over Viitorul Constanța. On 7 June 2018, he was announced as the manager of Chinese club Guizhou Hengfeng to replace Gregorio Manzano. Petrescu was married to Daniela Carmen from 1992 to 2003, with whom he has two daughters: Rebecca (born 1994) and Beatrice Chelsea (born",
"title": "Dan Petrescu"
},
{
"id": "13811449",
"text": "Association American Legacy Foundation American Library Association American Lung Association Asian Pacific Islander American Health Forum Association of American Medical Colleges, Council of Teaching Hospitals and Health Systems Association of American Universities Breast Cancer Network of Strength C-Change California Public Employees' Retirement System (CalPERS) California State Teachers' Retirement System (CalSTRS) Children's Defense Fund CodeBlueNow! Colorado Public Employee Retirement Association Common Cause Partnership for Health Care Reform (Communication Workers of America) Consortium for Citizens with Disabilities Consumers Union Duke Energy Duke University Medical Center Easter Seals The Episcopal Church The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America Giant Food, Inc. Gross Electric, Inc.",
"title": "National Coalition on Health Care"
},
{
"id": "20175745",
"text": "champions and play-off winners of the 2016–17 RFU Championship and were replaced by Bristol following their last place in the 2016–17 English Premiership. Fixtures for the season were announced by the RFU on 9 June 2017. 72 - 12 Ealing Trailfinders at home to London Scottish on 24 September 2017 60 - 17 Bristol away to Nottingham on 6 April 2018 72 - 12 Ealing Trailfinders at home to London Scottish on 24 September 2017 Ealing Trailfinders at home to London Scottish on 24 September 2017<br> Bristol at home to Doncaster Knights on 13 April 2018 Bristol at home to",
"title": "2017–18 RFU Championship"
},
{
"id": "7544014",
"text": "Maple Leafs, the Toronto Raptors, the Toronto Argonauts, and other teams. In 2017, Toronto FC won the domestic treble with the MLS Cup, Supporters' Shield and Canadian Championship. They are also seven-time winners of the Canadian Championship and were runners-up of the 2018 CONCACAF Champions League. MLS awarded Toronto an expansion team in 2005. Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment (MLSE) paid $10 million for the team. The name of the team was announced on May 11, 2006. The announcement followed an online consultation in which the public was invited to vote on the name during a limited period. The voting",
"title": "Toronto FC"
},
{
"id": "19863810",
"text": "who won the last three editions, failed to qualify (for the first time since 1995) following their loss on penalties to Paraguay in the quarter-finals of the 2015 Copa América. For the first time since France in 2001, a new country would win the competition, which would be the sixth overall winner. A total of two South American teams (Argentina and Brazil) and two European countries (Denmark and France) had previously won the Confederations Cup. If Chile were to have won, they would extend South America's record number of consecutive finals won to four, and overall finals won to six.",
"title": "2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Final"
},
{
"id": "14745340",
"text": "Zidane, and contributed with 11 appearances in the season's Champions League as the tournament ended in win. In the final against Atlético Madrid, he featured the full 120 minutes in a 1–1 draw in Milan (penalty shootout triumph). Casemiro scored four goals in 25 matches in the 2016–17 campaign, helping his team win the national championship for the first time in five years. He scored a long-range strike in the Champions League final against Juventus FC, helping his side to a 4–1 victory; he again found the net on 8 August 2017, putting his team ahead in an eventual 2–1",
"title": "Casemiro"
},
{
"id": "20080393",
"text": "2017 Allan Cup The 2017 Allan Cup was the 2017 Canadian Grand National Championship of Senior ice hockey and the 109th year the trophy was awarded. The tournament was played at the J.K. Irving Centre in Bouctouche, New Brunswick from April 10 to 15, 2017 and won by the Grand Falls-Windsor Cataracts. Kenora, Ontario was originally named the host city for the 2017 national championship. Following the dissolution of the Kenora Thistles senior hockey club in 2016, Hockey Canada awarded hosting duties to the community of Bouctouche and the Bouctouche Dodge Rams JCs. Former professional hockey players competing in this",
"title": "2017 Allan Cup"
},
{
"id": "13767467",
"text": "the 1982 California Angels; Mike Scott pitched for the 1986 Houston Astros; and Jeffrey Leonard played for the 1987 San Francisco Giants. Two players have shared the award in the same year three times, all in the National League; Rob Dibble and Randy Myers for the 1990 Cincinnati Reds, the Chicago Cubs' Jon Lester and Javier Báez in 2016, and Chris Taylor and Justin Turner of the Los Angeles Dodgers in 2017. Garvey, Leonard, and Albert Pujols hit four home runs in their winning series—Garvey in his first win. Adam Kennedy won the 2002 ALCS MVP for hitting 3 home",
"title": "League Championship Series Most Valuable Player Award"
},
{
"id": "4130733",
"text": "2011 films \"The Eagle\" as Esca and \"Jane Eyre\" as St John Rivers. In 2013, he starred alongside James McAvoy in the film \"Filth\" and appeared as Edgar in \"Snowpiercer\". Since 2014, Bell has appeared as Abraham Woodhull in \"\"; the fourth and final season began airing in April 2017. In 2015, he played the Thing in the \"Fantastic Four\" reboot. In 2017, Bell had starring roles in \"6 Days\" and \"Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool\". Bell began dating American actress Evan Rachel Wood after they met while co-starring in the music video for Green Day's 2005 song \"Wake",
"title": "Jamie Bell"
},
{
"id": "15317096",
"text": "of banks from the CFPB's regulations. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), also known as the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (BCFP), is an agency of the United States government responsible for consumer protection in the financial sector. CFPB's jurisdiction includes banks, credit unions, securities firms, payday lenders, mortgage-servicing operations, foreclosure relief services, debt collectors and other financial companies operating in the United States. The CFPB's creation was authorized by the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, whose passage in 2010 was a legislative response to the financial crisis of 2007–08 and the subsequent",
"title": "Consumer Financial Protection Bureau"
},
{
"id": "22343",
"text": "secured an 11–5 record and a first round bye. In the divisional round of the playoffs, Atlanta defeated the Seahawks 36–20 in the Georgia Dome, and hosted their last game at the Dome against the Green Bay Packers in the NFC Championship Game on January 22, 2017. The Falcons defeated the Packers 44–21 to advance to Super Bowl LI as the NFC champions. Atlanta was up 28–3 late in the third quarter, and the New England Patriots scored 31 unanswered points, with the last 6 in the first-ever overtime in the Super Bowl. The Patriots' 25-point comeback was the largest",
"title": "Atlanta Falcons"
},
{
"id": "19818976",
"text": "two catches for 22 yards and a touchdown. The Patriots finished the season with a 14–2 record, which earned the team the top seed in the AFC playoffs. On February 5, 2017, Lengel was part of the Patriots team that won Super Bowl LI. In the game, the Patriots defeated the Atlanta Falcons by a score of 34–28 in overtime. Lengel was tendered by the Patriots on March 7, 2017. He was waived/injured on August 27, 2017, and placed on injured reserve. He was released on September 30, 2017 with an injury settlement. On October 10, 2017, Lengel was signed",
"title": "Matt Lengel"
},
{
"id": "20249442",
"text": "finished in 2nd to 6th place in their group, with goal difference to separate ties. Vannes are Champions of 2017–18 Championnat National 3. Libourne, Cozes, Feytiat, Changé, Poiré-sur-Vie, Mulsanne-Teloché, Dreux, St Cyr-sur-Loire, Bastia-Borgo (res), Île-Rousse, Saint-Apollinaire, Saint-Vit, Quetigny, Clémenceau Besançon, Metz (res), Prix-lès-Mézières, Lunéville, Pagny-sur-Moselle, Erstein, Trémery, Castanet, Luzenac, Narbonne, Roye Noyon, Ailly, Wasquehal, Saint-Amand, USON Mondeville, Dives-Cabourg, Concarneau (res), Guichen, Ergué-Gabéric, Saint-Ouen-l'Aumône, Sénart-Moissy, Volvic and Bourg-en-Bresse (res) were relegated to the Division d'Honneur of their respective regional leagues. 2017–18 Championnat National 3 The 2017–18 Championnat National 3 is the first season of the fifth tier in the French football",
"title": "2017–18 Championnat National 3"
},
{
"id": "17876444",
"text": "2016. The following day, he joined Scottish Championship club Raith Rovers on a contract until the end of 2015–16. On 28 June 2016, Connolly joined newly relegated National League club York City on a two-year contract, having previously played under manager Jackie McNamara at Dundee United. On 21 May 2017, he came on as a 69th-minute substitute as York beat Macclesfield Town 3–2 at Wembley Stadium in the 2017 FA Trophy Final, scoring the winning goal in the 86th minute after forcing Jon Parkin's shot over the line from centimetres out. Connolly was released by York at the end of",
"title": "Aidan Connolly"
},
{
"id": "12900899",
"text": "round robin, and losing in the semifinal to Jennifer Jones. The team rebounded a week later to win the 2018 National, beating Kerri Einarson in the final. Growing up in the Ottawa suburb of Orleans, Homan attended Cairine Wilson Secondary School and graduated from the University of Ottawa with a degree in Human Kinetics in 2011. She is currently a student at the University of Alberta. She is married to Shawn Germain, a former semi-professional hockey player from Edmonton. They married in September 2016 and live in St. Paul, Alberta. <nowiki> <nowiki> <nowiki>*</nowiki>Homan's rink was invited to play in the",
"title": "Rachel Homan"
}
] | who won the cfp national championship last year |
[
"Southern slave-holding interests",
"Northern Free-Soilers"
] | [
{
"id": "2362830",
"text": "Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 The Fugitive Slave Act or Fugitive Slave Law was passed by the United States Congress on September 18, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850 between Southern slave-holding interests and Northern Free-Soilers. The Act was one of the most controversial elements of the 1850 compromise and heightened Northern fears of a \"slave power conspiracy\". It required that all escaped slaves, upon capture, be returned to their masters and that officials and citizens of free states had to cooperate. Abolitionists nicknamed it the \"Bloodhound Law\", for the dogs that were used to track down runaway",
"title": "Fugitive Slave Act of 1850"
},
{
"id": "5339722",
"text": "Fugitive slave laws The fugitive slave laws were laws passed by the United States Congress in 1793 and 1850 to provide for the return of slaves who escaped from one state into another state or territory. The idea of the fugitive slave law was derived from the Fugitive Slave Clause which is in the United States Constitution (Article IV, Section 2, Paragraph 3). It was thought that forcing states to deliver escaped slaves to slave owners violated states' rights due to state sovereignty and was believed that seizing state property should not be left up to the states. The Fugitive",
"title": "Fugitive slave laws"
},
{
"id": "5339737",
"text": "and the identity of the fugitive were determined on purely \"ex parte\" testimony. If a slave was brought in and returned to the master, the person who brought in the slave would receive the sum of $10 ($ in today's dollars) per slave. The severity of this measure led to gross abuses and defeated its purpose; the number of abolitionists increased, the operations of the Underground Railroad became more efficient, and new personal liberty laws were enacted in Vermont (1850), Connecticut (1854), Rhode Island (1854), Massachusetts (1855), Michigan (1855), Maine (1855 and 1857), Kansas (1858) and Wisconsin (1858). The personal",
"title": "Fugitive slave laws"
},
{
"id": "10704745",
"text": "the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. Passed by the US Congress and signed by President Millard Fillmore, the law allowed federal marshals to capture slaves who had run away to non-slaveholding states, such as Massachusetts. That year, a slave, Shadrach Minkins, had escaped into Boston, where he came to reside and earn a living as a waiter. In February 1851, federal marshals arrested Shadrach. However, a group of 100 – 200 local blacks, most of whom were members of the Boston Vigilance Committee, forcibly freed Shadrach from Boston's courthouse, and Minkins fled to Canada. Shadrach's escape was a political embarrassment",
"title": "John P. Bigelow"
},
{
"id": "8117777",
"text": "acquitted by the jury. Minkins was born into slavery about 1817 in Norfolk, Virginia. He escaped from slavery at age 33 in 1850 and reached Boston, Massachusetts, where he became a waiter. Later that year, Congress enacted the Fugitive Slave Act, which allowed federal agents to seize escaped slaves living in free states and return them to their owners. It required law enforcement in all states to cooperate in enforcing this federal law. United States marshals, who posed as customers at Taft's Cornhill Coffee House where Minkins worked, arrested him on February 15, 1851. Minkins was taken to a hearing",
"title": "Shadrach Minkins"
},
{
"id": "5339739",
"text": "York, in the same year; of Anthony Burns in 1854, in Boston; and of the two Garner families in 1856, in Cincinnati, with other cases arising under the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, probably had as much to do with bringing on the Civil War as did the controversy over slavery in the Territories. With the beginning of the Civil War, the legal status of the slave was changed by his masters being in arms. Benjamin Franklin Butler, in May 1861, declared black slaves are contraband of war. The Confiscation Act of 1861 was passed in August 1861, and discharged",
"title": "Fugitive slave laws"
},
{
"id": "2362846",
"text": "and some other Union generals, however, refused to return runaway slaves under the law because the Union and the Confederacy were at war. He confiscated the slaves as contraband of war and set them free, figuring that the loss of workers would also damage the Confederacy. Lincoln allowed Butler to continue his policy, but countermanded broader directives issued by other Union commanders that freed all slaves in places under their control. In August 1861, the U.S. Congress enacted the Confiscation Act, which barred slaveholders from re-enslaving captured runaways. The legislation, sponsored by Lyman Trumbull, was passed on a near-unanimous vote",
"title": "Fugitive Slave Act of 1850"
},
{
"id": "5339735",
"text": "for fugitive slaves. The demand from the South for more effective Federal legislation was voiced in the second fugitive slave law, drafted by Senator James Murray Mason of Virginia, grandson of George Mason, and enacted on September 18, 1850, as a part of the Compromise of 1850. Special commissioners were to have concurrent jurisdiction with the U.S. circuit and district courts and the inferior courts of territories in enforcing the law; fugitives could not testify in their own behalf; no trial by jury was provided. Penalties were imposed upon marshals who refused to enforce the law or from whom a",
"title": "Fugitive slave laws"
},
{
"id": "3099858",
"text": "Edward Prigg, a citizen of Maryland, was indicted by a Pennsylvania court for attempting to kidnap a black woman in York County to return her to Maryland as a fugitive slave. He was tried and convicted by a local court in Pennsylvania, but the case was eventually appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States. Prigg had originally shown his legal warrant to the Pennsylvania court, but it had been unlawfully ignored, which demonstrated that the Fugitive Slave Act really depended on state judges, not federal law. The slave-catching industry expanded as a result of the law with men",
"title": "Fugitive Slave Act of 1793"
},
{
"id": "3099860",
"text": "Northup, born free around 1808 to Mintus Northup and his wife in Essex County, New York state. (In his memoir, Solomon did not name his mother but described her as of mixed race and a quadroon.) In 1841, Northup was tricked into going to Washington, DC, where slavery was legal. He was drugged, kidnapped, and sold into slavery, and he was held as a slave in Louisiana for 12 years. One of the very few to regain freedom under such circumstances, he later sued the slave traders involved in Washington, DC. Its law prohibited Northrup from testifying against the white",
"title": "Fugitive Slave Act of 1793"
},
{
"id": "5339738",
"text": "liberty laws forbade justices and judges to take cognizance of claims, extended the Habeas corpus act and the privilege of jury trial to fugitives, and punished false testimony severely. In 1854, the Supreme Court of Wisconsin went so far as to declare the Fugitive Slave Law unconstitutional. These state laws were one of the grievances that South Carolina would later use to justify its secession from the Union. Attempts to carry into effect the law of 1850 aroused much bitterness. The arrests of Thomas Sims and of Shadrach Minkins in Boston in 1851; of Jerry M. Henry, in Syracuse, New",
"title": "Fugitive slave laws"
},
{
"id": "1866193",
"text": "proportion to the total number of free people in the US population as a whole. In 1850, Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Act, which required law enforcement and citizens of free states to cooperate in the capture and return of slaves. This met with considerable overt and covert resistance in free states and cities such as Philadelphia, New York, and Boston. Refugees from slavery continued to flee the South across the Ohio River and other parts of the Mason–Dixon line dividing North from South, to the North and Canada via the Underground Railroad. Some white northerners helped hide former slaves",
"title": "Slavery in the United States"
},
{
"id": "13102819",
"text": "John K. Kane John Kintzing Kane (May 16, 1795 – February 21, 1858) was an American politician, attorney and jurist. Kane was noted for his political affiliation with President Andrew Jackson and for an 1855 pro-slavery legal decision related to the freeing of Jane Johnson and application of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. Kane was born in Albany, New York in 1795, the son of Elisha Kane and Alida (née Van Rensselaer), daughter of Brigadier General Robert Van Rensselaer and Cornelia Rutsen. When his mother Alida died in 1799, Elisha married Elizabeth Kintzing, and it was she who raised",
"title": "John K. Kane"
},
{
"id": "3310480",
"text": "returned to their masters. Because the South agreed to have California enter as a free state, The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was created. The act was passed on September 18, 1850, and it was repealed on June 28, 1864. The act strengthened the authority of the federal government in the capturing of fugitive slaves. The act authorized federal marshals to require northern citizen bystanders to aid in the capturing of alleged runaways. Many northerners perceived the legislation as a way in which the federal government overstepped its boundaries of authority, due to the fact that the legislation could be",
"title": "Fugitive slaves in the United States"
},
{
"id": "7737946",
"text": "Jane Johnson (slave) Jane Johnson (c. 1814-1827 – August 2, 1872) was an African-American slave who gained freedom on July 18, 1855 with her two young sons while in Philadelphia with her master and his family. She was aided by William Still and Passmore Williamson, abolitionists of the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society and its Vigilance Committee. This resulted in precedent-setting legal cases in 19th-century Pennsylvania, as a federal judge applied the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 in a controversial way. He sentenced abolitionist Passmore Williamson to 90 days for contempt of court for failing to produce Johnson and her sons under",
"title": "Jane Johnson (slave)"
},
{
"id": "5339740",
"text": "from service or labor any slave employed in aiding or promoting any insurrection against the government of the United States. By the congressional Act Prohibiting the Return of Slaves of March 13, 1862, any slave of a disloyal master who was in territory occupied by Northern troops was declared \"ipso facto\" free. But for some time the Fugitive Slave Law was considered still to hold in the case of fugitives from masters in the border states who were loyal to the Union government, and it was not until June 28, 1864, that the Act of 1850 was fully repealed. Fugitive",
"title": "Fugitive slave laws"
},
{
"id": "6906340",
"text": "to witness the removal of this stain [slavery in Washington, D.C.] upon the national character.\" Despite much publicly stated opposition in the North, the southern slave states had enough votes in the US Congress to pass the Fugitive Slave Act. The Law required all citizens to support capturing escaped slaves and returning them to their masters, even if found in northern states that prohibited slavery. US Marshals were to enforce the law. Its passage aroused the anti-slavery movement in Syracuse. On October 4, 1850, a biracial group chaired by A.H. Hovey, mayor of Syracuse, appointed a Vigilance Committee of thirteen",
"title": "Charles Augustus Wheaton"
},
{
"id": "2362848",
"text": "York Tribune\" hailed the repeal, writing: \"The blood-red stain that has blotted the statute-book of the Republic is wiped out forever.\" Incidents involving fugitive slaves: Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 The Fugitive Slave Act or Fugitive Slave Law was passed by the United States Congress on September 18, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850 between Southern slave-holding interests and Northern Free-Soilers. The Act was one of the most controversial elements of the 1850 compromise and heightened Northern fears of a \"slave power conspiracy\". It required that all escaped slaves, upon capture, be returned to their masters and that",
"title": "Fugitive Slave Act of 1850"
},
{
"id": "2362832",
"text": "or the assistance of state officials in the arrest or return of alleged fugitive slaves. In some cases, juries refused to convict individuals who had been indicted under the Federal law. The Missouri Supreme Court routinely held with the laws of neighboring free states, that slaves who had been voluntarily transported by their owners into free states, with the intent of the masters' residing there permanently or indefinitely, gained their freedom as a result. The Fugitive Slave Law dealt with slaves who escaped to free states without their master's consent. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled, in \"Prigg v. Pennsylvania\" (1842),",
"title": "Fugitive Slave Act of 1850"
},
{
"id": "5482930",
"text": "woman who had been so bold in escape. In 1850, Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Act, which increased penalties for aiding fugitive slaves, and required residents and law enforcement of free states to cooperate in capturing and returning such slaves to their owners. The act provided for a reward to officers, and simplified the process by which people might be certified as slaves, requiring little documentation from slave catchers. Commissioners appointed to hear such cases were paid more for ruling that a person was a slave, than not. A month after the new law was effective, Collins sent two bounty",
"title": "Ellen and William Craft"
},
{
"id": "2362834",
"text": "Southern demands in 1850 for passage of the strengthened Fugitive Slave Act. Southern politicians often exaggerated the number of escaped slaves and often blamed escapes on Northerners interfering with Southern property rights. Since there was no way to confirm the number of runaway slaves, Congress enacted stricter laws regarding fugitive slaves in the United States. In response to the weakening of the original fugitive slave act, the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 penalized officials who did not arrest an alleged runaway slave, and made them liable to a fine of $1,000 (about $ in present-day value). Law-enforcement officials everywhere were",
"title": "Fugitive Slave Act of 1850"
},
{
"id": "428139",
"text": "was quietly reinstated and adopted by the Convention without objection. This clause was added to the clause that provided extradition for fugitives from justice. When first adopted, this clause applied to fugitive slaves and required that they be extradited upon the claims of their masters, but it provided no means for doing so. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 created the mechanism for recovering a fugitive slave, overruled any state laws giving sanctuary, made it a federal crime to assist an escaped slave, and allowed slave-catchers into every U.S. state and territory. As free states sought to undermine the federal",
"title": "Article Four of the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "3310468",
"text": "Fugitive slaves in the United States The phenomenon of slaves running away and seeking to gain freedom is as old as the institution of slavery itself. In the history of slavery in the United States, \"fugitive slaves\" (also known as runaway slaves) were slaves who left their master and traveled without authorization; generally they tried to reach states or territories where slavery was banned, including Canada, or, until 1821, Spanish Florida. Most slave law tried to control slave travel by requiring them to carry official passes if traveling without a master. Passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 increased",
"title": "Fugitive slaves in the United States"
},
{
"id": "5339730",
"text": "duly convicted: \"Provided, always\", That any person escaping into the same, from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed in any one of the original States, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or service as aforesaid. When Congress created \"An Act respecting fugitives from justice, and persons escaping from the service of their masters\", or more commonly known as the Fugitive Slave Act, they were responding to slave owners' need to protect their property rights, as written into the 1787 Constitution. Article IV of the Constitution required the federal government",
"title": "Fugitive slave laws"
},
{
"id": "2362833",
"text": "that states did not have to offer aid in the hunting or recapture of slaves, greatly weakening the law of 1793. After 1840, the black population of rural Cass County, Michigan, grew rapidly as families were attracted by white defiance of discriminatory laws, by numerous highly supportive Quakers, and by low-priced land. Free and runaway blacks found Cass County a haven. Their good fortune attracted the attention of southern slaveholders. In 1847 and 1849, planters from Bourbon and Boone counties in northern Kentucky led raids into Cass County to recapture runaway slaves. The raids failed but the situation contributed to",
"title": "Fugitive Slave Act of 1850"
},
{
"id": "3099848",
"text": "Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 The Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 was an Act of the United States Congress to give effect to the Fugitive Slave Clause of the US Constitution (Article 4, Section 2, Clause 3), which was later superseded by the Thirteenth Amendment. The former guaranteed a right for a slaveholder to recover an escaped slave. The Act, \"An Act respecting fugitives from justice, and persons escaping from the service of their masters,\" created the legal mechanism by which that could be accomplished. It was passed by the House of Representatives on February 4, 1793 by a vote",
"title": "Fugitive Slave Act of 1793"
},
{
"id": "2362840",
"text": "officials who intended to return Minkins to his owner; the juries convicted none of the men. Webster sought to enforce a law that was extremely unpopular in the North, and his Whig Party passed him over again when they chose a presidential nominee in 1852. The Fugitive Slave Law brought the issue home to anti-slavery citizens in the North, as it made them and their institutions responsible for enforcing slavery. \"Where before many in the North had little or no opinions or feelings on slavery, this law seemed to demand their direct assent to the practice of human bondage, and",
"title": "Fugitive Slave Act of 1850"
},
{
"id": "2362838",
"text": "Slave Act effectively unenforceable in Vermont and caused a storm of controversy nationally. It was considered a \"nullification\" of federal law, a concept popular in the South among states that wanted to nullify other aspects of federal law, and was part of highly charged debates over slavery. Noted poet and abolitionist John Greenleaf Whittier had called for such laws, and the Whittier controversy heightened angry pro-slavery reactions to the Vermont law. Virginia governor John B. Floyd warned that nullification could push the South toward secession, while President Millard Fillmore threatened to use the army to enforce the Fugitive Slave Act",
"title": "Fugitive Slave Act of 1850"
},
{
"id": "3099857",
"text": "legislation to protect free black Americans (who could otherwise be abducted, brought before court without the ability to produce a defense, and then lawfully enslaved) as well as runaway slaves. Those laws came to be known as personal liberty laws and required slave owners and fugitive hunters to produce evidence that their captures were truly fugitive slaves, \"just as southern states demanded the right to retrieve runaway slaves, northern states demanded the right to protect their free black residents from being kidnapped and sold into servitude in the south\" (Finkelman 399). One controversy was the case of \"Prigg v. Pennsylvania\".",
"title": "Fugitive Slave Act of 1793"
},
{
"id": "2362831",
"text": "slaves. By 1843, several hundred slaves a year were successfully escaping to the North, making slavery an unstable institution in the border states. The earlier Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 was a Federal law which was written with the intent to enforce , which required the return of runaway slaves. It sought to force the authorities in free states to return fugitive slaves to their masters. Many Northern states wanted to disregard the Fugitive Slave Act. Some jurisdictions passed \"personal liberty laws\", mandating a jury trial before alleged fugitive slaves could be moved; others forbade the use of local jails",
"title": "Fugitive Slave Act of 1850"
},
{
"id": "3099849",
"text": "of 48–7, with 14 abstaining. The \"Annals of Congress\" state that the law was approved on February 12, 1793. The Act was strengthened at the insistence of the slave states of the South by the Compromise of 1850, which required even the governments and the residents of free states to enforce the capture and return of fugitive slaves. The enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 outraged Northern public opinion. SEC. 3. And be it also enacted, That when a person held to labor in any of the United States, or in either of the Territories on the Northwest",
"title": "Fugitive Slave Act of 1793"
},
{
"id": "3099855",
"text": "even enlisting the help of the Secretary of the Treasury Oliver Wolcott Jr. in a letter written on September 1, 1796. Later, his nephew visited her and asked for her to return. Neither attempt was successful. Washington acted discreetly to avoid controversy in Philadelphia, which had a strong Quaker abolitionist community. Having settled in New Hampshire, married and had a child, Oney Judge was interviewed by Rev. Benjamin Chase in the 1840s. He published the account in a \"letter to the editor\" in the abolitionist newspaper \"The Liberator\" on January 1, 1847. He described how under the law, she and",
"title": "Fugitive Slave Act of 1793"
},
{
"id": "2362836",
"text": "eligible for a trial, the law resulted in the kidnapping and conscription of free blacks into slavery, as suspected fugitive slaves had no rights in court and could not defend themselves against accusations. The Act adversely affected the prospects of slave escape, particularly in states close to the North. One study finds that while slave prices rose across the South in the years after 1850 it appears that \"the 1850 Fugitive Slave Act increased prices in border states by 15% to 30% more than in states further south\", illustrating how the Act altered the chance of successful escape. In 1855,",
"title": "Fugitive Slave Act of 1850"
},
{
"id": "3099854",
"text": "slaves at risk for recapture the rest of their lives, but some slave-owners did not think that it was strong enough. It also classified children born to fugitive slave mothers as slaves and the property of their mother's master for the rest of their lives. Oney Judge, sometimes spelled Ona, was one of Martha Washington's slaves and chambermaids. She served the Washingtons in Virginia and at the President's House in Philadelphia when Washington was President (the city was the temporary capital from 1790 to 1800). She escaped on May 21, 1796. Washington made two attempts to seize her shortly afterwards,",
"title": "Fugitive Slave Act of 1793"
},
{
"id": "2869780",
"text": "December 6, 1865. Earlier national laws greatly regulating slavery in the United States were the Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves on 1 January 1808 which made it a felony to import slaves from abroad, and the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, which required runaway enslaved people found in free states to be returned to their owners in the South. The French colonies were the only portion of the Americas to have an effective slave code applied from the center of the empire. King Louis XIV applied the Code Noir in 1685, and it was adopted by Saint-Domingue in 1687 and",
"title": "Slave codes"
},
{
"id": "10955159",
"text": "York Times\" in January 2015: The Northwest Ordinance of July 1787 held that slaves \"may be lawfully reclaimed\" from free states and territories, and soon after, a fugitive slave clause — Article IV, Section 2 — was woven into the Constitution at the insistence of the Southern delegates, leading South Carolina's Charles Cotesworth Pinckney to boast, \"We have obtained a right to recover our slaves in whatever part of America they may take refuge, which is a right we had not before.\" The meaning of the Extradition Clause was first tested before the Supreme Court in the case of \"Kentucky",
"title": "Extradition Clause"
},
{
"id": "3099859",
"text": "who were effectively bounty hunters, capturing and returning many slaves to their \"owners\". In addition, the high demand for slaves in the Deep South and hunt for fugitives caused free blacks to be at risk of being kidnapped and sold into slavery, even if they had their \"free\" papers. There were numerous instances of people who were legally free and had never been slaves being captured and brought south to be sold into slavery. The historian Carol Wilson documented 300 such cases in \"Freedom at Risk\" (1994) and estimated there were likely thousands of others. A prominent example was Solomon",
"title": "Fugitive Slave Act of 1793"
},
{
"id": "5339734",
"text": "dissatisfaction with the law of 1793 had taken the form of systematic assistance rendered to African Americans escaping from the South to Canada or New England: the so-called Underground Railroad. The decision of the Supreme Court in the case of \"Prigg v. Pennsylvania\" in 1842 (16 Peters 539)—that state authorities could not be forced to act in fugitive slave cases, but that national authorities must carry out the national law—was followed by legislation in Massachusetts (1843), Vermont (1843), Pennsylvania (1847) and Rhode Island (1848), forbidding state officials from aiding in enforcing the law and refusing the use of state jails",
"title": "Fugitive slave laws"
},
{
"id": "940378",
"text": "their objective but strengthened Southern demands for passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, which required residents and law enforcement even in free states to support capture of refugee slaves, and increased penalties for failure to do so. Biased toward slaveholders and slavecatchers, it required little documentation and put free blacks at risk for capture and sale into slavery. Many in the North resisted the law, especially in abolitionist strongholds, and it increased tensions contributing to the Civil War. Cass County became known early on for the anti-slavery attitudes of its population. Pennsylvania Quakers made a settlement in Penn",
"title": "Cass County, Michigan"
},
{
"id": "13102829",
"text": "had seven children, including one that died in infancy. Two sons became well known as adults: Kane died in Philadelphia on February 21, 1858, and was buried at Laurel Hill Cemetery in Philadelphia. John K. Kane John Kintzing Kane (May 16, 1795 – February 21, 1858) was an American politician, attorney and jurist. Kane was noted for his political affiliation with President Andrew Jackson and for an 1855 pro-slavery legal decision related to the freeing of Jane Johnson and application of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. Kane was born in Albany, New York in 1795, the son of Elisha",
"title": "John K. Kane"
},
{
"id": "16956056",
"text": "this act. The Crosswhite Affair was the subject of several criminal and civil court cases, and was one of the events that led to passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. From 1870 to 1875 Gorahm served as Minister to the Netherlands. He served as Assistant Secretary of the Interior from March, 1876 to April, 1877, afterwards returning to his banking interests in Marshall. Gorham retired in 1898. He died in Marshall on March 11, 1901. Gorham was buried in Marshall's Oakridge Cemetery. Charles T. Gorham was married to Charlotte Eaton Hart of Durham, New York on April 10,",
"title": "Charles T. Gorham"
},
{
"id": "5480826",
"text": "the 1793 Fugitive Slave Law was constitutional. States could determine whether slavery would be legal within their borders. Through years of challenging his legal case, Van Zandt lost all his land and property. He had to place his eleven children with relatives across the country. He died later that year. Hoping to settle the issue of slavery, Chief Justice Taney increased sectional tensions in the nation. In 1850 Southerners pushed through a new Fugitive Slave Act that required states to support enforcement and increased the penalties for those aiding escaped slaves. It also added to the tensions across the country.",
"title": "John Van Zandt"
},
{
"id": "3310474",
"text": "could lawfully capture escaped slaves in the North, or any other place, using little more than an affidavit, and return them to the Slave master. Many escaped slaves upon return were to face harsh punishments such as amputation of limbs, whippings, branding, and many other horrible acts. Individuals who aided fugitive slaves were charged and punished under this law. In the case of \"Ableman v. Booth\", Booth was charged with aiding Glover's escape in Wisconsin by preventing his capture by Federal Marshals. The Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled that the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was unconstitutional for requiring states to",
"title": "Fugitive slaves in the United States"
},
{
"id": "6876677",
"text": "US President Zachary Taylor as the United States Marshal for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, a position he held until May 29, 1853. Just a few months after Roberts was appointed Marshal, the United States Congress passed the \"Fugitive Slave Law\" as part of the Compromise of 1850. The law put Roberts in a difficult position as a Marshal who was also an abolitionist, because he was expected to enforce laws promoting the return of runaway slaves to the South or risk a fine of one thousand US$ per incident. After many tense incidents in the north between local communities",
"title": "Anthony Ellmaker Roberts"
},
{
"id": "3310483",
"text": "South Carolina. Fugitive slaves in the United States The phenomenon of slaves running away and seeking to gain freedom is as old as the institution of slavery itself. In the history of slavery in the United States, \"fugitive slaves\" (also known as runaway slaves) were slaves who left their master and traveled without authorization; generally they tried to reach states or territories where slavery was banned, including Canada, or, until 1821, Spanish Florida. Most slave law tried to control slave travel by requiring them to carry official passes if traveling without a master. Passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of",
"title": "Fugitive slaves in the United States"
},
{
"id": "2362842",
"text": "sent back to the South and successfully smuggled him to Canada. Thomas Sims and Anthony Burns were both examples of a unsuccessful attempts by opponents of the Fugitive Slave Law to use force to free a captured slave. Other famous examples include Shadrach Minkins in 1851 and Lucy Bagby in 1861, whose forcible return in 1861 has been cited by historians as important and \"allegorical.\" Pittsburgh abolitionists organized groups whose purpose was the seizure and release of any slave passing through the city, as in the case of a free black servant of the Slaymaker family, erroneously \"rescued\" by black",
"title": "Fugitive Slave Act of 1850"
},
{
"id": "6113656",
"text": "the government's cost of capturing and conducting Burns through the trial was upwards of $40,000. Burns's trial was a formality as the requirements of the Fugitive Slave Act were clear and did not require much documentation on the part of slaveholders or their representatives. Richard Henry Dana, Jr. and his associate, the prominent black lawyer Robert Morris, acted as Burns' defenders, but were not successful in the case. United States Commissioner and Suffolk County, Massachusetts probate court judge Edward G. Loring remanded Burns to his owner, Charles F, Suttle, of Alexandria, Virginia. Following the decision against Burns, the government effectively",
"title": "Anthony Burns"
},
{
"id": "3310475",
"text": "go against their own laws in protecting slavery. \"Ableman v. Booth\" was appealed by the federal government to the US Supreme Court, which upheld the constitutionality of the Act. Many states tried to nullify the new slave act or prevent capture of escaped slaves by setting up new laws to protect their rights. One of the most notable is the Massachusetts Liberty Act. This Act was passed in order to keep escaped slaves from being returned to their masters through abduction by Federal Marshals or bounty hunters. The Underground Railroad had developed as a way in which free blacks and",
"title": "Fugitive slaves in the United States"
},
{
"id": "14021463",
"text": "of developing particular physical traits was uncommon however, as most slaves were unrestricted in their choice of sexual partners. The laws that ultimately ended the Atlantic Slave Trade came about as a result of the efforts of abolitionist Christian groups such as the Society of Friends, known as Quakers, and Evangelicals led by William Wilberforce, whose efforts through the Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade led to the passage of the Slave Trade Act by the British Parliament in 1807. This led to increased calls for the same ban in America, supported by members of the U.S. Congress",
"title": "Slave breeding in the United States"
},
{
"id": "2362845",
"text": "the northern states supported the law due to their business ties to the southern states. They founded the Union Safety Committee and raised thousands of dollars to promote their cause, which gained sway particularly in New York City and caused public opinion to shift in support of the law. In the early stages of the American Civil War, the Union had no established policy on escaping slaves. A large number of slaves escaped from plantations to Union lines, but in the early stages of the war, runaway slaves were often returned by Union forces to their slaves. General Benjamin Butler",
"title": "Fugitive Slave Act of 1850"
},
{
"id": "2362843",
"text": "waiters in a hotel dining room. If fugitive slaves were captured and put on trial, abolitionists worked to defend them in trial, and if by chance the recaptured slave had his or her freedom put up for a price, abolitionists worked to purchase it. Other opponents, such as African-American leader Harriet Tubman, simply treated the law as just another complication in their activities. One important consequence was that Canada became a major destination for escaped slaves. The black population of Canada increased from 40,000 to 60,000 between 1850 and 1860, and many reached freedom by the Underground Railroad. Notable black",
"title": "Fugitive Slave Act of 1850"
},
{
"id": "10955211",
"text": "there was no ability to compel free states to capture fugitive slaves from other states and return them to their former masters, although there were provisions for the extradition of criminals. Despite this, there was not a widespread belief that this was a problem or that northern states failed to cooperate on the issue. This was due at least in part to the fact that by 1787 only Vermont and Massachusetts had outlawed or effectively outlawed slavery. At the Constitutional Convention, many slavery issues were debated and for a time slavery was a major impediment to passage of the new",
"title": "Fugitive Slave Clause"
},
{
"id": "5339727",
"text": "the phrase: Provided always, that upon the escape of any person into any of the states described in the said resolve of Congress of the 23d day of April, 1784, from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed in any one of the thirteen original states, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed and carried back to the person claiming his labor or service as aforesaid, this resolve notwithstanding. The unsuccessful resolution was the first attempt to include a fugitive slave provision in U.S. legislation. While the original 1784 ordinance applied to all U.S. territory that was not a part of",
"title": "Fugitive slave laws"
},
{
"id": "1866091",
"text": "statute there. In 1772, it was made unenforceable at common law in England and Wales by a legal decision. The large British role in the international slave trade continued until 1807. Slavery flourished in most of Britain's colonies, with many wealthy slave owners living in England and holding considerable power. In early 1775 Lord Dunmore, royal governor of Virginia, wrote to Lord Dartmouth of his intent to free slaves owned by Patriots in case of rebellion. On November 7, 1775, Lord Dunmore issued Lord Dunmore's Proclamation which declared martial law and promised freedom for any slaves of American patriots who",
"title": "Slavery in the United States"
},
{
"id": "5339725",
"text": "a uniform policy for the recapture of escaped slaves began under the Articles of Confederation of the United States in 1785. There were two attempts at implementing a fugitive slave law in the Congress of the Confederation in order to provide slave owners with a way of recapturing escaped slaves. The Ordinance of 1784 was drafted by a Congressional committee headed by Thomas Jefferson, and its provisions applied to all United States territory west of the original 13 states. The original version was read to Congress on March 1, 1784, and it contained a clause stating: That after the year",
"title": "Fugitive slave laws"
},
{
"id": "3310479",
"text": "resulted in the Underground Railroad being used as a mechanism to reach Canada. Canada was a safe haven for African American slaves because Canada had already abolished slavery by 1783. Blacks in Canada were also provided equal protection under the law. The well-known Underground Railroad \"conductor\" Harriet Tubman is said to have led approximately 300 slaves to Canada. Notable people who gained or assisted others in gaining freedom via the Underground Railroad include: The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, part of the Compromise of 1850, was a law enacted by the Congress that declared that all fugitive slaves should be",
"title": "Fugitive slaves in the United States"
},
{
"id": "9222266",
"text": "was a free man. Article IV, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution guaranteed the property rights of slaveholders; this superseded Staines's parental rights. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 — passed overwhelmingly by Congress and signed into law by Washington — established the legal mechanism by which a slaveholder could recover his property. The Act made it a federal crime to assist an escaped slave or to interfere with his capture, and allowed slave-catchers into every U.S. state and territory. Following Washington's death, Oney Judge Staines probably felt secure in New Hampshire, as no one else in his family was",
"title": "Oney Judge"
},
{
"id": "3310473",
"text": "States now existing shall think proper to admit\" (Article I, Section 9). The Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 required citizens to aid in the return of escaped slaves to their owners. In practice, both citizens and governments of free states often supported the escape of fugitive slaves. Fugitive slaves early in U.S. were sought out just as they were through the Fugitive slave law years, but early efforts included only Wanted posters, flyers etc. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 strengthened provisions for the recapture of slaves, and offered them no protection in the justice system. Bounty hunters and civilians",
"title": "Fugitive slaves in the United States"
},
{
"id": "5228146",
"text": "which warned of disunion and dire consequences if the North did not permanently guarantee the South equal representation in Congress. He also complained of personal liberty laws: \"Although the loss of property is felt, the loss of honor is felt still more.\" Mason also drafted the (second) Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, enacted on September 18, 1850 as a part of the Compromise Measures of that year. Mason represented the majority view in leading the Senate committee that investigated the John Brown raid on Harper's Ferry in October 1859. (The document was published as the \"U.S. Congress, Senate Select Commission",
"title": "James Murray Mason"
},
{
"id": "8117776",
"text": "Shadrach Minkins Shadrach Minkins (c. 1814 – December 13, 1875) was an African-American fugitive slave from Virginia who escaped in 1850 and reached Boston. He also used the pseudonyms Frederick Wilkins and Frederick Jenkins. He is known for being freed from a courtroom in Boston after being captured by United States marshals under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Members of the Boston Vigilance Committee freed and hid him, helping him get to Canada via the Underground Railroad. Minkins settled in Montreal, where he raised a family. Two men were prosecuted in Boston for helping free him, but they were",
"title": "Shadrach Minkins"
},
{
"id": "5379816",
"text": "1789, the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793, and the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 all stipulated that the slaves be captured and returned to their owner. These laws, now superseded by Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of 1865, were demanded by the Southern States of the U.S. but were actively opposed in most Northern states. Activists against slavery and the fugitive slave laws, such as members of the Underground Railroad, routinely violated the laws and refused to return slaves to their owners. Of the 5 laws agreed upon in the Compromise of 1850, the fugitive slave laws were by far",
"title": "Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property"
},
{
"id": "2362837",
"text": "the Wisconsin Supreme Court became the only state high court to declare the Fugitive Slave Act unconstitutional, as a result of a case involving fugitive slave Joshua Glover and Sherman Booth, who led efforts that thwarted Glover's recapture. In 1859 in \"Ableman v. Booth,\" the U.S. Supreme Court overruled the state court. In November 1850, the Vermont legislature passed the \"Habeas Corpus Law,\" requiring Vermont judicial and law enforcement officials to assist captured fugitive slaves. It also established a state judicial process, parallel to the federal process, for people accused of being fugitive slaves. This law rendered the federal Fugitive",
"title": "Fugitive Slave Act of 1850"
},
{
"id": "3310478",
"text": "the Massachusetts supreme court to be tried. The Underground Railroad was a network of black and white abolitionists between 1645 and the end of the Civil War who helped fugitive slaves escape to freedom. Members of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), Baptists, Methodists and other religious sects helped in operating the Underground Railroad. The Underground Railroad was initially an escape route that would assist fugitive enslaved African Americans in arriving in the Northern states; however, the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, as well as other laws aiding the southern states in the capturing of runaway slaves,",
"title": "Fugitive slaves in the United States"
},
{
"id": "20062247",
"text": "of the Boston Vigilance Committee rescued Minkins, who escaped to Canada with help from the Underground Railroad. That same year, Sewall teamed with Wendell Addison Phillips to defend Thomas Sims, a refugee from Savannah, Georgia. It was the first case to challenge the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. Despite concerted efforts by Sewall and Phillips, a federal commissioner upheld the law's constitutionality, and Sims was sent back to Georgia. Following the arrest of Anthony Burns in 1854, Sewall chaired a \"Burns meeting\" at Faneuil Hall. During the meeting, a small band of abolitionists led by Thomas Wentworth Higginson broke down",
"title": "Samuel Edmund Sewall"
},
{
"id": "833941",
"text": "incurred a loss of $40,000, of which Perkins bore the brunt. With this misfortune, the Perkins and Brown wool commission operation closed in Springfield in late 1849. Subsequent lawsuits tied up the partners for several more years. Before Brown left Springfield in 1850, the United States passed the Fugitive Slave Act, a law mandating that authorities in free states aid in the return of escaped slaves and imposing penalties on those who aided in their escape. In response Brown founded a militant group to prevent slaves' capture, the League of Gileadites. In the Bible, Mount Gilead was the place where",
"title": "John Brown (abolitionist)"
},
{
"id": "5339723",
"text": "Slave Clause states that escaped slaves \"shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due\", which abridged state rights because retrieving slaves was a form of retrieving private property. After the Compromise of 1850, the Supreme Court made slavery a protected institution and arranged a series of laws that allowed slavery in the new territories and forced officials in Free States to give a hearing to slaveholders without a jury. The Articles of Confederation of the New England Confederation of 1643 contained a clause that provided for the return of fugitive",
"title": "Fugitive slave laws"
},
{
"id": "3099862",
"text": "the book. Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 The Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 was an Act of the United States Congress to give effect to the Fugitive Slave Clause of the US Constitution (Article 4, Section 2, Clause 3), which was later superseded by the Thirteenth Amendment. The former guaranteed a right for a slaveholder to recover an escaped slave. The Act, \"An Act respecting fugitives from justice, and persons escaping from the service of their masters,\" created the legal mechanism by which that could be accomplished. It was passed by the House of Representatives on February 4, 1793 by",
"title": "Fugitive Slave Act of 1793"
},
{
"id": "8668280",
"text": "the time, these were Europeans. In later years of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, in tests of definitions by Asians seeking citizenship, those persons considered white were classified as Caucasian according to the terms of the time. In 1793, President Washington signed the Fugitive Slave Act. This act, which implemented the Fugitive Slave Clause in the United States Constitution, gave slaveholders the right to capture fugitive slaves in any U.S. state. The act was passed to allow the recapture of fugitive slaves who escaped into any \"safe harbors\" or slave sanctuaries. In 1794, Washington signed into law the first Slave",
"title": "George Washington and slavery"
},
{
"id": "17246534",
"text": "and activist Lewis Hayden of the Boston Vigilance Committee to gain the release of Shadrach Minkins, a fugitive slave from Virginia who had been arrested in Boston by US Marshals under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. The men helped Minkins hide and travel via the Underground Railroad to Canada, where he settled in Montreal. The men were \"well-known Boston abolitionists\" who were praised for their efforts to obtain Minkins' release. Many Boston residents resisted the 1850 Law, resenting its requirement that officials in free states support slaveholders' efforts to take back slaves. Walker also worked for equal rights. While",
"title": "Edward G. Walker"
},
{
"id": "7114469",
"text": "worked and did chores with the station owners during the day. In 1850 the United States government, in trying to prevent a war between the slave and non-slave states, passed the new and more aggressive Fugitive Slave Act. This law gave bounty hunters from the South more rights to chase slaves into the North and forced Northern police officers into arresting and returning runaway slaves that they captured. Abolitionists hated the Fugitive Slave Act, and started working with more intensity and urgency to find ways to end slavery. Southern slave plantation owners hated Northern abolitionists because the abolitionists wanted to",
"title": "Cyrus Gates Farmstead"
},
{
"id": "12567894",
"text": "for two days until he received a favorable opinion as to its constitutionality from the new Attorney General, John J. Crittenden. Although some Northerners were unhappy at the Fugitive Slave Act, relief was widespread, as was the hope this would settle the slavery question. The Fugitive Slave Act was also the root of contention after its enactment: Southerners complained bitterly about any leniency in its application, but its enforcement was highly offensive to many Northerners. Abolitionists recited the inequities of the law: it punished severely anyone aiding an escaped slave, and it granted no due process to the escapee, who",
"title": "Millard Fillmore"
},
{
"id": "4046768",
"text": "economic, and political turmoil reached an all-time high regarding slavery up to the events of the Civil War. In 1807, at the urging of President Thomas Jefferson, Congress abolished the international slave trade. While American Blacks celebrated this as a victory in the fight against slavery, the ban increased the demand for slaves. Changing agricultural practices in the Upper South from tobacco to mixed farming decreased labor requirements, and slaves were sold to traders for the developing Deep South. In addition, the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 allowed any Black person to be claimed as a runaway unless a White",
"title": "African-American history"
},
{
"id": "10018705",
"text": "Congress enacted Fugitive slave laws in 1793 and 1850 to provide for the return of slaves who had escaped from a slave state to a free state or territory. Black Codes were adopted by several states, generally to constrain the actions and rights of free people of color, as slaves were controlled by slave law. Although most northern states had abolished slavery, several tried to discourage freedmen from settling in the state. In some states, the Black Codes were incorporated into, or required by, the state constitution, many of which were rewritten in the 1840s. For instance, Article 13 of",
"title": "Judicial aspects of race in the United States"
},
{
"id": "1416543",
"text": "introduced the Fugitive Slave Clause (Article IV, Section II, Clause III). James Wilson of Pennsylvania objected, saying that it was special protection for slaveholders, requiring all state governments to enforce it at taxpayers' expense, in places where no one or most residents did not own slaves. Butler withdrew the clause. But, the next day, a southerner reinstated the clause and the Convention adopted it without further objection. This clause was added to the clause that provided extradition for fugitives from justice. This clause was first applied to fugitive slaves and required that they be extradited upon the claims of their",
"title": "Charles Pinckney (governor)"
},
{
"id": "15707338",
"text": "plan relied on a three-person Emancipation Commission to distribute the allotted funding. In order to receive compensation, former slaveholders were required to provide written evidence of their ownership, as well as state their loyalty to the Union. Most of the petitioners were white, but some blacks also filed for compensation, having once bought their family members away from other owners. In the end, almost all of the $1 million appropriated in the act had been spent. As a result of the act's passage, 3,185 slaves were freed. However, the older fugitive slave laws were still applied to slaves who had",
"title": "District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act"
},
{
"id": "7381331",
"text": "slaves, who under the Constitution and various federal laws had virtually no human rights. As the movement for abolition grew, Northern states increasingly refused to comply or cooperate with rendition of escaped slaves, leading to the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. This non-cooperation was behind the longstanding principle of refusal, only reverted in the 1987 decision. American use of “irregular rendition” is a familiar alternative to extradition, and it is the same process as extraordinary rendition. It involves kidnapping or deceit. In the view of the United States, kidnapping a defendant overseas and returning him to the United States for",
"title": "Rendition (law)"
},
{
"id": "4557730",
"text": "Act was a federal function, some Northern state governments passed laws forbidding state authorities to cooperate in the capture and return of fugitives. In the reaction to the Fugitive Slave Act contained in the Compromise of 1850, most Northern states provided further guarantees of jury trial, authorized severe punishment for illegal seizure and perjury against alleged fugitives, and forbade state authorities to recognize claims to fugitives. These laws were cited as a justification for secession by South Carolina in 1860. The Fugitive Slave Laws of 1793 were grossly unfair to the accused. The intended purpose of the laws was to",
"title": "Personal liberty laws"
},
{
"id": "10955208",
"text": "Fugitive Slave Clause The Fugitive Slave Clause of the United States Constitution, also known as either the Slave Clause or the Fugitives From Labor Clause, is , which requires a \"person held to service or labor\" (usually a slave, apprentice, or indentured servant) who flees to another state to be returned to the owner in the state from which that person escaped. The passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which abolished slavery except as a punishment for criminal acts, made the clause mostly irrelevant. The text of the Fugitive Slave Clause is: As in the other",
"title": "Fugitive Slave Clause"
},
{
"id": "10955209",
"text": "references in the Constitution dealing with slavery, the words \"slave\" and \"slavery\" are not specifically used in this clause. Historian Donald Fehrenbacher believes that throughout the Constitution there was the intent to make it clear that slavery existed only under state law, not federal law. On this instance, Fehrenbacher concludes: Prior to the American Revolution, there were no generally accepted principles of international law that required sovereign states to return fugitive slaves that had fled to their territory. English court decisions and opinions came down on both sides of the issue. The ambiguity was resolved with the 1772 decision in",
"title": "Fugitive Slave Clause"
},
{
"id": "1866064",
"text": "Slavery in the United States Slavery in the United States was the legal institution of human chattel enslavement, primarily of Africans and African Americans, that existed in the United States of America in the 18th and 19th centuries. Slavery had been practiced in British America from early colonial days, and was legal in all Thirteen Colonies at the time of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. It lasted in about half the states until 1865, when it was prohibited nationally by the Thirteenth Amendment. As an economic system, slavery was largely replaced by sharecropping. By the time of the American",
"title": "Slavery in the United States"
},
{
"id": "2362839",
"text": "in Vermont. No test events took place in Vermont, but the rhetoric of this flare-up echoed South Carolina's 1832 nullification crisis and Thomas Jefferson's 1798 Kentucky Resolutions. \"Jury nullification\" occurred as local Northern juries acquitted men accused of violating the law. Secretary of State Daniel Webster was a key supporter of the law as expressed in his famous \"Seventh of March\" speech. He wanted high-profile convictions. The jury nullifications ruined his presidential aspirations and his last-ditch efforts to find a compromise between North and South. Webster led the prosecution against men accused of rescuing Shadrach Minkins in 1851 from Boston",
"title": "Fugitive Slave Act of 1850"
},
{
"id": "2362835",
"text": "required to arrest people suspected of being a runaway slave on as little as a claimant's sworn testimony of ownership. The suspected slave could not ask for a jury trial or testify on his or her own behalf. In addition, any person aiding a runaway slave by providing food or shelter was subject to six months' imprisonment and a $1,000 fine. Officers who captured a fugitive slave were entitled to a bonus or promotion for their work. Slave owners needed only to supply an affidavit to a Federal marshal to capture an escaped slave. Since a suspected slave was not",
"title": "Fugitive Slave Act of 1850"
},
{
"id": "1420371",
"text": "In 1850, Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Law, prohibiting assistance to fugitives and strengthening sanctions even in free states. At the time, Stowe had moved with her family to Brunswick, Maine, where her husband was now teaching at Bowdoin College. Their home near the campus is protected as a National Historic Landmark. Stowe claimed to have a vision of a dying slave during a communion service at Brunswick's First Parish Church, which inspired her to write his story. However, what more likely allowed her to empathize with slaves was the loss of her eighteen-month-old son, Samuel Charles Stowe. She even",
"title": "Harriet Beecher Stowe"
},
{
"id": "5265756",
"text": "Margaret Garner Margaret Garner (called \"Peggy\") was an enslaved African-American woman in pre-Civil War America who was notorious – or celebrated – for killing her own daughter rather than allowing the child to be returned to slavery. She and her family had escaped in January 1856 across the frozen Ohio River to Cincinnati, but they were apprehended by U. S. Marshals acting under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Margaret Garner's defense attorney, John Jolliffe, moved to have her tried for murder in Ohio, to be able to get a trial in a free state and to challenge the Fugitive",
"title": "Margaret Garner"
},
{
"id": "4649299",
"text": "Passmore Williamson Passmore Williamson (February 23, 1822 - February 1, 1895) was an abolitionist and businessman in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a free state in the antebellum years. Secretary of the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society and a member of its Vigilance Committee, Williamson is best known for helping Jane Johnson and her two sons gain freedom from slavery on July 18, 1855. In a case that established legal precedent, he was served with a writ of \"habeas corpus\" by federal US District Court John K. Kane under the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 to produce Johnson and her two sons in court. He",
"title": "Passmore Williamson"
},
{
"id": "2296499",
"text": "money. On October 1, 1850, John S. Jacobs' speech was quoted in \"Meetings of Colored Citizens.\" Following Congressional passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, both John and Harriet Jacobs feared for each other's safety, as legally they were still escaped slaves. The new law increased pressure to capture people who escaped slavery and required cooperation from officials and citizens of free states. The Jacobs' siblings left Rochester and returned to New York City. Furious about the act, John wanted to leave the country. When he heard that the new state of California did not enforce the act, he",
"title": "Harriet Ann Jacobs"
},
{
"id": "4260348",
"text": "revolt or rebellion. The Fugitive Slave Laws helped enforce the necessity for slave patrols to abide by the law. Although these laws were initially created to keep tensions low between the north and the south, it caused the physical formation of slave patrols. During the Civil War, the theory of Contraband prevented the return of Southern slaves who reached Union-held territory. This helped limit the role of slave patrols/catchers and changed the war. Another form of help for slaves was the Underground Railroad, which aided slaves in their escape to Northern states. Outside of the Underground Railroad, enslaved black people",
"title": "Slave patrol"
},
{
"id": "8117782",
"text": "Minkins. Shadrach Minkins Shadrach Minkins (c. 1814 – December 13, 1875) was an African-American fugitive slave from Virginia who escaped in 1850 and reached Boston. He also used the pseudonyms Frederick Wilkins and Frederick Jenkins. He is known for being freed from a courtroom in Boston after being captured by United States marshals under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Members of the Boston Vigilance Committee freed and hid him, helping him get to Canada via the Underground Railroad. Minkins settled in Montreal, where he raised a family. Two men were prosecuted in Boston for helping free him, but they",
"title": "Shadrach Minkins"
},
{
"id": "16512688",
"text": "the meetinghouse's burial ground. George and Martha Maulsby Corson purchased the farm from his estate on April 6, 1839. George and his brothers purchased the Maulsby limestone quarries, and founded what became G. & W. H. Corson Company - Lime Merchants. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 made it a federal crime to give assistance to an escaped slave. The earliest and only abolitionists in Plymouth and Whitemarsh townships were Samuel Maulsby, Joseph Corson and [his son] Alan W. Corson. Away back before 1820 they had been stirred by the scathing denunciations of slavery, and the horrors of the slave",
"title": "Hovenden House, Barn and Abolition Hall"
},
{
"id": "7770070",
"text": "in defiance of the South's efforts to have slaves captured and returned. Slave-catching was allowed in the North, but the new laws in the North did not make it impossible to catch fugitive slaves but it became so difficult, expensive and time-consuming that the fugitive slave catchers and the owners stopped trying. The Fugitive Slave Act strengthened abolitionist response against slave catchers, with abolitionist groups including the Free Soil Party advocating for the use of firearms to stop slave catchers and kidnappers, comparing it to the American Revolution. The 1850's saw a significant rise in violent conflicts between abolitionists and",
"title": "Slave catcher"
},
{
"id": "2412718",
"text": "Henry Box Brown Henry \"Box\" Brown (c. 1815 – June 15, 1897) was a 19th-century Virginia slave who escaped to freedom at the age of 33 by arranging to have himself mailed in a wooden crate in 1849 to abolitionists in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. For a short time, Brown became a noted abolitionist speaker in the northeast United States. As a public figure and fugitive slave, Brown felt endangered by passage of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, which increased pressure to capture escaped slaves. He moved to England and lived there for 25 years, touring with an anti-slavery panorama, becoming",
"title": "Henry Box Brown"
},
{
"id": "2292946",
"text": "in 1840, and the American Missionary Association in 1846. After the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 was passed, Tappan refused to comply with the new law and donated money to the Underground Railroad. The brothers' positions on the slavery issue were not universally popular. In early July 1834, Lewis Tappan's New York home was sacked by a mob, who threw his furniture into the street and burned it. The Tappans and \"The Journal of Commerce\" attracted bitter criticism for their campaign to free the Africans who had taken over the slave ship \"Amistad\" in 1839. James Gordon Bennett, Sr.’s rival",
"title": "Arthur Tappan"
},
{
"id": "4557731",
"text": "give slave owners the legal protection when dealing with the problem of escaped slaves. In reality, the Fugitive Slave Laws actually expanded the slave trade. These laws provided the opportunity for slave owners to go into northern states and reclaim previously freed slaves. The laws gave any slave owner the ability to seize an alleged escaped slave, present the slave to a federal or local judge, and, upon proof of ownership, have the slave legally returned to their service. However, the only proof that was required was the testimony of a witness. This meant that many freedmen were taken back",
"title": "Personal liberty laws"
},
{
"id": "5339731",
"text": "to go after runaway slaves. The 1793 Fugitive Slave Act was the mechanism by which the government did that, and it was only at this point the government could pursue runaway slaves in any state or territory, and ensure slave owners of their property rights. Section 3 is the part that deals with fugitive or runaway slaves, and reads in part: SEC. 3. ... That when a person held to labor in any of the United States, or of the Territories on the Northwest or South of the river Ohio ... shall escape into any other part of the said",
"title": "Fugitive slave laws"
},
{
"id": "739795",
"text": "stricter oversight of slaves and reduced the rights of free blacks. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 required the states to cooperate with slave owners when attempting to recover escaped slaves, which outraged Northerners. Formerly, an escaped slave that reached a non-slave state was presumed to have attained sanctuary and freedom under the Missouri Compromise. The Supreme Court's 1857 decision in \"Dred Scott v. Sandford\" ruled that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional; angry Republicans said this decision threatened to make slavery a national institution. After Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 election, seven Southern states seceded from the union and set",
"title": "History of the United States"
},
{
"id": "1866161",
"text": "facilitate communication among slaves that could lead to rebellion. Slaves held private, secret \"brush meetings\" in the woods. In Ohio, an emancipated slave was prohibited from returning to the state in which he or she had been enslaved. Other northern states discouraged the settling of free blacks within their boundaries. Fearing the influence of free blacks, Virginia and other southern states passed laws to require blacks who had been freed to leave the state within a year (or sometimes less time) unless granted a stay by an act of the legislature. The United States Constitution, adopted in 1787, prevented Congress",
"title": "Slavery in the United States"
},
{
"id": "4920489",
"text": "was lecturing in England when the 1850 Fugitive Slave Law was passed in the US; as its provisions increased the risk of capture and re-enslavement, he stayed overseas for several years. He traveled throughout Europe. After his freedom was purchased in 1854 by a British couple, he and his two daughters returned to the US, where he rejoined the abolitionist lecture circuit in the North. A contemporary of Frederick Douglass, Brown was overshadowed by the charismatic orator and the two feuded publicly. A descendant of Stephen Hopkins (Mayflower passenger) through his father, William was born into slavery in 1814 (or",
"title": "William Wells Brown"
},
{
"id": "10955212",
"text": "constitution. However, there was little discussion concerning the issue of fugitive slaves. After the issues involving the slave trade and the counting of slaves for representation purposes regarding both the distribution of taxes and the apportionment of the members of the United States House of Representatives, two South Carolina delegates, Charles Pinckney and Pierce Butler, on August 28th, 1787, proposed that fugitive slaves should be \"delivered up like criminals\". James Wilson of Pennsylvania and Roger Sherman of Connecticut originally objected. Wilson argued that the provision \"would oblige the Executive of the State to do it at public expence\", while Sherman",
"title": "Fugitive Slave Clause"
},
{
"id": "3310481",
"text": "used to force northerners to act against their anti-slavery beliefs. Many northern states eventually passed Personal Liberty Laws that prevented the kidnapping of alleged runaway slaves; however, in the court case known as Prigg v. Pennsylvania, the personal liberty laws were ruled unconstitutional on the grounds that the capturing of fugitive slaves was a federal matter in which states did not have the power to interfere. One of the most notable fugitive slaves of American history and conductors of the Underground Railroad is Harriet Tubman. Born into slavery in Dorchester County, Maryland around 1822, Tubman as a young adult escaped",
"title": "Fugitive slaves in the United States"
},
{
"id": "7770065",
"text": "Slave catcher Fugitive slave catchers were people who returned escaped slaves to their owners in the United States before slavery was abolished during the American Civil War. Beginning in colonial times, the southern states created provisions for local governments to create special police and military-like patrols to hunt down fugitive slaves. These patrols had the authority to search anywhere they wished for fugitive slaves, and were in high demand to oversee territory around slaveowners' property in order to curtail slaves from running away in the first place. In some instances, these patrols had the authority of killing runaway slaves, such",
"title": "Slave catcher"
}
] | who was involved in the fugitive slave law |
[
"2011"
] | [
{
"id": "6569851",
"text": "teams. Ohio State defeated Michigan for the fifth consecutive time, winning 30–27 in two overtimes. The 2017 game, held in Ann Arbor, drew a crowd of more than 112,000, and featured the ninth-ranked Buckeyes against the unranked Wolverines. Michigan led 14-0 at the end of the first quarter but Ohio State tied the game at 14-14 before half time. Michigan's offense was limited to six points in the second half, and Ohio State scored 17, winning the game 31-20. The victory was the Buckeyes' sixth win in six years under head coach Urban Meyer. J.T. Barrett, Ohio State's starting quarterback,",
"title": "Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry"
},
{
"id": "6569845",
"text": "State vacated all wins from the 2010 season, including the win over Michigan, leaving Tressel with a final record against Michigan of 8–1, with a win streak of six. Michigan won the 2011 meeting, 40–34, which was the first between two first-year coaches since the 1929 match-up of Harry Kipke and Sam Willaman. The Wolverines were led by junior quarterback Denard Robinson who accounted for 337 total yards rushing and passing, and five touchdowns. On November 28, 2011, Urban Meyer, who had served as an assistant at Ohio State from 1986 to 1987, was named the 24th head coach for",
"title": "Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry"
},
{
"id": "17045241",
"text": "most passing and receiving yards ever recorded against Ohio State in the history of the rivalry. For its final game of the season, Michigan faced Kansas State in the Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl. This was the first ever meeting between the two schools. This was Michigan's forty-third bowl game in its history, and the first time it had ever played in the Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl. It was also be the first time Michigan has played in Arizona since the 1986 Fiesta Bowl, when Michigan defeated Nebraska 27–23. Starters and backups against Central Michigan. Following Drake Johnson's season-ending injury against",
"title": "2013 Michigan Wolverines football team"
},
{
"id": "19193964",
"text": "Football Playoff rankings and were selected to play in the CFP Semifinals at the Cotton Bowl Classic where they lost to No. 2 Alabama. The season was one of the most successful in school history. The Spartans defeated in-state rival Michigan in Ann Arbor after a fumbled snap by Wolverine punter Blake O'Neill was picked up by Jalen Watts-Jackson and returned for a touchdown in the final ten seconds to give Michigan State a 27–23 win. The Spartans defeated Ohio State on the road in Columbus, playing without Connor Cook and relying on the arms of backup QBs Damion Terry",
"title": "2016 Michigan State Spartans football team"
},
{
"id": "6569858",
"text": "Michigan\". The move of calling his cancer \"Michigan\" got the support of his parents, Ohio State head coach Urban Meyer (who Reed later got to meet), and even some Michigan fans, including Michigan head coach Brady Hoke. After his last chemotherapy treatment in 2013 which placed him in remission, Reed now tells people that he \"beat Michigan\". Rankings are from the AP Poll. In Big Ten Conference play, Ohio State leads the series 50–46–4 through the 2018 meeting. Michigan was a charter member of the Big Ten in 1896 before leaving the league after the 1906 football season. Ohio State",
"title": "Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry"
},
{
"id": "6569842",
"text": "more losses than in any other season in its history. The Buckeyes posted a 42–7 win, and scored their largest margin of victory over Michigan since 1968. Ohio State won 21–10 in the 2009 game to extend their winning streak against Michigan to six games, their longest in the rivalry's history, and improve Jim Tressel's record versus Michigan to 8–1. Ohio State wore throwback uniforms to commemorate their 1954 national championship team. The 2009 meeting also saw Buckeye guard Justin Boren, who had transferred to Ohio State from Michigan in 2008, become the third player in school history to play",
"title": "Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry"
},
{
"id": "6569852",
"text": "recorded 4 wins in 4 years as a starting quarterback—the first Ohio State QB to do so. Until this game, Ohio State had never come back and won a game against Michigan once down 14 or more points. In 2018, the #4 Wolverines visited the #10 Buckeyes in a game with both Big 10 Championship and College Football Playoff implications. Michigan entered the game with the best defense in the country, but Ohio State gained more than 560 yards - including 6 touchdown passes - en route to a 62-39 victory. Ohio State's 62 points set a record for points",
"title": "Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry"
},
{
"id": "19143556",
"text": "two seasons as head coach, joining Fielding Yost (1901–02). Senior quarterback John O'Korn made his first start since the 2014 season. With two pass breakups against the Hoosiers, cornerback Jourdan Lewis upped his career total to 43 to tie Leon Hall (2003–06) for the most in Michigan history. Following its home finale against Indiana, Michigan faced its arch-rivals, the Ohio State Buckeyes, in the 113th meeting of \"The Game\". In the previous meeting, Ohio State defeated Michigan for the fourth consecutive year, winning 42–13. Michigan lost to Ohio State 27–30 in double overtime. After neither team scored in the first",
"title": "2016 Michigan Wolverines football team"
},
{
"id": "6569850",
"text": "field goal. The final score was 42–13, in favor of Ohio State. The 2016 game pitted the third-ranked Wolverines against the second-ranked Buckeyes, only the second time that the matchup featured programs both ranked in the nation's top three. Michigan led 10–7 at halftime and extended its lead to 17–7 early in the third quarter. An Ohio State touchdown cut the deficit to 17–14 heading to the fourth quarter. The Buckeyes kicked a field goal in the final seconds of regulation to tie the game and force overtime. The game marked the first overtime in the series between the two",
"title": "Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry"
},
{
"id": "17041193",
"text": "the ball back the Spartans, who would drive 61 yards in 6 plays, putting the Buckeyes away after a 26-yard Jeremy Langford touchdown run. The touchdown run would be the final scoring play of the game, with Michigan State defeated Ohio State 34–24. The loss ended Ohio State's 24-game win streak, the longest in school history and brought Ohio State's all-time record against the Spartans to 28–14. Ohio State was selected to play in the Orange Bowl on December 8 as a BCS at-large team. Ohio State faced the Clemson Tigers of the Atlantic Coast Conference, who defeated the Buckeyes",
"title": "2013 Ohio State Buckeyes football team"
},
{
"id": "18420478",
"text": "champion Iowa to become Big Ten Champions. They finished the season No. 3 in the College Football Playoff rankings and were selected to play in the CFP Semifinals at the Cotton Bowl Classic where they lost to No. 2 Alabama. The season was one of the most successful in school history. The Spartans defeated in-state rival Michigan in Ann Arbor after a fumbled snap by Wolverine punter Blake O'Neill was picked up by Jalen Watts-Jackson and returned for a touchdown in the final ten seconds to give Michigan State a 27–23 win. The Spartans defeated Ohio State on the road",
"title": "2015 Michigan State Spartans football team"
},
{
"id": "16929432",
"text": "February 8 the Wolverines played poorly against (#17, #13) Iowa, losing 85–67 and surrendering the most points in a non-overtime game since December 12, 2007 (against Oakland). It was the team's biggest point deficit since its loss to Wisconsin by 18 on February 6, 2010. Michigan then defeated the (#22, 20) Ohio State Buckeyes at Value City Arena, the first Michigan victory at Ohio State since the 2002–03 team defeated the Buckeyes on January 15, 2003, and ending a nine-game losing streak at Ohio State. It was the first road sweep of Michigan State, Ohio State and Wisconsin since 1992–93.",
"title": "2013–14 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team"
},
{
"id": "20454291",
"text": "in Michigan program history. Following its home finale against Indiana, Michigan traveled to Columbus, Ohio to face its arch-rival, the Ohio State Buckeyes, in the 115th playing of \"The Game\". Michigan was upset by Ohio State 62–39. Ohio State opened the scoring in the first quarter via a 24-yard touchdown pass from Dwayne Haskins to Chris Olave. Michigan responded with a 39-yard field goal by Jake Moody. Michigan scored 16 points in the second quarter via a 31-yard field goal by Moody, a 23-yard touchdown pass from Shea Patterson to Nico Collins, and a nine-yard touchdown pass from Patterson to",
"title": "2018 Michigan Wolverines football team"
},
{
"id": "16074779",
"text": "Beilein's 400th Division I coaching victory. On January 13, the team lost to Ohio State (#15 AP/#14 Coaches) snapping their winning streak. Horford returned to the lineup after missing 5 games. Michigan had been the only remaining unbeaten team and was expected to be ranked #1 if they had won. The loss was Michigan's 9th straight in Columbus. Michigan defeated Minnesota (#9 AP/#12 Coaches) at Williams Arena on January 17, marking the first time Michigan defeated a top-10 team on the road since a December 6, 1996, victory by the 1996–97 team over Duke. After his performance, in which he",
"title": "2012–13 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team"
},
{
"id": "16106984",
"text": "meeting, Michigan defeated the Buckeyes 40–34 in 2011, Michigan's first victory over Ohio State since 2003. The Buckeyes opened the game on offense and took six plays to drive 75 yards and score a touchdown on a Carlos Hyde run. With Ohio State taking the early 7–0 lead, Michigan turned to starting quarterback Devin Gardner, who replaced Denard Robinson after his injury a few weeks earlier. Robinson was still used as a running threat throughout the game. On the Wolverines' first drive, Gardner was sacked deep in Ohio State territory, fumbled, giving the ball and the momentum to the Buckeyes.",
"title": "2012 Ohio State Buckeyes football team"
},
{
"id": "6569846",
"text": "the Buckeyes, replacing Fickell. In the 2012 matchup, OSU's junior running back Carlos Hyde ran for 146 yards and the fourth-ranked Buckeyes, trailing at halftime, shut down No. 20 Michigan's offense in the second half to prevail 26–21 and cap a 12–0 season. In 2013, Ohio State came to Michigan Stadium with an 11–0 record (7–0 Big Ten) and ranked #3 in the BCS standings. Michigan was a disappointing 7–4 (3–4 Big Ten). In spite of the seeming mismatch, the game remained close and with 32 seconds remaining Michigan scored to bring the score to 42–41. Michigan attempted a two-point",
"title": "Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry"
},
{
"id": "6569853",
"text": "against Michigan during regulation, and the victory improved Meyer's record against Michigan to 7-0. Harbaugh fell to 0-4 against Ohio State, making him the first Michigan coach to lose his first four starts against the Buckeyes. The 2018 meeting would be Meyer's last against Michigan, as he announced his retirement at the end of the season. In 2010, the Big Ten Conference announced that the University of Nebraska would be joining the Big Ten the following year, and that the Big Ten would be split into two divisions. When rumors surfaced that Ohio State and Michigan would be placed in",
"title": "Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry"
},
{
"id": "6569847",
"text": "conversion for the lead, but Devin Gardner's pass was intercepted in the end zone by Tyvis Powell, and Ohio State escaped with the win. Michigan entered the 2014 contest with a 5–6 record and needed a win against Ohio State to become bowl eligible. Ohio State had a 10–1 record (7–0 in the Big Ten), and was holding onto hope that they would be selected as one of the top four teams in the nation and gain a spot in the first ever College Football Playoff. The game was tied at 21 until the fourth quarter when Ohio State scored",
"title": "Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry"
},
{
"id": "8379485",
"text": "Iowa and Michigan State, the Wolverines finished with a 10–2 regular season record with their first win over Ohio State in eight years. The Wolverines received an invitation to the Sugar Bowl in which they defeated Virginia Tech, 23–20, in overtime. This was the program's first bowl win since the season of 2007. Until the streak was broken in 2008, Michigan had appeared in a bowl game each year since the 1975 season. In Hoke's second season, he led Michigan to an 8–5 record. The Wolverines dropped their season opener to eventual national champions, Alabama in Dallas, Texas. U-M won",
"title": "Michigan Wolverines football"
},
{
"id": "20110828",
"text": "NCAA Basketball Tournament Most Outstanding Player. The Michigan Wolverines last won the NCAA Tournament in 1989. Their most recent appearance in the championship game was in 2013. At one point unranked in the AP Poll, Michigan won their final 14 games before the title game to end the 2017–18 regular season with a 28–7 win-loss record after winning the 2018 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament. They earned the No. 3 seed in the West Regional. Michigan defeated the No. 14 Montana Grizzlies in the first round by a score of 61–47. They then reached the Sweet 16 by defeating",
"title": "2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game"
},
{
"id": "20461383",
"text": "having a bye week, Michigan will host their in-state rival, the Michigan State Spartans in the battle for the Paul Bunyan Trophy. Last season, Michigan defeated Michigan State 21–7. Following its game against in-state rival Michigan State, Michigan will travel to play its final road game against the Indiana Hoosiers. Last season, Michigan defeated Indiana 31–20. Following its road finale against Indiana, Michigan host their arch-rivals, the Ohio State Buckeyes, in the 116th playing of \"The Game\". Last season, Michigan was upset by Ohio State 62–39. 2019 Michigan Wolverines football team The 2019 Michigan Wolverines football team, sometimes known as",
"title": "2019 Michigan Wolverines football team"
},
{
"id": "9024655",
"text": "Michigan State, ranked #10 at the time of the game, defeated second-ranked Ohio State 34–24 in the Big Ten Championship Game in Indianapolis. The win snapped Ohio State's 24-game winning streak and sent Michigan State to its first Rose Bowl since the 1987–88 season. Michigan State was ranked #4 in the final BCS standings, its highest rank since the BCS's inception. The Spartans defeated the fifth-ranked Stanford Cardinal 24–20 in the 100th Rose Bowl Game on January 1, 2014. Dantonio was named Big Ten Football Coach of the Year. In 2014, the Spartans finished the regular season 10–2, finishing second",
"title": "Mark Dantonio"
},
{
"id": "16106983",
"text": "an 11–0 record for the first time since the 2006 season and were in position to complete their first undefeated season since 2002 with one game remaining against arch rival Michigan. The Ohio State Buckeyes and Michigan Wolverines continued their annual fierce rivalry on November 24. The 108th edition of \"The Game\" marked the regular-season finale for both teams and the season finale for Ohio State due to their post-season ban. The game also marked Urban Meyer's first time as the head coach for the Buckeyes in \"The Game\" and Michigan head coach Brady Hoke's second game. In their previous",
"title": "2012 Ohio State Buckeyes football team"
},
{
"id": "8379500",
"text": "Updated as of September 17, 2018. Announced schedules as of May 5, 2017. Michigan Wolverines football The Michigan Wolverines football program represents the University of Michigan in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (formerly Division I-A) level. Michigan has the most all-time wins in college football history. The team is known for its distinctive winged helmet, its fight song, its record-breaking attendance figures at Michigan Stadium, and its many rivalries, particularly its annual, regular-season-ending game against Ohio State, once voted as ESPN's best sports rivalry. Michigan began competing in intercollegiate football in 1879. The Wolverines joined",
"title": "Michigan Wolverines football"
},
{
"id": "20090478",
"text": "On February 18, Michigan defeated (#8 AP Poll/#9 Coaches Poll) Ohio State 74–62 in their final home game of the regular season. Michigan was led by Abdur Rahkman with 17 points. Prior to the game Michigan honored seniors Abdur-Rahkman, and Robinson, graduate student Jaaron Simmons and undergraduate student assistant Austin Hatch during senior day. On February 21 Michigan defeated Penn State 72–63. Robinson led the way with 19 points off the bench and the team had a season-high 84 percent free throw percentage, which included going 9-for-10 in the final minute of the game. On February 24, Michigan defeated Maryland",
"title": "2017–18 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team"
},
{
"id": "19143558",
"text": "in the fourth quarter to tie the game and force overtime. In overtime, Ohio State scored via a seven-yard touchdown run from J. T. Barrett. Michigan responded with a five-yard touchdown pass from Speight to Amara Darboh to force double overtime. In double overtime, Michigan scored via a 37-yard field goal from Allen, before Curtis Samuel recorded a 15-yard touchdown run to win the game. Dave Adolph served as honorary captain for both Michigan and Ohio State. The game marked the 11th time that Michigan and Ohio State took the field both in the nation's top-five rankings; and is just",
"title": "2016 Michigan Wolverines football team"
},
{
"id": "19822122",
"text": "an interception to Jordan Fuller. On Ohio State's next possession, Dobbins ran for 41 yards and Mike Weber was able to seal the game by scoring a 25-yard touchdown run with 1:44 remaining in the game, to make what would be the final score, 31–20. Michigan coach Jim Harbaugh dropped to 0–3 versus the Buckeyes, while Urban Meyer moved to 6–0 against the Wolverines. The current winning streak is tied for the second-longest in the series and tied for the longest for Ohio State with the 2004–2009 games. J.T. Barrett became the only quarterback in the series history to have",
"title": "2017 Ohio State Buckeyes football team"
},
{
"id": "20090465",
"text": "place one week earlier than usual, ending the week before Selection Sunday. As a result, each team played one road game and one home conference game in the first week of December. On December 2, Michigan defeated Indiana 69–55 in its Big Ten conference opener. Michigan was led by Jordan Poole with a career-high 19 points, while Muhammad-Ali Abdur Rahkman added eight points and a career-high 11 rebounds, and Eli Brooks added five points and a career-high six assists. On December 4, Michigan lost to Ohio State 62–71, after leading by as many as 20 points with 1:31 remaining in",
"title": "2017–18 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team"
},
{
"id": "16929405",
"text": "Division I men's basketball season). Michigan won at Wisconsin for the first time since 1999 and at Ohio State for the first time since 2003. The team defeated the same ranked opponent (Michigan State) twice in the same season for the first time in thirteen years. The Wolverines were led by 2014 Consensus All-American and Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year Stauskas, a unanimous first-team All-B1G selection. Caris LeVert (B1G 2nd team), Robinson (B1G honorable mention) and Walton (B1G All-Freshman) also earned conference honors, and Beilein was named Coach of the Year by the B1G media. The",
"title": "2013–14 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team"
},
{
"id": "6569848",
"text": "three touchdowns (two on offense and one on defense) to go up 42–21. The Game ended 42–28. During the contest, OSU quarterback J. T. Barrett suffered a broken ankle and left the game in favor of third-string sophomore quarterback, Cardale Jones. Ohio State would go on to win the inaugural College Football Playoff and national championship. Three days after the game, Michigan head coach Brady Hoke was fired and Michigan began searching for Hoke's successor. On December 30, 2014, Jim Harbaugh, former quarterback for Michigan from 1983 to 1986, was introduced by the University of Michigan as the school's new",
"title": "Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry"
},
{
"id": "6913082",
"text": "has been vacated. With wins over 10th-seeded Oklahoma State and 2nd-seeded Louisville, the Wolverines advanced to the Sweet 16 of the NCAA Tournament. The 2017–18 Wolverines won the 2018 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament to claim their second consecutive Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament championship. They became the first team to win consecutive tournament championships since Ohio State in 2010 and 2011. On March 24, Michigan defeated Florida State 58–54 in the West regional finals of the 2018 NCAA Tournament. With the win, Michigan advanced to the Final Four for the eighth time in program history and set",
"title": "John Beilein"
},
{
"id": "6569829",
"text": "the Ohio State end zone, and caught a 37-yard pass that set up freshman running back Anthony Thomas' touchdown run, the Wolverines prevailed, 20–14. The Wolverines then defeated Washington State in the Rose Bowl by a 21–16 score, winning their first national championship since 1948. Ohio State came back with a win in the 1998 contest, but Michigan went on to win in 1999 and 2000. Senior quarterback Tom Brady hit sophomore receiver Marquise Walker for the game-winning touchdown pass with five minutes to go to for a 24–17 victory in 1999. In the 2000 game, Michigan grabbed a 31–12",
"title": "Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry"
},
{
"id": "20628555",
"text": "Simpson averaged just 7.3 points per game for the season, in his other games against top-10 opponents he posted double digits: 13 points against (#8 AP Poll/#9 Coaches Poll) Ohio State in Michigan's final home game of the regular season on the February 18, 2018, 10 points on March 4, as Michigan defeated (#8 AP Poll/#8 Coaches Poll) Purdue 75–66, and 10 points in the 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game loss to (#2 Coaches Poll/#2 AP Poll) Villanova. The March 4 victory over Purdue gave Michigan its second consecutive Big Ten Tournament championship since the game was",
"title": "Zavier Simpson"
},
{
"id": "6569833",
"text": "Maurice Hall's game-winning score. The Buckeyes went on to win the national championship that season, as they defeated Miami in the Fiesta Bowl. In 2003, Michigan struck back and won the 100th meeting between the historical rivals by a score of 35–21 in Ann Arbor. Senior running back Chris Perry, a Heisman finalist, had 154 yards rushing and two touchdowns to lead the Wolverines to the victory. Braylon Edwards contributed seven catches for 130 yards and two big touchdowns. The game's attendance was 112,118, the largest crowd ever for an NCAA football game at the time. In 2004, the 6–4",
"title": "Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry"
},
{
"id": "17045237",
"text": "The temperature at kickoff was 18 °F. Frank Clark had 2.5 tackles for a loss, while Michigan intercepted three passes and had its third defensive touchdown of the season. Blake Countess recorded his fifth interception of the season, while Raymon Taylor recorded his fourth interception of the season. Following its road finale against Iowa, Michigan faced Ohio State in the 110th meeting of \"The Game\". Ohio State won the previous edition 26–21. Ohio State won a thrilling contest 42–41 after Michigan missed a go-ahead two-point conversion attempt with 32 seconds remaining in the game. The teams combined for 28 points",
"title": "2013 Michigan Wolverines football team"
},
{
"id": "20090486",
"text": "advances to its third Elite Eight in six years. On March 24, Michigan defeated Florida State 58–54 in the regional finals. Michigan was led by Matthews with 17 points. With the win, Michigan advances to the Final Four for the eighth time in program history and for the first time since 2013. Michigan set a single-season program record with its 32nd victory of the season, surpassing the previous record of 31 wins set by the 1992–93 and 2012–13 teams. Michigan's defense held Florida State to just 23.3% (7-of-30) shooting in the second half. Matthews was named West Region Most Outstanding",
"title": "2017–18 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team"
},
{
"id": "17725010",
"text": "Ohio State won the previous edition 42–41, with Michigan missing a two-point conversion attempt that would have made the score 43–42 in favor of Michigan with 32 seconds remaining in the game. Ohio State defeated Michigan to record its third consecutive victory over the Wolverines, winning 42–28. Ohio State opened the scoring in the first quarter with a six-yard touchdown pass from J. T. Barrett to Nick Vannett. Michigan responded with a 12-yard touchdown pass from Devin Gardner to Jake Butt and then took the lead in the second quarter via a two-yard touchdown run from Drake Johnson. Ohio State",
"title": "2014 Michigan Wolverines football team"
},
{
"id": "20090471",
"text": "Robinson in the starting lineup, as Michigan won their rivalry game against (#4 AP Poll/#4 Coaches Poll) Michigan State 82–72. Michigan was led by Wagner with a career-high 27 points. There were 13 lead changes and 11 ties throughout the game. The win marked their first victory on the road against a top-five ranked team since defeating (#3 AP Poll/#3 Coaches Poll) Michigan State on January 25, 2014. It also marked their first win at Breslin Center since 2014. Following the win, Michigan entered the 2017–18 basketball rankings for the first time on January 15 at #23 AP Poll and",
"title": "2017–18 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team"
},
{
"id": "19828824",
"text": "extended its lead in the fourth quarter via a 30-yard field goal from Rafael Gaglianone. Michigan's defense held Wisconsin to just 5-of-15 on third down conversions. Michigan's offense averaged 207.8 rushing yards per game coming into the game. Following its road finale against Wisconsin, Michigan hosted its arch-rivals, the Ohio State Buckeyes, in the 114th meeting of \"The Game\". Michigan lost to Ohio State 31–20. Michigan opened the scoring in the first quarter via a two-yard touchdown run from Khalid Hill. Michigan extended its lead in the second quarter via a three-yard touchdown pass from John O'Korn to Sean McKeon.",
"title": "2017 Michigan Wolverines football team"
},
{
"id": "16074782",
"text": "February 2, 2013, Michigan (#1 AP/#2 Coaches) appeared on ESPN's College GameDay against Indiana (#3 AP/#3 Coaches) who hosted the game at Assembly Hall. Michigan lost 81–73, but the television broadcast of the game on ESPN set a Big Ten record for viewership with 4.035 million viewers. Morgan only played two minutes behind replacement starter Horford. Michigan then defeated Ohio State (#10 AP/#10 Coaches) in overtime in the rematch at home on February 5. Starting center Morgan only played 4 minutes. Coach Beilein noted that Morgan's absence affected the team's ability to match up defensively and substitute as it desired.",
"title": "2012–13 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team"
},
{
"id": "4016066",
"text": "Robinson completed a 20-yard pass on fourth down to advance Michigan to the MSU 25 yard line and with 9 seconds left Michigan spiked the ball. Brendan Gibbons lined up to kick the game-winning field goal and was iced by Mark Dantonio. Gibbons lined back up and split the uprights to win it for Michigan, 12–10. After the game, the students rushed the field in celebration. This was the 900th all-time win for the Wolverines, making them the first program to reach this level in college football history. 2013 November 2 in East Lansing, Michigan State dominated Michigan defensively, winning",
"title": "Michigan–Michigan State football rivalry"
},
{
"id": "6569835",
"text": "record. For the first time in the history of the rivalry, the two rivals faced off while holding the top two spots in the Bowl Championship Series rankings. Ohio State won the game by a score of 42–39 and became the outright Big Ten champion, earning the right to play for a national championship at the BCS National Championship Game in Glendale, Arizona. Michigan struck first with a touchdown run by junior running back Mike Hart, but the Buckeyes then scored 21 unanswered points, and at halftime, they were up 28–14. Thanks to an interception and a fumble recovery by",
"title": "Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry"
},
{
"id": "16929438",
"text": "24) Ohio State 72–69, Michigan's 12th consecutive win in games decided by single digits. The team had a 16-point first-half lead and a 12-point second-half lead before Ohio State took its first lead (61–60) of the game with 7:59 remaining. Michigan finished the game with a 7–1 run in the last 4:12 to win. Morgan set a school record for most games played (137), passing Stu Douglass. Michigan State (#22, 22) won the first postseason game between the state rivals, 69–55, to claim the Big Ten Tournament championship. The Wolverines were seeded number two in the Midwest region of the",
"title": "2013–14 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team"
},
{
"id": "11185289",
"text": "2017–18 season, Beilein's Wolverines again won four games in four days to win back-to-back Big Ten Tournament championships for the first time in school history. The team went on to win the West regional title and advance to the Final Four following its win over Florida State, 58-54. The win improved the team's record to 32-7, marking a new school record for victories. The 2017–18 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team moved on to the NCAA tournament championship, where they lost against Villanova to a score of 79-62. As of November 16, 2018 § – Conference co-champions Totals through December 4,",
"title": "Michigan Wolverines men's basketball"
},
{
"id": "6569810",
"text": "campaign to build a stadium for Ohio State football. The stadium was completed in 1922, and the first of many historic games in Ohio Stadium took place on October 21, 1922, the day the stadium was dedicated in Columbus. In front of a record 71,000 fans, the Wolverines posted another shutout of the home team Buckeyes, 19–0. According to lore, there was a wager on the outcome of this game, and yellow flowers on a blue background still exist today in the upper part of the stadium's rotunda. Michigan won the next five games before OSU picked up the final",
"title": "Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry"
},
{
"id": "17737360",
"text": "opponents. In the ninth game of the season, Ohio State defeated Michigan State in a rematch of the previous year's Big Ten Championship Game. After the 49–37 win over the Spartans, the Buckeyes moved into the top ten in all major polls. After a 42–28 win over bitter rival Michigan, Ohio State completed their third consecutive undefeated Big Ten regular season, and earned their second consecutive berth in the Big Ten Championship Game, where they defeated Wisconsin 59–0. In the first season of the College Football Playoff, Ohio State was selected as the No. 4 team, where they defeated Alabama",
"title": "2014 Ohio State Buckeyes football team"
},
{
"id": "16027184",
"text": "the Inaugural College Football Playoff. Michigan State faced Baylor in the 2015 Cotton Bowl, which was part of the new New Year's Six Bowls, where they overcame a 20-point deficit in the fourth quarter to defeat Baylor 42–41. The Spartans finished the 2013 season 13–1, 8–0 and undefeated in Big Ten play. By winning the Legends Division, they earned a trip to the Big Ten Championship Game, their second appearance in the championship game. Facing No. 2-ranked Ohio State, they defeated the Buckeyes 34–24, knocking Ohio State out of the running for the BCS National Championship Game. The Spartans received",
"title": "2014 Michigan State Spartans football team"
},
{
"id": "19223352",
"text": "on six plays, but punted with 2:04 left in the game. Tyler O'Connor was sacked on the first play by Tyquan Lewis for a loss of ten yards, the following play, Gareon Conley intercepted O'Connor's pass to seal the Buckeyes' 17–16 victory. Mike Weber was named Big Ten Freshman of the Week for his performance and for the second time this season. Statistics Following its road game against Michigan State, Ohio State faced its arch-rivals, the Michigan Wolverines, in the 113th meeting of \"The Game\". In the previous meeting, Ohio State defeated Michigan for the fourth consecutive year, winning 42–13.",
"title": "2016 Ohio State Buckeyes football team"
},
{
"id": "14519155",
"text": "to #3 Kansas in overtime on January 9, and to #2 Ohio State by 4 on January 12. By week 11's poll, which was released on January 17, the team's first three top 10 opponents were the top three ranked teams in the country in both national polls and accounted for all the first place votes in the ESPN/USA Today Coaches' Poll. On January 27, Morris led Michigan to its first win against Michigan State in East Lansing, Michigan at the Breslin Center since 1997. This was its only victory was against a ranked opponent as Michigan State was ranked",
"title": "2010–11 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team"
},
{
"id": "8379495",
"text": "2011. Michigan and Ohio State first played each other in 1897. Ohio State's victory in 2010 was vacated. The rivalry was particularly enhanced during The Ten Year War, a period in which Ohio State was coached by Woody Hayes and Michigan was coached by Bo Schembechler. Overall, the Buckeye and Wolverine football programs have combined for 19 national titles, 77 conference titles, and 10 Heisman Trophy winners. Michigan holds a 58–50–6 advantage through the 2018 season. Michigan and Michigan State first played each other in 1898. Since Michigan State joined the Big Ten Conference in 1953, the two schools have",
"title": "Michigan Wolverines football"
},
{
"id": "19223353",
"text": "In this year's game, the #2 Ohio State Buckeyes (11–1, 8–1) defeated the #3 Michigan Wolverines (10–2, 7–2) by a score of 30–27 in double overtime. After neither team scored in the first quarter, Michigan opened the scoring in the second quarter via a 28-yard field goal from Kenny Allen. Ohio State responded with a 16-yard interception return from Malik Hooker. Michigan closed the scoring in the first half via a one-yard touchdown run from Khalid Hill, which made the score 10–7 in favor of Michigan at half-time. Michigan extended their lead in the third quarter via an eight-yard touchdown",
"title": "2016 Ohio State Buckeyes football team"
},
{
"id": "6569837",
"text": "down, junior quarterback Chad Henne found senior tight end Tyler Ecker for a 16-yard touchdown with two minutes to go to cut the OSU lead to 42–37. Senior wide receiver Steve Breaston caught the two-point conversion to bring the Wolverines within a field goal. Michigan needed to recover the ensuing onside kick, but they failed to do so. The Buckeyes ran out the clock for the victory, and a trip to the BCS national championship game. Troy Smith completed 71% of his passes for 316 yards and four touchdowns, essentially clinching the Heisman trophy. Ginn caught eight passes for 104",
"title": "Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry"
},
{
"id": "15148829",
"text": "had played while ineligible. This was the first time the schools met with both having head coaches in their first season since 1929, when Harry Kipke became the head coach at Michigan and Sam Willaman became the head coach at Ohio State. Michigan defeated Ohio State for the first time in eight years, winning 40–34. Ohio State took the lead in the first quarter when Corey Brown caught a 54-yard touchdown pass from Braxton Miller. Michigan tied it up when Denard Robinson ran 41 yards for a touchdown and took the lead when Ohio State's Mike Adams committed a holding",
"title": "2011 Michigan Wolverines football team"
},
{
"id": "16074786",
"text": "State its only conference win of the season. Following the game, the team called a rare players-only meeting at the Pizza House, with fifth-year reserve Corey Person doing most of the talking. On March 3, Michigan defeated Michigan State (#9 AP/#10 Coaches) in the Ann Arbor rematch of their rivalry series as Trey Burke made 2 steals in the final 30 seconds to secure the 58–57 victory. Michigan snapped a 453-game streak with at least one made three-point shot and became the first team since February 2009 to defeat a top ten opponent without making one. On March 6, with",
"title": "2012–13 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team"
},
{
"id": "20454293",
"text": "one-yard touchdown run from Ben Mason, and a four-yard touchdown run from Joe Milton. Ohio State added 21 points via a 78-yard touchdown run from Parris Campbell, a one-yard touchdown pass from Haskins to K. J. Hill, and a 16-yard touchdown pass from Haskins to Campbell. Michigan finished as co-champions of the Big Ten East Division with an 8–1 record in conference play, for their first division title since the conference introduced divisions in 2011. This was their best conference record since going 7–1 in 2004. On December 2, Michigan was selected to play in the Peach Bowl against the",
"title": "2018 Michigan Wolverines football team"
},
{
"id": "6569839",
"text": "regular-season college football game since 1993, averaging 21.8 million viewers. The victory marked the first time in 43 years that the Buckeyes had won three consecutive games in the series. The game gained even more significance when, on the eve of the meeting, Michigan head coach and former Ohio State assistant coach Bo Schembechler died. Schembechler was honored with a video tribute at Ohio Stadium as well as a moment of silence before kickoff. Half an hour after the game ended, the Ohio Lottery PICK 4 evening drawing was 4–2–3–9, matching the final score of the game and paying out",
"title": "Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry"
},
{
"id": "4315118",
"text": "Wolverines soundly defeated Rutgers 78–0 – the third-largest margin of victory in program history, and the largest margin since 1920. Three weeks later, Michigan defeated Michigan State team on the road, for its first victory in East Lansing since 2007. They then suffered their first loss of the season to Iowa, before beating Indiana for their 10th victory; Harbaugh is one of only two coaches in program history to win 10 games in each of his first two seasons as head coach, joining Fielding H. Yost (1901–02). The regular season finished with a highly anticipated matchup against #2 Ohio State,",
"title": "Jim Harbaugh"
},
{
"id": "15236811",
"text": "They were invited to the Outback Bowl where they defeated Georgia 33–30 in three overtimes. Significantly, the Spartans were able to give 19 of their 20 true freshman redshirt years. The Spartans earned their first shutout since 2008, which was also against FAU in a 17–0 win. The Spartans were 16 seconds from their 2nd shutout of the year, but a touchdown pass put the Buckeyes on the board. Michigan State recovered the onside kick securing the victory, their first against Ohio State in 7 meetings. Mark Dantonio and his Spartans earned their fourth straight victory over arch-rival Michigan. MSU's",
"title": "2011 Michigan State Spartans football team"
},
{
"id": "6569849",
"text": "head football coach. The 2015 game in Ann Arbor marked Harbaugh's first game as a head coach in the rivalry. His Michigan team was 9–2 coming into the game and Ohio State was 10–1. For the first time since 2006, both teams were ranked in the top 10, with Ohio State at #8 and Michigan at #10. The first half was close, with Michigan scoring a touchdown shortly before halftime to narrow Ohio State's lead to 14–10. Ohio State, however, scored touchdowns on each of its first 4 possessions in the second half, while Michigan could only muster a single",
"title": "Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry"
},
{
"id": "17724999",
"text": "The safety in the fourth quarter was Michigan's first since 2011 against Ohio State. Michigan's captains for the game were Justice Hayes, Joe Kerridge, Jake Ryan, and Jarrod Wilson. Following its clash with Penn State and a bye week, Michigan traveled to East Lansing to face its in-state rival, the Michigan State Spartans. This was the second straight year Michigan faces Michigan State at Michigan State. Michigan was dominated in the previous meeting, losing 29–6. Michigan State dominated Michigan, winning 35–11. Michigan State opened the scoring in the first quarter with a two-yard touchdown run from Jeremy Langford. Michigan responded",
"title": "2014 Michigan Wolverines football team"
},
{
"id": "19223349",
"text": "a field goal in the second half, while Maryland would not reach the Buckeye-side of the field. Following a chaotic week in football, the Buckeyes would jump to #2 in both the AP and Coaches Polls following their second straight 59-point victory. Statistics The No. 2 Ohio State Buckeyes (10–1, 7–1) defeated the Michigan State Spartans (3–8, 1–7), 17–16, in East Lansing, Michigan. Michigan State received the opening kickoff and in two plays scored a 64-yard touchdown screen pass from Tyler O'Connor to LJ Scott to give the Spartans a 7–0 advantage 46 seconds into the game. Following Ohio State",
"title": "2016 Ohio State Buckeyes football team"
},
{
"id": "17041136",
"text": "Big Ten Conference play with a 4–0 record and in their first conference game, would defeat the Michigan State Spartans 17–16. A 63–38 victory over Nebraska on homecoming would give Ohio State a 6–0 record and put them in the top ten in the AP Poll. Overtime victories over Purdue and Wisconsin, along with many other close victories, would give the Buckeyes an 11–0 record heading into their annual matchup with the Michigan Wolverines. The Buckeyes defeated the Wolverines 26–21 and completed their undefeated season, the first for the program since 2002. Though Ohio State was ineligible to play in",
"title": "2013 Ohio State Buckeyes football team"
},
{
"id": "19143524",
"text": "polls following its victory over Michigan State and was ranked No. 3 in the season's first edition of the College Football Playoff (CFP) rankings. Following its loss to Iowa, Michigan fell to No. 4 in both polls, but remained at No. 3 in the CFP rankings. Michigan rose to No. 3 in the AP Poll following its victory over Indiana, and remained at No. 4 in the Coaches' Poll, and No. 3 in the CFP rankings. Radio coverage for all games was broadcast statewide on The Michigan IMG Sports Network and on Sirius XM Satellite Radio. The radio announcers are",
"title": "2016 Michigan Wolverines football team"
},
{
"id": "14782746",
"text": "for 211 yards. Following the victory, Michigan moved up to No. 4 in the AP Poll and No. 5 in the Coaches' Poll. The Wolverines then traveled to Beaver Stadium and defeated Penn State 17–10, moving up to No. 2 in the AP Poll and No. 3 in the Coaches'. After a 20–6 victory over Iowa and a 17–3 victory over Northwestern, the Wolverines moved to No. 2 in all major polls. Although a closer game than expected, Michigan finished off their non-conference schedule with a 34–26 victory over Ball State. Michigan's 34–3 win over Indiana would bring them to",
"title": "2006 Michigan vs. Ohio State football game"
},
{
"id": "15148828",
"text": "career as the Big Ten's Offensive Player of the Week, having run for two touchdowns, passed for two more, and accounted for 263 yard of total offense (180 passing yards and 83 rushing yards), more than the entire Nebraska team. Michigan improved to 4–2–1 in its all-time series against Nebraska. The Wolverines completed the regular season at home with the 108th Michigan–Ohio State rivalry game against the Ohio State Buckeyes. Ohio State won the 2010 game 37–7, but later vacated the win as part of its self-imposed sanctions after it was discovered that five players had received improper benefits and",
"title": "2011 Michigan Wolverines football team"
},
{
"id": "8379478",
"text": "opener to the Appalachian State Mountaineers. The game marked the first win by a Division I-AA team over a team ranked in the Associated Press Poll. The next week, Michigan was blown out by Oregon. Despite the early rough start, Michigan won their next eight games and went into the Ohio State game with a chance to win the Big Ten championship. However, Michigan once again fell to the Buckeyes, this time 14–3. After the game, Lloyd Carr announced that he would retire as Michigan head coach after the bowl game. In the 2008 Capital One Bowl, Carr's final game,",
"title": "Michigan Wolverines football"
},
{
"id": "16027115",
"text": "the Buckeyes 34–24, knocking Ohio State out of the running for the BCS National Championship Game. The Spartans received an invitation to the Rose Bowl, their first trip to the Rose Bowl since 1988. There they defeated No. 5-ranked Stanford for the school's first Rose Bowl win since 1988. Michigan State's 2012 campaign was a letdown from the 2011 season. That year the Spartans went 11–3, continued a two-year undefeated streak at home, advanced to the inaugural Big Ten Championship Game, defeated SEC powerhouse Georgia in the Outback Bowl, and ended the season ranked No. 10/11 in the Polls. However,",
"title": "2013 Michigan State Spartans football team"
},
{
"id": "12692912",
"text": "the 1958–59 seasons. The Wolverines' record fell to 5–6; they needed to win next week to become bowl eligibile. In the last game of the season, Michigan hosted their archrivals the No. 9 nationally ranked Ohio State Buckeyes, in the 106th meeting between the two teams. Ohio State scored first when Michigan QB Forcier fumbled while scrambling in the end zone; the ball was recovered by Ohio State's Cameron Heyward for a TD. Michigan's only score of the first half was a 46-yard field goal. Ohio State's Brandon Saine ran in a 29-yard TD late in the second quarter to",
"title": "2009 Michigan Wolverines football team"
},
{
"id": "2199976",
"text": "and leading them out of a close game against Indiana, 34–31, heading into the regular season's final game, winners of three straight, earning him the moniker of \"Comeback Kid\". Michigan concluded the regular season against Ohio State; this was a dramatic game with a trip to the Orange Bowl on the line. With five minutes left, tied 17–17, Brady led Michigan to the winning score. He led Michigan to an overtime win in the Orange Bowl over Alabama, throwing for 369 yards, four touchdowns, leading the team back from a pair of 14-point deficits in regulation (14–0 in the first",
"title": "Tom Brady"
},
{
"id": "6913076",
"text": "for the 2013 World University Games. In the 2013 NCAA Tournament, fourth-seeded Michigan defeated South Dakota State, 71–56. in its South Regional opening game, and in so doing the team matched Beilein's career high with 27 wins. Michigan then surpassed this record, and continued to advance, by defeating fifth-seeded Virginia Commonwealth, 78–53 and top-seeded Kansas, 87–85 before beating third-seeded Florida 79–59 to send Michigan to the Final Four for the first time since 1993. In the 2013 Final Four, the Wolverines defeated East region champion Syracuse, 61–56, to advance to the national championship game against Louisville, which they lost, 82–76.",
"title": "John Beilein"
},
{
"id": "8379487",
"text": "well as losses to Nebraska and Ohio State to finish the regular season. Michigan was selected to participate in the 2013 Outback Bowl, where they fell to South Carolina by a 33–28 score. In the 2013 campaign, Michigan finished with a 7–6 record, including a 3–5 record in Big Ten play and a loss to Kansas State in the Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl 31-14. On December 2, 2014, Hoke was fired as the head coach after four seasons following a 5–7 record in 2014. This marked only the third season since 1975 in which Michigan missed a bowl game. Hoke",
"title": "Michigan Wolverines football"
},
{
"id": "14782769",
"text": "(the seventh in school history), the Walter Camp Award, the Davey O'Brien Award, and was named the Associated Press Player of the Year. Laurinaitis also received the Bronko Nagurski Trophy for best defensive player. The Buckeyes' finished the season with a 41–14 loss to Florida in the BCS National Championship Game and were ranked No. 2 in both the final AP and Coaches' poll. 2006 Michigan vs. Ohio State football game The 2006 Michigan vs. Ohio State game was a regular-season college football game between the unbeaten Michigan Wolverines (ranked No. 2 in the nation) and the unbeaten Ohio State",
"title": "2006 Michigan vs. Ohio State football game"
},
{
"id": "17936489",
"text": "to Michigan State. On February 22, Michigan ended its losing streak by defeating (#24/#23) Ohio State. On February 28, Michigan ended February with a loss to (#14/#14) Maryland in the first Big Ten Conference game between the two teams and Senior night for Maryland. On March 3, Michigan tied a school record with its fifth overtime game of the season (the first multiple overtime game since March 20, 2006) against Northwestern on Northwestern's Senior night. Michigan gave up last second game-tying three-point shots by Tre Demps in both regulation and the first overtime before losing in double overtime, despite career-high",
"title": "2014–15 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team"
},
{
"id": "15897465",
"text": "in the polls. The wins in the streak included a win at No. 23 Gonzaga. The Spartans finished the non-conference schedule at 11–2 and ranked No. 16 in the country. The winning streak continued in Big Ten play with wins over No. 13 Indiana, and at No. 11 Wisconsin. MSU also beat No. 23 Michigan, No. 3 Ohio State, and No. 15 Wisconsin at Breslin Center. A loss in the regular season finale at home to No. 10 Ohio State meant the Spartans would share the Big Ten regular season championship with Ohio State and Michigan, all of which finished",
"title": "2011–12 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team"
},
{
"id": "19193963",
"text": "Dantonio and the school's first losing season since 2006. As a result, the team was not bowl eligible. The Spartans had only lost five games in the three prior years combined, but had reached five losses by their seventh game. The Spartans finished 2015 season 12–2, 7–1 in Big Ten play to share the East Division championship with Ohio State. Due to their head-to-head win over Ohio State, they represented the East Division in the Big Ten Championship Game where they defeated West Division champion Iowa to become Big Ten Champions. They finished the season No. 3 in the College",
"title": "2016 Michigan State Spartans football team"
},
{
"id": "10838423",
"text": "the AP Poll the week after they were in the top 10. In their next game, Michigan lost to Oregon 39–7, the largest margin of defeat for Michigan at Michigan Stadium since 1968. Following the loss to Oregon, Michigan won their next eight games, leading the team to rank as high as No. 13 in the AP Poll. After Michigan lost their final two games, ending the regular season with an 8–4 record, they dropped off the poll entirely. After Michigan's season-ending loss to Ohio State, Carr announced he would retire as the team's coach after their bowl game. The",
"title": "2007 Appalachian State vs. Michigan football game"
},
{
"id": "18781064",
"text": "for the first time since 2014–15. With the win, John Beilein earned his 750th career win. On January 1, Michigan lost to Iowa 83–86 in overtime in its Big Ten conference opener. Wilson posted his third career double-double of the season with a career-high 28 points and 14 rebounds. On January 4, Michigan defeated Penn State 72–69. Michigan trailed 29–36, at halftime, and Penn State led by as many as 14 points in the second half, before the Wolverines outscored the Nittany Lions 32–15, over the final 12-plus minutes of the game for the comeback win. With the win, head",
"title": "2016–17 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team"
},
{
"id": "19828814",
"text": "the fourth quarter via a 59-yard touchdown run from Higdon. Indiana responded with ten points in the fourth quarter via an eight-yard touchdown pass from Peyton Ramsey to Whop Philyor, and a field goal from Oakes as time expired to tie the game and force overtime. In overtime, Michigan scored via a 25-yard touchdown run from Higdon to win the game. The win marked Michigan's 500th in Big Ten conference play, becoming the first Big Ten team to reach the milestone. Following its clash with Indiana, Michigan traveled to University Park, Pennsylvania to face the Penn State Nittany Lions. A",
"title": "2017 Michigan Wolverines football team"
},
{
"id": "6569840",
"text": "up to $5,000 per winner, for a total payout of $2.2 million. Following the game, there was a chance of a rematch in the 2007 BCS National Championship Game, but Florida was chosen over Michigan to be Ohio State's opponent. Lloyd Carr retired as coach at Michigan following the 2007 season and another loss to Ohio State. Tressel had compiled a 6–1 record against Carr's Michigan teams, leaving Carr with a 6–7 career record against Ohio State. In December 2007, Michigan hired West Virginia head coach Rich Rodriguez to take over the football program. Rodriguez, known for his expertise in",
"title": "Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry"
},
{
"id": "16929426",
"text": "on December 27 that he would have back surgery. The following day Michigan defeated Holy Cross 88–66, with Robinson posting a career-high 23 points. In the January 2 Big Ten Conference opener against Minnesota, Michigan won its fifth consecutive game against Minnesota and its fifth consecutive game at the Williams Arena. After winning two games by a combined 50 points last year, Michigan beat Northwestern 74–51 to mark its sixth straight victory over the Wildcats. The team gave Nebraska its first loss in the new Pinnacle Bank Arena on January 9, its first five-game win streak since the 2013 NCAA",
"title": "2013–14 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team"
},
{
"id": "19828825",
"text": "Ohio State responded with 14 points in the second quarter via a 21-yard touchdown run from J. T. Barrett, and a 25-yard touchdown pass from Barrett to Marcus Baugh to tie the game at half-time. Michigan regained the lead in the third quarter via a two-yard touchdown run from Karan Higdon. Ohio State responded with a one-yard touchdown run from J. K. Dobbins, giving them their first lead of the game. Ohio State scored 10 points in the fourth quarter via a 44-yard field goal from Sean Nuernberger, and a 25-yard touchdown run from Mike Weber. Michigan's honorary captains for",
"title": "2017 Michigan Wolverines football team"
},
{
"id": "15815648",
"text": "late November, Michigan lost to Virginia 70–58. In its next game, Michigan defeated Iowa State 76–66. On December 10, 2011, Michigan beat Oakland 90–80, its highest-scoring game since beating 97–50 on November 14, 2009. It was also Michigan's first game since 2002 with three 20-point scorers (Hardaway, Burke and Evan Smotrycz). Burke earned his second Freshman of the Week honor on December 12 after scoring a season-high 20 points and nine assists in the game. On the same day, Michigan was the highest-rated Big Ten team in the Ratings Percentage Index, although the team trailed several schools in the national",
"title": "2011–12 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team"
},
{
"id": "9902025",
"text": "lose in the Tournament, falling to No. 17 and No. 4-seeded Louisville. MSU began the 2012–13 season 11–2 and ranked No. 18 in the country. The Spartans remained ranked the entire year while finishing tied for second in the Big Ten with Ohio State, with a 13–5 conference record and ranked No. 10 in the country. As the No. 3 seed in the Big Ten Tournament, they beat Iowa in the quarterfinals, but fell to eventual tournament champion, Ohio State, in the semifinals. The Spartans received a No. 3 seed in the NCAA Tournament, their 16th straight appearance in the",
"title": "Michigan State Spartans men's basketball"
},
{
"id": "17737418",
"text": "and was carted off of the field, not returning for the remainder of the game. On Michigan's ensuing possession, the Buckeye defense sacked Gardner, with Joey Bosa forcing a fumble, which was returned 33 yards by Darron Lee for a touchdown, which gave Ohio State a 42–21 lead. Michigan scored on their next offensive possession, on a touchdown pass from Gardner to Freddy Canteen making the score 42–28. Ohio State was able to run out the clock on their next possession, securing their third straight victory over the Wolverines' and a third consecutive undefeated Big Ten regular season. Following the",
"title": "2014 Ohio State Buckeyes football team"
},
{
"id": "14782750",
"text": "defeated Michigan State the next week in Spartan Stadium 38–7, with the Buckeyes defense controlling much of the game. Blowout victories over Indiana and Minnesota would be followed by a 17–10 victory over Illinois for the Illibuck trophy. A 54–10 victory over Northwestern the following week gave the Buckeyes an 11–0 record heading into the rivalry game, with their ranking remaining consistent at No. 1 in all major polls. Quarterback Troy Smith entered the game against Michigan with 2,191 passing yards and 26 touchdown passes, while also leading the Heisman Trophy debate. Ted Ginn Jr. and Anthony Gonzalez led the",
"title": "2006 Michigan vs. Ohio State football game"
},
{
"id": "6569820",
"text": "AP Poll before their matchup. The Wolverines entered every game during those years undefeated and won only once, a 10–7 victory in Ann Arbor on November 20, 1971. The Michigan graduating class of 1975 shared or won the Big Ten championship every season, yet went to the Rose Bowl only once, in 1972. They only lost or tied with Ohio State during the regular season in that period. In 1973, both teams entered undefeated, with the winner guaranteed a trip to the Rose Bowl. The rivals played to a 10–10 tie in Ann Arbor on November 24, and the athletic",
"title": "Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry"
},
{
"id": "19143545",
"text": "Illinois to 172 total yards, and without a passing yard in the first half. This was the fourth straight game that Michigan has held an opponent to less than 200 yards. After its homecoming game against Illinois, Michigan traveled to East Lansing to face its in-state rival, the Michigan State Spartans, for the Paul Bunyan Trophy. Michigan State defeated Michigan 27–23 in the previous season after returning a fumbled snap for a touchdown with no time remaining in the game. Michigan defeated Michigan State, 32–23, for its first win against the Spartans since 2012 and its first win at Spartan",
"title": "2016 Michigan Wolverines football team"
},
{
"id": "6569808",
"text": "lopsided victory for Michigan, with the Wolverines posting a 34–0 win over Ohio State's Buckeyes. The teams did not meet in 1898 or 1899, but played again in 1900. The first game foretold a long Michigan winning streak, with Michigan winning or tying every game from 1897 to 1912 and thereby compiling a 12–0–2 record before the contest was postponed for several years. The Ohio State Alma Mater \"Carmen Ohio\" was written on the train ride home to Columbus following the 1902 contest, which saw Ohio State lose to Michigan 86–0. The lyrics and melody (Spanish Chant) have remained largely",
"title": "Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry"
},
{
"id": "16027169",
"text": "face the Legends division champion Michigan State Spartans in the Big Ten Championship Game. Michigan State made its second appearance in the conference championship game, having lost to Wisconsin in the inaugural title game. A lot was on the line, as Ohio State came into the game on a 24-game winning streak and was ranked No. 2 in the BCS standings. With a win, Ohio State was practically guaranteed a spot in the 2014 BCS National Championship Game. In Michigan State's case, they were seeking their first BCS bowl bid ever. The Spartans were also seeking their first Rose Bowl",
"title": "2013 Michigan State Spartans football team"
},
{
"id": "11201646",
"text": "short of the goal line, and two points short of an undefeated season. When Michigan and Ohio State met in Columbus, Ohio on November 21, 1964, both teams were in the Top 10 in the national rankings. Michigan had not beaten Ohio State since 1959. Michigan won 10–0, as Ohio native Timberlake was responsible for all ten points, including a 17-yard touchdown pass to Jim Detwiler and a fourth-quarter, 27-yard field goal to clinch the game. The Wolverines (ranked No. 4) advanced to the Rose Bowl where they defeated Tommy Prothro's Oregon State Beavers, 34–7, on New Year's Day. Prior",
"title": "Bob Timberlake (American football)"
},
{
"id": "19111030",
"text": "Marquette's 43-yard line to set up the winning touchdown. On November 10, Ohio State (ranked No. 7 in the AP Poll) defeated Indiana, 35–14, before a crowd of 82,073 at Ohio Stadium in Columbus. The victory was Ohio State's 17th in a row against conference opponents, setting a new conference record. The Buckeyes also broke the Big Ten single-game record with 465 rushing yards against the Hoosiers. On November 17, Michigan defeated Indiana, 49–26, before a crowd of 58,515 at Michigan Stadium in Ann Arbor. Michigan led, 35–0, at halftime and gained for 427 yards (275 rushing, 142 passing) in",
"title": "1956 Indiana Hoosiers football team"
},
{
"id": "17737404",
"text": "62 Illibuck Trophies since it was established in 1925. In a rematch of the 2013 Big Ten Championship Game, Ohio State defeated the Michigan State Spartans 49–37 in East Lansing. Ohio State received the opening kickoff and drove 45 yards in nine plays and failed to score after a missed field goal from Sean Nuernberger. Michigan State scored the first points of the game on their first drive off of a 15-yard touchdown pass from Connor Cook to Keith Mumphery. The Buckeyes responded on their ensuing possession, tying the game at 7–7 after a touchdown run from J.T. Barrett. A",
"title": "2014 Ohio State Buckeyes football team"
},
{
"id": "20454283",
"text": "0-for-12 during the game. The seven points scored by Michigan State were the fewest in a rivalry game against Michigan since 2002, when Michigan won 49–3. Karan Higdon finished the game with 139 rushing yards, his sixth consecutive game surpassing 100-yards. With the win, Michigan snapped a 17 game losing streak to ranked opponents on the road. They went into their bye week with a 7–1 record. After facing in-state rival Michigan State and having a bye week, Michigan hosted the Penn State Nittany Lions. Michigan won in a blowout, 42–7. Michigan opened the scoring in the first quarter via",
"title": "2018 Michigan Wolverines football team"
},
{
"id": "20068369",
"text": "while Cassius Winston only had two assists to go along with four turnovers. Michigan pulled away for the 82–72 win, marking MSU's second loss in the previous three games. Miles Bridges and Jaren Jackson Jr. each had 19 to lead the Spartans, but it was not enough as Michigan big man Moritz Wagner scored 27. The loss dropped MSU to 4–2 in conference and two games behind conference leaders, Purdue and Ohio State. After a week off, the Spartans returned to play on January 19 against Indiana in East Lansing. The Spartans appeared to return to form as they dominated",
"title": "2017–18 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team"
},
{
"id": "15148831",
"text": "Michigan's Will Hagerup at the end of the third quarter, Drew Basil kicked a 21-yard field goal early in the fourth quarter. Michigan responded with a four-yard touchdown catch by Kevin Koger, and Daniel Herron ran for an Ohio State touchdown from four yards out. Michigan scored the final points of the game on a career-long 43-yard field goal by Brendan Gibbons. The Wolverines sealed the victory when Courtney Avery intercepted a Braxton Miller pass with 39 seconds remaining. Denard Robinson completed 14 of 17 passes for 167 yards and three touchdowns and rushed for 170 yards and two touchdowns.",
"title": "2011 Michigan Wolverines football team"
},
{
"id": "17508499",
"text": "at 12–6. Michigan State finished the regular season at 23–8 overall and ranked No. 22 in the country. The Spartans, finally healthy and at full strength, beat Northwestern, No. 12 Wisconsin, and No. 8 Michigan to capture the Big Ten Tournament championship. This marked Michigan State's fourth tournament championship, tying them with Ohio State for the conference record. As a result, MSU earned the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament for the 17th consecutive year. Michigan State received the No. 4 seed in the East Region. With wins against Delaware and Harvard, they advanced to the Sweet Sixteen for",
"title": "2013–14 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team"
},
{
"id": "9222071",
"text": "ankle, Michigan's performance was unimpressive compared to its undefeated peers who won by wide margins: Florida State defeated Wake Forest 58–7 and Nebraska defeated Iowa State 77–14. Also, week 11 opponent Ohio State, defeated Illinois 41–6. Florida State's win gave it its record-setting 11th straight 10-win season. The game marked the first time in its last four attempts that Michigan won a football game while ranked number one in the AP Poll. Michigan had 204 rushing yards and 282 passing yards with no turnovers. Wisconsin totaled 235 yards. Griese had one touchdown and 254 yards on 19 of 26 passing.",
"title": "1997 Michigan Wolverines football team"
},
{
"id": "20522532",
"text": "Dame in the National Semifinals after captain Jake Evans scored the game-winning goal with six seconds remaining. When the team reached the Frozen Four it marked the sixth time a school had reached the final four of the NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Championship and NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament in the same season: Michigan (1964, 1992*, 1993* and 2018) and Michigan State (1999 and 2001). During the 2016–17 ice hockey season Michigan went 13–19–3, including 6–12–2 in Big Ten Play. Michigan lost in the first round of the 2017 Big Ten Men's Ice Hockey Tournament to eventual tournament winner",
"title": "2017–18 Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey season"
},
{
"id": "16103927",
"text": "in the 109th meeting of \"The Game\". Michigan snapped its seven-game losing streak to the Buckeyes the previous year, winning 40–34. Michigan lost 26–21 after leading 21–20 at halftime, ensuring they would not have a share of the Legends Division title. Ohio State opened the scoring on its opening drive with a three-yard touchdown run from Carlos Hyde. Michigan responded later in the first quarter with a 75-yard touchdown pass from Devin Gardner to Roy Roundtree. Ohio State responded with a 37-yard field goal from Drew Basil and led 10–7 after one quarter. Michigan took the lead in the second",
"title": "2012 Michigan Wolverines football team"
},
{
"id": "6569834",
"text": "Buckeyes defeated the heavily favored 9–1 Wolverines, 37–21, behind the leadership of quarterback Troy Smith and true freshman receiver Ted Ginn, Jr. The Buckeyes added another win in the 2005 game by overcoming a 21–12 deficit with less than eight minutes in the game. In the closing minutes of the game, the Buckeye offense scored two touchdowns to claim a 25–21 victory. Smith threw for 300 yards and completed 73% of his passes. Ginn had a game high nine catches for 89 yards. On November 18, 2006, Ohio State and Michigan met for their annual showdown, each carrying an 11–0",
"title": "Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry"
}
] | when is the last time michigan beat ohio state |
[
"100"
] | [
{
"id": "13949275",
"text": "Hectare The hectare (; SI symbol: ha) is an SI accepted metric system unit of area equal to a square with 100-metre sides, or 10,000 m, and is primarily used in the measurement of land. There are 100 hectares in one square kilometre. An acre is about 0.405 hectare and one hectare contains about 2.47 acres. In 1795, when the metric system was introduced, the \"are\" was defined as 100 :square metres and the hectare (\"hecto-\" + \"are\") was thus 100 \"ares\" or km. When the metric system was further rationalised in 1960, resulting in the International System of Units",
"title": "Hectare"
},
{
"id": "13949283",
"text": "in bold. One hectare is also equivalent to: Hectare The hectare (; SI symbol: ha) is an SI accepted metric system unit of area equal to a square with 100-metre sides, or 10,000 m, and is primarily used in the measurement of land. There are 100 hectares in one square kilometre. An acre is about 0.405 hectare and one hectare contains about 2.47 acres. In 1795, when the metric system was introduced, the \"are\" was defined as 100 :square metres and the hectare (\"hecto-\" + \"are\") was thus 100 \"ares\" or km. When the metric system was further rationalised in",
"title": "Hectare"
},
{
"id": "17601",
"text": "Acre The acre is a unit of land area used in the imperial and US customary systems. It is traditionally defined as the area of one chain by one furlong (66 by 660 feet), which is exactly equal to 10 square chains, of a square mile, or 43,560 square feet, and approximately 4,047 m, or about 40% of a hectare. The acre is a statute measure in the United States and was formerly one in the United Kingdom and almost all countries of the former British Empire, although informal use continues. The international symbol of the acre is ac. In",
"title": "Acre"
},
{
"id": "17614",
"text": "Prairie Provinces and the US Midwest are on square-mile grids for surveying purposes. Acre The acre is a unit of land area used in the imperial and US customary systems. It is traditionally defined as the area of one chain by one furlong (66 by 660 feet), which is exactly equal to 10 square chains, of a square mile, or 43,560 square feet, and approximately 4,047 m, or about 40% of a hectare. The acre is a statute measure in the United States and was formerly one in the United Kingdom and almost all countries of the former British Empire,",
"title": "Acre"
},
{
"id": "17609",
"text": "American football field. To be more exact, one acre is 90.75% of a 100-yd-long by 53.33-yd-wide American football field (without the end zone). The full field, including the end zones, covers about . For residents of other countries, the acre might be envisioned as rather more than half of a Association football (soccer) pitch. It may also be remembered as 1% short of 44,000 square feet. The word \"acre\" is derived from Old English originally meaning \"open field\", cognate to west coast Norwegian and Swedish , German , Dutch , Latin , Sanskrit , and Greek (). In English, it",
"title": "Acre"
},
{
"id": "17606",
"text": "it is usually not important which one is being discussed. Areas are seldom measured with sufficient accuracy for the different definitions to be detectable. The acre is commonly used in a number of current and former Commonwealth countries by custom, and in a few it continues as a statutory measure for legal transactions. These include Antigua and Barbuda, American Samoa, The Bahamas, Belize, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, Canada, Dominica, the Falkland Islands, Grenada, Ghana, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Jamaica, Montserrat, Samoa, Saint Lucia, St. Helena, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Turks and",
"title": "Acre"
},
{
"id": "17603",
"text": "all modern variants of the acre contain 4,840 square yards, there are alternative definitions of a yard, so the exact size of an acre depends on which yard it is based. Originally, an acre was understood as a selion of land sized at forty perches (660 ft, or 1 furlong) long and four perches (66 ft) wide; this may have also been understood as an approximation of the amount of land a yoke of oxen could plough in one day. A square enclosing one acre is approximately 69.57 yards, or 208 feet 9 inches () on a side. As a",
"title": "Acre"
},
{
"id": "10268040",
"text": "to (a square 100 metres on each side or 328 feet on each side), 2.471 acres, 0.01 square kilometers, 0.00386102 square miles, or one square hectometre (100 metres squared). Global hectare The global hectare (gha) is a measurement unit for the ecological footprint of people or activities and the biocapacity of the earth or its regions. One global hectare is the world's annual amount of biological production for human use and human waste assimilation, per hectare of biologically productive land and fisheries. It measures production and consumption of different products. It starts with the total biological production and waste assimilation",
"title": "Global hectare"
},
{
"id": "13949282",
"text": "United States, Burma, and to some extent Canada use the acre instead. Some countries that underwent a general conversion from traditional measurements to metric measurements (e.g. Canada) required a resurvey when units of measure in legal descriptions relating to land were converted to metric units. Others, such as South Africa, published conversion factors which were to be used particularly \"when preparing consolidation diagrams by compilation\". In many countries, metrication redefined or clarified existing measures in terms of metric units. The following legacy units of area have been redefined as being equal to one hectare: The most commonly used units are",
"title": "Hectare"
},
{
"id": "17602",
"text": "the United States both the international acre and the US survey acre are in use, but they differ by only two parts per million: see below. The most common use of the acre is to measure tracts of land. The acre, based upon the International yard and pound agreement of 1959, is defined as exactly square metres. Traditionally, in the Middle Ages, an acre was defined as the area of land that could be ploughed in one day by a \"yoke\" of oxen. One acre equals (0.0015625) square mile, 4,840 square yards, 43,560 square feet or about (see below). While",
"title": "Acre"
},
{
"id": "10268036",
"text": "Global hectare The global hectare (gha) is a measurement unit for the ecological footprint of people or activities and the biocapacity of the earth or its regions. One global hectare is the world's annual amount of biological production for human use and human waste assimilation, per hectare of biologically productive land and fisheries. It measures production and consumption of different products. It starts with the total biological production and waste assimilation in the world, including crops, forests (both wood production and CO2 absorption), grazing and fishing. The total of these kinds of production, weighted by the richness of the land",
"title": "Global hectare"
},
{
"id": "13949281",
"text": "names of traditional land measures are usually used, redefined as one decare: The hectare (), although not a unit of SI, is the only named unit of area that is accepted for use within the SI. In practice the hectare is fully derived from the SI, being equivalent to a square hectometre. It is widely used throughout the world for the measurement of large areas of land, and it is the legal unit of measure in domains concerned with land ownership, planning, and management, including law (land deeds), agriculture, forestry, and town planning throughout the European Union. The United Kingdom,",
"title": "Hectare"
},
{
"id": "13949276",
"text": "(), the \"are\" was not included as a recognised unit. The hectare, however, remains as a non-SI unit accepted for use with the SI units, mentioned in Section 4.1 of the SI Brochure as a unit whose use is \"expected to continue indefinitely\". The name was coined in French, from the Latin \"ārea\". The metric system of measurement was first given a legal basis in 1795 by the French Revolutionary government. The law of 18 Germinal, Year III (7 April 1795) defined five units of measure: In 1960, when the metric system was updated as the International System of Units",
"title": "Hectare"
},
{
"id": "13949279",
"text": "class indicator. The names \"centiare\", \"deciare\", \"decare\" and \"hectare\" are derived by adding the standard metric prefixes to the original base unit of area, the \"are\". The centiare is one square metre. The deciare is ten square metres. The are ( or ) is a unit of area, equal to 100 square metres (), used for measuring land area. It was defined by older forms of the metric system, but is now outside the modern International System of Units (SI). It is still commonly used in colloquial speech to measure real estate, in particular in Indonesia, India, and in various",
"title": "Hectare"
},
{
"id": "17607",
"text": "Caicos, the United Kingdom, the United States and the US Virgin Islands. In India, residential plots are measured in square feet while agricultural land is measured in acres. In Sri Lanka, the division of an acre into 160 perches or 4 roods is common. Its use as a primary unit for trade in the United Kingdom ceased to be permitted from 1 October 1995, due to the 1994 amendment of the Weights and Measures Act, where it was replaced by the hectare though its use as a supplementary unit continues to be permitted indefinitely. This was with exemption of Land",
"title": "Acre"
},
{
"id": "12826",
"text": "hectare is still commonly used to measure land: Other uncommon metric units of area include the tetrad, the hectad, and the myriad. The acre is also commonly used to measure land areas, where An acre is approximately 40% of a hectare. On the atomic scale, area is measured in units of barns, such that: The barn is commonly used in describing the cross-sectional area of interaction in nuclear physics. In India, In the 5th century BCE, Hippocrates of Chios was the first to show that the area of a disk (the region enclosed by a circle) is proportional to the",
"title": "Area"
},
{
"id": "17604",
"text": "unit of measure, an acre has no prescribed shape; any area of 43,560 square feet is an acre. In the international yard and pound agreement of 1959 the United States and five countries of the Commonwealth of Nations defined the international yard to be exactly 0.9144 metres. By inference, an \"international acre\" may be declared as exactly square metres but it does not have a basis in any international agreement. Both the international acre and the US survey acre contain of a square mile or 4,840 square yards, but alternative definitions of a yard are used (see survey foot and",
"title": "Acre"
},
{
"id": "17608",
"text": "registration, which records the sale and possession of land, in 2010 HM Land Registry ended its exemption. The measure is still used to communicate with the public, and informally (non-contract) by the farming and property industries. 1 international acre is equal to the following metric units: 1 United States survey acre is equal to: 1 acre (both variants) is equal to the following customary units: Perhaps the easiest way for US residents to envision an acre is as a rectangle measuring 88 yards by 55 yards ( of 880 yards by of 880 yards), about the size of a standard",
"title": "Acre"
},
{
"id": "17612",
"text": "subsequently the United Kingdom, by acts of: Historically, the size of farms and landed estates in the United Kingdom was usually expressed in acres (or acres, roods, and perches), even if the number of acres was so large that it might conveniently have been expressed in square miles. For example, a certain landowner might have been said to own 32,000 acres of land, not 50 square miles of land. The acre is related to the square mile, with 640 acres making up one square mile. One mile is 5280 feet (1760 yards). In western Canada and the western United States,",
"title": "Acre"
},
{
"id": "3590618",
"text": "(1,000,000,000 m, or 1000 GL), with 1000 TAF or 1 million acre-feet approximately equalling 1.233 km. Acre-foot The acre-foot is a unit of volume commonly used in the United States in reference to large-scale water resources, such as reservoirs, aqueducts, canals, sewer flow capacity, irrigation water, and river flows. As the name suggests, an acre-foot is defined as the volume of one acre of surface area to a depth of one foot. Since an acre is defined as a chain by a furlong (i.e. ), an acre-foot is . There are two definitions of an acre-foot (differing by about 0.0006%),",
"title": "Acre-foot"
},
{
"id": "17605",
"text": "survey yard), so the exact size of an acre depends upon which yard it is based. The US survey acre is about square metres; its exact value ( m) is based on an inch defined by 1 metre = 39.37 inches exactly, as established by the Mendenhall Order. Surveyors in the United States use both international and survey feet, and consequently, both varieties of acre. Since the difference between the US survey acre and international acre is only about a quarter of the size of an A4 sheet of paper (0.016 square metres, 160 square centimetres or 24.8 square inches),",
"title": "Acre"
},
{
"id": "3590615",
"text": "Acre-foot The acre-foot is a unit of volume commonly used in the United States in reference to large-scale water resources, such as reservoirs, aqueducts, canals, sewer flow capacity, irrigation water, and river flows. As the name suggests, an acre-foot is defined as the volume of one acre of surface area to a depth of one foot. Since an acre is defined as a chain by a furlong (i.e. ), an acre-foot is . There are two definitions of an acre-foot (differing by about 0.0006%), depending on whether the \"foot\" used is an \"international foot\" or a \"U.S. survey foot\". As",
"title": "Acre-foot"
},
{
"id": "17500264",
"text": "Cuerda The term \"cuerda\" (and \"Spanish acre\") refers to various units of measurement in some Spanish-speaking regions, including Spain, Puerto Rico, Guatemala, Cuba, and Paraguay. Cuerda is a unit of area, volume, and distance (length), depending on the country of use. In Puerto Rico, a \"cuerda\" is a traditional unit of land area nearly equivalent to 3,930 square meters, or 4,700 square yards, 0.971 acre, or 0.393 hectare (ha). The precise conversion is 1 cuerda = 3,930.395625 m. The term \"Spanish acre\" instead has been used sometimes by mainlanders. A cuerda and an acre have often been treated as equal",
"title": "Cuerda"
},
{
"id": "12773196",
"text": "Jerib The jerib or djerib is a traditional unit of land measurement in the Middle East and southwestern Asia. It is a unit of area used to measure land holdings (real property) in much the way that an acre or hectare are. Like most traditional units of measure, the jerib originally varied substantially from one location to another. However, in the twentieth century, the jerib has been regionally, if not uniformly defined. In many countries where it was traditionally used, it is equated with the hectare, for example in Turkey and Iran. In Afghanistan, however, it is standardized at .",
"title": "Jerib"
},
{
"id": "7645049",
"text": "Marla (unit) A marla is a unit of area used in the Indian subcontinent. The marla is a traditional unit of area that is used in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The marla was standardized under British rule to be equal to the square rod, or 272.25 square feet, 30.25 square yards, or 25.2929 square metres. As such, it was exactly one 160th of an acre. The definition of marla varies between India and Pakistan. In India, the unit was standardized to 25 square yards. Its use in India is in decline, with the guz, square meter, acre and hectare being",
"title": "Marla (unit)"
},
{
"id": "10268038",
"text": "although only for a relatively short period of time. Due to rapid population growth, these reserves are being depleted at an ever increasing tempo. See Earth Overshoot Day. Opponents and defenders of the concept have discussed its strengths and weaknesses. The global hectare is a useful measure of biocapacity as it can convert things like human dietary requirements into common units, which can show how many people a certain region on earth can sustain, assuming current technologies and agricultural methods. It can be used as a way of determining the relative carrying capacity of the earth. Different hectares of land",
"title": "Global hectare"
},
{
"id": "10064800",
"text": "Ngan A ngan (, , ) is a unit of area, equal to 400 square metres (20 m × 20 m), used for measuring land or property area. Its current size is precisely derived from the metre, but is neither part of nor recognized by the modern metric system, the International System (SI). The ngan equals 1/4 rai or 100 tarang wa () \"aka\" square wa (), very nearly 1/10 of an acre. \"Ngan\" also means \"work\". It is commonly used in Thailand and equals four are, another unit based on the metre and as commonly used in several countries",
"title": "Ngan"
},
{
"id": "9961023",
"text": "encouraged. The word \"rai\" also means plantation. Rai (unit) A rai (, ) is a unit of area equal to 1,600 square metres (16 ares, 0.16 hectares, 0.3954 acres), and is used in measuring land area for a cadastre or cadastral map. Its current size is precisely derived from the metre, but is neither part of nor recognized by the modern metric system, the International System (SI). The rai is defined as 1 square \"sen\" or (40 m × 40 m). It can be divided in four \"ngaan\" or 400 square \"wa\". It is commonly used in Thailand. Although recognized",
"title": "Rai (unit)"
},
{
"id": "17611",
"text": "and one furlong. A long, narrow strip of land is more efficient to plough than a square plot, since the plough does not have to be turned so often. The word \"furlong\" itself derives from the fact that it is one furrow long. Before the enactment of the metric system, many countries in Europe used their own official acres. These were differently sized in different countries: for instance, the historical French acre was 4,221 square metres, whereas in Germany there were many variants of \"acre\", differing between the German states: Statutory values for the acre were enacted in England, and",
"title": "Acre"
},
{
"id": "6864350",
"text": "state have different sizes attributed to the bigha. It is usually less than one standard acre (43,560 square feet or 4,047 square metre) but can extend up to 3 acres (1.2 hectare). Bigha is a traditional unit of land in entire Bangladesh, with land purchases still being undertaken in this unit. One bigha is equal to 1,600 square yard as standardized in pre-partition Bengal during the British rule. In other words, 3 bigha are just 60.5 katha/360 sq ft short of 1 acre. Measurements of area in terms of bigha A Bigha is a customary unit of measurement in Nepal,",
"title": "Bigha"
},
{
"id": "9747527",
"text": "ft². 20 Kathas equals 1 Bigha. One katha is further subdivided in 20 dhur. One dhur is further subdivided in 20 dhurki. 1 hectare= 2.4712 acre or 4 bighas approx; 1 acre = 1.6 bighas or 32 kathas; 1 bigha = 20 kathas; 1 katha = 20 dhoor; 1 dhoor = 6.25 or 6.5 haath; 1 katha = 1.65decimal. 1 decimal in Bihar equals to 435.56 sq feet. In Assam 1 Kattha is generally equal to 2880ft². In West Bengal 1 katha is equal to 720ft² In Bangladesh, one kattha is standardized to , and 20 katha equals 1 bigha.",
"title": "Katha (unit)"
},
{
"id": "12773197",
"text": "The jerib was roughly equivalent to the other customary land measures in south Asia and the Middle East, the Indian \"bigha\" and the Sumerian \"iku\", varying between . The word is obviously not derived from Arabic. The royal enclosure at Isfahan in Iran was named \"Hazar Jerib\" for the expanse of irrigated acreage, namely 1000 jeribs. Jerib The jerib or djerib is a traditional unit of land measurement in the Middle East and southwestern Asia. It is a unit of area used to measure land holdings (real property) in much the way that an acre or hectare are. Like most",
"title": "Jerib"
},
{
"id": "2829762",
"text": "Rod (unit) The rod or perch or pole is a surveyor’s tool and unit of length exactly equal to yards, 16 feet, of a statute mile or one-fourth of a surveyor's chain (approximately 5.0292 meters). The rod is useful as a unit of length because whole number multiples of it can form one acre of square measure. The 'perfect acre' is a rectangular area of 43,560 square feet, bounded by sides of length 660 feet and 66 feet (220 yards and 22 yards) or, equivalently, 40 rods and 4 rods. An acre is therefore 160 square rods. A rod is",
"title": "Rod (unit)"
},
{
"id": "9961022",
"text": "Rai (unit) A rai (, ) is a unit of area equal to 1,600 square metres (16 ares, 0.16 hectares, 0.3954 acres), and is used in measuring land area for a cadastre or cadastral map. Its current size is precisely derived from the metre, but is neither part of nor recognized by the modern metric system, the International System (SI). The rai is defined as 1 square \"sen\" or (40 m × 40 m). It can be divided in four \"ngaan\" or 400 square \"wa\". It is commonly used in Thailand. Although recognized by the SI, its use is not",
"title": "Rai (unit)"
},
{
"id": "11280675",
"text": "of wine. In most of the New World, yield is measured in tonnes per hectare (or short tons per acre in the USA) – i.e. by mass of grapes produced per unit area. Due to differing winemaking procedures for different styles of wine, and different properties of different grape varieties, the amount of wine produced from a unit mass of grapes varies. It is therefore not possible to make an exact conversion between these units. Representative figures for the amount of grapes needed for 100 l (1 hl) of wine are 160 kg for white wine, 130 kg for red",
"title": "Yield (wine)"
},
{
"id": "2829767",
"text": "meters). There are 10 chains or 40 rods in a furlong (eighth-mile), and so 80 chains or 320 rods in one statute mile (1760 yards, 1609.344 m, 1.609344 km); the definition of which was set by Royal surveyor (called the 'sworn viewer') John Ogilby only after the Great Fire of London (1666). An acre is defined as the area of 10 square chains (that is, an area of one chain by one furlong), and derives from the shapes of new-tech plows and the desire to quickly survey seized church lands into a quantity of squares for quick sales by Henry",
"title": "Rod (unit)"
},
{
"id": "13949278",
"text": "measurement of land. Many UK farmers, especially older ones, still use the acre for everyday calculations, and convert to hectares only for official (especially European Union) paperwork. Farm fields can have very long histories which are resistant to change, with names such as \"the six acre field\" stretching back hundreds of years and across generations of family farmers. Some younger agricultural workers are now beginning to think in hectares as their \"first language\", though this is more typical of professional consultants and managers than of traditional farming and land-owning families, and in some circles may be viewed as a social",
"title": "Hectare"
},
{
"id": "12217325",
"text": "plots that are \"permitted\" to be used for agricultural activities, without regard to its present use or even suitability. In some areas, agricultural land is protected so that it can be farmed without any threat of development. The Agricultural Land Reserve in British Columbia in Canada, for instance, requires approval from its Agricultural Land Commission before its lands can be removed or subdivided. Under the FAO's definitions above, agricultural land covers 38.4% of the world's land area as of 2011. Permanent pastures are 68.4% of all agricultural land (26.3% of global land area), arable land (row crops) is 28.4% of",
"title": "Agricultural land"
},
{
"id": "13949277",
"text": "(SI), the \"are\" did not receive international recognition. The International Committee for Weights and Measures () makes no mention of the \"are\" in the current (2006) definition of the SI, but classifies the hectare as a \"Non-SI unit accepted for use with the International System of Units\". In 1972, the European Economic Community (EEC) passed directive 71/354/EEC, which catalogued the units of measure that might be used within the Community. The units that were catalogued replicated the recommendations of the CGPM, supplemented by a few other units including the \"are\" (and implicitly the \"hectare\") whose use was limited to the",
"title": "Hectare"
},
{
"id": "11713888",
"text": "hectare (ha) or acre. For example, using UK government Livestock Units (LUs) from the 2003 scheme a particular pasture field might be able to support 15 adult cattle or 25 horses or 100 sheep: in that scheme each of these would be regarded as being 15 LUs, or 1.5 LUs per hectare (about 0.6 LUs per acre). Different species (and breeds) of livestock do not all graze in the same way, and this is also taken into account when deciding the appropriate number of units for grazing land. For example, horses naturally graze unevenly, eating short grass areas first and",
"title": "Livestock grazing comparison"
},
{
"id": "13928586",
"text": "Measurement of land in Punjab The following are the basic 'measurements of land used in Pakistan Punjab , Indian Punjab and Haryana' in ascending order. This is the current standard system of measurement of farm land. A killa or Acre is measured rectangularly, reckoned as an area 36 karams (198 ft) x 40 karams (220 ft) (43,560 square ft). 5/8th of a Killa or Acre is known as Bigha Kothis (residential homes) and havelis (traditional mansions) are measured in marlas and kanaals. Most are two to four kanaals but the big ones can be anything from four to six kanaals.",
"title": "Measurement of land in Punjab"
},
{
"id": "706045",
"text": "18th century, and the Green Revolution of the second half of the 20th century. Farming spread from the Middle East to Europe and by 4,000 BC people that lived in the central part of Europe were using oxen to pull plows and wagons. A farm may be owned and operated by a single individual, family, community, corporation or a company, may produce one or many types of produce, and can be a holding of any size from a fraction of a hectare to several thousand hectares. A farm may operate under a monoculture system or with a variety of cereal",
"title": "Farm"
},
{
"id": "13928590",
"text": "1 0.125 0.01 0.005 43560 4840 4046.88 1440 160 8 1 0.08 0.04 27225 3025 2529.3 900 100 5 0.625 0.05 0.025 1089000 121000 101172 36000 4000 200 25 2 1 Measurement of land in Punjab The following are the basic 'measurements of land used in Pakistan Punjab , Indian Punjab and Haryana' in ascending order. This is the current standard system of measurement of farm land. A killa or Acre is measured rectangularly, reckoned as an area 36 karams (198 ft) x 40 karams (220 ft) (43,560 square ft). 5/8th of a Killa or Acre is known as Bigha",
"title": "Measurement of land in Punjab"
},
{
"id": "10268037",
"text": "they use, is divided by the number of hectares used. The calculation does not include deserts, glaciers, and the open ocean. \"Global hectares per person\" refers to the amount of production and waste assimilation per person on the planet. In 2012 there were approximately 12.2 billion global hectares of production and waste assimilation, averaging 1.7 global hectares per person. Consumption totaled 20.1 billion global hectares or 2.8 global hectares per person, meaning about 65% more was consumed than produced. This is possible because there are natural reserves all around the globe that function as backup food, material and energy supplies,",
"title": "Global hectare"
},
{
"id": "18491172",
"text": "were standardized so that the Kanal equals exactly 605 square yards or 1/8 acre; this is equivalent to about 505.857 square meters. A Kanal is equal to 20 marlas. The Marla (unit) is a traditional unit of area that was used in Pakistan and Marla was standardized under British rule to be equal to the square rod, or 272.25 square feet, 30.25 square yards, or 25.2929 square metres. As such, it was exactly one 160th of an acre. Paher, is a traditional unit of time used in South Asia, including Pakistan. One \"pahar\" nominally equals three hours, and there are",
"title": "History of measurement systems in Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "14021118",
"text": "Rood (unit) A rood () is a historic English and international inch-pound measure of area, as well as an archaic English measure of length. \"Rood\" is an archaic word for \"pole\", from Old English \"rōd\" \"pole\", specifically \"cross\", from Proto-Germanic \"*rodo\", cognate to Old Saxon \"rōda\", Old High German \"ruoda\" \"rod\"; the relation of \"rood\" to \"rod\", from Old English \"rodd\" \"pole\", is unclear; the latter was perhaps influenced by Old Norse \"rudda\" \"club\". Rood is an English unit of area, equal to one quarter of an acre or . A rectangle that is one furlong (i.e. 10 chains, or",
"title": "Rood (unit)"
},
{
"id": "17610",
"text": "was historically spelled \"aker\". A possible wording of the Act on the Composition of Yards and Perches, dating from around 1300, is: It is ordained that 3 grains of barley dry and round do make an inch, 12 inches make 1 foot, 3 feet make 1 yard, 5 yards and a half make a perch, and 40 perches in length and 4 in breadth make an acre. The acre was roughly the amount of land tillable by a yoke of oxen in one day. This explains one definition as the area of a rectangle with sides of length one chain",
"title": "Acre"
},
{
"id": "10268039",
"text": "can provide different amounts of global hectares. For example, a hectare of lush area with high rainfall would scale higher in global hectares than would a hectare of desert. It can also be used to show that consuming different foods may increase the earth's ability to support larger populations. To illustrate, producing meat generally requires more land and energy than what producing vegetables requires; sustaining a meat-based diet would require a less populated planet. On average, a global hectare can be produced in the area of a standard hectare. A hectare (; symbol ha) is a unit of area equal",
"title": "Global hectare"
},
{
"id": "442086",
"text": "foot, and eighteen have not specified the conversion factor from metric units. The most widely used area unit with a name unrelated to any length unit is the acre. The National Institute of Standards and Technology contends that customary area units are defined in terms of the square survey foot, not the square international foot. Conversion factors are based on Astin (July 27, 1968) and National Institute of Standards and Technology (2008). The cubic inch, cubic foot and cubic yard are commonly used for measuring volume. In addition, there is one group of units for measuring volumes of liquids, and",
"title": "United States customary units"
},
{
"id": "15975448",
"text": "should have been, the metre has always been based on the length of the bar rather than the half meridian. The SI unit of area is the square metre (m), but when the metric system was first introduced in 1795, the unit of land measure was defined as the \"are\", being 100 m (or the area equivalent to that of a square having sides of 10 m). This measure was only used in a few countries, but the hectare (100 ares or 10,000 m), is a non-SI unit that has been catalogued as being acceptable for use with the SI",
"title": "Introduction to the metric system"
},
{
"id": "2064584",
"text": "an acre-foot (≈ 1233 m), similar to the relationship of the tonne and (short) ton. Stere The stere or stère is a unit of volume in the original metric system equal to one cubic metre. The name was coined from the Greek στερεός \"stereos\", \"solid\", in 1793 France as a metric analogue to the cord. The stère is typically used for measuring large quantities of firewood or other cut wood, while the cubic meter is used for uncut wood. It is not part of the modern metric system (SI). In Dutch, there is also a \"kuub\", short for \"kubieke meter\"",
"title": "Stere"
},
{
"id": "10064801",
"text": "recognized though not encouraged by the SI. As for many terms normally written in Thai alphabet, transliteration into English language caused a spelling variant, \"ngaan\". Ngan A ngan (, , ) is a unit of area, equal to 400 square metres (20 m × 20 m), used for measuring land or property area. Its current size is precisely derived from the metre, but is neither part of nor recognized by the modern metric system, the International System (SI). The ngan equals 1/4 rai or 100 tarang wa () \"aka\" square wa (), very nearly 1/10 of an acre. \"Ngan\" also",
"title": "Ngan"
},
{
"id": "7957826",
"text": "Bunder A bunder is a unit of area in the Low Countries (Belgium and the Netherlands). In the Netherlands, it was frequently used in the Achterhoek, Twente, and some parts of Drenthe to estimate areas of land, particularly in agriculture. Traditionally it had different values in different regions, but since the adoption of the metric system it has been defined to be equal to one hectare. In Belgium, a bunder was used as unit of area in the part of the country historically belonging to the Holy Roman Empire (i.e. east of the Scheldt). In general, one bunder was 1/12",
"title": "Bunder"
},
{
"id": "1571018",
"text": "the average US farm consumes fuel at the rate of 82 litres per hectare (8.75 US gal/acre) of land to produce one crop. However, average crops of rapeseed produce oil at an average rate of 1,029 L/ha (110 US gal/acre), and high-yield rapeseed fields produce about 1,356 L/ha (145 US gal/acre). The ratio of input to output in these cases is roughly 1:12.5 and 1:16.5. Photosynthesis is known to have an efficiency rate of about 3–6% of total solar radiation and if the entire mass of a crop is utilized for energy production, the overall efficiency of this chain is",
"title": "Biodiesel"
},
{
"id": "5403102",
"text": "Morgen A morgen was a unit of measurement of land area in Germany, the Netherlands, Poland and the Dutch colonies, including South Africa and Taiwan. The size of a morgen varies from to acres, which equals approximately 0.2 to 1 hectare. It was also used in Old Prussia, in the Balkans, Norway and Denmark, where it was equal to about two-thirds of an acre (0.27 ha). The word is usually taken to be the same as the German and Dutch word for \"morning\". Similarly to the Imperial acre, it was approximately the amount of land tillable in the morning hours",
"title": "Morgen"
},
{
"id": "485001",
"text": "crop of onions uses up to 19 lb of sulfur and 4 tons of alfalfa uses 15 lb per acre. Sulfur abundance varies with depth. In a sample of soils in Ohio, United States, the sulfur abundance varied with depths, 0-6 inches, 6-12 inches, 12-18 inches, 18-24 inches in the amounts: 1056, 830, 686, 528 lb per acre respectively. The micronutrients essential in plant life, in their order of importance, include iron, manganese, zinc, copper, boron, chlorine and molybdenum. The term refers to plants' needs, not to their abundance in soil. They are required in very small amounts but are",
"title": "Soil"
},
{
"id": "19357345",
"text": "Barrel of land A barrel of land (Danish: \"tønde land\", Norwegian: \"tønneland\", Swedish: \"tunnland\", Finnish: \"tynnyrinala\") is a Scandinavian unit of area. The word may originate from the area of fields one could seed with a barrel of grain seeds. The acre is the equivalent Anglo-Saxon unit. Because the barrel sizes varied by country, the area unit does too. One barrel can be approximated as half a hectare. In Denmark the \"tønde\" was used as an official area unit until the introduction of the metric system in 1907. A \"tønde\" was divided in 8 \"skæpper\". A \"skæppe\" was divided into",
"title": "Barrel of land"
},
{
"id": "2829776",
"text": "shown in this actual legal description of rural real estate: The terms \"pole\", \"perch\", \"rod\" and \"rood\" have been used as units of area, and \"perch\" is also used as a unit of volume. As a unit of area, a \"square perch\" (the perch being standardized to equal feet, or yards) is equal to a square rod, or acre. There are 40 square perches to a rood (e.g., a rectangular area one furlong (10 chains i.e. 40 rods) in length by one rod in width), and 160 square perches to an acre (an area one furlong by one chain (i.e.",
"title": "Rod (unit)"
},
{
"id": "3220575",
"text": "usage of \"foot.\" 1 square foot is equivalent to: 1 acre is equivalent to 43,560 square feet. Square foot The square foot (plural square feet; abbreviated sq. ft, sf, ft) is an imperial unit and U.S. customary unit (non-SI, non-metric) of area, used mainly in the United States and partially in Bangladesh, Canada, Ghana, Hong Kong, India, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Singapore and the United Kingdom. It is defined as the area of a square with sides of 1 foot. Although the pluralisation is regular in the noun form, when used as an adjective, the singular is preferred. So, a flat",
"title": "Square foot"
},
{
"id": "11280676",
"text": "wine, and 140 kg for a mixture of red and white wine. Thus: Yields vary greatly between countries, regions and individual vineyards, and can be vintage-dependent. Somewhere around 50 hectoliters per hectare, or 3 tons per acre, is a typical representative figure for many countries and regions. While yield is generally seen as an important quality factor in wine production, views differ on the relative importance of low yields to other aspects of vineyard management. In general, there is consensus that if vines are cropped with a very high amount of grape clusters, a poor wine will result because of",
"title": "Yield (wine)"
},
{
"id": "13225292",
"text": "costs were covered by farmer repayments. \"Field operating costs\" excludes R&D, pilot projects, government relations, monitoring, as well as fundraising and other charity-specific costs. The One Acre Fund model has won grants from the Echoing Green and Skoll Foundations, and received the Financial Times/IFC award for “basic needs financing” in 2010 and 2011. In 2007, One Acre Fund received a $300,000 grant from the Draper Richards Foundation and a $100,000 grant from Mulago Social Investments. Between 2009 and 2010, One Acre Fund received $6.5 million from the Pershing Square Foundation towards its Permanent Fund, which provides the basic capital to",
"title": "One Acre Fund"
},
{
"id": "252315",
"text": "to give just a few examples. Imperial units are used in many other places, for example, in many Commonwealth countries that are considered metricated, land area is measured in acres and floor space in square feet, particularly for commercial transactions (rather than government statistics). Similarly, gasoline is sold by the gallon in many countries that are considered metricated. The metric system is a decimal system of measurement based on its units for length, the metre and for mass, the kilogram. It exists in several variations, with different choices of base units, though these do not affect its day-to-day use. Since",
"title": "Measurement"
},
{
"id": "13383618",
"text": "Stocking (forestry) In forestry, stocking is a quantitative measure of the area occupied by trees, usually measured in terms of well-spaced trees or basal area per hectare, relative to an optimum or desired level of density. A desirable level of stocking is often considered that which maximizes timber production, or other management objectives. Stocking can be expressed in either absolute or relative terms. Absolute terms include the basal area or trees per acre. Relative terms measure the density against a reference level, which is determined by dominant tree species, the plant community, and site index. Stand density is not the",
"title": "Stocking (forestry)"
},
{
"id": "13576767",
"text": "Crop acreage base Crop acreage base is a crop-specific measure equal to the average number of acres planted (or considered planted) to a particular program crop for a specified number of years. The crop-specific nature of this measurement was important prior to the 1996 farm bill (P.L. 104-127), which adopted an inclusive measure of base acreage and allowed planting flexibility among the program crops. The sum of the crop acreage bases for all program crops on a farm could not exceed the farm acreage. The acreage base was used in determining the number of acres a farmer, under an acreage",
"title": "Crop acreage base"
},
{
"id": "5403105",
"text": "four pre-1995 South African provinces – the Cape Province, the Orange Free State and the Transvaal. In November 2007 the South African Law Society published a conversion factor of \"1 morgen = 0.856 532 hectares\" to be used \"for the conversion of areas from imperial units to metric, particularly when preparing consolidated diagrams by compilation\". Morgen A morgen was a unit of measurement of land area in Germany, the Netherlands, Poland and the Dutch colonies, including South Africa and Taiwan. The size of a morgen varies from to acres, which equals approximately 0.2 to 1 hectare. It was also used",
"title": "Morgen"
},
{
"id": "18786601",
"text": "as in England of the time, \"acre\" sometimes meant any individual plot of land; as a standard measure, it was probably about 2.5 statute acres near Dublin, perhaps differing elsewhere. The \" Advertisements for Ireland\" of 1623 stated that the Irish acre varied by region from 1.25 to 8 English acres, while the Civil Survey of 1654 said that Irish surveys had measured only arable land, ignoring pasture, wood, bog, or wasteland. Of eleven townlands in Ireland named \"Fortyacres\" in 1901, six had areas between 60 and 78 statute acres; the smallest was 46 acres and the largest 185. The",
"title": "Irish measure"
},
{
"id": "13949280",
"text": "European countries. In Russian and other languages of the former Soviet Union, the \"are\" is called \"\" (: 'a hundred', i.e. 100 m or hectare). It is used to describe the size of suburban dacha or allotment garden plots or small city parks where the hectare would be too large. The decare () is derived from \"deca\" and \"are\", and is equal to 10 ares or 1000 square metres. It is used in Norway and in the former Ottoman areas of the Middle East and the Balkans (Bulgaria) as a measure of land area. Instead of the name \"decare\", the",
"title": "Hectare"
},
{
"id": "12783996",
"text": "as follows. “The (small or large) space either between any two posts or pillars in a wall that support the roof, or between any two beams”. Also from the reference of Hindu Temple Architecture 'ankana' is defined as distance between pillar and pillar on one hand, and between one pillar and another(wall) on the other. Hence it has no definitive measurement. 1 Acre = 100 cents/0.405 hectares/605 Ankanas 1 cent = 6.05 Ankanas/48 Sq.Yards 1 Ankana =8 Sq. yard/72 Sq. Feet 1 Tirupathi Ankana = 4 Sq.yard/36 Sq. ft (in Tirupathi) 1 Sq. Yard = 9 Sq. Feet. 1 Yard",
"title": "Ankanam"
},
{
"id": "3590617",
"text": "m/s) among seven western U.S. states. Water reservoir capacities in the U.S. are commonly given in thousands of acre-feet, abbreviated TAF. Elsewhere in the world, where the metric system is in common use, water volumes can be expressed in either cubic metres (as in flow rates of cubic metres/second, or \"cumecs\") or, for water usage, storage or irrigation volumes, in kilolitres (kL = 1 cubic metre), megalitres (ML = 1,000 cubic metres), or gigalitres (GL = 1,000,000 cubic metres). One acre-foot is approximately equivalent to 1.233 megalitres and 1,233 kilolitres. Large bodies of water may be measured in cubic kilometres",
"title": "Acre-foot"
},
{
"id": "10471121",
"text": "area can be cultivated. China's arable land, which represents 10% of the total arable land in the world, supports over 20% of the world's population. Of this approximately 1.4 million square kilometers of arable land, only about 1.2% (116,580 square kilometers) permanently supports crops and 525,800 square kilometers are irrigated. The land is divided into approximately 200 million households, with an average land allocation of just 0.65 hectares (1.6 acres). China's limited space for farming has been a problem throughout its history, leading to chronic food shortage and famine. While the production efficiency of farmland has grown over time, efforts",
"title": "Agriculture in China"
},
{
"id": "8121306",
"text": "than 0.5 hectares remained to be 47.65%, and between 0.5 & 1.0 hectares the culivables remained to be 23.76%, and 1.0 to 2.0, it were 17.33%, and 2.0 to 4.0 hectare cultivable land's percentage was 8.54%, and more than 4.0 it were 2.72%. The practice of growing more than one crop simultaneously in a single field in a single season gives additional harvest. Thus, this practice increases the overall yield and ensures maximum use of the soil and nutrients. If there is danger of loss to any crop due to adverse weather conditions or diseases, there are some better chances",
"title": "Auraiya"
},
{
"id": "13383619",
"text": "same as stocking. See stand density index for the difference. Stocking (forestry) In forestry, stocking is a quantitative measure of the area occupied by trees, usually measured in terms of well-spaced trees or basal area per hectare, relative to an optimum or desired level of density. A desirable level of stocking is often considered that which maximizes timber production, or other management objectives. Stocking can be expressed in either absolute or relative terms. Absolute terms include the basal area or trees per acre. Relative terms measure the density against a reference level, which is determined by dominant tree species, the",
"title": "Stocking (forestry)"
},
{
"id": "5279556",
"text": "(\", of approximately ), and the arpent used in Paris, which was defined as 220 French feet. Historically, in North America, 1 (square) arpent (\"), also known as a French acre, was 180 French feet × 180 French feet = 32,400 French square feet = about 3419 square metres = about 0.845 English acres. Certain U.S. states have official definitions of the arpent which vary slightly: In Paris, the square arpent was 220 French feet × 220 French feet = 48,400 French square feet, about . In Mauritius and Seychelles, an arpent is about 4220.87 square metres, 0.4221 hectares, 1.043",
"title": "Arpent"
},
{
"id": "11763141",
"text": "Forest inventory Forest inventory is the systematic collection of data and forest information for assessment or analysis. An estimate of the value and possible uses of timber is an important part of the broader information required to sustain ecosystems. When taking forest inventory the following are important things to measure and note: species, diameter at breast height (DBH), height, site quality, age, and defects. From the data collected one can calculate the number of trees per acre, the basal area, the volume of trees in an area, and the value of the timber. Inventories can be done for other reasons",
"title": "Forest inventory"
},
{
"id": "10517",
"text": "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations the world's arable land amounted to 1,407 M ha, out of a total 4,924 M ha land used for agriculture, as for year 2013. Agricultural land that is not arable according to the FAO definition above includes: Other non-arable land includes land that is not suitable for any agricultural use. Land that is not arable, in the sense of lacking capability or suitability for cultivation for crop production, has one or more limitations e.g. lack of sufficient fresh water for irrigation, stoniness, steepness, adverse climate, excessive wetness with impracticality of drainage, excessive",
"title": "Arable land"
},
{
"id": "11280674",
"text": "Yield (wine) In viticulture, the yield is a measure of the amount of grapes or wine that is produced per unit surface of vineyard, and is therefore a type of crop yield. Two different types of yield measures are commonly used, mass of grapes per vineyard surface, or volume of wine per vineyard surface. The yield is often seen as a quality factor, with lower yields associated with wines with more concentrated flavours, and the maximum allowed yield is therefore regulated for many wine appellations. In most of Europe, yield is measured in hectoliters per hectare, i.e., by the volume",
"title": "Yield (wine)"
},
{
"id": "11763152",
"text": "in the random sample. Often, circular plots are used because it only requires measuring the radius. Commonly, tenth acre plots are used (37.2ft radius). A variable size plot is more dependent of the size of the trees. The tract is measured on a series of points and the trees are tallied for being in or out depending on their size and location relevant to the plot center. Usually an angle gauge, wedge prism, Tunagmetor, or Relascope are used to gather data for this type of plot. This allows for a very quick estimate of the volume and species of a",
"title": "Forest inventory"
},
{
"id": "3253151",
"text": "of land are approximately 80 chains (one mile or 1.6 km), 40 chains (half a mile or 800 m), and 20 chains (a quarter mile or 400 m) on a side. The chain is still used in agriculture: measuring wheels with a circumference of 0.1 chain (diameter ≈ 2.1 ft or 64 cm) are still readily available in Canada and the United States. For a rectangular tract, multiplying the number of turns of a chain wheel for each of two adjacent sides and dividing by 1000 gives the area in acres. In Canada, road allowances were originally 1 chain wide",
"title": "Chain (unit)"
},
{
"id": "1758365",
"text": "(Kulina) of the Arawan family as well as Yine (Manchineri) and Ashaninka (Kampa) of the Arawakan family. The service sector is the largest component of GDP at 66%, followed by the industrial sector at 28.1%. Agriculture represents 5.9%, of GDP (2004). Acre exports: wood 85.6%, poultry (chicken and wild turkey) 4.7%, wood products 1.7% (2002). Share of the Brazilian economy: 0.2% (2005). Portuguese is the official national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools. English and Spanish are also part of the official high school curriculum. Rio Branco International Airport is located in a rural zone of the",
"title": "Acre (state)"
},
{
"id": "17613",
"text": "divisions of land area were typically based on the square mile, and fractions thereof. If the square mile is divided into quarters, each quarter has a side length of mile (880 yards) and is square mile in area, or 160 acres. These subunits would typically then again be divided into quarters, with each side being mile long, and being of a square mile in area, or 40 acres. In the United States, farmland was typically divided as such, and the phrase \"the back 40\" would refer to the 40-acre parcel to the back of the farm. Most of the Canadian",
"title": "Acre"
},
{
"id": "15031085",
"text": "Biocapacity The biocapacity or biological capacity of an ecosystem is an estimate of its production of certain biological materials such as natural resources, and its absorption and filtering of other materials such as carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. “Useful biological Biocapacity is expressed in terms of global hectares per person, thus is dependent on human population. A global hectare is an adjusted unit that represents the average biological productivity of all productive hectares on Earth in a given year (because not all hectares produce the same amount of ecosystem services). Biocapcity is calculated from United Nations population and land use",
"title": "Biocapacity"
},
{
"id": "13301772",
"text": "of the land within a set period of time (usually two to five years); thereafter, full ownership was transferred. In FY 1989, the total area distributed stood at more than 1.5 million hectares. Of this total area 7,273 special agricultural projects accounted for just under 860,000 hectares, or 56.5 percent; 67,686 individuals received just under 400,000 hectares or 26.3 percent; 17 agricultural companies received slightly over 260,000 hectares, or 17.2 percent. Judging from these statistics, the average fallow land plot given to individuals was 5.9 hectares, 118 hectares to projects, and 15,375 hectares to companies, the latter being well over",
"title": "Agriculture in Saudi Arabia"
},
{
"id": "13225291",
"text": "pursue One Acre Fund full-time. Since its founding, One Acre Fund has launched operations in Rwanda (2007), Burundi (2012), Tanzania (2013), Uganda (2016), and Malawi (2016). One Acre Fund states that it practices sustainable intensification and land management. The organization trains smallholder farmers on how to create and use compost and how to minimize the amount of fertilizer used with a micro-dosing technique. The organization encourages farmers to plant Grevillea trees. In 2017, One Acre Fund farmers planted 8.6 million trees. The organization has also been recognized for its model of financial sustainability. In 2017, 69% of its field operating",
"title": "One Acre Fund"
},
{
"id": "9236855",
"text": "acre and 756 gallons of ethanol. A typical acre of Sugar Beets (France) yields 714 gallons per acre. A typical acre of Sugarcane (Brazil) yields 662 gallon per acre. There are some concerns about using food crops to produce ethanol, as we are creating fuel from a product that could be used to feed people or livestock. When market forces change the demand for these, prices can fluctuate wildly, deeply affecting the ability of many to purchase food. Ethanol from both trees and switch grass have the potential to have a higher energy balance than maize or sugar cane. Fast",
"title": "Miscanthus giganteus"
},
{
"id": "4655248",
"text": "7.92 inches long. A quarter chain, or 25 links, measures 5½ yards and thus measures a rod (or pole). Ten chains measure a furlong and 80 chains measure a statute mile. Gunter's chain reconciled two seemingly incompatible systems: the traditional English land measurements, based on the number four, and decimals based on the number 10. Since an acre measured 10 square chains (or 100,000 square links) in Gunter's system, the entire process of land measurement could be computed using measurements in links, and then converted to acres by dividing the results by 100,000. The method of surveying a field or",
"title": "Gunter's chain"
},
{
"id": "12690366",
"text": "British countryside and wildlife. The total area of agricultural holdings is about 171,000 km (43 million acres), or 183,000 km including rough grazing land, of which about a third, 64,000 km (15.3 million acres) are arable and most of the rest is given over to grassland. During the growing season about half the arable area is devoted to cereal crops, and of the cereal crop area, more than 65% is wheat. There are about 31 million sheep, 10 million cattle, 9.6 million poultry and 4.5 million pigs. These are arranged on about 212,000 holdings, whose average cultivable area is around",
"title": "Agriculture in the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "10419907",
"text": "that as many as 500 hens may not be profitably kept on an acre [8 m² per hen] for a few years under favorable conditions. It has been done, but it is a different matter when it is planned to make a permanent business of it. Because fifty hens per acre represents per hen (80 m² per hen), while the density inside the house at the time was normally four square feet per hen (0.4 m² per hen), this required that the yard be 200 times wider than the house, assuming a yard on one side of the house. That",
"title": "Yarding"
},
{
"id": "13228629",
"text": "were common markers on the roads in India. Minimum length = 1 Inch<br> No-one can say how it evolved. \"Yinch\" was the thickness of the thumb, not quite one inch.<br> 12 Inches = 1 Foot<br> 3 Feet = 1 Yard<br> 660 Feet = 1 Furlong<br> 5,280 Feet = 1 Mile<br> 1,760 Yards = 1 Mile<br> 1 Mile = 8 Furlongs<br> 22 Yards = 1 Chain<br> 1 Acre = (1 Chain) × (1 Furlong) 1 Canal mile = 5000 imperial feet on canals shown by stone marker each 5000 feet and also on British maps at 1:63360 scale and later Pakistan",
"title": "Indian units of measurement"
},
{
"id": "4439595",
"text": "such as corners of a field, and using triangulation the field or other area could be plotted on a plane, and its area calculated. A chain long, with intermediate measurements indicated, was chosen for the purpose, and is called Gunter's chain. The length of the chain chosen, , being called a chain gives a unit easily converted to area. Therefore, a parcel of 10 square chains gives 1 acre. The area of any parcel measured in chains will thereby be easily calculated. Gunter's quadrant is an instrument made of wood, brass or other substance, containing a kind of stereographic projection",
"title": "Edmund Gunter"
},
{
"id": "18786599",
"text": "Tempo. Sixmilebridge, County Clare is six Irish miles from Thomondgate, Limerick. Sixmilecross, County Tyrone is six Irish miles from Omagh. The name of Six Mile Water, County Antrim is said to derive from the crossing point six Irish miles from Antrim town on the road to Carrickfergus. The Irish acre or plantation acre measured one Irish chain by one Irish furlong, or 4 Irish perches by 40, or 7840 square yards: approximately 0.66 hectares or 1.62 statute acres. The Lancashire acre around the Solway Firth and the Churchland acre in Yorkshire were the same size, which Frederic Seebohm in 1914",
"title": "Irish measure"
},
{
"id": "20643255",
"text": "is the base unit of observation in the Farm Structure Surveys. Before 2007 this was defined as one hectare of “utilized agricultural area,” but since has become flexible, allowing individual countries to exclude only the smallest agricultural holdings which contribute 2% or less to total Utilized agricultural area or farm livestock units. Beyond this, specific physical thresholds are also given for inclusion: As the thresholds have changed varyingly from country to country, this complicates the direct comparability of findings between years and between countries, alongside to the varying agricultural identities and cultures which exist within the European Union. Like other",
"title": "Farm Structure Survey"
},
{
"id": "19337018",
"text": "had been resettled on 2.5 hectare dry land per household. Plot holder then had a \"comma\" as it is popularly known; thus a 0,1 hectare (if a person has 0,2ha he is said to have 2 commas. 1 hectare is 10 commas: ,1x10) Phase 2 was when the scheme was rehabited and developed to 165 hectare; that is +109 hectares. The second phase saw allocation of commas to new farmer and addition of commas to existing farmers. In 1997 there were 850 plot holders with an average of 0.2ha plots per farmer. It is fed by Exchange Dam which is",
"title": "Exchange Irrigation Scheme"
},
{
"id": "17500266",
"text": "is a traditional unit of volume for firewood, about 21% smaller than the U.S. cord. A cuerda of firewood is equivalent to 0.79 cord or 2.87 cubic meters (128 cubic \"pies)\". In Guatemala, a cuerda is a traditional unit of distance, equal to exactly 25 varas or almost 21 meters (nearly 69 feet). During 19th-century Spain, a cuerda was a unit of length, of nearly 6.889 m (approx. 7.554 yd). However, in Valencia, Spain, the cuerda measured 40 varas, over 5.4 times longer, as nearly 37.21 m (approx. 40.7 yd). Cuerda The term \"cuerda\" (and \"Spanish acre\") refers to various",
"title": "Cuerda"
},
{
"id": "3336342",
"text": "be \"a block of up to forty selions\" Selion Selion is a medieval open strip of land or small field used for growing crops, usually owned by or rented to peasants. A selion of land was typically one furlong (660 ft) long and one chain (66 ft) wide. However, exact measurements could vary depending on geography of the land. The area of one furlong by one chain is one acre. Monasteries or similar institutions were often bequeathed selions and then derived an income from them by letting. Relation to Strip farming A strip of land consisted of one, two or",
"title": "Selion"
},
{
"id": "5155186",
"text": "A Thousand Acres A Thousand Acres is a 1991 novel by American author Jane Smiley. It won the 1992 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, the National Book Critics Circle Award for fiction in 1991 and was adapted to a 1997 film of the same name. The novel is a modernized retelling of Shakespeare's \"King Lear\" and is set on a thousand-acre (four hundred hectares) farm in Iowa that is owned by a family of a father and his three daughters. It is told through the point of view of the oldest daughter, Ginny. Larry Cook is an aging farmer who decides",
"title": "A Thousand Acres"
},
{
"id": "12783997",
"text": "= 3 feet. Ankanam An Ankanam is a unit of measure similar to an acre. It is used mainly in regions of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, India - Nellore, Anekal, Bengaluru and Tirupathi. An Ankanam is measured as , (mostly in the Nellore District) and, in some places (such as Tirupathi), . In Nellore, one acre equals 605 Ankanams, and 1 \"cent\" amounts to 6.05 Ankanams. This unit is very popular, presumably because it is easier to calculate the cost of a piece of land. However, from a reference to the Kannada Dictionary namely “Kannada-English Dictionary by Rev. Ferdinand Kittel”.",
"title": "Ankanam"
},
{
"id": "6864351",
"text": "equal to about 6,773 square meters. Officially, most measurement of lands use units of either Bigha (in Terai region) or Ropani (Nepali: रोपनी) (in Hilly regions). Metric system (SI unit of square metre) is very seldom used officially in measuring area of land. Measurement of area in terms of bigha For the different Ropani system from the one above In Fiji Hindi 1 bigha is equal to 1 acre The classic Hindi movie Do Bigha Zamin by Bimal Roy in year 1953 portrayed the struggle of a poor peasant with very little landholding. Bigha The bigha (also formerly beegah; ,",
"title": "Bigha"
},
{
"id": "18491171",
"text": "of Pakistan adopted the International System of Units (SI) Kos is an ancient unit of distance used in South Asia which is about 2.25 miles. Kos may also refer to about 1.8 km (1⅛ mile) or 3.2 km (2 miles). The Mughal Empire used Farsang (Parsang) for distance, which was in principle the distance a horse would walk in an hour, about 3 miles = 12,000 cubits. A Kanal is a unit of area, equivalent to 5445 square feet or one-eighth of an acre. It is mainly used in Punjab province of Pakistan. Under British rule the Marla and Kanal",
"title": "History of measurement systems in Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "13671682",
"text": "to acquire 771,795 hectares (187,686 hectares in 2014; 198,631 hectares in 2015; and 385,478 hectares in 2016). The Department of Environment and Nation Resources still needs to acquire 134,857 hectares — a total of 906,652 hectares. While CARP(er) has had some success in improving food security and reducing poverty overall - through improved farm productivity and increased farmer incomes - the program has not escaped criticism. Major implementation problems include resistance from existing landowners (often objecting to the undervaluation of their properties), legislative gaps and funding shortfalls. There are also claims that the program has resulted in or worsened violent",
"title": "Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program"
},
{
"id": "147025",
"text": "because turning a team of oxen pulling a heavy plough was difficult. This offset the drainage advantages of short furrows and meant furrows were made as long as possible. An acre is an area that is one furlong long and one chain (66 feet or 22 yards) wide. For this reason, the furlong was once also called an acre's length, though in modern usage an area of one acre can be of any shape. The term furlong, or shot, was also used to describe a grouping of adjacent strips within an open field. Among the early Anglo-Saxons, the rod was",
"title": "Furlong"
}
] | how many acre is equal to one hectare |
[
"July 4, 1946"
] | [
{
"id": "18022717",
"text": "the Philippines is a \"major non-NATO ally\" of the United States. The U.S. acquired the Philippines from Spain after the Spanish–American War of 1898 and then fought the Philippine–American War against Philippine revolutionaries to secure their rule. After both wars, the Philippines was a territory of the United States from 1898 to 1946. The United States granted the Philippines independence in 1946. The Mutual Defense Treaty was signed in 1951 and ratified in 1952 by the governments of the United States and the Philippines. The purpose of the Treaty was to \"strengthen the fabric of peace\" in the Pacific, by",
"title": "Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement"
},
{
"id": "8184979",
"text": "History of the Philippines (1898–1946) The history of the Philippines from 1898 to 1946 covers the period of American rule in the Philippines and began with the outbreak of the Spanish–American War in April 1898, when the Philippines was still part of the Spanish East Indies, and concluded when the United States formally recognised the independence of the Republic of the Philippines on July 4, 1946. With the signing of the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898, Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States. The interim U.S. military government of the Philippine Islands experienced a period of great",
"title": "History of the Philippines (1898–1946)"
},
{
"id": "2255159",
"text": "the Philippine Assembly. The Philippines became a U.S. colony in the fashion of Europe's New Imperialism, with benevolent colonial practices. English joined Spanish as an official language, and English language education was made compulsory. In 1916, the United States passed the Philippine Autonomy Act and committed itself to granting independence to the Philippines \"as soon as a stable government can be established therein.\" As a step to full independence in 1946, partial autonomy as a Commonwealth was granted in 1935. Preparation for a fully sovereign state was interrupted by the Japanese occupation of the Philippines during World War II. The",
"title": "United States territorial acquisitions"
},
{
"id": "13974714",
"text": "Sovereignty of the Philippines The Sovereignty of the Philippines refers to the status of the Philippines as an independent nation. This article covers sovereignty transitions relating to the Philippines, with particular emphasis on the passing of sovereignty from Spain to the United States in the Treaty of Paris (1898), signed on December 10, 1898 to end the Spanish–American War. President of the United States William McKinley asserted U.S. sovereignty over the Philippines on December 21, 1898 in his \"Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation\". In March 1897 Emilio Aguinaldo, a leader of the Katipunan, had been elected President of a revolutionary government at",
"title": "Sovereignty of the Philippines"
},
{
"id": "8185014",
"text": "Carnegie, an industrialist and steel magnate, offered to pay the U.S. government $20 million to give the Philippines its independence. On November 7, 1900, Spain and the U.S. signed the Treaty of Washington, clarifying that the territories relinquished by Spain to the United States included any and all islands belonging to the Philippine Archipelago, but lying outside the lines described in the Treaty of Paris. That treaty explicitly named the islands of Cagayan Sulu and Sibutu and their dependencies as among the relinquished territories. U.S. President McKinley's December 21, 1898 proclamation of Benevolent Assimilation was announced in the Philippines on",
"title": "History of the Philippines (1898–1946)"
},
{
"id": "7893477",
"text": "many Filipino families to remain separate for a number of years. If they wished to return to the US, the Filipinos were restricted under the quota system established by the Tydings–McDuffie Act which limited the number of Filipinos entering the US to 50 per year. Along with Guam and Puerto Rico, the United States acquired the Philippines from Spain following the Spanish–American War in 1898 and it became United States territory. The Jones Act of 1916 made it official policy to grant Philippines independence and the Tydings–McDuffie Act of 1935 laid out the timeline and process by which that would",
"title": "Filipino Repatriation Act of 1935"
},
{
"id": "8184981",
"text": "The Commonwealth of the Philippines was intended to be a transitional government in preparation for the country's full achievement of independence in 1946. After the Japanese invasion and subsequent occupation of the Philippines during World War II, the United States and Philippine Commonwealth military recaptured the Philippines in 1945. According to the terms of the Philippine Independence Act, the United States formally recognised the independence of the Republic of the Philippines on July 4, 1946. The Philippine Revolution began in August 1896 and ended with the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, a ceasefire between the Spanish colonial Governor-General Fernando Primo de Rivera",
"title": "History of the Philippines (1898–1946)"
},
{
"id": "12526811",
"text": "the Assembly. It was titled \"Constitución política\", and was written in Spanish following the declaration of independence from Spain, proclaimed on January 20, 1899, and was enacted and ratified by the Malolos Congress, a Congress held in Malolos, Bulacan. The Preamble reads: The Philippines was a United States Territory from December 10, 1898 to March 24, 1934 and therefore under the jurisdiction of the Federal Government of the United States. Two acts of the United States Congress passed during this period can be considered Philippine constitutions in that those acts defined the fundamental political principles and established the structure, procedures,",
"title": "Constitution of the Philippines"
},
{
"id": "13974716",
"text": "government was constituted by the Malolos Congress and is called the \"Malolos Republic\" as well as the \"First Philippine Republic\" (Spanish: \"Republica Filipina\"). Aguinaldo was again elected president in January 1899, and attempted unsuccessfully to persuade other countries to recognize his nascent government. Following the outbreak of general hostilities between U.S. and Filipino forces in February 1899, the Philippine–American War ensued. Aguinaldo's government effectively ceased to exist on April 1, 1901, when he pledged allegiance to the United States after being captured by U.S. forces in March of that year. The Philippines continued as a U.S. territory until July 4,",
"title": "Sovereignty of the Philippines"
},
{
"id": "13974731",
"text": "be a colony of Spain and becoming a colony of the U.S. On December 10, 1898, the Treaty of Paris was signed between Spain and the United States, ending the Spanish–American War. In article III of this treaty, Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States. Felipe Agoncillo, who had been assigned by Aguinaldo as Ambassador to the United States, had traveled to Paris but had been refused admission to the conference. He worked hard to prevent the ratification of the treaty by Spain, but failed. Returning to Paris, he sent a message to Aguinaldo about the refusal of the",
"title": "Sovereignty of the Philippines"
},
{
"id": "2224854",
"text": "independent international entities and have no potential right to independence. The Commonwealth of the Philippines was the first associated state of the United States. From 1935 to 1946, the foreign affairs and military of the Philippine commonwealth were handled by the United States although it was otherwise constitutionally separate and independent in domestic matters. The Federated States of Micronesia (since 1986), the Marshall Islands (since 1986), and Palau (since 1994) are associated with the United States under what is known as the Compact of Free Association, giving the states international sovereignty and ultimate control over their territory. However, the governments",
"title": "Associated state"
},
{
"id": "13931240",
"text": "mock battle in Manila, the Philippine–American War ensued until the Philippine government capitulated in 1902. The Philippines subsequently underwent successive stages of rule under the United States, first as an unincorporated territory, then as a Commonwealth. It was then occupied by the Japanese during the Second World War. In 1943, Japan granted its short-lived independence to the Philippines and in 1944, the Allied invasion of the Philippines by combined U.S. and Filipino troops began, which resulted in America regaining full control of the nation. In 1946, the United States gave the Philippines its independence. The \"colonial power\" and \"colonial name\"",
"title": "Decolonisation of Asia"
},
{
"id": "13974739",
"text": "continued for some time but the U.S. enacted the Philippine Organic Act on July 1, 1902 and, on July 4, U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed a full and complete pardon and amnesty to all people in the Philippine archipelago who had participated in the conflict, effectively ending the war. In 1916, the Philippine Autonomy Act, popularly known as the Jones Law, was passed by the U.S. Congress. The law, which served as the new organic act (or constitution) for the Philippines, stated in its preamble that the eventual independence of the Philippines would be American policy, subject to the establishment",
"title": "Sovereignty of the Philippines"
},
{
"id": "8185043",
"text": "which passed the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Bill on December 30, 1932. U.S. President Herbert Hoover vetoed the bill on January 13, 1933. Congress overrode the veto on January 17, and the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act became U.S. law. The law promised Philippine independence after 10 years, but reserved several military and naval bases for the United States, as well as imposing tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports. The law also required the Philippine Senate to ratify the law. Manuel L. Quezon urged the Philippine Senate to reject the bill, which it did. Quezon himself led the twelfth independence mission to Washington to secure a",
"title": "History of the Philippines (1898–1946)"
},
{
"id": "11284186",
"text": "the post-war move towards independence. The Commonwealth ended when the U.S. recognized Philippine independence through the Treaty of Manila on July 4, 1946, as scheduled per the Tyding-McDuffie Act and Article XVIII of the 1935 Constitution. However, the economy remained dependent on the U.S. This was due to the Bell Trade Act, otherwise known as the Philippine Trade Act, which was a precondition for receiving war rehabilitation grants from the United States. The Treaty of Manila relinquished US possession of the Philippines and recognized the Republic of the Philippines. It contained several provisions which established but also limited full Philippine",
"title": "Treaty of Manila (1946)"
},
{
"id": "3468156",
"text": "after World War II. After World War II, the Philippines gained independence from the United States on 4 July 1946, but then would be tied to a neo-colonial relationship. The \"Treaty of General Relations\" signed on independence day itself signified the Americans' withdrawal and surrender of possession, control and sovereignty over the Philippines, except the use of their bases. It was followed by the Philippine-American Military Bases Agreement on 14 March 1947, allowing the U.S. to maintain territorial integrity and sovereignty over Clark Air Base and Subic Naval Base for the next 44 years. Clark occupied 63,103 hectares and served",
"title": "Angeles, Philippines"
},
{
"id": "13974730",
"text": "Spanish troops had evacuated all garrisons in the south Philippines except Zamboanga and Jolo. Initially, Rios relocated the Spanish capital to Zamboanga, but on January 1 or 2, 1899, he relocated it again, this time back to Manila, where he could more effectively seek the release of Spanish POWs. On January 4, 1899, U.S. General Elwell Otis issued a proclamation announcing that the United States had obtained possession and control of all of the Philippines from the Spanish. As a consequence of its defeat, Spain transferred its rights over the Philippine archipelago to the U.S., with the Philippines ceasing to",
"title": "Sovereignty of the Philippines"
},
{
"id": "1940783",
"text": "who withdrew to Corregidor and then to the United States to establish a government in exile in the United States. The General Headquarters and Military Camp Base of the Philippine Commonwealth Army was a military station are moved in the province. After the combined American and Filipino forces liberated the islands in 1945, Laurel officially dissolved the republic on August 17, 1945. The 1935 Constitution was restored after the Japanese surrender ended World War II, with Vice President Sergio Osmeña becoming President due to Quezon's death on August 1, 1944. It remained in effect after the United States recognized the",
"title": "President of the Philippines"
},
{
"id": "4697846",
"text": "except those areas inhabited by Moro tribes. Pockets of resistance continued for several years. Following the end of World War II, the United States granted independence to the Philippines on 4 July 1946 via the Treaty of Manila. July 4 was observed in the Philippines as \"Independence Day\" until August 4, 1964 when, upon the advice of historians and the urging of nationalists, President Diosdado Macapagal signed into law Republic Act No. 4166 designating June 12 as the country's \"Independence Day\". June 12 had previously been observed as \"Flag Day\" and many government buildings are urged to display the Philippine",
"title": "Philippine Declaration of Independence"
},
{
"id": "1919515",
"text": "active, globally oriented American foreign policy that continues to the present day. The U.S. acquired the Philippines from Spain on December 10, 1898 via the Treaty of Paris, which ended the Spanish–American War. However, Philippine revolutionaries led by Emilio Aguinaldo declared independence and in 1899 began fighting the U.S. troops. The Philippine–American War ended in 1901 after Aguinaldo was captured and swore allegiance to the U.S. Likewise the other insurgents accepted American rule and peace prevailed, except in some remote islands under Muslim control. Roosevelt continued the McKinley policies of removing the Catholic friars (with compensation to the Pope), upgrading",
"title": "History of the United States (1865–1918)"
},
{
"id": "5963083",
"text": "U.S. President Herbert Hoover vetoed the bill on January 13, 1933. Congress overrode the veto on January 17, and the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act became U.S. law. The law promised Philippine independence after 10 years, but reserved several military and naval bases for the United States, as well as imposing tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports. The law also required the Philippine Senate to ratify the law. Quezon urged the Philippine Senate to reject the bill, which it did. Quezon himself led the twelfth independence mission to Washington to secure a better independence act. The result was the Tydings–McDuffie Act of 1934",
"title": "Filipino nationalism"
},
{
"id": "8866180",
"text": "held the island because it had received actual title through legitimate treaties from the original \"discoverer\" of the island, Spain. The United States argued that Spain acquired title to Palmas when Spain discovered the island and the island was terra nullius. Spain's title to the island, because it was a part of the Philippines, was then ceded to the United States in the Treaty of Paris (1898) after Spain's defeat in the Spanish–American War. The arbitrator noted that no new international law invalidated the legal transfer of territory via cession. However, the arbitrator noted that Spain could not legally grant",
"title": "Territories claimed by the Philippines"
},
{
"id": "13974744",
"text": "of Jorge B. Vargas, as mayor. The Japanese entered the city on January 2, 1942 and established it as the capital. Japan fully captured the Philippines on May 6, 1942, after the Battle of Corregidor. The Second Philippine Republic was established on October 14, 1943 under Japanese occupation and endured until the end of the war, it was repudiated and the government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines restored. Philippine independence finally came on July 4, 1946, with the signing of the Treaty of Manila between the governments of the United States and the Philippines. The treaty provided for the",
"title": "Sovereignty of the Philippines"
},
{
"id": "315773",
"text": "the Filipinos. On January 23, 1899, the First Philippine Republic was proclaimed under Asia's first democratic constitution, with Aguinaldo as its President. Spain and the United States had sent commissioners to Paris to draw up the terms of the Treaty of Paris to end the Spanish–American War. The Filipino representative, Felipe Agoncillo, had been excluded from sessions as Aguinaldo's government was not recognized by the family of nations. Although there was substantial domestic opposition, the United States decided to annex the Philippines. In addition to Guam and Puerto Rico, Spain was forced in the negotiations cede the Philippines to the",
"title": "History of the Philippines"
},
{
"id": "315699",
"text": "Legazpi's expedition on February 13, 1565 from Mexico. He established the first permanent settlement in Cebu. Much of the archipelago came under Spanish rule, creating the first unified political structure known as the Philippines. Spanish colonial rule saw the introduction of Christianity, the code of law and the oldest modern university in Asia. The Philippines was ruled under the Mexico-based Viceroyalty of New Spain. After which, the colony was directly governed by Spain. Spanish rule ended in 1898 with Spain's defeat in the Spanish–American War. The Philippines then became a territory of the United States. U.S forces suppressed a Philippine",
"title": "History of the Philippines"
},
{
"id": "315551",
"text": "Philippine Republic, followed by the bloody Philippine–American War. Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II, when the Philippines was recognized as an independent nation. Since then, the unitary sovereign state has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution. It is a founding member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, and the East Asia Summit. It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank. The",
"title": "Philippines"
},
{
"id": "315700",
"text": "Revolution led by Emilio Aguinaldo. The United States established the Insular Government to rule the Philippines. In 1907, the elected Philippine Assembly was set up with popular elections. The U.S. promised independence in the Jones Act. The Philippine Commonwealth was established in 1935, as a 10-year interim step prior to full independence. However, in 1942 during World War II, Japan occupied the Philippines. The U.S. military overpowered the Japanese in 1945. The Treaty of Manila in 1946 established an independent Philippine Republic. Discovery in 2018 of stone tools and fossils of butchered animal remains in Rizal, Kalinga has pushed back",
"title": "History of the Philippines"
},
{
"id": "8866178",
"text": "Philippines and the northernmost island, known as Nanusa, of what was the former Netherlands East Indies. In 1898, Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States and Palmas sat within the boundaries of that cession to the U.S. In 1906, the United States discovered that the Netherlands also claimed sovereignty over the island and the two parties agreed to submit to binding arbitration to resolve the dispute on January 23, 1925. The arbitrator in the case was Max Huber, a Swiss national. The question the arbitrator was to resolve was whether the Island of Palmas (Miangas), in its entirety, was",
"title": "Territories claimed by the Philippines"
},
{
"id": "8185054",
"text": "Cebu 90 percent, and Zamboanga 95 percent. Philippine independence came on July 4, 1946, with the signing of the Treaty of Manila between the governments of the United States and the Philippines. The treaty provided for the recognition of the independence of the Republic of the Philippines and the relinquishment of American sovereignty over the Philippine Islands. From 1946 to 1961, Independence Day was observed on July 4. On 12 May 1962, President Macapagal issued Presidential Proclamation No. 28, proclaiming Tuesday, June 12, 1962 as a special public holiday throughout the Philippines. In 1964, Republic Act No. 4166 changed the",
"title": "History of the Philippines (1898–1946)"
},
{
"id": "8312230",
"text": "Aguinaldo declared Philippine Independence from Spain and formed the first Philippine Republic, in which he sat as its president. The Filipino troops were to enjoy only a brief respite from combat when American forces came in to establish rule in the islands by virtue of the Treaty of Paris, which Spain co-signed with America on 10 December 1898. The treaty ceded the Philippines to the United States. During the final years of the Philippine–American War, with the notable successes by the all-Filipino Macabebe Scouts cavalry squadron (raised in 1899) under U.S. command against the Philippine Revolutionary Army (PRA), the American",
"title": "Philippine Army"
},
{
"id": "315593",
"text": "had died. On October 11, 1945, the Philippines became one of the founding members of the United Nations. The following year, on July 4, 1946, the Philippines was officially recognized by the United States as an independent nation through the Treaty of Manila, during the presidency of Manuel Roxas. Disgruntled remnants of the communist Hukbalahap continued to roam the countryside but were put down by President Elpidio Quirino's successor Ramon Magsaysay. Magsaysay's successor, Carlos P. Garcia, initiated the Filipino First Policy, which was continued by Diosdado Macapagal, with celebration of Independence Day moved from July 4 to June 12, the",
"title": "Philippines"
},
{
"id": "13974734",
"text": "of the late 19th century, the cessation of these territories by Spain to the U.S. was valid. On August 14, 1898, following the August 12 capture of Manila, the U.S. had established a military government in the Philippines under General Merritt as military governor. During military rule (1898–1901), the U.S. military commander governed the Philippines under the authority of the U.S. president as commander-in-chief of the U.S. armed forces. General Otis succeeded General Merritt as military governor, governing from 1898 to 1900. General Otis was succeeded by General MacArthur, who governed from 1900 to 1901. On June 18, 1898, Aguinaldo",
"title": "Sovereignty of the Philippines"
},
{
"id": "8207851",
"text": "time, the two powers agreed that those islands, although part of the Philippines Archipelago, would remain under the administration of the State of North Borneo's British North Borneo Company. The supplemental treaty provided that the British North Borneo Company would continue to administer those islands unless and until the United States government gave notice to the United Kingdom calling for administration of the islands to be transferred to the U.S. The U.S. never gave such a notice. On the 4th of July, 1946, the Republic of the Philippines was born. It became the successor to the U.S. under the treaties",
"title": "History of the Philippines (1946–65)"
},
{
"id": "13931239",
"text": "directly by a British governor until the expiry of the hundred-year（99years） lease, which occurred in 1997. From that date the territory was controlled as a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. The Philippines unilaterally declared independence from Spain on 12 June 1898 under the leadership of President Emilio Aguinaldo, culminating the 1896 Revolution. Unbeknownst to the newly established government and the Filipino people in general, the United States of America had secretly arranged to purchase the colony along with several other possessions from Spain through the Treaty of Paris that concluded the Spanish–American War. After staging a",
"title": "Decolonisation of Asia"
},
{
"id": "1825454",
"text": "United States in the Treaty of Paris. The Philippines was under U.S. sovereignty until 1946, though occupied by Japan during World War II. In 1946, in the Treaty of Manila, the U.S. Recognized the Republic of the Philippines as an independent nation. Even after 1946, the U.S. maintained a heavy military presence in the Philippines, with as many as 21 U.S. military bases and 100,000 U.S. military personnel stationed there. The bases closed in 1992, leaving behind thousands of Amerasian children. Pearl S. Buck International foundation estimates there are 52,000 Amerasians scattered throughout the Philippines with 5,000 in the Clark",
"title": "Multiracial"
},
{
"id": "11278888",
"text": "Benevolent assimilation The term benevolent assimilation refers to a policy of the United States towards the Philippines as described in a proclamation by U.S. President William McKinley issued on December 21, 1898. It succinctly stated that \"future control, disposition, and government of the Philippine islands were ceded to the United States\" and that \"the military government is to be to the whole of the ceded territory.\" The proclamation was issued after Spain was defeated in the Spanish–American War but before fighting began in the Philippine–American War. Prior to the proclamation, the United States had defeated Spain during the naval Battle",
"title": "Benevolent assimilation"
},
{
"id": "2853497",
"text": "path to statehood, which effectively allowed for the Constitution to apply differently. The term \"insular\" signifies that the territories were islands administered by the War Department's Bureau of Insular Affairs. Today, the categorizations and implications put forth by the Insular Cases still govern the United States’ territories. In 1898, the United States signed the Treaty of Paris (entered into force April 11, 1899), which ended the Spanish–American War and granted the United States the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam. Additionally, Cuba remained under the jurisdiction of the United States Military Government until its independence on May 20, 1902. Since there",
"title": "Insular Cases"
},
{
"id": "11632042",
"text": "December 6, 1991, that it would have one year to complete withdrawal. That withdrawal went smoothly and was completed ahead of schedule, with the last U.S. forces departing on November 24, 1992. On departure, the U.S. Government turned over assets worth more than $1.3 billion to the Philippines, including an airport and ship-repair facility. Agencies formed by the Philippine Government have converted the former military bases for civilian commercial use, with Subic Bay serving as a flagship for that effort. The Philippine government on July 16, 2015 announced that it will revive a US-built deep-water naval base in Subic Bay",
"title": "Philippines–United States relations"
},
{
"id": "1545107",
"text": "United States government's commitment to eventually grant independence to the Philippines. The 1934 Philippine Independence Act created the Commonwealth of the Philippines the following year, a limited form of independence, and established a process ending in Philippine independence (originally scheduled for 1944, but interrupted and delayed by World War II). The United States granted independence in 1946, following World War II and the Japanese occupation of the Philippines, through the Treaty of Manila. Andrés Bonifacio was a warehouseman and clerk from Manila. On July 7, 1892, he established the Katipunan—a revolutionary organization formed to gain independence from Spanish colonial rule",
"title": "Philippine–American War"
},
{
"id": "1399121",
"text": "important laws passed by the U.S. Congress on April 30, 1946 regarding the Philippine lands. They are the Philippine Rehabilitation Act and the Philippine Trade Act. Both recommendations were accepted by the Congress. Commonwealth of the Philippines The Commonwealth of the Philippines (; ) was the administrative body that governed the Philippines from 1935 to 1946, aside from a period of exile in the Second World War from 1942 to 1945 when Japan occupied the country. It replaced the Insular Government, a United States territorial government, and was established by the Tydings–McDuffie Act. The Commonwealth was designed as a transitional",
"title": "Commonwealth of the Philippines"
},
{
"id": "1697688",
"text": "Northern Mariana Islands, American Samoa and Puerto Rico remain under U.S. control, the U.S. allowed many of its overseas territories or occupations to gain independence after World War II. Examples include the Philippines (1946), the Panama canal zone (1979), Palau (1981), the Federated States of Micronesia (1986) and the Marshall Islands (1986). Most of them still have U.S. bases within their territories. In the case of Okinawa, which came under U.S. administration after the Battle of Okinawa during the Second World War, this happened despite local popular opinion. In 2003, a Department of Defense distribution found the United States had",
"title": "American imperialism"
},
{
"id": "17401149",
"text": "within three months after the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty.\" In the U.S., there was a movement for Philippine independence; some said that the U.S. had no right to a land where many of the people wanted self-government. In 1898 Andrew Carnegie, an industrialist and steel magnate, offered to buy the Philippines for $20 million and give it to the Filipinos so that they could be free of United States government. On November 7, 1900, Spain and the U.S. signed the Treaty of Washington, clarifying that the territories relinquished by Spain to the United States included any",
"title": "United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands"
},
{
"id": "2255157",
"text": "an 'unincorporated' U.S. territory have yet to meet with success. The Philippine Revolution against Spain began in April 1896. The Spanish–American War came to the Philippines on May 1, 1898, when the United States Navy's Asiatic Squadron, commanded by Commodore George Dewey, defeated the Spanish Pacific Squadron under Admiral Patricio Montojo y Pasarón during the Battle of Manila Bay. On June 12, Philippine revolutionaries declared independence and establishment of the First Philippine Republic. On December 10, 1898, the Treaty of Paris which ended the Spanish–American War was signed. The treaty transferred control of the Philippines from Spain to the United",
"title": "United States territorial acquisitions"
},
{
"id": "4174923",
"text": "recognized Philippine independence. The Spanish rule of the Philippines officially ended with the Treaty of Paris of 1898, which also ended the Spanish–American War. In the treaty, Spain ceded control of the Philippines and other territories to the United States. There was an uneasy peace around Manila, with the American forces controlling the city and the weaker Philippines forces surrounding them. On February 4, 1899, in the Battle of Manila, fighting broke out between the Filipino and American forces, beginning the Philippine–American War. Aguinaldo immediately ordered \"[t]hat peace and friendly relations with the Americans be broken and that the latter",
"title": "Philippine Revolution"
},
{
"id": "8185002",
"text": "evening of the 15th the armed insurgent organizations withdrew from the city and all of its suburbs, ...\" On August 12, 1898, \"The New York Times\" reported that a peace protocol had been signed in Washington that afternoon between the U.S. and Spain, suspending hostilities between the two nations. The full text of the protocol was not made public until November 5, but Article III read: \"The United States will occupy and hold the City, Bay, and Harbor of Manila, pending the conclusion of a treaty of peace, which shall determine the control, disposition, and government of the Philippines.\" After",
"title": "History of the Philippines (1898–1946)"
},
{
"id": "6508352",
"text": "together with the Spanish West Indies, were administered through the Viceroyalty of New Spain based in Mexico City. After Mexican independence, they were ruled directly from Madrid. As a result of the Spanish–American War in 1898, the Philippines and Guam were occupied by the United States while about 6,000 of the remaining smaller islands were sold to Germany in the German–Spanish Treaty of 1899. The few remaining islands were ceded to the United States when the Treaty of Washington was ratified in 1901. Spanish contact began on , when a Spanish expedition led by Ferdinand Magellan reached the Mariana Islands.",
"title": "Spanish East Indies"
},
{
"id": "315800",
"text": "held in April 1946, with Manuel Roxas becoming the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines. The United States ceded its sovereignty over the Philippines on July 4, 1946, as scheduled. However, the Philippine economy remained highly dependent on United States markets—more dependent, according to United States high commissioner Paul McNutt, than any single U.S. state was dependent on the rest of the country. The Philippine Trade Act, passed as a precondition for receiving war rehabilitation grants from the United States, exacerbated the dependency with provisions further tying the economies of the two countries. A military assistance pact",
"title": "History of the Philippines"
},
{
"id": "2255158",
"text": "States. This agreement was not recognized by the Philippine revolutionaries, who declared war against the United States on June 2, 1899. The Philippine–American War ensued. In 1901, Emilio Aguinaldo, president of the Malolos Republic, was captured and pledged his allegiance to the American government. The U.S. unilaterally declared an end to the conflict in 1902. Scattered fighting continued, however, until 1913. The Philippine Organic Act of 1902 provided for the establishment of a bicameral legislature composed of an upper house consisting of the Philippine Commission, an appointed body with both American and Filipino members. and a popularly elected lower house,",
"title": "United States territorial acquisitions"
},
{
"id": "5620589",
"text": "the Spanish–American War in 1898, Filipino general, Emilio Aguinaldo declared independence on 12 June while General Wesley Merritt became the first American governor of the Philippines. On 10 December 1898, the Treaty of Paris formally ended the war, with Spain ceding the Philippines and other colonies to the United States in exchange for $20 million. After the Philippine–American War, the United States civil governance was established in 1901, with William Howard Taft as the first American Governor-General. A number of Americans settled in the islands and thousands of interracial marriages between Americans and Filipinos have taken place since then. Due",
"title": "Filipinos"
},
{
"id": "13659030",
"text": "of Paris (1898) was signed, ending the Spanish–American War and selling the Philippines to the United States for $20 million. With this treaty, Spanish rule in the Philippines formally ended. On January 23, 1899, Aguinaldo established the First Philippine Republic in Malolos. On February 4, 1899, the Philippine–American War began with the Battle of Manila (1899) between Americans forces and the nascent Philippine Republic. History of the Philippines (1521–1898) The history of the Philippines from 1521 to 1898, also known as the Spanish colonial period, a period that spans during the Captaincy General of the Philippines located in the collection",
"title": "History of the Philippines (1521–1898)"
},
{
"id": "11284177",
"text": "the start of the Philippine-American War. The Treaty of Paris of 1898 was an agreement made in 1898 that involved Spain relinquishing nearly all of the remaining Spanish Empire, especially Cuba, and ceding Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States. The cession of the Philippines involved a payment of $20 million from the United States to Spain. The treaty was signed on December 10, 1898, and ended the Spanish–American War. The Treaty of Paris came into effect on April 11, 1899, when the documents of ratification were exchanged. The Treaty of Paris marked the end of the",
"title": "Treaty of Manila (1946)"
},
{
"id": "9859920",
"text": "United States House Committee on Insular Affairs The United States House Committee on Insular Affairs is a defunct committee of the U.S. House of Representatives. The Treaty of Paris, signed on December 10, 1898, officially concluded the Spanish–American War. According to the provisions of the treaty, Spain ceded the Philippine Islands, Puerto Rico and Guam to the United States, and relinquished her sovereignty over Cuba. On January 1, 1899, the Spanish evacuated Cuba, and control of the island was assumed by a military governor who represented the United States. On December 8, 1899, the U.S. House established the Committee on",
"title": "United States House Committee on Insular Affairs"
},
{
"id": "5963075",
"text": "commissioners to Paris to draw up the terms of the Treaty of Paris which ended the Spanish–American War. In the treaty, Spain ceded the Philippines, along with Guam and Puerto Rico, to the United States. Cession of the Philippines involved payment by the U.S. of US$20,000,000.00. U.S. President McKinley described the acquisition of the Philippines as \"... a gift from the gods\", saying that since \"they were unfit for self-government, ... there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them\", in spite of the",
"title": "Filipino nationalism"
},
{
"id": "3184332",
"text": "ceded from Spain to the United States in the Treaty of Paris. Filipino sailors were the first Asians in North America. The first recorded presence of Filipinos in what is now the United States dates back to October 1587 around Morro Bay, California, with the first permanent settlement in Louisiana in 1763, with small settlements beginning in the 18th century. Mass migration began in the early 20th century when, for a period following the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the Philippines was a territory of the United States. During the 1920s, a majority of Filipino immigrating to the United States were",
"title": "Filipino Americans"
},
{
"id": "3367140",
"text": "Republic Day (Philippines) Philippine Republic Day, also known as Filipino-American Friendship Day, is a commemoration in the Philippines held annually on July 4. It was formerly an official holiday designated as Independence Day, celebrating the signing of the Treaty of Manila, which granted Philippine Independence from the United States of America in 1946. The Philippine Islands were an American possession from 1898 to 1946, first as a territory and then as a Commonwealth beginning in 1935. Between 1941 and 1945, the Empire of Japan occupied the Islands during the Second World War; the Commonwealth government-in-exile headed by President Manuel Luis",
"title": "Republic Day (Philippines)"
},
{
"id": "10445347",
"text": "a self-governing commonwealth, the Philippine Commonwealth, with full independence planned for ten years later. Delayed by World War II and the Japanese invasion and occupation of the Philippines, the Philippines became fully independent on July 4, 1946. Following independence there remained in the Philippines a strong American military presence including a number of United States military bases in the Philippines, all allowed by treaties between the newly independent Philippines and the United States. There were also a number of treaties that created a strong bond between the Philippines and the United States which gave both countries rights not enjoyed by",
"title": "Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–Philippines)"
},
{
"id": "16583754",
"text": "Tagalog (the native language of the Philippines) as a statement against Spanish colonialism. After the war, the Republic of the Philippines issued new cattle registrations inscribed \"Republic of the Philippines\" and reverted to English and Spanish text. The Commonwealth of the Philippines was officially restored in October 1944 when General Douglas MacArthur landed at Leyte with U.S. forces. Although the Japanese Occupation didn't end until the surrender of Japan in September 1945, the Commonwealth government retained administration of the islands until July 4, 1946 when the U.S. officially granted full sovereignty and independence to the Philippines. Many of the pre-war",
"title": "Revenue stamps of the Philippines"
},
{
"id": "6234190",
"text": "limits prescribed by the laws of war.\" On 2 June 1899, the Malolos Congress enacted and ratified a Declaration of War on the United States, which was publicly proclaimed on that same day by Pedro Paterno, President of the Assembly. The ending of the war was not formalized in a treaty by which it can be dated. Emilio Aguinaldo was captured by U.S. forces on 23 March 1901, and swore allegiance to the U.S. on 1 April, appealing to all Filipinos to accept the \"sovereignty of the United States ...\". Armed conflict continued, however, until the surrender of the last",
"title": "Timeline of the Philippine–American War"
},
{
"id": "315772",
"text": "transport provided by Dewey. On June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo declared the independence of the Philippines in Kawit, Cavite. Aguinaldo proclaimed a Revolutionary Government of the Philippines on June 23. By the time U.S. land forces arrived, the Filipinos had taken control of the entire island of Luzon except for Spanish capitol in the walled city of Intramuros. In the Battle of Manila, on August 13, 1898, the United States captured the city from the Spanish. This battle marked an end of Filipino-American collaboration, as Filipino forces were prevented from entering the captured city of Manila, an action deeply resented by",
"title": "History of the Philippines"
},
{
"id": "17718834",
"text": "the goddess of justice. But it was not to be, because in 1898 horseracing in the Philippines was suspended with the onset of the Spanish–American War, that lasted from April 25 until August 12, 1898. The Gran Copa trophy was sent by the MJC to the Shanghai Bank in Hong Kong for safekeeping, and was only returned in 1937, after 38 years. After the Spanish–American War, the Philippines became a territory of the United States, because Spain opted to make peace with the United States. resulting in the 1898 Treaty of Paris (1898), where Spain negotiated on terms favorable to",
"title": "Horse racing in the Philippines"
},
{
"id": "10445346",
"text": "Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–Philippines) The Mutual Defense Treaty between the Republic of the Philippines and the United States of America was signed on August 30, 1951, in Washington, D.C. between representatives of the Philippines and the United States. The overall accord contained eight articles and dictated that both nations would support each other if either the Philippines or the United States were to be attacked by an external party. The Philippines became a colony of the United States following the Spanish–American War and the subsequent Philippine–American War. In 1935, under the terms of the Tydings–McDuffie Act, the Philippines became",
"title": "Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–Philippines)"
},
{
"id": "314472",
"text": "and installed the Japanese-backed Second Philippine Republic in 1943. During World War II, the United States captured Palau from Japan in 1944 after the costly Battle of Peleliu, when more than 2,000 Americans and 10,000 Japanese were killed. In 1945–1946, the United States re-established control on the Philippines, and managed Palau through the Philippine capital of Manila. By the later half of 1946, however, the Philippines was granted full independence with the formation of the Third Republic of the Philippines, shifting the US Far West Pacific capital to Guam. Palau passed formally to the United States under United Nations auspices",
"title": "Palau"
},
{
"id": "1545112",
"text": "in Cavite El Viejo on June 12, 1898. The Philippine Declaration of Independence was not recognized by either the United States or Spain, and the Spanish government ceded the Philippines to the United States in the 1898 Treaty of Paris, which was signed on December 10, 1898, in consideration for an indemnity for Spanish expenses and assets lost. On January 1, 1899, Aguinaldo was declared President of the Philippines—the only president of what would be later called the First Philippine Republic. He later organized a Congress at Malolos in Bulacan to draft a constitution. On April 22, 1898, while in",
"title": "Philippine–American War"
},
{
"id": "15221992",
"text": "nonvoting members of Congress. Insular Government of the Philippine Islands The Insular Government of the Philippine Islands was a territorial government of the United States that was established in 1901 and was dissolved in 1935. The Insular Government was preceded by the United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands and was followed by the Commonwealth of the Philippines. The Philippines were acquired by the United States in 1898 as a result of the Spanish–American War. In 1902, the United States Congress passed the Philippine Organic Act, which organized the government and served as its basic law. This act provided",
"title": "Insular Government of the Philippine Islands"
},
{
"id": "13974740",
"text": "of a stable government. The law maintained the Governor General of the Philippines, appointed by the President of the United States, but established a bicameral Philippine Legislature to replace the elected Philippine Assembly (lower house) and appointive Philippine Commission (upper house) previously in place. Numerous independence bills were submitted to the U.S. Congress, and the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act became U.S. law on January 17, 1932. The law required the Philippine Senate ratification, which was not forthcoming. Philippine President Quezon led a twelfth independence mission to Washington to secure a better independence act. The result was the Tydings–McDuffie Act of 1934, which",
"title": "Sovereignty of the Philippines"
},
{
"id": "2255160",
"text": "United States suffered a total of 62,514 casualties, including 13,973 deaths in its attempt to liberate the Philippines from Imperial Japanese rule during the hard-fought Philippines campaign from 1944–1945. Full independence came with the recognition of Philippine sovereignty by the U.S. in 1946. Wake Island was annexed as empty territory by the United States in 1899 (the claim is currently disputed by the Marshall Islands). Germany, the United States, and Britain colonized the Samoan Islands. The nations came into conflict in the Second Samoan Civil War and the nations resolved their issues, establishing American Samoa as per the Treaty of",
"title": "United States territorial acquisitions"
},
{
"id": "2081331",
"text": "the Commonwealth of the Philippines, the number was changed to one. The Philippines was a United States territory from 13 August 1898 until Philippine independence was internationally recognized on 4 July 1946. The office was first created by the Philippine Organic Act (1902) section 8 and re-authorized on its subsequent replacements—the Jones Law of 1916 (known as the Philippine Autonomy Act) section 20, and the Tydings–McDuffie Act of 1934 (known as the Philippine Independence Act) section 7(5). The procedures for appointment of the Resident Commissioners were ambiguous and a source of friction. Under the Insular Government, they were appointed by",
"title": "Resident Commissioner of the Philippines"
},
{
"id": "15221977",
"text": "Insular Government of the Philippine Islands The Insular Government of the Philippine Islands was a territorial government of the United States that was established in 1901 and was dissolved in 1935. The Insular Government was preceded by the United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands and was followed by the Commonwealth of the Philippines. The Philippines were acquired by the United States in 1898 as a result of the Spanish–American War. In 1902, the United States Congress passed the Philippine Organic Act, which organized the government and served as its basic law. This act provided for a governor-general appointed",
"title": "Insular Government of the Philippine Islands"
},
{
"id": "1399108",
"text": "in the Philippines the Commonwealth was restored and a one-year transitional period in preparation for independence began. Elections followed in April 1946 with Manuel Roxas winning as the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines and Elpidio Quirino winning as vice-president. In spite of the years of Japanese occupation, the Philippines became independent exactly as scheduled a decade before, on July 4, 1946. The Commonwealth ended when the U.S. recognized Philippine independence on July 4, 1946, as scheduled. However, the economy remained dependent on the U.S. This was due to the Bell Trade Act, otherwise known as the",
"title": "Commonwealth of the Philippines"
},
{
"id": "11284187",
"text": "sovereignty. The treaty contains several key provisions. On July 4, 1946, representatives of the United States of America and of the Republic of the Philippines signed a Treaty of General Relations between the two governments. The treaty provided for the recognition of the independence of the Republic of the Philippines as of July 4, 1946, and the relinquishment of American sovereignty over the Philippine Islands. However, before the 1946 Treaty was authorized, a secret agreement was signed between Philippine President Osmena and US President Truman. President Osmena \"supported U.S. rights to bases in his country by backing them publicly and",
"title": "Treaty of Manila (1946)"
},
{
"id": "11284169",
"text": "Treaty of Manila (1946) The Treaty of Manila of 1946, formally the Treaty of General Relations and Protocol, is a treaty of general relations signed on in Manila, the capital city of the Philippines. It relinquished U.S. sovereignty over the Philippines and recognized the independence of the Republic of the Philippines. The treaty was signed by High Commissioner Paul V. McNutt as a representative of the United States and President Manuel Roxas representing the Philippines. It was signed by President Truman on after the U.S. Senate gave its advice and consent on by ratification of the treaty. It was ratified",
"title": "Treaty of Manila (1946)"
},
{
"id": "4697844",
"text": "from 16 provinces—Manila, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Bataan, Infanta, Morong, Tayabas, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Mindoro, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, La Union and Zambales—ratified the Proclamation of Independence in Bacoor, Cavite. Later at Malolos, Bulacan, the Malolos Congress modified the declaration upon the insistence of Apolinario Mabini who objected to that the original proclamation essentially placed the Philippines under the protection of the United States. The declaration was never recognized by either the United States or Spain. Later in 1898, Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States in the 1898 Treaty of Paris that ended the Spanish–American War. The Philippine Revolutionary Government",
"title": "Philippine Declaration of Independence"
},
{
"id": "1398569",
"text": "revolutionary government headed by Aguinaldo as president. The government included a Department of War and Public Works under which was placed the \"Army of Liberation of the Philippines\", a volunteer army to be organized as soon as possible. The Spanish–American War was formally concluded on December 10, 1898 by the Treaty of Paris between the United States and Spain. In that treaty, Spain ceded the Philippine Archipelago to the United States, and the United States agreed to pay US$20,000,000 to the Spanish government. The United States then exercised sovereignty over the Philippines. The insurgent First Philippine Republic was formally established",
"title": "Military history of the Philippines"
},
{
"id": "3468160",
"text": "forced the leadership of the U.S. to prematurely abandon its military installation at Clark Air Base. This is in addition to the voting by the Philippine Senate in 1991 to no longer extend the Laurel–Langley Agreement, which allowed the presence of U.S. military forces on Philippine territory, thus ending the long chapter of Filipino-American relations in the history of Angeles. The U.S. military never returned to Clark, turning over the damaged base to the Philippine government on 26 November 1991 In 1993, cleanup and removal of volcanic ash deposits began. The former base re-emerged as Clark Special Economic Zone (CSEZ)",
"title": "Angeles, Philippines"
},
{
"id": "2049432",
"text": "of the Cordillera to push the mining operations in the territory. Spain relinquished control of the Philippines to the United States of America due to the Treaty of Paris (1898), which officially ended the hostilities of the Spanish–American War. After a short period of peace in the region after the treaty was finalized the Philippine–American War began until 1902, though pockets of fighting did not end until 1913. The result of these conflicts led to the US declaring the Philippines a protectorate, a form of colonialism with local autonomy. The United States established strategic military bases in the Philippines with",
"title": "Cordillera Central (Luzon)"
},
{
"id": "2049025",
"text": "Cuba. Military defeat was followed by the independence of Cuba and the cession of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States, receiving US$20 million in compensation for the Philippines . On 2 June 1899, the second expeditionary battalion \"Cazadores\" of Philippines the last Spanish garrison in the Philippines, which had been besieged in Baler, Aurora at war end, was pulled out, effectively ending around 300 years of Spanish hegemony in the archipelago. By the end of the 17th century, only Melilla, Alhucemas, Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera (which had been taken again in 1564), Ceuta (part",
"title": "Spanish Empire"
},
{
"id": "2041023",
"text": "By the 1920s, the peaceful efforts by the Filipino leadership to pursue independence proved convincing. When the Democrats returned to power in 1933, they worked with Filipino to plan a smooth transition to independence. It was scheduled for 1946 by Tydings–McDuffie Act of 1934. In 1935, the Philippines transitioned out of territorial status, controlled by an appointed governor, to the semi-independent status of the Commonwealth of the Philippines. Its constitutional convention wrote a new constitution, which was approved by Washington and went into effect, with an elected governor Manuel L. Quezon and legislature. Foreign Affairs remained under American control. The",
"title": "Decolonization"
},
{
"id": "315815",
"text": "country. The United States turned over Clark Air Base in Pampanga to the government in November, and Subic Bay Naval Base in Zambales in December 1992, ending almost a century of U.S. military presence in the Philippines. In the 1992 elections, Defense Secretary Fidel V. Ramos, endorsed by Aquino, won the presidency with just 23.6% of the vote in a field of seven candidates. Early in his administration, Ramos declared \"national reconciliation\" his highest priority and worked at building a coalition to overcome the divisiveness of the Aquino years. He legalized the Communist Party and laid the groundwork for talks",
"title": "History of the Philippines"
},
{
"id": "13974743",
"text": "of principles superficially similar to the US Constitution. (\"See: Philippine National Assembly\"). A few hours after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, the Japanese launched air raids in several cities and US military installations in the Philippines on December 8, and on December 10, and Manila was occupied by the Japanese on January 2, 1942. The Commonwealth government by then had become a Government in exile seated in Washington, D.C., upon the invitation of U.S. President Roosevelt. Philippine President Manuel L. Quezon had declared Manila, the capital, an \"open city\" and left it under the rule",
"title": "Sovereignty of the Philippines"
},
{
"id": "11632039",
"text": "of the Philippines (1898–1946) describes the history of the Philippines during American colonial rule. Leaders of the two states (1936-1972) Leaders of the two states (1972-present) A 1947 Military Bases Agreement gave the United States a 99-year lease on a number of Philippine military and naval bases in which U.S. authorities had virtual territorial rights. In August of 1951, a mutual defense treaty (MDT) was signed between representatives of the Philippines and the United States. The overall accord contained eight articles and dictated that both nations would support each other if either the Philippines or the United States were to",
"title": "Philippines–United States relations"
},
{
"id": "2875861",
"text": "15, 1935 until July 4, 1946. The United States recognized the future independence of the Philippines in 1934 but called for a transitional ten-year period from 1934 up to 1944. The Second World War disrupted the schedule and the Philippines became fully independent in 1946. Commonwealth (U.S. insular area) In the terminology of the United States insular areas, a Commonwealth is a type of organized but unincorporated dependent territory. There are currently two United States insular areas with the status of commonwealth, the Northern Mariana Islands and Puerto Rico. The definition of \"Commonwealth\" according to current U.S. State Department policy",
"title": "Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)"
},
{
"id": "20018263",
"text": "islands, although part of the Philippines Archipelago, would remain under the administration of the State of North Borneo's British North Borneo Company. The supplemental treaty provided that the British North Borneo Company would continue to administer those islands unless and until the United States government gave notice to the United Kingdom calling for administration of the islands to be transferred to the United States. The United States never gave such a notice. On 4 July 1946, the Republic of the Philippines was born. It became the successor to the United States under the treaties of 1930. On 15 July 1946,",
"title": "Mangsee Islands"
},
{
"id": "17401148",
"text": "demands of a conqueror\", but their wounded pride was assauged by an offer of twenty million dollars for \"Spanish improvements\" to the islands. The Spaniards capitulated, and on December 10, 1898, the U.S. and Spain signed the Treaty of Paris, formally ending the Spanish–American War. In Article III, Spain ceded the Philippine archipelago to the United States, as follows: \"Spain cedes to the United States the archipelago known as the Philippine Islands, and comprehending the islands lying within the following line: [... geographic description elided ...]. The United States will pay to Spain the sum of twenty million dollars ($20,000,000)",
"title": "United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands"
},
{
"id": "2255150",
"text": "1862 by the Kingdom of Hawaii, and the Stewart Islands, which had joined the Kingdom a few years before Palmyra. At Hawaiian statehood in 1959, Palmyra and arguably the Stewarts were excluded from the new state. Palmyra remained an incorporated U.S. territory, while the Stewarts were claimed and are now controlled by the Solomon Islands. Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines (for which the United States compensated Spain $20 million, equivalent to $ in present-day terms), were ceded by Spain after the Spanish–American War in the 1898 Treaty of Paris. Spain relinquished all claim of sovereignty over Cuba, but did",
"title": "United States territorial acquisitions"
},
{
"id": "16568876",
"text": "view of the increased capability of aircraft, and by 1936 they were agreed that the Philippines should be written off. But in July 1941, this decision was abruptly reversed, and it became the policy of the U.S. government to defend and hold the Philippines. This was based, at least in part, in the belief that Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers could deter or defeat an invading force. Soon after the Japanese invasion of the Philippines in 1941, MacArthur, in accordance with the pre-war plan, declared Manila an open city, and ordered his forces on Luzon to withdraw to Bataan. The",
"title": "Douglas MacArthur's escape from the Philippines"
},
{
"id": "16829819",
"text": "William McKinley and French Ambassador Jules Cambon, acting on behalf of the Spanish government, signed an armistice whereby Spain relinquished its sovereignty over the territories of Puerto Rico, Cuba, the Philippines and Guam. The Philippine–American War was part of a series of conflicts in the Philippine struggle for independence against United States occupation. Fighting erupted between US and Filipino revolutionary forces on February 4, 1899, and quickly escalated into the 1899 Battle of Manila. On June 2, 1899, the First Philippine Republic officially declared war against the United States. The war officially ended on July 4, 1902. This US intervention",
"title": "United States involvement in regime change"
},
{
"id": "2762554",
"text": "Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The other eleven territories are small islands, atolls, and reefs with no native or permanent population. Of those eleven, only one is classified as an incorporated territory. Two territories (Bajo Nuevo Bank and Serranilla Bank) are administered by Colombia. Historically, territories were created to govern newly acquired land. Most territories eventually attained statehood. Other territories at some point administered by the U.S., such as the Philippines, Micronesia, the Marshall Islands and Palau, eventually became independent countries. Many organized incorporated territories of the United States existed from 1789 to 1959. The first were the",
"title": "Territories of the United States"
},
{
"id": "316042",
"text": "had taken over towns and villages. The Americans established the Philippine Constabulary in 1901 manned by Filipino fighters and used against Gen. Aguinaldo who was later captured. On April 9, 2002, Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo proclaimed that the Philippine–American War had ended on April 16, 1902 with the surrender of General Miguel Malvar. Since the beginning of American rule in the Philippines, the United States Army had taken the responsibility for the defense of the country in the land, and the United States Navy in the seas until the passage of the National Defense Act of 1935 which called",
"title": "Armed Forces of the Philippines"
},
{
"id": "316097",
"text": "Administration governed various Pacific island colonies from Manila. These include the present-day Guam, and parts of Micronesia, all of which were given separate administrations under American oversight after Spain transferred power to the United States in accordance with the Treaty of Paris. Spanish Manila also governed possessions in Borneo, Halmahera, Taiwan, Pulau Ternate and Pulau Tidore, all of which transferred to non-American entities after the Spanish–American War. Sabah, the largest region which the Philippines claim, is now an integral part of Malaysia. On January 23, 1878, Sulu Sultan Jamalul Alam leased or ceded (depending on translation used) his territory in",
"title": "Foreign relations of the Philippines"
},
{
"id": "10445353",
"text": "U.S. Military bases in the Philippines. The most notable and controversial of these bases are Clark Air Force Base outside of metro Manila, and the U.S. Naval Station Subic Bay. The bases were garrisoned for nearly 40 years after the end of World War II until the early 1990s. In 1991 anti-US sentiment in the Philippines forced the Philippine Senate to reject a new base agreement treaty that subsequently forced the removal of all US forces from Philippine soil. However, given the rise of global terrorism with the events of 9/11 and the subsequent economic rise and militant expansion of",
"title": "Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–Philippines)"
},
{
"id": "8398233",
"text": "from Russia in 1867. Desires for expansion into Spanish territories like Cuba led to the Spanish–American War in 1898, in which the United States gained Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines, and occupied Cuba for several years. American Samoa was acquired by the United States in 1900 after the end of the Second Samoan Civil War. The United States purchased the U.S. Virgin Islands from Denmark in 1917. Guam and Puerto Rico remain territories; the Philippines became independent in 1946, after being a major theater of World War II. Following the war, many islands were entrusted to the U.S. by",
"title": "Territorial evolution of the United States"
},
{
"id": "5606167",
"text": "status as an independent nation and no longer a Spanish colony since the declaration of independence on June 12, 1898. However, the United States did not recognize Philippine sovereignty and announced their interest to annex the country by January 1899. This brought into serious foreign conflict when the Republic was formally established in January 23 at Malolos. By January 30, Aguinaldo resent Agoncillo, this time to the United States Senate, so as to reconsider their plans to annex the country and instead formally recognize Filipino independence. In the next few months, Mabini was pressured by political problems such as negotiating",
"title": "Prime Minister of the Philippines"
},
{
"id": "11786587",
"text": "ended by the Treaty of Paris, in which Spain ceded the Philippine archipelago and other Spanish territories to the United States, the Philippine–American War ensued, ending in American victory on July 4, 1902. From 1901 to 1935, the Philippines was governed by the United States of America. The Governor-General was appointed by the President of the United States and approved by the Senate. Unlike the Governors General of the British Dominions, the American Governors General exercised active executive authority over the nation they were appointed to administer, more like Governors of British colonies. The Prime Minister of the Philippines (;",
"title": "Heads of state and government of the Philippines"
},
{
"id": "13241355",
"text": "out through 18,960 individual claims have been granted, which make up a minority of 42,755 total claims made for the one time payment. Rescission Act of 1946 The Rescission Act of 1946 () is a law of the United States that retroactively annulled benefits that would have been payable to Filipino troops on account of their military service under the auspices of the United States during the time that the Philippines was a U.S. territory and Filipinos were U.S. nationals. Service before July 1, 1946, in the organized military forces of the Government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, while",
"title": "Rescission Act of 1946"
},
{
"id": "15595973",
"text": "territories. In 1945, it deployed to the Philippines, where it first saw combat as a unit. After major combat operations, it remained in the Philippines until it returned to California and was deactivated in 1946 at Camp Stoneman. In 1898, the Philippines was ceded by Spain to the United States and, after a conflict between Philippine independence forces and the United States, Filipinos were allowed to immigrate freely to the United States as U.S. nationals. Most immigrants chose to settle in the Territory of Hawaii and the West coast. In 1934, U.S. policy changed, and their status as nationals was",
"title": "1st Filipino Infantry Regiment"
},
{
"id": "8185015",
"text": "January 4, 1899. Referring to the Treaty of Paris, it said that as a result of the victories of American arms, the future control, disposition, and government of the Philippine Islands are ceded to the United States. It enjoined the military commander (General Otis) to make known to the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands that in succeeding to the sovereignty of Spain, the authority of the United States is to be exerted for the securing of the persons and property of the people of the islands and for the confirmation of all their private rights and relations. It specified that",
"title": "History of the Philippines (1898–1946)"
},
{
"id": "15221987",
"text": "such missions was ruled illegal. Subsequent independence missions in 1922, 1923, 1930, 1931 1932, and two missions in 1933 were funded by voluntary contributions. Numerous independence bills were submitted to the U.S. Congress, which passed the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Bill on December 30, 1932. U.S. President Herbert Hoover vetoed the bill on January 13, 1933. Congress overrode the veto on January 17, and the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act became U.S. law. The law promised Philippine independence after 10 years, but reserved several military and naval bases for the United States, as well as imposing tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports. The law also required",
"title": "Insular Government of the Philippine Islands"
},
{
"id": "13974729",
"text": "D.C. between Spain and the United States on the previous day, American forces captured the city of Manila from the Spanish. The next day, August 14, the U.S. established a military government in the Philippines, with Major General Wesley Merritt as the first military governor. General Merritt received news of the August 12 peace protocol on August 16, three days after the surrender of Manila. In early December 1898, General Rios moved the Spanish Philippine capital from Manila to Iloilo. On December 24, Rios and the Spanish garrison departed Iloilo after being driven out by local revolutionaries. By December 28,",
"title": "Sovereignty of the Philippines"
},
{
"id": "8207845",
"text": "before the Senate Committee on Finance, Assistant Secretary of State for Economic Affairs William Clayton described the law as \"clearly inconsistent with the basic foreign economic policy of this country\" and \"clearly inconsistent with our promise to grant the Philippines genuine independence.\" The Philippine government had little choice but to accept these terms for independence. The U.S. Congress was threatening to withhold post-World War II rebuilding funds unless the Bell Act was ratified. The Philippine Congress obliged on July 2, 1946. After independence, the US continued to direct the country through Central Intelligence Agency operatives like Edward Lansdale. As Raymond",
"title": "History of the Philippines (1946–65)"
},
{
"id": "13241350",
"text": "Rescission Act of 1946 The Rescission Act of 1946 () is a law of the United States that retroactively annulled benefits that would have been payable to Filipino troops on account of their military service under the auspices of the United States during the time that the Philippines was a U.S. territory and Filipinos were U.S. nationals. Service before July 1, 1946, in the organized military forces of the Government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, while such forces were in the service of the Armed Forces of the United States pursuant to the military order of the President dated",
"title": "Rescission Act of 1946"
}
] | when did the philippines stop being a us territory |
[
"18 years or older"
] | [
{
"id": "17351311",
"text": "of 15. You must be over 18 years of age to get a tattoo freely without parental consent. You need to have parental or guardian consent at the ages of 16 and 17. The legal age is 18. The age is 18 or 15 with consent of parents. The minimum age is 18. In the Netherlands, the age at which persons may decide for themselves to have a tattoo and piercing is 16 years. This age limit is suspended for earlobe piercing but pertains to all other areas. Informed consent forms, with information concerning health (including allergies) must be available",
"title": "Legal status of tattooing in the European Union"
},
{
"id": "12722861",
"text": "Legal status of tattooing in the United States In the United States, there is no federal law regulating the practice of tattooing. However, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have statutory laws requiring a person receiving a tattoo be 18 years or older. This is partially based on the legal principle that a minor cannot enter into a legal contract or otherwise render informed consent for a procedure. Most states permit a person under the age of 18 to receive a tattoo with permission of a parent or guardian, but some states outright prohibit tattooing under a certain",
"title": "Legal status of tattooing in the United States"
},
{
"id": "17351310",
"text": "consent from parents) in France. You must be over 18 years of age to get a tattoo freely without parental consent. You need to have parental or guardian consent at the ages of 16 and 17. The minimum age is 18. Greek tattoo law only covers tattoos and not permanent make-up. Other key provisions (non exhaustive summary): No legislation found. \"There is no legislation regulating body piercing and tattooing. As a result there is no legal minimum age at which you can get a body piercing or tattoo.\" However, many tattoo shops will refuse to tattoo anyone under the age",
"title": "Legal status of tattooing in the European Union"
},
{
"id": "12722863",
"text": "that they suspect may be intoxicated. Artists sometimes claim their personal business restrictions are a matter of law even when it is not true, so as to avoid arguments with clients. Legal status of tattooing in the United States In the United States, there is no federal law regulating the practice of tattooing. However, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have statutory laws requiring a person receiving a tattoo be 18 years or older. This is partially based on the legal principle that a minor cannot enter into a legal contract or otherwise render informed consent for a",
"title": "Legal status of tattooing in the United States"
},
{
"id": "17351313",
"text": "but most tattoo parlours will refuse anyone under 18 No legislation found. 17 with parent's consent. Anyone the age of 18 or upwards does not need consent 14 or 15 in some parts of the country with parent's consent. 16, but most tattoo shops will refuse to tattoo you if you're under 18. There is no ilegal age for getting a tattoo in malta Legal status of tattooing in the European Union You may get a tattoo at the age of 17 with parental consent (this can be written) and without parental consent from the age of 18 upwards. In",
"title": "Legal status of tattooing in the European Union"
},
{
"id": "17351312",
"text": "and must be signed by the client. In the case of young adults under 16 years, a parent or guardian must sign. If they have signed but are not present with the client, the tattooist or piercer must verify their consent by telephone. Signed consent forms must be kept by the studio in a locked file for ten years. 18, or 16 with parental consent. . 18, or 16 with parental consent. The minimum without parental consent is 18. With parental consent you can get away at some salons from the age 14. (Parental supervision) Age 16 with parental concent",
"title": "Legal status of tattooing in the European Union"
},
{
"id": "3917969",
"text": "an integrated circuit that contains information about the age of the holder. Card issuance is restricted so that only adults aged 20 and over may acquire the cards. The cards are contactless, so that vending machines will be able to read them without contact. The cards are able to store value, giving purchasers the option to pay by card or by cash. Users are able to add more value at vending machines. Consumers can apply for the cards by filling out a form available at tobacco retailers and mailing it, along with a copy of a verifiable identification document (driver's",
"title": "Taspo"
},
{
"id": "17351309",
"text": "pierce minors completely) The legal age to get a tattoo in Cyprus is 16 with written consent of parent. 18 without permission from parents The Danish tattoo law was valid from June 15, 1966. It is unlawful to tattoo someone under the age of 18. In addition to this it is unlawful to tattoo someone on the head, neck and hands. No legislation found. You need to be 18+ to get a tattoo in Finland, however, you may be able to get a permit to get a tattoo under the age of 18. The legal minimum age is 16 (with",
"title": "Legal status of tattooing in the European Union"
},
{
"id": "12722862",
"text": "age regardless of permission, with the exception of medical necessity (such as markings placed for radiation therapy). In all jurisdictions, individual tattooists may also choose to place additional restrictions based on their own moral feelings, such as refusing \"any\" clients under a specific age even with parental consent despite it being legal, or limiting the type and/or location of where they are willing to tattoo (such as refusing any work around intimate parts of the body). They may additionally refuse to perform specific artwork, including if they merely find it inappropriate or offensive, or refuse to work on a client",
"title": "Legal status of tattooing in the United States"
},
{
"id": "4257345",
"text": "Toto (Oz) Toto is a fictional dog in L. Frank Baum's \"Oz\" series of children's books, and works derived from them. His name is pronounced with a long \"O\", a homophone of \"toe toe\". He was originally a small terrier drawn by W. W. Denslow for the first edition of \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\" (1900). He reappears in numerous adaptations, such as \"The Wizard of Oz\" (1939), \"The Wiz\" (1978) and \"Return to Oz\" (1985). Toto belongs to Dorothy Gale, the heroine of the first and many subsequent books. In the first book, he never spoke, although other animals,",
"title": "Toto (Oz)"
},
{
"id": "9985937",
"text": "'5 out-of 49' format to a '6 out-of 42' format. On July 1, 1997, TOTO format was changed once again to a '6 out-of 45' format. The game introduced several popular draws, including the TOTO Millennium Draw (December 30, 1999), the Hongbao Draw (February 10, 2000) and the Mooncake Draw (October 6, 2006). On October 17, 2014 TOTO was changed to a '6 out-of 49' format. In September 2016, TOTO became available online. A buyer picks at least six numbers, each on a basis of 1 to 49. The winning numbers drawn include six numbers plus an additional number. Three",
"title": "Toto (lottery)"
},
{
"id": "17351308",
"text": "Legal status of tattooing in the European Union You may get a tattoo at the age of 17 with parental consent (this can be written) and without parental consent from the age of 18 upwards. In Belgium, there is not a specific implementation decree regulating the sector of piercing and tattooing practices. No legislation exists. You may get a tattoo or piercing at the age of 16 with parental consent (parents must be present) and without parental consent from the age of 18 upwards. (tattooing or piercing of minors may vary depending on studios policy, some refuse to tattoo or",
"title": "Legal status of tattooing in the European Union"
},
{
"id": "6979824",
"text": "to purchase from the machines. To get a Taspo card, the purchaser must present their passport or ID to any government-authorized business offering the service. As an automated way of determining age, the Fujitaka company is developing a technology that allows the vending machine to determine, using a digital camera and based on the facial wrinkles and sags of the potential buyer, whether the buyer is old enough to purchase cigarettes. The system compares facial characteristics including bone structure, sags, and crow's feet against a record of more than 100,000 people. However, if the user fails they can still use",
"title": "Cigarette machine"
},
{
"id": "6864777",
"text": "18-year-olds, exceptions are made for bottom-aged players—16- or 17-year-olds—and since 2007, over-age players—19-year-olds—to participate in the competition. Since the beginning of the 2007 TAC Cup season, clubs have been granted permission to select up to five over-age players permitted on their lists. Nonetheless, age eligibility requirements remain for the AFL Draft, where players must have turned seventeen years of age by 30 April of that draft year to be eligible for selection by an AFL club. The Morrish Medal is awarded to the best player in the competition each year. The same medal was previously awarded to the best player",
"title": "TAC Cup"
},
{
"id": "17332953",
"text": "the motor vehicle must be in possession of a valid Driver's Permit on their person and is legally endorsed for that class of vehicle. Contravention to the aforementioned could warrant a fine of up to and imprisonment. The eligible age to first obtain a driver's license varies substantially from state to state, from 14 years, three months, in South Dakota to 17 in New Jersey. In a majority of states one can obtain a license that allows driving without adult supervision by age 16, after passing the requisite tests. Since the driver's license is a commonplace document that carries much",
"title": "Driver's license"
},
{
"id": "7214254",
"text": "an approval rating of 90%, based on 10 reviews, and an average rating of 8.2/10. Toto the Hero Toto the Hero () is a 1991 Belgian film (co-produced with France and Germany) by Belgian film director and screenwriter Jaco Van Dormael. The film was selected as the Belgian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 64th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee. Ostensibly set in the near future, the film tells the life story of an elderly man named Thomas Van Hasebroeck (who has dubbed himself Toto, after a childhood fantasy), looking back on his",
"title": "Toto the Hero"
},
{
"id": "7214251",
"text": "Toto the Hero Toto the Hero () is a 1991 Belgian film (co-produced with France and Germany) by Belgian film director and screenwriter Jaco Van Dormael. The film was selected as the Belgian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 64th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee. Ostensibly set in the near future, the film tells the life story of an elderly man named Thomas Van Hasebroeck (who has dubbed himself Toto, after a childhood fantasy), looking back on his ordinary, apparently uneventful life in a complex mosaic of flashbacks, interspersed with fantasies about how",
"title": "Toto the Hero"
},
{
"id": "9985935",
"text": "Toto (lottery) TOTO (est. in 1968) is a legalized form of lottery sold in Singapore, known by different names elsewhere. It is held by Singapore Pools, the only legal lottery operator in Singapore. As of April 2015, it was the second most popular type of gambling activity, after 4-Digits. TOTO can be purchased from any of the Singapore Pools outlets across Singapore. Draws are conducted every Monday and Thursday at 1830h or 6:30pm (SG/HK time). The \"live\" TOTO draw can be viewed at the Singapore Pools Main Branch at 210 Middle Road. The profits from TOTO go to the Singapore",
"title": "Toto (lottery)"
},
{
"id": "18814107",
"text": "Nipple tattoo The nipple tattoo, or tittoo as it is occasionally known, is a body trend which gained widespread recognition in 2013. It is a type of tattoo which appears on the areola and is semi-permanent. Nipple tattooing has its origins as a medical procedure for breast reconstruction after a mastectomy. It is increasingly commonly used as a cosmetic procedure, which began being reported on in early 2013, used to enlarge, darken and define the nipples and areola, with the intent to improve the 'sexiness' of the nipple. This practice began in the United States but slowly trickled through to",
"title": "Nipple tattoo"
},
{
"id": "11844817",
"text": "to the extensive candidate selection process, which may last a year or longer and may include a vote by existing members. Membership is limited to mothers of children between the ages of 2-19. Annual costs of membership, including dues and activity fees, may easily reach thousands of dollars. National Tots and Teens, Incorporated is another well-noted family organization. It is unique in that fathers hold membership with mothers; single father-headed households are eligible for membership. Tots and Teens was founded by Geraldine Jacoway-Ross of Los Angeles, California in May 1952. In 1953 its second chapter was organized in Baltimore, Maryland.",
"title": "African-American upper class"
},
{
"id": "8741967",
"text": "the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 287 teenagers or 7.8% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 414 people or 11.3% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 587 people or 16.0% are between 30 and 39, 598 people or 16.3% are between 40 and 49, and 483 people or 13.2% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 430 people or 11.8% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 365 people or 10.0% are between 70 and 79, there are 224 people or 6.1% who",
"title": "Paradiso, Ticino"
},
{
"id": "8981862",
"text": "Honey first featured on Big Cat Diary in 2002 as a capable first time mother of three tiny cubs of nearly 8 weeks old, even to the point of seeing off a male lion to keep them safe. For 2005's Big Cat Week, viewers were introduced to her young cub, Toto, a Swahili word meaning \"the little one\". Honey was not mentioned on screen as Toto's mother because this was not known until after the series was filmed. When he was first filmed, it was estimated that Toto was only 6–8 weeks old, making him the youngest cheetah cub ever",
"title": "Big Cat Diary"
},
{
"id": "8736704",
"text": "years old. 32 people or 10.3% are between 30 and 39, 46 people or 14.8% are between 40 and 49, and 57 people or 18.3% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 32 people or 10.3% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 42 people or 13.5% are between 70 and 79, there are 30 people or 9.6% who are over 80. , there were 137 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.1 persons per household. there were 177 single family homes (or 81.6% of the total) out of a total",
"title": "Astano"
},
{
"id": "1231142",
"text": "who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.22. In the city, the population was distributed as 32.0% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 26.0% from 25 to 44, 19.5% from 45 to 64, and 15.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.6 males. The median income for a household in the city was $23,214, and for a",
"title": "Tahoka, Texas"
},
{
"id": "1924892",
"text": "more of the following as proof of age: the buyer's identity card, bank debit card (smart card) or European Union driver's license. In Japan, age verification has been mandatory since 1 July 2008 via the Taspo card, issued only to persons aged 20 or over. The Taspo card uses RFID, stores monetary value, and is contactless. A birth control machine is a vending machine for the sale of birth control, such as condoms or emergency contraception. Condom machines are often placed in public toilets, subway stations, airports or schools as a public health measure to promote safe sex. Many pharmacies",
"title": "Vending machine"
},
{
"id": "494263",
"text": "the highest percentage of smokers in its population, has a legal age of 18. Japan is one of the highest tobacco-consuming nations, and requires purchasers to be 20 years of age (suffrage in Japan is 20 years old). Since July 2008, Japan has enforced this age limit at cigarette vending machines through use of the taspo smart card. In other countries, such as Egypt, it is legal to use and purchase tobacco products regardless of age. Germany raised the purchase age from 16 to 18 on the 1 September 2007. Some police departments in the United States occasionally send an",
"title": "Cigarette"
},
{
"id": "6770043",
"text": "Bobby Kimball Robert Troy Kimball (born March 29, 1947) is an American singer, best known as the original and longtime frontman of the rock band Toto. Kimball was raised in Vinton, Louisiana, but was born in nearby Orange, Texas, as Vinton did not have a hospital. Kimball started singing as a child, dabbling on vocals and playing piano and acoustic guitar in a musical household throughout his youth - mostly covering and performing 1950s and 60's R&B hits, 1800's Traditional Olde Tyme music; as well as rare local Swamp pop and Cajun folk songs, typical of Louisiana. His parents were",
"title": "Bobby Kimball"
},
{
"id": "8737365",
"text": "between 0 and 9 years old and 87 teenagers or 10.1% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 109 people or 12.7% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 102 people or 11.9% are between 30 and 39, 132 people or 15.3% are between 40 and 49, and 129 people or 15.0% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 127 people or 14.8% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 63 people or 7.3% are between 70 and 79, there are 38 people or 4.4% who are over 80.",
"title": "Muzzano, Ticino"
},
{
"id": "6594949",
"text": "illegal to tattoo a minor even with parental consent, and it is usually not allowed to tattoo impaired persons (e.g. someone intoxicated or under the influence of drugs), people with contraindicated skin conditions, those who are pregnant or nursing, or those incapable of consent due to mental incapacity. Before the tattooing begins the client is asked to approve the position of the applied stencil. After approval is given the artist will open new, sterile needle packages in front of the client, and always use new, sterile or sterile disposable instruments and supplies, and fresh ink for each session (loaded into",
"title": "Tattoo artist"
},
{
"id": "3917970",
"text": "license, health-insurance card, etc.) and a facial photo to TIOJ. No fees are required to obtain the card. Cardholders can cancel lost or stolen cards by contacting TIOJ to remotely disable the cards' use at vending machines. The final pilot program began in March 2008, and was phased in after that, becoming operational nationwide by 1 July 2008. Taspo , formerly known as , is a smart card using RFID developed by the Tobacco Institute of Japan (TIOJ), the , and the for introduction in 2008. Following its introduction, the card is necessary in order to purchase cigarettes from vending",
"title": "Taspo"
},
{
"id": "1077518",
"text": "age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 3.07. The median age in the city was 38.5 years. 22.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.9% were from 25 to 44; 26.9% were from 45 to 64; and 16.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.9% male and 49.1% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 145 people, 54 households, and 40 families residing in the city. The population density was 552.7",
"title": "Oto, Iowa"
},
{
"id": "15229982",
"text": "points. 130-139: 4 points. 140-159: 5 points. 160 or higher: 6 points. 10-year risk in %: Points total: Under 9 points: <1%. 9-12 points: 1%. 13-14 points: 2%. 15 points: 3%. 16 points: 4%. 17 points: 5%. 18 points: 6%. 19 points: 8%. 20 points: 11%. 21=14%, 22=17%, 23=22%, 24=27%, >25= Over 30% Age: 20–34 years: Minus 9 points. 35–39 years: Minus 4 points. 40–44 years: 0 points. 45–49 years: 3 points. 50–54 years: 6 points. 55–59 years: 8 points. 60–64 years: 10 points. 65–69 years: 11 points. 70–74 years: 12 points. 75–79 years: 13 points. Total cholesterol, mg/dL: Age",
"title": "Framingham Risk Score"
},
{
"id": "7363341",
"text": "2010, \"Tatoosh\" was listed for sale with Fraser Yachts, listed at . The listing was withdrawn in 2014 after failing to attract a buyer. In January 2016, \"Tatoosh\" destroyed 14,000 square feet of coral reef in the West Bay replenishment zone in the Cayman Islands according to officials. The owners of the \"Tatoosh\" released a statement that the mooring location was explicitly directed by the local port authority. \"Tatoosh\"'s features include: Tatoosh (yacht) Tatoosh is a private yacht owned by the late Paul Allen, who also owned the \"Octopus\". She is now the world's 56th largest superyacht. Originally built for",
"title": "Tatoosh (yacht)"
},
{
"id": "17643493",
"text": "force at that time. The rest of this Act was to commence \"on a day fixed by proclamation.\" The relevant Minister is required to review the Act after 3 years. The Act places restrictions on who can hold a permit, including the holder must be an Australian citizen over the age of 18, and must not be a \"controlled person\" as defined by Criminal Organisation Act 2009. It requires permit applicants to provide finger prints and palm prints. The Act amends the Liquor Act 1992, in particular to prohibit patrons from wearing or displaying material associated with criminal motor cycle",
"title": "Tattoo Parlours Act 2013"
},
{
"id": "2855446",
"text": "may be members of the American Association of Orthodontists. The AAO recommends that children as young as the age of seven see an orthodontist to evaluate whether they need dental braces or not. In 2013 Gayle Glenn was elected as the first female president of the American Association of Orthodontists. AAO is affiliated with the Canadian Association of Orthodontists. American Association of Orthodontists The American Association of Orthodontists (AAO) is the American professional association for orthodontists. Approximately 13,500 American orthodontists, about 95 percent, are members along with a few Canadian orthodontists. All orthodontists are dentists and may simultaneously hold membership",
"title": "American Association of Orthodontists"
},
{
"id": "2944714",
"text": "The age distribution, , in Riex is; 31 children or 10.7% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 34 teenagers or 11.7% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 31 people or 10.7% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 42 people or 14.5% are between 30 and 39, 47 people or 16.2% are between 40 and 49, and 35 people or 12.1% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 35 people or 12.1% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 28 people or 9.7%",
"title": "Riex"
},
{
"id": "2756080",
"text": "Toto (band) Toto is an American rock band formed in 1976 in Los Angeles. The band's current lineup consists of Joseph Williams (lead vocals), David Paich (keyboards, vocals), Steve Porcaro (keyboards), Steve Lukather (guitars, vocals), plus touring members Lenny Castro (percussion), Warren Ham (saxophone), Shem von Schroeck (bass) and Shannon Forrest (drums). Toto is known for a musical style that combines elements of pop, rock, soul, funk, progressive rock, hard rock, R&B, blues, and jazz. Paich and Jeff Porcaro had played together as session musicians on several albums and decided to form a band. David Hungate, Lukather, Steve Porcaro and",
"title": "Toto (band)"
},
{
"id": "8507268",
"text": "alumna Reagan. The school has for toddlers, teens and adults with any level of experience. They have 7 different levels in which the students move up as the progress. These levels include, Taylor Tots (Ages 2–3 with an adult), Level 1 (Ages 4–6), Level 2 (Ages 7–9), Level 3 (Ages 10–12), Level 4 (Ages 13–18), Advanced Taylor Teen (Ages 14–18), and Open Level Modern (Adults) .Those new to dance are accepted in all levels except Advanced Taylor Teen. The Advanced Taylor Teen class are for those who have already achieved in high technical classes and they need to be able",
"title": "Paul Taylor Dance Company"
},
{
"id": "20822989",
"text": "age: 12 weeks and 0 days until 15 weeks and 6 days old. Embryonic age: 10 weeks and 0 days until 13 weeks and 6 days old. Gestational age: 20 weeks old. Embryonic age: 18 weeks old. Gestational age: 22 weeks old. Embryonic age: 20 weeks old. Gestational age: 24 weeks old. Embryonic age: Week nr 25. 24 weeks old. Gestational age: 30 weeks old. Embryonic age: Week nr 29. 28 weeks old. Gestational age: 34 weeks old. Embryonic age: Week nr 33. 32 weeks old. Gestational age: 35 and 0 days until 39 weeks and 6 days old. Embryonic",
"title": "Timeline of human prenatal development"
},
{
"id": "8741387",
"text": "The age distribution, , in Curio is; 40 children or 7.5% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 70 teenagers or 13.2% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 52 people or 9.8% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 41 people or 7.7% are between 30 and 39, 101 people or 19.0% are between 40 and 49, and 91 people or 17.1% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 62 people or 11.7% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 38 people or 7.1%",
"title": "Curio, Ticino"
},
{
"id": "1042973",
"text": "age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 3.03. The median age in the city was 41.2 years. 26.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.6% were from 25 to 44; 26.1% were from 45 to 64; and 18.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 51.8% male and 48.2% female. As of the 2000 United States Census of 2000, there were 1,026 people, 427 households, and 269 families residing in the city. The population",
"title": "Arco, Idaho"
},
{
"id": "2756081",
"text": "Bobby Kimball were recruited before the first album release. The band enjoyed great commercial success in the late 1970s and 1980s, beginning with the band's eponymous debut released in 1978. With the release of the critically acclaimed and commercially successful \"Toto IV\" (1982), Toto became one of the best-selling music groups of their era. Widely known for the Top 5 hits \"Hold the Line\", \"Rosanna\", and \"Africa\", the makeup of the group continues to evolve. Hungate left in 1982; Kimball left in 1984, but rejoined the band in 1998, leaving again in 2008. Jeff Porcaro died in 1992 of a",
"title": "Toto (band)"
},
{
"id": "9563333",
"text": "United States Department of Labor's Alternative Trade Adjustment Assistance for Older Workers (ATAA). The ATAA compliments the Trade Adjustment Assistance program, which does not offer a wage subsidy or wage insurance. The TAA focuses on retraining workers while the ATAA includes a wage subsidy for workers who are considered too old to undergo retraining. The ATAA program includes a wage subsidy for laid off workers over the age of 50 who held a job with wages less than $50,000 a year, and who start a new job within 26 weeks of being laid off. The program gives a wage subsidy",
"title": "Wage insurance"
},
{
"id": "4770346",
"text": "needs of older workers be provided to the general public. The ADEA includes a broad ban against age discrimination against workers over the age of forty, and also specifically prohibits: Mandatory retirement based on age is permitted for: The ADEA applies to employers who employ at least twenty employees on a regular basis within the current or prior calendar year. The ADEA was first amended in 1986, and then again in 1991 by the Older Workers Benefit Protection Act (Pub. L. 101-433) and the Civil Rights Act of 1991 (Pub. L. 102-166). The ADEA differs from the Civil Rights Act",
"title": "Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967"
},
{
"id": "5518169",
"text": "concurrently enrolled only in full-time training (workers must be enrolled in training 8 weeks after certification or 16 weeks after layoff, whichever is later, to receive TRA), and Reemployment Trade Adjustment Assistance (RTAA) or supplementary wages for workers age 50 and over, and earning less than $50,000 per year in reemployment. It provides a wage supplement equal to 50% of the difference between a worker's reemployment wage and wage at the worker's certified job with a maximum benefit of $10,000 over a period of up to two years (workers must be reemployed within 26 weeks). The TAA used to include",
"title": "Trade Adjustment Assistance"
},
{
"id": "13387355",
"text": "the band Weezer recorded a cover version in 2018 that peaked at number 51 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and number one on the \"Billboard\" Alternative Songs chart. In the U.S., the single was initially certified gold by the RIAA in 1991. However, since its renewed popularity, sales of both the original Toto single and the Weezer cover have surged, with the original single certified platinum in 2017, and most recently 4x Platinum in October 2018. The initial idea and lyrics for the song came from David Paich. Jeff Porcaro explains the idea behind the song: \"A white boy is",
"title": "Africa (Toto song)"
},
{
"id": "18828845",
"text": "of 88.9%, compared to 65% for a removable cast walker and 58.3% for a half-shoe, and time to healing was least for TCC at 4.8 weeks, compared to 7.2 weeks for the removable cast walker and 8.7 weeks for the half-shoe. This data was reiterated by Lavery almost 14 years later in a newer study (Figure 3). There are four options currently available for total contact casting. The newer systems on the market today. Dermasciences TCC-EZ helps overcome the 'application' barrier (not the price/reimbursement barrier) to Utilizing a Proven Gold Standard Treatment. TCC-EZ offers a one-piece, roll-on, woven design that",
"title": "Total contact casting"
},
{
"id": "18814110",
"text": "similar service offered without charge in 2017 by a cosmetic tattooist in the UK was booked up six months ahead. Nipple tattoo The nipple tattoo, or tittoo as it is occasionally known, is a body trend which gained widespread recognition in 2013. It is a type of tattoo which appears on the areola and is semi-permanent. Nipple tattooing has its origins as a medical procedure for breast reconstruction after a mastectomy. It is increasingly commonly used as a cosmetic procedure, which began being reported on in early 2013, used to enlarge, darken and define the nipples and areola, with the",
"title": "Nipple tattoo"
},
{
"id": "7254367",
"text": "to the opposite sex. Men generally received on their faces, buttocks (') and thighs ('). Women usually wore moko on their lips (\") and chins. Other parts of the body known to have moko include women's foreheads, buttocks, thighs, necks and backs and men's backs, stomachs, and calves. Historically, was distinct from tattooing, in that the skin was carved by \" (chisels), not punctured. This left the skin with grooves rather than a smooth surface. Originally ' ( specialists) used a range of ' (chisels) made from albatross bone which were hafted onto a handle, and struck with a mallet.",
"title": "Tā moko"
},
{
"id": "1191114",
"text": "were non-families. 22.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.29. In the city the population was spread out with 31.3% under the age of 18, 11.4% from 18 to 24, 24.4% from 25 to 44, 18.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over,",
"title": "Tupelo, Oklahoma"
},
{
"id": "16777242",
"text": "apply for DACA, eligible individuals must pay a $495 application fee, submit several forms, and produce documents showing they meet the requirements. They do not need legal representation. To be eligible, recipients must have entered the United States before their 16th birthday and prior to June 2007, be currently in school, a high school graduate or be honorably discharged from the military, be under the age of 31 , and not have been convicted of a felony, significant misdemeanor or three other misdemeanors, or otherwise pose a threat to national security. The program does not currently provide permanent lawful status",
"title": "Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals"
},
{
"id": "13569043",
"text": "the Institute at the end of \"The Angel Experiment\". He is described to have the characteristics of a Scottish terrier. When Total is rescued from the Institute, he is described as looking similar to Toto from The Wizard of Oz, which would make him a Cairn terrier. Total's character is not fully developed until \"School's Out Forever\", when it is discovered that he has the ability to talk. He is often humorous and dramatic, exemplified when he gets shot in the tail and isn't hurt largely, but still exaggerates the injury. Despite his dramatic nature, he can be mature when",
"title": "Maximum Ride"
},
{
"id": "16904699",
"text": "anything else the performance may entail. The dances are practiced with male drummers; however, the dancers can be male or female. The dancers are youthful, usually between the ages of fifteen and twenty (this age group is referred to as taure’are’a). This is because the dancing is supposed to symbolize the beauty and strength of the youth. It is also because, at this age, they are still free of the responsibilities of their pending adulthood. If older dancers are used it is seen as a funny parody of the real thing and it is not taken seriously. The group of",
"title": "Tahitian drumming"
},
{
"id": "414264",
"text": "Americans ages 18–25, 40% of those 26–40 and 10% of those 41–64 had a tattoo. They concluded that Generation X and Generation Y express themselves through their appearance, and tattoos are a popular form of self-expression. In January 2008, a survey conducted online by Harris Interactive estimated that 14% of all adults in the United States have a tattoo, slightly down from 2003, when 16% had a tattoo. Among age groups, 9% of those ages 18–24, 32% of those 25–29, 25% of those 30–39 and 12% of those 40–49 have tattoos, as do 8% of those 50–64. Men are slightly",
"title": "Tattoo"
},
{
"id": "12445198",
"text": "must be under the age of 19 at the end of the tax year. That is, the younger person can be 18 years and 364 days old on December 31 and the age requirement is met. This age limit is extended for a qualifying \"child\" who is also a full-time student during some part of five calendar months. This young adult merely needs to be under age 24 at the end of the tax year for the age requirement to be met (relationship and residency requirements must still be met). That is, the young adult who is full-time for at",
"title": "Earned income tax credit"
},
{
"id": "4257348",
"text": "Gregory Maguire's novel \"\", Toto is a minor character who is only described as being vile and annoying. In the musical adaption \"Wicked\", he is only mentioned briefly when Glinda mistakenly calls him \"Dodo\". In the 1939 movie \"The Wizard of Oz\", Toto was played by a female brindle Cairn Terrier named Terry. She was paid a $125 salary each week, which was more than some of the human actors (the Singer Midgets who played the Munchkins reportedly received $50 to $100 a week). During production, Terry's foot was broken when one of the Winkie guards accidentally stepped on it.",
"title": "Toto (Oz)"
},
{
"id": "7408436",
"text": "to be filled, and vacancies are filled by substitutes. They serve five year terms, and the most recent election was in 2015. To be eligible to vote in Benin, a person must be at least 18 years old, a Beninese citizen, fully possess civil and political rights, and not be convicted of a crime that merits a punishment of three months in prison, in contempt of court, or have an undischarged bankruptcy. Each candidate for the Assembly must be at least 25 years of age, a resident of Benin for at least a year, and a Beninese citizen by birth",
"title": "National Assembly (Benin)"
},
{
"id": "4209845",
"text": "an elected mayor, whether of London or a local authority. There are no higher age requirements for particular positions in public office. Candidates are required to be aged 18 on both the day of nomination and the day of the poll. This was reduced from 21 by the Electoral Administration Act 2006. In the United States, a person must be aged 35 or over to be President or Vice President, 30 or over to be a Senator, and 25 or over to be a Representative, as specified in the . Most states in the U.S. also have age requirements for",
"title": "Age of candidacy"
},
{
"id": "3458395",
"text": "individuals at least 18 years of age. The minimum age for products containing over 22% ABV is 20. When asked at checkout a customer must prove his or her age with an official ID (only a driver's licence, ID card or passport is accepted). Alcohol will not be sold to visibly intoxicated customers or when there is a reason to suspect misuse or illegal supply to a person who would not be authorized to buy. Persons under the age of 18 are prohibited from entering an Alko unless accompanied by an adult. From 1919 to 1932, the distribution and consumption",
"title": "Alko"
},
{
"id": "9694288",
"text": "a circus in Chile, and transported 7,000 miles to the world-renowned chimpanzee sanctuary, Chimfunshi Wildlife Orphanage in Northern Zambia. Twenty-seven-year-old Toto was taken from the wild in Africa aged just 2–3 years old. Toto is believed to have been purchased in the USA by Chile’s Circus Konig, along with three other baby chimpanzees. The other three died, leaving Toto alone with the circus for at least twenty years. Toto was chained by the neck, and his act involved dressing up in human clothes, smoking cigarettes and drinking tea. He lived in a tiny wooden packing crate little more than a",
"title": "Animal Defenders International"
},
{
"id": "13700960",
"text": "Toto (dessert) Toto (also referred to as tuoto and toe-toe bulla) is a small coconut cake in Jamaican cuisine. served as a snack or dessert. The cake is typically prepared with shredded coconut, brown sugar, flour, baking soda and powder and coconut milk. It was stated in the book \"Jamaican food: history, biology, culture\", published in 2008, that the food appears to have been invented in the twentieth century, and that by the end of the twentieth century they were difficult to find. That claim might be erroneous as the food is typically made in homes and not sold widely",
"title": "Toto (dessert)"
},
{
"id": "1197220",
"text": "individuals and 15.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 3.11. The median age in the city was 33.7 years. 27% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.2% were from 25 to 44; 23% were from 45 to 64; and 14% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.3% male and 51.7% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 4,352 people, 1,758 households,",
"title": "Tillamook, Oregon"
},
{
"id": "1014339",
"text": "to 44, 23.7% from 45 to 64, and 18.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.0 males. The median income for a household in the town was $27,614, and the median income for a family was $28,750. Males had a median income of $24,375 versus $14,750 for females. The per capita income for the town was $12,301. About 13.3% of families and 23.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.1% of",
"title": "Tupelo, Arkansas"
},
{
"id": "1781472",
"text": "older, and sometimes receive the responsibility of owning their own car. Teenagers may drive at age 15 in Idaho and Montana. At 16, teenagers are also old enough to donate blood and work in most establishments. At 18 one is legally considered an adult and can vote and join the military. The legal age for purchasing and consuming alcohol and recreational marijuana, the latter of which is only legal in the District of Columbia, Colorado, Oregon, Washington, California, Hawaii, Massachusetts, Nevada, and Alaska, is 21. The legal age for purchasing and consuming tobacco products is 18 in most states; 19",
"title": "Coming of age"
},
{
"id": "3266210",
"text": "upper lip is pendulous, although not excessively. Seen from the front, the upper and lower lips come together to form an inverted V. The flews are slightly divergent. The inside of the lips is a dark colour. Males have a standard desirable height range of at the withers, with a minimum weight at maturity of and a maximum weight of . Females have a standard desirable height between at the withers, with a minimum weight at maturity of and a maximum weight of . The breed is also characterized by a sloping topline (with the rear being slightly higher than",
"title": "Perro de Presa Canario"
},
{
"id": "14461182",
"text": "Suitable age and discretion Suitable age and discretion is both a legal definition of maturity, and an alternate method of service of process by which a process server can leave a summons, subpoena, or complaint with a person living at the residence of the defendant. The age that adolescents gain legal rights and privileges vary. Generally, those who reach the age of 18 are legally considered to have reached the age of majority, but persons below that age may gain adult rights through legal emancipation. The legal working age in Western countries is usually between 14 and 16, depending on",
"title": "Suitable age and discretion"
},
{
"id": "10336586",
"text": "United States where is teachers urged him to change his name to Abraham because they felt that Jesús was unfit for someone of Latino descent who did not understand English. As a result, he chose to go by the name \"Tato,\" a nickname given by his brother. After graduating high school in 1968, he studied at Cornell University and later at Brooklyn College. However, he never received a degree from either school. Instead, he committed the majority of his time to social and community work. Laviera served as the director of University of the Streets, a nonprofit organization focused on",
"title": "Tato Laviera"
},
{
"id": "18976241",
"text": "with other men. He has incredible strength, and always do favors for neighbors. Angela noticed a bruise on his forehead, caused by hot water thrown on him by a maid, whom he wanted to kiss. Marino Battaglia: owner of a kennel, was accused of falsifying pedigrees and sell other people's dogs. He fears that the golden boy's abduction will let him in trouble, because he's had previous problems with the police. Rizardo Tozzi: a fat, friendly man. He earned a reputation by participating in cooking competitions and he's able to eat an entire feast. Closed agreements at the local pizzeria.",
"title": "O Rapto do Garoto de Ouro"
},
{
"id": "11725946",
"text": "Most legal systems define a specific age for when an individual is allowed or obliged to do particular activities. These age specifications include voting age, drinking age, age of consent, age of majority, age of criminal responsibility, marriageable age, age of candidacy, and mandatory retirement age. Admission to a movie for instance, may depend on age according to a motion picture rating system. A bus fare might be discounted for the young or old. Each nation, government and non-governmental organisation has different ways of classifying age. In other words, chronological ageing may be distinguished from \"social ageing\" (cultural age-expectations of",
"title": "Ageing"
},
{
"id": "1247527",
"text": "of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.01. The median age in the city was 36.8 years. 25.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.1% were from 25 to 44; 26.8% were from 45 to 64; and 13% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.7% male and 53.3% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,447 people, 575 households, and 396 families residing in the city. The population density was",
"title": "Tenino, Washington"
},
{
"id": "8368359",
"text": ", in Trin is; 134 people or 12.1% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old. 74 people or 6.7% are 10 to 14, and 71 people or 6.4% are 15 to 19. Of the adult population, 97 people or 8.8% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 179 people or 16.2% are 30 to 39, 187 people or 16.9% are 40 to 49, and 160 people or 14.4% are 50 to 59. The senior population distribution is 97 people or 8.8% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 63 people or",
"title": "Trin"
},
{
"id": "8449075",
"text": "Tommy Overstreet Tommy Overstreet (September 10, 1937 – November 2, 2015) was an American country singer. Often known simply as \"T.O.\" by fans and radio disc jockeys, Overstreet had five top five hit singles in the \"Billboard\" country charts and 11 top 10 singles. His popularity peaked in the 1970s. He lived in Hillsboro, Oregon. Born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Overstreet grew up in both Houston and Abilene, Texas. He decided on a singing career when he was very young, influenced largely by his cousin, \"Uncle\" Gene Austin. Austin was a singing star of the 1920s and 1930s. Overstreet's musical",
"title": "Tommy Overstreet"
},
{
"id": "2756121",
"text": "\"The Gospel According to Luke\" - a humorous review on his life in music. An audiobook was released shortly after on Audible. |- In 1986 Toto won a Crystal Globe award, signifying sales of more than 5 million records outside of their home country. Toto (band) Toto is an American rock band formed in 1976 in Los Angeles. The band's current lineup consists of Joseph Williams (lead vocals), David Paich (keyboards, vocals), Steve Porcaro (keyboards), Steve Lukather (guitars, vocals), plus touring members Lenny Castro (percussion), Warren Ham (saxophone), Shem von Schroeck (bass) and Shannon Forrest (drums). Toto is known for",
"title": "Toto (band)"
},
{
"id": "13466823",
"text": "Bob Golding Robert John \"Bob\" Golding (born 17 August 1970) is an English actor. Golding studied at North Hertfordshire College from 1986 to 1989. He worked on the CBeebies pre-school children's television series the \"Tweenies\" as the voices of Milo and Max. The popular show won a BAFTA in 2000 for best pre-school live action. He worked on \"The Beeps\" which aired on Five in 2007 and 2008. He also worked on the CBeebies comedy animation \"Harry and Toto\", which aired in 2008. He has also appeared on television in CBBC's \"The Slammer\", \"Dick and Dom's Diddy Movies and Diddy",
"title": "Bob Golding"
},
{
"id": "12859841",
"text": "close-in-age exemption for those within four years of age. However, sexual relations between people 18 or older and people under 18 are illegal if they are in a \"significant relationship\". According to the Code of the District of Columbia, a relationship is considered \"significant\" if one of the partners is: Each U.S. state has its own general age of consent. As of August 1, 2018, the age of consent in each state in the United States is either 16 years of age, 17 years of age, or 18 years of age. The most common age of consent is 16, which",
"title": "Ages of consent in the United States"
},
{
"id": "9299401",
"text": "and too costly to defend. They now use the term America's Original Hookah Lounge in advertisements to better identify them as the first to operate in a major lounge setting. Many hookah lounges in the United States have modernistic elements such as glass tables, plasma televisions, and oxygen bars. Most bars in the U.S. require patrons to be at least 18 years of age to smoke shisha and 18 years of age to purchase (exceptions are Utah, Arizona, Alabama, and New Jersey: 19 years of age to smoke; New York is 21 years of age). One purveyor of hookahs and",
"title": "Hookah lounge"
},
{
"id": "7244155",
"text": "Turra Coo The Turra Coo (Doric for \"the Turriff Cow\") was a white Ayrshire-Shorthorn cross dairy cow which lived near the Aberdeenshire town of Turriff in north-east Scotland, in the early twentieth century. The cow became famous following a dispute between her owner, supported by local people, against the government over taxes and compulsory national insurance. Under the Liberal government of the 1910s, the Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George introduced a scheme whereby National Insurance contributions (by employer) became compulsory for all workers between the ages of 16 and 70. This was enacted via the National Insurance Act,",
"title": "Turra Coo"
},
{
"id": "1184007",
"text": "31.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.5% were from 25 to 44; 20.3% were from 45 to 64; and 13.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 49.6% male and 50.4% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 281 people, 103 households, and 76 families residing in the village. The population density was 682.4 people per square mile (264.6/km²). There were 109 housing units at an average density of 264.7 per square mile (102.6/km²). The racial makeup of the",
"title": "Tiro, Ohio"
},
{
"id": "15229983",
"text": "20–39 years: Under 160: 0 points. 160-199: 4 points. 200-239: 7 points. 240-279: 9 points. 280 or higher: 11 points. • Age 40–49 years: Under 160: 0 points. 160-199: 3 points. 200-239: 5 points. 240-279: 6 points. 280 or higher: 8 points. • Age 50–59 years: Under 160: 0 points. 160-199: 2 points. 200-239: 3 points. 240-279: 4 points. 280 or higher: 5 points. • Age 60–69 years: Under 160: 0 points. 160-199: 1 point. 200-239: 1 point. 240-279: 2 points. 280 or higher: 3 points. • Age 70–79 years: Under 160: 0 points. 160-199: 0 points. 200-239: 0 points.",
"title": "Framingham Risk Score"
},
{
"id": "13387354",
"text": "Africa (Toto song) \"Africa\" is a song by the American rock band Toto. It was included on their fourth studio album, \"Toto IV,\" and released as a single on September 30, 1982. It reached number one on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart on February 5, 1983 (the band's only \"Billboard\" number one), and number three on the UK Singles Chart the same month. The song was written and composed by the band members David Paich and Jeff Porcaro. The song saw a resurgence in popularity via social media during the 2010s. In the midst of the song's growing popularity,",
"title": "Africa (Toto song)"
},
{
"id": "1125872",
"text": "or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 2.98. The median age in the city was 39 years. 22% of residents were under the age of 18; 12.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.8% were from 25 to 44; 27.4% were from 45 to 64; and 14.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 56.0% male and 44.0% female. A the 2000 census, there were 204 people, 73 households and 54 families residing in the city. The population density was 477.7 per square mile",
"title": "Tallapoosa, Missouri"
},
{
"id": "17842002",
"text": "Age of marriage in the United States The minimum age for marriage in the United States is set by each state. Unlike most Western countries, 18 of the U.S. states do not have a legal minimum age of marriage. Individuals aged 18 have the free ability to marry in the United States states, except in Nebraska (19) and Mississippi (21). In addition, no state, except Delaware and New Jersey, forbid minors to marry in certain circumstances, such as parental consent, judicial consent, pregnancy, or a combination of these situations. In half of the states, children under 16 can be married",
"title": "Age of marriage in the United States"
},
{
"id": "163092",
"text": "To own a firearm in Argentina, one must be a legitimate user. Applicants must: be 21 years of age or older, provide a medical certificate that certifies they are physically and mentally fit, complete a safety course, provide a legitimate means of income, undergo and pass a background check. A successful applicant is fingerprinted and issued a license which has to be renewed every five years. One may not legally fire a firearm in Argentina if they are not a legitimate user, even if that gun belongs to someone else. Once a legitimate user wants to purchase a firearm, they",
"title": "Overview of gun laws by nation"
},
{
"id": "1195302",
"text": "or older. The average household size is 2.29, and the average family size is 2.83. In the city, the population dispersal was 22.6% under the age of 18, 9.2% from 18 to 24, 25.2% from 25 to 44, 23.8% from 45 to 64, and 19.2% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 40 years. For every 100 females, there are 94.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 90.8 males. The median income for a household in the city is $31,212, and the median income for a family is $38,721. Males",
"title": "Coos Bay, Oregon"
},
{
"id": "1246929",
"text": "under the age of 18, 5.7% from 18 to 24, 27.2% from 25 to 44, 24.4% from 45 to 64, and 14.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.6 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $75,315, and the median income for a family was $78,786. Males had a median income of $39,489 versus $21,250 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $23,700. None of the population",
"title": "Oso, Washington"
},
{
"id": "3510152",
"text": "example, to purchase alcoholic beverages, the age of license is 21 in all U.S. states. Another example is the voting age, which prior to the 1970s was 21 in the US, as was the age of majority in all or most states. In the Republic of Ireland the age of majority is 18, but one must be over 21 years of age to stand for election to the Houses of the Oireachtas. Also, in Portugal the age of majority is 18, but one must be at least 25 years of age to run for public office. A child who is",
"title": "Age of majority"
},
{
"id": "228092",
"text": "dominant. Older males usually have accumulated scratches, scars, and cuts on the exposed parts of their noses and on their eyelids. The koala's gestation period lasts 33–35 days, and a female gives birth to a single joey (although twins occur on occasion). As with all marsupials, the young are born while at the embryonic stage, weighing only . However, they have relatively well-developed lips, forelimbs, and shoulders, as well as functioning respiratory, digestive, and urinary systems. The joey crawls into its mother's pouch to continue the rest of its development. Unlike most other marsupials, the koala does not clean her",
"title": "Koala"
},
{
"id": "2668301",
"text": "Alex Ligertwood, Ray Parker Jr., Lenny Castro, Vikki Carr, Siedah Garrett, Walfredo Reyes Jr., Pete Escovedo, Peter Michael Escovedo, Marcos J. Reyes, Salvador Santana, Jessy J, and Spencer Davis and is featured on keyboards and vocals on \"Africa\" and on three other tracks \"Make Love\", \"Something Got Me Started\" and \"The Viper\" from Gallagher's most recent studio album due out in 2019. David Paich David Frank Paich (born June 25, 1954) is an American musician, songwriter, singer, and record producer, best known as co-founder, principal songwriter, keyboardist, and occasional singer of the rock band Toto since 1976. Paich wrote or",
"title": "David Paich"
},
{
"id": "992406",
"text": "and 7.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.95. In the city, the population was spread out with 17.4% under the age of 18, 31.9% from 18 to 24, 22.0% from 25 to 44, 19.0% from 45 to 64, and 9.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 25.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.6 males. The median income for a household in",
"title": "Tuscaloosa, Alabama"
},
{
"id": "16818316",
"text": "in the blood suitable for spaceflight, the glumonio, inheritance of the unusual breast milk-based monkey when he was newborn. When two FBI are sent to the office to propose a space mission to Achilles, they think that they are representatives came to publishing his novel published overseas. The cavalier Pasquale, aware of it, goes back on years of insults and hostility to the poor Achilles and does everything to publish the novel at his own expense, even agreeing to the marriage between the young man and his daughter Lydia. Soon, however, he realizes that it was a mistake: the U.S.",
"title": "Toto in the Moon"
},
{
"id": "152281",
"text": "lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2010 est.) Sex ratio: <br>\"at birth:\" 1.02 male(s)/female <br>\"under 15 years:\" 1.01 male(s)/female <br>\"15-24 years:\" 1 male(s)/female <br>\"25-54 tears:\" 1 male(s)/female <br>\"55-64 years:\" 0.93 male(s)/female <br>\"65 years and over:\" 0.75 male(s)/female <br>\"total population:\" 0.99 male(s)/female (2017 est.) Life expectancy at birth: <br>\"total population:\" 68 years <br>\"male:\" 66.3 years <br>\"female:\" 69.6 years (2017 est.) According to the total population was in , compared to only 469,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010",
"title": "Demographics of Gabon"
},
{
"id": "5803787",
"text": "perimeter of the sieve. All of the moves must be performed with speed and grace or else the glass(es) may fall or the wine spilled. The dance was created by the men in Cyprus in a form of competition or as a means to impress a woman. Some of the moves are hard to be performed even by professionals. Tatsia requires the dancer to have stamina, full control of his hands and knowledge of the footwork of the dance. Tatsia Tatsia (\"sieve\") is a Cypriot traditional dance, performed with a sieve (\"tatsia\" -τατσιά in the Cypriot dialect). Tatsia is a",
"title": "Tatsia"
},
{
"id": "4700342",
"text": "Jr. Comp dragster being 150-190 inches in wheelbase and using a motorcycle or personal watercraft engine. Junior drag racers may choose to participate in programs run by the NHRA, IHRA, or at an unsanctioned facility. Drivers may be male or female and must be at least five years of age to test, and six years to compete, and be no older than 20 years on December 31 of the competition year (a driver who turns 18 on January 2 is permitted to race in the class until December 31 of the year in question). The track is 1/8 of a",
"title": "Junior Dragster"
},
{
"id": "10513599",
"text": "January 2014, 23 states, Washington, D.C., American Samoa, and Puerto Rico require students to attend school until they are 18 or until they graduate high school. In two of these states, the requirement went into effect in July 2017. There are 11 states that require school attendance until age 17, while 16 states and the Virgin Islands only require schooling until age 16. Those states which have raised their minimum dropout ages above 16 may provide for exceptions with parental consent at ages 16 or 17. Further, most states have clauses allowing for graduation by students who manage to complete",
"title": "Raising of school leaving age"
},
{
"id": "6391248",
"text": "hour the rider is not required to have a motorcycle licence or any specific training. Electric Bikes can be driven by anyone with a Class 5 driver's licence in any stage of the graduated licensing process. A Class 5 Learners Licence requires one to be age 16 (parents consent if under 18) and a visit to a licensing office to pass a vision test and a written knowledge test about the rules of the road and traffic signs. To be allowed on the road it needs wheel rims larger than 9 inches, have a headlight for night, a seat at",
"title": "Electric bicycle laws"
},
{
"id": "7926836",
"text": "be enough to qualify; resultant \"excessive scarring\" may be disqualifying. Further, Air Force members may not have tattoos on their neck, face, head, tongue, lips or scalp. The United States Army regulates tattoos under AR 670-1, last updated in 2015. Soldiers are permitted to have tattoos as long as they are not on the neck, hands, or face, with exceptions existing for of one ring tattoo on each hand and permanent makeup. Additionally, tattoos that are deemed to be sexist, racist, derogatory, or extremist continue to be banned. The United States Coast Guard policy has changes over the years.Tattoos should",
"title": "History of tattooing"
},
{
"id": "14446722",
"text": "Toto, Peppino, and the Hussy Toto, Peppino, and the Hussy (originally Totò, Peppino e... la malafemmina) is an Italian comedy film directed by Camillo Mastrocinque in 1956. It stars the comedy duo of Totò and Peppino De Filippo. The film also stars the popular singer Teddy Reno, and features Reno singing some of his songs as well as \"Malafemmena\", Totò's most famous work as a songwriter. It was the top-grossing movie of the year in Italy with a 1,751,000,000 Italian lire revenue (about 40 million Euro in 2009). The brothers Antonio (Totò) and Peppino (Peppino De Filippo) Caponi are boorish",
"title": "Toto, Peppino, and the Hussy"
},
{
"id": "15229980",
"text": "Total cholesterol, mg/dL: Age 20–39 years: Under 160: 0 points. 160-199: 4 points. 200-239: 8 points. 240-279: 11 points. 280 or higher: 13 points. • Age 40–49 years: Under 160: 0 points. 160-199: 3 points. 200-239: 6 points. 240-279: 8 points. 280 or higher: 10 points. • Age 50–59 years: Under 160: 0 points. 160-199: 2 points. 200-239: 4 points. 240-279: 5 points. 280 or higher: 7 points. • Age 60–69 years: Under 160: 0 points. 160-199: 1 point. 200-239: 2 points. 240-279: 3 points. 280 or higher: 4 points. • Age 70–79 years: Under 160: 0 points. 160-199: 1",
"title": "Framingham Risk Score"
},
{
"id": "16163725",
"text": "or rifle of a certain length or longer. Below the age restriction for purchasing a long gun is 18, and the age restriction for purchasing a handgun is 21. Although someone can own a handgun if they are 18 and gifted the handgun. To purchase a firearm, buyers must be at least 18 years of age. They can never have been convicted of a violent crime, must not be an undocumented immigrant, declared mentally ill by the court, a drug addict or habitual drunkard, a fugitive from justice, have been convicted of three separate DUI charges within a five-year period",
"title": "Gun laws in Pennsylvania"
},
{
"id": "3456223",
"text": "the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 407 teenagers or 10.0% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 412 people or 10.1% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 677 people or 16.7% are between 30 and 39, 685 people or 16.8% are between 40 and 49, and 464 people or 11.4% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 531 people or 13.1% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 319 people or 7.8% are between 70 and 79, there are 178 people or 4.4% who",
"title": "Agno, Ticino"
}
] | how old do you have to be for a tatoo |
[
"The Charlie Daniels Band"
] | [
{
"id": "4793666",
"text": "The Devil Went Down to Georgia \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\" is a song written and performed by the Charlie Daniels Band and released on their 1979 album \"Million Mile Reflections\". The song is written in the key of D minor. Vassar Clements originally wrote the basic melody an octave lower, in a tune called \"Lonesome Fiddle Blues\" released on Clements' self-titled 1975 album on which Charlie Daniels played guitar. The Charlie Daniels Band moved it up an octave and put words to it. The song's verses are closer to being spoken rather than sung (i.e., recitation), and tell",
"title": "The Devil Went Down to Georgia"
},
{
"id": "10300639",
"text": "Million Mile Reflections Million Mile Reflections is the 10th studio album by The Charlie Daniels Band, released on April 20, 1979. It is best known for the hit single \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\". The title refers to the band having passed the million mile mark in its touring. The song \"Reflections\" is a tribute to Elvis Presley, Janis Joplin, and Ronnie Van Zant. Daniels dedicated the album to Van Zant, who had died in October, 1977 in a plane crash. All songs written by Charlie Daniels, Tom Crain, Taz DiGregorio, Fred Edwards, Charles Hayward & James W. Marshall,",
"title": "Million Mile Reflections"
},
{
"id": "2521643",
"text": "Charlie Daniels Charles Edward Daniels (born October 28, 1936) is an American multi-instrumentalist, lyricist, and singer, known for his contributions to Southern rock, country, and bluegrass music. He is perhaps best known for his number-one country hit \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\". Daniels has been active as a singer and musician since the 1950s. He was inducted into the Cheyenne Frontier Days Hall of Fame in 2002, the Grand Ole Opry in 2008, the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum in 2009, and the Country Music Hall of Fame in 2016. Daniels was born October 28, 1936, in Wilmington,",
"title": "Charlie Daniels"
},
{
"id": "4793673",
"text": "Devil motif. Charlie Daniels has stated in interviews, \"I don't know where it came from, but it just did. Well, I think I might know where it came from, it may have come from an old poem called 'The Mountain Whippoorwill' that Stephen Vincent Benét wrote many, many years ago (1925), that I had in high school.\" The original version of the song spent fourteen weeks on the Hot Country Singles charts in 1979, peaking at number 1 and holding the position for one week. It spent two weeks at a peak of number 3 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100.",
"title": "The Devil Went Down to Georgia"
},
{
"id": "4793668",
"text": "replied, but considering that the song was recorded in December 1978 and \"Urban Cowboy\" was filmed in 1979, it would have been impossible for Swayze to set the recorded song's tempo. The song is an uptempo bluegrass song about the Devil's failed attempt to \"steal\" a young man's soul through a fiddle-playing contest that involved enticing the young man's participation using a worldly prize. The song begins with a disappointed Devil arriving in Georgia, having stolen far fewer souls than expected, when he comes upon a fiddle-playing young man named Johnny. At that moment, Johnny happens to be playing his",
"title": "The Devil Went Down to Georgia"
},
{
"id": "4793676",
"text": "an adult and married with an infant son, the devil is convinced that Johnny's sinful pride will be his undoing, so he takes back the golden fiddle he lost to Johnny, and forces him to practice with his old fiddle before their rematch. Though the lyrics of the song state that \"Johnny's the best that's ever been\", reiterating his bold claim in the original song, the sequel's lyrics do not reveal who won the rematch, but the music video shows that Johnny wins. The Devil Went Down to Georgia \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\" is a song written and",
"title": "The Devil Went Down to Georgia"
},
{
"id": "10300641",
"text": "lengthy silent portion of Program 4 and minimize splitting more than one track over the four programs. The Charlie Daniels Band: Additional personnel: Million Mile Reflections Million Mile Reflections is the 10th studio album by The Charlie Daniels Band, released on April 20, 1979. It is best known for the hit single \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\". The title refers to the band having passed the million mile mark in its touring. The song \"Reflections\" is a tribute to Elvis Presley, Janis Joplin, and Ronnie Van Zant. Daniels dedicated the album to Van Zant, who had died in October,",
"title": "Million Mile Reflections"
},
{
"id": "13498750",
"text": "Steve Ouimette Stephen \"Steve\" Ouimette (born June 18, 1968) is a rock guitarist. He is known for performing a cover version of the hit song \"The Devil Went Down To Georgia\" (which was originally by the Charlie Daniels Band) for the video game \"\", in which the parts played on the fiddle are instead played on an electric guitar by Ouimette, Ed DeGenaro and Geoff Tyson (though the lyrics remained unchanged). Aside from this track, Ouimette also recorded seven other songs for the game, and also made a version of the Christmas carol \"We Three Kings\" released as downloadable content",
"title": "Steve Ouimette"
},
{
"id": "4793670",
"text": "When the Devil's performance ends, Johnny compliments him and takes his own turn, making reference to four songs. Two are traditional songs of Appalachia -- \"Fire on the Mountain\" (also the name of Daniels' 1974 album) and \"Granny Does Your Dog Bite?\" (the latter traditionally known as \"Granny Will Your Dog Bite?\"). The third is an unnamed square dance melody that includes the patter, \"Chicken in the bread pan pickin' out dough.\" (The country music standard \"Ida Red,\" as most famously recorded by Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys, includes the lyric \"Chicken in the bread pan pickin' out dough",
"title": "The Devil Went Down to Georgia"
},
{
"id": "4793671",
"text": "/ Granny will your dog bite, no child no.\") The last is a traditional American southern folk song \"The House of the Rising Sun.\" The four songs are not performed but are only mentioned by reference. The Devil is impressed, admits defeat, and lays a golden fiddle at Johnny's feet. Johnny repeats his claim to be the best player ever and dares the Devil to a rematch in the future. Johnny's final boast, as originally recorded for the \"Million Mile Reflections\" album, goes \"\"I done told you once, you son of a bitch, I'm the best that's ever been.\"\" To",
"title": "The Devil Went Down to Georgia"
},
{
"id": "4793672",
"text": "accommodate radio airplay (both Country and Top 40 formats), the 45 RPM single release overdubbed that portion of the lyric as \"\"'Cause I told you once, you son of a gun, I'm the best that's ever been.\"\" (The uncensored album version appears on the soundtrack of the movie \"Urban Cowboy\", and it is this version that has been used on numerous music compilations since then.) Thus, Johnny maintains his virtue, keeping his soul from the Devil by displaying his musical virtuosity in performing traditional songs of America's South. The ballad's story is a derivative of the traditional deal with the",
"title": "The Devil Went Down to Georgia"
},
{
"id": "15719657",
"text": "style player based in Portland, Oregon. Fiddles are typically associated with country and other genres of popular music while violins are usually associated with classical and other genres of art music. Also known as \"OBS\", Orange Blossom Special exploits the capacity of fiddle or violin to imitate various mechanical tones. Authorship is controversial. The canonical American fiddle tune, \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\" was written by Charlie Daniels as an interpretation the \"Lonesome Fiddle Blues\" by Vassar Clements and has been covered innumerable times. Although classified as country rock, the tune uses licks based on old-time fiddle playing and",
"title": "American fiddle"
},
{
"id": "15988206",
"text": "Devil Went Down To Georgia,\" which achieved a number 3 placing on the US Pop Charts, was co-written by DiGregorio. In addition to his work with Daniels, he recorded the solo projects \"Midnight in Savannah\" (2008) and \"Shake Rag\" (2008). The original Charlie Daniels Band was Charlie, Jerry Corbitt from the Youngbloods, Billy Cox from the Band of Gypsys, Jeffrey Meyer, and Taz. They stayed together for six months, but then it didn't work out. After that, it was Charlie, Taz, Jeffrey, and Earl Grigsby. The original Charlie Daniels Band can still be heard on a bootleg album called \"Corbitt",
"title": "Joel DiGregorio"
},
{
"id": "4793674",
"text": "The single was certified Platinum by the RIAA on December 20, 1989, for sales of over one million copies in the United States. Since it became available as a download in the digital era, it has also sold 2.297 million digital copies in the US as of November 2016. In June 1998, Epic Records re-released the song to country radio, but accidentally sent out the version in which the line \"son of a bitch\" was uncensored. This error was quickly corrected, and the song re-entered the country charts at number 62 for the chart dated June 20, 1998. It spent",
"title": "The Devil Went Down to Georgia"
},
{
"id": "4793667",
"text": "the story of a boy named Johnny, in a variant on the classic deal with the Devil. The performances of Satan and Johnny are played as instrumental bridges. The song was the band's biggest hit, reaching number three on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, prevented from further chart movement by \"After The Love Has Gone\" by Earth, Wind and Fire and \"My Sharona\" by The Knack. It is featured in the 1980 film \"Urban Cowboy\", whose choreographer, Patsy Swayze, claims that she set the song's tempo. \"How fast can you dance it?\" Daniels asked. \"How fast can you play it?\" Swayze",
"title": "The Devil Went Down to Georgia"
},
{
"id": "6746047",
"text": "Devil plays an iteration of \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\" by The Charlie Daniels Band. Writer Ken Keeler was nominated for an Emmy Award in 2004 for \"Outstanding Music and Lyrics\" for the song \"I Want My Hands Back\" and for an Annie Award for \"Music in an Animated Television Production\". The episode was ranked number 16 on IGN's list of the top 25 \"Futurama\" episodes in 2006. \"Science Fiction Weekly\" rated the episode as their \"A Pick\" for its original airing in 2003, calling the episode a \"superbly funny ending to the series\". Dan Castellaneta's performance as the",
"title": "The Devil's Hands Are Idle Playthings"
},
{
"id": "62547",
"text": "traditional songs such as \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\" by the Charlie Daniels Band. It was during this time that a glut of pop-country crossover artists began appearing on the country charts: former pop stars Bill Medley (of The Righteous Brothers), \"England Dan\" Seals (of England Dan and John Ford Coley), Tom Jones, and Merrill Osmond (both alone and with some of his brothers; his younger sister Marie Osmond was already an established country star) all recorded significant country hits in the early 1980s. Sales in record stores rocketed to $250 million in 1981; by 1984, 900 radio stations",
"title": "Country music"
},
{
"id": "4793675",
"text": "seven weeks on the chart and peaked at number 60. In 1993, a sequel to the song, titled \"The Devil Comes Back to Georgia\", was recorded and released by Daniels and fiddle player Mark O'Connor, featuring guest performances by Travis Tritt (as the devil), Marty Stuart (as Johnny) and Johnny Cash as the narrator. The song can be found on Mark O'Connor's album, \"Heroes\". In the sequel, the devil, his anger unabated ten years after his defeat at young Johnny's hands, decides to take up the boy's challenge to \"c'mon back if you ever wanna try again\". With Johnny now",
"title": "The Devil Went Down to Georgia"
},
{
"id": "10542084",
"text": "Career mode includes three guitar battles, one against each boss: Slash, Tom Morello, and Lou the Devil. Slash and Morello both wrote and recorded original battle music for the game. Guitarists Steve Ouimette, Ed DeGenaro and Geoff Tyson play as Lou the Devil for the final battle, and re-recorded a metal guitar version of \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\" for that purpose. The soundtrack features songs such as \"Paint It Black\" by The Rolling Stones, \"Cherub Rock\" by The Smashing Pumpkins, \"Sabotage\" by Beastie Boys, \"The Metal\" by Tenacious D, \"My Name is Jonas\" by Weezer, \"Rock and Roll",
"title": "Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock"
},
{
"id": "2521648",
"text": "in 1979 for \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\", which reached No. 3 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in September 1979. The following year, \"Devil\" became a major crossover success on rock radio stations after its inclusion on the soundtrack for the hit movie \"Urban Cowboy\", in which he made an onscreen appearance. The song still receives regular airplay on U.S. classic rock and country stations. A hard rock/heavy metal cover version of the song was included in the video game \"\" as the final guitar battle against the last boss (Lou, the devil). Daniels has openly stated his opposition",
"title": "Charlie Daniels"
},
{
"id": "4128059",
"text": "Anne Murray, and #4 \"Love the World Away\" by Kenny Rogers. It also included songs that were hits from earlier years such as #1 \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\" by the Charlie Daniels Band and \"Lyin' Eyes\" by the Eagles. The film is said to have started the 1980s boom in pop-country music known as the \"Urban Cowboy Movement\" also known as Neo-Country or Hill Boogie. The soundtrack was certified triple platinum by the RIAA for sales of three million copies. Released as a double LP, re-released on CD in 1995. Side A: Side B: Side C: Side D:",
"title": "Urban Cowboy"
},
{
"id": "12565643",
"text": "has grown to be a global phenomenon. As the 1980s dawned, pop-influenced country music was the dominant style, through such acts as Kenny Rogers, Ronnie Milsap, T.G. Sheppard, Eddie Rabbitt, Crystal Gayle, Anne Murray and Dolly Parton. The 1980 movie \"Urban Cowboy\", a romantic comedy starring John Travolta and Debra Winger, spawned a successful soundtrack album featuring pop-styled country songs, including \"Lookin' for Love\" by Johnny Lee, \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\" by the Charlie Daniels Band, \"Could I Have This Dance\" by Murray and \"Love the World Away\" by Rogers. The songs, and the movie itself, resulted in",
"title": "1980s in music"
},
{
"id": "9702627",
"text": "Countrified (Emerson Drive album) Countrified is the fifth album by Canadian country music band Emerson Drive. It was released in 2006 as their first issue for the Midas Records label. In the U.S., the album produced three singles on the Hot Country Songs charts: \"A Good Man\", \"Moments\" (the band's first Number One hit), and \"You Still Own Me\". Two of the album's tracks are covers: \"You Still Own Me\" was previously a hit in Canada for Johnny Reid, and \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\" is a cover of a song made famous by the Charlie Daniels Band. Adapted",
"title": "Countrified (Emerson Drive album)"
},
{
"id": "11973567",
"text": "Were Here\", \"Cotton Eye Joe\" in its original and a remix version, \"Rolling Home\" and \"Wild 'N Free\", which have been previously released as singles from \"Sex & Violins\" in 1995. Four tracks, \"Spirit Of The Hawk\", \"The Way I Mate\", \"The Devil Went Down To Georgia\" and \"Hold Me For A While\", have been previously released as singles, except \"The Devil Went Down To Georgia\", which only received a music video release, from \"Farm Out\" back in 2000. The other five songs – \"Are You Strong Enough\", \"The Song Of Silence\", \"Love Me Or Leave Me\", \"Ride The Hurricane's",
"title": "The Best of the West"
},
{
"id": "2521660",
"text": "doctor visit on March 25, 2013, Daniels was diagnosed with a mild case of pneumonia and admitted to a Nashville hospital for a series of routine tests. The tests revealed that a pacemaker was needed to regulate his heart rate. One was put in on March 28 and Daniels was released from hospital within days. Charlie Daniels Charles Edward Daniels (born October 28, 1936) is an American multi-instrumentalist, lyricist, and singer, known for his contributions to Southern rock, country, and bluegrass music. He is perhaps best known for his number-one country hit \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\". Daniels has",
"title": "Charlie Daniels"
},
{
"id": "909897",
"text": "in late 1975. Ozarak Mountain Daredevils had hit single \"Jackie Blue\"(1975) and Belammy Brothers got hit \"Let Your Love Flow\"(1976). In 1979, the Southern rock Charlie Daniels Band moved to a more country direction, released a song with strong bluegrass influence, \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\", and the song crossed over and became a hit on the pop chart. Outside its handful of stars, country rock's greatest significance was on artists in other genres, including the Band, Grateful Dead, Creedence Clearwater Revival, the Rolling Stones and George Harrison's solo work. It also played a part in the development of",
"title": "Country rock"
},
{
"id": "9702628",
"text": "from liner notes. Countrified (Emerson Drive album) Countrified is the fifth album by Canadian country music band Emerson Drive. It was released in 2006 as their first issue for the Midas Records label. In the U.S., the album produced three singles on the Hot Country Songs charts: \"A Good Man\", \"Moments\" (the band's first Number One hit), and \"You Still Own Me\". Two of the album's tracks are covers: \"You Still Own Me\" was previously a hit in Canada for Johnny Reid, and \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\" is a cover of a song made famous by the Charlie",
"title": "Countrified (Emerson Drive album)"
},
{
"id": "3441913",
"text": "title is credited to the mix of influences that made Russell's unique musical style. After touring with Willie Nelson, Russell and Nelson in 1979 had a #1 hit on \"Billboard\"s country music chart with their duet of \"Heartbreak Hotel\". This single was nominated for Best Country Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group at the 1979 Grammy Awards (presented on February 27, 1980), with the award going to the Charlie Daniels Band for \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\". They also released their duet country pop-rock studio album, \"One for the Road\", that year. It was Russell's fifth gold album.",
"title": "Leon Russell"
},
{
"id": "16093269",
"text": "Essential Super Hits Essential Super Hits is a CD by country rock artist Charlie Daniels. It includes a 5-song DVD video. It was released on July 27, 2004. The CD is somewhat known for having rerecorded versions of \"The Devil Went Down To Georgia\", \"Still In Saigon\", \"The South's Gonna Do It\", and \"Uneasy Rider\", and \"Long Haired Country Boy.\" In \"The Devil Went Down To Georgia\", the line featuring \"son of a bitch\" is sung as \"son of a gun\" and in \"Uneasy Rider\" many of the pop culture references have been updated. In \"Long Haired Country Boy\" the",
"title": "Essential Super Hits"
},
{
"id": "11973547",
"text": "been released out of the album. Unlike the first album, full of songs, \"Farm Out\" featured an intro \"Fresh Pigs And More\" and three interludes, titled \"Boring…\", \"Animal in the Rain\" and \"Message From Our Sponsors\". The song \"McKenzie Brothers II (Continued…)\", as the title reveals, is a continuation of the story, previously told in their song \"McKenzie Brothers\" from their debut album \"Sex & Violins\". \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\" is a cover version of the eponymous 1979 song of the Charlie Daniels Band. While \"Sex & Violins\" has the same amount on dance/country, classic country songs and",
"title": "Farm Out"
},
{
"id": "5659334",
"text": "Rhinoplasty (EP) Rhinoplasty is an extended play record by Primus. It was released August 11, 1998 by Interscope Records and features covers of songs by artists such as Stanley Clarke, Metallica, and Jerry Reed. The CD also features an interactive CD-ROM which includes the claymation video for \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\". The live version of \"Tommy the Cat\" is performed with \"The Awakening\" in the middle. The original song was by The Reddings from their 1980 album \"The Awakening\", and had previously been covered by Les Claypool and the Holy Mackerel on their album \"Highball with the Devil\".",
"title": "Rhinoplasty (EP)"
},
{
"id": "10787822",
"text": "¡Bastardos en Vivo! ¡Bastardos en Vivo! is a live EP album by Blues Traveler, released August 29, 2006. It contains live recordings of several songs from the band's album \"¡Bastardos!\", plus a rendition of the Charlie Daniels Band's classic southern rock song, \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\". In America, the album was made available only via independent record stores. All tracks were from concerts played in 2006. Track one was recorded at Snipe's Farm in Morrisville, Pennsylvania on May 20. Track two was recorded at Rockville Town Center in Rockville, Maryland on May 28. Tracks three and four were",
"title": "¡Bastardos en Vivo!"
},
{
"id": "5389986",
"text": "was frightened by the duo picks up the now-recorded CD, eyes glowing red, and cackles demonically. Although the video had huge success on UK television, the song was never actually released there as a single. \"Tribute\" was nominated for two Music Video Production Association Awards: \"Alternative Video of the Year\" and \"Directorial Debut of the Year\". In addition, it was a nominee for best video in the 2002 Kerrang! Awards. Some critics described the plot of the song as being similar to the song \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\" by the Charlie Daniels Band. CD single (Epic Records #673519",
"title": "Tribute (song)"
},
{
"id": "1389163",
"text": "are a number of classic rock references too: \"We Saw Jerry's Daughter\" is a parody of Deadheads; \"Stairway to Heavan\" (sic), \"Five Sticks\" and \"Joe Stalin's Cadillac\" all contain song titles or lyrics modified from Led Zeppelin; and the cover of \"Interstellar Overdrive\" and several of the album's songs are reminiscent of Syd Barrett-era Pink Floyd. \"We Love You\" also contains a parody of the Charlie Daniels Band song \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\". In the original \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\", the Devil was portrayed as a negative being who is defeated in a fiddle-playing contest by",
"title": "Camper Van Beethoven (album)"
},
{
"id": "14358382",
"text": "(500 Miles)\", originally by The Proclaimers. Guests in the backing chorus include members of the Vibrators, The Lurkers, The Wildhearts, Sugar Snatch, and the Inmates.\" Another cover version featured is \"The Devil Went Down to Scunthorpe\", which is listed on the back cover with \"Georgia\" instead of \"Scunthorpe\", except scribbled out with \"Scunthorpe\" written next to it in a felt tip pen. The album also includes a cover of The Shadows' \"Bachelor Boy\" as part of a composition that also includes the band's own composition \"When Gerry Married Melanie\". Whilst interviewing Olga, \"Flipside\", commenting on the inclusion of \"Bachelor Boy\",",
"title": "One More Megabyte"
},
{
"id": "16093270",
"text": "references to drugs and alcohol have been replaced. Track 17 is unlisted. It is a spoken track where Charlie Daniels recites the Red Skelton monologue about the pledge from 1969. 2. The Music of \"The Charlie Daniels Band\" Web site, \"Essential Super Hits\" (2004). Essential Super Hits Essential Super Hits is a CD by country rock artist Charlie Daniels. It includes a 5-song DVD video. It was released on July 27, 2004. The CD is somewhat known for having rerecorded versions of \"The Devil Went Down To Georgia\", \"Still In Saigon\", \"The South's Gonna Do It\", and \"Uneasy Rider\", and",
"title": "Essential Super Hits"
},
{
"id": "3135534",
"text": "Their albums usually include a cover version of a well-known hit song, usually sped up to the usual punk rock tempo. Covers have included: \"Blue Suede Shoes\", \"Toccata in Dm\", \"No Particular Place to Go\", \"Sabre Dance\", \"Livin' La Vida Loca\", \"Lazy Sunday\", \"I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles)\", \"She's So Modern\" and \"The Final Countdown\". They have also recorded parodies of popular songs, such as \"The Kids in Tyne and Wear (Kids in America)\" and \"The Devil Went Down to Scunthorpe (The Devil Went Down to Georgia)\". Their albums often start with a short intro with a catchy guitar riff,",
"title": "Toy Dolls"
},
{
"id": "9173554",
"text": "Ouimette, Tyson along with Ed DeGenaro is one of the featured guitarists in his cover version of \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\" in the video game \"\". Tyson currently lives in Prague, Czech Republic where the Geoff Tyson band has been playing festivals all over Europe. His new band is called Smooshface (CD release expected in 2016) He is also the FOH audio mixer for bands touring all over the US and Europe, Including the band Goblin. Geoff Tyson Geoff Tyson (also referred to as Jeff Tyson) played guitar for T-Ride, whose debut album shared the same title. He",
"title": "Geoff Tyson"
},
{
"id": "2450368",
"text": "Johnny Lee, \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\" by the Charlie Daniels Band, \"Could I Have This Dance\" by Murray and \"Love the World Away\" by Rogers. The songs, and the movie itself, resulted in an early 1980s boom in pop-styled country music, and the era is sometimes known as the \"Urban Cowboy Movement\". By the mid-1980s, country music audiences were beginning to tire of country pop. Although some pop-country artists continued to record and release successful songs and albums, the genre in general was beginning to suffer. By 1985, a \"New York Times\" article declared country music \"dead\". However,",
"title": "Music history of the United States in the 1980s"
},
{
"id": "10787823",
"text": "recorded at Hookahville in Thornville, Ohio on May 27. Track five was recorded at Streeter's Entertainment Center in Traverse City, Michigan on June 7 and the final track was recorded at The Stone Pony in Asbury Park, New Jersey on June 20. ¡Bastardos en Vivo! ¡Bastardos en Vivo! is a live EP album by Blues Traveler, released August 29, 2006. It contains live recordings of several songs from the band's album \"¡Bastardos!\", plus a rendition of the Charlie Daniels Band's classic southern rock song, \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\". In America, the album was made available only via independent",
"title": "¡Bastardos en Vivo!"
},
{
"id": "5130877",
"text": "more. Performances from this Jam were combined with performances from VolJam III to create a live album, Volunteer Jam III and IV. January 13, 1979 Volunteer Jam V was held at Municipal Auditorium in Nashville, TN. This Jam marked the return of Lynyrd Skynyrd to the stage for the first time since the '77 plane crash, and the CDB gave the first live performance of a song that would catapult the band to superstardom, \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia.\" Special guests also included Toy Caldwell and George McCorkle from the Marshall Tucker Band, Dobie Gray, The Winters Brothers Band,",
"title": "Volunteer Jam"
},
{
"id": "3224584",
"text": "the sea-side village of Doolin. The Celtic band Gaelic Storm has a fiddle tune which references the town called \"The Devil Went Down to Doolin\" (presumably a play on the popular song The Devil Went Down to Georgia) on their album Herding Cats. Doolin Doolin () is a coastal village in County Clare, Ireland, on the Atlantic coast. It borders the spa town of Lisdoonvarna. It is a noted centre of traditional Irish music, which is played nightly in its pubs, making it a popular tourist destination. There are numerous nearby archaeological sites, many dating to the Iron Age and",
"title": "Doolin"
},
{
"id": "15239361",
"text": "the duo \"cute as a button\". On January 18, 2011, the group also performed at the Grand Ole Opry as part of the Academy of Country Music Awards, where they were nominated for Top New Vocal Duet or Group. They also performed \"Wildflower\" and \"Shotgun Girl\" at the opening of 2011 CMA Music Festival; as part of the set, Brown played a medley of the Charlie Daniels' 1979 single \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\" and Johnny Cash's 1938 song \"Orange Blossom Special\". Chris Parton of CMT praised the group for their energy and harmonies, while Matthew Keever of the",
"title": "The JaneDear girls (album)"
},
{
"id": "15299904",
"text": "to Georgia”. All songs by Sicmonic, except \"\"Devil Went Down to Georgia\"\" by Charlie Daniels Band. Sicmonic Production Look to the Skies Look to the Skies is the debut album by American heavy metal band, Sicmonic. It was independently released in August 2006 and only 2000 copies of the album were pressed and released. The album’s first single, “Fist to Throat” featured a Fallen Films released music video and was shot behind their rehearsal studio in Phoenix, Arizona. The video was directed and edited by Freddy Allen. \"Look to the Skies\" is the first and last release that drummer Douglas",
"title": "Look to the Skies"
},
{
"id": "2533430",
"text": "Improvised Ornamentation of Giuseppe Tartini\". Unpublished M.A. thesis. Berkeley, 1959). Tartini is mentioned in Madame Blavatsky's \"The Ensouled Violin\", a short story included in the collection \"Nightmare Tales\". The folklore of the \"Devil's violin\", classically exemplified by a similar story told of Niccolò Paganini, is widespread; it is an instance of the \"Deal with the Devil\". Modern variants are Roland Bowman's \"The Devil's Violin\" and the country song \"The Devil Went Down To Georgia\"; the PBS segment on violin in its series \"Art\" was titled \"Art of violin: the devil's instrument\". Tartini's \"The Devil's Trill\" is the signature work of",
"title": "Giuseppe Tartini"
},
{
"id": "8632370",
"text": "Spiritual, 4. Forgiveness, 5. Karma, 6. When Love Comes Back Again, 7. Missing You, 8. Just As Well, 9. A Place That I Call Home, 10. The Only Way To You Is Through Me, 11. Circle Of Friends, 12. The Devil Went Down To Georgia - Cover - Josh Zuckerman's second album, Out From Under, was released in 2006. It is a 13-track CD of original material. The album features \"Steve DeVito\" of The Secret Syde. After the album's release, the first single \"Out From Under\", soared to number one for four weeks on Sirius Satellite Radio in 2006. The",
"title": "Josh Zuckerman (musician)"
},
{
"id": "13498752",
"text": "vintage and modern guitars and amps. He endorses Godin Guitars, Eminence Speakers and D'Addario Strings. He also collects and plays homemade and exotic instruments like the Marx-o-Chime, Greek bouzouki, GuitarViol, mandolin, cigar box guitars and ukulele. Steve Ouimette Stephen \"Steve\" Ouimette (born June 18, 1968) is a rock guitarist. He is known for performing a cover version of the hit song \"The Devil Went Down To Georgia\" (which was originally by the Charlie Daniels Band) for the video game \"\", in which the parts played on the fiddle are instead played on an electric guitar by Ouimette, Ed DeGenaro and",
"title": "Steve Ouimette"
},
{
"id": "2028999",
"text": "Primus, except \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\" by the Charlie Daniels Band. Album Animals Should Not Try to Act Like People Animals Should Not Try to Act Like People is a career-spanning retrospective DVD plus bonus EP by American band Primus, released on October 7, 2003. The title was inspired by a crayon-made story book written by guitarist Larry LaLonde's son, and the cover depicts a sculpture made by long-time Primus collaborator Lance \"Link\" Montoya. The DVD features all of the band's music videos to date, plus short films and live footage from as far back as 1986, whereas",
"title": "Animals Should Not Try to Act Like People"
},
{
"id": "10900577",
"text": "Jim Weatherly James Dexter Weatherly (born March 17, 1943) is an American singer-songwriter. Weatherly played quarterback at the University of Mississippi before choosing songwriting over a football career. Weatherly has been writing songs for almost 50 years, and was inducted to the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2014. His best-known song is \"Midnight Train to Georgia\", recorded by Gladys Knight & the Pips. Ray Price has recorded 38 of Weatherly's songs. Bob Luman had a top five record with \"Neither One of Us\". Other artists who have recorded Weatherly's songs include: Glen Campbell, Kenny Rogers, Asha Puthli, Neil Diamond, Kenny",
"title": "Jim Weatherly"
},
{
"id": "3066073",
"text": "Mike Church Mike Church (born 1962) is an American radio and internet talk show host, and singer/songwriter. \"The Mike Church Show\" was the first-ever produced talk show on Sirius Satellite Radio (now Sirius XM Radio). Prior to its cancellation in October, 2015, Church's show was the longest-running program on satellite radio. His final live show on Sirius XM aired on the morning of Tuesday, October 27, 2015. In 2011 Michael Dougherty, writing for \"The American Conservative\", called Church \"the most radical man on the radio\". Church also created original conservative-themed parody songs, which include \"Manuel Went Down To Georgia,\" \"There's",
"title": "Mike Church"
},
{
"id": "6605877",
"text": "specifically the Inferno. The \"Fairness in Hell Act\", where the damned may engage in a fiddle battle to save his soul and win a solid gold fiddle, is taken directly from The Charlie Daniels Band song \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\". Jokes poking fun at New Jersey are included because writer Cohen and actor DiMaggio both grew up there. The Temple of Robotology is a spoof of the Church of Scientology, and according to series creator Groening he received a call from the Church of Scientology concerned about the use of a similar name. Groening's \"The Simpsons\" had previously",
"title": "Hell Is Other Robots"
},
{
"id": "8632385",
"text": "Georgia.\" Needless to say we were intrigued.\" -Instinct Magazine \"No, he's not your average rocker, Josh Zuckerman considers his music alternative pop rock. His favorite artists include No Doubt, The Pretenders, Sheryl Crow, Sting and Bon Jovi. Their influences can be felt on his first solo album \"A Totally New Sensation.\" -HX Magazine \"\"A Totally New Sensation,\" All of the tunes are original, except for a cover of The Charlie Daniels Band's \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia.\" Zuckerman, an accomplished violinist, tackles the ambitious fiddle parts with aplomb.\" -Time Out New York \"The buzz is big on this New",
"title": "Josh Zuckerman (musician)"
},
{
"id": "1651754",
"text": "\"So Long, So Long\" from \"Dusk and Summer\". He also collaborated with Nanci Griffith on \"Going Back to Georgia\" and \"Talk To Me While I'm Listening\" from Griffith's 1994 Album \"Flyer\". Duritz also contributed the songs \"Spin Around,\" \"You Don't See Me,\" and \"You're a Star\" to the \"Josie and the Pussycats\" soundtrack that was performed by the film's fictional title band. Along with bandmates Vickrey, Bryson, and Immerglück, Duritz co-wrote the song \"Accidentally in Love\" for the soundtrack of the movie \"Shrek 2\", winning them each an award from BMI. Duritz was also a judge for the 10th annual",
"title": "Adam Duritz"
},
{
"id": "10300640",
"text": "except where noted. The 8-track tape running order (Epic JEA 35751) differs from the original LP, as follows: Program 1: Passing Lane - Blue Star - Jitterbug Program 2: Reflections - The Devil Went Down To Georgia - Behind Your Eyes (Part 1) Program 3: Behind Your Eyes (Concl) - Mississippi - Blind Man Program 4: Rainbow Ride - The Devil Went Down To Georgia (Reprise)* <nowiki>*</nowiki>\"The Devil Went Down To Georgia (Reprise)\" is a shorter version of \"The Devil Went Down To Georgia\" evidenced only by an earlier fade, likely to best program the 8-track tape to minimize a",
"title": "Million Mile Reflections"
},
{
"id": "11224239",
"text": "Tony Camillo Tony Camillo (died August 28, 2018) was an American record producer, orchestrator and arranger. He worked on many soul, pop and disco recordings of the 1960s and 1970s, including recordings by Dionne Warwick, Eric Carmen, The Stylistics, Dazz Band, Millie Jackson, Chambers Brothers, Peaches & Herb, Sha Na Na, Grand Funk Railroad, Stevie Wonder, The 5th Dimension, Martha Reeves, The Supremes, Parliament, and Tommy James. He co-produced and arranged Gladys Knight and The Pips's 1973 number one hit, \"Midnight Train to Georgia\", which was awarded a Grammy Award. He co-wrote and produced the group's 1974 hit, \"I Feel",
"title": "Tony Camillo"
},
{
"id": "5659336",
"text": "belongs.\" She also opines that \"the band's version of \"Making Plans For Nigel\" is legendary, but their take on \"Scissor Man\" is more deranged than Andy Partridge on a bad day.\" Rhinoplasty (EP) Rhinoplasty is an extended play record by Primus. It was released August 11, 1998 by Interscope Records and features covers of songs by artists such as Stanley Clarke, Metallica, and Jerry Reed. The CD also features an interactive CD-ROM which includes the claymation video for \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\". The live version of \"Tommy the Cat\" is performed with \"The Awakening\" in the middle. The",
"title": "Rhinoplasty (EP)"
},
{
"id": "5128345",
"text": "Jack Nitzsche Bernard Alfred Nitzsche (22 April 1937 – 25 August 2000) known by pen name Jack Nitzsche, was an American musician, arranger, songwriter, record producer and film score composer. He first came to prominence in the late 1950s as the right-hand-man of producer Phil Spector and went on to work with the Rolling Stones and Neil Young, among others. He also worked extensively in film scores, notably for films such as \"Performance\", \"The Exorcist\" and \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\". In 1983, he won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for co-writing \"Up Where We Belong\". Born",
"title": "Jack Nitzsche"
},
{
"id": "5204773",
"text": "Let Me Go, Devil \"Let Me Go, Devil\" is a song written in 1953 by Jenny Lou Carson. Carson greatly admired the talents of Hank Williams. Williams' battle with alcoholism and subsequent death inspired her to write the song. It was first recorded on July 2, 1953 by Wade Ray, followed a few weeks later by Georgie Shaw, Johnny Bond and Tex Ritter. In 1954, then Columbia Records producer Mitch Miller felt the song as written was too depressing for pop audiences and suggested that \"Devil\" be changed to \"Lover\". The pop song writing team of Fred Wise, Kay Twomey,",
"title": "Let Me Go, Devil"
},
{
"id": "3207190",
"text": "Tony Joe White Tony Joe White (July 23, 1943 – October 24, 2018) was an American singer-songwriter and guitarist, best known for his 1969 hit \"Polk Salad Annie\" and for \"Rainy Night in Georgia\", which he wrote but was first made popular by Brook Benton in 1970. He also wrote \"Steamy Windows\" and \"Undercover Agent for the Blues\", both hits for Tina Turner in 1989; those two songs came by way of Turner's producer at the time, Mark Knopfler, who was a friend of White. \"Polk Salad Annie\" was also recorded by Elvis Presley and Tom Jones. Tony Joe White",
"title": "Tony Joe White"
},
{
"id": "4793669",
"text": "fiddle impressively \"hot.\" Out of desperation, the Devil, who as it turns out also plays the fiddle, offers Johnny the wager which involves challenging the young man to a fiddle-playing contest. The Devil offers to give Johnny a golden fiddle if the young man plays better than he does; otherwise, the Devil will gain Johnny's soul. Although Johnny believes taking the Devil's bet might be a sin, he wagers his soul without fear, confidently boasting he is \"the best that's ever been.\" The Devil plays his fiddle first, to a contemporary, rock music theme with the backing of demon musicians.",
"title": "The Devil Went Down to Georgia"
},
{
"id": "7320708",
"text": "Rainy Night in Georgia \"Rainy Night in Georgia\" is a song written by Tony Joe White in 1967 and popularized by R&B vocalist Brook Benton in 1970. It was originally released by White on his 1969 album, \"Continued\" on Monument Records, shortly before Benton's hit single was issued. In a January 17, 2014 interview with music journalist Ray Shasho, Tony Joe White explained the thought process behind the making of \"Rainy Night in Georgia\" and \"Polk Salad Annie\". When I got out of high school I went to Marietta, Georgia, I had a sister living there. I went down there",
"title": "Rainy Night in Georgia"
},
{
"id": "16006786",
"text": "Neal Pattman Neal Pattman (January 10, 1926 – May 4, 2005) was an American electric blues harmonica player, singer and songwriter. Sometimes billed as Big Daddy Pattman, he is best known for his self-penned tracks, \"Prison Blues\" and \"Goin' Back To Georgia\". In the latter, and most notable stages of his long career, Pattman worked with Cootie Stark, Taj Mahal, Dave Peabody, Jimmy Rip, Kenny Wayne Shepherd, Guitar Gabriel, and Lee Konitz. Pattman was born in Madison County, Georgia, United States, one of fourteen children. He learned harmonica playing from his father, after an accident involving a wagon wheel at",
"title": "Neal Pattman"
},
{
"id": "9471127",
"text": "fiddler. Shocked, the Faerie Queen concedes that skill alone cannot compare to love and releases the heroine's fiancé. The song references the English myth of the Faerie Queen. It is also similar in plot to The Devil Went Down to Georgia, a song by the Charlie Daniels Band, although in this case the prize for winning the contest is a person rather than an object. The story of a woman freeing her man from the Queen of the Fairies may be a reference to the legend of Tam Lin. Alexander James Adams debuted a companion song, \"He of the Sidhe\",",
"title": "Faerie Queen (song)"
},
{
"id": "15295793",
"text": "was shot behind their rehearsal studio in Phoenix, Arizona. The video was directed and edited by Freddy Allen. The album features a cover of the Charlie Daniels Band, “The Devil Went Down to Georgia”. Soon, Look to the Skies caught the interest of Italian label Aural Music, and brought forth the second album, Somnambulist. Before the writing of Somnambulist, Douglas Berry left the band. On July 30, 2008, Sicmonic independently released a sampler containing four tracks to be released on the second studio album, \"Somnambulist\". On September 9, 2008, Sicmonic released an independently recorded version of Somnambulist and features long",
"title": "Sicmonic"
},
{
"id": "2074229",
"text": "an audition. The Piedmont Wind Ensemble is for woodwind and brass students in middle school and high school. The Western Piedmont Youth Symphony is a large youth orchestra associated with the Western Piedmont Symphony in Hickory. Students are auditioned and range in age from middle school through college. Additional notable North Carolina musicians include country singers Andy Griffith (d. 2012, buried on Roanoke Island in NC) from Mt. Airy, Charlie Daniels (the bluegrass influenced \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\" 1979) from Wilmington, Ronnie Milsap (\"Smoky Mountain Rain\" 1980), Randy Travis from the Charlotte area (\"Forever and Ever, Amen\" 1987),",
"title": "Music of North Carolina"
},
{
"id": "5828973",
"text": "had just started dating, \"as kind of like characters.\" Weatherly, at a program in Nashville, said he was the quarterback at the University of Mississippi, the NFL didn't work out for him, so he was in LA trying to write songs. He was in a Rec football league with Lee Majors and called Majors one night. Farrah Fawcett answered the phone and he asked what she was doing. She said she was \"taking the midnight plane to Houston\" to visit her family. He thought that was a catchy phrase for a song, and in writing the song, wondered why someone",
"title": "Midnight Train to Georgia"
},
{
"id": "7320713",
"text": "was ranked #498 on the List of Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The song has been covered by a number of musicians, including Ray Charles, Otis Rush, Gil Parris, Little Milton, Dolla, Hearts Of Stone, Randy Crawford, Tennessee Ernie Ford, Al Hirt, Johnny Rivers, Amos Garrett, Hank Williams, Jr.(#21 Can.), Nat Stuckey, a Conway Twitty/Sam Moore duet (#33 Can.), Arthur Prysock, Aaron Neville, Chris Young, Ana Popovic and Shelby Lynne. Randy Crawford's version from the album \"Secret Combination\" reached No. 18 in the UK Singles Chart in 1981. David Ruffin recorded a cover version of the song",
"title": "Rainy Night in Georgia"
},
{
"id": "19345959",
"text": "for several American pop bands, as well as other recording artists, including the MC5, Parliament-Funkadelic, the Ohio Players, the Detroit Emeralds, the Fantastic Four, Don Rondo, and Larry Santos. He also recorded the vocals for the 1973 Gladys Knight #1 hit single \"Midnight Train To Georgia\". Fields wrote and recorded the 1968 World Series Champion Detroit Tigers theme song \"Go Get Em, Tigers\" (sung by Don Rondo and Mary Lou Simons Zieve). Fields also wrote and recorded the famous Ziebart \"It's Us, Or Rust\" jingle (sung by Don Rondo). Fields died in West Bloomfield, Michigan on October 14, 2009, at",
"title": "Artie Fields"
},
{
"id": "8088515",
"text": "Bobby Russell Bobby Russell (April 19, 1940 – November 19, 1992) was an American singer and songwriter. Between 1966 and 1973, he charted five singles on the Hot Country Songs charts, including the crossover pop hit \"Saturday Morning Confusion.\" Russell was also married to singer and actress Vicki Lawrence from 1972 to 1974. Russell wrote many hits over quite a few genres, the most notable being \"The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia\", his critique of country justice (a #1 hit for his then-wife Vicki Lawrence, to whom he was married from 1972 to 1974); \"Used to Be\" (from",
"title": "Bobby Russell"
},
{
"id": "11074021",
"text": "elected to keep Kelsey. Charity is the first team member to be sent home. The teams at the end of week 4 are as follows: This week, the dancers had to take on country music. The show began with the teams performing \"Loud\" by Big and Rich. Team Carrie Ann performed first, singing and dancing to \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\" by the Charlie Daniels Band. Then Team Bruno performed their first number, \"Life is a Highway\" by Tom Cochrane. Special guest Taylor Swift performed \"Our Song\". Team Carrie Ann performed \"Black Horse and the Cherry Tree\" by KT",
"title": "Dance War: Bruno vs. Carrie Ann"
},
{
"id": "5204774",
"text": "and Ben Weisman writing under the pseudonym Al Hill, were hired to rewrite the lyrics. The song became the major 1954-1955 hit, \"Let Me Go, Lover!.\" Let Me Go, Devil \"Let Me Go, Devil\" is a song written in 1953 by Jenny Lou Carson. Carson greatly admired the talents of Hank Williams. Williams' battle with alcoholism and subsequent death inspired her to write the song. It was first recorded on July 2, 1953 by Wade Ray, followed a few weeks later by Georgie Shaw, Johnny Bond and Tex Ritter. In 1954, then Columbia Records producer Mitch Miller felt the song",
"title": "Let Me Go, Devil"
},
{
"id": "1427685",
"text": "Gladys Knight Gladys Maria Knight (born May 28, 1944), known as the \"Empress of Soul\", is an American singer, songwriter, actress, businesswoman, humanitarian and author. A seven-time Grammy Award-winner, Knight is best known for the hits she recorded during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s with her group Gladys Knight & the Pips, which included her brother Merald \"Bubba\" Knight and her cousins Edward Patten and William Guest. Knight has recorded two number-one Billboard Hot 100 singles (\"Midnight Train to Georgia\" and \"That's What Friends Are For\"), eleven number-one R&B singles, and six number-one R&B albums. She has won seven Grammy",
"title": "Gladys Knight"
},
{
"id": "12737291",
"text": "as one piano player will teach the crowd \"sign language\" that accompanies the song, then bringing up an audience member to demonstrate. Video Example of Dueling Pianos, \"The Devil Went Down To Georgia\" Commonly requested songs at a dueling piano bar can include almost any genre, and are generally accompanied by a monetary tip. Examples: Many of the songs requested do not fall into the typical \"piano bar\" category, and many dueling piano players pride themselves on their ability to perform songs that are generally not considered as such, like those from hard rock and rap genres. Dueling piano players",
"title": "Dueling pianos"
},
{
"id": "15630935",
"text": "Georgia (Carolyn Dawn Johnson song) \"Georgia\" is a debut song co-written and recorded by Canadian country music singer Carolyn Dawn Johnson. It was released in September 2000 as the lead single from her album \"Room with a View\". The song peaked at number 25 on \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) and number 98 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. It also reached number 4 on the Canadian \"RPM\" Country Tracks chart before the magazine ceased publication. The song was written by Johnson and Troy Verges. It features a backing vocal from Martina McBride. The music video",
"title": "Georgia (Carolyn Dawn Johnson song)"
},
{
"id": "2942464",
"text": "Daniels' \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\", the Levellers' performance secured their place on the large Pyramid Stage for the following year. The band also scored a chart hit with the \"15 Years EP\", a track which was added to later re-pressings of \"Levelling the Land\" due to its popularity. The generally gloomy atmosphere that surrounded the band is reflected in the darker tone of the resulting eponymous album. Despite the band's dislike of the album, it reached No. 2 in the album charts. It included \"This Garden\", which reached No. 12 on the UK Singles Chart. In June 1993",
"title": "Levellers (band)"
},
{
"id": "7229223",
"text": "and on specials for John Denver, Andy Williams, Sandler and Young and Pat Boone amongst others. He also produced Broadway soundtrack albums. He finally retired after a heart attack in the late 1990s and moved to Ohio to be near one of his daughters. Feller died in 2006. He was survived by his wife Gert; his daughters Lois, Debbie, and Jane; and son Bill. Sid Feller Sidney \"Sid\" Feller (December 24, 1916 – February 16, 2006) was an American conductor and arranger, best known for his work with Ray Charles. He worked with Charles on hundreds of songs including \"Georgia",
"title": "Sid Feller"
},
{
"id": "14235796",
"text": "Frank Lebby Stanton Frank Lebby Stanton (February 22, 1857 – January 7, 1927), frequently credited as Frank L. Stanton, Frank Stanton or F. L. Stanton, was an American lyricist. He was also the initial columnist for the \"Atlanta Constitution\" and became the first poet laureate of the State of Georgia, a post to which he was appointed by Governor Clifford Walker in 1925 and which Stanton held until his death. Stanton was born in Charleston, South Carolina, to Valentine Stanton (a printer, Confederate soldier, and farmer) and his wife Catherine Rebecca Parry Stanton, whose father owned a plantation on Kiawah",
"title": "Frank Lebby Stanton"
},
{
"id": "1505406",
"text": "hundred songs, including fifty that achieved hit record status. He is best known for composing the music for \"Stardust\", \"Georgia on My Mind\" (lyrics by Stuart Gorrell), \"The Nearness of You\", and \"Heart and Soul\" (in collaboration with lyricist Frank Loesser), four of the most-recorded American songs of all time. He also collaborated with lyricist Johnny Mercer on \"Lazybones\" and \"Skylark.\" Carmichael's \"Ole Buttermilk Sky\" was an Academy Award nominee in 1946 (from \"Canyon Passage\", in which he co-starred as a musician riding a mule); \"In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening,\" with lyrics by Mercer, won the Academy",
"title": "Hoagy Carmichael"
},
{
"id": "5828971",
"text": "Midnight Train to Georgia \"Midnight Train to Georgia\" is a 1973 number-one hit single by Gladys Knight & the Pips, their second release after departing Motown Records for Buddah Records. Written by Jim Weatherly, and included on the Pips' 1973 LP \"Imagination\", \"Midnight Train to Georgia\" won the 1974 Grammy Award for Best R&B Vocal Performance By A Duo, Group Or Chorus and has become Knight's signature song. The song was originally written and performed by Jim Weatherly under the title \"Midnight Plane to Houston\", which he recorded on Jimmy Bowen's Amos Records. \"It was based on a conversation I",
"title": "Midnight Train to Georgia"
},
{
"id": "5828972",
"text": "had with somebody... about taking a midnight plane to Houston,\" Weatherly recalls. \"I wrote it as a kind of a country song. Then we sent the song to a guy named Sonny Limbo in Atlanta and he wanted to cut it with Cissy Houston... he asked if I minded if he changed the title to \"Midnight Train to Georgia\". And I said, 'I don't mind. Just don't change the rest of the song.'\" Weatherly, in an interview with Gary James, stated that the phone conversation was with Farrah Fawcett and he used Fawcett and his friend Lee Majors, whom she",
"title": "Midnight Train to Georgia"
},
{
"id": "7989859",
"text": "Carter Cash which was written on the day of Johnny Cash's death. Though the album does not explicitly state the title of its final track, \"Track 12\" is a cover of \"Rainy Night in Georgia\" written by Tony Joe White, who also composed the album's fifth song, \"Old Times Sake\". All songs written by Shelby Lynne, except as shown. Suit Yourself Suit Yourself is the ninth studio album by Shelby Lynne, released on May 24, 2005. The album is the second consecutive self-produced album for Lynne, and one of two recorded for release by Capitol Records. (The album's follow-up, \"Just",
"title": "Suit Yourself"
},
{
"id": "19930218",
"text": "Found (song) \"Found\" is a song recorded by Canadian country singer and songwriter Dan Davidson for his debut solo extended play, \"Songs for Georgia\" (2017). Davidson co-wrote the song with fellow musician Clayton Bellamy, while Jeff Dalziel produced the track. It was released independently on March 7, 2016 as Davidson's second solo single. \"Found\" was a radio hit, reaching number 16 on the Canada Country chart, making it the highest-charting independent single on Canadian country radio. \"Found\" is an up-tempo country song with elements of bluegrass, including a fiddle solo. It was written by Dan Davidson and Clayton Bellamy over",
"title": "Found (song)"
},
{
"id": "15717562",
"text": "the Pips later changed the name to \"Midnight Train To Georgia\" and it became a major hit. With Gary Usher, Campbell co-wrote \"Good Ole Rock & Roll Song\" which appears on The Cowsills 1970 LP \"On My Side\". The Cowsills also sang it on Dick Clark's American Bandstand. Campbell also co-wrote all 21 tracks on Usher's posthumously released 2001 album \"Beyond a Shadow of a Doubt\". In the early 1970s Campbell started a film production business, producing films such as \"Glitter Goddess of the Sunset Strip\" starring Angela Bowie and Llana Lloyd. Campbell ran his film production business until the",
"title": "Dick Campbell (singer-songwriter)"
},
{
"id": "6379072",
"text": "The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia (film) The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia is a 1981 American musical drama film starring Kristy McNichol, Dennis Quaid, Mark Hamill and Don Stroud, directed by Ronald F. Maxwell. It was very loosely inspired by the 1973 Vicki Lawrence song of the same name (it shares almost no plot elements with the original song). In 1981, Tanya Tucker recorded a different version for the film's soundtrack and new lyrics related to the plot of the film were written. These altered lyrics were based on the plot line of the movie,",
"title": "The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia (film)"
},
{
"id": "5844332",
"text": "soul to no backwoods Southern lawyer, 'cause the judge in the town's got blood stains on his hands.\" Although Bobby Russell wrote both the lyrics and music for the song, he was reluctant to record even a demonstration because he \"didn't like it.\" According to Lawrence, who was married to Russell at the time, she believed it was destined to be successful and recorded the demo herself. The publishers and the record label did not quite know how to pitch the song, as it was not really a country or a pop song. The first thought was to offer the",
"title": "The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia"
},
{
"id": "2624863",
"text": "for \"O Brother, Where Art Thou?\", a largely old-time and folk album with limited radio play that still enjoyed commercial success, and garnered a Grammy. As a result, comparisons were drawn between the two albums. The soundtrack, however, also employs many folk and blues elements. It features songs written by Jack White of The White Stripes (who also appeared in the film in the role of Georgia), Elvis Costello and Sting. Costello and Sting's contributions, \"The Scarlet Tide\" and \"You Will Be My Ain True Love\", were both nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song and featured vocals",
"title": "Cold Mountain (film)"
},
{
"id": "19930221",
"text": "of a hilarious experiment,\" the video features Davidson and his bandmates dressed in animal mascot costumes and dancing around a barn. It premiered on Davidson's official YouTube channel on May 9, 2016. Found (song) \"Found\" is a song recorded by Canadian country singer and songwriter Dan Davidson for his debut solo extended play, \"Songs for Georgia\" (2017). Davidson co-wrote the song with fellow musician Clayton Bellamy, while Jeff Dalziel produced the track. It was released independently on March 7, 2016 as Davidson's second solo single. \"Found\" was a radio hit, reaching number 16 on the Canada Country chart, making it",
"title": "Found (song)"
},
{
"id": "7320716",
"text": "in Haruki Murakami's novel \"Hear the Wind Sing\". Rainy Night in Georgia \"Rainy Night in Georgia\" is a song written by Tony Joe White in 1967 and popularized by R&B vocalist Brook Benton in 1970. It was originally released by White on his 1969 album, \"Continued\" on Monument Records, shortly before Benton's hit single was issued. In a January 17, 2014 interview with music journalist Ray Shasho, Tony Joe White explained the thought process behind the making of \"Rainy Night in Georgia\" and \"Polk Salad Annie\". When I got out of high school I went to Marietta, Georgia, I had",
"title": "Rainy Night in Georgia"
},
{
"id": "8700074",
"text": "Theodore Shapiro Theodore Michael Shapiro (born September 29, 1971) is an American composer best known for his film scores. Shapiro was born in Washington, D.C. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in music from Brown University in 1993, followed by a Master of Fine Arts in music composition from the Juilliard School in 1995. He is best known for his film scores, particularly for the comedies \"State and Main\", \"13 Going on 30\", \"Along Came Polly\", \"The Devil Wears Prada\", \"Fun with Dick and Jane\", \"Idiocracy\", \"You, Me and Dupree\", \"Wet Hot American Summer\", \"Marley & Me\", \"Tropic Thunder\",",
"title": "Theodore Shapiro"
},
{
"id": "18203204",
"text": "Burnin' It Down \"Burnin' It Down\" is a song written by Rodney Clawson, Chris Tompkins and Florida Georgia Line members Tyler Hubbard and Brian Kelley and recorded by American country music artist Jason Aldean. It was released in July 2014 as the first single from his Aldean's 2014 album \"Old Boots, New Dirt\". The song won the \"Top Country Song\" category at the 2015 \"Billboard\" Music Awards., but received generally negative reviews from critics. The song is a midtempo ballad about a sexual encounter with a lover. Aldean told Country Music Television (CMT) that he considered the song \"baby making",
"title": "Burnin' It Down"
},
{
"id": "10900578",
"text": "Chesney and Garth Brooks. Gladys Knight and the Pips have recorded twelve other Weatherly compositions, such as \"Neither One of Us (Wants to Be the First to Say Goodbye)\" and \"Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me\". That version of \"Neither One of Us\" became his first number one pop record in \"Cashbox\" and \"Record World\" magazine charts, and became a number one R&B record. It was followed by \"Where Peaceful Waters Flow\",\" Midnight Train to Georgia\" and \"Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me\", which were all pop and R&B hits. Weatherly's catalog includes songs that have been performed",
"title": "Jim Weatherly"
},
{
"id": "3447230",
"text": "Sympathy for the Devil \"Sympathy for the Devil\" is a song by English rock band the Rolling Stones, written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards. It is the opening track on their 1968 album \"Beggars Banquet\". \"Rolling Stone\" magazine placed it at number 32 on its list of the \"500 Greatest Songs of All Time\". \"Sympathy for the Devil\" is credited to Jagger and Richards, though the song was largely a Jagger composition. The working title of the song was \"The Devil Is My Name\", having earlier been called \"Fallen Angels\". Jagger sings in first person narrative as the Devil,",
"title": "Sympathy for the Devil"
},
{
"id": "6412739",
"text": "Mike Johnson (animator) Mike Johnson is a stop motion animator who has worked on films such as \"James and the Giant Peach\" and \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\", short films such as an animation of \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\" (used by Primus and Rednex for promotional videos for their covers of the song), and TV programmes such as \"The PJs\". Most recently, he directed \"Corpse Bride\" with Tim Burton; they were jointly nominated for the 2005 Academy Award for Best Animated Feature. In 1996, he set up his own animation company, Fat Cactus Films. He currently teaches stop-motion at",
"title": "Mike Johnson (animator)"
},
{
"id": "2741275",
"text": "Chip Taylor Chip Taylor (born James Wesley Voight; March 21, 1940) is an American songwriter, noted for writing \"Angel of the Morning\" and \"Wild Thing.\" He is the brother of actor Jon Voight and geologist Barry Voight and the uncle of actress Angelina Jolie and actor James Haven. Taylor attended Archbishop Stepinac High School in White Plains, New York. In 1961, Taylor attended the University of Hartford in Hartford, Connecticut, for one year. After an unsuccessful attempt to become a professional golfer, Taylor entered the music business, writing pop and rock songs, both alone and with other songwriters, including Al",
"title": "Chip Taylor"
},
{
"id": "7320710",
"text": "ever tried to write, I'm going to write about something I know about. At that time I was doing a lot of Elvis and John Lee Hooker onstage with my drummer. No original songs and I hadn't really thought about it. But after I heard Bobbie Gentry I sat down and thought … well I know about Polk because I had ate a bunch of it and I knew about rainy nights because I spent a lot of rainy nights in Marietta, Georgia. So I was real lucky with my first tries to write something that was not only real",
"title": "Rainy Night in Georgia"
},
{
"id": "13089004",
"text": "Man Willis\" (by Tony Joe White himself) was the second single. \"Old Man Willis\" was later re-recorded for the album. The album contained the track \"Rainy Night In Georgia\" popularized by R&B vocalist Brook Benton in 1970. It reached #4 on the Pop Singles and #2 on the Adult Contemporary charts, respectively. The RIAA certified the single gold for sales of one million copies. In 2004, it was ranked #498 on the List of Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The song has been covered by a number of musicians, including Ray Charles, Otis Rush, Randy Crawford, Tennessee",
"title": "...Continued"
},
{
"id": "11101651",
"text": "\"Heatwave\", and Jimmy Ruffin's \"What Becomes of the Brokenhearted?\" Breakfast in Bed (album) Breakfast in Bed is the fifth studio album released by blues artist Joan Osborne. It was produced by Tor Hyams and released in 2007 by Time Life. The album mostly contains soul cover songs from the 1970s and 1980s, including \"I've Got to Use My Imagination\" and \"Midnight Train to Georgia\", both made popular by Gladys Knight & the Pips. The album also contains six original songs. Two cover songs that Osborne sang live from the documentary movie, \"Standing in the Shadows of Motown\" are featured at",
"title": "Breakfast in Bed (album)"
},
{
"id": "3253910",
"text": "a Grammy Award for Best Male Country Vocal Performance for his version. The original lyrics, including the commonly excised introductory verse, are in the Georgia Code under license. Georgia on My Mind \"Georgia on My Mind\" is a 1930 song written by Hoagy Carmichael and Stuart Gorrell and first recorded that year. It has often been associated with Ray Charles, a native of the U.S. state of Georgia, who recorded it for his 1960 album \"The Genius Hits the Road\". In 1979, the State of Georgia designated it the official state song. It has been asserted that Hoagy Carmichael wrote",
"title": "Georgia on My Mind"
},
{
"id": "14867987",
"text": "(\"Never Goin' Back to Georgia\" 1969). Canned Heat recorded a demo version in 1967, but re-recorded it as \"Amphetamine Annie\" (an early anti-drug song) using the same music (\"Boogie with Canned Heat\" 1968). Led Zeppelin used some of the lyrics from \"The Hunter\" during the \"How Many More Times\" medley on their 1969 debut album \"Led Zeppelin\" as did Paul Stanley for the 1977 Kiss song \"Love Gun\". Later recordings include versions by Great White (\"Great White\" 1983), Koko Taylor (\"Queen of the Blues\" 1985), Danzig (\"Danzig\" 1988), Paul Rodgers (\"\" 1993), Doyle Bramhall (\"Bird's Nest on the Ground\" 1994),",
"title": "The Hunter (Albert King song)"
},
{
"id": "19348859",
"text": "Devil's Gun \"Devil's Gun\" is a 1977 song by C. J. & Company from the album of the same name. Along with the tracks \"We Got Our Own Thing\" and \"Sure Can't Go to the Moon\", the song went to number one for five weeks on the \"Billboard\" disco/dance chart. The single also peaked at #36 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and #2 on the R&B chart. \"Devil's Gun\" was written by Barry Green (also known as Barry Blue), Ron Roker, and Gerry Shury and produced by Mike Theodore and Dennis Coffey. The song is notable for being the first",
"title": "Devil's Gun"
}
] | who wrote the devil went down to georgia lyrics |
[
"Robert Duvall"
] | [
{
"id": "7501683",
"text": "any other film he has ever done. In 1995 \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". It is also Robert Duvall's big-screen debut, as the misunderstood recluse Boo Radley. Duvall was cast on the recommendation of screenwriter Horton Foote, who met him at Neighborhood Playhouse in New York City where Duvall starred in a 1957 production of Foote's play, \"The Midnight Caller\". The American Film Institute named Atticus Finch the greatest movie hero of the 20th century. Additionally, the AFI",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird (film)"
},
{
"id": "1402517",
"text": "screen debut was as Boo Radley in the critically acclaimed \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" (1962). He was cast in the film on the recommendation of screenwriter Horton Foote, who met Duvall at Neighborhood Playhouse during a 1957 production of Foote's play, \"The Midnight Caller\". Foote, who collaborated with Duvall many more times over the course of their careers, said he believed Duvall had a particular love of common people and ability to infuse fascinating revelations into his roles. Foote has described Duvall as \"our number one actor.\" After \"To Kill a Mockingbird\", Duvall appeared in a number of films during",
"title": "Robert Duvall"
},
{
"id": "4741670",
"text": "Oscars ceremony because he did not expect to win, and so was not present to collect the award in person, however, it was accepted on his behalf by the film's producer, Alan J. Pakula. Foote personally recommended actor Robert Duvall for the part of Boo Radley in \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" after meeting him during a 1957 production of \"The Midnight Caller\" at Neighborhood Playhouse in New York City. The two would work together many more times in the future. Foote has described Duvall as \"our number one actor\". Foote's script for the 1983 film \"Tender Mercies\" had been rejected",
"title": "Horton Foote"
},
{
"id": "1402502",
"text": "(1970), \"THX 1138\" (1971), \"Joe Kidd\" (1972), \"The Godfather\" (1972), \"The Godfather Part II\" (1974), \"The Conversation\" (1974), \"Network\" (1976), \"Apocalypse Now\" (1979), \"The Great Santini\" (1979), \"The Natural\" (1984), \"Lonesome Dove\" (1989), \"The Handmaid's Tale\" (1990), \"Days of Thunder\" (1990), \"Rambling Rose\" (1991), and \"Falling Down\" (1993). Duvall began appearing in theatre during the late 1950s, moving into television and film roles during the early 1960s, playing Boo Radley in \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" (1962) and appearing in \"Captain Newman, M.D.\" (1963). (1970) and the lead role in \"THX 1138\" (1971), as well as Horton Foote's adaptation of William",
"title": "Robert Duvall"
},
{
"id": "7501666",
"text": "Jean Louise \"Scout\" Finch (Mary Badham) and her brother Jeremy Atticus \"Jem\" Finch (Phillip Alford), live in the fictional town of Maycomb, Alabama, during the early 1930s. The story covers three years, during which Scout and Jem undergo changes in their lives. They are innocent children, spending their days happily playing games with each other and spying on Arthur \"Boo\" Radley (Robert Duvall) who has not left his home for many years and about whom many rumors circulate. Their widowed father, Atticus (Gregory Peck), is a town lawyer and has strong beliefs that all people are to be treated fairly,",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird (film)"
},
{
"id": "5105393",
"text": "at age 15, as Abbudah Singh. He made a small name for himself as Boo Bradley Jr. (a take-off of the character Boo Radley from \"To Kill a Mockingbird\") in Smoky Mountain Wrestling (SMW). He was originally allied with Chris Candido and managed by Tammy Sytch, who abused him for months, but they eventually turned on him, killing his pet cat, and turning him into a fan favorite in the process. He formed a friendship with Cactus Jack during this time. He went on to have a lengthy rivalry with Candido and Sytch. After his battles with Candido he moved",
"title": "Balls Mahoney"
},
{
"id": "808805",
"text": "Finch (nicknamed Scout), who lives with her older brother, Jeremy (nicknamed Jem), and their widowed father, Atticus, a middle-aged lawyer. Jem and Scout befriend a boy named Dill, who visits Maycomb to stay with his aunt each summer. The three children are terrified yet fascinated by their neighbor, the reclusive Arthur \"Boo\" Radley. The adults of Maycomb are hesitant to talk about Boo, and few of them have seen him for many years. The children feed one another's imagination with rumors about his appearance and reasons for remaining hidden, and they fantasize about how to get him out of his",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird"
},
{
"id": "7501674",
"text": "Scout what happened, she sees a man standing quietly in the corner behind the door of Jem's room. Atticus formally introduces Scout to Arthur Radley, whom she has known as Boo, the man who came to the aid of Jem and Scout in the woods. It is revealed that Boo had overpowered Bob Ewell before carrying Jem home. The sheriff reports that Ewell was discovered dead at the scene of the attack with a knife in his ribs. Atticus assumes that Jem killed Ewell in self-defense. Sheriff Tate, however, believes that Boo killed Ewell in defense of the children, and",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird (film)"
},
{
"id": "3361529",
"text": "Neighborhood Playhouse also offers Playhouse Juniors, a popular Saturday training program for children in grades 1–12. Children attend a fixed curriculum of singing, acting and dancing classes in a non-competitive environment. Playwright Horton Foote met actor Robert Duvall at Neighborhood Playhouse when Duvall starred in a 1957 production of Foote's play, \"The Midnight Caller\". Foote recommended Duvall to play the part of Boo Radley in the 1962 film, \"To Kill a Mockingbird\". Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre The Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre is a full-time professional conservatory for actors located at 340 East 54th Street in New",
"title": "Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre"
},
{
"id": "7501675",
"text": "he tells Atticus that to drag the shy and reserved Boo into the spotlight for his heroism would be \"a sin\". To protect Boo, Sheriff Tate suggests that Ewell \"fell on his knife\". Scout draws a startlingly precocious analogy, likening unwelcome public attention to Boo to the killing of a mockingbird. In the order of the film's opening credits: The producers had wanted to use Harper Lee's hometown of Monroeville, Alabama for the set. Harper Lee used her experiences as a child in Monroeville as the basis for the fictional town of Maycomb, so it seemed that would be the",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird (film)"
},
{
"id": "11678477",
"text": "James Anderson (American actor) James Anderson (July 13, 1921 – September 14, 1969), sometimes billed as Kyle James, was an American television and film actor of the 1950s and 1960s. He is probably best known for his role as Robert E. Lee \"Bob\" Ewell in \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" (1962). He made more than 120 appearances, mostly in television and several films between 1941 and 1969. He made three guest appearances on \"Perry Mason\", including the role of murder victim Frank Anderson in the 1958 episode, \"The Case of the Pint-Sized Client,\" and murder victim Stanley Piper in the 1960",
"title": "James Anderson (American actor)"
},
{
"id": "7501664",
"text": "To Kill a Mockingbird (film) To Kill a Mockingbird is a 1962 American drama film directed by Robert Mulligan. The screenplay by Horton Foote is based on Harper Lee's 1960 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel of the same name. It stars Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch and Mary Badham as Scout. \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" marked the film debuts of Robert Duvall, William Windom, and Alice Ghostley. The film received overwhelmingly positive reviews from critics and was a box-office success, earning more than six times its budget. The film won three Academy Awards, including Best Actor for Peck, and was nominated for",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird (film)"
},
{
"id": "808809",
"text": "the judge's house, and menacing Tom Robinson's widow. Finally, he attacks the defenseless Jem and Scout while they walk home on a dark night after the school Halloween pageant. Jem suffers a broken arm in the struggle, but amid the confusion someone comes to the children's rescue. The mysterious man carries Jem home, where Scout realizes that he is Boo Radley. Sheriff Tate arrives and discovers that Bob Ewell has died during the fight. The sheriff argues with Atticus about the prudence and ethics of charging Jem (whom Atticus believes to be responsible) or Boo (whom Tate believes to be",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird"
},
{
"id": "7501687",
"text": "Sarabande Film Classics series. To Kill a Mockingbird (film) To Kill a Mockingbird is a 1962 American drama film directed by Robert Mulligan. The screenplay by Horton Foote is based on Harper Lee's 1960 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel of the same name. It stars Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch and Mary Badham as Scout. \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" marked the film debuts of Robert Duvall, William Windom, and Alice Ghostley. The film received overwhelmingly positive reviews from critics and was a box-office success, earning more than six times its budget. The film won three Academy Awards, including Best Actor for Peck,",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird (film)"
},
{
"id": "1468415",
"text": "The Boo Radleys The Boo Radleys were an English alternative rock band of the 1990s who were associated with the shoegazing and Britpop movements. They were formed in Wallasey, Merseyside, England in 1988, with Rob Harrison on drums, singer/guitarist Simon \"Sice\" Rowbottom, guitarist/songwriter Martin Carr, and bassist Timothy Brown. Their name is taken from the character Boo Radley in Harper Lee's 1960 novel, \"To Kill a Mockingbird\". Shortly after the release of their first album \"Ichabod and I\", Steve Hewitt replaced Rob Harrison on drums and he was in turn replaced by Rob Cieka. The band split up in 1999.",
"title": "The Boo Radleys"
},
{
"id": "6217697",
"text": "Mary Anderson (actress, born 1918) Mary Bebe Anderson (April 3, 1918 – April 6, 2014) was an American actress, who appeared in 31 films and 22 television productions between 1939 and 1965. She was best known for her small supporting role in the film \"Gone With the Wind\" as well as one of the main characters in Alfred Hitchcock's 1943 film \"Lifeboat\". Mary B. \"Bebe\" Anderson was born and raised in Birmingham, Alabama. She attended Howard College (now Samford University). Her younger brother James Anderson (1921–1969) was also an actor, best known as Bob Ewell in \"To Kill a Mockingbird\"",
"title": "Mary Anderson (actress, born 1918)"
},
{
"id": "808822",
"text": "used the term \"Gothic\" to describe the architecture of Maycomb's courthouse and in regard to Dill's exaggeratedly morbid performances as Boo Radley. Outsiders are also an important element of Southern Gothic texts and Scout and Jem's questions about the hierarchy in the town cause scholars to compare the novel to \"Catcher in the Rye\" and \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\". Despite challenging the town's systems, Scout reveres Atticus as an authority above all others, because he believes that following one's conscience is the highest priority, even when the result is social ostracism. However, scholars debate about the Southern Gothic classification, noting",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird"
},
{
"id": "808823",
"text": "that Boo Radley is in fact human, protective, and benevolent. Furthermore, in addressing themes such as alcoholism, incest, rape, and racial violence, Lee wrote about her small town realistically rather than melodramatically. She portrays the problems of individual characters as universal underlying issues in every society. As children coming of age, Scout and Jem face hard realities and learn from them. Lee seems to examine Jem's sense of loss about how his neighbors have disappointed him more than Scout's. Jem says to their neighbor Miss Maudie the day after the trial, \"It's like bein' a caterpillar wrapped in a cocoon",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird"
},
{
"id": "7501677",
"text": "to multiple authors from Monroeville. The film received widespread critical acclaim. As of July 2018, it maintains a 91% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 57 reviews. According to Bosley Crowther: Horton Foote's script and the direction of Mr. Mulligan may not penetrate that deeply, but they do allow Mr. Peck and little Miss Badham and Master Alford to portray delightful characters. Their charming enactments of a father and his children in that close relationship, which can occur at only one brief period, are worth all the footage of the film. Rosemary Murphy as a neighbor, Brock Peters as the",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird (film)"
},
{
"id": "8325994",
"text": "2018 he appeared on Broadway as Bob Ewell in Aaron Sorkin's \"To Kill a Mockingbird\", an adaptation of Harper Lee's novel. Weller has also played lead roles in many successful independent films, including Neil LaBute's \"The Shape of Things\" (with Paul Rudd, Rachel Weisz and Gretchen Mol), James Toback's \"When Will I Be Loved\" (opposite Neve Campbell) and \"The Business of Strangers\" (with Stockard Channing and Julia Stiles). Weller starred in the USA Network comedy-drama series \"In Plain Sight\" as Deputy U.S. Marshal Marshall Mann. He worked closely with Mary McCormack (Deputy U.S. Marshal Mary Shannon) during filming. Weller married",
"title": "Fred Weller"
},
{
"id": "808842",
"text": "for with the use of first-person narration, she indicates that Scout/ Jean Louise still maintains the ambivalence about being a Southern lady she possessed as a child.\" Absent mothers and abusive fathers are another theme in the novel. Scout and Jem's mother died before Scout could remember her, Mayella's mother is dead, and Mrs. Radley is silent about Boo's confinement to the house. Apart from Atticus, the fathers described are abusers. Bob Ewell, it is hinted, molested his daughter, and Mr. Radley imprisons his son in his house to the extent that Boo is remembered only as a phantom. Bob",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird"
},
{
"id": "17739799",
"text": "Robert Duvall filmography The following is the filmography for actor and director Robert Duvall. He is most known for his roles in the films \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" (1962), \"Bullitt\" (1968), \"True Grit\" (1969), \"THX 1138\" (1971), \"The Godfather\" (1972), \"The Godfather Part II\" (1974), \"Apocalypse Now\" (1979), \"The Natural\" (1984), \"Colors\" (1988), \"Days of Thunder\" (1990), \"Newsies\" (1992), \"The Scarlet Letter\" (1995), \"Sling Blade\" (1996), \"Phenomenon\" (1996), \"Deep Impact\" (1998), \"Gone in 60 Seconds\" (2000), \"John Q\" (2002), \"Gods and Generals\" (2003), \"Secondhand Lions\" (2003), \"Open Range\" (2003), \"Kicking & Screaming\" (2005), \"We Own the Night\" (2007), \"Four Christmases\"",
"title": "Robert Duvall filmography"
},
{
"id": "808806",
"text": "house. After two summers of friendship with Dill, Scout and Jem find that someone leaves them small gifts in a tree outside the Radley place. Several times the mysterious Boo makes gestures of affection to the children, but, to their disappointment, he never appears in person. Judge Taylor appoints Atticus to defend Tom Robinson, a black man who has been accused of raping a young white woman, Mayella Ewell. Although many of Maycomb's citizens disapprove, Atticus agrees to defend Tom to the best of his ability. Other children taunt Jem and Scout for Atticus's actions, calling him a \"nigger-lover\". Scout",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird"
},
{
"id": "17739800",
"text": "(2008), \"Crazy Heart\" (2009), \"Get Low\" (2010), \"Jack Reacher\" (2012) and for the mini-series \"Ike\" (1979) as Dwight D. Eisenhower and \"Lonesome Dove\" (1989) as Augustus \"Gus\" McCrae. Robert Duvall filmography The following is the filmography for actor and director Robert Duvall. He is most known for his roles in the films \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" (1962), \"Bullitt\" (1968), \"True Grit\" (1969), \"THX 1138\" (1971), \"The Godfather\" (1972), \"The Godfather Part II\" (1974), \"Apocalypse Now\" (1979), \"The Natural\" (1984), \"Colors\" (1988), \"Days of Thunder\" (1990), \"Newsies\" (1992), \"The Scarlet Letter\" (1995), \"Sling Blade\" (1996), \"Phenomenon\" (1996), \"Deep Impact\" (1998), \"Gone",
"title": "Robert Duvall filmography"
},
{
"id": "808821",
"text": "which allows the children a glimpse into her personal life, as well as Tom Robinson's. Scout falls asleep during the Halloween pageant and makes a tardy entrance onstage, causing the audience to laugh uproariously. She is so distracted and embarrassed that she prefers to go home in her ham costume, which saves her life. Scholars have characterized \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" as both a Southern Gothic and a \"Bildungsroman\". The grotesque and near-supernatural qualities of Boo Radley and his house, and the element of racial injustice involving Tom Robinson, contribute to the aura of the Gothic in the novel. Lee",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird"
},
{
"id": "7501665",
"text": "eight, including Best Picture. In 1995, the film was listed in the National Film Registry. In 2003, the American Film Institute named Atticus Finch the greatest movie hero of the 20th century. In 2007 the film ranked twenty-fifth on the AFI's 10th anniversary list of the greatest American movies of all time. In 2005, the British Film Institute included it in their list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14. The film was restored and released on Blu-ray and DVD in 2012 as part of the 100th anniversary of Universal Pictures. The film's young protagonists,",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird (film)"
},
{
"id": "808845",
"text": "by people in symbolic courtrooms: Mr. Dolphus Raymond has been exiled by society for taking a black woman as his common-law wife and having interracial children; Mayella Ewell is beaten by her father in punishment for kissing Tom Robinson; by being turned into a non-person, Boo Radley receives a punishment far greater than any court could have given him. Scout repeatedly breaks codes and laws and reacts to her punishment for them. For example, she refuses to wear frilly clothes, saying that Aunt Alexandra's \"fanatical\" attempts to place her in them made her feel \"a pink cotton penitentiary closing in",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird"
},
{
"id": "808796",
"text": "To Kill a Mockingbird To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960. It was immediately successful, winning the Pulitzer Prize, and has become a classic of modern American literature. The plot and characters are loosely based on Lee's observations of her family, her neighbors and an event that occurred near her hometown of Monroeville, Alabama, in 1936, when she was 10 years old. The story is told by the six-year-old Jean Louise Finch. The novel is renowned for its warmth and humor, despite dealing with the serious issues of rape and racial inequality. The narrator's",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird"
},
{
"id": "808848",
"text": "a moral point. Tom Robinson is the chief example among several innocents destroyed carelessly or deliberately throughout the novel. However, scholar Christopher Metress connects the mockingbird to Boo Radley: \"Instead of wanting to exploit Boo for her own fun (as she does in the beginning of the novel by putting on gothic plays about his history), Scout comes to see him as a 'mockingbird'—that is, as someone with an inner goodness that must be cherished.\" The last pages of the book illustrate this as Scout relates the moral of a story Atticus has been reading to her, and, in allusions",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird"
},
{
"id": "1602407",
"text": "daughter of a respected small-town Alabama attorney. Scout's friend, Dill, was inspired by Lee's childhood friend and neighbor, Truman Capote; Lee, in turn, is the model for a character in Capote's first novel, \"Other Voices, Other Rooms\", published in 1948. Although the plot of Lee's novel involves an unsuccessful legal defense similar to one undertaken by her attorney father, the 1931 landmark Scottsboro Boys interracial rape case may also have helped to shape Lee's social conscience. While Lee herself downplayed autobiographical parallels in the book, Truman Capote, mentioning the character Boo Radley in \"To Kill a Mockingbird\", described details he",
"title": "Harper Lee"
},
{
"id": "808839",
"text": "it\" exemplifies his compassion. She ponders the comment when listening to Mayella Ewell's testimony. When Mayella reacts with confusion to Atticus' question if she has any friends, Scout offers that she must be lonelier than Boo Radley. Having walked Boo home after he saves their lives, Scout stands on the Radley porch and considers the events of the previous three years from Boo's perspective. One writer remarks, \"... [w]hile the novel concerns tragedy and injustice, heartache and loss, it also carries with it a strong sense [of] courage, compassion, and an awareness of history to be better human beings.\" Just",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird"
},
{
"id": "1402501",
"text": "Robert Duvall Robert Selden Duvall (; born January 5, 1931) is an American actor and filmmaker, whose career spans more than six decades. He has been nominated for seven Academy Awards (winning for his performance in \"Tender Mercies\"), seven Golden Globe Awards (winning four), and has multiple nominations and one win each of the BAFTA, Screen Actors Guild Award, and Emmy Award. He received the National Medal of Arts in 2005. Duvall has starred in numerous films and television series, including \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" (1962), \"The Twilight Zone\" (1963), \"The Outer Limits\" (1964), \"Bullitt\" (1968), \"True Grit\" (1969), \"MASH\"",
"title": "Robert Duvall"
},
{
"id": "3874493",
"text": "Curtis Armstrong Curtis Armstrong (born November 27, 1953) is an American actor best known for playing the roles of Booger in the \"Revenge of the Nerds\" movies, Herbert Viola on the TV series \"Moonlighting\", Miles Dalby in the film \"Risky Business\", famed record producer Ahmet Ertegün in the film \"Ray\" as well as for playing the role of Metatron on the TV series \"Supernatural.\" He is also known for providing his voice for such characters as Schmuley \"Snot\" Lonstein on the animated TV series \"American Dad!\" and Maru in the animated film \"\" in addition to portraying the title character",
"title": "Curtis Armstrong"
},
{
"id": "7501672",
"text": "Atticus and Jem go to the Robinson family home to inform them of Tom's death. Bob Ewell, Mayella's father, appears and spits in Atticus' face while Jem waits in the car. Atticus wipes his face and leaves. Autumn arrives, and Scout and Jem attend a nighttime Halloween pageant at their school. Scout wears a large hard-shelled ham costume, portraying one of Maycomb county's products. At some point during the pageant, Scout's dress and shoes are misplaced. She is forced to walk home without shoes, wearing her ham costume. While cutting through the woods, Scout and Jem are attacked by an",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird (film)"
},
{
"id": "7501668",
"text": "(Brock Peters), against an accusation of rape of a white girl, Mayella Ewell (Collin Wilcox). Atticus accepts the case. Jem and Scout experience schoolyard taunts for their father's decision. Later, as Atticus is sitting in front of the local jail to safeguard Robinson, a lynch mob arrives, which includes Mr. Cunningham. Scout, Jem and their friend, Dill (John Megna), interrupt the confrontation. Scout, unaware of the mob's purpose, recognizes Cunningham as the man who paid her father in hickory nuts and tells him to say hello to his son, who is her schoolmate. Cunningham becomes embarrassed and the mob disperses.",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird (film)"
},
{
"id": "4980064",
"text": "least once or twice a year.\" Robert Mulligan Robert Patrick Mulligan (August 23, 1925 – December 20, 2008) was an American film and television director best known as the director of humanistic American dramas, including \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" (1962), \"Summer of '42\" (1971), \"The Other\" (1972), \"Same Time, Next Year\" (1978) and \"The Man in the Moon\" (1991). He was also known in the 1960s for his extensive collaborations with producer Alan J. Pakula. He was the elder brother of actor Richard Mulligan. Mulligan studied at Fordham University before serving with the United States Marine Corps during World War",
"title": "Robert Mulligan"
},
{
"id": "5633777",
"text": "John Megna John Megna (November 9, 1952 – September 4, 1995) was an American actor. His best known role is that of \"Dill\" in the film \"To Kill a Mockingbird\". Megna was born in Queens, New York, as John Ingolia. His father was a pharmacist, and his mother was a one-time nightclub singer. He was a half-brother of Connie Stevens and an ex-brother-in-law of Eddie Fisher. He attended Holy Cross High School in Flushing, New York. At age 6, Megna made his acting debut in Frank Loesser's Broadway musical \"Greenwillow\". At 7, he starred in \"All the Way Home\", an",
"title": "John Megna"
},
{
"id": "808880",
"text": "Atticus Finch. The film's producer, Alan J. Pakula, remembered Universal Pictures executives questioning him about a potential script: \"They said, 'What story do you plan to tell for the film?' I said, 'Have you read the book?' They said, 'Yes.' I said, 'That's the story.'\" The movie was a hit at the box office, quickly grossing more than $20 million from a $2-million budget. It won three Oscars: Best Actor for Gregory Peck, Best Art Direction-Set Decoration, Black-and-White, and Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium for Horton Foote. It was nominated for five more Oscars including Best",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird"
},
{
"id": "4980045",
"text": "Robert Mulligan Robert Patrick Mulligan (August 23, 1925 – December 20, 2008) was an American film and television director best known as the director of humanistic American dramas, including \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" (1962), \"Summer of '42\" (1971), \"The Other\" (1972), \"Same Time, Next Year\" (1978) and \"The Man in the Moon\" (1991). He was also known in the 1960s for his extensive collaborations with producer Alan J. Pakula. He was the elder brother of actor Richard Mulligan. Mulligan studied at Fordham University before serving with the United States Marine Corps during World War II. At war's end, he obtained",
"title": "Robert Mulligan"
},
{
"id": "7501684",
"text": "ranked the movie second on their \"100 Years... 100 Cheers\" list, behind \"It's a Wonderful Life\". The film was ranked number 34 on AFI's list of the 100 greatest movies of all time, but moved up to number 25 on the 10th Anniversary list. In June 2008, the AFI revealed its \"Ten top Ten\"—the best ten films in ten \"classic\" American film genres—after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community. \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" was acknowledged as the best film in the courtroom drama genre. In 2007 Hamilton was honored by the Harlem community for her part in the",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird (film)"
},
{
"id": "808810",
"text": "responsible). Atticus eventually accepts the sheriff's story that Ewell simply fell on his own knife. Boo asks Scout to walk him home, and after she says goodbye to him at his front door he disappears again. While standing on the Radley porch, Scout imagines life from Boo's perspective, and regrets that they had never repaid him for the gifts he had given them. Scout then goes back home to Atticus and stays up with him for a while in Jem's room. Soon Atticus takes her to bed and tucks her in, before leaving to go back to Jem. Lee has",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird"
},
{
"id": "4851615",
"text": "of the \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" character Boo Radley). At \"Christmas Chaos\" on December 28, 1994, Candido attacked Bradley after they lost a bout to Tracy Smothers and Cactus Jack. In a controversial angle, Fytch kidnapped Bradley's pet cat, Boots, and brought a bag supposedly containing the cat to the ring, which Candido then leg dropped, (kayfabe) killing Boots. The angle led to a feud between Candido and Radley, which culminated in a loser leaves town dog collar match at \"Sunday Bloody Sunday II\" on February 26, 1995 that was won by Bradley. This marked Candido's final appearance in SMW",
"title": "Chris Candido"
},
{
"id": "10003595",
"text": "best albums. Several tracks, notably \"Fortunate Son\", have since become fan favorites and staples at Hornsby's concerts. Among other homages, the song \"Sunflower Cat (Some Dour Cat) (Down With That)\" sampled and looped the main lick from the Grateful Dead song \"China Cat Sunflower.\" \"Spirit Trail\" considered \"very Southern\" themes with \"songs about race, religion, judgment and tolerance\" and \"struggles with these issues\"—notably on \"Sneaking Up on Boo Radley,\" which references the character from Harper Lee's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel \"To Kill a Mockingbird\". All songs by Bruce Hornsby, except where noted. In some territories, including the UK, this album was",
"title": "Spirit Trail"
},
{
"id": "7501686",
"text": "Best Cinematography, while Patty Duke was awarded Best Supporting Actress for her work in \"The Miracle Worker\". The film was selected for the 1963 Cannes Film Festival in feature film category, winning the Gary Cooper Award. Elmer Bernstein's score for \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" is regarded as one of the greatest film scores and has been recorded three times. It was first released in April 1963 on Ava; then Bernstein re-recorded it in the 1970s for his Film Music Collection series; and finally, he recorded the complete score (below) in 1996 with the Royal Scottish National Orchestra for the Varese",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird (film)"
},
{
"id": "7501678",
"text": "Negro on trial, and Frank Overton as a troubled sheriff are good as locality characters, too. James Anderson and Collin Wilcox as Southern bigots are almost caricatures. But those are minor shortcomings in a rewarding film. Roger Ebert of the \"Chicago Sun-Times\" criticized the film for focusing less on the blacks, denouncing the cliché of the honest, white man standing for a helpless black: It expresses the liberal pieties of a more innocent time, the early 1960s, and it goes very easy on the realities of small-town Alabama in the 1930s. One of the most dramatic scenes shows a lynch",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird (film)"
},
{
"id": "808827",
"text": "book was released, reviewers noted that it was divided into two parts, and opinion was mixed about Lee's ability to connect them. The first part of the novel concerns the children's fascination with Boo Radley and their feelings of safety and comfort in the neighborhood. Reviewers were generally charmed by Scout and Jem's observations of their quirky neighbors. One writer was so impressed by Lee's detailed explanations of the people of Maycomb that he categorized the book as Southern romantic regionalism. This sentimentalism can be seen in Lee's representation of the Southern caste system to explain almost every character's behavior",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird"
},
{
"id": "7501685",
"text": "movie. She was the last surviving African-American adult who had a speaking part in the movie. When told of the award, she said, \"I think it is terrific. I'm very pleased and very surprised\". The film won three Academy Awards out of the eight for which it was nominated. Other nominations were for Its main competition was \"Lawrence of Arabia\", which won the Oscar for Best Picture, Best Director and Best Original Score. Peter O'Toole had been nominated for Best Actor for his performance as T. E. Lawrence, but Peck won for \"Mockingbird\". \"The Longest Day\" claimed the award for",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird (film)"
},
{
"id": "14614950",
"text": "Hugh Sanders Hugh Sanders (March 13, 1911 - January 9, 1966) was an American actor, probably best known as Dr. Reynolds in the movie \"To Kill a Mockingbird\". Born in Illinois, Sanders graduated from Northwestern University's Medill School of Journalism. He worked in radio until 1949 and then made the transition to Hollywood. He was a guest star in several series, including \"The Lone Ranger\", \"Highway Patrol\", \"Four Star Playhouse\", \"Playhouse 90\", \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\", Maverick, \"Richard Diamond, Private Detective\", \"Zane Grey Theater\", \"Bat Masterson\", and \"The Asphalt Jungle\". He also made five guest appearances on \"Perry Mason\", including two",
"title": "Hugh Sanders"
},
{
"id": "808799",
"text": "the book ahead of the Bible as one \"every adult should read before they die\". It was adapted into an Academy Award-winning film in 1962 by director Robert Mulligan, with a screenplay by Horton Foote. Since 1990, a play based on the novel has been performed annually in Harper Lee's hometown. \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" was Lee's only published book until \"Go Set a Watchman\", an earlier draft of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\", was published on July 14, 2015. Lee continued to respond to her work's impact until her death in February 2016, although she had refused any personal publicity",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird"
},
{
"id": "1468419",
"text": "of the year for 1993. The Boo Radleys also appear on the original motion picture soundtrack to the 1993 film \"So I Married An Axe Murderer\" with their cover of The La's song \"There She Goes\". Despite critical acclaim and a cult fanbase, the Boo Radleys were still largely unknown to the general public by the time the Britpop phenomenon broke into the mainstream in 1995. This changed when the band released the upbeat single \"Wake Up Boo!\" in the spring of that year. It made the Top 10 in the UK Singles Chart, peaking at number 9. The single",
"title": "The Boo Radleys"
},
{
"id": "808859",
"text": "McDonagh Murphy interviewed celebrities including Oprah Winfrey, Rosanne Cash, Tom Brokaw, and Harper's sister Alice Lee, who read the novel and compiled their impressions of it as children and adults into a book titled \"Scout, Atticus, and Boo\". One of the most significant impacts \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" has had is Atticus Finch's model of integrity for the legal profession. As scholar Alice Petry explains, \"Atticus has become something of a folk hero in legal circles and is treated almost as if he were an actual person.\" Morris Dees of the Southern Poverty Law Center cites Atticus Finch as the",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird"
},
{
"id": "11809385",
"text": "Crahan Denton Crahan Denton (born Arthur Denton, March 20, 1914 – December 4, 1966) (pronunciation: \"kran\") was an American stage and television actor. One of his most famous film roles was in \"To Kill A Mockingbird\" where he portrays \"Walter Cunningham,\" a client of the main character, Atticus Finch, and the leader of a mob which attempts to lynch another of Finch's clients. The son of Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Denton, he was born in Seattle, Washington, United States. He studied drama at the University of California, Berkeley and at the Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre in New York",
"title": "Crahan Denton"
},
{
"id": "20790986",
"text": "by May 2018. The production began previews at the Shubert Theatre on November 1, 2018, prior to an official opening on December 13, 2018. To Kill a Mockingbird (2018 play) To Kill a Mockingbird is a 2018 play based on the 1960 novel of the same name by Harper Lee, adapted for stage by Aaron Sorkin. It is scheduled to open at the Shubert Theatre on December 13, 2018. It was announced in February 2016 that Aaron Sorkin would bring the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel to Broadway, in a new production produced by Scott Rudin and directed by Bartlett Sher. The",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird (2018 play)"
},
{
"id": "6464537",
"text": "on June 28, 1998 after 556 performances. Replacements later in the run included Peter Michael Goetz as Adolph, Kelly Bishop (in circa May 1998) and Carole Shelley (as of August 26, 1997) as Boo, Mark Feuerstein and Christopher Gartin as Joe, Kimberly Williams as Sunny (as of August 26, 1997), and Cynthia Nixon (as of August 26, 1997) and Ilana Levine as Lala. Ben Brantley of the \"New York Times\" observed, \"Much of the gently barbed, idiosyncratic Southern humor recalls a vintage episode of the television sitcom \"Designing Women\" . . . Mr. Uhry's one previous play, \"Driving Miss Daisy\"",
"title": "The Last Night of Ballyhoo"
},
{
"id": "7501681",
"text": "role because the book reminded him of growing up in La Jolla, California. \"Hardly a day passes that I don't think how lucky I was to be cast in that film\", Peck said in a 1997 interview. \"I recently sat at a dinner next to a woman who saw it when she was 14-years-old, and she said it changed her life. I hear things like that all the time\". The 1962 softcover edition of the novel opens: Harper Lee, in liner notes written for the film's DVD re-release by Universal, wrote: Upon Peck's death in 2003, Brock Peters, who played",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird (film)"
},
{
"id": "20790984",
"text": "To Kill a Mockingbird (2018 play) To Kill a Mockingbird is a 2018 play based on the 1960 novel of the same name by Harper Lee, adapted for stage by Aaron Sorkin. It is scheduled to open at the Shubert Theatre on December 13, 2018. It was announced in February 2016 that Aaron Sorkin would bring the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel to Broadway, in a new production produced by Scott Rudin and directed by Bartlett Sher. The book had previously been adapted for the stage but Rudin specified that this production would be completely unrelated to the prior pieces. On February",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird (2018 play)"
},
{
"id": "9489456",
"text": "Susan Ursitti Susan Ursitti (born September 17, 1957) is an American actress best known for her performance as Boof in 1985's \"Teen Wolf\". Ursitti graduated from Saint Mary's College of Notre Dame, Indiana, in 1979, and then spent several years acting in commercials, TV, film, and stage. Her filmography includes \"Zapped!\", \"Teen Wolf\" and \"Defense Play\", as well as television guest roles on \"21 Jump Street\" and \"Charles in Charge\". She later received her master's degree in Design and Manufacturing. In September 1992, she married Jonathan Sheinberg, the producer of such films as \"McHale's Navy\", \"A Simple Wish\", and \"The",
"title": "Susan Ursitti"
},
{
"id": "18560525",
"text": "Aaron Stell Aaron Stell (March 26, 1911 – January 7, 1996, in Los Angeles) was an American film editor with one hundred feature film credits and many additional credits for his television work. Stell worked for more than a decade at the start of his career at Columbia Pictures (1943–1955 credits), which was a major Hollywood studio in that era. Among his most noted films are \"Touch of Evil\" (directed by Orson Welles-1958), \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" (directed by Robert Mulligan-1962), and \"Silent Running\" (directed by Douglas Trumbull-1972). \"Touch of Evil\", which was directed by Orson Welles, proved difficult for",
"title": "Aaron Stell"
},
{
"id": "808887",
"text": "book, or Lee herself. Local residents call them \"Mockingbird groupies\", and although Lee was not reclusive, she refused publicity and interviews with an emphatic \"Hell, no!\" To Kill a Mockingbird To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960. It was immediately successful, winning the Pulitzer Prize, and has become a classic of modern American literature. The plot and characters are loosely based on Lee's observations of her family, her neighbors and an event that occurred near her hometown of Monroeville, Alabama, in 1936, when she was 10 years old. The story is told by the",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird"
},
{
"id": "7501667",
"text": "to turn the other cheek, and to stand for what you believe. He also allows his children to call him by his first name. Early in the film, the children see their father accept hickory nuts, and other produce, from Mr. Cunningham (Crahan Denton) for legal work because the client has no money. Through their father's work as a lawyer, Scout and Jem begin to learn of the racism and evil in their town, aggravated by poverty; they mature quickly as they are exposed to it. The local judge (Paul Fix) appoints Atticus to defend a black man, Tom Robinson",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird (film)"
},
{
"id": "7611110",
"text": "Brenton also designed the characters. The series was directed by Mark Taylor and produced by Teresa Reed. Animation was handled by the Bristol-based studio A Productions. The voices of Growling Tiger and Sleeping Bear were provided by Justin Fletcher; the voice of Laughing Duck was supplied by Kate Harbour. The children's voices were supplied by a group of junior school children including Daniel Hardoon, Franklin Taylor Moore (son of Mark Taylor), Corey Lewis and Laura Reed. The male narrator is ex-Freak Power singer Ashley Slater and the female narrator is Sharon D. Clarke. The original design was created by Rebecca",
"title": "Boo! (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "1850664",
"text": "Original Music Score. Bernstein was recognized by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association with Golden Globes for his scores for \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" and \"Hawaii\". In 1963, he won the Emmy for Excellence in Television for his score of the documentary \"The Making of The President 1960\". He is the recipient of Western Heritage Awards for \"The Magnificent Seven\" (1960) and \"The Hallelujah Trail\" (1965). He received five Grammy Award nominations from the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences and garnered two Tony Award nominations for the Broadway musicals \"How Now Dow Jones\" and \"Merlin\". Additional honors included Lifetime",
"title": "Elmer Bernstein"
},
{
"id": "4741664",
"text": "Horton Foote Albert Horton Foote Jr. (March 14, 1916March 4, 2009) was an American playwright and screenwriter, perhaps best known for his screenplays for the 1962 film \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" and the 1983 film \"Tender Mercies\", and his notable live television dramas during the Golden Age of Television. He received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1995 for his play \"The Young Man From Atlanta\" and two Academy Awards, one for an original screenplay, \"Tender Mercies\", and one for adapted screenplay, \"To Kill a Mockingbird\". In 1995, Foote was the inaugural recipient of the Austin Film Festival's Distinguished Screenwriter",
"title": "Horton Foote"
},
{
"id": "5635457",
"text": "Collin Wilcox (actress) Collin Wilcox (February 4, 1935 – October 14, 2009) was an American film, stage and television actress. Over her career, she was also credited as Collin Wilcox-Horne or Collin Wilcox-Paxton. Wilcox may be best known for her role in \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" (1962), in which she played Mayella Violet Ewell, whose false claim of being raped sparks the trial at the center of the film. Wilcox was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, and moved with her family to Highlands, North Carolina, as a baby. Her interest in theater was sparked by her parents, Jack H. and Virginia",
"title": "Collin Wilcox (actress)"
},
{
"id": "7501680",
"text": "nice to think so. Walt Disney requested the film be privately screened in his house. At the film's conclusion, Disney sadly stated, \"That was one hell of a picture. That's the kind of film I wish I could make.\" Gregory Peck's performance became synonymous with the role and character of Atticus Finch. Producer Alan J. Pakula remembered hearing from Peck when he was first approached with the role: \"He called back immediately. No maybes. […] I must say the man and the character he played were not unalike\". Peck later said in an interview that he was drawn to the",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird (film)"
},
{
"id": "10793716",
"text": "taken by a new character named Scare Bear. Boo-Boo's classic voice actor was Don Messick who also voiced Ranger Smith. From the time of the character's debut until 1994 in his last performance as Boo Boo in \"Yogi the Easter Bear\" and \"Scooby-Doo! in Arabian Nights\", the character was voiced by Don Messick who died in 1997. In the \"Yogi Bear\" film, the character is voiced by singer/actor Justin Timberlake. Scott Innes performed the voice Boo Boo along with Yogi Bear in \"At Picnic\", \"Forest\", and \"Honey Lesson\". Boo-Boo Bear Boo-Boo Bear is a Hanna-Barbera cartoon character on \"The Yogi",
"title": "Boo-Boo Bear"
},
{
"id": "808804",
"text": "hoped for a little, as I said, but I got rather a whole lot, and in some ways this was just about as frightening as the quick, merciful death I'd expected. Instead of a \"quick and merciful death\", \"Reader's Digest Condensed Books\" chose the book for reprinting in part, which gave it a wide readership immediately. Since the original publication, the book has never been out of print. The story takes place during three years (1933–35) of the Great Depression in the fictional \"tired old town\" of Maycomb, Alabama, the seat of Maycomb County. It focuses on six-year-old Jean Louise",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird"
},
{
"id": "863354",
"text": "Lea DeLaria Lea DeLaria (born May 23, 1958) is an American comedian, actress, and jazz singer. DeLaria is credited with being the first openly gay comic to appear on a late-night talk show with her 1993 appearance on \"The Arsenio Hall Show\". She is best known for her portrayal of inmate Carrie \"Big Boo\" Black on Netflix original series \"Orange Is the New Black\". DeLaria was born in Belleville, Illinois, the daughter of Jerry Jean (née Cox), a homemaker, and Robert George DeLaria, a jazz pianist and social worker. Her paternal grandparents were Italian. She attended kindergarten through eighth grade",
"title": "Lea DeLaria"
},
{
"id": "2303438",
"text": "Danny Glover Danny Lebern Glover (; born July 22, 1946) is an American actor, film director, and political activist. He is known for his lead role as Roger Murtaugh in the \"Lethal Weapon\" film series. He also has leading roles in the films \"The Color Purple\" (1985), \"To Sleep with Anger\" (1990), \"Predator 2\" (1990), \"Angels in the Outfield\" (1994) and \"Operation Dumbo Drop\" (1995). Glover has prominent supporting roles in \"Silverado\" (1985), \"Witness\" (1985), \"Saw\" (2004), \"Shooter\" (2007), \"2012\" (2009), \"Death at a Funeral\" (2010), \"Beyond the Lights\" (2014), \"Dirty Grandpa\" (2016), and \"Sorry to Bother You\" (2018). He",
"title": "Danny Glover"
},
{
"id": "14614951",
"text": "roles as murder victims: John Callender in \"The Case of the Fan Dancer's Horse\" (1957), and Ken Bascombe in \"The Case of the Bashful Burro\" (1960). He also had eight appearances on \"Rawhide\", four on \"Bonanza\", and four on \"The Fugitive\". Sanders was married to Dorothy Allsup of Dayton, Ohio. Sanders is interred at Mountain View Cemetery and Mausoleum in Altadena, California. Hugh Sanders Hugh Sanders (March 13, 1911 - January 9, 1966) was an American actor, probably best known as Dr. Reynolds in the movie \"To Kill a Mockingbird\". Born in Illinois, Sanders graduated from Northwestern University's Medill School",
"title": "Hugh Sanders"
},
{
"id": "808882",
"text": "for Best Actor. Years later, he was reluctant to tell Lee that the watch was stolen out of his luggage in London Heathrow Airport. When Peck eventually did tell Lee, she told him, \"Well, it's only a watch\". He said, \"Harper—she feels deeply, but she's not a sentimental person about things\". Lee and Peck shared a friendship long after the movie was made. Peck's grandson was named \"Harper\" in her honor. In May 2005, Lee made an uncharacteristic appearance at the Los Angeles Public Library at the request of Peck's widow Veronique, who said of Lee: She's like a national",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird"
},
{
"id": "7781451",
"text": "judge in \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" (1962). He played the sheriff in \"The Sons of Katie Elder\". In 1966, he appeared in the film \"El Dorado\". In 1972 he appeared in the film \"Night of the Lepus\". In 1979, he appeared in \"Wanda Nevada\". Fix co-wrote the screenplay for the John Wayne film \"Tall in the Saddle\". Fix made five appearances as District Attorney Hale on \"Perry Mason\" (1957–1963), showing great skill as an examiner who did not ask objectionable questions unlike Hamilton Burger, who often experienced a judge's ire for asking leading questions. He guest-starred on such television series",
"title": "Paul Fix"
},
{
"id": "11809388",
"text": "years old. Denton won an Outer Critics Circle Award for Best Performances in Supporting Roles for 1954-1955 for his work in \"Bus Stop\" (1955). Crahan Denton Crahan Denton (born Arthur Denton, March 20, 1914 – December 4, 1966) (pronunciation: \"kran\") was an American stage and television actor. One of his most famous film roles was in \"To Kill A Mockingbird\" where he portrays \"Walter Cunningham,\" a client of the main character, Atticus Finch, and the leader of a mob which attempts to lynch another of Finch's clients. The son of Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Denton, he was born in Seattle,",
"title": "Crahan Denton"
},
{
"id": "7501671",
"text": "In a town where whites are viewed as superior to blacks, Tom's sympathy for Mayella dooms his case, and he is found guilty. As Atticus leaves the courtroom, the black spectators in the balcony rise to their feet as a sign of respect and appreciation. Reverend Sykes says to Scout, \"Miss Jean Louise, stand up. Your father's passing.\" When Atticus arrives home, Sheriff Heck Tate (Frank Overton) tells him that Tom has been killed by a deputy during his transfer to prison. According to this deputy, Tom was trying to escape, \"running like a crazy man\" before he was shot.",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird (film)"
},
{
"id": "808877",
"text": "gift to the entire world. As a model of good writing and humane sensibility, this book will be read and studied forever.\" After remaining at number one throughout the entire five-month-long voting period in 2018, the American public, via PBS's \"The Great American Read\", chose \"To Kill A Mockingbird\" as America's Favorite Book. An earlier draft of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\", titled \"Go Set a Watchman\", was controversially released on July 14, 2015. This draft, which was completed in 1957, is set 20 years after the time period depicted in \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" but is not a continuation of",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird"
},
{
"id": "5636724",
"text": "Distance\". Other TV work included \"The Fugitive\" in 1963. In 1964, he played General Bogan in the film \"Fail-Safe\". He played Sheriff Heck Tate in the 1962 film \"To Kill a Mockingbird\". Overton appeared in an episode of the 1961 ABC series \"The Asphalt Jungle\". He made two guest appearances on the CBS courtroom drama series \"Perry Mason\" in diverse roles. In 1961 he played a priest, Father Paul, in \"The Case of the Renegade Refugee,\" and in 1963 he played Deputy D.A. Nelson Taylor in \"The Case of the Bluffing Blast.\" Overton played Major Harvey Stovall in the TV",
"title": "Frank Overton"
},
{
"id": "20790985",
"text": "15, 2018, it was announced that Jeff Daniels would star in the production as Atticus Finch. Celia Keenan-Bolger and Will Pullen were also announced to play Scout and Jem Finch, respectively. In March 2018, the Harper Lee estate filed a lawsuit against the play's production company based on allegations that the play deviates too much from the novel; Sorkin had previously admitted that “As far as Atticus and his virtue goes, this is a different take on Mockingbird than Harper Lee’s or Horton Foote’s.” The following month, producer Scott Rudin countersued for breach of contract. The legal dispute was settled",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird (2018 play)"
},
{
"id": "863364",
"text": "Trump as U.S. President, DeLaria was criticized for a profanity-laden post on Instagram in which she appeared to call for violence against people who supported Donald Trump. She later deleted the post. Lea DeLaria Lea DeLaria (born May 23, 1958) is an American comedian, actress, and jazz singer. DeLaria is credited with being the first openly gay comic to appear on a late-night talk show with her 1993 appearance on \"The Arsenio Hall Show\". She is best known for her portrayal of inmate Carrie \"Big Boo\" Black on Netflix original series \"Orange Is the New Black\". DeLaria was born in",
"title": "Lea DeLaria"
},
{
"id": "20493084",
"text": "songs and is an avid book reader. She moved to Chicago, Illinois, in 2016. She is the niece of actresses Penny McNamee and Jessica McNamee. Teagan Croft Teagan Croft (born 22 April 2004) is an Australian actress. Croft's career began when she played the part of Scout Finch in a theatrical adaptation of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" when she was nine years old. She garnered enough attention to land the lead role in the 2016 film \"\". That same year, Croft had a recurring role as Bella Loneragan in \"Home and Away\". In August 2017, she was cast as the",
"title": "Teagan Croft"
},
{
"id": "1953560",
"text": "section at Hollywood Hills Forest Lawn Cemetery, in North Hollywood, CA. Brock Peters Brock Peters or Brock G. Peters (born George Fisher; July 2, 1927 – August 23, 2005) was an American actor, best known for playing the role of Tom Robinson in the 1962 film \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" and for his role as \"Crown\" in the 1959 film version of \"Porgy and Bess\". In later years, he gained recognition among \"Star Trek\" fans for his portrayals of Fleet Admiral Cartwright in two of the \"Star Trek\" feature films and , father of Benjamin Sisko, in \"\". He was",
"title": "Brock Peters"
},
{
"id": "3036323",
"text": "musical forms Hornsby had delved into over his career. The album considered \"very Southern\" themes with \"songs about race, religion, judgment and tolerance\" and \"struggles with these issues.\"—notably on \"Sneaking Up on Boo Radley,\" which referenced the character from Harper Lee's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel \"To Kill a Mockingbird\". Throughout the sequence of \"Harbor Lights\", \"Hot House\", and \"Spirit Trail\", Hornsby's piano playing steadily gained further complexity, taking on a more varied array of musical styles and incorporating more and more difficult techniques, as evidenced by his two-hand-independence on \"Spirit Trail\"'s \"King of the Hill.\" During this same span of solo",
"title": "Bruce Hornsby"
},
{
"id": "7611107",
"text": "Boo! (TV series) Boo! is a children's television series shown in the United Kingdom on the CBeebies channel, and originally on BBC Two, and produced by Universal Studios. It features several cartoon characters who play a game similar to hide and seek in a variety of settings. The commentary is performed by an adult narrator and a chorus of children. The series was produced by the independent production company Tell-Tale Productions, which was also responsible for \"Tweenies\". From 2007 to 2012, reruns of the show, then it re-airs again on January 2019, were broadcast in the USA on Qubo. The",
"title": "Boo! (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "7501673",
"text": "unidentified man who has been following them. Scout's costume, like an awkward suit of armor, protects her from the attack but restricts her movement and severely restricts her vision. Jem is knocked unconscious and Scout escapes unharmed in a brief but violent struggle. Their attacker is thwarted and overcome by another unidentified man. Scout escapes her costume in time to see the second man carrying Jem to their home. Scout follows the stranger inside and runs into the arms of a concerned Atticus. Doc Reynolds comes over and treats the broken arm of an unconscious Jem. When Sheriff Tate asks",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird (film)"
},
{
"id": "7488515",
"text": "Janney, Keith Carradine, Jason Ritter, Cheryl Hines, Hilarie Burton and Mary Badham (Scout in \"To Kill a Mockingbird\") in her first screen role in 40 years. Watson's TV acting credits include \"Cheers\", Wings, \"Ned & Stacey\", \"Frasier\", \"Caroline in the City\", \"Profiler\", \"Six Feet Under\", \"\", \"The King of Queens\" and \"NYPD Blue\". Cameron Watson (actor) Cameron Watson (born October 6, 1961) is an American actor, screenwriter, and director. His first role was Bart Fallmont in the 1991 TV miniseries \"\". Watson attended the University of Montevallo, receiving a bachelor of fine arts degree in 1983. After graduation, he began",
"title": "Cameron Watson (actor)"
},
{
"id": "808883",
"text": "treasure. She's someone who has made a difference ... with this book. The book is still as strong as it ever was, and so is the film. All the kids in the United States read this book and see the film in the seventh and eighth grades and write papers and essays. My husband used to get thousands and thousands of letters from teachers who would send them to him. The book has also been adapted as a play by Christopher Sergel. It debuted in 1990 in Monroeville, a town that labels itself \"The Literary Capital of Alabama\". The play",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird"
},
{
"id": "1953549",
"text": "Brock Peters Brock Peters or Brock G. Peters (born George Fisher; July 2, 1927 – August 23, 2005) was an American actor, best known for playing the role of Tom Robinson in the 1962 film \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" and for his role as \"Crown\" in the 1959 film version of \"Porgy and Bess\". In later years, he gained recognition among \"Star Trek\" fans for his portrayals of Fleet Admiral Cartwright in two of the \"Star Trek\" feature films and , father of Benjamin Sisko, in \"\". He was also notable for his role as Hatcher in \"Soylent Green\". Peters",
"title": "Brock Peters"
},
{
"id": "4054464",
"text": "Bryan Brown Bryan Neathway Brown, AM (born 23 June 1947) is an Australian actor. He has performed in over eighty film and television projects since the late 1970s, both in his native Australia and abroad. Notable films include \"Breaker Morant\" (1980), \"Give My Regards to Broad Street\" (1984), \"F/X\" (1986), \"Cocktail\" (1988), \"Gorillas in the Mist\" (1988), \"F/X2\" (1991), \"Along Came Polly\" (2004), \"Australia\" (2008), \"Kill Me Three Times\" (2014) and \"Gods of Egypt\" (2016). He was nominated for a Golden Globe Award and an Emmy Award for his performance in the television miniseries \"The Thorn Birds\" (1983). Brown was",
"title": "Bryan Brown"
},
{
"id": "808881",
"text": "Actress in a Supporting Role for Mary Badham, the actress who played Scout. Lee was pleased with the film, \"In that film the man and the part met ... I've had many, many offers to turn it into musicals, into TV or stage plays, but I've always refused. That film was a work of art\". Peck met Lee's father, the model for Atticus, before the filming. Lee's father died before the film's release. Lee was so impressed with Peck's performance that she gave him her father's pocket watch, which he had with him the evening he was awarded the Oscar",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird"
},
{
"id": "9473017",
"text": "50th anniversary of publication in 2010. In honor of the 50th anniversary, famous authors and celebrities as well as people close to the book's author, Harper Lee, shared their experiences with \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" in the book \"Scout, Atticus, & Boo: A Celebration of Fifty Years of To Kill a Mockingbird\". The book features interviews with Mary Badham, Tom Brokaw, Oprah Winfrey, Anna Quindlen, Richard Russo, as well as Harper Lee's sister, Alice Finch Lee. The 2010 documentary film \"Hey, Boo: Harper Lee & To Kill a Mockingbird\" focuses on the background of the book and the film as",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird in popular culture"
},
{
"id": "6097123",
"text": "Bob Ewell in \"To Kill a Mockingbird\", Duke Senior in \"As You Like It\", King Cymbeline \"Cymbeline\", Little John in \"The Heart of Robinhood\", and Wolf in \"Into the Woods.\" Seago has been honored many times, including being a recipient of the Helen Hayes Award. Seago spoke candidly about the effect his disability has had on his life and work in the book \"\" written by Jean Kennedy Smith and George Plimpton and published by Random House. Seago's wife Lori is a fan of \"Star Trek\". They have two sons, Ryan and Kyle Seago, neither of whom is deaf. The",
"title": "Howie Seago"
},
{
"id": "808836",
"text": "voices that might challenge the existing order, and greatly complicate many Americans' conception of the causes of racism and segregation.\" Lee's use of the middle-class narrative voice is a literary device that allows an intimacy with the reader, regardless of class or cultural background, and fosters a sense of nostalgia. Sharing Scout and Jem's perspective, the reader is allowed to engage in relationships with the conservative antebellum Mrs. Dubose; the lower-class Ewells, and the Cunninghams who are equally poor but behave in vastly different ways; the wealthy but ostracized Mr. Dolphus Raymond; and Calpurnia and other members of the black",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird"
},
{
"id": "808849",
"text": "to both Boo Radley and Tom Robinson, states about a character who was misunderstood, \"when they finally saw him, why he hadn't done any of those things ... Atticus, he was real nice,\" to which he responds, \"Most people are, Scout, when you finally see them.\" The novel exposes the loss of innocence so frequently that reviewer R. A. Dave claims that because every character has to face, or even suffer defeat, the book takes on elements of a classical tragedy. In exploring how each character deals with his or her own personal defeat, Lee builds a framework to judge",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird"
},
{
"id": "18572101",
"text": "brewing in the South in the 1950s and delves into the complex relationship between father and daughter. It includes treatments of many of the characters who appear in \"To Kill a Mockingbird\". Jean Louise \"Scout\" Finch, 26, returns to her hometown of Maycomb, Alabama, from New York. While on her annual fortnight-long visit home, she is met by her childhood sweetheart Henry \"Hank\" Clinton. Clinton works for her father Atticus, who is a lawyer and former state legislator. Jack, Atticus's brother and a retired doctor, is Scout's mentor. Their sister Alexandria runs the house and took Calpurnia's place when she",
"title": "Go Set a Watchman"
},
{
"id": "808816",
"text": "same purpose\" to display Southern prejudices. Emmett Till, a black teenager who was murdered for allegedly flirting with a white woman in Mississippi in 1955, and whose death is credited as a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement, is also considered a model for Tom Robinson. The strongest element of style noted by critics and reviewers is Lee's talent for narration, which in an early review in \"Time\" was called \"tactile brilliance\". Writing a decade later, another scholar noted, \"Harper Lee has a remarkable gift of story-telling. Her art is visual, and with cinematographic fluidity and subtlety we see a",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird"
},
{
"id": "6325360",
"text": "Diane McWhorter Rebecca Diane McWhorter is an American journalist, commentator and author who has written extensively about race and the history of civil rights. She won the Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction and the J. Anthony Lukas Book Prize in 2002 for \"\" (Simon & Schuster, 2001; reprinted with a new afterword, 2013). McWhorter is from Birmingham, Alabama, where she attended the Brooke Hill School. Among McWhorter's elementary school classmates was Mary Badham, who portrayed \"Scout\" Finch in the 1962 film \"To Kill a Mockingbird\". When the film was released, McWhorter was among the students who went to a viewing",
"title": "Diane McWhorter"
},
{
"id": "11029425",
"text": "Butler and actor Johnny Mack Brown; (for 2003) director / producer Tom Cherones and singer / actor Nat King Cole; (for 2002) actor George \"Goober\" Lindsey, actor Dean Jones, composer / lyricist Hugh Martin; (for 2001) author Truman Capote, singer / actress Rebecca Luker and the film To Kill a Mockingbird; (for 2000) actress Lois Wilson, singer / actress Nell Carter, actress Polly Holliday and film director John Badham; (for 1999) actress Tallulah Bankhead, actress / comedian / author Fannie Flagg and philanthropists and patrons of the arts Mr. and Mrs. Winton M. Blount. Each year, a new group of",
"title": "Alabama Stage and Screen Hall of Fame"
},
{
"id": "8149924",
"text": "additional recording taking place on 1–5 December at Nassau's Compass Point Studios. Among the large cast of musicians supporting Starr were Nilsson (vocals), Jim Keltner (drums), Jane Getz (piano), Dennis Budimir and Richie Zito (guitars), and a four-piece horn section led by saxophonist Jerry Jumonville. Starr overdubbed his vocals on 4 December, four days before the murder of John Lennon, who had been due to record his contributions to \"Stop and Smell the Roses\" in January 1981. Contrasting with his success as a solo artist in 1971–73, the album continued Starr's run of commercial and critical failures since 1976. Rodriguez",
"title": "Back Off Boogaloo"
},
{
"id": "831823",
"text": "Atticus Finch, a Depression-era lawyer and widowed father, in a film adaptation of the Harper Lee novel \"To Kill a Mockingbird\". Released in 1962 during the height of the Civil Rights Movement in the Southern United States, this film and his role were Peck's favorites. In 2003, Peck's portrayal of Atticus Finch was named the greatest film hero of the past 100 years by the American Film Institute. Peck served as the president of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 1967, Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the American Film Institute from 1967 to 1969, Chairman",
"title": "Gregory Peck"
},
{
"id": "808855",
"text": "are \"most often cited as making a difference\". It is considered by some to be the \"Great American Novel\". The 50th anniversary of the novel's release was met with celebrations and reflections on its impact. Eric Zorn of the \"Chicago Tribune\" praises Lee's \"rich use of language\" but writes that the central lesson is that \"courage isn't always flashy, isn't always enough, but is always in style\". Jane Sullivan in the \"Sydney Morning Herald\" agrees, stating that the book \"still rouses fresh and horrified indignation\" as it examines morality, a topic that has recently become unfashionable. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie writing",
"title": "To Kill a Mockingbird"
},
{
"id": "831811",
"text": "Gregory Peck Eldred Gregory Peck (April 5, 1916 – June 12, 2003) was an American actor. He is one of the most popular film stars from the 1940s to the 1960s. Peck received five Academy Award for Best Actor nominations and won once for his performance as Atticus Finch in the 1962 drama film \"To Kill a Mockingbird\". Peck also received Oscar nominations for his roles in \"The Keys of the Kingdom\" (1944), \"The Yearling\" (1946), \"Gentleman's Agreement\" (1947) and \"Twelve O'Clock High\" (1949). Other notable films in which he appeared include \"Spellbound\" (1945), \"The Gunfighter\" (1950), \"Roman Holiday\" (1953),",
"title": "Gregory Peck"
}
] | who played boo in to kill a mocking bird |
[
"Annette Warren"
] | [
{
"id": "18897484",
"text": "Annette Warren Annette Warren (born July 11, 1922) is a popular jazz and song stylist best known for her vocal dubbing of such stars as Ava Gardner in the 1951 version of \"Show Boat\". and Lucille Ball in both \"Fancy Pants\" and \"Sorrowful Jones\" and is still actively performing in 2017 at the age of 95. Warren was born July 11, 1922 in Cleveland, Ohio. She was discovered in 1945 by vocal coach and arranger Phil Moore, who arranged her first recordings. She made her radio debut October 4, 1946, on Meredith Willson's \"Sparkle Time\" program on CBS. She headlined",
"title": "Annette Warren"
},
{
"id": "18897489",
"text": "60 years to headline at Feinstein's/54 Below at the age of 94, to critical acclaim, and continues to perform regularly at such clubs as the Catalina Jazz Club in Hollywood. Annette Warren Annette Warren (born July 11, 1922) is a popular jazz and song stylist best known for her vocal dubbing of such stars as Ava Gardner in the 1951 version of \"Show Boat\". and Lucille Ball in both \"Fancy Pants\" and \"Sorrowful Jones\" and is still actively performing in 2017 at the age of 95. Warren was born July 11, 1922 in Cleveland, Ohio. She was discovered in 1945",
"title": "Annette Warren"
},
{
"id": "11825492",
"text": "are, in most cases, executed without much imagination or charm. Kathryn Grayson makes an indifferent Magnolia, Ava Gardner a bewildered and, at times, ludicrously over-empathic Julie. Only Howard Keel among the among the principal players suggests the dashing carefree charm needed for the part.\" The film was a commercial success. During its initial theatrical run it earned $5,293,000 in the US and Canada and $2,328,000 in the rest of the world, resulting in a profit of $2,337,000. The film was first telecast on January 3, 1972, on \"The NBC Monday Movie\". This marked the first time any production of \"Show",
"title": "Show Boat (1951 film)"
},
{
"id": "11825465",
"text": "Show Boat (1951 film) Show Boat is a 1951 American musical romantic drama film, based on the stage musical of the same name by Jerome Kern (music) and Oscar Hammerstein II (script and lyrics), and the 1926 novel by Edna Ferber. It was made by MGM, adapted for the screen by John Lee Mahin, produced by Arthur Freed and directed by George Sidney. Filmed previously in 1929 and in 1936, this third adaptation of \"Show Boat\" was shot in Technicolor in the typical MGM lavish style. The film stars Kathryn Grayson, Ava Gardner, and Howard Keel, with Joe E. Brown,",
"title": "Show Boat (1951 film)"
},
{
"id": "11825495",
"text": "Show Boat (1951 film) Show Boat is a 1951 American musical romantic drama film, based on the stage musical of the same name by Jerome Kern (music) and Oscar Hammerstein II (script and lyrics), and the 1926 novel by Edna Ferber. It was made by MGM, adapted for the screen by John Lee Mahin, produced by Arthur Freed and directed by George Sidney. Filmed previously in 1929 and in 1936, this third adaptation of \"Show Boat\" was shot in Technicolor in the typical MGM lavish style. The film stars Kathryn Grayson, Ava Gardner, and Howard Keel, with Joe E. Brown,",
"title": "Show Boat (1951 film)"
},
{
"id": "11825487",
"text": "her original rendition of one of the musical numbers appeared in the compilation film \"That's Entertainment! III\" and is considered by some to be superior to the version used in the film. Gardner's vocals were included on the soundtrack album for the movie, and in an autobiography written not long before her death, Gardner reported she was still receiving royalties from the release. Eleven numbers from the stage score were sung in this film. As in all productions of the musical, the song \"After the Ball\" was again interpolated into the story, but \"Goodbye My Lady Love\", another regular interpolation",
"title": "Show Boat (1951 film)"
},
{
"id": "11825493",
"text": "Boat\" was telecast, with the exception of an experimental telecast in 1931 of a scene from the 1929 film version. NBC repeated the film on Saturday June 17, 1972. Several years later, the film went to CBS, where it appeared twice as a holiday offering on \"The CBS Late Movie\". From there the film went to local stations and then to cable. \"Show Boat\" was presented on \"Lux Radio Theatre\" on February 11, 1952. The one-hour adaptation starred Ava Gardner, Kathryn Grayson, Howard Keel, William Warfield, Marge Champion and Gower Champion. The film is recognized by American Film Institute in",
"title": "Show Boat (1951 film)"
},
{
"id": "2528375",
"text": "Ohio Theatre in Cleveland, and the Erlanger Theatre in Philadelphia. The show opened on Broadway at the Ziegfeld Theatre on December 27, 1927. The critics were immediately enthusiastic, and the show was a great popular success, running a year and a half, for a total of 572 performances. The production was staged by Oscar Hammerstein II. Choreography for the show was by Sammy Lee. The original cast included Norma Terris as Magnolia Hawks and her daughter Kim (as an adult), Howard Marsh as Gaylord Ravenal, Helen Morgan as Julie LaVerne, Jules Bledsoe as Joe, Charles Winninger as Cap'n Andy Hawks,",
"title": "Show Boat"
},
{
"id": "2528382",
"text": "the Uris Theatre in New York. The latter revival was presented by Douglas Urbanski and starred Donald O'Connor as Cap'n Andy. In 1989 the Paper Mill Playhouse of Millburn, New Jersey, mounted a production which was noted for its intention to restore the show in accordance with the creators' original intentions. The production restored part of the original 1927 overture and one number discarded from the show after the Broadway opening, as well as the song \"Ah Still Suits Me\", written by Kern and Hammerstein for the 1936 film version. It was directed by Robert Johanson and starred Eddie Bracken",
"title": "Show Boat"
},
{
"id": "6059715",
"text": "as part of the show's score are retained in the film. The film also retains much of the comedy in the show. In 1996, this version of \"Show Boat\" was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". Although the film was critically acclaimed and successful at the box office, it was withdrawn from circulation in the 1940s, after Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, which wanted to remake the film, bought the rights (and all prints) from Universal. MGM originally wanted to star Jeanette MacDonald and Nelson Eddy in the",
"title": "Show Boat (1936 film)"
},
{
"id": "11825486",
"text": "itself was never on the real Mississippi, and \"Ol' Man River\" was shot entirely in the studio backlot.) Lena Horne was originally to have played Julie (after Dinah Shore and Judy Garland were passed over) as she had in the brief segment of the play featured in the 1946 Jerome Kern biopic \"Till the Clouds Roll By\". But studio executives were nervous about casting a glamorous black actress in one of the lead roles, so Gardner was chosen instead. After some unfavorable sneak previews using her real voice in her songs, Gardner's singing voice was dubbed by vocalist Annette Warren;",
"title": "Show Boat (1951 film)"
},
{
"id": "3789622",
"text": "than Kern and Hammerstein intended, and featuring Bing Crosby on vocals and Bix Beiderbecke on cornet. A second version, by Paul Whiteman with bass singer Paul Robeson on vocals and sung in a dance tempo, was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2006. In 2004, Robeson's version finished at #24 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema. The song was first performed in the original stage production of \"Show Boat\" on December 27, 1927, by Jules Bledsoe, who also sang it in the part-talkie 1929 film, although that film version had little to",
"title": "Ol' Man River"
},
{
"id": "12304854",
"text": "Based only on Ferber's novel, it was dramatised by Moya O'Shea, produced/directed by Tracey Neale, and starred Lysette Anthony as Kim, Samantha Spiro as Magnolia, Laurel Lefkow as Parthy, Morgan Deare as Cap'n Andy, Ryan McCluskey as Gaylord and Nonso Anozie as Jo, with original music by Neil Brand. Show Boat (novel) Show Boat is a 1926 novel by American author and dramatist Edna Ferber. It chronicles the lives of three generations of performers on the \"Cotton Blossom\", a floating theater on a steamboat that travels between small towns along the banks of the Mississippi, from the 1880s to the",
"title": "Show Boat (novel)"
},
{
"id": "2528387",
"text": "the show. The cast included Gina Beck as Magnolia, Lucy Briers as Parthy Ann and Malcolm Sinclair as Cap'n Andy. Despite very favorable reviews, the show closed at the end of August 2016. \"Show Boat\" has been adapted for film three times, and for television once. \"Show Boat\" was adapted for live radio at least seven times. Due to network censorship rules, many of the radio productions eliminated the miscegenation aspect of the plot. Notable exceptions were the 1940 \"Cavalcade of America\" broadcast and the 1952 \"Lux Radio Theatre\" broadcast. There have been many other studio cast recordings of \"Show",
"title": "Show Boat"
},
{
"id": "2528376",
"text": "Edna May Oliver as Parthy Ann Hawks, Sammy White as Frank Schultz, Eva Puck as Ellie May Chipley, and Tess Gardella as Queenie. The orchestrator was Robert Russell Bennett, and the conductor was Victor Baravalle. The scenic design for the original production was by Joseph Urban, who had worked with Ziegfeld for many years in his \"Follies\" and had designed the elaborate new Ziegfeld Theatre itself. Costumes were designed by John Harkrider. In his opening night review for the \"New York Times\", Brooks Atkinson called the book's adaptation \"intelligently made\", and the production one of \"unimpeachable skill and taste\". He",
"title": "Show Boat"
},
{
"id": "6935250",
"text": "fear that audiences might instead be expecting, rather than just the Ferber novel, a film version of the stage musical, which had become a smash hit and was still playing on Broadway at the same time that the 1929 film premiered. So, a two-reel sound prologue, featuring original Broadway cast members Helen Morgan (Julie), Jules Bledsoe (Joe), Tess Gardella (Queenie) and the Jubilee Singers singing five songs from the show, was also added, and the movie was released both as a part-talkie and as a silent film without the prologue. Otis Harlan, who played Cap'n Andy in the film, served",
"title": "Show Boat (1929 film)"
},
{
"id": "2528351",
"text": "Show Boat Show Boat is a musical in two acts, with music by Jerome Kern and book and lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II, based on Edna Ferber's best-selling novel of the same name. The musical follows the lives of the performers, stagehands and dock workers on the \"Cotton Blossom\", a Mississippi River show boat, over 40 years from 1887 to 1927. Its themes include racial prejudice and tragic, enduring love. The musical contributed such classic songs as \"Ol' Man River\", \"Make Believe\", and \"Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man\". The musical was first produced in 1927 by Florenz Ziegfeld. The premiere",
"title": "Show Boat"
},
{
"id": "6059710",
"text": "Russell Bennett, and its original conductor, Victor Baravalle, as the film's music director and conductor. The screenplay for the film was written by Hammerstein. The songs were performed in a manner very similar to the original stage version, not counting the three new songs written for the film. Many of the show's original vocal arrangements (by an uncredited Will Vodery) were retained in the film. \"Why Do I Love You?\" had been filmed in a new setting—inside a running open-top automobile—but was cut just before the film's release to tighten the running time. It is featured in all stage presentations",
"title": "Show Boat (1936 film)"
},
{
"id": "1912457",
"text": "for the role of Julie LaVerne in MGM's 1951 version of \"Show Boat\" (having already played the role when a segment of \"Show Boat\" was performed in \"Till the Clouds Roll By\", 1946) but lost the part to Ava Gardner, a personal friend in real life. Horne claimed this was due to the Production Code's ban on interracial relationships in films, but MGM sources state she was never considered for the role in the first place. In the documentary \"That's Entertainment! III,\" Horne stated that MGM executives required Gardner to practice her singing using Horne's recordings, which offended both actresses.",
"title": "Lena Horne"
},
{
"id": "6935251",
"text": "as Master of Ceremonies in the prologue, which also featured legendary impresario Florenz Ziegfeld, producer of the stage musical version of \"Show Boat\", and Carl Laemmle, the producer of the film, as themselves. In the actual storyline of the film, Laura la Plante, with a dubbed singing voice, performs five songs, two of them from the stage musical - \"Ol' Man River\" (which Magnolia does not sing at all in any other version of \"Show Boat\"), and \"Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man\". Both of these songs were sung in circumstances entirely different from any version of the musical. The other",
"title": "Show Boat (1929 film)"
},
{
"id": "11825489",
"text": "nightclub manager, and Owen McGiveney, who played Windy, were not billed either in the film or in poster advertising for it. According to George Sidney, MGM executives wanted Dinah Shore to play Julie. Sidney tested Shore but she \"wasn't right\" according to the director. So he tested Ava Gardner miming to a Lena Horne track and Garner was cast. Contemporary reviews were positive. Bosley Crowther of \"The New York Times\" wrote a rave review, calling the film \"so magnificent in so many ways\" that it put the 1936 version \"in the shade,\" for no previous screen version of the stage",
"title": "Show Boat (1951 film)"
},
{
"id": "11383913",
"text": "\"Show Boat\", Julie was played by Ava Gardner, with her singing voice dubbed by Annette Warren. She was also given an additional scene in this version, in which she meets Ravenal a few years after he has deserted Magnolia and shames him into returning to her. (In the play and 1936 film, she is not seen again after she resigns from the nightclub.) In the 1929 part-talkie film version of \"Show Boat\", based on the novel rather than the musical, Julie, played by Alma Rubens, was not biracial. In this version, Parthy orders her and Steve to leave the boat",
"title": "Julie Dozier"
},
{
"id": "12643068",
"text": "has since become a standard and been recorded by numerous musical artists. For film, it was sung by Irene Dunne and Allan Jones in the 1936 version of the musical, by Tony Martin and Kathryn Grayson in the 1946 Kern biopic \"Till the Clouds Roll By\", and by Howard Keel and Kathryn Grayson in the 1951 version of \"Show Boat\". In the 1951 film, instead of singing it to Kim just before he leaves, Ravenal sings it to her when he meets her for the first time after being away for several years - the exact reverse of the situation",
"title": "Make Believe (Jerome Kern song)"
},
{
"id": "11825488",
"text": "into the show, was omitted from this film version. Although the songs \"Why Do I Love You?\" and \"Life Upon the Wicked Stage\" were actually performed in the 1951 film after having been heard only instrumentally in the 1936 film, there were still several major musical differences from the original play in this Technicolor version: The three additional songs that Kern and Hammerstein wrote especially for the 1936 film version were not used in the 1951 film. Sheila Clark, who played Kim, Frances E. Williams, who played Queenie, Regis Toomey, who played the Sheriff, Emory Parnell, who played the Trocadero",
"title": "Show Boat (1951 film)"
},
{
"id": "2930528",
"text": "in the \"Billboard\" album chart), where she had a minor hit the following year with \"Strange Are the Ways of Love\". Moreover, she was signed to star in \"The Big Beat\" in the spring of 1957. The film, which featured musical performances by the Cal Tjader Quintet, George Shearing, and the Del Vikings, was produced and directed by William Cowan and released in February 1958. In 1958, Grant was one of the three solo singers featured in the first stereo LP of the classic musical \"Show Boat\". The other solo singers were Howard Keel, who had appeared in the 1951",
"title": "Gogi Grant"
},
{
"id": "2528380",
"text": "was produced by Jerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein II at the show's original home, the Ziegfeld Theatre. The 1946 revival featured a revised score and new song by Kern and Hammerstein, and a new overture and orchestrations by Robert Russell Bennett. The show was directed by Hammerstein and Hassard Short and featured Jan Clayton (Magnolia), Charles Fredricks (Ravenal), Carol Bruce (Julie), Kenneth Spencer (Joe), Helen Dowdy (Queenie), and Buddy Ebsen (Frank). The successful production ran for 418 performances and then toured extensively. Kern, however, died just weeks before the January 5, 1946 opening, making it the last show he worked",
"title": "Show Boat"
},
{
"id": "3789623",
"text": "do with the stage musical. Bledsoe also recorded the song years later. However, the most famous rendition of it, one that is still noted today, was sung by Paul Robeson in James Whale's classic 1936 film version of \"Show Boat\". (Robeson had performed the song before in the 1928 London production of the show and in the 1932 Broadway revival.) The first known recording of the song was by 'Kenn' Sisson and His Orchestra, recorded on December 27, 1927, with Irving Kaufman on vocals. From the show's opening number \"Cotton Blossom\", the notes in the phrase \"Cotton Blossom, Cotton Blossom\"",
"title": "Ol' Man River"
},
{
"id": "12170728",
"text": "Wilson's voice was dubbed for that of Ava Gardner in singing scenes in two films, \"One Touch of Venus\" and \"The Hucksters\". Eileen Wilson Eileen Wilson was one of the original stars of the television show \"Your Hit Parade\", on NBC. She starred on the show from 1950 until 1952. Wilson's parents were Lieutenant Commander and Mrs. W.W. Eshelman of San Diego, California. She went to schools in New York City and in California and received a bachelor's degree in music at the University of California, Los Angeles. During her years in college, she sang on a radio station in",
"title": "Eileen Wilson"
},
{
"id": "2528377",
"text": "termed Terris \"a revelation\"; Winninger \"extraordinarily persuasive and convincing\"; and Bledsoe's singing \"remarkably effective\". The character Joe, the stevedore who sings \"Ol' Man River\", was expanded from the novel and written specifically by Kern and Hammerstein for Paul Robeson, already a noted actor and singer. Although he is the actor most identified with the role and the song, he was unavailable for the original production due to its opening delay. Jules Bledsoe premiered the part. Robeson played Joe in four notable productions of \"Show Boat\": the 1928 London premier production, the 1932 Broadway revival, the 1936 film version and a",
"title": "Show Boat"
},
{
"id": "2528381",
"text": "on. Additional New York revivals were produced in 1948 and 1954 at the New York City Center. The Music Theater of Lincoln Center company produced \"Show Boat\" in 1966 at the New York State Theater in a new production. It starred Barbara Cook (Magnolia), Constance Towers (Julie), Stephen Douglass (Ravenal), David Wayne (Cap'n Andy), Margaret Hamilton (Parthy) and William Warfield (Joe). It was produced by Richard Rodgers, and Robert Russell Bennett once again provided a new overture and revised orchestrations. 1983 brought a production at the Kennedy Center, Washington, D.C., that starred Mickey Rooney as Cap'n Andy, and another at",
"title": "Show Boat"
},
{
"id": "6059705",
"text": "the gambler Gaylord Ravenal fell through when Columbo was killed that year in a shotgun accident, and production of the film was rescheduled. The film, with several members of the original Broadway cast, began principal photography in late 1935 and was released in 1936. In addition to the songs retained from the stage production, Kern and Hammerstein wrote three additional songs for the film. Two of them were performed in spots previously reserved for songs from the stage production. The musical's story spans about 40 years, from the late 1880s to the late 1920s. Magnolia Hawks is an 18-year-old on",
"title": "Show Boat (1936 film)"
},
{
"id": "6935253",
"text": "was not dropped because of any suggestion by him, as is often claimed. The singing voice of Stepin Fetchit, who played Joe in the film, was provided by Jules Bledsoe, the original Joe of the 1927 stage production of the musical. Fetchit mouthed the lyrics to a popular song of the time entitled \"The Lonesome Road\", which, as sung on the soundtrack by Bledsoe, served as the film's finale instead of a final reprise of \"Ol' Man River\", as in the show. The entire stage score, except for \"Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man\", \"Bill\", \"Ol' Man River\", as well as",
"title": "Show Boat (1929 film)"
},
{
"id": "919089",
"text": "had prominent roles, as a slovenly maid in \"Alice Adams\" (RKO Pictures); a comic part as Jean Harlow's maid and traveling companion in \"China Seas\" (MGM) (McDaniels's first film with Clark Gable); and as the maid Isabella in \"Murder by Television\", with Béla Lugosi. She appeared in the 1938 film \"Vivacious Lady\", starring James Stewart and Ginger Rogers. McDaniel had a featured role as Queenie in the 1936 film \"Show Boat\" (Universal Pictures), starring Allan Jones and Irene Dunne, in which she sang a verse of \"Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man\" with Dunne, Helen Morgan, Paul Robeson, and a black",
"title": "Hattie McDaniel"
},
{
"id": "13883157",
"text": "Show Boat (1959 cast album) Show Boat (1959 studio cast album) is a studio recording of the 1927 musical \"Show Boat\" by Jerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein II. The album was recorded in the summer of 1959 at the No.1 studio, Abbey Road, London, and issued by the 'His Master's Voice' label, a subsidiary of EMI, which was run at this time by Norman Newell. It features a cast that was formed for this recording only; this cast did not perform the show live in any theatre production. The album features the debut recordings made by Shirley Bassey for EMI,",
"title": "Show Boat (1959 cast album)"
},
{
"id": "11825466",
"text": "Marge Champion, Gower Champion, William Warfield, Robert Sterling, Agnes Moorehead and Leif Erickson. Unlike the 1936 film, none of the members of the original Broadway cast of the show appeared in this version. The 1951 \"Show Boat\" was the most financially successful of the film adaptations of the show: one of MGM's most popular musicals, it was the third-most profitable film of that year. The basic plot remains the same as in the stage play and the 1936 film version. When the \"Cotton Blossom\", Cap'n Andy Hawks's show boat, arrives in a Mississippi town to give a performance, a fistfight",
"title": "Show Boat (1951 film)"
},
{
"id": "18897486",
"text": "and \"The Devil's Sleep\". Her first dubbing assignment was for the film \"Lured\" in 1947, followed by \"The Paleface\" in 1948, in which she sang for Iris Adrian. She dubbed the singing voice for Lucille Ball in \"Sorrowful Jones\" in 1949, and \"Fancy Pants\" in 1950. The following year, she auditioned to sing for Ava Gardner in MGM's remake of \"Show Boat (1951 film)\" and won the job over such other applicants as Dinah Shore and Lee Wiley. She also provided all of the female voices for John Hubley's UPA short \"Rooty Toot Toot\", which was voted No. 41 of",
"title": "Annette Warren"
},
{
"id": "2528371",
"text": "cut from the show. \"Mis'ry's Comin' Aroun\" was published in the complete vocal score and fragments of it are also heard in the scoring, notably in the original 1927 overture and in the miscegenation scene. The song \"Be Happy, Too\" was also cut after the Washington, D.C., tryout The 1988 studio cast album reinstated the entire song, and it was also included in the 1994 Hal Prince revival. \"Let's Start the New Year\" was performed in the 1989 Paper Mill Playhouse production. Two songs, \"Till Good Luck Comes My Way\" (sung by Ravenal) and \"Hey Feller!\" (sung by Queenie), were",
"title": "Show Boat"
},
{
"id": "2528374",
"text": "New Year's Eve scene features an instrumental version of \"There'll Be a Hot Time in the Old Town Tonight\". Some of the following numbers have been cut or revised in subsequent productions, as noted below (the songs \"Ol' Man River\", \"Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man\", and \"Bill\" have been included in every stage and film production of \"Show Boat\"): Additional numbers have been included in films and revivals as follows: Ziegfeld previewed the show in a pre-Broadway tour from November 15 to December 19, 1927. The locations included the National Theatre in Washington, D.C., the Nixon Theatre in Pittsburgh, the",
"title": "Show Boat"
},
{
"id": "533553",
"text": "Ava Gardner Ava Lavinia Gardner (December 24, 1922 – January 25, 1990) was an American actress and singer. She was signed to a contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1941, and appeared mainly in small roles until she drew attention with her performance in \"The Killers\" (1946). She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her work in \"Mogambo\" (1953), and also received BAFTA Award and Golden Globe Award nominations for other films. Gardner appeared in several high-profile films from the 1940s to 1970s, including \"The Hucksters\" (1947), \"Show Boat\" (1951), \"Pandora and the Flying Dutchman\" (1951), \"The Snows",
"title": "Ava Gardner"
},
{
"id": "1963380",
"text": "but it was not well-reviewed. Mick LaSalle of the \"San Francisco Chronicle\" described her as \"a pretty actress doing her best to maintain dignity, vainly trying to craft a feminist statement from a filmmaker's whimsy\" while Rex Reed of \"The New York Observer\" felt she was \"desperately in need of a new agent.\" Also in 2004, Beckinsale portrayed Ava Gardner in Martin Scorsese's Howard Hughes biopic \"The Aviator\". Scorsese decided to cast Beckinsale because, \"I've always liked her. I've seen all her work, and I was glad that she agreed to audition.\" Beckinsale's performance received mixed reviews. Ken Tucker of",
"title": "Kate Beckinsale"
},
{
"id": "13883158",
"text": "here she performs two songs in the role of Julie LaVerne. Previously she had successfully recorded at Philips Records but in 1959 her partner and manager Kenneth Hume arranged a contract with EMI/Columbia. These are also her first recordings made and released in stereo. The album also features the actress Dora Bryan, who appeared in films from the mid-1950s. She was later frequently seen on British television, most recently in the BBC series \"Last of the Summer Wine\". The album was originally issued in two formats, a long-playing album in mono and stereo and as a two EP set, which",
"title": "Show Boat (1959 cast album)"
},
{
"id": "12643066",
"text": "Make Believe (Jerome Kern song) \"Make Believe\" is a show tune from the 1927 Broadway musical \"Show Boat\" with music by Jerome Kern and lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II. In the show, it is first sung as a duet by the characters Gaylord Ravenal, a handsome riverboat gambler, and the teenage Magnolia Hawks, an aspiring performer and daughter of the show boat captain, soon after their meeting in Act I. It reveals that they are smitten with each other almost immediately upon meeting and sets the tone for the contrasts between the ideal “make believe” world of the young lovers",
"title": "Make Believe (Jerome Kern song)"
},
{
"id": "2528385",
"text": "the passage of time through changing styles of dance and music. The original London West End production of \"Show Boat\" opened May 3, 1928, at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane and featured among the cast, Cedric Hardwicke as Capt. Andy, Edith Day as Magnolia, Paul Robeson as Joe, and Alberta Hunter as Queenie. Mabel Mercer, later famed as a cabaret singer, was in the chorus. Other West End presentations include a 1971 production at the Adelphi Theatre, which ran for 909 performances. The Hal Prince production ran at the Prince Edward Theatre in 1998, and was nominated for the Olivier",
"title": "Show Boat"
},
{
"id": "4207119",
"text": "of Kern and Hammerstein's classic musical \"Show Boat\", conducted by John McGlinn. Also starring with her were Frederica Von Stade as Magnolia, Jerry Hadley as Gaylord Ravenal, and Bruce Hubbard as Joe. This was the first-ever complete recording of the score, using Robert Russell Bennett's original 1927 orchestrations, Will Vodery's vocal arrangements, and all of Oscar Hammerstein II's uncensored lyrics. Critics acclaimed it as the finest recording of \"Show Boat\" ever made. In the 1980s Stratas travelled to Calcutta and worked with Mother Teresa in an orphanage and at the Kalighat Home for the Dying. In the 1990s she again",
"title": "Teresa Stratas"
},
{
"id": "12643069",
"text": "in the original show and the 1936 film version. He has finally returned and now asks her to pretend that he has never been away. Make Believe (Jerome Kern song) \"Make Believe\" is a show tune from the 1927 Broadway musical \"Show Boat\" with music by Jerome Kern and lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II. In the show, it is first sung as a duet by the characters Gaylord Ravenal, a handsome riverboat gambler, and the teenage Magnolia Hawks, an aspiring performer and daughter of the show boat captain, soon after their meeting in Act I. It reveals that they are",
"title": "Make Believe (Jerome Kern song)"
},
{
"id": "13064521",
"text": "respectively. There are no reliable sales figures that can be used to verify or dispute any of the estimates above. The composition was notably used as a substitute for \"Ol' Man River\" in the finale of the part-talkie 1929 film version of Edna Ferber's novel \"Show Boat\". It was performed onscreen by Stepin Fetchit as the deckhand Joe. Fetchit's singing voice was supplied by bass-baritone Jules Bledsoe, who had played Joe in the original stage version of the musical. The Shilkret autobiography contains a brief account of the motivation for using the song in the film. The song was also",
"title": "The Lonesome Road"
},
{
"id": "1103307",
"text": "in the film version of Irving Berlin's \"Annie Get Your Gun\" (1950), co-starring with Betty Hutton. The film was a big hit and established Keel as a star. MGM put him opposite Esther Williams in \"Pagan Love Song\" (1950) which was successful, although not as profitable as most Esther William films because it went over budget. Keel had a third hit in a row with the comedy \"Three Guys Named Mike\" (1951), supporting Van Johnson and Jane Wyman. Even more popular was \"Show Boat\" (1951), where Keel played the male lead opposite Kathryn Grayson and Ava Gardner. It remains arguably",
"title": "Howard Keel"
},
{
"id": "6935246",
"text": "Show Boat (1929 film) Show Boat is a 1929 American romantic drama film based on the novel \"Show Boat\" by Edna Ferber. The film initially did not use the 1927 stage musical of the same name as a source, but scenes were later added into the film incorporating two of the songs from the musical as well as other songs. This version was released by Universal in two editions, one a silent film for movie theatres still not equipped for sound, and one a part-talkie with a sound prologue. The film was long believed to be lost, but most of",
"title": "Show Boat (1929 film)"
},
{
"id": "3533197",
"text": "two songs added to the 1935 film. It starred Kathryn Grayson, Howard Keel, Red Skelton, Ann Miller, Gower Champion, Marge Champion, and Zsa Zsa Gabor, was made in Technicolor and reuniting four members of the previous year's \"Show Boat\" (Grayson, Keel and the two Champions). In 1958, it was made into a made-for-TV-movie starring Bob Hope, Anna Maria Alberghetti, Howard Keel and Janis Paige. The show was also presented on television in a highly adapted, modernized 1969 NBC color telecast. This production was presented by Bob Hope, who reprised his original stage role, inserting many new, then-topical jokes about current",
"title": "Roberta"
},
{
"id": "2528389",
"text": "chorus, providing clear commentary on the proceedings, whereas the white choruses sing of the not-quite-real.\" In \"Show Boat\" Jerome Kern used the AABA-chorus form exclusively in songs sung by African American characters (\"Ole Man River\", \"Can't Help Lovin' dat Man\"), a form that later would be regarded as typical of 'white' popular music. \"Show Boat\" was the first Broadway musical to seriously depict an interracial marriage, as in Ferber's original novel, and to feature a character of mixed race who was \"passing\" for white. (Although the musical comedy \"Whoopee!\" (1930), starring Eddie Cantor, supposedly depicted a romance between a mixed-blood",
"title": "Show Boat"
},
{
"id": "5904396",
"text": "during which each presented a surprise production number using special material which featured their friends— Judy Garland, Lena Horne, Gene Kelly, Dorothy Dandridge, Maureen O'Hara, Ray Bolger, Ann Sothern, Phil Silvers, Danny Kaye, Charles Walters, Cole Porter, Hugh Martin, and Ralph Blane among others—each never telling the other while rehearsing what the other was planning to present. It was Edens, along with producer Arthur Freed, who was the real guiding force behind M-G-M's 1951 screen version of \"Show Boat\". Edens headed the search for the right singer-actor to play Joe, the key supporting character who sings \"Ol' Man River\", and",
"title": "Roger Edens"
},
{
"id": "533566",
"text": "Empress Elisabeth of Austria, opposite James Mason as Emperor Franz Joseph I. She appeared in a number of disaster films throughout the 1970s, notably \"Earthquake\" (1974) with Heston, \"The Cassandra Crossing\" (1976) with Lancaster, and the Canadian movie \"City on Fire\" (1979). She appeared briefly as Lillie Langtry at the end of \"The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean\" (1972), and in \"The Blue Bird\" (1976). Her last movie was \"Regina Roma\" (1982), a direct-to-video release. In the 1980s, she acted primarily on television, including the mini-series remake of \"The Long, Hot Summer\" and in a story arc on",
"title": "Ava Gardner"
},
{
"id": "16107053",
"text": "Vince Gill and Pure Prairie League founder Craig Fuller. Taste of Country reviewer Billy Dukes gave the song four stars out of five, praising Anderson's \"smoky\" voice and the lyrics. Although Anderson released no more material through Arista, he co-produced Chris Janson's album \"Buy Me a Boat\" and the 2017 single \"Fix a Drink\". These songs also feature Anderson on background vocals and acoustic guitar. Brent Anderson (singer) Brent Anderson (born in Pascagoula, Mississippi) is an American country music singer. He has charted on Hot Country Songs with the single \"Amy's Song\". Anderson learned to play bass guitar at age",
"title": "Brent Anderson (singer)"
},
{
"id": "12643067",
"text": "and the harsh realities of life that they will encounter throughout the story. In Act II, Ravenal sings it to his little daughter Kim, just before he deserts her and Magnolia because of his compulsive gambling. He tells Kim to sing it whenever she is lonely and to pretend he has never been away. The song was introduced by Norma Terris and Howard Marsh. It was not performed in the 1929 part-talkie film of \"Show Boat\". The first successful recording of the song was by Paul Whiteman and his Orchestra on January 27, 1928 (vocal by Bing Crosby). The song",
"title": "Make Believe (Jerome Kern song)"
},
{
"id": "16093720",
"text": "Buddy's Show Boat Buddy's Show Boat is an American animated short film produced by Warner Bros. and released by RKO on December 9, 1933. It is a \"Looney Tunes\" featuring Buddy, the second star of the series. It was directed (or \"supervised\") by Earl Duvall, here credited as \"Duval,\" and was one of only five Warner Bros. cartoons (three of which feature Buddy) that he directed. Musical direction was by Bernard Brown, and the short features several popular songs of the day. Buddy's show boat merrily rolls along a river as \"Bam Bam Bammy Shore\" plays and Captain Buddy whistles",
"title": "Buddy's Show Boat"
},
{
"id": "12607005",
"text": "regularly by John Philip Sousa and his band at the 1893 World's Fair in Chicago. In England, it was promoted by George Lashwood. Successful recordings in 1893 were by George J. Gaskin and by John Yorke AtLee. The song was later famously used in the musical \"Show Boat\" to exemplify the 1890s style of music. There it was performed by Norma Terris. In the 1936 film version of the musical, it was performed by Irene Dunne, and in the 1951 film version, by Kathryn Grayson. Only the first verse and chorus were sung in \"Show Boat\". It was also sung",
"title": "After the Ball (song)"
},
{
"id": "2528383",
"text": "as Cap'n Andy. The Paper Mill production was preserved on videotape and broadcast on PBS. Livent Inc. presented the most recent major production of \"Show Boat\" on Broadway in 1994. Produced and directed by Harold Prince, it premiered in Toronto, Ontario, in 1993 prior to opening in New York on October 2, 1994, at the George Gershwin Theatre. It ran for 947 performances, Broadway's longest-running \"Show Boat\" to date. This production went on tour, playing at the Kennedy Center; and it was also staged in London and Melbourne, Australia. Prince's production revived interest in the show by tightening the book,",
"title": "Show Boat"
},
{
"id": "10950136",
"text": "example is Ethel Merman, who recorded virtually all of the songs that she made famous, even when there was no original Broadway cast album of a smash hit that she had starred in, as is the case with \"Girl Crazy\", \"Panama Hattie\", and \"Anything Goes\". Paul Robeson, who appeared in several productions of \"Show Boat\" (though not the original Broadway production), made many recordings of the song \"Ol' Man River\" from the show. However, early \"studio cast\" albums were very different from those made today, or even those made from 1950 onward. Many of them were simply a collection of",
"title": "Studio recording"
},
{
"id": "533578",
"text": "for best actress for her performance in \"The Night of the Iguana\". Gardner has been portrayed by Marcia Gay Harden in the 1992 TV mini-series \"Sinatra\"; Deborah Kara Unger in HBO's 1998 television movie \"The Rat Pack\"; Kate Beckinsale in the 2004 Howard Hughes biopic \"The Aviator\"; and Anna Drijver in the 2012 Italian TV film \"Walter Chiari – Fino all'ultima risata\". (Strangely, for a Martin Scorsese film, \"The Aviator\" includes a chronological error by depicting Hughes meeting Gardner at the premiere of the 1939 movie \"The Women\"—an event that occurred two years prior to her arrival in Hollywood.) The",
"title": "Ava Gardner"
},
{
"id": "6935252",
"text": "songs that Ms. La Plante sang in the film were traditional spirituals such as \"I Got Shoes\" and (it is believed) \"Deep River\", as well as a coon song of the early 1900s entitled \"Coon, Coon, Coon\". Her singing voice was dubbed by soprano Eva Olivetti. It was long believed that an entirely new score was written by Billy Rose for the film, but according to Miles Kreuger in his book \"Show Boat: The Story of a Classic American Musical\", this turns out to not be true. Rose wrote only one new song for the film, and the Broadway score",
"title": "Show Boat (1929 film)"
},
{
"id": "18941328",
"text": "Sing (2016 American film) Sing is a 2016 American computer-animated musical comedy-drama film produced by Illumination Entertainment. It was directed and written by Garth Jennings, co-directed by Christophe Lourdelet and starring the voices of Matthew McConaughey, Reese Witherspoon, Seth MacFarlane, Scarlett Johansson, John C. Reilly, Taron Egerton, and Tori Kelly. The film is about a group of anthropomorphic animals that enter a singing competition, hosted by a koala who is trying to save his theater. The film includes more than 60 songs from famous artists and also has an original song by Stevie Wonder and Ariana Grande called \"Faith,\" which",
"title": "Sing (2016 American film)"
},
{
"id": "6059704",
"text": "Show Boat (1936 film) Show Boat is a 1936 romantic musical film directed by James Whale, based on the musical of the same name by Jerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein II, which in turn was adapted from the novel of the same name by Edna Ferber. Universal Pictures had filmed the part-talkie \"Show Boat\" which was released in 1929. Carl Laemmle, head of Universal, had been deeply dissatisfied with that film, and wanted to make an all-sound version of the musical. It was originally scheduled to be made in 1934, but plans to make this version with Russ Columbo as",
"title": "Show Boat (1936 film)"
},
{
"id": "15692829",
"text": "Fay in \"A Connecticut Yankee\" (TV 1955) and Margot, opposite Eddy, in \"The Desert Song\" (TV 1955). Sherwood sang with Eddy on television and in his nightclub act from 1953 until his death in 1967. Her stage roles included Julie in \"Show Boat\" in 1967 with the Los Angeles Civic Light Opera. After she retired from performing, she lived in Boca Raton, Florida. Sherwood died in the State of Florida on New Year's Eve in 2017, at the age of 88. She was divorced from her first husband, Howard Wayne McCoy, Jr., and was the widow of Charles Edward Francis,",
"title": "Gale Sherwood"
},
{
"id": "213297",
"text": "disinterest. With the completion of \"Remember Last Night?\" Whale immediately went to work on \"Show Boat\" (1936). Whale gathered as many of those as he could who had been involved in one production or another of the musical, including Helen Morgan, Paul Robeson, Charles Winninger, Sammy White, conductor Victor Baravalle, orchestrator Robert Russell Bennett, and, as Magnolia, Irene Dunne, who believed that Whale was the wrong director for the piece. The 1936 version of \"Show Boat\", faithfully adapted from the original stage production, is believed to be the definitive film version of the musical by many critics. but became unavailable",
"title": "James Whale"
},
{
"id": "11825475",
"text": "in which Julie (Ava Gardner) is revealed to be of mixed blood and therefore illegally married to a white man. The story was given a major overhaul near the end of the film and the changes are considered to make this version of the story quite distinct from other versions. Changes included keeping the characters of Magnolia and Gaylord significantly younger at the end than in the play, and the expansion of the role of Julie to give her character greater depth. In all stage productions as well as the 1936 film version, Julie disappears completely from the story after",
"title": "Show Boat (1951 film)"
},
{
"id": "2528396",
"text": "and his wife Queenie) and choruses use various forms of African American Vernacular English. An example of this is shown in the following text: Whether or not such language is an accurate reflection of the vernacular of blacks in Mississippi at the time, the effect of its usage has offended some critics, who see it as perpetuating racial stereotypes. The character Queenie (who sings the above verses) in the original production was played not by an African American but by the Italian-American actress Tess Gardella in blackface (Gardella was perhaps best known for portraying Aunt Jemima in blackface). Attempts by",
"title": "Show Boat"
},
{
"id": "2528368",
"text": "it is 1927. An aged Joe on the \"Cotton Blossom\" sings a reprise of \"Ol' Man River\". Cap'n Andy has a chance meeting with Ravenal and arranges his reunion with Magnolia. Andy knows that Magnolia is retiring and returning to the \"Cotton Blossom\" with Kim, who has become a Broadway star. Kim gives her admirers a taste of her performing abilities by singing an updated, Charleston version of \"Why Do I Love You?\" Ravenal sings a reprise of \"You Are Love\" to the offstage Magnolia. Although he is uncertain about asking her to take him back, Magnolia, who has never",
"title": "Show Boat"
},
{
"id": "11383916",
"text": "welcome a black actress playing a romantic role in a film featuring both blacks and whites, so they gave the role to Gardner in the 1951 film \"Show Boat\". Julie Dozier Julie Dozier is a character in Edna Ferber's 1926 novel \"Show Boat\". In the Jerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein II's classic musical version of it, which opened on Broadway on December 27, 1927, her stage name (or alias) is Julie La Verne. She is exposed as Julie Dozier in Act I. In Act II, Julie has changed her name, this time to Julie Wendel. Julie is married to Steve",
"title": "Julie Dozier"
},
{
"id": "4098513",
"text": "Gladys Rice, Tito Schipa, Gladys Swarthout, John Charles Thomas, and Lawrence Tibbett were all conducted by Nathaniel Shilkret. The lists of popular singers and foreign artists that played under his direction are just as impressive. He composed and arranged thousands of pieces. His best-known popular composition was \"The Lonesome Road\", first sung by co-writer Gene Austin and later by Jules Bledsoe (dubbing Stepin Fetchit) in the final scene of the 1929 part-talkie film version of \"Show Boat\", and recorded by more than two hundred artists, including Louis Armstrong, Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra and Paul Robeson. He composed the theme song",
"title": "Nathaniel Shilkret"
},
{
"id": "12557331",
"text": "Portman in \"Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children\", based on the novel of the same name, alongside Eva Green. He also starred as Gardner Elliot in the film \"The Space Between Us\" and as Sebastian in \"The House of Tomorrow\" in 2017. Butterfield enjoys making and producing music, and released a mashup of the songs \"Teenage Dirtbag\" by Wheatus and \"Making Plans For Nigel\" by XTC in 2004. In late 2012, Butterfield co-designed a turn-based video game for iPad with his father and brother called Racing Blind. The game was released to the App Store on 7 April 2013. Butterfield",
"title": "Asa Butterfield"
},
{
"id": "7942604",
"text": "he formed a relationship with actress/singer Anne Jeffreys. Sterling appeared on such shows as \"The Ford Theatre Hour\", \"Showtime, U.S.A.\", \"The Clock\", \"The Web\" (starring in the episode \"Homecoming\"), \"Faith Baldwin Romance Theatre\", \"Celanese Theatre\", \"Lights Out\" (one episode with Grace Kelly), \"Betty Crocker Star Matinee\" (an episode with Audrey Hepburn), \"Suspense\", \"The Gulf Playhouse\", \"Robert Montgomery Presents\", \"Studio One in Hollywood\" (an adaptation of \"The Ambassadors\"), and \"Climax!\". Sterling had an excellent part as Steve Baker, opposite Ava Gardner as Julie, in the hit MGM 1951 film version of \"Show Boat\". He supported Audie Murphy in \"Column South\" (1953).",
"title": "Robert Sterling"
},
{
"id": "1613197",
"text": "Davis and she starred as elderly sisters in Maine. Gish's performance was received glowingly, winning her the National Board of Review Award for Best Actress. At the Cannes festival Lillian won a 10-minute standing ovation from the audience. Some in the entertainment industry were angry that Gish did not receive an Oscar nomination for her role in \"The Whales of August\". Gish herself was more complacent, remarking that it saved her the trouble of \"losing to Cher.\" Her final professional appearance was a cameo on the 1988 studio recording of Jerome Kern's \"Show Boat\", starring Frederica von Stade and Jerry",
"title": "Lillian Gish"
},
{
"id": "4041451",
"text": "The Aviator (2004 film) The Aviator is a 2004 American epic biographical drama film directed by Martin Scorsese and written by John Logan. It stars Leonardo DiCaprio as Howard Hughes, Cate Blanchett as Katharine Hepburn, and Kate Beckinsale as Ava Gardner. The supporting cast features Ian Holm, John C. Reilly, Alec Baldwin, Jude Law as Errol Flynn, Gwen Stefani as Jean Harlow, Kelli Garner as Faith Domergue, Matt Ross, Willem Dafoe, Alan Alda, and Edward Herrmann. Based on the 1993 non-fiction book \"Howard Hughes: The Secret Life\" by Charles Higham, the film depicts the life of Howard Hughes, an aviation",
"title": "The Aviator (2004 film)"
},
{
"id": "4041479",
"text": "The Aviator (2004 film) The Aviator is a 2004 American epic biographical drama film directed by Martin Scorsese and written by John Logan. It stars Leonardo DiCaprio as Howard Hughes, Cate Blanchett as Katharine Hepburn, and Kate Beckinsale as Ava Gardner. The supporting cast features Ian Holm, John C. Reilly, Alec Baldwin, Jude Law as Errol Flynn, Gwen Stefani as Jean Harlow, Kelli Garner as Faith Domergue, Matt Ross, Willem Dafoe, Alan Alda, and Edward Herrmann. Based on the 1993 non-fiction book \"Howard Hughes: The Secret Life\" by Charles Higham, the film depicts the life of Howard Hughes, an aviation",
"title": "The Aviator (2004 film)"
},
{
"id": "12801158",
"text": "and Ravenal sing the reprise in the film.) In the 1951 film version of the musical, the song is sung only once, and reprised instrumentally as background music in the final scene. Reportedly, Jerome Kern hated the song even though he wrote the music for it, believing it too \"operetta-ish\", and unsuccessfully sought to have it deleted from the 1936 film. You Are Love \"You Are Love\" is a song by Jerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein II from their classic 1927 musical play \"Show Boat\". It is sung twice in the show - first, by Magnolia Hawks, the heroine, and",
"title": "You Are Love"
},
{
"id": "6059708",
"text": "Ravenal, with Charles Winninger, Paul Robeson, Helen Morgan, Helen Westley, Queenie Smith, Sammy White, Donald Cook, Hattie McDaniel, Charles Middleton, and Arthur Hohl. It was directed by James Whale, who tried to bring as many people from the stage production as he could to work on the film. (Florenz Ziegfeld, who died in 1932, had originally produced \"Show Boat\" onstage.) Winninger, Morgan and White had all previously played their roles in both the original 1927 stage production and the 1932 stage revival of the musical. Robeson, for whom the role of Joe was actually written, had appeared in the show",
"title": "Show Boat (1936 film)"
},
{
"id": "2528355",
"text": "adapt it as the typical frivolous \"girlie\" show of the 1920s, she granted him and his collaborator Oscar Hammerstein II the rights to set her novel to music. After composing most of the first-act songs, Kern and Hammerstein auditioned their material for producer Florenz Ziegfeld, thinking that he was the person to create the elaborate production they felt necessary for Ferber's sprawling work. Ziegfeld was impressed with the show and agreed to produce it, writing the next day, \"This is the best musical comedy I have ever been fortunate to get a hold of; I am thrilled to produce it,",
"title": "Show Boat"
},
{
"id": "8206127",
"text": "Andrews in the original Broadway production of \"My Fair Lady\". In the 1964 film adaptation of the musical, the song was sung by Marni Nixon, dubbing the singing voice of Audrey Hepburn, who played Eliza Doolittle. In 2004, Nixon's version finished at #17 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema. Hit versions of the song were recorded by Sylvia Syms, Dinah Shore, Angélica María, Ben E. King as an ATCO single, Frank Sinatra, Rosemary Clooney, and Jamie Cullum. It was featured in \"The Birdcage\" sung by Nathan Lane, Hank Azaria, Gene Hackman, Robin Williams and",
"title": "I Could Have Danced All Night"
},
{
"id": "10275932",
"text": "and attracted very favorable reviews from \"Variety\". For her final performance, she returned to vaudeville, playing the Palace once more in 1949. Her first performance in the legitimate theater was in the 1921 version of \"George White's Scandals.\" But she was best known for her role in the classic stage musical \"Show Boat\" in 1927, where she originated the role of Queenie. She was the only member of the original Broadway cast to appear in blackface; the show featured an African-American chorus. Jules Bledsoe, who originated the role of Joe in the same production and sang \"Ol' Man River\", was",
"title": "Tess Gardella"
},
{
"id": "14411832",
"text": "Brad Vee Johnson Brad Viktor Johnson, better known by his stage name Brad Vee Johnson, is an American singer from New York City. He rose to prominence after relocating to Stockholm, performing lead roles in The Buddy Holly Story, Miss Saigon, and Showboat. Brad has been the Dean of the International Medical University of Natural Education (IMUNE) since 2013 and as the acting President of the International Register of Therapists Circle of Excellence (IRTCOE). He currently resides in Bucharest. Born and raised in New York City, his love for music and singing was formed at an early age by the",
"title": "Brad Vee Johnson"
},
{
"id": "6935254",
"text": "the little-known songs \"C'mon Folks! (Queenie's Ballyhoo)\" and \"Hey Feller!\", were replaced in the 1929 film by several spirituals and popular songs written by other songwriters, and largely because of this, the movie was not a success. Most of the songs taken from the stage version were heard only in the prologue and in the film's exit music, not the film itself. It is likely, though, that the fact that it was a part-talkie may have played a part in its failure. The then-recent 1929 film version of \"The Desert Song\", an all-sound film almost literally faithful to the stage",
"title": "Show Boat (1929 film)"
},
{
"id": "4835935",
"text": "Helen Morgan Helen Morgan (August 2, 1900 – October 9, 1941) was an American singer and actress who worked in films and on the stage. A quintessential torch singer, she made a big splash in the Chicago club scene in the 1920s. She starred as Julie LaVerne in the original Broadway production of Hammerstein and Kern's musical \"Show Boat\" in 1927, as well as in the 1932 Broadway revival of the musical, and appeared in two film adaptations, a part-talkie made in 1929 (prologue only) and a full-sound version made in 1936, becoming firmly associated with the role. She suffered",
"title": "Helen Morgan"
},
{
"id": "549204",
"text": "clearly has an American accent in the film. In the film, the last few lines of the song \"Ol' Man River\" (from \"Show Boat\") are sung by what sounds like a tenor, while the song was intended for bass Paul Robeson and sung in the original production by bass-baritone Jules Bledsoe. Further, the screenplay also gives the impression that the successful original production of \"Show Boat\", which Ziegfeld produced, closed because of the Great Depression. In fact \"Show Boat\" ended its original 1927 run in the spring of 1929 and the stock market crash did not occur until October of",
"title": "The Great Ziegfeld"
},
{
"id": "6059711",
"text": "of \"Show Boat\", and if performed in its entirety is a long song, running six minutes and forty seconds. There is no word on whether or not the film footage has survived, but modern sources state that the visibly jerky car ride did not match the studio recording well enough, and the song was dropped, but a hint of it remains underneath the dialog. The music of the song is heard in the automobile sequence, in an earlier hotel lobby scene, and in the scene in which Magnolia receives Ravenal's farewell letter. Due to time constraints, Whale was forced to",
"title": "Show Boat (1936 film)"
},
{
"id": "6059717",
"text": "and now turns up from time to time on TCM. The three new songs written by Kern and Hammerstein for the 1936 film are: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists: \"Show Boat\" was made available on VHS beginning in 1990 (MGM/UA M301757). The Voyager Company, under its Criterion Collection Label, released two versions on laserdisc in 1989 of the 1936 version. One was a special edition with extras that included the history of show boats in general and its stage and film history, and the other was a movie only version. MGM/UA Home Video released",
"title": "Show Boat (1936 film)"
},
{
"id": "12304853",
"text": "Ferber novel in which he played the role of Captain Andy, and author Edna Ferber made her acting debut as Parthy. Margaret Sullavan played Magnolia as an adult, William Johnstone played Ravenal and, because of her success onstage in the role, Helen Morgan played Julie, though the one song she sang had nothing to do with the stage version of \"Show Boat\". It would be one of Morgan's last public appearances before her untimely death in 1941. On February 20 and 27, 2011, a two-part version of \"Show Boat\" was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in the \"Classic Serial\" spot.",
"title": "Show Boat (novel)"
},
{
"id": "3831844",
"text": "Wyler, and the 1929 part-talkie film version of \"Show Boat\" (1929), adapted from the novel of the same name by Edna Ferber. Although this last film was an adaptation of the novel, and not of the famous musical play also adapted from the 1926 novel, some songs from the play were tossed into the film as box-office insurance. She did not actually sing in the movie; her singing was dubbed by Eva Olivetti, one of the first instances in which this was done in a motion picture. A scene of La Plante in \"Show Boat\" was broadcast on early British",
"title": "Laura La Plante"
},
{
"id": "11825481",
"text": "\"Show Boat\" in his 1977 book \"Show Boat: The History of a Classic American Musical\" nevertheless had nothing but high praise for this sequence. It was staged and directed by an uncredited Roger Edens during an illness of George Sidney, who directed the rest of the film. However, the \"Ol' Man River\" sequence in the 1936 film version, with its tracking pan around the seated, singing figure of Paul Robeson, and its expressionistic montages of field and dock workers performing their tasks, is perhaps even more highly regarded. According to Kreuger, one glaringly unrealistic aspect of the 1951 film was",
"title": "Show Boat (1951 film)"
},
{
"id": "10904692",
"text": "the musical was loosely based). The Broadway production was produced by Florenz Ziegfeld, directed by McGuire, and choreographed by Bobby Connolly, with ballet sequences—including one set to \"An American in Paris—\"by Albertina Rasch. Duke Ellington conducted the orchestra. The show opened on July 2, 1929 at the Ziegfeld Theatre and ran for 111 performances. The cast included Ruby Keeler as Dixie, Jimmy Durante, Eddie Foy, Jr., Frank McHugh, and Nick Lucas. Keeler's husband, Al Jolson, frequently sat in the audience and serenaded her with the show's closing number, \"Liza (All the Clouds'll Roll Away),\" from his seat. The song was",
"title": "Show Girl (1929 musical)"
},
{
"id": "13685933",
"text": "financed by John D. Rockefeller, was an exception to the tightened purse-strings of the time and confounded many critics by becoming a hit in both New York and London. His wartime hits included \"Lady in the Dark\" (1941), \"Something for the Boys\" (1943) and \"Carmen Jones\" (1943), for which he won the first Donaldson Award for best musical direction. Short continued to work into his seventies: he staged a successful revival of \"Show Boat\" in 1948, and the last show he worked on was \"My Darlin' Aida\", which opened in 1952. A homosexual in a closeted era, Short enjoyed a",
"title": "Hassard Short"
},
{
"id": "2528378",
"text": "1940 stage revival in Los Angeles. Reviewing the 1932 Broadway revival, the critic Brooks Atkinson described Robeson's performance: \"Mr. Robeson has a touch of genius. It is not merely his voice, which is one of the richest organs on the stage. It is his understanding that gives 'Old Man River' an epic lift. When he sings...you realize that Jerome Kern's spiritual has reached its final expression.\" After closing at the Ziegfeld Theatre in 1929, the original production toured extensively. The national company is notable for including Irene Dunne as Magnolia. Hattie McDaniel played Queenie in a 1933 West Coast production,",
"title": "Show Boat"
},
{
"id": "5460786",
"text": "by Jack Lemmon in drag; at the end of the film, Lemmon takes off his wig and reveals to Brown that he is a man, to which Brown responds; \"well, nobody's perfect\", one of the most celebrated punchlines in film history. Another of his notable postwar roles was that of \"Cap'n Andy Hawkes\" in MGM's 1951 remake of \"Show Boat\", a role that he reprised onstage in the 1961 New York City Center revival of the musical and on tour. The musical film version included such prominent costars as Ava Gardner, Howard Keel, and Kathryn Grayson. Brown performed several dance",
"title": "Joe E. Brown"
},
{
"id": "13573336",
"text": "Anita Darian Anita Darian (April 26, 1927 – February 1, 2015) was an American singer and actress who had an extensive career from the 1950s to the 2010s. A soprano, Darian performed roles with the New York City Opera and was a featured soloist with the New York Philharmonic. She also performed and recorded several roles from musicals, including Julie in a studio recording version of \"Show Boat\" for Columbia Masterworks in 1962 with John Raitt, Barbara Cook, and William Warfield. She portrayed Lady Thiang in the 1960 revival of \"The King and I\" at New York City Center with",
"title": "Anita Darian"
},
{
"id": "2528359",
"text": "revenge, suggesting he knows a dark secret about Julie. Cap'n Andy pretends to the shocked crowd that the fight was a preview of one of the melodramas to be performed. The troupe exits with the showboat band, and the crowd follows. A handsome riverboat gambler, Gaylord Ravenal, appears on the levee and is taken with eighteen-year-old Magnolia (\"Nolie\") Hawks, an aspiring performer and the daughter of Cap'n Andy and his wife Parthenia Ann (Parthy). Magnolia is likewise smitten with Ravenal (\"Make Believe\"). She seeks advice from Joe, a black dock worker aboard the boat, who has returned from buying flour",
"title": "Show Boat"
},
{
"id": "215921",
"text": "which was released in 1946 starring Robert Walker as Kern. In the film, Kern's songs are sung by Judy Garland, Kathryn Grayson, June Allyson, Lena Horne, Dinah Shore, Frank Sinatra and Angela Lansbury, among others, and Gower Champion and Cyd Charisse appear as dancers. Many of the biographical facts are fictionalized. In the fall of 1945, Kern returned to New York City to oversee auditions for a new revival of \"Show Boat\", and began to work on the score for what would become the musical \"Annie Get Your Gun\", to be produced by Rodgers and Hammerstein. On November 5, 1945,",
"title": "Jerome Kern"
},
{
"id": "6059713",
"text": "this was deleted, and we never do see an aged Joe (or Queenie) in the film as released. According to film historian Miles Kreuger in his book \"Show Boat: The History of a Classic American Musical\", great care was taken by director James Whale to ensure a feeling of complete authenticity in the set and costume design for this film. Frank S. Nugent of \"The New York Times\" called it \"one of the finest musical films we have seen\". It was the 8th most popular film at the British box office in 1935-36. Ten numbers from the stage score are",
"title": "Show Boat (1936 film)"
},
{
"id": "14468514",
"text": "son of James Jentry of Madison Courthouse, Virginia, and Violet Howden of Kingston, Jamaica. By 1924 Gentry was living in Harlem, New York City, with his mother and her family. The Harlem Renaissance provided the backdrop for Gentry's childhood. His mother worked as a dancer and actress. Under the name Teresa Gentry, she danced in the chorus with Josephine Baker and Bessye Buchanen. Later, she was in the cast of the original rendition of the Ziegfeld musical \"Show Boat\" in 1927, as well as its revival in 1932. His mother's friends included Langston Hughes, Paul Robeson and Duke Ellington. As",
"title": "Herbert Gentry"
},
{
"id": "8084842",
"text": "on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his radio contributions. Charles Winninger Charles J. Winninger (May 26, 1884 – January 27, 1969) was an American stage and film actor, most often cast in comedies or musicals. Winninger began as a vaudeville actor. His most famous stage role was as Cap'n Andy Hawks in the original production of \"Show Boat\", the Jerome Kern/Oscar Hammerstein II musical classic, in 1927. He played the role in the 1932 stage revival and the 1936 film version of the show. He became so identified with the role and with his \"persona\" as a riverboat captain",
"title": "Charles Winninger"
},
{
"id": "1741517",
"text": "her mixed race background, be the person who brings Ravenal and Magnolia back together again after a separation of only a few years rather than twenty. And it was Freed who cast Ava Gardner in the role of Julie. Two of his films won the Academy Award for Best Picture: \"An American in Paris\" and \"Gigi\". On the night that \"An American in Paris\" won Best Picture, Freed received an Honorary Oscar, and his version of \"Show Boat\" was also up for two Oscars that year, though it lost both to \"An American in Paris\". \"Singin' in the Rain\" (1952),",
"title": "Arthur Freed"
},
{
"id": "4339225",
"text": "was already secured by composer Louis Gruenberg. Though the honor went to Lawrence Tibbett to originate the title role in 1933, Bledsoe played the character in a production in Amsterdam in 1934, and later in Paris, Vienna, Brussels and London, and still later in New York City. Bledsoe also performed the title character in Mussorgsky's \"Boris Godunov\". Bledsoe's only recording of \"Ol' Man River\", which he sang in the original production of \"Show Boat\", is occasionally played on the NPR musical theatre program, \"A Night on the Town\". His rendition of the song, especially in comparison to those made famous",
"title": "Jules Bledsoe"
}
] | who sang ava gardner's part in showboat |
[
"Age of Enlightenment"
] | [
{
"id": "425512",
"text": "Age of Enlightenment The Enlightenment (also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason) was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century, the \"Century of Philosophy\". French historians traditionally place the Enlightenment between 1715 (the year that Louis XIV died) and 1789 (the beginning of the French Revolution). International historians begin the period in the 1620s, with the start of the scientific revolution. \"\" () of the period widely circulated their ideas through meetings at scientific academies, Masonic lodges, literary salons, coffee houses and in printed books",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "1753409",
"text": "(American intellectuals, French intellectuals, Ibero–American intellectuals, \"et al.\"). The contemporary intellectual class originated from the \"intelligentsiya\" of Tsarist Russia (–1870s), the social stratum of those possessing intellectual formation (schooling, education, Enlightenment), and who were Russian society's counterpart to the German \"Bildungsbürgertum\" and to the French \"bourgeoisie éclairée\", the enlightened middle classes of those realms. In the late 19th century, amidst the Dreyfus affair (1894–1906), an identity crisis of anti-semitic nationalism for the French Third Republic (1870–1940), the reactionary anti–Dreyfusards (Maurice Barrès, Ferdinand Brunetière, \"et al.\") used the terms \"intellectual\" and \"the intellectuals\" to deride the liberal Dreyfusards (Émile Zola, Octave",
"title": "Intellectual"
},
{
"id": "4289627",
"text": "philosophers sparking the Age of Enlightenment in the following century. The Great Divergence is epitomized by the \"Age of Enlightenment\" (or \"Age of Reason\"). The Enlightenment, starting in the 1750s, flourished until about 1790–1800, after which the emphasis on reason gave way to Romanticism's emphasis on emotion and a Counter-Enlightenment gained force. The centre of the Enlightenment was France, where it was based in the salons and culminated in the great \"Encyclopédie\" (1751–1772), edited by Denis Diderot (1713–1784) with contributions by hundreds of leading philosophes (intellectuals) such as Voltaire (1694–1778) and Montesquieu (1689–1755). The French Enlightenment was received in Germany,",
"title": "Early modern period"
},
{
"id": "425513",
"text": "and pamphlets. The ideas of the Enlightenment undermined the authority of the monarchy and the Church and paved the way for the political revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries. A variety of 19th-century movements, including liberalism and neo-classicism, trace their intellectual heritage to the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on reason as the primary source of authority and legitimacy and came to advance ideals like liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, constitutional government and separation of church and state. In France, the central doctrines of the Enlightenment philosophers were individual liberty and religious tolerance, in opposition to",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "425576",
"text": "Louis XV until the French Revolution. If taken back to the mid-17th century, the Enlightenment would trace its origins to Descartes' \"Discourse on the Method\", published in 1637. In France, many cited the publication of Isaac Newton's \"Principia Mathematica\" in 1687. It is argued by several historians and philosophers that the beginning of the Enlightenment is when Descartes shifted the epistemological basis from external authority to internal certainty by his \"cogito ergo sum\" published in 1637. As to its end, most scholars use the last years of the century, often choosing the French Revolution of 1789 or the beginning of",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "425514",
"text": "an absolute monarchy and the fixed dogmas of the Roman Catholic Church. The Enlightenment was marked by an emphasis on the scientific method and reductionism, along with increased questioning of religious orthodoxy—an attitude captured by the phrase \"Sapere aude\", \"Dare to know\". The Age of Enlightenment was preceded by and closely associated with the scientific revolution. Earlier philosophers whose work influenced the Enlightenment included Bacon, Descartes, Locke, and Spinoza. The major figures of the Enlightenment included Beccaria, Diderot, Hume, Kant, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Adam Smith, and Voltaire. Some European rulers, including Catherine II of Russia, Joseph II of Austria and Frederick",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "425516",
"text": "thirty-five volumes, it was compiled by Diderot, d'Alembert (until 1759) and a team of 150 scientists and philosophers. It helped spread the ideas of the Enlightenment across Europe and beyond. Other landmark publications were Voltaire's \"Dictionnaire philosophique\" (\"Philosophical Dictionary\"; 1764) and \"Letters on the English\" (1733); Rousseau's \"Discourse on Inequality\" (1754) and \"The Social Contract\" (1762); Adam Smith's \"The Theory of Moral Sentiments\" (1759) and \"The Wealth of Nations\" (1776); and Montesquieu's \"The Spirit of the Laws\" (1748). The ideas of the Enlightenment played a major role in inspiring the French Revolution, which began in 1789. After the Revolution, the",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "1753415",
"text": "form of cultural capital. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the \"Belletrists\" were the \"literati\", the French \"citizens of the Republic of Letters\", which evolved into the salon, a social institution, usually run by a hostess, meant for the edification, education, and cultural refinement of the participants. In English, the term \"intellectual\" identifies a \"literate thinker\"; its earlier usage, as in the book title \"The Evolution of an Intellectual\" (1920), by John Middleton Murry, denotes literary activity, rather than the activities of the public intellectual. In the late 19th century, when literacy was relatively common in European countries such as",
"title": "Intellectual"
},
{
"id": "5863183",
"text": "18th-century French literature 18th-century French literature is French literature written between 1715, the year of the death of King Louis XIV of France, and 1798, the year of the coup d'État of Bonaparte which brought the Consulate to power, concluded the French Revolution, and began the modern era of French history. This century of enormous economic, social, intellectual and political transformation produced two important literary and philosophical movements: during what became known as the Age of Enlightenment, the \"Philosophes\" questioned all existing institutions, including the church and state, and applied rationalism and scientific analysis to society; and a very different",
"title": "18th-century French literature"
},
{
"id": "9101880",
"text": "Lumières The Lumières (literally in English: \"Enlighteners\") was a cultural, philosophical, literary and intellectual movement of the second half of the 18th century, originating in France and spreading throughout Europe. It included philosophers such as Baruch Spinoza, John Locke, Pierre Bayle and Isaac Newton. Over time it came to mean the , in English the Age of Enlightenment. Members of the movement saw themselves as a progressive élite, and battled against religious and political persecution, fighting against what they saw as the irrationality, arbitrariness, obscurantism and superstition of the previous centuries. They redefined the study of knowledge to fit the",
"title": "Lumières"
},
{
"id": "425552",
"text": "to disestablish the Church of England in Virginia and authored the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom. Jefferson's political ideals were greatly influenced by the writings of John Locke, Francis Bacon, and Isaac Newton, whom he considered the three greatest men that ever lived. The Enlightenment took hold in most European countries, often with a specific local emphasis. For example, in France it became associated with anti-government and anti-Church radicalism, while in Germany it reached deep into the middle classes, where it expressed a spiritualistic and nationalistic tone without threatening governments or established churches. Government responses varied widely. In France, the",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "425554",
"text": "Gibbon, John Locke, Isaac Newton, Alexander Pope, Joshua Reynolds and Jonathan Swift. Roy Porter argues that the reasons for this neglect were the assumptions that the movement was primarily French-inspired, that it was largely a-religious or anti-clerical, and that it stood in outspoken defiance to the established order. Porter admits that, after the 1720s, England could claim thinkers to equal Diderot, Voltaire or Rousseau. However, its leading intellectuals such as Edward Gibbon, Edmund Burke and Samuel Johnson were all quite conservative and supportive of the standing order. Porter says the reason was that Enlightenment had come early to England and",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "425570",
"text": "As the Enlightenment was ending, Romantic philosophers argued that excessive dependence on reason was a mistake perpetuated by the Enlightenment because it disregarded the bonds of history, myth, faith, and tradition that were necessary to hold society together. The term \"Enlightenment\" emerged in English in the later part of the 19th century, with particular reference to French philosophy, as the equivalent of the French term \"Lumières\" (used first by Dubos in 1733 and already well established by 1751). From Immanuel Kant's 1784 essay \"Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufklärung?\" (\"\"), the German term became \"Aufklärun\"g (\"aufklären\" = to illuminate; \"sich",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "2516326",
"text": "Philosophes The philosophes (French for \"philosophers\") were the intellectuals of the 18th-century Enlightenment. Few were primarily philosophers; rather, philosophes were public intellectuals who applied reason to the study of many areas of learning, including philosophy, history, science, politics, economics, and social issues. They had a critical eye and looked for weaknesses and failures that needed improvement. They promoted a \"republic of letters\" that crossed national boundaries and allowed intellectuals to freely exchange books and ideas. Most philosophes were men, but some were women. They strongly endorsed progress and tolerance, and distrusted organized religion (most were deists) and feudal institutions. Many",
"title": "Philosophes"
},
{
"id": "3563874",
"text": "approach, especially Scholasticism. Early 17th-century philosophy is often called the Age of Rationalism and is considered to succeed Renaissance philosophy and precede the Age of Enlightenment, but some consider it as the earliest part of the Enlightenment era in philosophy, extending that era to two centuries. The 18th century saw the beginning of secularization in Europe, rising to notability in the wake of the French Revolution. The Age of Enlightenment is a time in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the 18th century in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority. Enlightenment gained momentum",
"title": "Modern history"
},
{
"id": "425626",
"text": "were perhaps the most public of any institution during the Enlightenment. The practice of contests dated back to the Middle Ages and was revived in the mid-17th century. The subject matter had previously been generally religious and/or monarchical, featuring essays, poetry and painting. However, by roughly 1725 this subject matter had radically expanded and diversified, including \"royal propaganda, philosophical battles, and critical ruminations on the social and political institutions of the Old Regime\". Topics of public controversy were also discussed such as the theories of Newton and Descartes, the slave trade, women's education and justice in France. More importantly, the",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "111428",
"text": "the start of an Age of Discovery, a period of exploration, invention, and scientific development. Among the great figures of the Western scientific revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries were Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Isaac Newton. According to Peter Barrett, \"It is widely accepted that 'modern science' arose in the Europe of the 17th century (towards the end of the Renaissance), introducing a new understanding of the natural world.\" The Age of Enlightenment was a powerful intellectual movement during the 18th century promoting scientific and reason-based thoughts. Discontent with the aristocracy and clergy's monopoly on political power in France",
"title": "Europe"
},
{
"id": "2516331",
"text": "guaranteed by \"natural law.\" In their view, progress depended on these freedoms. The word \"philosophe\" has been used in English since the Middle Ages. Horace Walpole in 1779 remarked that \"[t]he \"philosophes\", except Buffon, are solemn, arrogant, dictatorial s.\" Scholars differ concerning whether the word should be applied to all Enlightenment thinkers or be restricted to only the French philosophers. Historian Peter Gay, for example, uses it to apply to all Enlightenment philosophers \"from Edinburgh to Naples, Paris to Berlin, Boston to Philadelphia\". Ἕ Philosophes The philosophes (French for \"philosophers\") were the intellectuals of the 18th-century Enlightenment. Few were primarily",
"title": "Philosophes"
},
{
"id": "3917350",
"text": "was a popular perception among the \"philosophes\", who adopted deistic attitudes to varying degrees. Deism greatly influenced the thought of intellectuals and Founding Fathers, including John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, perhaps George Washington and, especially, Thomas Jefferson. The most articulate exponent was Thomas Paine, whose \"The Age of Reason\" was written in France in the early 1790s, and soon reached the United States. Paine was highly controversial; when Jefferson was attacked for his deism in the 1800 election, Democratic-Republican politicians took pains to distance their candidate from Paine. Unitarianism and Deism were strongly connected, the former being brought to America by",
"title": "American Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "1753410",
"text": "Mirbeau, Anatole France, \"et al.\") as political dilettantes from the realms of French culture, art, and science, who had become involved in politics, by publicly advocating for the exoneration and liberation of Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish French artillery captain falsely accused of betraying France to Germany. In the 20th century, the term \"Intellectual\" acquired positive connotations of social prestige, derived from possessing intellect and intelligence, especially when the intellectual's activities exerted positive consequences in the public sphere and so increased the intellectual understanding of the public, by means of moral responsibility, altruism, and solidarity, without resorting to the manipulations of",
"title": "Intellectual"
},
{
"id": "164820",
"text": "of intellectuals beginning in late 17th-century Europe emphasizing the power of reason rather than tradition; it was especially favourable to science (especially Isaac Newton's physics) and hostile to religious orthodoxy (especially of the Catholic Church). It sought to analyze and reform society using reason, to challenge ideas grounded in tradition and faith, and to advance knowledge through the scientific method. It promoted scientific thought, skepticism, and intellectual interchange. The Enlightenment was a revolution in human thought. This new way of thinking was that rational thought begins with clearly stated principles, uses correct logic to arrive at conclusions, tests the conclusions",
"title": "History of Europe"
},
{
"id": "4866060",
"text": "the French who had only months before been evicted from their country. Ferdinand refused to accept the liberal constitution, and continued his rule in Spain as Charles IV had; as an absolute monarch and it was during his reign that Spain lost most of its overseas empire in the Spanish American wars of independence. The ideas of the Enlightenment in France came to Spain following the establishment of the Bourbon dynasty in Spain. The leading Spanish figure was Benito Feijóo (1676–1764) a Benedictine monk and professor. He was a successful popularizer noted for encouraging scientific and empirical thought in an",
"title": "Enlightenment in Spain"
},
{
"id": "425557",
"text": "cultural exchange during the Age of Enlightenment ran in both directions across the Atlantic. Thinkers such as Paine, Locke and Rousseau all take Native American cultural practices as examples of natural freedom. The Americans closely followed English and Scottish political ideas, as well as some French thinkers such as Montesquieu. As deists, they were influenced by ideas of John Toland (1670–1722) and Matthew Tindal (1656–1733). During the Enlightenment there was a great emphasis upon liberty, republicanism and religious tolerance. There was no respect for monarchy or inherited political power. Deists reconciled science and religion by rejecting prophecies, miracles and Biblical",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "425519",
"text": "traditional doctrines and dogmas. The philosophic movement was led by Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who argued for a society based upon reason rather than faith and Catholic doctrine, for a new civil order based on natural law, and for science based on experiments and observation. The political philosopher Montesquieu introduced the idea of a separation of powers in a government, a concept which was enthusiastically adopted by the authors of the United States Constitution. While the \"Philosophes\" of the French Enlightenment were not revolutionaries and many were members of the nobility, their ideas played an important part in undermining the",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "164821",
"text": "against evidence, and then revises the principles in the light of the evidence. Enlightenment thinkers opposed superstition. Some Enlightenment thinkers collaborated with Enlightened despots, absolutist rulers who attempted to forcibly impose some of the new ideas about government into practice. The ideas of the Enlightenment exerted significant influence on the culture, politics, and governments of Europe. Originating in the 17th century, it was sparked by philosophers Francis Bacon (1562–1626), Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677), John Locke (1632–1704), Pierre Bayle (1647–1706), Voltaire (1694–1778), Francis Hutcheson, (1694–1746), David Hume (1711–1776) and physicist Isaac Newton (1643–1727). Ruling princes often endorsed and fostered these figures and",
"title": "History of Europe"
},
{
"id": "10278103",
"text": "people wanted to enjoy freedom and to choose their own governors. All that inspired the motto of the French Revolution: Freedom, Equality, Brotherhood. The illustrated theories had their origin in England, although they reached their peak in France, where they were gathered in the Encyclopédie (Encyclopedie, or reasoned dictionary of the sciences, the arts and the offices, 1751–1772), published by Jean Le Rond d'Alembert and Denis Diderot. In this work they gathered all the existing knowledge of their time, in alphabetical order. During the reign of the minor Austrias, Spain practically abandoned the scientific studies, seen with suspicion and continuously",
"title": "Spanish Enlightenment literature"
},
{
"id": "1107829",
"text": "diversity.\" The Age of Enlightenment refers to the 18th century in European philosophy, and is often thought of as part of a period which includes the Age of Reason. The term also more specifically refers to a historical intellectual movement, \"The Enlightenment\". This movement advocated rationality as a means to establish an authoritative system of aesthetics, ethics, and logic. The intellectual leaders of this movement regarded themselves as a courageous elite, and regarded their purpose as one of leading the world toward progress and out of a long period of doubtful tradition, full of irrationality, superstition, and tyranny, which they",
"title": "Early modern Europe"
},
{
"id": "425559",
"text": "impressive series of fundamental fiscal, administrative, judicial, educational, cultural and general economic reforms. The reforms were aided by the country's strong urban structure and influential commercial groups and modernized pre-1789 Saxony along the lines of classic Enlightenment principles. Before 1750, the German upper classes looked to France for intellectual, cultural and architectural leadership, as French was the language of high society. By the mid-18th century, the \"Aufklärung\" (The Enlightenment) had transformed German high culture in music, philosophy, science and literature. Christian Wolff (1679–1754) was the pioneer as a writer who expounded the Enlightenment to German readers and legitimized German as",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "8803221",
"text": "life and was concerned with abolishing the institution of serfdom in Russia. The Pugachev Rebellion and French Revolution may have shattered the illusions of rapid political change, but the intellectual climate in Russia was altered irrevocably. Russia's place in the world was debated by Denis Fonvizin, Mikhail Shcherbatov, Andrey Bolotov, Ivan Boltin, and Alexander Radishchev; these discussions precipitated the divide between the radical, western, conservative and Slavophile traditions of Russian thought. Intellectuals often used the term prosveshchenie, promoting piety, erudition, and commitment to the spread of learning. The ideas of the Russian Enlightenment were first espoused by the \"learned druzhina\"",
"title": "Russian Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "425591",
"text": "Bayle in his journal \"Nouvelles de la Republique des Lettres\". Towards the end of the 18th century, the editor of \"Histoire de la République des Lettres en France\", a literary survey, described the Republic of Letters as being: The Republic of Letters was the sum of a number of Enlightenment ideals: an egalitarian realm governed by knowledge that could act across political boundaries and rival state power. It was a forum that supported \"free public examination of questions regarding religion or legislation\". Immanuel Kant considered written communication essential to his conception of the public sphere; once everyone was a part",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "425593",
"text": "salonnières, were \"the legitimate governors of [the] potentially unruly discourse\" that took place within. While women were marginalized in the public culture of the Old Regime, the French Revolution destroyed the old cultural and economic restraints of patronage and corporatism (guilds), opening French society to female participation, particularly in the literary sphere. In France, the established men of letters (\"gens de lettres\") had fused with the elites (\"les grands\") of French society by the mid-18th century. This led to the creation of an oppositional literary sphere, Grub Street, the domain of a \"multitude of versifiers and would-be authors\". These men",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "425572",
"text": "realm of knowledge – of which the \"Encyclopédie\" forms the pinnacle. In 1783, Jewish philosopher Moses Mendelssohn referred to Enlightenment as a process by which man was educated in the use of reason. Immanuel Kant called Enlightenment \"man's release from his self-incurred tutelage\", tutelage being \"man's inability to make use of his understanding without direction from another\". \"For Kant, Enlightenment was mankind's final coming of age, the emancipation of the human consciousness from an immature state of ignorance\". The German scholar Ernst Cassirer called the Enlightenment \"a part and a special phase of that whole intellectual development through which modern",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "2555770",
"text": "Dictionary) to the \"Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal\" (February, 1836). In 1857 \"The Times\" used the term \"the Enlightened\" for the Buddha in a short article, which was reprinted the following year by Max Müller. Thereafter, the use of the term subsided, but reappeared with the publication of Max Müller's \"Chips from a german Workshop\", which included a reprint from the \"Times\"-article. The book was translated in 1969 into German, using the term \"der Erleuchtete\". Max Müller was an essentialist, who believed in a natural religion, and saw religion as an inherent capacity of human beings. \"Enlightenment\" was",
"title": "Enlightenment in Buddhism"
},
{
"id": "425583",
"text": "of the state, which allowed for the public sphere. Capitalism also increased society's autonomy and self-awareness, as well as an increasing need for the exchange of information. As the nascent public sphere expanded, it embraced a large variety of institutions and the most commonly cited were coffee houses and cafés, salons and the literary public sphere, figuratively localized in the Republic of Letters. In France, the creation of the public sphere was helped by the aristocracy's move from the King's palace at Versailles to Paris in about 1720, since their rich spending stimulated the trade in luxuries and artistic creations,",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "182563",
"text": "and sociological matters. The ultimate goal of the philosophers was human progress; by concentrating on social and material sciences, they believed that a rational society was the only logical outcome of a freethinking and reasoned populace. They also advocated Deism and religious tolerance. Many believed religion had been used as a source of conflict since time eternal, and that logical, rational thought was the way forward for mankind. The philosopher Denis Diderot was editor in chief of the famous Enlightenment accomplishment, the 72,000-article \"Encyclopédie\" (1751–72). It sparked a revolution in learning throughout the enlightened world. In the early part of",
"title": "History of France"
},
{
"id": "6051657",
"text": "was published, his interpretation of the Enlightenment has become an orthodoxy in the Anglo-Saxon world. Republic of Letters The Republic of Letters (\"Respublica literaria\") is the long-distance intellectual community in the late 17th and 18th centuries in Europe and the Americas. It fostered communication among the intellectuals of the Age of Enlightenment, or \"philosophes\" as they were called in France. The Republic of Letters emerged in the 17th century as a self-proclaimed community of scholars and literary figures that stretched across national boundaries but respected differences in language and culture. These communities that transcended national boundaries formed the basis of",
"title": "Republic of Letters"
},
{
"id": "425625",
"text": "who were members (13 percent). The presence of the French academies in the public sphere cannot be attributed to their membership, as although the majority of their members were bourgeois, the exclusive institution was only open to elite Parisian scholars. They perceived themselves as \"interpreters of the sciences for the people\". For example, it was with this in mind that academicians took it upon themselves to disprove the popular pseudo-science of mesmerism. The strongest contribution of the French Academies to the public sphere comes from the \"concours académiques\" (roughly translated as \"academic contests\") they sponsored throughout France. These academic contests",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "425520",
"text": "legitimacy of the Old Regime and shaping the French Revolution. Francis Hutcheson, a moral philosopher, described the utilitarian and consequentialist principle that virtue is that which provides, in his words, \"the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers\". Much of what is incorporated in the scientific method (the nature of knowledge, evidence, experience and causation) and some modern attitudes towards the relationship between science and religion were developed by his protégés David Hume and Adam Smith. Hume became a major figure in the skeptical philosophical and empiricist traditions of philosophy. Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief, individual",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "3917338",
"text": "books. He offered what he called \"The New Learning\", which included the works and ideas of Francis Bacon, John Locke, Isaac Newton, Boyle, Copernicus, and literary works by Shakespeare, Milton, and Addison. Enlightenment ideas were introduced to the colonists and diffused through Puritan educational and religious networks especially through Yale College in 1718. Enlightened Founding Fathers, especially Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and George Washington, fought for and eventually attained religious freedom for minority denominations. According to the founding fathers, the United States should be a country where peoples of all faiths could live in peace and mutual benefit.",
"title": "American Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "164823",
"text": "was based in the salons and culminated in the great \"Encyclopédie\" (1751–72) edited by Denis Diderot (1713–1784) and (until 1759) Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1717–1783) with contributions by hundreds of leading intellectuals who were called \"philosophes\", notably Voltaire (1694–1778), Rousseau (1712–1778) and Montesquieu (1689–1755). Some 25,000 copies of the 35 volume encyclopedia were sold, half of them outside France. These new intellectual strains would spread to urban centres across Europe, notably England, Scotland, the German states, the Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Italy, Austria, and Spain, as well as Britain's American colonies. The political ideals of the Enlightenment influenced the American Declaration",
"title": "History of Europe"
},
{
"id": "425635",
"text": "a far different order than any university tutorial\". The Café Procope was established in Paris in 1686 and by the 1720s there were around 400 cafés in the city. The Café Procope in particular became a center of Enlightenment, welcoming such celebrities as Voltaire and Rousseau. The Café Procope was where Diderot and D'Alembert decided to create the \"Encyclopédie\". The cafés were one of the various \"nerve centers\" for \"bruits publics\", public noise or rumour. These \"bruits\" were allegedly a much better source of information than were the actual newspapers available at the time. The debating societies are an example",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "1753418",
"text": "said that they were not societal outsiders, but \"respectable, domesticated, and assimilated\". Thenceforth, in Europe, an intellectual class was socially important, especially to self-styled intellectuals, whose participation in society's arts, politics, journalism, and education—of either nationalist, internationalist, or ethnic sentiment—constitute \"vocation of the intellectual\". Moreover, some intellectuals were anti-academic, despite universities (the Academy) being synonymous with intellectualism. In France, the Dreyfus affair marked the full emergence of the \"intellectual in public life\", especially Émile Zola, Octave Mirbeau, and Anatole France directly addressing the matter of French antisemitism to the public; thenceforward, \"intellectual\" became common, yet occasionally derogatory, usage; its French",
"title": "Intellectual"
},
{
"id": "425571",
"text": "aufklären\" = to clear up). However, scholars have never agreed on a definition of the Enlightenment, or on its chronological or geographical extent. Terms like \"les Lumières\" (French), \"illuminism\"o (Italian), \"ilustración\" (Spanish) and \"Aufklärung\" (German) referred to partly overlapping movements. Not until the late nineteenth century did English scholars agree they were talking about \"the Enlightenment\". Enlightenment historiography began in the period itself, from what Enlightenment figures said about their work. A dominant element was the intellectual angle they took. D'Alembert's \"Preliminary Discourse of l'Encyclopédie\" provides a history of the Enlightenment which comprises a chronological list of developments in the",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "425575",
"text": "the change that eventually led to the revolutions of the latter half of the 18th century and the early 19th century. Israel argues that until the 1650s Western civilization \"was based on a largely shared core of faith, tradition and authority\". There is little consensus on the precise beginning of the Age of Enlightenment, though the beginning of the 18th century (1701) or the middle of the 17th century (1650) are often used as epochs. French historians usually place the period, called the \"Siècle des Lumières\" (\"Century of Enlightenments\"), between 1715 and 1789, from the beginning of the reign of",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "182565",
"text": "the Arts and Sciences\" (1750). The leader of the French Enlightenment and a writer of enormous influence across Europe, was Voltaire (1694–1778). His many books included poems and plays; works of satire (\"Candide\" [1759]); books on history, science, and philosophy, including numerous (anonymous) contributions to the \"Encyclopédie\"; and an extensive correspondence. A witty, tireless antagonist to the alliance between the French state and the church, he was exiled from France on a number of occasions. In exile in England he came to appreciate British thought and he popularized Isaac Newton in Europe. When King Louis XV died in 1774 he",
"title": "History of France"
},
{
"id": "425569",
"text": "According to Keith Thomas, its supporters \"hail it as the source of everything that is progressive about the modern world. For them, it stands for freedom of thought, rational inquiry, critical thinking, religious tolerance, political liberty, scientific achievement, the pursuit of happiness, and hope for the future.\" Thomas adds that its detractors accuse it of shallow rationalism, naïve optimism, unrealistic universalism and moral darkness. From the start, conservative and clerical defenders of traditional religion attacked materialism and skepticism as evil forces that encouraged immorality. By 1794, they pointed to the Terror during the French Revolution as confirmation of their predictions.",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "5863192",
"text": "others such as the Abbé Sieyès, one of the main authors of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, became known as the \"philosophes\". They came from the wealthy upper class or Third Estate, sought a society founded upon talent and merit, rather than a society based on heredity or caste. Their ideas were strongly influenced by those of John Locke in England. They introduced the values of liberty and equality which became the ideals of the French Republic founded at the end of the century. They defended the freedom of conscience and challenged the role",
"title": "18th-century French literature"
},
{
"id": "425608",
"text": "This in turn gave precedence to the publishing industry in Holland, where the vast majority of these French language periodicals were produced. Jonathan Israel called the journals the most influential cultural innovation of European intellectual culture. They shifted the attention of the \"cultivated public\" away from established authorities to novelty and innovation and instead promoted the \"enlightened\" ideals of toleration and intellectual objectivity. Being a source of knowledge derived from science and reason, they were an implicit critique of existing notions of universal truth monopolized by monarchies, parliaments and religious authorities. They also advanced Christian enlightenment that upheld \"the legitimacy",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "8523336",
"text": "César Chesneau Dumarsais César Chesneau, sieur Dumarsais or Du Marsais (July 17, 1676 – June 11, 1756) was a French \"philosophe\", grammarian and contributor to the Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers\". He was a prominent figure in what became known as the Enlightenment, and contributed to Diderot's \"Encyclopédie\". After his death, Jacques-Philippe-Augustin Douchet and Nicolas Beauzée - both teachers at the Ecole Royale Militaire - took over his work. Born in Marseille, Dumarsais trained in Paris as a lawyer, before abandoning the bar to pursue the life of the mind, subsisting on occasional law",
"title": "César Chesneau Dumarsais"
},
{
"id": "12943178",
"text": "science and skepticism. Philosophers of the Enlightenment included Francis Bacon, René Descartes, John Locke, Baruch Spinoza, Voltaire (1694–1778), David Hume, and Immanuel Kant. influenced society by publishing widely read works. Upon learning about enlightened views, some rulers met with intellectuals and tried to apply their reforms, such as allowing for toleration, or accepting multiple religions, in what became known as enlightened absolutism. New ideas and beliefs spread around Europe and were fostered by an increase in literacy due to a departure from solely religious texts. Publications include \"Encyclopédie\" (1751–72) that was edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert.",
"title": "Western culture"
},
{
"id": "6051608",
"text": "Republic of Letters The Republic of Letters (\"Respublica literaria\") is the long-distance intellectual community in the late 17th and 18th centuries in Europe and the Americas. It fostered communication among the intellectuals of the Age of Enlightenment, or \"philosophes\" as they were called in France. The Republic of Letters emerged in the 17th century as a self-proclaimed community of scholars and literary figures that stretched across national boundaries but respected differences in language and culture. These communities that transcended national boundaries formed the basis of a metaphysical Republic. Because of societal constraints on women, the Republic of Letters consisted mostly",
"title": "Republic of Letters"
},
{
"id": "425585",
"text": "breaking down of \"barriers between cultural systems, religious divides, gender differences and geographical areas\". The word \"public\" implies the highest level of inclusivity – the public sphere by definition should be open to all. However, this sphere was only public to relative degrees. Enlightenment thinkers frequently contrasted their conception of the \"public\" with that of the people: Condorcet contrasted \"opinion\" with populace, Marmontel \"the opinion of men of letters\" with \"the opinion of the multitude\" and d'Alembert the \"truly enlightened public\" with \"the blind and noisy multitude\". Additionally, most institutions of the public sphere excluded both women and the lower",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "425595",
"text": "Charles Théveneau de Morande was a prototype of the genre. It was Grub Street literature that was most read by the public during the Enlightenment. According to Darnton, more importantly the Grub Street hacks inherited the \"revolutionary spirit\" once displayed by the \"philosophes\" and paved the way for the French Revolution by desacralizing figures of political, moral and religious authority in France. The increased consumption of reading materials of all sorts was one of the key features of the \"social\" Enlightenment. Developments in the Industrial Revolution allowed consumer goods to be produced in greater quantities at lower prices, encouraging the",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "7423209",
"text": "the change from \"software\" to \"logiciel\", \"packet-boat\" to \"paquebot\", and \"riding-coat\" to \"redingote\". The word \"ordinateur\" for \"computer\" was however not created by the Académie, but by a linguist appointed by IBM (see ). From the 17th to the 19th centuries, France was the leading power of Europe; thanks to this, together with the influence of the Enlightenment, French was the lingua franca of educated Europe, especially with regards to the arts, literature, and diplomacy; monarchs like Frederick II of Prussia and Catherine the Great of Russia could both not just speak and write in French, but in most excellent",
"title": "History of French"
},
{
"id": "425596",
"text": "spread of books, pamphlets, newspapers and journals – \"media of the transmission of ideas and attitudes\". Commercial development likewise increased the demand for information, along with rising populations and increased urbanisation. However, demand for reading material extended outside of the realm of the commercial and outside the realm of the upper and middle classes, as evidenced by the Bibliothèque Bleue. Literacy rates are difficult to gauge, but in France the rates doubled over the course of the 18th century. Reflecting the decreasing influence of religion, the number of books about science and art published in Paris doubled from 1720 to",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "19689965",
"text": "Spanish American Enlightenment The ideas of the Spanish Enlightenment, which emphasized reason, science, practicality, clarity rather than obscurantism, and secularism, were transmitted from France to the New World in the eighteenth century, following the establishment of the Bourbon monarchy in Spain. In Spanish America, the ideas of the Enlightenment affected educated elites in major urban centers, especially Mexico City, Lima, and Guatemala, where there were universities founded in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In these centers of learning, American-born Spanish intellectuals were already participants in intellectual and scientific discourse, with Spanish American universities increasingly anti-scholastic and opposed to “untested authority”",
"title": "Spanish American Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "18562845",
"text": "into exile, and some of the most promising writers, including the poet André Chenier, went to the guillotine. In the mid-18th century, Paris became the center of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity known as the Age of Enlightenment. The philosophic movement was led by Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who argued for a society based upon reason rather than faith and Catholic dogma, and for a new civil order based on natural law, and for science based on experiments and observation. The political philosopher Montesquieu introduced the idea of a separation of powers in a government, a concept which",
"title": "Paris in the 18th century"
},
{
"id": "425529",
"text": "and influenced by Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot, Baron de Laune drafts of \"Reflections on the Formation and Distribution of Wealth\" (Paris, 1766). Smith acknowledged indebtedness and possibly was the original English translator. Cesare Beccaria, a jurist, criminologist, philosopher and politician and one of the great Enlightenment writers, became famous for his masterpiece \"Of Crimes and Punishments\" (1764), later translated into 22 languages, which condemned torture and the death penalty and was a founding work in the field of penology and the Classical School of criminology by promoting criminal justice. Another prominent intellectual was Francesco Mario Pagano, who wrote important studies such as",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "425590",
"text": "the mid-century on, amateur groups sang choral music, which then became a new trend for publishers to capitalize on. The increasing study of the fine arts, as well as access to amateur-friendly published works, led to more people becoming interested in reading and discussing music. Music magazines, reviews and critical works which suited amateurs as well as connoisseurs began to surface. The \"philosophes\" spent a great deal of energy disseminating their ideas among educated men and women in cosmopolitan cities. They used many venues, some of them quite new. The term \"Republic of Letters\" was coined in 1664 by Pierre",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "10278104",
"text": "persecuted by the Inquisition. The delay with regard to Europe was evident at the beginning of the 18th century. Nevertheless, some intellectuals since the end of the 17th century refused to leave the investigation; not exent of risks, they were always up-to-date about the European discoveries in astronomy, medicine, mathematics or botany. These scholars are the so-called \"novatores\" (\"innovating ones\", contemptuously called this way). They spread the theories of Galileo Galilei, Kepler, Linnaeus or Isaac Newton. Among the \"novatores\", Juan de Cabriada, Antonio Hugo de Omerique, Juan Caramuel, Martínez, Tosca and Corachán stand out. In the 18th century, the legacy",
"title": "Spanish Enlightenment literature"
},
{
"id": "425639",
"text": "to participate in a largely egalitarian form of sociability that helped spread Enlightenment ideas. Historians have long debated the extent to which the secret network of Freemasonry was a main factor in the Enlightenment. The leaders of the Enlightenment included Freemasons such as Diderot, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Lessing, Pope, Horace Walpole, Sir Robert Walpole, Mozart, Goethe, Frederick the Great, Benjamin Franklin and George Washington. Norman Davies said that Freemasonry was a powerful force on behalf of liberalism in Europe from about 1700 to the twentieth century. It expanded rapidly during the Age of Enlightenment, reaching practically every country in Europe. It",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "1882947",
"text": "of Enlightenment varied widely. In France the government was hostile, and the philosophes fought against its censorship. The British government generally ignored the Enlightenment's leaders. However in several nations with powerful rulers--called \"enlightened despots\" by historians--leaders of the Enlightenment were welcomed at Court and helped design laws and programs to reform the system, typically to build stronger national states. Frederick the Great--who ruled Prussia 1740-1786, was an enthusiast for French ideas (he ridiculed German culture and was unaware of the remarkable advances it was undergoing). Voltaire, who had been imprisoned and maltreated by the French government, was eager to accept",
"title": "Enlightened absolutism"
},
{
"id": "8209946",
"text": "Philosophy\" changed the primary object of philosophical thought and raised some of the most fundamental problems for foreigners such as Spinoza, Leibniz, Hume, Berkeley, and Kant. French philosophers produced some of the most important political works of the Age of Enlightenment. In \"The Spirit of the Laws\", Baron de Montesquieu theorised the principle of separation of powers, which has been implemented in all liberal democracies since it was first applied in the United States. Voltaire came to embody the Enlightenment with his defence of civil liberties, such as the right to a free trial and freedom of religion. 19th-century French",
"title": "France"
},
{
"id": "442886",
"text": "Voltaire François-Marie Arouet (; 21 November 169430 May 1778), known by his \"nom de plume\" Voltaire (; ), was a French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopher famous for his wit, his criticism of Christianity, especially the Catholic Church, and his advocacy of freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and separation of church and state. Voltaire was a versatile and prolific writer, producing works in almost every literary form, including plays, poems, novels, essays and historical and scientific works. He wrote more than 20,000 letters and more than 2,000 books and pamphlets. He was an outspoken advocate of civil liberties, despite",
"title": "Voltaire"
},
{
"id": "2276709",
"text": "of buildings was finally limited to nine \"toises\", or about eighteen meters. In the 18th century, Paris was the center of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity known as the Age of Enlightenment. Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert published their \"Encyclopédie\" in 1751–52. It provided intellectuals across Europe with a high quality survey of human knowledge. The Montgolfier brothers launched the first manned flight in a hot-air balloon on 21 November 1783, from the Château de la Muette, near the Bois de Boulogne. Paris was the financial capital of France and continental Europe, the primary European center",
"title": "History of Paris"
},
{
"id": "3917335",
"text": "Clap, and Ezra Stiles, and Anglican moral philosophers Samuel Johnson and William Smith. The leading political thinkers were John Adams, James Madison, Thomas Paine, George Mason, James Wilson, Ethan Allen, and Alexander Hamilton, and polymaths Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson. Leading scientists included Benjamin Franklin for his work on electricity, William Smith for his organization and observations of the Transit of Venus, Jared Eliot for his work in metallurgy and agriculture, the astronomer David Rittenhouse in astronomy, math, and instruments, Benjamin Rush in medical science, Charles Willson Peale in natural history, and Cadwallader Colden for his work in botany and",
"title": "American Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "2516327",
"text": "contributed to Diderot's \"Encyclopédie\". They faded away after the French Revolution reached a violent stage in 1793. \"Philosophe\" is the French word for \"philosopher,\" and was a word that the French Enlightenment thinkers usually applied to themselves. The philosophes, like many ancient philosophers, were public intellectuals dedicated to solving the real problems of the world. They wrote on subjects ranging from current affairs to art criticism, and they wrote in every conceivable format. The Swiss philosophe Jean-Jacques Rousseau, for example, wrote a political tract, a treatise on education, constitutions for Poland and Corsica, an analysis of the effects of the",
"title": "Philosophes"
},
{
"id": "13227099",
"text": "literacy were generally restricted to males who belonged to the nobility and the mercantile and professional classes. In England and France, “idealized notions of domesticity, which emphasized the importance of preparing girls for motherhood and home duties, fuelled the expansion of schooling for girls.” John Locke in English and Jean Jacques Rousseau in French authored influential works on education. Both emphasised the importance of shaping young minds early. By the late Enlightenment there was a rising demand for a more universal approach to education, particularly after the American and French Revolutions. Enlightenment children were taught to memorise facts through oral",
"title": "Education in the Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "8209892",
"text": "at the forefront of scientific developments in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. It is one of the earliest academies of sciences. The Age of Enlightenment was marked by the work of biologist Buffon and chemist Lavoisier, who discovered the role of oxygen in combustion, while Diderot and D'Alembert published the \"Encyclopédie\", which aimed to give access to \"useful knowledge\" to the people, a knowledge that they can apply to their everyday life. With the Industrial Revolution, the 19th century saw spectacular scientific developments in France with scientists such as Augustin Fresnel, founder of modern optics, Sadi Carnot who",
"title": "France"
},
{
"id": "425623",
"text": "originated during the Renaissance. Many of the leading universities associated with Enlightenment progressive principles were located in northern Europe, with the most renowned being the universities of Leiden, Göttingen, Halle, Montpellier, Uppsala and Edinburgh. These universities, especially Edinburgh, produced professors whose ideas had a significant impact on Britain's North American colonies and later the American Republic. Within the natural sciences, Edinburgh's medical school also led the way in chemistry, anatomy and pharmacology. In other parts of Europe, the universities and schools of France and most of Europe were bastions of traditionalism and were not hospitable to the Enlightenment. In France,",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "2749402",
"text": "to speculate on whether the Enlightenment might not actually be a creation of its opponents, but the other way round. The fact that the term 'Enlightenment' was first used in 1894 in English to refer to a historical period supports the argument that it was a late construction projected back onto the 18th century. By the mid-1790s, the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution fueled a major reaction against the Enlightenment. Many leaders of the French Revolution and their supporters made Voltaire and Rousseau, as well as Marquis de Condorcet's ideas of reason, progress, anti-clericalism, and emancipation central themes",
"title": "Counter-Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "5873518",
"text": "this poetry collection also included the first published poems of Joachim Du Bellay and Pierre de Ronsard. Around Ronsard, Du Bellay and Jean Antoine de Baïf there formed a group of radical young noble poets of the court (generally known today as La Pléiade, although use of this term is debated). The character of their literary program was given in Du Bellay's manifesto, the \"Defense and Illustration of the French Language\" (1549) which maintained that French (like the Tuscan of Petrarch and Dante) was a worthy language for literary expression and which promulgated a program of linguistic and literary production",
"title": "French Renaissance literature"
},
{
"id": "425633",
"text": "class distinction. One of the most popular critiques of the coffeehouse claimed that it \"allowed promiscuous association among people from different rungs of the social ladder, from the artisan to the aristocrat\" and was therefore compared to Noah's Ark, receiving all types of animals, clean or unclean. This unique culture served as a catalyst for journalism when Joseph Addison and Richard Steele recognized its potential as an audience. Together, Steele and Addison published \"The Spectator (1711)\", a daily publication which aimed, through fictional narrator Mr. Spectator, both to entertain and to provoke discussion regarding serious philosophical matters. The first English",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "425556",
"text": "transatlantic Enlightenment\". In France, Voltaire said that \"we look to Scotland for all our ideas of civilization\". The focus of the Scottish Enlightenment ranged from intellectual and economic matters to the specifically scientific as in the work of William Cullen, physician and chemist; James Anderson, an agronomist; Joseph Black, physicist and chemist; and James Hutton, the first modern geologist. Several Americans, especially Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, played a major role in bringing Enlightenment ideas to the New World and in influencing British and French thinkers. Franklin was influential for his political activism and for his advances in physics. The",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "6051639",
"text": "social institution was the Parisian salon. Goodman argues that, by the middle of the 18th-century, French men of letters used discourses of sociability to argue that France was the most civilized nation in the world because it was the most sociable and most polite. French men of letters saw themselves as the leaders of a project of Enlightenment that was both cultural and moral, if not political. By representing French culture as the leading edge of civilization, they identified the cause of humanity with their own national causes and saw themselves as at the same time French patriots and upstanding",
"title": "Republic of Letters"
},
{
"id": "6929991",
"text": "that hotter climates create hot-tempered people and colder climates aloof people, whereas the mild climate of France is ideal for political systems. This theory may possibly have been influenced by similar sentiment expressed in \"Germania\", an ethnographic writing by Tacitus, a writer frequently studied by Montesquieu. Voltaire (1694–1778) came to embody the Enlightenment with his criticisms of Church dogma and French institutions, his defence of civil liberties and his support of social reform. The civil liberties for which he fought were those of the right to a free trial and freedom of religion. He is best remembered for his aphorisms",
"title": "French philosophy"
},
{
"id": "425526",
"text": "the cornerstone of organized science. Official scientific societies were chartered by the state in order to provide technical expertise. Most societies were granted permission to oversee their own publications, control the election of new members and the administration of the society. After 1700, a tremendous number of official academies and societies were founded in Europe and by 1789 there were over seventy official scientific societies. In reference to this growth, Bernard de Fontenelle coined the term \"the Age of Academies\" to describe the 18th century. The influence of science also began appearing more commonly in poetry and literature during the",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "8803222",
"text": "of Peter the Great. It is the spirit which animates the sermons of Feofan Prokopovich, the satires of Antiokh Kantemir, and the historiography of Vasily Tatishchev. During the reign of Peter's daughter Elizaveta Petrovna the ideas of the Enlightened Absolutism found their way into Russia. Elizaveta's favourite, Ivan Shuvalov, was an ideal enlightened courtier: he was instrumental in the establishment of the Moscow University and the Imperial Academy of Arts, which would start the careers of most intellectuals active during the last quarter of the 18th century. Shuvalov was also the patron of the greatest Russian polymath– Mikhail Lomonosov– who",
"title": "Russian Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "1753420",
"text": "the intellectuals were the \"literati\", who knew how to read and write, and had been designated, as the chungin (the \"middle people\"), in accordance with the Confucian system. Socially, they constituted the petite bourgeoisie, composed of scholar-bureaucrats (scholars, professionals, and technicians) who administered the dynastic rule of the Joseon dynasty. Addressing their role as a social class, Jean-Paul Sartre said that intellectuals are the moral conscience of their age; that their moral and ethical responsibilities are to observe the socio-political moment, and to freely speak to their society, in accordance with their consciences. Like Sartre and Noam Chomsky, public intellectuals",
"title": "Intellectual"
},
{
"id": "7896036",
"text": "Antoine Gombaud Antoine Gombaud, Chevalier de Méré (1607 – 29 December 1684) was a French writer, born in Poitou. Although he was not a nobleman, he adopted the title \"Chevalier\" (Knight) for the character in his dialogues who represented his own views (Chevalier de Méré because he was educated at Méré ). Later his friends began calling him by that name. Méré was an important Salon theorist. Like many 17th century liberal thinkers, he distrusted both hereditary power and democracy. He believed that questions are best resolved in open discussions among witty, fashionable, intelligent people. Méré's most famous essays are",
"title": "Antoine Gombaud"
},
{
"id": "5863187",
"text": "of the aristocracy. The Rise of the Third Estate was influential in the overthrow of the monarchy in the French Revolution in 1789. French thinking also evolved greatly, thanks to major discoveries in science by Newton, Watt, Volta, Leibniz, Buffon, Lavoisier, and Monge, among others, and their rapid diffusion throughout Europe through newspapers, journals, scientific societies, and theaters. Faith in science and progress was the driving force behind the first French Encyclopedia of Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert. The authority of the Catholic Church was weakened, partly by the conflicts between high and low clergy, partly by the",
"title": "18th-century French literature"
},
{
"id": "425607",
"text": "However, it was not until 1682 that periodicals began to be more widely produced. French and Latin were the dominant languages of publication, but there was also a steady demand for material in German and Dutch. There was generally low demand for English publications on the Continent, which was echoed by England's similar lack of desire for French works. Languages commanding less of an international market—such as Danish, Spanish and Portuguese—found journal success more difficult and more often than not a more international language was used instead. French slowly took over Latin's status as the \"lingua franca\" of learned circles.",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "425540",
"text": "\"not only morally wrong and economically inefficient, but also politically unwise.\" As these notions gained more adherents, Britain was forced to end its participation in the slave trade. The leaders of the Enlightenment were not especially democratic, as they more often look to absolute monarchs as the key to imposing reforms designed by the intellectuals. Voltaire despised democracy and said the absolute monarch must be enlightened and must act as dictated by reason and justice – in other words, be a \"philosopher-king\". In several nations, rulers welcomed leaders of the Enlightenment at court and asked them to help design laws",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "18562842",
"text": "the writing of both men was widely read, usually in clandestine editions, and shaped the ideas that led to the Revolution. In the first half of the 18th century, eminent French writers were invited to become members of the Académie Française, but the Academy in practice served largely to glorify the royal family and to keep writers under gentle control, rather to stimulate innovation in literature. Neither Rousseau nor Voltaire were chosen; only one of the great Philosophes of the enlightenment, Montesquieu, was elected a member. His 1748 book \"The Spirit of the Laws\", proposing a separation of powers between",
"title": "Paris in the 18th century"
},
{
"id": "1625473",
"text": "Jean Sylvain Bailly, who had been guillotined on 12 November 1793 during the Reign of Terror. However, after the second Restoration in 1815, Sieyès was expelled for his role in the execution of King Louis XVI, and was replaced by the Marquis of Lally-Tollendal, who was named to the Academy by a royal decree. In 1780, Sieyès coined the term \"sociologie\" in an unpublished manuscript. The term was used again fifty years later by the philosopher Auguste Comte to refer to the science of society, which is known in English as sociology. Sieyès was always considered intellectual and intelligent by",
"title": "Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès"
},
{
"id": "425592",
"text": "of the \"reading public\", then society could be said to be enlightened. The people who participated in the Republic of Letters, such as Diderot and Voltaire, are frequently known today as important Enlightenment figures. Indeed, the men who wrote Diderot's \"Encyclopédie\" arguably formed a microcosm of the larger \"republic\". Many women played an essential part in the French Enlightenment, due to the role they played as \"salonnières\" in Parisian salons, as the contrast to the male \"philosophes\". The salon was the principal social institution of the republic and \"became the civil working spaces of the project of Enlightenment\". Women, as",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "425624",
"text": "the major exception was the medical university at Montpellier. The history of Academies in France during the Enlightenment begins with the Academy of Science, founded in 1635 in Paris. It was closely tied to the French state, acting as an extension of a government seriously lacking in scientists. It helped promote and organize new disciplines and it trained new scientists. It also contributed to the enhancement of scientists' social status, considering them to be the \"most useful of all citizens\". Academies demonstrate the rising interest in science along with its increasing secularization, as evidenced by the small number of clerics",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "10278097",
"text": "Spanish Enlightenment literature Spanish Enlightenment literature is the literature of Spain written during the Age of Enlightenment. During the 18th century a new spirit was born (it is in essence a continuation of the Renaissance) which swept away the older values of the Baroque and which receives the name of \"Enlightenment\". This movement laid its foundations in a critical spirit, in the predominance of reason and experience, philosophy and science were the most valued sources of knowledge. The period is also known as the \"century of lights\" or the \"century of reason\". In short, human happiness was pursued by means",
"title": "Spanish Enlightenment literature"
},
{
"id": "1753429",
"text": "\"The Intellectual\" (2005), philosopher Steven Fuller said that, because cultural capital confers power and social status, as a status group, they must be autonomous in order to be credible as intellectuals: The political importance and effective consequence of Émile Zola in the Dreyfus affair (1894–1906) derived from his being a leading French thinker; thus, \"J'accuse\" (I Accuse), his open letter to the French government and the nation proved critical to achieving the exoneration of Captain Alfred Dreyfus of the false charges of treason, which were facilitated by institutional anti-Semitism, among other ideological defects of the French Establishment. In journalism, the",
"title": "Intellectual"
},
{
"id": "3917344",
"text": "widely read than were his political \"Treatises\". The Scottish Enlightenment also influenced American thinkers. David Hume's \"Essays\" and his \"History of England\" were widely read in the colonies, and Hume's political thought had a particular influence on James Madison and the Constitution. Another important Scottish writer was Francis Hutcheson. Hutcheson's ideas of ethics, along with notions of civility and politeness developed by the Earl of Shaftesbury, and Addison and Richard Steele in their \"Spectator\", were a major influence on upper-class American colonists who sought to emulate European manners and learning. By far the most important French sources to the American",
"title": "American Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "425518",
"text": "thought: first, the moderate variety, following Descartes, Locke and Christian Wolff, which sought accommodation between reform and the traditional systems of power and faith, and second, the radical enlightenment, inspired by the philosophy of Spinoza, advocating democracy, individual liberty, freedom of expression and eradication of religious authority. The moderate variety tended to be deistic, whereas the radical tendency separated the basis of morality entirely from theology. Both lines of thought were eventually opposed by a conservative Counter-Enlightenment, which sought a return to faith. In the mid-18th century, Paris became the center of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity challenging",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "164824",
"text": "of Independence, the United States Bill of Rights, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, and the Polish–Lithuanian Constitution of 3 May 1791. Taking a long-term historical perspective, Norman Davies has argued that Freemasonry was a powerful force on behalf of Liberalism and Enlightenment ideas in Europe, from about 1700 to the 20th century. It expanded rapidly during the Age of Enlightenment, reaching practically every country in Europe. Prominent members included Montesquieu, Voltaire, Sir Robert Walpole, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Bejamin Franklin, and George Washington. Steven C. Bullock notes that in the",
"title": "History of Europe"
},
{
"id": "12933251",
"text": "Ionian Enlightenment The Ionian Enlightenment was a set of advances in scientific thought, explanations on nature, and discovering the natural and rational causes behind observable phenomena, that took place in archaic Greece beginning in the 6th century BC. This movement began on the Ionian coast of western Anatolia by small numbers of forward-thinking Greeks (see Ionian School and Milesian School) from cities such as Miletus, Samos, and Halicarnassus. They saw the world as something ordered and intelligible, its history following an explicable course and its different parts arranged in a comprehensible system. Most historians agree that Thales, one of the",
"title": "Ionian Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "4866057",
"text": "an assembly dominated by liberal reformers, described a constitutional monarchy. The inquisition would be abolished, though Roman Catholicism was still the state religion and heresy a crime. The constitution – Spain's first – provided for freedom of speech, freedom of association, and universal manhood suffrage. In response to the constitution, France temporarily annexed Catalonia. The British, under the command of Sir Arthur Wellesley, invaded Spain from Portugal in 1810. A Spanish force, pulled together from the remnants of the Spanish army and volunteer fighters, joined him and successfully defeated the French under the personal command of Joseph Bonaparte at the",
"title": "Enlightenment in Spain"
},
{
"id": "1686749",
"text": "Joseph de Maistre Joseph-Marie, Comte de Maistre (; 1 April 1753 – 26 February 1821) was a French-speaking Savoyard philosopher, writer, lawyer, and diplomat, who advocated social hierarchy and monarchy in the period immediately following the French Revolution. Despite his close personal and intellectual ties with France, Maistre was throughout his life a subject of the King of Piedmont-Sardinia, whom he served as member of the Savoy Senate (1787–1792), ambassador to Russia (1803–1817), and minister of state to the court in Turin (1817–1821). A key figure of the \"Counter-Enlightenment\", Maistre regarded monarchy as both a divinely sanctioned institution and as",
"title": "Joseph de Maistre"
},
{
"id": "12933257",
"text": "philosophy is up to debate because he left no writings for which early students of philosophy could rely on. Known as one of the Seven Sages, which was an exclusive club of poets and statesmen, he was the only one who could claim to be a philosopher and scientist. Thales is credited with being a political adviser, philosopher, scientist, mathematician, and engineer. Throughout his life he is alleged to have traveled and studied throughout the Mediterranean in places such as Egypt, Phoenicia, and Babylon which all influenced his philosophy and theories. Thales allegedly founded geometry, although he may have been",
"title": "Ionian Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "425568",
"text": "after 1750, with an expansion of schools and educational institutions and the arts patronage held at the Royal Castle. Leaders promoted tolerance and more education. They included King Stanislaw II Poniatowski and reformers Piotr Switkowski, Antoni Poplawski, Josef Niemcewicz and Jósef Pawlinkowski, as well as Baudouin de Cortenay, a Polonized dramatist. Opponents included Florian Jaroszewicz, Gracjan Piotrowski, Karol Wyrwicz and Wojciech Skarszewski. The movement went into decline with the Third Partition of Poland (1795) – a national tragedy inspiring a short period of sentimental writing – and ended in 1822, replaced by Romanticism. The Enlightenment has always been contested territory.",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "425530",
"text": "\"Saggi Politici\" (Political Essays, 1783), one of the major works of the Enlightenment in Naples; and \"Considerazioni sul processo criminale\" (Considerations on the criminal trial, 1787), which established him as an international authority on criminal law. The Enlightenment has long been hailed as the foundation of modern Western political and intellectual culture. The Enlightenment brought political modernization to the West, in terms of introducing democratic values and institutions and the creation of modern, liberal democracies. This thesis has been widely accepted by Anglophone scholars and has been reinforced by the large-scale studies by Robert Darnton, Roy Porter and most recently",
"title": "Age of Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "5995172",
"text": "rejected what it considered the opulence and tackiness of the Romantic Movement. Realism was in a sense a revival of 18th-century Enlightenment ideas. It favored science and rationality and considered the Church an obstruction to human progress. The movement peaked during the Second Empire with writers and artists such as Flaubert and Courbet. After the establishment of the Third Republic, it had coalesced into a unified system of thought known as Positivism, a term coined by the philosopher Auguste Comte. The two most notable writers of the 1870s-80s, Hippolyte Taine and Ernest Renan rejected the Positivist label, but most of",
"title": "France in the long nineteenth century"
},
{
"id": "469598",
"text": "18th century The 18th century lasted from January 1, 1701 to December 31, 1800 in the Gregorian calendar. During the 18th century, elements of Enlightenment thinking culminated in the American, French, and Haitian revolutions. This was an age of violent slave trading, and global human trafficking. The reactions against monarchical and aristocratic power helped fuel the revolutionary responses against it throughout the century. In continental Europe, philosophers dreamed of a brighter age. For some, this dream turned into a reality with the French Revolution of 1789, though later compromised by the excesses of the Reign of Terror (1793–1794) under Maximilien",
"title": "18th century"
}
] | the intellectuals of the enlightenment were known by the french term |
[
"early 58",
"late 56/early 57",
"Early 55"
] | [
{
"id": "127268",
"text": "is not mentioned in the epistle, but it was obviously written when the collection for Jerusalem had been assembled and Paul was about to \"go unto Jerusalem to minister unto the saints\", that is, at the close of his second visit to Greece, during the winter preceding his last visit to that city. The majority of scholars writing on Romans propose the letter was written in late 55/early 56 or late 56/early 57. Early 55 and early 58 both have some support, while German New Testament scholar Gerd Lüdemann argues for a date as early as 51/52 (or 54/55), following",
"title": "Epistle to the Romans"
},
{
"id": "127264",
"text": "Epistle to the Romans The Epistle to the Romans or Letter to the Romans, often shortened to Romans, is the sixth book in the New Testament. Biblical scholars agree that it was composed by the Apostle Paul to explain that salvation is offered through the gospel of Jesus Christ. It is the longest of the Pauline epistles. In the opinion of Jesuit scholar Joseph Fitzmyer, the book \"overwhelms the reader by the density and sublimity of the topic with which it deals, the gospel of the justification and salvation of Jew and Greek alike by the grace of God through",
"title": "Epistle to the Romans"
},
{
"id": "127266",
"text": "cited as Paul's. Every extant early list of NT books includes it among his letters. The external evidence of authenticity could indeed hardly be stronger; and it is altogether borne out by the internal evidence, linguistic, stylistic, literary, historical and theological. The letter was most probably written while Paul was in Corinth, probably while he was staying in the house of Gaius, and transcribed by Tertius, his amanuensis. There are a number of reasons why Corinth is considered most plausible. Paul was about to travel to Jerusalem on writing the letter, which matches Acts where it is reported that Paul",
"title": "Epistle to the Romans"
},
{
"id": "16576202",
"text": "Letter to the Romans (Ignatius of Antioch) The Letter to the Romans by Ignatius, an early-second-century Bishop of Antioch, was written during his transport from Antioch, Syria, to his execution in Rome. One of seven extant epistles written by Ignatius, \"Romans\" is Ignatius’ most detailed explanation of his views on martyrdom. The exact year in which \"Romans\" was written is disputed; however, common consensus seems to be that Ignatius wrote concurrent with New Testament writings and likely under the rule of Roman Emperor Trajan. Scholars hypothesize that the text was written between “105 and 110 AD”, as well as “prior",
"title": "Letter to the Romans (Ignatius of Antioch)"
},
{
"id": "127265",
"text": "faith in Jesus Christ, revealing the uprightness and love of God the Father.\" N. T. Wright notes that Romans is The scholarly consensus is that Paul wrote the Epistle to the Romans. C. E. B. Cranfield, in the introduction to his commentary on Romans, says: The denial of Paul's authorship of Romans by such critics ... is now rightly relegated to a place among the curiosities of NT scholarship. Today no responsible criticism disputes its Pauline origin. The evidence of its use in the Apostolic Fathers is clear, and before the end of the second century it is listed and",
"title": "Epistle to the Romans"
},
{
"id": "18375363",
"text": "Romans 1 Romans 1 is the first chapter of the Epistle to the Romans in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, but written by an amanuensis, Tertius, while Paul was in Corinth, in winter of AD 57-58. records that Paul stayed in Greece, probably Corinth, for three months. Paul wrote to the Roman Christians in order to give them a substantial resume of his theology. The New King James Version organises this chapter as follows: The letter is addressed \"to all in Rome who are loved by God and called to be",
"title": "Romans 1"
},
{
"id": "127298",
"text": "95 Theses of 1517. In 1738, while hearing Luther's Preface to the Epistle to the Romans read at St. Botolph Church on Aldersgate Street in London, John Wesley famously felt his heart \"strangely warmed\", a conversion experience which is often seen as the beginning of Methodism. In 1919 Karl Barth's commentary on Romans, \"The Epistle to the Romans\", was the publication which is widely seen as the beginning of neo-orthodoxy. \"Translations\" \"Other\" Epistle to the Romans The Epistle to the Romans or Letter to the Romans, often shortened to Romans, is the sixth book in the New Testament. Biblical scholars",
"title": "Epistle to the Romans"
},
{
"id": "127269",
"text": "on from Knox, who proposed 53/54. Lüdemann is the only serious challenge to the consensus of mid to late 50s. Some manuscripts have a subscription at the end of the Epistle: For ten years before writing the letter (approx. 47–57), Paul had traveled around the territories bordering the Aegean Sea evangelizing. Churches had been planted in the Roman provinces of Galatia, Macedonia, Achaia and Asia. Paul, considering his task complete, wanted to preach the gospel in Spain, where he would not \"build upon another man’s foundation\". This allowed him to visit Rome on the way, a long-time ambition of his.",
"title": "Epistle to the Romans"
},
{
"id": "18408524",
"text": "Romans 11 Romans 11 is the eleventh chapter of the Epistle to the Romans in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, but written by an amanuensis, Tertius, while Paul was in Corinth, in winter of AD 57-58. Paul wrote to the Roman Christians in order to give them a substantial resume of his theology. Chapter 11 concludes the section of the letter in which \"St. Paul teaches us about the eternal providence of God\" with particular reference to the election of a chosen people, Israel (), who have become disobedient () and",
"title": "Romans 11"
},
{
"id": "127055",
"text": "The letter may have been written by Paul at Rome during his first imprisonment. Other scholars have suggested that it was written from Caesarea or Ephesus. If the letter is not considered to be an authentic part of the Pauline corpus, then it might be dated during the late 1st century, possibly as late as AD 80. The letter's authors claim to be Paul and Timothy, but authorship began to be authoritatively questioned during the 19th century. Pauline authorship was held to by many of the early church's prominent theologians, such as Irenaeus, Clement of Alexandria, Tertullian, Origen of Alexandria",
"title": "Epistle to the Colossians"
},
{
"id": "124478",
"text": "addressed to the practically minded-individual have been drawn from this section of the New Testament. According to tradition, the Apostle Paul wrote the letter while he was in prison in Rome (around AD 62). This would be about the same time as the Epistle to the Colossians (which in many points it resembles) and the Epistle to Philemon. However, many critical scholars have questioned the authorship of the letter and suggest that it may have been written between AD 80 and 100. The first verse in the letter identifies Paul as its author. While early lists of New Testament books,",
"title": "Epistle to the Ephesians"
},
{
"id": "18408526",
"text": "James Version Citing: ; New King James Version Romans 11 Romans 11 is the eleventh chapter of the Epistle to the Romans in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, but written by an amanuensis, Tertius, while Paul was in Corinth, in winter of AD 57-58. Paul wrote to the Roman Christians in order to give them a substantial resume of his theology. Chapter 11 concludes the section of the letter in which \"St. Paul teaches us about the eternal providence of God\" with particular reference to the election of a chosen people,",
"title": "Romans 11"
},
{
"id": "14527887",
"text": "Romans 13 Romans 13 is the thirteenth chapter of the Epistle to the Romans in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, but written by an amanuensis, Tertius of Iconium, while Paul was in Corinth, in winter of AD 57-58. Paul wrote to the Roman Christians because he was \"eager to preach the gospel\" to them, so as to remind them on \"certain subjects\". Although he had been hindered from coming to them many times, he longed to encourage the Roman church by reminding them of the gospel, because of his calling to",
"title": "Romans 13"
},
{
"id": "16576203",
"text": "to 117 CE”, and “between the first year of Vespasian and the 10th year of Trajan” Although we do not know which specific year Ignatius wrote this letter, he does provide the month and day: August 23. Following his arrest in Syria, Ignatius traveled through many cities on his way to Rome for execution. \"Romans\" was written prior to his arrival in Rome, while he was in Smyrna. Our evidence for the Ignatius’ journey to Rome primarily comes from the fourth-century church historian Eusebius of Caesarea. \"Romans\" is part of a series of seven epistles that Ignatius wrote, each addressed",
"title": "Letter to the Romans (Ignatius of Antioch)"
},
{
"id": "10044877",
"text": "leading to Barth's disillusionment and attempts to restructure Protestant theology. The first edition of the commentary was published in December 1918 (but with a publication date of 1919). It was the first edition of the work, which has not been translated into English, which earned Barth his invitation to teach at the University of Göttingen and which Karl Adam said fell \"like a bombshell on the theologians' playground.\" In October 1920 Barth decided that he needed to revise the first edition and worked for the next eleven months on rewriting the commentary, finishing around September 1921. The second edition was",
"title": "The Epistle to the Romans (Barth)"
},
{
"id": "14527894",
"text": "domination in the name of law and order.\" Romans 13 Romans 13 is the thirteenth chapter of the Epistle to the Romans in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, but written by an amanuensis, Tertius of Iconium, while Paul was in Corinth, in winter of AD 57-58. Paul wrote to the Roman Christians because he was \"eager to preach the gospel\" to them, so as to remind them on \"certain subjects\". Although he had been hindered from coming to them many times, he longed to encourage the Roman church by reminding them",
"title": "Romans 13"
},
{
"id": "14527928",
"text": "Romans 9 Romans 9 is the ninth chapter of the Epistle to the Romans in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, but written by an amanuensis, Tertius of Iconium, while Paul was in Corinth, in winter of AD 57-58. Paul wrote to the Roman Christians in order to give them a substantial resume of his theology. The reformer Martin Luther stated that \"in chapters 9, 10 and 11, St. Paul teaches us about the eternal providence of God. It is the original source which determines who would believe and who wouldn't, who",
"title": "Romans 9"
},
{
"id": "18380826",
"text": "Romans 2 Romans 2 is the second chapter of the Epistle to the Romans in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, but written by an amanuensis, Tertius, while Paul was in Corinth, in winter of AD 57-58. Paul wrote to the Roman Christians in order to give them a substantial resume of his theology. Although \"the main theme of the Epistle [is] the doctrine of justification by faith\", in verse 6 Paul \"lays down with unmistakable definiteness and precision the doctrine that works, what a man has done, the moral tenor of",
"title": "Romans 2"
},
{
"id": "18402803",
"text": "be heard and obeyed, but also that it was indeed made known to the people of Israel, who have refused to believe, and their disobedience and stubbornness was itself foretold in prophecy (). Romans 10 Romans 10 is the tenth chapter of the Epistle to the Romans in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, but written by an amanuensis, Tertius of Iconium, while Paul was in Corinth, in winter of AD 57-58. Paul wrote to the Roman Christians in order to give them a substantial resume of his theology. Paul continues his",
"title": "Romans 10"
},
{
"id": "18393996",
"text": "Romans 4 Romans 4 is the fourth chapter of the Epistle to the Romans in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, but written by an amanuensis, Tertius of Iconium, while Paul was in Corinth, in winter of AD 57-58. Paul wrote to the Roman Christians in order to give them a substantial resume of his theology. The focus of this chapter is on Abraham, whose faith \"was accounted (or imputed) to him for righteousness\". The Geneva Bible's chapter summary states that \"ten times in the chapter [Paul] beateth upon this word, \"Imputation\".",
"title": "Romans 4"
},
{
"id": "127279",
"text": "for her to keep the law in the sight of God. This essay-letter composed by Paul was written to a specific audience at a specific time; to understand it, the situations of both Paul and the recipients must be understood. The introduction provides some general notes about Paul. He introduces here and introductory notes about the gospel he wishes to preach to the church at Rome. Jesus' human line stems from David. Paul, however, does not limit his ministry to Jews. Paul's goal is that the Gentiles would also hear the gospel. He commends the Romans for their faith. Paul",
"title": "Epistle to the Romans"
},
{
"id": "124476",
"text": "Epistle to the Ephesians The Epistle to the Ephesians, also called the Letter to the Ephesians and often shortened to Ephesians, is the tenth book of the New Testament. Its authorship has traditionally been attributed to Paul the Apostle but, starting in 1792, this has been challenged as Deutero-Pauline, that is, written in Paul's name by a later author strongly influenced by Paul's thought, probably \"by a loyal disciple to sum up Paul’s teaching and to apply it to a new situation fifteen to twenty-five years after the Apostle’s death. The main theme of Ephesians is \"the Church, which is",
"title": "Epistle to the Ephesians"
},
{
"id": "124484",
"text": "In the Epistle to the Romans, the author writes from the point of view of the demonstration of the righteousness of God—his covenant faithfulness and saving justice—in the gospel; the author of Ephesians writes from the perspective of union with Christ, who is the head of the true church. Ephesians contains: Paul's first and hurried visit for the space of three months to Ephesus is recorded in . The work he began on this occasion was carried forward by Apollos and Aquila and Priscilla. On his second visit early in the following year, he remained at Ephesus \"three years\", for",
"title": "Epistle to the Ephesians"
},
{
"id": "18408597",
"text": "Romans 14 Romans 14 is the fourteenth chapter of the Epistle to the Romans in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, but written by an amanuensis, Tertius of Iconium, while Paul was in Corinth, in winter of AD 57-58. Paul wrote to the Roman Christians in order to give them a substantial resume of his theology. Protestant Reformer Martin Luther summarised this chapter as Paul's teaching that \"one should carefully guide those with weak conscience and spare them; one shouldn't use Christian freedom to harm, but rather to help, the weak\". Lutheran",
"title": "Romans 14"
},
{
"id": "1529141",
"text": "was commonly copied as a writing exercise by Egyptian schoolchildren on ceramic ostraca (over eighty examples of which have been found so far by archaeologists). Epistle letters were also written to the dead, and, by the Ramesside Period, to the gods; the latter became even more widespread during the eras of Persian and Greek domination. Epistles in prose and verse were a major genre of literature among the Greeks and particularly the Romans. The letters of Cicero are one of the most important sources on the history of the late Roman Republic and preserve features of colloquial Latin not always",
"title": "Epistle"
},
{
"id": "13752916",
"text": "Authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews The Epistle to the Hebrews of the Christian Bible is one of the New Testament books whose canonicity was disputed. Traditionally, Paul the Apostle was thought to be the author. However, since the third century this has been questioned, and the consensus among most modern scholars is that the author is unknown. The Epistle to the Hebrews was included in the collected writings of Paul from a very early date. For example, the late second-century or early third-century codex formula_1, a volume of Paul's general epistles, includes Hebrews immediately after Romans. While the",
"title": "Authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews"
},
{
"id": "18408660",
"text": "Romans 15 Romans 15 is the fifteenth chapter of the Epistle to the Romans in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, but written by an amanuensis, Tertius, while Paul was in Corinth, in winter of AD 57-58. Paul wrote to the Roman Christians in order to give them a substantial resume of his theology. According to Lutheran theologian Harold Buls, this chapter continues the theme of the weak and strong which Paul had addressed in chapter 14, but the application is now wider than to adiaphora (things neither commanded nor forbidden). \"The",
"title": "Romans 15"
},
{
"id": "18210685",
"text": "Romans 7 Romans 7 is the seventh chapter of the Epistle to the Romans in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, but written by an amanuensis, Tertius, while Paul was in Corinth, in winter of AD 57-58. Paul wrote to the Roman Christians in order to give them a substantial resume of his theology. The New King James Version organises this chapter as follows: The New International Version divides this chapter into two sections: Writing to \"those who know the [Jewish] Law, Paul says that the Law has authority over a man",
"title": "Romans 7"
},
{
"id": "10044876",
"text": "The Epistle to the Romans (Barth) The Epistle to the Romans () is a commentary by Swiss theologian Karl Barth on the New Testament Epistle to the Romans. Disillusioned with both German Protestant Liberalism and Religious Socialism after the outbreak of the World War I in 1914, Barth decided in the summer of 1916 to write a commentary on Paul's Epistle to the Romans as a way of rethinking his theological inheritance. Barth was a pastor in Safenwil at the time. Protestant Liberal theology had played a significant role in the rise of German nationalism prior to World War I,",
"title": "The Epistle to the Romans (Barth)"
},
{
"id": "18380828",
"text": "teaching of Moses that: drawing on Moses' words in : Romans 2 Romans 2 is the second chapter of the Epistle to the Romans in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, but written by an amanuensis, Tertius, while Paul was in Corinth, in winter of AD 57-58. Paul wrote to the Roman Christians in order to give them a substantial resume of his theology. Although \"the main theme of the Epistle [is] the doctrine of justification by faith\", in verse 6 Paul \"lays down with unmistakable definiteness and precision the doctrine that",
"title": "Romans 2"
},
{
"id": "14527930",
"text": "son, my son Absalom – if only I had died in your place! O Absalom my son, my son!”. New King James Version New King James Version Citing Citing Citing ; Romans 9 Romans 9 is the ninth chapter of the Epistle to the Romans in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, but written by an amanuensis, Tertius of Iconium, while Paul was in Corinth, in winter of AD 57-58. Paul wrote to the Roman Christians in order to give them a substantial resume of his theology. The reformer Martin Luther stated",
"title": "Romans 9"
},
{
"id": "124782",
"text": "Epistle to the Hebrews The Epistle to the Hebrews, or Letter to the Hebrews, or in the Greek manuscripts, simply To the Hebrews ( Πρὸς Ἑβραίους) is one of the books of the New Testament. The text is traditionally attributed to Paul the Apostle, but doubt on Pauline authorship is reported by Eusebius, and modern biblical scholarship considers its authorship unknown, perhaps written in deliberate imitation of the style of Paul. Although the writer's style reflects some characteristics of Paul's writing, there are some differences. Scholars of Greek consider its writing to be more polished and eloquent than any other",
"title": "Epistle to the Hebrews"
},
{
"id": "127275",
"text": "intended for publicity—they aim at interesting \"the public.\" Joseph Fitzmyer argues, from evidence put forth by Stirewalt, that the style of Romans is an \"essay-letter.\"</ref> Philip Melanchthon, a writer during the Reformation, suggested that Romans was \"caput et summa universae doctrinae christianae\" (\"a summary of all Christian doctrine\"). While some scholars suggest, like Melanchthon, that it is a type of theological treatise, this view largely ignores chapters 14 and 15 of Romans. There are also many \"noteworthy elements\" missing from Romans that are included in other areas of the Pauline corpus. The breakdown of Romans as a treatise began with",
"title": "Epistle to the Romans"
},
{
"id": "124482",
"text": "more than two years in Ephesus. For these reasons, most regard Ephesians to be a circular letter intended for many churches. The Jerusalem Bible notes that some critics think the words \"who are ...\" would have been followed by a blank to be filled in with the name of \"whichever church was being sent the letter\". If Paul was the author of the letter, then it was probably written from Rome during Paul's first imprisonment (; ; ), and probably soon after his arrival there in the year 62, four years after he had parted with the Ephesian elders at",
"title": "Epistle to the Ephesians"
},
{
"id": "127277",
"text": "review the current scholarly viewpoints on the purpose of Romans, along with a bibliography, see \"Dictionary of Paul and His Letters\". For a 16th-century \"Lollard\" reformer view, see the work of William Tyndale. In his prologue to his translation of the book of Romans, which was largely taken from the prologue of German Reformer Martin Luther, Tyndale writes that: ... this epistle is the principal and most excellent part of the new testament, and most pure evangelion, that is to say glad tidings and what we call the gospel, and also a light and a way in unto the whole",
"title": "Epistle to the Romans"
},
{
"id": "12702748",
"text": "Uncial 0219 Uncial 0219 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated paleographically to the 4th century (or 5th). The codex contains a small parts of the Epistle to the Romans (2:21-23; 3:8-9,23-25,27-30), on 2 parchment leaves (20 cm by 14 cm). It is written in two columns per page, 26 lines per page. The Greek text of this codex is mixed. Aland placed it in Category III. Currently it is dated by the INTF to the 4th or 5th century. It was found in Fayum. The manuscript was added to the list of",
"title": "Uncial 0219"
},
{
"id": "18402801",
"text": "Romans 10 Romans 10 is the tenth chapter of the Epistle to the Romans in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, but written by an amanuensis, Tertius of Iconium, while Paul was in Corinth, in winter of AD 57-58. Paul wrote to the Roman Christians in order to give them a substantial resume of his theology. Paul continues his discussion of Israel’s rejection of God’s purpose which he had commenced in chapter 9: despite his \"anguish over Israel\" it remains his \"heart’s desire and prayer to God for the Israelites that they",
"title": "Romans 10"
},
{
"id": "302106",
"text": "an explicit apostolic pedigree. In the 4th century, Jerome and Augustine of Hippo supported Paul's authorship. The Church largely agreed to include Hebrews as the fourteenth letter of Paul, and affirmed this authorship until the Reformation. The letter to the Hebrews had difficulty in being accepted as part of the Christian canon because of its anonymity. As early as the 3rd century, Origen wrote of the letter, \"Men of old have handed it down as Paul's, but who wrote the Epistle God only knows.\" Contemporary scholars often reject Pauline authorship for the epistle to the Hebrews, based on its distinctive",
"title": "New Testament"
},
{
"id": "127042",
"text": "Epistle to the Philippians The Epistle of Paul to the Philippians, often referred to simply as Philippians, is the eleventh book in the New Testament. Paul and Silas first visited Philippi in Greece during Paul's second missionary journey, which occurred between approximately 49 and 51 AD. Philippi was the location of the first Christian community established in Europe. Biblical scholars are in general agreement that the letter was indeed written by Paul of Tarsus. Although some consider that the letter was written from Ephesus in 52–55 AD or Caesarea Maritima in 57–59, the most likely city of provenance was Rome,",
"title": "Epistle to the Philippians"
},
{
"id": "124788",
"text": "his. Who wrote the epistle is known to God alone: the accounts that have reached us suggest that it was either Clement, who became Bishop of Rome, or Luke, who wrote the gospel and the Acts.\" Further, \"Men of old have handed it down as Paul's, but who wrote the Epistle God only knows\". In the 4th century, Jerome and Augustine of Hippo supported Paul's authorship: the Church largely agreed to include Hebrews as the fourteenth letter of Paul, and affirmed this authorship until the Reformation. Scholars argued that in the 13th chapter of Hebrews, Timothy is referred to as",
"title": "Epistle to the Hebrews"
},
{
"id": "10044878",
"text": "published in 1922 and translated into English in 1933. This work, like many of his others, emphasizes the saving grace of God and humanity's inability to know God outside of God's revelation in Christ. Specifically, the God who is revealed in the cross of Jesus challenges and overthrows any attempt to ally God with human cultures, achievements, or possessions. While famous for its use of dialectic, some scholars have argued that Barth makes extensive use of analogy in the work as well. The Epistle to the Romans (Barth) The Epistle to the Romans () is a commentary by Swiss theologian",
"title": "The Epistle to the Romans (Barth)"
},
{
"id": "127276",
"text": "F.C. Baur in 1836 when he suggested \"this letter had to be interpreted according to the historical circumstances in which Paul wrote it.\" Paul sometimes uses a style of writing common in his time called a \"diatribe\". He appears to be responding to a \"heckler\" (probably an imaginary one based on Paul's encounters with real objections in his previous preaching), and the letter is structured as a series of arguments. In the flow of the letter, Paul shifts his arguments, sometimes addressing the Jewish members of the church, sometimes the Gentile membership and sometimes the church as a whole. To",
"title": "Epistle to the Romans"
},
{
"id": "18388278",
"text": "Romans 3 Romans 3 is the third chapter of the Epistle to the Romans in the New Testament. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, but written by an amanuensis, Tertius, while Paul was in Corinth, in winter of AD 57-58. Paul wrote to the Roman Christians in order to give them a substantial resume of his theology. In this chapter, Paul asks a series of rhetorical questions in order to develop his theological message, and quotes extensively from the Hebrew Bible. Theologian Albert Barnes suggests that \"the design of the first part of this chapter is to answer some",
"title": "Romans 3"
},
{
"id": "18393998",
"text": "argued that Paul \"made an unwarrantable use of the passage for his purpose\". Romans 4 Romans 4 is the fourth chapter of the Epistle to the Romans in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, but written by an amanuensis, Tertius of Iconium, while Paul was in Corinth, in winter of AD 57-58. Paul wrote to the Roman Christians in order to give them a substantial resume of his theology. The focus of this chapter is on Abraham, whose faith \"was accounted (or imputed) to him for righteousness\". The Geneva Bible's chapter summary",
"title": "Romans 4"
},
{
"id": "127053",
"text": "Epistle to the Colossians The Epistle of Paul to the Colossians, usually referred to simply as Colossians, is the twelfth book of the New Testament. It was written, according to the text, by Paul the Apostle and Timothy to the Church in Colossae, a small Phrygian city near Laodicea and approximately from Ephesus in Asia Minor. Scholars have increasingly questioned Paul's authorship and attributed the letter to an early follower instead. The authenticity of the letter, however, has been defended with equal strength. If Paul was the author, he probably used an amanuensis, or secretary, in writing the letter (Col",
"title": "Epistle to the Colossians"
},
{
"id": "302129",
"text": "hypotheses put forth in the last hundred years or so. Ben Witherington points out that linguistic evidence makes it unlikely that the books were written by the same person. The earliest works that became part of the New Testament are the letters of the Apostle Paul. The earliest of the books of the New Testament was First Thessalonians, an epistle of Paul, written probably in 51, or possibly Galatians in 49 according to one of two theories of its writing. In the 1830s German scholars of the Tübingen school tried to date the books as late as the 3rd century,",
"title": "New Testament"
},
{
"id": "18210687",
"text": "Paul asks a rhetorical question in verse 7: New King James Version Romans 7 Romans 7 is the seventh chapter of the Epistle to the Romans in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, but written by an amanuensis, Tertius, while Paul was in Corinth, in winter of AD 57-58. Paul wrote to the Roman Christians in order to give them a substantial resume of his theology. The New King James Version organises this chapter as follows: The New International Version divides this chapter into two sections: Writing to \"those who know the",
"title": "Romans 7"
},
{
"id": "18408553",
"text": "Romans 12 Romans 12 is the twelfth chapter of the Epistle to the Romans in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, but written by an amanuensis, Tertius of Iconium, while Paul was in Corinth, in winter of AD 57-58. Paul wrote to the Roman Christians in order to give them a substantial resume of his theology. The New King James Version organises this chapter as follows: New King James Version The first letter of Peter uses a similar expressions: Paul speaks of \"reasonable service (worship)\", (, \"tēn logikēn latreian\") in contrast to",
"title": "Romans 12"
},
{
"id": "18395815",
"text": "Romans 5 Romans 5 is the fifth chapter of the Epistle to the Romans in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, but written by an amanuensis, Tertius of Iconium, while Paul was in Corinth, in winter of AD 57-58. Paul wrote to the Roman Christians in order to give them a substantial resume of his theology. The New King James Version organises this chapter as follows: opens a new section in Paul's letter. Scottish Free Church minister William Robertson Nicoll imagines \"that a pause comes ... in [Paul's dictation of] his work;",
"title": "Romans 5"
},
{
"id": "18408665",
"text": "that \"a fair paraphrase would thus be \"I have carried the Gospel everywhere\"\". Romans 15 Romans 15 is the fifteenth chapter of the Epistle to the Romans in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, but written by an amanuensis, Tertius, while Paul was in Corinth, in winter of AD 57-58. Paul wrote to the Roman Christians in order to give them a substantial resume of his theology. According to Lutheran theologian Harold Buls, this chapter continues the theme of the weak and strong which Paul had addressed in chapter 14, but the",
"title": "Romans 15"
},
{
"id": "127270",
"text": "The letter to the Romans, in part, prepares them and gives reasons for his visit. In addition to Paul’s geographic location, his religious views are important. First, Paul was a Hellenistic Jew with a Pharisaic background (see Gamaliel), integral to his identity: see Paul the Apostle and Judaism for details. His concern for his people is one part of the dialogue and runs throughout the letter. Second, the other side of the dialogue is Paul’s conversion and calling to follow Christ in the early 30s. The most probable ancient account of the beginning of Christianity in Rome is given by",
"title": "Epistle to the Romans"
},
{
"id": "18408683",
"text": "Romans 16 Romans 16 is the sixteenth (and the last) chapter of the Epistle to the Romans in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle while he was in Corinth during the winter of AD 57-58, but written by an amanuensis, Tertius, who adds his own greeting in verse 22. Paul wrote to the Roman Christians in order to give them a substantial resume of his theology. The New King James Version organises this chapter as follows: Phoebe is described as a servant of the church in the New King James Version, as",
"title": "Romans 16"
},
{
"id": "15870362",
"text": "brought together in one volume in 1984. G.W. Rutherford first translated the Book of Romans, in 1900. The title was\" St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans. A New Translation with a brief analysis by W. G Rutherford.\" So that was his first Bible epistle, translated. He worked on and finished four others. But Rutherford then died in 1907. His finished translation manuscript was left on his desk, some of it written in pencil, but clear and intact, and ready for press. Then in 1908, one year after his death, Rutherford's translation, of Thessalonians and Corinthians, was published. This was entitled",
"title": "Five Pauline Epistles, A New Translation"
},
{
"id": "11647794",
"text": "in the late winter, and there wrote his Epistle to the Romans. Based on clues within the Corinthian epistles themselves, some scholars have concluded that Paul wrote possibly as many as four epistles to the church at Corinth. Only two are contained within the Christian canon (First and Second Epistles to the Corinthians); the other two letters are lost. (The lost letters would probably represent the very first letter that Paul wrote to the Corinthians and the third one, and so the First and Second Letters of the canon would be the second and the fourth if four were written.)",
"title": "Ancient Corinth"
},
{
"id": "9575511",
"text": "Europe has a rich Christian culture, especially as numerous saints, martyrs and popes were European themselves. All of the Roman Catholic popes from 741 to 2013 were from Europe. Europe brought together many of the Christian holy sites and heritage and religious centers. Historians believe that St. Paul wrote his first epistle to the Christians of Thessaloniki (Thessalonians) around AD 52. His Epistle to the Galatians was perhaps written even earlier, between AD 48 and 50. Other epistles written by Paul were directed to Christians living in Greece (1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, Philemon, Philippians, 2 Thessalonians) and Rome (Romans) between",
"title": "Christianity in Europe"
},
{
"id": "12696956",
"text": "Papyrus 118 Papyrus 118 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by formula_1, is a copy a small part of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Epistle to the Romans. The surviving text of Romans are verses 15:26-27,32-33; 16:1,4-7,11-12. They are in a fragmentary condition. The manuscript paleographically had been assigned by the INTF to the 3rd century. The Greek text of this codex is too small to determine its textual character. The codex is currently housed at the Institut für Altertumskunde of the University of Cologne at Cologne, with the shelf number (Inv. No. 10311).",
"title": "Papyrus 118"
},
{
"id": "12696955",
"text": "Papyrus 118 Papyrus 118 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by formula_1, is a copy a small part of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Epistle to the Romans. The surviving text of Romans are verses 15:26-27,32-33; 16:1,4-7,11-12. They are in a fragmentary condition. The manuscript paleographically had been assigned by the INTF to the 3rd century. The Greek text of this codex is too small to determine its textual character. The codex is currently housed at the Institut für Altertumskunde of the University of Cologne at Cologne, with the shelf number (Inv. No. 10311).",
"title": "Papyrus 118"
},
{
"id": "4281774",
"text": "among others. Ephesians may be an amended version of the letter to the Laodiceans in the Marcion canon (130) and the Muratorian fragment (before 180). The authenticity of this letter was first disputed by the Dutch Renaissance scholar Desiderius Erasmus, and in more recent times has drawn detailed criticism. The letter is made up of 50 sentences, 9 with over 50 words. The closest, Romans, has 3 out of 581 sentences of such length. E. J. Goodspeed, and C. L. Mitton argued the style was unlike Paul's other works. Many words in the letter are not in the \"undisputed\" epistles.",
"title": "Authorship of the Pauline epistles"
},
{
"id": "127267",
"text": "stayed for three months in Greece. This probably implies Corinth as it was the location of Paul’s greatest missionary success in Greece. Additionally, Phoebe was a deacon of the church in Cenchreae, a port to the east of Corinth, and would have been able to convey the letter to Rome after passing through Corinth and taking a ship from Corinth’s west port. Erastus, mentioned in , also lived in Corinth, being the city's commissioner for public works and city treasurer at various times, again indicating that the letter was written in Corinth. The precise time at which it was written",
"title": "Epistle to the Romans"
},
{
"id": "18395825",
"text": "Romans 6 Romans 6 is the sixth chapter of the Epistle to the Romans in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, but written by an amanuensis, Tertius of Iconium, while Paul was in Corinth, in winter of AD 57-58. Paul wrote to the Roman Christians in order to give them a substantial resume of his theology. In chapter 6, it is shown that the Christian, in baptism, dies to sin. The New King James Version organises this chapter as follows: From the beginning of this chapter, Paul addresses the 'plausible objection' that",
"title": "Romans 6"
},
{
"id": "12703102",
"text": "Uncial 0221 Uncial 0221 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated palaeographically to the 4th century. The codex contains a small part of the Epistle to the Romans (5:16-17,19,21-6:3) on 2 parchment leaves (18 cm by 16 cm). The text is written in two columns per page, 20 lines per page. The Greek text of this codex is mixed. Aland placed it in Category III. Currently it is dated by the INTF to the 4th century. The manuscript was added to the list of the New Testament manuscripts by Kurt Aland in 1953.",
"title": "Uncial 0221"
},
{
"id": "127271",
"text": "a 4th-century writer known as Ambrosiaster: From Adam Clarke: At this time, the Jews made up a substantial number in Rome, and their synagogues, frequented by many, enabled the Gentiles to become acquainted with the story of Jesus of Nazareth. Consequently, churches composed of both Jews and Gentiles were formed at Rome. According to Irenaeus, a 2nd-century Church Father, the church at Rome was founded directly by the apostles Peter and Paul. However, many modern scholars disagree with Irenaeus, holding that while little is known of the circumstances of the church's founding, it was not founded by Paul: Note the",
"title": "Epistle to the Romans"
},
{
"id": "127084",
"text": "were written by Paul and believe that they were written after his death. Critics claim the vocabulary and style of the Pauline letters could not have been written by Paul according to available biographical information and reflect the views of the emerging Church rather than the apostle's. These scholars date the epistle from the 80s AD up to the end of the 2nd century. The Church of England's Common Worship Lectionary Scripture Commentary concurs with this view: \"the proportioning of the theological and practical themes is one factor that leads us to think of these writings as coming from the",
"title": "Epistle to Titus"
},
{
"id": "127295",
"text": "those who follow the law and then goes on to say that \"no one\" follows the law perfectly (see also Sermon on the Mount: Interpretation) Romans : Martin Luther described Paul's letter to the Romans as \"the most important piece in the New Testament. It is purest Gospel. It is well worth a Christian's while not only to memorize it word for word but also to occupy himself with it daily, as though it were the daily bread of the soul\". Luther controversially added the word \"alone\" (\"allein\" in German) to Romans so that it read: \"thus, we hold, then,",
"title": "Epistle to the Romans"
},
{
"id": "12686369",
"text": "Uncial 0172 Uncial 0172 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated palaeographically to the 5th century. The codex contains a small parts of the Epistle to the Romans 1:27-30,32-2:2, on one parchment leaf (14 cm by 11 cm). The text is written in one column per page, 19 lines per page, in uncial letters. The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. Aland placed it in Category II. Currently it is dated by the INTF to the 5th century. Facsimile of this fragment was published by M. Naldini",
"title": "Uncial 0172"
},
{
"id": "127297",
"text": "set of scriptures from Romans that Christian evangelists use to present a clear and simple case for personal salvation to each person, as all the verses are contained in one single book, making it easier for evangelism without going back and forth through the entire New Testament. The core verses used by nearly all groups using \"Romans Road\" are: Romans , , , , and . Romans has been at the forefront of several major movements in Protestantism. Martin Luther's lectures on Romans in 1515–1516 probably coincided with the development of his criticism of Roman Catholicism which led to the",
"title": "Epistle to the Romans"
},
{
"id": "12853396",
"text": "Uncial 0311 Uncial 0311 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 8th or the 9th-century. The codex contains a small texts of the Epistle to the Romans 8:1-13, on 8 fragments of the one parchment leaf. The original size of the leaf was 25 cm by 22 cm. It is written in two columns per page, 23 lines per page (survived only 6 lines), in large and leaned uncial letters. Currently it is dated by the INTF to the 8th or 9th-century. It is currently housed at",
"title": "Uncial 0311"
},
{
"id": "13789914",
"text": "Pharisaic Jew who experienced a conversion to faith in Jesus, dictated letters to various churches and individuals from \"c\". 48–68. Though there are debates on Paul's authorship for some of these epistles, almost all scholars agree that Paul wrote the central corpus of these letters (such as the Epistle to the Romans and 1 Corinthians). Jerome Murphy-O'Connor believes that the historical Jesus is fundamental to the teachings of Paul, who rejected the separation of the Jesus of faith from the Jesus of history. While not personally an eyewitness of Jesus' ministry, Paul states that he was acquainted with people who",
"title": "Historical reliability of the Gospels"
},
{
"id": "3458796",
"text": "not acquainted with her, Paul provides them with her credentials. Paul's letter to the Romans was written in Corinth sometime between the years 56 and 58, in order to solicit support for an anticipated missionary journey to Spain. Although he had not yet visited Rome, Paul would have been familiar with the community and its circumstances through Priscilla and Aquila, who were in Corinth, having previously lived in Rome. Biblical scholars are divided as to whether Chapter 16, Paul's letter of recommendation for Phoebe, was intended for Rome, with whose Christian community he was not acquainted, or with the more",
"title": "Phoebe (biblical figure)"
},
{
"id": "127079",
"text": "Epistle to Titus The Epistle of Paul to Titus, usually referred to simply as Titus, is one of the three Pastoral Epistles (along with 1 Timothy and 2 Timothy) in the New Testament, historically attributed to Paul the Apostle It is addressed to Saint Titus and describes the requirements and duties of elders and bishops. Not mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles, Saint Titus was noted in Galatians (cf. Gal. 2:1, 3) where Paul wrote of journeying to Jerusalem with Barnabas, accompanied by Titus. He was then dispatched to Corinth, Greece, where he successfully reconciled the Christian community there",
"title": "Epistle to Titus"
},
{
"id": "12608533",
"text": "Papyrus 40 Papyrus 40 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by formula_1, is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. The manuscript paleographically has been assigned to the 3rd century. It is carelessly written. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Epistle to the Romans, it contains Romans 1:24-27; 1:31-2:3; 3:21-4:8; 6:4-5.16; 9:16-17.27. The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type, rather proto-Alexandrian, Aland named it as \"Free text\", and placed it in Category I because of its date. This manuscript is closer to Codex Sinaiticus than to Codex Alexandrinus and Vaticanus. It is",
"title": "Papyrus 40"
},
{
"id": "12613622",
"text": "Papyrus 31 Papyrus 31 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by formula_1, is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Epistle to the Romans, it contains only Romans 12:3-8. The manuscript paleographically has been assigned to the 7th century. The reverse side is blank. It is possible that it was used as an talisman. Hunt suggested it was a lectionary. Written in medium-sized sloping uncial letters. It seems to have been copied for reading in church. The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. Aland placed it",
"title": "Papyrus 31"
},
{
"id": "10492904",
"text": "disturbances in the city between the Jews and the followers of \"Christus\". Claudius died in 54 AD. There were early Christians in Rome within a dozen or so years after the death of Jesus, though they were not the converts of Paul. He had not yet visited them at the time he wrote his Epistle to the Romans in 57-58 AD. Paul wrote to a community of both Jews and Gentiles. In July of 64 AD, Rome was devastated by fire. Largely made up of wooden tenements, fire was a frequent occurrence in the city. Rumor blamed the tragedy on",
"title": "First Martyrs of the Church of Rome"
},
{
"id": "15870361",
"text": "Five Pauline Epistles, A New Translation The Five Pauline Epistles, A New Translation is a partial Bible translation produced by Scottish scholar William Gunion Rutherford, of five books of the New Testament. The Bible books that were translated into English by Rutherford are a number of Pauline Epistles or \"didactic letters\", believed to be written by the Jewish Christian Apostle Paul. The work was a translation of the Bible books of Romans, first and second Thessalonians, and first and second Corinthians, with a brief analysis. The work was commenced in 1900, and was completed in 1908. The entire work was",
"title": "Five Pauline Epistles, A New Translation"
},
{
"id": "18402749",
"text": "which to the mind of antiquity were in general hostile to mankind\". Romans 8 Romans 8 is the eighth chapter of the Epistle to the Romans in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, but written by an amanuensis, Tertius of Iconium, while Paul was in Corinth in the winter of AD 57-58. Paul wrote to the Roman Christians in order to give them a thorough of overview of his theology. Chapter 8 concerns \"the Christian's spiritual life,\" according to Jerusalem Bible's sub-heading for Romans 8. The reformer Martin Luther stated that this",
"title": "Romans 8"
},
{
"id": "127054",
"text": "4:18), possibly Timothy. During the first generation after Jesus, Paul's epistles to various churches helped establish early Christian theology. According to Bruce Metzger, it was written in the 50s while Paul was in prison. Colossians is similar to Ephesians, also written at this time. Some critical scholars have ascribed the epistle to an early follower of Paul, writing as Paul. The epistle's description of Christ as pre-eminent over creation marks it, for some scholars, as representing an advanced christology not present during Paul's lifetime. Defenders of Pauline authorship cite the work's similarities to Philemon, which is broadly accepted as authentic.",
"title": "Epistle to the Colossians"
},
{
"id": "302105",
"text": "the Mosaic covenant and urges the readers in the practical implications of this conviction through the end of the epistle. The book has been widely accepted by the Christian church as inspired by God and thus authoritative, despite the acknowledgment of uncertainties about who its human author was. Regarding authorship, although the Epistle to the Hebrews does not internally claim to have been written by the Apostle Paul, some similarities in wordings to some of the Pauline Epistles have been noted and inferred. In antiquity, some began to ascribe it to Paul in an attempt to provide the anonymous work",
"title": "New Testament"
},
{
"id": "18395827",
"text": "phrase has been translated in various forms: New King James Version New King James Version Romans 6 Romans 6 is the sixth chapter of the Epistle to the Romans in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, but written by an amanuensis, Tertius of Iconium, while Paul was in Corinth, in winter of AD 57-58. Paul wrote to the Roman Christians in order to give them a substantial resume of his theology. In chapter 6, it is shown that the Christian, in baptism, dies to sin. The New King James Version organises this",
"title": "Romans 6"
},
{
"id": "302102",
"text": "and holy letters, written by the apostles and disciples of Christ, to either local congregations with specific needs, or to New Covenant Christians in general, scattered about; or \"Catholic Epistles.\" The Pauline epistles are the thirteen New Testament books that present Paul the Apostle as their author. Six of the letters are disputed. Four are thought by most modern scholars to be pseudepigraphic, i.e., not actually written by Paul even if attributed to him within the letters themselves. Opinion is more divided on the other two disputed letters (2 Thessalonians and Colossians). These letters were written to Christian communities in",
"title": "New Testament"
},
{
"id": "4281758",
"text": "Authorship of the Pauline epistles The Pauline epistles are the fourteen books in the New Testament traditionally attributed to Paul the Apostle, although many dispute the anonymous Epistle to the Hebrews as being a Pauline epistle. There is nearly universal consensus in modern New Testament scholarship on a core group of authentic Pauline epistles whose authorship is rarely contested: Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians, and Philemon. Several additional letters bearing Paul's name are disputed among scholars, namely Ephesians, Colossians, 2 Thessalonians, 1 and 2 Timothy, and Titus. Scholarly opinion is sharply divided on whether or not",
"title": "Authorship of the Pauline epistles"
},
{
"id": "127046",
"text": "the basis upon which he promises to send Timothy to them for ministry (2:19–23), and an anticipation to also pay them a personal visit (2:24). With this communication Epaphroditus sets out on his homeward journey (2:28–29). There has been ongoing debate regarding where Paul was when he wrote this letter (and therefore the date of the letter's composition). Internal evidence in the letter itself points clearly to it being composed while Paul was in custody (Philippians 1:7,13), but which period of imprisonment is highly debated . Some suggest the Roman imprisonment at the end of the Book of Acts (chapter",
"title": "Epistle to the Philippians"
},
{
"id": "124792",
"text": "was written in Rome – not to the Church, but to the inner circle. In setting forth his evidence for Priscillan authorship, he finds it amazing that the name of the author was blotted out by the earliest tradition. Citing , he says it was written by a person of \"high standing and apostolic teacher of equal rank with Timothy\". If Luke, Clemens, Barnabas, or Apollos had written it, Harnack believes their names would not have been obliterated. Donald Guthrie’s commentary \"The Letter to the Hebrews\" (1983) mentions Priscilla by name as a suggested author. Believing the author to have",
"title": "Epistle to the Hebrews"
},
{
"id": "124790",
"text": "a leader of a predominantly Jewish congregation to whom he or she was writing. Because of its anonymity, it had some trouble being accepted as part of the Christian canon, being classed with the Antilegomena. Eventually it was accepted as scripture because of its sound theology, eloquent presentation, and other intrinsic factors. In antiquity, certain circles began to ascribe it to Paul in an attempt to provide the anonymous work an explicit apostolic pedigree. The original King James Version of the Bible titled the work \"The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Hebrews\". However, the KJV's attribution to Paul",
"title": "Epistle to the Hebrews"
},
{
"id": "303804",
"text": "survived. The translation contains parts that are not found in the original Greek and is missing parts that are found in it. Origen's \"Commentary on the Gospel of Matthew\" was universally regarded as a classic, even after his condemnation, and it ultimately became the work which established the Gospel of Matthew as the primary gospel. Origen's \"Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans\" was originally fifteen books long, but only tiny fragments of it have survived in the original Greek. An abbreviated Latin translation in ten books produced by the monk Tyrannius Rufinus at the end of the fourth century.",
"title": "Origen"
},
{
"id": "124786",
"text": "sanctuary\". By the end of the first century there was no consensus on the author’s identity. Clement of Rome, Barnabas, Paul the Apostle, and other names were proposed. Others later suggested Luke the Evangelist, Apollos, or his teacher Priscilla as possible authors. In the 3rd century, Origen wrote of the letter, \"In the epistle entitled \"To The Hebrews\" the diction does not exhibit the characteristic roughness of speech or phraseology admitted by the Apostle [Paul] himself, the construction of the sentences is closer to the Greek usage, as anyone capable of recognising differences of style would agree. On the other",
"title": "Epistle to the Hebrews"
},
{
"id": "12597199",
"text": "Papyrus 10 Papyrus 10 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), signed by formula_1, and named Oxyrhynchus papyri 209, is an early copy of part of the New Testament content in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Epistle to the Romans, dating paleographically to the early 4th century. The manuscript is a fragment of one leaf, written in one column per page. The surviving text is of Romans, verses 1:1-7. The manuscript was written very carelessly. The handwriting is crude and irregular, and the copy contains some irregular spellings. A part of verse 6 is omitted (εν οις εστε και υμεις",
"title": "Papyrus 10"
},
{
"id": "14525246",
"text": "Zwierlein has concluded that \"there is not a single piece of reliable literary evidence (and no archaeological evidence either) that Peter ever was in Rome.\" 1 Clement, a document that has been dated anywhere from the 90s to the 120s, is one of the earliest sources adduced in support of Peter's stay in Rome, but questions have been raised about the text's authenticity and whether it has any knowledge about Peter's life beyond what is contained in the New Testament \"Acts\". The \"Letter to the Romans\" attributed to St. Ignatius of Antioch implies that Peter and Paul had special authority",
"title": "Historiography of early Christianity"
},
{
"id": "4281796",
"text": "Clement's work [(150–215 AD)] citations of all the books of the New Testament with the exception of Philemon, James, 2 Peter, and 2 and 3 John.\" The earliest extant canon containing Paul's letters is from the 2nd century: Authorship of the Pauline epistles The Pauline epistles are the fourteen books in the New Testament traditionally attributed to Paul the Apostle, although many dispute the anonymous Epistle to the Hebrews as being a Pauline epistle. There is nearly universal consensus in modern New Testament scholarship on a core group of authentic Pauline epistles whose authorship is rarely contested: Romans, 1 and",
"title": "Authorship of the Pauline epistles"
},
{
"id": "302122",
"text": "Hebrews is, despite unlikely Pauline authorship, often functionally grouped with these thirteen to form a corpus of fourteen \"Pauline\" epistles. Seven letters are generally classified as \"undisputed\", expressing contemporary scholarly near consensus that they are the work of Paul: Romans, 1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians and Philemon. Six additional letters bearing Paul's name do not currently enjoy the same academic consensus: Ephesians, Colossians, 2 Thessalonians, 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy and Titus. While many scholars uphold the traditional view, some question whether the first three, called the \"Deutero-Pauline Epistles\", are authentic letters of Paul. As for the latter",
"title": "New Testament"
},
{
"id": "12616798",
"text": "Papyrus 27 Papyrus 27 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by 𝔓, is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Epistle to the Romans, it contains only Romans 8:12-22.24-27; 8:33-9:3.5-9. The manuscript paleographically has been assigned to the early 3rd century. It is written in 43 lines per page. The scribe of this manuscript may have also written 𝔓. The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. Aland placed it in Category I. This manuscript shows agreement with Codex Sinaiticus, Vaticanus and other witnesses of the Alexandrian",
"title": "Papyrus 27"
},
{
"id": "388432",
"text": "Second Epistle to the Corinthians The Second Epistle to the Corinthians, often written as 2 Corinthians, is a Pauline epistle and the eighth book of the New Testament of the Bible. Paul the Apostle and \"Timothy \"our\" brother\" wrote this epistle to \"the church of God which is at Corinth, with all the saints which are in all Achaia\". While there is little doubt among scholars that Paul is the author, there is discussion over whether the Epistle was originally one letter or composed from two or more of Paul's letters. Although the New Testament contains only two letters to",
"title": "Second Epistle to the Corinthians"
},
{
"id": "127022",
"text": "of the Mosaic Law, particularly circumcision, by contextualizing the role of the law in light of the revelation of Christ. Galatians has exerted enormous influence on the history of Christianity, the development of Christian theology, and the study of the apostle Paul. No original of the letter is known to survive. The earliest reasonably complete version available to scholars today, named P, dates to approximately 200 AD, approximately 150 years after the original was presumably drafted. This papyrus is fragmented in a few areas, causing some of the original text carefully preserved over the years to be missing, \"however, through",
"title": "Epistle to the Galatians"
},
{
"id": "2659854",
"text": "Pauline epistles The Pauline epistles, Epistles of Paul, or Letters of Paul, are the thirteen books of the New Testament, composed of letters which are largely attributed to Paul the Apostle, although authorship of some is in dispute. Among these letters are some of the earliest extant Christian documents. They provide an insight into the beliefs and controversies of early Christianity and as part of the canon of the New Testament they are foundational texts for both Christian theology and ethics. The Epistle to the Hebrews, although it does not bear his name, was traditionally considered Pauline for a thousand",
"title": "Pauline epistles"
},
{
"id": "20655558",
"text": "several Pauline epistles were also published in Basel: Letter to the Romans, 1 and 2 Peter, James and Jude, 1, 2 and 3 John, Revelation (1861); 1 and 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, and 1 and 2 Thessalonians (1862); 1 and 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, and Hebrews (1863). After the death of his wife in 1866, he relocated to Akropong. He worked on translating the complete text of the Bible into Twi together with David Asante and Theophilus Opoku. The fully corrected manuscript was finally published in Basel in December 1871. The work on the second edition of the",
"title": "Johann Gottlieb Christaller"
},
{
"id": "127274",
"text": "form-critical analysis: A letter is something non-literary, a means of communication between persons who are separated from each other. Confidential and personal in nature, it is intended only for the person or persons to whom it is addressed, and not at all for the public or any kind of publicity...An Epistle is an artistic literary form, just like the dialogue, the oration, or the drama. It has nothing in common with the letter except its form: apart from that one might venture the paradox that the epistle is the opposite of a real letter. The contents of the epistle are",
"title": "Epistle to the Romans"
},
{
"id": "12608534",
"text": "currently housed at the Papyrussammlung der Universität in the University of Heidelberg (Inv. no. 45). Papyrus 40 Papyrus 40 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by formula_1, is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. The manuscript paleographically has been assigned to the 3rd century. It is carelessly written. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Epistle to the Romans, it contains Romans 1:24-27; 1:31-2:3; 3:21-4:8; 6:4-5.16; 9:16-17.27. The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type, rather proto-Alexandrian, Aland named it as \"Free text\", and placed it in Category I because of its date.",
"title": "Papyrus 40"
},
{
"id": "13752925",
"text": "some began to ascribe it to Paul in an attempt to provide the anonymous work an explicit apostolic pedigree. In more recent times, some scholars have advanced a case for Priscilla having been the author of the Epistle to the Hebrews. This suggestion came from Adolf von Harnack in 1900. Harnack claimed that the Epistle was \"written to Rome—not to the church, but to the inner circle\"; that the earliest tradition 'blotted out' the name of the author; that \"we must look for a person who was intimately associated with Paul and Timothy, as the author\" and that Priscilla matched",
"title": "Authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews"
},
{
"id": "12686370",
"text": "ad Guglielmo Cavallo. The codex currently is housed at the Laurentian Library (PSI 4) in Florence. Uncial 0172 Uncial 0172 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated palaeographically to the 5th century. The codex contains a small parts of the Epistle to the Romans 1:27-30,32-2:2, on one parchment leaf (14 cm by 11 cm). The text is written in one column per page, 19 lines per page, in uncial letters. The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. Aland placed it in Category II. Currently it is dated",
"title": "Uncial 0172"
},
{
"id": "16576204",
"text": "to a different regional church. However, while the other letters addressed communities with whom Ignatius had already had contact (either in person or via representatives), \"Romans\" addresses Roman Christians prior to his arrival in Rome. It has been suggested that the letter (especially because it includes the specific day and month it was written) was intended to allow Roman Christians to prepare for Ignatius’ arrival. \"Romans\" follows an epistolary format, addressing the regional Roman church. The text is often considered to be modeled after the Pauline epistles, while incorporating certain Hellenistic mores. \"Romans\" follows this basic epistolary format: Prescript Sections",
"title": "Letter to the Romans (Ignatius of Antioch)"
},
{
"id": "4281770",
"text": "accepted only four of the letters bearing Paul's name as genuine, which he called the \"Hauptebriefe\" (Romans, 1 & 2 Corinthians, and Galatians). Hilgenfeld (1875) and H. J. Holtzmann (1885) instead accepted the seven letters listed above, adding Philemon, 1 Thessalonians, and Philippians. Few scholars have argued against this list of seven epistles, which all share common themes, emphasis, vocabulary and style. They also exhibit a uniformity of doctrine concerning the Mosaic Law, Christ, and faith. Although Colossians is witnessed by the same historical sources as the undisputed texts, Pauline authorship of Colossians has found some critics. It was originally",
"title": "Authorship of the Pauline epistles"
}
] | when was the epistle to the romans written |
[
"Netherlands"
] | [
{
"id": "2774",
"text": "as recovering morale in the army. Washington entered winter quarters at Morristown, New Jersey on January 6, though a protracted guerrilla conflict continued. While encamped, Howe made no attempt to attack, much to Washington's amazement. In December 1776, John Burgoyne returned to London to set strategy with Lord George Germain. Burgoyne's plan was to establish control of the Champlain-George-Hudson route from New York to Quebec, isolating New England. Efforts could then be concentrated on the southern colonies, where it was believed Loyalist support was in abundance. Burgoyne's plan was to lead an army along Lake Champlain, while a strategic diversion",
"title": "American Revolutionary War"
},
{
"id": "14246243",
"text": "intent to start a colony. This practice, known as filibustering, was popular in the years before the American Civil War, both as a means of carrying out the nation's so-called manifest destiny and, in some cases, as a tactic to expand U.S. territory in which slavery was permitted. Also fueling popular support for American filibusters was Britain's domination of the eastern coast of Central America—the Miskito or Mosquito Coast. In February 1855, Kinney was warned that his proposed colony might violate the U.S. Neutrality Act of 1794. In April, he and fellow filibuster Joseph W. Fabens were arrested in New",
"title": "Henry Kinney"
},
{
"id": "17362008",
"text": "war effort and receive aid from Britain. They would also destroy key bridges and railroads. The plan had detractors, who saw it as unrealistic, but also supporters who believed it could conceivably have worked. On the opposite side of the Atlantic, Imperial German plans for the invasion of the United States were maintained from 1897 to 1906, but were not seriously considered because the German Empire had insufficient resources to carry them out successfully. Early versions planned to engage the United States Atlantic Fleet off Norfolk, Virginia, followed by shore bombardment of eastern cities. Later versions envisioned a land invasion",
"title": "Mainland invasion of the United States"
},
{
"id": "4173119",
"text": "Thomas Maitland in 1800 as the Maitland Plan. The new plan was to seize control of Buenos Aires with 4,000 soldiers and 1,500 cavalry, move to Mendoza, and prepare a military expedition to cross the Andes and conquer Chile. From there, the British would move from sea to seize Peru and then Quito. All these proposals were discussed in 1804 by William Pitt, Lord Henry Melville, Francisco de Miranda and Sir Home Riggs Popham. Popham did not believe a complete military occupation of South America was practical but argued for taking control of key locations to allow the main objective,",
"title": "British invasions of the River Plate"
},
{
"id": "2809",
"text": "confined to Charleston and Savannah for the remainder of the conflict. Cornwallis had discovered that the majority of American supplies in the Carolinas were passing through Virginia, and he had written to both Lord Germain and Clinton detailing his intentions to invade. Cornwallis believed that a successful campaign there would cut supplies to Greene's army and precipitate a collapse of American resistance in the South. Clinton strongly opposed the plan, favoring a campaign farther north in the Chesapeake Bay region. Lord Germain wrote to Cornwallis to approve his plan and neglected to include Clinton in the decision-making, even though Clinton",
"title": "American Revolutionary War"
},
{
"id": "4059232",
"text": "Mayflower Steps The Mayflower Steps are close to the site in the Barbican area of Plymouth, south-west England, from which the Pilgrim Fathers are believed to have finally left England aboard the \"Mayflower\" on 6 September 1620, before crossing the Atlantic Ocean to settle in North America. The traditional site of their disembarkation in North America is Plymouth Rock. The passengers who came predominantly from East Anglia sought religious and other freedoms. They had no links with Plymouth, but because of bad weather in the English Channel they were forced to put in at Plymouth seeking shelter and essential repairs.",
"title": "Mayflower Steps"
},
{
"id": "20665025",
"text": "Across the U.S. border, white settlers believed that they would be forced to surrender, and Andrew Jackson made it known that Francis the Prophet and Peter McQueen would be hung. The situation changed when two British warships carrying muskets and other supplies landed near modern Apalachicola, Florida in May, 1814, and sent an officer as recruiter, inviting the Native Americans to take up arms. Neamathla was among the first who responded. The officer also identified Prospect Bluff as a good location for the logistical base for a planned invasion of the United States via the confluence of the Flint and",
"title": "Neamathla"
},
{
"id": "2001824",
"text": "exhausted; they had no hope of catching up to the main party. They decided to rest and recuperate, living off the supplies left in the cache. Wills and King wanted to follow their outward track back to Menindee, but Burke overruled them and decided to attempt to reach the furthest outpost of pastoral settlement in South Australia, a cattle station near Mount Hopeless. This would mean travelling southwest through the desert for . They wrote a letter explaining their intentions and reburied it in the cache under the marked tree in case a rescue party visited the area. Unfortunately, they",
"title": "Burke and Wills expedition"
},
{
"id": "12953274",
"text": "Expédition Particulière Expédition Particulière was the code name given by the French government for the plan to sail French land forces to North America to support the American rebel forces against Britain in the American Revolutionary War. In English it was known as the Special Expedition. The expedition, 5,500 strong, arrived in America in July 11, 1780. A second wave of 2,500 was intended to join them but was unable to escape the British blockade of Brest. After remaining inactive for almost a year, Rochambeau marched his troops south to rendezvous with George Washington's Continental Army for a planned attack",
"title": "Expédition Particulière"
},
{
"id": "628773",
"text": "Rupert's Land. The small part of the Hudson Bay drainage south of the 49th parallel went to the United States in the Anglo-American Convention of 1818. Thirteen of Great Britain's colonies rebelled in the American Revolutionary War, beginning in 1775, primarily over representation, local laws and tax issues, and established the United States of America, which was recognised internationally with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 3 September 1783. Great Britain also colonised the west coast of North America, indirectly via the Hudson's Bay Company licenses west of the Rocky Mountains: the Columbia District and New Caledonia fur",
"title": "British colonization of the Americas"
},
{
"id": "11930696",
"text": "Island in the Niagara River, but initially found only 24 men to accompany them. Navy Island lay in Canadian waters and hence did not implicate the United States in the military actions. The encampment was to launch an attack in support of the Duncombe uprising in the London District. Here, Mackenzie declared the provisional government of the Republic of Canada. Three hundred acres of government land was offered to each volunteer. Over the month of December, large supportive meetings were held in towns along the border, including Burlington, Albany, Rochester, Buffalo, Cleveland and Detroit and aid was promised. By the",
"title": "Patriot War"
},
{
"id": "1718919",
"text": "to plan the establishment of their own colony in the Americas. The Separatists could practice religion as they pleased in the Dutch Republic, but they were troubled by the fact that their children were being influenced by Dutch customs and language, after nearly ten years in the Netherlands. Therefore, they commenced three years of difficult negotiations in England seeking permission to settle in the northern parts of the Colony of Virginia (which then extended north to the Hudson River). The colonists also struggled to negotiate terms with a group of financial backers in London known as the Merchant Adventurers. By",
"title": "William Bradford (governor)"
},
{
"id": "12671863",
"text": "but he escaped and walked through deep snow from Salem, Massachusetts to Raynham, Massachusetts, a distance of 55 miles. The Indian tribes helped him to survive and sold him land for a new colony which he named Providence Plantations in recognition of the intervention of Divine Providence in establishing the new colony. It was unique in its day in expressly providing for religious freedom and a separation of church from state. Other dissenters established two settlements on Rhode Island (now called Aquidneck Island) and another settlement in Warwick; these four settlements eventually united to form the Colony of Rhode Island",
"title": "New England Colonies"
},
{
"id": "1693192",
"text": "naval force and an airfield was established near Gallipoli. The Allies planned to land and secure the northern shore; to capture the Ottoman forts and artillery batteries so that a naval force could advance through the Narrows and the Sea of Marmara towards Istanbul. Scheduled for 23 April but postponed until 25 April due to bad weather, landings were to be made at six beaches on the peninsula. The 29th Division was to land at Helles on the tip of the peninsula and then advance upon the forts at Kilitbahir. The Anzacs, with the 3rd Infantry Brigade spearheading the assault,",
"title": "Gallipoli Campaign"
},
{
"id": "5336694",
"text": "boycott British goods (the Continental Association) starting December 1, 1774 and provided for a Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia. On May 10, 1775, the Second Continental Congress assembled at the Pennsylvania State House after the Battles of Lexington and Concord marked the beginning of the American Revolutionary War. Congress adopted the Olive Branch Petition in July 1775, which affirmed American loyalty to Great Britain and entreated King George III to prevent further conflict. The petition was rejected—in August 1775, the King's Proclamation of Rebellion formally declared the colonies to be in a state of rebellion. In February 1776, colonists received",
"title": "Independence National Historical Park"
},
{
"id": "1712769",
"text": "a skirmish with local Native Americans known as the \"First Encounter\" near modern-day Eastham, Massachusetts. The colonists decided to look elsewhere, having failed to secure a proper site for their settlement, and fearing that they had angered the local Native Americans by robbing their corn stores and firing upon them. The \"Mayflower\" left Provincetown Harbor and set sail for Plymouth Harbor. The \"Mayflower\" dropped anchor in Plymouth Harbor on December 16 and spent three days looking for a settlement site. They rejected several sites, including one on Clark's Island and another at the mouth of the Jones River, in favor",
"title": "Plymouth Colony"
},
{
"id": "7379817",
"text": "militia forces from North and South Carolina. Crucial in any British attempt to gain control of the South was the possession of a port to bring in supplies and men. To this end, the British organized an expedition to establish a strong post somewhere in the southern colonies, and sent military leaders to recruit Loyalists in North Carolina. The expedition's departure from Europe was significantly delayed, and the Loyalist force that was recruited to meet it was decisively defeated in the Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge in late February 1776. When General Henry Clinton arrived at Cape Fear, North Carolina,",
"title": "Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War"
},
{
"id": "607819",
"text": "soldiers do not plunder the inhabitants or hurt private property.\" Gage did not issue written orders for the arrest of rebel leaders, as he feared doing so might spark an uprising. Between 9 and 10 p.m. on the night of April 18, 1775, Joseph Warren told Revere and William Dawes that the king's troops were about to embark in boats from Boston bound for Cambridge and the road to Lexington and Concord. Warren's intelligence suggested that the most likely objectives of the regulars' movements later that night would be the capture of Adams and Hancock. They did not worry about",
"title": "Paul Revere"
},
{
"id": "1791055",
"text": "\"yeoman farmers\", the PLSS began shortly after the American Revolutionary War, when the federal government became responsible for large areas of land west of the original thirteen states. The government wished both to distribute land to Revolutionary War soldiers in reward for their services, as well as to sell land as a way of raising money for the nation. Before this could happen, the land needed to be surveyed. The Land Ordinance of 1785 marks the beginning of the Public Land Survey System. The Confederation Congress was deeply in debt following the Declaration of Independence. With little power to tax,",
"title": "Public Land Survey System"
},
{
"id": "1712767",
"text": "remained on board the ship through the next day, a Sunday, for prayer and worship. The immigrants finally set foot on land at what became Provincetown on November 13. The first task was to rebuild a shallop, a shallow draft boat that had been built in England and disassembled for transport aboard the \"Mayflower\". It would remain with the Pilgrims while the \"Mayflower\" returned to England. On November 15, Captain Myles Standish led a party of sixteen men on an exploratory mission, during which they disturbed a Native American grave and located a buried cache of Indian corn. The following",
"title": "Plymouth Colony"
},
{
"id": "1221853",
"text": "up the Edisto River from the island, which was one likely path for a land campaign against Charleston. In June, most of the Union troops left the island in a campaign, which culminated in the Battle of Secessionville. In July, the remaining troops withdrew, and the colony was removed to St. Helena Island. For the rest of the war, a small number of escaped slaves and plantation owners remained and farmed the island, but it was largely abandoned. Near the end of the war, the island was again used as a location of colonies of freed slaves. Since the twentieth",
"title": "Edisto Island, South Carolina"
},
{
"id": "763014",
"text": "the positions that they held before the September 19 battle, and the Americans captured a portion of the entrenched British defenses. The American Revolutionary War was approaching the two-year point, and the British changed their plans. They decided to split the Thirteen Colonies and isolate New England from what they believed to be the more Loyalist middle and southern colonies. The British command devised a plan to divide the colonies with a three-way pincer movement in 1777. The western pincer under the command of Barry St. Leger was to progress from Ontario through western New York, following the Mohawk River,",
"title": "Battles of Saratoga"
},
{
"id": "52565",
"text": "the US, but the pre-war boundaries were reaffirmed by the 1814 Treaty of Ghent, ensuring Canada's future would be separate from that of the United States. Since 1718, transportation to the American colonies had been a penalty for various offences in Britain, with approximately one thousand convicts transported per year across the Atlantic. Forced to find an alternative location after the loss of the Thirteen Colonies in 1783, the British government turned to the newly discovered lands of Australia. The coast of Australia had been discovered for Europeans by the Dutch explorer Willem Janszoon in 1606 and was named New",
"title": "British Empire"
},
{
"id": "7320418",
"text": "supposed they were going to Concord, where the Provincial Congress is now sitting. A quantity of provisions and warlike stores are lodged there ... It is ... said they are intending to go out again soon.\" On April 18, Paul Revere began the \"midnight ride\" to Concord to warn the inhabitants that the British appeared to be planning an expedition. The ride was finished by Samuel Prescott. Upon hearing Prescott's news, the townspeople decided to remove the stores and distribute them among other towns nearby. The colonists were also aware that April 19 would be the date of the expedition,",
"title": "Battles of Lexington and Concord"
},
{
"id": "470012",
"text": "the Thirteen Colonies. Gage was instead ordered to seize Patriot arsenals. He dispatched a force to march on the arsenal at Concord, Massachusetts, but the Patriots learned about it and blocked their advance. The Patriots repulsed the British force at the April 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord, then lay siege to Boston. By spring 1775, all royal officials had been expelled, and the Continental Congress hosted a convention of delegates for the 13 colonies. It raised an army to fight the British and named George Washington its commander, made treaties, declared independence, and recommended that the colonies write constitutions",
"title": "Thirteen Colonies"
},
{
"id": "878672",
"text": "New England Confederation The United Colonies of New England, commonly known as the New England Confederation, was a short-lived military alliance of the English colonies of Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven, formed in May 1643. Its primary purpose was to unite the Puritan colonies in support of the church, and for defense against the American Indians and the Dutch colony of New Netherland. It was the first milestone on the long road to colonial unity, and was established as a direct result of a war that started between the Mohegans and Narragansetts. Its charter provided for the return",
"title": "New England Confederation"
},
{
"id": "2208599",
"text": "would be occupied. The Second Operational Phase called for further expansion into the South Pacific by seizing eastern New Guinea, New Britain, Fiji, Samoa, and strategic points in the Australian area. In the Central Pacific, Midway was targeted as were the Aleutian Islands in the North Pacific. Seizure of these key areas would provide defensive depth and deny the Allies staging areas from which to mount a counteroffensive. By November these plans were essentially complete, and were modified only slightly over the next month. Japanese military planners' expectation of success rested on the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union being",
"title": "Pacific War"
},
{
"id": "470040",
"text": "geography and the presence of the major British naval base at Halifax made the thought of armed resistance impossible. Quebec was inhabited by French Catholic settlers who came under British control in the previous decade. The Quebec Act of 1774 gave them formal cultural autonomy within the empire, and many priests feared the intense Protestantism in New England. The American grievances over taxation had little relevance, and there was no assembly nor elections of any kind that could have mobilized any grievances. Even so, the Americans offered membership in the new nation and sent a military expedition that failed to",
"title": "Thirteen Colonies"
},
{
"id": "20343",
"text": "involved in subduing the fortress, only to have it returned to their erstwhile enemy. The Royal Proclamation of 1763 may also have played a role in the separation of the Thirteen Colonies from England, as colonists wanted to continue migrating west to lands awarded by the Crown for their wartime service. The Proclamation, however, cut them off. The lands west of Quebec and west of a line running along the crest of the Allegheny Mountains became Indian territory, barred to settlement for two years. The colonists protested, and the boundary line was adjusted in a series of treaties with the",
"title": "American Revolution"
},
{
"id": "12953279",
"text": "period. Expédition Particulière Expédition Particulière was the code name given by the French government for the plan to sail French land forces to North America to support the American rebel forces against Britain in the American Revolutionary War. In English it was known as the Special Expedition. The expedition, 5,500 strong, arrived in America in July 11, 1780. A second wave of 2,500 was intended to join them but was unable to escape the British blockade of Brest. After remaining inactive for almost a year, Rochambeau marched his troops south to rendezvous with George Washington's Continental Army for a planned",
"title": "Expédition Particulière"
},
{
"id": "20379",
"text": "one front in Britain's war. The British were forced to withdraw troops from continental America to reinforce the valuable sugar-producing Caribbean colonies, which were more lucrative to British investors. British commander Sir Henry Clinton evacuated Philadelphia and returned to New York City. General Washington intercepted Clinton in the Battle of Monmouth Court House, the last major battle fought in the north. After an inconclusive engagement, the British successfully retreated to New York City. The northern war subsequently became a stalemate, as the focus of attention shifted to the smaller southern theater. The British strategy in America now concentrated on a",
"title": "American Revolution"
},
{
"id": "15336807",
"text": "person, regardless of being a slave, could be removed from England against their will, and said they could not. Even this reading meant that certain property rights in chattel slaves were unsupported by common law. It is one of the most significant milestones in the abolitionist campaign. Some historians believe the case contributed to increasing colonial support for separatism in the Thirteen Colonies of British North America, by parties on both sides of the slavery question who wanted to establish independent government and law. The southern colonies wanted to protect slavery and expanded its territory dramatically in the decades after",
"title": "Somerset v Stewart"
},
{
"id": "3708265",
"text": "contrast, they observe, \"contemporary separatists exhort Blacks not only to equal Whites but to surpass them as a tribute to and redemption of their African heritage.\" Anderson and Stewart add, moreover, that in general \"modern black separatism is difficult to define because of its similarity to black nationalism.\" Indeed, black separatism's specific goals were historically in flux and varied from group to group. Martin Delany in the 19th century and Marcus Garvey in the 1920s outspokenly called for African Americans to return to Africa, by moving to Liberia. Benjamin \"Pap\" Singleton looked to form separatist colonies in the American West.",
"title": "Black separatism"
},
{
"id": "20347",
"text": "Stationing a standing army in Great Britain during peacetime was politically unacceptable, so the decision was made to station them in America and have the Americans pay them. The soldiers had no military mission; they were not there to defend the colonies because there was no threat to the colonies. The Sons of Liberty were formed in 1765. They used public demonstrations, boycott, violence, and threats of violence to ensure that the British tax laws were unenforceable. In Boston, the Sons of Liberty burned the records of the vice admiralty court and looted the home of chief justice Thomas Hutchinson.",
"title": "American Revolution"
},
{
"id": "7064866",
"text": "Prohibitory Act The Prohibitory Act in essence, was a declaration of economic warfare by Great Britain in December 1775 as punishment to the American colonies for the rebellion against the king and British rule which became known as the American Revolutionary War (or, in the UK, the American War of Independence). It cut off all trade between the colonies and England, and removed the colonies from the King's Protection. In October, 1775, the Parliament of Great Britain, under Lord North, First Lord of the Treasury, decided that sterner measures would be taken to subdue the rebellion now underway in the",
"title": "Prohibitory Act"
},
{
"id": "2516980",
"text": "a plan to evacuate the Territory and burn it to the ground rather than fight the army openly. Members of the Hudson's Bay Company and the British government feared that the Mormons planned to seek refuge on Vancouver Island off the coast of British Columbia. David Bigler has shown that Young originally intended this evacuation to go northwards toward the Bitterroot Valley in present day Montana. However, the Bannock and Shoshone raid against Fort Limhi in February 1858 blocked this northern retreat. Consequently, at the end of March 1858, settlers in the northern counties of Utah including Salt Lake City",
"title": "Utah War"
},
{
"id": "9635456",
"text": "officials in London prior to his departure that his task was to receive back from the Spanish commander at Nootka Sound land and property that had been confiscated from the English fur traders in July 1789 and of establishing a formal British presence there to support and promote the fur trade. Proposals to establish a British colony on the North West Coast had been discussed in commercial and official circles in the 1780s, encouraged by the success of the project to colonize Botany Bay and Norfolk Island. During the war crisis with Spain that resulted from the arrest of the",
"title": "Vancouver Expedition"
},
{
"id": "16180412",
"text": "Separatist movements of India Secession in India typically refers to state secession, which is the withdrawal of one or more states from the Republic of India. Some have argued for secession as a natural right of revolution. Many independence movements exist with thousands of members, however, with moderate local support and high voter participation in the democratic elections. The Khalistan movement in Punjab was active in the 1980s and the 1990s, but is now largely subdued within India. Insurgency has occurred in North-East India, in the states of Tripura, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Manipur, Assam and Nagaland. India has introduced several Armed",
"title": "Separatist movements of India"
},
{
"id": "2827",
"text": "aware that the French economy was nearly bankrupt, and reinforcements sent to the West Indies could potentially reverse the situation there. He preferred that the colonies accept Dominion status within the Empire, though a similar offer had been rejected by the Americans in 1778. Negotiations soon began in Paris. The Americans initially demanded that Quebec be ceded to them as spoils of war, a proposal that was dropped when Shelburne accepted American demands for recognition of independence. On April 19, 1782, the Dutch formally recognized the United States as a sovereign power, enhancing American leverage at the negotiations. Spain initially",
"title": "American Revolutionary War"
},
{
"id": "15826379",
"text": "Eddy, planned to capture the fort, seizing its artillery and stores, as a first step in an overland march via Fort Edward in Windsor to Halifax, raising rebel sympathizers along the way. As there were some sympathizers in the colony, the plan was feasible. Goreham had deployed an outpost of 14 Fencibles under command of Lt. John Walker, a long time friend of Goreham, to Shepody in September, about 20 miles (30 km) northwest of the fort, to warn of any approach by rebel forces from New England. On the evening of Oct. 29 Eddy's arriving force of about 150",
"title": "Royal Fencible American Regiment"
},
{
"id": "17758616",
"text": "vote, nor could the majority of the men in Britain at the time. The abolitionists negotiated with chieftains in West Africa to purchase land to establish 'Freetown' – a settlement for former slaves of the British Empire (the Poor Blacks of London) and the United States. Great Britain had promised freedom to American slaves who left rebel owners to join its cause during the American Revolutionary War. It evacuated thousands of slaves together with its troops and transported 3,000 Black Loyalists to Nova Scotia for resettlement. About a decade later, they were offered a chance to resettle in Freetown and",
"title": "Abolitionism in the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "13359270",
"text": "ships of the line into the Mediterranean on 21 October. Having evaded Nelson he would collect the \"Aigle\" from Cádiz and pass through the Strait of Gibraltar, after which he would detach two ships carrying 1,800 troops. He would then head to the West Indies with the rest of his force, while the two detached ships were assigned to fulfil one of the three operations included in the plan. They would sail to Saint Helena and capture the island from the British, before returning northwards to land at Senegal and stir up trouble in West Africa. Meanwhile, Rear-Admiral Missiessy was",
"title": "Trafalgar Campaign"
},
{
"id": "12239942",
"text": "Kalmyk Project The Kalmyk Project was the name given to Soviet plans to launch a surprise attack on the Northwest Frontier of British India via Tibet and other Himalayan buffer states in 1919-1920. It was a part of Soviet plans for destabilising the British Empire and other Western European imperial powers through unrest in South Asia. British Indian intelligence sent agents, among them F. M. Bailey, to Central Asia to trace early Bolshevik designs on India. Soviet Russia intended to nurture political upheaval in British India in its strategy against British imperialism. In 1919, she sent a diplomatic mission headed",
"title": "Kalmyk Project"
},
{
"id": "2134948",
"text": "of tillable land in the sea islands and around Charleston, South Carolina for the exclusive use of black people who had been enslaved. The army also had a number of unneeded mules which were given to settlers. Around 40,000 freed slaves were settled on 400,000 acres (1,600 km²) in Georgia and South Carolina. However, President Andrew Johnson reversed the order after Lincoln was assassinated, and the land was returned to its previous owners. In 1867, Thaddeus Stevens sponsored a bill for the redistribution of land to African Americans, but it was not passed. Reconstruction came to an end in 1877",
"title": "Reparations for slavery debate in the United States"
},
{
"id": "4111597",
"text": "border had its origins in the Proclamation of 1763, which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. The British Crown had issued the Proclamation after the French and Indian War (1754–1763) in order to prevent conflict between Indians and colonists in the vast territory newly acquired from France. Settlers and land speculators in Britain and America objected to this restriction, however, and so British officials negotiated two treaties with American Indians in 1768—the Treaty of Fort Stanwix and the Treaty of Hard Labour—which opened up land for settlement south of the Ohio River. Thereafter, tensions between British",
"title": "Western theater of the American Revolutionary War"
},
{
"id": "1970867",
"text": "York, New England, and Nova Scotia with the Siege of Louisbourg (1745). At the Albany Congress of 1754, Benjamin Franklin proposed that the colonies be united by a Grand Council overseeing a common policy for defense, expansion, and Indian affairs. The plan was thwarted by colonial legislatures and King George II, but it was an early indication that the British colonies of North America were headed towards unification. The French and Indian War (1754–1763) was the American extension of the general European conflict known as the Seven Years' War. Previous colonial wars in North America had started in Europe and",
"title": "Colonial history of the United States"
},
{
"id": "2236745",
"text": "Walker conceded. Graham was arrested but was quickly released. The duel was recorded in \"The Daily Alta California\". In the summer of 1853, Walker traveled to Guaymas, seeking a grant from the government of Mexico to create a colony. He said the colony would serve as a fortified frontier, protecting US soil from Indian raids. Mexico refused, and Walker returned to San Francisco determined to obtain his colony, regardless of Mexico's position. He began recruiting American supporters of slavery and Manifest Destiny doctrine, mostly inhabitants of Kentucky and Tennessee. His plans then expanded from forming a buffer colony to establishing",
"title": "William Walker (filibuster)"
},
{
"id": "1291650",
"text": "political secession may describe themselves as being autonomy, separatist, independence, self-determination, partition, devolution, decentralization, sovereignty, self-governance or decolonization movements instead of, or in addition to, being secession movements. During the 19th century, the single British colony in eastern mainland Australia, New South Wales (NSW) was progressively divided up by the British government as new settlements were formed and spread. Victoria (Vic) in 1851 and Queensland (Qld) in 1859. However, settlers agitated to divide the colonies throughout the later part of the century; particularly in central Queensland (centred in Rockhampton) in the 1860s and 1890s, and in North Queensland (with Bowen",
"title": "Secession"
},
{
"id": "12393971",
"text": "Confederate colonies Confederate colonies were made up of refugees from the Confederate States of America who fled the United States after the Union won the American Civil War (1861–1865). They settled in many Latin American countries like Brazil and Mexico. Many Southerners had lost their land during the war and were unwilling to live under the government of the United States of America. They did not expect an improvement in the South's economic position. Most of the emigrants were from the states of Alabama, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Georgia, South Carolina, and Missouri. No one has determined how many American southerners",
"title": "Confederate colonies"
},
{
"id": "2760",
"text": "York. Starting in August 1775, American Privateers began to raid villages in Nova Scotia, first at Saint John, then Charlottetown and Yarmouth. They continued in 1776 at Canso and then a land assault on Fort Cumberland. Meanwhile, British officials in Quebec began lobbying Indian tribes to support them, while the Americans urged them to maintain their neutrality. In April 1775, Congress feared an Anglo-Indian attack from Canada and authorized an invasion of Quebec. Quebec had a largely Francophone population and had been under British rule for only 12 years, and the Americans expected that they would welcome being liberated from",
"title": "American Revolutionary War"
},
{
"id": "20439",
"text": "Tens of thousands of Loyalists left the United States – the current high estimate is 70,000 by Maya Jasanoff. Some migrated to Britain. The great majority, known as United Empire Loyalists, received land and subsidies for resettlement in British colonies in North America, especially Quebec (concentrating in the Eastern Townships), Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia. The new colonies of Upper Canada (now Ontario) and New Brunswick were expressly created by Britain for their benefit, where the Crown awarded land to Loyalists as compensation for losses in the United States. Britain wanted to develop the frontier of Upper Canada on",
"title": "American Revolution"
},
{
"id": "601951",
"text": "base in Kittery, Maine, where the negotiations were held. The negotiations took place at the General Stores Building (now Building 86). Mahogany furniture patterned after the Cabinet Room of the White House was ordered from Washington. Before the negotiations began Tsar Nicholas had adopted a hard line, forbidding his delegates to agree to any territorial concessions, reparations, or limitations on the deployment of Russian forces in the Far East. The Japanese initially demanded recognition of their interests in Korea, the removal of all Russian forces from Manchuria, and substantial reparations. They also wanted confirmation of their control of Sakhalin, which",
"title": "Treaty of Portsmouth"
},
{
"id": "5659938",
"text": "Maitland Plan Maitland Plan (Spanish, Plan de Maitland), refers to a plan created by Scottish Major General Thomas Maitland in 1800. The plan was titled \"Plan to capture Buenos Aires and Chile, and then emancipate Peru and Quito\". The Kingdom of Great Britain was by then at war with the Kingdom of Spain and the French First Republic in the Napoleonic Wars, and was seeking to expand its influence in South America since the loss of the Thirteen Colonies of North America, which had become independent some time before. The plan consisted in: The plan was never employed by Britain.",
"title": "Maitland Plan"
},
{
"id": "2875",
"text": "had not improved. Clinton wrote a frustrated correspondence to Germain, voicing concern that a \"fatal consequence will ensue\" if matters did not improve. By October that year, Clinton again wrote to Germain, angered that the troops in New York had not received \"an ounce\" of that year's allotted stores from Britain. Suppressing a rebellion in America presented the British with major problems. The key issue was distance; it could take up to three months to cross the Atlantic, and orders from London were often outdated by the time that they arrived. The colonies had never been formally united prior to",
"title": "American Revolutionary War"
},
{
"id": "217542",
"text": "him \"to arrest the principal actors and abettors in the Provincial Congress whose proceedings appear in every light to be acts of treason and rebellion\". On the night of April 18, Gage sent out a detachment of soldiers on the fateful mission that would spark the American Revolutionary War. The purpose of the British expedition was to seize and destroy military supplies that the colonists had stored in Concord. According to many historical accounts, Gage also instructed his men to arrest Hancock and Adams; if so, the written orders issued by Gage made no mention of arresting the Patriot leaders.",
"title": "John Hancock"
},
{
"id": "5604223",
"text": "who lived farther north along the coast, arrived to invite the English to settle among his people and protect them from the Westo tribe, slave-raiding allies of Virginia. The sailors agreed and sailed for the region now called West Ashley. When they landed in early April at Albemarle Point on the shores of the Ashley River, they founded Charles Town, named in honor of their king. On May 23, \"Three Brothers\" arrived in Charles Town Bay without 11 or 12 passengers who had gone for water and supplies at St. Catherines Island, and had run into Indians allied with the",
"title": "Colonial period of South Carolina"
},
{
"id": "2830",
"text": "the Northwest Indian War. Britain continued trying to create an Indian buffer state in the American Midwest as late as 1814 during the War of 1812. Britain negotiated separate treaties with Spain, France, and the Dutch Republic. Gibraltar proved to be a stumbling block in the peace talks; Spain offered to relinquish their conquests in West Florida, Menorca, and the Bahamas in exchange for Gibraltar, terms which Shelburne steadfastly refused. Shelburne instead offered to cede East Florida, West Florida, and Menorca if Spain would relinquish the claim on Gibraltar, terms which were reluctantly accepted. However, in the long-term, the new",
"title": "American Revolutionary War"
},
{
"id": "470038",
"text": "isolation and the dominance of British naval power precluded any effective participation. The British crown had only recently acquired those lands, and many of the issues facing the Thirteen Colonies did not apply to them, especially in the case of Quebec and Florida. At the time of the war Britain had seven other colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America: Newfoundland, Rupert's Land (the area around the Hudson Bay), Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, East Florida, West Florida, and the Province of Quebec. There were other colonies in the Americas as well, largely in the British West Indies. These",
"title": "Thirteen Colonies"
},
{
"id": "7975726",
"text": "in the war, after the Fall of France in 1940, the United States and the United Kingdom began planning an eventual \"Invasion of Western Europe\" to be put into effect when and if the United States joined the war. American and Canadian troops would be moved from North America to England (as long as the United Kingdom was still in the war), until an Allied invasion could be mounted to the continent. A major issue was how to supply the invasion army with the tens of thousands of tons of materiel it would need after it landed. The capture of",
"title": "Battle for Brest"
},
{
"id": "12671868",
"text": "in Britain and Ireland, where large numbers of Irish, Welsh, and Scots prisoners of war were sent as slaves to plantations in the West Indies, especially to Barbados and Jamaica. The practice found its way to the American colonies during the Pequot War and King Philip's War. Military leader Benjamin Church spoke out against enslaving Indians in the summer of 1675, describing the practice as \"an action so hateful… that (I) opposed it to the loss of the good will and respect of some that before were (my) good friends.\" This said, Church was an owner of African slaves himself,",
"title": "New England Colonies"
},
{
"id": "7064870",
"text": "of the colonists, or at least among Patriots, was an affirmed desire to fight back against the oppression of the British. Like Patrick Henry said, \"Give me liberty or give me death!\" The American people were only more united in their struggle. Prohibitory Act The Prohibitory Act in essence, was a declaration of economic warfare by Great Britain in December 1775 as punishment to the American colonies for the rebellion against the king and British rule which became known as the American Revolutionary War (or, in the UK, the American War of Independence). It cut off all trade between the",
"title": "Prohibitory Act"
},
{
"id": "20432",
"text": "they did not really control, and did not consult their Indian allies. They transferred control to the United States of all the land east of the Mississippi and north of Florida. Calloway concludes: The British did not give up their forts in the West until 1796 in what is now the eastern Midwest, stretching from Ohio to Wisconsin; they kept alive the dream of forming a satellite Indian nation there, which they called a Neutral Indian Zone. That goal was one of the causes of the War of 1812. Free blacks in the North and South fought on both sides",
"title": "American Revolution"
},
{
"id": "9028816",
"text": "on Cherokee land and gave them 40 days to leave. In an exercise of propaganda, people sympathetic to the Revolution forged a letter to indicate a large force of regular troops, plus Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Muscgoee, was on the march from Pensacola and planning to pick up reinforcements from the Cherokee. The forged letters alarmed the settlers, who began gathering together in closer, fortified groups, building stations (small forts), and otherwise preparing for an attack. In June 1776, the British launched an attempt to capture Charlestown Harbor by land and by sea. On June 28 the land forces commanded by",
"title": "Cherokee–American wars"
},
{
"id": "13284446",
"text": "that any negotiations required British recognition of their independence. Lord Howe stated he did not have the authority to meet that demand. The British resumed the campaign at the Landing at Kip's Bay. The Commission was mandated by the Crown to offer the rebel Americans pardons (with some exceptions), to allow judges to serve on condition of good behaviour, and to promise to discuss colonial grievances (except the Quebec Act) in exchange for a cease-fire, the dissolution of the Continental Congress, the re-establishment of the pre-war (traditional) colonial assemblies, the acceptance of Lord North's Conciliatory Proposal and compensation for the",
"title": "Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War"
},
{
"id": "11410152",
"text": "the fateful mission that sparked the American Revolutionary War. The purpose of the British expedition was to seize and destroy military supplies that the colonists had stored in Concord. According to many historical accounts, Gage also instructed his men to arrest Hancock and Adams, but the written orders issued by Gage made no mention of arresting the Patriot leaders. Gage had evidently decided against seizing Adams and Hancock, but Patriots initially believed otherwise, perhaps influenced by London newspapers that reached Boston with the news that the patriot leader would be hanged if he were caught. From Boston, Joseph Warren dispatched",
"title": "Samuel Adams"
},
{
"id": "2698509",
"text": "(rather than a joint-stock company) to receive a grant from the Crown. He received a grant for a large tract of land north of the Potomac river and on either side of Chesapeake Bay. Calvert planned on creating a haven for English Roman Catholics, most of whom were well-to-do nobles such as himself who could not worship in public. He planned on creating an agrarian manorial society where each noble would have a large manor and tenants would work in the fields and on other tasks. However, with extremely cheap land prices, many Protestants moved to Maryland and bought land",
"title": "Southern Colonies"
},
{
"id": "8906665",
"text": "and Bangladesh. Their policy was sometimes summed up as Divide and Rule, taking advantage of the enmity festering between various princely states and social and religious groups. The first major movement against the British Company's high handed rule resulted in the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the \"Indian Mutiny\" or \"Sepoy Mutiny\" or the \"First War of Independence\". After a year of turmoil, and reinforcement of the East India Company's troops with British soldiers, the Company overcame the rebellion. The nominal leader of the uprising, the last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar, was exiled to Burma, his children",
"title": "History of colonialism"
},
{
"id": "1995855",
"text": "objective of Congress throughout the war. However, George Washington, who had supported this invasion, considered any further expeditions a low priority that would divert too many men and resources away from the main war in the Thirteen Colonies, so further attempts at expeditions to Quebec were never fully realized. During the Paris peace talks, the American negotiators unsuccessfully demanded all of Quebec as part of the war spoils. Benjamin Franklin, primarily interested in the Ohio Country, which had been made part of Quebec by the Quebec Act of 1774, suggested in the peace talks that Quebec should be surrendered to",
"title": "Invasion of Quebec (1775)"
},
{
"id": "16892199",
"text": "and presented Sheriff Macdonnell, the colony’s second-in-command, with Pritchard’s capitulation terms and negotiated a surrender. Back at Portage des Prairie, Alexander MacDonnell was informed of the Battle of Seven Oaks and departed for Fort Douglas. On June 21, Alexander Mackenzie’s brigade from Fort William encamped at Netley Creek, 40 miles north of the Red River colony and began planning their attack, still unaware of events. The following day Chief Peguis’ Saulteaux retrieved the body of Semple and 9 others and brought them by cart to Fort Douglas and buried them in a mass grave in a grove of trees south-west",
"title": "Pemmican War"
},
{
"id": "11398289",
"text": "arms and support. Scheduled for Christmas Day, 1915, the plan was conceived and led by the Jugantar group under the Bengali Indian revolutionary Jatindranath Mukherjee, to be coordinated with simultaneous uprising in the British colony of Burma and Kingdom of Siam under direction of the Ghadar Party, along with a German raid on the South Indian city of Madras and the British penal colony in Andaman Islands. The aim of the plot was to seize the Fort William, isolate Bengal and capture the capital city of Calcutta, which was then to be used as a staging ground for a pan-Indian",
"title": "Christmas Day Plot"
},
{
"id": "469975",
"text": "Thirteen Colonies The Thirteen Colonies, also known as the Thirteen British Colonies or Thirteen American Colonies, were a group of British colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America founded in the 17th and 18th centuries. They declared independence in 1776 and formed the United States of America. The Thirteen Colonies had very similar political, constitutional, and legal systems and were dominated by Protestant English-speakers. They were part of Britain's possessions in the New World, which also included colonies in Canada, the Caribbean, and the Floridas. Between 1625 and 1775, the colonial population grew from roughly 2,000 to over 2",
"title": "Thirteen Colonies"
},
{
"id": "2746",
"text": "American Revolutionary War The American Revolutionary War (17751783), also known as the American War of Independence, was an 18th-century war between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies (allied with France) which declared independence as the United States of America. After 1765, growing philosophical and political differences strained the relationship between Great Britain and its colonies. Patriot protests against taxation without representation followed the Stamp Act and escalated into boycotts, which culminated in 1773 with the Sons of Liberty destroying a shipment of tea in Boston Harbor. Britain responded by closing Boston Harbor and passing a series of punitive measures against",
"title": "American Revolutionary War"
},
{
"id": "470013",
"text": "and become states. The Second Continental Congress assembled in May 1775 and began to coordinate armed resistance against Britain. It established a government that recruited soldiers and printed its own money. General Washington took command of the Patriot soldiers in New England and forced the British to withdraw from Boston. In 1776, the Thirteen Colonies declared their independence from Britain. With the help of France and Spain, they defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War. In the Treaty of Paris (1783), Britain officially recognized the independence of the United States of America. The colonial population rose to a quarter",
"title": "Thirteen Colonies"
},
{
"id": "494131",
"text": "put forth the idea of such a meeting the year before, but he was unable to convince the colonies of its necessity until the 1773 British blockade at the port of Boston in response to the Boston Tea Party. All of the colonies sent delegates except the newest and most southerly one, the Province of Georgia – which needed the British Army's protection in order to contend with attacks from several Native American tribes. Most of the delegates were not yet ready to break away from Great Britain, but they wanted the King and Parliament to act in what they",
"title": "Continental Congress"
},
{
"id": "16180416",
"text": "tribesmen from the Northwest Frontier Province of Pakistan invaded the State, backed by Pakistan. The Maharaja initially fought back but appealed for assistance to India, who agreed on the condition that the ruler accede to India. Maharaja Hari Singh signed the Instrument of Accession on 26 October 1947 in return for military aid and assistance, which was accepted by the Governor General the next day. While the Government of India accepted the accession, it added the proviso that it would be submitted to a \"reference to the people\" after the state is cleared of the invaders, since \"only the people,",
"title": "Separatist movements of India"
},
{
"id": "469982",
"text": "became Charleston, originally Charles Town for Charles II of England. The Pilgrims were a small group of Puritan separatists who felt that they needed to physically distance themselves from the corrupt Church of England. After initially moving to the Netherlands, they decided to re-establish themselves in America. The initial Pilgrim settlers sailed to North America in 1620 on the \"Mayflower\". Upon their arrival, they drew up the Mayflower Compact, by which they bound themselves together as a united community, thus establishing the small Plymouth Colony. William Bradford was their main leader. After its founding, other settlers traveled from England to",
"title": "Thirteen Colonies"
},
{
"id": "6320655",
"text": "North American colonies in this way. In the course of the ten-year conflict in North America now known as Queen Anne's War, Samuel Vetch, a Scottish businessman with interests in New York and New England, came to London during the winter of 1708–9 and proposed to the Queen and the Board of Trade a major assault on New France. He recruited Nicholson to join the effort, which was to include a sea-based attack on Quebec with Royal Navy support, and a land-based expedition to ascend the Hudson River, descend Lake Champlain, and attack Montreal. Nicholson was given command of the",
"title": "Francis Nicholson"
},
{
"id": "8906655",
"text": "colonists raised fears among the Americans that their rights as \"Englishmen\", and particularly their rights of self-government, were in danger. From 1765, a series of disputes with Parliament over taxation led to the American Revolution, first to informal committees of correspondence among the colonies, then to coordinated protest and resistance, with an important event in 1770, the Boston Massacre. A standing army was formed by the United Colonies, and independence was declared by the Second Continental Congress on 4 July 1776. The Patriots fought the British in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783). Formal acts of rebellion against British authority began",
"title": "History of colonialism"
},
{
"id": "10819070",
"text": "office that he had previously held, and was supported by separatist movements. Another Panamanian politician named José Agustín Arango began to plan the revolution and separation. The separatists wanted to negotiate the construction of the Panama Canal directly with the United States due to the negativity of the Colombian government. The separatist network was formed by Arango, Dr. Manuel Amador Guerrero, General Nicanor de Obarrio, Ricardo Arias, Federico Boyd, Carlos Constantino Arosemena, Tomás Arias, Manuel Espinosa Batista and others. Amador Guerrero was in charge of going to the United States to get support for the separatist plan; he also gained",
"title": "Separation of Panama from Colombia"
},
{
"id": "8906659",
"text": "the American Revolution forty years earlier, revolutionary leaders began bloody wars of independence against Spain, whose armies were ultimately unable to maintain control. By 1831, Spain had been ejected from the mainland of the Americas, leaving a collection of independent republics that stretched from Chile and Argentina in the south to Mexico in the north. Spain's colonial possessions were reduced to Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines and a number of small islands in the Pacific, all of which she was to lose to the United States in the 1898 Spanish–American War or sell to Germany shortly thereafter. Brazil was the",
"title": "History of colonialism"
},
{
"id": "6965522",
"text": "by American separatists in the American War of Independence in the 1770s. In the 19th century, Calcutta's traders and merchants traded with the rest of the British Empire, continental Europe, the United States and China. Indentured Indian labourers from Bihar, sailed to new homes in Fiji, Mauritius, Guyana, Surinam and South Africa. India's independence movement had strong roots in East India. The feudal land system, established through the Permanent Settlement of Bengal, was unpopular among the peasant cultivators and the numerous agricultural labourers found all over Bihar and Bengal (Khetmazdoors). The Indian Rebellion of 1857 started in Bengal. British war",
"title": "East India"
},
{
"id": "2820",
"text": "Samuel Hood was narrowly defeated by the French, led by the Comte de Grasse, who continued seizing British territories: Tobago fell on 2 June; Demerara and Essequibo on 22 January 1782; St. Kitts and Nevis on 12 February, despite a British naval victory on 25 January; and Montserrat on 22 February. In 1782, the primary strategic goal of the French and Spanish was the capture of Jamaica, whose sugar exports were more valuable to the British than the Thirteen Colonies combined. On 7 April 1782, de Grasse departed Martinique to rendezvous with Franco-Spanish troops at Saint Domingue and invade Jamaica",
"title": "American Revolutionary War"
},
{
"id": "12062301",
"text": "proposal for action.\" Federalist party members convened the Hartford Convention on December 15, 1814, and they addressed their opposition to the continuing war with England and the domination of the federal government by the \"Virginia dynasty\". Twenty six delegates attended; Massachusetts sent 12, Connecticut seven, and Rhode Island four. New Hampshire and Vermont declined, but two counties each from those states sent delegates. Historian Donald R. Hickey notes: The final report addressed issues related to the war and state defense, and it recommended several amendments to the Constitution. Massachusetts and Connecticut endorsed the it, but the war ended as the",
"title": "Secession in the United States"
},
{
"id": "2197416",
"text": "the main populations having permanently migrated north of the border. When the American Revolutionary War began, British officials as well as the colonial Continental Congress sought the allegiance (or at least the neutrality) of the influential Iroquois Confederacy. The Six Nations divided over what course to pursue. Most Mohawks, Cayugas, Onondagas, and Senecas chose to ally themselves with the British. But the Oneidas and Tuscaroras, thanks in part to the influence of Presbyterian missionary Samuel Kirkland, joined the American revolutionaries. For the Iroquois, the American Revolution became a civil war. The Iroquois homeland lay on the frontier between the Province",
"title": "Sullivan Expedition"
},
{
"id": "2763",
"text": "Loyalists were subsequently driven out of the colony. Loyalists were recruited in North Carolina to reassert colonial rule in the South, but they were decisively defeated and Loyalist sentiment was subdued. A troop of British regulars set out to reconquer South Carolina and launched an attack on Charleston on June 28, 1776, but it failed and effectively left the South in Patriot control until 1780. The shortage of gunpowder had led Congress to authorize an expedition against the Bahamas colony in the British West Indies in order to secure ordnance there. On March 3, 1776, the Americans landed after a",
"title": "American Revolutionary War"
},
{
"id": "15149159",
"text": "a long-standing explanation: San Martín returned because he missed South America, and the war of independence justified changing sides to support it. This perspective was held by mitrist historians, rosist revisionists and socialists. Those groups shared a common perspective about the revolutions and rebellions that took place in the Americas between 1809 and 1811: they considered that they were, from this early stage, separatist wars, intending to create new countries apart from Spain. Later historians, such as Norberto Galasso, Oriol Anguerra or Rodolfo Terragno, consider this to be unlikely. San Martín was thirty-five years old by then, and left America",
"title": "Military career of José de San Martín in Spain"
},
{
"id": "17149287",
"text": "Cherokee Expedition The Cherokee Expedition, also known as Christie's Campaign, was a military offensive that occurred during the American Revolutionary War between American forces and Cherokee tribes allied to Great Britain. The British encouraged and facilitated Cherokee raids in July 1776, into Colonial territories of Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia to wreak havoc among the southern colonies. The state governments responded with a plan for retaliation throughout Cherokee territory. The main force of 1,800 Virginian volunteers under Colonel William Christian marched southwest passed the Northern Cherokee border, while the Georgians attacked north through the Southern border of Cherokee",
"title": "Cherokee Expedition"
},
{
"id": "10658685",
"text": "The American Revolutionary War, which began in April 1775 with the Battles of Lexington and Concord, widened in September 1775 when the Continental Army embarked on an invasion of the British Province of Quebec. The province was viewed by the Second Continental Congress as a potential avenue for British forces to attack and divide the rebellious colonies, and was at the time lightly defended. The invasion reached a peak on December 31, 1775, when the Battle of Quebec ended in disaster for the Americans. In the spring of 1776, 10,000 British and German troops arrived in Quebec, and General Guy",
"title": "USS Philadelphia (1776)"
},
{
"id": "488183",
"text": "under Spanish control. Although Mexico had been in revolt in 1811 under Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, resistance to Spanish rule had largely been confined to small guerrilla bands in the countryside. King Ferdinand was still dissatisfied with the loss of so much of the Empire and resolved to retake it. A large expedition was assembled in Cadiz with the aim of reconquest. However, Ferdinand's plans would be disrupted by Liberal Revolution, and Ferdinand was eventually forced to give up all of the New World colonies, except for Cuba and Puerto Rico. In 1812, the United States declared war on Britain",
"title": "1810s"
},
{
"id": "409420",
"text": "burning Iroquois villages to the ground, leaving nothing behind but smoldering ruin and dead bodies. In the Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War, The British and American Militia did similar campaigns of Extermination, but to their neighbors. Whole towns where depopulated. The British Cavalry led by Banastre Tarleton join the militia in the creation of the inferno called \"South Carolina\". The French Revolutionary Wars introduced to mainland Europe some of the first concepts of total war, such as mass conscription. The fledgling republic found itself threatened by a powerful coalition of European nations. The only solution, in the eyes",
"title": "Total war"
},
{
"id": "9181571",
"text": "including about a third of the clergymen. The Puritans created a deeply religious, socially tight-knit, and politically innovative culture that is still present within the United States. They hoped that this new land would serve as a \"redeemer nation.\" They fled England and attempted to create a \"nation of saints\" in America, an intensely religious, thoroughly righteous community designed to be an example for all of Europe. Roger Williams preached religious toleration, separation of church and state, and a complete break with the Church of England. He was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded Providence Plantations, which became",
"title": "Puritan migration to New England (1620–40)"
},
{
"id": "36172",
"text": "tax levied by the national government, and threatened to rebel, Federalists warned that they would send in the army to force them to capitulate. As the unrest sweeping Europe spread to the United States, calls for secession reached unparalleled heights, and the fledgling nation seemed ready to tear itself apart. Some of this agitation was seen by Federalists as having been caused by French and French-sympathizing immigrants. The Alien Act and the Sedition Act were meant to guard against this perceived threat of anarchy. They were a major political issue in the elections of 1798 and 1800, controversial then, and",
"title": "Alien and Sedition Acts"
},
{
"id": "17144158",
"text": "African land rights and the conditions of tenants on European-owned estates. The outbreak and effects of the First World War was the key factor in moving him from thought to planning an uprising, which he believed was for the deliverance of his people. He planned to attack government centres and European estates in the Shire Highlands in January 1915. The plan failed almost completely; Chilembwe was killed and many of his followers were executed after summary trials under Martial law, but the uprising was a severe blow to the colonial authorities. For many years after the initial shock of the",
"title": "Abrahams Commission"
},
{
"id": "628357",
"text": "who had recently fallen under French rule, and the Swiss to emigrate. Prisoners were set free in Paris in September 1719 onwards, under the condition that they marry prostitutes and go with them to Louisiana. The newly married couples were chained together and taken to the port of embarkation. In May 1720, after complaints from the Mississippi Company and the concessioners about this class of French immigrants, the French government prohibited such deportations. However, there was a third shipment of prisoners in 1721. The last French and Indian War resulted in the dissolution of New France, with Canada going to",
"title": "French colonization of the Americas"
},
{
"id": "1995831",
"text": "and Carroll left Montreal on May 11, following news that the American forces at Quebec City were in panicked retreat, to return to Philadelphia. Samuel Chase and Charles Carroll, the other two delegates, analyzed the military situation in the area south and east of Montreal, finding it a good place to set up a defense. On May 27, they wrote a report to Congress on the situation, and left for the south. Upriver from Montreal were a series of small British garrisons that the Americans had not concerned themselves with during the occupation. As spring approached, bands of Cayuga, Seneca,",
"title": "Invasion of Quebec (1775)"
},
{
"id": "11812994",
"text": "American settlers into secession from the United States. Washington feared that Spain (as well as Britain) might successfully incite insurrection against the U.S. if he failed to open trade on the Mississippi, and he sent envoy Thomas Pinckney to Spain with that goal in mind. Fearing that the United States and Great Britain might unite to take Spanish territory, Spain decided to seek accommodation with the United States. The two parties signed the Treaty of San Lorenzo in 1795, establishing intentions of friendship between the United States and Spain. The United States and Spain agreed not to incite native tribes",
"title": "Federalist Era"
},
{
"id": "1466102",
"text": "end of the conflict in 1821 saw the NWC mandated by the British Government to merge into the HBC. Throughout 1825 and 1826, British officials would continue to offer Americans partition plans for the Pacific Coast of North America. These largely originated in part from correspondence with the NWC and later HBC. The border would continue to extend west on the 49th parallel to the Rocky Mountains, where the Columbia (and some times the Snake River) would be used as the border until it reached the Pacific Ocean. Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs George Canning has been appraised by",
"title": "Fort Vancouver"
},
{
"id": "469998",
"text": "continued to be more ethnically diverse than the other colonies. Numerous settlers immigrated from Ireland, both Catholic and Protestant—particularly \"New Light\" Ulster Presbyterians. Protestant Germans also migrated in large numbers, particularly to Pennsylvania. In the 1740s, the Thirteen Colonies underwent the First Great Awakening. In 1738, an incident involving a Welsh mariner named Robert Jenkins sparked the War of Jenkins' Ear between Britain and Spain. Hundreds of North Americans volunteered for Admiral Edward Vernon's assault on Cartegena de Indias, a Spanish city in South America. The war against Spain merged into a broader conflict known as the War of the",
"title": "Thirteen Colonies"
},
{
"id": "1919100",
"text": "after the Fall of Singapore, and with the Americans supporting independence for India, Winston Churchill, the wartime Prime Minister of Britain, sent Sir Stafford Cripps, the leader of the House of Commons, with an offer of dominion status to India at the end of the war in return for the Congress's support for the war effort. Not wishing to lose the support of the allies they had already secured—the Muslim League, Unionists of the Punjab, and the Princes—the Cripps offer included a clause stating that no part of the British Indian Empire would be forced to join the post-war Dominion.",
"title": "Partition of India"
},
{
"id": "4049329",
"text": "of the English-speaking settlers had arrived following the British conquest of Canada in 1759–1760, and were unlikely to support separation from Britain. The older British colonies, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia (including what is now New Brunswick) also remained loyal and contributed military forces in support of the Crown. In late 1775 the Continental Army sent a force into Quebec, led by General Richard Montgomery and Colonel Benedict Arnold, with the goal of convincing the residents of Quebec to join the Revolution. Although only a minority of Canadians openly expressed loyalty to King George, about 1,500 militia fought for the King",
"title": "Loyalist (American Revolution)"
}
] | where were the separatist planning on going when they came to the colonies |
[
"Robert Gulaczyk"
] | [
{
"id": "19366162",
"text": "Loving Vincent Loving Vincent is a 2017 experimental animated biographical drama film about the life of painter Vincent van Gogh, and in particular, the circumstances of his death. It is the first fully painted animated feature film. The film, written and directed by Dorota Kobiela and Hugh Welchman, is a Polish-UK co-production, funded by the Polish Film Institute, and partially through a Kickstarter campaign. First conceived as a seven-minute short movie in 2008, \"Loving Vincent\" was realized by Dorota Kobiela, a painter herself, after studying the techniques and the artist's story through his letters. Each of the film's 65,000 frames",
"title": "Loving Vincent"
},
{
"id": "8431784",
"text": "about the final days of the painter. It is directed by Julian Schnabel and stars Willem Dafoe as van Gogh. In the British science fiction series \"Doctor Who\", van Gogh is portrayed by Scottish actor Tony Curran. Upon release, \"Vincent and the Doctor\" (one of two episodes in which van Gogh appears) has received critical acclaim with many praising Curran's portrayal of the artist. \"Loving Vincent\" is a 2017 experimental animated biographical drama film about van Gogh's life and in particular, the circumstances surrounding his death. The world's first fully painted feature film, each one of its 65,000 frames was",
"title": "Posthumous fame of Vincent van Gogh"
},
{
"id": "19366174",
"text": "nominations at both the Academy Awards and Golden Globes. Loving Vincent Loving Vincent is a 2017 experimental animated biographical drama film about the life of painter Vincent van Gogh, and in particular, the circumstances of his death. It is the first fully painted animated feature film. The film, written and directed by Dorota Kobiela and Hugh Welchman, is a Polish-UK co-production, funded by the Polish Film Institute, and partially through a Kickstarter campaign. First conceived as a seven-minute short movie in 2008, \"Loving Vincent\" was realized by Dorota Kobiela, a painter herself, after studying the techniques and the artist's story",
"title": "Loving Vincent"
},
{
"id": "19366163",
"text": "is an oil painting on canvas, using the same technique as Van Gogh, created by a team of over 100 painters. The film premiered at the 2017 Annecy International Animated Film Festival. It won Best Animated Feature Film Award at the 30th European Film Awards in Berlin and was nominated for Best Animated Feature at the 90th Academy Awards. One year after Vincent van Gogh's suicide, postman Joseph Roulin asks his son Armand to deliver Van Gogh's last letter to his brother, Theo. Roulin finds the death suspicious, as merely weeks earlier Van Gogh claimed through letters that his mood",
"title": "Loving Vincent"
},
{
"id": "1403753",
"text": "Lust for Life (film) Lust for Life is a 1956 American biographical film about the life of the Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh, based on the 1934 novel of the same name by Irving Stone which was adapted for the screen by Norman Corwin. It was directed by Vincente Minnelli and produced by John Houseman. The film stars Kirk Douglas as Van Gogh, James Donald as his brother Theo, with Pamela Brown, Everett Sloane, and Anthony Quinn. Douglas won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama for his performance, while Quinn won the Academy Award for",
"title": "Lust for Life (film)"
},
{
"id": "19366170",
"text": "a box office success, grossing over an estimated $42.1 million (in USD) worldwide on a budget of $5.5 million, with United States earnings totaling $6.7 million. The film has most notably grossed $3 million in South Korea, $2.1 million in Italy and $10.8 million in China. On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 84% based on 133 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2/10. The website's critical consensus states: \"\"Loving Vincent\"s dazzling visual achievements make this Van Gogh biopic well worth seeking out – even if its narrative is far less effectively composed.\" Metacritic",
"title": "Loving Vincent"
},
{
"id": "19366168",
"text": "envisioned and due to a difficulty in obtaining funding, resulting in a shorter schedule for the crew to work within. There were, in total, about 5,000 applicants, many of whom became interested after watching an online \"recruitment teaser\" for the project. Van Gogh paintings informed the storyboard for the project, which were modified for the screen. These modifications ranged from simple alterations to re-imaginings incorporating different weather effects or time of day. A total of 65,000 frames were painted, but since artists painted multiple frames from the same shot on a single surface, only 1,000 paintings survived. The film uses",
"title": "Loving Vincent"
},
{
"id": "19366169",
"text": "a form of rotoscoping. Production for the film began with a live-action cast filming against a green screen. After filming, editors composited Van Gogh paintings into scene backgrounds, and finally cut the movie together as usual. However, once the actual film was complete, they shot each individual frame onto a blank canvas, and artists painted over each image. The entire process, from the actual filming to completion of the paintings, took four years to finish. Even Welchman himself admitted, \"We have definitely without a doubt invented the slowest form of filmmaking ever devised in 120 years.\" The movie is considered",
"title": "Loving Vincent"
},
{
"id": "19366167",
"text": "drove Van Gogh to suicide in order to release Theo from the burden. After Armand returns home, Postman Roulin later receives word from Theo's widow, Johanna, thanking Armand for returning the letter. Johanna attaches to her letter to Armand one of van Gogh's letters to her – signed, \"Your loving Vincent.\" The leading cast is as follows: The filmmakers chose classically trained painters over traditional animators. Welchman said he wanted to avoid animators with \"personalised styles\" and opted for people who \"were very pure oil painters\". In total there were 125 painters from over twenty countries, which was more than",
"title": "Loving Vincent"
},
{
"id": "7290357",
"text": "a keen fan of Celtic F.C. In April 2009, Curran revealed to the \"Daily Record\" newspaper that he was playing the role of Lieutenant Delcourt, in \"\", which was released in 2011. }}</ref> He also made a cameo appearance in \"The Pandorica Opens\". Curran played the role of Datak Tarr on the Syfy series Defiance and in 2014, Curran co-starred with Diana Vickers in the thriller film \"Awaiting\". In 2016 Tony signed up to play 'Callum' in the new E4/Netflix original series Crazyhead. Curran portrayed Vincent van Gogh in the science fiction series \"Doctor Who\". The episode, written by Richard",
"title": "Tony Curran"
},
{
"id": "20815817",
"text": "At Eternity's Gate (film) At Eternity's Gate is a 2018 biographical drama film about the final years of painter Vincent van Gogh's life. The film is directed by Julian Schnabel, from a screenplay by Schnabel, Louise Kugelberg and Jean-Claude Carrière. It stars Willem Dafoe as van Gogh, Rupert Friend, Oscar Isaac, Mads Mikkelsen, Mathieu Amalric, Emmanuelle Seigner and Niels Arestrup. It was selected to be screened in the main competition section of the 75th Venice International Film Festival, and was released in the United States on November 16, 2018, by CBS Films. At the 76th Golden Globe Awards, Dafoe was",
"title": "At Eternity's Gate (film)"
},
{
"id": "20815818",
"text": "nominated for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama. In May 2017, Schnabel announced that he would direct a film about the painter Vincent van Gogh, with Willem Dafoe cast in the role. The film was written by Schnabel and French screenwriter Jean-Claude Carrière. In regards to the story, Schnabel said: The film was shot over 38 days beginning in September 2017 on location in Arles, Bouches-du-Rhône and Auvers-sur-Oise, France, all locations where Van Gogh lived during his final years. In May 2018, CBS Films acquired distribution rights to the film. It had its world premiere at the 75th Venice International",
"title": "At Eternity's Gate (film)"
},
{
"id": "14689264",
"text": "of the same name by Seth Grahame-Smith. In November 2017, Booth starred in the international film \"Loving Vincent\", as Armand Roulin, the son of a friend of Vincent tasked to deliver a letter of Vincent to his brother, leading him through a journey of different stories of Vincent and his death. Booth has been supporting UNHCR since 2015. He has travelled to Iraq to visit refugees and internally displaced persons. Booth has highlighted the work of UNHCR in media interviews and has helped raise awareness of the global refugee crisis via his social media channels. Booth has supported UNHCR fundraising",
"title": "Douglas Booth"
},
{
"id": "7951729",
"text": "Paul Rhys Paul Rhys (born 19 December 1963) is a Welsh television, film and theatre actor. Rhys was born in Neath, Glamorgan, and studied at RADA, leaving with the Bancroft Gold Medal in 1985. After graduating, he obtained his first major screen role, in \"Absolute Beginners\" (1986). Since then he has seldom been off the stage and screen. His first US exposure was when American film director Robert Altman cast Rhys, who was then still a student, as Theo van Gogh in \"Vincent and Theo\" opposite Tim Roth as Vincent. Paul was born to Catholic parents. His mother, Kathryn Ivory,",
"title": "Paul Rhys"
},
{
"id": "19366171",
"text": "reports a score of 62 out of 100 based on 21 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". A.O. Scott, writing for \"The New York Times\", found the visual aspects of the film to be innovative stating: \"the viewer also becomes accustomed to the images, and astonishment at the film's innovative, painstaking technique begins to fade. But its charm never quite wears off, for reasons summed up in the title.\" Actress Angourie Rice had similar sentiments, writing in an essay that “it was such a fascinating experience to witness the actors’ performances turned into van Gogh style paintings. The great thing about",
"title": "Loving Vincent"
},
{
"id": "3902631",
"text": "Schnabel, In 2007, Schnabel designed Lou Reed's critically acclaimed 'Berlin' Tour and released \"\". In 2010, Schnabel then directed the film \"Miral\". In May 2017, Schnabel announced that he will direct a film about the painter Vincent Van Gogh during his time in Arles and Auvers-sur-Oise, France. The film is called \"At Eternity's Gate\" and the script was written by Schnabel, French screenwriter Jean-Claude Carrière, and Louise Kugelberg. The film will star Willem Dafoe as Van Gogh. Other actors include Mathieu Amalric, Mads Mikkelsen, Niels Arestrup, Oscar Isaac as Paul Gauguin and Emmanuelle Seigner as \"the woman from Arles\" or",
"title": "Julian Schnabel"
},
{
"id": "1687411",
"text": "(2014) and most recently, Vincent Van Gogh in \"At Eternity's Gate\" (2018), for which he received a Volpi Cup for Best Actor. Dafoe was born in Appleton, Wisconsin. One of eight children of Muriel Isabel (née Sprissler) and Dr. William Alfred Dafoe (1917–2014), he recalled in 2009: \"My five sisters raised me because my father was a surgeon, my mother was a nurse and they worked together, so I didn't see either of them much.\" His brother, Donald Dafoe, is a transplant surgeon and researcher. He has German, English, Irish, Scottish, and French ancestry. In high school, he acquired the",
"title": "Willem Dafoe"
},
{
"id": "19366172",
"text": "this film is that it also made me question what the merging of artforms meant for art, film and everything in between.” Giuseppe Sedia of the \"Krakow Post\" praised the impressive visual style of the movie. However he added, \"In their concern to keep the viewers interested, directors Kobiela and Welchman have built an over-narrated and spirit-dampening movie in which the preponderance of the dialogues hinders the viewers’ immersion into the violent beauty and materiality of Van Gogh’s oeuvre\". The film won the \"Most Popular International Feature\" award at the 2017 Vancouver International Film Festival. It was nominated in the",
"title": "Loving Vincent"
},
{
"id": "3489804",
"text": "a requested handshake with Harvey Weinstein at a charity event. Ron Perlman Ronald Perlman (born April 13, 1950) is an American actor and voice actor. He played the role of Vincent on the television series \"Beauty and the Beast\" (1987–1990), for which he won a Golden Globe Award, the comic book character Hellboy in both \"Hellboy\" (2004) and its sequel \"\" (2008), and Clay Morrow on the television series \"Sons of Anarchy\" (2008–2013). Perlman is known as a collaborator of \"Hellboy\" director Guillermo del Toro, having roles in the del Toro films \"Cronos\" (1993), \"Blade II\" (2002), and \"Pacific Rim\"",
"title": "Ron Perlman"
},
{
"id": "781665",
"text": "Countdown\" (1980) and \"Saturn 3\" (1980). His acting style and delivery made him a favorite with television impersonators such as Frank Gorshin, Rich Little and David Frye. His role as Vincent van Gogh in \"Lust for Life\" (1956), directed by Vincente Minnelli and based on Irving Stone's best-seller, was filmed mostly on location in France. Douglas was noted not only for the veracity of van Gogh's appearance but for how he conveyed the painter's internal turmoil. Some reviewers consider it the most famous example of the \"tortured artist\" who seeks solace from life's pain through his work. Others see it",
"title": "Kirk Douglas"
},
{
"id": "3489794",
"text": "Ron Perlman Ronald Perlman (born April 13, 1950) is an American actor and voice actor. He played the role of Vincent on the television series \"Beauty and the Beast\" (1987–1990), for which he won a Golden Globe Award, the comic book character Hellboy in both \"Hellboy\" (2004) and its sequel \"\" (2008), and Clay Morrow on the television series \"Sons of Anarchy\" (2008–2013). Perlman is known as a collaborator of \"Hellboy\" director Guillermo del Toro, having roles in the del Toro films \"Cronos\" (1993), \"Blade II\" (2002), and \"Pacific Rim\" (2013). He is also known for his voice-over work as",
"title": "Ron Perlman"
},
{
"id": "9539240",
"text": "Vincent & Theo Vincent & Theo is a 1990 biographical drama film about the Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890) and his brother Theo (1857–1891), who was an art dealer. While Vincent Van Gogh's artworks are now famous, he was essentially unrecognised in his lifetime, and survived on his brother's charity. The film was directed by Robert Altman, and starred Tim Roth and Paul Rhys in the title roles. The film was made as a four-hour mini-series (200-minute length) for television, and a 138-minute version was released to theatres. \"Vincent & Theo\" has a prelude, which is documentary footage of",
"title": "Vincent & Theo"
},
{
"id": "2357756",
"text": "Brick Lane and broadcast by the BBC in 1986. He played a shy young man in the 1984 Mike Leigh film \"Meantime\". In 1985, he appeared in the television film \"Murder with Mirrors\". He played an apprentice hitman in Stephen Frears' \"The Hit\", earning an \"Evening Standard Award for Most Promising Newcomer\". In 1989 he had a supporting role as the buffoonish lackey Mitchell in Peter Greenaway's \"The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover\". In 1990, he starred as Vincent van Gogh in Robert Altman's \"Vincent & Theo\" and Guildenstern in Tom Stoppard's \"Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead\".",
"title": "Tim Roth"
},
{
"id": "19366173",
"text": "Hollywood Music in Media Awards 2017 for Best Original Score in an Animated Film. It won the Audience Award at the 2017 Annecy International Animated Film Festival and the Golden Goblet for Best Animation Film at the Shanghai International Film Festival. It won the XII Festival de Cine Inédito de Mérida (FCIM) after obtaining the highest score among the projected films and also the highest score obtained in the history of the event. On 9 December 2017, the film won Best Animated Feature Film Award at the 30th European Film Awards in Berlin. The film also received Best Animated Feature",
"title": "Loving Vincent"
},
{
"id": "5283250",
"text": "Adrian Grenier Adrian Grenier (born July 10, 1976) is an American actor, producer, director, musician and environmentalist. He is best known for playing Vincent Chase in the TV series \"Entourage\" (2004–2011). He starred in the films \"Drive Me Crazy\", \"The Devil Wears Prada\", and \"Entourage\". Grenier was born in Santa Fe, New Mexico, the son of Karesse Grenier and John Dunbar. His parents were never married. He was raised by his mother in New York City. His father was from Ohio, and has English, German, Scottish and Irish ancestry. His mother was born in New Mexico, to a family of",
"title": "Adrian Grenier"
},
{
"id": "19115200",
"text": "Marton Csokas, Nick Kroll, and Michael Shannon are all featured in supporting roles. Principal photography began in Richmond, Virginia, on September 16, 2015, and ended on November 19. The locations used for \"Loving\" were mainly based in Richmond, also in King and Queen County, Caroline County, Central Point, and Bowling Green. \"Loving\" began a limited release in the United States on November 4, 2016, before a wide release on November 11, 2016. The film received positive reviews, and was named one of the best films of 2016 by several media outlets. The film was selected to compete for the Palme",
"title": "Loving (2016 film)"
},
{
"id": "9359392",
"text": "Vincent De Paul (actor) Vincent De Paul (born September 2, 1968) is an American actor and model. He has acted in several movies, including \"Poseidon\" (2006), \"Hitch\" (2005), and \"Hairspray\" (1988). Vincent De Paul was born Salvatore Vincent De Paul Zannino on September 2, 1972 in Baltimore, Maryland. De Paul received his first Emmy in 2015 and second consecutive Emmy in 2016 for producing The Bay the series created by Gregori J. Martin. He is the president and co-founder of FIVE ARTS PRODUCTIONS. The other producers with his company are Chris G. Maier, Marco Marezza, Aaron Lee actor and prolific",
"title": "Vincent De Paul (actor)"
},
{
"id": "12760942",
"text": "Van Gogh (1991 film) Van Gogh is a 1991 French film written and directed by Maurice Pialat. It stars Jacques Dutronc in the role of Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh, a role for which he won the 1992 César Award for Best Actor. Set in 1890, the film follows the last 67 days of Van Gogh's life and explores his relationships with his brother Theo, his physician Paul Gachet (most famous as the subject of Van Gogh's painting \"Portrait of Dr. Gachet\"), and the women in his life, including Gachet's daughter, Marguerite. The film was entered into the 1991 Cannes",
"title": "Van Gogh (1991 film)"
},
{
"id": "9539243",
"text": "Gauguin in Provence, his mutilation of his earlobe, the birth of their son Vincent Willem to Johanna and Theo van Gogh, Vincent van Gogh's care by the physician Paul Gachet, and his ultimate suicide. While the roles of the van Gogh brothers were played by British actors Tim Roth and Paul Rhys, the remaining Dutch and French roles were generally played by Dutch and French actors. Julian Mitchell was the screenwriter for \"Vincent & Theo\"; he was known at the time for his play \"Another Country\" (1981) and its film adaptation (1984). Vincent van Gogh's life has been portrayed many",
"title": "Vincent & Theo"
},
{
"id": "17340016",
"text": "female part and joined the cast. On March 22, Chris O'Dowd joined the cast as a Catholic priest. Naomi Watts joined the cast on April 22 in the role of a Russian prostitute. On July 19, Scott Adsit joined the cast to play McCarthy's character's ex-husband. Filming began the first week of July 2013, with scenes filmed in Brooklyn, New York and at Belmont Park in Elmont, Long Island, New York. On December 26, 2013, Theodore Shapiro was hired to score the film. Sony Classical Records released the soundtrack album on October 27, 2014. The first official trailer for the",
"title": "St. Vincent (film)"
},
{
"id": "17340010",
"text": "St. Vincent (film) St. Vincent is a 2014 American comedy-drama film written, directed and co-produced by Theodore Melfi, in his feature film debut. The film stars Bill Murray as the title character and features Jaeden Lieberher, Melissa McCarthy, Chris O'Dowd, and Naomi Watts. The film had its premiere at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival where it was voted second runner-up as \"People's Choice Award for Best Film.\" It received a limited theatrical release on October 10, 2014, and expanded to a wide release on October 24. The same day, it was released on Netflix in France. The film was",
"title": "St. Vincent (film)"
},
{
"id": "19982967",
"text": "Jochum ten Haaf Jochum ten Haaf (17 December 1978, Maastricht) is a Dutch actor, notable for stage, film and television work including \"\" (2003), \"Bad Girls\" (2003), \"Nightwatching\" (2008), \"Summer Heat\" (2008), \"Castle Amerongen\" (2011) and The Resistance Banker (2018). He gained prominence as Vincent van Gogh in the 2002 premiere of the play \"Vincent in Brixton\", gaining him a nomination for the Evening Standard Theatre Award for best newcomer and a Theatre World Award for the play's US run. He also argued van Gogh's case in the 2004 poll De Grootste Nederlander. From 2014 to 2015 he appeared in",
"title": "Jochum ten Haaf"
},
{
"id": "8431785",
"text": "hand-painted by 125 professional painters, including a re-imagining of over 120 of Van Gogh's own works. The film won Best Animated Feature Film Award at the 30th European Film Awards in Berlin and the Best Animation Award at the Shanghai International Film Festival, as well as being nominated for Best Animated Feature at the 90th Academy Awards. In August 2018 the retail brand Vans produced, in partnership with the Van Gogh Museum of Art, a line of products centered around a handful of the artist's works. Proceeds of the sales were given to the museum to \"preserve Van Gogh's legacy",
"title": "Posthumous fame of Vincent van Gogh"
},
{
"id": "101214",
"text": "the ceremony's history. In 2009, \"Doctor Who\" was voted the 3rd greatest show of the 2000s by Channel 4, behind \"Top Gear\" and \"The Apprentice\". The episode \"Vincent and the Doctor\" was shortlisted for a Mind Award at the 2010 Mind Mental Health Media Awards for its \"touching\" portrayal of Vincent van Gogh. It has won the Short Form of the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, the oldest science fiction/fantasy award for films and series, six times since 2006. The winning episodes were \"The Empty Child\"/\"The Doctor Dances\" (2006), \"The Girl in the Fireplace\" (2007), \"Blink\" (2008), \"The Waters",
"title": "Doctor Who"
},
{
"id": "8500478",
"text": "His figure fills the picture plane giving the impression that he is a confident, masculine young man. The second work, with his body slightly turned aside and his eyes looking down, appears to be a sad young man. Even the angle of the hat seems to indicate sadness. Both museum paintings were made on large canvas, 65 x 54 cm. \"Loving Vincent\", a movie based on the life of Vincent van Gogh, features Armand Roulin as the main character. In it, Roulin's asked by his father, Joseph, to deliver a letter to Vincent's brother, Theo van Gogh. The critically acclaimed",
"title": "The Roulin Family"
},
{
"id": "13016506",
"text": "Tcheky Karyo played the role of Vincent van Gogh. The film was shot in the Netherlands, France and Quebec, and her performance won her a nomination for a Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role (1991). The film’s small screen release in the United States by Disney was awarded an Emmy for Outstanding Children’s Special. Her travels for the European release and film festival circuit of \"Vincent and Me\" introduced her to a sensibility of fashion, architecture and style that she had not yet been exposed to in the woods of Nova Scotia. Visiting her",
"title": "Nina Petronzio"
},
{
"id": "7226300",
"text": "Vincent (song) \"Vincent\" is a song by Don McLean written as a tribute to Vincent van Gogh. It is also known by its opening line, \"Starry Starry Night\", a reference to Van Gogh's 1889 painting \"The Starry Night\". The song also describes other paintings by the artist. McLean wrote the lyrics in 1971 after reading a book about the life of van Gogh. The following year, the song became the number one hit in the UK Singles Chart for 2 weeks. and No. 12 in the US. In the US, \"Vincent\" also hit number two on the Easy Listening chart.",
"title": "Vincent (song)"
},
{
"id": "3446799",
"text": "1992–1995, he played the role of \"Gen. Sloan Carpenter\". During both of his stints on the show, his characters became a father-in-law to the same character, Cassie Callison. In 2005, Thinnes co-starred as Dr. Theophile Peyron in the movie \"The Eyes Of Van Gogh\". The film concerns Vincent van Gogh (played by Alexander Barnett, who also wrote and directed) and his voluntary stay in an insane asylum. The movie focuses on Van Gogh's relationships with Dr. Peyron, as well as fellow Expressionist Paul Gauguin, and his brother, Theo. Thinnes recently provided audio commentary for the official DVD releases of \"The",
"title": "Roy Thinnes"
},
{
"id": "5592488",
"text": "2009 on BBC 2. In 2010, Cumberbatch portrayed Vincent van Gogh in \"Van Gogh: Painted with Words\". \"The Telegraph\" called his performance \"[a] treat ... vividly bringing Van Gogh to impassioned, blue-eyed life.\" In the same year, Cumberbatch began playing Sherlock Holmes in the joint BBC/PBS television series \"Sherlock\", to critical acclaim. The second series began on New Years Day 2012 in the United Kingdom and was broadcast on PBS in the United States in May 2012. The third series aired in the United States on PBS over a period of three weeks in January to February 2014. Cumberbatch won",
"title": "Benedict Cumberbatch"
},
{
"id": "7965288",
"text": "Fox drama series \"Empire\". In 2018, Truvillion starred on BET drama series \"In Contempt\". Tobias Truvillion Tobias Truvillion (born October 1, 1975) is an American actor and model. In 2006, he received his first major role on ABC series \"One Life to Live\", playing Vincent Jones. He is also known for his roles on \"Empire\" (2016-17) and \"In Contempt\" (2018). Truvillion was born in Flushing, Queens in New York City. He attended Bayside High School in Bayside, Queens. In 1999, Truvillion embarked on his pursuit of acting at the National Black Theater in Harlem. In 2001, he received AUDELCO Award",
"title": "Tobias Truvillion"
},
{
"id": "8431783",
"text": "day it was painted because he described it in a letter to his brother, Theo, and said he painted it the previous day July 4, 1888. Various aspects of van Gogh's life have been portrayed in several film features including \"Lust for Life\" (1956) with Kirk Douglas in the title role, \"Vincent\" (1987), \"Vincent & Theo\" (1990), \"Vincent and Me\" (1990), \"Dreams\" (1990), and \"Van Gogh\" (1991). \"Dreams\" was directed by Akira Kurosawa and featured Martin Scorsese in a vignette portraying van Gogh during his last year while painting wheat fields. \"At Eternity's Gate\" (2018) is an upcoming drama film",
"title": "Posthumous fame of Vincent van Gogh"
},
{
"id": "1403764",
"text": "occasionally. At the start and ending of the film, the creators list and thank a number of galleries, collectors and historians who allowed the works of Van Gogh to be photographed for the film. Lust for Life (film) Lust for Life is a 1956 American biographical film about the life of the Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh, based on the 1934 novel of the same name by Irving Stone which was adapted for the screen by Norman Corwin. It was directed by Vincente Minnelli and produced by John Houseman. The film stars Kirk Douglas as Van Gogh, James Donald as",
"title": "Lust for Life (film)"
},
{
"id": "4374364",
"text": "to Eugène Boch on October 2, 1888, writing he had painted \"a view of the café on place du Forum, where we used to go, \"painted at night\"\" (emphasis van Gogh's). The painting and the café were both featured in the 1956 film \"Lust for Life\" starring Kirk Douglas and later in \"Vincent and the Doctor\" (2010), the tenth episode in the fifth series of British science fiction television series \"Doctor Who\", and in the fully painted film \"Loving Vincent\" (2017). \"This is a night painting without black, with nothing but beautiful blue and violet and green and in this",
"title": "Café Terrace at Night"
},
{
"id": "7965286",
"text": "Tobias Truvillion Tobias Truvillion (born October 1, 1975) is an American actor and model. In 2006, he received his first major role on ABC series \"One Life to Live\", playing Vincent Jones. He is also known for his roles on \"Empire\" (2016-17) and \"In Contempt\" (2018). Truvillion was born in Flushing, Queens in New York City. He attended Bayside High School in Bayside, Queens. In 1999, Truvillion embarked on his pursuit of acting at the National Black Theater in Harlem. In 2001, he received AUDELCO Award for his performance in the \"Oya\" musical. Truvillion started his acting career appearing briefly",
"title": "Tobias Truvillion"
},
{
"id": "1403761",
"text": "Washington Post\" called the film \"a remarkable achievement, combining a rich adventure in the art of color with a perceptive study of a creative personality. In this biography of Vincent Van Gogh, Kirk Douglas adds to his advantage of striking resemblance a performance of powerful sensitivity.\" Edwin Schallert of the \"Los Angeles Times\" called the film a \"remarkable and poignant study,\" and forecast that the artist's 'stellar portrayal' by Kirk Douglas \"will be recognized for Academy honors.\" \"The Monthly Film Bulletin\" printed a somewhat negative review, writing: \"Although one feels that those responsible were determined to 'do right' by Van",
"title": "Lust for Life (film)"
},
{
"id": "7226302",
"text": "insane world.\" The site also said McLean performs \"a particularly poignant rendition of \"Vincent\" on the live album \"Starry, Starry Night\". Vincent (song) \"Vincent\" is a song by Don McLean written as a tribute to Vincent van Gogh. It is also known by its opening line, \"Starry Starry Night\", a reference to Van Gogh's 1889 painting \"The Starry Night\". The song also describes other paintings by the artist. McLean wrote the lyrics in 1971 after reading a book about the life of van Gogh. The following year, the song became the number one hit in the UK Singles Chart for",
"title": "Vincent (song)"
},
{
"id": "19982968",
"text": "the London production of \"War Horse\". Jochum ten Haaf Jochum ten Haaf (17 December 1978, Maastricht) is a Dutch actor, notable for stage, film and television work including \"\" (2003), \"Bad Girls\" (2003), \"Nightwatching\" (2008), \"Summer Heat\" (2008), \"Castle Amerongen\" (2011) and The Resistance Banker (2018). He gained prominence as Vincent van Gogh in the 2002 premiere of the play \"Vincent in Brixton\", gaining him a nomination for the Evening Standard Theatre Award for best newcomer and a Theatre World Award for the play's US run. He also argued van Gogh's case in the 2004 poll De Grootste Nederlander. From",
"title": "Jochum ten Haaf"
},
{
"id": "5283270",
"text": "flagship beer, which must be opened using a can piercer, or \"church key\". Grenier is an investor and advisor to the mobile video app MONTAJ. Released in January 2013, MONTAJ allows anyone to create videos, joining small (5 seconds or less) video clips using a smartphone camera. Adrian Grenier Adrian Grenier (born July 10, 1976) is an American actor, producer, director, musician and environmentalist. He is best known for playing Vincent Chase in the TV series \"Entourage\" (2004–2011). He starred in the films \"Drive Me Crazy\", \"The Devil Wears Prada\", and \"Entourage\". Grenier was born in Santa Fe, New Mexico,",
"title": "Adrian Grenier"
},
{
"id": "9359398",
"text": "Producer Yuriy Zubarev. Vincent De Paul (actor) Vincent De Paul (born September 2, 1968) is an American actor and model. He has acted in several movies, including \"Poseidon\" (2006), \"Hitch\" (2005), and \"Hairspray\" (1988). Vincent De Paul was born Salvatore Vincent De Paul Zannino on September 2, 1972 in Baltimore, Maryland. De Paul received his first Emmy in 2015 and second consecutive Emmy in 2016 for producing The Bay the series created by Gregori J. Martin. He is the president and co-founder of FIVE ARTS PRODUCTIONS. The other producers with his company are Chris G. Maier, Marco Marezza, Aaron Lee",
"title": "Vincent De Paul (actor)"
},
{
"id": "19115213",
"text": "the \"Life Magazine\" photographer who shot the iconic images of the Lovings in 1965, as well as Nick Kroll in an as-of-yet unnamed role. In addition to Shannon and Kroll, on September 22, 2015, Bill Camp, Marton Csokas, and Jon Bass were cast as Frank Beazley, Sheriff Brooks, and Phil Hirschkop, respectively. On May 16, 2016, Nichols, in an interview with \"Vox\"'s Gregory Ellwood, spoke of when development on \"Loving\" first began four years ago, he thought the film would help influence the Supreme Court's debate over same-sex marriage, in which Nichols stated, \"[After the verdict came in] there was",
"title": "Loving (2016 film)"
},
{
"id": "14402738",
"text": "any jokes about Van Gogh's ears after he famously cut one of them off. However, he did incorporate other humour as he naturally wanted to \"try to make things funny\". Curtis stated that casting an actor to play Van Gogh was done carefully, as he wanted him to feel to the audience as Van Gogh, not \"like a bloke they’ve seen acting lots of other parts, in an orange wig\". Tony Curran was ultimately cast as the part; Curtis called him a \"wonderful actor\" who \"really could not look more like\" Van Gogh. Curran, Smith and Gillan got to know",
"title": "Vincent and the Doctor"
},
{
"id": "5645233",
"text": "2018 he featured in Swapnasandhani's new play \"Taraye Taraye\", as Vincent Van Gogh, under the direction of Kaushik Sen. He is also a national award-winning filmmaker and is one of the most prominent directors of Bengali cinema, directing \"The Bong Connection\", \"Chalo Let's Go\", and \"Ranjana Ami Ar Ashbona\". In recent years, he has directed the \"Byomkesh Bakshi\" movie series. Anjan Dutt was raised in the mountains of North Bengal. He had his schooling from St. Paul's School in Darjeeling. In the late seventies, he joined a group called Open Theatre and in the early eighties performed plays translated from",
"title": "Anjan Dutt"
},
{
"id": "781640",
"text": "international star through positive reception for his leading role as an unscrupulous boxing hero in \"Champion\" (1949), which brought him his first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor. Other early films include \"Young Man with a Horn\" (1950), playing opposite Lauren Bacall and Doris Day; \"Ace in the Hole\" opposite Jan Sterling (1951); and \"Detective Story\" (1951). He received a second Oscar nomination for his dramatic role in \"The Bad and the Beautiful\" (1952), opposite Lana Turner, and his third nomination for portraying Vincent van Gogh in \"Lust for Life\" (1956). In 1955, he established Bryna Productions, which",
"title": "Kirk Douglas"
},
{
"id": "6296529",
"text": "Dan Futterman Daniel Paul Futterman (born June 8, 1967) is an American actor and screenwriter. Futterman wrote the screenplay for the film \"Capote\", for which he received an Academy Award nomination, and Independent Spirit, Boston Society of Film Critics, and Los Angeles Film Critics Association awards. He received a second Academy Award nomination for co-writing the script to \"Foxcatcher\" in 2014. Futterman is also known for several high-profile acting roles, including Val Goldman in the film \"The Birdcage\", and Vincent Gray on the CBS television series \"Judging Amy\". Futterman, one of three siblings, was born in Silver Spring, Maryland, the",
"title": "Dan Futterman"
},
{
"id": "12760945",
"text": "you the quotidian stuff in between. This is the story of an artist being human, carrying canvases out or lugging them back in – their famous images intentionally out of sight.\" Van Gogh (1991 film) Van Gogh is a 1991 French film written and directed by Maurice Pialat. It stars Jacques Dutronc in the role of Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh, a role for which he won the 1992 César Award for Best Actor. Set in 1890, the film follows the last 67 days of Van Gogh's life and explores his relationships with his brother Theo, his physician Paul Gachet",
"title": "Van Gogh (1991 film)"
},
{
"id": "13774756",
"text": "which combines live-action and animation, and stars Heather Graham and Lang Lang. As well as developing their own productions, BreakThru have served as Visual Effects producers for La Vie En Rose, and were the UK distributor for the 2006 animated film, Free Jimmy. Since 2012, BreakThru films has been based in the tricity area of Poland, with main production of Loving Vincent being completed in Gdańsk. In 2017, Breakthru Films released Loving Vincent, the world's first fully painted feature film, completed in the painting style of Vincent van Gogh. Initial production of the film began in 2012 after the idea",
"title": "BreakThru Films"
},
{
"id": "9359396",
"text": "\"Wolf of Wall Street\" inspired pilot \"In the Black\" based on actual interviews of Stratton Oakmont employees[citation needed]. De Paul plays Damon Whitney the owner of the brokerage firm. He also appeared in \"Hitch\" (2005) and \"Poseidon\" (2006). He has also co-produced the feature films \"Make a Wish\" and \"Walk a mile in my Pradas.\" In 2011 he had the role of Doug Damian in the feature film \"Silver Case\" - directed by Christian Filippella for which De Paul was also an associate producer. In December 2015 De Paul wrapped on \"A Beverly Hills Christmas\" with Dean Cain, John Savage,",
"title": "Vincent De Paul (actor)"
},
{
"id": "3489797",
"text": "attended the University of Minnesota, where he graduated with a master's degree in theater arts in 1973. Perlman started his career as a stage actor, appearing in various productions, and made his feature film debut in Jean-Jacques Annaud's film \"Quest for Fire\" (1981). Annaud later revealed that when he contacted Perlman to ask him about playing Salvatore in \"The Name of the Rose\" (1986), Perlman was thinking of abandoning his career. After various minor and supporting roles in films and television series, his breakthrough role came when he played Vincent on the television series \"Beauty and the Beast\", opposite Linda",
"title": "Ron Perlman"
},
{
"id": "1441617",
"text": "50th anniversary with son and actor Liam Springthorpe. He played a depraved version of himself in \"Californication\" (2009). In 2010, Springfield published his autobiography, \"Late, Late at Night: A Memoir\". In 2016 he starred as Vince Vincente/Lucifer in season 12 of the American TV show \"Supernatural\" on The CW. Rick Springfield was born Richard Lewis Springthorpe on 23 August 1949 in Balmain, an inner western suburb of Sydney. He is the son of Eileen Louise (Evennett) and Norman James Springthorpe, an Australian Army career officer. His maternal grandparents were English. When he was young, he lived at the army camp",
"title": "Rick Springfield"
},
{
"id": "1958990",
"text": "Joe Pesci Joseph Frank Pesci ( , ; born February 9, 1943) is an American actor, comedian and singer. Known for portraying tough, volatile characters, in a variety of genres, he is best known for his role as Vincent Gambini in \"My Cousin Vinny\" (1992), Harry Lime in \"Home Alone\" and \"\", as Leo Getz in the \"Lethal Weapon\" franchise, and for co-starring with Robert De Niro in the Martin Scorsese films \"Raging Bull\" (1980), \"Goodfellas\" (1990), and \"Casino\" (1995). Pesci won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as the psychopathic gangster Tommy DeVito (based on",
"title": "Joe Pesci"
},
{
"id": "2216284",
"text": "Andy García Andrés Arturo García Menéndez (born April 12, 1956), professionally known as Andy García, is a Cuban American actor and director who became known in the late 1980s and 1990s, having appeared in successful Hollywood films, including \"The Godfather Part III\", \"The Untouchables\", \"Internal Affairs\" and \"When a Man Loves a Woman\". In the 2000s, he starred in \"Ocean's Eleven\" and its sequels:, \"Ocean's Twelve\" and \"Ocean's Thirteen\", and in \"The Lost City\". García was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Vincent Mancini in \"The Godfather Part III\". He was Emmy Award-",
"title": "Andy García"
},
{
"id": "1959007",
"text": "films (\"Raging Bull\" and \"Casino\"), Pesci broke the same rib, 15 years apart. Joe Pesci Joseph Frank Pesci ( , ; born February 9, 1943) is an American actor, comedian and singer. Known for portraying tough, volatile characters, in a variety of genres, he is best known for his role as Vincent Gambini in \"My Cousin Vinny\" (1992), Harry Lime in \"Home Alone\" and \"\", as Leo Getz in the \"Lethal Weapon\" franchise, and for co-starring with Robert De Niro in the Martin Scorsese films \"Raging Bull\" (1980), \"Goodfellas\" (1990), and \"Casino\" (1995). Pesci won the Academy Award for Best",
"title": "Joe Pesci"
},
{
"id": "213831",
"text": "image, and as his career progressed, he selected roles that would not compromise his off-screen image. At a party in 1957, Wayne confronted actor Kirk Douglas about the latter's decision to play the role of Vincent van Gogh in the film \"Lust for Life\", saying: \"Christ, Kirk, how can you play a part like that? There's so goddamn few of us left. We got to play strong, tough characters. Not these weak queers.\" Wayne's rise to being the quintessential movie war hero began to take shape four years after World War II, when \"Sands of Iwo Jima\" (1949) was released.",
"title": "John Wayne"
},
{
"id": "14386681",
"text": "30, 2014, she appeared with Taylor Kitsch in the \"\" live-action trailer. Ratajkowski appeared on the February 2015 \"FHM\" cover, but she tweeted that her picture was used without her consent. \"FHM\" responded that \"we liked the pictures so much we stuck one on our front cover\". Ratajkowski co-starred in the 2015 film \"Entourage\" as a fictionalized version of herself, playing the love interest of Adrian Grenier's character, Vincent Chase. Her performance received critical commentary ranging from \"less than compelling\", by \"The Hollywood Reporter\" Sheri Linden, to \"uncanny realism\", by \"The Philadelphia Inquirer\" Steven Rea. \"Grantland\" Morris described her role",
"title": "Emily Ratajkowski"
},
{
"id": "17340011",
"text": "a moderate commercial success, grossing $54.8 million against its $13 million budget, and received positive reviews from critics. Vincent MacKenna is a retired grumpy alcoholic Vietnam War veteran, living in Sheepshead Bay who smokes and gambles regularly. His wife, Sandy, developed Alzheimer's years ago and can no longer recognize him, but he poses as a doctor to visit her and does her laundry. Vincent's only close friends are a pregnant Russian sex worker named Daka and his cat, Felix. Despite his aggressive attitude toward strangers, Vincent has acquaintances who admire and care about him. Vincent's 30-year-old Chrysler LeBaron gets damaged",
"title": "St. Vincent (film)"
},
{
"id": "19112111",
"text": "by Emile Hirsch and Zoë Kravitz, while Keith Kjarval was attached to produce the film through Unified Pictures, which also developed the film. Principal photography on the film began in December 2014 in Louisiana, and wrapped in January 2015. The film premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 18, 2016. The film was released on June 2, 2017, by Vertical Entertainment. Vincent N Roxxy Vincent N Roxxy is a 2016 American action crime-thriller film directed and written by Gary Michael Schultz. The film stars Emile Hirsch, Zoë Kravitz, Zoey Deutch, Emory Cohen, and Beau Knapp. Principal photography began in",
"title": "Vincent N Roxxy"
},
{
"id": "17340018",
"text": "critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". On CinemaScore, audiences gave the film an average grade of \"A-\" on an A+ to F scale. Richard Roeper gave the film a grade of an A, saying Murray's performance could \"mean a Golden Globe.\" St. Vincent (film) St. Vincent is a 2014 American comedy-drama film written, directed and co-produced by Theodore Melfi, in his feature film debut. The film stars Bill Murray as the title character and features Jaeden Lieberher, Melissa McCarthy, Chris O'Dowd, and Naomi Watts. The film had its premiere at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival where it was voted second",
"title": "St. Vincent (film)"
},
{
"id": "19115260",
"text": "including distribution in North America and international territories, such as the United Kingdom, Germany and Latin America. \"Loving\" began a limited release in the United States on November 4, 2016, in four locations in New York City and Los Angeles, including ArcLight Hollywood and The Landmark, before moving to a wider release on November 11, 2016. Before opening in general release across Europe, on January 17, 2017, it expanded to Australia, ahead of a bow in the United Kingdom and Ireland on February 3. On February 9, it opened in Israel, and then in France on February 15, and Estonia",
"title": "Loving (2016 film)"
},
{
"id": "3118597",
"text": "Dracula: Dead and Loving It Brooks co-authored the screenplay with Steve Haberman and Rudy De Luca. He also appears as Dr. Van Helsing. The film's other stars include Steven Weber, Amy Yasbeck, Peter MacNicol, Harvey Korman, and Anne Bancroft. The film follows the classic \"Dracula\" (1931), starring Bela Lugosi, in its deviations from the novel. Its visual style and production values are reminiscent of the Hammer Horror films. It spoofs, among other films, \"The Fearless Vampire Killers\" (1967) and \"Bram Stoker's Dracula\" (1992). The film received overwhelmingly negative reviews and was a box office flop. Solicitor Thomas Renfield travels all",
"title": "Dracula: Dead and Loving It"
},
{
"id": "5435960",
"text": "directed by Stanley Donen. \"Another Country\" (1984) is based on Mitchell's own play, and directed by Marek Kanievska. \"Vincent & Theo\" (1990) is a biographical film about the famed painted Vincent van Gogh and his brother Theo, and was directed by Robert Altman. \"August\" (1996) was directed and starred Anthony Hopkins, and was adapted from Anton Chekhov's classic play \"Uncle Vanya\". \"Wilde\" (1997) is based on the life of Oscar Wilde, and was directed by Brian Gilbert. In 2007 he wrote the BBC4 drama \"Consenting Adults\" about Sir John Wolfenden and his celebrated 1957 report. Julian Mitchell Charles Julian Humphrey",
"title": "Julian Mitchell"
},
{
"id": "12485776",
"text": "The Passion of Vincent van Gogh The Passion of Vincent van Gogh is an opera in three acts and eighteen scenes by composer Christopher Yavelow. The opera was commissioned by the National Endowment for the Arts and composed at the Camargo Foundation in 1983 during a Camargo Fellowship in Cassis, France. The English libretto by the composer is taken from the letters of Vincent van Gogh (with permission from the Vincent van Gogh Foundation), Paul Gauguin's journal, and additional official documents relating to Vincent van Gogh. Each line is footnoted in the score and libretto. A German translation by Monique",
"title": "The Passion of Vincent van Gogh"
},
{
"id": "4797359",
"text": "2003 comedy \"Old School\" (alongside Luke Wilson, Vince Vaughn and Will Ferrell) as \"Spanish\", \"Laurel Canyon\" (2003) as Wyett, \"Subway Cafe\" (2004) as Vincent Young, \"War of the Worlds\" (2005) as Vincent, \"Roll Bounce\" (2005) as Naps, \"Pulse\" (2006) as Stone, \"First Snow\" (2006) as Andy Lopez, \"Illegal Tender\" (2007) as Wilson DeLeon Jr., \"What We Do Is Secret\" (2007) as Pat Smear. He also appears in Apartment 143 as Paul Ortega. His TV guest appearances have been in \"\" (2000), \"Touched by an Angel\" (2001) as Ramone, \"ER\" (2001) as Jorge Escalona, \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\" (2002) as Tomas,",
"title": "Rick Gonzalez"
},
{
"id": "7901147",
"text": "Armand Roulin, the eldest son, was born on 5 May 1871 in Lambesc, and died on 14 November 1945. He was 17 years of age when portrayed by Van Gogh. Camille Roulin, the middle child, was born in Lambesc in southern France, on 10 July 1877, and died on 4 June 1922. When his portrait was painted, Camille was eleven years of age. The Van Gogh Museum painting shows Camille's head and shoulders. Yellow brush strokes behind him are evocative of the sun. Marcelle Roulin, the youngest child, was born on 31 July 1888, and four months old, when Van",
"title": "Portraits by Vincent van Gogh"
},
{
"id": "447034",
"text": "correspond. Vincent Willem van Gogh was born on 30 March 1853 into a Dutch Reformed family in Groot-Zundert, in the predominantly Catholic province of North Brabant in the southern Netherlands. He was the oldest surviving child of Theodorus van Gogh, a minister of the Dutch Reformed Church, and Anna Cornelia Carbentus. Van Gogh was given the name of his grandfather, and of a brother stillborn exactly a year before his birth. Vincent was a common name in the Van Gogh family: his grandfather, Vincent (1789–1874), who received a degree in theology at the University of Leiden in 1811, had six",
"title": "Vincent van Gogh"
},
{
"id": "12485777",
"text": "Fasel appears in both the score and libretto. Research for the opera was supported by the International Research and Exchanges Board (IREX) and by the American Council of Learned Societies and the Social Science Research Council. An abridged version of the opera premiered at the University of Texas at Dallas on April 14, 1984. The Passion of Vincent van Gogh The Passion of Vincent van Gogh is an opera in three acts and eighteen scenes by composer Christopher Yavelow. The opera was commissioned by the National Endowment for the Arts and composed at the Camargo Foundation in 1983 during a",
"title": "The Passion of Vincent van Gogh"
},
{
"id": "17340015",
"text": "the neighborhood about Vincent's past. Later, he nominates Vincent at the school's assembly, publicly declaring him his saint and presenting him with a medal. Some time later, Daka gives birth to a baby girl and she, along with Maggie, Oliver and Robert, go to Vincent's house, where they eat and happily talk. The screenplay was written in 2011 by Melfi, and was included on the Hollywood Black List (the best unproduced scripts) of 2011. Jack Nicholson was rumored to star in the film, but Murray signed on in July 2012. On March 11, 2013, Melissa McCarthy was offered the lead",
"title": "St. Vincent (film)"
},
{
"id": "19115272",
"text": "marches to the cadences of history and the heart.\" In her review for \"The New York Times\", Manohla Dargis wrote, \"[Nichols'] most distinct aesthetic choice is the movie's quietness and the hush that envelops its first scene and that eventually defines the Lovings as much as their accents, gestures, manners and battles. \"Loving\" has received numerous awards and nominations. It had been selected to compete for the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival. It received two nominations at the 74th Golden Globe Awards for Best Actor for Edgerton, and Best Actress for Negga. When the SAG-AFTRA announced the nominations",
"title": "Loving (2016 film)"
},
{
"id": "20058907",
"text": "Usman Ally Usman Ally is a Pakistani-American film, stage and television actor. Marking his acting debut in 2008, Ally won an Obie Award in 2015 for his role in \"The Invisible Hand\". He has appeared in several stage productions including \"The Elaborate Entrance of Chad Deity\", \"The Jungle Book\" and a production of \"Around the World in 80 Days\". He is known for his on screen roles such as Vincent on \"Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.\" and the Hook-Handed Man in \"A Series of Unfortunate Events\". Usman Ally was born in Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) to Pakistani parents. He grew up in Kenya,",
"title": "Usman Ally"
},
{
"id": "3185474",
"text": "Natasha Lyonne Natasha Lyonne (born April 4, 1979), is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Nicky Nichols on the Netflix series \"Orange Is the New Black\" (2013–present), for which she received an Emmy Award nomination in 2014, and for her role as Jessica in the \"American Pie\" film series (1999–2012). Lyonne has appeared in over 50 films, including: \"Everyone Says I Love You\" (1996), \"Slums of Beverly Hills\" (1998), \"Detroit Rock City\", \"But I'm a Cheerleader\" (both 1999), \"Scary Movie 2\", \"The Grey Zone\", \"Kate & Leopold\" (all 2001), \"Party Monster\", \"Die Mommie Die!\" (both",
"title": "Natasha Lyonne"
},
{
"id": "8893538",
"text": "song was featured during the (2009). The song appeared in a scene of the 2007 Film Disturbia. The song appeared in a 2017 UK TV commercial for Domino's. The song was featured briefly in Dreamworks animated film Megamind Shanice's cover of the song was released in the summer of 1992 months after the success of her hit \"I Love Your Smile\". It only achieved minor success on the US \"Billboard\" R&B chart peaking at number 59; it also peaked at number 54 on the UK chart. The music video for the song is set on a beach. In 2005, she",
"title": "Lovin' You"
},
{
"id": "7226301",
"text": "\"Billboard\" ranked it as the No. 94 song for 1972. The song makes use mainly of the guitar but also includes the accordion, marimba, and strings. In 2000, PBS aired \"Don McLean: Starry, Starry Night,\" a concert special that was filmed in Austin, Texas. McLean said the following about the genesis of the song: \"The Telegraph\" wrote \"With its bittersweet palette of major and minor chords, \"Vincent\"'s soothing melody is one of high emotion recollected in tranquillity\". AllMusic retrospectively described the song as \"McLean's paean to Van Gogh ... sympathiz[ing] with Van Gogh's suicide as a sane comment on an",
"title": "Vincent (song)"
},
{
"id": "5283253",
"text": "2004–2011, and was nominated for numerous Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Comedy Series. In 2006, he played Nate Cooper, the boyfriend of Andrea Sachs (Anne Hathaway) in \"The Devil Wears Prada\". In 2013, he starred in the post-apocalyptic film \"Goodbye World\" alongside Gaby Hoffman. It premiered at the 2013 Los Angeles Film Festival where it received good reviews. The film made its cinematic release in the United States on April 4, 2014. Grenier stepped back in front of the camera in 2015 to reprise his role of Vincent Chase in the \"Entourage\" film adaptation. Filming began in January 2014 and the",
"title": "Adrian Grenier"
},
{
"id": "4831705",
"text": "Emile Hirsch Emile Davenport Hirsch (born March 13, 1985) is an American actor. He starred in \"Into the Wild\" (2007) and the A&E network simulcast miniseries \"Bonnie & Clyde\" (2013). His other film roles include \"The Dangerous Lives of Altar Boys\" (2002), \"The Mudge Boy\" (2003), \"The Girl Next Door\" (2004), \"Lords of Dogtown\" (2005), \"Alpha Dog\" (2006), \"Speed Racer\" (2008), \"Milk\" (2008), \"The Darkest Hour\" (2011), \"The Motel Life\" (2012), \"Lone Survivor\" (2013), and \"Vincent N Roxxy\" (2016). Hirsch, who is of German-Jewish, English, and Scots-Irish ancestry, was born in the Palms section of Los Angeles. His mother, Margaret",
"title": "Emile Hirsch"
},
{
"id": "10186577",
"text": "of a malevolent surfer-girl\". Ronan next voiced Marguerite Gachet in the biographical animated drama \"Loving Vincent\" (2017), and starred alongside Billy Howle as troubled newlyweds on their honeymoon in a film adaptation of Ian McEwan's novel \"On Chesil Beach\". In a mixed review of the latter film, Kate Erbland of IndieWire thought that Ronan was underutilised in it and that her performance had been overshadowed by Howle's work. She then starred in Greta Gerwig's coming-of-age film \"Lady Bird\", in which she played the titular role of Christine \"Lady Bird\" McPherson, a high school senior who shares a tumultuous relationship with",
"title": "Saoirse Ronan"
},
{
"id": "9097853",
"text": "Julian Bailey (actor) Julian Bailey (born May 25, 1977 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian actor who has been seen on several television series, including \"Better Off Ted\", \"NCIS\", \"Just Shoot Me!\", \"Judging Amy\" and \"Charmed\" to name a few. He first appeared to American television audiences in 2002 in the recurring role of Scott Wilson, assistant to Lea Thompson, in the Lifetime network drama, \"For The People\". Julian became well known to 'Daytime' audiences in the comedic recurring role of Vincent, the flirtatious bartender from the 'Indigo Club' on \"The Young and the Restless\". He recently starred opposite Rebecca",
"title": "Julian Bailey (actor)"
},
{
"id": "5272486",
"text": "Bobby Cannavale Robert Cannavale (; born May 3, 1970) is an American actor known for various film, television, and stage roles, including starring roles in \"Third Watch\", \"Boardwalk Empire\", \"Vinyl\", \"Will & Grace\", and \"Mr. Robot\". Cannavale had a recurring role on the NBC comedy series \"Will & Grace\" as Will Truman's long-term boyfriend Officer Vincent \"Vince\" D'Angelo, for which he won the 2005 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series; and portrayed Gyp Rosetti during the third season of the HBO drama series \"Boardwalk Empire\", for which he won the 2013 Primetime Emmy Award for",
"title": "Bobby Cannavale"
},
{
"id": "19112100",
"text": "Vincent N Roxxy Vincent N Roxxy is a 2016 American action crime-thriller film directed and written by Gary Michael Schultz. The film stars Emile Hirsch, Zoë Kravitz, Zoey Deutch, Emory Cohen, and Beau Knapp. Principal photography began in December 2014 in Louisiana, and wrapped in January 2015. The film was released on June 2, 2017, by Vertical Entertainment. Vincent, a small town loner contemplates delivering a black duffle bag full of money to a gang leader. On his way home, he encounters Roxxy, a rebellious punk rocker being forced out of her car and hit repeatedly by a gang member.",
"title": "Vincent N Roxxy"
},
{
"id": "20815819",
"text": "Film Festival on September 3, 2018. It was also screened at the New York Film Festival on October 12, 2018. The film was released on November 16, 2018. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 82% based on 89 reviews, with an average rating of 7.4/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \"Led by mesmerizing work from Willem Dafoe in the central role, \"At Eternity's Gate\" intriguingly imagines Vincent Van Gogh's troubled final days.\" Metacritic gives the film a weighted average score of 78 out of 100 based on 30 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". At",
"title": "At Eternity's Gate (film)"
},
{
"id": "9359394",
"text": "De Paul and confronted him with modeling opportunities [citation needed]. De Paul got his start in film as \"Carmelita's Dance Partner\" in \"Hairspray\", and has since appeared in several television shows such as \"The West Wing\", \"Frasier\",\"As the World Turns\",\"Six Feet Under,\"Mad Men\",and\"Big Time Rush\" De Paul is also an award winning actor and producer. 2015, for producing \"The Bay Series\". His awards include best actor for his role as Doug Damian in the film \"Silver Case\" directed by Christian Filippella co starring Eric Roberts. Vincent De Paul received the award on January 30, 2013 at Confidential from the LA",
"title": "Vincent De Paul (actor)"
},
{
"id": "4761802",
"text": "Vincent Corleone Vincent Santino Corleone (né Mancini) is a fictional character in the 1990 feature film \"The Godfather Part III\", in which he is portrayed by Andy García, who was nominated for an Academy Award for his performance. Vincent is the illegitimate son of Sonny Corleone and his mistress Lucy Mancini. He eventually succeeds his uncle Michael as head of the Corleone family. Retroactive continuity (\"retcon\") was employed to create the character's existence for \"The Godfather Part III\", as it is evident from Mario Puzo's original novel that Lucy did not conceive a child with Sonny. Coppola has said that",
"title": "Vincent Corleone"
},
{
"id": "7951731",
"text": "then returned to RADA for two terms before leaving again, this time to play Dean Swift in Julian Temple's \"Absolute Beginners\". Rhys completed his education at RADA by winning the William Pole prize and the Bancroft Gold Medal on graduation. His first film role was in Franklin J. Schaffner's \"Lionheart\". After a brief spell at the Royal Shakespeare Company he played opposite Colin Firth in Richard Eyre's award-winning film \"Tumbledown\". Soon after this, he appeared in \"Vincent & Theo\", directed by the legendary American film director Robert Altman, as Vincent van Gogh's younger brother Theo van Gogh. Continuing the theme",
"title": "Paul Rhys"
},
{
"id": "11047918",
"text": "R. Watson's life was spotlighted, along with Adam Rose and Corey Graves, on ESPN's \"\" special on WWE titled \"Behind the Curtain\", which aired May 5, 2015. He made an appearance in fellow wrestler Emma's short-lived YouTube cooking channel Taste of Tenille in 2015. Watson was featured playing tambourine and trombone on the Postmodern Jukebox cover of \"What is Love\" music video. In 2017, Watson made his voice acting debut as the character Vincent Mensah in the PlayStation 4 video game \"\". He also published \"The Book of Booty: Shake It. Love It. Never Be It\" with fellow New Day",
"title": "Xavier Woods"
},
{
"id": "19366164",
"text": "was calm and normal. Armand reluctantly agrees and heads for Paris. Père Tanguy, a Montmartre art supplier, tells Armand that Theo actually died six months after Vincent. He suggests that Armand travel to Auvers-sur-Oise and look for Dr. Paul Gachet, who housed Van Gogh after his release from an asylum, shared his love for art, and attended the funeral. Once there, Armand learns that the doctor is out on business. So he stays at the same inn that Van Gogh did during his time in the area. There he meets the temporary proprietress Adeline Ravoux, who was fond of Van",
"title": "Loving Vincent"
},
{
"id": "7716071",
"text": "Sellars, and Gideon \"Babe\" Howard (born 1997) with Winger. Notes Arliss Howard Arliss Howard (born Leslie Richard Howard; October 18, 1954) is an American actor, writer and film director. Howard was born in Independence, Missouri and has a younger brother, Jim Howard (b. 1956). He graduated from Truman High School and Columbia College in Columbia, Missouri. Howard established his career with stand-out roles in \"Natural Born Killers\", \"Full Metal Jacket\", and \"Ruby\". In \"Till Death Us Do Part\" (1992), he portrayed author and attorney Vincent Bugliosi, who led the prosecution in the Tate-LaBianca murder trial. In 1997, he co-starred in",
"title": "Arliss Howard"
},
{
"id": "19115268",
"text": "review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 90%, based on 263 reviews, with an average rating of 7.7/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \"\"Loving\" takes an understated approach to telling a painful — and still relevant — real-life tale, with sensitive performances breathing additional life into a superlative historical drama.\" Metacritic, another review aggregator, assigned the film a weighted average score of 79 out of 100, based on 46 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". The film received a five-minute standing ovation following its premiere at the Cannes Film Festival. \"The Hollywood Reporter\", \"People\", and \"Essence\", among",
"title": "Loving (2016 film)"
},
{
"id": "4761810",
"text": "and Vito's first meeting with Hyman Roth. According to Coppola, Puzo had composed a rough draft alternating between Vincent's reign as boss and the \"Happy Years\" of 1926–1939; passages from the original novel not previously incorporated into the movie storylines. Leonardo DiCaprio, Luis Guzmán, Ray Liotta, and García himself all expressed interest in the film. However, this project has lain dormant since Puzo's death in 1999. Vincent Corleone Vincent Santino Corleone (né Mancini) is a fictional character in the 1990 feature film \"The Godfather Part III\", in which he is portrayed by Andy García, who was nominated for an Academy",
"title": "Vincent Corleone"
},
{
"id": "19115263",
"text": "screened as the Sunday Morning Spotlight section of the Middleburg Film Festival in Middleburg, Virginia. Subsequent showings were held at the National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, D.C., on October 24, the Landmark Sunshine Cinema in downtown New York, on October 27, a private screening for the Writers Guild of America, East, at the AMC Lincoln Square, Broadway, on October 27, and on October 29, at the American Film Festival in Wrocław, Poland. Additionally, on November 2, 2016, a private screening of the film was held for the cast and crew at the Byrd Theatre in",
"title": "Loving (2016 film)"
},
{
"id": "1835552",
"text": "for the role.\" That year, he also starred in the German-Canadian historical film \"A Dangerous Method\", directed by David Cronenberg; in the latter, he starred opposite Keira Knightley, Michael Fassbender, and Mortensen (marking their second film together). The film premiered at the 68th Venice Film Festival and was also featured at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival. In 2014, he portrayed The Beast opposite Léa Seydoux as Belle in the French-language adaptation of \"Beauty and the Beast\". The film was screened out of competition at the 64th Berlin International Film Festival. It was released in France on in February 2014",
"title": "Vincent Cassel"
},
{
"id": "251736",
"text": "Tom Sizemore, and Patricia Arquette. In 1990, Scorsese acted in a small role as Vincent van Gogh in the film \"Dreams\" by Japanese director Akira Kurosawa. Scorsese's 1994 cameo appearance in the Robert Redford film \"Quiz Show\" is remembered for the telling line: \"You see, the audience didn't tune in to watch some amazing display of intellectual ability. They just wanted to watch the money.\" De Fina-Cappa was the production company he formed that same year with producer Barbara De Fina. Since the 1990s, Scorsese has increased his role as a film producer. Scorsese produced a wide range of films,",
"title": "Martin Scorsese"
},
{
"id": "447124",
"text": "not paint things as they are ... [T]hey paint them as \"they themselves\" feel them to be.\" Van Gogh's works are among the world's most expensive paintings. Those sold for over US$100 million (today's equivalent) include \"Portrait of Dr Gachet\",\" \" and \"Irises\". The Metropolitan Museum of Art's version of \"Wheat Field with Cypresses\" was acquired in 1993 for US$57 million. In 2015 \"L'Allée des Alyscamps\" sold for US$66.3 million at Sotheby's, New York, exceeding its reserve of US$40 million. Van Gogh's nephew and namesake, Vincent Willem van Gogh (1890–1978), inherited the estate after his mother's death in 1925. During",
"title": "Vincent van Gogh"
}
] | who plays vincent van gogh in loving vincent |
[
"query"
] | [
{
"id": "11032504",
"text": "Search box A search box, search field or search bar is a graphical control element used in computer programs, such as file managers or web browsers, and on web sites. A search box is usually a single-line text box or search icon ( which will transform into a search box on click activity) with the dedicated function of accepting user input to be searched for in a database. Search boxes on web pages are usually used to allow users to enter a query to be submitted to a Web search engine server-side script, where an index database is queried for",
"title": "Search box"
},
{
"id": "3971668",
"text": "Address bar In a web browser, the address bar (also location bar or URL bar) is a graphical control element that shows the current URL. The user can type a URL into the bar to navigate to a chosen website. In a file browser it serves the same purpose of navigation but through the file-system hierarchy. Many address bars offer features like autocomplete and a list of suggestions while the address is being typed in. This auto-completion feature bases its suggestions on the browser's history. Some browsers have keyboard shortcuts to auto-complete an address. These are generally configured by the",
"title": "Address bar"
},
{
"id": "3662045",
"text": "Space bar The space bar, spacebar, blank, or space key is a key on a typewriter or alphanumeric keyboard in the form of a horizontal bar in the lowermost row, significantly wider than other keys. Its main purpose is to conveniently enter a space, e.g., between words during typing. A typical space bar key is very large, enough so that a thumb from either hand can use it, and is almost always found on the bottom row of standard keyboard layouts. Originally (on early writers dating back to the late 19th century) the \"bar\" was literally a metal bar running",
"title": "Space bar"
},
{
"id": "18036220",
"text": "UTC, customers could purchase .Bar domain names at a premium price. Beginning July 14, 2014, at 18:00 UTC, customers can register .BAR domain names on a first-come, first-served basis. Bulk .BAR registration is supported during General Availability. Multiple applications with different registrars are resolved on a first-come, first-served basis during this period. .BAR domain names can have up to 63 characters. .BAR domains cannot be registered with special characters such as & and # in them. The .BAR extension supports Latin IDN (Internationalized Domain Name) characters. .bar .bar is an Internet domain that is specifically geared for bars, pubs and",
"title": ".bar"
},
{
"id": "3971672",
"text": "bar (or \"Omnibox\") doubles as a search plugin bar which pulls incremental returns for typed phrases from Google Suggest's pre-emptive search. An add-on is also available for Firefox that duplicates this functionality, and newer versions have the capability built-in. This \"Omnibox\" is also capable of, in addition to the quick search function listed above, interpreting any non-URL phrase typed into it as a search on the user's search engine of choice. The following sections compare address bar widgets for a few well-known web browsers. Address bar In a web browser, the address bar (also location bar or URL bar) is",
"title": "Address bar"
},
{
"id": "3971670",
"text": "address bars can be used to detect web feeds that can be used to subscribe to pages. The detection of a feed is normally indicated by the RSS icon \"\". A variety of other icons may also be present in the address bar if included with a browser extension. Web browsers often include a feature called Smart Bookmarks. In this feature, the user sets a command that allows for a function (such as searching, editing, or posting) of a website to be expedited. Then, a keyword or term associated with the command is typed into the address bar followed by",
"title": "Address bar"
},
{
"id": "11750788",
"text": "executed while the user types (incremental find). By default, it comes with a number of IFilters for the most common file types—documents, audio, video as well as protocol handlers for Microsoft Outlook e-mails. Other protocol handlers and IFilters can be installed as needed. The Windows Desktop Search functionality is exposed via a Windows Taskbar mounted deskbar. It provides a text field to type the query and the results are presented in a flyout pane. It also integrates as a Windows Explorer window. On selecting a file in the Explorer window, a preview of the file is shown in the right",
"title": "Windows Search"
},
{
"id": "11123939",
"text": "Audio search engine An audio search engine is a web-based search engine which crawls the web for audio content. The information can consist of web pages, images, audio files, or another type of document. Various techniques exist for research on these engines. Text entered into a search bar by the user is compared to the search engine's database. Matching results are accompanied by a brief description of the audio file and its characteristics such as sample frequency, bit rate, type of file, length, duration, or coding type. The user is given the option of downloading the resulting files. The Query",
"title": "Audio search engine"
},
{
"id": "4399632",
"text": "can individually have one of four possible states, to encode information used in automated sortation and delivery onto each piece of mail. Each bar can either be short and centred (known as a \"tracker\"), medium and elevated (an \"ascender\"), medium and lowered (a \"descender\"), or full height. This symbology also uses an element known as a \"Data Content Identifier\" (or DCI), which specifies what types of information are encoded into each barcode, such as postal codes, customer information, and exact delivery points. The information that goes into each barcode is obtained from the address printed on the front of the",
"title": "PostBar"
},
{
"id": "4399637",
"text": "an identical pair of bars, known as \"start\" and \"stop\" fields. These are made up of one ascender and one tracker. The Data Content Identifier is always the first character after the start field. Placeholders used to detail each PostBar format below are A, N, Z and B for the character sets described above, * for the start and stop fields, # for a space character (two full-height bars followed by one tracker), and [RS-\"nn\"] for the error-correction field, where \"nn\" is the number of bars used. Bold Z's indicate DCIs. See caution at bottom of article regarding use of",
"title": "PostBar"
},
{
"id": "3971669",
"text": "user on a case-by-case basis. Address bars have been a feature of web browsers since NCSA Mosaic. For websites using a favicon (a small icon that represents the website), a small icon will generally be present within the address bar, or somewhere nearby. Favicons are specific to websites, thus a generic icon will be displayed if not specified. The address bar is also used, in some browsers, to show the security status of a web page. Various colors and padlock icons may appear if the page is encrypted, and/or to indicate if intended communication is trustworthy and secure. Some browsers",
"title": "Address bar"
},
{
"id": "7470931",
"text": "Bing, may include many different types of enhanced results (organic search and sponsored) such as rich snippets, images, maps, definitions, answer boxes, videos or suggested search refinements. A recent study revealed that 97% of queries in Google returned at least one rich feature. The major search engines visually differentiate specific content types such as images, news, and blogs. Many content types have specialized SERP templates and visual enhancements on the first search results page. Also known as 'user search string', this is the word or set of words that are typed by the user in the search bar of the",
"title": "Search engine results page"
},
{
"id": "4399635",
"text": "short upper and lower bars are assigned weights of 18 & 9, 6 & 3, and 2 & 1, from left to right. Since the first bar has 4 possible values, and the following bars have 3, 2 bars can encode 4×3 = 12 values, while 3 bars can encode 4×3×3 = 36. N characters are simply encoded as the values 0–9. Only the value 9 requires a leading 3. Z characters use the full 36 combinations representable by 3 bars. The values 0–25 encode the letters A–Z, and 26–35 encode the digits 0–9. A characters have a somewhat peculiar",
"title": "PostBar"
},
{
"id": "3070700",
"text": "Google Toolbar Google Toolbar is a web browser toolbar for Internet Explorer, developed by Google. It was first released in 2000 for Internet Explorer 5. Google Toolbar was also supported on Firefox from September 2005 to June 2011. Google Toolbar resides above the browser's tab bar and provides a search box to carry out web searches. Users can log into their Gmail accounts and access their email, saved bookmarks, and web history. It has tools such as AutoLink, AutoFill, Translation, spell checker common to all browsers, while pop-up blocker and word finder are restricted to Internet Explorer. Google Toolbar is",
"title": "Google Toolbar"
},
{
"id": "3971671",
"text": "entering the term afterwards or selecting the command from a list. Quick searches can also be performed in some browsers by entering a shortcut and search terms in lieu of a URL. For example, by associating the shortcut \"w\" with Wikipedia, \"w cake\" can be entered into the address bar to navigate directly to the Wikipedia article for cake. This feature is available in Firefox, Opera and Google Chrome. In Opera and Safari, the address bar can double as a progress bar that indicates how much of the contents of the page has been loaded. In Google Chrome, the address",
"title": "Address bar"
},
{
"id": "8506822",
"text": "Search engine technology A search engine is an information retrieval software program that discovers, crawls, transforms and stores information for retrieval and presentation in response to user queries. A search engine normally consists of four components e.g. search interface, crawler(also known as a spider or bot),indexer, and database. The crawler traverses a document collection, deconstructs document text, and assigns surrogates for storage in the search engine index. Online search engines store images, link data and metadata for the document as well. The concept of hypertext and a memory extension originates from an article that was published in The Atlantic Monthly",
"title": "Search engine technology"
},
{
"id": "3662049",
"text": "allows the user to page down or to page up when the space bar is used with the shift key. In many programs for playback of linear media, the space bar is used for pausing and resuming playback, or for manually advancing through text. Space bar The space bar, spacebar, blank, or space key is a key on a typewriter or alphanumeric keyboard in the form of a horizontal bar in the lowermost row, significantly wider than other keys. Its main purpose is to conveniently enter a space, e.g., between words during typing. A typical space bar key is very",
"title": "Space bar"
},
{
"id": "11750775",
"text": "any e-mails and documents that include the phrase \"The Beatles\" in their titles or contents. Windows Search features \"incremental search\" search (also known as \"search as you type\"). It begins searching as soon as characters are entered in the search box, and keeps on refining and filtering the search results as more characters are typed in. This results in finding the required files even before the full search text is entered. Windows Search supports IFilters, components that enable search programs to scan files for their contents and metadata. Once an appropriate IFilter has been installed for a particular file format,",
"title": "Windows Search"
},
{
"id": "11750784",
"text": "be used via OLE DB, using the \"CollatorDSO\" provider. However, the OLE DB provider is read-only, supporting only \"SELECT\" and \"GROUP ON\" SQL statements. Windows Search also registers a codice_6 application protocol, which can be used to represent searches as URIs. The search parameters and filters are encoded in the URI using AQS or its natural language counterpart, NQS. When invokes the URI, Windows Search (which is the default registered handler for the protocol) launches the \"Search Explorer\" with the results of the search. In Windows Vista SP1 or later, third-party handlers can also register themselves as the application protocol",
"title": "Windows Search"
},
{
"id": "7323019",
"text": "integration with Microsoft Bing search engine. In addition to the traditional web search functions, Bing Bar also allows search on other Bing services such as Images, Video, News and Maps. When users perform a search on another search engine, the Bing Bar's search box will automatically populate itself, allowing the user to view the results from Bing, should it be desired. Bing Bar also links to Outlook.com, Skype and Facebook. Microsoft released a beta version of Bing Desktop, a program developed to allow users to search Bing from the desktop, on April 4, 2012. The initial release followed shortly on",
"title": "Bing (search engine)"
},
{
"id": "4399634",
"text": "and country codes. Z characters are used for address locators, product types, and customer and service information. B characters are one bar each, and are used to encode base-4 machine IDs for Canada Post's internal uses. The bars making up a character can be interpreted as base-3 digits. A full height bar encodes 0, a short lower bar (an ascender) encodes 1, and a short upper bar (a descender) encodes 2. The leftmost bar in a group is the most significant trit, and may have the value 3, with both upper and lower bars short (a tracker). In other words,",
"title": "PostBar"
},
{
"id": "4399636",
"text": "encoding. They can also be decoded as three base-3 digits (a leading 3 is never used), with the values 2–26 mostly encoding A–Y. Exceptions are that 0 encodes M, 1 encodes H, 9 encodes Z (rather than H), and code 14 is not used (rather than encoding M). Canada Post uses nine different formats of PostBar codes—three \"domestic\" barcodes, used on mail within Canada, two \"global\" codes, used to route mail outside Canada, three \"service\" codes, used on customer-applied barcodes, and an \"internal\" code, used for testing, maintenance, and tracking purposes by Canada Post. Each barcode begins and ends with",
"title": "PostBar"
},
{
"id": "19607923",
"text": "the behavior of TEA and modifying the content of the menu bar. \"dates\" contains a calendar. The tab \"learn\" contains a detailed user manual including instructions for the FIF. The \"Famous Input Field\" is a TEA specific command line. In order to find and replace text, enter e.g. codice_1 and click on \"Replace\", \"Replace All\" or \"Replace all in opened files\" in the \"Search\" menu. The string codice_2 well be replaced by the string codice_3 in the chosen way. In addition, the FIF includes three separate search buttons, located on the right side. TEA contains also a plugin system. On",
"title": "TEA (text editor)"
},
{
"id": "928199",
"text": "question. The choices are a mixture of word pairs and short statements. Choices are not literal opposites, but chosen to reflect opposite preferences on the same dichotomy. Participants may skip questions if they feel they are unable to choose. Using psychometric techniques, such as item response theory, the MBTI will then be scored and will attempt to identify the preference, and clarity of preference, in each dichotomy. After taking the MBTI, participants are usually asked to complete a \"Best Fit\" exercise (see below) and then given a readout of their Reported Type, which will usually include a bar graph and",
"title": "Myers–Briggs Type Indicator"
},
{
"id": "5439096",
"text": "A significant percentage of Google's traffic originates from redirects via the Firefox and Google Chrome browsers and from the Google toolbar, all of which take over type-in traffic search strings to the browser address bar. In the last few years advertisers, publishers and ad networks such as MSN, AOL, Google and Yahoo have awoken to the power of displaying relevant advertising to highly targeted type-in traffic from domain names, browser address bar searches and error traffic. Type-in traffic Type-in traffic is a term describing visitors landing at a web site by entering a keyword or phrase (with no spaces or",
"title": "Type-in traffic"
},
{
"id": "9004162",
"text": "an individual or distinct word referred to as a token. Such a program is commonly called a tokenizer or parser or lexer. Many search engines, as well as other natural language processing software, incorporate specialized programs for parsing, such as YACC or Lex. During tokenization, the parser identifies sequences of characters which represent words and other elements, such as punctuation, which are represented by numeric codes, some of which are non-printing control characters. The parser can also identify entities such as email addresses, phone numbers, and URLs. When identifying each token, several characteristics may be stored, such as the token's",
"title": "Search engine indexing"
},
{
"id": "10329266",
"text": "Web search query A web search query is a query that a user enters into a web search engine to satisfy his or her information needs. Web search queries are distinctive in that they are often plain text or hypertext with optional search-directives (such as \"and\"/\"or\" with \"-\" to exclude). They vary greatly from standard query languages, which are governed by strict syntax rules as command languages with keyword or positional parameters. There are three broad categories that cover most web search queries: informational, navigational, and transactional. These are also called \"do, know, go.\" Although this model of searching was",
"title": "Web search query"
},
{
"id": "6201200",
"text": "consisted of the vertical bar that is highly common among modern applications, or a blinking underline under the position where a new character would be inserted. Overtype mode can also be referred to as over script mode, and is sometimes erroneously referred to as overstrike mode, which is a typography term. Notably, on some recent keyboards, the Insert key is completely absent (except on the numeric keypad), its space instead filled with a double-size Delete key. When keymapping using Octal code, set the desired key by sending \\e\\161 to perform the \"insert\" function. Modern word processing applications operate in insert",
"title": "Insert key"
},
{
"id": "11750798",
"text": "next/previous controls, or seeking inside a media file). Preview handlers can also allow certain kind of selections (such as highlighting a text snippet) to be performed from the preview pane itself. In the Control Panel, the search bar in the window can also search for Control Panel options. However, unlike WDS, Windows Search does not support creating aliases. There is also a \"Search Explorer\", which is an integrated Windows Explorer window that is used for searches. It presents the user interface to specify the search parameters, including locations and file types that should be searched, and certain operators, without crafting",
"title": "Windows Search"
},
{
"id": "3662046",
"text": "across the full width of the keyboard (or even wider, and even surrounding it) that triggered the carriage advance without also firing any of the typebars towards the platen. Later examples gradually shrank and developed into their current more ergonomic form as a wide, centrally located but otherwise apparently normal \"key\", as typewriter (and computer) keyboards began to incorporate additional function keys and were more deliberately \"styled\". Although it varies by keyboard type, the space bar usually lies between the Alt keys (or Command keys on Macintosh keyboards) and below the letter keys: C, V, B, N and M on",
"title": "Space bar"
},
{
"id": "8331863",
"text": "and end with D. Although there are 12 combinations of one wide bar (4 choices) and two wide spaces (3 choices), the start/stop codes are limited in two ways: <br> Codabar Codabar is a linear barcode symbology developed in 1972 by Pitney Bowes Corp. (). It and its variants are also known as Codeabar, Ames Code, NW-7, Monarch, Code 2 of 7, Rationalized Codabar, ANSI/AIM BC3-1995 or USD-4. Although \"Codabar\" has not been registered for US federal trademark status, its hyphenated variant \"Code-a-bar\" is a registered trademark. It was designed to be accurately read even when printed on dot-matrix printers",
"title": "Codabar"
},
{
"id": "11032506",
"text": "such as autocomplete, search suggestions, a spelling checker, etc. Search boxes are often also accompanied by drop-down menus or other input controls to allow the user to restrict the search or choose what type of content to search for. In some cases, while users input search strings, the results of that string would also present on the content area too. However, if the page choose this way to show results to users, the loading time is pretty slow and sometimes it may cause freezing state or browser crash. Hence, it is not recommend for small and medium size webpage. Search",
"title": "Search box"
},
{
"id": "9762313",
"text": "can be difficult to track, leading to a reluctance by publishers to participate in CPA programs beyond initial lead generation. CPC: Cost per click tracks the cost of interacting with a client or potential client. In traditional marketing, CPC is viewed as a one-way process of reaching target audiences through means such as direct mail, radio ads and television ads. Search advertising provides opportunities for two-way contacts through web-based chat, Internet-based calls, call-back requests or mailing list sign-ups. There are some guidelines to establish minimum acceptable counting procedure for clicks. Each and every click has a life cycle which is",
"title": "Search advertising"
},
{
"id": "8506831",
"text": "length was achieved in 50 ns for an input text stream of 10 million characters/s, permitting performance despite the presence of single character errors in the form of character codes. Furthermore, the chip allowed nonanchor string search and variable-length `don't care' (VLDC) string search. The first web search engines was Archie, created in 1990 by Alan Emtage, a student at McGill University in Montreal. The author originally wanted to call the program \"archives,\" but had to shorten it to comply with the Unix world standard of assigning programs and files short, cryptic names such as grep, cat, troff, sed, awk,",
"title": "Search engine technology"
},
{
"id": "11032505",
"text": "entries that contain one or more of the user's keyword research. Search boxes are commonly accompanied by a search button (sometimes indicated only by a magnifying glass symbol) to submit the search. However, the search button may be omitted as the user may press the enter key to submit the search, or the search may be sent automatically to present the user with real-time results. Depending on the particular implementation, a search box may be accompanied by a drop-down list to present the users with past searches or search suggestions. Search boxes may have other features to help the user,",
"title": "Search box"
},
{
"id": "2081315",
"text": "is a representation of the bar and space pattern in the bar code. This waveform is decoded by the scanner in a manner similar to the way Morse code dots and dashes are decoded. Laser scanners work the same way as pen type readers except that they use a laser beam as the light source and typically employ either a reciprocating mirror or a rotating prism to scan the laser beam back and forth across the bar code. As with the pen type reader, a photo-diode is used to measure the intensity of the light reflected back from the bar",
"title": "Barcode reader"
},
{
"id": "9004163",
"text": "case (upper, lower, mixed, proper), language or encoding, lexical category (part of speech, like 'noun' or 'verb'), position, sentence number, sentence position, length, and line number. If the search engine supports multiple languages, a common initial step during tokenization is to identify each document's language; many of the subsequent steps are language dependent (such as stemming and part of speech tagging). Language recognition is the process by which a computer program attempts to automatically identify, or categorize, the language of a document. Other names for language recognition include language classification, language analysis, language identification, and language tagging. Automated language recognition",
"title": "Search engine indexing"
},
{
"id": "11750796",
"text": "Windows Search supports natural language searches; so the user can search for things like \"photo taken last week\" or \"email sent from Dave\". However, this is disabled by default. Natural language search expresses the queries in \"Natural Query Syntax\" (NQS), which is the natural language equivalent of AQS. The search functionality is exposed using the search bars in the Start menu and the upper right hand corner of Windows Explorer windows, as well as Open/Save dialog boxes. When searching from the Start menu, the results are shown in the Start menu itself, overlapping the recently used programs. From the Start",
"title": "Windows Search"
},
{
"id": "14904422",
"text": "consists of a box designed for a user to type in his search letter or phrase. As each letter of the search phrase is typed in, the server goes out into \"YouTube video land\" and tries to find matches for the search term similarly to current Google Instant search. YouTube Instant is essentially a free utility that strips down the normal YouTube interface to easily include a search bar, as well as a single and central video display as well as five smaller displays below it to present the top five searches based on the user's input. As the user",
"title": "YouTube Instant"
},
{
"id": "3096274",
"text": "string literals, is equivalent to the codice_4 character. In regular expression syntax, the vertical bar again indicates logical \"or\" (alternation). For example: the Unix command grep -E 'fu|bar' matches lines containing 'fu' or 'bar'. The double vertical bar operator \"||\" denotes string concatenation in PL/I, standard ANSI SQL, and theoretical computer science (particularly cryptography). Although not as common as commas or tabs, the vertical bar can be used as a delimiter in a flat file. Examples of a pipe-delimited standard data format are LEDES 1998B and HL7. It is frequently used because vertical bars are typically uncommon in the data",
"title": "Vertical bar"
},
{
"id": "4399639",
"text": "PostBar barcode dimensions, formats, and symbology examples in Canada Post's 4-State Bar Code Handbook and as actually implemented by Canada Post are significantly different from the formats and symbology described in this article and in . For PostBar format D12, as described in this article and shown here, the Postal Code is encoded using fifteen bars and the 'A' and 'N' character sets. The Address Locater encodes four alphanumerics using twelve bars and the 'Z' characters set. This format also includes a space character and twelve bars for Reed-Solomon error correction for a total count of forty nine bars. On",
"title": "PostBar"
},
{
"id": "12579005",
"text": "Selection-based search A selection-based search system is a search engine system in which the user invokes a search query using only the mouse. A selection-based search system allows the user to search the internet for more information about any keyword or phrase contained within a document or webpage in any software application on their desktop computer using the mouse. Traditional browser-based search systems require the user to launch a web browser, navigate to a search page, type or paste a query into a search box, review a list of results, and click a hyperlink to view these results. Three characteristic",
"title": "Selection-based search"
},
{
"id": "7323018",
"text": "have to obtain an Application ID, http://www.bing.com/developers/createapp.aspx Bing API can be used with following protocols: Query examples: The Bing Bar, a browser extension toolbar that replaced the MSN Toolbar, provides users with links to Bing and MSN content from within their web browser without needing to navigate away from a web page they are already on. The user can customize the theme and color scheme of the Bing Bar as well as choose which MSN content buttons to present within the user interface. Bing Bar also displays the current local weather forecast and stock market positions. The Bing Bar features",
"title": "Bing (search engine)"
},
{
"id": "5439093",
"text": "Type-in traffic Type-in traffic is a term describing visitors landing at a web site by entering a keyword or phrase (with no spaces or a hyphen in place of a space) in the web browser's address bar (and adding .com or in a mobile browser address bar and adding .mobi or any other gTLD (generic top-level domain) or ccTLD extension (country code top-level domain); rather than following a hyperlink from another web page, using a browser bookmark, or a search-box search. Type-in traffic is a form of direct navigation. Example: If you are interested in widgets, then instead of performing",
"title": "Type-in traffic"
},
{
"id": "18036218",
"text": ".bar .bar is an Internet domain that is specifically geared for bars, pubs and nightclubs, including bar and restaurant guides, critics, delivery services, wine and liquor, and related industries. It is a new gTLD that is owned by Mexico City-based company PUNTO 2012. Domain .BAR was released on June 11, 2014 and its launch is considered to be part of a new phase of the Internet, where domain endings are more defined and better categorised. According to ICAN, intended use was geographical name for the City of Bar, Montenegro. In order to receive rights, Punto 2012 had to reach agreement",
"title": ".bar"
},
{
"id": "6999271",
"text": "integer, character string, floating point, binary data, dates, so-called dictionaries, or arrays of the same. Previous versions also offered the opportunity of direct disk access. Common uses of defaults: DOMAIN should be replaced by the plist file sans extension ('.plist'). plist files are named with reverse domain name notation. For example: plist files store keys and values. The PROPERTY_NAME key is the name of the property to modify. For example, to remove the search field from Safari's address bar: or Replacing 0 with 1 or NO with YES or FALSE with TRUE returns the search bar to normal. Preferences can",
"title": "Defaults (software)"
},
{
"id": "5274879",
"text": "kept comparatively large. This is due to the frequency of usage (which also includes the space bar), and therefore, is kept large to reduce the likelihood of finger slips. Enter key On computer keyboards, the enter key (or the return key on Macs and most Sun Workstations) in most cases causes a command line, window form, or dialog box to operate its default function. This is typically to finish an \"entry\" and begin the desired process, and is usually an alternative to pressing an OK button. The \"return\" key is often also referred to by many American groups (and even",
"title": "Enter key"
},
{
"id": "4399640",
"text": "the other hand, PostBar format D52.01, as described in Canada Post's 4-State Bar Code Handbook and shown here, encodes the Postal Code using only twelve bars and an unknown symbology. It encodes nine alphanumerics in the Address Locater field using twenty one bars and another unknown symbology. It does not include any fields for space characters, but it does include twelve bars for Reed-Solomon error correction for a total count of fifty two bars. Most significantly these two different formats use exactly the same code for their Data Content Identifier field; specifically two Full Height bars and an Ascender ()",
"title": "PostBar"
},
{
"id": "8358937",
"text": "terms can consist of a word, phrase, or alphanumerical term. They are created by analyzing the document either manually with subject indexing or automatically with automatic indexing or more sophisticated methods of keyword extraction. Index terms can either come from a controlled vocabulary or be freely assigned. Keywords are stored in a search index. Common words like articles (a, an, the) and conjunctions (and, or, but) are not treated as keywords because it's inefficient. Almost every English-language site on the Internet has the article \"\"the\"\", and so it makes no sense to search for it. The most popular search engine,",
"title": "Index term"
},
{
"id": "383516",
"text": "specify criteria about an item of interest and have the engine find the matching items. The criteria are referred to as a search query. In the case of text search engines, the search query is typically expressed as a set of words that identify the desired concept that one or more documents may contain. There are several styles of search query syntax that vary in strictness. It can also switch names within the search engines from previous sites. Whereas some text search engines require users to enter two or three words separated by white space, other search engines may enable",
"title": "Search engine (computing)"
},
{
"id": "9004165",
"text": "to poor search results. Format analysis is the identification and handling of the formatting content embedded within documents which controls the way the document is rendered on a computer screen or interpreted by a software program. Format analysis is also referred to as structure analysis, format parsing, tag stripping, format stripping, text normalization, text cleaning and text preparation. The challenge of format analysis is further complicated by the intricacies of various file formats. Certain file formats are proprietary with very little information disclosed, while others are well documented. Common, well-documented file formats that many search engines support include: Options for",
"title": "Search engine indexing"
},
{
"id": "6858597",
"text": "INDEX file is one-line-per-resource, and is a flat file that the Hytelnet client searches directly. After entering a term, the client returns a new menu with the list of selectable items, for example this query \"library\": The user may then select one of these options, or go back with the left arrow. Search results will vary based on the locally installed database. After drilling down to a specific resource, HyTelnet will display a connect page. The hostname, IP address and contact address are for example purposes only, and may not necessarily connect to anything functional (although this is a real",
"title": "HyTelnet"
},
{
"id": "5804261",
"text": "displays the expiration date. Other information on the front include (if applicable) the owner's pay grade, rank and federal identifier. A PDF417 stacked two-dimensional barcode is displayed on the bottom left corner. And, an integrated circuit chip (ICC) is placed near the bottom-middle of the card. There are three color code schemes used on the front of the CAC. A blue bar across the owner's name shows that the owner is a non-U.S. citizen. A green bar shows that the owner is a contractor. No bar is for all other personnel—including military personnel and civil workers, among others. The back",
"title": "Common Access Card"
},
{
"id": "12623613",
"text": "the Windows 7 Explorer's search box. When the user clicks in the search box, a menu shows up below it showing recent searches as well as suggested Advanced Query Syntax filters that the user can type. When one is selected (or typed in manually), the menu will update to show the possible values to filter by for that property, and this list is based on the current location and other parts of the query already typed. For example, selecting the \"tags\" filter or typing \"tags:\" into the search box will display the list of possible tag values which will return",
"title": "Features new to Windows 7"
},
{
"id": "2241221",
"text": "Tab key The tab key (abbreviation of tabulator key or tabular key) on a keyboard is used to advance the cursor to the next tab stop. The word \"tab\" derives from the word \"tabulate\", which means \"to arrange data in a tabular, or table, form.\" When a person wanted to type a table (of numbers or text) on a typewriter, there was a lot of time-consuming and repetitive use of the space bar and backspace key. To simplify this, a horizontal bar was placed in the mechanism called the tabulator rack. Pressing the tab key would advance the carriage to",
"title": "Tab key"
},
{
"id": "383515",
"text": "Search engine (computing) A search engine is an information retrieval system designed to help find information stored on a computer system. The search results are usually presented in a list and are commonly called \"hits\". Search engines help to minimize the time required to find information and the amount of information which must be consulted, akin to other techniques for managing information overload. The most public, visible form of a search engine is a Web search engine which searches for information on the World Wide Web. Search engines provide an interface to a group of items that enables users to",
"title": "Search engine (computing)"
},
{
"id": "5769289",
"text": "Navigation bar A navigation bar (or navigation system) is a section of a graphical user interface intended to aid visitors in accessing information. Navigation bars are implemented in file browsers, web browsers and as a design element of some web sites. File browsers use a navigation bar to assist the user in traversing the filesystem. Navigation bars may include the current path, breadcrumbs, or a list of favorites. A web browser navigation bar includes the back and forward buttons, as well as the Location bar where URLs are entered. Formerly the functionality of the navigation bar was split between the",
"title": "Navigation bar"
},
{
"id": "11529381",
"text": "on the optional endorsement line (OEL). It is also available for future United States Postal Service use. This is accomplished using two digits, with the second digit in the range of 0–4. The allowable encoding ranges are 00–04, 10–14, 20–24, 30–34, 40–44, 50–54, 60–64, 70–74, 80–84, and 90–94. The list of valid field values is as follows: A three-digit value represents both the class of the mail (such as first-class, standard mail, or periodical), and any services requested by the sender. Basic STIDs, for the purpose of automation only, are as follows: For a detailed list of STIDs, see Appendix",
"title": "Intelligent Mail barcode"
},
{
"id": "4399638",
"text": "PostBar codes. DCI's used in domestic barcodes fall within the range of A–L. DCI's used in global barcodes fall within the range of 1–9. DCI's used in service barcodes fall within the range of M–U. DCI's used in internal barcodes fall within the range of V–Z. 52 bar long 4-state barcodes are used by Canada Post for business reply mail (BRM) addressing and payment. As of 2013 or earlier the previous BRM barcode, which were Code 93-type barcodes, were deemed non-machineable. An extended 73 bar long BRM barcode \" 'C73' \", scheduled for availability from 2011, was indefinitely postponed. The",
"title": "PostBar"
},
{
"id": "160967",
"text": "both on a computer used to make the search, and in records kept by the search provider. When using a search engine through a browser program on a computer, search terms and other information may be stored on the computer by default, unless the browser is set not to do this, or they are erased. Saved terms may be discovered on forensic analysis of the computer. An Internet Service Provider (ISP) or search engine provider (e.g., Google) may store records which relate search terms to an IP address and a time. Whether such logs are kept, and access to them",
"title": "Google Search"
},
{
"id": "12323776",
"text": "Caps Lock key is depressed. The numeric characters become symbols or punctuation marks when the shift key is depressed. The alphabetical, numeric, and punctuation keys can also have other functions when they are pressed at the same time as some modifier keys. The Space bar is a horizontal bar in the lowermost row, which is significantly wider than other keys. Like the alphanumeric characters, it is also descended from the mechanical typewriter. Its main purpose is to enter the space between words during typing. It is large enough so that a thumb from either hand can use it easily. Depending",
"title": "Computer keyboard"
},
{
"id": "5745294",
"text": "Dictionary and Webster's Collegiate Thesaurus (termed the \"First Digital Edition\"). OPENSTEP Services provide lookup from all applications. Dictionary was first introduced with Mac OS X v10.4 \"Tiger\" and provided definitions from the \"New Oxford American Dictionary, 2nd Edition\". With Mac OS X 10.7 \"Lion\", Dictionary was updated to the Third Edition of the New Oxford American Dictionary and the British Oxford Dictionary of English was added. Words can be entered in the search bar by just typing the first few letters. The application will perform an incremental search to show any matching headwords or forms, and will try to bypass",
"title": "Dictionary (software)"
},
{
"id": "6223312",
"text": "as a user's default without further intervention; changing the default web browser must be performed manually by the user from Settings' \"Default apps\" page, ostensibly to prevent browser hijacking. A number of hijackers change the browser homepage, display adverts, and/or set the default search engine; these include Astromenda (www.astromenda.com); Ask Toolbar (ask.com); ESurf (esurf.biz) Binkiland (binkiland.com); Delta and Claro; Dregol; Jamenize; Mindspark; Groovorio; Sweet Page; Search Protect by Conduit along with search.conduit.com and variants;Tuvaro; Spigot; en.4yendex.com, Yahoo, etc. Ask Toolbar has been widely bundled with the installer for Oracle Java SE and has been criticized for being malware as users",
"title": "Browser hijacking"
},
{
"id": "7144034",
"text": "Web search engine A web search engine is a software system that is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web. The search results are generally presented in a line of results, often referred to as search engine results pages (SERPs). The information may be a mix of web pages, images, videos, infographics, articles, research papers and other types of files. Some search engines also mine data available in databases or open directories. Unlike web directories, which are maintained only by human editors, search engines also maintain real-time information by running an algorithm on a web crawler. Internet",
"title": "Web search engine"
},
{
"id": "17409814",
"text": "company operates under the G/O Digital, the digital marketing division of Gannett. Other divisions under G/O Digital include PointRoll, BLINQ Media, Deal Chicken, GannettLocal and Shoplocal. Key Ring has been mentioned in media outlets such as \"The Today Show\", \"Time Magazine\", Fox Business, \"The New York Times\", \"Wall Street Journal\", \"Entrepreneur Magazine\", Oprah.com, and \"The Los Angeles Times\". The mobile application supports the following barcode types: EAN13, EAN8, UPC-A, UPCE, ITF, Code128, Code128C, Code39, Code128A, CODABAR, CODABAR2, CODABAR1, QR code Cards are stored by either scanning the barcode on the back of the card or manually typing in the UPC",
"title": "Key Ring (software)"
},
{
"id": "9762305",
"text": "Search advertising In Internet marketing, search advertising is a method of placing online advertisements on web pages that show results from search engine queries. Through the same search-engine advertising services, ads can also be placed on Web pages with other published content. Search advertisements are targeted to match key search terms (called keywords) entered on search engines. This targeting ability has contributed to the attractiveness of search advertising for advertisers. Consumers will often use a search engine to identify and compare purchasing options immediately before making a purchasing decision. The opportunity to present consumers with advertisements tailored to their immediate",
"title": "Search advertising"
},
{
"id": "13896544",
"text": "in combination with backing that are designed to fracture or delaminate under designated conditions to indicate premature attempts at opening. Custom printing, holograms, and security printing often assist in deterring and indicating tampering. The seals can be individualized to fit the needs of the user. Typical marking includes logos, special texts, white pads for writing by hand, consecutive numbering and 1D and 2D bar codes. There are several technologies in use, including hot stamping, ink jet printing, laser engraving and thermal printing. The Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT) is a voluntary supply chain security program led by U.S. Customs and",
"title": "Security seal"
},
{
"id": "16374534",
"text": "for example, if the person the card describes has several email addresses. The user can edit the fields by pressing the edit button below the bottom-left of the third pane. Default fields include: Address Book can search LDAP directories. Users customize these in the LDAP tab of the preferences. Users search these by selecting Directories in the first pane, selecting a directory or All in the second pane, and typing their search in the search box above the top-left of the third pane. Results appear in the third pane. Address Book 4.1, included in Leopard, has received much criticism for",
"title": "Address Book (application)"
},
{
"id": "160952",
"text": "of operators, including, but not limited to: Google applies query expansion to submitted search queries, using techniques to deliver results that it considers \"smarter\" than the query users actually submitted. This technique involves several steps, including: In 2008, Google started to give users autocompleted search suggestions in a list below the search bar while typing. Google's homepage includes a button labeled \"I'm Feeling Lucky\". This feature originally allowed users to type in their search query, click the button and be taken directly to the first result, bypassing the search results page. With the 2010 announcement of Google Instant, an automatic",
"title": "Google Search"
},
{
"id": "11750780",
"text": "provides advanced property-based query operations as well. AQS defines certain keywords which can be used to refine the search query, such as specifying boolean operations on searched terms (AND, OR, NOT) as well as to specify further filters based on file metadata or file type. It can also be used to limit results from specific information stores like regular files, offline files cache, or email stores. File type specific operators are available as well. WDS also supports wildcard prefix matching searches. It also includes several SQL-like operators like \"GROUP BY\". AQS is locale dependent and uses different keywords in international",
"title": "Windows Search"
},
{
"id": "15129073",
"text": "Data Toolbar Data Toolbar is a Web scraping computer software add-on to the Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, and Google Chrome Web browsers that collects and converts structured data from Web pages into a tabular format that can be loaded into a spreadsheet or database management program. The program implements a variation of the genetic tree matching algorithm with respect to nested lists. That is, inside a given website, the program recursively traverses the branches of its DOM tree, aiming to detect nested lists of data items matching the format of the specified content. This approach is known to have several",
"title": "Data Toolbar"
},
{
"id": "6671584",
"text": "HTML 5 introduces a number of input tags that can be represented by other interface elements. Some are based upon text input fields and are intended to input and validate specific common data. These include codice_5 to enter email addresses, codice_6 for telephone numbers, codice_7 for numeric values. There are additional attributes to specify required fields, fields that should have keyboard focus when the web page containing the form is loaded, and placeholder text that is displayed within the field but is not user input (such as the 'Search' text displayed in many search input fields before a search term",
"title": "Form (HTML)"
},
{
"id": "2522123",
"text": "20,000 questions per minute with approximately 45 percent of its mobile monthly active users logging in daily. To date, the mobile app has been downloaded more than 40 million times. The Ask browser toolbar is an extension that can appear as an extra bar added to the browser's window and/or menu. In early versions, it was often unintentionally installed during the installation of partner software, including Oracle Java, i.e., taking advantage of a user's lack of technical experience. As an operating business of IAC, Ask Partner Network had also historically entered into partnerships with some software security vendors, whereby they",
"title": "Ask.com"
},
{
"id": "17531568",
"text": "track user queries through whichever web-interface the client is going through to execute the search. After a short trial period, the advertising was disabled, mitigating possible concerns. A later version of the software has, instead of ads, a \"search all sites\" feature, which is a keyword-based search bar that delivers listings of torrent files at different trackers. A frame at the top displays advertisements (server-side) in the browser when the search function is used. In version 1.5, no ads are present in the program itself. As of build 463, a redirect bypass feature became available in the Advanced options. As",
"title": "ΜTorrent"
},
{
"id": "1678250",
"text": "Firefox versions prior to 7.0, an information bar appears on the browser's first start asking users whether they would like to send performance statistics, or \"telemetry\", to Mozilla. It is enabled by default in development versions of Firefox, but not in release versions. According to Mozilla's privacy policy, these statistics are stored only in aggregate format, and the only personally identifiable information transmitted is the user's IP address. Until November 2018, Firefox was the last widely used browser not to use a browser sandbox to isolate Web content in each tab from each other and from the rest of the",
"title": "Firefox"
},
{
"id": "10197655",
"text": "closed, usurping the shortcut keys for Internet Explorer's default search. The Find on this Page... option in Internet Explorer's Edit menu still launches the browser's default Find window. \"Find as you type\" functionality actively searches for words or portions of a word as you type in the search box. Match Case feature allows users to search for words or phrases in a case sensitive manner. Optional Highlight All feature locates every instance of your search string and highlights it in yellow. Buttons on the search pane lets users jump to the previous or next instance of your search string on",
"title": "IE7Pro"
},
{
"id": "18985790",
"text": "the search engine. The second method is more sophisticated, although more complex. It can support enterprise search too, searching through private resources that are not visible to the public web. Only this form is commonly termed 'Search as a service'. A search provider company offers a search service and a contract is agreed with the client to support their searches. The client then uses the provider's API to upload content data or indexing metadata (if already available) for the content to be searched. The provider then constructs a search index for this content. If the content is free text data",
"title": "Search as a service"
},
{
"id": "9762317",
"text": "can include: Search advertising In Internet marketing, search advertising is a method of placing online advertisements on web pages that show results from search engine queries. Through the same search-engine advertising services, ads can also be placed on Web pages with other published content. Search advertisements are targeted to match key search terms (called keywords) entered on search engines. This targeting ability has contributed to the attractiveness of search advertising for advertisers. Consumers will often use a search engine to identify and compare purchasing options immediately before making a purchasing decision. The opportunity to present consumers with advertisements tailored to",
"title": "Search advertising"
},
{
"id": "18985787",
"text": "Search as a service Search as a service is a branch of software as a service (SaaS), focussed on enterprise search or site-specific web search. Searching is an important part of any business database function, either through internal databases, internal document stores, or through the content of a website. This is needed for both internal company staff and for external customers. Although a simple database query such as \"List existing customers with a postal code for Argleton\" is a trivial piece of in-house software development, probably through SQL, this is a simplistic example. More complex searches such as \"Find all",
"title": "Search as a service"
},
{
"id": "2987139",
"text": "fraction form and the MICR (magnetic ink character recognition) form. Both forms give essentially the same information, though there are slight differences. The MICR forms are the main form – it is printed in magnetic ink, and is machine-readable; it appears at the bottom left of a check, and consists of nine digits. The fraction form was used for manual processing before the invention of the MICR line, and still serves as a backup in check processing should the MICR line become illegible or torn; it generally appears in the upper right part of a check near the date. The",
"title": "ABA routing transit number"
},
{
"id": "7224786",
"text": "Autocorrection Text replacement, replace-as-you-type or autocorrect is an automatic data validation function commonly found in word processors and text editing interfaces for smartphones and tablet computers. Its principal purpose is as part of the spell checker to correct common spelling or typing errors, saving time for the user. It is also used to automatically format text or insert special characters by recognizing particular character usage, saving the user from having to use more tedious functions. Some stand alone programs allow global text replacement across the operating system, and apply to text typed into any other application. Any system such as",
"title": "Autocorrection"
},
{
"id": "4399633",
"text": "envelope it is ultimately printed on, as well as the physical dimensions of each piece of mail. This code also uses a Reed-Solomon error correction technique, so that in case a particular piece of mail is mishandled, the information encoded in the barcode can still be correctly decoded. Four character sets are used in PostBar codes, known as \"A\", \"N\", \"Z\" and \"B\" characters. Three-bar A characters are used exclusively to encode letters, and two-bar N characters encode only digits. Three-bar Z characters can encode either letters or digits. A and N characters are typically used to encode postal codes",
"title": "PostBar"
},
{
"id": "5828612",
"text": "Knock-and-announce Knock-and-announce, in United States law criminal procedure, is an ancient common law principle, incorporated into the Fourth Amendment, which requires law enforcement officers to announce their presence and provide residents with an opportunity to open the door prior to a search. The rule is currently codified in the United States Code, which governs Fourth Amendment searches conducted by the federal government. Most states have similarly codified the rule into their own statutes, and remain free to interpret or augment the rule and its consequences in any fashion that remains consistent with Fourth Amendment principles. A state's knock-and-announce rule will",
"title": "Knock-and-announce"
},
{
"id": "4178968",
"text": "Darwin Information Typing Architecture The Darwin Information Typing Architecture or Document Information Typing Architecture (DITA) is an XML data model for authoring and publishing. It is an open standard that is defined and maintained by the OASIS DITA Technical Committee. The name derives from the following components: Topics can be reused across multiple publications. Fragments of content within topics can be reused through the use of content references (\"conref\" or \"conkeyref\"), a transclusion mechanism. The latest version of DITA (DITA 1.3) includes five specialized topic types: \"Task\", \"Concept\", \"Reference\", \"Glossary Entry\", and \"Troubleshooting\". Each of these five topic types is",
"title": "Darwin Information Typing Architecture"
},
{
"id": "7144051",
"text": "the search results, given the initial pages of the first search results. For example, from 2007 the Google.com search engine has allowed one to \"filter\" by date by clicking \"Show search tools\" in the leftmost column of the initial search results page, and then selecting the desired date range. It's also possible to \"weight\" by date because each page has a modification time. Most search engines support the use of the boolean operators AND, OR and NOT to help end users refine the search query. Boolean operators are for literal searches that allow the user to refine and extend the",
"title": "Web search engine"
},
{
"id": "7259107",
"text": "was published in 2007. The records are in XML according to the standard. Typically the records include Dublin Core, ISO 19139 or FGDC metadata, encoded in UTF-8 characters. Each record must contain certain core fields including: Title, Format, Type (e.g. Dataset, DatasetCollection or Service), BoundingBox (a rectangle of interest, expressed in latitude and longitude), Coordinate Reference System, and Association (a link to another metadata record). Operations defined by the CSW standard include: Requests can encode the parameters in three different ways: Responses are in XML. GeoServer implements many OGC standards, including CSW. An example of the codice_2 operation is as",
"title": "Catalog Service for the Web"
},
{
"id": "4399631",
"text": "PostBar PostBar, also known as CPC 4-State, is the black-ink barcode system used by Canada Post in its automated mail sorting and delivery operations. It is similar to other 4 State barcode systems used by Australia Post and the United Kingdom's Royal Mail (from which it derives), but uses an obscured structure and encoding system unique to Canada Post. This particular bar code system is used on \"flats\" (which are larger-than-letter-size pieces of mail, such as magazines) and parcels. This symbology, derived from the RM4SCC system used by the British Royal Mail, uses a series of bars, each of which",
"title": "PostBar"
},
{
"id": "3348528",
"text": "several user interface elements derived from toolbars: A search box is not \"ipso facto\" a toolbar but may appear on a toolbar, as is the case with the address bar. Toolbars may appear in different software; some web browsers allow additional toolbars to be added through plug-ins. These browser toolbars have caused controversy as unscrupulous companies use software bundling to force users downloading one program to also install a browser toolbar, some of which invade the user's privacy by tracking their web history and search history online. Many antivirus companies refer to these programs as grayware or Potentially Unwanted Programs",
"title": "Toolbar"
},
{
"id": "9004148",
"text": "Search engine indexing Search engine indexing collects, parses, and stores data to facilitate fast and accurate information retrieval. Index design incorporates interdisciplinary concepts from linguistics, cognitive psychology, mathematics, informatics, and computer science. An alternate name for the process in the context of search engines designed to find web pages on the Internet is \"web indexing\". Popular engines focus on the full-text indexing of online, natural language documents. Media types such as video and audio and graphics are also searchable. Meta search engines reuse the indices of other services and do not store a local index, whereas cache-based search engines permanently",
"title": "Search engine indexing"
},
{
"id": "712074",
"text": "called optical codes). International standards are available from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). These standards are also available from local/national standardization organizations, such as ANSI, BSI, DIN, NEN and others. In point-of-sale management, barcode systems can provide detailed up-to-date information on the business, accelerating decisions and with more confidence. For example: Besides sales and inventory tracking, barcodes are very useful in logistics and supply chain management. Barcode scanners are relatively low cost and extremely accurate compared to key-entry, with only about 1 substitution error in 15,000 to 36 trillion characters entered. The exact error rate depends on the type",
"title": "Barcode"
},
{
"id": "17531567",
"text": "For trackers who whitelist, the user agent is \"uTorrent/300B(build#)(server)\". The peerid is identical to the Windows 3.0 client. They share version numbers because of a common codebase.\"\" Currently μTorrent supports Windows XP or newer and Mac OS X Leopard or newer. In early versions, Strigeus had built in a web redirection via nanotorrent for search queries entered through the search bar that displayed advertisements in a frame on the web browser. Some users thought this suspicious because tracking could be implemented by recording the IP addresses of those downloading/receiving the advertisements, and the search functionality could easily be used to",
"title": "ΜTorrent"
},
{
"id": "4510173",
"text": "engines. Startpage can search in 17 languages: Simplified and Traditional Chinese, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish, and Turkish. Each language version includes local search engines. Startpage uses only one cookie, called \"preferences\", which remembers a user's search preferences for future searches and is deleted after a user does not visit Startpage for 90 days. It is however possible to save preferences in a bookmarked URL, thus avoiding cookies completely. Preferences are not saved automatically. Only a visitor can decide to save his or her preferences. Startpage.com Startpage is a search engine",
"title": "Startpage.com"
},
{
"id": "9841080",
"text": "Customer Access and Retrieval System The Customer Access and Retrieval System, commonly known as CARS, is one of the many Telephone Company Customer Applications used by Mobile network operators, which is mostly used in the Western United States. The system stores bill and credit information, equipment information, carrier billing information, customer contact notes and payment history. The CARS interface is quite similar to the Billing and Order Support System (BOSS) interface. User IDs are six characters and normally begin with a 'B' for business. Passwords (usually referred to as lockwords in the western United States) are from four to either",
"title": "Customer Access and Retrieval System"
},
{
"id": "6281518",
"text": "may be typed via the space bar or the tab key. Depending on context, a line-break generated by the return or enter key may be considered whitespace as well. The table below lists the twenty-five characters defined as whitespace (\"WSpace=Y\", \"WS\") characters in the Unicode Character Database. Seventeen use a definition of whitespace consistent with the algorithm for bidirectional writing (\"Bidirectional Character Type=WS\") and are known as \"Bidi-WS\" characters. The remaining characters may also be used, but are not of this \"Bidi\" type. \"Note: Depending on the browser and fonts used to view the following table, not all spaces may",
"title": "Whitespace character"
},
{
"id": "10074416",
"text": "a car driving by, whereas a Tag in a magazine could be smaller because the reader would likely be nearer. A Microsoft Tag is essentially a machine readable web link, analogous to a URL shortening link: when read, the Tag application sends the HCCB data to a Microsoft server, which then returns the publisher's intended URL. The Tag reader then directs the user's mobile browser to the appropriate website. Because of this redirection, Microsoft is also able to track users and provide Tag analytics to publishers. When the platform was released creation of tags for both commercial and noncommercial use",
"title": "High Capacity Color Barcode"
},
{
"id": "12409150",
"text": "and tricks for using the browser. Chrome includes a \"bookmarks\" submenu that lists the user's bookmarks, provides easy access to Chrome's \"Bookmark Manager,\" and allows the user to toggle a \"bookmarks bar\" on or off. For web developers, Chrome features an element inspector (Inspect Element), similar to the Firebug browser extension, which allows users to look into the DOM and see what makes up the webpage. Chrome has special URLs that load application-specific pages instead of websites or files on disk. Chrome also has a built-in ability to enable experimental features. Originally called codice_1, the address was changed to codice_2",
"title": "Google Chrome"
},
{
"id": "2515272",
"text": "Bar (diacritic) A bar or stroke is a modification consisting of a line drawn through a grapheme. It may be used as a diacritic to derive new letters from old ones, or simply as an addition to make a grapheme more distinct from others. It can take the form of a vertical bar, slash, or crossbar. A stroke is sometimes drawn through the numbers 7 (horizontal overbar) and 0 (overstruck foreslash), to make them more distinguishable. For the specific usages of various letters with bars and strokes, see their individual articles. In Unicode, there are bars at , , ,",
"title": "Bar (diacritic)"
},
{
"id": "1493127",
"text": "film and the backing paper. This 13-bit barcode is optically scanned by newer medium format cameras like the Fujifilm GA645i Professional, GA645Wi Professional, GA645Zi Professional, GX645AF Professional, GX680III Professional, GX680IIIS Professional, Hasselblad H1, H2, H2F and H3D Model I with HM 16-32 as well as by the Contax 645 AF. Next to the film exit lip is an Interleaved 2 of 5 barcode and a printed number. The 6 digits represent the I3A assigned DX number (middle 4 digits), the number of exposures (last digit) and a proprietary manufacturer's code (first digit). The DX number identifies the manufacturer, film type,",
"title": "DX encoding"
},
{
"id": "13754363",
"text": "2 of 5 (ITF), Code 11, Code 93 and Code 49. He is also named inventor on the following seven U.S. patents: Allais developed Interleaved 2 of 5 in 1972 while at Intermec. It is a numeric only barcode used to encode pairs of numbers into a self-checking, high-density barcode format. The first digit is encoded in the five bars (or black lines), while the second digit is encoded in the five spaces (or white lines) interleaved with them. Two out of every five bars or spaces are wide (therefore 2 of 5). Applications include labeling corrugated shipping containers and",
"title": "David Allais"
},
{
"id": "160933",
"text": "as flight status and package tracking, weather forecasts, currency, unit and time conversions, word definitions, and more. The main purpose of Google Search is to hunt for text in publicly accessible documents offered by web servers, as opposed to other data, such as images or data contained in databases. It was originally developed by Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 1997. In June 2011 Google introduced \"Google Voice Search\" to search for spoken, rather than typed, words. In May 2012 Google introduced a Knowledge Graph semantic search feature in the U.S. Analysis of the frequency of search terms may indicate",
"title": "Google Search"
}
] | what do we type into a search bar |
[
"16 episodes"
] | [
{
"id": "19348371",
"text": "Taken (TV series) Taken is a crime drama series based on the eponymous film trilogy. The series acts as a modern-day origin story. Clive Standen stars as a younger version of Bryan Mills, the character played by Liam Neeson in the trilogy. The series was commissioned with a straight-to-series-order in September 2015 and premiered on February 27, 2017, on NBC. NBC renewed the series for a second season of 16 episodes on May 9, 2017, which premiered on January 12, 2018. NBC removed the series from its schedule on April 18, 2018, and then announced that it would return on",
"title": "Taken (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "19348374",
"text": "material\". On Metacritic, the series has a score of 46 out of 100, based on 22 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Taken (TV series) Taken is a crime drama series based on the eponymous film trilogy. The series acts as a modern-day origin story. Clive Standen stars as a younger version of Bryan Mills, the character played by Liam Neeson in the trilogy. The series was commissioned with a straight-to-series-order in September 2015 and premiered on February 27, 2017, on NBC. NBC renewed the series for a second season of 16 episodes on May 9, 2017, which premiered on",
"title": "Taken (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "20444627",
"text": "Take Two (TV series) Take Two is an American crime comedy-drama television series. Created by Andrew W. Marlowe and Terri Edda Miller, the creator and executive producer of \"Castle\" respectively, it stars Rachel Bilson and Eddie Cibrian. It premiered on ABC in the United States on June 21, 2018. On November 21, 2018, ABC cancelled the series after one season. The series centers on Sam (Rachel Bilson), fresh out of rehab and former star of a hit cop series, and Eddie (Eddie Cibrian), a private investigator. They team up to solve crimes, with Sam doing the job as research for",
"title": "Take Two (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "20444629",
"text": "and afterwards on March 13, 2018, Aliyah O'Brien and Alice Lee were cast as Detective Christine Rollins and Monica, respectively. Production of the series started shooting at Crossing Riverbend Studios in Burnaby, British Columbia, on February 26, 2018, and concluded on July 23, 2018. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an approval rating of 55% based on 11 reviews. Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, scores the series 53 out of 100 based on 10 reviews, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Take Two (TV series) Take Two is an American crime comedy-drama television series. Created by",
"title": "Take Two (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "11526183",
"text": "redefined and transformed him to an action film star. The film was followed by two sequels—\"Taken 2\" and \"Taken 3\"—released in 2012 and 2014, respectively. A television series for the series premiered in 2017 on NBC, with Clive Standen portraying Bryan Mills. Retired CIA field agent Bryan Mills attempts to build a closer relationship with his 17-year-old daughter Kim, who lives with her mother Lenore and her wealthy stepfather Stuart. While overseeing security at a concert for pop star Sheerah, Bryan saves her from an armed attacker. Out of gratitude, Sheerah offers to have Kim assessed as a singer. Before",
"title": "Taken (film)"
},
{
"id": "19348373",
"text": "of the first season the show was radically overhauled, with showrunner Alexander Cary leaving the series, and Greg Plageman (\"Person of Interest\") coming in as the second season showrunner. With the exception of Clive Standen (Bryan Mills) and Jennifer Beals (Christina Hart), all of the first season main cast exited the series at the same time. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the series an approval rating of 32% based on 28 reviews, with an average rating of 4.98/10, and says, \"\"Taken\" cast hits the right notes, but overall, the series fails to deliver a compelling narrative distinguished from its source",
"title": "Taken (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "14195704",
"text": "1.86 million, an audience share of 8.5%. Episode Two received 1.53 million viewers (7.4%) – and by Episode Four, viewing numbers were down to 1.09 million (5.3%). Episode Five saw a slight rise in viewers to 1.33 million (6.6%), but numbers once again fell for Episode Six to 1.12 million (5.5%) and the season ended with the lowest number of viewers, 1.06 million (5.1%), tuning in for the final episode. The second series in the UK began with 1.34 million, audience share of 6.8%, but by episode seven had steadily declined to 0.68 million viewers and an audience share of",
"title": "Episodes (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "18858317",
"text": "a series of invented scenes bearing no relation to the truth.\" The series's first two episodes were released theatrically in the United Kingdom on November 1, 2016. The first season was released worldwide in its entirety on November 4, 2016. The second season was released on December 8, 2017. The third season is expected to be released in 2019. Season 1 was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the United Kingdom on October 16, 2017 and released worldwide on November 7, 2017. Season 2 was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the United Kingdom on October 22, 2018 and was",
"title": "The Crown (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "18106657",
"text": "returned in January 2015 for a ten-part second series. A third series containing ten episodes began in November 2015. The fourth series of ten episodes aired in June 2016. The fifth series, lasting eight episodes, started in February 2017. A ten-part second series was filmed and broadcast in 2015 on Dave. A ten-part third series (plus Christmas special) was broadcast on Dave. A ten-part fourth series was filmed during February–March 2016. and was broadcast on consecutive nights from 11 June 2016. An eight-part fifth series was broadcast from February to April 2017. Alan Davies: As Yet Untitled Alan Davies: As",
"title": "Alan Davies: As Yet Untitled"
},
{
"id": "6895890",
"text": "broadcast in the 4pm slot on ITV from 5 September 2005. Creative consultant was Paul Andrews. The show's executive producer was Vanessa Hill for The Foundation. Series 2 was produced by Ian France and directed by Paul Andrews, The third series was co-produced written and directed by Paul Andrews and has sold to over 100 countries. Series 1 consisted of ten episodes, and ran from 5 September 2005 to 7 November 2005. Series 2 ran from 10 March – 2 June 2006 Series 3 consisted of twenty episodes, and ran from 14 September – 15 October 2010. Episodes 1-14 were",
"title": "Tricky TV"
},
{
"id": "18519389",
"text": "The second eight-episode series was broadcast in the UK between 30 October and 18 December 2016. A third series was commissioned in March 2017 and aired eight episodes between 17 May and 5 July 2018. The series was announced in April 2014 as part of a partnership between Channel 4 and Xbox Entertainment Studios. However, after Microsoft closed Xbox Entertainment Studios, AMC came aboard as partners to Channel 4. Filming commenced in the autumn of 2014, with the series premiering on 14 June 2015. The series' budget was £12 million. The commissioning of a second, eight-episode series to air in",
"title": "Humans (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "16294025",
"text": "a cameo appearance as a delivery boy in the 2017 film \"Logan Lucky\". Blaney guest-starred in the TV show \"Taken\" season 2 episode 12 \"Imperium\", as Special Agent Nathan Wood; the episode aired on April 20, 2018. Blaney is the son and middle child of Lisa and Dave Blaney. He has two sisters: Emma and Erin. Blaney is of Irish descent. He is a close friend of fellow drivers and competitors Darrell Wallace Jr and Chase Elliott, and an avid \"Star Wars\" fan. Season still in progress<br> Ryan Blaney Ryan Michael Blaney (born December 31, 1993) is an American professional",
"title": "Ryan Blaney"
},
{
"id": "15734318",
"text": "America; and were also released on DVD and iTunes. All fifteen episodes from season two were released completely uncensored on a three-disc DVD set in the United States on June 10, 2008. The second season is also available on iTunes and has been made available for on demand streaming on Netflix. Seung Eun Kim and Dan Fausett served as directors, and series creator Aaron McGruder, Rodney Barnes, Jason Van Veen, and Yamara Taylor served as writers for season two. All episodes in season two, with the exception of \"The Hunger Strike\" and \"The Uncle Ruckus Reality Show\", originally aired in",
"title": "The Boondocks (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "19348372",
"text": "May 26, 2018. NBC canceled the series on May 11, 2018, and the final episode aired on June 30. Former Green Beret Bryan Mills must overcome a personal tragedy in order to get revenge while starting his career as a special intelligence operative. The funeral scenes, and scenes in and around the Mills family home were filmed at the Christ Anglican Church and a period home at the corner of George and William street in Port Stanley, Ontario, Canada. The rest of the series is filmed in Toronto, Ontario primarily at Cinespace Film Studios' Kipling Avenue facility. At the end",
"title": "Taken (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "14824858",
"text": "a DVD box set in the United Kingdom (Region 2) on 20 September 2004. It was later released in the United States (Region 1) on 11 January 2005, and in Australia (Region 4) on 21 March 2005. The box set consists of all 10 episodes of the second series over five discs in widescreen format. The box set includes an array of special features. Five of the episodes contain audio commentary tracks, and all (with the exception of the second) include their own behind-the-scenes featurettes. In addition there are numerous other featurettes including many cast and crew members of the",
"title": "Spooks (series 2)"
},
{
"id": "20473833",
"text": "of who actually killed Tara, with the plot involving the police, Tara's sister Alice (Hermione Norris) who now has custody of David's children, and David's brother Phil (Daniel Ryan). The series achieved average viewing figures for its time slot, with 7.05 million viewers tuning in for episode one, and a drop to 5.85 million for episode two. The complete series was released on DVD on 21 May 2018. Innocent (TV series) Innocent is a British television miniseries, produced by TXTV productions, that was first broadcast on ITV for four consecutive nights between 14 and 17 May 2018. The four-part mystery",
"title": "Innocent (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "20444628",
"text": "a potential comeback role. To get a P.I. movie lead, she has to shadow Eddie, an ex-LAPD detective-turned-private-eye. After solving a case, Sam decides to become Eddie's partner and learn more about being a P.I. The series, which was in development since late March 2016, was ordered straight-to-series by ABC on November 16, 2017, with German RTL Group's channel VOX and French France 2 instantly joining them. On November 16, 2017, Rachel Bilson and Eddie Cibrian were cast as Sam and Eddie, the female and male leads, respectively. Xavier de Guzman joined the cast as Berto on February 15, 2018,",
"title": "Take Two (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "9388866",
"text": "1 show in the US. Nielsen Viewer ratings and viewers were also exceedingly high, especially for \"Hell and High Water\". British magazine \"Empire\" found the best \"ER\" episode was the seventh titled \"Hell And High Water\" where \"Doug Ross (George Clooney) saves a young boy from drowning during a flood.\" Region 1 DVDs have subtitles available in English, French and Spanish. Audio commentaries are available for episodes 1 and 16, with Mimi Leder, editor Randy Jon Morgan, and Laura Innes). ER (season 2) The second season of the American fictional drama television series \"ER\" first aired on September 21, 1995",
"title": "ER (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "19539167",
"text": "1) has been shown on March 3. An English dub of the show premiered December 15, 2017 on Disney Channel Asia. It also premiered on Nickelodeon Sonic in India on July 16, 2018; however it was abruptly taken off the schedule nearly two weeks later for unknown reasons, with the last few episodes remaining to be aired. But in mid-November 2018, the new episodes were aired on Nick HD+ and the entire season was finished on November 18, 2018. The first episode of Season 2 was broadcast September 22, 2017, with episode two, three and four shown on September 29.",
"title": "Ejen Ali"
},
{
"id": "20141718",
"text": "the series and distributed the first part through their streaming service worldwide, starting on 25 December 2017. However, instead of retaining the original number of nine episodes and the 70 minute runtime of each episode in the season, it was cut into thirteen different untitled episodes, each being 41–55 minutes in length. Netflix released the second part worldwide on 6 April 2018, with the same edits made to the episodes as in the first part. On 18 April 2018, Netflix renewed the series for a third part, which is expected to be released in 2019. The third part will be",
"title": "Money Heist"
},
{
"id": "16531037",
"text": "Taken 2 Taken 2 is a 2012 English-language French action thriller film directed by Olivier Megaton and starring Liam Neeson, Maggie Grace, Famke Janssen, Rade Šerbedžija, Leland Orser, Jon Gries, D.B. Sweeney and Luke Grimes. The film follows Bryan Mills taking his family to Istanbul, only to be kidnapped, along with his ex-wife, by the father of one of the men he killed while saving his daughter two years prior. It is the sequel to the 2008 film \"Taken\" and the second installment in the \"Taken\" trilogy. Released on 5 October 2012, the film grossed over $376 million at the",
"title": "Taken 2"
},
{
"id": "13065719",
"text": "The Take (TV series) The Take is a four-part British television crime drama series, adapted by Neil Biswas from the novel by Martina Cole, that first broadcast on Sky1 on 17 June 2009. Directed by David Drury, \"The Take\" follows the activities of criminal sociopath Freddie Jackson (Tom Hardy), who has recently been released from prison, only to find that his cousin Jimmy (Shaun Evans) is attempting to make a name for himself on the back of his reputation. The series also stars Brian Cox, Kierston Wareing, Margot Leicester and Charlotte Riley among others. Principal shooting for the series took",
"title": "The Take (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "13065720",
"text": "place in Dublin. As well as original music by Ruth Barrett, the series also makes use of Kasabian's \"Club Foot\" as it's opening theme. \"The Take\" was the first of two Cole novels to be adapted by Company Pictures for Sky1, the other being \"The Runaway\", starring Jack O'Connell and Joanna Vanderham, that followed in 2011. \"The Take\" was released on Region 2 DVD on 6 July 2009 by ITV Studios Home Entertainment. The series aired in the United States between 2 and 23 December 2009 on Encore. The first episode gathered 180,000 viewers, while the second attracted 152,000. The",
"title": "The Take (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "11832203",
"text": "from September 20, 2005 to December 6, 2005. The timeslot changed to Thursdays at 9:30 p.m. from January 5, 2006 to May 11, 2006. The season was a ratings success, bolstered by Carell's success in the 2005 film \"The 40 Year Old Virgin\". The season also received glowing reviews from critics, with many calling it one of the greatest sitcom seasons ever produced. The second season was released in a four-disc DVD boxset in Region 1 on September 12, 2006, and in Region 2 on January 28, 2008. The DVD set contained all 22 episodes, as well as commentaries from",
"title": "The Office (U.S. season 2)"
},
{
"id": "18762402",
"text": "September 27, 2015. The series debuted in Canada on CTV on the same day as its American premiere. The episodes, about 43 minutes in length, were broadcast in standard and high definition. In Australia, it premiered on the Seven Network on October 11, 2015. The series was acquired by Alibi in the United Kingdom. Season two premiered on September 25, 2016. After the mid-season finale, it moved to Mondays at 10:00 p.m. on January 23, 2017. The third season premiered on April 26, 2018. After the cancellation, it was announced that the network will air the remaining episodes of the",
"title": "Quantico (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "10495103",
"text": "it finally does? On the episode's original airdate, \"Heroes\" attracted 16.97 million viewers. Sean O'Neal of \"The A.V. Club\" gave the episode a B. Robert Canning of \"IGN\" scored the episode 7.8 out of 10. Four Months Later... \"Four Months Later...\" is the first episode of the second season of the NBC science fiction drama series \"Heroes\". The episode was written by Tim Kring and was directed by Greg Beeman. It originally aired on September 24, 2007. It was presented on iTunes on September 9 in HD and standard quality for free. The majority of this episode takes place four",
"title": "Four Months Later..."
},
{
"id": "17031207",
"text": "the second season of . <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> The season was released on DVD and Blu-ray by Paramount Home Entertainment. Star Trek: The Original Series (season 2) The second and penultimate season of the American science fiction television series , premiered on NBC on September 15, 1967 and concluded on March 29, 1968. It consisted of twenty-six episodes. Star Trek: The Original Series is an American science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry, and the original series of the Star Trek franchise. It features William Shatner as Captain James T. Kirk, Leonard Nimoy as Spock and DeForest Kelley as Leonard",
"title": "Star Trek: The Original Series (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "11259827",
"text": "and Charlotte Bingham, was published in 1972 by W. H. Allen Ltd. All episodes were made on colour videotape, with the exception of Season 1#10, which was entirely 35mm film. Take Three Girls Take Three Girls is a television drama series broadcast by BBC1 between 1969 and 1971 which follows three young women sharing a flat in \"Swinging London\" (17 Glazbury Road, West Kensington W14). It was BBC1's first colour drama series. The first series featured cellist Victoria (Liza Goddard), single mother Kate (Susan Jameson), and Cockney art student Avril (Angela Down). For the second series, Kate and Avril were",
"title": "Take Three Girls"
},
{
"id": "6023056",
"text": "2006. The first season finished May 17, 2006, with a total of 22 episodes. The second season premiered on the Fox network August 30, 2006, and retained its Wednesday 8:00pm ET timeslot. The second-season finale aired May 16, 2007, ending its second season with 21 episodes. One episode, \"Player Under Pressure\", was left unaired, which was originally scheduled to be broadcast as the second season's 19th episode but was pulled by the Fox network in the United States after the Virginia Tech massacre. The plot involved the discovery of the human remains of a college athlete and eventually aired April",
"title": "Bones (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "3267914",
"text": "Taken (miniseries) Taken, also known as Steven Spielberg Presents Taken, is a science fiction miniseries which first aired on the Sci-Fi Channel in 2002. Filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, it was written by Leslie Bohem, and directed by Breck Eisner, Félix Enríquez Alcalá, John Fawcett, Tobe Hooper, Jeremy Paul Kagan, Michael Katleman, Sergio Mimica-Gezzan, Bryan Spicer, Jeff Woolnough, and Thomas J. Wright. The executive producers were Leslie Bohem and Steven Spielberg. The show takes place from 1944 to 2002 and follows the lives of three families: the Crawfords, who seek to cover up the Roswell crash and the existence",
"title": "Taken (miniseries)"
},
{
"id": "12967269",
"text": "the high level of quality that the production team strove to maintain. Season 2.0 and 2.5 were released on DVD in region 1 on December 20, 2005, and September 19, 2006, respectively. The complete second season was released on Blu-ray Disc in region 1 on April 6, 2010. The complete second season was released on DVD in region 2 on August 28, 2006 and in region 4 on April 4, 2007. The Season 2.0 DVD set includes the first 10 episodes of season two. Special features on the set include creator Ronald D. Moore's podcast commentaries for 7 of the",
"title": "Battlestar Galactica (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "17289247",
"text": "And Straight On 'til Morning \"And Straight On 'til Morning\" is the 22nd episode of the second season of the American ABC fantasy/drama television series \"Once Upon a Time\", and the show's 44th episode overall. It aired on May 12, 2013 and serves as the second-season finale of the series. The episode was written by Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz and directed by Dean White. The episode was watched by 7.33 million American viewers, and was given mixed reviews from professional critics. In this episode, Emma Swan, her parents, Regina, Henry, and Hook try to stop Greg and Tamara, while",
"title": "And Straight On 'til Morning"
},
{
"id": "10039114",
"text": "began in 2008, and began airing on 20 April 2009 in the same timeslot. The second series takes place six months after the first, set in 1982 during the Falklands War. They were shot on Super 16 film and mastered in 576p standard definition. A third and final series was commissioned, and filming of the final eight 60-minute episodes began in late 2009, premiering on 2 April 2010. This final series was shot in Super 16 again but telecined and mastered for high definition. In an interview with \"SFX\", series co-creator and executive producer Matthew Graham stated that he was",
"title": "Ashes to Ashes (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "13648406",
"text": "episode 3 out of 5, comparing it favorably to the first-season episode \"The Wild and the Innocent\", which similarly shared themes of parents on the run to safeguard a child. However, Gibron was critical of the episode's focus on \"the miracle of birth\", finding it uncharacteristic of the series. In Arcadia Ego \"In Arcadia Ego\" is the eighteenth episode of the second season of the crime-thriller television series \"Millennium\". It premiered on the Fox network on April 3, 1998. The episode was written by Chip Johannessen, and directed by Thomas J. Wright. In this episode, offender profiler Frank Black (Lance",
"title": "In Arcadia Ego"
},
{
"id": "19590108",
"text": "a first-year student. The first and second seasons each consist of 36 three to seven-minute episodes. A twelve-episode prequel mini-season, \"season zero,\" was announced just after the release of the final episode of season 2. In 2016, the series won a Canadian Screen Award as well as Rockie Award for Branded Content at the Banff World Media Festival. Ellen Simpson Ellen Simpson is an American writer. She is known for her work as story editor and social media writer for the web series \"Carmilla\". She also has published several novels with Ylva Publishing. In 2014, Simpson developed the web series",
"title": "Ellen Simpson"
},
{
"id": "11389667",
"text": "broadcaster ITV and producer Kudos issued a joint press release announcing that series 8 would be \"the last to be transmitted for the foreseeable future\". Originally commissioned as a single series of thirteen episodes, episodes 1–7 were transmitted as series one, broadcast in 2009, and episodes 8–13 were transmitted as series two, broadcast in 2010. A second run of thirteen episodes was commissioned in 2010, with episodes 1–7 being transmitted as series three, broadcast in 2010, and episodes 8–13 being transmitted as series four, broadcast in 2011. A third run of thirteen episodes was commissioned in October 2010, with episodes",
"title": "Law & Order: UK"
},
{
"id": "5199951",
"text": "episodes selected by each of the Captains from the \"Star Trek\" series, and several chosen by the fans, a total of seventeen episodes. A release on Blu-ray Disc for season two occurred on August 20, 2013. First Flight (Star Trek: Enterprise) \"First Flight\" is the fiftieth episode of the American science fiction television series \"\", the twenty-fourth episode of the . It first aired on May 14, 2003 on UPN. It was written by John Shiban and Chris Black, and was directed by \"\" actor LeVar Burton (Geordi La Forge). Set in the 22nd century, the series follows the adventures",
"title": "First Flight (Star Trek: Enterprise)"
},
{
"id": "16531055",
"text": "and 1,053,690 Blu-ray Discs and grossing $44,136,725 and $19,915,776 respectively totaling $64,052,501 in North America. Principal photography for \"Taken 3\" began on 29 March 2014, and was released on 9 January 2015. Taken 2 Taken 2 is a 2012 English-language French action thriller film directed by Olivier Megaton and starring Liam Neeson, Maggie Grace, Famke Janssen, Rade Šerbedžija, Leland Orser, Jon Gries, D.B. Sweeney and Luke Grimes. The film follows Bryan Mills taking his family to Istanbul, only to be kidnapped, along with his ex-wife, by the father of one of the men he killed while saving his daughter two",
"title": "Taken 2"
},
{
"id": "14581131",
"text": "The Ex Files \"The Ex Files\" is the 22nd episode of the CW television series, \"Gossip Girl\". It was also the fourth episode of the show's second season. The episode was written by Robby Hull and directed by Jim McKay. It originally aired on Monday, September 22, 2008 on the CW. The episode has an 8.1 rating out of 10 from \"TV.com,\", a 4.6 out of 5 star rating on \"TV Fanatic\", and an 8.0 out of 10 star rating on \"IMDB\". The episode received generally favorable reviews from critics. Most of the critics praised Blake Lively's performances in this",
"title": "The Ex Files"
},
{
"id": "12174847",
"text": "the decision to finish the main storyline were praised, the formulaic structure of the episodes was criticized. The season was internationally syndicated, airing in the United Kingdom on ITV, in Canada on Citytv and SPACE, and in Australia on Network Ten. It was released on DVD as a six-disc box set September 11, 2007, by Warner Home Video in Region 1. Although the season was split into two separate releases in Region 2, the complete set was released on October 29, 2007, and in Region 4 on October 3, 2007. The episodes are also available through digital retailers such as",
"title": "Supernatural (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "3267915",
"text": "of aliens; the Keys, who are subject to frequent experimentation by the aliens; and the Clarkes, who sheltered one of the surviving aliens from the crash. As a result of the decades-long storyline, not a single actor or character appears in every episode of the series. Reception was positive, and the series won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Miniseries as well as the Golden Globe Award for Outstanding Miniseries or TV Movie. When the show was launched, the Sci-Fi Channel used the simultaneous establishment of the organization Coalition for Freedom of Information in its promotion campaign. Both the Sci-Fi Channel",
"title": "Taken (miniseries)"
},
{
"id": "14437708",
"text": "originally supposed to air in April 2007 as episode 19, but was delayed in the wake of the Virginia Tech massacre, as the episode's plot featured finding human remains on a college campus. The episode later aired in April 2008 as part of the third season, with new footage. The episode \"Aliens in a Spaceship\" introduces the storyline of the Grave Digger, an unresolved case. The Grave Digger would later return in the fourth season, when the team discovers its identity. Serial killer Howard Epps returns for two episodes, in which the team must discover more of his victims. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude>",
"title": "Bones (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "19539168",
"text": "October 6 and October 13 respectively. Just like Season 1, It is shown every Friday, at 5:30 p.m. on TV3, Fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth episodes shown on November 17, November 24, December 1 and December 8 respectively. Episode nine to eleven aired from February 9 to February 23, 2018. The twelfth episode was released on March 23, 2018. Thirteenth episode (last episode of Season 2) was released on March 30, making 26 episodes total. These characters are the agents of M.A.T.A (\"Meta Advance Tactical Agency\"), a secret spy organization that possess advanced technologies and is responsible for keeping the peace",
"title": "Ejen Ali"
},
{
"id": "4084679",
"text": "18th and 19th centuries. Several external scenes in Series 2 were filmed in the city of St Albans (Hertfordshire), using locations such as the city centre, the Cathedral grounds and a small street adjacent to it. The show received generally positive reviews, and holds a Metacritic score of 66 out of 100. The region 1 release is labeled as \"Season 1\" and contains 10 episodes, all of Series 1 plus the first four episodes of Series 2 in keeping with how BBC America had presented the show in US broadcasts. Mill Creek Entertainment announced the complete series on DVD. Hex",
"title": "Hex (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "2540808",
"text": "& 6 (Two additional tracks are available on the composer's website). The third and fourth soundtracks (containing tracks from series 7 & 8, and 9 & 10 respectively) were released on iTunes in November 2011. The track listings contain spoilers to the episode content. Broadcast editions of the episodes have been known to feature alternate music to that found on the commercially available DVD releases. In the final episode of Series 2, music from the film score \"Spy Game\" was used—composed by Harry Gregson-Williams. The tracks used are \"Beirut, a War Zone\" and \"Operation Dinner Out\". Both are available on",
"title": "Spooks (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "8069904",
"text": "200,000) and firm critical approval. In September 2009 BBC Four started showing the second series; another eight-part series, partly funded by the BBC, was broadcast from May 2008 onwards. The third series consisted of 12 episodes and was shown from April 2011. The fourth series screened beginning February 2013; series five was filmed in 2013 and broadcast in France in late 2014 and in the UK on BBC Four from January 2015. The sixth series was filmed in 2016. Series four, five, and six each consisted of 12 episodes. Filming of the seventh series started in January 2018. \"Spiral\" has",
"title": "Spiral (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "18250445",
"text": "show's initial allure.\" The first season was released on DVD in region 1 on August 4, 2015. The set contains all 10 episodes, plus special features, including character profiles and costume featurettes. The second season was released on DVD in region 1 on August 16, 2016. The third season was released on DVD in region 1 on April 25, 2017. In Canada, the series premiered simultaneously with the American broadcast on October 12, 2014, and airs on Movie Central and The Movie Network. The series premiered on Showcase in Australia on February 10, 2015. Sky Atlantic bought the rights to",
"title": "The Affair (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "9341509",
"text": "Fresh Bones \"Fresh Bones\" is the fifteenth episode of the second season of the science fiction television series \"The X-Files\". It premiered on the Fox network on February 3, 1995. It was written by Howard Gordon, directed by Rob Bowman, and featured guest appearances by Kevin Conway, Daniel Benzali, and Matt Hill. The episode is a \"Monster-of-the-Week\" story, unconnected to the series' wider mythology. \"Fresh Bones\" earned a Nielsen household rating of 11.3, being watched by 10.8 million households in its initial broadcast. The episode received mixed to positive reviews from critics. The show centers on FBI special agents Fox",
"title": "Fresh Bones"
},
{
"id": "14437710",
"text": "of \"Bones\"\". Also included are deleted scenes and a gag reel. General references Bones (season 2) The second season of the American television series \"Bones\" premiered on August 30, 2006, and concluded on May 16, 2007, on Fox. The show aired on Wednesdays at 8:00 pm ET for the entire season and consisted of 21 episodes. The season averaged 9.4 million viewers. Tamara Taylor joined the cast this season after the departure of Jonathan Adams. Taylor first appeared in the first six episodes of the season as a guest star and was promoted to a series regular and appeared in",
"title": "Bones (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "5543340",
"text": "executives in 1999. The first series consists of seven episodes, and was broadcast from 10 April to 22 May 1994. It was released on DVD on 27 November 2006. The DVD release of the series has become hard to obtain. The series was rebroadcast in Australia for the first time in 2014. This series was repeated on ITV3 on 10 January 2017, 11 January 2017, 12 January 2017, 13 January 2017, 14 January 2017, 17 January 2017 and 18 January 2017. The second series consists of thirteen episodes, and was broadcast from 28 April to 21 July 1996. It was",
"title": "The Knock"
},
{
"id": "19705053",
"text": "previously unaired season 2 were now available on iTunes (US) and would be available on the Starz app starting May 1, 2018. \"Take My Wife\" is also now available on iTunes in the UK (as of April 30, 2018). For its second season, the show's creators and producers featured large numbers of women, people of color, and LGBTQ individuals in front of and behind the camera. Esposito has acknowledged this was a conscious effort on their part: \"As a small budget show, we prioritized hiring queer folks, POC, and female standups.\" On August 9th, 2017 it was announced that NBC",
"title": "Take My Wife (2016 TV series)"
},
{
"id": "14437707",
"text": "Bones (season 2) The second season of the American television series \"Bones\" premiered on August 30, 2006, and concluded on May 16, 2007, on Fox. The show aired on Wednesdays at 8:00 pm ET for the entire season and consisted of 21 episodes. The season averaged 9.4 million viewers. Tamara Taylor joined the cast this season after the departure of Jonathan Adams. Taylor first appeared in the first six episodes of the season as a guest star and was promoted to a series regular and appeared in the opening credits beginning with episode 7. The episode \"Player Under Pressure\" was",
"title": "Bones (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "10495089",
"text": "Four Months Later... \"Four Months Later...\" is the first episode of the second season of the NBC science fiction drama series \"Heroes\". The episode was written by Tim Kring and was directed by Greg Beeman. It originally aired on September 24, 2007. It was presented on iTunes on September 9 in HD and standard quality for free. The majority of this episode takes place four months after the events of Season 1's finale. In the chronology of the series, the Season 1 finale took place in November 2006, which dates this episode in March 2007. Also, Hiro's scenes take place",
"title": "Four Months Later..."
},
{
"id": "15403171",
"text": "Star Trek: Enterprise (season 2) The second season of the American science fiction television series \"\" commenced airing on UPN in the United States on September 18, 2002 and concluded on May 21, 2003 after 26 episodes. Set in the 22nd century, the series follows the adventures of the first Starfleet starship \"Enterprise\", registration NX-01. The second season saw the series continue a concentration on stand-alone episodes as seen in the , but the decision was made to start an ongoing story-arc to run into the with the second season finale episode \"The Expanse\". The second season also saw the",
"title": "Star Trek: Enterprise (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "12116056",
"text": "conspiracy theories—and there's a big underlying mystery that goes through the whole six-episode series.\" Much of the series was filmed in the City of Bath, Somerset, with locations including the University of Bath campus (which does not offer Archaeology courses). Additional locations included Brean Down Fort and Kings Weston House (both for episode 2), Chavenage House for episodes 5 & 6 and Sheldon Manor. On 21 November 2008 Broadcast magazine revealed the show would not be returning for a second series. According to unofficial figures, the first episode of the series was watched by 6.8 million viewers, achieving a 31%",
"title": "Bonekickers"
},
{
"id": "7754673",
"text": "on Sunday 6 August 2006. It featured the following celebrities: EP = Episode S = Swing, P = Pop, R = Rock, M = Movies/Musicals, R&R = Rock & Roll, N1 = Number Ones, B = Ballad, D = Disco, C = Country, PR = Professional Hit, R&B = R&B, FA = Fast, SL = Slow, J = Journey. Erika Heynatz and her partner David Hobson were eventually declared the winners, defeating Sarah Ryan and her partner, Guy Sebastian. This chart is based on the celebrities averages and not their place in the competition. The second series premiered on Tuesday,",
"title": "It Takes Two (Australian TV series)"
},
{
"id": "2278233",
"text": "Benson to become the governor. On July 24, 2007, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released Season 1 of \"Benson\" on DVD in Region 1 for the first time. The DVDs contain the episodes as they originally aired, including the longer opening sequence, which was significantly edited for syndication. On April 3, 2012, Sony released season 2 on DVD under the Choice Collection label. This is a manufacture-on-demand release. The Complete Second Season DVD also includes two episodes from season three: \"Benson's Appointment\" and \"The Grass Ain't Greener.\" Like the DVD of the previous season, this season DVD also contains the originally-aired",
"title": "Benson (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "7754676",
"text": "of 120. This chart is based on the celebrities averages and not their place in the competition. Series 1 was a hit for the Seven Network, providing them with solid numbers post , where on a Sunday; Seven has had little success up against the Nine Network's \"60 Minutes\", and \"Big Brother\" and \"Australian Idol\" on Network Ten. Series 2 moved to a new night and time in 2007: 7:30 pm Tuesdays, airing in the slot usually occupied by the highly successful \"Dancing with the Stars\". The premiere ranked third for the night, averaging 1.5 million viewers, behind Seven's news",
"title": "It Takes Two (Australian TV series)"
},
{
"id": "19475889",
"text": "to broadcast the series in the United States, where it is presented as an original series for the network. The first half of the second season premiered in Canada on May 25 and concluded on July 20, 2017. The second half aired in the summer of 2018. On September 21, 2017, Global ordered a 12 episode third season set to start production in spring 2018. Shooting has been underway, including at Queens Quay. Private Eyes (TV series) Private Eyes (formerly known as \"The Code\") is a Canadian comedy-drama television series created by Tim Kilby and Shelley Eriksen that stars Jason",
"title": "Private Eyes (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "11431168",
"text": "the 2009 Easter special, \"\". In June 2014, she embarked on a European tour to perform as Tinkerbell in \"Peter Pan\". In 2015, she was cast as Tracy in the BBC television drama series \"Ordinary Lies\". In June 2015, it was announced that she would play the starring role of Corporal Georgie Lane in series 2 of the BBC drama series \"Our Girl\", which aired throughout September 2016; third season consisting of 12 episodes began airing in October 2017. Also in 2016, Keegan landed a guest role on the ITV2 comedy series \"Plebs\". In June 2016, she began filming the",
"title": "Michelle Keegan"
},
{
"id": "12967268",
"text": "Ron Moore expressed some disdain. Moore stated in his blog that he felt this was a result of the larger workload the series faced with twenty episodes, instead of thirteen in season one. However, episode 15, \"Scar\", was thought to bring the series back up to its high level of quality, and subsequent episodes \"The Captain's Hand\", \"Downloaded\", and the two part finale \"Lay Down Your Burdens\", were hailed by fans and critics alike. Moore expressed that the longer break between seasons two and three (seven months instead of two) would help to ensure that all episodes were up to",
"title": "Battlestar Galactica (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "12301284",
"text": "is shown on the episode after the episode where their pairing was determined in the studio. The show originally screened Monday to Friday in the 7pm timeslot before it was moved to an earlier 6pm timeslot after two weeks on air, due to competition from other shows. It was removed from schedules in its fourth week after screening 19 episodes, due to continuing mediocre ratings. Despite the axing, FremantleMedia continued to produce new episodes. In total, 65 episodes had been recorded. On 12 January 2009, \"Taken Out\" returned to air at around midnight each morning, seven days a week. The",
"title": "Taken Out"
},
{
"id": "18145214",
"text": "website, the NBC mobile app, and Hulu for a four-week period. The episodes are also televised in their normal weekly timeslot. In Australia, the series premiered on May 29, 2015 on streaming service Presto, with all 13 episodes being released for 28 days. Its later television debut on the Seven Network (which co-owns Presto) aired on August 26, 2015. Season 2 aired on the same day as the U.S., on Presto in Australia. Metacritic gives season 1 of \"Aquarius\" a score of 58/100 based on reviews from 36 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Glenn Garvin of \"Reason\" praised the",
"title": "Aquarius (U.S. TV series)"
},
{
"id": "16548818",
"text": "\"Long Tall Sally\" The 90-minute second episode was broadcast on 6 April 2013 and aired from 7.00pm until 8.30pm. The 90-minute third episode was broadcast on 13 April 2013 and aired from 6.45pm until 8.15pm. The 65-minute fourth episode was broadcast on 20 April 2013 and aired from 8.20pm until 9.25pm. The 85-minute fifth episode was broadcast on 27 April 2013 and aired from 8.00pm until 9.25pm. The 80-minute sixth episode was broadcast on 4 May 2013 from 8.05pm until 9.25pm. The recording of the battle rounds took place on 9 and 10 February 2013 at The Fountain Studios and",
"title": "The Voice UK (series 2)"
},
{
"id": "15380986",
"text": "episode aired, citing declining ratings as the reason. The remaining three episodes aired in January with the series finale held back a week due to the charity telethon. Series creator Joss Whedon continued to serve as executive producer and showrunner. Michelle Fazekas and Tara Butters joined as consulting producers, replacing Elizabeth Craft and Sarah Fain, and wrote the second and penultimate episodes of the show; \"Instinct\" and \"The Hollow Men\". Whedon wrote and directed the season premiere \"Vows\" but is not credited with either writing or directing any other episode of the show. Tim Minear, promoted to executive producer, again",
"title": "Dollhouse (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "20318973",
"text": "it moved to CTV for its fourth and final season, consisting of eight episodes. The first season originally aired from January 29 to April 2, 2014, while the second season aired from January 19 to March 23, 2015. A third season premiered on June 20, 2016, concluding on August 22, and the fourth season premiered on July 31, 2017, and concluded on September 18. In the United States, the series airs on the streaming service Acorn TV, with the first season premiering on January 18, 2016, the second on May 16, the third on October 24, and the fourth on",
"title": "19-2 (2014 TV series)"
},
{
"id": "17851193",
"text": "announcing \"record-breaking ratings\" and the \"number one scripted series for Adults 25-54 across all specialty channels\" in Canada. On July 7, 2011, Showcase announced that the Season Two premiere would be on September 4, 2011, and that an additional nine episodes had been ordered to make the season a total of 22 episodes. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, Season Two premiered on Syfy (UK) on January 12, 2012. In Australia, Season Two premiered on Sci Fi on February 23, 2012. In the United States, Season Two premiered on Syfy on April 16, 2012; one week after the end of",
"title": "Lost Girl (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "10039113",
"text": "Ashes to Ashes (TV series) Ashes to Ashes is a British crime drama and police procedural drama television series, serving as the sequel to \"Life on Mars\". The series began airing on BBC One in February 2008. A second series began broadcasting in April 2009. A third and final series was broadcast from 2 April to 21 May 2010 on BBC One and BBC HD. Throughout the first series, \"Ashes to Ashes\" was broadcast weekly on Thursdays on BBC One at 9:00 pm, with the episodes directed by Jonny Campbell, Bille Eltringham and Catherine Morshead. Filming for the second series",
"title": "Ashes to Ashes (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "19069010",
"text": "up on the beach during the fourth episode in an attempt to win her back, whilst \"Geordie Shore\"'s Charlotte Crosby arrived during the fifth coming face-to-face with her ex Gary. Danielle Abbott received a warm welcome from ex-boyfriend Luke when she made her first appearance in the sixth episode, and Ashley Cain returned to the beach during the seventh episode as the ex Emily. Ashley had previously appeared in the first series. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Ex on the Beach (series 2) The second series of \"Ex on the Beach\", a British television programme, began airing on 27 January 2015 on MTV. The",
"title": "Ex on the Beach (series 2)"
},
{
"id": "14195696",
"text": "to begin filming in London in 2016. On April 11, 2016, Season 5 was confirmed to be the show's last; it consists of seven episodes and premiered on August 20, 2017. The series finale, Season 5's \"Episode Seven\", aired on October 8, 2017. \"Episodes\" has received positive reviews by critics, with specific praise being given to the performances of stars Stephen Mangan, Tamsin Greig, and Matt LeBlanc. For his performance in the series Matt LeBlanc won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy and has been nominated for four Primetime Emmy Awards. After married",
"title": "Episodes (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "6120909",
"text": "Star Command\"): BCI Eclipse LLC (under its Ink & Paint classic animation entertainment label) (Under license from Entertainment Rights) released the entire series on DVD in Region 1 on May 8, 2007. The three-disc set contains all 28 episodes from seasons one and two, digitally remastered for optimum audio and video quality, and presented uncut and in story continuity order. as well as an array of special features including commentary tracks and photo & art galleries. The galleries also contain characters sheets for the proposed but never produced animated version of the show. As of 2011, this release has been",
"title": "Jason of Star Command"
},
{
"id": "1505167",
"text": "\"St. Elsewhere\" at #20). Also, the season 1 episode \"Love's Labor Lost\" was ranked No. 6 on TV Guide's 100 Greatest Episodes of All-Time list having earlier been ranked #3. The show also placed No. 19 on \"Entertainment Weekly\" \"New TV Classics\" list. British magazine \"Empire\" ranked it No. 29 in their list of the \"50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time\" and said the best episode was \"Hell And High Water\" (Season 2, Episode 7) where \"Doug Ross (George Clooney) saves a young boy from drowning during a flood.\" In 2012, \"ER\" was voted Best TV Drama on ABC's",
"title": "ER (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "14166011",
"text": "April 24, 2007. Both DVDs can also be purchased on the Cartoon Network Shop. The season is also available for download on the iTunes Store. Selected episodes from the season were also featured on several Cartoon Network compilation DVDs. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Ed, Edd n Eddy (season 2) The second season of the Canadian-American animated comedy television series \"Ed, Edd n Eddy\", created by Danny Antonucci, originally aired on Cartoon Network from November 26, 1999, to December 22, 2000, and consists of 13 episodes. The series revolves around three adolescent boys collectively known as \"the Eds\", who live in a suburban cul-de-sac.",
"title": "Ed, Edd n Eddy (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "16667714",
"text": "Molon Labe (Falling Skies) \"Molon Labe\" is the seventh episode of the second season of the American television drama series \"Falling Skies\", and the 17th overall episode of the series. It originally aired on TNT in the United States on July 22, 2012. It was written by Bradley Thompson & David Weddle and directed by Holly Dale. The title is drawn from the defiant cry reportedly uttered by Sparta's King Leonidas I to Persians demanding that he surrenders his army's weapons, \"Molon labe\" (\"Come and take it\"). Karen leads Ben into a trap so the Overlords can find out about",
"title": "Molon Labe (Falling Skies)"
},
{
"id": "17031206",
"text": "Star Trek: The Original Series (season 2) The second and penultimate season of the American science fiction television series , premiered on NBC on September 15, 1967 and concluded on March 29, 1968. It consisted of twenty-six episodes. Star Trek: The Original Series is an American science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry, and the original series of the Star Trek franchise. It features William Shatner as Captain James T. Kirk, Leonard Nimoy as Spock and DeForest Kelley as Leonard McCoy. The season originally aired Fridays at 8:30-9:30 pm (EST) on NBC. This is a list of episodes from",
"title": "Star Trek: The Original Series (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "6195033",
"text": "#113 overall in the Nielsen ratings, up from #115 the year before. The season's fourth episode, \"Red\", the season's seventeenth episode \"Rosetta\", and the season finale, \"Exodus\", were selected in The Futon Critic's 50 best episodes of 2002 and 2003, respectively. \"Red\" placed 9th, while \"Rosetta\" placed 22nd, and \"Exodus\" placed 35th. The season received mostly favorable reviews. IGN's Jeremy Conrad, gave the second season a score of 8.7/10, stating it was \"a clear improvement over season [one]... This season has better pacing, more interesting story arcs, better special effects, and more importantly, better episodes.\" When referring to Christopher Reeve's",
"title": "Smallville (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "14824848",
"text": "the seventh episode rose to 6.6 million. Overnight ratings rose to seven million for the second series finale. With consolidated figures factored in, the second series was seen by a per-episode average of 7.19 million viewers. The second series received generally favourable reviews. Gord Lacey of TVShowsOnDVD called the second series \"such a fun series\", a \"plausible spy show\" and \"a great show, [...] another solid BBC release.\" Dennis Landmann of MovieFreak stated that the season \"rules\" as it \"tells complex, dangerous, and relevant stories that creates high octane, powerful drama\", and the producers \"create top notch work, from the",
"title": "Spooks (series 2)"
},
{
"id": "7300665",
"text": "Take Your Daughter to Work Day (The Office) \"Take Your Daughter To Work Day\" is the eighteenth episode of the second season of the American comedy television series \"The Office\", and the show's twenty-fourth episode overall. It was written by Mindy Kaling and directed by Victor Nelli, Jr. It first aired on March 16, 2006 on NBC. The episode guest stars Jazz Raycole as Melissa Hudson, Delaney Ruth Farrell as Sasha Flenderson, Spencer Daniels as Jake Palmer, and Jake Kalender as a young Michael Scott. The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania branch of",
"title": "Take Your Daughter to Work Day (The Office)"
},
{
"id": "741902",
"text": "AWFJ, AFCA, and BSFC, and won the category by the Online Film Critics Society. Jodi Balfour portrays Kennedy in the eighth episode of the second season of Netflix's original drama series, \"The Crown\", set during the June 1961 visit of the Kennedy couple to the Buckingham Palace and the events that followed the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Jacqueline Lee Kennedy Onassis (née Bouvier ; July 28, 1929 – May 19, 1994) was an American book editor and socialite who was First Lady of the United States during the presidency of her husband, John F. Kennedy, from",
"title": "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis"
},
{
"id": "20330103",
"text": "Watson, Chris Sullivan, Ron Cephas Jones, Jon Huertas, Alexandra Breckenridge, Niles Fitch, Logan Shroyer, Hannah Zeile, Mackenzie Hancsicsak, Parker Bates, Eris Baker, Faithe Herman, and Lonnie Chavis. The second season, consisting of 18 episodes, aired from September 26, 2017, to March 13, 2018, on NBC. \"This Is Us\" served as the lead-out program for Super Bowl LII in February 2018 with the second season's fourteenth episode. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> On January 18, 2017, NBC renewed the series for a second and third season of 18 episodes each, for a total of 36 additional episodes. Dan Fogelman, Isaac Aptaker, and Elizabeth Berger served",
"title": "This Is Us (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "13065721",
"text": "series was also released on Region 1 DVD on 28 August 2012, via BFS Entertainment. The series received critical acclaim for Hardy's portrayal of Freddie Jackson. Notably, Hardy and Charlotte Riley, who first met whilst working together on the series, later married. Freddie Jackson (Tom Hardy) has just been released from prison. He has done his time, made the right connections and now he is ready to use them. His wife Jackie (Kierston Wareing) dreams of having her husband home but she has forgotten the rows and the girls Freddie cannot leave alone. His younger cousin, Jimmy (Shaun Evans), dreams",
"title": "The Take (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "15734320",
"text": "Smiley, and Donald Faison. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> All fifteen episodes from season two, including the episodes unaired in America: \"The Hunger Strike\" and \"The Uncle Ruckus Reality Show\", were released completely uncensored on a three-disc DVD set in the United States on June 10, 2008. In addition all episodes from season two are available on iTunes. The Boondocks (season 2) The second season of the animated television series, \"The Boondocks\" originally aired in the United States on Cartoon Network's late night programming block, Adult Swim. Season two started on October 8, 2007 with \"...Or Die Trying\" and ended with \"The Story of",
"title": "The Boondocks (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "13756742",
"text": "of the series on June 14, 2009, was watched by 3.7 million viewers, making it the most watched program on HBO since the series finale of \"The Sopranos\". The total number of viewers for the season premiere, including the late night replay, was 5.1 million. The tenth episode of the second season (August 23, 2009) was seen by 5.3 million viewers, a new record for the series, with an overall weekly second season average of 11.5 million viewers including repeats. All ratings are taken from the UK Ratings website, BARB. List of \"Season 2 Ending Credits Songs\" in order. The",
"title": "True Blood (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "6630630",
"text": "also repeatedly referred to as a running joke in Diane Morgan’s 2018 show, Cunk On Britain. The first series was released around 2004 but went out of print. In 2011 (the 25th anniversary of the show's debut) it was re-released, credited as series 1 & 2, (to celebrate 25 years of the hit sitcom itself) under BBC DVD format. The complete second and third series, credited as series 3 & 4, finally followed on 16 April 2012. The fourth and fifth series, also credited as series 5 & 6, was released on 5 August 2013, followed by the complete collection",
"title": "Brush Strokes"
},
{
"id": "4020699",
"text": "30, 2005 in Region 4, and on January 16, 2006 in the United Kingdom. For the region 2 release, the season was split into two releases, with part 1 (episodes 1–12) released on October 31, 2005 and part 2 (episodes 13–25) and the complete season set on January 16, 2006. A. In some regions, the first season has 25 episodes. This is because \"Exodus: Part 2\" is split into two episodes \"Exodus: Part 2\" and \"Exodus: Part 3.\" Lost (season 1) The first season of the television series \"Lost\" commenced airing in the United States and Canada on September 22,",
"title": "Lost (season 1)"
},
{
"id": "15994275",
"text": "Dance Moms (season 2) The second season of \"Dance Moms\", an American dance reality television created by Collins Avenue Productions, began airing on January 10, 2012 on Lifetime television network. The season concluded on September 25, 2012. The second season featured 30 episodes including 4 special episodes (Abby's Most OMG Moments, Abby's Dance-A-Thon, Reunion: Off the Dance Floor, Part 1 and Reunion: Off the Dance Floor, Part 2) bringing the episode count thus far to 43 episodes. However, Lifetime's episode guide does not list \"Abby's Most OMG Moments\" as an official season episode. The second season continues after the release",
"title": "Dance Moms (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "16770087",
"text": "secret. Each series has new characters and concepts and overall the television series has an interesting storyline. To date, five complete series have aired. Series 1 first aired on 10 September 2012 and concluded on 22 October 2012 and consisted of 13 episodes. Series 2 first aired on 9 September 2013 and concluded on 21 October 2013 and again consisted of 13 episodes. Series 3 first aired on 15 September 2014 and concluded on 27 October 2014 and also consisted of 13 episodes. Series 4 first aired on 8 March 2016 and concluded on 13 April 2016 and this time",
"title": "Wolfblood"
},
{
"id": "15596131",
"text": "Applied Anthropology and Culinary Arts \"Applied Anthropology and Culinary Arts\" is the 22nd episode of the second season of \"Community\". It originally aired on April 28, 2011, on NBC. In the episode, Shirley unexpectedly goes into labor during the group's Anthropology final. A campus food riot prevents them from getting her to the hospital in time, and they have to help deliver her baby in the classroom. The episode was written by Karey Dornetto and directed by Jay Chandrasekhar. It received positive critical reviews. KUAM aired the episode on Sunday, May 1, 2011 due to The Royal Wedding, which aired",
"title": "Applied Anthropology and Culinary Arts"
},
{
"id": "14804127",
"text": "creators Bill Lawrence and Kevin Biegel became friends with \"Community\" creator Dan Harmon, and would often tweet each other. Also, \"Community\" executive producers Neil Goldman and Garrett Donovan previously worked with Lawrence on \"Scrubs\" for several years. The second season of \"Community\" was released on region 1 DVD on September 6, 2011, and on region 2 DVD on September 24, 2012. The DVD contains all 24 episodes on four discs plus special features, which include: Community (season 2) The second season of the television comedy series Community premiered on September 23, 2010 and concluded on May 12, 2011, on NBC.",
"title": "Community (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "17433005",
"text": "Taken (franchise) Taken is a series of English-language French action films beginning with \"Taken\" in 2008. The dialogue of all three films is primarily English, and all three feature Liam Neeson as Bryan Mills. The first film received mixed reviews from critics but a positive response from audiences, but the two sequels were negatively received. The series grossed a combined $929 million worldwide. A television series is based on a similar storyline and stars Clive Standen as Bryan Mills, premiered in February 2017. A retired CIA operative named Bryan Mills crosses the globe to rescue his 17-year-old daughter after she",
"title": "Taken (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "3555876",
"text": "was released on DVD on July 19, 2005 in the United States in Region 1 format, on 4 dual-sided discs. The two parts of \"First Contact\" originally aired as the pilot in one feature-length 90-minute episode (95 minutes and 30 seconds on the Region 4 DVD). The set includes all 21 episodes in order according to the air date—not the production order—resulting in two episodes (\"Natural Born Grendlers\" and \"Flower Child\") being ordered after the final episode, \"All About Eve\". These two were originally not aired until after the planned season finale had been aired and it was then known",
"title": "Earth 2 (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "16531043",
"text": "the Mills family is at a diner back in Los Angeles, having milkshakes to celebrate Kim passing her driving test. They are joined, much to Bryan's surprise, by Kim's boyfriend Jamie, to which she jokingly tells her father not to \"shoot this one\". In an alternate version, Bryan rescues Lenore after she is recaptured. The taxi chase then takes place with Bryan, Kim and Lenore eventually making it to the U.S. Embassy. He then leaves them both at the Embassy to \"finish it\". Olivier Megaton decided against this version as questions arose over Bryan's motivation for pursuing Murad. It is",
"title": "Taken 2"
},
{
"id": "1919898",
"text": "to solve murders and crimes affecting the interests of either the U.S. or NATO or both. For the second series (seasons 2 and 3), which aired several years after the first, the episode's length was increased to 48–49 minutes and Drake underwent retconning. His nationality became British, and he was an agent working for a secret British government department, called M9 (analogous to Secret Intelligence Service), though his Mid-Atlantic English accent persists for the first few episodes in production. These were also filmed in black and white. Other than the largely nominal change of employer and nationality, Drake's mandate remains",
"title": "Danger Man"
},
{
"id": "12152073",
"text": "28.36 million viewers tuning in and 10.1 rating, ranking second in the week after the of CBS's \"\", which was watched by 29.02 million viewers and received a 10.3 rating. The episode, which is the second highest rated episode of the series, attracted a larger audience compared to the previous season premiere, which received a 7.8 rating and was watched by 21.64 million viewers, almost seven less million viewers than \"Next\". Although the episode attracted less viewers than CSI, it outperformed both \"Lost\" and \"Grey's Anatomy\", one of the most successful series of the season. The lowest-rated episode was the",
"title": "Desperate Housewives (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "14824845",
"text": "and received generally favourable reviews from critics. The second episode attracted controversy for depicting a plot where a mosque is used to recruit suicide bombers; the controversy attracted near a thousand complaints and negative responses from key figures of Muslim groups across the United Kingdom. It was nominated for a British Academy Television Award (BAFTA) and a Royal Television Society Award, winning the latter. The second series was released on DVD on 20 September 2004 in Region 2, 11 January 2005 in Region 1, and 21 March 2005 in Region 4. \"Main\" \"Guests\" <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The second series began broadcasting on",
"title": "Spooks (series 2)"
},
{
"id": "4345132",
"text": "27-39. In addition, Season 2 Part 2 was released on March 30, 2010 containing episodes 40-51. The first two boxsets were re-released into one Season 1 set on March 29, 2011. The complete Season 2 set followed up on April 26, 2011. Season 3 Part 1 was released to DVD by Funimation beginning on July 26, 2011, containing episodes 52-65. Season 3 Part 2 was released to DVD on August 16, 2011 containing episodes 66-78. A complete Season 3 boxset containing episodes 52-78 was released on November 13, 2012. On all of the box sets, it states, \"from the creators",
"title": "Sgt. Frog"
},
{
"id": "19549513",
"text": "Quantico (season 2) The second season of American drama thriller series \"Quantico\" premiered in the United States on American Broadcasting Company (ABC) on September 25, 2016, and concluded on May 15, 2017. The season was produced by ABC Studios, with series creator Joshua Safran, Mark Gordon, Robert Sertner, Nicholas Pepper and Jorge Zamacona serving as executive producers. Season two consists of twenty-two episodes; it follows Alex Parrish (Priyanka Chopra), who has been working undercover for the FBI as a CIA recruit to uncover a rogue faction called the AIC. The narrative is told through dual timelines until the thirteenth episode;",
"title": "Quantico (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "12924803",
"text": "Charmed (season 2) The second season of \"Charmed\", an American supernatural drama television series, began airing on September 30, 1999, on The WB. Airing on Thursdays at 9:00 pm, the season consisted of 22 episodes and concluded its airing on May 18, 2000. Paramount Home Entertainment released the complete second season in a six-disc box set on September 6, 2005. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> In 2016, Gavin Hetherington of SpoilerTV ran a series of \"Charmed\" articles in the run-up to the 10th anniversary of the series finale. The second was a complete season review of season two, in which Gavin comments that the",
"title": "Charmed (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "10382133",
"text": "The Titan on the Tracks \"The Titan on the Tracks\" is the second season premiere of the American television series, \"Bones\" and 23rd episode overall. Written by series creator Hart Hanson and directed by Tony Wharmby, the episode was first aired on August 30, 2006 on the FOX Network. The plot features the investigation of FBI Special Agent Seeley Booth (played by David Boreanaz) and Dr. Temperance Brennan (played by Emily Deschanel) into the deaths of a U.S. senator and an ex-basketball player. The episode also introduces a new main character, Dr. Camille Saroyan (played by Tamara Taylor), who is",
"title": "The Titan on the Tracks"
},
{
"id": "14152997",
"text": "Taking the Stage (season 2) The second season of Taking The Stage premiered on January 28, 2010 and concluded on April 15, 2010 with an order of 12 episodes. It continued to follow the trials and tribulations of students at SCPA. This season the series changed it format from 1 hour episodes, to a 30-minute format, despite a couple of episodes. It was a big rumor and issue among actual students of the school that, this season, most of the new cast this season didn't actually attend the school. MTV was said to have found them in various states and",
"title": "Taking the Stage (season 2)"
}
] | how many episodes in series 2 of taken |
[
"Dolly Parton"
] | [
{
"id": "4661760",
"text": "pull four number-one's from one album. In 2010, with the singles of her third album, \"Play On\", she achieved ten career number-one singles on the Hot Country Songs, an achievement for which she was named by the \"Guinness Book of World Records\" as the female country artist with the most number-one hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart (since accurate sales records were introduced in the US in 1991), tied with Reba McEntire. With such a feat, she became the only female artist in country music history to have eleven consecutive top two singles; at that time, she had",
"title": "Carrie Underwood"
},
{
"id": "62568",
"text": "Country Album of the 2000–2009 decade. She has also become the female country artist with the most number one hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart in the Nielsen SoundScan era (1991–present), having 14 No. 1s and breaking her own \"Guinness Book\" record of ten. In 2007, Underwood won the Grammy Award for Best New Artist, becoming only the second Country artist in history (and the first in a decade) to win it. She also made history by becoming the seventh woman to win Entertainer of the Year at the Academy of Country Music Awards, and the first woman",
"title": "Country music"
},
{
"id": "4661673",
"text": "Queen and by \"Rolling Stone\" as \"the female vocalist of her generation of any genre\", she was listed by \"Time\" as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2014. Underwood is the top country artist of all-time on the RIAA's Digital Singles ranking and the highest certified country album artist to debut in the 21st century. She is the only solo country artist in the 2000s to have a number-one hit on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, the only country artist to debut at number one on the Hot 100, and the woman with most number-one hits",
"title": "Carrie Underwood"
},
{
"id": "4661761",
"text": "twelve official country singles: ten number-ones. She also became the first woman to score ten number-ones on such a chart since Rosanne Cash in 1988. She then broke and expanded her \"Guinness Book\" record by scoring four more number-one singles on the Hot Country Songs between 2011 and 2014, for a total of fourteen number-ones. She is also the woman with the most number-ones in the history of the \"Billboard\" Country Airplay chart, having had 15 leaders. Underwood's first twenty-seven singles promoted to country radio all reached the top 10 of both the Hot Country Songs and Country Airplay charts,",
"title": "Carrie Underwood"
},
{
"id": "11004173",
"text": "Kenny Rogers discography The discography of Kenny Rogers, an American country music singer, consists of 39 studio albums and 80 singles. Among his singles, twenty-one have reached Number One on the country music charts. His longest-lasting number ones on that chart are \"The Gambler\" and \"Coward of the County\", at three weeks each. Two of his Number One country hits—\"Lady\" and \"Islands in the Stream\", the latter a duet with Dolly Parton—also reached number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 the former spending six weeks at the top, making it his longest running #1 single on all Billboard charts. Also,",
"title": "Kenny Rogers discography"
},
{
"id": "62569",
"text": "in history to win the award twice, as well as twice consecutively. \"Time\" has listed Underwood as one of the 100 most influential people in the world. In 2016, Underwood topped the Country Airplay chart for the 15th time, becoming the female artist with most number ones on that chart. Carrie Underwood was one of several country stars produced by a television series in the 2000s. In addition to Underwood, \"American Idol\" launched the careers of Kellie Pickler, Josh Gracin, Bucky Covington, Kristy Lee Cook, Danny Gokey, Lauren Alaina and Scotty McCreery (as well as that of occasional country singer",
"title": "Country music"
},
{
"id": "3943802",
"text": "the Academy of Country Music, and three awards from the Country Music Association, as well as several nominations from the fan-voted Music City News Awards including one win. Connie Smith Connie Smith (born Constance June Meador; August 14, 1941) is an American country music artist. Active since 1964, Smith is widely considered to be one of the genre's best female vocalists. She has earned 11 Grammy award nominations, 20 top ten \"Billboard\" country singles, and 31 charting albums, three of which have hit number one. On October 21, 2012, Smith became the 12th solo female vocalist and 19th woman to",
"title": "Connie Smith"
},
{
"id": "4661732",
"text": "Year for \"Something in the Water\". She won her ninth American Music Award in 2015, winning Favorite Female Country Artist. Underwood's first greatest hits compilation, \"\", was released on December 9. The album's lead single, \"Something in the Water\", became a crossover success. It reached No. 1 on the Hot Country Songs chart, becoming her fourteenth number-one hit on that chart and her second in 2014. With fourteen number ones, she holds the record as the female country artist with the most number-one hits on the Hot Country Songs chart in the Nielsen SoundScan era (since 1991) in the \"Guinness",
"title": "Carrie Underwood"
},
{
"id": "15758322",
"text": "In 2007, she released her 25th and final album for MCA, \"\", a collection of duets with other recording artists, including Kelly Clarkson, Kenny Chesney, and Justin Timberlake. In 2008, she signed with the Valory Music Group, which released her first single, \"Strange\", to radio in early April 2009. In her 35-year career, McEntire has garnered 32 number one singles, she now holds the record for the most number one singles by a female country artist. In addition, McEntire holds the record for the most Top 10 hits by a female country artist, surpassing Parton's record in 2009 with her",
"title": "Reba McEntire singles discography"
},
{
"id": "15648916",
"text": "and the following year issued her first mainstream country album in over 10 years entitled \"Backwoods Barbie\", which produced five singles, including the minor country hit, \"Better Get to Livin'\", which peaked at No. 48 on the Billboard country chart. Parton shares the record for the most No. 1 hits by a female country artist (25) with Reba McEntire. Parton also holds the record for most Top 10 country albums on the Billboard \"Top Country Albums\" chart (41). She previously held the record for the most Top 10 hits by a female country artist until McEntire surpassed her in 2009",
"title": "Dolly Parton singles discography"
},
{
"id": "1269287",
"text": "MTV Video Music Awards, including the 1986 Video Vanguard Award for which she became the first female recipient. Madonna holds the record for the most number-ones on all combined \"Billboard\" charts, including twelve number-one songs on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and eight number-one albums on the \"Billboard\" 200. With 46 songs topping the Dance Club Songs chart, Madonna became the artist with the most number-one songs on an active \"Billboard\" chart, pulling ahead of George Strait with 44 number-one songs on the Hot Country Songs chart. She has also scored 38 top-ten singles on the Hot 100, more than any",
"title": "Madonna (entertainer)"
},
{
"id": "3975753",
"text": "set by Brad Paisley in 2009 for the most consecutive No. 1 singles in the Country Airplay chart's 24-year history, since it was first tracked by Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems in January 1990. In 2016, \"Came Here to Forget\", the lead-off single from Shelton's tenth studio album \"If I'm Honest\", extended this streak into a record-breaking 17 consecutive number one singles, leading him to surpass Earl Thomas Conley's record of 16 consecutive number one singles. , Shelton remains one of only five country artists to have achieved No. 1 status on the Billboard Artist 100 chart, having charted all 156",
"title": "Blake Shelton"
},
{
"id": "3178867",
"text": "Sylvia (singer) Sylvia Jane Hutton (née Kirby, born December 9, 1956), known professionally by her first name Sylvia during the 1980s, is an American country music and country pop singer and songwriter. Her biggest hit, a crossover chart topper, was her single \"Nobody\" in 1982. It reached number 15 on the Billboard Hot 100, number 9 on the Cashbox Top 100, and number 1 on the Billboard Country Singles chart. The song earned her a gold record certification and a Grammy Award nomination for Best Female Country Vocal Performance. Her other country chart hits include \"Drifter\" (number 1 in 1981),",
"title": "Sylvia (singer)"
},
{
"id": "1652435",
"text": "until the end of the decade, with such hits as \"Let's Get Together (One Last Time), \"One of a Kind\" (both 1977), \"Womanhood\" (1978) \"No One Else in this World\" and \"They Call It Makin' Love\" (both 1979). She had a total of 20 number one hits on the U.S. country singles charts (16 solo, three with Jones, and one with Houston). Along with Loretta Lynn, Dolly Parton, Barbara Mandrell, Dottie West, and Lynn Anderson, she helped redefine the role and place of female country singers. In 1981, a TV movie about Wynette's life was aired called \"Stand by Your",
"title": "Tammy Wynette"
},
{
"id": "3943763",
"text": "Connie Smith Connie Smith (born Constance June Meador; August 14, 1941) is an American country music artist. Active since 1964, Smith is widely considered to be one of the genre's best female vocalists. She has earned 11 Grammy award nominations, 20 top ten \"Billboard\" country singles, and 31 charting albums, three of which have hit number one. On October 21, 2012, Smith became the 12th solo female vocalist and 19th woman to be elected to the Country Music Hall of Fame. Smith has an estimated net worth of $18 million. Despite her success, Smith is considered by some music critics",
"title": "Connie Smith"
},
{
"id": "10996042",
"text": "for shipping four million copies in the US. Excluding his 1994 debut \"In My Wildest Dreams\" on Capricorn Records, all of his albums have been issued by BNA Records. Of Chesney's sixty-three singles, all but four have charted in the Top 40 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs and Country Airplay chart. Thirty of his hits have reached number one, beginning with \"She's Got It All\" in 1997. \"The Good Stuff\" (2002) and \"There Goes My Life\" (2003–04) are his longest-lasting number ones on the charts at seven weeks each. The former was also the number one Hot Country",
"title": "Kenny Chesney discography"
},
{
"id": "6195712",
"text": "Hot Country Songs Hot Country Songs is a chart published weekly by \"Billboard\" magazine in the United States. This 50-position chart lists the most popular country music songs, calculated weekly by collecting airplay data from Nielsen BDS along with digital sales and streaming. The current number-one song, as of the chart dated December 22, 2018, is \"Speechless\" by Dan + Shay. \"Billboard\" began compiling the popularity of country songs with its January 8, 1944 issue. Only the genre's most popular jukebox selections were tabulated, with the chart titled \"Most Played Juke Box Folk Records\". For approximately ten years, from 1948",
"title": "Hot Country Songs"
},
{
"id": "62567",
"text": "and seven Grammy Awards. With her first single, \"Inside Your Heaven\", Underwood became the only solo country artist to have a #1 hit on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart in the 2000–2009 decade and also broke \"Billboard\" chart history as the first country music artist ever to debut at No. 1 on the Hot 100. Underwood's debut album, \"Some Hearts\", became the best-selling solo female debut album in country music history, the fastest-selling debut country album in the history of the SoundScan era and the best-selling country album of the last 10 years, being ranked by \"Billboard\" as the #1",
"title": "Country music"
},
{
"id": "6721112",
"text": "2015 studio album \"Rebel Heart\", topping the \"Billboard\" Dance Club Songs, she became the artist with the most number-one songs on an active \"Billboard\" chart. Madonna ended the 2000s as the best-selling physical singles artist of the decade in the United States. She was announced as the highest ranking solo artist on the \"\"Billboard\" Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists\" as well as having most number-one singles in the United Kingdom among female artists. Madonna has a record 157 number-one singles across all formats of the \"Billboard\" charts, the most for any artist. As of February 2008, she has sold more",
"title": "Madonna singles discography"
},
{
"id": "390053",
"text": "Shania Twain Shania Twain, OC (; born Eilleen Regina Edwards; August 28, 1965) is a Canadian singer and songwriter. She has sold over 100 million records, making her the best-selling female artist in country music history and among the best-selling music artists of all time. Her success garnered her several honorific titles including the \"Queen of Country Pop\". Raised in Timmins, Ontario, Twain pursued singing and songwriting from a young age before signing with Mercury Nashville Records in the early 1990s. Her self-titled debut studio album saw little commercial success upon release in 1993. After collaborating with producer and later",
"title": "Shania Twain"
},
{
"id": "18547182",
"text": "Your Luvin'\" (featuring Nicki Minaj and M.I.A.), \"Girl Gone Wild\" and \"Turn Up the Radio\". Madonna has collected three number-one songs from her thirteenth studio album, \"Rebel Heart\". \"Living for Love\" became her forty-fourth number-one for the chart issue dated March 7, 2015. \"Billboard\" noted that it was a \"historic\" milestone, as Madonna tied with country singer George Strait for the most number-ones of any \"Billboard\" chart, who accumulated the same tally on the U.S. Hot Country Songs chart between 1982 and 2009. \"Living for Love\" also brought the singer's total amount of U.S. number-ones across all \"Billboard\" charts to",
"title": "Artists with the most number-ones on the U.S. Dance Club Songs chart"
},
{
"id": "5393656",
"text": "sales stand at 54 million copies sold worldwide. Rihanna has accumulated fourteen number-one singles on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart for the third most number ones in the chart's history. She has been named the top Mainstream Top 40 chart artist of the past twenty years by \"Billboard\"; she ranks first with most entries (36), most top tens (23), and most number ones (10). As of March 2014, Rihanna has sold over 18 million singles and six million albums in the United Kingdom. She is the tenth best-selling and the second best-selling female singles artist in the country, only",
"title": "Rihanna"
},
{
"id": "4532044",
"text": "Jo Dee Messina Jo Dee Marie Messina (born August 25, 1970) is an American country music artist. She has charted six number one singles on the \"Billboard\" country music charts. She has been honored by the Country Music Association, the Academy of Country Music and has been nominated for two Grammy Awards. She was the first female country artist to score three multiple-week Number One songs from the same album. To date, she has two Platinum and three Gold-certified albums by the RIAA. Messina debuted in 1996 with the single \"Heads Carolina, Tails California.\" Her album was certified Gold by",
"title": "Jo Dee Messina"
},
{
"id": "8967890",
"text": "Jenny Lou Carson Jenny Lou Carson, (January 13, 1915–December 16, 1978), born Virginia Lucille Overstake, was an American country music singer-songwriter and the first woman to write a No. 1 country music hit. From 1945 to 1955 she was one of the most prolific songwriters in country music. The second of six children of Herschel Jewel Overstake (1894–1936) and Helen Elizabeth Nalefski (1897–1988), Lucille was born in Decatur, Illinois. She was raised in Decatur in modest surroundings. She learned to work early in life and was expected to do chores around the house. Her father had a strict, no-nonsense personality",
"title": "Jenny Lou Carson"
},
{
"id": "110150",
"text": "were lower in sales. However, in the new millennium, Parton achieved commercial success again and has released albums on various independent labels since 2000, including albums on her own label, Dolly Records. Parton's music includes 25 Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)-certified gold, platinum and multi-platinum awards. She has had 25 songs reach No. 1 on the \"Billboard\" country music charts, a record for a female artist (tied with Reba McEntire). She has 41 career top-10 country albums, a record for any artist, and she has 110 career charted singles over the past 40 years. She has garnered nine Grammy",
"title": "Dolly Parton"
},
{
"id": "2971701",
"text": "Crystal Gayle Brenda Gail Gatzimos (née Webb; born January 9, 1951), known professionally as Crystal Gayle, is an American singer. Best known for her 1977 country-pop crossover song, \"Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue\", she had twenty #1 country songs during the 1970s and 1980s (18 on \"Billboard\" and 2 on \"Cashbox\") with six albums certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America. Gayle became the first female artist in country music history to reach platinum sales, with her 1977 album \"We Must Believe in Magic\". Also noted for her nearly floor-length hair, she was voted one of",
"title": "Crystal Gayle"
},
{
"id": "18616990",
"text": "at number 41 on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart. The following four weeks it was the greatest gainer in position, reaching to a peak of number one. On the week ending May 30, 2015, \"Ghosttown\" reached the top of the chart, becoming Madonna's 45th number-one there. She became the artist with the most number-one singles ever on a \"Billboard\" chart, breaking her tie with country singer George Strait who earned 44 number-ones on the Hot Country Singles chart. She pulled further ahead of runners-ups Beyoncé and Rihanna, who had 22 number-one songs each at that time. Madonna confirmed on",
"title": "Ghosttown (Madonna song)"
},
{
"id": "11064225",
"text": "Rissi Palmer Rissi Palmer (born August 19, 1981) is an American country music artist. Palmer debuted in 2007 with the single \"Country Girl\", which made her the first African-American woman to chart a country song since Dona Mason in 1987. \"Country Girl\" peaked at No. 54 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs charts, and served as the lead-off single to her self-titled debut album, which also produced the No. 59 hit \"Hold on to Me\". Also in 2008, Palmer covered \"No Air\", an R&B hit originally performed by Jordin Sparks and Chris Brown. Palmer was born in Sewickley, a suburb",
"title": "Rissi Palmer"
},
{
"id": "18214649",
"text": "number one for the chart dated December 20, 2014, giving Maddie & Tae their first number one hit. It became the first debut single by a female duo to reach number one since The Wreckers did it in 2006 with \"Leave the Pieces,\" and only the second in history. The song was certified Gold by the RIAA on November 17, 2014, and has sold 667,000 copies in the US as of September 2015. TK McKamy directed the song's music video. It won Video of the Year at the 2015 Country Music Association awards. Girl in a Country Song \"Girl in",
"title": "Girl in a Country Song"
},
{
"id": "18477634",
"text": "Songs. This extended Madonna's record as the artist with the most number one songs on the chart. As well, she became the artist with the most number-one singles ever on a \"Billboard\" chart, breaking a tie with country singer George Strait who earned 44 number-ones on the Hot Country Singles chart. \"Living for Love\" reached number 26 in the United Kingdom, becoming Madonna's 71st top-forty single, extending her record as the female artist with the most top-forty UK singles. Many news outlets began reporting on the concert tour supporting \"Rebel Heart\". The Italian newspaper \"Torino Today\" reported Madonna was planning",
"title": "Rebel Heart"
},
{
"id": "4752750",
"text": "Barbara Mandrell Barbara Ann Mandrell (born December 25, 1948) is an American country music singer, musician, and actress. She is known for a series of top-10 hits and TV shows in the 1970s and 1980s that helped her become one of country's most successful female vocalists of that period. She was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 2009 and is a member of the Grand Ole Opry. Mandrell was the first performer to win the Country Music Association's \"Entertainer of the Year\" award twice (1980, 1981). She also won twice the Country Music Association's \"Female Vocalist of",
"title": "Barbara Mandrell"
},
{
"id": "1498451",
"text": "as a duet partner and an individual artist. She is the most awarded female country recording artist and the only female ACM Artist of the Decade (1970s). Lynn, has sold more than 45 million albums worldwide, scored 24 number one hit singles, and 11 number one albums. Lynn continues to tour, appear at the Grand Ole Opry and release new albums. She is recognized by the strength and quality of her voice still today, as well as her down to earth, quick wit and humor. Lynn was born Loretta Webb on April 14, 1932 in Butcher Hollow, Kentucky. She is",
"title": "Loretta Lynn"
},
{
"id": "18214646",
"text": "and only the second in history. It also charted at numbers 3 and 54 on both the Hot Country Songs and Hot 100 charts, respectively. The song was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and has sold 667,000 units in the United States as of September 2015. It achieved similar chart success in Canada, peaking at number 5 on the Canada Country chart and number 61 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart. The accompanying music video for the song was directed by TK McKamy. The song is an answer to the contemporary \"bro-country\" trend in country",
"title": "Girl in a Country Song"
},
{
"id": "62554",
"text": "more pop-oriented country singer in the 1990s, evolving into an outlaw persona in the late 1990s with \"Pull My Chain\" and its follow-up, \"Unleashed\". Female artists such as Reba McEntire, Patty Loveless, Faith Hill, Martina McBride, Deana Carter, LeAnn Rimes, Mindy McCready, Lorrie Morgan, Shania Twain, and Mary Chapin Carpenter all released platinum-selling albums in the 1990s. The Dixie Chicks became one of the most popular country bands in the 1990s and early 2000s. Their 1998 debut album \"Wide Open Spaces\" went on to become certified 12x platinum while their 1999 album \"Fly\" went on to become 10x platinum. After",
"title": "Country music"
},
{
"id": "1361346",
"text": "of Fame in 1988, received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1994, and entered into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 1998. In 2004, \"Rolling Stone\" placed the group at number 96 on their list of the \"100 Greatest Artists of All Time\". As lead singer of the Supremes and as a solo artist, Ross has earned 18 number-one singles (12 as lead singer of the Supremes and 6 as a solo artist). While Mariah Carey is the only solo female artist to have 18 number-one U.S. singles, Ms. Ross is the only female artist to",
"title": "Diana Ross"
},
{
"id": "11128908",
"text": "\"747\", and \"Heart Break\", plus one Christmas album (\"On This Winter's Night\"). Their first three albums are certified platinum or higher by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). The albums have produced sixteen singles on the Hot Country Songs and Country Airplay charts, of which nine have reached number one. Their longest-lasting number one single is \"Need You Now\", which spent five weeks at that position in 2009; both that song and 2011's \"Just a Kiss\" reached number one on the Adult Contemporary charts. Lady Antebellum was awarded Top New Duo or Group by the Academy of Country Music",
"title": "Lady Antebellum"
},
{
"id": "4983010",
"text": "\"Billboard\" Hot 100. It extended Carey's lead as the female artist with the most number one singles in the country. The only acts still ahead of Carey were Elvis Presley with seventeen (a record she surpassed in 2008 with Touch My Body becoming her eighteenth number one single) and The Beatles with twenty. The song was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Additionally, \"Heartbreaker\" finished at number thirty-five on the \"Billboard\" Year-End of 1999. In Canada, the song peaked at number one on the Canadian Singles Chart, becoming Carey's tenth chart topper in the country. In",
"title": "Heartbreaker (Mariah Carey song)"
},
{
"id": "2066561",
"text": "like \"Say My Name\" in 2000), Kelly Rowland (4 #1 hits like Dilemma in 2002), Kelly Clarkson (3 #1 hits like \"A Moment Like This\" in 2002), rock and roll pioneer Roy Orbison (d.1988) (2 #1 hits like \"Oh, Pretty Woman\" in 1964), country singer Kenny Rogers (2 #1s like \"Islands in the Stream\" in 1983), Christopher Cross (2 #1s like \"Sailing\" in 1980), The Crickets (w/Buddy Holly (d.1959), \"That'll Be the Day\" in 1957), B.J. Thomas (\"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head\" in 1970), Janis Joplin (d.1970) (\"Me and Bobby McGee\" in 1971, she attended the University of Texas),",
"title": "Music of Texas"
},
{
"id": "900062",
"text": "awards and accolades, causing many to view her as an icon at the level of Jim Reeves, Johnny Cash, and Elvis Presley. She became the first female solo artist inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1973, ten years after her death. In 1999, she was voted number 11 on VH1's special \"The 100 Greatest Women in Rock and Roll\". In 2002, she was voted Number One on Country Music Television's \"The 40 Greatest Women of Country Music\", and she was ranked 46th in the \"100 Greatest Singers of All Time\" issue of \"Rolling Stone\" magazine. Her 1973",
"title": "Patsy Cline"
},
{
"id": "10296442",
"text": "\"Billboard\" 200 charts. During the first week, it sold 527,000 copies, which at the time was the best sales week by a female solo country artist since Shania Twain's \"Greatest Hits\" sold 530,000 copies in its first week back in 2004. The album has since been certified 4x Platinum. Underwood released her third studio album, \"Play On\", on November 3, 2009. It debuted at number one on the Top Country Albums chart and the all-genre \"Billboard\" 200. It features the number one singles \"Cowboy Casanova\", \"Temporary Home\", and \"Undo It\", as well as the number two single, \"Mama's Song\". The",
"title": "Carrie Underwood discography"
},
{
"id": "20419384",
"text": "its debut, with 21,000 copies sold based on only a couple of days sales after its release, and entered the Hot Country Songs chart at No. 21. The following week, it sold a further 32,000 copies, and entered \"Billboard\" Hot 100 at No. 69. It has sold 163,000 copies in the US as of March 2018. Reaching a peak of number 12 on the \"Billboard\" Country Airplay charts, \"Female\" became Urban's first single to miss the Top 10 since his mainstream debut, \"It's a Love Thing,\" from 1999, ending a streak of 37 top ten hits. Female (song) \"Female\" is",
"title": "Female (song)"
},
{
"id": "6195717",
"text": "stayed there until it set an all-time record for the most weeks at No. 1 by a solo female. This was followed almost immediately by Florida Georgia Line's \"Cruise\", which had the longest stay at number one of any song in the country chart's history (24 weeks), until it was surpassed by Sam Hunt's \"Body Like a Back Road\" in 2017 (34 weeks). The record was subsequently broken by Bebe Rexha and Florida Georgia Line's \"Meant to Be\" in 2018 (50 weeks). These are the songs with 16 or more weeks at number one. Fifteen songs accomplished this feat between",
"title": "Hot Country Songs"
},
{
"id": "4862262",
"text": "“L.A. International Airport” to the Flight Path Museum in Pasadena, CA. Susan Raye became the first woman to become a major country artist without recording in Nashville, a feat previously accomplished only by male stars like Owens and Merle Haggard. Raye was nominated for five Academy of Country Musicawards, three times as \"Top Female Vocalist\". Raye married Owens' drummer Jerry Wiggins in 1972. They have been married for over 40 years and are the parents of six children. Raye had an additional two Top 20 Country hits in 1972 from separate albums, \"Wheel of Fortune\" and \"Love Sure Feels Good",
"title": "Susan Raye"
},
{
"id": "10296447",
"text": "in 2018. Underwood has sold in excess of 65 million records globally. In the United States, she remains the best-selling album artist from \"American Idol\" franchise with a total of 16.3 million albums sold. She is the top country artist and the fifth highest-certified female artist on the RIAA Top Artists (Digital Singles) Ranking. She is also the fourth biggest album seller among artists who have debuted the past 13 years. Underwood has accumulated 85 \"Billboard\" number-ones. She has had 15 singles top the \"Billboard\" Country Airplay, and 14 singles top the Hot Country Songs. Underwood has the longest streak",
"title": "Carrie Underwood discography"
},
{
"id": "5454430",
"text": "Deborah Allen Deborah Lynn Thurmond (born September 30, 1953) known professionally as Deborah Allen, is an American country music singer, songwriter, author, and actress. Since 1976, Allen has issued 12 albums and charted 14 singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart. She is most remembered for the 1983 crossover hit \"Baby I Lied\", which reached No. 4 on the country chart and No. 26 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Allen has also written No. 1 singles for herself, Janie Fricke, and John Conlee; Top 5 hits for Patty Loveless and Tanya Tucker; and a Top 10 hit for The",
"title": "Deborah Allen"
},
{
"id": "62594",
"text": "poet laureate of Australian music. By the 1990s, country music had attained crossover success in the pop charts, with artists like James Blundell and James Reyne singing \"Way Out West\", and country star Kasey Chambers winning the ARIA Award for Best Female Artist in 2000, 2002 and 2004, tying with pop stars Wendy Matthews and Sia for the most wins in that category. Furthermore, Chambers has gone on to win nine ARIA Awards for Best Country Album and, in 2018, became the youngest artist to ever be inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame. The crossover influence of Australian country",
"title": "Country music"
},
{
"id": "5620071",
"text": "and lower top 40 regions on the Hot Country Songs chart. Its Jeffrey Steele-penned country rock and country rap-generated title track was the lead-off single, reaching No. 29 on the country charts. Following it was \"That's a Woman\", which stopped at No. 40. Like his previous studio release, this album included a song that would later become a number-one hit for another artist: \"What Hurts the Most\", which was a number-one country and adult contemporary hit for the group Rascal Flatts when they covered it on their 2006 album \"Me and My Gang\". This song was also a single for",
"title": "Mark Wills"
},
{
"id": "11293854",
"text": "becoming Underwood's seventh career Hot 100 top forty single. \"All-American Girl\" debuted at number 58 on the country charts and has reached number one on Hot Country Songs and spent two weeks at the top, making it Underwood's fourth consecutive number one on that chart and fifth overall, her sixth consecutive number one country single overall, and her seventh number one single altogether. It is her first number one to spend less than three weeks at the top of the chart. All-American Girl (song) \"All-American Girl\" is a song composed by country pop singer Carrie Underwood, Ashley Gorley, and Kelley",
"title": "All-American Girl (song)"
},
{
"id": "5211419",
"text": "the United States. When her single \"Let Me Be There\" became a big pop-country crossover hit in 1974, it became quite controversial, especially after Newton-John won a Grammy award for \"Best Female Country Vocal Performance\" for the song, and also won the Country Music Association's most coveted award for females, \"Female Vocalist of the Year\" (beating out established Nashville artists Dolly Parton, Loretta Lynn, and Tanya Tucker, as well as Canadian transplant Anne Murray). Newton-John began moving away from country in the late 1970s after starring in \"Grease\" and focused mostly on pop music from then onward. A group of",
"title": "Country pop"
},
{
"id": "1454353",
"text": "Music Awards, and four People's Choice Awards among others. In addition, Hill received the Samuel S. Beard Award for Greatest Public Service by an Individual 35 Years or Under in 2000, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards. Faith Hill Audrey Faith McGraw (née Perry; born September 21, 1967), known professionally as Faith Hill, is an American singer and record producer. She is one of the most successful country artists of all time, having sold more than 40 million albums worldwide. Hill is married to American singer Tim McGraw, with whom she has recorded several duets. Hill's first two",
"title": "Faith Hill"
},
{
"id": "62574",
"text": "her the second-longest Number One charted on Billboard 200 and the second best-selling album (just behind Adele's \"21\") within the past 5 years. At the 2010 Grammys, Taylor Swift was 20 and won Album of the Year for \"Fearless\", which made her the youngest artist to win this award. Swift has received ten Grammys already. Buoyed by her teen idol status among girls and a change in the methodology of compiling the \"Billboard\" charts to favor pop-crossover songs, Swift's 2012 single \"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together\" spent the most weeks at the top of Billboard's Hot Country Songs",
"title": "Country music"
},
{
"id": "4661735",
"text": "on the \"Billboard\" 200. In addition, the album debuted at No. 1 on the Top Country Albums chart, earning Underwood another record as the only artist to score six consecutive number-one albums on that chart. \"Storyteller\" has since been certified Platinum by the RIAA. The album's second single, \"Heartbeat\", became Underwood's 14th leader on the Country Airplay while the album's third single, \"Church Bells\", became her 15th career No. 1 on the Country Airplay chart, both extending her record for the most number one's among women in the history of the chart. Underwood became the first female artist to score",
"title": "Carrie Underwood"
},
{
"id": "16160008",
"text": "Connie Smith singles discography The singles discography of Connie Smith, an American country artist, consists of 48 singles and two B-sides. After signing with RCA Victor Records in 1964, Smith released her debut single in August entitled \"Once a Day\". The song topped the \"Billboard Magazine\" Hot Country Singles chart by November and held the position for eight weeks, to date being the longest running song at number one by a female country artist. The single's success launched Smith into stardom, making Smith one of the decade's most successful female artists. The follow-up single \"Then and Only Then\" reached #4",
"title": "Connie Smith singles discography"
},
{
"id": "8030649",
"text": "has certified sales of more than 68.5 million albums, according to the Recording Industry Association of America. With 52 gold and 31 platinum albums, Streisand exceeds all other female singers and all other recording artists other than Elvis Presley. She is the only female artist to have achieved fourteen multi-platinum albums, including the soundtrack for her film \"A Star Is Born\". Her recordings have earned her eight Grammy Awards and the Grammy's Lifetime Achievement Award and Legend Award. According to \"Billboard\", Streisand holds the record for the female with the most number one albums (11). \"Billboard\" also recognizes Streisand as",
"title": "Barbra Streisand discography"
},
{
"id": "2547551",
"text": "a number-1 ranking. He would have five more through 1990, giving him a total of 55 number 1 hits. George Strait matched the feat of 50 number-1 hits in 2002 with his single \"She'll Leave You With a Smile\" and then reached number 1 for the 56th time in 2007, when the single \"Wrapped\" hit the top on the Media Base 24/7 list. Throughout much of Twitty's country music career his recording home was Decca Records, later renamed MCA. He signed with the label in late 1965 but left in 1981, when it appeared MCA was marketing and promoting newer",
"title": "Conway Twitty"
},
{
"id": "4661694",
"text": "December. The album is now certified four times Multi-Platinum by the RIAA. \"So Small\", the first single from the album, was released in July 2007 and reached No. 1 on \"Billboard\"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Hot Country Songs, topping it for three consecutive weeks. \"All-American Girl\", the second single, also reached No. 1 on the Hot Country Songs chart. The next single, \"Last Name\", reached No. 1 on the Hot Country Song chart as well. This made Underwood the first female artist to have two consecutive albums each release three number ones on this chart since Shania Twain in 1998. \"Just a Dream\", the",
"title": "Carrie Underwood"
},
{
"id": "18300523",
"text": "Songs in its second week on the chart. It also debuted at No. 24 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. In its seventh week on the charts, \"Something in the Water\" reached No.1 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs, becoming Underwood's 14th career leader on the chart and her second in 2014. It became her fastest climbing single on the Hot Country Songs chart. With 14 chart-toppers on such a chart, she expands her record as the female country artist with the most number one hits on the Hot Country Songs chart in the Nielsen SoundScan era (1991–present), breaking her",
"title": "Something in the Water (Carrie Underwood song)"
},
{
"id": "387099",
"text": "In 1999, they were ranked sixth in \"Forbes\"' inaugural Celebrity 100 Power Ranking. They produced a total of nine number one singles in the UK—tied with ABBA behind Take That (eleven), The Shadows (twelve), Madonna (thirteen), Westlife (fourteen), Cliff Richard (fourteen), The Beatles (seventeen), and Elvis Presley (twenty-one). The group had three consecutive Christmas number-one singles in the UK (\"2 Become 1\", 1996; \"Too Much\", 1997; \"Goodbye\", 1998); they only share this record with The Beatles. Their first single, \"Wannabe\", is the most successful song released by an all-female group. Debuting on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart at number",
"title": "Spice Girls"
},
{
"id": "4259173",
"text": "Michelle Wright Michelle Wright (born July 1, 1961) is a Canadian country music artist. She is one of the country's most widely recognized and awarded female country singers of the 1990s, winning the Canadian Country Music Association's Fans' Choice Award twice (1993 and 1995). In 2011, Wright was inducted into the Canadian Country Music Hall of Fame. Brian Ferriman of Savannah Records has been her manager for over 25 years. Wright's primary success has been in her native Canada, where she has charted more than twenty-five singles, including six Number One hits: \"Take It Like a Man\", \"One Time Around\",",
"title": "Michelle Wright"
},
{
"id": "110223",
"text": "a telethon to raise money for victims of the fires. This was held in Nashville on December 9. In addition, Parton hosted her own telethon for the victims on December 13 and reportedly raised around $9 million. Parton is one of the most-honored female country performers of all time. The Record Industry Association of America has certified 25 of her single or album releases as either Gold Record, Platinum Record, or Multi-Platinum Record. She has had 26 songs reach No. 1 on the Billboard country charts, a record for a female artist. She has 42 career top-10 country albums, a",
"title": "Dolly Parton"
},
{
"id": "10477639",
"text": "that saw him collect 20 No. 1 songs between 1977 and 2000. On the Hot 100, it was his only solo chart-topping song, although Rogers would have a duet No. 1 three years later (1983's \"Islands in the Stream\" with Dolly Parton). On the Adult Contemporary Singles chart, \"Lady\" was Rogers' second (of eight) songs that reached the chart's summit. \"Billboard\" ranked it at the No. 3 song for 1981. Lady (Kenny Rogers song) \"Lady\" is a song written by Lionel Richie and first recorded by American country artist Kenny Rogers. It was released in September 1980 on the album",
"title": "Lady (Kenny Rogers song)"
},
{
"id": "3063200",
"text": "Charlie Rich Charles Allan Rich (December 14, 1932July 25, 1995) was an American country music singer, songwriter, and musician. His eclectic style of music was often difficult to classify, encompassing the rockabilly, jazz, blues, country, soul, and gospel genres. In the later part of his life, Rich acquired the nickname the Silver Fox. He is perhaps best remembered for a pair of 1973 hits, \"Behind Closed Doors\" and \"The Most Beautiful Girl\". \"The Most Beautiful Girl\" topped the U.S. country singles charts, as well as the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 pop singles charts and earned him two Grammy Awards. Rich was",
"title": "Charlie Rich"
},
{
"id": "4661705",
"text": "peaked at No. 1 on the Hot Country Songs chart in just ten weeks, the year's fastest chart-topper by a country female and the fastest number one of her career at that time (her 2014 single \"Something in the Water\" topped the Hot Country Songs chart in its seventh week). \"Cowboy Casanova\" has sold over 2 million copies, being certified double Platinum. Second single, \"Temporary Home\" hit No. 1 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs and the RIAA certified it Platinum. \"Undo It\", Underwood's third single from \"Play On\", was released to radio in May. It was later certified Platinum",
"title": "Carrie Underwood"
},
{
"id": "18451128",
"text": "Little Big Town's highest charting single on \"Billboard\"'s all-genre Hot 100 chart, having peaked at number 18 for the week ending May 9, 2015 chart, besting the number 22 peak of \"Pontoon\" in 2012. It is also their highest showing on the Canadian Hot 100, besting the number 39 position of \"Pontoon\" in 2012. It is also their longest-running number one single, 13 weeks atop Hot Country Songs. It broke the record set by The Browns' 1959 hit \"The Three Bells\" as the longest-running number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart by a group of three or more",
"title": "Girl Crush"
},
{
"id": "17728297",
"text": "of having the most number one singles on Billboard's Hot 100 chart than any solo artist in music history, which includes Elvis Presley when \"Touch My Body\" from Mariah's 2008 album \"E=MC2\" became her 18th #1 single. Also for spending the most weeks as the Billboard Hot 100 chart's number one artist, more weeks than any artist in music history. Mariah Carey is the only previous American Music Award of Achievement recipient to receive the award twice. Katy Perry During the 2011 American Music Awards, Katy Perry became the 2nd female recipient of the American Music Award of Achievement for",
"title": "American Music Award for Achievement"
},
{
"id": "10589078",
"text": "Susan Ashton Susan Ashton (born Susan Rae Hill, July 17, 1967) is an American contemporary Christian Music and country music artist who topped the Christian charts throughout the 1990s. In 1991 she began using her mother's maiden name, Ashton, when she recorded her first single, in order to distinguish herself from CCM singer Kim Hill. Ashton has recorded eight studio albums to date, of which six were released on Sparrow Records. She has also charted fourteen number one hits on the Christian charts, and four singles on the Hot Country Songs charts; her highest-peaking song on the latter is 1999's",
"title": "Susan Ashton"
},
{
"id": "10589065",
"text": "Susan Ashton Susan Ashton (born Susan Rae Hill, July 17, 1967) is an American contemporary Christian Music and country music artist who topped the Christian charts throughout the 1990s. In 1991 she began using her mother's maiden name, Ashton, when she recorded her first single, in order to distinguish herself from CCM singer Kim Hill. Ashton has recorded eight studio albums to date, of which six were released on Sparrow Records. She has also charted fourteen number one hits on the Christian charts, and four singles on the Hot Country Songs charts; her highest-peaking song on the latter is 1999's",
"title": "Susan Ashton"
},
{
"id": "9904042",
"text": "singles have reached top 40 on the country chart, with only nine missing top 10. Twenty-six have gone to number one on the US country chart, starting with 1994's \"Don't Take the Girl\". Three of his singles—1997's \"It's Your Love\" (a duet with his wife, Faith Hill), 1998's \"Just to See You Smile\", and 2004's \"Live Like You Were Dying\"—are the number one country hit of that year according to Billboard Year-End. \"Live Like You Were Dying\" is also his longest-lasting number one, at seven non-consecutive weeks. Twenty-seven have also reached the Top 40 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100.",
"title": "Tim McGraw discography"
},
{
"id": "1361267",
"text": "Diana Ross Diana Ross (born March 26, 1944) is an American singer, actress, and record producer. Born and raised in Detroit, Michigan, Ross rose to fame as the lead singer of the vocal group the Supremes, which, during the 1960s, became Motown's most successful act, and are the best charting girl group in US history, as well as one of the world's best-selling girl groups of all time. The group released a record-setting twelve number-one hit singles on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, including \"Where Did Our Love Go\", \"Baby Love\", \"Come See About Me\", \"Stop! In the Name of",
"title": "Diana Ross"
},
{
"id": "12852802",
"text": "She's Country \"She's Country\" is a song written by Danny Myrick and Bridgette Tatum and recorded by American country music artist Jason Aldean. It was released in December 2008 as the first single from Aldean's 2009 album \"Wide Open\". The song became Aldean's second number one hit on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart in May 2009. This song is also used in the Rock Band Country Track Pack, and has been confirmed as upcoming downloadable content for the \"Rock Band\" series. This song is a moderate up-tempo featuring accompaniment from electric guitar. The verses outline various females from",
"title": "She's Country"
},
{
"id": "4661695",
"text": "album's next single, was released on July 2008 and later peaked at No. 1 on the Hot Country Songs chart, staying there for two consecutive weeks. With that, Underwood became the first solo female artist to pull four number one's from one album since Twain did it with \"The Woman in Me\". The album's fifth single, \"I Told You So\", a duet with the original singer of the song, Randy Travis, was released in February 2009. It peaked at No. 2 on the Country charts and No. 9 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. All singles from \"Carnival Ride\" were certified",
"title": "Carrie Underwood"
},
{
"id": "900112",
"text": "the top female vocalist in the field. By the time Cline broke through as a consistent hit-maker, Wells, known as The Queen of Country Music, was still country's biggest female star. Cline tied with her in 1961-62, for the \"Billboard Magazine\" Award for Favorite Female Country & Western Artist for two years in a row as well as the \"Music Reporter\" Star of The Year Award for 1962. Three of Cline's songs became posthumous Top 10 Country hits: \"Sweet Dreams,\" \"Leavin' on Your Mind\" and \"Faded Love.\" Instead of the last sessions being programmed into an album of their own",
"title": "Patsy Cline"
},
{
"id": "11695709",
"text": "female artist to have five consecutive number one's on the country survey in almost 20 years, since Rosanne Cash had a string of six number one titles between 1987 and 1989. It is the third country number one from \"Carnival Ride\" and reached the top of the chart faster than the first two singles, taking only 13 weeks. \"Last Name\" has sold 1,300,000 downloads as of November 2015. On the Hot 100 the song reached number 19, making it Underwood's fifth top 20 Hot 100 hit, and the second from \"Carnival Ride\". Last Name (song) \"Last Name\" is a song",
"title": "Last Name (song)"
},
{
"id": "1454317",
"text": "won Hill a Grammy Award, and the latter produced the hit singles \"Mississippi Girl\" and \"Like We Never Loved at All\", which earned her another Grammy Award. Hill has won five Grammy Awards, 15 Academy of Country Music Awards, six American Music Awards, and several other awards. Her Soul2Soul II Tour 2006 with McGraw became the highest-grossing country tour of all time. In 2001, she was named one of the \"30 Most Powerful Women in America\" by \"Ladies Home Journal\". In 2009, \"Billboard\" named her as the No. 1 Adult Contemporary artist of the 2000s decade and also as the",
"title": "Faith Hill"
},
{
"id": "260748",
"text": "the formula used on \"The Emancipation of Mimi\". Two weeks before the album's release, \"Touch My Body\", the record's lead single, reached the top position on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, becoming Carey's eighteenth number one and making her the solo artist with the most number one singles in United States history, pushing her past Elvis Presley into second place according to the magazine's revised methodology. Carey is second only to The Beatles, who have twenty number-one singles. Additionally, it gave Carey her 79th week atop the Hot 100, tying her with Presley as the artist with the most weeks at",
"title": "Mariah Carey"
},
{
"id": "4661672",
"text": "and earned her a Grammy Award. Her fifth album, \"Storyteller\" (2015), made her the only country artist to have all first five studio albums reach either numbers one or two on the \"Billboard\" 200. With her sixth album, \"Cry Pretty\" (2018), she became the only woman in history to hit the top of the \"Billboard\" 200 chart with four country albums, and had the biggest week for any album by a woman in 2018. One of the most successful artists in any musical genre, Underwood has sold more than 65 million records worldwide. Recognized by \"Billboard\" as Country Music's reigning",
"title": "Carrie Underwood"
},
{
"id": "8237948",
"text": "Jolene (song) \"Jolene\" is a song written and performed by American country music artist Dolly Parton. It was released in October 1973 as the first single and title track from her album of the same name, produced by Bob Ferguson. The song was ranked No. 217 on \"Rolling Stone\" magazine's list of \"the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time\" in 2004. According to Parton, \"Jolene\" is the song most recorded by other artists of all the songs she has written. \"Jolene\" was nominated for two Grammy Awards for Best Female Country Vocal Performance (first for the original release and the",
"title": "Jolene (song)"
},
{
"id": "10324131",
"text": "Judy Rodman Judy Mae Rodman (née Robbins; May 23, 1951) is an American Country Music Singer. In the mid-1980s, she was a successful recording artist; making it all the way to number one on the Billboard Hot Country Singles Chart in 1986 with the song \"Until I Met You.\" She also won the Academy of Country Music's \"Top New Female Vocalist\" award in 1985. Today, Rodman is a singer, songwriter, producer and vocal instructor in Nashville, Tennessee. Her recorded songs include LeAnn Rimes's number-one hit \"One Way Ticket (Because I Can)\" (co-written with Keith Hinton). She has also developed \"Power,",
"title": "Judy Rodman"
},
{
"id": "2680514",
"text": "K. T. Oslin Kay Toinette Oslin (born May 15, 1942) is an American country music singer and songwriter. Best known for her 1987 top ten hit country single, \"80's Ladies\". She is also well known for a series of other top-ten country hits during the late 1980s and early 1990s, four of which topped the American Country chart. Worldwide, Oslin, has sold about 5 million albums. As of 2014, she had a net worth of $2 million. Kay Toinette Oslin was born in Crossett, Arkansas. Her father, a foreman at a paper mill, died when she was five years old.",
"title": "K. T. Oslin"
},
{
"id": "62596",
"text": "wrote the iconic \"True Blue\"), Lee Kernaghan (whose hits include \"Boys from the Bush\" and \"The Outback Club\"), Gina Jeffreys, Forever Road and Sara Storer. In the United States, Olivia Newton-John, Sherrié Austin and Keith Urban have attained great success. During her time as a country singer in the 1970s, Newton-John became the first (and to date only) non-American winner of the Country Music Association Award for Female Vocalist of the Year which many considered a controversial decision by the CMA; after starring in the rock-and-roll musical film \"Grease\" in 1978, Newton-John (mirroring the character she played in the film)",
"title": "Country music"
},
{
"id": "18300524",
"text": "own \"Guinness Book\" record of ten, set in 2010. It has topped the Hot Country Songs for seven weeks, becoming her longest No.1 reign on the chart and the third longest No.1 reign among women in the chart's history. The song has also topped the Hot Christian Songs for 26 consecutive weeks,setting a record for the longest reign on that chart by a woman and also the second longest running number one. The song was certified Platinum by the RIAA on February 25, 2015. As of April, 2016, the song has sold over 1,100,000 copies in the United States. The",
"title": "Something in the Water (Carrie Underwood song)"
},
{
"id": "110170",
"text": "for pop-crossover success. In 1978, Parton won a Grammy Award for Best Female Country Vocal Performance for her \"Here You Come Again\" album. She continued to have hits with \"Heartbreaker\", (1978) \"Baby I'm Burning\" (1979) and \"You're the Only One,\" (1979) all of which charted in the pop Top 40 and topped the country chart. \"Sweet Summer Lovin'\" (1979) became the first Parton single in two years to not top the country chart (though it did reach the Top 10). During this period, her visibility continued to increase, with multiple television appearances. A highly publicized candid interview on a \"Barbara",
"title": "Dolly Parton"
},
{
"id": "5486410",
"text": "consecutive number-one hits. In addition, she became the first female artist to achieve four number-one singles from one album, \"Whitney\". To date, only four other albums by women have yielded four Hot 100 number-one hits; Paula Abdul's \"Forever Your Girl\" in 1988, Janet Jackson's \"Rhythm Nation 1814\" in 1989, Mariah Carey's self-titled debut in 1990 and Katy Perry's \"Teenage Dream\" in 2010. Houston also had the most number-one hits (7) by a female artist in the 1980s, a feat equaled only by Madonna. The song topped the chart for two weeks, and spent 18 weeks on the chart. It entered",
"title": "Where Do Broken Hearts Go"
},
{
"id": "15753126",
"text": "George Strait singles discography The singles discography of American country music singer George Strait comprises 96 singles. Starting with \"Unwound\" in 1981, Strait has reached the Top 10 of the Hot Country Songs charts with all but ten of his single releases. He has 45 No. 1's on the \"Billboard\" country charts, the most of any artist. Strait has also amassed 86 Top 10 hits on Billboard's Hot Country Songs chart, second only to Eddy Arnold, who had 92. The following songs are B-sides that charted separately. The following songs charted from Christmas airplay. The following songs charted from unsolicited",
"title": "George Strait singles discography"
},
{
"id": "110173",
"text": "and the adult-contemporary charts, giving her a triple number-one hit. Parton became one of the few female country singers to have a number-one single on the country and pop charts simultaneously. It also received a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Original Song. Her singles continued to appear consistently in the country Top 10. Between 1981 and 1985, she had 12 Top-10 hits; half of them hit number one. She continued to make inroads on the pop chart as well. A re-recorded version of \"I Will Always Love You,\" from the feature film \"The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas\"",
"title": "Dolly Parton"
},
{
"id": "471577",
"text": "J. Blige, Sheryl Crow, Nadia Ali, Florence Welch, Taylor Swift, Vanessa Carlton, Delta Goodrem, and Lorde, who have cited Nicks as an inspiration. The Dixie Chicks covered her 1975 classic \"Landslide\", which became a top-10 hit (number one on the Adult Contemporary chart) and a number one hit on the Country chart. This cover also earned her a BMI Songwriters Award in 2003 when it won Song of the Year (the award is given to the songwriter of the track, regardless of the performer). According to BMI, \"Landslide\" also earned Nicks the 35th Robert J. Burton Award as \"Most Performed",
"title": "Stevie Nicks"
},
{
"id": "5921728",
"text": "The Year (Artists Music Guild / 2013), Entertainer of the Year and Album of the Year (Alabama Country & Gospel Music Hall of Fame / 2006), American Old-Time Country Music Hall of Fame (Inductee / 2006), Female Vocalist of the Year (Christian Country Music Association / 2004) and Mainstream Country Artist of the Year (Christian Country Music Association / 2002). Stella Parton Stella Mae Parton (born May 4, 1949) is an American country singer and songwriter. Parton is best known for a series of country singles that charted during the mid- to late-1970s, her biggest hit being 1975's \"I Want",
"title": "Stella Parton"
},
{
"id": "10624101",
"text": "Bob DiPiero Bob DiPiero (born March 3, 1951 in Youngstown, Ohio) is an American country music songwriter. He has written 15. U.S. Number 1 hits and countless top 20 hits for the likes of Tim McGraw, The Oak Ridge Boys, Reba McEntire, Vince Gill, Faith Hill, Shenandoah, Neal McCoy, Highway 101, Restless Heart, Ricochet, John Anderson, Montgomery Gentry, Brooks & Dunn, George Strait, Pam Tillis, Martina McBride, Trace Adkins, Travis Tritt, Bryan White, Billy Currington, Etta James, Delbert McClinton, Van Zant, Tanya Tucker and Patty Loveless among others. DiPiero was born in the steel-manufacturing center of Youngstown, Ohio. His family",
"title": "Bob DiPiero"
},
{
"id": "10914854",
"text": "Brad Paisley discography The discography of Brad Paisley, an American country music singer, consists of 11 studio albums, one Christmas album, three compilation albums, and 43 singles. All but two of Paisley's singles have hit the Top 20 of the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs charts, with all but six reaching the Top Ten. He has 18 Number Ones, including a streak of ten consecutive, starting with the 2005–06 Dolly Parton duet \"When I Get Where I'm Going\". When \"Waitin' on a Woman\", reached number 1 in late 2008, Paisley set a new record for the most consecutive Number Ones (10)",
"title": "Brad Paisley discography"
},
{
"id": "119131",
"text": "top 100: 151, according to chart statistician Joel Whitburn, 138 according to Presley historian Adam Victor. Presley's rankings for top ten and number one hits vary depending on how the double-sided \"Hound Dog/Don't Be Cruel\" and \"Don't/I Beg of You\" singles, which precede the inception of \"Billboard\"s unified Hot 100 chart, are analyzed. According to Whitburn's analysis, Presley holds the record with 38, tying with Madonna; per \"Billboard\"s current assessment, he ranks second with 36. Whitburn and \"Billboard\" concur that the Beatles hold the record for most number one hits with 20, and that Mariah Carey is second with 18.",
"title": "Elvis Presley"
},
{
"id": "1428049",
"text": "at Nashville's Fairgrounds Coliseum and married him less than six months later, on April 24, 1963. Lee and Shacklett have two daughters, Jolie and Julie (named after Patsy Cline's daughter), and three grandchildren, Taylor, Jordan and Charley. Lee is also the cousin of singer Dave Rainwater from the New Christy Minstrels. Brenda Lee Brenda Lee (born Brenda Mae Tarpley; December 11, 1944) is an American performer and the top-charting solo female vocalist of the 1960s. She sang rockabilly, pop and country music, and had 47 US chart hits during the 1960s, and is ranked fourth in that decade surpassed by",
"title": "Brenda Lee"
},
{
"id": "62541",
"text": "\"Lady\" by Kenny Rogers, from the late fall of 1980; \"9 to 5\" by Dolly Parton, \"I Love a Rainy Night\" by Eddie Rabbitt (these two back-to-back at the top in early 1981); and \"Islands in the Stream\", a duet by Dolly Parton and Kenny Rogers in 1983, a pop-country crossover hit written by Barry, Robin, and Maurice Gibb of the Bee Gees. Newton's \"Queen of Hearts\" almost reached No. 1, but was kept out of the spot by the pop ballad juggernaut \"Endless Love\" by Diana Ross and Lionel Richie. The move of country music toward neotraditional styles led",
"title": "Country music"
},
{
"id": "4661670",
"text": "Carrie Underwood Carrie Marie Underwood (born March 10, 1983) is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. She rose to fame as the winner of the fourth season of \"American Idol\", in 2005. Her debut single, \"Inside Your Heaven\", was the first country music single in history to debut at number one on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Her debut album, \"Some Hearts\", was released in 2005. Bolstered by the huge crossover success of the singles \"Jesus, Take the Wheel\" and \"Before He Cheats\", it became the best-selling solo female debut album in country music history, the fastest-selling debut country album",
"title": "Carrie Underwood"
},
{
"id": "2500129",
"text": "the Boy\". Yearwood's debut album also became the first by a female country act to sell over 1 million copies, eventually going double platinum. Among artists whose success continued from the 1980s, Reba McEntire was the most successful of the female artists, selling more than 30 million albums during the decade, gaining eight number-one hit singles on the U.S. Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart and six number one albums internationally, including her best-selling album, \"Greatest Hits Vol. 2\", which was released in September 1993 and has sold over an international amount of 10 million copies to date. George Strait,",
"title": "1990s in music"
},
{
"id": "1463682",
"text": "Songs chart from 1992 to 1993, including an album cut, the title track. The most successful single released was \"Achy Breaky Heart\". It reached No. 1 on the Hot Country Songs chart and was also a hit on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, where it reached No. 4. Although the song was the only number one single, \"Could've Been Me\" reached No. 2, \"Wher'm I Gonna Live?\" reached No. 23, and \"She's Not Cryin' Anymore\" reached No. 6. \"Some Gave All\" was certified 9× Multi-Platinum in the United States in 1996, and has sold over 20 million copies worldwide. In 1993,",
"title": "Billy Ray Cyrus"
},
{
"id": "18363612",
"text": "Sinatra's 2008 collection \"Nothing but the Best\" rebounded to number three in August 2012. On the Top Country Albums chart, Underwood scored her fifth consecutive number one bow, of five career releases, as \"Greatest Hits: Decade #1\" debuted atop the chart. She is only the second artist to arrive with five number one debuts on Top Country Albums (which premiered in 1964), with Miranda Lambert being the other one. Underwood is first female artist to debut at number one on the Top Country Albums chart with a greatest hits album since Shania Twain's \"Greatest Hits\" had 11 weeks on top",
"title": "Greatest Hits: Decade Number 1"
},
{
"id": "2778330",
"text": "Lynn Anderson Lynn Rene Anderson (September 26, 1947 – July 30, 2015) was an American country music singer known for a string of hits from the 1960s to the 1980s, most notably her worldwide hit and signature song \"Rose Garden\" (1970). Anderson's crossover appeal and regular exposure on national television helped her become one of the most popular and successful country stars of the 1970s. Anderson charted 12 No. 1, 18 Top 10, and more than 50 Top 40 hit singles. In addition to being named \"Top Female Vocalist\" by the Academy of Country Music (ACM) twice and \"Female Vocalist",
"title": "Lynn Anderson"
},
{
"id": "13692731",
"text": "in 2005. It became her 24th Number One hit on the chart week of January 2, 2010 and her first Number One in the United States since \"Somebody\" in August 2004. It also debuted at number 96 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 on the week ending October 17, 2009 and peaked at number 38, becoming her 3rd top 40 hit on that chart. The song has become McEntire's longest-running number-one single with four weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart. Consider Me Gone \"Consider Me Gone\" is a song written by Steve Diamond and Marv Green.",
"title": "Consider Me Gone"
},
{
"id": "10418907",
"text": "Stephanie Bentley Stephanie Kay Bentley (born April 29, 1963 in Thomasville, Georgia) is an American country music artist. She made her debut in 1996 as a duet partner on Ty Herndon's single \"Heart Half Empty\", which peaked at No. 21 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks charts. The single was included both on Herndon's 1995 debut album \"What Mattered Most\" and on Bentley's 1996 debut album \"Hopechest\". It produced three more singles for her on the country charts, although only one (\"Who's That Girl\") reached Top 40. Bentley found success as a songwriter, having penned Faith Hill's 1999",
"title": "Stephanie Bentley"
},
{
"id": "2500128",
"text": "and late-1990s. Many of these careers were short-lived, but several went on to long-lived, profitable careers. The most successful of the new artists were Yearwood, Shania Twain, LeAnn Rimes, Lee Ann Womack, Martina McBride, Kenny Chesney, Collin Raye, Faith Hill, and Tim McGraw, while Lonestar and Dixie Chicks were the most successful new groups. Twain's \"Come on Over\" album became the best-selling album released by a female of any genre. Yearwood became the first woman in more than 25 years to have her debut single top the Billboard Country Singles chart in 1991 with her single \"She's in Love with",
"title": "1990s in music"
}
] | female country artist with most number one hits |
[
"2002"
] | [
{
"id": "14144991",
"text": "2010 Cleveland Browns season The 2010 Cleveland Browns season was the team's 62nd season as a professional sports franchise and its 58th season as a member of the National Football League (NFL). The team failed to break the longest playoff appearance drought in franchise history, a current streak of eight seasons without reaching the playoffs. The team finished 5–11, matching its win total from the 2009 season and placed third in the AFC North. As of 2018, this remains the most recent season that the Browns did not finish in 4th place in the AFC North. This season marked the",
"title": "2010 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "10058383",
"text": "2002 Cleveland Browns season The 2002 Cleveland Browns season was the team's 54th season and 50th with the National Football League. The Browns made their only playoff appearance since their re-activation. It was only the Browns’ fourth year since returning to the league effectively as an expansion team, and their first winning season. It would also prove to be the only time that the team made the NFL playoffs in the 2000s, and as of 2018, the Browns have not made it back to the NFL playoffs. The close loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers in the Wildcard round kept the",
"title": "2002 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "79335",
"text": "since 1999. Through the end of the 2017 season, the Browns' win–loss record since returning to the NFL in 1999 is 88–216. In 2017, the Browns became only the second team in league history to finish a season 0–16, joining the 2008 Detroit Lions. Through the 2017 season, the Browns hold the longest active playoff drought in the NFL, at 15 seasons. The history of the Cleveland Browns American football team began in 1944 when taxi-cab magnate Arthur B. \"Mickey\" McBride secured a Cleveland franchise in the newly formed All-America Football Conference (AAFC). Paul Brown was the team's namesake and",
"title": "Cleveland Browns"
},
{
"id": "20474845",
"text": "2018 Cleveland Browns season The 2018 season is the Cleveland Browns' 70th season as a professional sports franchise, their 66th season as a member of the NFL, and their first full season under general manager John Dorsey. It was their third and final season under head coach Hue Jackson. The Browns improved upon their 2017 campaign in which they went a franchise worst 0–16. They will also look to end their franchise-record and league-high 15-year playoff drought and enter the postseason for the first time since 2002. On September 9, the Browns opened their season against the Pittsburgh Steelers with",
"title": "2018 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "10057667",
"text": "three times, once on the ground, as five different Cleveland backs combined for over 100 rushing yards and two additional scores in a 35–7 rout of the Seahawks. With vaunted 1993 rookie Rick Mirer faltering, two different Seahawks quarterbacks combined for 229 yards and a pick. As of 2018, this is the Browns' most recent home playoff game and their most recent playoff victory. 1994 Cleveland Browns season The 1994 Cleveland Browns season was the team's 45th season with the National Football League. It was the only season that the Browns qualified for the playoffs under head coach Bill Belichick.",
"title": "1994 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "10058348",
"text": "1969 Cleveland Browns season The 1969 Cleveland Browns season was the team's 20th season with the National Football League and the last before the 1970 AFL-NFL Merger. The Browns made it to the 1969 NFL Championship Game, where they fell to the Minnesota Vikings. The 1969 season would be the last year that Cleveland would win a postseason game until 1986. In addition, that victory over Dallas would also be the last time the Browns won a postseason game on the road as of 2017. The following were selected in the 1969 NFL Draft. On August 30, a crowd of",
"title": "1969 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "17736733",
"text": "2014 Cleveland Browns season The 2014 Cleveland Browns season was the franchise's 66th season as a professional sports franchise and its 62nd as a member of the National Football League. It was the first under new head coach Mike Pettine, as former head coach Rob Chudzinski was fired after a 4–12 campaign, as well as the first under new general manager Ray Farmer. The Browns improved upon their overall record, going 7–9 and securing their first season without double digit losses since 2007. However, they failed to make the playoffs for the twelfth consecutive year, the longest postseason drought in",
"title": "2014 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "9864749",
"text": "years of suspension while the old municipal stadium was demolished and Cleveland Browns Stadium took its place, the Browns started play again in 1999 under new owner Al Lerner. Since resuming operations, the Browns have made the playoffs only once, as a wild-card team in 2002. The Browns are only one of 12 NFL franchises to predate the 1960 launch of the American Football League, and are only one of three such teams in the AFC. In 1944 Arch Ward, the influential sports editor of the \"Chicago Tribune\", proposed a new professional football league called the All-America Football Conference. The",
"title": "History of the Cleveland Browns"
},
{
"id": "16977103",
"text": "2013 Cleveland Browns season The 2013 Cleveland Browns season was the franchise's 65th season as a professional sports franchise and its 61st season as a member of the National Football League. They failed to improve on their 5–11 record from 2012, finishing the year at 4-12 their sixth consecutive 11+ loss season. They also extended their franchise record playoff drought to 11 years. This was the first season under head coach Rob Chudzinski (who was later fired after the season) and new general manager Michael Lombardi (who was later fired in February 2014). This also marked the first full season",
"title": "2013 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "10058394",
"text": "2003 Cleveland Browns season The 2003 Cleveland Browns season was the team’s 55th season and 51st with the National Football League. The Browns were unable to replicate the success from the previous season, and they ended up winning only five games. From 2003 to present (as of 2018), the Browns have missed the playoffs and had only one winning season in 2007. Apart from their AFC North division games, the Browns played against the AFC West and NFC West according to the NFL’s conference rotation, and played the Colts and Patriots based on 2002 standings in their respective AFC divisions.",
"title": "2003 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "10058384",
"text": "Browns from advancing in the postseason. Apart from their AFC North division games, the Browns played against the AFC South and NFC South according to the NFL’s new conference rotation, and played the Chiefs and Jets based on 2001 standings with respect to the newly aligned divisions. 2002 Cleveland Browns season The 2002 Cleveland Browns season was the team's 54th season and 50th with the National Football League. The Browns made their only playoff appearance since their re-activation. It was only the Browns’ fourth year since returning to the league effectively as an expansion team, and their first winning season.",
"title": "2002 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "9864854",
"text": "of the team, meanwhile, passed to his son Randy. Cleveland finished the season with a 9–7 record, earning a spot in the playoffs as a wild-card team. Couch suffered a broken leg in the final game of the season, however, and backup Kelly Holcomb started in the Browns' first playoff game versus the Steelers. Cleveland held the lead for most of the game as Holcomb passed for 429 yards. But a defensive collapse helped Pittsburgh come charging back in the fourth quarter and win 36–33 to end the Browns' season. To date, this is the only postseason appearance for the",
"title": "History of the Cleveland Browns"
},
{
"id": "16977125",
"text": "Browns fell to 4-6. With the loss, the Browns fell to 4-10 (a 3-5 home record) and were eliminated from postseason contention for the eleventh straight season, extending their franchise record for most consecutive seasons without a playoff berth. 2013 Cleveland Browns season The 2013 Cleveland Browns season was the franchise's 65th season as a professional sports franchise and its 61st season as a member of the National Football League. They failed to improve on their 5–11 record from 2012, finishing the year at 4-12 their sixth consecutive 11+ loss season. They also extended their franchise record playoff drought to",
"title": "2013 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "10802269",
"text": "departure from the Browns after the 2003 season. Although only winning 22 games in 59 starts, Couch led the Browns to their only playoff berth since their return, in 2002. By the end of the 2017 season, the Browns had started 28 different quarterbacks since their 1999 return to the NFL, a league-high in that period. The Browns have not won a playoff game since , and have lost nine or more games each season since 2008. On November 30, 2015, the Browns played the Baltimore Ravens in their first \"Monday Night Football\" game in six years. After trailing 17–3",
"title": "Cleveland sports curse"
},
{
"id": "10058104",
"text": "1980 Cleveland Browns season The 1980 Cleveland Browns season was the team's 35th overall, and 31st season in the National Football League. The Browns finished the regular season with eleven wins and five losses, and their first division title in since 1971, winning a tiebreaker with the Houston Oilers. The 1980 Cleveland Browns were known as the Kardiac Kids for having several games decided in the final moments. The 1980 season was the first time that Cleveland had qualified for the postseason since 1972. Also, for the second straight year, Browns head coach Sam Rutigliano was named NFL Coach of",
"title": "1980 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "19820290",
"text": "2017 Cleveland Browns season The 2017 season was the Cleveland Browns' 69th as a professional sports franchise, their 65th season as a member of the National Football League, their second under head coach Hue Jackson and their second and final season under GM Sashi Brown. The Browns failed to improve upon their 1–15 record from the previous season, losing all sixteen games in 2017 and continuing a losing streak dating to the final game of the previous season. They became the second team in NFL history to go 0–16 after the 2008 Detroit Lions. The Browns became the twelfth NFL",
"title": "2017 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "19820333",
"text": "of the 2017 season. Later that afternoon, the Buffalo Bills' win over the Miami Dolphins - coupled with the Cincinnati Bengals win over the Baltimore Ravens - gave the Bills a playoff berth, ending their 17-year playoff drought. As a result, the Browns now hold the longest active postseason drought of any NFL team going back to 2002. This is the second longest playoff drought in the four major American sports, ahead of the Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball who last made the playoffs in 2001. Despite the team's historically awful performance, LB Joe Schobert was named to the",
"title": "2017 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "19820335",
"text": "parade organization raised over $17,000 of charitable donations which went to the Cleveland Food Bank. 2017 Cleveland Browns season The 2017 season was the Cleveland Browns' 69th as a professional sports franchise, their 65th season as a member of the National Football League, their second under head coach Hue Jackson and their second and final season under GM Sashi Brown. The Browns failed to improve upon their 1–15 record from the previous season, losing all sixteen games in 2017 and continuing a losing streak dating to the final game of the previous season. They became the second team in NFL",
"title": "2017 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "16177435",
"text": "2012 Cleveland Browns season The 2012 Cleveland Browns season was the team's 64th season as a professional sports franchise and its 60th season as a member of the National Football League (NFL). Although the team improved on its record to 5–11 this 2012 season from its 4–12 finish in 2011, the team still placed fourth in the AFC North. The team also failed to break its 9-year playoff drought, the longest in franchise history. The 2012 season was the third season under the leadership of team president Mike Holmgren and general manager Tom Heckert and the second season under head",
"title": "2012 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "10057767",
"text": "1982 Cleveland Browns season The 1982 Cleveland Browns season was the team's 33rd season with the National Football League. The Browns were among 8 teams that qualified for the playoffs during this strike shorted season, and became one of only four teams to ever qualify for the playoffs despite having a losing record. Browns and the Detroit Lions from the same year are the only two teams with a losing record to qualify as wildcards. In 2010, the Seattle Seahawks became the third team with a losing record to qualify for the playoffs and the first team to win a",
"title": "1982 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "10058110",
"text": "as one of the franchises sadder moments. 1980 Cleveland Browns season The 1980 Cleveland Browns season was the team's 35th overall, and 31st season in the National Football League. The Browns finished the regular season with eleven wins and five losses, and their first division title in since 1971, winning a tiebreaker with the Houston Oilers. The 1980 Cleveland Browns were known as the Kardiac Kids for having several games decided in the final moments. The 1980 season was the first time that Cleveland had qualified for the postseason since 1972. Also, for the second straight year, Browns head coach",
"title": "1980 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "10057659",
"text": "1994 Cleveland Browns season The 1994 Cleveland Browns season was the team's 45th season with the National Football League. It was the only season that the Browns qualified for the playoffs under head coach Bill Belichick. The Browns finished as the NFL's number one defense in terms of points surrendered per game (12.8 points per game). In the playoffs, Belichick got his first playoff victory as a head coach in the AFC Wild Card Game against his eventual current team, the New England Patriots. Both Vinny Testaverde and falling third-year Bengal David Klingler were picked off twice. Testaverde got the",
"title": "1994 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "11368601",
"text": "2008 Cleveland Browns season The 2008 Cleveland Browns season was the team's 60th season as a professional sports franchise and its 56th season as a member of the National Football League (NFL). The Browns finished with a 4–12 record and failed to qualify for the playoffs. The season marked Romeo Crennel's fourth (and what would be final) year as head coach of the Browns. Cleveland played all of their home games at Cleveland Browns Stadium in Cleveland, Ohio. In the 2008 season, the Browns failed to score a touchdown for 24 consecutive quarters. Also from 2008 to present, the Browns",
"title": "2008 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "79339",
"text": "history. After three years of suspension while Cleveland Stadium was demolished and Cleveland Browns Stadium built in its place, the Browns started play again in 1999 under new owner Al Lerner. The Browns struggled throughout the 2000s and 2010s, posting a record of 88–216 () since their 1999 return. The Browns have only posted two winning seasons and one playoff appearance (2002) since returning to the NFL. The team's struggles have been magnified since 2012, when the Lerner family sold the team to businessman Jimmy Haslam. In six seasons under the Haslam ownership, the Browns went through four head coaches",
"title": "Cleveland Browns"
},
{
"id": "10057885",
"text": "drought without a division title is the longest active drought in the NFL. 1989 Cleveland Browns season The 1989 Cleveland Browns season was the team's 40th season with the National Football League. It was the Browns' first season with head coach Bud Carson, who had been the defensive coordinator of the New York Jets the previous season. The Browns reached their third AFC Championship Game in four seasons, and for the third time lost to the Denver Broncos. It would be the Browns's fifth consecutive season making the playoffs, but it would be their last playoff season until 1994. Bud",
"title": "1989 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "15190094",
"text": "2011 Cleveland Browns season The 2011 Cleveland Browns season was the team's 63rd season as a professional sports franchise and its 59th season as a member of the National Football League (NFL). The team had hoped to improve on its 2010 season, where it finished with a record of 5–11 and placed third in the AFC North, however, the team was eliminated from playoff contention in Week 14. This season marked the second season under the leadership of team president Mike Holmgren and general manager Tom Heckert, as well as the first season under head coach Pat Shurmur. The Browns",
"title": "2011 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "79334",
"text": "name, logos, training facility, and history, were kept in trust and the franchise was regarded by the NFL as suspended, with a new team to be established by 1999 either by expansion or relocation. The Browns were announced as an expansion team in 1998 and resumed play in 1999. Since resuming operations in 1999, the Browns have struggled to find success. They have had only two winning seasons (in 2002 and 2007), one playoff appearance (2002), and no playoff wins. The franchise has also been noted for a lack of stability with quarterbacks, having started 30 players in the position",
"title": "Cleveland Browns"
},
{
"id": "16177468",
"text": "alternates at their respective positions. 2012 Cleveland Browns season The 2012 Cleveland Browns season was the team's 64th season as a professional sports franchise and its 60th season as a member of the National Football League (NFL). Although the team improved on its record to 5–11 this 2012 season from its 4–12 finish in 2011, the team still placed fourth in the AFC North. The team also failed to break its 9-year playoff drought, the longest in franchise history. The 2012 season was the third season under the leadership of team president Mike Holmgren and general manager Tom Heckert and",
"title": "2012 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "10057975",
"text": "1972 Cleveland Browns season The 1972 Cleveland Browns season was the team's 23rd season with the National Football League. 1972 marked the end of a nine-year span in which the Browns made the playoffs seven times; it would be the Browns' last playoff appearance until 1980. The 1972 Cleveland Browns not only made it to the postseason as a wild card team with a 10–4 record, but also nearly pulled off what would have been one of the biggest upsets in team and NFL playoff history. Playing in the AFC divisional round in Miami against a Dolphins team that would",
"title": "1972 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "10057979",
"text": "over 30 points only twice all year, posted a shutout and kept foes to 17 points or less eight times. 1972 Cleveland Browns season The 1972 Cleveland Browns season was the team's 23rd season with the National Football League. 1972 marked the end of a nine-year span in which the Browns made the playoffs seven times; it would be the Browns' last playoff appearance until 1980. The 1972 Cleveland Browns not only made it to the postseason as a wild card team with a 10–4 record, but also nearly pulled off what would have been one of the biggest upsets",
"title": "1972 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "9864879",
"text": "in which Ravens safety Will Hill return a blocked field goal 64 yards for a touchdown on the game's final play. The Browns lost at home 37-3 to the division-rival Cincinnati Bengals the following week, dropping the team´s record to 2-10 and making them the first team in the 2015 season to be mathematically eliminated from playoff contention. On January 3, 2016, soon after the final game of the season (a 28-12 loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers), both Ray Farmer and Mike Pettine were fired from their respective positions as general manager and head coach. Cleveland started the season with",
"title": "History of the Cleveland Browns"
},
{
"id": "19122809",
"text": "the NFL and secured the #1 overall pick in the 2017 NFL Draft. This marked the beginning of a 17 game losing streak continuing through the 2017 season and ending with a tie in Week 1 of the 2018 season. 2016 Cleveland Browns season The 2016 Cleveland Browns season was the franchise's 68th season as a professional sports franchise, its 64th as a member of the National Football League and its first under head coach Hue Jackson and \"de facto\" general manager Sashi Brown. The Browns failed to improve upon their 3–13 record from their previous season, finishing 1–15, their",
"title": "2016 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "19820291",
"text": "team to have gone winless playing eight games or more and the fourth since the AFL-NFL merger in 1970. In going 0–16, the Browns became the first franchise in NFL history to have multiple seasons with 15 or more losses and the first to start consecutive seasons with at least 14 losses. They were mathematically eliminated from the AFC North title contention in Week 11, extending an active NFL record drought of 25 consecutive seasons without a division title. They were then eliminated from playoff contention in Week 12, extending their franchise record playoff drought to 15 consecutive seasons. With",
"title": "2017 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "9619966",
"text": "giving up their third- and fourth-round picks in the 2007 draft and swapping sixth-round picks with the Cowboys. During the off-season, the Browns signed key free agents Eric Steinbach (Cincinnati, offensive guard), Jamal Lewis (Baltimore, running back), and Robaire Smith (Tennessee, defensive end). The Browns ultimately finished the season with a 10–6 record but nevertheless failed to qualify for the playoffs. They were beaten for the division title on a tiebreaker by the Pittsburgh Steelers and lost another tiebreaker for a wildcard berth to the Tennessee Titans. As of the 2017 NFL season, this remains the best record and the",
"title": "2007 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "10058341",
"text": "1968 Cleveland Browns season The 1968 Cleveland Browns season was the team's 19th season with the National Football League. The Browns made it to the playoffs for the 2nd straight year thanks to an 8-game winning streak and the brilliant play of quarterback Bill Nelsen who replaced Frank Ryan as the starting quarterback prior to week 4 of their season. In a relative sense Browns had not done much since 1965, when they lost to the Green Bay Packers 23–12 in the NFL Championship Game. They finished 9–5 in 1966 and '67, but made the playoffs only in the second",
"title": "1968 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "79337",
"text": "fired Brown before the 1963 season, but the team continued to win behind running back Jim Brown. The Browns won the championship in 1964 and reached the title game the following season, losing to the Green Bay Packers. When the AFL and NFL merged before the 1970 season, Cleveland became part of the new American Football Conference (AFC). While the Browns made it back to the playoffs in 1971 and 1972, they fell into mediocrity through the mid-1970s. A revival of sorts took place in 1979 and 1980, when quarterback Brian Sipe engineered a series of last-minute wins and the",
"title": "Cleveland Browns"
},
{
"id": "19820292",
"text": "the Buffalo Bills qualifying for the postseason for the first time since 1999, the Browns now have the longest postseason drought in the NFL and the second longest in the four major American sports leagues, only behind the Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball. The Browns finished 4th place in the AFC North for the seventh consecutive season in addition to finishing the season with a losing record for the tenth consecutive season, extending a franchise record. It was the first season in which the team lost every home game since 1999. The Browns also extended their road losing streak",
"title": "2017 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "10057880",
"text": "1989 Cleveland Browns season The 1989 Cleveland Browns season was the team's 40th season with the National Football League. It was the Browns' first season with head coach Bud Carson, who had been the defensive coordinator of the New York Jets the previous season. The Browns reached their third AFC Championship Game in four seasons, and for the third time lost to the Denver Broncos. It would be the Browns's fifth consecutive season making the playoffs, but it would be their last playoff season until 1994. Bud Carson begins his Browns head coaching career with a memorable 51-0 victory over",
"title": "1989 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "10802271",
"text": "hit rock-bottom in the 2017 season, where, under head coach Hue Jackson, the Browns went a league-worst and franchise record-worst 0-16, becoming just the second team in NFL history since the implementation of the 16-game season (after the 2008 Detroit Lions) to lose every game in a season. The Cleveland Cavaliers are a professional basketball team who have played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) since 1970. Over the franchise's first 16 years, the team produced just three winning seasons, the highlight being the 1975–76 \"Miracle at Richfield\" team, whose improbable playoff run was doomed by an injury to Jim",
"title": "Cleveland sports curse"
},
{
"id": "5193514",
"text": "Buccaneers after the team's 1976 establishment to win Super Bowl XXXVII in early 2003); none of the four that have been added since 1995 have ever won that contest, with only one, the Carolina Panthers (who reached the game eight years after their founding, and again 12 years later) even playing in the NFL's championship game. The transplantation of the Cleveland Browns' roster to Baltimore and its restocking via expansion has so far crippled the franchise, with it ranking among the worst in league history since the expansion and only appearing in the NFL playoffs once, having yet to win",
"title": "Expansion team"
},
{
"id": "9864747",
"text": "The team subsequently reached the playoffs three times in the late 1980s, but fell short of playing in the Super Bowl, the inter-league championship game between the NFL and the rival American Football League (AFL) that started in 1966. When the AFL and NFL merged before the 1970 season, Cleveland became part of the new American Football Conference (AFC). While the Browns made it back to the playoffs in 1971 and 1972, they fell into mediocrity through the mid-1970s. A revival of sorts took place in 1979 and 1980, when quarterback Brian Sipe engineered a series of last-minute wins and",
"title": "History of the Cleveland Browns"
},
{
"id": "10058345",
"text": "hand Baltimore its only loss in a 13–1 season. The following were selected in the 1968 NFL Draft. 1968 Cleveland Browns season The 1968 Cleveland Browns season was the team's 19th season with the National Football League. The Browns made it to the playoffs for the 2nd straight year thanks to an 8-game winning streak and the brilliant play of quarterback Bill Nelsen who replaced Frank Ryan as the starting quarterback prior to week 4 of their season. In a relative sense Browns had not done much since 1965, when they lost to the Green Bay Packers 23–12 in the",
"title": "1968 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "9864888",
"text": "season, Brown was fired as executive vice president of football operations on December 7, 2017, and hired John Dorsey as general manager the same day, making him the ninth general manager/head of personnel since the Browns' return in 1999, and the fifth in the Haslam ownership era. The Browns finished the 2017 season with an 0–16 record, becoming only the second team in league history to do so, and for the second straight season giving the team the #1 pick in the 2018 NFL Draft (along with the #4 pick, which was previously acquired via trade from Houston). On opening",
"title": "History of the Cleveland Browns"
},
{
"id": "12844992",
"text": "The Browns missed the playoffs for the seventh straight season, tying a record set between 1973–79. On December 29, 2008, the Cleveland Browns announced that the team had fired general manager Phil Savage and head coach Romeo Crennel after spending four seasons together in Cleveland. Crennel, who joined the Browns with Savage in 2005, left Cleveland with a record of 24–40 (.375) and an 0–8 record against the division rival Pittsburgh Steelers. The team's best record under Crennel was 10–6 during the 2007 season. On January 7, 2009, the Browns announced that the team had found its replacement for Crennel",
"title": "2009 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "19122786",
"text": "the playoffs for a franchise record 14th straight season, finished in fourth place in the AFC North for the sixth straight season, went 0–6 within the division, failed to win a road game in a season for only the second time in franchise history (first occurred during the 1975 season), and set a franchise record for most consecutive losses, losing 17 straight games going back to their final three games of the previous season. They also extended their road losing streak to 13 games, a streak that began in Week 7 of the 2015 season. The Browns were also the",
"title": "2016 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "10058320",
"text": "1967 Cleveland Browns season The 1967 Cleveland Browns season was the team's 18th season with the National Football League. The Browns were back in the playoffs after a one-year absence. They finished 9–5, the same as in 1966, but this time, it was good enough for them to get in as they won the Century Division championship in the first year of play after the NFL split the Eastern and Western conferences into two divisions each. The division race was not close, as the Browns finished two games ahead of the runner-up New York Giants (7–7), their old arch rival",
"title": "1967 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "19122785",
"text": "2016 Cleveland Browns season The 2016 Cleveland Browns season was the franchise's 68th season as a professional sports franchise, its 64th as a member of the National Football League and its first under head coach Hue Jackson and \"de facto\" general manager Sashi Brown. The Browns failed to improve upon their 3–13 record from their previous season, finishing 1–15, their worst record in franchise history at the time. They started the season 0–14, tied for their worst 14-game start in franchise history, and in so doing, clinched a losing record for a franchise record ninth straight season, failed to make",
"title": "2016 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "9864887",
"text": "games, which combined with losing their last three games in 2015, gave the team a franchise record 17 game losing streak. On December 24, in a game that has since been dubbed \"The Christmas Miracle\", the Browns defeated the San Diego Chargers 20-17. The Browns then lost their last game of the season to finish 1-15 - then the worst record in team history. With that final game loss, the Browns clinched the #1 pick in the 2017 NFL Draft, with which the Browns selected Myles Garrett, a defensive end from Texas A&M. In the midst of a disappointing 2017",
"title": "History of the Cleveland Browns"
},
{
"id": "79333",
"text": "in each of the Browns' first ten years of existence. From 1965 to 1995, they made the playoffs 14 times, but did not win another championship or appear in the Super Bowl during that period. In 1995, owner Art Modell, who had purchased the Browns in 1961, announced plans to move the team to Baltimore. After threats of legal action from the city of Cleveland and fans, a compromise was reached in early 1996 that allowed Modell to establish the Baltimore Ravens as a new franchise while retaining the contracts of all Browns personnel. The Browns' intellectual property, including team",
"title": "Cleveland Browns"
},
{
"id": "19820293",
"text": "to 21 games and their losing streak within the division to 17 games, both date back to the 2015 season. A Week 13 loss moved the Browns to 1–27 in their first 28 games under Jackson, surpassing the 1976–77 Tampa Bay Buccaneers for the worst 28 game start (2–26) for a regime in NFL history. The Browns finished the 2017 season with a combined record of 1–31 over the previous two seasons, an NFL record for worst winning percentage over any two season span. After starting 2014 with a 6–3 record heading into Week 11, the Browns went 5–50 in",
"title": "2017 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "19122800",
"text": "0–10. It was their worst start in franchise history. They are also the first team to begin the season 0–10 since the 2014 Oakland Raiders. The Browns' overall NFL record fell to 461–461–10, marking the first time in franchise history they did not have a record above .500. The Browns hosted the Pittsburgh Steelers, who were coming off a loss against the Cowboys. The Steelers defeated the Browns 24–9, dropping the Browns to 0–11. With the loss, the Browns were mathematically eliminated from postseason contention for the 14th consecutive season. For the second consecutive season, they were the first NFL",
"title": "2016 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "19799730",
"text": "donations to his charity, the P.U.N.T. Foundation, which has extensive operations in Western New York. As a result of Buffalo making it into the NFL playoffs for the first time since 1999, the Cleveland Browns now hold the longest NFL postseason drought at 15 seasons. MLB's Seattle Mariners hold the longest such drought in all North American sports at 17 seasons. The Bills were looking to win their first playoff game since 1995, as they faced the #3-seeded Jacksonville Jaguars, another team that has recently ended a lengthy playoff drought. Despite taking a 3–0 lead shortly before halftime on a",
"title": "2017 Buffalo Bills season"
},
{
"id": "19820329",
"text": "season. The Browns became the first team since the 1999 and 2000 Browns to have the #1 overall pick in back-to-back drafts, and the first non-expansion team to do so since the 1994 and 1995 Cincinnati Bengals. In one last effort to avoid a 0-16 season, the Browns played their final regular season game against their divisional rivals the Pittsburgh Steelers at Heinz Field. The Browns were competitive throughout the game due to the Steelers, who had been effectively locked into the #2 seed in the playoffs, resting most of their starters. The Steelers took an early lead in the",
"title": "2017 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "19820295",
"text": "on March 14, 2018 following the season. The season saw the Browns play in London for the first time in franchise history, where they lost to the Minnesota Vikings 33–16 on October 29. On January 7, the Browns fired defensive coordinator Ray Horton. A day later, they hired Gregg Williams as his replacement. Williams had previously served as the defensive coordinator for the Los Angeles Rams. On January 9, associate head coach Pep Hamilton left the Browns to become assistant head coach at the University of Michigan. Hamilton was also the Browns' quarterbacks coach. On January 10, the Browns fired",
"title": "2017 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "19820332",
"text": "the Steelers on downs and sealing the Browns' fate. With the loss, the Browns became the second team in NFL history to finish 0-16 after the 2008 Detroit Lions. Hue Jackson's career record with the Browns fell to 1-31, the worst 32-game record since the league adapted a 16-game schedule in 1978. The Browns tied their franchise record of 17 straight losses. It also was their 21st consecutive road loss, 17th consecutive loss against a divisional opponent, and 14th consecutive loss in Pittsburgh. The Browns lost 50 of 55 games between Week 10 of the 2014 season and the end",
"title": "2017 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "9864789",
"text": "season. Collins was named the game's MVP. This would be the last time that any professional sports team from Cleveland would win a league title until 2016, when the NBA's Cleveland Cavaliers won the 2016 NBA Finals. To date, this remains the last time that the Browns have won the NFL title. The following year was a strong one as Jim Brown gritted out another league-leading rushing season. The Browns ended with an 11–3 record and comfortably won the eastern division. That set up a second straight appearance in the NFL Championship game against the Packers on a slippery, mucky",
"title": "History of the Cleveland Browns"
},
{
"id": "9864882",
"text": "as Vice President of Player Personnel (two months later he was officially given the title of general manager), making him Tom Heckert's replacement. The Browns would finish with a 4-12 record in the 2013 season, last in the AFC North Division, including losing their last seven games. Following the 2013 season finale on December 29, 2013, the Browns fired Chudzinski after only one year as head coach. In January 2016, the Browns made headlines when after firing Farmer and Pettine, promoted general counsel Sashi Brown to executive vice president of football operations, and hired longtime baseball executive Paul DePodesta as",
"title": "History of the Cleveland Browns"
},
{
"id": "10057827",
"text": "28–7 lead, and the defense withstood a Warren Moon comeback. Until 2011, Cleveland's .500 winning percentage held the record for the lowest such percentage for a division winning playoff team in a non-strike season; the record was tied by the 2008 San Diego Chargers, then broken by the 2010 Seattle Seahawks. (Incidentally, in 1985 and 2008, teams with 11–5 records – Denver in 1985, New England in 2008—missed the playoffs.) 1985 Cleveland Browns season The 1985 Cleveland Browns season was the team's 36th season with the National Football League. In Marty Schottenheimer's first full year as head coach, the Browns",
"title": "1985 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "10058091",
"text": "regular season. The Browns top draft choice that year, future Hall of Fame TE Ozzie Newsome, fresh off of a NCAA National Championship with Paul \"Bear\" Bryant's Alabama Crimson Tide team, had a solid rookie season, snaring 38 passes for 589 yards and two touchdowns. The following were selected in the 1978 NFL draft. 1978 Cleveland Browns season The 1978 Cleveland Browns season was the team's 29th season with the National Football League (NFL). After nearly three years of struggling offensively – and not making the playoffs—while posting just one winning record under ultra-strict, disciplinarian head coach Forrest Gregg, the",
"title": "1978 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "20474871",
"text": "first alternate, RB Nick Chubb and P Britton Colquitt second alternates, WR Jarvis Landry a third alternate, and QB Baker Mayfield and G Kevin Zeitler were named fourth alternates at their respective positions. 2018 Cleveland Browns season The 2018 season is the Cleveland Browns' 70th season as a professional sports franchise, their 66th season as a member of the NFL, and their first full season under general manager John Dorsey. It was their third and final season under head coach Hue Jackson. The Browns improved upon their 2017 campaign in which they went a franchise worst 0–16. They will also",
"title": "2018 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "10057884",
"text": "since the introduction of overtime in regular season games in 1974 The Browns would not record another tie until Week 1 of the 2018 season. With the AFC Central title and a wild-card berth at stake, The Browns blow a 17-point lead before bouncing back to defeat the Oilers, 24-20 at the Astrodome. The Browns march 58 yards with no timeouts and Kevin Mack scores on a 4-yard touchdown run with 39 seconds left to save the day. As of December 2018, the 1989 season marks the last time that the Browns have won a division title. The 26 season",
"title": "1989 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "10802261",
"text": "unprecedented 147-season championship drought, having not won a title since the Browns defeated the Baltimore Colts in the 1964 NFL Championship Game two seasons prior to the first Super Bowl. Cleveland's 52-year championship drought finally ended when the Cavaliers beat the Golden State Warriors in Game 7 of the 2016 NBA Finals, an event widely interpreted as having broken the curse. Much of the discussion of the \"curse\" is centered on the NFL's Cleveland Browns, who have not won a championship since 1964 and have suffered a series of questionable coaching decisions, disappointing losses and draft busts. Prior to Art",
"title": "Cleveland sports curse"
},
{
"id": "20474846",
"text": "a 21–21 tie. This was the Browns' first tie since 1989, and it ended a 17-game losing streak which dated back to the 2016 season. On September 20, the Browns defeated the New York Jets 21–17, ending a 19-game winless streak. On October 29, Jackson was fired after posting a record of 2–5–1 through Week 8 and an overall record of 3–36–1 during his two and a half seasons in Cleveland. Offensive coordinator Todd Haley, who was in his first season with the Browns, was fired the same day. Defensive coordinator Gregg Williams was named interim head coach. Since the",
"title": "2018 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "10057828",
"text": "1986 Cleveland Browns season The 1986 Cleveland Browns season was the team’s 37th season with the National Football League. The death of Don Rogers, a promising young defensive back who was preparing to enter his third season in the NFL, cast a black cloud over the team as it prepared for the 1986 season. Cleveland won their first postseason game since 1969, and for the first time in franchise history, the Browns reached the AFC Championship Game, where they would eventually fall to the Denver Broncos, in the game famous for “The Drive.” It would be the first of three",
"title": "1986 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "9864808",
"text": "games followed, including one against Green Bay on October 19 in which the team won on a touchdown to receiver Dave Logan on the last play of the game. After a close win over the Steelers and a victory over the Bears in which Sipe broke Otto Graham's club record for career passing yards, the Browns met the Colts and eked out a 28–27 win. The team ended with an 11–5 record. That was good for first place in the AFC Central and a trip to the postseason for the first time since 1972. The Browns began their playoff run",
"title": "History of the Cleveland Browns"
},
{
"id": "18833852",
"text": "championship drought dating back to the 1964 NFL title won by the Cleveland Browns. The Cavaliers started the season strong and rose to the top of the Eastern Conference. However, despite having the best record in their conference, the team fired head coach David Blatt on January 22, 2016. Assistant coach Tyronn Lue took over for the remainder of the season. The Cavaliers finished the regular season with a 57–25 record and obtained the number one seed in the Eastern Conference for the first time since 2010. In the first two rounds of the 2016 NBA playoffs, the Cavaliers swept",
"title": "2015–16 Cleveland Cavaliers season"
},
{
"id": "18414270",
"text": "2015 Cleveland Browns season The 2015 Cleveland Browns season was the franchise's 67th season as a professional sports franchise and its 63rd as a member of the National Football League. The team failed to improve upon their 7–9 record from the previous season. It was the second and final season under the head coach/general manager tandem of Mike Pettine and Ray Farmer as both were fired January 3, 2016 following a 3–13 season, tied for the worst record in the league with the Tennessee Titans. The team finished in 4th place in the AFC North for a fifth consecutive season.",
"title": "2015 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "9864861",
"text": "to contention in 2007. After opening with a 34–7 loss to the Steelers, the Browns traded Frye to the Seahawks and put Anderson in as the starter. In his first start, Anderson led the Browns to a surprise 51–45 win over the Cincinnati Bengals, throwing five touchdown passes and tying the franchise record. More success followed, and the Browns finished the regular season with a 10–6 record, the team's best mark since finishing 11–5 in 1994. While the Browns tied with the Steelers for first place in the AFC North, the team missed the playoffs because of two tie-breaking losses",
"title": "History of the Cleveland Browns"
},
{
"id": "20474867",
"text": "quarterback Jeff Driskel, who filled in for an injured Dalton, but the Browns held on for the win. With the win, the Browns improved to 4–6–1. The Browns won consecutive games for the first time since 2014, snapped a 7-game losing streak to the Bengals, and ended their 25-game losing streak in away games, one short of tying the 2007–10 Detroit Lions record of 26 straight away losses. This win also assured the Browns will not be swept by any of their division opponents in a season for the first time since returning to the NFL in 1999. Mayfield was",
"title": "2018 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "9864875",
"text": "the Browns would lose their final five games to finish the 2014 season at 7-9, last in the AFC North. In February 2015, the team made headlines when two high-profile players were in the news due to substance abuse issues. On Monday February 2, it was announced quarterback Johnny Manziel had checked himself into a treatment center, reportedly for alcoholism. The following day, wide receiver Josh Gordon was suspended for the 2015 season due to failing a drug test. On February 28, it was revealed that former Tampa Bay Buccaneers quarterback Josh McCown had signed a three-year deal with the",
"title": "History of the Cleveland Browns"
},
{
"id": "79338",
"text": "Browns came to be called the \"Kardiac Kids\". Under Sipe, however, the Browns did not make it past the first round of the playoffs. Quarterback Bernie Kosar, who the Browns drafted in 1985, led the team to three AFC Championship games in the late 1980s but lost each time to the Denver Broncos. In 1995, Modell announced he was relocating the Browns to Baltimore, sowing a mix of outrage and bitterness among Cleveland's dedicated fan base. Negotiations and legal battles led to an agreement where Modell was allowed to move the team, but Cleveland kept the Browns' name, colors and",
"title": "Cleveland Browns"
},
{
"id": "10057829",
"text": "AFC Championship games that the Browns would reach in four seasons, all losses to Denver. It remains the best post-merger Browns season as of 2017. The 1986 Browns finished 12–4 to not only win the division again, but also set a franchise record for regular-season victories in the NFL in addition to securing home-field advantage throughout the AFC playoffs. In one of the most pulsating games in club history, the Browns edged the New York Jets 23–20 in double-overtime in the divisional playoffs. Then, in maybe the most disappointing contest in team annals, the Browns lost to the Denver Broncos",
"title": "1986 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "17736781",
"text": "fourth, and QB Joe Flacco led Baltimore to 17 straight unanswered points, including a pair of passing TD's to Kamar Aiken and Torrey Smith, for the Ravens’ 20-10 win. By virtue of the San Diego Chargers’ loss to the Kansas City Chiefs, the Ravens became the third team in the AFC North to earn a playoff spot. The Browns fell short of doubling their win total from the previous season, ending with a five-game losing streak, and ranking 12th in the Conference (see below.) The Browns also extended their losing streak in December games to 12. Secondary and coverage unit",
"title": "2014 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "10057931",
"text": "1971 Cleveland Browns season The 1971 Cleveland Browns season was the team's 22nd season with the National Football League. After missing the playoffs the previous year, the Browns got off to a good start at 4–1 only to stumble losing 4 straight to fall to 4–5. However, the Browns would rebound to win the final 5 games of the season for the AFC Central Division title. Just as the 1967 Browns returned to the playoffs following a one-year absence, so, too, did the '71 club, which was in its first season under new head coach Nick Skorich after Blanton Collier's",
"title": "1971 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "19820317",
"text": "31-24 and then found Golden Tate on a 40-yard pass to make the final score 38-24. With the loss, the Browns fell to 0–9, clinching a losing record for the 10th consecutive season, extending their franchise record drought. The San Francisco 49ers' win over the New York Giants later that day left the Browns as the only winless team in the NFL through 10 weeks of the season. The Browns returned home after a tough road loss to take on the Jaguars. The Jags scored first in the first quarter when Blake Bortles found Marcedes Lewis on a 10-yard pass",
"title": "2017 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "17736755",
"text": "in a season for the first time since 2010, snapped a 5-game road losing streak to the Bengals and a 17-game road losing streak to division foes (both of which began in 2008). The Browns’ 6–3 record is the franchise's best 9-game start since returning to the league in 1999, and their best start since the 1994 season when the Browns opened the season with a 7–2 record. With the convincing win on Thursday night in front of a national audience, and after a Steelers loss on Sunday, the Browns held sole possession of first place in the AFC North,",
"title": "2014 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "15190105",
"text": "the Browns fell to 4–8. With the loss, the Browns dropped to 4–9. And as a result they officially clinched 4th-place in the AFC North. With the loss, the Browns fell to 4–10 and finished 1–3 against NFC Opponents. With their 8th straight loss to the Ravens, the Browns fell to 4–11. With the loss, the Browns finished the season 4–12 and last place in the AFC North. 2011 Cleveland Browns season The 2011 Cleveland Browns season was the team's 63rd season as a professional sports franchise and its 59th season as a member of the National Football League (NFL).",
"title": "2011 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "16177464",
"text": "a 93-yard punt return by Travis Benjamin (the longest punt return for a touchdown in franchise history), the Browns defeated the Kansas City Chiefs 30–7 for their first three-game win streak since 2009, improving their current season to 5–8 and 3–0 against the AFC West. With losses by the Bengals and Steelers (both 7–6), the Browns still remain in playoff contention moving up to only two games behind their two longest rivals. This remained the Browns' only December victory until a 24–10 win over the San Francisco 49ers in 2015. With the loss, the Browns fell to 5–9 and were",
"title": "2012 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "9864794",
"text": "a 32-year-old Ryan was benched in favor of Bill Nelsen, the Browns finished with a 10–4 record but lost to the Colts in the playoffs. Another playoff loss ended the Browns' season in 1969, this time to the Minnesota Vikings. After the American Football League's merger with the NFL was finalized in early 1970, the Browns, Pittsburgh Steelers and Baltimore Colts moved to the new American Football Conference along with the 10 teams of the former AFL. The Browns were slotted in the AFC Central in the 26-team league, alongside the Steelers, the Houston Oilers and the Cincinnati Bengals, a",
"title": "History of the Cleveland Browns"
},
{
"id": "10057678",
"text": "tax dollars to refurbish the outmoded and declining Cleveland Municipal Stadium. Modell's plan was later scrapped and taxpayers ultimately paid close to $300 million to demolish the old stadium and construct a new stadium for the 1999 Expansion Browns on the site of Municipal Stadium. 1995 Cleveland Browns season The 1995 Cleveland Browns season was the team's 50th season overall and 46th in the National Football League. After finishing 11–5 in 1994 under head coach Bill Belichick and winning a playoff game for the first time since 1989, the Browns were favored by many to reach Cleveland's first ever Super",
"title": "1995 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "17736774",
"text": "With the loss, the Browns dropped their third consecutive game as they fell to 7–7 on the season (4–4 at home), remained in 4th place in the AFC North, and were mathematically eliminated from AFC North title contention. The Browns have now gone 22 consecutive seasons without a division title, the longest active drought in the league. After a 6–3 start, they went 1–4 in their last five games, including an 0–3 record in their last three home games. It was the fourth time in five games that the offense failed to score more than 10 points. On Saturday, December",
"title": "2014 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "9864830",
"text": "the clock. The victory set up the third AFC championship matchup in four years between the Browns and Broncos. The Broncos led from start to finish, and a long Elway touchdown pass to Sammy Winder put the game way in the fourth quarter. Denver won 37–21. The defeat in Mile High Stadium proved to be the last of Cleveland's streak of playoff appearances in the mid- to late-1980s. Kosar played through numerous injuries in 1989, including bruising on his right arm and a bad knee. Strong defense had carried the Browns to the playoffs even when the offense faltered, but",
"title": "History of the Cleveland Browns"
},
{
"id": "10058398",
"text": "according to the conference rotation, and played the Chargers and Texans based on 2003 divisional positions. 2004 Cleveland Browns season The 2004 Cleveland Browns season was the team’s 56th season and 52nd with the National Football League. The Browns were looking to improve on their 5–11 record from 2003 and return to their 2002 playoff position; however, hindered by a tough schedule they regressed further and only won four games. On November 30, Butch Davis resigned as Head Coach and General Manager of the team. He was succeeded by offensive coordinator Terry Robiskie. Robiskie promoted tight end coach Rob Chudzinski",
"title": "2004 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "10057674",
"text": "1995 Cleveland Browns season The 1995 Cleveland Browns season was the team's 50th season overall and 46th in the National Football League. After finishing 11–5 in 1994 under head coach Bill Belichick and winning a playoff game for the first time since 1989, the Browns were favored by many to reach Cleveland's first ever Super Bowl. The Browns started by winning three of their first four games, but lost three straight in the middle of the season and finished the first half of the season at 4–4. The day after the Browns recorded their fifth loss, a 10–37 blowout to",
"title": "1995 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "16177465",
"text": "eliminated from the postseason contention. This loss clinched the team's fifth straight losing season and 12th in the 14 years since rejoining the NFL. The Browns were 4–4 in home games. With the loss, the Browns dropped to 5–10 on the season, and as a result they officially clinched fourth place in the AFC North for the second straight season since they still remained two games behind the third-placed Steelers (7–8), who got booted from the playoff race by the Bengals earlier that day. Next week the Browns look to win in Pittsburgh for the first time since 2003, and",
"title": "2012 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "20474849",
"text": "as special teams coordinator, Todd Haley as offensive coordinator, and Freddie Kitchens as running backs/assistant head coach. On February 8, the Browns hired Sam Shade as assistant special teams coach. On March 9, the Browns hired former return specialist Josh Cribbs as special teams intern. Trade notes The Browns added and released the following players during the 2018 off-season: <nowiki>*</nowiki> Browns claimed player off waivers after he signed as an undrafted free agent with another team and was waived. The Browns opened training camp on July 26. The Browns' training camp and preseason was featured on the HBO series \"Hard",
"title": "2018 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "10058204",
"text": "1956 Cleveland Browns season The 1956 Cleveland Browns season was the team's eleventh season, and seventh season with the National Football League. The 1956 season was the first in the franchise's existence that it missed the playoffs, and its first season with a losing record. The Browns lost seven games in 1956, after having lost a total of only 17 over the previous ten seasons combined. The post Otto Graham era begins with a 9-7 loss to the Cardinals in Chicago. Cleveland's only score comes on a 46-yard touchdown pass from George Ratterman to Ray Renfro in the first quarter.",
"title": "1956 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "10057824",
"text": "1985 Cleveland Browns season The 1985 Cleveland Browns season was the team's 36th season with the National Football League. In Marty Schottenheimer's first full year as head coach, the Browns bounced back from a horrible 5–11 season in 1984 to make the playoffs, despite a .500 season. Rookie quarterback Bernie Kosar led the Browns' offense; Ozzie Newsome's 62 receptions earned him a trip to the Pro Bowl; Earnest Byner and Kevin Mack each rushed for over 1,000 yards. In the Divisional Playoffs, the Browns led the Miami Dolphins 21–3 in the third quarter, but in a scene that would be",
"title": "1985 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "12844991",
"text": "2009 Cleveland Browns season The 2009 Cleveland Browns season was the team's 61st season as a professional sports franchise and its 57th season as a member of the National Football League (NFL). The team placed fourth in the AFC North with a record of 5–11, improving upon its 2008 record of 4–12. This season marked George Kokinis and Eric Mangini's first seasons as the team's general manager and head coach, respectively; however, Kokinis was fired on November 2 during the team's Week 9 bye week. The Browns played all of their home games at Cleveland Browns Stadium in Cleveland, Ohio.",
"title": "2009 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "19122808",
"text": "team in NFL history, but the first since the 2009 Rams, to finish 1–15. They failed to win a division game for the first time since the 2011 season and extended their losing streak within the division to 11 games. The Browns also failed to win a road game in a season for only the second time in franchise history and the first since the 1975 season. They also extended their road losing streak to 13 games and failed to win a road game against the Steelers for the 13th consecutive season. The Browns finished with the worst record in",
"title": "2016 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "14145020",
"text": "Hillis, who became the first white running back to rush for over 1,000 yards in a season in 25 years. With the loss, the Browns fell to 5–8 and were eliminated from playoff contention. This marks the eighth consecutive season in which the Browns failed to make the playoffs, a franchise record. First quarter Second quarter Fourth quarter Colt McCoy returned for the Cleveland Browns' week 15 Battle of Ohio against the Cincinnati Bengals. The Browns scored on their opening drive on a 20-yard pass from McCoy to Robert Royal. The Bengals answered with Cedric Benson's 18-yard run to tie",
"title": "2010 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "18414306",
"text": "for 230 yards and an interception, while his counterpart, Bengals QB Andy Dalton threw two touchdown passes to A. J. Green and Marvin Jones while running for a touchdown himself. With their seventh straight loss, the Browns dropped to 2-10 and became the first team in the league to be mathematically eliminated from playoff contention for the season. This marked the 13th straight year that the team missed the playoffs. It was also their 13th consecutive loss in the month of the December. The 34-point margin of defeat was the team's largest since Week 16 of the 2005 season, when",
"title": "2015 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "9864799",
"text": "Cleveland in playoff contention through most of the 1960s. Gene Hickerson, an anchor on the offensive line in the 1960s, retired at the end of the 1973 season. An aging Leroy Kelly left the same year to play in the short-lived World Football League. Offensive lineman Dick Schafrath, a six-time Pro Bowl selection, retired in 1971. Against that backdrop, the Browns finished the 1974 season with a 4–10 record, only the second losing season in the team's history. Phipps' woes persisted, and he shared playing time with rookie quarterback Brian Sipe, who Cleveland selected in the 13th round of the",
"title": "History of the Cleveland Browns"
},
{
"id": "12708269",
"text": "playoffs, and a 10–6 finish in 2007 while barely missing the playoffs. Meanwhile, the Ravens have been more successful, reaching the playoffs eight times since 2000 and winning Super Bowl XXXV and Super Bowl XLVII, often to the dismay of Browns fans. Longtime placekicker Matt Stover was the last remaining Ravens player that played for the Modell-owned Browns – he departed the Ravens following the 2008 season when the team chose not to re-sign him, finishing his career with the Indianapolis Colts. General manager and former Browns tight end Ozzie Newsome (who was in a front-office role under Modell in",
"title": "Cleveland Browns relocation controversy"
},
{
"id": "10057834",
"text": "the Browns in Three Rivers Stadium. After a week seven loss at home against the Green Bay Packers, the Browns won eight of their last nine regular season games to capture the AFC Central division title and finish the year with a franchise-record 12 wins (against 4 losses). The first round opponent for the Browns in the playoffs was the New York Jets. In a marathon game that lasted over four hours, the Browns won their first playoff game in 18 years, 23–20, on a 27-yard Mark Moseley field goal in double overtime. Eight days later, the Browns hosted the",
"title": "1986 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "10058092",
"text": "1979 Cleveland Browns season The 1979 Cleveland Browns season was the team's 30th season with the National Football League. In a season which could be titled \"The Birth of The Kardiac Kids\" the Browns, who finished 9–7, nearly made the playoffs while involved in a number of close games. They won their first three contests, all by three points, over the New York Jets in overtime 25–22, Kansas City Chiefs 27–24 and Baltimore Colts 13–10. They lost to the Washington Redskins by four points, 13–9, midway through the season, then beat the Cincinnati Bengals by one, 28–27, the following Sunday",
"title": "1979 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "10058396",
"text": "2004 Cleveland Browns season The 2004 Cleveland Browns season was the team’s 56th season and 52nd with the National Football League. The Browns were looking to improve on their 5–11 record from 2003 and return to their 2002 playoff position; however, hindered by a tough schedule they regressed further and only won four games. On November 30, Butch Davis resigned as Head Coach and General Manager of the team. He was succeeded by offensive coordinator Terry Robiskie. Robiskie promoted tight end coach Rob Chudzinski to offensive coordinator. Football statistics site \"Football Outsiders\" calculated that the 2004 Browns played the toughest",
"title": "2004 Cleveland Browns season"
},
{
"id": "74048",
"text": "pennant, making the World Series in the 1954, 1995, 1997, and 2016 seasons. Between 1995 and 2001, Progressive Field (then known as Jacobs Field) sold out 455 consecutive games, a Major League Baseball record until it was broken in 2008. Historically, the Browns have been among the winningest franchises in American football history winning eight titles during a short period of time—1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1954, 1955, and 1964. The Browns have never played in a Super Bowl, getting close five times by making it to the NFL/AFC Championship Game in 1968, 1969, 1986, , and . Former owner",
"title": "Cleveland"
},
{
"id": "7852592",
"text": "spent seven years with the Bengals. On January 13, 2016, Jackson was hired as head coach of the Cleveland Browns. On December 18, 2016, Jackson became the first NFL coach since Rod Marinelli in 2008 to start a season 0–14. Jackson got his first win with the Browns in a 20–17 victory over the San Diego Chargers on December 24, 2016. The Browns finished the season with a 1–15 record, finishing last in the NFL. The Browns finished the 2017 season without a single win, making the Browns the second team in league history to finish with a 0–16 record.",
"title": "Hue Jackson"
},
{
"id": "9864827",
"text": "Drive had a year before. The 1988 season was marred by injuries to the Browns' quarterbacks. Kosar was injured in the opener against Kansas City Chiefs and two backups were subsequently injured, leaving Don Strock, who the Browns signed as an emergency fill-in, to start before Kosar's return. Kosar came back but was hurt again at the end of the regular season. Despite the rotating cast of quarterbacks, Cleveland managed to finish with a 10–6 record and made the playoffs as a wild-card team. Cleveland met the Houston Oilers in the wild-card playoff round at home, but lost the game",
"title": "History of the Cleveland Browns"
}
] | when was the last year the cleveland browns made the playoffs |
[
"CERN"
] | [
{
"id": "12181409",
"text": "site was down for quite some time, as it was being shifted to a new server according to the site's admins. It is again up online as on date (Feb 3, 2016). However many old users are not aware about its status and may never return. Communities.com Communities.com is a non-commercial, advertisement-free, Internet social networking Website that started in 1996 and is considered the first social network website in the world. Also, it is one of the oldest social network websites still operating. Communities.com was originally funded by SoftBank, the Japanese investment bank, with an initial $120 million investment. By",
"title": "Communities.com"
},
{
"id": "457392",
"text": "social networking websites, websites providing real-time stock market data, as well as sites providing various other services. End users can access websites on a range of devices, including desktop and laptop computers, tablet computers, smartphones and smart TVs. The World Wide Web (WWW) was created in 1990 by the British CERN physicist Tim Berners-Lee. On 30 April 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to use for anyone. Before the introduction of HTML and HTTP, other protocols such as File Transfer Protocol and the gopher protocol were used to retrieve individual files from a server. These",
"title": "Website"
},
{
"id": "12181404",
"text": "Communities.com Communities.com is a non-commercial, advertisement-free, Internet social networking Website that started in 1996 and is considered the first social network website in the world. Also, it is one of the oldest social network websites still operating. Communities.com was originally funded by SoftBank, the Japanese investment bank, with an initial $120 million investment. By 2000, a total of approximately $200 million was invested and the company had over 200 employees. It is widely acknowledged as the first social network in the world. The site grew to over 5 million registered users and it is estimated Communities.com was the largest social",
"title": "Communities.com"
},
{
"id": "457407",
"text": "billion. This is due to the monthly fluctuations in the count of inactive websites. The number of websites continued growing to over 1 billion by March 2016, and has continued growing since. Website A website is a collection of related web pages, including multimedia content, typically identified with a common domain name, and published on at least one web server. Notable examples are wikipedia.org, google.com, and amazon.com. A website may be accessible via a public Internet Protocol (IP) network, such as the Internet, or a private local area network (LAN), by referencing a uniform resource locator (URL) that identifies the",
"title": "Website"
},
{
"id": "635596",
"text": "WebCrawler Search WebCrawler is a metasearch engine that combines the top search results from Google Search and Yahoo! Search. WebCrawler also provides users the option to search for images, audio, video, news, yellow pages and white pages. There is currently no safe search option. WebCrawler is a registered trademark of InfoSpace, Inc. It went live on April 20, 1994, and was created by Brian Pinkerton at the University of Washington. WebCrawler was the first Web search engine to provide full text search, and is the oldest surviving search engine today. It was bought by America Online on June 1st, 1995,",
"title": "WebCrawler Search"
},
{
"id": "635599",
"text": "System1. WebCrawler Search WebCrawler is a metasearch engine that combines the top search results from Google Search and Yahoo! Search. WebCrawler also provides users the option to search for images, audio, video, news, yellow pages and white pages. There is currently no safe search option. WebCrawler is a registered trademark of InfoSpace, Inc. It went live on April 20, 1994, and was created by Brian Pinkerton at the University of Washington. WebCrawler was the first Web search engine to provide full text search, and is the oldest surviving search engine today. It was bought by America Online on June 1st,",
"title": "WebCrawler Search"
},
{
"id": "13804071",
"text": "Yahoo! Kids Yahoo! Kids (known as Yahoo!きっず in Japan) is a public web portal provided by Yahoo! Japan to find age appropriate online content for children between the ages of four and twelve. This site was formerly available in English via Yahoo!, where it was known as Yahooligans! until December 2006, and in Korean via Yahoo! Korea. The website is used for both educational and entertainment purposes. It was established in March 1996 by Yahoo! to give children a venue to find appropriate, safe Internet content. Yahoo! Kids is the oldest online search directory for children. Yahoo! Kids and other",
"title": "Yahoo! Kids"
},
{
"id": "451760",
"text": "1994. It was founded at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Laboratory for Computer Science (MIT/LCS) with support from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), which had pioneered the Internet; a year later, a second site was founded at INRIA (a French national computer research lab) with support from the European Commission DG InfSo; and in 1996, a third continental site was created in Japan at Keio University. By the end of 1994, the total number of websites was still relatively small, but many notable websites were already active that foreshadowed or inspired today's most popular services. Connected by the",
"title": "World Wide Web"
},
{
"id": "12962981",
"text": "parent company. The website was launched by Infonautics in March 1998. Infonautics was acquired by Tucows in August 2001. In August 2002, Patrick Spain bought Encyclopedia.com and its sister website eLibrary from Tucows and incorporated them in a new company called Alacritude, LLC (a combination of Alacrity and Attitude). The business became known as Highbeam Research and was eventually sold to Gale. Encyclopedia.com Encyclopedia.com (also known as HighBeam Encyclopedia) is an online encyclopedia. It aggregates information from other published dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference works including pictures and videos. It received Codie awards in 2009 and 2010. The website is operated",
"title": "Encyclopedia.com"
},
{
"id": "1382911",
"text": "one, according to the ibiblio FAQ; the change in name was for a \"\"vendor-neutral name that expressed what our project has evolved into over the years\"\") and the name was changed to MetaLab. It collaborated with various sources, including academic institutions, corporations, and information technology entrepreneurs. Also in 1992, sunsite.unc.edu became one of the first web sites on the internet. Today, it is still the host for a copy of the oldest web page known in history. In September 2000, MetaLab began to collaborate with the Center for the Public Domain; the name was changed to ibiblio to reflect the",
"title": "Ibiblio"
},
{
"id": "7230744",
"text": "would navigate either by bookmarking popular directory pages, such as Berners-Lee's first site at <nowiki>http://info.cern.ch/</nowiki>, or by consulting updated lists such as the NCSA \"What's New\" page. Some sites were also indexed by WAIS, enabling users to submit full-text searches similar to the capability later provided by search engines. By the end of 1994, the total number of websites was still minute compared to present figures, but quite a number of notable websites were already active, many of which are the precursors or inspiring examples of today's most popular services. Initially, a web browser was available only for the NeXT",
"title": "History of the World Wide Web"
},
{
"id": "1575728",
"text": "WorldWideWeb WorldWideWeb (later renamed to Nexus to avoid confusion between the software and the World Wide Web) was the first web browser and editor. It was discontinued in 1994. At the time it was written, it was the sole web browser in existence, as well as the first WYSIWYG HTML editor. The source code was released into the public domain on April 30, 1993. Some of the code still resides on Tim Berners-Lee's NeXT Computer in the CERN museum and has not been recovered due to the computer's status as a historical artifact. To coincide with the 20th anniversary of",
"title": "WorldWideWeb"
},
{
"id": "16662419",
"text": "Kabir Akhtar Kabir Akhtar (born January 11, 1975) is an American television director and editor, who won an Emmy Award in 2016. Akhtar is also the creator of The Tool Page , the oldest website about the band Tool. He ran the website (also known as \"toolshed\") from 1994 to 2016; it predated many popular sites, including mainstays Google, YouTube, and Yahoo!. Akhtar was an early innovator on the web, and gained some notoriety for being the source of several April Fools' Day pranks. Akhtar's credits include work for \"Arrested Development\", \"New Girl\", \"Crazy Ex-Girlfriend\", \"Behind the Music\", and the",
"title": "Kabir Akhtar"
},
{
"id": "2734590",
"text": "website TalkCity with Chris Christensen and Jenna Woodul. Scott Converse became a senior executive at Paramount Pictures Digital Entertainment Division. James Isaacs joined Danger Inc. (acquired by Microsoft in 2008). Richard Gingras and Jonathan Rosenberg joined the newly formed broadband access venture @Home Network. As of September 2018, 22 years after discontinuation, access to eWorld.com website will still automatically redirect to apple.com homepage. EWorld eWorld was an online service operated by Apple Inc. between June 1994 and March 1996. The services included email (eMail Center), news, software installs and a bulletin board system (Community Center). Users of eWorld were often",
"title": "EWorld"
},
{
"id": "457389",
"text": "Website A website is a collection of related web pages, including multimedia content, typically identified with a common domain name, and published on at least one web server. Notable examples are wikipedia.org, google.com, and amazon.com. A website may be accessible via a public Internet Protocol (IP) network, such as the Internet, or a private local area network (LAN), by referencing a uniform resource locator (URL) that identifies the site. Websites can have many functions and can be used in various fashions; a website can be a personal website, a corporate website for a company, a government website, an organization website,",
"title": "Website"
},
{
"id": "17933583",
"text": "Single-serving site A single-serving site (SSS) is a website composed of a single page with a dedicated domain name and which serves only one purpose. The term was originally coined by Jason Kottke in February 2008, although single-serving sites have existed since the dawn of the internet. The origins of single-serving sites trace back to the creation of the World Wide Web. The oldest known single serving site is Purple.com, which was launched in 1994. This website contains no links and its only content is a purple-colored background. In August 1995, wwwdotcom.com was launched, the first of several sites dubbed",
"title": "Single-serving site"
},
{
"id": "1567009",
"text": "were electrical engineering graduate students at Stanford University, when they created a website named \"Jerry and David's guide to the World Wide Web\". The site was a directory of other websites, organized in a hierarchy, as opposed to a searchable index of pages. In March 1994, \"Jerry and David's Guide to the World Wide Web\" was renamed \"Yahoo!\". The human-edited Yahoo! Directory, provided for users to surf through the Internet, became their first product and the company's original purpose. The \"yahoo.com\" domain was created on January 18, 1995. The word \"yahoo\" is a backronym for \"Yet Another Hierarchically Organized Oracle\"",
"title": "Yahoo!"
},
{
"id": "8005229",
"text": "2017, Yahoo! CEO Marissa Mayer announces she will step down from Yahoo's board of directors if its sale to Verizon goes through. She also announced that when that deal closed Yahoo! will rename itself to Altaba. History of Yahoo! Yahoo! was started at Stanford University. It was founded in January 1994 by Jerry Yang and David Filo, who were Electrical Engineering graduate students when they created a website named \"Jerry and David's Guide to the World Wide Web\". The Guide was a directory of other websites, organized in a hierarchy, as opposed to a searchable index of pages. In April",
"title": "History of Yahoo!"
},
{
"id": "721076",
"text": "go by CNN. CNN launched its website, CNN.com (initially known as \"CNN Interactive\"), on August 30, 1995. The site attracted growing interest over its first decade and is now one of the most popular news websites in the world. The widespread growth of blogs, social media and user-generated content have influenced the site, and blogs in particular have focused CNN's previously scattershot online offerings, most noticeably in the development and launch of CNN Pipeline in late 2005. In April 2009, CNN.com ranked third place among online global news sites in unique users in the U.S., according to Nielsen/NetRatings; with an",
"title": "CNN"
},
{
"id": "173067",
"text": "the Internet. The first of these was the Archie search engine from McGill University in 1990, followed in 1991 by WAIS and Gopher. All three of those systems predated the invention of the World Wide Web but all continued to index the Web and the rest of the Internet for several years after the Web appeared. There are still Gopher servers as of 2006, although there are a great many more web servers. As the Web grew, search engines and Web directories were created to track pages on the Web and allow people to find things. The first full-text Web",
"title": "History of the Internet"
},
{
"id": "7750881",
"text": "Wikipedia Wikipedia (, ) is a multilingual, web-based, free encyclopedia based on a model of openly editable and viewable content, a wiki. It is the largest and most popular general reference work on the World Wide Web, and is one of the most popular websites by Alexa rank. It is owned and supported by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization that operates on money it receives from donors. Wikipedia was launched on January 15, 2001, by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger. Sanger coined its name, as a portmanteau of \"wiki\" and \"encyclo\"pedia\"\". Initially an English-language encyclopedia, versions in other languages",
"title": "Wikipedia"
},
{
"id": "1567008",
"text": "one of the most popular sites in the United States. According to third-party web analytics providers Alexa and SimilarWeb, Yahoo! was the most widely read news and media website – with over 7 billion views per month – ranking as the sixth-most-visited website globally in 2016. Once the most popular website in the U.S., Yahoo slowly declined, starting in the late 2000s, and in 2017 Verizon Communications acquired most of Yahoo's Internet business for $4.48 billion,<ref name=\"Yahoo!-Inc-Jun-2017-SC-TO-I/A\"></ref> excluding its stakes in Alibaba Group and Yahoo! Japan, which were transferred to Yahoo's successor company Altaba. In January 1994, Yang and Filo",
"title": "Yahoo!"
},
{
"id": "1567007",
"text": "Yahoo! Yahoo! is a web services provider headquartered in Sunnyvale, California and owned by Verizon Communications through Oath Inc. The original Yahoo! company was founded by Jerry Yang and David Filo in January 1994 and was incorporated on March 2, 1995. Yahoo was one of the pioneers of the early Internet era in the 1990s. It was globally known for its Web portal, search engine Yahoo! Search, and related services, including Yahoo! Directory, Yahoo! Mail, Yahoo! News, Yahoo! Finance, Yahoo! Groups, Yahoo! Answers, advertising, online mapping, video sharing, fantasy sports, and its social media website. At its height it was",
"title": "Yahoo!"
},
{
"id": "7751000",
"text": "the online wiki encyclopedias \"Scholarpedia\" and Citizendium. The latter was started by Sanger in an attempt to create a reliable alternative to Wikipedia. Wikipedia Wikipedia (, ) is a multilingual, web-based, free encyclopedia based on a model of openly editable and viewable content, a wiki. It is the largest and most popular general reference work on the World Wide Web, and is one of the most popular websites by Alexa rank. It is owned and supported by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization that operates on money it receives from donors. Wikipedia was launched on January 15, 2001, by Jimmy",
"title": "Wikipedia"
},
{
"id": "12199733",
"text": "in promoting the idea that one is never too old for the internet. Since Olive could not see well enough to type, Mike set up the blog for her and ran it for next two years with Eric's help, recording her stories, at first on audio and then later on video, to post over 100 YouTube items, all still visible today, as is her archive at \"mike.mikerubbo.com\". Olive Riley Olive Riley (20 October 1899 – 12 July 2008) was an Australian centenarian woman, from Woy Woy, New South Wales, believed for a time to have been the world's oldest online",
"title": "Olive Riley"
},
{
"id": "456603",
"text": "of the terms. Before blogging became popular, digital communities took many forms including Usenet, commercial online services such as GEnie, Byte Information Exchange (BIX) and the early CompuServe, e-mail lists, and Bulletin Board Systems (BBS). In the 1990s, Internet forum software created running conversations with \"threads\". Threads are topical connections between messages on a virtual \"corkboard\". From 14 June 1993, Mosaic Communications Corporation maintained their \"What’s New\" list of new websites, updated daily and archived monthly. The page was accessible by a special \"What's New\" button in the Mosaic web browser. The modern blog evolved from the online diary where",
"title": "Blog"
},
{
"id": "16351191",
"text": "Belo Horizonte and Recife, affiliates of Rede Globo, newspapers, magazines, radio stations and news agencies Agência Estado, Agence France Presse, Associated Press, EFE, The New York Times, Lusa and Reuters feed the news portal, which is updated 24 hours a day. The Portal stands out for its multimedia content, taking advantage of the internet's advantages over traditional means of communication. The G1 versions in English and Spanish were released on June 11, 2010 and have videos subtitled in two languages. The G1 also has the mobile version and applications for Android and iOS. G1 (website) G1.com is a Brazilian news",
"title": "G1 (website)"
},
{
"id": "181770",
"text": "even Bomis's Nupedia, which was Wikipedia's direct predecessor. In 2001, the license for Nupedia was changed to GFDL, and Wales and Sanger launched Wikipedia using the concept and technology of a wiki pioneered in 1995 by Ward Cunningham. Initially, Wikipedia was intended to complement Nupedia, an online encyclopedia project edited solely by experts, by providing additional draft articles and ideas for it. In practice, Wikipedia quickly overtook Nupedia, becoming a global project in multiple languages and inspiring a wide range of other online reference projects. According to Alexa Internet, as of 16 September 2018, Wikipedia is the world's fifth-most-popular website",
"title": "History of Wikipedia"
},
{
"id": "7230743",
"text": "primarily university-based scientific departments or physics laboratories such as Fermilab and SLAC. By January 1993 there were fifty Web servers across the world. In April 1993 CERN made the World Wide Web available on a royalty-free basis. By October 1993 there were over five hundred servers online. Two of the earliest webcomics started on the World Wide Web in 1993: \"Doctor Fun\" and \"NetBoy\". Early websites intermingled links for both the HTTP web protocol and the then-popular Gopher protocol, which provided access to content through hypertext menus presented as a file system rather than through HTML files. Early Web users",
"title": "History of the World Wide Web"
},
{
"id": "7230739",
"text": "in Building 31 (second floor) at CERN (), but also at his two homes, one in France, one in Switzerland. In January 1991 the first Web servers outside CERN itself were switched on. The first web page may be lost, but Paul Jones of UNC-Chapel Hill in North Carolina revealed in May 2013 that he has a copy of a page sent to him in 1991 by Berners-Lee which is the oldest known web page. Jones stored the plain-text page, with hyperlinks, on a floppy disk and on his NeXT computer. CERN put the oldest known web page back online",
"title": "History of the World Wide Web"
},
{
"id": "17739723",
"text": "Forever (website) Forever.com is a digital archive and internet storage startup company for photographs, documents, videos, and audio files. Founded in May 2012 by Glen Meakem, the company is headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Forever was founded in May 2012 by Glen Meakem and publicly launched in November 2013. 1,000 people became Forever members prior to its public launch on November 22, 2013. It is a digital archive and internet storage startup company for photographs, documents, videos, and audio files. In 1990, Meakem and his wife went on a summer road trip from their Boston home to the states of Delaware,",
"title": "Forever (website)"
},
{
"id": "5316699",
"text": "that was picked up and provided needed exposure to drive people to the web site. Monster was the first public job search website on the Internet; first public resume database in the world and the first to have job search agents or job alerts. When TMP acquired Adion, the site was moved into BBN Planet's web hosting facility where it grew from three SPARCserver 1000s to become the centerpiece of the globally distributed network it is today. TMP went public in December 1996, with its shares traded on NASDAQ under the ticker symbol “TMPW”. In 1998, TMP acquisitions expanded the",
"title": "Monster.com"
},
{
"id": "12471787",
"text": "World Wide Web Foundation The World Wide Web Foundation (also known as the Web Foundation) is an international non-profit organisation advocating for a free and open web for everyone. The organisation was founded by Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the World Wide Web. Announced in September 2008 in Washington, D.C., the Web Foundation launched operations in November 2009 at the Internet Governance Forum (IGF). It is focused on increasing global access to the World Wide Web, while ensuring the web is a safe and empowering tool that people can use freely and fully to improve their lives. One of its",
"title": "World Wide Web Foundation"
},
{
"id": "6952368",
"text": "utilities still offered. Additional user services include Usenet feed, personal web space, mailing lists, and email aliases. As of 2012, there were approximately 1750 active users. More recent features include domain name hosting and complete website hosting. The World offers a community Usenet hierarchy, wstd.*, which is accessible only to users of The World. There are over 60 newsgroups in this hierarchy. The World users may send each other Memos (password protected messaging) and access a list of all personal customer websites. Much of The World's website and associated functionality was designed and built by James \"Kibo\" Parry. The World",
"title": "The World (Internet service provider)"
},
{
"id": "20058544",
"text": "Everipedia Everipedia () is a wiki-based online encyclopedia. Founded in December 2014, the site was launched in January 2015 as a fork of Wikipedia. It is owned by Everipedia, Inc., a for-profit company headquartered in Westwood, Los Angeles, California. , the majority of Everipedia pages are copies of Wikipedia articles. The site's name is a portmanteau of the words \"everything\" and \"encyclopedia\". Everipedia aims to build the most accessible online encyclopedia, and not be as restrictive as Wikipedia. Everipedia adapted social media elements such as letting celebrities communicate with fans, and allows users to create pages on any topic as",
"title": "Everipedia"
},
{
"id": "3421230",
"text": "\"Heise News Ticker\", which ranks among the most successful German language news portals which includes a frequented user forum. The company also owns \"Heise Online\" (codice_2), which, as of December 2009, is a top 1000 website in the world, and a top 50 site in Germany according to Alexa traffic rankings. In the UK, Heise had a subsidiary \"Heise Media UK Ltd.\", which published The H (codice_1) with the following channels: \"The H\" was closed down in July 2013 for lack of a \"working business model\". Heinz Heise Heinz Heise is a publishing house based in Hanover, Germany. Its focus",
"title": "Heinz Heise"
},
{
"id": "8005192",
"text": "History of Yahoo! Yahoo! was started at Stanford University. It was founded in January 1994 by Jerry Yang and David Filo, who were Electrical Engineering graduate students when they created a website named \"Jerry and David's Guide to the World Wide Web\". The Guide was a directory of other websites, organized in a hierarchy, as opposed to a searchable index of pages. In April 1994, Jerry and David's Guide to the World Wide Web was renamed \"Yahoo!\". The word \"YAHOO\" is a backronym for \"Yet Another Hierarchically Organized Oracle\" or \"Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle.\" The yahoo.com domain was created",
"title": "History of Yahoo!"
},
{
"id": "12247020",
"text": "and terms such as \"FAQ\", \"flame\", and \"spam\". Usenet was conceived in 1979 and publicly established in 1980, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Duke University, over a decade before the World Wide Web went online and the general public received access to the Internet, making it one of the oldest computer network communications systems still in widespread use. It was originally built on the \"poor man's ARPANET\", employing UUCP as its transport protocol to offer mail and file transfers, as well as announcements through the newly developed news software such as A News. The name",
"title": "Usenet"
},
{
"id": "13724789",
"text": "CBC.ca CBC.ca is the English-language online service of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. It was introduced in 1996. Under its previous names, the CBC's online service first went live in 1993. The Web-based service of the CBC is one of Canada's most visited web sites. It currently contains over one million pages of information. CBC also runs the French-language website Ici.Radio-Canada.ca. In 1993, CBC launched an experimental web service, followed by a small site supporting CBC Radio and a site supporting the CBC Halifax TV program \"Street Cents\". By 1995, the CBC had consolidated its English radio and TV sites into",
"title": "CBC.ca"
},
{
"id": "13724795",
"text": "the \"service journalism\" category for ADR Database, a project from the CBC News investigative unit. CBC.ca was also a finalist in the \"online commentary\" category for \"\", a series of columns about the English language. In 2007, CBCNews.ca won the 2006 RTNDA award for best overall use of new media in Canada. CBC.ca CBC.ca is the English-language online service of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. It was introduced in 1996. Under its previous names, the CBC's online service first went live in 1993. The Web-based service of the CBC is one of Canada's most visited web sites. It currently contains over",
"title": "CBC.ca"
},
{
"id": "19531586",
"text": "Yatchy Yatchy is an online social networking service headquartered in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India. Its website was launched on July 15, 2015 by Akshat Jain with his college friend and fellow student Diptesh Pandey. The founders had initially limited the website's membership to their friends, relatives and neighbors, but later allowed public to access it. Since 2016, anyone in general aged 12 and older has been allowed to become a registered user of the website, though variations exist in the minimum age requirement, depending on applicable local laws. Its name comes from the yacht, meaning a boat or small ship,",
"title": "Yatchy"
},
{
"id": "3601494",
"text": "news website CNN.com (initially an experiment known as \"CNN Interactive\") on August 30, 1995. The site attracted growing interest over its first decade and is now one of the most popular news websites in the world. The widespread growth of blogs, social media and user-generated content have influenced the site, and blogs in particular have focused CNN's previously scattershot online offerings, most noticeably in the development and launch of CNN Pipeline in late 2005. In April 2009, CNN.com ranked third place among online global news sites in unique users in the U.S. according to Nielsen/NetRatings; with an increase of 11%",
"title": "CNN International"
},
{
"id": "1590656",
"text": "locate Western Union locations, track transfers, and to purchase Western Union \"NetSpend\" gift cards. The website also attempts to spread fraud awareness using videos, articles, and quizzes to do so. As of September 2017, the domain \"westernunion.com\" ranks globally as the 4,319 most visited website, according to Alexa Internet. As the Internet became an arena for commerce at the turn of the millennium, Western Union started its online services. BidPay was renamed \"Western Union Auction Payments\" in 2004 before being renamed back to BidPay. BidPay ceased operations on December 31, 2005, and was purchased for US$1.8 million in March 2006",
"title": "Western Union"
},
{
"id": "10036695",
"text": "Tribune in 1989. \"Computer Gaming World\" in September 1992 broke the news of Electronic Arts' acquisition of Origin Systems on Prodigy, before its next issue went to press. Online news websites began to proliferate in the 1990s. An early adopter was \"The News & Observer\" in Raleigh, North Carolina which offered online news as Nando. Steve Yelvington wrote on the Poynter Institute website about Nando, owned by The N&O, by saying \"Nando evolved into the first serious, professional news site on the World Wide Web\". It originated in the early 1990s as \"NandO Land\". It is believed that a major",
"title": "Digital journalism"
},
{
"id": "457393",
"text": "protocols offer a simple directory structure which the user navigates and where they choose files to download. Documents were most often presented as plain text files without formatting, or were encoded in word processor formats. Websites have many functions and can be used in various fashions; a website can be a personal website, a commercial website, a government website or a non-profit organization website. Websites can be the work of an individual, a business or other organization, and are typically dedicated to a particular topic or purpose. Any website can contain a hyperlink to any other website, so the distinction",
"title": "Website"
},
{
"id": "1505504",
"text": "L. Parker (1901–1905), David Williamson (1914–1951), G. B. Newman (1955–1977), Mary Jenkins (1978–1986), P.J. Failes (1987), and Michael and Caroline Fluskey (1991). The majority of content appearing in the \"Daily Mail\" and \"Mail on Sunday\" printed newspapers also forms part of that included in the \"MailOnline\" website. \"MailOnline\" is free to read and funded by advertising. In 2011 \"MailOnline\" was the second most visited English-language newspaper website worldwide. It has since then become the most visited newspaper website in the world, with over 189.5 million visitors per month, and 11.7 million visitors daily, as of January 2014. Thailand's military junta",
"title": "Daily Mail"
},
{
"id": "6176899",
"text": "WebMuseum The WebMuseum, formerly known as the WebLouvre, was founded by Nicolas Pioch in France in 1994, while still a student. It is one of the earliest examples of a virtual museum. The site won the 1994 \"Best of the Web\" award for the \"Best Use of Multiple Media\". When the actual Louvre became aware of the original WebLouvre's existence, it was forced to change its name to the WebMuseum. However, many mirror sites were established throughout the world (including websites located in Brazil, Hungary, Japan, Mexico, Norway, Poland, Russia, UK and the United States), making it impossible to eradicate",
"title": "WebMuseum"
},
{
"id": "19758380",
"text": "Goal (website) Goal is an international association football news website founded in 2004 by Chicco Merighi and Gianluigi Longinotti-Buitoni. It is currently owned by Perform Group. Goal is the largest online football publication in the world, and the 2nd largest online sports publication in the world (behind ESPN only). Goal represents one of the largest football communities in the world with 19 language versions covering more than 50 countries. The website provides users with live scores and the latest news from football clubs through its interactive web site and community forums. Goal is published in 19 languages, with 38 national",
"title": "Goal (website)"
},
{
"id": "1567034",
"text": "web hosting service founded in 1995 and was one of the first services to offer web pages to the public. At one point it was the third-most-browsed site on the World Wide Web. Yahoo purchased GeoCities in 1999 and ten years later the web host was closed, deleting some seven million web pages. A great deal of information was lost but many of those sites and pages were mirrored at the Internet Archive, OOcities.com, and other such databases. Yahoo Go, a Java-based phone application with access to most of Yahoo services, was closed on January 12, 2010. Yahoo 360° was",
"title": "Yahoo!"
},
{
"id": "12057717",
"text": "popularity by Alexa. Fotki was founded in 1997 by Dmitri Don (current President) and Katrin Lilleoks (his wife) to store and share digital photos and to communicate with friends and relatives around the world. In 2001, the commercial version was launched. Since 2003, Fotki is a registered trade mark in the USA. In June, 2007, Fotki.com was recognized by CNET as one of the best Web 2.0 applications. In June 2012 paid members with 5-year unlimited storage accounts received message that they have no longer have access to the original images unless paid extra fees. In August 2015, all free",
"title": "Fotki"
},
{
"id": "405671",
"text": "Despite this being an international organisation hosted by Switzerland, the office that Berners-Lee used was just across the border in France. The website was put online on 6 August 1991 for the first time: It provided an explanation of what the World Wide Web was, and how people could use a browser and set up a web server, as well as how to get started with your own website. In a list of 80 cultural moments that shaped the world, chosen by a panel of 25 eminent scientists, academics, writers, and world leaders, the invention of the World Wide Web",
"title": "Tim Berners-Lee"
},
{
"id": "3102094",
"text": "Aliweb ALIWEB (\"A\"rchie \"L\"ike \"I\"ndexing for the \"WEB\") is considered the first Web search engine, as its predecessors were either built with different purposes (the Wanderer, Gopher) or were literally just indexers (Archie, Veronica and Jughead). First announced in November 1993 by developer Martijn Koster while working at Nexor, and presented in May 1994 at the First International Conference on the World Wide Web at CERN in Geneva, ALIWEB preceded WebCrawler by several months. ALIWEB allowed users to submit the locations of index files on their sites which enabled the search engine to include webpages and add user-written page descriptions",
"title": "Aliweb"
},
{
"id": "13804072",
"text": "less popular products were discontinued in English on April 30, 2013 and Korean earlier in the year, allowing the company to redirect its resources to mobile applications. Yahoo! Kids, originally known as Yahooligans!, was founded in March 1996 by Yahoo! to provide children with a venue to find appropriate, safe Internet content. The website was the oldest online search directory for children. The website's editors stated that Yahoo! Kids was \"cool, goofy, fascinating, fun, hysterical, philosophical, surprising, sedate, silly, seismic, popular, obscure, useful, and interesting\". In October 1999, \"The New York Times\" reporter Michelle Slatalla noted that Yahooligans! was a",
"title": "Yahoo! Kids"
},
{
"id": "4825352",
"text": "EHarmony eharmony is an online dating website. It was launched on August 22, 2000, and is based in Los Angeles, California. The company is privately held. Large investors include Sequoia Capital and Technology Cross Ventures. eharmony was founded by Dr. Neil Clark Warren, a clinical psychologist, with his son-in-law. Warren and his son-in-law created Neil Clark Warren & Associates, a seminar company, in 1995. That company eventually became the dating website eharmony. The service was financed with a $3 million investment from Fayez Sarofim & Co. and individual investors. eharmony was launched in 2000, making it the first algorithm-based dating",
"title": "EHarmony"
},
{
"id": "8014849",
"text": "and via YouTube, Twitch, Hulu, and Snapchat. Originally, IGN was the flagship website of IGN Entertainment, which owned and operated several other websites oriented towards players' interests, games, and entertainment, such as Rotten Tomatoes, GameSpy, \"GameStats\", \"VE3D\", TeamXbox, Vault Network, FilePlanet, and AskMen, among others. IGN was sold to publishing company Ziff Davis in February 2013 and now operates as a j2 Global subsidiary. Created in September 1996 as the Imagine Games Network, the IGN content network was founded by publishing executive Jonathan Simpson-Bint and began as five individual websites within Imagine Media: N64.com (later renamed ign64.com), PSXPower, Saturnworld, Next-Generation.com",
"title": "IGN"
},
{
"id": "5462850",
"text": "WikiHow wikiHow is an online wiki-style community consisting of an extensive database of how-to guides. Founded in 2005 by Internet entrepreneur Jack Herrick, the website aims to create the world's most helpful how-to instructions to enable everyone in the world to learn how to do anything. wikiHow is a hybrid organization, a for-profit company run for a social mission. wikiHow is an open source and open content project. The modified MediaWiki software is freely released and the content is released under a Creative Commons (BY-NC-SA) license. In February 2005, wikiHow had over 35.5 million unique visitors. In August 2017, wikiHow",
"title": "WikiHow"
},
{
"id": "15534609",
"text": "The Conversation (website) The Conversation is an independent, not-for-profit media outlet. Articles are authored by academics, edited by professional journalists and freely available online, and for republication through creative commons license. The Australian website launch in March 2011, and has expanded into editions in the United Kingdom (UK) in 2013, United States (US) in 2014, Africa in 2015, France in 2015, Canada in 2017, Indonesia in 2017, Spain in 2018. \"The Conversation\" publishes all content under a Creative Commons license and, as of May 2018, reports a monthly online audience of 10.7 million users onsite, and a reach of 35",
"title": "The Conversation (website)"
},
{
"id": "9127246",
"text": "Arnal and Franck Landais soon joined Sébastien Socchard to develop the service. Connection fees were initially 80 francs per hour, and then on November 11, 1994 they changed to 230 francs per month. World-NET's websites were worldnet.fr and worldnet.net. On September 15, 1994, for the first time in France, hundread of thousands of connection kits offering three hours of free Internet access were distributed in the computer magazines InfoPC and Le Monde Informatique (an IDG group publication). Millions of CDs were subsequently distributed in several French magazines. In October 1994, World-NET had to handle the influx of 1,000 new subscribers",
"title": "World-NET"
},
{
"id": "649821",
"text": "information from databases and even entertainment content. Portals provide a way for enterprises and organizations to provide a consistent \"look and feel\" with access control and procedures for multiple applications and databases, which otherwise would have been different web entities at various URLs. The features available may be restricted by whether access is by an authorized and authenticated user (employee, member) or an anonymous website visitor. Examples of early public web portals were AOL, Excite, Netvibes, iGoogle, MSN, Naver, Lycos, Prodigy, Indiatimes, Rediff, and Yahoo!. See for example, the \"My Yahoo!\" feature of Yahoo! that may have inspired such features",
"title": "Web portal"
},
{
"id": "19793584",
"text": "Putlocker Putlocker refers to an online index of hosted files and various websites used for streaming entertainment media, such as films and television series. The initial website originated in the United Kingdom as early as 2011, and grew to receive millions of daily visitors after the shutdown of Megaupload. In May 2016, the website was blocked in the UK by a High Court order, and at its peak prior to a temporary closure in late 2016, Alexa Internet listed Putlocker as ranking among the top 250 most-visited websites worldwide. Putlocker has been reported by the Motion Picture Association of America",
"title": "Putlocker"
},
{
"id": "4663515",
"text": "article the same day, according to \"The Daily Wire\". Yahoo! News Yahoo! News is a news website that originated as an internet-based news aggregator by Yahoo!. Articles originally came from news services such as the Associated Press, Reuters, Fox News, Al Jazeera, ABC News, \"USA Today\", CNN, BBC News, etc. In 2001, Yahoo! News launched the first \"most-emailed\" page on the web. It was well-received as an innovative idea, expanding people's understanding of the impact that online news sources have on news consumption. Yahoo allowed comments for news articles until December 19, 2006, when commentary was disabled. Comments were re-enabled",
"title": "Yahoo! News"
},
{
"id": "6567024",
"text": "AskMen AskMen is a free online men's web portal, with international versions in Australia, Canada, the Middle East, the United Kingdom and the United States. It is owned by Ziff Davis and operates through the IGN Entertainment unit. AskMen was founded in August 1999, created by Ricardo Poupada, Christopher Bellerose Rovny and Luís Rodrigues, all three graduates of Concordia University's John Molson School of Business in Montreal. The company secured $500,000 in venture capital in 2000 while its main competitor, TheMan.com, obtained $17 million in financing from Highland Capital. In November 2000, TheMan.com shut down operations, providing an opportunity for",
"title": "AskMen"
},
{
"id": "14034079",
"text": "currently lives in Columbia, Missouri, with his wife Kristine, a writer and teacher. In the mid 1980s, Morgan established \"TMR\" Online on a commercial site called The Source, making it the first magazine in the world to have an online site. Since the development of the Internet in the 1990s, \"TMR\" has regularly refurbished and updated its site. Beginning in 2010, approximately 15% of its subscribers receive their subscriptions via a web-based service called Texterity. It is also distributed to 2000 libraries worldwide through Project Muse at Johns Hopkins. In 2012, Morgan played a major role in the abortive closure",
"title": "Speer Morgan"
},
{
"id": "13068821",
"text": "2002. A major mission then was to take Time into the digital age, a project which has enjoyed increasing success. In 2007, digital traffic growth hit 72 percent; in 2008, despite an economic downturn, revenue for People.com rose 51 percent; and Time, Inc.’s US website has grown to be among the 20 largest online media properties. Daughter of Monty Sommovigo and Bea (maiden name unknown); married Donovan Moore (private wealth manager for Bessemer Trust); children: one. In 1991 Moore became the publisher of \"People \", a title appealing primarily to women, and two years later became the magazine's president. Moore",
"title": "Ann S. Moore"
},
{
"id": "7230747",
"text": "team at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC). The origins of Mosaic date to 1992. In November 1992, the NCSA at the University of Illinois (UIUC) established a website. In December 1992, Andreessen and Eric Bina, students attending UIUC and working at the NCSA, began work on Mosaic with funding from the High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiative, a US-federal research and development program. Andreessen and Bina released a Unix version of the browser in February 1993; Mac and Windows versions followed in August 1993. The browser gained popularity due to its",
"title": "History of the World Wide Web"
},
{
"id": "5462853",
"text": "the world. On September 21, 2007, the website's 25,000th article was published. In 2009, the website surpassed 20 million monthly visitors and completed a redesign. In 2014, Google selected wikiHow as one of the launch partners for Google Contributor, an ad-free internet product. It was announced on March 24, 2016 that wikiHow acquired Guidecentral, a website focused on providing information about \"hands on\" projects. The terms of the acquisition have not been released, although Guidecentral raised over $1 million from investors including NXTP Labs, Enterprise Ireland and South Ventures prior to the acquisition. wikiHow provides how-to content on the internet",
"title": "WikiHow"
},
{
"id": "8240873",
"text": "1980s and early 1990s. When the Internet proliferated in the mid-1990s, message forums migrated online, becoming Internet forums, primarily due to cheaper per-person access as well as the ability to handle far more people simultaneously than telco modem banks. GeoCities was one of the Internet's earliest social networking websites, appearing in November 1994, followed by Classmates in December 1995, Six Degrees in May 1997, Open Diary in October 1998, LiveJournal in April 1999, Ryze in October 2001, Friendster in March 2002, LinkedIn in May 2003, hi5 in June 2003, MySpace in August 2003, Orkut in January 2004, Facebook in February",
"title": "Social media"
},
{
"id": "12473856",
"text": "The BBC's first official online service was the BBC Networking Club, which was launched on 11 May 1994. The service was subsequently relaunched as BBC Online in 1997, before being renamed BBCi, then bbc.co.uk, before it was rebranded back as BBC Online. The website is funded by the Licence fee, but uses GeoIP technology, allowing advertisements to be carried on the site when viewed outside of the UK. The BBC claims the site to be \"Europe's most popular content-based site\" and states that 13.2 million people in the UK visit the site's more than two million pages each day. According",
"title": "BBC"
},
{
"id": "15534625",
"text": "Conversation.\" The Conversation (website) The Conversation is an independent, not-for-profit media outlet. Articles are authored by academics, edited by professional journalists and freely available online, and for republication through creative commons license. The Australian website launch in March 2011, and has expanded into editions in the United Kingdom (UK) in 2013, United States (US) in 2014, Africa in 2015, France in 2015, Canada in 2017, Indonesia in 2017, Spain in 2018. \"The Conversation\" publishes all content under a Creative Commons license and, as of May 2018, reports a monthly online audience of 10.7 million users onsite, and a reach of",
"title": "The Conversation (website)"
},
{
"id": "12686867",
"text": "by Kodiak Venture Partners, Grand Banks Capital and Venrock and based in Boston. Prior to its acquisition by eBay in 2011, several industry experts sat on its board including Craig Forman and Jim Bankoff, CEO of Vox Media. The consumer site Where.com launched in March 2010. The Website is a local search and recommendation portal that allows people to find local events, read reviews and other business information, and write their own reviews. On Where.com, people can also create their own user accounts or use their current WHERE mobile application account information to build a personal profile. WHERE Ads is",
"title": "Where.com"
},
{
"id": "18964596",
"text": "the paper had a daily circulation of 490,000. In 1998, \"Guangming Daily\" launched its official website Guangming Online (GMW.cn), which was one of the earliest news websites in China. As of July 2017, Alexa Internet ranks the website as the 73rd most visited in the world and 14th in China. In 2003, \"Guangming Daily\" partnered with the Southern Newspaper Group (publisher of the highly successful \"Southern Weekly\") to jointly publish \"The Beijing News\", which quickly became one of Beijing's most influential newspapers. Guangming Daily The Guangming Daily, Guangming Ribao, or Enlightenment Daily is a national Chinese-language daily newspaper published in",
"title": "Guangming Daily"
},
{
"id": "17543175",
"text": "60 media websites in a crackdown by the Egyptian government. The list of blocked sites also includes Al Jazeera, \"The Huffington Post\"s Arabic website and Mada Masr. In April 2016, Medium was blocked in mainland China after information from the leaked Panama Papers was published on the site. Medium's initial technology stack relied on a variety of AWS services including EC2, S3, and CloudFront. Originally, it was written in Node.js and the text editor that Medium users wrote blog posts with, was based on TinyMCE. As of 2017, the blogging platform's technology stack included AWS services, including EBS, RDS for",
"title": "Medium (website)"
},
{
"id": "4663510",
"text": "Yahoo! News Yahoo! News is a news website that originated as an internet-based news aggregator by Yahoo!. Articles originally came from news services such as the Associated Press, Reuters, Fox News, Al Jazeera, ABC News, \"USA Today\", CNN, BBC News, etc. In 2001, Yahoo! News launched the first \"most-emailed\" page on the web. It was well-received as an innovative idea, expanding people's understanding of the impact that online news sources have on news consumption. Yahoo allowed comments for news articles until December 19, 2006, when commentary was disabled. Comments were re-enabled on March 2, 2010. Comments were temporarily disabled between",
"title": "Yahoo! News"
},
{
"id": "6648557",
"text": "Yahoo! Answers Yahoo! Answers is a community-driven question-and-answer (Q&A) website or a knowledge market from Yahoo!, that allows users to both submit questions to be answered and answer questions asked by other users. The website Yahoo! was officially incorporated on March 2, 1995, and was created by Jerry Yang and David Filo. The website began as a search directory for various websites, and soon grew into an established Internet resource that features the \"Yahoo! Answers\" platform. Yahoo! Answers was launched on June 28, 2005, while in internal alpha testing by Director of Engineering, Ofer Shaked. Yahoo! Answers was launched to",
"title": "Yahoo! Answers"
},
{
"id": "16301897",
"text": "the purpose of funding environmental sustainability projects for organizations worldwide. .green domain name registrations became available March 24, 2015 Nic.green/ went live at the end of 2014 and was the first ever .green website. DotGreen's main and current website, http://www.going.green/ went live January 26, 2015 .green domain names can be purchased at most online registrars around the world just like .com and .org. The .green new Top Level Domain is under the stewardship of the DotGreen Community, Inc., which was formed for the purpose of bringing .green to the Internet through the New gTLD Program with the Internet Corporation of",
"title": ".green"
},
{
"id": "4313520",
"text": "University of California, Berkeley. Still in 1998, A&L Daily spawned a \"sister site\", SciTechDaily, run by Dutton's friend Vicki Hyde, a science editor and author whose web company hosted both sites. By August 1999, A&L Daily was attracting 250,000 monthly readers and praise from \"USA Today\", \"Wired\", and \"The Observer\"; the latter called it the world's top website, ahead of \"The New York Times\" and Amazon.com. The site's high-profile led to a bidding war among several potential buyers, in which the online magazines \"Feed\" and \"Slate\" competed with \"The Chronicle of Higher Education\", and \"Lingua Franca\". \"Lingua Franca\" eventually became",
"title": "Arts & Letters Daily"
},
{
"id": "1491251",
"text": "took place between Oulu, Finland and Corvallis, Oregon in February 1989. The first dedicated online chat service that was widely available to the public was the CompuServe CB Simulator in 1980, created by CompuServe executive Alexander \"Sandy\" Trevor in Columbus, Ohio. Ancestors include network chat software such as UNIX \"talk\" used in the 1970s. The term \"chatiquette\" (chat etiquette) is a variation of netiquette (Internet etiquette) and describes basic rules of online communication. These conventions or guidelines have been created to avoid misunderstandings and to simplify the communication between users. Chatiquette varies from community to community and generally describes basic",
"title": "Online chat"
},
{
"id": "19679442",
"text": "Cupid.com Cupid.com is one of the oldest online dating websites targeted at the United States, UK, Australia, and Canada markets. The founders claim that the website has more than 8 million users. Cupid.com began with its launch in the United Kingdom on June 1, 2002. The website was initially owned by Cupid plc, and then sold to NSI Holdings Ltd in 2014. In 2015, Cupid.com launched a brand new feature to the online dating world called Wingman Barney. This is a virtual wingman that helps users start an anonymous conversation with those they like. If the addressee likes the person",
"title": "Cupid.com"
},
{
"id": "20975529",
"text": "quickly climbed in popularity when the original YTS site shut down. There has been some backlash to these imitators. Kickass Torrents stated that they would only allow YTS.AG rips if they were uploaded under a different title. ExtraTorrent and RARBG banned them altogether. In late 2017 after approximately two years of operation, YTS.AG shifted to the new domain YTS.AM, and is currently ranked by Alexa as the 213th most viewed website globally. The site, since gaining such a large userbase, has been blocked by ISPs in several countries, such as Greece, Australia and Ireland. In July 2016, the YIFY name",
"title": "YIFY"
},
{
"id": "181810",
"text": "2016, the mobile version of Wikipedia got a new look. In mid-2017, Wikipedia was listed as the world's fifth-most-popular website according to Alexa Internet, rising one place from the position it held in the previous year. Wikipedia Zero was made available in Iraq and Afghanistan. On 29 April 2017, the Turkish authorities blocked online access to Wikipedia in all languages across Turkey. The encrypted Japanese Wikipedia has been blocked in China since 28 December 2017. During 2018, Wikipedia retained its listing as the world's fifth-most-popular website according to Alexa Internet. One notable development was the use of Artificial Intelligence to",
"title": "History of Wikipedia"
},
{
"id": "13558163",
"text": "built for the long-term, to be working furiously to capture data before it disappears without any long-term infrastructure to speak of. Wayback Machine The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web and other information on the Internet. It was launched in 2001 by the Internet Archive, a nonprofit organization based in San Francisco, California, United States. Internet Archive founders Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat launched the Wayback Machine in 2001 to address the problem of website content vanishing whenever it gets changed or shut down. The service enables users to see archived versions of web pages",
"title": "Wayback Machine"
},
{
"id": "451812",
"text": "Tim Berners-Lee after he left the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in October, 1994. It was founded at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Laboratory for Computer Science (MIT/LCS) with support from the European Commission and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), which had pioneered the ARPANET, one of the predecessors to the Internet. The organization tries to foster compatibility and agreement among industry members in the adoption of new standards defined by the W3C. Incompatible versions of HTML are offered by different vendors, causing inconsistency in how web pages are displayed. The consortium tries to get all those",
"title": "World Wide Web Consortium"
},
{
"id": "9612192",
"text": "In July 2016, the Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School and Justia joined IIT as sponsors. Oyez.org is listed by the Supreme Court as an authentic, although unofficial online source to access the court's information. Oyez.org was featured as \"Website of the Week\" by Voice of America on 30 January 2006. The old version of the Oyez database was awarded the Silver Gavel Award for New Media by American Bar Association in 1998. Its founder, Jerry Goldman, was given a medal award in 1997 by EDUCAUSE. Oyez Project The Oyez Project at the Illinois Institute of Technology's Chicago-Kent College",
"title": "Oyez Project"
},
{
"id": "3021865",
"text": "reference pages for individual artists. On 30 May 2007, it was acquired by CBS Interactive for UK£140 million (US$280 million). The site formerly offered a radio streaming service, which was discontinued on 28 April 2014. The ability to access the large catalogue of music stored on the site was later removed entirely, replaced by links to YouTube and Spotify where available. The current Last.fm website was developed from two separate sources: \"Last.fm\" and \"Audioscrobbler\", which were merged in 2005. Audioscrobbler began as a computer science project of Richard Jones when he attended the University of Southampton School of Electronics and",
"title": "Last.fm"
},
{
"id": "11019264",
"text": "United Kingdom, Australia, China, Japan, French, German, Korean and Spanish. According to third-party web analytics providers, Alexa and SimilarWeb, CNET is the highest-read technology news source on the Web, with over 200 million readers per month, being among the 200 most visited websites globally, as of 2015. In 1994, with the help from Fox Network co-founder Kevin Wendle and former Disney creative associate Dan Baker, CNET produced four pilot television programs about computers, technology, and the Internet. CNET TV was composed of \"CNET Central\", \"The Web\", and \"The New Edge\". \"CNET Central\" was created first and aired in syndication in",
"title": "CNET"
},
{
"id": "15994700",
"text": "themselves. On August 23, 2012, the White House Director of Digital Strategy Macon Phillips released the source code for the platform. The source code is available on GitHub, and lists both public domain status as a work of the U.S. federal government and licensing under the GPL v2. On December 19, 2017, the Trump administration announced its intention to shut down the website and replace it with a \"new platform would save taxpayers more than $1m a year.\" As of December 2018, the site is operating as it was before it shut down. Users who wish to create a petition",
"title": "We the People (petitioning system)"
},
{
"id": "1637380",
"text": "of $16 billion. Tencent is used mainly for instant messaging but has other applications as well including mobile games and other digital content. By the end of 2015, Tencent’s WeChat messaging app reached around 700 million users. The biggest competitor for Tencent is Facebook’s WhatsApp. Baidu Is the most visited website in the country and it is used as a search engine and has an annual revenue of $10 billion. In March 2016, there were roughly 663 million users. Google challenges Baidu as the major internet search engines in the world. Huawei is a tech company that produces phones, tablets,",
"title": "E-services"
},
{
"id": "5584304",
"text": "page ranking, as can be seen on the Alexa rankings. Many users stopped visiting the website and they have dropped (as of September 2018) to 3414th most visited website in USA, losing a significant amount of their popularity since being ranked #248 in 2008. The website is owned by TMFT Enterprises, LLC. On November 6, 2018, parent company Defy Media announced that it was ceasing all operations. Break.com Break.com (formerly Big-boys.com) was an entertainment and humor website founded in 1998 that featured comedy videos, flash games, and pictures among other material. The CEO of Break was Keith Richman. The website's",
"title": "Break.com"
},
{
"id": "2916329",
"text": "Tencent QQ Tencent QQ () , also known as QQ, is an instant messaging software service developed by the Chinese company Shenzhen Tencent Computer System Co., Ltd. QQ also offers services that provide online social games, music, shopping, microblogging, movies, and group and voice chat software. The logo of the software is a penguin wearing a red scarf. It is the world's 7th most visited website, according to Alexa. As of April 2014, over 200 million simultaneous online QQ users were recorded. At the end of June 2016, there were 899 million active QQ accounts. Tencent QQ was first released",
"title": "Tencent QQ"
},
{
"id": "12091573",
"text": "who released their first album, \"Fuck All Y'all\", in 1992. After leaving the group, Samuel worked as a postal foot messenger in New York. Palmer and Samuel officially launched the website in 1996. After twelve months, the membership grew to 75,000 people. Samuel stated, \"We picked up a book on HTML and pretty much figured out how to launch the site in a week\". SOHH began as a magazine, but was changed to a website due to high printing costs. It is the longest running online hip hop community. The website averages 1.5 million unique visitors a month. In late",
"title": "SOHH"
},
{
"id": "11788170",
"text": "Audrey Stubbart Audrey Stubbart (June 9, 1895 - November 13, 2000) was an American centenarian who worked as a proofreader and newspaper columnist for \"The Independence Examiner\" until the age of 105. Prior to her death she was the oldest verified newspaper columnist, the oldest known full-time employee, and possibly the oldest user of the Internet. Stubbart was born Audrey Morford in Newman Grove, Nebraska. She was the second of five siblings, but with the death of her eldest sibling shortly after birth, Audrey became the oldest. She spent her early life in Newman Grove, Nebraska, close to an Indian",
"title": "Audrey Stubbart"
},
{
"id": "4568656",
"text": "goals. The 43 Things website went offline on New Years Day, 2015. Another site using the same name appeared in 2017. This site agreed to post that they are unrelated to the original 43 Things, and subsequently shut the site down in July 2018. 43 Things was launched on January 1, 2005, by the Robot Co-op, a small company based in Seattle founded by blogger and developer Buster Benson (né Erik Benson), Maktub keyboardist Daniel Spils, and former Amazon.com and Microsoft executive Josh Petersen. 43things.com became read-only on August 15, 2014, and shut down January 1, 2015. On April 2017,",
"title": "43 Things"
},
{
"id": "13558134",
"text": "Wayback Machine The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web and other information on the Internet. It was launched in 2001 by the Internet Archive, a nonprofit organization based in San Francisco, California, United States. Internet Archive founders Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat launched the Wayback Machine in 2001 to address the problem of website content vanishing whenever it gets changed or shut down. The service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a \"three dimensional index\". Kahle and Gilliat created the machine hoping to archive the entire",
"title": "Wayback Machine"
},
{
"id": "5992765",
"text": "Archive site In web archiving, an archive site is a website that stores information on webpages from the past for anyone to view. Two common techniques for archiving web sites are using a web crawler or soliciting user submissions: On February 12, 2001, Google acquired the usenet discussion group archives from Deja.com and turned it into their Google Groups service. They allow users to search old discussions with Google's search technology, while still allowing users to post to the mailing lists. The Internet Archive is building a compendium of websites and digital media. Starting in 1996, the Archive has been",
"title": "Archive site"
},
{
"id": "17412401",
"text": "The Dodo (website) The Dodo is an American online publisher focused on animals and animal rights issues. The website was launched in January 2014 by Izzie Lerer, the daughter of media executive Kenneth Lerer. \"The Dodo\" has become one of the most popular Facebook publishers, garnering 1 billion video views from the social network in November 2015. \"The Dodo\" is headquartered in New York, New York. The company—named after the first recorded species that humans drove to extinction— was founded by Lerer out of \"a personal passion for the subject manner...\" Lerer has a PhD in animal studies with a",
"title": "The Dodo (website)"
},
{
"id": "16655645",
"text": "World News Network World News (WN) Network is a news aggregator founded in March 1995 and launched online in 1998. In 2003, Search Engine Watch praised the service for its \"Special Reports\", and called it \"an interesting alternative\" to other news aggregation services. The company runs other targeted websites as well. It was featured in Forbes's \"Best of the Web\" in 2000, being commended for its scope, while being criticised for having many links, but \"little guidance as to which are good\". In 2002, The Guardian's \"World news guide\" referenced the website. It was featured in Information Today in June",
"title": "World News Network"
},
{
"id": "8564945",
"text": "The app allows users to browse Cracked's articles, videos, and contests on the iPad. The app's landing page looks similar to Cracked's break room, with a soda machine, bar stools and a table. In 2010, Cracked drew over 1 billion page views. By 2012, Jack O'Brien reported over 300 million page views in February and 7.3 million unique monthly users, making it the most visited humor site in the world, ahead of The Onion, CollegeHumor, and Funny or Die. Writer Daniel O'Brien was questioned by the FBI and United States Secret Service after writing an article titled \"How to Kidnap",
"title": "Cracked.com"
},
{
"id": "6958054",
"text": "using the Michigan Terminal System (MTS), and VM/CMS. These universities collaborated through annual meetings of the SPIRES Consortium. In 2004, SPIRES was migrated off the mainframe onto Unix platforms by means of an IBM-mainframe Emulator developed by Dick Guertin. The DBMS now runs on Unix, Linux or Darwin (operating system) and is available under Mozilla Public License. The SPIRES High Energy Physics database (SPIRES-HEP), installed at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) in the 1970s, became the first website in North America and the first database accessible through the World Wide Web in 1991. It has since expanded into a joint",
"title": "Stanford Physics Information Retrieval System"
},
{
"id": "17711801",
"text": "video hosting site was shareyourworld.com. Just like the modern hosting services, it allowed users to upload clips or full videos in different file formats. It was founded in 1997 by Chase Norlin and it ran till 2001 where it closed due to budget and bandwidth problems. Founded in October 2004, Pandora TV from South Korea is the first video sharing website in the world to attach advertisement to user-submitted video clips and to provide unlimited storage space for users to upload. Online video platform An online video platform (OVP), provided by a video hosting service, enables users to upload, convert,",
"title": "Online video platform"
},
{
"id": "9133895",
"text": "five stars. Orato’s contributors and correspondents registration site was launched on June 2005. The site with all its functionalities and sections was officially a year later, in June 2006. As recently as July 2, 2013, the site was not working. Orato Orato is an international news Web site that showcases first person accounts from the protagonists and witnesses of events. It was recognized as one of the top 12 news websites in the world by the 2008 Webby Awards, called the Oscars of the Internet by The New York Times, receiving approximately 10,000 visits per day, up to 55,000, from",
"title": "Orato"
}
] | what is the oldest website in the world |
[
"House of Commons"
] | [
{
"id": "2333063",
"text": "a Lower Chamber, with the knights and burgesses sitting in the latter. This Upper Chamber became known as the House of Lords from 1544 onward, and the Lower Chamber became known as the House of Commons, collectively known as the Houses of Parliament. The authority of parliament grew under Edward III; it was established that no law could be made, nor any tax levied, without the consent of both Houses and the Sovereign. This development occurred during the reign of Edward III because he was involved in the Hundred Years' War and needed finances. During his conduct of the war,",
"title": "Parliament of England"
},
{
"id": "4346344",
"text": "Legislative chamber A legislative chamber or house is a deliberative assembly within a legislature which generally meets and votes separately from the legislature's other chambers. Legislatures are usually unicameral, consisting of only one chamber, or bicameral, consisting of two, but there are rare examples of tricameral and tetracameral legislatures. The lower house is almost always the originator of legislation, and the upper house is the body that offers the \"second look\" and decides whether to veto or approve the bills. In the United Kingdom legislation can be originated in either house, but the lower house can ultimately prevail if the",
"title": "Legislative chamber"
},
{
"id": "180540",
"text": "and was mentioned in the Robin Williams stand-up special \"Robin Williams Live on Broadway\" in which he describes it as \"like Congress, but with a two drink minimum\". The pre-1941 Chamber was recreated in Shepperton Studios for the Ridley Scott/Richard Loncraine 2002 biographical film on Churchill, \"The Gathering Storm\". House of Commons of the United Kingdom The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the upper house, the House of Lords, it meets in the Palace of Westminster. Officially, the full name of the house is the Honourable the Commons of the",
"title": "House of Commons of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "4346345",
"text": "two houses repeatedly disagree. In most countries the lower house, regarded as more particularly the representatives of the people, has sole or predominant control over matters to do with finance and taxation. A parliament's lower house is usually composed of at least 100 members, in countries with populations of over 3 million. The number of seats rarely exceeds 400, even in very large countries. Among the countries with large lower houses are France, where the National Assembly has 577 members, and Japan, where the House of Representatives has 475 members. The upper house of a parliament customarily has anywhere from",
"title": "Legislative chamber"
},
{
"id": "184995",
"text": "parliament is bicameral but has three parts, consisting of the Sovereign (the Queen-in-Parliament), an upper house (but in fact the second chamber) called the House of Lords, and a so-called \"lower house\" (but in fact the primary chamber) called the House of Commons. The House of Lords includes two different types of members: the Lords Spiritual, consisting of the most senior bishops of the Church of England, and the Lords Temporal, consisting mainly of life peers, appointed by the Sovereign on the advice of the Prime Minister, and of 92 hereditary peers, sitting either by virtue of holding a royal",
"title": "Parliament of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "4346346",
"text": "20 to 200 seats, but almost always significantly fewer than the lower house. In the United Kingdom however, the lower house (the House of Commons) has 650 members, but the upper house (the House of Lords) currently has slightly more members than the lower house, and at one time (before the exclusion of most of the hereditary peers) had considerably more. Until 1953, the Rigsdag in Denmark was similarly divided into the \"Folketing\" and \"Landsting\", but has since become a unicameral legislature. The same goes with Sweden and its \"Riksdag\" until 1971. The Norwegian parliament (\"Storting\") was officially divided in",
"title": "Legislative chamber"
},
{
"id": "14065207",
"text": "of the monarch, beginning with Magna Carta in 1215. Parliament is split into two houses: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The House of Commons is the lower house and is the more powerful. The House of Lords is the upper house and although it can vote to amend proposed laws, the House of Commons can usually vote to overrule its amendments. Although the House of Lords can introduce bills, most important laws are introduced in the House of Commons – and most of those are introduced by the government, which schedules the vast majority of parliamentary",
"title": "Government of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "835574",
"text": "The House of Lords includes two different types of members: the Lords Spiritual (the senior bishops of the Church of England) and the Lords Temporal (members of the Peerage); its members are not elected by the population at large. The House of Commons is a democratically elected chamber. The two Houses meet in separate chambers in the Palace of Westminster (commonly known as the \"Houses of Parliament\"), in the City of Westminster in London. By constitutional convention, all government ministers, including the Prime Minister, are members of the House of Commons or House of Lords. Parliament evolved from the early",
"title": "Law of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "2835181",
"text": "Upper house An upper house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature (or one of three chambers of a tricameral legislature), the other chamber being the lower house. The house formally designated as the upper house is usually smaller and often has more restricted power than the lower house. Examples of upper houses in countries include the United Kingdom's House of Lords, India's Rajya Sabha, Pakistan's Senate of Pakistan, Russia's Federation Council, Ireland's Seanad, Malaysia's Dewan Negara, Germany's Bundesrat, Switzerland's Council of States, the Australian Senate and the United States Senate. A legislature composed of only one house",
"title": "Upper house"
},
{
"id": "1702366",
"text": "House of Commons The House of Commons is the elected lower house of the bicameral parliaments of the United Kingdom and Canada and historically was the name of the lower houses of the Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Great Britain, Kingdom of Ireland, Northern Ireland, and Southern Ireland. Roughly equivalent bodies in other countries which were once part of the British Empire include the United States House of Representatives, the Australian House of Representatives, the New Zealand House of Representatives, and India's Lok Sabha. In the UK and Canada, the Commons holds much more legislative power than the respective upper",
"title": "House of Commons"
},
{
"id": "1702370",
"text": "number of rotten boroughs. In all countries, the House of Commons now as in the past may be prorogued for an election or some other purpose only by the Crown, represented outside the United Kingdom by the Governor General of each Commonwealth realm. House of Commons The House of Commons is the elected lower house of the bicameral parliaments of the United Kingdom and Canada and historically was the name of the lower houses of the Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Great Britain, Kingdom of Ireland, Northern Ireland, and Southern Ireland. Roughly equivalent bodies in other countries which were once",
"title": "House of Commons"
},
{
"id": "328267",
"text": "Palace of Westminster The Palace of Westminster is the meeting place of the House of Commons and the House of Lords, the two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Commonly known as the Houses of Parliament after its occupants, the Palace lies on the north bank of the River Thames in the City of Westminster, in central London, England. Its name, which is derived from the neighbouring Westminster Abbey, may refer to either of two structures: the \"Old Palace\", a medieval building complex destroyed by fire in 1834, or its replacement, the \"New Palace\" that stands today. The",
"title": "Palace of Westminster"
},
{
"id": "2333074",
"text": "Westminster as a place of residence and following the suppression of the college there. This room became the home of the House of Commons until it was destroyed by fire in 1834, although the interior was altered several times up until then. The structure of this room was pivotal in the development of the Parliament of England. While most modern legislatures sit in a circular chamber, the benches of the British Houses of Parliament are laid out in the form of choir stalls in a chapel, simply because this is the part of the original room that the members of",
"title": "Parliament of England"
},
{
"id": "180470",
"text": "House of Commons of the United Kingdom The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the upper house, the House of Lords, it meets in the Palace of Westminster. Officially, the full name of the house is the Honourable the Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled. Owing to shortage of space, its office accommodation extends into Portcullis House. The Commons is an elected body consisting of 650 members known as Members of Parliament (MPs). Members are elected to represent constituencies by first-past-the-post and hold",
"title": "House of Commons of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "328352",
"text": "Speaker's right, while those of the Opposition occupy benches on the Speaker's left. There are no cross-benches as in the House of Lords. The Chamber is relatively small, and can accommodate only 427 of the 650 Members of Parliament—during Prime Minister's Questions and in major debates MPs stand at either end of the House. By tradition, the British Sovereign does not enter the Chamber of the House of Commons. The last monarch to do so was King Charles I, in 1642. The King sought to arrest five Members of Parliament on charges of high treason, but when he asked the",
"title": "Palace of Westminster"
},
{
"id": "10338299",
"text": "His son was also a member of Queen Elizabeth's Privy council. The group of representatives, called Parliament, was divided into the House of Lords (or the Upper House), which consisted of nobility and higher clergy such as bishops and archbishops, and the House of Commons (or the Lower House), which consisted of common people. Unlike the modern British Parliament, it had much less power, no Prime Minister or cabinet, and no political parties. The main function of Parliament was dealing with financial matters (taxation and granting the queen money). Generally, the monarch paid for daily administration with ordinary revenues (customs,",
"title": "Elizabethan government"
},
{
"id": "2835194",
"text": "supported the abolition, while the centrist Fianna Fáil was alone among major parties in supporting the retention of the Seanad. Upper house An upper house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature (or one of three chambers of a tricameral legislature), the other chamber being the lower house. The house formally designated as the upper house is usually smaller and often has more restricted power than the lower house. Examples of upper houses in countries include the United Kingdom's House of Lords, India's Rajya Sabha, Pakistan's Senate of Pakistan, Russia's Federation Council, Ireland's Seanad, Malaysia's Dewan Negara, Germany's",
"title": "Upper house"
},
{
"id": "12503523",
"text": "was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. Edmund Randolph's Virginia Plan called for a bicameral Congress: the lower house would be \"of the people\", elected directly by the people of the United States and representing public opinion, and a more deliberative upper house, elected by the lower house, that would represent the individual states, and would be less susceptible to variations of mass sentiment. The House is referred to as the lower house, with the Senate being the upper house, although the United States Constitution does not use that terminology. Both houses' approval is necessary",
"title": "United States House of Representatives"
},
{
"id": "699113",
"text": "Members of Parliament (MPs) which are elected using First past the post in single-member constituencies with 533 elected from England, 59 from Scotland, 40 from Wales and 18 from Northern Ireland. The House of Commons is now considered to be the supreme chamber of Parliament. The House of Lords is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom however it is an unelected chamber with all members to the House of Lords being appointed. As of August 2018, there are currently 793 members known as \"Peers\". The House of Lords no longer has the same powers as the",
"title": "Legislatures of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "13950590",
"text": "and the Bill of Rights 1689 was enacted. House of Commons of England The House of Commons of England was the lower house of the Parliament of England (which incorporated Wales) from its development in the 14th century to the union of England and Scotland in 1707, when it was replaced by the House of Commons of Great Britain. In 1801, with the union of Great Britain and Ireland, that house was in turn replaced by the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The Parliament of England developed from the Magnum Concilium that advised the English monarch in medieval",
"title": "House of Commons of England"
},
{
"id": "4346347",
"text": "two chambers 1814–2009, but functioned as a single chamber in practice, a situation called Qualified unicameralism. The \"floor\" is the name for the full assembly, and a \"committee\" is a small deliberative assembly that is usually subordinate to the floor. In the United Kingdom, either chamber may opt to take some business such as detailed consideration of a Bill on the Floor of the House instead of in Committee. The building that houses the Chambers of a Parliament is usually equipped with an internal police and in some, the public force is not allowed access without authorisation. Legislative chamber A",
"title": "Legislative chamber"
},
{
"id": "180499",
"text": "to parliamentary approval, but may not be amended. After the next general review of constituencies, the Boundary Commissions will be absorbed into the Electoral Commission, which was established in 2000. As of 2017, the United Kingdom is divided into 650 constituencies, with 533 in England, 40 in Wales, 59 in Scotland, and 18 in Northern Ireland. General elections occur whenever Parliament is dissolved. The timing of the dissolution was normally chosen by the Prime Minister (see relationship with the Government above); however, as a result of the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011, Parliamentary terms are now fixed at five years, except",
"title": "House of Commons of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "184996",
"text": "office, or by being elected by their fellow hereditary peers. Prior to the opening of the Supreme Court in October 2009, the House of Lords also performed a judicial role through the Law Lords. The House of Commons is an elected chamber with elections to 650 single member constituencies held at least every five years under the first-past-the-post system. The two Houses meet in separate chambers in the Palace of Westminster (commonly known as the Houses of Parliament) in London. By constitutional convention, all government ministers, including the Prime Minister, are members of the House of Commons or, less commonly,",
"title": "Parliament of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "13950582",
"text": "House of Commons of England The House of Commons of England was the lower house of the Parliament of England (which incorporated Wales) from its development in the 14th century to the union of England and Scotland in 1707, when it was replaced by the House of Commons of Great Britain. In 1801, with the union of Great Britain and Ireland, that house was in turn replaced by the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The Parliament of England developed from the Magnum Concilium that advised the English monarch in medieval times. This royal council, meeting for short periods,",
"title": "House of Commons of England"
},
{
"id": "328268",
"text": "palace is owned by the monarch in right of the Crown and for ceremonial purposes, retains its original status as a royal residence. The building is managed by committees appointed by both houses, which report to the Speaker of the House of Commons and the Lord Speaker. The first royal palace was built on the site in the 11th century, and Westminster was the primary residence of the Kings of England until fire destroyed much of the complex in 1512. After that, it served as the home of the Parliament of England, which had been meeting there since the 13th",
"title": "Palace of Westminster"
},
{
"id": "177174",
"text": "but by an authoritative statute, passed by Parliament itself. During the reign of Edward II's successor, Edward III, Parliament clearly separated into two distinct chambers: the House of Commons (consisting of the shire and borough representatives) and the House of Lords (consisting of the bishops, abbots and peers). The authority of Parliament continued to grow, and during the early 15th century both Houses exercised powers to an extent not seen before. The Lords were far more powerful than the Commons because of the great influence of the great landowners and the prelates of the realm. The power of the nobility",
"title": "House of Lords"
},
{
"id": "549042",
"text": "is considered the lower house. The two types are not rigidly different, but members of upper houses tend to be indirectly elected or appointed rather than directly elected, tend to be allocated by administrative divisions rather than by population, and tend to have longer terms than members of the lower house. In some systems, particularly parliamentary systems, the upper house has less power and tends to have a more advisory role, but in others, particularly presidential systems, the upper house has equal or even greater power. In federations, the upper house typically represents the federation's component states. This is a",
"title": "Legislature"
},
{
"id": "180487",
"text": "House of Lords has been severely curtailed by statute and by practice, the House of Commons is clearly the more powerful chamber of Parliament. The British Parliament of today largely descends, in practice, from the Parliament of England, although the 1706 Treaty of Union, and the Acts of Union that ratified the Treaty, created a new Parliament of Great Britain to replace the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland, with the addition of 45 MPs and sixteen Peers to represent Scotland. Later still the Acts of Union 1800 brought about the abolition of the Parliament of Ireland and",
"title": "House of Commons of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "177171",
"text": "separate from the Commons, including the House of Lords Library. The Queen's Speech is delivered in the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament. In addition to its role as the upper house, until the establishment of the Supreme Court in 2009, the House of Lords, through the Law Lords, acted as the final court of appeal in the United Kingdom judicial system. The House also has a Church of England role, in that Church Measures must be tabled within the House by the Lords Spiritual. Today's Parliament of the United Kingdom largely descends, in practice, from the",
"title": "House of Lords"
},
{
"id": "322984",
"text": "the Witenagemot, replacing it with a Curia Regis (\"King's Council\"). Membership of the Curia was largely restricted to the tenants in chief, the few nobles who \"rented\" great estates directly from the king, along with ecclesiastics. William brought to England the feudal system of his native Normandy, and sought the advice of the curia regis before making laws. This is the original body from which the Parliament, the higher courts of law, and the Privy Council and Cabinet descend. Of these, the legislature is formally the High Court of Parliament; judges sit in the Supreme Court of Judicature. Only the",
"title": "Parliament"
},
{
"id": "13950585",
"text": "the Commons met separately from the nobility and clergy for the first time, creating in effect an Upper Chamber and a Lower Chamber, with the knights and burgesses sitting in the latter. They formed what became known as the House of Commons, while the clergy and nobility became the House of Lords. Although they remained subordinate to both the Crown and the Lords, the Commons did act with increasing boldness. During the Good Parliament of 1376, the Commons appointed Sir Peter de la Mare to convey to the Lords their complaints of heavy taxes, demands for an accounting of the",
"title": "House of Commons of England"
},
{
"id": "328274",
"text": "Westminster was the monarch's principal residence in the late Medieval period. The predecessor of Parliament, the \"Curia Regis\" (Royal Council), met in Westminster Hall (although it followed the King when he moved to other palaces). Simon de Montfort's parliament, the first to include representatives of the major towns, met at the Palace in 1265. The \"Model Parliament\", the first official Parliament of England, met there in 1295, and almost all subsequent English Parliaments and then, after 1707, all British Parliaments have met at the Palace. In 1512, during the early years of the reign of King Henry VIII, fire destroyed",
"title": "Palace of Westminster"
},
{
"id": "2333082",
"text": "The House of Lords was abolished and the purged House of Commons governed England until April 1653, when army chief Oliver Cromwell dissolved it following disagreements over religious policy and how to carry out elections to parliament. Cromwell later convened a parliament of religious radicals in 1653, commonly known as Barebone's Parliament, followed by the unicameral First Protectorate Parliament that sat from September 1654 to January 1655 and the Second Protectorate Parliament that sat in two sessions between 1656 and 1658, the first session was unicameral and the second session was bicameral. Although it is easy to dismiss the English",
"title": "Parliament of England"
},
{
"id": "461334",
"text": "names), comprising local, elected representatives of the people (with the only exception being elected entirely by nationwide Proportional Representation). Most also have a smaller upper house, which is made up of members chosen by various methods: In the UK, the lower house is the de facto legislative body, while the upper house practices restraint in exercising its constitutional powers and serves as a consultative body. In other Westminster countries, however, the upper house can sometimes exercise considerable power. Some Westminster-derived parliaments are unicameral for two reasons: Hong Kong, a former British crown colony and currently a special administrative region of",
"title": "Westminster system"
},
{
"id": "432907",
"text": "been no Executive since January 2017 because of the Renewable Heat Incentive scandal and the failure to form a government following the Assembly's snap election in March 2017. The UK Parliament is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom (i.e., there is parliamentary sovereignty), and Government is drawn from and answerable to it. Parliament is bicameral, consisting of the House of Commons and the House of Lords. There is also a devolved Scottish Parliament and devolved Assemblies in Wales and Northern Ireland, with varying degrees of legislative authority. The Countries of the United Kingdom are divided into parliamentary constituencies",
"title": "Politics of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "185010",
"text": "of England and the Lords Temporal being Peers of the Realm. The Lords Spiritual and Lords Temporal are considered separate \"estates\", but they sit, debate and vote together. Since the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949, the powers of the House of Lords have been very much less than those of the House of Commons. All bills except money bills are debated and voted upon in the House of Lords; however, by voting against a bill, the House of Lords can only delay it for a maximum of two parliamentary sessions over a year. After that time, the House of Commons",
"title": "Parliament of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "2835186",
"text": "the Weatherill Amendment to the House of Lords Act 1999 which preserved 92 Hereditary Peers in the house. The Parliament Act is not valid with all legislation and is a very rarely used backup plan. Even without a veto, an upper house may defeat legislation. Its opposition may give the lower chamber a chance to reconsider or even abandon a controversial measure. It can also delay a bill so that it does not fit within the legislative schedule, or until a general election produces a new lower house that no longer wishes to proceed with the bill. Nevertheless, some states",
"title": "Upper house"
},
{
"id": "10455865",
"text": "the 1860s), Henry VII's Lady Chapel at Westminster Abbey (1503–1519), and the towers at St Giles' Church, Wrexham, and St Mary Magdalene, Taunton (1503–1508). The Perpendicular style was less often used in the Gothic Revival than the Decorated style, but major examples include the rebuilt Palace of Westminster (i.e. the Houses of Parliament), Bristol University's Wills Memorial Building (1915–25), and St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney. References Sources English Gothic architecture English Gothic is an architectural style originating in France, before then flourishing in England from about 1180 until about 1520. As with the Gothic architecture of other parts of Europe, English",
"title": "English Gothic architecture"
},
{
"id": "1702368",
"text": "undivided parliament to serve as the voice of the tax-paying subjects of the counties and of the boroughs. Knights of the shire, elected from each county, were usually landowners, while the borough members were often from the merchant classes. These members represented subjects of the Crown who were not Lords Temporal or Spiritual, who themselves sat in the House of Lords. The House of Commons gained its name because it represented communities (\"communes\"). Members of the Commons were all elected, while members of the upper house were summoned to parliament by the monarch, usually on the basis of a title",
"title": "House of Commons"
},
{
"id": "2549923",
"text": "Parliament. The franchise in parliamentary elections for county constituencies was uniform throughout the country, extending to all those who owned the freehold of land to an annual rent of 40 shillings (Forty-shilling Freeholders). In the boroughs, the franchise varied across the country; individual boroughs had varying arrangements. This set the scene for the so-called \"Model Parliament\" of 1295 adopted by Edward I. By the reign of Edward II, Parliament had been separated into two Houses: one including the nobility and higher clergy, the other including the knights and burgesses, and no law could be made, nor any tax levied, without",
"title": "Politics of England"
},
{
"id": "184994",
"text": "Parliament of the United Kingdom The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known internationally as the UK Parliament, British Parliament, or Westminster Parliament, but is more generally known domestically simply as Parliament, is the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom, the Crown dependencies and the British Overseas Territories. It alone possesses legislative supremacy and thereby ultimate power over all other political bodies in the UK and those other territories. Its seat is the Palace of Westminster in the City of Westminster, one of the inner boroughs of the capital city, London. The British",
"title": "Parliament of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "323014",
"text": "United Kingdom. In the United Kingdom, Parliament consists of the House of Commons, the House of Lords, and the Monarch. The House of Commons is composed of 650 (soon to be 600) members who are directly elected by British citizens to represent single-member constituencies. The leader of a Party that wins more than half the seats, or less than half but is able to gain the support of smaller parties to achieve a majority in the house is invited by the Monarch to form a government. The House of Lords is a body of long-serving, unelected members: Lords Temporal –",
"title": "Parliament"
},
{
"id": "322988",
"text": "two knights from each shire and two burgesses from each borough. Knights had been summoned to previous councils, but it was unprecedented for the boroughs to receive any representation. Come 1295, Edward I later adopted de Montfort's ideas for representation and election in the so-called \"Model Parliament\". At first, each estate debated independently; by the reign of Edward III, however, Parliament recognisably assumed its modern form, with authorities dividing the legislative body into two separate chambers. The purpose and structure of Parliament in Tudor England underwent a significant transformation under the reign of Henry VIII. Originally its methods were primarily",
"title": "Parliament"
},
{
"id": "13950584",
"text": "that each borough send two burgesses. At first, the burgesses were almost entirely powerless; while the right to representation of each English county quickly became indisputable, the monarch could enfranchise or disfranchise boroughs at pleasure. Any show of independence by burgesses would thus be likely to lead to the exclusion of their towns from Parliament. The knights of the shire were in a better position, although less powerful than their noble and clerical counterparts in what was still a unicameral Parliament. The division of the Parliament of England into two houses occurred during the reign of Edward III: in 1341",
"title": "House of Commons of England"
},
{
"id": "699112",
"text": "proposed Act. Prerogative instruments, made by the Sovereign under the royal prerogative are another source of UK-wide legislation.. The UK Parliament is responsible for all matters relating to defence and all foreign affairs and relations with international organisations, particularly the United Nations, the Commonwealth and the European Union. With there being no devolved legislature in England the UK Parliament is also the supreme body for its governance, legislation, public bodies and local government. The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and is an elected chamber consisting currently of 650 members known as",
"title": "Legislatures of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "13774825",
"text": "Cromwell's Other House The Other House (also referred to as the Upper House, House of Peers and House of Lords), established by the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell under the terms of the Humble Petition and Advice, was one of the two chambers of the Parliaments that legislated for England and Wales, Scotland and Ireland, in 1658 and 1659, the final years of the Protectorate. During the Rule of the Major-Generals and the selection of members for the Second Protectorate Parliament there was a firming of opinion that a second chamber was needed. During the debate over the Humble Petition and",
"title": "Cromwell's Other House"
},
{
"id": "180518",
"text": "contrast, are known as \"backbenchers\". Not all Members of Parliament can fit into the Chamber at the same time, as it only has space to seat approximately two thirds of the Members. According to Robert Rogers, former Clerk of the House of Commons and Chief Executive, a figure of 427 seats is an average or a finger-in-the-wind estimate. Members who arrive late must stand near the entrance of the House if they wish to listen to debates. Sittings in the Chamber are held each day from Monday to Thursday, and also on some Fridays. During times of national emergency, the",
"title": "House of Commons of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "45822",
"text": "Bundestag The Bundestag (, \"Federal Diet\") is the German federal parliament. It can be compared to the lower house of parliament along the lines of the United States House of Representatives, the Irish Dáil Éireann or the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, with the Bundesrat, though a separate institution, having a similar role to the upper house of a bicameral parliament. The Bundestag was established by chapter III of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (Constitution) in 1949 as one of the legislative bodies of Germany and thus the historical successor to the earlier Reichstag.",
"title": "Bundestag"
},
{
"id": "180490",
"text": "been important, such as Gatton. Among the most notorious of these \"rotten boroughs\" were Old Sarum, which had only six voters for two MPs, and Dunwich, which had largely collapsed into the sea from coastal erosion. At the same time, large cities such as Manchester received no separate representation (although their eligible residents were entitled to vote in the corresponding county seat). Also notable were the pocket boroughs, small constituencies controlled by wealthy landowners and aristocrats, whose \"nominees\" were invariably elected. The Commons attempted to address these anomalies by passing a Reform Bill in 1831. At first, the House of",
"title": "House of Commons of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "185015",
"text": "92—the Earl Marshal, the Lord Great Chamberlain and the 90 elected by other peers—retain their seats in the House. The Commons, the last of the \"estates\" of the Kingdom, are represented in the House of Commons, which is formally styled \"The Honourable The Commons in Parliament Assembled\" (\"commons\" coming not from the term \"commoner\", but from \"\", the old French term for a district). In 2016, the House consists of 650 members. Each Member of Parliament (MP) is chosen by a single constituency by the First-Past-the-Post electoral system. Universal adult suffrage exists for those 18 and over; citizens of the",
"title": "Parliament of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "323003",
"text": "some provinces of France (Grenoble, Bordeaux). All the \"parliaments\" could issue regulatory decrees for the application of royal edicts or of customary practices; they could also refuse to register laws that they judged contrary to fundamental law or simply as being untimely. Parliamentary power in France was suppressed more so than in England as a result of absolutism, and parliaments were eventually overshadowed by the larger Estates General, up until the French Revolution, when the National Assembly became the lower house of France's bicameral legislature. According to the \"Chronicles\" of Gallus Anonymus, the first legendary Polish ruler, Siemowit, who began",
"title": "Parliament"
},
{
"id": "2333075",
"text": "the House of Commons used when they were granted use of St Stephen's Chapel. This structure took on a new significance with the emergence of political parties in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, as the tradition began whereby the members of the governing party would sit on the benches to the right of the Speaker and the opposition members on the benches to the left. It is said that the Speaker's chair was placed in front of the chapel's altar. As Members came and went they observed the custom of bowing to the altar and continued to do",
"title": "Parliament of England"
},
{
"id": "9363820",
"text": "Although definitions of social class in the United Kingdom vary and are highly controversial, most are influenced by factors of wealth, occupation and education. Until recently the Parliament of the United Kingdom was organised on a class basis, with the House of Lords representing the hereditary upper-class and the House of Commons representing everybody else. The British monarch is usually viewed as being at the top of the social class structure. British society has experienced significant change since the Second World War, including an expansion of higher education and home ownership, a shift towards a service-dominated economy, mass immigration, a",
"title": "Social class in the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "412883",
"text": "Church of England was perjured. In 2002, More was placed at number 37 in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons. A plaque in the middle of the floor of London's Westminster Hall commemorates More's trial for treason and condemnation to execution in that original part of the Palace of Westminster. The building, which houses Parliament, would have been well known to More, who served several terms as a member and became Speaker of the House of Commons before his appointment as England's Lord Chancellor. The Crown confiscated More's home and estate along the Thames in Chelsea after his",
"title": "Thomas More"
},
{
"id": "2834366",
"text": "the \"Government of Ireland Act\" the British government prorogued (suspended) the Northern Ireland Parliament and Government initially for a year, before in 1973 abolishing it entirely with the passing of the Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973. The Parliament last sat on 28 March 1972. Parliament Buildings are now the seat of the Northern Ireland Assembly, a successor legislature. House of Commons of Northern Ireland The House of Commons of Northern Ireland was the lower house of the Parliament of Northern Ireland created under the \"Government of Ireland Act 1920\". The upper house in the bicameral parliament was called the Senate.",
"title": "House of Commons of Northern Ireland"
},
{
"id": "185021",
"text": "\"pro forma\" to symbolise their right to deliberate independently of the monarch. In the House of Lords, the bill is called the Select Vestries Bill, while the Commons equivalent is the Outlawries Bill. The Bills are considered for the sake of form only, and do not make any actual progress. Both houses of the British Parliament are presided over by a speaker, the Speaker of the House for the Commons and the Lord Speaker in the House of Lords. For the Commons, the approval of the Sovereign is theoretically required before the election of the Speaker becomes valid, but it",
"title": "Parliament of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "7502983",
"text": "by having appointed members, the House of Assembly mirrored the House of Commons in being an entirely elected body. This meant that whilst the Legislative Council became the Upper House, the House of Assembly became the Lower House, where new bills were to be drafted and first debated, before being passed upwards to the Legislative Council. This system still operates today. Initially it consisted of 30 members from 24 electoral districts, with each district represented by one member, expect Hobart which had five members, and Launceston which had two members. Upon federation, the House of Assembly was reduced to 30",
"title": "Parliament House, Hobart"
},
{
"id": "20415249",
"text": "prosperity and peace to the country. She approved the appointment of Sir Thomas Gargrave, sitting for Yorkshire, as Speaker of the House. The membership of the Lower House (the House of Commons) numbered 402, of whom only a quarter had survived from the previous Parliament in the reign of the Catholic Queen Mary. The membership of the Upper House (the House of Lords), however, still favoured Catholicism. After much debate the Commons held sway and two important acts were passed into law, the Act of Supremacy and the Act of Uniformity. Collectively referred to as the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, the",
"title": "1st Parliament of Queen Elizabeth I"
},
{
"id": "2333076",
"text": "so, even when it had been taken away, thus then bowing to the Chair, as is still the custom today. The numbers of the Lords Spiritual diminished under Henry VIII, who commanded the Dissolution of the Monasteries, thereby depriving the abbots and priors of their seats in the Upper House. For the first time, the Lords Temporal were more numerous than the Lords Spiritual. Currently, the Lords Spiritual consist of the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, the Bishops of London, Durham and Winchester, and twenty-one other English diocesan bishops in seniority of appointment to a diocese. The Laws in Wales",
"title": "Parliament of England"
},
{
"id": "180516",
"text": "House's research and information arm. Like the Lords, the Commons meets in the Palace of Westminster in London. The Commons chamber is small and modestly decorated in green, in contrast to the large, lavishly furnished red Lords chamber. There are benches on two sides of the chamber, divided by a centre aisle. This arrangement reflects the design of St Stephen's Chapel, which served as the home of the House of Commons until destroyed by fire in 1834. The Speaker's chair is at one end of the Chamber; in front of it, is the Table of the House, on which the",
"title": "House of Commons of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "3246989",
"text": "Her Majesty's Most Loyal Opposition (United Kingdom) Her Majesty's Most Loyal Opposition, or the Official Opposition, in the United Kingdom is led by the Leader of the Opposition. This is usually the political party with the second-largest number of seats in the House of Commons, as the largest party will usually form Her Majesty's Government. Since May 2010, the Official Opposition has been the Labour Party, currently led by Jeremy Corbyn. The phrase \"His Majesty's Opposition\" was coined in 1826, before the advent of the modern two-party system, when Parliament consisted more of interests, relationships and factions rather than the",
"title": "Her Majesty's Most Loyal Opposition (United Kingdom)"
},
{
"id": "13950589",
"text": "House was abolished. The unicameral Parliament that remained was later referred to by critics as the Rump Parliament, as it consisted only of a small selection of Members of Parliament approved by the army - some of whom were soldiers themselves. In 1653, when leading figures in this Parliament began to disagree with the army, it was dissolved by Oliver Cromwell. However, the monarchy and the House of Lords were both restored with the Commons in 1660. The influence of the Crown had been decreased, and was further diminished after James II was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688",
"title": "House of Commons of England"
},
{
"id": "2037076",
"text": "Parliamentary Estate The Parliamentary Estate is the land and buildings used by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The most notable part of the Parliamentary Estate is the Palace of Westminster, where the chambers of both houses of Parliament (the Commons and the Lords) are located. The Parliamentary Estate also includes Parliament Street, the Norman Shaw Buildings (which contain office space for members of Parliament and their staff), the House of Commons Library, the official residences of several parliamentary officers and Portcullis House (an office building for MPs and staff, opened February 2001.) and since 2018 Richmond House and Richmond",
"title": "Parliamentary Estate"
},
{
"id": "177173",
"text": "Wales (afterwards, representatives of the boroughs as well). The first English Parliament is often considered to be the \"Model Parliament\" (held in 1295), which included archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls, barons, and representatives of the shires and boroughs of it. The power of Parliament grew slowly, fluctuating as the strength of the monarchy grew or declined. For example, during much of the reign of Edward II (1307–1327), the nobility was supreme, the Crown weak, and the shire and borough representatives entirely powerless. In 1569, the authority of Parliament was for the first time recognised not simply by custom or royal charter,",
"title": "House of Lords"
},
{
"id": "2835182",
"text": "(and which therefore has neither an upper house nor a lower house) is described as unicameral. An upper house is usually different from the lower house in at least one of the following respects (though they vary among jurisdictions): Powers: Status: In parliamentary systems the upper house is frequently seen as an advisory or \"revising\" chamber; for this reason, its powers of direct action are often reduced in some way. Some or all of the following restrictions are often placed on upper houses: In parliamentary democracies and among European upper houses the Italian Senate is a notable exception to these",
"title": "Upper house"
},
{
"id": "328350",
"text": "measures and is plainer in style than the Lords Chamber; the benches, as well as other furnishings in the Commons side of the Palace, are coloured green. Members of the public are forbidden to sit on the benches. Other parliaments in Commonwealth nations, including those of India, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, have copied the colour scheme under which the Lower House is associated with green, and the Upper House with red. At the north end of the Chamber is the Speaker's Chair, a present to Parliament from the Commonwealth of Australia. The current British Speaker's Chair is an exact",
"title": "Palace of Westminster"
},
{
"id": "185006",
"text": "is subordinate to the House of Commons. Additionally, the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 led to abolition of the judicial functions of the House of Lords with the creation of the new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom in October 2009. The legislative authority, the Crown-in-Parliament, has three separate elements: the Monarch, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons. No individual may be a member of both Houses, and members of the House of Lords are legally barred from voting in elections for members of the House of Commons. Formerly, no-one could be a member of Parliament while holding",
"title": "Parliament of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "2799912",
"text": "as the sole chamber of the Parliament; however the final version of the bill established two chambers with the House of Commons as the lower house of the Parliament. It consisted of 128 members who were styled as being members of parliament and whose presiding officer was to be known as the Speaker of the House of Commons. The basic features of the House were constructed from those of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom which was structured in a similar manner. The franchise was the same as for Westminster elections under the Representation of the People Act",
"title": "Parliament of Southern Ireland"
},
{
"id": "177167",
"text": "House of Lords The House of Lords, also known as the House of Peers, is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of Westminster. Officially, the full name of the house is the Right Honourable the Lords Spiritual and Temporal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled. Unlike the elected House of Commons, all members of the House of Lords (excluding 90 hereditary peers elected among themselves and two peers who are \"ex officio\" members) are appointed. The membership of the",
"title": "House of Lords"
},
{
"id": "958163",
"text": "the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland were also called \"members of Parliament\" from 1801 to 1922. Northern Ireland continues to elect MPs to the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Following the formation of the independent Irish Free State in 1922, members of the lower house of the Oireachtas (parliament), Dáil Éireann (or \"the Dáil\") are termed \"Teachtaí Dála\" (\"Teachta Dála\" singular) or TDs and are called a Deputy. The upper house is called Seanad Éireann and its members are called Senators. The Parliament of Jamaica is the legislative branch of the government of",
"title": "Member of parliament"
},
{
"id": "236591",
"text": "River Thames, which is under the jurisdiction of the Port of London Authority from Teddington Lock to the sea. London is the seat of the Government of the United Kingdom. Many government departments, as well as the Prime Minister's residence at 10 Downing Street, are based close to the Palace of Westminster, particularly along Whitehall. The British Parliament is often referred to as the \"Mother of Parliaments\" (although this sobriquet was first applied to England itself, and not to Westminster, by John Bright) because it has been a model for many other parliamentary systems. There are 73 Members of Parliament",
"title": "London"
},
{
"id": "323013",
"text": "systems, and its Acts have created many other parliaments. Many nations with parliaments have to some degree emulated the British \"three-tier\" model. Most countries in Europe and the Commonwealth have similarly organised parliaments with a largely ceremonial head of state who formally opens and closes parliament, a large elected lower house and a smaller, upper house. The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in 1707 by the Acts of Union that replaced the former parliaments of England and Scotland. A further union in 1801 united the Parliament of Great Britain and the Parliament of Ireland into a Parliament of the",
"title": "Parliament"
},
{
"id": "7444547",
"text": "House of Magnates The House of Magnates (Főrendiház) was the upper chamber of the Diet of Hungary. This chamber was operational from 1867 to 1918 and consequently from 1927 to 1945. The modern parliament of Hungary, the National Assembly, is unicameral and meets in the lower house, while the old upper house is used as a conference and meeting room and for tourism. The shaping of the House of Parliament grew out of conscious choices of symbolism and carries important historical and political messages. Viewing it from the side of the Danube, we see the halls of the lower and",
"title": "House of Magnates"
},
{
"id": "3857473",
"text": "Parliament Act 1911 The Parliament Act 1911 (1 & 2 Geo.5 c. 13) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It is constitutionally important and partly governs the relationship between the House of Commons and the House of Lords, which make up the two Houses of Parliament. This Act and the Parliament Act 1949 are technically to be construed as complementary in their effects. The two Acts may be cited together as the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949. Following the House of Lords' rejection of the 1909 \"People's Budget\", the House of Commons sought to establish its",
"title": "Parliament Act 1911"
},
{
"id": "185078",
"text": "in the Palace of Westminster, such as cutlery, silverware and china. Various shades of red and green are used for visual identification of the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Lists of MPs elected: Parliament of the United Kingdom The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known internationally as the UK Parliament, British Parliament, or Westminster Parliament, but is more generally known domestically simply as Parliament, is the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom, the Crown dependencies and the British Overseas Territories. It alone possesses legislative supremacy and thereby ultimate power",
"title": "Parliament of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "185009",
"text": "someone who could command a majority in a confidence vote in the House of Commons. In the past the monarch has occasionally had to make a judgment, as in the appointment of Alec Douglas-Home in 1963 when it was thought that the incumbent Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, had become ill with terminal cancer. However, today the monarch is advised by the outgoing Prime Minister as to whom he or she should offer the position next. The Upper House is formally styled \"The Right Honourable The Lords Spiritual and Temporal in Parliament Assembled\", the Lords Spiritual being bishops of the Church",
"title": "Parliament of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "2799905",
"text": "Parliament of Southern Ireland The Parliament of Southern Ireland was a Home Rule legislature set up by the British Government during the Irish War of Independence under the Fourth Home Rule Bill. It was designed to legislate for Southern Ireland, a political entity which was created by the British Government to solve the issue of rising Irish nationalism and the issue of partitionism, whilst retaining Ireland as part of the United Kingdom. The Parliament was bicameral, consisting of a House of Commons (the lower house) with 128 seats and a Senate (the upper house) with 64 seats. The Parliament as",
"title": "Parliament of Southern Ireland"
},
{
"id": "958158",
"text": "the monarch, the Senate (the upper chamber), and the House of Commons (the lower chamber). Only members of the lower house are referred to as \"members of Parliament\" (), while members of the upper house are called \"senators\" (). There are currently 105 seats in the Senate and 338 in the House of Commons. Members of Parliament are elected, while senators are appointed by the governor general on behalf of the sovereign at the direction of the Prime Minister of Canada. Retirement is mandatory for senators upon reaching the age of 75 years. Each province (and territory) has its own",
"title": "Member of parliament"
},
{
"id": "3324739",
"text": "were abolished, being split into separate constituencies. The Cities of London and Westminster, previously having two seats each, were merged into one seat. Wales gained a seat. London lost 19 seats, Liverpool 2, Manchester 1, while Edinburgh gained 2 seats, and Bristol, Coventry, Leeds, and Leicester gained 1 each. Boundary changes were extensive, with only 80 seats remaining unchanged. Number of Westminster MPs Over the history of the House of Commons, the number of members of parliament (MPs) has varied for assorted reasons, with increases in recent years due to increases in the population of the United Kingdom. There are",
"title": "Number of Westminster MPs"
},
{
"id": "180492",
"text": "the Reform Bill crisis, and the power of the patrons reduced. The Lords became more reluctant to reject bills that the Commons had passed with large majorities, and it became an accepted political principle that the confidence of the House of Commons alone was necessary for a government to remain in office. Many more reforms were introduced in the latter half of the 19th century. The Reform Act 1867 lowered property requirements for voting in the boroughs, reduced the representation of the less populous boroughs, and granted parliamentary seats to several growing industrial towns. The electorate was further expanded by",
"title": "House of Commons of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "185023",
"text": "2005, the position of Speaker of the House of Lords (as it is termed in the Act) was separated from the office of Lord Chancellor (the office which has control over the judiciary as a whole), though the Lords remain largely self-governing. Decisions on points of order and on the disciplining of unruly members are made by the whole body in the Upper House, but by the Speaker alone in the Lower House. Speeches in the House of Lords are addressed to the House as a whole (using the words \"My Lords\"), but those in the House of Commons are",
"title": "Parliament of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "2333085",
"text": "governmental structure embodied in the final version of the Humble Petition and Advice was a basis for all future parliaments. It proposed an elected House of Commons as the Lower Chamber, a House of Lords containing peers of the realm as the Upper Chamber, and a constitutional monarchy, subservient to parliament and the laws of the nation, as the executive arm of the state at the top of the tree, assisted in carrying out their duties by a Privy Council. Oliver Cromwell had thus inadvertently presided over the creation of a basis for the future parliamentary government of England. In",
"title": "Parliament of England"
},
{
"id": "2134598",
"text": "Lambeth Palace Lambeth Palace is the official London residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury in England, in north Lambeth, on the south bank of the River Thames, 400 yards south-east of the Palace of Westminster, which houses the Houses of Parliament, on the opposite bank. The building, originally called the Manor of Lambeth or Lambeth House, has been – for nearly 800 years – the London residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury, whose original residence was in Canterbury, Kent. In addition, Lambeth Palace is home to the Community of Saint Anselm, an Anglican religious order that is under the patronage",
"title": "Lambeth Palace"
},
{
"id": "2285671",
"text": "Chamber of Deputies The chamber of deputies is the legislative body such as the lower house of a bicameral legislature, or also a unicameral legislature. Historically, \"French Chamber of Deputies\" was the lower house of the French Parliament during the Bourbon Restoration, the July Monarchy, and the French Third Republic; the name is still informally used for the National Assembly under the nation's current Fifth Republic. The term \"chamber of deputies\" — although it was used as the name of the lower house of parliament in Burma, a former British colony — is not widely used by English-speaking countries, the",
"title": "Chamber of Deputies"
},
{
"id": "1287344",
"text": "the monarchy. Parliament consisted of two levels of administration: the House of Lords that was made up of the influential peers of the realm and Lords Spiritual, and the House of Commons, which consisted of representative members of the aristocracy and the middle-class. The House of Commons had grown sharply, doubling in size due to the prosperity of the middle-class during that time. There were a number of vocal Puritans in the House of Commons (although the extent to which they influenced the Commons is disputed, Sir John Neale identified a unified bloc of 43 members, whereas revisionists have suggested",
"title": "History of the Constitution of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "3124411",
"text": "Parliament of Ireland The Parliament of Ireland was the legislature of the Lordship of Ireland, and later the Kingdom of Ireland, from 1297 until 1800. It was modelled on the Parliament of England and from 1537 comprised two chambers: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The Lords were members of the Irish peerage (\"lords temporal\") and bishops (\"lords spiritual\"; after the Reformation, Church of Ireland bishops). The Commons was directly elected, albeit on a very restricted franchise. Parliaments met at various places in Leinster and Munster, but latterly always in Dublin: in Christchurch Cathedral (15th century), Dublin",
"title": "Parliament of Ireland"
},
{
"id": "328276",
"text": "the main bedchamber for King Henry III. The House of Lords originally met in the Queen's Chamber, a modest Medieval hall towards the southern end of the complex, with the adjoining Prince's Chamber used as the robing room for peers and for the monarch during state openings. In 1801 the Upper House moved into the larger White Chamber (also known as the Lesser Hall), which had housed the Court of Requests; the expansion of the Peerage by King George III during the 18th century, along with the imminent Act of Union with Ireland, necessitated the move, as the original chamber",
"title": "Palace of Westminster"
},
{
"id": "185004",
"text": "However, regardless of the Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949, the House of Lords has always retained the unrestricted power to veto any bill outright which attempts to extend the life of a parliament. The Government of Ireland Act 1920 created the parliaments of Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland and reduced the representation of both parts at Westminster. The number of Northern Ireland seats was increased again after the introduction of direct rule in 1973. The Irish Free State became independent in 1922, and in 1927 parliament was renamed the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern",
"title": "Parliament of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "11575733",
"text": "senate districts provided proportionately greater representation to rural areas. However, in the 1964 decision \"Reynolds v. Sims\", the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that, unlike the United States Senate, state senates must be elected from districts of approximately equal population. In 40 of the 49 bicameral state legislatures, the lower house is called the \"House of Representatives\". The name \"House of Delegates\" is used in Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia. California and Wisconsin call their lower house the \"State Assembly\", while Nevada and New York simply call the lower house the \"Assembly\". New Jersey calls its lower house the \"General Assembly\".",
"title": "State governments of the United States"
},
{
"id": "2835183",
"text": "general rules, in that it has the same powers as its lower counterpart: any law can be initiated in either house and must be approved in the same form by both houses. Additionally, a Government must have the consent of both to remain in office, a position which is known as \"perfect bicameralism\" or \"equal bicameralism\". The role of a revising chamber is to scrutinise legislation that may have been drafted over-hastily in the lower house and to suggest amendments that the lower house may nevertheless reject if it wishes to. An example is the British House of Lords. Under",
"title": "Upper house"
},
{
"id": "11945881",
"text": "House of Laity The House of Laity is the lower house in the tricameral General Synod of the Church of England legislature. They are responsible for representing the laity of the Church of England in the legislature. They are indirectly elected every 5 years by members on the Church of England's electoral roll via the representatives on the Diocesan Synods. The concept of giving the laity a voice in the governance of the Church of England dated back to the English Reformation when King Henry VIII of England broke the Church of England away from the Roman Catholic Church. The",
"title": "House of Laity"
},
{
"id": "2037077",
"text": "Terrace (formerly Dept of Health). Parliamentary Estate The Parliamentary Estate is the land and buildings used by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The most notable part of the Parliamentary Estate is the Palace of Westminster, where the chambers of both houses of Parliament (the Commons and the Lords) are located. The Parliamentary Estate also includes Parliament Street, the Norman Shaw Buildings (which contain office space for members of Parliament and their staff), the House of Commons Library, the official residences of several parliamentary officers and Portcullis House (an office building for MPs and staff, opened February 2001.) and since",
"title": "Parliamentary Estate"
},
{
"id": "12360682",
"text": "of Islam\". Prominent examples of legislatures are the Houses of Parliament in London, the Congress in Washington D.C., the Bundestag in Berlin, the Duma in Moscow, the Parlamento Italiano in Rome and the \"Assemblée nationale\" in Paris. By the principle of representative government people vote for politicians to carry out \"their\" wishes. Although countries like Israel, Greece, Sweden and China are unicameral, most countries are bicameral, meaning they have two separately appointed legislative houses. In the 'lower house' politicians are elected to represent smaller constituencies. The 'upper house' is usually elected to represent states in a federal system (as in",
"title": "Law"
},
{
"id": "1702367",
"text": "house of parliament. The leader of the majority party in the House of Commons usually becomes the prime minister. Since 2010 the House of Commons of the United Kingdom has had 650 elected members, and since 2015 the House of Commons of Canada has had 338 members. The Commons' functions are to consider through debate new laws and changes to existing ones, authorise taxes, and provide scrutiny of the policy and expenditure of the Government. It has the power to give a Government a vote of no confidence. The House of Commons of the Kingdom of England evolved from an",
"title": "House of Commons"
},
{
"id": "13950594",
"text": "remains in power only as long as it retains the support of Parliament also evolved, leading to the first ever motion of no confidence, when Lord North's government failed to end the American Revolution. The modern notion that only the support of the House of Commons is necessary for a government to survive, however, was of later development. Similarly, the custom that the Prime Minister is always a Member of the Lower House, rather than the Upper one, did not evolve until the twentieth century. The business of the house was controlled by an elected Speaker. The Speaker's official role",
"title": "House of Commons of Great Britain"
},
{
"id": "568650",
"text": "into a bicameral institution, composed of a House of Lords and a House of Commons. Yet it was not in the upper, but in the lower house that the greatest changes took place, with the expanding political role of the Commons. Informative is the Good Parliament, where the Commons for the first time – albeit with noble support – were responsible for precipitating a political crisis. In the process, both the procedure of impeachment and the office of the Speaker were created. Even though the political gains were of only temporary duration, this parliament represented a watershed in English political",
"title": "Edward III of England"
},
{
"id": "14565045",
"text": "Habeas Corpus Parliament The Habeas Corpus Parliament, also known as the First Exclusion Parliament, was a short-lived English Parliament which assembled on 6 March 1679 (or 1678, Old Style) during the reign of Charles II of England, the third parliament of the King's reign. It is named after the Habeas Corpus Act, which it enacted in May 1679. The Habeas Corpus Parliament sat for two sessions. The first session sat from 6 March 1679 to 13 March 1679, the second session from 15 March 1679 to 26 May 1679. It was dissolved while in recess on 12 July 1679. The",
"title": "Habeas Corpus Parliament"
},
{
"id": "180505",
"text": "United Kingdom, of a British overseas territory, of the Republic of Ireland, or of a member state of the Commonwealth of Nations. These restrictions were introduced by the British Nationality Act 1981, but were previously far more stringent: under the Act of Settlement 1701, only natural-born subjects were qualified. Members of the House of Lords may not serve in the House of Commons, or even vote in parliamentary elections (just as the Queen does not vote); however, they are permitted to sit in the chamber during debates (unlike the Queen, who cannot enter the chamber). A person may not sit",
"title": "House of Commons of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "2333073",
"text": "Crown). However, it must be emphasised that while several elections to parliament in this period were in some way corrupt by modern standards, many elections involved genuine contests between rival candidates, even though the ballot was not secret. It was in this period that the Palace of Westminster was established as the seat of the English Parliament. In 1548, the House of Commons was granted a regular meeting place by the Crown, St Stephen's Chapel. This had been a royal chapel. It was made into a debating chamber after Henry VIII became the last monarch to use the Palace of",
"title": "Parliament of England"
},
{
"id": "562054",
"text": "Act of Union 1801), the unreformed House of Commons was composed of 658 members, of whom 513 represented England and Wales. There were two types of constituencies; counties and boroughs. County members were supposed to represent landholders, while borough members were supposed to represent the mercantile and trading interests of the kingdom. Counties were historical national subdivisions established between the 8th and 16th centuries. They were not merely parliamentary constituencies; many components of government (including courts and the militia) were organised along county lines. The members of Parliament chosen by the counties were known as Knights of the Shire. In",
"title": "Reform Act 1832"
}
] | which house in the english parliament is considered to be the lower house |
[
"Hemant Brijwasi"
] | [
{
"id": "18597821",
"text": "Brown, Maroon 5, Snoop Dogg, Stevie Wonder, Michael Jackson, Justin Timberlake, Timbaland and others as his favorite artists. He is hailed in his home country as the \"Israeli Justin Timberlake\" because of the similarity of his musical style, but he describes himself as \"simple and regular Nadav\". Nadav Guedj Nadav Guedj (; born 2 November 1998) is an Israeli singer who represented Israel in the Eurovision Song Contest 2015. He is the winner of season two of \"HaKokhav HaBa\" (Israel's \"Rising Star\"). Guedj was born in Paris. Guedj lives in Natanya, Israel. In 2016, he enlisted in the Israeli Army.",
"title": "Nadav Guedj"
},
{
"id": "20515393",
"text": "live via the television channel's mobile app. The show premiered on 20 January 2018 on Colors TV. This is the first reality television show in India which involves Live Audience Voting through Voot App. Popular playback singer and music director Shankar Mahadevan, playback singer and actor Monali Thakur and actor-singer Diljit Dosanjh return as the experts in the show. The show is hosted by TV Actor Ravi Dubey. The winner of Rising Star Season 2 is Hemant Brijwasi. In contrast to other singing competition TV shows which feature a cast of celebrity judges, \"Rising Star\" features a cast of celebrity",
"title": "Rising Star India (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "5738204",
"text": "Ramayan (1986), Shri Krishna, and Ramayan (2008), Kavita Krishnamurthy At Know In 2017 Spacial Juries and Judge UAE Singers of Student, The Give as Prices 5,000 Dinar In Winner. She also appeared in \"Rising Star Season 2\" which was broadcast on \"Colors TV\" in 4 March 2018 as a guest. Kavita Krishnamurthy married Dr. L. Subramaniam in Bengaluru, Karnataka on 11 November 1999. They have no children. Subramaniam has four children from his previous marriage. His eldest daughter Gingger Shankar is a singer, composer and multi-instrumentalist while Bindu Subramaniam is a law graduate and singer/songwriter. Narayana is a qualified doctor",
"title": "Kavita Krishnamurthy"
},
{
"id": "18597816",
"text": "Nadav Guedj Nadav Guedj (; born 2 November 1998) is an Israeli singer who represented Israel in the Eurovision Song Contest 2015. He is the winner of season two of \"HaKokhav HaBa\" (Israel's \"Rising Star\"). Guedj was born in Paris. Guedj lives in Natanya, Israel. In 2016, he enlisted in the Israeli Army. Nadav entered the second season \"HaKokhav HaBa\", the Israeli national selections for Eurovision Song Contest 2015 where he became one of the sixteen finalists. He is the youngest participant of the contest's second season, just turning sixteen when turned up for the first audition day. He sang",
"title": "Nadav Guedj"
},
{
"id": "19794450",
"text": "show is hosted by singer-actor Meiyang Chang and dancer-choreographer Raghav Juyal. Bannet Dosanjh became India's first Rising Star, winning Rs. 20 lakhs and the opportunity to sing a song in an upcoming Vishesh Films movie. Maithili Thakur was declared as the first runner-up. The second season of \"Rising Star\" was started on 20 January 2018. The expert panel remains the same, with Mahadevan, Thakur and Dosanjh. The second season is hosted by television actor Ravi Dubey. The registration of the third of Rising Star started from 16 December 2019.Audition and Casting are underway. In contrast to other singing competition TV",
"title": "Rising Star (Indian TV series)"
},
{
"id": "20515401",
"text": "will move on to compete for the \"Ticket To Finale\". The two top scorers of Saturday and Sunday episode participate in a face-off round. The Top 5 contestants except for Ticket to Finale winner Hemant Brijwasi were divided into two batches. Batch A- Zaid Ali, Chetan Brijwasi & Vishnumaya Ramesh and Batch B- Akhtar Brothers & Rohanpreet Singh. The contestant with the lowest score in each batch will be eliminated, making the Top 4. The Top 4 finalists compete in the first round. The Top 3 contestants proceed to the Face-off round. Rising Star India (season 2) Rising Star is",
"title": "Rising Star India (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "19828864",
"text": "the following locations: In the first round, expert's vote each worth 5% In the finale round, expert's vote each worth 3%. Both voting results from the first round and the final round will be accumulated. The highest score will be the winner of Rising Star Indonesia. Rising Star Indonesia (season 2) The second season of Rising Star Indonesia an Indonesian reality singing television competition aired on RCTI. Judika, , Ariel \"\"Noah\"\" and Rossa are appointed as the experts. Boy William, Nirina Zubir and are appointed as hosts. The winner of which receives a 1 billion rupiahs recording contract with Warner",
"title": "Rising Star Indonesia (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "18295148",
"text": "to get the highest voting. By singing the \" Animals\" from Maroon 5 in the first round, \"Man Down\" from Rihanna in the second half and the victory song, \"Come N Love Me\" at the end of the round, Indah Nevertari get the highest number of votes and became the champion of the first season Rising Star Indonesia. Season 2 began airing in 12 December 2016 and this season, the competition was won by Andmesh Kamaleng after received 80 percent in the final round by singing the \"Making Love Out of Nothing at All\" from Air Supply. Rising Star Indonesia",
"title": "Rising Star Indonesia"
},
{
"id": "19828863",
"text": "Rising Star Indonesia (season 2) The second season of Rising Star Indonesia an Indonesian reality singing television competition aired on RCTI. Judika, , Ariel \"\"Noah\"\" and Rossa are appointed as the experts. Boy William, Nirina Zubir and are appointed as hosts. The winner of which receives a 1 billion rupiahs recording contract with Warner Music Indonesia. The second season aired on 12 December 2016 and is produced by RCTI in-house production and led by Fabian Dharmawan. This season, the competition was won by Andmesh Kamaleng after received 80 percent in the final round. The open call auditions were held in",
"title": "Rising Star Indonesia (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "20515399",
"text": "of the episode, the contestant who sits on the Red Sofa gets eliminated. Wild Card Twist: Some of the eliminated contestants were brought back for another chance. Raenit Singh, Aman Biswal & Chetan Brijvasi. The Top 12 contestants compete in this round. As the round progresses, the contestant who receives less votes at that point of the competition moves to the Red Sofa. At the end of the episode, the contestant who sits on the Red Sofa gets eliminated. WILD CARD Top 12 The Top 10 contestants compete in this round. As the round progresses, the contestant who receives less",
"title": "Rising Star India (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "12468397",
"text": "Laarni Lozada Laarni Lozada (born Laarni Losala on June 23, 1985) is a Filipino pop, ballad, classical, and soul singer. She is the winner of Pinoy Dream Academy (Season 2), Philippine franchise of Endemol's \"Star Academy \"garnering more than 100,000 votes over the votes obtained by her closest contender Bugoy Drillon. Laarni was born in Pasig City to William and Nita Losala. The family moved to Isulan, Sultan Kudarat later on. She has six siblings. Laarni was a consistent honor student from elementary to high school. When she was in Grade five, she worked at the local public market and",
"title": "Laarni Lozada"
},
{
"id": "20622725",
"text": "most recently supporting him on Irish arena tour in March 2018. He also has a sister, Kiara Carter. Jake Carter (singer) Jake Carter (born 11 August 1998) is a singer and the winner of series 2 of the Irish television dance competition \"Dancing with the Stars\". He is the younger brother of country music singer Nathan Carter. In 2017, Carter burst on to the Irish music scene after a performance on \"The Late Late Show\" with Ryan Tubridy, performing his first single \"Trouble\". The single accompanied with a musoc video received a lot of air play on Irish country music",
"title": "Jake Carter (singer)"
},
{
"id": "18753775",
"text": "their second song. The same process applies for this round, except the running vote total is not revealed and both contestants sing with the wall up. The contestant with the higher vote percentage becomes the winner of Rising Star. Finally, each coach will have his/her best contestant left standing to compete in the finals, singing an original song. From these four, one will be named \"Rising Star\"—and will receive the grand prize of a recording contract. Warner Music Group is the general record company associated and affiliated with the Rising Star format in most countries. After success of the Israeli",
"title": "Rising Star (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "17716641",
"text": "singers then move on to a section where the judges and the audience at home vote. At the final stage, four singers are left and one will be elected \"The Next Star\". This season host is Assi Azar and the co-host is Esti Ginzburg. The judges are Rita, Zvika Hadar, Muki and Rani Rahav. Eyal Golan judged the program until his suspension on November 20, 2013, and after four days was replaced by Muki. In order: The winner of season two would represent Israel in the Eurovision Song Contest 2015. In order: This season was named \"The Next Star to",
"title": "Rising Star (Israeli TV series)"
},
{
"id": "20622723",
"text": "Jake Carter (singer) Jake Carter (born 11 August 1998) is a singer and the winner of series 2 of the Irish television dance competition \"Dancing with the Stars\". He is the younger brother of country music singer Nathan Carter. In 2017, Carter burst on to the Irish music scene after a performance on \"The Late Late Show\" with Ryan Tubridy, performing his first single \"Trouble\". The single accompanied with a musoc video received a lot of air play on Irish country music radio stations and reached number one on the Irish Country Music iTunes chart. He followed up \"Trouble\" with",
"title": "Jake Carter (singer)"
},
{
"id": "20050141",
"text": "Kang Dong-ho, Kim Yong-guk, Joo Hak-nyeon, Yoo Seon-ho, Takada Kenta, and Im Young-min) received an encore call and afterwards was also declared the winner of the concept evaluation, resulting in at least 20,000 benefit votes for each member, with the person from that group with the most votes, winning 100,000 benefit votes, to be revealed in the next elimination (Kang Dong-ho and Kang Daniel are the two candidates for 1st place). In addition, the group will also perform on \"M! Countdown\". The episode opens with the remaining 35 contestants from each company entering the main studio. Amidst the eliminations, the",
"title": "Produce 101 (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "18082144",
"text": "of votes, then the wall rises and the second contestant moves onto the next round of duels. However, if the second contestant's percentage was lower than the first contestant's, the wall stays down and the contestant was eliminated. In the second round, the two contestants that moved on will duel against each other with their second song. The same process applies for this round, except the running vote total was not revealed and both contestants sing with the wall up. The contestant with the higher vote percentage becomes the winner of Rising Star. The experts' yes vote counts as a",
"title": "Rising Star (U.S. TV series)"
},
{
"id": "20515025",
"text": "Saleem, Neha Bhasin, Akriti Kakar & Jubin Nautiyal. Finalist Maithili Thakur gave a guest performance along with Jubin Nautiyal and sang the song Bawra Mann. Takkar The two bottom scorers of the episode participate in a face-off round. In this round, the collective judges score of 21% will be given to only one contestant who, according to them, performed better. Episode 24: 23 April 2017 The top 3 finalists Maithili Thakur, Bannet Dosanjh and Ankita Kundu compete in the first round. Each expert has 1% vote each as opposed to 7%. The top 2 contestants proeed to the Face-off round.",
"title": "Rising Star India (season 1)"
},
{
"id": "18760594",
"text": "launch the second season of \"The Voice\". Shaan was announced as returning coach; Neeti Mohan, Salim Merchant and Benny Dayal joined Shaan. Karan Tacker was replaced by Gunjan Utreja as the host of the season. Sugandha Mishra joined Utreja as the co-host. The season began airing on 10 December 2016 and concluded on 12 March 2017 (28 episodes), with Farhan Sabir being crowned as the winner. Rasika Borkar was runner-up, followed by Parakhjeet Singh in third place and Niyam Kanungo in fourth place. Sabir received the grand prize money of from &TV and a Maruti Alto K10 with Automatic Gear",
"title": "The Voice (Indian TV series)"
},
{
"id": "5337591",
"text": "Drew Lachey Andrew John \"Drew\" Lachey (born August 8, 1976) is an American singer and actor. He is known as a member of 98 Degrees, the winner of the second season of \"Dancing with the Stars\", and the younger brother of Nick Lachey. Drew Lachey was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. He was a combat medic in the United States Army, was an emergency medical technician (EMT) in NYC, worked in a deli, and was a camp counselor at the age of 16. He attended the Clovernook Elementary School in North College Hill, Ohio (a suburb of Cincinnati, Ohio) then attended",
"title": "Drew Lachey"
},
{
"id": "10729831",
"text": "Terry Fator Terry Wayne Fator (; born June 10, 1965) is a ventriloquist, impressionist, comedian, and singer from Dallas, Texas. Fator does ventriloquial impersonations, and uses 15 different puppets in his act. He was the winner of season two of \"America's Got Talent\", and received the million dollar prize. The following year, he was signed on as the headliner at The Mirage hotel and casino in Las Vegas, Nevada with a five-year, $100 million contract. Terry Wayne Fator was born June 10, 1965, in Dallas, Texas, the son of Jephtha Wesley and Edith Marie Clifton, later known as Marie Sligh.",
"title": "Terry Fator"
},
{
"id": "17716638",
"text": "Rising Star (Israeli TV series) HaKokhav HaBa (, translated as \"The Next Star\") is an Israeli interactive reality singing competition, which was first broadcast on Channel 2 from 17 September 2013. It is based on the \"Rising Star\" franchise created by Keshet Broadcasting. The show is a continuation of the former program \"Kokhav Nolad\" (meaning \"A Star is Born\") which featured aspiring singers competing for a winning title. The program's format combines the internet, smartphones and television and is filmed live. The shows inaugurative season in 2013 was won by Evyatar Korkus. Since season 2, the winner is given the",
"title": "Rising Star (Israeli TV series)"
},
{
"id": "20515396",
"text": "is raised and the contestant goes to the next round of the competition. Contestants who make it through the auditions are paired by the judges to face off in a duel. The first contestant sings with the wall up and sets the benchmark for the second contestant. The second contestant sings with the wall down. If the second contestant betters the first contestant's vote total, the wall rises and the second contestant was through to the next round while the first contestant is eliminated; if the second contestant fails to raise the wall, the second contestant is eliminated and the",
"title": "Rising Star India (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "17980661",
"text": "could reach the soul of the audience further adding how his vocal is attractive and pleasing to the ear. He placed runner up behind sibling duo Akdong Musician. After receiving profound love from the general public, in June 2013, Yang Hyun-suk confirmed Ye-dam has joined YG Entertainment. In result, both first and second place winners of K-Pop Star Season 2 are now under YG Entertainment. Later in the year, Ye-dam made an appearance on the final episode of \"WIN: Who is Next\" with YG artists Lee Hi and Akdong Musician, marking his first tv show appearance after the end of",
"title": "Bang Ye-dam"
},
{
"id": "10687205",
"text": "Auttapon Prakopkong Auttapon Prakopkong อรรถพล ประกอบของ (who is better known as M The star) is a Thai singer and winner of the popular reality TV program \"The Star 2\". He was born September 28, 1978 in Chiang Mai (Northern Thailand). Although his parents were divorced when he was only two years old, his strong determination to be a good person was always kept in his mind. This might be caused by his mother's advice as a teacher. As a teenager, he had a part-time job as a singer at the Public House in Chiang Mai. It led him to his",
"title": "Auttapon Prakopkong"
},
{
"id": "10729855",
"text": "from Las Vegas\" (recorded during a performance at the Mirage), was released shortly after its August 28, 2009 debut airing on CMT. Copies sold at Target stores include footage not shown on the CMT broadcast. Terry Fator Terry Wayne Fator (; born June 10, 1965) is a ventriloquist, impressionist, comedian, and singer from Dallas, Texas. Fator does ventriloquial impersonations, and uses 15 different puppets in his act. He was the winner of season two of \"America's Got Talent\", and received the million dollar prize. The following year, he was signed on as the headliner at The Mirage hotel and casino",
"title": "Terry Fator"
},
{
"id": "19630830",
"text": "She studied fashion communication from NIFT, Mumbai. She loves yoga, painting, designing and travelling. She is currently based in Mumbai. She is now a contestant in India's Next Superstars which airs on Star Plus. She has received a lot of recognition because of her stint in the Miss India pageant of 2015 and was a major front runner there. She is the Winner of India's Next Top Model Season 2. During episode 3, makeovers occurred. Prakash's long black hair was cut as a auburn lob with bangs. Pranati Rai Prakash Pranati Rai Prakash is an Indian fashion model best known",
"title": "Pranati Rai Prakash"
},
{
"id": "18932582",
"text": "X Factor\" audition process. Stereo Kicks consisted of James Graham in addition to contestants Jake Sims, Chris Leonard, Charlie Jones, Casey Johnson, Barclay Beales, Reece Bibby, and Tom Mann. The group finished fifth that season. Their debut single \"Love Me So\" was released on 21 June 2015 and charted at number 31 on the UK Singles Chart. Just a month later, however, having been together under a year, they announced they were disbanding due to their failure to land a record deal. In 2018, James Graham took part in \"\" in its . He is the winner of season 2",
"title": "James Graham (singer)"
},
{
"id": "9969372",
"text": "Harel Moyal Harel Moyal (, born April 12, 1981) is an Israeli pop singer-songwriter and stage actor who won the second season of the Israeli television series \"Kochav Nolad\" (Hebrew for \"A Star Is Born\"). He has released two albums. Harel Moyal (stage name ) was born in Gilo, Jerusalem.When he was a year and a half old his family moved to Ma'ale Adumim in the suburbs of Jerusalem, where he grew up with his brother. As a child, Moyal listened a lot to his father who used to play the guitar and perform occasionally in the Andalusian Music Band",
"title": "Harel Moyal"
},
{
"id": "12468406",
"text": "also known for her versatility when it comes to her mastery of different genres. Laarni can sing operatic arias, jazz, standards, bossa nova, rock songs, pop/dance songs, R&B songs, kundiman and power ballads. Laarni Lozada Laarni Lozada (born Laarni Losala on June 23, 1985) is a Filipino pop, ballad, classical, and soul singer. She is the winner of Pinoy Dream Academy (Season 2), Philippine franchise of Endemol's \"Star Academy \"garnering more than 100,000 votes over the votes obtained by her closest contender Bugoy Drillon. Laarni was born in Pasig City to William and Nita Losala. The family moved to Isulan,",
"title": "Laarni Lozada"
},
{
"id": "20515400",
"text": "votes at that point of the competition moves to the Red Sofa. At the end of the episode, the contestant who sits on the Red Sofa gets eliminated. The Top 8 contestants compete in this round. As the round progresses, the contestant who receives less votes at that point of the competition moves to the Red Sofa. At the end of the episode, the contestant who sits on the Red Sofa gets eliminated. The contestants compete to earn a direct entry to the finale week. In each episode, the contestant sitting on Golden Sofa (the contestant with the highest score)",
"title": "Rising Star India (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "15853503",
"text": "course of his PGT stint, he was able to fulfill his lifelong dream to reunite with his family. Pomoy makes regular appearances on \"ASAP\", and his first studio album, entitled \"Duet Yourself\", was released in 2011 under Star Records. On September 21, 2014, Pomoy married Joan Paraiso of Calauag, Quezon, and they have one daughter, Marcella Janiah. Marcelito Pomoy Marcelito \"Mars\" Pomoy (born September 22, 1984) is a Filipino singer, known for his ability to sing in both tenor and soprano. He is the grand winner of the second season of \"Pilipinas Got Talent\". The singer's higher-pitched \"female\" voice is",
"title": "Marcelito Pomoy"
},
{
"id": "7639610",
"text": "Sandeep Acharya Sandeep Acharya (4 February 1984 – 15 December 2013) was an Indian singer . He came in news after winning the second season of the popular reality television show \"Indian Idol\" in 2006. Acharya belonged to Bikaner in Rajasthan. He died on 15 December 2013 in Gurgaon's Medanta Hospital. Acharya was runner up in the Golden Voice of India. He was the winner of India Idol Season 2 on 22 April 2006. Acharya's win gained him a 1 crore contract from Sony BMG, a music album contract and a brand new Maruti Baleno car. Sandeep also participated in",
"title": "Sandeep Acharya"
},
{
"id": "20050142",
"text": "trainees participate in a question relay and a team game event where \"Open Up (열어줘)\" group emerges as the winner. They are also asked to vote for the top 6 pick for the debut team in the trainees among them, with MMO Entertainment's Yoon Ji-sung taking 1st place and Kang Daniel, Jung Se-woon, Park Ji-hoon, Ong Seong-woo, and Park Woo-jin taking 2nd to 6th place respectively. At the elimination, BoA reveals that only 20 trainees will advance to the final stage. Kang Daniel is announced as the overall winner of the concept evaluation, winning 100,000 benefit votes. With ranks 19",
"title": "Produce 101 (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "20515020",
"text": "television debut. The show is hosted by singer-actor Meiyang Chang and dancer-choreographer Raghav Juyal. Bannet Dosanjh became India's first Rising Star, won Rs. 20 lakhs and also an opportunity to sing a song in an upcoming Vishesh Films movie. Maithili Thakur was declared as the first runner-up. The Live auditions began on 4 February 2017 and lasted for 8 episodes. The top 30 scorers from the auditions moved on to the second round named 'Duels Ki Takkar' which began on 4 March 2017. The contestants who qualify from this round move on to the quarterfinals. Episode 9: 4 March 2017",
"title": "Rising Star India (season 1)"
},
{
"id": "17138972",
"text": "Ashbury Park Oysterfest. He is also the founder and Managing Director of Chefs For Life, a charity organization which works to feed the hungry around the world, educate them about cooking and healthy eating, promote the appreciation of food and nature, and provide resources to combat hunger. He also works to support the charity No Kid Hungry. Terry French (chef) Terry French, known as the \"Rebel Chef' is an American chef, recognized as winner of Season 2 of Food Network's \"Extreme Chef\" television show, and charity organization Chefs For Life. French was born in Evansville, Indiana. He attended Castle High",
"title": "Terry French (chef)"
},
{
"id": "10231520",
"text": "winner of the competition. He was voted out on December 13, 2003 after receiving the fewest votes. He later changed his sex and renamed himself Lorielle London. In the second season, the show was co-hosted by Michelle Hunziker and Carsten Spengemann. Elli Erl won, with Denise Tillmanns coming in second. Bottom 4: Judith Burmeister, Jessica Houston, Steffen Frommberg, Ricky Ord Eliminated: Jessica Houston & Ricky Ord Bottom 2: Judith Burmeister, Steffen Frommberger Eliminated: Steffen Frommberger Bottom 2: Lorenzo Woodard, Judith Burmeister Eliminated: Lorenzo Woodard Bottom 2: Judith Burmeister, Kemi Awosogba Eliminated : Kemi Awosogba Bottom 2: Anke Wagner, Judith Burmeister",
"title": "Deutschland sucht den Superstar (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "18099000",
"text": "Yoan Garneau Yoan Garneau, also known as Yoan, is a Canadian pop, rock and country singer from Ferme-Neuve, Quebec. The winner of Season 2 of the reality television series \"La Voix\" in 2014, he released his self-titled debut album in 2015. Garneau's father Sylvain is a country musician. Before his original audition for \"La Voix\", Garneau had difficulty deciding whether to audition with an original song or a cover of Billy Joe Shaver's \"Live Forever\", deciding only at the last minute to go with the Shaver cover. His debut album \"Yoan\", released on March 25, 2015, features duets with Isabelle",
"title": "Yoan Garneau"
},
{
"id": "1731920",
"text": "reviews among audience. Kamal Haasan also hosted the second season \"Bigg Boss Tamil 2\" which started its telecast in 17 June 2018. Kamal received in 1990 the Padma Shri and in 2014 the Padma Bhushan for his contributions to Indian cinema. At age six he won the President's Gold Medal for Best Child Actor for his debut film, \"Kalathur Kannamma\". He is tied with Mammootty for the second most Best Actor National Film Awards with three. He won a National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil for producing the 1992 Tamil film, \"Thevar Magan\". He has a record",
"title": "Kamal Haasan"
},
{
"id": "16550660",
"text": "finale of season two was held at the GMA Network Studio 7. In season 1, the winner, Krizza Neri received ₱ 1,000,000.00. Other than the cash prize, a 2-bedroom condo unit worth ₱ 3,000,000 and a five-year management contract with GMA Artist Center were also given. The winner, together with the runners-up, received a four-year scholarship grant from STI College. Lovely Embuscado received the \"Texters’ Choice Award\" and the \"Skyflakes Biggest Break Award\" with a total cash prize of ₱ 150,000.00. The prizes given for the winners of the second season are two 2-bedroom condo units, ₱ 1,000,000.00 cash prize",
"title": "Protégé (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "12354628",
"text": "Mahajan. The season lasted for 98 continuous days in total, ending with the finale on 22 November 2008. Ashutosh Kaushik emerged as the winner with an award of Rs. 1 crore. Raja Chaudhary was the runner-up of the show. Rahul Mahajan won the Aveo UVA car as he was selected as the \"Bada Dilwala\" of the show. Housemates Rahul Mahajan and Sambhavana Sheth returned to compete in \"Bigg Boss Halla Bol\". They became the third and fourth housemates to be evicted, on Day 21 and 24 respectively. Sana is a twin-sister of house-mate Alina where both are identical twins. At",
"title": "Bigg Boss (Hindi season 2)"
},
{
"id": "12060903",
"text": "and Jet Singh were absent). The next night, dubbed the Awards Night, Vina Morales and Wency Cornejo performed with the scholars (again including Poy and excluding Jet and Ross) in their opening number. The show also included an early Christmas number by the show's Little Dreamers and several children from Childhope Asia Philippines, as well as a song and dance performance from Billy Crawford and the female mainstays of the upcoming comedy show \"Banana Split\". Among the Top 6 Scholars, Bugoy Drilon, Laarni Lozada, and Miguel Mendoza were declared the Top Three. Of the Three, Laarni was declared the winner.",
"title": "Pinoy Dream Academy (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "13441723",
"text": "winner of India's first live singing reality show Rising Star Season 2(2018). The hosts are 2 little kids. Afsha at first was auditioning as a contestant, and ended up being the hostess. Dhairya was already famous from few movies like: Partner (2007 film) and Baabul. Also from shows: Kya Aap Paanchvi Pass Se Tez Hain? and Ek Se Badhkar Ek. 21 August: 28 August: 4 September: 11 September: NO ELIMINATION (on Asha Bhosle's request) 18 September: 25 September: NO ELIMINATION 2 October: 9 October: 16 October: Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2009 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il",
"title": "Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2009"
},
{
"id": "17170208",
"text": "stars Johnson performing as Alyssa Edwards speaking on a multitude of subjects and often features guests including other members of the Haus of Edwards. The webseries is produced and premieres through World of Wonder Productions. In 2016, Johnson returned as one of 10 contestants in \"Season 2 of RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars\", ending in fifth place. Johnson won the main challenge of the third episode titled \"Herstory of the World\", playing Annie Oakley in a performance featuring other famous women throughout history. He was then eliminated in episode four \"Drag Movie Shequels\", after playing Bland in \"Wha' Ha' Happened",
"title": "Alyssa Edwards"
},
{
"id": "14663192",
"text": "Alka Ajith Alka Ajith () is an Indian playback singer, best known for winning season 2 of \"Airtel Super Singer Junior\", a Tamil language music competition reality TV show broadcast on Vijay TV. She was awarded the Jaycey Foundation Best Female Singer Award in 2017. Alka was born to M.P. Ajith Kumar and K. Sajitha. Her paternal grandfather was a noted singer. Her father Ajith Kumar is a professional musician and organist, who runs Alka's orchestra, \"Sangeeth Sagar\". Alka first learnt music from her father. Alka gave her first public performance when she was two and half years old in",
"title": "Alka Ajith"
},
{
"id": "5264583",
"text": "was named after Leroy. In 2012, her wax figure was unveiled at the Musée Grévin in Paris. Nolwenn Leroy Nolwenn Le Magueresse (born 28 September 1982 in Saint-Renan, Brittany, France), known by her stage name Nolwenn Leroy ( ), is a French singer-songwriter, musician and voice actress. Originally classically trained, she rose to fame after winning the second season of the French television music competition \"Star Academy\", in 2002. She has since recorded six studio albums and scored two number one singles, \"Cassé\" and \"Nolwenn Ohwo!\", on the French charts. In 2012, her album \"Bretonne\" was certified two times diamond",
"title": "Nolwenn Leroy"
},
{
"id": "10454600",
"text": "Jermaine Paul Jermaine Paul (born July 26, 1979) is an American singer. He was the winner of the second season of \"The Voice\". Prior to his \"The Voice\" stint, he was co-nominated at the 48th Grammy Awards for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals, in a collaborative work with Alicia Keys as the featured artist. Jeremiah Jermaine Paul was born on July 26, 1979, in Harriman, New York, and was raised in Spring Valley, New York, the fifth of 10 children. His father encouraged his involvement in music by \"turning their living room into a musical",
"title": "Jermaine Paul"
},
{
"id": "19781138",
"text": "be given a chance to sign up for it. Winners of Dil Hai Hindustani 1 Winners of Dil Hai Hindustani 2 1. Akshay Dhawan 2. Mountain Souls Ft.Gaurdeep 3. Soumya 4. Radha and Divyansh 5. Michal Rudas The Winner Of season 1 Is Faisal Mohammed Rafi From Oman And Runner Up Is Euphony Official And Barnali Hota. The winner of second season is Akshay Dhawan and runner up is Mountain Souls.ft Gaurdeep. Dil Hai Hindustani Dil Hai Hindustani is an Indian Hindi reality singing talent show, which is scheduled to premiere sometime in December 2016 and will be broadcast on",
"title": "Dil Hai Hindustani"
},
{
"id": "2480163",
"text": "divorce. Studdard's divorce was finalized in April 2012. Studdard received an honorary Master of Arts degree from his alma mater of Alabama A&M University, where he received a bachelor degree in Vocal Studies, at its December 2015 commencement ceremony. He is a member of Phi Mu Alpha fraternity. Ruben Studdard Christopher Ruben Studdard (born September 12, 1978) is an American R&B, pop and gospel singer and actor. He rose to fame as winner of the second season of \"American Idol\" and received a Grammy Award nomination in 2003 for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance for his recording of \"Superstar\". In",
"title": "Ruben Studdard"
},
{
"id": "18225265",
"text": "Jesse Kinch Jesse Kinch (born April 20, 1994) is an American singer, songwriter, and guitarist. He was the first and only winner of the American series of \"Rising Star\". international franchise based on the Israeli series \"HaKokhav HaBa\". The American series was broadcast on ABC. The show was hosted by Josh Groban and the panel of judges were Brad Paisley, Kesha and Ludacris Kinch, a Seaford, Long Island native picked up a guitar when he was 6, after discovering an old, beat up acoustic in his parents basement. They began to notice a mature sense of rhythm and pitch, convincing",
"title": "Jesse Kinch"
},
{
"id": "13477778",
"text": "meanwhile, started \"I always found [Ashley] a bit irritating, so it was no big loss. For some reason however, they've replaced her with another annoying young woman, Kate Freelander. She's basically the same character as Ashley, tough as nails on the outside but still a vulnerable young woman on the inside, but this time in an Indian shell.\" Overall the second season won seven awards, all them Leo Awards, out of 17 nominations from the same ceremony. \"Pavor Nocturnus\" won three of those wins; Brenton Spencer won \"Best Direction\", Christina McQuarrie won \"Best Costume Design\", and Robin Dunne won \"Best",
"title": "Sanctuary (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "17366716",
"text": "that's it.\" Andrea Begley Andrea Begley is a singer from Pomeroy, Northern Ireland, who is most notable for winning the second series of the BBC talent search \"The Voice UK\", beating the favourite to win, Leah McFall. She is the niece of Irish country music singer Philomena Begley. Begley was signed to Capitol Records. Her winning single \"My Immortal\" entered the UK Singles Chart at number 75 that week. The single then went on to peak to number 30 on UK Singles Chart and number 70 on the Irish Singles Chart. Begley is partially sighted as a result of Glaucoma.",
"title": "Andrea Begley"
},
{
"id": "12423135",
"text": "Sukirti Kandpal Sukirti Kandpal (born 20 November 1987) is an Indian television actress known for her roles in the shows \"Dill Mill Gayye\", \"Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani\", \"Dilli Wali Thakur Gurls\". In 2014 she appeared in \"Kaisa Yeh Ishq Hai... Ajab Sa Risk Hai\". She was also a contestant on \"Bigg Boss 8\". In 2017, she played the lead in Zee TV's show \"Kaala Teeka\", season 2. Kandpal was born in Nainital, Uttarakhand to B.D. Kandpal (former President of the Uttarakhand Bar Association and Deputy Advocate General of Uttarakhand High Court) and Manju Kandpal. She has two siblings, an",
"title": "Sukirti Kandpal"
},
{
"id": "20515395",
"text": "invited to register for voting for that specific act. Following a countdown of three seconds, the candidate has to start performing behind a screen called \"The Wall\". With start of performance, the voting kicks in. Registered voters have the option of voting just \"Yes\" or \"No\". Non-votes are also considered \"No\" votes. If an expert votes \"Yes\", another 5% is added to the tally of the contestant. The contestants also see random photos of voters in their favour. Faces of panelists voting \"Yes\" is also be shown in larger frames. Once the contestant reaches 80% of \"Yes\" votes, the wall",
"title": "Rising Star India (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "10085956",
"text": "Daren Tan Daren Tan Xuan Yu (born 22 February 1983) is a Singaporean singer. He was the winner of Project Superstar Season 2. He has been listed among CLEO magazine's 50 Most Eligible Bachelors. He changed his Chinese name to Chén Xuān Yù in 2014, and this was formally announced in Project Superstar 3 live show on national TV on 25 August 2014. Tan's debut album, titled \"Regardless\", was released islandwide on January 26, 2008. One of his songs, \"Dou Shen\", is the theme song for the popular Mediacorp drama \"Metamorphosis\". The first song in his debut album, titled \"Regardless\"",
"title": "Daren Tan"
},
{
"id": "8934347",
"text": "Stéphanie Lapointe Stéphanie Lapointe (born March 26, 1984 in Brossard, Quebec) is a Quebec singer, song writer, television and movie actress and humanitarian activist. She is best known as the winner of the second season of Star Académie, the Quebec version of Fame Academy. Lapointe discovered and developed her interest in music as a young child. It was in 1992, at the age of 8, that she had her first piano lessons at her elementary school in Brossard (formerly Longueuil) a southern suburb of Montreal. In 1996, right after finishing primary school, she traveled to France for a school extracurricular",
"title": "Stéphanie Lapointe"
},
{
"id": "8061182",
"text": "Benji Schwimmer Benjamin Daniel Schwimmer (born January 18, 1984) is an American professional dancer, choreographer and actor. He was the winner of the second season of \"So You Think You Can Dance\" (2006) and has choreographed for both the U.S. and the international versions of the show. He co-starred in the 2010 film \"Leading Ladies\". Schwimmer was born on January 18, 1984 in Newport Beach, California, and grew up in a Latter-day Saint (Mormon) household in Moreno Valley, California. He is the son of choreographer and West Coast Swing dancer Buddy Schwimmer. His mother, Laurie Schwimmer, and sister, Lacey Schwimmer,",
"title": "Benji Schwimmer"
},
{
"id": "20515392",
"text": "Rising Star India (season 2) Rising Star is the second Indian version of the international franchise series \"Rising Star\", a reality television singing competition.This is first time when Rising Star does not come with any present sponsor. This season earlier had an age limit of 4-13 years but when singers more than 13 years of age came for audition, the channel decided to change the age limit to 4 years and above. It is based on the Israeli singing competition \"HaKokhav HaBa\" (meaning \"The Next Star\") made by Keshet Broadcasting Ltd. The program format lets the viewers vote for contestants",
"title": "Rising Star India (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "20515397",
"text": "first contestant goes through. The Live auditions began on 20 January 2018 and went on till 4 February 2018. The top 31 scorers from the auditions moved on to the second round named 'Duels Ki Takkar' which began on 10 February 2018. The contestants who qualify from this round move on to the quarterfinals. The Top 16 contestants compete in this round. Eight teams of two perform in duets. The first team perform with the wall up and set the target percentage. The next teams perform with the wall down and attempt to beat the target score. The duo with",
"title": "Rising Star India (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "8731813",
"text": "Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner",
"title": "Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"
},
{
"id": "15290254",
"text": "Sasha-Lee Davids Sasha-Lee Davids born in Atlantis, Western Cape, South Africa is a singer and the 2009 co-winner of South African Idols season 5 alongside Jason Hartman. She is also the winner of the 2008 reality TV show \"Matrix\" season 2. Davids comes from Atlantis in the Western Cape. She is one of 10 children, and her father is a pastor. Sasha-Lee Davids was originally declared the sole winner after singing the winner's song \"True Believer\". But apparently, there had been a mix-up with late votes arriving after the cutoff time on the night of the finale. The SMS messages",
"title": "Sasha-Lee Davids"
},
{
"id": "20515394",
"text": "experts and considers the viewers at home the judges. During each performance, the audience at home is able to decide in real time whether or not a contestant is sent through to the next round by using a mobile voting app. While the viewers at home are considered the \"judges\", the expert panelists also may influence the vote but with continuously decreasing percentage votes over the total public vote and not exceeding 5% of the total voting power. The first round where the acts are individually called to perform. As a reportage of the announced performer is shown, viewers are",
"title": "Rising Star India (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "18900620",
"text": "her own charitable foundation. Daniella Rahme Daniella Rahme (Arabic: دانييلا رحمة) (born in Sydney) is a Lebanese Actress, and TV Presenter. She is the winner of Miss Lebanon Emigrant 2010 and winner of Dancing with the Stars Middle East Season 2. Lebanese-Australian Daniella Rahme has always had a passion for acting, fostering it during her school years by participating in theater and drama programs. That dream became a concrete reality in 2018, when she starred in the Ramadan show Tango, sharing the screen with Bassel Khayat, Bassem Moughnieh, and Dana Mardini. The series was met with acclaim and high ratings,",
"title": "Daniella Rahme"
},
{
"id": "12745841",
"text": "as the winner of the second season. Om Chetry, Rohan Parkale and Saumya Rai came second, third and fourth respectively. The third season began broadcasting on 1 March 2014. Geeta Kapoor, Ahmad Khan and Mudassar Khan were judges, along with Sanam Johar, Raghav Crockroaz Juyal/ Omkar Shinde, Rahul Shetty and Paul Marshal Cardoz and Swarali Karulkar, as skippers. The teams were Raghav/Omkar ke Rockstar, Sanam ke Superheroes, Rahul and Paul ke Rapchik Punters and Swarali ke Sparklers. Teriya Magar from Nepal was declared the winner, and Anushka Chetry became the 1st runner-up. Sadhwin Shetty was the 2nd runner-up. DID Li'l",
"title": "Dance India Dance"
},
{
"id": "20834121",
"text": "in 1999, and also played a role in Prabhas's film \"Mr. Perfect\" (2011). Kaushal continued his modeling career and appeared in many commercial ads, He started his own model management and ad film company, The Looks Productions in 1999. Kaushal gained massive fame and fan following for his performance in \"Bigg Boss Telugu 2\" and became the winner of the show in September 2018. Kaushal's ad campaigns are done under his marketing communication agency \"The Looks Productions\" Kaushal Manda Kaushal Prasad Manda is an Indian actor and model who predominantly works in Tollywood and TV Serials. He is the title",
"title": "Kaushal Manda"
},
{
"id": "20515398",
"text": "the least score move to the Red Sofa (unsafe zone). The team with the lowest score gets eliminated. Episode 11: 24 February 2018 The Top 14 contestants compete in this round. As the round progresses, the contestant who receives less votes at that point of the competition moves to the Red Sofa. At the end of the episode, the contestant who sits on the Red Sofa gets eliminated. The Top 12 contestants compete in this round. As the round progresses, the contestant who receives less votes at that point of the competition moves to the Red Sofa. At the end",
"title": "Rising Star India (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "15290256",
"text": "a tie\". Sasha-Lee Davids Sasha-Lee Davids born in Atlantis, Western Cape, South Africa is a singer and the 2009 co-winner of South African Idols season 5 alongside Jason Hartman. She is also the winner of the 2008 reality TV show \"Matrix\" season 2. Davids comes from Atlantis in the Western Cape. She is one of 10 children, and her father is a pastor. Sasha-Lee Davids was originally declared the sole winner after singing the winner's song \"True Believer\". But apparently, there had been a mix-up with late votes arriving after the cutoff time on the night of the finale. The",
"title": "Sasha-Lee Davids"
},
{
"id": "8118925",
"text": "Gerald Santos became the grand champion of the second season of GMA 7's show \"Pinoy Pop Superstar\". He was the youngest champion of the biggest reality singing contest then hosted by Ms. Regine Velasquez. He sang \"kahit isang saglit\" \"Hanggang\" and \"Close to where you are\" as his winning songs in the Final night of PPS Season 2. He is not the typical \"biritero\" but he is noted for his heartfelt singing and can melt everyone's heart with his simple singing. After winning the PPS, Gerald signed a five-year contract with GMA, including a record deal with GMA Records, and",
"title": "Gerald Santos"
},
{
"id": "15727007",
"text": "four coaches return for their second season. The season expanded from the first season: each coach has twelve artists on their team, rather than eight as in the first season. The blind auditions and the battle rounds have also been extended. Executive producer Mark Burnett said that a results show would be on Tuesday nights in the spring. Jermaine Paul, mentored by coach Blake Shelton, was declared winner of the season. Auditions took place in the following cities: All four of the original coaches returned for this season. Carson Daly, the host of the show, also returned. Alison Haislip was",
"title": "The Voice (U.S. season 2)"
},
{
"id": "15853501",
"text": "Marcelito Pomoy Marcelito \"Mars\" Pomoy (born September 22, 1984) is a Filipino singer, known for his ability to sing in both tenor and soprano. He is the grand winner of the second season of \"Pilipinas Got Talent\". The singer's higher-pitched \"female\" voice is praised by critics, though his flawed diction and propensity for technical errors have left reviewers less impressed. Pomoy was born in Imus, Cavite and raised in Bislig City, Surigao del Sur. When he was young, his father was incarcerated while his mother left him alone with his younger sibling and went to Manila. He was later adopted",
"title": "Marcelito Pomoy"
},
{
"id": "10231521",
"text": "Eliminated: Judith Burmeister Bottom 2: Aida Ilijasevic, Gunther Göbbel Eliminated: Aida Ilijasevic Bottom 2: Gunther Göbbel, Anke Wagner Eliminated: Anke Wagner Bottom 2: Gunther Göbbel, Denise Tillmanns Eliminated: Gunther Göbbel Bottom 2: Phillippe Bühler, Benny Martell Eliminated: Benny Martell Bottom 2: Denise Tillmanns, Phillippe Bühler Eliminated: Phillippe Bühler Winner: Elli Erl Runner - Up: Denise Tillmanns DSDS Finalists Elli Erl Phillipe Bühler Singles: \"Warum\", \"Ich Kann Dich Lieben\" Benjamin Martell Singles: \"1st Fan Edition\" Gunther Göbbel Singles: \"Meant 2 Be\", \"Stand by Me\", \"Only You\", \"Girl you know it's true\", \"Right here waiting for you\" Anke Wagner Albums: Close to",
"title": "Deutschland sucht den Superstar (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "18588873",
"text": "Indah Nevertari Festival of Navratri is full of lights, joy and festivity. Hindus celebrate this with devotion and enthusiasm throughout India. The celebration is carried on for around 9 days. It means nine nights and so the tenth day Goddess Durga, who is worshipped throughout the nine days, is immersed in holy water after pooja. Indah Nevertari (born May 11, 1992) is an Indonesian singer. She is known as the first winner of the first season Rising Star Indonesia. International franchise based on the Israeli series \"HaKokhav HaBa\". The Indonesian series was broadcast on RCTI in 2014. Indah Nevertari born",
"title": "Indah Nevertari"
},
{
"id": "10454604",
"text": "Blake. He was the eventual winner of the second season. His winning song, a cover of \"I Believe I Can Fly\" made it up to #83 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The follow-up, \"Soul Man\", with his coach Blake Shelton did not break the Hot 100, reaching just #108. His single \"I Believe in This Life\" reportedly taken from his forthcoming album premiered on \"The Voice\" on November 8, 2012. Jermaine Paul Jermaine Paul (born July 26, 1979) is an American singer. He was the winner of the second season of \"The Voice\". Prior to his \"The Voice\" stint,",
"title": "Jermaine Paul"
},
{
"id": "7298155",
"text": "duets with each other and with guest singer Daniel Bedingfield. Paul McCartney also made an appearance to introduce Alex and Alistair's duet of the Beatles song \"Let It Be\". The judges again gave their opinions of each contestant on air and guest celebrities in the invited audience were also asked to comment on the performances. The contestant who gained the most viewers' votes by the end of the programme was then declared the winner. There were personal tensions between several contestants during the series, and producers exacerbated these tensions by showing footage of this whenever possible during the brief highlights",
"title": "Fame Academy (series 2)"
},
{
"id": "4957836",
"text": "Yoanna House Yoanna House (born April 9, 1980) is an American fashion model and television host, best known as the winner of Cycle 2 of \"America's Next Top Model\". House was born and raised in Jacksonville, Florida. House's father, a medical doctor, is from Canada and her mother is from Mexico. From early childhood, House showed great interest in fashion, which she claims was spurred by her grandmother, saying: I was always in her closet. We would watch TV, read magazines, go to the mall. She taught me about couture and how important it was. A lot of my appreciation",
"title": "Yoanna House"
},
{
"id": "5264565",
"text": "Nolwenn Leroy Nolwenn Le Magueresse (born 28 September 1982 in Saint-Renan, Brittany, France), known by her stage name Nolwenn Leroy ( ), is a French singer-songwriter, musician and voice actress. Originally classically trained, she rose to fame after winning the second season of the French television music competition \"Star Academy\", in 2002. She has since recorded six studio albums and scored two number one singles, \"Cassé\" and \"Nolwenn Ohwo!\", on the French charts. In 2012, her album \"Bretonne\" was certified two times diamond for sales exceeding one million copies. Leroy has received numerous awards and nominations. In January 2015, she",
"title": "Nolwenn Leroy"
},
{
"id": "9634146",
"text": "Ilan Hall Ilan D. Hall (born April 6, 1982) is an American chef, best known as the winner of the second season of the Bravo television network's reality series \"Top Chef\". Hall is a native of Great Neck, New York. His parents were both immigrants: his father from Glasgow, Scotland, and his mother from Israel. Both his parents were from Jewish families. As a teenager, Hall worked at Marine Fishery, a seafood store in his hometown of Great Neck and was later trained at Italy's Lorenzo de' Medici Apicus Program and at the Culinary Institute of America (CIA). He attended",
"title": "Ilan Hall"
},
{
"id": "10554036",
"text": "six wild card contestants compete for a chance to re-enter the competition. Over four episodes, they performed \"mass entertainment\" songs, \"philosophical\" songs, South Indian \"folk\" songs, and \"challenging\" songs. Throughout the week, the public were invited to vote for their favourite wild card contestants. The 31 May – 3 June round recognized contestants with the SSJ Awards and also announced the wild card winners – Srikanth and Nithyashree – who entered the finals along with Alka Ajith, Roshan and Shravan. The wild card results created frustrations and disappointments among Vijay TV viewers citing that the public votes were manipulated and",
"title": "Super Singer Junior (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "16848574",
"text": "and now lives with his wife Ashlie, whom he met in high school and married in 1997, and their son Hayden and daughter Rylie in Peculiar, Missouri. Tate Stevens Stephen \"Tater\" Eatinger (born March 1, 1975), known by his stage name Tate Stevens, is an American country music artist, who won the second season of the U.S. \"The X Factor\" in 2012, securing a $5 million recording contract with Syco Music and RCA Records Nashville. After touring with a band for several years immediately after high school, Stevens returned to Missouri to settle down and raise his young family, working",
"title": "Tate Stevens"
},
{
"id": "16565182",
"text": "Anja Aguilar Anja Aguilar is the screen name of Angellie G. Urquico (born July 22, 1994, Marikina, Luzon), a Filipino recording artist and Grand Winner of \"Little Big Star Season 2\" in 2006. Anja Aguilar hails from Marikina, where she was born as Angellie G. Urquico, by which name she was known when she won grand prize at ABS-CBN’s singing competition, Little Big Star, hosted by her idol Sarah Geronimo. As early as four years old, she already exemplified her singing talent at birthday parties and family gatherings. She has since joined over 50 contests which include Batang Vidaylin on",
"title": "Anja Aguilar"
},
{
"id": "20495441",
"text": "The Sacred Riana Marie Antoinette Riana Graharani, commonly known as The Sacred Riana, is an Indonesian magician and illusionist. She is best known as a bizarre illusionist, who does occasionally break her creepy ghostlike character offstage, but normally does not. In 2017, Riana joined the second season of \"Asia's Got Talent\" where she was declared the winner after beating the Filipino hip-hop dance group DM-X Comvaleñoz based on the audience votes in the grand final. There have been over 70 million views on Facebook and YouTube of her magic performances onstage. In 2018, she appeared on season 13 of \"America's",
"title": "The Sacred Riana"
},
{
"id": "17366713",
"text": "Andrea Begley Andrea Begley is a singer from Pomeroy, Northern Ireland, who is most notable for winning the second series of the BBC talent search \"The Voice UK\", beating the favourite to win, Leah McFall. She is the niece of Irish country music singer Philomena Begley. Begley was signed to Capitol Records. Her winning single \"My Immortal\" entered the UK Singles Chart at number 75 that week. The single then went on to peak to number 30 on UK Singles Chart and number 70 on the Irish Singles Chart. Begley is partially sighted as a result of Glaucoma. Her debut",
"title": "Andrea Begley"
},
{
"id": "10554011",
"text": "appeared during the season as guest judges, including P. B. Sreenivas, P. Susheela, M. S. Viswanathan, S. Janaki, Sadhana Sargam, Nithyasree Mahadevan, Suchithra, Harish Raghavendra, Unni Menon, Madhu Balakrishnan, Sowmya, Pop Shalini, and Pushpavanam Kuppuswamy. Stars from the senior version of the show also appeared as judges during the season, including former contestants Naresh Iyer, Nikhil Mathew, and Ajeesh, and permanent judges P. Unnikrishnan, Anuradha Sriram and Srinivas. The winner Alka Ajith, was introduced as a playback singer in the 2011 Malayalam-language film \"The Train\". The grand opening week was hosted by Malini and Yugendran. Former contestants from \"Airtel Super",
"title": "Super Singer Junior (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "20050147",
"text": "20 trainees also perform together a special song titled \"Always (이 자리에)\" as a commemoration of their time throughout the competition. Voting comes to a close, and ranking announcements begin. Bae Jin-young, Hwang Min-hyun, Yoon Ji-sung, Lai Guan-lin, Park Woo-jin, Ong Seong-woo, Kim Jae-hwan, and Lee Dae-hwi are announced as 10th to 3rd place, respectively, confirming them for debut. The top 2 trainees are revealed to be Kang Daniel and Park Ji-hoon once again. Kang Daniel once again receives the most votes, confirming his position as the center for Wanna One, with Park Ji-hoon in 2nd place. Finally, 11th place",
"title": "Produce 101 (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "20050133",
"text": "and a hidden camera prank. I.O.I's Kim Do-yeon and Choi Yoo-jung met with the trainees and hosted a dance battle among the trainees, in which Hong Eun-ki was crowned \"Dancing King\". A poll for 'Top Visual' was also conducted, in which Park Ji-hoon was ranked 1st. Park Ji-hoon also retained his first place in the rankings announcement. First center Lee Dae-hwi was ranked 7th, the shocking fall in his rank surprising everyone. After announcing the top 59 trainees, BoA announces that the last trainee to be saved from elimination is Kim Sang-bin, ranking 60th. At the end of the episode,",
"title": "Produce 101 (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "19686768",
"text": "Vietnam season 2 were official announced including Lan Khuê, Minh Tú, Hoàng Thùy. The official press conference was taken place on May 23, 2017. The official Poster also are publicized on the same day. After 12 episodes, the Final Walk was taken place on August 27 and the Winner is Nguyen Bach Tu Hao - team Lan Khue - with 40.75% of audience vote. There were 3 Runner-up including Truong My Nhan - team Lan Khue, Tuong Linh - team Hoang Thuy and Dong Anh Quynh - team Minh Tu Lan Khue was set to catwalk on the show \"de",
"title": "Trần Ngọc Lan Khuê"
},
{
"id": "16318799",
"text": "for the blind auditions of NBCUniversal TV reality show \"The Voice\". Pip first appeared in episode 3 of season 2, performing the classic \"The House of the Rising Sun\" most famously covered by The Animals. The Voice (U.S.) celebrity judges Adam Levine, Blake Shelton, Cee Lo Green and Christina Aguilera all turned around for Pip, but he eventually picked Adam Levine, the lead singer of the pop/rock band Maroon 5. Pip competed for \"Team Adam\" on season 2 of \"The Voice\", retaining his status on the team by winning the \"Battle Rounds\" against Nathan Parrett, singing Amy Winehouse's \"You Know",
"title": "Pip (musician)"
},
{
"id": "18900617",
"text": "Daniella Rahme Daniella Rahme (Arabic: دانييلا رحمة) (born in Sydney) is a Lebanese Actress, and TV Presenter. She is the winner of Miss Lebanon Emigrant 2010 and winner of Dancing with the Stars Middle East Season 2. Lebanese-Australian Daniella Rahme has always had a passion for acting, fostering it during her school years by participating in theater and drama programs. That dream became a concrete reality in 2018, when she starred in the Ramadan show Tango, sharing the screen with Bassel Khayat, Bassem Moughnieh, and Dana Mardini. The series was met with acclaim and high ratings, and Daniella’s performance was",
"title": "Daniella Rahme"
},
{
"id": "8061188",
"text": "death by suicide of three gay friends. Benji Schwimmer Benjamin Daniel Schwimmer (born January 18, 1984) is an American professional dancer, choreographer and actor. He was the winner of the second season of \"So You Think You Can Dance\" (2006) and has choreographed for both the U.S. and the international versions of the show. He co-starred in the 2010 film \"Leading Ladies\". Schwimmer was born on January 18, 1984 in Newport Beach, California, and grew up in a Latter-day Saint (Mormon) household in Moreno Valley, California. He is the son of choreographer and West Coast Swing dancer Buddy Schwimmer. His",
"title": "Benji Schwimmer"
},
{
"id": "18341733",
"text": "1996) is from Essex. He performed James Morrison's \"You Give Me Something\" in his Room Audition, getting a very good reaction from the judges, and Bonnie Raitt's \"I Can't Make You Love Me\" at the Arena; Mel B said that his performance was \"soulful and sexy” He is the winner of season 2 of The Four: Battle for Stardom. He signed a recording deal, and will be working with the Judges from \"The Four: Battle for Stardom\". Reece Bibby (born 13 August 1998) is from Accrington. He auditioned at the Room with an acoustic rendition of Disclosure's \"Latch\" and wowed",
"title": "Stereo Kicks"
},
{
"id": "18804457",
"text": "Ferenc Molnár (singer) Ferenc Molnár (professionally known as Caramel) (born 1 February 1982, Szolnok) is a Hungarian Music Awards-winning Hungarian singer. He is most well known for winning the second season of Megasztár. Caramel was born on 1 February 1982 in the town of Szolnok. He is of Hungarian Roma descent. At age 16, he moved to Törökszentmiklós with his stepfather, mother and siblings. His parents' relationship deteriorated after his brother was killed in a car crash, leading him to move out at age 17. Work was hard to find because of his herniated disc. He got his nickname Caramel",
"title": "Ferenc Molnár (singer)"
},
{
"id": "14198196",
"text": "directed a critically acclaimed film Toffee. They are childhood sweethearts and are parents of a son and a daughter. His son, Virajveer, was born on 2 January 2012 and his daughter, Varushka, was born on 21 April 2014. Ayushmann Khurrana Ayushmann Khurrana (born 14 September 1984) is an Indian actor, poet, singer, and television host. He has established a career in Hindi cinema and is the recipient of several awards, including two Filmfare Awards. Khurrana won the second season of reality television show MTV Roadies in 2004 and ventured into an anchoring career. He made his film debut in 2012",
"title": "Ayushmann Khurrana"
},
{
"id": "17716639",
"text": "opportunity to represent Israel in the Eurovision Song Contest. 2014–2015 winner Nadav Guedj represented Israel in 2015 with \"Golden Boy\" 2015–2016 winner Hovi Star represented Israel in 2016 with \"Made of Stars\", 2016–2017 winner Imri Ziv represented Israel in 2017 with \"I Feel Alive\", and 2017–2018 winner Netta Barzilai who went on to win the 2018 contest with \"Toy\". As the season begins, each contestant is asked to perform a well-known song in front of judges. After the song, a vote is taken among judges whether to transfer the applicant to the test stage facing the audience at home. If",
"title": "Rising Star (Israeli TV series)"
},
{
"id": "9566637",
"text": "as Wendy, engaging on a debate on who should be the winner. In the end, Beatriz was declared the winner, garnering 1,571,556 votes or 30.29% of total votes cast. Mickey came in second with 1,286,166 votes (24.79%), Wendy, visibly booed by the audience, came up third with 1,209,978 votes (23.32%), and Gee-Ann ended up last at 1,119,714 votes (21.58%). The total number of votes, which were amassed since the start of the open voting on June 17, 2007, broke all records held by all previous editions. For dramatic effect, Beatriz was brought into the stage in a giant disco ball.",
"title": "Pinoy Big Brother (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "12222658",
"text": "finale, the finalists conducted several performances and were often joined by their former rivals, in a spirit of co-operation and unity. A special remembrance video was assembled to remember the late Ishmeet Singh, who was the first winner of Star Voice of India series. In order to sustain his memory, the show presented the first Ishmeet Singh Singing Award to Ronit Sonar of Assam, a contestant on the show. At the end of the show, Ravi Shukla of Delhi was crowned the winner by guest Sonu Nigam. As part of the winner's package, Ravi was awarded a brand new Chevrolet",
"title": "Star Voice of India 2"
},
{
"id": "15480598",
"text": "talented former dancing couple Khánh Thi and Chí Anh. People, whereas, wondered themselves why Thủy Tiên previously determined \"the favourite competitor of the year\" had fewer votes and why audience backed out at her. No official statement was made. Besides that, there was much discussion in the communication industry about the real winner because there was confusion over the crowning. Initially, Đoan Trang revealed the runner-up, thus the other was the winner. Trang announced 79 scored by the runner-up. Moments that turned Thủy Tiên (who obviously scored 77) to the edge of glory and turned Thu Minh (who truly scored",
"title": "Bước nhảy hoàn vũ (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "17371463",
"text": "Harrison Craig Harrison Craig (born 7 September 1994) is an Australian singer who won the second series of \"The Voice Australia\". Craig, who lives in Melbourne, was coached in the program by British singer Seal. Craig has had three songs on the ARIA Singles Chart top 10 with his cover of \"Unchained Melody\" reaching No. 2 and his original song, \"More Than a Dream\", at No. 3. His debut album titled \"More Than a Dream\" was released on 25 June 2013. His second album L.O.V.E was released 11 April 2014, and his third, Kings of Vegas, in November 2016. Craig",
"title": "Harrison Craig"
},
{
"id": "20753921",
"text": "took home a trophy and a cash prize of 50,00,000 for her victory. Actress Aishwarya Dutta was the runner-up, while the other finalists included actresses Vijayalakshmi Feroz and Janani Iyer. The housemates, in order of their entry to the house, are as follows: Bigg Boss Tamil 2 Bigg Boss Tamil 2 was the second season of the reality TV game show \"Bigg Boss Tamil\", hosted by Kamal Haasan. This season had 17 housemates (inclusive of wildcard entries) with 60 cameras. The season commenced on 17 June 2018 and ended on 30 September 2018 after 105 days. The show aired on",
"title": "Bigg Boss Tamil 2"
},
{
"id": "20616687",
"text": "Kadenang Ginto during \"ASAP\". The song entitled \"Nasa Puso\" is composed by Jeremy Sarmiento. In December 20, 2018, Janine Berdin announced on Magandang Buhay that she was now confirmed as an \"ASAP\" mainstay performer. Janine Berdin Janine Berdin (born January 28, 2002) is a Filipina actress, singer, YouTube artist and vlogger. She won as the season 2 champion at \"Tawag ng Tanghalan\" of the noon-time television show \"It's Showtime\". Prior to that, she joined \"Star Circle Quest: Search for the Next Kiddie Superstars\". She began her career as a child actress, appearing in several ABS-CBN TV series. First appeared in",
"title": "Janine Berdin"
},
{
"id": "9634150",
"text": "Hall and his partner Ayame Kawaguchi have one son, Theo, born in 2010. Ilan Hall Ilan D. Hall (born April 6, 1982) is an American chef, best known as the winner of the second season of the Bravo television network's reality series \"Top Chef\". Hall is a native of Great Neck, New York. His parents were both immigrants: his father from Glasgow, Scotland, and his mother from Israel. Both his parents were from Jewish families. As a teenager, Hall worked at Marine Fishery, a seafood store in his hometown of Great Neck and was later trained at Italy's Lorenzo de'",
"title": "Ilan Hall"
}
] | who is the winner of rising stars season 2 |
[
"John Augustus"
] | [
{
"id": "2427831",
"text": "English common law, prior to the advent of democratic rule, the courts could temporarily suspend the execution of a sentence to allow a criminal defendant to appeal to the monarch for a pardon. Probation first developed in the United States when John Augustus, a Boston cobbler, persuaded a judge in the Boston Police Court in 1841 to give him custody of a convicted offender, a \"drunkard,\" for a brief period and then helped the man to appear rehabilitated by the time of sentencing. Even earlier, the practice of suspending a sentence was used as early as 1830 in Boston, Massachusetts,",
"title": "Probation"
},
{
"id": "2427834",
"text": "Federal Probation Service was established. On the state level, pursuant to the Crime Control and Consent Act of 1936, a group of states entered into an agreement wherein they would supervise probationers and parolees who reside in each other's jurisdictions on each other's behalf. Known as the Interstate Compact For the Supervision of Parolees and Probationers, this agreement was originally signed by 25 states in 1937. By 1951, all the states in the United States of America had a working probation system and ratified the Interstate Compact Agreement. In 1959, the new states of Alaska and Hawaii, the Commonwealth of",
"title": "Probation"
},
{
"id": "2427833",
"text": "Decision, held that a Federal Judge (Killets) was without power to suspend a sentence indefinitely. This decision led to the passing of the National Probation Act of 1925, thereby, allowing courts to suspend the imposition of incarceration and place an offender on probation. Probation developed from the efforts of a philanthropist, John Augustus, who looked for ways to rehabilitate the behavior of criminals. Massachusetts developed the first statewide probation system in 1878, and by 1920, 21 other states had followed suit. With the passage of the National Probation Act on March 5, 1925, signed by President Calvin Coolidge, the U.S.",
"title": "Probation"
},
{
"id": "4999476",
"text": "may be assisting the offender. Other duties include writing progress reports and working with many community agencies to help secure stable housing, employment and income. Probation Orders were introduced by the Probation of Offenders Act 1907, and the practice of placing offenders on probation was already routinely undertaken in the London Police Courts by voluntary organizations such as the London Police Court Mission later known as the Rainer Foundation, These earlier probation services provided the inspiration for similar ideas in the humane treatment and supervision of offenders throughout the British Empire and also in former colonies of Britain as missionaries",
"title": "Probation officer"
},
{
"id": "2427832",
"text": "and became widespread in U.S. courts, although there was no statutory provision for such a practice. At first, judges, most notably Peter Oxenbridge Thatcher of Boston, used \"release on recognizance\" or bail and simply refrained from taking any further action. In 1878 the mayor of Boston had hired a former police officer, the ironically named \"Captain Savage,\" to become what many recognize as the first official probation officer. By the mid-19th century, however, many Federal Courts were using a judicial reprieve to suspend sentence, and this posed a legal question. In 1916, the United States Supreme Court, in the \"Killets\"",
"title": "Probation"
},
{
"id": "2207167",
"text": "the entire prison sentence is served, called \"mandatory parole\", per §18-1.3-401(1)(a)(V)(B). Alexander Maconochie, a Scottish geographer and captain in the Royal Navy, introduced the modern idea of parole when, in 1840, he was appointed superintendent of the British penal colonies in Norfolk Island, Australia. He developed a plan to prepare them for eventual return to society that involved three grades. The first two consisted of promotions earned through good behaviour, labour, and study. The third grade in the system involved conditional liberty outside of prison while obeying rules. A violation would return them to prison and they would start all",
"title": "Parole"
},
{
"id": "6018975",
"text": "5195. The U.S. Senate passed in unanimously but the House passed the law by a vote of 170 in favor and 49 opposed. On March 4, 1925, President Calvin Coolidge, a former Governor of Massachusetts and very familiar with the benefits of a functioning probation system, signed the bill in law. This Act gave the U.S. Courts the power to appoint Federal Probation Officers and authority to sentence defendants to probation instead of a prison sentence. It later gave U.S. Probation Officers the responsibility of supervising offenders granted parole by the United States Parole Commission, military offenders and pretrial supervision.",
"title": "U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services System"
},
{
"id": "5329682",
"text": "unworthy (for which he forfeited bail). Augustus died on 21 June 1859 in Boston, Massachusetts. John Augustus John Augustus was a Boston boot maker who is called the \"Father of Probation\" in the United States because of his pioneering efforts to campaign for more lenient sentences for convicted criminals based on their backgrounds. Augustus' success rate could rival - and possibly surpass - the success rate of any rehabilitation program available today. His work brought him the devotion and aid of many Boston philanthropists and organizations. Augustus' success started him on an 18-year run as the first probation officer. At",
"title": "John Augustus"
},
{
"id": "6018974",
"text": "Commission and the National Probation Association (later known as the National Council on Crime and Delinquency) and introduced before Congress by United States Senator Robert L. Owen of Oklahoma. The bill provided for a suspension of a sentence, in U.S. District Court, and a sentence of probation. The bill also provided for compensation of $5 per diem for Federal Probation Officers. This first attempt did not pass and through 1909 to 1925 there were 34 bills introduced to establish federal probation law. In 1925, the Federal Probation Act was introduced by Senator Copeland as S.1042 and Representative Graham as H.R.",
"title": "U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services System"
},
{
"id": "5329681",
"text": "John Augustus John Augustus was a Boston boot maker who is called the \"Father of Probation\" in the United States because of his pioneering efforts to campaign for more lenient sentences for convicted criminals based on their backgrounds. Augustus' success rate could rival - and possibly surpass - the success rate of any rehabilitation program available today. His work brought him the devotion and aid of many Boston philanthropists and organizations. Augustus' success started him on an 18-year run as the first probation officer. At his death, it was noted that of the 2,000 people he helped, only four proved",
"title": "John Augustus"
},
{
"id": "14301657",
"text": "prison on some indictments and be placed on probation for other indictments. Supervised release made its debut in 1984 with the enactment of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines. It replaced federal parole for all crimes committed after November 1, 1987. Congress had concluded that the parole system operated in an arbitrary way because the period of a defendant's street supervision was based on the time remaining in the defendant's original sentence. The system of supervised release was originally intended to help with the rehabilitation and reintegration of offenders into the community, and did not allow revocation of supervised release. The philosophy",
"title": "United States federal probation and supervised release"
},
{
"id": "14301666",
"text": "the court or expires. It was originally recommended by the Federal Courts Study Committee that the U.S. Parole Commission or a successor agency conduct hearings in supervised release cases, but this proposal was rejected by the Judicial Conference of the United States, partly because the judges felt that the judicial officer who imposed the supervised release conditions would be best able to interpret those conditions in the way that was intended at sentencing. It was also deemed desirable that supervised release revocations be subject to the same procedural safeguards as probation revocations. The Judicial Conference also opposed mandatory drug testing",
"title": "United States federal probation and supervised release"
},
{
"id": "2427847",
"text": "the original criminal charges and a permanent record of conviction. Probation Probation in criminal law is a period of supervision over an offender, ordered by the court instead of serving time in prison. In some jurisdictions, the term \"probation\" applies only to community sentences (alternatives to incarceration), such as suspended sentences. In others, probation also includes supervision of those conditionally released from prison on parole. An offender on probation is ordered to follow certain conditions set forth by the court, often under the supervision of a probation officer. During the period of probation an offender faces the threat of being",
"title": "Probation"
},
{
"id": "2207168",
"text": "over again through the ranks of the three-grade process. He reformed its ticket of leave system, instituting what many consider the world's first parole system. Prisoners served indeterminate sentences from which they could be released early if they showed evidence of rehabilitation through participation in a graded classification system based on a unit of exchange called a mark. Prisoners earned marks through good behavior, lost them through bad behavior, and could spend them on passage to higher classification statuses ultimately conveying freedom. In an instance of multiple discovery, in 1846, Arnould Bonneville de Marsangy proposed the idea of parole (which",
"title": "Parole"
},
{
"id": "2207189",
"text": "having to feed and care for them while still avoiding having the prisoners rejoin their old ranks once released; it could also allow the captors to recover their own men in a prisoner exchange. Hugo Grotius, an early international lawyer, favorably discussed prisoner of war parole. During the American Civil War, both the Dix–Hill Cartel and the Lieber Code set out rules regarding prisoner of war parole. Francis Lieber's thoughts on parole later reappeared in the Declaration of Brussels of 1874, the Hague Convention, and the Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. In the United States,",
"title": "Parole"
},
{
"id": "4333827",
"text": "afterwards, he moved to St. Louis on the advice of Louis D. Brandeis. There he taught sociology at Washington University, worked as a social worker and became chief probation officer of the St. Louis Juvenile Court. He also co-wrote \"Juvenile Courts and Probation\" with Bernard Flexner at this time; this book became very influential in its era, and was, in part, the foundation of Baldwin's national reputation. Baldwin was a member of the American Union Against Militarism (AUAM), which opposed American involvement in World War I. After the passage of the Selective Service Act of 1917, Baldwin called for the",
"title": "Roger Nash Baldwin"
},
{
"id": "18836126",
"text": "Robert Wilson McClaughry Robert Wilson McClaughry (July 22, 1839 – November 9, 1920) was an early leader in modern penal reform and the warden of several major penitentiaries including the United States Penitentiary at Leavenworth, Kansas. He was one of the early advocates of remedial instead of purely retributive treatment, and was closely associated with noted prison reformers such as Z. R. Brockway, of New York; General Brinkerhoff, of Ohio, and the two Dr. Wines, of Illinois. He was also General Superintendent of Police for the city of Chicago from 1891—1893. Born on July 22, 1839, at Fountain Green, Hancock",
"title": "Robert Wilson McClaughry"
},
{
"id": "2427828",
"text": "Probation Probation in criminal law is a period of supervision over an offender, ordered by the court instead of serving time in prison. In some jurisdictions, the term \"probation\" applies only to community sentences (alternatives to incarceration), such as suspended sentences. In others, probation also includes supervision of those conditionally released from prison on parole. An offender on probation is ordered to follow certain conditions set forth by the court, often under the supervision of a probation officer. During the period of probation an offender faces the threat of being incarcerated if found breaking the rules set by the court",
"title": "Probation"
},
{
"id": "14301687",
"text": "private non-profit offender rehabilitation program that has been approved by the court, in consultation with a State Coalition Against Domestic Violence or other appropriate experts, if an approved program is available within a 50-mile radius of the legal residence of the defendant. The former statute, 18 U.S.C.A. 3651 (1964), authorized the trial court to place a criminal defendant on probation \"for such period and upon such terms and conditions as the court deems best.\" Courts interpreted this as meaning that \"Congress obviously intended by means of the broad statutory language to invest the court with great discretion to establish conditions",
"title": "United States federal probation and supervised release"
},
{
"id": "4070574",
"text": "York, he dissolved the association's debt, began issuing annual reports, drafted and ensured passage of New York's first probation law, assisted in the implementation of a federal Parole Law, and promoted civil service for prison employees. Moreover, Barrows advocated improved prison structures and methods, traveling in 1907 around the world to bring back detailed plans of 36 of the best prisons in 14 different countries. In 1910 the National League of Volunteer Workers, nicknamed the \"Barrows League\" in his memory, formed in New York as a group dedicated to helping released prisoners and petitioning for better prison conditions. Zebulon Brockway",
"title": "Prison reform"
},
{
"id": "2207175",
"text": "sentence) prisoners. Sexual offenders have a seventh condition. Additional conditions of a specific licence may be suggested by prison governors and set by the Probation Service. Since 2014 many of the probation and license monitoring functions have been carried out by private-sector \"community rehabilitation companies\" (CRCs). Penologist Zebulon Brockway introduced parole when he became superintendent of Elmira Reformatory in Elmira, New York. To manage prison populations and rehabilitate those incarcerated, he instituted a two-part strategy that consisted of indeterminate sentences and parole releases. In the United States, courts may specify in a sentence how much time must be served before",
"title": "Parole"
},
{
"id": "15289482",
"text": "2003, the department expanded to eight divisions, after it was given authority by the Massachusetts Legislature over seven other Boston-based courts. The Boston Police Court has the distinction of participating in the initial development of the modern concept of probation in the United States. In 1841 John Augustus, the \"Father of Probation\", persuaded a judge in the Police Court to give him custody of a convicted \"common drunkard\" for a brief period. The offender was ordered to appear in court three weeks later for sentencing. He returned to court accompanied by Augustus a sober man, his appearance and demeanor dramatically",
"title": "Boston Municipal Court"
},
{
"id": "13003128",
"text": "with time off their period of imprisonment for good behavior, was approved in New York State. In 1824 indeterminate sentencing for juveniles was established. In 1867, the Prison Association appointed a committee to prepare a plan for revision of New York's prison system, based upon United Kingdom penal reforms. In preparing their report, the Prison Association's committee visited prisons throughout the United States and Canada, including the Detroit House of Corrections, then under the supervision of Zebulon Brockway. The resulting report called for the creation of \"reformatories,\" institutions specifically designed to \"teach and train the prisoner in such a manner",
"title": "New York State Division of Parole"
},
{
"id": "2427830",
"text": "ban on possession or use of alcoholic beverages, even if alcohol was not involved in the original criminal charges. Offenders on probation might be fitted with an electronic tag (or monitor), which signals their movement to officials. Also, offenders have been ordered to submit to repeat alcohol/drug testing or to participate in alcohol/drug or psychological treatment, or to perform community service work. Some courts permit defendants of limited means to perform community service in order to pay off their probation fines. The concept of probation, from the Latin, \"probatio,\" \"testing,\" has historical roots in the practice of \"judicial\" \"reprieve\". In",
"title": "Probation"
},
{
"id": "20981250",
"text": "By 1910, the role of juries in determining penalties was being eroded by the professionalization of sentencing, as many states passed laws that created parole and probation systems. These systems were based on a consequentialist philosophy that it would be more useful for society to focus on finding ways to prevent future crime than on fixing blame for crime that had occurred in the past. Criminal behavior was viewed as the result of such factors as heredity, social circumstances, random breeding, and Darwinian struggle, rather than an abuse of divinely-granted free will. Psychology and sociology would determine the causes of",
"title": "Jury sentencing"
},
{
"id": "15289483",
"text": "changed. The judge was so impressed with his sober and dignified appearance that he waived the usual penalty of 30 days in jail and instead levied a fine of one cent plus court costs ($3.76). Augustus thus began an 18-year career as a volunteer probation officer, subsequently credited with founding the investigations process, one of three main concepts of modern probation, the other two being intake and supervision. Augustus was also the first to apply the term \"probation\" to his method of treating offenders from the Latin verb \"probare\": \"to prove, to test\". In 1878 a law was passed by",
"title": "Boston Municipal Court"
},
{
"id": "8499841",
"text": "Richard Cloward Richard Andrew Cloward (December 25, 1926 – August 20, 2001) was an American sociologist and an activist. He influenced the Strain theory of criminal behavior and the concept of anomie, and was a primary motivator for the passage of the National Voter Registration Act of 1993 known as \"Motor Voter\". He taught at Columbia University for 47 years. Cloward was born in Rochester, New York, the son of Esther Marie (Fleming), an artist and women's rights activist, and Donald Cloward, a radical Baptist minister. Cloward served as an ensign in the United States Navy from 1944 to 1946.",
"title": "Richard Cloward"
},
{
"id": "318634",
"text": "preventive policing, or policing to deter crime from taking place, gained influence in the late 18th century. Police Magistrate John Fielding, head of the Bow Street Runners, argued that \"...it is much better to prevent even one man from being a rogue than apprehending and bringing forty to justice.\" The Utilitarian philosopher, Jeremy Bentham, promoted the views of Italian Marquis Cesare Beccaria, and disseminated a translated version of \"Essay on Crime in Punishment\". Bentham espoused the guiding principle of \"the greatest good for the greatest number: It is better to prevent crimes than to punish them. This is the chief",
"title": "Police"
},
{
"id": "13656934",
"text": "Sidney W. Bijou Sidney William Bijou (November 12, 1908 – June 11, 2009) was an American developmental psychologist who developed an approach of treating childhood disorders using behavioral therapy, in which positive actions were rewarded and negative behaviors were largely ignored, rather than punished. Bijou was born in the Arlington neighborhood of Baltimore, Maryland. He moved to Brooklyn, New York with his family when he was 10 years old. He earned a degree in business administration at the University of Florida in 1933. He was awarded a master's degree in psychology at Columbia University in 1937 and earned his Ph.D.",
"title": "Sidney W. Bijou"
},
{
"id": "4070547",
"text": "By 1926, 67 prisons employed psychiatrists and 45 had psychologists. The language of medicine was applied in an attempt to \"cure\" offenders of their criminality. In fact, little was known about the causes of their behaviour and prescriptions were not much different from the earlier reform methods. A system of probation was introduced, but often used simply as an alternative to suspended sentences, and the probation officers appointed had little training, and their caseloads numbered several hundred making assistance or surveillance practically impossible. At the same time they could revoke the probation status without going through another trial or other",
"title": "Prison reform"
},
{
"id": "17011271",
"text": "the \"great object [of] . . . the treatment of criminals . . . should be [their] moral regeneration . . . the reformation of criminals, not the infliction of vindictive suffering.\" The Declaration took inspiration from the \"Irish mark system\" pioneered by penologist Sir Walter Crofton. The object of Crofton's system was to teach prisoners how to lead an upright life through use of \"good-time\" credits (for early release) and other behavioral incentives. The \"Declaration\"'s primary goals were: (1) to cultivate prisoners' sense of self-respect; and (2) to place the prisoner's destiny in his or her own hands. But",
"title": "History of United States prison systems"
},
{
"id": "11930181",
"text": "term to short term sentencing. Over time, though, state and federal authorities have gradually migrated their philosophies back toward long-term sentences. Many states use a mixture of the two; e.g., some offenders may receive sentences reduced by several months due to rehabilitation, counseling, and other programs, as well as good time. Since the 1840s, many jurisdictions, including the federal courts, have adopted a practice of having a probation officer prepare a presentence investigation report to inform the court as to the defendant's characteristics, including his criminal record, if any. In the 1970s, the length of incarceration had increased in response",
"title": "Criminal sentencing in the United States"
},
{
"id": "17011269",
"text": "many communities from the 1870s onward. When legislators ignored demands for more protection for women and children, feminist activists lobbied for harsher punishments for male criminal offenders—including the whipping post, castration, and longer prison terms. Another group of reformers continued to justify penitentiaries for negative reasons—\"i.e.\", for fear that a sustained and successful attack on the prison system and its failings might yield a return to the \"barbarism\" of colonial-era punishments. Nevertheless, a degree of optimism continued to dominate the thinking of reformers in the post-Civil War period, according to historian David Rothman. By October 1870, notable Reconstruction Era prison",
"title": "History of United States prison systems"
},
{
"id": "4999473",
"text": "Probation officer Probation and Parole Officers play a role in the criminal justice systems by supervising offenders released from prison or sentenced to non-custodial sanctions such as community service. In some jurisdictions probation and parole officers are involved in presenting reports on offenders and making sentencing recommendation to courts of law. Probation and parole officers in Australia serve an active role in recommending community based supervision to Magistrates/Judges. They also make recommendations to parole boards to determine whether a prisoner should be granted parole. Probation officers are expected to not only supervise an offender while he/she performs community service, but",
"title": "Probation officer"
},
{
"id": "17011268",
"text": "the Utica one, composed of local businessmen, tended to defer to prison officials in most matters and focus solely on financial oversight, Rothman writes, and therefore tended to perpetuate the status quo. Prison reform efforts of the Reconstruction Era came from a variety of sources. Fears about genetic contamination by the \"criminal class\" and its effect on the future of mankind led to numerous moral policing efforts aimed at curbing promiscuity, prostitution, and \"white slavery\" in this period. Meanwhile, campaigns to criminalize domestic violence, especially toward children, and related temperance movements led to renewed commitment to \"law and order\" in",
"title": "History of United States prison systems"
},
{
"id": "15255526",
"text": "Probation is typically an option for first time offenders with high rehabilitative capacity. At its core, it is \"a substitute for prison\", with the goal being to \"spare the worthy first offender from the demoralizing influences of imprisonment and save him from recidivism\". In the United States, there are 4,162,536 probationers. Probationers are supervised by probation officers just as parolees are supervised by parole officers. Probation officers have similar authority as parole officers do to restrict mobility, social contact, and mandate various other conditions and requirements. Probationers just like parolees are at high risk of imprisonment due to violation of",
"title": "Rehabilitation Policy"
},
{
"id": "13003133",
"text": "honesty, sobriety, and decency; [avoid] evil or low associations; and . . . abstain from intoxicating drinks.\" Parolees who violated any of these conditions had their parole revoked. Brockway's parole system was widely seen as successful – not least due to his affinity for public relations – and, in 1900, the United States government included in reports submitted to the International Prison Commission an essay by Brockway on his Elmira system. There, Brockway summed up his commitment to penal reform rather than retribution: However, Brockway's success was tempered by accusations of corruption and abuse. A Board of Charities inquiry conducted",
"title": "New York State Division of Parole"
},
{
"id": "17011263",
"text": "race through controlled breeding and eliminate \"poor\" or \"inferior\" tendencies. By the late 1890s, eugenics programs were enjoying a \"full-blown renaissance\" in American prisons and institutions for the mentally ill, with leading physicians, psychologists, and wardens as proponents. Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso published a highly influential tract in 1878 entitled \"L'uomo delinquente\" (or, \"The Criminal Man\"), which theorized that a primitive criminal type existed who was identifiable by physical symptoms or \"stigmata.\" Phrenology also became a popular \"science\" among prison officials; at the height of the study's popularity, the influential Reconstruction Era matron of Sing Sing Prison, Elizabeth W. Farnham,",
"title": "History of United States prison systems"
},
{
"id": "4999486",
"text": "the court prior to sentencing and then may supervise defendants who have been sentenced to probation but not to a term of incarceration (unless, of course, the conditions of probation are violated). They may also serve arrest warrants, but can perform any other function assigned by the court. On the other hand, parole officers supervise offenders that have served a prison term, but who have subsequently been paroled, or released from prison under supervision; this decision is made after the review and consideration of an inmate's case by a warden, parole board or other parole authority. Parolees are essentially serving",
"title": "Probation officer"
},
{
"id": "15582008",
"text": "1970 brought in to deal with aspects of the unrest made a large number of new prisoners eligible for the after care. This would have put probation officers at the centre supervising a different type of released prisoner not envisaged in the original 1953 Act. As such, the Probation Service did not have to supervise politically motivated offenders. In 1979, a review group published a report after being formed by the Department of Health and Social Services and the Northern Ireland Office to look at the future of the Probation Service. The group was headed by Sir Harold Black. It",
"title": "Probation Board for Northern Ireland"
},
{
"id": "17011164",
"text": "the legislation marked the culmination of a series of legislative efforts that \"disclose[] the . . . antiquity, continuity, and durability\" of rehabilitative incarceration ideology in Anglo-American criminal law, according to historian Adam J. Hirsch. The first United States penitentiaries involved elements of the early English workhouses—hard labor by day and strict supervision of inmates. A second group that supported penal incarceration in England included clergymen and \"lay pietists\" of various religious denominations who made efforts during the 1700s to reduce the severity of the English criminal justice system. Initially, reformers like John Howard focused on the harsh conditions of",
"title": "History of United States prison systems"
},
{
"id": "17011262",
"text": "and Rothman conclude, affected the various official supervisory bodies established to monitor regulatory compliance in United States prisons. Although these monitoring boards (established either by the state executive or legislature) would ostensibly ferret out abuses in the prison system, in the end their apathy toward the incarcerated population rendered them largely ill-equipped for task of ensuring even humane care, Rothman argues. State and federal judges, for their part, refrained from monitoring prison conditions until the 1950s. Persistent beliefs in inherited criminality and social inferiority also stoked a growing eugenics movement during the Reconstruction Era, which sought to \"improve\" the human",
"title": "History of United States prison systems"
},
{
"id": "9631064",
"text": "Presentence investigation report A presentence investigation report (PSIR) is a legal term referring to the investigation into the history of person convicted of a crime before sentencing to determine if there are extenuating circumstances which should ameliorate the sentence or a history of criminal behavior to increase the harshness of the sentence. The PSIR has been said to fulfill a number of purposes, including serving as a charging document and exhibit proving criminal conduct, and is said to be akin to a magistrate judge's report and recommendation. The reports trace their origins to the efforts of prison reformer John Augustus",
"title": "Presentence investigation report"
},
{
"id": "1300586",
"text": "the Fourth Amendment rights of probationers after waiving their right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures. An essay called \"They Released Me from My Cage...But They Still Keep Me Handcuffed\" was written in response to the \"Samson\" decision. It has been argued that the requirement that a police officer must have individualized suspicion before searching a parolee's person and home was long considered a foundational element of the Court's analysis of Fourth Amendment questions and that abandoning it in the name of crime prevention represents an unprecedented blow to individual liberties. In the United States, use of a",
"title": "Probable cause"
},
{
"id": "2486338",
"text": "prison are mentally ill, whether they should be there at all. The report outlines \"the need for a distinct radically different, visibly-led, strategic, proportionate, holistic, woman-centred, integrated approach\". The report is known as the Corston Report and has largely informed government policy on the matter. Progress and improvements by local probation services, the National Probation Service, Her Majesty's Prison service and the National Offender Management Service (NOMS) are regularly compared to the recommendations in this report. She married first Christopher Corston in 1961 with whom she had a son and daughter. Her partner from 1980 until he died in 2009",
"title": "Jean Corston, Baroness Corston"
},
{
"id": "17011270",
"text": "reformers Enoch Wines, Franklin Sanborn, Theodore Dwight, and Zebulon Brockway—among others—convened with the National Congress of Penitentiary and Reformatory Discipline in Cincinnati, Ohio. The resolutions that emerged from the conference, called the \"Declaration of Principles\", became the chief planks of the penitentiary reform agenda in the United States for the next several decades. The essence of the National Congress' agenda in the \"Declaration\" was a renewed commitment to the \"moral regeneration\" of offenders (especially young ones) through a new model of penitentiary. The National Congress' \"Declaration of Principles\" characterized crime as \"a sort of moral disease.\" The \"Declaration\" stated that",
"title": "History of United States prison systems"
},
{
"id": "8499844",
"text": "established motor-voter programs in selected states as precedents for the Motor Voter Act enacted in 1993. Also in 1966, he and Piven published a paper in the May issue of \"The Nation\" magazine — \"The Weight of the Poor: A Strategy to End Poverty\", which advocated wiping out poverty by increasing demands on the federal government, leading to implementation of a guaranteed minimum income. His detractors called this the \"Cloward-Piven Strategy\". Richard Cloward Richard Andrew Cloward (December 25, 1926 – August 20, 2001) was an American sociologist and an activist. He influenced the Strain theory of criminal behavior and the",
"title": "Richard Cloward"
},
{
"id": "4070556",
"text": "initiated experiments in allowing the prisoners to choose the trades in which they were to be apprenticed. The growing amount of recidivism in the latter half of the nineteenth century led a number of criminologists to argue that \"imprisonment did not, and could not fulfill its original ideal of treatment aimed at reintegrating the offender into the community\". Belgium led the way in introducing the suspended sentence for first-time offenders in 1888, followed by France in 1891 and most other countries in the next few years. Parole had been introduced on an experimental basis in France in the 1830s, with",
"title": "Prison reform"
},
{
"id": "4999479",
"text": "the individual, and will normally be based in part on an Offender Assessment System analysis. Probation officers are also responsible for the provision of regular reports to courts of the progress of offenders on orders having drug testing requirements. Additionally, probation officers will supervise a Restorative Justice plan that provides the victim of a crime an opportunity to address the impact of the crime to the offenders. Probation officers are not law enforcement officers and do not have law enforcement powers. However they have a duty to report prison offenders released from custody on licence if licence conditions are breached;",
"title": "Probation officer"
},
{
"id": "2016304",
"text": "and Clean Neighborhoods Act\", approved in New Jersey in 1973, which has the same underlying assumptions. The ideas behind the 1973 New Jersey policy were later popularized in 1982, when a US cultural magazine, \"The Atlantic Monthly\", published an article by James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling about the broken windows theory of crime. Their name for the idea comes from the following example: According to scholars, zero tolerance is the concept of giving \"carte blanche\" to the police for the inflexible repression of minor offenses, homeless people, and the disorders associated with them. A well-known criticism to this",
"title": "Zero tolerance"
},
{
"id": "4999492",
"text": "may hold specialized caseload positions, and work with specific groups of offenders such as sex offenders, offenders sentenced to electronic monitoring (house arrest) or GPS monitoring, and cases with severe mental health, substance abuse and/or violent histories. In some states and localities, probation departments have a specialized officer position known as a surveillance officer or field supervision officer. These officers have full probation officer authority, are sometimes peace officers, with arrest authority, and are badged and occasionally armed. Probation officer Probation and Parole Officers play a role in the criminal justice systems by supervising offenders released from prison or sentenced",
"title": "Probation officer"
},
{
"id": "11399932",
"text": "pre-crime methodology: \"We’re taking in individuals who have broken no law.\" The concept was brought to wider public attention by Steven Spielberg's film \"Minority Report\", loosely adapted from the story. Pre-crime in criminology dates back to the positivist school in the late 19th century, especially to Cesare Lombroso's idea that there are \"born criminals\", who can be recognized, even before they have committed any crime, on the basis of certain physical characteristics. Biological, psychological and sociological forms of criminological positivisms informed criminal policy in the early 20th century. For born criminals, criminal psychopaths and dangerous habitual offenders eliminatory penalties (capital",
"title": "Pre-crime"
},
{
"id": "15137029",
"text": "Salazar, along with Secretary of the Interior Stuart Udall, US Ambassador to Colombia Fulton Freeman, and Librarian of Congress Archibald MacLeish, traveled to Colombia on Air Force One for the weeklong assignment. On July 9, 1971, New Mexico Governor Tom King appointed Salazar as Chairman of the newly created State Parole Board, where he led the nation in parole reform. His policy was to inform why prisoners were denied parole, as well as coaching them on how to improve their chances for parole. In his later years, Salazar remained active in politics and business, including serving as President of the",
"title": "Victor Salazar"
},
{
"id": "15582004",
"text": "Offenders (known as the Lynn Committee) was established. At this time, England and Wales used probation services much more than Northern Ireland. In 1936, appointing probation officers became the responsibility of the Ministry of Home Affairs and was funded through the Dog Licence Fund. In 1936, the cost of the probation service was £312. The Lynn Committee published its report in 1938 The report examined a number of issues that were believed to be contributory factors to offending behaviour in young people such as unemployment, inadequate housing, cinemas, dance halls and street trading. Any implementation of recommendations were stalled due",
"title": "Probation Board for Northern Ireland"
},
{
"id": "11903034",
"text": "cognitive behavioural programmes for offenders and argued against the ‘sentencing drift’ which he maintained was serving to ‘silt up’ probation caseloads. He suggested that approximately one third of all offenders being supervised by the Probation Service did not need the attention of the Service and in former times would have been dealt with by less intrusive methods. In 2003-4 he chaired the Criminal Justice Chief Inspectors Group yet argued publicly for the amalgamation of the five criminal justice inspectorates to form a single Criminal Justice Inspectorate. This idea was pursued by the Government but in 2006 abandoned in the face",
"title": "Rod Morgan"
},
{
"id": "19629959",
"text": "Risk-need-responsivity model The risk-need-responsivity model is a model used in criminology to develop recommendations for how prisoners should be assessed based on the risk they present and what they need, and what kinds of environments they should be placed in to reduce recidivism. It was first proposed in 1990 based on the research conducted on classifications of offender treatments by Lee Sechrest and Ted Palmer, among other researchers, in the 1960s and 70s. It was primarily developed by Canadian researchers James Bonta, Don Andrews, and Paul Gendreau. It has been considered the best model that exists for determining offender treatment,",
"title": "Risk-need-responsivity model"
},
{
"id": "4070534",
"text": "Europe, beginning when he was high sheriff of Bedfordshire, published \"The State of the Prisons\" in 1777. He was particularly appalled to discover prisoners who had been acquitted but were still confined because they couldn't pay the jailer's fees. He proposed that each prisoner should be in a separate cell with separate sections for women felons, men felons, young offenders and debtors. The prison reform charity, the Howard League for Penal Reform, takes its name from John Howard. The Penitentiary Act which passed in 1779 following his agitation introduced solitary confinement, religious instruction and a labor regime and proposed two",
"title": "Prison reform"
},
{
"id": "4999483",
"text": "first probation office, Central Probation Office, was also established correspondingly as a division within the Office of Judicial Affairs under the Criminal Court, Ministry of Justice. In 1992, the Central Probation Office was elevated to be part of the Department of Probation separated from the court with the main roles and responsibilities in adult probationers under suspension of sentence or punishment. Responsibility for juvenile probation was then transferred to the Department of Juvenile Observation and Protection and probation for parolees was transferred to the Department of Corrections under Ministry of Interior. The fragmentation of responsibilities led to the revision of",
"title": "Probation officer"
},
{
"id": "14541472",
"text": "initiated were ahead of their time, but are now not uncommon in jails and prisons: substance abuse counseling, alternatives to incarceration, education and anti-violence counseling. This last effort resulted in a program called Resolve to Stop the Violence Program (RSVP) which received the national Innovations in Government Award from the Kennedy School of Government (2004). He was often asked to speak about his violence prevention program. He is a vocal critic of the federal Secure Communities deportation program. Hennessey also was an early proponent of a new technique for jail management, called Direct Supervision. This method of creating a dialogue",
"title": "Michael Hennessey"
},
{
"id": "4106398",
"text": "95% wanted drug use to remain illegal. Criticizing governments that have relaxed their drug laws, Antonio Maria Costa, speaking in Washington before the launch of the World Drug Report in June 2006, said: One of the prominent early critics of prohibition in the United States was August Vollmer, founder of the School of Criminology at University of California, Irvine and former president of the International Association of Chiefs of Police. In his 1936 book \"The Police and Modern Society\", he stated his opinion that: Stephen Rolles, writing in the \"British Medical Journal\", argues: These conclusions have been reached by a",
"title": "Arguments for and against drug prohibition"
},
{
"id": "8382388",
"text": "The probationary supervisor, in contrast, follows the organization's formal probation scheme, monitoring the probationer's work; setting out work goals, standards of work, and training needs; and organizing reviews to ensure that standards are met and goals are achieved. The extended length of the probationary period in universities prior to the FHE Act 1992 is the result of an agreement made in 1974 between the University Authorities Panel and the Association of University Teachers, the Academic and Related Salaries Settlement. The working party that formed the agreement stated that the purpose of academic probation was to decide, at the end of",
"title": "Academic probation"
},
{
"id": "19152132",
"text": "of the criminal act and risk to society. He and other determinists, like Baruch Spinoza, eschewed the concept of moral guilt and responsibility. While libertarianists, like Immanuel Kant of the 18th-century, believed in the concept of morality that may be subject to change. In the 19th century, there were also social scientists that believed that effectively combating criminality included improving society's health and welfare and eliminating poverty. In recent years, various programs have been developed in the field of rehabilitation of offenders, in community and prison, based on the principles of cognitive-behavioral approach, usually implemented in a group setting. These",
"title": "Positive criminology"
},
{
"id": "2802268",
"text": "by HMPPS, which reports independently to UK government ministers; and by HM Inspectorate of Probation. There are concerns that staff shortages, failure in communication and privatisation may be weakening the probation service and putting the public at risk. Northern Ireland has its own probation service, whilst in Scotland criminal justice social work services are managed within the social work departments of local authorities. The Church of England Temperance Society and other voluntary societies appointed missionaries to the London police courts during the late nineteenth century. From this developed the system of releasing offenders on the condition that they kept in",
"title": "National Probation Service"
},
{
"id": "17125190",
"text": "that utilize community-based alternatives to replace counterproductive and financially unsustainable institutionalization of offenders and developmentally disabled patients. Miller also served as the founder and clinical director of NCIA's Augustus Institute for Mental Health, named for John Augustus, known as the 'father of probation' for his pioneering efforts to promote offender rehabilitation in the United States. Miller died on August 7, 2015 in Woodstock, Virginia. Jerome Miller's dramatic closure of two juvenile reformatories in Massachusetts in the early 1970s launched a forty year career as a pioneering administrator, educator and advocate for alternative models for responding to offenders and developmentally disabled",
"title": "Jerome G. Miller"
},
{
"id": "4999485",
"text": "rehabilitation is currently in the transition to the Ministry of Public Health. In the United States, probation officers exist at the city, county, state, and federal levels, that is, wherever there is a court of competent jurisdiction. Since the abolishment of parole in the federal system in 1984, there are no longer any federal parole officers. However, there is a small and decreasing number of parolees still being supervised that were sentenced prior to 1984, including court-martialed military personnel; U.S. probation officers serve as parole officers for those cases. Generally, probation officers investigate an offender's personal and criminal history for",
"title": "Probation officer"
},
{
"id": "16165915",
"text": "the powerful groups. Later developments in this set of theories were by Howard Becker and Edwin Lemert, in the mid-20th century. Stanley Cohen developed the concept of \"moral panic\" describing societal reaction to spectacular, alarming social phenomena (e.g. post-World War 2 youth cultures like the Mods and Rockers in the UK in 1964, AIDS epidemic and football hooliganism). Labelling theory refers to an individual who is labelled in a particular way and was studied in great detail by Becker. It arrives originally from sociology but is regularly used in criminological studies. It is said that when someone is given the",
"title": "Criminology"
},
{
"id": "2102071",
"text": "also offered in many states to public schoolteachers. Louisiana, under state education superintendent T. H. Harris, led the move to establish a teacher protection policy in the 1930s because of past political considerations in hiring and dismissal of educators. In 1940, the AAUP recommended that the academic tenure probationary period be seven years—still the current norm. It also suggested that a tenured professor could not be dismissed without adequate cause, except \"under extraordinary circumstances, because of financial emergencies.\" Also, the statement recommended that the professor be given the written reasons for dismissal and an opportunity to be heard in self-defense.",
"title": "Academic tenure in North America"
},
{
"id": "13258809",
"text": "western Pennsylvania in protest of government-imposed taxes on whiskey. Although the taxes were primarily levied to help pay down the newly formed national debt, it also received support from some social reformers, who hoped a \"sin tax\" would raise public awareness about the harmful effects of alcohol. The whiskey tax was repealed after Thomas Jefferson's Democratic-Republican Party, which opposed the Federalist Party of Alexander Hamilton, came to power in 1800. Benjamin Rush, one of the foremost physicians of the late eighteenth century, believed in moderation rather than prohibition. In his treatise, \"The Inquiry into the Effects of Ardent Spirits upon",
"title": "Prohibition in the United States"
},
{
"id": "2427835",
"text": "Puerto Rico, and the territories of the Virgin Islands, Guam, and American Samoa ratified the act as well. In the United States, most probation agencies have armed officers. In 39 states, territories and federal probation, such arming is either mandated or optional. Arming is allowed in an increasing number of jurisdictions. Probation officers are peace officers who possess limited police powers. Intensive probation, home detention, GPS monitoring, Computer Management These are highly intrusive forms of probation in which the offender is very closely monitored. It is common for violent criminals, higher-ranking gang members, habitual offenders, and sex offenders to be",
"title": "Probation"
},
{
"id": "5214078",
"text": "for Maconochie to be replaced. Under the commandants who followed him, Norfolk Island reverted to being an object of terror under brutal masters. Almost 1,400 convicts had been discharged during Maconochie's term, and he always claimed that a high percentage did not offend again. He is known as the \"Father of Parole\". Maconochie returned to the UK in 1844 and two years later published a book outlining his system. This had an immense influence on the development of penology. In 1849 he was appointed governor of the new prison at Birmingham, but was dismissed and criticised for his actions, in",
"title": "Alexander Maconochie (penal reformer)"
},
{
"id": "19320259",
"text": "Sybil Joyce Hylton Sybil Joyce Hylton MBE (25 August 1913 – 1 October 2006) was a Caymanian community volunteer and social advocate who became involved with the juvenile justice system in the 1950s. She was also known as the \"Mother of probation\". She lobbied the government to make changes to the way juvenile cases were processed in the court system, helped establish a probation office as well as a juvenile court system, and became the first probation and welfare officer in the country. She was honoured as a recipient of the Order of the British Empire in 1978 and in",
"title": "Sybil Joyce Hylton"
},
{
"id": "4427344",
"text": "in response to a series of riots and strikes in Canadian prisons in the 1930s. The report proposed sweeping changes for Canadian penitentiaries, emphasizing crime prevention and the rehabilitation of prisoners. Recommendations included a complete revision of penitentiary regulations to provide \"strict but humane discipline and the reformation and rehabilitation of prisoners.\" While the commission's recommendations were not immediately implemented due to the advent of World War II, much of the report's philosophy remains influential. Archambault report The Archambault Report was an influential study of the penitentiary system in Canada, published in 1938. The report, the full title of which",
"title": "Archambault report"
},
{
"id": "8736245",
"text": "Coerced abstinence Coerced abstinence is a drug rehabilitation strategy which uses frequent monitoring and immediate punishment to reduce drug use among participants. This strategy can dramatically reduce recidivism rates among chronic drug users, especially those on probation and parole. Most probation agreements mandate drug treatment, but a coerced abstinence program mandates only abstinence which is enforced through regular, predictable drug testing. Under this system, failed tests swiftly result in a brief period of incarceration - usually for a few days. This policy option is advocated by a crime policy expert Mark A. R. Kleiman. Currently, most drug courts require defendants",
"title": "Coerced abstinence"
},
{
"id": "11903026",
"text": "Rod Morgan Rodney Emrys Morgan (born 16 February 1942) is Professor Emeritus, University of Bristol and Visiting Professor at the University of Sussex. He is the former chair of the Youth Justice Board for England and Wales (2004-7) and prior to that was HM Chief Inspector of Probation for England and Wales (2001-4). He is the author of many books and articles on criminal justice and penal policy and was co-editor (with Mike Maguire and Robert Reiner) of the influential 'Oxford Handbook of Criminology' (5th Ed, 2012, Oxford University Press). He is a regular advisor to Amnesty International and the",
"title": "Rod Morgan"
},
{
"id": "16480196",
"text": "had found him a job. Impressed, the judge allowed Augustus to continue taking offenders into his custody for a probationary period as an alternative to imprisonment. Augustus took in over a thousand offenders, the majority of whom never returned to the criminal justice system. Augustus's method became popular, and was therefore implemented by Massachusetts as a public alternative to incarceration, and later by the other states in the United States. This slowly replaced private, voluntary probation such as that practiced by Augustus. Faced with an increase in the number of offenders in the 1970s, the state of Florida became the",
"title": "Private probation"
},
{
"id": "12677523",
"text": "Central Council of Probation and After-Care Committees The Central Council of Probation and After-Care Committees was the body which co-ordinated probation services (which were generally organised on a county basis) in England and Wales and acted as their central representative to the UK Government. It was one of the founder members of the Central Council for Education and Training in Social Work in 1971. In 1978 it produced briefing papers for local Probation and After-Care Committees on the Royal Commission on Criminal Procedure (Philips Commission), and the diminished use of probation orders. In the 1981 Birthday Honours John Patrick Marland,",
"title": "Central Council of Probation and After-Care Committees"
},
{
"id": "271138",
"text": "of the common law regarding settlement of unpaid labor, but clarified that he felt that the money should not be spent exclusively on blacks. He stated, \"It should benefit the disadvantaged of \"all\" races.\" On being awarded the Planned Parenthood Federation of America's Margaret Sanger Award on May 5, 1966, King said: FBI director J. Edgar Hoover personally ordered surveillance of King, with the intent to undermine his power as a civil rights leader. According to the Church Committee, a 1975 investigation by the U.S. Congress, \"From December 1963 until his death in 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. was the",
"title": "Martin Luther King Jr."
},
{
"id": "5194418",
"text": "sentencing judges shall make imprisonment decisions \"recognizing that imprisonment is not an appropriate means of promoting correction and rehabilitation\". In 2015 a number of reformers, including Koch family foundations, the ACLU, the Center for American Progress, Families Against Mandatory Minimums, the Coalition for Public Safety, and the MacArthur Foundation, announced a bipartisan resolution to reform the criminal justice system in the United States. Their efforts were lauded by President Obama who noted these reforms will improve rehabilitation and workforce opportunities for those who have served their sentences. Over the last few decades, the United States prison population has increased significantly.",
"title": "Rehabilitation (penology)"
},
{
"id": "17081025",
"text": "Restorative justice in social work The practice of Restorative justice offers an alternative approach for dealing with harm caused by crime. It uses a three-dimensional approach that includes the victim, the offender, and the community. Restorative justice programs are used as a method of improving victim and/or offender satisfaction, increasing offender compliance with restitution, and decreasing the recidivism of offenders as an alternative to traditional criminal justice methods of response (i.e., incarceration, probation, court-ordered restitution, etc.). The current approach to crime, as Stinchcomb and Fox (1999) point out, “does little to reinforce any sense of either personal responsibility on the",
"title": "Restorative justice in social work"
},
{
"id": "1696635",
"text": "University of Chicago. From 1961 to 1987, he was the Shattuck Professor of Government at Harvard University. His 1975 book \"Thinking About Crime\" put forward a novel theory of incapacitation as the most effective explanation for the reduction in crime rates observed where longer prison sentences were the norm. Criminals might not be deterred by the threat of longer sentences, but repeat offenders would be prevented from further offending, simply because they would be in jail rather than out on the street. Wilson and George L. Kelling introduced the broken windows theory in the March 1982 edition of \"The Atlantic",
"title": "James Q. Wilson"
},
{
"id": "6018976",
"text": "The responsibility of the United States Probation Service was first under the United States Department of Justice, under the supervising authority of the Federal Bureau of Prisons, however, in 1940 the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts was established and assumed the responsibility. U.S. Pretrial Services came along more than 50 years later, in 1982, with the Pretrial Services Act of 1982. It was developed as a means to reduce both crimes committed by persons released into the community pending trial and unnecessary pretrial detention. Twenty three districts have both separate U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services Offices. In the remaining",
"title": "U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services System"
},
{
"id": "10892330",
"text": "Juvenile Protective Association Juvenile Protective Association (JPA) is a private non-profit agency devoted to protecting children from abuse and neglect by providing intervention and treatment services to families in Chicago. Founded in Chicago in 1901 by Jane Addams and her colleagues, the Juvenile Court Committee (JCC) provided the first probation officers for the first Juvenile Court in the United States before this became a government function. In 1907 the JCC merged with the Juvenile Protection League, an organization devoted to preventing juvenile delinquency, and renamed itself the Juvenile Protective Association. From 1907 until the 1940s, JPA engaged in many studies",
"title": "Juvenile Protective Association"
},
{
"id": "18818557",
"text": "to be considered for parole. In 2015, James Anderson, a formerly incarcerated young man and first founding staff of ARC, spoke alongside John Legend in Sacramento about criminal justice reform. With the help of ARC, Anderson was accepted into UCLA. Anderson has met personally with President Barack Obama. Robert Downey Jr., Brent Bolthouse, Dede Gardner, Jake Gyllenhaal, Hill Harper, Bruce Karatz, and Damon Lindelof, among others, serve on the board of directors. Major donors have included the California Endowment, the California Wellness Foundation and the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation. Ben Lear, Common, Jonah Hill, Mike Tollin, Nasir Jones, Raul Ruiz,",
"title": "Anti-Recidivism Coalition"
},
{
"id": "14518109",
"text": "1876 to Church of England Temperance Society part of the Temperance movement. In the letter attached to the gift Rainer asked \"can nothing be done for him whose foot has once slipped\". Originally the Missionaries, later called Probation Officers, were recruited from the 'respectable' classes. In 1907 under the aegis of the Probation of offenders Act, these missionaries became known as probation officers. The LPCM was renamed the Rainer Foundation in the 1960s. In the early 1980s, the foundation developed a number of innovative schemes for young offenders influenced greatly by research carried out at Lancaster University. Under the leadership",
"title": "Catch22 (charity)"
},
{
"id": "19629960",
"text": "and some of the best risk-assessment tools used on offenders are based on it. Risk-need-responsivity model The risk-need-responsivity model is a model used in criminology to develop recommendations for how prisoners should be assessed based on the risk they present and what they need, and what kinds of environments they should be placed in to reduce recidivism. It was first proposed in 1990 based on the research conducted on classifications of offender treatments by Lee Sechrest and Ted Palmer, among other researchers, in the 1960s and 70s. It was primarily developed by Canadian researchers James Bonta, Don Andrews, and Paul",
"title": "Risk-need-responsivity model"
},
{
"id": "3256581",
"text": "to provide probability of an event occurring. For example, the courts may ask how likely it is that a person will reoffend if a sentence is declined. Advisory: Here, a psychologist may advise police about how to proceed with the investigation. For example, which is the best way to interview the individual, how best to cross-examine a vulnerable or another expert witness, how an offender will act after committing the offence. A major part of criminal psychology, known as criminal profiling, began in the 1940s when the United States Office of Strategic Services asked William L. Langer's brother Walter C.",
"title": "Criminal psychology"
},
{
"id": "1279601",
"text": "amassed an additional $25 million in debt. Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton sought to use this debt to create a financial system that would promote American prosperity and national unity. In his \"Report on Public Credit\", he urged Congress to consolidate the state and national debts into a single debt that would be funded by the federal government. Congress approved these measures in June and July 1790. A source of government revenue was needed to pay the respectable amount due to the previous bondholders to whom the debt was owed. By December 1790, Hamilton believed that import duties, which",
"title": "Whiskey Rebellion"
},
{
"id": "13592829",
"text": "Frank J. Remington Frank John Remington (February 10, 1922 – February 9, 1996), was a University of Wisconsin law professor, who directed major studies reforming criminal law in the United States. He was a member of the Supreme Court's Standing Committee on Federal Rules and Procedures for 23 years, directed a 1961 study of criminal justice administration for the American Bar Foundation and headed an American Bar Association project to develop standards for the police. He was also a consultant to the President's Commission on Law Enforcement under Lyndon B. Johnson and to the Kerner Commission on Civil Disorders in",
"title": "Frank J. Remington"
},
{
"id": "307380",
"text": "collaborator with Watson, examined biological manifestations of learning in the brain. Embraced and extended by Clark L. Hull, Edwin Guthrie, and others, behaviorism became a widely used research paradigm. A new method of \"instrumental\" or \"operant\" conditioning added the concepts of reinforcement and punishment to the model of behavior change. Radical behaviorists avoided discussing the inner workings of the mind, especially the unconscious mind, which they considered impossible to assess scientifically. Operant conditioning was first described by Miller and Kanorski and popularized in the U.S. by B.F. Skinner, who emerged as a leading intellectual of the behaviorist movement. Noam Chomsky",
"title": "Psychology"
},
{
"id": "5069039",
"text": "some groups, most notably the Korean group called University Bible Fellowship, which is currently active on over 70 US college campuses. Shepherding Movement The Shepherding Movement (sometimes called the \"Discipleship Movement\") was an influential and controversial movement within some British, Australian and American charismatic churches. It emerged in the 1970s and early 1980s. The doctrine of the movement emphasized the \"one another\" passages of the New Testament, and the mentoring relationship described in the Second Epistle to Timothy. It began when four well-known Charismatic teachers, Bob Mumford, Derek Prince, Charles Simpson, and Don Basham, along with Ern Baxter and John",
"title": "Shepherding Movement"
},
{
"id": "16480195",
"text": "than publicly run probation. In \"The New York Times\", Thomas B. Edsall notes that \"The more commercialized fee collection and probation services get, the more the costs of these services are inflicted on the poor.\" In 1841, John Augustus, a Boston cobbler, convinced a judge to grant him custody of a man convicted of public intoxication. The man would have been incarcerated, otherwise. The judge agreed, and instead, Augustus paid the man's fine and took him in. Augustus returned with the drunkard three weeks later for an evaluation. The judge perceived the man to be sober and respectable, and Augustus",
"title": "Private probation"
},
{
"id": "1255755",
"text": "served in senior capacity within a Labour government. Lord Longford was famed for championing social outcasts and unpopular causes. He is especially notable for his lifelong advocacy of penal reform. Longford visited prisons on a regular basis for nearly 70 years until his death. He advocated for rehabilitation programmes and helped create the modern British parole system in the 1960s following the abolition of the death penalty. His ultimately unsuccessful campaign for the release of Moors murderer Myra Hindley attracted much media and public controversy. For his tireless work, the Longford Prize is named after him. It is awarded annually",
"title": "Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford"
},
{
"id": "12381210",
"text": "inspection of prisons should be imposed, and that prisoners should be provided with a healthy diet and reasonable living conditions. The prison reform charity, the Howard League for Penal Reform, was established in 1866 by his admirers. Following Howard's agitation, the Penitentiary Act was passed in 1779. This introduced solitary confinement, religious instruction, a labor regime, and proposed two state penitentiaries (one for men and one for women). However, these were never built due to disagreements in the committee and pressures from wars with France, and gaols remained a local responsibility. But other measures passed in the next few years",
"title": "Prison"
},
{
"id": "13196722",
"text": "Governor Earle Chamberlain, 1903-1909, he urged enactment of a parole system as an incentive to rehabilitation, and became Oregon's first State parole officer in 1906. St. Pierre believed, in keeping with the progressive ideology of his day, that inmates should be segregated based on the degree of their offenses as a means of preventing the \"hardening\" of youthful offenders. He advocated rehabilitation of inmates through education and job training. He improved the prison library, started an orchestra there, and founded a prison newspaper. A chapel was constructed inside the prison compound in 1911, before ill health forced St. Pierre's retirement",
"title": "Edward W. St. Pierre House"
},
{
"id": "14301658",
"text": "was that minor violations should not result in revocation, and that new crimes should be dealt with through prosecution as a new offense. However, the system was greatly revamped by the Anti-Drug Abuse Acts of 1986 and 1988. These laws added an incapacitative \"protection of the public\" goal as a purpose to be served by supervised release, allowed revocation of supervised release, and made revocation mandatory for defendants who committed controlled substance violations. Violation of the conditions can result in revocation of probation or supervised release. Upon revocation of probation, the court may, after considering the factors set forth in",
"title": "United States federal probation and supervised release"
},
{
"id": "17081033",
"text": "practices. Restorative justice in social work The practice of Restorative justice offers an alternative approach for dealing with harm caused by crime. It uses a three-dimensional approach that includes the victim, the offender, and the community. Restorative justice programs are used as a method of improving victim and/or offender satisfaction, increasing offender compliance with restitution, and decreasing the recidivism of offenders as an alternative to traditional criminal justice methods of response (i.e., incarceration, probation, court-ordered restitution, etc.). The current approach to crime, as Stinchcomb and Fox (1999) point out, “does little to reinforce any sense of either personal responsibility on",
"title": "Restorative justice in social work"
},
{
"id": "19015373",
"text": "Robert Martinson Robert Magnus Martinson (May 19, 1927August 11, 1979) was an American sociologist, whose 1974 study \"What Works?\", concerning the shortcomings of existing prisoner rehabilitation programs, was highly influential, creating what became known as the \"nothing works\" doctrine. His later studies were more optimistic, but less influential at the time. He served as chairman of the Sociology Department at the City College of New York, and then founded the Center for Knowledge in Criminal Justice Planning. Martinson was born on May 19, 1927 in Minneapolis, Minnesota to Magnus Constantine Martinson and Gwendolyn A. Gagnon. He received his degrees –",
"title": "Robert Martinson"
},
{
"id": "5207553",
"text": "Brookings Report Proposed Studies on the Implications of Peaceful Space Activities for Human Affairs, often referred to as \"the Brookings Report\", was a 1960 report commissioned by NASA and created by the Brookings Institution in collaboration with NASA's Committee on Long-Range Studies. It was submitted to the House Committee on Science and Astronautics of the United States House of Representatives in the 87th United States Congress on April 18, 1961. It was entered into the \"Congressional Record\" and can be found in any library possessing the \"Congressional Record\" for that year. The report has become noted for one short section",
"title": "Brookings Report"
},
{
"id": "20292816",
"text": "supply. The report's recommendations for a research funding scheme for policing, for a social policy trials unit and for a professional body for teachers were adopted in the form of the new Police Knowledge Fund, the Government Trials advisory Panel and the Chartered College of Teaching. Shepherd also proposed a national College of Policing – a medical Royal College equivalent. This concept was adopted by the Home Office and the new college launched in 2013. Shepherd also proposed and worked for a similar standard setting institution for probation. The Probation Institute was launched by the president of the Supreme Court,",
"title": "Jonathan Shepherd"
},
{
"id": "2207165",
"text": "Parole Parole is a temporary release of a prisoner who agrees to certain conditions before the completion of the maximum sentence period, originating from the French \"parole\" (\"voice, spoken words\"). The term became associated during the Middle Ages with the release of prisoners who gave their word. This differs greatly from amnesty or commutation of sentence in that parolees are still considered to be serving their sentences, and may be returned to prison if they violate the conditions of their parole. Conditions of parole often include things such as obeying the law, not voting in an election, refraining from drug",
"title": "Parole"
}
] | who advocated for supervising probationers and revoking probation if the accused returned to crime |
[
"late 1990s"
] | [
{
"id": "1821578",
"text": "introduced, followed by the Grand Tourist and the scooter Mirabell in 1955. The company secured its first racing title in the 1954 Austrian 125cc national championship. In 1956, KTM made its appearance at the International Six Days Trials where Egon Dornauer won a gold medal on a KTM machine. In 1957, KTM built the \"Trophy 125cc\" first sports motorcycle. KTM's first moped, called \"Mecky\", was launched in 1957, followed by \"Ponny I\" in 1960 and \"Ponny II\" in 1962 and \"Comet\" in 1963. The 1960s also saw the beginning of the bicycle production in Mattighofen. Ernst Kronreif died in 1960.",
"title": "KTM"
},
{
"id": "1821575",
"text": "KTM KTM AG (the former KTM Sportmotorcycle AG) is an Austrian motorcycle and sports car manufacturer owned by KTM Industries AG and Indian manufacturer Bajaj Auto. It was formed in 1992 but traces its foundation to as early as 1934. Today, KTM AG is the parent company of the KTM Group. KTM is known for its off-road motorcycles (enduro, motocross and supermoto). Since the late 1990s, it has expanded into street motorcycle production and developing sports cars – namely the X-Bow. In 2015, KTM sold almost as many street as off-road bikes. Production of the KTM X-Bow started in 2007.",
"title": "KTM"
},
{
"id": "1821604",
"text": "GT versions of the X-Bow are street-legal in Europe, North America, China and Australia. It uses an Audi engine and a carbon fibre chassis developed in cooperation with Italian racing car manufacturer Dallara, making it the world's first street-legal car with a full carbon fibre monocoque. KTM KTM AG (the former KTM Sportmotorcycle AG) is an Austrian motorcycle and sports car manufacturer owned by KTM Industries AG and Indian manufacturer Bajaj Auto. It was formed in 1992 but traces its foundation to as early as 1934. Today, KTM AG is the parent company of the KTM Group. KTM is known",
"title": "KTM"
},
{
"id": "1821598",
"text": "be more fuel efficient and cleaner than classic carburetor two-stroke engines, albeit more complex and expensive. By 2018, 250 and 300 EXC TPI enduro models will be powered by the new engine. The first KTM street bike was the Duke 620 in 1994. Supermoto – KTM was the first manufacturer to offer a competition-ready supermoto bike to the public. However, the company has stopped supermoto production in 2016, selling only stock 690 SMC R machines. The 141 kg light 690 SMC R model has a 48 kW liquid-cooled one-cylinder four-stroke motor (LC4) and a hydraulically actuated APTC slipper clutch. Adventure",
"title": "KTM"
},
{
"id": "1821576",
"text": "Since 2012, KTM has been the largest motorcycle manufacturer in Europe for four consecutive years. Globally, the company is among the leading off-road motorcycle manufacturers. In 2016, KTM sold 203,423 motor vehicles worldwide. In 1934, an Austrian engineer Johann (Hans) Trunkenpolz set up a fitter's and car repair shop in Mattighofen. In 1937, he started selling DKW motorcycles, and Opel cars the following year. His shop was known as \"Kraftfahrzeug Trunkenpolz Mattighofen\", but the name was unregistered. During the Second World War, his wife took care of the business which was thriving mainly on account of diesel engine repairs. After",
"title": "KTM"
},
{
"id": "1821577",
"text": "the war, demand for repair works fell sharply and Trunkenpolz started thinking about producing his own motorcycles. The prototype of his first motorcycle, the R100, was built in 1951. The components of the motorcycle were produced in house, except for the Rotax engines which were made by Fichtel & Sachs. Serial production of the \"R100\" started in 1953. With just 20 employees, motorcycles were built at the rate of three per day. In 1953, businessman Ernst Kronreif became a sizable shareholder of the company which was renamed and registered as \"Kronreif & Trunkenpolz Mattighofen\". In 1954, the \"R125 Tourist\" was",
"title": "KTM"
},
{
"id": "1821582",
"text": "successfully sponsoring and taking part in various race sport events, the company underwent a series of restructurings and stakeholder changes guided by KTM's managing director and \"Cross Industries\" owner Stefan Pierer. In 1994, KTM started production of the \"Duke\" series of road motorcycles, in 1996, KTM motocross machines were first decked out in KTM's signature orange color, and 1997 saw the introduction of LC4 \"Supermoto\" and \"Adventure\" motorcycles. In 2007, the company debuted the KTM X-Bow sports car. In 1995, KTM Motorradholding GmbH acquired Swedish motorcycle maker \"Husaberg AB\" and took control of the Dutch company \"White Power Suspension\". In",
"title": "KTM"
},
{
"id": "17600117",
"text": "KTM 390 series The KTM 390 Duke and KTM RC 390 are displacement single-cylinder engine motorcycles assembled by Bajaj Auto, and KTM Asia Motorcycle Manufacturing, Inc. (KAMMI) for the Austrian manufacturer KTM. The 390 Duke standard debuted at the 2012 EICMA show in Milan, Italy, and went on sale in India and the Philippines in 2013 and in the US in 2015. The RC 390 was presented at EICMA the following year. After the Duke's initial release, KTM CEO Stefan Pierer announced plans to export the 390 Duke to the US for 2014. Bajaj said eventually the bike will be",
"title": "KTM 390 series"
},
{
"id": "1821579",
"text": "Two years later in 1962, Hans Trunkenpolz also died of a heart attack. His son \"Erich Trunkenpolz\" took charge of the company's management. As the company continued to expand, the workforce totaled 400 in 1971, and forty years after it was founded, KTM was offering 42 different models. Besides, KTM was able to produce motorcycles for the racing industry. During the 1970s and 80s, KTM also started to develop and produce motors and radiators. Radiators sold to European car manufacturers constituted a sizable part of the company's business in the 1980s. In 1978, US subsidiary \"KTM North America Inc.\" was",
"title": "KTM"
},
{
"id": "19301592",
"text": "bore/stroke. Still the 300 hadn't reached its full potential. Ignition and jetting problems plagued these early models. In 1992 the company suffered financial woes and development was slowed. The 1993 KTMs had Öhlins USD forks. In 1993 Motoplat went out of business, forcing KTM to switch to SEM ignition systems. The 1996 model had Marzocchi USD forks and an Öhlins rear shock absorber, a chrome exhaust pipe and silencer, a motor with better performance, increased cooling and stock Boysen reeds. For 1996–97 the bike was offered in a 360 cc version. In 1997 KTM switched to Kokusan ignition systems. 1998",
"title": "KTM 300"
},
{
"id": "19301591",
"text": "1990 KTM got serious and the present-day 300 was born. Dubbed the 300 EX/C, its engine delivered very smooth power and did not produce a power hit. The bike performed well at low RPMs. In the mid-range and the top-end the smooth power delivery allowed the rider control over a wide variety of riding conditions from tight trails to wide open stretches. The plush suspension worked well compared to the older GS models. The bike was also offered as the 300 DMX, a California desert version. These early KTM motors had 297 cc displacement with 72 mm x 73 mm",
"title": "KTM 300"
},
{
"id": "1821602",
"text": "Racing World Championship Grand Prix. Whether there will be a street-legal production version of the RC16 at a later point in time is yet unclear. In Asia, KTM also markets RC 200 and RC 250 street bikes. Superbike – Currently, KTM has retired from superbike production and competitions. From 2008 to 2015, the company produced the 1190 RC8 superbike, a light, powerful homologated (street-legal) bike for superbike competitions with an LC8 motor and without any of the electronic driving aids that the otherwise comparable Superduke and Super Adventure models offer. Since 1992, KTM motorcycles have been designed by KISKA, a",
"title": "KTM"
},
{
"id": "1821587",
"text": "model in India. KTM began in motorsports competing in motocross racing. KTM won its first championship in 1974 when Guennady Moisseev claimed the 250cc Motocross World Championship. By the end of 2016, KTM had won more than 260 world championship titles, making the company one of the most successful brands in motorsports. KTM has claimed 96 MXGP, MX1 and MX2 world titles since 1974 and 114 E1, E2, E3 and Super Enduro world titles since 1990. With Ryan Dungey's 2015, 2016 and 2017 victories in the supercross world championship, KTM gained a successful presence in supercross racing as well. In",
"title": "KTM"
},
{
"id": "1821601",
"text": "model is equipped with a two-cylinder four-stroke 75 degree cylinder LC8 engine. 200, 250 and 390 Duke models are currently produced by Bajaj Auto in Pune, India. They are only available in Asia, with only the Duke 390 being exported to European countries. Supersport – KTM sport bikes currently offered in the supersport category include the RC 125 (not available in the US) and the RC 390. Both are street-legal versions of bikes that compete in street races. With the RC16, KTM has presented a 1000 cc sport bike that will race in the MotoGP class of the 2017 Road",
"title": "KTM"
},
{
"id": "19309461",
"text": "KTM 200 The KTM 200 consists of a series of two-stroke off-road enduro motorcycles made by KTM, the European, road legal 200 EXC, and the 200 XC-W for the US market being the last versions. The 200 attempts to combine the agility of a 125 cc class motorcycle with the power of a 250 cc. As a small bore enduro bike it is equipped with a wide-ratio gear box. Starting in 2013 all 200's came with electric start. The 1997 KTM Jackpiner 200 LE was a limited production run of the first 200 cc KTM. It was built to commemorate",
"title": "KTM 200"
},
{
"id": "19301589",
"text": "KTM 300 The KTM 300 is a series of 2-stroke enduro off-road motorcycles made by KTM. They are the Penton-inspired 1984 300 GS, the 300 DMX, the dirt only 300 MXC, European road legal 300 EXC and their current US counterparts the 300 XC (close-ratio) and 300 XC-W (wide-ratio gear box) respectively. The KTM 300 is designed for difficult off-road conditions. The 300 EXC and the 300 XC-W have a small headlight, speedometer, tail-light and somewhat softer linkless PDS suspension. Starting in 2009 all 300's came with electric start. The original 300GS Enduro grew out of the experience with 250",
"title": "KTM 300"
},
{
"id": "7052128",
"text": "Penton Penton was a brand of off-road motorcycle introduced in 1968 by John Penton, a noted enduro rider on the dirt bike competition circuit, who was inducted into the AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 1998. Penton approached the KTM company, which at the time made bicycles and mopeds, to build a light-weight off-road motorcycle. The first Penton motorcycles used a modified small-capacity Sachs engine with improved suspension and details. The early motorcycles made their mark in International Six Days Trials (now called the International Six Days Enduro) competitions, Enduro races like the Michigan Jack Pine Endurance Run, Scrambles and",
"title": "Penton"
},
{
"id": "17714225",
"text": "primary color changing from silver to orange. Production ceased at the end of the 2007 model year after no further displacement changes. KTM 640 Adventure The KTM 640 Adventure is a dual-sport motorcycle made by KTM from model years 1998 until 2007. The bike featured a single cylinder engine, 21\" front and 18\" rear wheels and a large fuel tank as standard. It experienced a number of minor changes over its lifespan. In 1997 KTM introduced the 620 Adventure with a 609 cc engine. The bike received a new 625 cc engine for the 1998 model year and was renamed",
"title": "KTM 640 Adventure"
},
{
"id": "1821595",
"text": "plusher non-linkage suspensions, a wider-ratio gear box and lights. The current line available in the US consists of 250, 350, 450 and 500 (actually 510 cc) four-stroke EXC models and the 690 cc Enduro R dual-sport motorcycle. Free Ride – A KTM original class of off-road motorcycle that could be described as a cross between enduro and trials bikes. The Freeride 250R is powered by a lighter, modified version of the 250 EXC enduro engine and has a specially developed six-speed gearbox with close transmission ratios in the lower gears and a wide ratio for the sixth gear. A four-stroke",
"title": "KTM"
},
{
"id": "17600126",
"text": "model. Braking distance was measured at 148.2 feet from 60-0 mph with ABS disabled and 151.7 feet without ABS disabled. KTM revised the RC 390 in 2017 by adding a slipper clutch, adjustable brake levers, ride-by-wire throttle, a larger 320 mm front brake rotor, larger mirrors, and some cosmetic and ergonomic changes. KTM 390 series The KTM 390 Duke and KTM RC 390 are displacement single-cylinder engine motorcycles assembled by Bajaj Auto, and KTM Asia Motorcycle Manufacturing, Inc. (KAMMI) for the Austrian manufacturer KTM. The 390 Duke standard debuted at the 2012 EICMA show in Milan, Italy, and went on",
"title": "KTM 390 series"
},
{
"id": "1821585",
"text": "2016 CROSS Industries AG), founded by KTM AG’s current CEO Stefan Pierer. KTM Industries AG is owned by Pierer Industrie AG (74.89%). As of 2017, KTM AG has the following subsidiaries: Furthermore, KTM Sportmotorcycle GmbH and Husqvarna Motorcycles GmbH operate 24 respectively 7 distribution subsidiaries worldwide, most of them in European and Asian countries and in the US. KTM started exporting their GS model to USA in 1968 through an American importer, John Penton under the \"Penton\" brand. This joint venture lasted until KTM established \"KTM America Inc.\" in Ohio in 1978. In 2005, KTM-Sportmotocycle began a partnership with ATV",
"title": "KTM"
},
{
"id": "1821597",
"text": "the two-stroke bike market. New European emission laws have increased the pressure on two-stroke bikes, as their engines are less fuel efficient and produce more pollution than four-stroke motors. However, with newer advances in technology, two-strokes have begun to burn cleaner and pass stricter green standards. Starting in 2017, all newly registered motorcycles must conform with the Euro 4 regulations for emission management. In May 2017, KTM will unveil a new two-stroke engine with direct fuel injection. By pressure-injecting an electronically controlled amount of fuel into the transfer port of the cylinder, the new TPI (transfer port injection) engines will",
"title": "KTM"
},
{
"id": "19288356",
"text": "Harley-Davidson KR The Harley-Davidson KR or KR750 was a displacement V-twin engine racing motorcycle made by Harley-Davidson from 1953 through 1969 for flat track racing. It was also used in road racing in the KRTT faired version. When the KR was first introduced, it dominated motorcycle racing in the United States. In 1970 it was replaced by the long-lived and US race-winning Harley-Davidson XR-750. American Motorcyclist Association (AMA) Class C racing was created in 1933 in response to low participation in racing and slow motorcycle sales during the decline in consumer disposable income of the Great Depression. The year before,",
"title": "Harley-Davidson KR"
},
{
"id": "19301593",
"text": "was the first year for the KTM trademark orange bikes. In addition to larger capacity radiators, the 300 received KTM’s PDS link-less rear suspension with 320 mm of rear wheel travel. The bike was again offered in a bored out 380 cc durning 1998-2000 (a street legal title was offered in some states). In 1999 the 300 received a hydraulic clutch and the 2000 motor benefited from a redesigned cylinder. In 2004 there was another frame change. There were significant engine changes, including a bore and stroke change and the carburetor size reduced from 38 mm to 36 mm, resulting",
"title": "KTM 300"
},
{
"id": "11307762",
"text": "KTM X-Bow The KTM X-Bow (pronounced \"crossbow\") is an ultra-light sports car for road and race use, produced by Austrian motorcycle manufacturer KTM. It is the first car in their product range. It was launched at the Geneva Motor Show in 2008. KTM developed the X-Bow in collaboration with Kiska Design, Audi, and Dallara. The X-Bow uses a turbocharged four-cylinder 2.0 litre Audi engine. The 2008 model produces at 5,500 rpm and of torque between 2,000 and 5,500 rpm. and can accelerate from 0-62 mph (100 km/h) in 3.9 seconds. Its top speed is 217 km/h (134.9 mph). In the",
"title": "KTM X-Bow"
},
{
"id": "1821599",
"text": "tourers – KTM currently produces the 1090 Adventure and 1290 Super Adventure dual-sport adventure bikes in versions with different seat height, wheels and suspensions that endow the machines with a road (S), off-road (R – for rally) or touring (T) bias. Not all versions are available on the US market. Adventure and Super Adventure bikes are powered by two-cylinder four-stroke motors (LC8) with a 75 degree cylinder and feature a slipper clutch, electronically controlled riding modes (sport, street and rain) and a twin (analog plus LCD) display. Sports tourer – The KTM sports tourer 1290 Superduke GT (Gran Turismo) is",
"title": "KTM"
},
{
"id": "19288363",
"text": "the new engine to save the company from its demise by 1953. Harley-Davidson chose to play to their own strengths, creating a pushrod OHV V-twin engine in 1936 retaining separate transmission, and the new, for Harley-Davidson, unit construction, introduced on the 1952 Model K (still side-valve). \"Cycle World\" road tested a 1963 KRTT (or KR-TT) alongside a Harley-Davidson Sprint TT racer. They recorded a top speed of , and acceleration of 5.8 seconds. The time was 14.1 seconds at . In 1956, every Class C race was won by a Harley-Davidson KR. From 1955 through 1969, 12 of the 15",
"title": "Harley-Davidson KR"
},
{
"id": "19309462",
"text": "the 30th anniversary of the first Penton KTM motorcycle. It was inspired by the 175 cc Penton Jackpiner, named for the Michigan Jack Pine Endurance Run. It came with Penton blue plastics and a sticker attached to the front fender bearing John Penton's signature. It was outfitted with Öhlins Forks and was the first bike with PDS no-linkage rear suspension developed by Öhlins, and was also one of the first bikes to incorporate a hydraulic clutch. A year later the first production KTM 200 MXC was fitted with Marzocchi 45 forks and the trademark orange plastics. The 2000 EXC was",
"title": "KTM 200"
},
{
"id": "2997626",
"text": "1929 KTT was the first production motorcycle to feature positive-stop, foot-actuated gearchange. The roadster models developed from this initial model K were the Velocette KSS (super sports), KTS (touring sports), KTP (twin exhaust ports), KN (normal), and a few variations. A notable change in engine design was introduced in 1935, the 'KSS Mk2' with a fully enclosed aluminum cylinder head. The OHC engine series continued for roadsters until 1948, when the final KSS Mk.2 versions were produced, with rigid frames and Dowty air-sprung telescopic forks. Accurate valve timing was accomplished through the pioneering use of stroboscopic lamps. The 'K' series",
"title": "Velocette"
},
{
"id": "1821590",
"text": "first Rookies Cup season in 2007, KTM has supplied the bike for the Red Bull MotoGP Rookies Cup. In 2009, KTM announced their withdrawal from Grand Prix motorcycle racing in all classes, and did not return until 2012 in the new Moto3 class. In 2012, KTM won the Moto3 manufacturers' championship. During the next season, KTM riders prevailed in every race of the Moto3 class and won the world title as well as second and third place, making KTM the obvious victor of the manufacturers' standing. KTM won the manufacturer title in the 2014 and 2016 as well as the",
"title": "KTM"
},
{
"id": "19288364",
"text": "AMA Daytona 200 national championships were won by KRs. A 1957 KR appeared in the 1999 Guggenheim Museum's \"The Art of the Motorcycle\" exhibition in New York and a 1963 KR was in the Las Vegas show. The AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame \"Classic Bikes\" collection includes two Harley-Davidson KRs: a 1959 KR that is the last motorcycle raced by three-time AMA Grand National Champion Joe Leonard, and Mert Lawwill's 1969 KR750. Harley-Davidson KR The Harley-Davidson KR or KR750 was a displacement V-twin engine racing motorcycle made by Harley-Davidson from 1953 through 1969 for flat track racing. It was also",
"title": "Harley-Davidson KR"
},
{
"id": "1821594",
"text": "– The current cross-country line designated by XC includes 150, 250 and 300 cc two-stroke models and 250, 350 and 450 cc four-stroke models. The two-stroke XC machines except the 150 cc model are available with either wide-ratio or close-ratio transmission (when switching gears, there is a more or less pronounced rpm change). The four-stroke models are fitted with a semi-close gearbox. Most models are equipped with an electric starter. The very light weight XC bikes are competition bikes only; they don't meet homologation regulations. Enduro – The street-legal EXC enduro versions of KTM's XC cross-country bikes are supplied with",
"title": "KTM"
},
{
"id": "7052131",
"text": "taken over completely by KTM Austria in 1978. The 1997 KTM Jackpiner 200 LE was a limited production run of the first 200 cc KTM enduro motorcycle. It was built to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the first Penton KTM motorcycle. It came with Penton blue plastics and John Penton’s signature on a sticker attached to the front fender. Penton Penton was a brand of off-road motorcycle introduced in 1968 by John Penton, a noted enduro rider on the dirt bike competition circuit, who was inducted into the AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 1998. Penton approached the KTM company,",
"title": "Penton"
},
{
"id": "19288359",
"text": "up to 750cc, or 45.77\", but an \"equivalency rule\" that limited more technically-advanced OHV engines, tantamount to the (primarily UK) import competition, to 500cc, or 30.51\". From the time Class C was established in 1938 until the 1953 KR, Harley-Davidson relied on the WLDR, sold with lights, fenders and other equipment, intended to be ridden to the track by amateur racers, prepared by the rider and raced, and the race-only 1941-52 Harley-Davidson WR which was the direct ancestor of the KR. Development of the Model K street motorcycle began in 1950 in response to increased competition from UK brands Triumph,",
"title": "Harley-Davidson KR"
},
{
"id": "1821596",
"text": "350 cc free ride model with similar characteristics, and the all-electric single-speed models Freeride E-SX, Freeride E-XC as well as their street version Freeride E-SM are available in Europe. In the 1990s, AMA rule changes put the cheaper, simpler two-stroke machines at a disadvantage to four-stroke bikes in motocross competitions by limiting two-stroke displacement at 125 cc for the 250 cc class and 250 cc for the 450 cc class. While other manufacturers have decided to discontinue their two-stroke models, KTM has continued with creating and improving their two-stroke machines and has consequently taken up a very high proportion of",
"title": "KTM"
},
{
"id": "1821580",
"text": "founded in Lorain, Ohio. In 1980, the company was renamed \"KTM Motor-Fahrzeugbau KG\". One year later, KTM had about 700 employees and a turnover of 750m. Schilling (about 54.5m. euros). International business then amounted to 76 % of the company turnover. However, scooter and moped turnover sank rapidly, and production had to be halted in 1988. Erich Trunkenpolz died in 1989. Takeover of a 51 % interest in the company by the Austrian investment trust GIT Trust Holding controlled by Austrian politician Josef Taus in 1989 was followed by unsuccessful attempts to turn the indebted company around, and in 1991,",
"title": "KTM"
},
{
"id": "1821593",
"text": "available in every country. The following section lists bikes that are sold in the US. Motocross – The current Motocross line designated by SX includes 50, 65, 85, 105, 125, 150 and 250 cc single-cylinder two-stroke models (the 50 SX, 65 SX and 85 SX models are kids' and youth bikes), and 250, 350 and 450 cc single-cylinder four-stroke models (SX-F). In 2005 KTM released the new 250SX-F to the general public. Since 2007, the SX-F's have been KTM's new racing motocross range. Current versions of the KTM SX-F line have a dual overhead camshaft engine dubbed the “RC4”. Cross-Country",
"title": "KTM"
},
{
"id": "1821588",
"text": "1994, a KTM factory team debuted at the Dakar Rally. In 1998, KTM riders won second to twelfth place. With consecutive wins from 2001 to 2018, the manufacturer has dominated the rally for 17 years now. KTM teams successfully compete in other rally raid events like the Atlas Rally or the Rallye du Maroc. KTM has won 37 cross country rallies world titles since 2003 and has won the FIM Cross-Country Rallies World Championship 15 times, most recently in 2015. In 2003, KTM started sponsoring and supporting road racing in various capacities, with the most successful results stemming from their",
"title": "KTM"
},
{
"id": "19301590",
"text": "cc Penton Hare Scrambler and other KTM air cooled 2-stroke enduro bikes. Since the 1986 rules for the International Six Days Enduro (ISDE) for the open class allowed any bike larger that 250 cc, KTM experimented with a water cooled over-250 cc bike for the open class. They essentially bored their 250 out to 273 cc and called it a 300. This version of the 300 was discontinued in 1987. KTM also tried sleeving down their 500mxc cc two-stroke to 350 cc calling it the 350mxc, but the left side kick-starter and the right side chain were not popular. In",
"title": "KTM 300"
},
{
"id": "18895621",
"text": "of 2008 the US version of the EXC, with the new XC-4 motor, continued to be sold in street legal trim. In 2012 the US 50-states street legal 530 EXC-R was rebadged the 500 EXC. In mid 2016 the 2017 bikes were introduced adding a 250cc version. It joins the 350 and 500 EXC-F. The KTM 500 EXC (2012–present) is a 50 state street legal dual-sport enduro dirtbike powered by a 510 cc SOHC engine. KTM 500 EXC The KTM 500 EXC is a series of 4-stroke enduro off-road motorcycle made by KTM. They are essentially the 400/450 EXCs with",
"title": "KTM 500 EXC"
},
{
"id": "17869859",
"text": "640 Supermoto, so the Duke line became a more street oriented standard or streetfighter, while retaining some off-road characteristics like a relatively long suspension travel. Initially the Duke was KTM's entry level street bike, but later KTM partnered with Bajaj Auto to produce the 125 Duke, 200 Duke, and 390 Duke in India, placing the \"600 cc\" class Dukes in the middle of their range. In 2005, KTM introduced the Super Duke to expand the range above the middle Duke, initially and later growing to . KTM 690 Duke The KTM 690 Duke is the latest generation in KTM's line",
"title": "KTM 690 Duke"
},
{
"id": "1821592",
"text": "the table for the foreseeable future. KTM's official company/team colours are orange, black and silver. To create a strong brand identity, all competition-ready KTMs come from the factory with bright orange plastic with \"KTM\" emblazoned on the side of the radiator shrouds. All KTM bikes also come from the factory with a Motorex sticker on the outside of the motor. All first fills of oil come from Motorex as well. Some official KTM teams use different colors for their bikes, most noticeably in the Dakar Rally. KTM manufactures a wide range of off-road motorcycles. Not all of their models are",
"title": "KTM"
},
{
"id": "9183425",
"text": "on stoves and ovens. 1896 – Bicycles Bicycle production began in the Huskvarna factory. Several patents were registered. The last bicycle was produced in 1962. 1903 – Motorcycles The first motorcycle, which could reach the impressive speed of 4–5 km/hour, was produced in 1903. Starting in the 1930s, Husqvarna's lightweight engines helped make some successful track racing and motocross bikes. Husqvarna's first titles in Motocross World Championship came in 1959 and 1960. The operation was divested in 1987 and is since 2013 part of the KTM family. 1919 – Lawn mowers When Husqvarna acquired Norrahammars Bruk in 1918, the product",
"title": "Husqvarna Group"
},
{
"id": "14910426",
"text": "and the inclusion of a tachometer. In 2014, ABS brakes (front and rear) were made standard, a dual-spark head introduced and ride-by-wire throttle. KTM 690 Enduro The KTM 690 Enduro is a dual sport motorcycle made by KTM since 2008. The KTM 690 Enduro R was introduced in 2009, differing from the basic 'E' models by having an orange frame, different styling and 20 mm longer suspension travel, thus being 20 mm higher. Although labelled 690 the displacement for bikes from 2008-2011 is actually 654cc. In 2012 KTM introduced a true 690cc 690, discontinued the 'E' model and lowered the",
"title": "KTM 690 Enduro"
},
{
"id": "11746246",
"text": "taken over one hundred percent by the new Kawasaki Motorcycle Corporation, which maintained the licensing agreement with BSA and continued to build the K model, but due to lubrication problems Kawasaki made engine modifications and the Kawasaki K2 entered production in 1965 with improved crankshaft bearings and a larger oil pump. Since the introduction of the K2, the Meguro K model has tended to become known retrospectively as the K1. The K2 has a larger timing cover which distinguishes it from the model K and the BSA A7. Also the K2 chassis has a different rear subframe, fuel tank and",
"title": "Kawasaki W series"
},
{
"id": "2176846",
"text": "(and later 850) a 750cc triple cylinder machine with shaft final drive was introduced almost seven years after Honda's breakthrough bike. Yamaha's first four-cylinder model, the XS-1100 followed in 1978, again with shaft drive. Despite being heavier and more touring oriented than its rivals it produced an impressive string of victories in endurance racing. The 1970s also saw some of the first dedicated off-road bikes for off-road racing and recreation. Yamaha was an early innovator in dirt-bike technology, and introduced the first single-shock rear suspension, the trademarked \"Monoshock\" of 1973. It appeared in production on the 1974 Yamaha YZ-250, a",
"title": "Yamaha Motor Company"
},
{
"id": "17714224",
"text": "KTM 640 Adventure The KTM 640 Adventure is a dual-sport motorcycle made by KTM from model years 1998 until 2007. The bike featured a single cylinder engine, 21\" front and 18\" rear wheels and a large fuel tank as standard. It experienced a number of minor changes over its lifespan. In 1997 KTM introduced the 620 Adventure with a 609 cc engine. The bike received a new 625 cc engine for the 1998 model year and was renamed the 640 Adventure-R. For model year 2003 it experienced noticeable changes with a low front fender, twin front brake discs and the",
"title": "KTM 640 Adventure"
},
{
"id": "8284396",
"text": "1987, the KHS Co. and Yamaha of Japan established a joint venture operation in order to increase production capacity and explore new markets around the world. Consequently, motorcycles are now exported to Greece, Portugal, Italy, India and Japan. United Engineering Corp. was established in 1988. Formerly known as the KHS Bicycle Factory, United Engineering Corp. now manufactures KHS bicycles, as well as bicycles for other companies throughout the world. KHS Bicycles and its BMX brand Free Agent have long histories of racing victories, including numerous national and world championships. Here is a brief list of some of the brands' top",
"title": "KHS Bicycles"
},
{
"id": "1821586",
"text": "manufacturer Polaris Industries with the goal of shared research, and more importantly shared distribution networks. This partnership was a two-year trial arrangement, at the end of which both parties had the option of merging the two companies into one. In 2006, KTM announced that the partnership with Polaris had been downgraded, and would instead only supply their 450cc and 510cc RFS engines to Polaris. In January 2008, Bajaj announced that it would jointly develop two new 125cc and 200cc bikes for Europe and the Far East. The bikes would be badged \"KTM\". In January 2012, Bajaj launched the Duke 200",
"title": "KTM"
},
{
"id": "13529480",
"text": "is known to have very good reliability. In some cases, the fully stock engines last for more than 45k miles. The RFS bike is known to be a good dual sport and super motard bike. The wide ratio 6-speed transmission will run all day long on the highway. Due to their dual-sport ability, there are larger aftermarket fuel tanks available (11~26L). As of 2008 the US version of the 450 EXC continued to be sold in street legal trim but was replaced by the off-road only 450 XC or 450 XC-W in the US market. A new chassis was introduced",
"title": "KTM 450 EXC"
},
{
"id": "9490555",
"text": "introduction of the KZ900. Suzuki, Kawasaki and the Yamaha each started producing motorcycles in the 1950s. Meanwhile, the sun was setting on British dominion over the big-displacement motorbike market. The excellence of Japanese motorcycles caused similar effects in all Western markets: many Italian bike firms either went bust or only just managed to survive. As a result, BMW's worldwide sales sagged in the 1960s, but came back strongly with the introduction of a completely redesigned \"slash-5\" series for model year 1970. From the 1960s through the 1990s, small two-stroke motorcycles were popular worldwide, partly as a result of the pioneering",
"title": "History of the motorcycle"
},
{
"id": "7178971",
"text": "1930, the new Henderson \"Special\" KL solo was demonstrated on a new, smooth concrete Illinois highway. Joe Petrali achieved 116.12 mph and 109.09 mph on two recorded runs, averaging 112.61. The higher compression two-ring pistons, and an enlarged 1.25 inch (32 mm) carburetor, meant the KL engine produced 45 hp at 4,500 rpm. The KL was remarkably flexible in top gear, pulling smoothly from 8 to 110 mph. They were even more popular with police departments in the United States. The \"Special\" (KL) model was priced $30 more than the regular KJ model, and was available in 1930 and 1931.",
"title": "Henderson Motorcycle"
},
{
"id": "19436451",
"text": "Kawasaki KX450F The Kawasaki KX 450F is a liquid-cooled DOHC four-valve four-stroke single motocross motorcycle made by Kawasaki. Unlike the Kawasaki KX250F, the KX450F was not co-developed under joint-venture with the Suzuki Motor Co. and differed greatly from Suzuki's 450cc offering. The first year of the KX450F was 2005, but the machine suffered catastrophic frame failure during the Japanese MX season. As a result, plans for a 2005 retail version were postponed and the KX450F debuted as a 2006 model in most markets. Initial reviews of the KX450F were tepid, citing a positive response to the engine and power delivery,",
"title": "Kawasaki KX450F"
},
{
"id": "11141354",
"text": "KTM 1190 RC8 The KTM 1190 RC8 was a sport bike made by KTM. The first generation 2008 model had a V-twin engine and was the Austrian manufacturer's first-ever Superbike design. The RC8 model was supplemented with RC8 R models one year later in 2009 and the RC8 designation had its last year of production in 2010. Current models from 2009 through 2013 use a V-twin engine with a twin spark per cylinder technology design debuting on the 2011 model. The first concept of the bike appeared in 2005, powered by the Super Duke v-twin. The displacement was increased to",
"title": "KTM 1190 RC8"
},
{
"id": "17600122",
"text": "increased from 300 mm to 320 mm. The headlight was redesigned and converted to LED. The display became a color TFT panel with phone pairing capability. Seat height was increased from to and wheelbase was decreased 10 mm. The brake and clutch levers were also made adjustable. A sport bike version of the 390 Duke, the KTM RC 390 was presented at the 2013 EICMA motorcycle show in Italy, though most details had been leaked a few weeks earlier. The 2014 model year road racing style bike has the same 373 cc engine making a claimed @ 9,500 rpm with",
"title": "KTM 390 series"
},
{
"id": "20664726",
"text": "on December 30 that Kawasaki would be pulling out of MotoGP for 2009. On January 9, 2009, Kawasaki announced it had decided to \"... suspend its MotoGP racing activities from 2009 season onward and reallocate management resources more efficiently\". The company stated that it will continue racing activities using mass-produced motorcycles as well as supporting general race oriented consumers. KTM AG (the former KTM Sportmotorcycle AG) is an Austrian motorcycle and sports car manufacturer owned by KTM Industries AG and Indian manufacturer Bajaj Auto. It was formed in 1992 but traces its foundation to as early as 1934. Today, KTM",
"title": "Grand Prix motorcycle racing sponsorship liveries"
},
{
"id": "1821600",
"text": "a version of the 1290 Superduke R naked bike that has been modified for more touring comfort with a longer and more robust frame, modified handlebar, larger fuel tank and modified two-cylinder four-stroke 75 degree cylinder LC8 motor. Like the 1290 Super Adventure, the 1290 Superduke GT features three electronically controlled riding modes. Naked bikes – With the Duke and Superduke models, KTM currently offers naked bikes with 125, 390, 690 and 1290 cc displacement. The 125 (not available in the US), 390 and 690 and 690 R Duke models have a single-cylinder four-stroke LC4 motor. The 1290 R Superduke",
"title": "KTM"
},
{
"id": "19301594",
"text": "in an weight savings and no more jetting problems. For 2006, the US version of the 300 EXC was replaced by the XC and the XC-W. Both versions had 5-speed gearboxes and a stator for producing electricity. The 300 XC had a close-ratio gear box, no wiring for lights, and a stiffer suspension. The 300 XC-W had a wide-ratio gear box, head light, tail light and maintained the softer PDS suspension. The 2007 model had added a dual ignition mapping switch on the handlebar. The 2008 KTM 300 EXC is the first electric start two-stroke enduro bike to be released",
"title": "KTM 300"
},
{
"id": "7052129",
"text": "Motocross with riders such as future Motorcycle Hall of Fame members Billy Uhl and Carl Cranke. The most popular size was the 125cc (Six Day), but they were also made in 100 cc (Berkshire) and later, in 175 cc (Jackpiner, in 1972), 250 cc (Hare Scrambler, in 1973), and 400 cc (Mint, in 1974). Beginning in 1972 fiberglass gas tanks were introduced and all of the 175 cc and larger models used KTM engines. In 1974 longer travel gas forks with laid-down rear shocks for longer suspension travel, lightweight plastic fenders and frames of high grade chrome-moly steel were introduced.",
"title": "Penton"
},
{
"id": "7178969",
"text": "higher compression, and hardened, polished steel valve guides. The front end was changed to leading link forks and a front brake was added. The wheels were also changed to drop center rims (may have happened mid year). In June 1928, Schwinn approached Arthur Constantine from Harley-Davidson, to become Chief Engineer. Constantine looked at the existing model, and embarked on a redesign. The Streamline model, commonly called the \"KJ\", appeared in 1929, and featured improved cooling and a return to the IOE (inlet over exhaust) valve configuration, gave 40 bhp @ 4000 rpm. It had a five main bearing crankshaft, and",
"title": "Henderson Motorcycle"
},
{
"id": "13729781",
"text": "transmission. With confidence in the new direction that Genichi Kawakami was taking, Nippon Gakki founded Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. on July 1, 1955 and made Kawakami the new company's first president. Staffed by 275 employees, the new motorcycle manufacturer built about 200 units per month by the end of 1955. That same year, Yamaha entered its new YA-1 in the two biggest race events in Japan. They were the 3rd Mt. Fuji Ascent Race held in July 1955, and the 1st Asama Highlands Race in November. In these debut races, Yamaha won the 125 cc class. The following year, the",
"title": "Yamaha YA-1"
},
{
"id": "19309468",
"text": "a new skid plate, orange anodized rear sprocket, more orange plastics and a new seat cover. The KTM 200 was discontinued for the 2017 model year. The replacement in the lineup is considered to be the 143.99 cc KTM 150 XC-W. KTM 200 The KTM 200 consists of a series of two-stroke off-road enduro motorcycles made by KTM, the European, road legal 200 EXC, and the 200 XC-W for the US market being the last versions. The 200 attempts to combine the agility of a 125 cc class motorcycle with the power of a 250 cc. As a small bore",
"title": "KTM 200"
},
{
"id": "9334184",
"text": "KTM/KTP-1 KTM-1 is a Soviet-made two-axle tram with a body made of solid metal, while KTP-1 is a two-axle trailer car to intended to work under KTM-1 traction. It was the first Soviet-made tram to be originally single ended, as well as designated to work on looped (not dead-end) lines. Also, it was a first Soviet-made tram with wide four-segment folding doors and bigger passenger storage spaces. Doors were driven pneumatically. KTM/KTP1 developments began right after the end of World War II. These trams were intended to replace obsolete pre-war trams. KTM/KTP1 was a kind of transitional stage between pre-war",
"title": "KTM/KTP-1"
},
{
"id": "5298480",
"text": "KR Motors KR Motors Co. Ltd. is a South Korean motorcycle manufacturer. Its CEO is Sang Yong Sung. Founded in 1978 as a division of the Hyosung Group of industries, Hyosung began producing Japanese Suzuki motorcycle designs under license for the South Korean market in Changwon, South Korea in 1979. In 1986, they established their own research and development center in Hamamatsu, Japan, and the next year, they began mass production of their own designs. They were the official motorcycle supplier for the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. In 2003, Hyosung Motors & Machinery Inc. was spun off from the",
"title": "KR Motors"
},
{
"id": "1821584",
"text": "Euro and employed 2515 people by the end of that year. Of the four separate companies left after the 1992 split, three were now again part of the KTM Group: \"KTM Sportmotorcycle GmbH\", \"KTM Werkzeugbau GmbH\" and \"KTM Kühler GmbH\" (today \"WP Radiators\"). \"KTM Fahrrad GmbH (KTM Bike Industries)\" remained an independent company and is owned by Chinese investors. KTM-Group today contains the brands KTM and Husqvarna Motorcycles. KTM AG is presently owned by CROSS KraftFahrZeug Holding GmbH (51.28%) and Bajaj Auto Limited International Holdings B.V. (47.99%). CROSS KraftFahrZeug Holding GmbH is a subsidiary of KTM Industries AG (prior to",
"title": "KTM"
},
{
"id": "19288360",
"text": "Norton, and BSA entering the US market in greater numbers due to post-World War II reductions in import duties, and the UK's need to boost exports. Technology found on the European imports, including a hydraulic fork front suspension, a rear swingarm, four-speed transmission, unit construction, and a hand, rather than foot, clutch control, were used on the new K and KR. Alongside the Model K street bike, the KR racer was developed to compete in Class C. Motorcycling writer Kevin Cameron characterized Harley-Davidson as \"outside the mainstream of engine development in general, to say nothing of the racing mainstream,\" noting",
"title": "Harley-Davidson KR"
},
{
"id": "17600121",
"text": "Austria before being shipped to dealers.\" However, \"RevZilla\" criticized some of the bike's controls, stating \"the levers are shit\". \"Motorcycle Consumer News\" tested the 390 Duke's top speed to be , with acceleration from in 5.53 seconds, and in 14.02 seconds at . The brakes stopped the bike from in , and fuel economy was tested at . The 390 Duke weighed wet and the engine power was at 9,600 rpm, with torque @ 7,000 rpm. The Indian made brakes were considered to be \"the most obvious flaw on the 390\". After 2017, the 390 series' front brake disc was",
"title": "KTM 390 series"
},
{
"id": "6827586",
"text": "The KLR250 shares many engine parts with an ATV sold by Kawasaki, the KSF250 \"Mojave\". In the USA the KLR250 was discontinued at the end of the 2005 model run and was replaced by the KLX250S in 2006. In other markets the KLX250 was introduced in 2001 and has been sold to the current day. The base specifications have remained virtually unchanged throughout the production period. Kawasaki KLR250 The Kawasaki KLR250/KL250D was a motorcycle produced from 1984 to 2005 as the successor to the 1978 to 1983 KL250C, with only minor changes during the model run. This lightweight dualsport motorcycle",
"title": "Kawasaki KLR250"
},
{
"id": "1821583",
"text": "2007, Indian motorcycle manufacturer \"Bajaj Auto\" bought a 14.5% stake in \"KTM Power Sports AG\". By 2013, Bajaj Auto held a 47.97% interest in the company. In 2013, KTM acquired the formerly Swedish motorcycle maker \"Husqvarna Motorcycles\" from its prior owner \"BMW Motorrad AG\". The same year, KTM re-integrated the brand \"Husaberg\" into \"Husqvarna Motorcycles\" from which it had spun off in the 1990s when Husqvarna was sold to the Italian company Cagiva. As the final result of the restructuring process, \"KTM Motorradholding GmbH\" had become \"KTM AG\" in 2012. In 2015, KTM generated a turnover of over 1 billion",
"title": "KTM"
},
{
"id": "14910425",
"text": "KTM 690 Enduro The KTM 690 Enduro is a dual sport motorcycle made by KTM since 2008. The KTM 690 Enduro R was introduced in 2009, differing from the basic 'E' models by having an orange frame, different styling and 20 mm longer suspension travel, thus being 20 mm higher. Although labelled 690 the displacement for bikes from 2008-2011 is actually 654cc. In 2012 KTM introduced a true 690cc 690, discontinued the 'E' model and lowered the suspension and thus seat height of the 'R' model to that of the previous 'E' model. Other 2012 changes included an improved headlight",
"title": "KTM 690 Enduro"
},
{
"id": "17600118",
"text": "sold in 80 countries worldwide. Pierer said in December 2015 that KTM and Bajaj plan to replace the 125, 200, and the 390-series Duke and RC lines in 2017, based on all new platforms, in part to meet Euro IV emissions standards, and to incorporate new technologies such as ride-by-wire. In its home market, the 390 Duke's engine size and weight place it in the midrange category, and it sells for more than three times the average price of a motorcycle in India. As one Indian reviewer put it \"The 390 Duke may well be a simple little A2 license",
"title": "KTM 390 series"
},
{
"id": "10230181",
"text": "Yamaha YZ450F The Yamaha YZ450F is a four-stroke racing motocross bike built by Yamaha Motor Corporation. It was the successor to the previous YZ426F which was discontinued in 2003. It is credited by \"Cycle World\" and \"Dirt Rider\" magazines as the bike that started the four-stroke dirt bike revolution. It is a replacement for the YZ250, which is slowly being phased out. The 2006 YZ250F and YZ450F were the first production motorcycles equipped with titanium suspension springs. The WR450F is the enduro version of the YZ450F. For many years, the motocross world almost exclusively used two-stroke engines. AMA racing classes",
"title": "Yamaha YZ450F"
},
{
"id": "7559973",
"text": "links to limit engine movement to a single plane, which greatly reduces vibration felt by the rider. Buell motorcycles built with variants of the Sportster engine have used a rubber mount system since 1987. The Model K, from which the Sportster evolved, was the first civilian motorcycle produced by Harley-Davidson with hydraulic shock absorbers on both wheels. Common usage calls this a K Model. This is developed from the earlier 45 W model, but with the revised flat head engine and new 4-speed transmission contained in the same castings as would become the Sportster. The connecting rods would be inherited",
"title": "Harley-Davidson Sportster"
},
{
"id": "11141360",
"text": "Pro SuperBike Series held at NOLA Motorsports Park on October 6 finishing 4th that day, 5th place the next, ending the season 11th overall and signed with the team for 2013. All specifications are manufacturer claimed. KTM 1190 RC8 The KTM 1190 RC8 was a sport bike made by KTM. The first generation 2008 model had a V-twin engine and was the Austrian manufacturer's first-ever Superbike design. The RC8 model was supplemented with RC8 R models one year later in 2009 and the RC8 designation had its last year of production in 2010. Current models from 2009 through 2013 use",
"title": "KTM 1190 RC8"
},
{
"id": "17869858",
"text": "KTM 690 Duke The KTM 690 Duke is the latest generation in KTM's line of midrange single-cylinder engine supermoto, or naked motorcycles that began with the 1994 displacement Duke 620 or Duke I, followed by the 1998 Duke 640 or Duke II, followed by the Duke III, and finally the Duke IV made since 2012. Both the Duke III and Duke IV are called the 690 Duke. The 690 Duke is the most powerful production single-cylinder motorcycle. The Duke was KTM's first street bike, and first supermoto, having previously made only off-road and racing motorcycles. In 1998 KTM introduced the",
"title": "KTM 690 Duke"
},
{
"id": "13986925",
"text": "boots have been developed for use as recreational sport devices, available in both adult and junior sizes (KJ3 Turbo, KJ4 Turbo). New products have also come since then. KJ4TT introduced Twin Turbo in 1998. The first model for children was named KJJ-A Junior in 2001. With the new century, KJ4-XR was presented providing extra rebounding (XR) and several new technologies (2003). A year later, first pro model appeared, intended for proficient athletes and heavy people. Kangoo Jumps Kangoo Jumps is a rebounding sports brand. It is one of several makers of jump shoes with springs. Prototypes for spring boots were",
"title": "Kangoo Jumps"
},
{
"id": "1483134",
"text": "though those are non-standard. KHTML was preceded by an earlier engine called \"khtmlw\" or \"the KDE HTML Widget\", developed by Torben Weis and Martin Jones, which implemented support for HTML 3.2, HTTP 1.0, and HTML frames, but not the W3C DOM, CSS, or scripting. KHTML itself came into existence on November 4, 1998, as a copy of the khtmlw library, with some slight refactoring and the addition of Unicode support and changes to support the move to Qt 2. Waldo Bastian was among those who did the work of creating that early version of KHTML. The real work on KHTML",
"title": "KHTML"
},
{
"id": "20697651",
"text": "and subsequently as a civilian middleweight through 1952. The engine continued virtually unchanged with 2.745\" bore and 3.8125\" stroke with various G-based designations in the three-wheeled Servi-Car until production ceased in 1973. In 1952, the K series flatheads was introduced with the same bore and stroke, selling in parallel with the W series (which was discontinued after 1952), designed to compete with British sporting motorcycles of the time. The K models featured a 750cc unit construction engine and transmission case, right side foot shift and left side foot brake. From 1954 to 1956, the KH received an increase in stroke",
"title": "Flathead motorcycles"
},
{
"id": "19301595",
"text": "by a major manufacturer. For 2010, Husaberg the other KTM owned bike company, offered the TE300, an XC-W with minor modifications to the body and suspension settings. The 2011 model and onward 300s got 6-speed gearboxes, a new exhaust pipe and silencer, and translucent fuel tanks. The 2012s got improvements to the starter, more frame changes resulting in more wheel travel, and a new air box with a filter that can be replaced without the use of tools. The 2013s got a diaphragm spring clutch, a stronger starter and lighter battery. In 2013, the Husaberg became the Husqvarna TE300 and",
"title": "KTM 300"
},
{
"id": "19431456",
"text": "legacy. Beginning in 1992, the KX500 took the victory in every Desert Nationals race through 1995, and continued to win the Desert Nationals Championship every year though 2001. It further cemented its legendary dominance in desert racing by being the victors bike at the Baja 1000 from 1988 through 1996. The first Generation of KX500's were air cooled, and remembered for their suspension more than overall performance. The air cooled engines were poorly reviewed in publications at the time, with Dirt Bike magazine most famously calling the bike \"unridable\" in their June of '83 issue. Kawasaki responded by lower compression",
"title": "Kawasaki KX500"
},
{
"id": "14486044",
"text": "produced a road racing replica motorcycle. The initial models were the B1, B2 series of the KR-1. In 1989, due to the sales success and updated models of competing manufacturers (RGV, NSR, TZR) the KR-1 (B series) evolved into the KR-1S and KR-1R (C, D series). The C1, C2, C3 and D1, D2 models shared the same engine (minor updates) and bodywork (different colour schemes) of the previous KR-1. The S and R models differed slightly in construction of frame, wheels, brakes, and colour schemes. The engine for all KR-1 models was a two-cylinder, reed valve induction two-stroke motor of",
"title": "Kawasaki KR-1/KR-1S"
},
{
"id": "2654221",
"text": "Kawasaki KLR650 The Kawasaki KLR650 is a dual-sport motorcycle intended for use on both paved and unpaved roads. It has been a long-standing model in Kawasaki's lineup, having been introduced in 1987 and remaining almost unchanged through the 2007 model. The 2008 model was the first significant redesign of the KLR650 since its inception. It has a 650 cc four-stroke, DOHC, dual-counterbalanced, single-cylinder, water-cooled engine. The KLR is widely used as an inexpensive adventure/touring bike. The addition of luggage and personalized modifications (GPS, heated handgrips, larger windscreens) make it more functional on long trips. Bikes have been used for long",
"title": "Kawasaki KLR650"
},
{
"id": "14783505",
"text": "Kawasaki KR250 and KR350 The Kawasaki KR250 was a racing motorcycle built by Kawasaki from 1975 to 1982 for the \"250 cc\" class of Grand Prix motorcycle racing. It was powered by a two-stroke \"tandem twin\" engine The motorcycle won four world championships, in 1978 and 1979 with Kork Ballington and in 1980 and 1981 with Anton Mang. Kawasaki first started to develop the motorcycles in 1974, under the direction of Nagato Sato, and chose the layout in order to minimise the frontal area of the machine and allow a disc valve engine design. In its first years, it was",
"title": "Kawasaki KR250 and KR350"
},
{
"id": "5577443",
"text": "Kickstand A kickstand is a device on a bicycle or motorcycle that allows the bike to be kept upright without leaning against another object or the aid of a person. A kickstand is usually a piece of metal that flips down from the frame and makes contact with the ground. It is generally located in the middle of the bike or towards the rear. Some touring bicycles have two: one at the rear, and a second in the front. The earliest known kickstand was designed by Albert Berruyer in 1869, and since then kickstands have been independently reinvented many times.",
"title": "Kickstand"
},
{
"id": "13729778",
"text": "Yamaha YA-1 The Yamaha YA-1 is the first motorcycle produced by the Yamaha Motor Company. It was made from 1955 to 1958. This was also the first vehicle in Japan to have a primary kick start system (allowing the engine to be started with the transmission in gear). The , includes the 1955 Yamaha 125YA-1 as one of their \"240 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology\". In the early-1950s, Yamaha had to replace its musical instrument factories as they were severely damaged during the war. Yamaha was also facing the industrial conversion of factory machine tools that had been used during",
"title": "Yamaha YA-1"
},
{
"id": "16658282",
"text": "KTM 200 Duke The KTM 200 Duke is a standard or \"naked\" motorcycle made by KTM and sold in most markets worldwide. It has a single-cylinder, four-stroke, spark-ignition liquid-cooled engine. It has six-speed gearbox with the gear ratios and a cable actuated multi-disc clutch. The bike has an underbelly exhaust and a three-chamber silencer positioned close to its centre of gravity. The Duke 200 is manufactured at Bajaj Autos Chakan Plant in India. In Colombia, it is being assembled by the company Auteco S.A. In Argentina, is being assembled by the company Simpa S.A. since March 2014. In the Philippines,",
"title": "KTM 200 Duke"
},
{
"id": "11141355",
"text": "for the production version. The bike has a steel trellis frame with a cast aluminium seat subframe. The suspension uses high-end inverted forks and an alloy, double-sided swingarm made by WP, a KTM subsidiary. The bike for 2013 and on comes in a single color, black and white with orange accents. The RC8 R was delivered to the United States in 2010 as a 2011 model with more track-oriented features than the standard RC8. Engine displacement increased to with a higher compression ratio of 13.5:1. It has titanium intake valves and a low-friction diamond-like carbon (DLC) treatment on its camshafts'",
"title": "KTM 1190 RC8"
},
{
"id": "6678244",
"text": "following year, ADD launched a project derived from XB rifle, which started in 1972 to replace licensed M16A1s with indigenous weapons. Under the demands of the ROKASWC, the new submachine gun must acquire greater firepower, light weight, cost effectiveness, and easy access to spare parts. The first prototypes were made in 1980, and entered service in 1981 after series of field test. However, due to the design of its flash suppressor, the K1 exhibited serious problems in service with the ROK armed forces. The original version had excessive recoil, noise, flash, and weak stock due to increase in firepower. These",
"title": "Daewoo Precision Industries K1"
},
{
"id": "5050655",
"text": "Kick start Kick start is a method of starting an internal combustion engine (usually that of a motorcycle) by pushing a ratcheting lever with one's foot. Kick start mechanisms were almost universally a part of motorcycle engines before the mid-1970s, and were phased out of production over the next twenty years or so as electric starters became standard equipment. There are still some motorcycles produced that have both kick and electric starters. Many mopeds and scooters also carry both a kick start and an electric start, the former being useful in case the latter fails, as scooter and moped batteries",
"title": "Kick start"
},
{
"id": "1821581",
"text": "KTM management was transferred to a consortium of creditor banks. In 1992, the company was split into four new entities: KTM Sportmotorcycle GmbH (motorcycles division), KTM Fahrrad GmbH (bicycles division), KTM Kühler GmbH (radiators division) and KTM Werkzeugbau GmbH (tooling division). Now owned by \"KTM Motorradholding GmbH\", which was formed by \"Cross Holding\" (a \"Cross Industries\" daughter), and other investors, \"KTM Sportmotorcycle GmbH\" started operation in 1992 and later took over the sibling tooling division KTM Werkzeugbau. In the following years, while steadily increasing production and turnover, investing in new production and R and D facilities, introducing new models and",
"title": "KTM"
},
{
"id": "2193222",
"text": "three-wheeler of all time, and aftermarket support still follows the machine. The bike is widely raced across the United States and can be found on the used market for a bargain. Over the next few years, all manufacturers except Suzuki, developed high-performance two-stroke machines, but did not sell as many due to the reputation already secured by Honda. These models were the Yamaha Tri-Z YTZ250 with a two-stroke engine and a manual five- or six-speed gearbox and the Kawasaki Tecate KXT250 with a two-stroke with a five or 6 speed gearbox. However, the Honda ATC250R still proved to be more",
"title": "All-terrain vehicle"
},
{
"id": "13729780",
"text": "to grapple with high specifications, for customers with elite, rather narrow needs, especially in view of the reduced number of production potential. In January 1955, Nippon Gakki's (Japan Instrument) Hamana Factory in Hamakita was ready to begin production of the YA-1, and the first bikes were delivered to dealers in February. This new motorcycle had been heavily influenced by the contemporary DKW model RT125, and like the DKW was driven by a 125 cc two-stroke, single cylinder engine, but the YA-1 designers paid particular attention to materials, assembly, and engineering upgrades, such as going from a three-speed to a four-speed",
"title": "Yamaha YA-1"
},
{
"id": "3531930",
"text": "and Newark, Delaware with initial debut (LeBaron/Diplomat series) in spring 1977 as late 1977 models, with some 1977-83 production also at Windsor, Ontario. Beginning in late 1986 (1987 models) and through the last 1989 year (ending in December 1988), the American Motors plant in Kenosha, Wisconsin was also used for production. By 1983-84, it became clear that most private buyers preferred the equally roomy but cheaper and more fuel economical K-cars; however, the M's long-proven traditional engineering, handling, and V8 engine availability appealed to police and taxi fleets, allowing the car's continued existence until the end of the decade. Vehicles",
"title": "Chrysler M platform"
},
{
"id": "18895620",
"text": "KTM 500 EXC The KTM 500 EXC is a series of 4-stroke enduro off-road motorcycle made by KTM. They are essentially the 400/450 EXCs with changes to the bore or stroke to achieve larger displacements. The 520, 525, 530 and 500 are all in fact 510.4 cc motors given different model numbers to distinguish them. Like the other KTM enduro offerings they vary in the set-up and components. The international EXC versions have a small headlight, speedometer, tail-light and somewhat softer linkless (PDS) rear suspension. 2007 was the first year the EXC was deemed street legal in the US. As",
"title": "KTM 500 EXC"
},
{
"id": "2654224",
"text": "the colors, not much changed between the 1987 introduction and the 2008 revisions. The key differences are: Kawasaki KLR650 The Kawasaki KLR650 is a dual-sport motorcycle intended for use on both paved and unpaved roads. It has been a long-standing model in Kawasaki's lineup, having been introduced in 1987 and remaining almost unchanged through the 2007 model. The 2008 model was the first significant redesign of the KLR650 since its inception. It has a 650 cc four-stroke, DOHC, dual-counterbalanced, single-cylinder, water-cooled engine. The KLR is widely used as an inexpensive adventure/touring bike. The addition of luggage and personalized modifications (GPS,",
"title": "Kawasaki KLR650"
},
{
"id": "9490539",
"text": "the 1885 International Inventions Exhibition in London. The vehicle was built by the Merryweather Fire Engine company in Greenwich, in 1888. the Butler Petrol Cycle (first recorded use of the term) It was a three-wheeled vehicle, with the rear wheel directly driven by a /hp (466W) 600 cc (40 in; 2¼×5-inch {57×127-mm}) flat twin four stroke engine (with magneto ignition replaced by coil and battery), equipped with rotary valves and a float-fed carburettor (five years before Maybach), and Ackermann steering, all of which were state of the art at the time. Starting was by compressed air. The engine was liquid-cooled,",
"title": "History of the motorcycle"
},
{
"id": "17600125",
"text": "a top speed of , with an acceleration from in 14.02 seconds at , in 5.53 seconds, and braking from in . The tested fuel economy was . \"Cycle World\"s road tests of the RC 390 also showed a top speed of , but faster acceleration in 13.67 seconds at , and from in 4.6 seconds. Braking performance and fuel economy were not so far off, at in , and . \"Cycle Worlds\"s tested power figure was @ 8,600 rpm, and torque was . \"Motorcycle USA\" measured acceleration from 0-60 mph in 4.9 seconds and in 14.21 seconds for 2015",
"title": "KTM 390 series"
},
{
"id": "13529510",
"text": "ignition cover, a tuned carb, etc. They literally had to produce at least 100 of these for them to be allowed to be raced in the \"stock\" class, in which they produced only about 120. KTM 65 SX The KTM 65 SX is a youth motorcycle made by KTM. The factory introduced the motorcycle in 1998, but it's still available. It has a 64 cc single-cylinder two-stroke water-cooled engine, a six-speed manual gearbox and 53 kg dry weight. New ignition cover (improved sealing) and new engine case (improved reliability). A loophole in the AMA Amateur rulebook? KTM answered the call",
"title": "KTM 65 SX"
},
{
"id": "9415200",
"text": "Yamaha YZ125 The Yamaha YZ125 is a motorcycle with a 124.9 cc two-stroke engine designed for motocross riding and produced by Yamaha Motor Company. It was first produced in 1974 and for the first year was made with dual rear shocks (Thermalflow shocks) and in 1975 released its first monoshock design the YZ125C and has continued production with a new model being produced every year to date. The YZ 125's produced from 1996 to 2002 are considered by some to be the best dirt bikes ever, due to its wide powerband and excellent handling. The YZ125 has been ridden to",
"title": "Yamaha YZ125"
},
{
"id": "17708863",
"text": "Jeep Liberty (KK) The Jeep Liberty (KK), or Jeep Cherokee (KK) outside North America, is a compact SUV that was produced by Jeep. Introduced for the 2008 model year as a successor for the first generation Liberty. The Liberty featured unibody-construction. It was assembled at the Toledo North Assembly Plant in the United States, as well as in other countries including Egypt and Venezuela. In 2010 estimates by Jeep were that 70% of Liberty buyers were new to the marque. The second generation Liberty ceased production on August 16, 2012. For its followup, the name of Liberty was retired; the",
"title": "Jeep Liberty (KK)"
}
] | when was the first ktm dirt bike made |
[
"clay tablet",
"styluses with sharp triangular tips"
] | [
{
"id": "609928",
"text": "were able to deter some foes. Examples of Sumerian technology include: the wheel, cuneiform script, arithmetic and geometry, irrigation systems, Sumerian boats, lunisolar calendar, bronze, leather, saws, chisels, hammers, braces, bits, nails, pins, rings, hoes, axes, knives, lancepoints, arrowheads, swords, glue, daggers, waterskins, bags, harnesses, armor, quivers, war chariots, scabbards, boots, sandals, harpoons and beer. The Sumerians had three main types of boats: Evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared in the mid 4th millennium BC, near-simultaneously in Mesopotamia, the Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Central Europe. The wheel initially took the form of the potter's wheel. The new concept quickly led",
"title": "Sumer"
},
{
"id": "455004",
"text": "marks. In this way the Sumerians added \"a system for enumerating objects to their incipient system of symbols\". The original Mesopotamian writing system (believed to be the world's oldest) was derived around 3600 BC from this method of keeping accounts. By the end of the 4th millennium BC, the Mesopotamians were using a triangular-shaped stylus pressed into soft clay to record numbers. This system was gradually augmented with using a sharp stylus to indicate what was being counted by means of pictographs. Round-stylus and sharp-stylus writing was gradually replaced by writing using a wedge-shaped stylus (hence the term cuneiform), at",
"title": "Writing"
},
{
"id": "5611572",
"text": "the Sumerians. With the invention of writing came the first recorded laws called the Code of Hammurabi as well as the first major piece of literature called the Epic of Gilgamesh. Although archaeologists don't know for sure who invented the wheel, the oldest wheel discovered was found in Mesopotamia. It is likely the Sumer first used the wheel in making pottery in 3500BC and used it for their chariots in around 3200 BC. The Mesopotamians used a sexagesimal number system with the base 60 (like we use base 10). They divided time up by 60s including a 60-second minute and",
"title": "Ancient technology"
},
{
"id": "609900",
"text": "clay tablets written in cuneiform script. Sumerian writing is considered to be a great milestone in the development of humanity's ability to not only create historical records but also in creating pieces of literature, both in the form of poetic epics and stories as well as prayers and laws. Although pictures—that is, hieroglyphs—were used first, cuneiform and then ideograms (where symbols were made to represent ideas) soon followed. Triangular or wedge-shaped reeds were used to write on moist clay. A large body of hundreds of thousands of texts in the Sumerian language have survived, such as personal and business letters,",
"title": "Sumer"
},
{
"id": "11398589",
"text": "Sumerian literature Sumerian literature is the literature written in the Sumerian language during the Middle Bronze Age. The Sumerians invented one of the first writing systems, developing Sumerian cuneiform writing out of earlier proto-writing systems by about the 30th century BC. The Sumerian language remained in official and literary use in the Akkadian and Babylonian empires, even after the spoken language disappeared from the population; literacy was widespread, and the Sumerian texts that students copied heavily influenced later Babylonian literature. Most Sumerian literature is written in left-justified lines, and could contain line-based organization such as the couplet or the stanza,",
"title": "Sumerian literature"
},
{
"id": "609929",
"text": "to wheeled vehicles and mill wheels. The Sumerians' cuneiform script is the oldest (or second oldest after the Egyptian hieroglyphs) which has been deciphered (the status of even older inscriptions such as the Jiahu symbols and Tartaria tablets is controversial). The Sumerians were among the first astronomers, mapping the stars into sets of constellations, many of which survived in the zodiac and were also recognized by the ancient Greeks. They were also aware of the five planets that are easily visible to the naked eye. They invented and developed arithmetic by using several different number systems including a mixed radix",
"title": "Sumer"
},
{
"id": "609901",
"text": "receipts, lexical lists, laws, hymns, prayers, stories, and daily records. Full libraries of clay tablets have been found. Monumental inscriptions and texts on different objects, like statues or bricks, are also very common. Many texts survive in multiple copies because they were repeatedly transcribed by scribes in training. Sumerian continued to be the language of religion and law in Mesopotamia long after Semitic speakers had become dominant. A prime example of cuneiform writing would be a lengthy poem that was discovered in the ruins of Uruk. \"The Epic of Gilgamesh\" was written in the standard Sumerian cuneiform. It tells of",
"title": "Sumer"
},
{
"id": "11398590",
"text": "but the Sumerian definition of poetry is unknown. It is not rhymed, although “comparable effects were sometimes exploited.” It did not use syllabo-tonic versification, and the writing system precludes detection of rhythm, metre, rhyme, or alliteration. Quantitative analysis of other possible poetic features seems to be lacking. Important works include: Sumerian literature Sumerian literature is the literature written in the Sumerian language during the Middle Bronze Age. The Sumerians invented one of the first writing systems, developing Sumerian cuneiform writing out of earlier proto-writing systems by about the 30th century BC. The Sumerian language remained in official and literary use",
"title": "Sumerian literature"
},
{
"id": "609867",
"text": "Sumer Sumer () is the earliest known civilization in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia, modern-day southern Iraq, during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze ages, and one of the first civilizations in the world along with Ancient Egypt and the Indus Valley. Living along the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates, Sumerian farmers were able to grow an abundance of grain and other crops, the surplus of which enabled them to settle in one place. Proto-writing in the prehistory dates back to c. 3000 BC. The earliest texts come from the cities of Uruk and Jemdet Nasr and date back",
"title": "Sumer"
},
{
"id": "8970378",
"text": "home to the earliest known civilisation, the Sumerian civilisation, which arose in the fertile Tigris-Euphrates river valley of southern Iraq in the Chalcolithic (Ubaid period). It was here, in the late 4th millennium BC, that the world's first writing system and recorded history itself were born. The Sumerians were also the first to harness the wheel and create City States, and whose writings record the first evidence of Mathematics, Astronomy, Astrology, Written Law, Medicine and Organised religion. The language of the Sumerians is a language isolate. The major city states of the early Sumerian period were; Eridu, Bad-tibira, Larsa, Sippar,",
"title": "Iraq"
},
{
"id": "609920",
"text": "techniques, such as buttresses, recesses, half columns, and clay nails. The Sumerians developed a complex system of metrology c. 4000 BC. This advanced metrology resulted in the creation of arithmetic, geometry, and algebra. From c. 2600 BC onwards, the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical exercises and division problems. The earliest traces of the Babylonian numerals also date back to this period. The period c. 2700–2300 BC saw the first appearance of the abacus, and a table of successive columns which delimited the successive orders of magnitude of their sexagesimal number system. The Sumerians were",
"title": "Sumer"
},
{
"id": "609875",
"text": "BC and before, but the historical record remains obscure until the Early Dynastic III period, c. the 23rd century BC, when a now deciphered syllabary writing system was developed, which has allowed archaeologists to read contemporary records and inscriptions. Classical Sumer ends with the rise of the Akkadian Empire in the 23rd century BC. Following the Gutian period, there was a brief Sumerian Renaissance in the 21st century BC, cut short in the 20th century BC by invasions by the Amorites. The Amorite \"dynasty of Isin\" persisted until c. 1700 BC, when Mesopotamia was united under Babylonian rule. The Sumerians",
"title": "Sumer"
},
{
"id": "609917",
"text": "a reaper, a binder, and a sheaf handler. The farmers would use threshing wagons, driven by oxen, to separate the cereal heads from the stalks and then use threshing sleds to disengage the grain. They then winnowed the grain/chaff mixture. The Tigris-Euphrates plain lacked minerals and trees. Sumerian structures were made of plano-convex mudbrick, not fixed with mortar or cement. Mud-brick buildings eventually deteriorate, so they were periodically destroyed, leveled, and rebuilt on the same spot. This constant rebuilding gradually raised the level of cities, which thus came to be elevated above the surrounding plain. The resultant hills, known as",
"title": "Sumer"
},
{
"id": "7492211",
"text": "but also \"where, when, and how.\" This was the beginning of Sumerian cuneiform, the first known writing system, in 3100 BCE. The Sumerians developed a complex system of metrology as early as 3000 BCE. From 2600 BCE onwards, the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables, division problems, and geometry on clay tablets. The earliest evidence of the Babylonian numerals also date back to this period. This evidence may suggest that the use of bullae led to early forms of mathematics and accounting. Denise Schmandt-Besserat of the University of Texas at Austin in the early 1970s is noted for her research and theory",
"title": "Bulla (seal)"
},
{
"id": "609931",
"text": "BC, to messages and mail delivery, history, legend, mathematics, astronomical records, and other pursuits. Conjointly with the spread of writing, the first formal schools were established, usually under the auspices of a city-state's primary temple. Finally, the Sumerians ushered in domestication with intensive agriculture and irrigation. Emmer wheat, barley, sheep (starting as mouflon), and cattle (starting as aurochs) were foremost among the species cultivated and raised for the first time on a grand scale. Sumer Sumer () is the earliest known civilization in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia, modern-day southern Iraq, during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze ages, and",
"title": "Sumer"
},
{
"id": "609868",
"text": "to 3300 BC; early cuneiform script writing emerged in 3000 BC. Modern historians have suggested that Sumer was first permanently settled between c. 5500 and 4000 BC by a West Asian people who spoke the Sumerian language (pointing to the names of cities, rivers, basic occupations, etc., as evidence), an agglutinative language isolate. These prehistoric people are now called \"proto-Euphrateans\" or \"Ubaidians\", and are theorized to have evolved from the Samarra culture of northern Mesopotamia. The Ubaidians, though never mentioned by the Sumerians themselves, are assumed by modern-day scholars to have been the first civilizing force in Sumer. They drained",
"title": "Sumer"
},
{
"id": "609908",
"text": "its own patrons, temples, and priest-kings. Nonetheless, these were not exclusive; the gods of one city were often acknowledged elsewhere. Sumerian speakers were among the earliest people to record their beliefs in writing, and were a major inspiration in later Mesopotamian mythology, religion, and astrology. The Sumerians worshiped: These deities formed a core pantheon; there were additionally hundreds of minor ones. Sumerian gods could thus have associations with different cities, and their religious importance often waxed and waned with those cities' political power. The gods were said to have created human beings from clay for the purpose of serving them.",
"title": "Sumer"
},
{
"id": "609930",
"text": "system with an alternating base 10 and base 6. This sexagesimal system became the standard number system in Sumer and Babylonia. They may have invented military formations and introduced the basic divisions between infantry, cavalry, and archers. They developed the first known codified legal and administrative systems, complete with courts, jails, and government records. The first true city-states arose in Sumer, roughly contemporaneously with similar entities in what are now Syria and Lebanon. Several centuries after the invention of cuneiform, the use of writing expanded beyond debt/payment certificates and inventory lists to be applied for the first time, about 2600",
"title": "Sumer"
},
{
"id": "609927",
"text": "have made use of professional soldiers. The Sumerian military used carts harnessed to onagers. These early chariots functioned less effectively in combat than did later designs, and some have suggested that these chariots served primarily as transports, though the crew carried battle-axes and lances. The Sumerian chariot comprised a four or two-wheeled device manned by a crew of two and harnessed to four onagers. The cart was composed of a woven basket and the wheels had a solid three-piece design. Sumerian cities were surrounded by defensive walls. The Sumerians engaged in siege warfare between their cities, but the mudbrick walls",
"title": "Sumer"
},
{
"id": "752738",
"text": "language around 2000 BC (the exact dating being subject to debate), but Sumerian continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary and scientific language in Akkadian-speaking Mesopotamian states such as Assyria and Babylonia until the 1st century AD. Thereafter it was likely forgotten until the 19th century, when Assyriologists began deciphering the cuneiform inscriptions and excavated tablets left by these speakers. The history of written Sumerian can be divided into several periods: Archaic Sumerian is the earliest stage of inscriptions with linguistic content, beginning with the Jemdet Nasr (Uruk III) period from about the 31st to 30th centuries BC.",
"title": "Sumerian language"
},
{
"id": "609912",
"text": "as early as c. 5000 BC – 4500 BC. The region demonstrated a number of core agricultural techniques, including organized irrigation, large-scale intensive cultivation of land, mono-cropping involving the use of plough agriculture, and the use of an agricultural specialized labour force under bureaucratic control. The necessity to manage temple accounts with this organization led to the development of writing (c. 3500 BC). In the early Sumerian Uruk period, the primitive pictograms suggest that sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs were domesticated. They used oxen as their primary beasts of burden and donkeys or equids as their primary transport animal and",
"title": "Sumer"
},
{
"id": "8811387",
"text": "as in Egypt, the small city-states of Sumer depended on the rivers and so, the cycles of agricultural production were organized around them. The rivers also provided communications materials. In Egypt, the Nile's papyrus became a medium for writing while in Mesopotamia, the rivers yielded the alluvial sediments the Sumerians used to fashion the clay tablets on which they inscribed their wedge-shaped, cuneiform script. Their earliest writing recorded agricultural accounts and economic transactions. Innis points out that the tablets were not well suited to pictographic writing because making straight lines \"tended to pull up the clay.\" Therefore Sumerian scribes used",
"title": "Empire and Communications"
},
{
"id": "609913",
"text": "\"woollen clothing as well as rugs were made from the wool or hair of the animals. ... By the side of the house was an enclosed garden planted with trees and other plants; wheat and probably other cereals were sown in the fields, and the \"shaduf\" was already employed for the purpose of irrigation. Plants were also grown in pots or vases.\" The Sumerians were one of the first known beer drinking societies. Cereals were plentiful and were the key ingredient in their early brew. They brewed multiple kinds of beer consisting of wheat, barley, and mixed grain beers. Beer",
"title": "Sumer"
},
{
"id": "609922",
"text": "particular, the metals of all types had to be imported. The Epic of Gilgamesh refers to trade with far lands for goods, such as wood, that were scarce in Mesopotamia. In particular, cedar from Lebanon was prized. The finding of resin in the tomb of Queen Puabi at Ur, indicates it was traded from as far away as Mozambique. The Sumerians used slaves, although they were not a major part of the economy. Slave women worked as weavers, pressers, millers, and porters. Sumerian potters decorated pots with cedar oil paints. The potters used a bow drill to produce the fire",
"title": "Sumer"
},
{
"id": "13611864",
"text": "cast in bronze. Similarly, Egyptian hieroglyphs and Maya glyphs were often painted in linear outline form, but in formal contexts they were carved in bas-relief. The earliest examples of writing are linear: the Sumerian script of c. 3300 BC was linear, though its cuneiform descendants were not. Non-linear systems, on the other hand, such as braille, are not composed of lines, no matter what instrument is used to write them. Cuneiform was probably the earliest non-linear writing. Its glyphs were formed by pressing the end of a reed stylus into moist clay, not by tracing lines in the clay with",
"title": "Writing system"
},
{
"id": "609886",
"text": "administrative tablets continued to be written in Sumerian, the language used by the scribes. Gelb and Westenholz differentiate three stages of Old Akkadian: that of the pre-Sargonic era, that of the Akkadian empire, and that of the \"Neo-Sumerian Renaissance\" that followed it. Akkadian and Sumerian coexisted as vernacular languages for about one thousand years, but by around 1800 BC, Sumerian was becoming more of a literary language familiar mainly only to scholars and scribes. Thorkild Jacobsen has argued that there is little break in historical continuity between the pre- and post-Sargon periods, and that too much emphasis has been placed",
"title": "Sumer"
},
{
"id": "13519473",
"text": "writing (the earliest myth discovered so far, the Epic of Gilgamesh, is Sumerian and is written on a series of fractured clay tablets). Early Sumerian cuneiform was used primarily as a record-keeping tool; it was not until the late early dynastic period that religious writings first became prevalent as temple praise hymns and as a form of \"incantation\" called the \"nam-šub\" (prefix + \"to cast\"). These tablets were also made of stone clay or stone, and they used a small pick to make the symbols. In the Sumerian city-states, temple complexes originally were small, elevated one-room structures. In the early",
"title": "Sumerian religion"
},
{
"id": "609895",
"text": "Sumerians, from the indigenous hunter-fisherfolk traditions, associated with the bifacial assemblages found on the Arabian littoral. Juris Zarins believes the Sumerians may have been the people living in the Persian Gulf region before it flooded at the end of the last Ice Age. In the early Sumerian period, the primitive pictograms suggest that There is considerable evidence concerning Sumerian music. Lyres and flutes were played, among the best-known examples being the Lyres of Ur. Inscriptions describing the reforms of king Urukagina of Lagash (c. 2300 BC) say that he abolished the former custom of polyandry in his country, prescribing that",
"title": "Sumer"
},
{
"id": "609919",
"text": "to have been double. The foundation stones—or rather bricks—of a house were consecrated by certain objects that were deposited under them.\" The most impressive and famous of Sumerian buildings are the ziggurats, large layered platforms that supported temples. Sumerian cylinder seals also depict houses built from reeds not unlike those built by the Marsh Arabs of Southern Iraq until as recently as 400 CE. The Sumerians also developed the arch, which enabled them to develop a strong type of dome. They built this by constructing and linking several arches. Sumerian temples and palaces made use of more advanced materials and",
"title": "Sumer"
},
{
"id": "609882",
"text": "(Lu = man, Gal = great) and includes such legendary patriarchal figures as Enmerkar, Lugalbanda and Gilgamesh—who reigned shortly before the historic record opens c. 2700 BC, when the now deciphered syllabic writing started to develop from the early pictograms. The center of Sumerian culture remained in southern Mesopotamia, even though rulers soon began expanding into neighboring areas, and neighboring Semitic groups adopted much of Sumerian culture for their own. The earliest dynastic king on the Sumerian king list whose name is known from any other legendary source is Etana, 13th king of the first dynasty of Kish. The earliest",
"title": "Sumer"
},
{
"id": "6898677",
"text": "today either descended from this one innovation, many via the Phoenician alphabet, or were directly inspired by its design. In Italy, about 500 years passed from the early Old Italic alphabet to Plautus (750 to 250 BC), and in the case of the Germanic peoples, the corresponding time span is again similar, from the first Elder Futhark inscriptions to early texts like the \"Abrogans\" (c. AD 200 to 750). The original Sumerian writing system derives from a system of clay tokens used to represent commodities. By the end of the 4th millennium BC, this had evolved into a method of",
"title": "History of writing"
},
{
"id": "844907",
"text": "of Uruk, is believed to have reigned. Texts from the ED II period are not yet understood. Later inscriptions have been found bearing some Early Dynastic II names from the King List. The Early Dynastic IIIa period, also known as the \"Fara period\" (named for the site of the city of Shuruppak), is when syllabic writing began. Accounting records and an undeciphered logographic script existed before the Fara Period, but the full flow of human speech was first recorded around 2600 BC at the beginning of the Fara Period. The Early Dynastic IIIb period is also known as the Pre-Sargonic",
"title": "History of Sumer"
},
{
"id": "6898678",
"text": "keeping accounts, using a round-shaped stylus impressed into soft clay at different angles for recording numbers. This was gradually augmented with pictographic writing by using a sharp stylus to indicate what was being counted. Round-stylus and sharp-stylus writing were gradually replaced around 2700–2500 BC by writing using a wedge-shaped stylus (hence the term cuneiform), at first only for logograms, but developed to include phonetic elements by the 29th century BC. About 2600 BC, cuneiform began to represent syllables of the Sumerian language. Finally, cuneiform writing became a general purpose writing system for logograms, syllables, and numbers. From the 26th century",
"title": "History of writing"
},
{
"id": "6566994",
"text": "the Bronze Age in the late Neolithic of the late 4000 BC. The first writing system is generally believed to have been invented in pre-historic Sumer and developed by the late 3000's BC into cuneiform. Egyptian hieroglyphs, and the undeciphered Proto-Elamite writing system and Indus Valley script also date to this era, though a few scholars have questioned the Indus Valley script's status as a writing system. The original Sumerian writing system was derived from a system of clay tokens used to represent commodities. By the end of the 4th millennium BC, this had evolved into a method of keeping",
"title": "History of communication"
},
{
"id": "609921",
"text": "the first to use a place value numeral system. There is also anecdotal evidence the Sumerians may have used a type of slide rule in astronomical calculations. They were the first to find the area of a triangle and the volume of a cube. Discoveries of obsidian from far-away locations in Anatolia and lapis lazuli from Badakhshan in northeastern Afghanistan, beads from Dilmun (modern Bahrain), and several seals inscribed with the Indus Valley script suggest a remarkably wide-ranging network of ancient trade centered on the Persian Gulf. For example, Imports to Ur came from many parts of the world. In",
"title": "Sumer"
},
{
"id": "609871",
"text": "3rd millennium BC as a \"Sprachbund\". Sumer was conquered by the Semitic-speaking kings of the Akkadian Empire around 2270 BC (short chronology), but Sumerian continued as a sacred language. Native Sumerian rule re-emerged for about a century in the Third Dynasty of Ur at approximately 2100–2000 BC, but the Akkadian language also remained in use. The Sumerian city of Eridu, on the coast of the Persian Gulf, is considered to have been the world's first city, where three separate cultures may have fused: that of peasant Ubaidian farmers, living in mud-brick huts and practicing irrigation; that of mobile nomadic Semitic",
"title": "Sumer"
},
{
"id": "455005",
"text": "first only for logograms, but by the 29th century BC also for phonetic elements. Around 2700 BC, cuneiform began to represent syllables of spoken Sumerian. About that time, Mesopotamian cuneiform became a general purpose writing system for logograms, syllables, and numbers. This script was adapted to another Mesopotamian language, the East Semitic Akkadian (Assyrian and Babylonian) around 2600 BC, and then to others such as Elamite, Hattian, Hurrian and Hittite. Scripts similar in appearance to this writing system include those for Ugaritic and Old Persian. With the adoption of Aramaic as the 'lingua franca' of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–609 BC),",
"title": "Writing"
},
{
"id": "844934",
"text": "convergence. This has prompted scholars to refer to Sumerian and Akkadian in the third millennium as a \"sprachbund\". Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as the spoken language of Mesopotamia somewhere around the turn of the third and the second millennium BC (the exact dating being a matter of debate), but Sumerian continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary and scientific language in Mesopotamia until the first century AD. History of Sumer The history of Sumer, taken to include the prehistoric Ubaid and Uruk periods, spans the 5th to 3rd millennia BC, ending with the downfall of the Third Dynasty",
"title": "History of Sumer"
},
{
"id": "609902",
"text": "a king from the early Dynastic II period named Gilgamesh or \"Bilgamesh\" in Sumerian. The story is based around the fictional adventures of Gilgamesh and his companion, Enkidu. It was laid out on several clay tablets and is claimed to be the earliest example of a fictional, written piece of literature discovered so far. The Sumerian language is generally regarded as a language isolate in linguistics because it belongs to no known language family; Akkadian, by contrast, belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages. There have been many failed attempts to connect Sumerian to other language families. It",
"title": "Sumer"
},
{
"id": "752740",
"text": "approximate, as many scholars have contended that Sumerian was already dead or dying as early as around 2100 BC, by the beginning of the Ur III period, and others believe that Sumerian persisted, as a spoken language, in a small part of Southern Mesopotamia (Nippur and its surroundings) until as late as 1700 BC. Whatever the status of spoken Sumerian between 2000 and 1700 BC, it is from then that a particularly large quantity of literary texts and bilingual Sumerian-Akkadian lexical lists survive, especially from the scribal school of Nippur. They and the particularly-intensive official and literary use of the",
"title": "Sumerian language"
},
{
"id": "752748",
"text": "several languages are involved. A related proposal by Gordon Whittaker is that the language of the proto-literary texts from the Late Uruk period ( 3350–3100 BC) is really an early Indo-European language which he terms \"Euphratic\". The Sumerian language is one of the earliest known written languages. The \"proto-literate\" period of Sumerian writing spans c. 3300 to 3000 BC. In this period, records are purely logographic, with phonological content. The oldest document of the proto-literate period is the Kish tablet. Falkenstein (1936) lists 939 signs used in the proto-literate period (late Uruk, 34th to 31st centuries). Records with unambiguously linguistic",
"title": "Sumerian language"
},
{
"id": "455000",
"text": "changes over time. By tracing the development of a script, it is possible to learn about the needs of the people who used the script as well as how the script changed over time. The many tools and writing materials used throughout history include stone tablets, clay tablets, bamboo slats, papyrus, wax tablets, vellum, parchment, paper, copperplate, styluses, quills, ink brushes, pencils, pens, and many styles of lithography. The Incas used knotted cords known as quipu (or khipu) for keeping records. The typewriter and various forms of word processors have subsequently become widespread writing tools, and various studies have compared",
"title": "Writing"
},
{
"id": "236367",
"text": "education. The invention of the first writing systems is roughly contemporary with the beginning of the Bronze Age in the late 4th millennium BC. The Sumerian archaic cuneiform script and the Egyptian hieroglyphs are generally considered to be the earliest writing systems, both emerging out of their ancestral proto-literate symbol systems from 3400–3200 BC with the earliest coherent texts from about 2600 BC. It is generally agreed that Sumerian writing was an independent invention; however, it is debated whether Egyptian writing was developed completely independently of Sumerian, or was a case of cultural diffusion. A similar debate exists for the",
"title": "Language"
},
{
"id": "13535411",
"text": "bows according to their respective vegetation. The Chinese made bows from bamboo sticks while others who did not have the right kind of wood needed for making bows, produced composite bows. According to Chinese beliefs and mythology, a story is narrated and written in old Chinese texts which says how bow and arrow were invented. The earliest civilizations in southern Mesopotamia, modern day Iraq, were the Sumerians and Akkadians. The occupied land was open to enemy attacks from the many barbarian tribes. The Sumerian warrior was equipped with spears, maces, swords, clubs and slings. Sargon of Akkad, (2333–2279 BCE) was",
"title": "History of weapons"
},
{
"id": "7646101",
"text": "beginning of the Bronze Age in the late Neolithic of the late 4th millennium BCE. The Sumerian archaic cuneiform script and the Egyptian hieroglyphs are generally considered the earliest writing systems, both emerging out of their ancestral proto-literate symbol systems from 3400–3200 BCE with earliest coherent texts from about 2600 BCE. The earliest chronologies date back to the earliest civilizations of Early Dynastic Period Egypt, Mesopotamia & Sumerians which emerged independently of each other from roughly 3500 B.C. Earliest recorded history, which varies greatly in quality and reliability, deals with Pharaohs and their reigns, made by ancient Egyptians. Much of",
"title": "Recorded history"
},
{
"id": "752749",
"text": "content, identifiably Sumerian, are those found at Jemdet Nasr, dating to the 31st or 30th century BC. From about 2600 BC, the logographic symbols were generalized using a wedge-shaped stylus to impress the shapes into wet clay. This \"cuneiform\" (\"wedge-shaped\") mode of writing co-existed with the pre-cuneiform archaic mode. Deimel (1922) lists 870 signs used in the Early Dynastic IIIa period (26th century). In the same period the large set of logographic signs had been simplified into a logosyllabic script comprising several hundred signs. Rosengarten (1967) lists 468 signs used in Sumerian (pre-Sargonian) Lagash. The pre-Sargonian period of the 26th",
"title": "Sumerian language"
},
{
"id": "609914",
"text": "brewing was very important to the Sumerians. It was referenced in the Epic of Gilgamesh when Enkidu was introduced to the food and beer of Gilgamesh's people: \"Drink the beer, as is the custom of the land... He drank the beer-seven jugs! and became expansive and sang with joy!\" The Sumerians practiced similar irrigation techniques as those used in Egypt. American anthropologist Robert McCormick Adams says that irrigation development was associated with urbanization, and that 89% of the population lived in the cities. They grew barley, chickpeas, lentils, wheat, dates, onions, garlic, lettuce, leeks and mustard. Sumerians caught many fish",
"title": "Sumer"
},
{
"id": "844822",
"text": "was known as Sumer (and much later, Babylonia), and had considerable influence on the Akkadian speakers and their culture. The Akkadian-speaking Semites are believed to have entered the region at some point between 3500 BC and 3000 BC, with Akkadian names first appearing in the regnal lists of these states c. 29th century BC. The Sumerians were advanced: as well as inventing writing, they also invented early forms of mathematics, early wheeled vehicles/chariots, astronomy, astrology, written code of law, organised medicine, advanced agriculture and architecture, and the calendar. They created the first city-states such as Uruk, Ur, Lagash, Isin, Kish,",
"title": "Ancient Mesopotamian religion"
},
{
"id": "5923483",
"text": "to have been nearly 17 millennia before any formal system of writing was developed. The Sumerians are regarded as the first everyday users (in agricultural applications) of pictographs (of which scholars have catalogued some 15,000 individual symbols). Contextual handwriting is said to have begun with the development of Cuneiform (from the Latin Cuneus and referring to the styluses used in creating the pictographs of the aforesaid). Cuneiform would be applied in the recording of the Akkadian language and several other languages of Mesopotamia as the usage of Sumerian began to fade as a spoken language. As both Mesopotamians and Egyptians",
"title": "Chirography"
},
{
"id": "126097",
"text": "loyalty to the gods. A nearly complete 108-line poem from the Early Dynastic Period ( 2900 – 2350 BC) describes Enlil's invention of the mattock, a key agricultural pick, hoe, ax, or digging tool of the Sumerians. In the poem, Enlil conjures the mattock into existence and decrees its fate. The mattock is described as gloriously beautiful; it is made of pure gold and has a head carved from lapis lazuli. Enlil gives the tool over to the humans, who use it to build cities, subjugate their people, and pull up weeds. Enlil was believed to aid in the growth",
"title": "Enlil"
},
{
"id": "609869",
"text": "the marshes for agriculture, developed trade, and established industries, including weaving, leatherwork, metalwork, masonry, and pottery. Some scholars contest the idea of a Proto-Euphratean language or one substrate language; they think the Sumerian language may originally have been that of the hunting and fishing peoples who lived in the marshland and the Eastern Arabia littoral region and were part of the Arabian bifacial culture. Reliable historical records begin much later; there are none in Sumer of any kind that have been dated before Enmebaragesi (c. 26th century BC). Juris Zarins believes the Sumerians lived along the coast of Eastern Arabia,",
"title": "Sumer"
},
{
"id": "8693966",
"text": "most historians to be one of the oldest if not the oldest civilization on earth. The cities of Sumer had a legacy of intercity warfare, and the tools of these wars have been found in graves, such as copper axes and blades. The first chariot was used extensively, and the Sumerians possessed a dynamic and innovative military. Early cavalry were employed as shock troops, needed to punch holes into the enemy lines to allow infantry to penetrate them, isolate pockets and eliminate them. They were also used to harass enemy flanks, and sometimes outflank enemies, and most armies trembled at",
"title": "Middle Eastern empires"
},
{
"id": "1855110",
"text": "The Sumerians were the first to train clerks to keep records of accounts. \"Masters of the books\" or \"Keepers of the Tablets\" were scribes or priests who were trained to handle the vast amount and complexity of these records. The extent of their specific duties is unknown. Sometime in the 8th century BC, Ashurbanipal, King of Assyria, created a library at his palace in Nineveh in Mesopotamia. Ashurbanipal was the first individual in history to introduce librarianship as a profession. We know of at least one \"keeper of the books\" who was employed to oversee the thousands of tablets on",
"title": "Librarian"
},
{
"id": "13535417",
"text": "Hittites used chariots to crash into enemies, whereas the Egyptians used them to stay away from enemies and attack them by arrows and spears. These vehicles were first made in Mesopotamia by the Sumerians, as four-wheeled wagons each pulled by four donkeys. Every wagon held two individuals; a driver, and a warrior armed with a spear or an ax. Some historians believe that chariots were first developed in the Eurasian steppes, somewhere near Russia and Uzbekistan. After the introduction of horses, it was discovered that they were much faster and consequently chariots became more fierce weapons with the combination of",
"title": "History of weapons"
},
{
"id": "752785",
"text": "created us\" or \"we create him\"); /mu-e?-dim-enden/ (\"we created [someone or something]\"); i-gub-be = /i-gub-ed/ (\"he will/must stand\"); ib-gub-be = /i-b-gub-e/ (\"he places it\"); /i-b-dim-ene/ (\"they create it\"), /i-n-dim-eš/ (\"they created [someone or something]\" or \"he created them\"), /i-sug-eš/ (\"they stood\" or \"they stand\"). Confusingly, the subject and object prefixes (/-n-/, /-b-/, /-e-/) are not commonly spelled out in early texts, although the \"full\" spellings do become more usual during the Third Dynasty of Ur (in the Neo-Sumerian period) and especially during the Late Sumerian period. Thus, in earlier texts, one finds mu-ak and i-ak (e-ak in early dynastic Lagash)",
"title": "Sumerian language"
},
{
"id": "4373805",
"text": "the rapid decline of the language. In many places outside of northern Mesopotamia (the Assyrian homeland), even in liturgy, the language was replaced by Arabic. The original Mesopotamian writing system, believed to be the world's oldest, was derived around 3600 BC from this method of keeping accounts. By the end of the 4th millennium BC, the Mesopotamians were using a triangular-shaped stylus made from a reed pressed into soft clay to record numbers. Around 2700 BC, cuneiform began to represent syllables of spoken Sumerian, a language isolate genetically unrelated to the Semitic and Indo-Iranian languages that it neighboured. About that",
"title": "Assyrian Neo-Aramaic"
},
{
"id": "6898670",
"text": "are: In the Old World, true writing systems developed from neolithic writing in the Early Bronze Age (4th millennium BC). The Sumerian archaic (pre-cuneiform) writing and the Egyptian hieroglyphs are generally considered the earliest true writing systems, both emerging out of their ancestral proto-literate symbol systems from 3400–3100 BC, with earliest coherent texts from about 2600 BC. Literature and writing, though obviously connected, are not synonymous. The very first writings from ancient Sumer by any reasonable definition do not constitute literature. The same is true of some of the early Egyptian hieroglyphics and the thousands of ancient Chinese government records.",
"title": "History of writing"
},
{
"id": "10865403",
"text": "called Old Assyrian (OA), were made in the Old Assyrian period. Cuneiform script is one of the earliest systems of writing distinguished by its wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets, made by means of a blunt reed for a stylus. Emerging in Sumer c. 3500 BC, cuneiform writing began as a system of pictograms. Around 3000 BC, the pictorial representations became simplified and more abstract as the number of characters in use grew smaller. The original Sumerian script was adapted for the writing of the Akkadian, Assyrian, and Hittite languages. The cuneiform script underwent considerable changes over a period of more",
"title": "Old Assyrian Empire"
},
{
"id": "609885",
"text": "the Lagash dynasty in the area, then conquered Uruk, making it his capital, and claimed an empire extending from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean. He was the last ethnically Sumerian king before Sargon of Akkad. c. 2270–2083 BC (short chronology) The Eastern Semitic Akkadian language is first attested in proper names of the kings of Kish c. 2800 BC, preserved in later king lists. There are texts written entirely in Old Akkadian dating from c. 2500 BC. Use of Old Akkadian was at its peak during the rule of Sargon the Great (c. 2270–2215 BC), but even then most",
"title": "Sumer"
},
{
"id": "609915",
"text": "and hunted fowl and gazelle. Sumerian agriculture depended heavily on irrigation. The irrigation was accomplished by the use of \"shaduf\", canals, channels, dykes, weirs, and reservoirs. The frequent violent floods of the Tigris, and less so, of the Euphrates, meant that canals required frequent repair and continual removal of silt, and survey markers and boundary stones needed to be continually replaced. The government required individuals to work on the canals in a corvee, although the rich were able to exempt themselves. As is known from the \"\"Sumerian Farmer's Almanac\"\", after the flood season and after the Spring Equinox and the",
"title": "Sumer"
},
{
"id": "1345781",
"text": "Babylonian numerals Babylonian numerals were written in cuneiform, using a wedge-tipped reed stylus to make a mark on a soft clay tablet which would be exposed in the sun to harden to create a permanent record. The Babylonians, who were famous for their astronomical observations and calculations (aided by their invention of the abacus), used a sexagesimal (base-60) positional numeral system inherited from either the Sumerian or the Eblaite civilizations. Neither of the predecessors was a positional system (having a convention for which ‘end’ of the numeral represented the units). This system first appeared around 2000 BC; its structure reflects",
"title": "Babylonian numerals"
},
{
"id": "844933",
"text": "Middle Bronze Age. The Semites ended up prevailing in Mesopotamia by the time of Hammurabi of Babylon, who founded the Babylonian Empire, and the language and name of Sumer gradually passed into the realm of antiquarian scholars. Nevertheless, Sumerian influence on Babylonia, and all subsequent cultures in the region, was undeniably great. During the third millennium BC, there developed a very intimate cultural symbiosis between the Sumerians and the Akkadians, which included widespread bilingualism. The influence of Sumerian on Akkadian (and vice versa) is evident in all areas, from lexical borrowing on a massive scale, to syntactic, morphological, and phonological",
"title": "History of Sumer"
},
{
"id": "752739",
"text": "It succeeds the proto-literate period, which spans roughly the 35th to 30th centuries. Some versions of the chronology may omit the Late Sumerian phase and regard all texts written after 2000 BC as Post-Sumerian. The term \"Post-Sumerian\" is meant to refer to the time when the language was already extinct and preserved by Babylonians and Assyrians only as a liturgical and classical language for religious, artistic and scholarly purposes. The extinction has traditionally been dated approximately to the end of the Third Dynasty of Ur, the last predominantly Sumerian state in Mesopotamia, about 2000 BC. However, that date is very",
"title": "Sumerian language"
},
{
"id": "13519477",
"text": "of creation: originally, there was only Nammu, the primeval sea. Then, Nammu gave birth to An, the sky, and Ki, the earth. An and Ki mated with each other, causing Ki to give birth to Enlil, the god of wind, rain, and storm. Enlil separated An from Ki and carried off the earth as his domain, while An carried off the sky. The ancient Mesopotamians regarded the sky as a series of domes (usually three, but sometimes seven) covering the flat earth. Each dome was made of a different kind of precious stone. The lowest dome of heaven was made",
"title": "Sumerian religion"
},
{
"id": "7853952",
"text": "complicated irrigation methods. The first of these was Eridu, settled during the Ubaid period culture by farmers who brought with them the Samarran culture from the north. This was followed by Uruk period and the emergence of the Sumerians. The Jemdet Nasr period, named after the type-site Jemdet Nasr, is generally dated to 3100–2900 BC. It was first distinguished on the basis of distinctive painted monochrome and polychrome pottery with geometric and figurative designs. The cuneiform writing system that had been developed during the preceding Uruk period was further refined. While the language in which these tablets were written cannot",
"title": "History of Mesopotamia"
},
{
"id": "4703500",
"text": "drawn from archaeological evidence is that in the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture, in the vast majority of cases, the bodies were not formally deposited within the settlement area. The mainstream academic theory is that writing first appeared during the Sumerian civilisation in southern Mesopotamia, around 3300–3200 BC. in the form of the Cuneiform script. This first writing system did not suddenly appear out of nowhere, but gradually developed from less stylised pictographic systems that used ideographic and mnemonic symbols that contained meaning, but did not have the linguistic flexibility of the natural language writing system that the Sumerians first conceived. These earlier",
"title": "Cucuteni–Trypillia culture"
},
{
"id": "13519469",
"text": "Sumerian religion Sumerian religion was the religion practiced and adhered to by the people of Sumer, the first literate civilization of ancient Mesopotamia. The Sumerians regarded their divinities as responsible for all matters pertaining to the natural and social orders. Before the beginning of kingship in Sumer, the city-states were effectively ruled by theocratic priests and religious officials. Later, this role was supplanted by kings, but priests continued to exert great influence on Sumerian society. In early times, Sumerian temples were simple, one-room structures, sometimes built on elevated platforms. Towards the end of Sumerian civilization, these temples developed into ziggurats—tall,",
"title": "Sumerian religion"
},
{
"id": "13519471",
"text": "cold, dark cavern deep beneath the earth, which was ruled by the goddess Ereshkigal and where the only food available was dry dust. In later times, Ereshkigal was believed to rule alongside her husband Nergal, the god of death. The major deities in the Sumerian pantheon included An, the god of the heavens, Enlil, the god of wind and storm, Enki, the god of water and human culture, Ninhursag, the goddess of fertility and the earth, Utu, the god of the sun and justice, and his father Nanna, the god of the moon. During the Akkadian Period and afterward, Inanna,",
"title": "Sumerian religion"
},
{
"id": "402732",
"text": "used the power of the annual flooding of the Nile to irrigate their lands, gradually learning to regulate much of it through purposely built irrigation channels and \"catch\" basins. The ancient Sumerians in Mesopotamia used a complex system of canals and levees to divert water from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers for irrigation. According to archaeologists, the wheel was invented around 4000 BCE probably independently and nearly simultaneously in Mesopotamia (in present-day Iraq), the Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Central Europe. Estimates on when this may have occurred range from 5500 to 3000 BCE with most experts putting it closer",
"title": "Technology"
},
{
"id": "752737",
"text": "Sumerian language Sumerian ( \"native tongue\") is the language of ancient Sumer and a language isolate that was spoken in Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq). During the 3rd millennium BC, an intimate cultural symbiosis developed between the Sumerians and the Semitic-speaking Akkadians, which included widespread bilingualism. The influence of Sumerian and the East Semitic language Akkadian on each other is evident in all areas, from lexical borrowing on a substantial scale, to syntactic, morphological, and phonological convergence. This has prompted scholars to refer to Sumerian and Akkadian in the third millennium BC as a \"Sprachbund\". Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as a spoken",
"title": "Sumerian language"
},
{
"id": "609926",
"text": "repay the debt. The almost constant wars among the Sumerian city-states for 2000 years helped to develop the military technology and techniques of Sumer to a high level. The first war recorded in any detail was between Lagash and Umma in c. 2525 BC on a stele called the Stele of the Vultures. It shows the king of Lagash leading a Sumerian army consisting mostly of infantry. The infantry carried spears, wore copper helmets, and carried rectangular shields. The spearmen are shown arranged in what resembles the phalanx formation, which requires training and discipline; this implies that the Sumerians may",
"title": "Sumer"
},
{
"id": "13519470",
"text": "pyramidal structures with sanctuaries at the tops. The Sumerians believed that the universe had come into being through a series of cosmic births. First, Nammu, the primeval waters, gave birth to An (the sky) and Ki (the earth), who mated together and produced a son named Enlil. Enlil separated heaven from earth and claimed the earth as his domain. Humans were believed to have been created by Enki, the son of An and Nammu. Heaven was reserved exclusively for deities and, upon their deaths, all mortals' spirits, regardless of their behavior while alive, were believed to go to Kur, a",
"title": "Sumerian religion"
},
{
"id": "609905",
"text": "in Babylonia and Assyria until the 1st century AD. The Sumerians credited their divinities for all matters pertaining to them and exhibited humility in the face of cosmic forces, such as death and divine wrath. Sumerian religion seems to have been founded upon two separate cosmogenic myths. The first saw creation as the result of a series of \"hieroi gamoi\" or sacred marriages, involving the reconciliation of opposites, postulated as a coming together of male and female divine beings; the gods. This continued to influence the whole Mesopotamian mythos. Thus, in the later Akkadian Enuma Elish, the creation was seen",
"title": "Sumer"
},
{
"id": "777382",
"text": "a series of debates. Among the list of Sumerian disputations is the \"Debate between bird and fish.\" Other Sumerian examples include the \"Debate between Summer and Winter\" where Winter wins, and disputes between the cattle and grain, the tree and the reed, silver and copper, the pickaxe and the plough, and the millstone and the gul-gul stone. An Ancient Egyptian version is \"The Dispute between a man and his Ba\", which comes from the Middle Kingdom period. As early as the 11th century BCE, scribes in Ancient Israel, were distinguished professionals who would exercise functions which today could be associated",
"title": "Scribe"
},
{
"id": "13519483",
"text": "anthropomorphic deities representing cosmic and terrestrial forces in their world. The earliest Sumerian literature of the third millennium BC identifies four primary deities: An, Enlil, Ninhursag, and Enki. These early deities were believed to occasionally behave mischievously towards each other, but were generally viewed as being involved in co-operative creative ordering. During the middle of the third millennium BC, Sumerian society became more urbanized. As a result of this, Sumerian deities began to lose their original associations with nature and became the patrons of various cities. Each Sumerian city-state had its own specific patron deity, who was believed to protect",
"title": "Sumerian religion"
},
{
"id": "752750",
"text": "to 24th centuries BC is the \"Classical Sumerian\" stage of the language. The cuneiform script was adapted to Akkadian writing beginning in the mid third millennium. Our knowledge of Sumerian is based on Akkadian glossaries. During the \"Sumerian Renaissance\" (Ur III) of the 21st century BC, Sumerian was written in already highly abstract cuneiform glyphs directly succeeded by Old Assyrian cuneiform. Depending on the context, a cuneiform sign can be read either as one of several possible logograms, each of which corresponds to a word in the Sumerian spoken language, as a phonetic syllable (V, VC, CV, or CVC), or",
"title": "Sumerian language"
},
{
"id": "609891",
"text": "literary and liturgical language, similar to the position occupied by Latin in medieval Europe. Following an Elamite invasion and sack of Ur during the rule of Ibbi-Sin (c. 1940 BC), Sumer came under Amorites rule (taken to introduce the Middle Bronze Age). The independent Amorite states of the 20th to 18th centuries are summarized as the \"Dynasty of Isin\" in the Sumerian king list, ending with the rise of Babylonia under Hammurabi c. 1700 BC. Later rulers who dominated Assyria and Babylonia occasionally assumed the old Sargonic title \"King of Sumer and Akkad\", such as Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyria after",
"title": "Sumer"
},
{
"id": "752754",
"text": "non-Semitic language had preceded Akkadian in Mesopotamia, and that speakers of this language had developed the cuneiform script. In 1855 Rawlinson announced the discovery of non-Semitic inscriptions at the southern Babylonian sites of Nippur, Larsa, and Uruk. In 1856, Hincks argued that the untranslated language was agglutinative in character. The language was called \"Scythic\" by some, and, confusingly, \"Akkadian\" by others. In 1869, Oppert proposed the name \"Sumerian\", based on the known title \"King of Sumer and Akkad\", reasoning that if Akkad signified the Semitic portion of the kingdom, Sumer might describe the non-Semitic annex. Credit for being first to",
"title": "Sumerian language"
},
{
"id": "609904",
"text": "\"aide-mémoire\" for knowledgeable scribes. During the 3rd millennium BC a cultural symbiosis developed between the Sumerians and the Akkadians, which included widespread bilingualism. The influences between Sumerian on Akkadian are evident in all areas including lexical borrowing on a massive scale—and syntactic, morphological, and phonological convergence. This mutual influence has prompted scholars to refer to Sumerian and Akkadian of the 3rd millennium BC as a \"Sprachbund\". Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as a spoken language somewhere around the turn of the 3rd and the 2nd millennium BC, but Sumerian continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary, and scientific language",
"title": "Sumer"
},
{
"id": "8687113",
"text": "next to round-stylus numerals. The Sumerians had a complex assortment of incompatible number systems, and each city had its own local way of writing numerals. For instance, at about 3100 BC in the city of Uruk, there were more than a dozen different numeric systems. In this city, there were separate number systems for counting discrete objects (such as animals, tools, and containers), cheese and grain products, volumes of grain (including fractions), beer ingredients, weights, land areas, and time and calendar units. Furthermore, these systems changed over time; for instance, numbers for counting volumes of grain changed when the size",
"title": "History of ancient numeral systems"
},
{
"id": "844904",
"text": "gods they served, were Before 3000 BC the political life of the city was headed by a priest-king (\"ensi\") assisted by a council of elders and based on these temples, but it is unknown how the cities had secular rulers rise in prominence from the earliest times. The development and system of administration led to the development of archaic tablets around 3500 BC-3200 BC and ideographic writing (c. 3100 BC) was developed into logographic writing around 2500 BC (and a mixed form by about 2350 BC). As Sumerologist Christopher Woods points out in \"Earliest Mesopotamian Writing\": \"A precise date for",
"title": "History of Sumer"
},
{
"id": "609879",
"text": "found over a wide area—from the Taurus Mountains in Turkey, to the Mediterranean Sea in the west, and as far east as central Iran. The Uruk period civilization, exported by Sumerian traders and colonists (like that found at Tell Brak), had an effect on all surrounding peoples, who gradually evolved their own comparable, competing economies and cultures. The cities of Sumer could not maintain remote, long-distance colonies by military force. Sumerian cities during the Uruk period were probably theocratic and were most likely headed by a priest-king (\"ensi\"), assisted by a council of elders, including both men and women. It",
"title": "Sumer"
},
{
"id": "609918",
"text": "tells, are found throughout the ancient Near East. According to Archibald Sayce, the primitive pictograms of the early Sumerian (i.e. Uruk) era suggest that \"Stone was scarce, but was already cut into blocks and seals. Brick was the ordinary building material, and with it cities, forts, temples and houses were constructed. The city was provided with towers and stood on an artificial platform; the house also had a tower-like appearance. It was provided with a door which turned on a hinge, and could be opened with a sort of key; the city gate was on a larger scale, and seems",
"title": "Sumer"
},
{
"id": "609896",
"text": "a woman who took multiple husbands be stoned with rocks upon which her crime had been written. Sumerian culture was male-dominated and stratified. The Code of Ur-Nammu, the oldest such codification yet discovered, dating to the Ur III, reveals a glimpse at societal structure in late Sumerian law. Beneath the \"lu-gal\" (\"great man\" or king), all members of society belonged to one of two basic strata: The \"\"lu\"\" or free person, and the slave (male, \"arad\"; female \"geme\"). The son of a \"lu\" was called a \"dumu-nita\" until he married. A woman (\"munus\") went from being a daughter (\"dumu-mi\"), to",
"title": "Sumer"
},
{
"id": "844909",
"text": "reigns were measured in Sumerian numerical units known as \"\"sars\"\" (units of 3600), \"\"ners\"\" (units of 600), and \"\"sosses\"\" (units of 60.) Early dates are approximate, and are based on available archaeological data; for most pre-Sargonic rulers listed, the \"\"Sumerian King List\"\" (\"SKL\") is itself the lone source of information. The \"SKL\" is an ancient manuscript originally recorded in the Sumerian language, listing kings of Sumer from both Sumerian and neighboring dynasties, their supposed reign lengths, and the locations of kingship. Throughout its Bronze Age existence, the document evolved into a political tool. Its final and single attested version, dating",
"title": "History of Sumer"
},
{
"id": "2235119",
"text": "Cuneiform Cuneiform or Sumerian cuneiform, one of the earliest systems of writing, was invented by the Sumerians. It is distinguished by its wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets, made by means of a blunt reed for a stylus. The name \"cuneiform\" itself simply means \"wedge shaped\". Emerging in Sumer in the late fourth millennium BC (the Uruk IV period) to convey the Sumerian language, which was a language isolate, cuneiform writing began as a system of pictograms, stemming from an earlier system of shaped tokens used for accounting. In the third millennium, the pictorial representations became simplified and more abstract as",
"title": "Cuneiform"
},
{
"id": "609916",
"text": "\"Akitu\" or New Year Festival, using the canals, farmers would flood their fields and then drain the water. Next they made oxen stomp the ground and kill weeds. They then dragged the fields with pickaxes. After drying, they plowed, harrowed, and raked the ground three times, and pulverized it with a mattock, before planting seed. Unfortunately, the high evaporation rate resulted in a gradual increase in the salinity of the fields. By the Ur III period, farmers had switched from wheat to the more salt-tolerant barley as their principal crop. Sumerians harvested during the spring in three-person teams consisting of",
"title": "Sumer"
},
{
"id": "8687114",
"text": "of the baskets changed. The Sumerians invented arithmetic. People who added and subtracted volumes of grain every day used their arithmetic skills to count other things that were unrelated to volume measurements. Multiplication and division were done with multiplication tables baked in clay tablets. Between 2700 BC and 2000 BC, the round stylus was gradually replaced by a reed stylus that had been used to press wedge shaped cuneiform signs in clay. To represent numbers that previously had been pressed with a round stylus, these cuneiform number signs were pressed in a circular pattern and they retained the additive sign-value",
"title": "History of ancient numeral systems"
},
{
"id": "609889",
"text": "so in the north from the late 21st century BC. The Sumerian language continued as a sacerdotal language taught in schools in Babylonia and Assyria, much as Latin was used in the Medieval period, for as long as cuneiform was utilized. This period is generally taken to coincide with a major shift in population from southern Mesopotamia toward the north. Ecologically, the agricultural productivity of the Sumerian lands was being compromised as a result of rising salinity. Soil salinity in this region had been long recognized as a major problem. Poorly drained irrigated soils, in an arid climate with high",
"title": "Sumer"
},
{
"id": "13535406",
"text": "tactics and defensive equipment. As humans discovered new natural resources beneath the Earth's surface, traditional weapons were replaced as methods for metal-working developed. Bronze significantly contributed to the ancient world and helped cultures of Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, Indus and China flourish. Bronze replaced stone in weapons. During the bronze age maces were in high demand. The Sumerians were the first people on record to have used bronze weapons. Native Americans mostly used flint spears and knives, but used bronze for ceremonies and intricate decorations. Ancient artisans soon discovered the drawbacks of bronze for producing armaments, as while weapons made",
"title": "History of weapons"
},
{
"id": "22123",
"text": "evolution of Mesopotamian Aramaic (which still contains many Akkadian loan words and an Akkadian grammatical structure) have survived among the Assyrian people from ancient times to this day. An Assyrian calendar has been revived. Emerging in Sumer c. 3500 BC, cuneiform writing began as a system of pictograms. Around 3000 BC, the pictorial representations became simplified and more abstract as the number of characters in use grew smaller. The original Sumerian script was adapted for the writing of the Akkadian, Assyrian, and Hittite languages. The Kültepe texts, which were written in Old Assyrian, had Hittite loanwords and names, which constitute",
"title": "Assyria"
},
{
"id": "1925001",
"text": "the god Ashur; references to the name survive into the 3rd century AD. The Greeks, Parthians, and Romans had a rather low-level of integration with the local population in Mesopotamia, which allowed their cultures to survive. The kingdoms of Osrhoene, Adiabene, Hatra and Assur, which were under Parthian overlordship, had an Assyrian identity. Emerging in Sumer c. 3500 BC, cuneiform writing began as a system of pictograms. Around 3000 BC, the pictorial representations became simplified and more abstract as the number of characters in use grew smaller. The original Sumerian script was adapted for the writing of the Akkadian (Babylonian",
"title": "Assyrian people"
},
{
"id": "6898656",
"text": "By the end of the 4th millennium BCE, this symbol system had evolved into a method of keeping accounts, using a round-shaped stylus impressed into soft clay at different angles for recording numbers. This was gradually augmented with pictographic writing using a sharp stylus to indicate what was being counted. The transitional stage to a writing system proper takes place in the Jemdet Nasr period (31st to 30th centuries BCE). A similar development took place in the genesis of the Egyptian hieroglyphs. Various scholars believe that Egyptian hieroglyphs \"came into existence a little after Sumerian script, and ... probably [were]",
"title": "Proto-writing"
},
{
"id": "12452933",
"text": "fourth watering which usually yielded an extra ten percent. When the farmer was to harvest the barley, he was not to wait, but was to harvest just at the right moment. This was when the barley stood tall and did not bend over under its own weight. Three men were to do the harvesting as a team using a reaper and a binder. The threshing was done by means of a sledge for a period of five days. This was a device drawn back and forth over the heaped-up grain stalks. The barley was then \"opened\" with an \"opener\". A",
"title": "Sumerian Farmer's Almanac"
},
{
"id": "2072915",
"text": "events happening during their time. Tools that these scribes used were styluses with sharp triangular tips, making it easy to leave markings on the clay; the clay tablets themselves came in a variety of colors such as bone white, chocolate, and charcoal. Pictographs then began to appear on clay tablets around 4000 BC, and after the later development of Sumerian cuneiform writing, a more sophisticated partial syllabic script evolved that by around 2500 BC was capable of recording the vernacular, the everyday speech of the common people. Sumerians used what is known as pictograms. Pictograms are symbols that express a",
"title": "Clay tablet"
},
{
"id": "13519491",
"text": "An, for example, developed the Akkadian counterpart Anu; the Sumerian god Enki became Ea. The gods Ninurta and Enlil kept their original Sumerian names. The Amorite Babylonians gained dominance over southern Mesopotamia by the mid-17th century BC. During the Old Babylonian Period, the Sumerian and Akkadian languages were retained for religious purposes; the majority of Sumerian mythological literature known to historians today comes from the Old Babylonian Period, either in the form of transcribed Sumerian texts (most notably the Babylonian version of the \"Epic of Gilgamesh\") or in the form of Sumerian and Akkadian influences within Babylonian mythological literature (most",
"title": "Sumerian religion"
},
{
"id": "12372880",
"text": "the phonology and syntax of the Sumerian language. In Egypt hieroglyphic writing was developed using pictures as well, appearing on art such as the Narmer Palette (3,100 BCE). The Indus Valley Civilization sculpted seals with short texts and decorated with representations of animals and people. Meanwhile, the Olmecs sculpted colossal heads and decorated other sculptures with their own hierglyphs. In these times, writing was accessible only for the elites. Mesopotamian art was developed in the area between Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Syria and Iraq, where since the 4th millennium BCE many different cultures existed such as Sumer, Akkad,",
"title": "History of art"
},
{
"id": "844979",
"text": "also employed, but it has perished. There were libraries in most towns and temples; an old Sumerian proverb averred that \"he who would excel in the school of the scribes must rise with the dawn.\" Women as well as men learned to read and write, and in Semitic times, this involved a knowledge of the extinct Sumerian language, and a complicated and extensive syllabary. The Babylonians' very advanced systems of writing, science and mathematics contributed greatly to their literary output. A considerable amount of Babylonian literature was translated from Sumerian originals, and the language of religion and law long continued",
"title": "Akkadian literature"
},
{
"id": "752741",
"text": "language in Akkadian-speaking states during the same time call for a distinction between the Late Sumerian and the Post-Sumerian periods. The standard variety of Sumerian was \"eme-g̃ir\". A notable variety or sociolect was \"eme-sal\" (𒅴𒊩 EME.SAL), possibly to be interpreted as \"fine tongue\" or \"high-pitched voice\" (Rubio (2007) p. 1369). Other terms for dialects or registers were \"eme-galam\" \"high tongue\", \"eme-si-sa\" \"straight tongue\", \"eme-te-na\" \"oblique[?] tongue\", etc. \"Eme-sal\" is used exclusively by female characters in some literary texts (that may be compared to the female languages or language varieties that exist or have existed in some cultures, such as among",
"title": "Sumerian language"
},
{
"id": "609872",
"text": "pastoralists living in black tents and following herds of sheep and goats; and that of fisher folk, living in reed huts in the marshlands, who may have been the ancestors of the Sumerians. The term \"Sumerian\" is the common name given to the ancient non-Semitic-speaking inhabitants of Mesopotamia by the East Semitic-speaking Akkadians. The Sumerians referred to themselves as \"ùĝ saĝ gíg ga\" (cuneiform: ), phonetically , literally meaning \"the black-headed people\", and to their land as \"ki-en-gi(-r)\" (cuneiform: 𒆠𒂗𒄀) ('place' + 'lords' + 'noble'), meaning \"place of the noble lords\". The Akkadian word \"Shumer\" may represent the geographical name",
"title": "Sumer"
}
] | what tools did the sumerians use for writing |
[
"January 12, 1971"
] | [
{
"id": "1413987",
"text": "All in the Family All in the Family is an American sitcom TV-series that was originally broadcast on the CBS television network for nine seasons, from January 12, 1971 to April 8, 1979. The following September, it was continued with the spin-off series\" Archie Bunker's Place\", which picked up where \"All in the Family\" had ended and ran for four more seasons. \"All in the Family\" was produced by Norman Lear and Bud Yorkin. It starred Carroll O'Connor, Jean Stapleton, Sally Struthers, and Rob Reiner. The show revolves around the life of a working-class bigot and his family. The show",
"title": "All in the Family"
},
{
"id": "1414026",
"text": "impact on society. All in the Family All in the Family is an American sitcom TV-series that was originally broadcast on the CBS television network for nine seasons, from January 12, 1971 to April 8, 1979. The following September, it was continued with the spin-off series\" Archie Bunker's Place\", which picked up where \"All in the Family\" had ended and ran for four more seasons. \"All in the Family\" was produced by Norman Lear and Bud Yorkin. It starred Carroll O'Connor, Jean Stapleton, Sally Struthers, and Rob Reiner. The show revolves around the life of a working-class bigot and his",
"title": "All in the Family"
},
{
"id": "1483311",
"text": "for a sitcom about a blue-collar American family to ABC. They rejected the show after two pilots were taped. After a third pilot was taped, CBS picked up the show, known as \"All in the Family\". It premiered January 12, 1971, to disappointing ratings, but it took home several Emmy Awards that year, including Outstanding Comedy Series. The show did very well in summer reruns, and it flourished in the 1971–72 season, becoming the top-rated show on TV for the next five years. After falling from the #1 spot, \"All in the Family\" still remained in the top ten, well",
"title": "Norman Lear"
},
{
"id": "1414018",
"text": "where many stations picked-up the show. In 1991, Columbia Pictures Television began syndicating the show, and Columbia's successor companies have continued to do so. Since the late 1980s, \"All in the Family\" has been rerun on various cable and satellite networks including TBS (although it held the rights locally in Atlanta, as well), TV Land, and Nick at Nite. From January 3, 2011 to December 31, 2017, the show aired on Antenna TV. As of January 1, 2018, the show began to air on GetTV. The cast forfeited their residual rights for a cash payout early in the production run.",
"title": "All in the Family"
},
{
"id": "1413995",
"text": "Edith Justice. Kelly Jean Peters played Gloria and Tim McIntire played her husband, Richard. It was taped in October 1968 in New York City. After screening the first pilot, ABC gave the producers more money to shoot a second pilot, titled \"Those Were the Days\", which Lear taped in February 1969 in Hollywood. Candice Azzara played Gloria and Chip Oliver played Richard. D'Urville Martin played Lionel Jefferson in both pilots. After stations' and viewers' complaints caused ABC to cancel \"Turn-On\" after only one episode in February 1969, the network became uneasy about airing a show with a \"foul-mouthed, bigoted lead\"",
"title": "All in the Family"
},
{
"id": "9607452",
"text": "\"social consciousness\" programming, spearheaded by television producer Norman Lear. \"All in the Family\", his adaptation of the British television series \"Till Death Us Do Part\", broke down television barriers. When the series premiered in 1971, Americans heard the words \"fag,\" \"jigaboo,\" and \"spic\" on national television programming for the first time. \"All in the Family\" was the talk of countless dinner tables throughout the country; Americans hadn't seen anything like it on television before. The show became the highest-rated program on U.S. television schedules in the fall of 1971 and stayed in the top slot until 1976 — to date,",
"title": "1970s in television"
},
{
"id": "12858860",
"text": "share), according to \"The New York Times\". \"Sanford and Son\", which ran from 1972 to 1977, was included on the \"Time\" magazine's list of the \"100 Best TV Shows of All Time\" in 2007. \"All in the Family\", premiered on January 1971, is often regarded in the United States as one of the greatest television series of all time. Following a lackluster first season, the show became the most watched show in the United States during summer reruns and afterwards ranked number one in the yearly Nielsen ratings from 1971 to 1976. It became the first television series to reach",
"title": "Sitcom"
},
{
"id": "1413994",
"text": "tell Lear's father \"you are the laziest white man I ever saw\" (two \"Archieisms\" that found their way onto the show). The original pilot was titled \"Justice for All\" and was developed for ABC. Tom Bosley, Jack Warden, and Jackie Gleason were all considered for the role of Archie Bunker. In fact, CBS wanted to buy the rights to the original show and retool it specifically for Gleason, who was under contract to them, but producer Lear beat out CBS for the rights and offered the show to ABC. In the pilot, Carroll O'Connor and Jean Stapleton played Archie and",
"title": "All in the Family"
},
{
"id": "1413996",
"text": "character, and rejected the series at about the time Richard Dreyfuss sought the role of Michael. Rival network CBS was eager to update its image and was looking to replace much of its then popular \"rural\" programming (\"Mayberry R.F.D.\", \"The Beverly Hillbillies\", \"Petticoat Junction\", and \"Green Acres\") with more \"urban\", contemporary series and was interested in Lear's project. CBS bought the rights from ABC and retitled the show \"All in the Family\". The pilot episode CBS developed had the final cast and was the series' first episode. Lear wanted to shoot in black and white as \"Till Death Us Do",
"title": "All in the Family"
},
{
"id": "1414017",
"text": "so long that it had to be severely edited for network broadcast, as Carroll O'Connor still had one line (\"Well, what the hell — he said it was in his contract!\") to deliver after the kiss. (The line is usually cut in syndication.) During the show's sixth season, starting on December 1, 1975, CBS began airing reruns on weekdays at 3p.m. (EST), replacing long-running soap opera \"The Edge of Night\", which moved to ABC. The show would later move to 3:30p.m. and in September 1978, 10a.m. This lasted until September 1979, when Viacom distributed the reruns to the off-network market",
"title": "All in the Family"
},
{
"id": "1413993",
"text": "of Queens. Supporting characters represent the demographics of the neighborhood, especially the Jeffersons, a black family, who live in the house next door in the early seasons. The show came about when Norman Lear read an article in \"Variety\" magazine on \"Till Death Us Do Part\" and its success in the United Kingdom. He immediately knew it portrayed a relationship just like the one between his father and himself. Lear bought the rights to the show and incorporated his own family experiences with his father into the show. Lear's father would tell Lear's mother to \"stifle herself\" and she would",
"title": "All in the Family"
},
{
"id": "1413988",
"text": "broke ground in its depiction of issues previously considered unsuitable for a U.S. network television comedy, such as racism, antisemitism, infidelity, homosexuality, women's liberation, rape, religion, miscarriages, abortion, breast cancer, the Vietnam War, menopause, and impotence. Through depicting these controversial issues, the series became arguably one of television's most influential comedic programs, as it injected the sitcom format with more dramatic moments and realistic, topical conflicts. The show was an American version of an earlier British show, the BBC sitcom \"Till Death Us Do Part\", with Archie Bunker modeled after his British counterpart, Alf Garnett. \"All in the Family\" is",
"title": "All in the Family"
},
{
"id": "1413989",
"text": "often regarded in the United States as one of the greatest television series of all time. Following a lackluster first season, the show soon became the most watched show in the United States during summer reruns and afterwards ranked number one in the yearly Nielsen ratings from 1971 to 1976. It became the first television series to reach the milestone of having topped the Nielsen ratings for five consecutive years. The episode \"Sammy's Visit\" was ranked number 13 on \"TV Guide's\" 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time. \"TV Guide's \"50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time ranked \"All in the",
"title": "All in the Family"
},
{
"id": "4733623",
"text": "and three-dimensional characters and plots. PBS launched in 1970, and was the home for programming that would not be suitable for network television. It operates on donations and little government funding, rather than having commercials. On January 12, 1971, the sitcom \"All in the Family\" premiered on CBS, and covered the issues of the day and portrayed a bigot named Archie Bunker. By 1972, the sales of color television sets surpassed that of black-and-white sets. In the 1980s, television became geared towards what has become known as the MTV Generation, with a surge in the number of cable channels. Photography",
"title": "Mass communication"
},
{
"id": "1414021",
"text": "special was so well received by the viewing audience CBS aired reruns of \"All in the Family\" during its summer schedule in 1991, garnering higher ratings than the new series scheduled next to it, Norman Lear's sitcom \"Sunday Dinner\". The latter was Lear's return to TV series producing after a seven-year absence, and was cancelled after the six-week tryout run due to being poorly received by audiences. Sony Pictures Home Entertainment (formerly Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment) released the first six seasons of \"All in the Family\" on DVD in Region 1 between 2002 and 2007. No further seasons were released,",
"title": "All in the Family"
},
{
"id": "1414025",
"text": "discussing the show (specifically the 1971 episodes \"Writing the President\" and \"Judging Books by Covers\") on one of the infamous Watergate tapes. Rapper Redman has made references to Archie Bunker in a few of his songs, specifically his smoking of large cigars. \"All in the Family\" is the first of four sitcoms in which all the lead actors (O'Connor, Stapleton, Struthers, and Reiner) won Primetime Emmy Awards. The other three are \"The Golden Girls\", \"The Simpsons\", and \"Will and Grace\". In 2013, the Television Critics Association honored \"All in the Family\" with its Heritage Award for its cultural and social",
"title": "All in the Family"
},
{
"id": "1834890",
"text": "of Bunker's long-suffering wife, Edith Bunker, whom Lear remembered from seeing in the play and film \"Damn Yankees\". The producer sent the show over to ABC twice, but it did not get picked up. They then approached CBS with more success, and accordingly, \"All in the Family\" was retooled and debuted early in 1971. The show also starred unknown character actors, such as Rob Reiner as Archie's liberal son-in-law, Michael \"Meathead\" Stivic, and Sally Struthers as Archie and Edith's only child and Mike's wife, Gloria. The cast had a unique on- and off-camera chemistry, especially Reiner, who became O'Connor's best",
"title": "Carroll O'Connor"
},
{
"id": "1665987",
"text": "Sanford and Son Sanford and Son is an American sitcom that ran on the NBC television network from January 14, 1972, to March 25, 1977. It was based on the BBC Television program \"Steptoe and Son\". Known for its edgy racial humor, running gags and catchphrases, the series was adapted by Norman Lear and considered NBC's answer to CBS's \"All in the Family\". \"Sanford and Son\" has been hailed as the precursor to many other African American sitcoms. It was a ratings hit throughout its six-season run. While the role of Fred G. Sanford was known for his bigotry and",
"title": "Sanford and Son"
},
{
"id": "3415742",
"text": "Archie Bunker's Place Archie Bunker's Place is an American sitcom produced as a spin-off continuation of \"All in the Family\" that aired on CBS from September 23, 1979, to April 4, 1983. While not as popular as its predecessor, the show maintained a large enough audience to last for four seasons, until its cancellation in 1983. In its first season, the show performed so well that it knocked \"Mork & Mindy\" out of its new Sunday night time slot (a year earlier, during its first season, \"Mork & Mindy\" had been the No. 3 show on television). Although the Bunker",
"title": "Archie Bunker's Place"
},
{
"id": "5285411",
"text": "1971, Yorkin and Lear shot two unsold pilots for the series: one in 1968 called \"Justice For All\" and the other in 1969 titled \"Those Were the Days\". Production for the series began in late 1970, following the third pilot episode which was picked up by CBS. More successful shows were also produced by Tandem; they were \"Maude\" (1972–1978), \"Good Times\" (1974–1979), and finally \"Sanford and Son\" (1972–1977). In 1977, Viacom Enterprises secured domestic and international television syndication rights for \"All in the Family\" which hit off-network reruns in Fall 1979. Columbia Pictures Television took over distribution for the series",
"title": "Tandem Productions"
},
{
"id": "6779419",
"text": "to try the new policy. By the end of 1974, each network executive agreed to endorse the Family Viewing Hour, and to implement it by the fall 1975 season. Indeed, many television series suffered from the Family Viewing Hour mandate. \"All in the Family\", which was the runaway top-rated show in the U.S. since 1971, was moved to 9 p.m. on Mondays after five seasons leading the Saturday night lineup. Producer Norman Lear, citing an infringement on creative freedom and on his First Amendment rights, mounted a lawsuit. With the support of varying guilds, including the WGA, he won the",
"title": "Family Viewing Hour"
},
{
"id": "1458543",
"text": "The Cosby Show The Cosby Show was an American television sitcom starring Bill Cosby, which aired for eight seasons on NBC from September 20, 1984, until April 30, 1992. The show focuses on the Huxtable family, an upper middle-class African-American family living in Brooklyn, New York. \"The Cosby Show\" spent five consecutive seasons as the number-one rated show on television. \"The Cosby Show\" and \"All in the Family\" are the only sitcoms in the history of the Nielsen ratings to be the number-one show for five seasons. It spent all eight of its seasons in the top 20. According to",
"title": "The Cosby Show"
},
{
"id": "12858864",
"text": "airing from 1984 until 1992, spent five consecutive seasons as the number one rated show on television. \"The Cosby Show\" and \"All in the Family\" are the only sitcoms in the history of the Nielsen ratings, to be the number one show for five seasons. It spent all eight of its seasons in the Top 20. According to \"TV Guide\", the show \"was TV's biggest hit in the 1980s, and almost single handedly revived the sitcom genre and NBC's ratings fortunes.\" \"TV Guide\" also ranked it 28th on their list of \"50 Greatest Shows\". In addition, Cliff Huxtable was named",
"title": "Sitcom"
},
{
"id": "3534323",
"text": "Gloria (TV series) Gloria is an American sitcom and a spin-off of \"All in the Family\" that aired Sundays at 8:30 p.m. (EST) on CBS from September 26, 1982, to April 10, 1983. The series starred Sally Struthers reprising her role as Gloria Stivic, the daughter of Archie Bunker on \"All in the Family\". The set-up of the show was that Gloria had been left with loose ends after her husband, Michael \"the Meathead\" Stivic (who did not appear in the new series), left her for one of his students and moved away to a commune. Gloria, to be closer",
"title": "Gloria (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "1414019",
"text": "\"All in the Family\" is one of three television shows (\"The Cosby Show\" and \"American Idol\" being the others) that have been number one in the Nielsen ratings for five consecutive TV seasons. The show remained in the top 10 for seven of its nine seasons. The series finale was seen by 40.2 million viewers. According to \"The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946–Present\", \"All in the Family\" has the most spin-offs for a prime-time television series, spawning five other shows, three of which were very successful and two of which are spin-offs from spin-offs.",
"title": "All in the Family"
},
{
"id": "365722",
"text": "In the late 1960s, Reiner acted in bit roles in several television shows including \"Batman\", \"The Andy Griffith Show\", \"Room 222\", \"Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.\" and \"The Beverly Hillbillies\". He began his career writing for the \"Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour\" in 1968 and 1969, with Steve Martin as his writing partner as the two youngest writers on the show. Two years later, Reiner became famous playing Michael Stivic, Archie Bunker's liberal son-in-law, on Norman Lear's 1970s situation comedy \"All in the Family\", which was the most-watched television program in the United States for five seasons (1971–1976). The character's nickname, Meathead, became",
"title": "Rob Reiner"
},
{
"id": "8113165",
"text": "the same time slot as breakout CBS hit \"All in the Family\", the show never gained the ratings hoped for, and was cancelled at midseason after 14 episodes. While in the same \"universe\" as \"The Partridge Family\", the series is not included on that show's DVD collections. Getting Together Getting Together is an American musical sitcom, which aired on the ABC during the 1971–72 U.S. television season. It starred Bobby Sherman and Wes Stern as Bobby Conway and Lionel Poindexter, a songwriting duo. The pilot for the series had aired the previous spring as the first-season finale episode of \"The",
"title": "Getting Together"
},
{
"id": "1414000",
"text": "Norman Lear took pride in the fact that canned laughter was never used (mentioning this on many occasions); the laughter heard in the episodes was genuine. The series' opening theme song \"Those Were The Days\", was written by Lee Adams (lyrics) and Charles Strouse (music). It was presented in a way that was unique for a 1970s series: Carroll O'Connor and Jean Stapleton were seated at a console or spinet piano (played by Stapleton) and sang the tune together on-camera at the start of every episode, concluding with live-audience applause. (The song dates back to the first \"Justice For All\"",
"title": "All in the Family"
},
{
"id": "1834887",
"text": "was creating for ABC called \"Justice For All\", with O'Connor playing Archie Justice, a lovable yet controversial bigot. After three pilots done between 1968 and 1970, a network change to CBS, and the last name of the character changed to Bunker, the new sitcom was renamed \"All in the Family\". The show was based on the BBC's \"Till Death Us Do Part\", with Bunker based on Alf Garnett, albeit somewhat less abrasive than the original. O'Connor's Queens background and New York accent is said to have influenced Lear to set the show in Queens. Wanting a well-known actor to play",
"title": "Carroll O'Connor"
},
{
"id": "1458559",
"text": "for all eight seasons. In its first season, the show was the beginning of a Thursday NBC schedule that was followed by \"Family Ties\", \"Cheers\", \"Night Court\", and \"Hill Street Blues\". \"The Cosby Show\" is one of three television programs (\"All in the Family\" and \"American Idol\" being the others) that were number one in the Nielsen ratings for five consecutive seasons. Carsey-Werner handles domestic distribution, while CBS Television Distribution handles international distribution of the series, and has done so since 1997. In the United States, \"The Cosby Show\" began its television syndication run in September 1988 in broadcast syndication,",
"title": "The Cosby Show"
},
{
"id": "8562863",
"text": "Monty (TV series) Monty is an American sitcom that aired on Fox from January 11 to February 15, 1994. The series starred Henry Winkler as Monty Richardson, a loud, obnoxious conservative TV commentator. Richardson had also written a best-selling book titled\" I'm Right. I'm Right. I'm Right. Shut Up\". The series also starred Tom McGowan as his executive producer and David Schwimmer as his left-leaning son. \"Monty\" hoped to capitalize on the same family dynamic that made the television show \"All in the Family\" a success in the 1970s. However, the show was canceled after six episodes. The series was",
"title": "Monty (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "1665989",
"text": "South Central Los Angeles from his hometown of St. Louis. After the show's premiere in 1972, newspaper ads touted Foxx as NBC's answer to Archie Bunker, the bigoted white protagonist of \"All in the Family\". Both shows were adapted by Norman Lear from BBC programs. \"Sanford and Son\" was adapted from \"Steptoe and Son\" and \"All in the Family\" from \"Till Death Us Do Part.\" An earlier pilot for an American version of \"Steptoe and Son\" was produced by Joseph E. Levine in 1965. Starring Lee Tracy and Aldo Ray as Albert and Harold Steptoe, it was unscreened, and did",
"title": "Sanford and Son"
},
{
"id": "5957948",
"text": "One Man's Family One Man's Family is an American radio soap opera, heard for almost three decades, from 1932 to 1959. Created by Carlton E. Morse, it was the longest-running uninterrupted dramatic serial in the history of American radio. Television versions of the series aired in prime time from 1949 to 1952 and in daytime from 1954 to 1955. \"One Man's Family\" debuted as a radio series on April 29, 1932 in Los Angeles, Seattle and San Francisco, moving to the full West Coast NBC network the following month, sponsored by Snowdrift and Wesson Oil. On May 17, 1933, it",
"title": "One Man's Family"
},
{
"id": "2083563",
"text": "Archie Bunker Archibald \"Archie\" Bunker is a fictional character from the 1970s American television sitcom \"All in the Family\" and its spin-off \"Archie Bunker's Place\", played by Carroll O'Connor. Bunker, a main character of the series, is a World War II veteran, blue-collar worker, and family man. Described as a \"lovable bigot\", he was first seen by the American public when \"All in the Family\" premiered on January 12, 1971, where he was depicted as the head of the Bunker family. In 1979, the show was retooled and renamed \"Archie Bunker's Place\"; it finally went off the air in 1983.",
"title": "Archie Bunker"
},
{
"id": "1414007",
"text": "for the series opening until the series transitioned into \"Archie Bunker's Place\" in 1979. At that time, a new opening with current shots of the Manhattan skyline was used with the Trade Center towers being seen in the closing credits. This opening format – showing actual footage of the cities and neighborhoods in which the show was set – became the standard for most of Norman Lear's sitcoms, including \"Maude\", \"Good Times\", and \"The Jeffersons\". At the end of the opening, the camera then returns to a few final seconds of O'Connor and Stapleton, as they finish the song. At",
"title": "All in the Family"
},
{
"id": "19597676",
"text": "Maude (pilot) \"Maude\" is the twenty-fourth and final episode of the second season of the American television sitcom \"All in the Family\" which also served as the eponymous pilot episode of its first spin-off series \"Maude\". The episode, directed by John Rich and written by Rod Parker, was videotaped on February 18, 1972 in front of a live audience at CBS Television City in Hollywood, California and originally aired on March 11, 1972 at 8:00 p.m. EST on CBS. Archie Bunker (Carroll O'Connor) and his wife Edith (Jean Stapleton) prepare to visit Edith's cousin Maude Findlay (Beatrice Arthur) in Westchester",
"title": "Maude (pilot)"
},
{
"id": "2568397",
"text": "Death Us Do Part\" featuring Warren Mitchell as Alf Garnett, a reactionary Conservative-voting working class man with a chip on his shoulder and an angry word on everything. Garnett became one of the most memorable characters in British TV history. The 1971 US sitcom \"All in the Family\" was based on this series. Speight's later series \"Curry and Chips\" (1969), was a more controversial sitcom from LWT for the ITV channel, soon cancelled on the instructions of the Independent Broadcasting Authority. His next comedy was \"For Richer...For Poorer\" (1975), a one-off pilot which featured Harry H. Corbett as a left-wing",
"title": "Johnny Speight"
},
{
"id": "1414001",
"text": "pilot, although on that occasion O'Connor and Stapleton performed the song off-camera and at a faster tempo than the series version.) Six different performances were recorded over the run of the series, including one version that includes additional lyrics. The song is a simple, pentatonic melody (that can be played exclusively with black keys on a piano) in which Archie and Edith wax nostalgic for the simpler days of yesteryear. A longer version of the song was released as a single on Atlantic Records, reaching number 43 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and number 30 on the \"Billboard\" Adult",
"title": "All in the Family"
},
{
"id": "1709647",
"text": "\"All in the Family\" impressed viewers as well as executives at CBS who, she would later recall, asked \"'Who is that girl? Let's give her her own series.'\" That series, previewed in her second \"All in the Family\" appearance, would be simply titled \"Maude\". The show, debuting in 1972, found her living in the affluent community of Tuckahoe, Westchester County, New York, with her fourth husband Walter (Bill Macy) and divorced daughter Carol (Adrienne Barbeau). Her performance in the role garnered Arthur several Emmy and Golden Globe nominations, including her Emmy win in 1977 for Outstanding Lead Actress in a",
"title": "Bea Arthur"
},
{
"id": "6108820",
"text": "All of Us All of Us is an American sitcom that premiered on the now-defunct UPN network in the United States on September 16, 2003, where it aired for its first three seasons. On October 1, 2006, the show moved to The CW, a new network formed by the merger of UPN and The WB (whose sister company Warner Bros. Television produced this series), where it aired for one more season before being cancelled on May 14, 2007. The series, which was loosely based on creator and executive producers Jada Pinkett Smith and Will Smith's own blended family, revolved around",
"title": "All of Us"
},
{
"id": "1834879",
"text": "Carroll O'Connor John Carroll O'Connor (August 2, 1924 – June 21, 2001) was an American actor, producer, and director whose television career spanned four decades. A lifelong member of the Actors Studio, O'Connor first attracted attention as Major General Colt in the 1970 film \"Kelly's Heroes\". The following year, he found fame as the bigoted working man Archie Bunker, the main character in the 1970s CBS television sitcoms \"All in the Family\" (1971–1979) and \"Archie Bunker's Place\" (1979–1983). O'Connor later starred in the NBC/CBS television crime drama \"In the Heat of the Night\" from 1988 to 1995, where he played",
"title": "Carroll O'Connor"
},
{
"id": "1413990",
"text": "Family\" as number four. \"Bravo\" also named the show's protagonist, Archie Bunker, TV's greatest character of all time. In 2013, the Writers Guild of America ranked \"All in the Family\" the fourth-best written TV series ever, and \"TV Guide\" ranked it as the fourth-greatest show of all time. \"All in the Family\" is about a typical working-class Caucasian family living in Queens, New York. Its patriarch is Archie Bunker (O'Connor), an outspoken, narrow-minded man, seemingly prejudiced against everyone who is not like him or his idea of how people should be. Archie's wife Edith (Jean Stapleton) is sweet and understanding,",
"title": "All in the Family"
},
{
"id": "1414010",
"text": "played by Roger Kellaway with lyrics co-written by Carroll O'Connor. It was played over footage of the same row of houses in Queens as in the opening (but moving in the opposite direction down the street), and eventually moving back to aerial shots of Manhattan, suggesting the visit to the Bunkers' home has concluded. O'Connor recorded a vocal version of \"Remembering You\" for a record album, but though he performed it several times on TV appearances, the lyrics (about the end of a romance) were never heard in the actual series. Except for some brief instances in the first season,",
"title": "All in the Family"
},
{
"id": "1267659",
"text": "Early, respectively, with Randolph Mantooth and Kevin Tighe playing paramedics John Gage and Roy DeSoto and Robert Fuller playing Dr. Kelly Brackett, Rampart's Chief of Emergency Medicine. \"Emergency!\" ran as part of NBC's Saturday-night lineup for six entire seasons, and it was a popular series, sometimes winning its time slot against CBS's popular Saturday-night comedy block, which included \"All in the Family.\" The series came to an end in 1977, but it spawned a series of telefilms that ran until 1979. Webb's company and Universal also contracted with animator Fred Calvert to produce a spin-off Saturday-morning cartoon show for NBC",
"title": "Jack Webb"
},
{
"id": "8755708",
"text": "The Barkleys The Barkleys is an American animated television series that ran from 1972 to 1973 on NBC and was produced by DePatie-Freleng Enterprises. The cartoon - inspired by the CBS sitcom \"All in the Family\" - featured an anthropomorphic dog family consisting of Arnie, a bus driver (voiced by Henry Corden) and his wife Agnes (voiced by Joan Gerber). They had two teenagers, Terry and Roger (voiced by Julie McWhirter and Steve Lewis respectively) and one younger child, Chester (voiced by Gene Andrusco). The theme song's lyrics ended with the advice \"Just remember Arnie Barkley's bark is worse than",
"title": "The Barkleys"
},
{
"id": "3415736",
"text": "1979–80 United States network television schedule This was the television schedule on all three United States television networks for the fall season beginning in September 1979. All times are Eastern and Pacific, with a few exceptions, such as \"Monday Night Football\". New fall series are highlighted in bold. Each of the 30 highest-rated shows is listed with its rank and rating as determined by Nielsen Media Research. \"PBS, the Public Broadcasting Service, was in operation but the schedule was set by each local station.\" (*) Formerly known as \"All in the Family\". Note: In November 1979, CBS took \"Paris\" off",
"title": "1979–80 United States network television schedule"
},
{
"id": "12703692",
"text": "injured victims on the scene, while electronically transmitting medical information to, and receiving instructions from, doctors and/or nurses at the fictional Rampart hospital. The show debuted as a mid-season replacement in early 1972, and despite facing the top-rated \"All in the Family\" for most of its run on Saturday nights, \"Emergency!\" managed to gain a large following among young viewers. NBC spun off the show into a Saturday-morning cartoon series entitled \"Emergency +4\", which lasted for two years in the mid-1970s. The prime-time show itself ran for six seasons as a weekly show and two more as a series of",
"title": "Robert A. Cinader"
},
{
"id": "2159771",
"text": "the \"All in the Family\"-style sitcoms; \"Skippy the Bush Kangaroo\" (1969), an Australian children's series, or \"Gentle Ben\" (a decade later, the decidedly not-for-children Australian \"Prisoner: Cell Block H\" would have a brief U.S. syndicated run); and a Canadian sketch-comedy series began appearing on U.S. television stations in 1977—\"Second City Television\", which would eventually find a home, for two seasons, on NBC, as \"SCTV Network 90\" (and on premium cable channel Cinemax by 1983). The Universal/Paramount-produced package of original programming, \"Operation Prime Time\", began appearing on \"ad hoc\" quasi-networks of (almost by necessity) non-network stations in the U.S. in 1978,",
"title": "Broadcast syndication"
},
{
"id": "1709641",
"text": "Bea Arthur Beatrice Arthur (born Bernice Frankel; May 13, 1922 – April 25, 2009) was an American actress, comedian, singer, Marine, and animal rights activist. Arthur began her career on stage in 1947 and made her Broadway debut in \"The Threepenny Opera\" in 1954. She won the 1966 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical for playing Vera Charles in \"Mame\". She went on to play Maude Findlay on the 1970s sitcoms \"All in the Family\" (1971–72) and \"Maude\" (1972–78), and Dorothy Zbornak on the 1980s sitcom \"The Golden Girls\" (1985–92), winning Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress",
"title": "Bea Arthur"
},
{
"id": "8755710",
"text": "1. This collection features all 13 episodes of the series on DVD for the very first time. The Barkleys The Barkleys is an American animated television series that ran from 1972 to 1973 on NBC and was produced by DePatie-Freleng Enterprises. The cartoon - inspired by the CBS sitcom \"All in the Family\" - featured an anthropomorphic dog family consisting of Arnie, a bus driver (voiced by Henry Corden) and his wife Agnes (voiced by Joan Gerber). They had two teenagers, Terry and Roger (voiced by Julie McWhirter and Steve Lewis respectively) and one younger child, Chester (voiced by Gene",
"title": "The Barkleys"
},
{
"id": "3435484",
"text": "704 Hauser 704 Hauser is an American sitcom and a spin-off of \"All in the Family\" (the final of several) that aired on CBS from April 11 to May 9, 1994. The series is built around the concept of a black family, the Cumberbatch Family, moving into the former Queens home of Archie Bunker years after Bunker had sold the house located at 704 Hauser Street. The \"All in the Family\" character Joey Stivic, Archie's grandson (played by Casey Siemaszko), makes a cameo in the first episode. Norman Lear created the series during the time when conservative talk radio was",
"title": "704 Hauser"
},
{
"id": "3127569",
"text": "Isabel Sanford Isabel Sanford (born Eloise Gwendolyn Sanford; August 29, 1917 – July 9, 2004) was an American stage, film, and television actress and comedian best known for her role as Louise \"Weezy\" Mills Jefferson on the CBS sitcoms \"All in the Family\" (1971–1975) and \"The Jeffersons\" (1975–1985). In 1981, she became the second black American actress to win a Primetime Emmy Award, and the first to win for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series. Sanford was born Eloise Gwendolyn Sanford in Harlem, New York City, to Josephine (née Perry) and James Edward Sanford. She was the youngest of",
"title": "Isabel Sanford"
},
{
"id": "1414022",
"text": "because the sales figures did not match Sony's expectations. On June 23, 2010, Shout! Factory announced that it had acquired the rights to the series, and has since released the remaining three seasons. On October 30, 2012, Shout! Factory released \"All in the Family - The Complete Series\" on DVD in Region 1. The 28-disc boxed set features all 208 episodes of the series, as well as bonus features. On February 6, 2018, Sony released \"All in the Family- Seasons 1-5\" on DVD in Region 1. The 15-disc set features all episodes from the first five seasons. As one of",
"title": "All in the Family"
},
{
"id": "1666020",
"text": "Pictures Home Entertainment has released all six seasons of \"Sanford and Son\" on Region 1 DVD between August 2002 and June 2005, with a \"Complete Series\" box set following in 2008. Sanford and Son Sanford and Son is an American sitcom that ran on the NBC television network from January 14, 1972, to March 25, 1977. It was based on the BBC Television program \"Steptoe and Son\". Known for its edgy racial humor, running gags and catchphrases, the series was adapted by Norman Lear and considered NBC's answer to CBS's \"All in the Family\". \"Sanford and Son\" has been hailed",
"title": "Sanford and Son"
},
{
"id": "3166114",
"text": "Gloria Stivic Gloria Stivic (née Bunker), is a fictional character played by Sally Struthers on the American situation comedy \"All in the Family\" (which aired on the CBS television network from 1971 until 1979) and the spin-off series \"Gloria\" (CBS, 1982–83). She was the only child of Archie and Edith Bunker, and she was married to—and eventually divorced from -- Michael Stivic. She was born 11 months after Edith and Archie were married as stated in the episode \"The Longest Kiss\" (Season 5, Episode 10). Gloria was often caught in the middle of arguments between her liberal husband Michael and",
"title": "Gloria Stivic"
},
{
"id": "2673733",
"text": "also dubbed their characters for the full series. Louise Jefferson, played by Isabel Sanford, first appeared in the \"All in the Family\" episode \"Lionel Moves Into the Neighborhood\", which was broadcast on March 2, 1971. The episode, the eighth of the series, centers on Louise, her son Lionel, and her husband George's moving next door to Archie and Edith Bunker in the working-class section of Queens. Lionel, played by Mike Evans, first appeared in \"Meet the Bunkers\", the premiere episode of \"All in the Family\". Norman Lear created the character of George Jefferson specifically for Hemsley. Lear originally intended for",
"title": "The Jeffersons"
},
{
"id": "2673736",
"text": "1975 episode of \"All in the Family\", titled \"The Jeffersons Move Up\", Edith Bunker gave a tearful good-bye to her neighbor Louise Jefferson, as her husband George, their son Lionel, and she moved from a working-class section of Queens, New York into a luxury apartment in Manhattan. \"The Jeffersons\" premiered the following week, on January 18, 1975. George's career as a dry-cleaner began in the first season of \"All in the Family\", in the third episode, \"Oh, My Aching Back\" (though the character himself did not appear on-camera). After his car was rear-ended by a bus, he filed a civil",
"title": "The Jeffersons"
},
{
"id": "20204683",
"text": "for That Kind of Love”; along with “I’m Just Wild About Harry.” She was nominated for a Drama Desk Award for her Broadway debut. The show’s original cast includes: Gregory Hines, Maurice Hines, Alaina Reed, Janet Powell, Marion Ramsey, Ethel Beatty, Terry Burrell, Leslie Dockery, Lonnie McNeil, Jeffery V. Thompson, Melvin Johnson Jr. A member of Negro Actors Guild of America (NAG), Godfrey also appeared in film and television, including 704 Hauser, a Norman Lear sitcom, created as an African American spinoff to All in the Family. Godfrey has also originated several theatre roles, including The Snow Queen, which she",
"title": "Lynnie Godfrey"
},
{
"id": "8678219",
"text": "Mel Stewart Milton \"Mel\" Stewart (September 19, 1929 – February 24, 2002) was an American character actor, television director, and musician who appeared in numerous films and television shows from the 1960s to the 1990s. He is best known for playing Henry Jefferson on the popular television series \"All in the Family\" and for playing section chief Billy Melrose on the television series \"Scarecrow and Mrs. King\". Stewart is sometimes credited as Melvin Stewart or Mel Stuart. Mel Stewart began his acting career in 1959 with small roles in TV and films. In the early 1960s, Stewart also appeared in",
"title": "Mel Stewart"
},
{
"id": "3166120",
"text": "a fully qualified veterinarian's assistant, while raising Joey as a single mother. Over the course of the show, she became romantically involved with Clark V. Uhley, Jr., another assistant who worked in the same practice. Gloria Stivic Gloria Stivic (née Bunker), is a fictional character played by Sally Struthers on the American situation comedy \"All in the Family\" (which aired on the CBS television network from 1971 until 1979) and the spin-off series \"Gloria\" (CBS, 1982–83). She was the only child of Archie and Edith Bunker, and she was married to—and eventually divorced from -- Michael Stivic. She was born",
"title": "Gloria Stivic"
},
{
"id": "3684286",
"text": "Role in a Comedy Series\". In September 1972, the program returned as \"The Sandy Duncan Show\", with a revised format and new writers; it also had a new time slot, on Sunday at 8:30 p.m. Critical reaction to the show was similar to that for \"Funny Face\", but without the strong Saturday night lead-in of \"All in the Family\", the ratings sank. After 13 episodes, CBS cancelled the series. In 1976, Duncan played the title role in a TV musical adaptation of \"Pinocchio\", which featured Danny Kaye as \"Mister Geppetto\" and Flip Wilson as \"the Fox\". She also guest-starred in",
"title": "Sandy Duncan"
},
{
"id": "17232188",
"text": "In order to give the show the maximum possible exposure to new viewers, CBS aired \"Friends and Lovers\" on Saturday at 8:30 p.m. between two blockbuster hit situation comedies, \"All in the Family\" at 8:00 p.m. and \"The Mary Tyler Moore Show\" at 9:00 p.m. – arguably the best time slot for a new series in the autumn of 1974. The show also received much publicity, touted as the \"sleeper\" hit of the fall 1974 season. James L. Brooks and Allan Burns created and were the executive producers of the show. Writers included Linda Bloodworth-Thomason, Gordon Farr, Lowell Ganz, Steve",
"title": "Friends and Lovers (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "11779621",
"text": "New York City in 1939. Ross then served as a bomber pilot in United States Army Air Forces during World War II. Ross, along with longtime business partner Bernie West, made his mark in the 1970s with the breakout TV situation comedy, “All in the Family,” for which he won a writing Emmy in 1973. After partnering on such earlier shows as \"The Garry Moore Show\" and \"The Martha Raye Show\", Ross went on to scribe and serve as executive producer for the \"All in the Family\" spin-off \"The Jeffersons\", about an African-American family living on Manhattan’s Upper East Side.",
"title": "Michael Ross (screenwriter)"
},
{
"id": "3502385",
"text": "the bellboy; and Mr. Claymore, the hotel owner. \"Checking In\" premiered on CBS on April 9, 1981, and lasted for only four episodes in the Thursday, 8:00 p.m. EST timeslot. Faced with low ratings, the series was cancelled, with the final episode airing on April 30, 1981. Gibbs then returned to her regular role on \"The Jeffersons\" and it was explained that the St. Frederick Hotel had burned down. \"Checking In\" was one of the few \"All in the Family\" spin-off series that was not successful, unlike \"The Jeffersons\", \"Maude\" and \"Good Times\". Nick at Nite reaired the entire series.",
"title": "Checking In"
},
{
"id": "1834891",
"text": "friend and favorite actor. CBS was unsure whether the controversial subject matter of \"All in the Family\" would fit well into a sitcom. Racial issues, ethnicities, religions, class, education, women's equality, gun control, politics, inflation, the Vietnam war, energy crisis, Watergate and other timely topics of the 1970s were addressed. Like its British predecessor \"Till Death Us Do Part\", the show lent dramatic social substance to the traditional sitcom format. Archie Bunker's popularity made O'Connor a top-billing star of the 1970s. O'Connor was afraid of being typecast for playing the role, but at the same time, he was protective of",
"title": "Carroll O'Connor"
},
{
"id": "1565261",
"text": "his dog, Steve, and renamed them Peter and Brian, respectively. MacFarlane pitched a seven-minute pilot to Fox in 1998, and the show was greenlit and began production. Shortly after the third season of \"Family Guy\" had aired in 2002, Fox canceled the series with one episode left unaired. Adult Swim aired that episode in 2003, finishing the series' original run. However, favorable DVD sales and high ratings for syndicated reruns on Adult Swim convinced the network to renew the show in 2004 for a fourth season, which began airing on May 1, 2005. Since its debut on January 31, 1999,",
"title": "Family Guy"
},
{
"id": "3827283",
"text": "character of Mother Dexter also joined the household. Aired between two popular shows – \"Rhoda\" and \"All in the Family\" – on Monday nights, Phyllis instantly became a top ten hit. Cloris Leachman won a Golden Globe Award for Best Lead Actress in a Comedy Series, and was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series. The sitcom was the sixth highest-rated television series for the 1975–76 television season (at the time ranking higher than both \"Rhoda\" and \"The Mary Tyler Moore Show\"). The series premise was reworked somewhat for the second season. Erskine Photography",
"title": "Phyllis (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "8566946",
"text": "The Addams Family (1964 TV series) The Addams Family is an American television series based on the characters from Charles Addams' \"New Yorker\" cartoons. The 30-minute series was created by David Levy and Donald Saltzman and shot in black-and-white, airing for two seasons on ABC from September 18, 1964, to April 8, 1966, for a total of 64 episodes. It is often compared to its CBS rival, \"The Munsters\", which ran for the same two seasons and achieved somewhat higher Nielsen ratings. The show is also notable for its opening theme that was composed by Vic Mizzy. The show was",
"title": "The Addams Family (1964 TV series)"
},
{
"id": "2673743",
"text": "changed time slots at least 15 different times during its 11-year run, unusual for a popular long running series. The most common time slot was on Sunday night. In its first season (1974–75), the show ranked at number four, surpassed by its parent series \"All in the Family\" (which landed at number one for the fifth year in a row). The show's ratings for the following two seasons placed it in the Top 30, but during the 1977–78 and 1978–79 seasons (the show's fourth and fifth seasons), it fell out of the top 30. It returned to the Top 10",
"title": "The Jeffersons"
},
{
"id": "12836325",
"text": "gay couples to be depicted on an American television series. Because of the subject matter, the show was the first ABC network show to have a warning at its opening, cautioning viewers about mature themes. (\"All in the Family\", also produced by Lear, ran a similar disclaimer when it debuted in 1971 on CBS, but ceased doing so with its second telecast.) The network supported the show and gave it a full publicity campaign, but it failed to win an audience and was canceled after 13 episodes. Its last telecast was June 6, 1975. WJZ-TV, then ABC's Baltimore affiliate, never",
"title": "Hot l Baltimore"
},
{
"id": "1414023",
"text": "US television's most acclaimed and groundbreaking programs, \"All in the Family\" has been referenced or parodied in countless other forms of media. References on other sitcoms include \"That '70s Show\" and \"The Simpsons\". The animated series \"Family Guy\" pays homage to \"All in the Family\" in the opening sequence which features Peter and Lois Griffin playing the piano and singing a lament on the loss of traditional values, and also paid tribute to the show's closing credits sequence at the end of the season 5 episode \"Stewie Loves Lois\". Popular T-shirts, buttons, and bumper stickers showing O'Connor's image and farcically",
"title": "All in the Family"
},
{
"id": "6244082",
"text": "George Jefferson George Jefferson is a fictional character played by Sherman Hemsley on the American television sitcoms \"All in the Family\" (from 1973 until 1975) and its spin-off \"The Jeffersons\" (1975–1985), in which he serves as the program's protagonist. He is the only character to appear in all 253 episodes of \"The Jeffersons\". George Jefferson was born in Harlem in 1929, an ambitious African-American entrepreneur who started and managed a successful chain of seven dry cleaning stores in New York City. The only background on the Jefferson family is that they were Alabama sharecroppers. In a very early episode, George's",
"title": "George Jefferson"
},
{
"id": "18277886",
"text": "January 20, 1973. It faced tough competition in its time slot from CBSs \"All in the Family\" and drew low ratings despite its critical acclaim. It was cancelled after the broadcast of its thirteenth episode on April 21, 1973. The show aired at 8:30 p.m. on Saturday throughout its run. ABC broadcast reruns of the show in prime time on Saturday evenings on April 28, 1973, and from May 12 to June 16, 1973. Sources A Touch of Grace A Touch of Grace is an American sitcom that was based on the British series \"For the Love of Ada\" starring",
"title": "A Touch of Grace"
},
{
"id": "1414002",
"text": "Contemporary chart in early 1972; the additional lyrics in this longer version lend the song a greater sense of sadness, and make poignant reference to social changes taking place in the 1960s and early 1970s. Those Were The Days Boy, the way Glenn Miller played Songs that made the hit parade Guys like us, we had it made Those were the days! And you knew where you were then Girls were girls, and men were men Mister, we could use a man like Herbert Hoover again Didn't need no welfare state Everybody pulled his weight Gee, our old LaSalle ran",
"title": "All in the Family"
},
{
"id": "4806220",
"text": "with Sidney Poitier and Beau Bridges in \"For Love of Ivy\", and received a 1969 Golden Globe nomination for her appearance in the film. Television appearances began in 1968 with \"The Name of the Game\". In March 1969 for WGBH-TV Boston, in one of a 10-episode series of individual dramas written, produced and performed by blacks, \"On Being Black,\" was her work in Alice Childress's \"Wine in the Wilderness.\" She later appeared in \"\" (1971), the telemovie \"Short Walk to Daylight\" (1972), \"Marcus Welby, M.D.\" (1974), and \"All in the Family\" (1978). In the 1990 Spike Lee movie \"Mo' Better",
"title": "Abbey Lincoln"
},
{
"id": "12836326",
"text": "carried the show, but instead, carried alternative programming, leaving Baltimore viewers to have to watch the show on WMAL (now WJLA), ABC's Washington, D.C. affiliate. This series is notable as the first failure for Lear after a streak of mega-hit TV series, beginning with \"All in the Family\" (1971) and continuing with \"Sanford and Son\" (1972), \"Maude\" (1972), \"Good Times\" (1974), and \"The Jeffersons\" (1975), the last of which premiered six days before this show. Hot l Baltimore Hot l Baltimore is an American sitcom adapted from an off-Broadway play of the same name by Lanford Wilson. The show took",
"title": "Hot l Baltimore"
},
{
"id": "1413997",
"text": "Part\" had been. While CBS insisted on color, Lear had the set furnished in neutral tones, keeping everything relatively devoid of color. As costume designer Rita Riggs described in her 2001 Archive of American Television interview, Lear's idea was to create the feeling of sepia tones, in an attempt to make viewers feel as if they were looking at an old family album. \"All in the Family\" was the first major American series to be videotaped in front of a live studio audience. In the 1960s, most sitcoms had been filmed in the single-camera format without audiences, with a laugh",
"title": "All in the Family"
},
{
"id": "3415747",
"text": "seasons and four TV films (the first five seasons aired on NBC). The series was briefly rerun on TV Land in 2002 and 2003, including the unaired \"Gloria\" pilot. The last episode did air in a marathon along with the final episodes of \"All in the Family\", \"The Jeffersons\" and \"Gloria\". The series is currently shown on Antenna TV as of August 2018. Whereas \"All in the Family\" had been inspired by a British series, \"Till Death Us Do Part\", \"Archie Bunker's Place\" would eventually inspire creator Johnny Speight to produce a sequel to the British series. \"In Sickness and",
"title": "Archie Bunker's Place"
},
{
"id": "1414016",
"text": "is exactly the same either way. \"Sammy's Visit,\" first broadcast in February 1972, is a particularly notable episode, whose famous episode-ending scene produced the longest sustained audience laughter in the history of the show. Guest star Sammy Davis, Jr. plays himself. Archie is moonlighting as a cab driver and Davis visits the Bunker home to retrieve a briefcase he left in Archie's cab earlier that day. After hearing Archie's bigoted remarks, Davis asks for a photograph with him. At the moment the picture is taken, Davis suddenly kisses a stunned Archie on the cheek. The ensuing laughter went on for",
"title": "All in the Family"
},
{
"id": "7914435",
"text": "Louise Jefferson Louise Jefferson (née Mills) was a supporting character, portrayed by Emmy Award-winning actress Isabel Sanford, who appeared first on the television series \"All in the Family\". She later became one of the main characters in its spinoff series, \"The Jeffersons\". Her role lasted from 1971 to 1985, from her debut on \"All in the Family\" through the final episode of \"The Jeffersons\". She was often referred to as \"Weezie\" by her on-screen husband, George Jefferson, and sometimes as \"Mrs. J.\" by her neighbor Archie Bunker. She was first introduced on \"All in the Family\" as a neighbor of",
"title": "Louise Jefferson"
},
{
"id": "1786458",
"text": "The first animated television series was \"Crusader Rabbit\". Animated sitcoms first appeared in the 1960s, with \"The Flintstones\" (1960–1966), followed by \"The Jetsons\" (1962–1987). From 1972 to 1974, Hanna-Barbera produced \"Wait Till Your Father Gets Home\", an adult-oriented sitcom in the style of \"All in the Family\". The 1980s and 1990s was a renaissance of the cartoon children's television series and adult's television series. Various broadcast networks and media companies began creating television channels and formats designed specifically for airing cartoon series. Companies that already had these types of formats in place began to revamp their existing models during this",
"title": "Animated series"
},
{
"id": "3930401",
"text": "Fred Silverman Fred Silverman (born September 13, 1937) is an American television executive and producer. He worked as an executive at all of the Big Three television networks, and was responsible for bringing to television such programs as the series \"Scooby-Doo\" (1969–present), \"All in the Family\" (1971–1979), \"The Waltons\" (1972–1981), and \"Charlie's Angels\" (1976–1981), as well as the miniseries \"Rich Man, Poor Man\" (1976), \"Roots\" (1977) and \"Shōgun\" (1980). For his success in programming wildly popular shows, \"Time\" magazine declared him \"the man with the Golden gut\" in 1977. Silverman was born in New York City, the son of a",
"title": "Fred Silverman"
},
{
"id": "3127554",
"text": "occasional roles on \"All in the Family\", but were given their own spin-off, \"The Jeffersons\", two years after Hemsley made his debut on the sitcom. \"The Jeffersons\" proved to be one of Lear's most successful series, enjoying a run of 11 seasons through 1985. Hemsley continued to work steadily after the show's cancellation, largely typecast in George Jefferson–like roles. He teamed with the sitcom's original cast members when \"The Jeffersons\" moved to Broadway for a brief run. He later joined the cast of NBC's \"Amen\" in 1986 as Deacon Ernest Frye, a church deacon. The sitcom enjoyed a run of",
"title": "Sherman Hemsley"
},
{
"id": "11766125",
"text": "Bob Schiller Robert Achille Schiller (November 8, 1918 – October 10, 2017) was an American screenwriter. He worked extensively with fellow producer/screenwriter Bob Weiskopf on numerous television shows in the United States, including \"I Love Lucy\" (1955–1957) and \"All in the Family\" (1977–1979) on the CBS network. For the latter series, he received an Emmy Award in 1978 as one of the writers of the episode \"Cousin Liz.\" Schiller was born in San Francisco, California, the son of Lucille E. (Block) and Roland E. Schiller, a manufacturer. Schiller began writing for television in 1950. His credits include the 1955 CBS",
"title": "Bob Schiller"
},
{
"id": "9690420",
"text": "Los Beltrán Los Beltrán (in English, \"\"The Beltrans\"\") was a Spanish-language situation comedy series, which aired on the U.S.-based network Telemundo from 1999 to 2001. Although canceled after two seasons, \"Los Beltrán\" received a number of media awards. \"Los Beltrán\" was the first sitcom in two decades to deal with the Cuban American experience (following the PBS bilingual sitcom \"¿Qué Pasa, USA?\", which aired from 1977 to 1980) and the first-ever Spanish-language entertainment series to feature sympathetic gay characters as regulars. The series was based broadly on the 1970s U.S. sitcom \"All in the Family\", by Norman Lear, and on",
"title": "Los Beltrán"
},
{
"id": "6037580",
"text": "Joey Stivic Joseph Michael \"Joey\" Stivic is a fictional character who first appeared on the 1970s American sitcom \"All in the Family\". Joey Stivic was the son and only child of Mike Stivic (played by Rob Reiner) and Gloria Stivic (played by Sally Struthers), and the grandson of Archie Bunker (Carroll O'Connor) and Edith Bunker (Jean Stapleton). The character first appeared as a newborn baby in a two-part episode of \"All in the Family\" that aired in December 1975. After many appearances on \"All in the Family\" until Reiner and Struthers left the series in 1978 (by that time, Joey",
"title": "Joey Stivic"
},
{
"id": "3435486",
"text": "\"All in the Family\" formula. Ernie and Rose Cumberbatch were working class Democrats, while their son Goodie was a conservative activist and his girlfriend, Cherlyn Markowitz (Maura Tierney), was white and Jewish. Audiences did not respond favorably to the show, which was canceled after five episodes (with one episode remaining unaired). In the second episode of the first season of \"All in the Family \"(\"Writing the President\"), Archie mentions a black friend of his from \"the old neighborhood\" named Roundtree Cumberbatch; Mike replies that he thinks the name is made up. The pilot episode, \"Meet the Cumberbatchs\", was included as",
"title": "704 Hauser"
},
{
"id": "4193626",
"text": "production. Many assumed the show's title was itself an implicit reference to Timothy Leary's pro-drug maxim, \"Turn on, tune in, drop out\". The network eventually replaced \"Turn On\" with a revival of \"The King Family Show\". The controversy led ABC to reject a pilot written by Norman Lear, stating that the lead character was \"foul-mouthed, and bigoted\", out of fear that it might anger its affiliates again. CBS liked it, picked it up as \"All in the Family\", and began airing it in 1971. In 2002, \"Turn-On\" was ranked number 27 on \"TV Guide's\" 50 Worst TV Shows of All",
"title": "Turn-On"
},
{
"id": "658611",
"text": "of which were originally published in \"The New Yorker\" between their debut in 1938 and Charles Addams' death in 1988. They have since been adapted to other media. In 1964, a live-action television series, starring John Astin and Carolyn Jones, premiered on ABC and subsequently inspired a 1977 television film and cameos from the cast in other shows. An unrelated animated series aired in 1973. The franchise was revived in the 1990s with a feature film series consisting of \"The Addams Family\" (1991) and \"Addams Family Values\" (1993). Both received nominations for Academy Awards, BAFTA Awards, and Hugo Awards. For",
"title": "The Addams Family"
},
{
"id": "2850066",
"text": "role as Travis Younger in \"Raisin\". For which, he won the 1973 Drama Desk Award for Most Promising Performer as well as the 1974 Theatre World Award, and a nomination for the 1974 Tony Award in the category for Best Supporting or Featured Actor in a Musical. Norman Lear was enjoying huge success in the 1970s, with the hit televisions series \"All in the Family\", \"Sanford and Son\" and \"Maude\". In February 1974, Maude's housekeeper, Florida Evans (portrayed by Esther Rolle), was given her own spin off series, \"Good Times\". John Amos, who had also appeared on \"Maude\" as Florida's",
"title": "Ralph Carter"
},
{
"id": "1413998",
"text": "track simulating an audience response. Lear employed the multiple-camera format of shooting in front of an audience, but used tape, whereas previous multiple-camera shows like \"Mary Tyler Moore\" had used film. Due to the success of \"All in the Family\", videotaping sitcoms in front of an audience became a common format for the genre during the 1970s, '80s, and '90s. The use of videotape also gave \"All in the Family\" the look and feel of early live television, including the original live broadcasts of \"The Honeymooners\", to which \"All in the Family\" is sometimes compared. For the show's final season,",
"title": "All in the Family"
},
{
"id": "2673735",
"text": "appear on \"All in the Family\" until 1975, when the spin-off \"The Jeffersons\", also created by Lear, premiered. The characters of Lionel's biracial fiancée, Jenny, and her family, all of whom first appeared in the 1974 \"All in the Family\" episode \"Lionel's Engagement\", were also written into the new series. However, the roles were all recast, with Berlinda Tolbert taking over the role of Jenny, veteran actor Franklin Cover playing her father, Tom Willis, whose first name was changed from Louis, as it was in their first \"AITF\" appearance, and Roxie Roker as her mother, Helen. During the January 11,",
"title": "The Jeffersons"
},
{
"id": "16310244",
"text": "first season featured people who might be related to a celebrity, and the show contestants tried to guess the name of the celebrity. The celebrity was then brought out to entertain the audience. In the second season, the show became a musical comedy show. One of the few surviving episodes is available online at TV4U. This is the December 9, 1951 episode, hosted by Hayes and Healy, and featuring Duke Ellington, Gloria LeRoy, and Andy Russell. Star of the Family (TV program) Star of the Family is a CBS Television program which premiered on September 22, 1950 and aired until",
"title": "Star of the Family (TV program)"
},
{
"id": "1834899",
"text": "Bells\" with vocals by Country Music Hall of Fame members Little Jimmy Dickens, Kitty Wells, Pee Wee King, the Marksmen Quartet, Bobby Wright, Johnnie Wright and Ken Holloway. In 1973, his fraternity conferred its highest honor, the Sigma Phi Epsilon Citation, on him. Carroll O'Connor and Edie Falco are the only actors to have won the lead acting Emmy Awards in both the comedy and drama series categories. In July 1991, O'Connor, Jean Stapleton, Reiner, and Sally Struthers were reunited to celebrate the 20th anniversary of \"All in the Family\". Due to reruns which aired in syndication, TV Land, Antenna",
"title": "Carroll O'Connor"
},
{
"id": "5957959",
"text": "cast. Anne Whitfield, who played Claudia's daughter Penelope on the radio version, simultaneously played Claudia on the TV show. It also had different theme music, \"Deserted Mansion.\" All versions of the show were written, cast, produced and directed by Carlton E. Morse. One Man's Family One Man's Family is an American radio soap opera, heard for almost three decades, from 1932 to 1959. Created by Carlton E. Morse, it was the longest-running uninterrupted dramatic serial in the history of American radio. Television versions of the series aired in prime time from 1949 to 1952 and in daytime from 1954 to",
"title": "One Man's Family"
},
{
"id": "7239217",
"text": "similar to \"The Simpsons\" seven years earlier. Created by comedian Eddie Murphy, the series \"The PJs\" debuted in January 1999. The show was a minor success similar to \"The Critic\", but the show’s high budget caused it to be moved to The WB in 2001, where it lasted one season. Seth MacFarlane's animated series \"Family Guy\" premiered after Super Bowl XXXIII in 1999. The show was cancelled in 2000, but fan petitions convinced Fox to renew it for a third season. After its third season ended in 2002, the network cancelled the series again and reruns soon began airing on",
"title": "Fox cartoons"
},
{
"id": "16644986",
"text": "medical consultants who helped with the script, as well as a \"Contaminated Evidence\" blooper reel. In its original American broadcast on 3 May 2011, \"All in the Family\" was seen by 10.20 million viewers, according to Nielsen ratings. Among viewers between ages 18 and 49, it received a 2.0 rating/9 share. This means that it was seen by 2 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 9 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast. This episode achieved a much lower number of viewers than the previous episode, \"Society Hill\", but a higher number",
"title": "All in the Family (Body of Proof)"
},
{
"id": "4837073",
"text": "U.S.), CBS's \"The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour\", and NBC's \"Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In\". During the months leading up to the 1968 presidential election, Richard Nixon appeared on \"Laugh-In\" and repeated the program's catch-phrase \"Sock it to me.\" Other forms of satire of the 1960s and early 1970s typically used the sitcom format, such as the show \"All in the Family\". When \"Saturday Night Live\" debuted in 1975, the show began to change the way that comedians would depict the president on television. Chevy Chase opened the fourth episode of the show with his impersonation of a bumbling Gerald Ford. Chase",
"title": "Political satire"
},
{
"id": "19610282",
"text": "The 200th Episode Celebration of All in the Family \"The 200th Episode Celebration of \"All in the Family\"\" is a 90-minute retrospective of the American television sitcom \"All in the Family\" starring Carroll O'Connor, Jean Stapleton, Rob Reiner and Sally Struthers which aired on Sunday, March 4, 1979 at 8:00 p.m. EST on CBS. It was directed by Walter C. Miller, hosted by Norman Lear and videotaped on February 19, 1979 in front of a live audience at Mark Taper Forum of the Los Angeles Music Center in Los Angeles, California. The special celebrates the 200th episode of \"All in",
"title": "The 200th Episode Celebration of All in the Family"
},
{
"id": "3726358",
"text": "and a Jewish cab driver (Bernie), whom she had met at a bus stop. With a primetime slot between \"All in the Family\" and \"The Mary Tyler Moore Show\" on Saturday nights, the situation comedy was #5 in the ratings among all shows for the 1972-73 television season and obtained a 24.2 rating, tying with \"The NBC Sunday Mystery Movie.\" However, CBS executives canceled the show in response to negative reactions to the characters' marriage, making it the highest-rated television program to be canceled after only one season. Supporting cast members included Audra Lindley, David Doyle, Harold J. Stone, Ned",
"title": "Bridget Loves Bernie"
}
] | when did all in the family first air |
[
"Real Madrid"
] | [
{
"id": "546622",
"text": "culminates with the final match in May. The winner of the UEFA Champions League qualifies for the UEFA Super Cup and the FIFA Club World Cup. Real Madrid is the most successful club in the competition's history, having won the tournament 13 times, including its first five seasons. Spanish clubs have accumulated the highest number of victories (18 wins), followed by England and Italy (12 wins apiece). England has the largest number of winning teams, with five clubs having won the title. The competition has been won by 22 clubs, 12 of which have won it more than once. The",
"title": "UEFA Champions League"
},
{
"id": "6271941",
"text": "Bayern Munich. A total of 12 clubs have won the tournament multiple times: the three forementioned clubs, along with Liverpool, Ajax, Barcelona, Inter Milan, Manchester United, Benfica, Nottingham Forest, Juventus, and Porto. A total of 17 clubs have reached the final without ever managing to win the tournament. Clubs from ten countries have provided tournament winners. Spanish clubs have been the most successful, winning a total of 17. Italy and England are joint-second with 12, while the other multiple-time winners are Germany with seven, Netherlands with six, and Portugal with four. The only other countries to provide a tournament winner",
"title": "European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics"
},
{
"id": "142699",
"text": "Hotspur, who went into the Europa League. Between the 1992–93 and the 2017–18 seasons, Premier League clubs won the UEFA Champions League four times (and had six runners-up), behind Spain's La Liga with eleven wins, and Italy's Serie A with five wins; ahead of, among others, Germany's Bundesliga with three wins. The FIFA Club World Cup (originally called the FIFA Club World Championship) has been won once by a Premier League club (Manchester United in 2008), with two runners-up (Liverpool in 2005, Chelsea in 2012), behind Spain's La Liga with six wins, Brazil's Brasileirão with four wins, and Italy's Serie",
"title": "Premier League"
},
{
"id": "8953257",
"text": "competitions. Successful teams in recent European competitions are Real Madrid, FC Barcelona, Sevilla, Athletic Bilbao, Valencia CF and Atlético Madrid. Real Madrid and Barcelona have dominated for much of their history, and created an intimate rivalry. Real Madrid has been dubbed by many pundits as the most successful club in the world, having won the UEFA Champions League a record 13 times, almost all other UEFA club competitions at least once and the La Liga a record 33 times. Barcelona has been European champions 5 times, and won La Liga on 25 occasions. Other teams such as Atlético Madrid, Sevilla",
"title": "Sport in Spain"
},
{
"id": "11009787",
"text": "win came in 2012 when Chelsea F.C. beat FC Bayern Munich on penalties at the Allianz Arena after the game ended 1-1 in extra time. A record five teams have won Europe's premier club competition: Liverpool five times, the second English team to retain the cup (1977, 1978, 1981, 1984, 2005), Manchester United three times (1968, 1999, 2008), Nottingham Forest twice, being the second English team to retain the European Cup (1979, 1980), Aston Villa once (1982) and Chelsea once (2012). English clubs also hold the records for the most consecutive tournament victories by clubs from one country (six wins",
"title": "English clubs in the European Cup and UEFA Champions League"
},
{
"id": "10591963",
"text": "UEFA club competition records and statistics Real Madrid hold the record for the most overall titles (22) and Milan with most UEFA Super Cup wins (5), a record shared with Barcelona. The Madrilenian club have record thirteen were achieved in the UEFA Champions League and its predecessor. Barcelona have a record four titles in the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup while Sevilla have a record of five UEFA Cup and Europa League titles. Finally, German clubs Hamburg, Schalke 04 and Stuttgart, and Spanish club Villarreal are the record holders by titles won in the UEFA Intertoto Cup (2 each). To date,",
"title": "UEFA club competition records and statistics"
},
{
"id": "11009786",
"text": "English clubs in the European Cup and UEFA Champions League The UEFA Champions League (previously known as the European Cup) is a seasonal club football competition organised by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) since 1955 for the most successful football clubs in Europe. The prize, the European Champion Clubs' Cup, is considered the most prestigious club trophy in the sport. As of the end of the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League season, English clubs have twelve European Cup wins along with clubs from Italy. Incidentally, Real Madrid from Spain have won this many by themselves. The most recent English",
"title": "English clubs in the European Cup and UEFA Champions League"
},
{
"id": "6271946",
"text": "are taken both over time and between nations. Regardless, the following clubs all won competitions further to \"the\" treble mentioned above: Juventus, Ajax, Bayern Munich, Chelsea and Manchester United are also the only teams to have won the three major UEFA official Cups, namely UEFA Champions League/European Cup, UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, and UEFA Cup/Europa League. Juventus was the first club in association football history—and remain the only one at present—to have won all official continental tournaments and the world champions title. Chelsea became the first club to hold the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Europa League trophies simultaneously",
"title": "European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics"
},
{
"id": "546650",
"text": "Six clubs have earned this honour: Real Madrid, Ajax, Bayern Munich, Milan, Liverpool and Barcelona. Since then instead the club which wins three years in a row or five overall receives a conmemorative badge to wear permanently on their uniform. The current trophy is tall and made of silver, weighing . It was designed by Jörg Stadelmann, a jeweller from Bern, Switzerland, after the original was given to Real Madrid in 1966 in recognition of their six titles to date, and cost 10,000 Swiss francs. As of the 2012–13 season, 40 gold medals are presented to the Champions League winners,",
"title": "UEFA Champions League"
},
{
"id": "11009802",
"text": "a victory over Barcelona in the opening group game. English clubs in the European Cup and UEFA Champions League The UEFA Champions League (previously known as the European Cup) is a seasonal club football competition organised by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) since 1955 for the most successful football clubs in Europe. The prize, the European Champion Clubs' Cup, is considered the most prestigious club trophy in the sport. As of the end of the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League season, English clubs have twelve European Cup wins along with clubs from Italy. Incidentally, Real Madrid from Spain have",
"title": "English clubs in the European Cup and UEFA Champions League"
},
{
"id": "11438859",
"text": "occasions. Between the 1992–93 and 2012–13 seasons, Premier League clubs had won the UEFA Champions League four times (as well as supplying five of the runners-up), behind Spain's La Liga with six wins, and Italy's Serie A with five wins, and ahead of, among others, Germany's Bundesliga with three wins (see table here). The FIFA Club World Cup (or the FIFA Club World Championship, as it was originally called) has been won by Premier league clubs once (Manchester United in 2008), and they have also been runners-up twice, behind Brazil's Série A with four wins, and Spain's La Liga and",
"title": "English football clubs in international competitions"
},
{
"id": "6271948",
"text": "the Champions League era but who were unsuccessful, all making it to the final: Of the 22 teams that have won the trophy, 14 have never defended it. Only four of these have won the trophy more than once, and so have had more than one attempt to do so. These are: During the Champions League era, only one title holder has failed to qualify from the group stage: Five clubs have won all their games in a group stage. Real Madrid are the first and only club to achieve this feat twice in 2011–12 and 2014–15. Only one club",
"title": "European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics"
},
{
"id": "6271947",
"text": "by winning 2011–12 UEFA Champions League and 2012–13 UEFA Europa League. A total of 63 tournaments have been played, 37 in the European Cup era (1955–56 to 1991–92) and 26 in the Champions League era (1992–93 to 2017–18). 15 of the 62 attempts to defend the trophy (24.19%) have been successful, split between 8 teams. These are: Between the two eras of this competition, this breaks down as: The only team to successfully defend the trophy in the Champions League era is Real Madrid (twice), who won in 2015–16, 2016–17 and 2017–18. The teams closest to defending the trophy in",
"title": "European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics"
},
{
"id": "6271942",
"text": "are Scotland, Romania, Yugoslavia, and France. Greece, Belgium and Sweden have all provided losing finalists. Clubs from a total of 35 European cities have participated in the tournament final. Clubs from 21 cities have provided winners, with the clear city leaders being Madrid (winning twelve) and Milan (winning ten); though both Milan and Inter Milan have helped the city of Milan be successful, only Real Madrid have won it for the city of Madrid, with Atlético Madrid losing all three of their finals (albeit two of these were against city rivals Real Madrid, therefore by the time of these two",
"title": "European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics"
},
{
"id": "546619",
"text": "UEFA Champions League The UEFA Champions League (abbreviated as UCL) is an annual club football competition organised by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) and contested by top-division European clubs. It is one of the most prestigious tournaments in the world and the most prestigious club competition in European football, played by the national league champions (and, for some nations, one or more runners-up) of the strongest UEFA national associations. The UEFA Champions League final is the most watched annual sporting event worldwide. The final of the 2012–13 tournament had the highest TV ratings to date, drawing 360 million",
"title": "UEFA Champions League"
},
{
"id": "6271940",
"text": "European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics This page details statistics of the European Cup and Champions League. Unless notified these statistics concern all seasons since inception of the European Cup in the 1955–56 season, including qualifying rounds of the UEFA Champions League as per \"Competition facts\"; all goals scored before league phase(s) count as \"qualifying goals\". A total of 22 clubs have won the tournament since its 1955 inception, with Real Madrid being the only team to win it thirteen times, including the first five. Only two other clubs have reached ten or more finals: Milan and",
"title": "European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics"
},
{
"id": "7959512",
"text": "times, and only one to win three in a row. A total of 12 clubs have won the tournament multiple times: the forementioned club, along with Liverpool, Juventus, Internazionale, Atlético Madrid, Borussia Mönchengladbach, Tottenham Hotspur, Real Madrid, IFK Göteborg, Parma, Feyenoord, Porto. A total of 32 clubs have reached the final without ever managing to win the tournament. Clubs from eleven countries have provided tournament winners. Spanish clubs have been the most successful, winning a total of eleven. Italy is second with nine while the other multiple-time winners are England with eight, Germany with six, Netherlands with four, Portugal, Sweden",
"title": "UEFA Cup and Europa League records and statistics"
},
{
"id": "19735450",
"text": "two UEFA Cup finals (winning in 1985 and 1986). Real Madrid are only the third team since the competition's rebranding as the Champions League to reach three consecutive finals after Milan in 1995 and Juventus in 1998. They are the first team in the Champions League era, and the fourth overall, to win three straight finals, a feat only achieved by the Real Madrid side of the 1950s, as they went on to win a record five successive finals, as well as the Ajax and Bayern Munich squads of the 1970s in 1973 and 1976, respectively. Liverpool reached their eighth",
"title": "2018 UEFA Champions League Final"
},
{
"id": "442310",
"text": "European Cup Winners' Cup/UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League), a feat that is no longer possible for any team that did not win the Cup Winners' Cup. There are currently eight teams throughout Europe that have won two of the three trophies; all but one have won the Cup Winners' Cup, four require a win in the Champions League and four require a UEFA Europa League win. Juventus of Italy was the first team in Europe—remaining the only one to date (2015)—to win all UEFA's official championships and cups and, in commemoration of achieving that feat, have",
"title": "UEFA"
},
{
"id": "13252021",
"text": "Manchester United F.C. in European football Manchester United Football Club is an English football club based in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester. They were the first English club to enter European competition, entering the European Cup in 1956. Since then, the club has competed in every UEFA-organised competition, with the exception of the now-defunct Intertoto Cup. The competition in which the club has had the most success is the European Cup (now known as the UEFA Champions League); they have won three European Cups, the first of which came in 1968; this win made them the first English club to win",
"title": "Manchester United F.C. in European football"
},
{
"id": "13869780",
"text": "the Torinese club the only one worldwide in reach that achievement. One of the most titled clubs in the sport, Juventus is Italy's second most successful team in European competitions and the eight club with the most official international tournaments won in the world, having won eleven official trophies: the UEFA Champions League (formerly known as the European Champions' Cup) twice, European Cup Winners' Cup once, the UEFA Europa League (formerly known as the UEFA Cup) thrice, the UEFA Intertoto Cup once, the UEFA Super Cup twice and the Intercontinental Cup twice; being a finalist in nine occasions (seven in",
"title": "Juventus F.C. in European football"
},
{
"id": "10591964",
"text": "only five clubs have won all three main UEFA club competitions at different points in their history, the \"European Treble\" of European Cup/UEFA Champions League, European/UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, and UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League. Although the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup no longer exists, there are 27 teams that have won it in the past who could still add wins in the other two competitions to achieve this UEFA treble, with nine of those teams just one trophy away from the feat. Juventus has received, in recognition of being the first side in European football history to win all three major",
"title": "UEFA club competition records and statistics"
},
{
"id": "18871299",
"text": "headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> With their win, Real Madrid secured a record-extending twelfth title in the European Cup/Champions League and became the first club to win back-to-back titles in the Champions League era. This was the club's third title win in four seasons; a feat that has only occurred thrice before – Real Madrid (1956–60), Ajax (1971–73) and Bayern Munich (1974–76). Real Madrid has not lost a final in the Champions League era, with their last defeat occurring in 1981. The victory also saw Madrid secure their first League – European Cup double since the 1957–58 season. Madrid's first",
"title": "2017 UEFA Champions League Final"
},
{
"id": "19001981",
"text": "2017–18 UEFA Champions League The 2017–18 UEFA Champions League was the 63rd season of Europe's premier club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the 26th season since it was renamed from the European Champion Clubs' Cup to the UEFA Champions League. The final was played between Real Madrid and Liverpool at the NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium in Kiev, Ukraine. Real Madrid, the defending champions, beat Liverpool 3–1 to win a record-extending 13th title and their third title in a row. As winners, Real Madrid qualified as the UEFA representative for the 2018 FIFA Club World Cup in the United Arab Emirates,",
"title": "2017–18 UEFA Champions League"
},
{
"id": "13735279",
"text": "followed by the UEFA Super Cup later that year. In 2012 Chelsea won the UEFA Champions League, the fifth English team, and the first from London, to win the competition. In 2013 Chelsea won the UEFA Europa League to become the fourth club to win all three main UEFA club competitions. Chelsea are presently England's third-most successful club in Europe, with five trophies in total. John Terry holds the club record for appearances in European competitions with 124, while striker Didier Drogba is the club's leading European goalscorer with 36 goals. Chelsea's biggest European win is 13–0, which came against",
"title": "Chelsea F.C. in international football competitions"
},
{
"id": "18221920",
"text": "The all-Madrid final also guaranteed the city of Madrid becoming the most successful city in the European Cup with 11 wins and 17 final appearances, and also in all UEFA club competitions with 16 wins, overtaking the city of Milan with 10 wins and 16 final appearances in the European Cup and 15 wins in all UEFA club competitions. Real Madrid reached a record 14th final after a 1–0 aggregate win against Manchester City, with a chance to win a record 11th title. Previously, they won finals in 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1966, 1998, 2000, 2002, and 2014, and",
"title": "2016 UEFA Champions League Final"
},
{
"id": "19735461",
"text": "was the fifth consecutive title for a Spanish side in the Champions League, becoming the longest run for the trophy to be held by teams from the same country since English sides won six consecutive titles between 1977 and 1982. Manager Zinedine Zidane became the first to win three consecutive Champions League titles and matched Carlo Ancelotti's record of Champions League era wins. Five days after the final, Zidane announced that he would step down as manager in favour of a \"different voice\". Cristiano Ronaldo became the first player to win the Champions League five times, surpassing the record set",
"title": "2018 UEFA Champions League Final"
},
{
"id": "6271975",
"text": "rise to the top of continental football in the European game's history, guided by their uniquely gifted manager Brian Clough, as they defeated Swedish side Malmö FF 1–0 in the Munich final. The next year, Forest beat Hamburg at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium by the same scoreline to defend the trophy successfully in 1980 and remain the only side to win the competition more times (twice) than their own domestic league (once). Liverpool returned to the final in 1981 where they picked up their third trophy with a 1–0 win over Real Madrid in Paris. Another club from England, Aston",
"title": "European Cup and UEFA Champions League history"
},
{
"id": "10591967",
"text": "order). Notably, French manager Arsène Wenger is the only manager who has been runner-up in all three major UEFA club competitions. He finished runner-up in the 1991–92 European Cup Winners' Cup with Monaco and in the 1999–2000 UEFA Cup and 2005–06 UEFA Champions League with Arsenal. The table below shows the only manager to have won all international tournaments recognised by UEFA and FIFA. UEFA club competition records and statistics Real Madrid hold the record for the most overall titles (22) and Milan with most UEFA Super Cup wins (5), a record shared with Barcelona. The Madrilenian club have record",
"title": "UEFA club competition records and statistics"
},
{
"id": "546628",
"text": "the most goals scored, with Real Madrid beating Eintracht Frankfurt 7-3 in Hampden Park, courtesy of four goals by Ferenc Puskás and a hat-trick by Alfredo Di Stéfano. This was Real Madrid's fifth consecutive title, a record that still stands today. Real Madrid’s reign ended in the 1960–61 season when bitter rivals Barcelona dethroned them in the first round. Barcelona themselves, however, would be defeated in the final by Portuguese side Benfica 3–2 at Wankdorf Stadium. Reinforced by Eusébio, Benfica defeated Real Madrid 5–3 at the Olympic Stadium in Amsterdam and kept the title for a second, consecutive season. Benfica",
"title": "UEFA Champions League"
},
{
"id": "367462",
"text": "season was 76,234, the highest in European Leagues. Real has also set records in Spanish football, most notably the most domestic titles (33 as of 2016–17) and the most seasons won in a row (five, during 1960–65 and 1985–90). With 121 matches (from 17 February 1957 to 7 March 1965), the club holds the record for longest unbeaten run at home in La Liga. The club also hold the record for winning the European Cup/UEFA Champions League thirteen times and for the most semi-final appearances (28). As of April 2016, Cristiano Ronaldo is the all-time top scorer in the UEFA",
"title": "Real Madrid C.F."
},
{
"id": "12950078",
"text": "UEFA Champions League, during the early years of the competition, they have since won the trophy five times, with their first win in 1992. Barcelona have moved to the second place of the ranking of Europe’s most successful clubs in terms of international trophies won, just behind Real Madrid. In the second part of 2015, with the UEFA Super Cup victory in Tbilisi against Sevilla and the FIFA Club World Cup victory in Yokohama against River Plate meant the Catalans have won 20 different titles, behind Real Madrid's 25. In the tables, \"(H)\" denotes home ground, \"(A)\" denotes away ground",
"title": "FC Barcelona in international football competitions"
},
{
"id": "1849712",
"text": "to entering the tournament all teams other than the host nations (which qualify automatically) compete in a qualifying process. The championship winners earn the opportunity to compete in the following FIFA Confederations Cup, but are not obliged to do so. The 15 European Championship tournaments have been won by ten national teams: Germany and Spain each have won three titles, France has two titles, and Soviet Union, Italy, Czechoslovakia, Netherlands, Denmark, Greece and Portugal have won one title each. To date, Spain is the only team in history to have won consecutive titles, doing so in 2008 and 2012. It",
"title": "UEFA European Championship"
},
{
"id": "9765579",
"text": "the 2017–18 Premier League to qualify for the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League. Key Key to colours: Liverpool F.C. in European football Liverpool Football Club, an English professional association football club, is Britain's most successful team in Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) competitions. Since 1964, they have won eleven European trophies: the UEFA Champions League (formerly known as the European Cup) five times, the UEFA Europa League (formerly known as the UEFA Cup) three times, and the UEFA Super Cup three times. Qualification for European competitions is determined by a team's success in its domestic league and cup competitions from",
"title": "Liverpool F.C. in European football"
},
{
"id": "19735449",
"text": "Madrid reached a record 16th final after a 4–3 aggregate win against German side Bayern Munich, knocking them out of the competition for the second consecutive season. This was Real Madrid's third consecutive final, and fourth final in five tournaments with an opportunity to win a record 13th title. Previously they won finals in 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1966, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2014, 2016 and 2017; and lost in 1962, 1964 and 1981. This was also their 20th final in all seasonal UEFA competitions, having also played in two Cup Winners' Cup finals (losing in 1971 and 1983) and",
"title": "2018 UEFA Champions League Final"
},
{
"id": "6271944",
"text": "and runners-up (Red Star Belgrade and Sparta Prague in 1992, Rangers and IFK Göteborg in 1993) of the two groups are marked as semi-finalists in the table. \"See also Treble (association football) and Tuples in association football.\" Although not an officially recognised achievement, seven clubs have achieved the distinction of winning the Champions League or European Cup, their domestic championship, and their primary domestic cup competition in the same season, known colloquially as \"the treble\": Liverpool in 1984 won the English First Division and the European Cup. However, this 'treble' included the Football League Cup rather than the FA Cup.",
"title": "European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics"
},
{
"id": "19735445",
"text": "2018 UEFA Champions League Final The 2018 UEFA Champions League Final was the final match of the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League, the 63rd season of Europe's premier club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the 26th season since it was renamed from the European Cup to the UEFA Champions League. It was played at the NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium in Kiev, Ukraine on 26 May 2018, between Spanish side and defending champions Real Madrid, who had won the competition in each of the last two seasons, and English side Liverpool. Real Madrid won the final 3–1 for their third consecutive and",
"title": "2018 UEFA Champions League Final"
},
{
"id": "6272013",
"text": "against Juventus made Real Madrid the first team ever to repeat in the Champions League era, and the first to win consecutive titles in the competition since A.C. Milan in 1989 and 1990, when the tournament was known as the European Cup. Real Madrid’s title was its 12th, extending its record, and its third in four years. The achievement is also known as \"La Duodécima\". Real Madrid won their third title in a row in 2018 against Liverpool in Kyiv, with a great overhead bicycle goal by Gareth Bale, joined by a long-range goal from the Welshman too, the match",
"title": "European Cup and UEFA Champions League history"
},
{
"id": "9765532",
"text": "Liverpool F.C. in European football Liverpool Football Club, an English professional association football club, is Britain's most successful team in Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) competitions. Since 1964, they have won eleven European trophies: the UEFA Champions League (formerly known as the European Cup) five times, the UEFA Europa League (formerly known as the UEFA Cup) three times, and the UEFA Super Cup three times. Qualification for European competitions is determined by a team's success in its domestic league and cup competitions from the previous season. Liverpool competed in European competitions for 21 consecutive seasons until the 1985 European",
"title": "Liverpool F.C. in European football"
},
{
"id": "838495",
"text": "eighth trophy as manager when Real defeated Grêmio in the 2017 FIFA Club World Cup in the United Arab Emirates. On 26 May, Zidane won the Champions League for the third time in a row, beating Liverpool 3–1 in the final. He became one of three managers, alongside Bob Paisley and Carlo Ancelotti, to win the European Cup three times, while also becoming the first manager to win the trophy in three consecutive seasons. On 31 May, five days after the Champions League Final, Zidane announced his resignation as Real Madrid manager, citing the club's \"need for change\" as his",
"title": "Zinedine Zidane"
},
{
"id": "10591966",
"text": "competitions. (chronological order). The table below show the only six players who have won all international tournaments recognised by UEFA and FIFA (chronological order). Includes UEFA Champions League (UCL), UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (CWC), UEFA Europa League (UEL), UEFA Intertoto Cup (UIC), UEFA Super Cup (USC), Intercontinental Cup (IC) Bold = Still active Includes UEFA Champions League (UCL), UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (UCWC), UEFA Europa League (UEL), UEFA Intertoto Cup (Int), UEFA Super Cup (SC), Intercontinental Cup (IC) Bold = Still active The table below show the only two managers who have won all three major UEFA club competitions (chronological",
"title": "UEFA club competition records and statistics"
},
{
"id": "14011636",
"text": "UEFA awarding Juventus with the UEFA Plaque, four other clubs have won the three main European competitions: Ajax (1992), Bayern Munich (1996), Chelsea (2013) and Manchester United (2017). The UEFA Plaque The UEFA Plaque is an honorary recognition given by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) to Italian side Juventus Football Club when they won all three major , namely the European Champions Clubs’ Cup or Champions League, Cup Winners' Cup and UEFA Cup or Europa League (first team in European football history to do so). The award consists of a rectangular silver plaque on which are superimposed three",
"title": "The UEFA Plaque"
},
{
"id": "546649",
"text": "a referee must step down at the end of his season. The age limit was established to ensure an elite level of fitness. Today, UEFA Champions League referees are required to pass a fitness test even to be considered at the international level. Each year, the winning team is presented with the European Champion Clubs' Cup, the current version of which has been awarded since 1967. Any team that wins the Champions League three years in a row or five times overall wins the right to retain a full-sized replica of the trophy (UEFA retains the original at all times).",
"title": "UEFA Champions League"
},
{
"id": "266488",
"text": "UEFA Champions League, one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, one UEFA Super Cup and one Intercontinental Cup. The club holds the record for most top-division titles (20) – including a record 13 Premier League titles – and FA Community Shields (21). It was also the first English club to win the European Cup in 1968, and, , is the only British club to have won the Club World Cup, in 2008. United also became the sole British club to win the Intercontinental Cup, in 1999. The club's most recent trophy came in May 2017, with the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League. In",
"title": "Manchester United F.C."
},
{
"id": "2828611",
"text": "a club with no prior titles which won six titles in a row would have been permanently awarded trophies after the third and sixth wins (each for three-in-a-row) but not after their fifth win. A club whose Champions League title win was not a fifth overall or third consecutive previously kept the real trophy for ten months after their victory and received a scaled-down replica to keep permanently. Since 2009, the real trophy remains with UEFA at all times, but the winning club now receives a full-sized replica with their name engraved on it. Five clubs have kept the real",
"title": "European Champion Clubs' Cup"
},
{
"id": "266426",
"text": "record 21 FA Community Shields. United have also won three UEFA Champions Leagues, one UEFA Europa League, one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, one UEFA Super Cup, one Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup. In 1998–99, the club became the first in the history of English football to achieve the continental European treble. By winning the UEFA Europa League in 2016–17, they became one of five clubs to have won all three main UEFA club competitions, and the only English club to have won every competition available to them. The 1958 Munich air disaster claimed the lives of eight",
"title": "Manchester United F.C."
},
{
"id": "20508928",
"text": "ranking and the most valuable sports team in the world. Real are the current holders of the European Cup (UEFA Champions League) having won the competition a record 13 times. The latest of their 33 La Liga title came in 2017. Their successful hometown rivals, Atlético Madrid, are also well-supported in the city and play their home games at the Wanda Metropolitano. Their supporters are referred to as \"Atléticos or Colchoneros\" (The Mattressers), in reference to the team's red and white jersey colours. Atlético is considered a European elite team, having reached in the last five seasons, two UEFA Champions",
"title": "Football in Madrid"
},
{
"id": "367445",
"text": "the 2016–17 La Liga for a record 33rd time, their first title in five years. On 3 June, the club's Champions League Final win against Juventus resulted in Real Madrid being the first team to successfully defend their title in the UEFA Champions League era, and the first to win consecutive titles in the competition since Milan in 1989 and 1990, when the tournament was known as the European Cup. Real Madrid's title was its 12th, extending its record, and its third in four years. The achievement is also known as \"\"La Duodécima\"\". The 2016–17 season was the greatest campaign",
"title": "Real Madrid C.F."
},
{
"id": "9212011",
"text": "Spanish football clubs in international competitions Football clubs from La Liga (Spain) have been the most successful in Europe. Real Madrid have been crowned champions of Europe on 13 separate occasions. La Liga clubs have won 60 major European trophies between them, more than any other league. Real Madrid have won 22 titles in total while Barcelona have won 14, and Atlético Madrid have contributed another 8 , while Sevilla have won 6. Deportivo La Coruña have been regulars in the UEFA Champions League while Athletic Bilbao, RCD Espanyol, Alavés and RCD Mallorca have all contested major finals. Even smaller",
"title": "Spanish football clubs in international competitions"
},
{
"id": "3705879",
"text": "as UEFA Champions League, UEFA Super Cup, and UEFA Europa League ; and they also were the most successful in the extinct Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. The most successful clubs in international competitions are Real Madrid and Barcelona. In addition, other Spanish clubs have also won titles in international tournaments, such as Atlético Madrid, Valencia, Sevilla, Real Zaragoza, Villarreal, Deportivo de La Coruña, Celta de Vigo and Málaga. Spanish football clubs hold different records in international competitions. Real Madrid is the most successful club in the European Cup/UEFA Champions League. They have won 13 titles and were runners-up three times. Real",
"title": "Football in Spain"
},
{
"id": "11521991",
"text": "group stage prior to the 2018 tournament. Unlike its European and South American counterparts, the winners of the CONCACAF Champions League do not automatically qualify for the following season's competition. The competition was originally known as the CONCACAF Champions' Cup when it was first organized in 1962. The title has been won by 28 clubs, 17 of which have won the title more than once. Mexican clubs have accumulated the highest number of victories, with 34 titles in total. The second most successful league has been Costa Rica's Primera División with six titles in total. Mexican side Club América are",
"title": "CONCACAF Champions League"
},
{
"id": "546623",
"text": "reigning champions are Real Madrid, who secured their 13th title in the competition after defeating Liverpool 3–1 in the 2018 final. Thus, they became the first team in the UEFA Champions League era to win the title for three years in a row. The first pan-European tournament was the Challenge Cup, a competition between clubs in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Mitropa Cup, a competition modelled after the Challenge Cup, was created in 1927, an idea of Austrian Hugo Meisl, and played between Central European clubs. In 1930, the Coupe des Nations (), the first attempt to create a cup for",
"title": "UEFA Champions League"
},
{
"id": "96955",
"text": "a season since 1963. In 2012, caretaker manager Roberto Di Matteo led Chelsea to their seventh FA Cup, and their first UEFA Champions League title, beating Bayern Munich 4–3 on penalties, the first London club to win the trophy. In 2013, interim manager Rafael Benítez guided Chelsea to win the UEFA Europa League against Benfica, helping them become the first club to hold two major European titles simultaneously and one of five clubs, and the first British club followed by Manchester United, to have won all three of UEFA's major club competitions. In the summer of 2013, Mourinho returned as",
"title": "Chelsea F.C."
},
{
"id": "14904610",
"text": "League, after becoming the first Champions League holders to be eliminated in the group stage. With this triumph, they became the first Champions League holders to win the Europa League, since the 2013 Champions League Final had not been played then. Chelsea also became the fourth club, and first in England, to win all three major UEFA club titles, having won the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1971 and 1998, and still held the Champions League title won for the first time the previous year. Chelsea were also the first team since Manchester United in the 1991 European Cup Winners'",
"title": "2013 UEFA Europa League Final"
},
{
"id": "546625",
"text": "Budapest Honvéd, Hanot finally managed to convince UEFA to put into practice such a tournament. It was conceived in Paris in 1955 as the European Champion Clubs' Cup. The first edition of the European Cup took place during the 1955–56 season. Sixteen teams participated: Milan (Italy), AGF Aarhus (Denmark), Anderlecht (Belgium), Djurgården (Sweden), Gwardia Warszawa (Poland), Hibernian (Scotland), Partizan (Yugoslavia), PSV Eindhoven (Netherlands), Rapid Wien (Austria), Real Madrid (Spain), Rot-Weiss Essen (West Germany), Saarbrücken (Saar), Servette (Switzerland), Sporting CP (Portugal), Stade de Reims (France), and Vörös Lobogó (Hungary). The first European Cup match took place on 4 September 1955, and",
"title": "UEFA Champions League"
},
{
"id": "96986",
"text": "to win the UEFA Champions League, after beating Bayern Munich in the 2012 final. Upon winning the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League, Chelsea became the first English club to win all four European trophies and the only club to hold the Champions League and the Europa League at the same time. Chelsea Football Club were founded by Gus Mears in 1905. After his death in 1912, his descendants continued to own the club until 1982, when Ken Bates bought the club from Mears' great-nephew Brian Mears for £1. Bates bought a controlling stake in the club and floated Chelsea on the",
"title": "Chelsea F.C."
},
{
"id": "6271976",
"text": "Villa, won the competition in 1982 with a 1–0 win over Bayern Munich at Feijenoord Stadion, Rotterdam. Hamburg then won the final in 1983, beating Juventus 1–0 in a final that, for the first time in seven years, featured no English side. Liverpool, however, were back in 1984 to defeat Roma in their own stadium, the Stadio Olimpico, in a penalty shoot-out after the teams were tied 1–1, becoming the first team to win the trophy four times since Real Madrid in the 1950s. The match is best known for the antics of Liverpool goalkeeper Bruce Grobbelaar. As Roma's Bruno",
"title": "European Cup and UEFA Champions League history"
},
{
"id": "2191928",
"text": "Champions League and the winners of the UEFA Cup, which was renamed the UEFA Europa League in 2009. The current holders are Spanish club Atlético Madrid, who won 4–2 against Real Madrid in 2018. The most successful teams in the competition are Barcelona and Italian side Milan, who have won the trophy five times each. The European Super Cup was created in 1971 by Anton Witkamp, a reporter and later sports editor of Dutch newspaper \"De Telegraaf\". The idea came to him in a time when Dutch total football was Europe's finest and Dutch football clubs were living their golden",
"title": "UEFA Super Cup"
},
{
"id": "19735451",
"text": "final, their first since 2007, after a 7–6 aggregate win against Italian side Roma. They have won the final on five occasions (1977, 1978, 1981, 1984 and 2005), and have lost twice (1985 and 2007). This was also their 13th final in UEFA seasonal competitions, having played in one Cup Winners' Cup final (losing in 1966) and four UEFA Cup/Europa League finals (winning in 1973, 1976 and 2001; and losing in 2016). Liverpool were the first team since Bayern Munich in 2011–12 to reach the final having qualified for the competition through the play-off round. This was also the most",
"title": "2018 UEFA Champions League Final"
},
{
"id": "18871288",
"text": "in 1985 and 1996, and lost a record six in 1973, 1983, 1997, 1998, 2003 and 2015. This was also their 14th final in all seasonal UEFA competitions, having also played in one Cup Winners' Cup final (winning in 1984) and four UEFA Cup finals (winning in 1977, 1990 and 1993, and losing in 1995). If they were to lose, Juventus would tie Benfica's record of five consecutive finals lost. Title holders Real Madrid reached a record 15th final after a 4–2 aggregate win against city rivals Atlético Madrid, knocking them out of the competition for the fourth consecutive season.",
"title": "2017 UEFA Champions League Final"
},
{
"id": "470399",
"text": "the Intercontinental Cup (now FIFA Club World Cup). With a combined ten Champions League titles, Milan is second after Madrid as city that have won the most European Cups. They are the most successful clubs in the world of football in terms of international trophies. Both teams play at the UEFA 5-star-rated Giuseppe Meazza Stadium, more commonly known as the San Siro, that is one of the biggest stadiums in Europe, with a seating capacity of over 80,000. The Meazza Stadium hosted the 2016 UEFA Champions League Final, in which Real Madrid defeated Atlético Madrid 5–3 in a penalty shoot",
"title": "Milan"
},
{
"id": "546651",
"text": "and 40 silver medals to the runners-up. As of 2018–19, the fixed amount of prize money paid to the clubs is as follows: This means that at best, a club can earn €82,450,000 of prize money under this structure, not counting shares of the qualifying rounds, play-off round or the market pool. A large part of the distributed revenue from the UEFA Champions League is linked to the \"market pool\", the distribution of which is determined by the value of the television market in each nation. For the 2014–15 season, Juventus, who were the runners-up, earned nearly €89.1 million in",
"title": "UEFA Champions League"
},
{
"id": "2828613",
"text": "remains UEFA property, it is no longer given to a team that wins a fifth overall or third consecutive title. However, the multiple-winner badge is still awarded to such clubs. Liverpool therefore became the last ever team to be permanently awarded the trophy. Six teams have won five overall or three consecutive titles: A separate \"title-holder logo\" is worn by the reigning Champions League champions in the following season's competition in place of the regular patch worn by the other competing teams. The logo is predominantly dark blue and was introduced in 2004–05, with Porto as the defending champions. The",
"title": "European Champion Clubs' Cup"
},
{
"id": "442306",
"text": "beach soccer competitions for UEFA members are organised externally by Beach Soccer Worldwide. The Italian, German, Spanish, French and Russian men's national teams are the sole teams to have won the European football championship in all categories. The top-ranked UEFA competition is the UEFA Champions League, which started in the 1992/93 season and gathers the top 1–4 teams of each country's league (the number of teams depend on that country's ranking and can be upgraded or downgraded); this competition was re-structured from a previous one that only gathered the top team of each country (held from 1955 to 1992 and",
"title": "UEFA"
},
{
"id": "7420763",
"text": "Cup. However, Celtic are the only team to have won the European Cup (now known as the UEFA Champions League), Europe's premier competition. Celtic won this cup in 1967 becoming the first British team to do so. Their victory is an important one in football history with the competition being won with a team comprising no players born more than thirty miles (48 km) from the home of the club, Celtic Park. The most successful teams over the years have been the Old Firm: Rangers and Celtic. With Rangers having won more major trophies than any other team in professional",
"title": "Sport in Scotland"
},
{
"id": "15754114",
"text": "finals (losing in 1971 and 1983) and two UEFA Cup finals (winning in 1985 and 1986). It was the fourth Champions League final for their current coach Carlo Ancelotti, who previously coached Milan to victories in 2003 and 2007 and defeat in 2005, equalling the record shared by Alex Ferguson, and Miguel Muñoz. He joined Bob Paisley as the only manager to have won three titles, and also became the fifth manager to win titles with two different clubs, after Ernst Happel, Ottmar Hitzfeld, José Mourinho, and Jupp Heynckes. Atlético Madrid, who a week earlier had won their first La",
"title": "2014 UEFA Champions League Final"
},
{
"id": "19735446",
"text": "13th overall Champions League title, becoming the first team to achieve three back-to-back titles since Bayern Munich defeated Saint-Étienne in the 1976 European Cup Final; it was additionally their fourth title in five seasons. They also earned the right to play the winners of the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League, Atlético Madrid, in the 2018 UEFA Super Cup and to enter the semi-finals of the 2018 FIFA Club World Cup. They also qualified to enter the group stage of the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League, but since they already qualified through their league performance, the berth reserved was given to the champions",
"title": "2018 UEFA Champions League Final"
},
{
"id": "4047416",
"text": "Carlo Ancelotti Carlo Ancelotti (; born 10 June 1959) is an Italian former professional footballer and current football manager of Napoli. Ancelotti is one of only three managers to have won the UEFA Champions League three times (twice with Milan and once with Real Madrid), and one of only two to have managed teams in four finals. He has won the FIFA Club World Cup twice, managing Milan and Real Madrid. Ancelotti is also one of seven people to have won the European Cup or Champions League as both a player and a manager. He is regarded as one of",
"title": "Carlo Ancelotti"
},
{
"id": "13007379",
"text": "FC Porto in international football competitions Futebol Clube do Porto, an association football team based in Porto, is the most decorated Portuguese team in international club competitions. They have won two UEFA Champions League titles (in 1987, as the European Cup, and 2004), two UEFA Europa League titles (in 2003, as the UEFA Cup, and 2011), one UEFA Super Cup (in 1987), and two Intercontinental Cups (in 1987 and 2004), for a total of seven international trophies. In addition, they were Cup Winners' Cup runners-up in 1984 – their first European final – and lost three other UEFA Super Cup",
"title": "FC Porto in international football competitions"
},
{
"id": "15754113",
"text": "and Valencia, and the fifth final between teams from the same country, the others being 2003 (Italy), 2008 (England), and 2013 (Germany). Real Madrid reached a record 13th final after a 5–0 aggregate win against defending champions Bayern Munich, making it the first time the club had reached the final since they won their record ninth title in 2002. Previously they won finals in 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1966, 1998, 2000, and 2002, and lost in 1962, 1964, and 1981. This was also their 17th final in all UEFA club competitions, having also played in two Cup Winners' Cup",
"title": "2014 UEFA Champions League Final"
},
{
"id": "546652",
"text": "total, of which €30.9 million was prize money, compared with the €61.0 million earned by Barcelona, who won the tournament and were awarded €36.4 million in prize money. Like the FIFA World Cup, the UEFA Champions League is sponsored by a group of multinational corporations, in contrast to the single main sponsor typically found in national top-flight leagues. When the Champions League was created in 1992, it was decided that a maximum of eight companies should be allowed to sponsor the event, with each corporation being allocated four advertising boards around the perimeter of the pitch, as well as logo",
"title": "UEFA Champions League"
},
{
"id": "202336",
"text": "five successive league titles, equalling the all-time record before 2017, when Juventus won the sixth successive league title. They have won the Champions League three times: two back-to-back in 1964 and 1965 and then another in 2010; the last completed an unprecedented Italian treble with the Coppa Italia and the \"Scudetto\". The club has also won three UEFA Cups, two Intercontinental Cups and one FIFA Club World Cup. Javier Zanetti holds the records for both total appearances and Serie A appearances for Inter, with 858 official games played in total and 618 in Serie A. Giuseppe Meazza is Inter's all-time",
"title": "Inter Milan"
},
{
"id": "13869783",
"text": "the Intercontinental Cup, in 1985, since it was restructured by the European Confederation and Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (CONMEBOL)'s organizing committee five years beforehand; being awarded with The UEFA Plaque by the confederation's president Jacques Georges on 12 July 1988 at Geneva, Switzerland. Juventus' biggest-margin win in UEFA club competitions is a 7–0 victory over Lechia Gdańsk in the 1983–84 European Cup Winners' Cup, Valur in the 1986–87 European Champions' Cup and Olympiacos in the 2003–04 UEFA Champions League. Alessandro Del Piero holds the club record for the most appearances (130) and goals scored on that stage (53). \"Juventus' score",
"title": "Juventus F.C. in European football"
},
{
"id": "367417",
"text": "20th Century by the IFFHS on 11 May 2010. In June 2017, the team succeeded in becoming the first club to win back to back Champions Leagues, then made it three in a row in May 2018, extending their lead atop the UEFA club rankings. Real Madrid's origins go back to when football was introduced to Madrid by the academics and students of the \"Institución Libre de Enseñanza\", which included several Cambridge and Oxford University graduates. They founded \"(Sociedad) Sky Football\" in 1897, commonly known as \"La Sociedad\" (The Society) as it was the only one based in Madrid, playing",
"title": "Real Madrid C.F."
},
{
"id": "2828607",
"text": "European Champion Clubs' Cup The European Champion Clubs' Cup, also known as Coupe des Clubs Champions Européens, or simply the European Cup, is a trophy awarded annually by UEFA to the football club that wins the UEFA Champions League. The competition in its older format shared its name with the trophy, being also known as the \"European Cup\", before being renamed for the 1992–93 season onwards. Several different physical trophies have had the name, as a club was entitled to keep the cup after five wins or three consecutive wins, with a new cup having to be forged for the",
"title": "European Champion Clubs' Cup"
},
{
"id": "6271952",
"text": "Arsenal 5–1 on 15 February 2017, The run ended after a home defeat to Real Madrid 1–2 on 12 April 2017.<ref> European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics This page details statistics of the European Cup and Champions League. Unless notified these statistics concern all seasons since inception of the European Cup in the 1955–56 season, including qualifying rounds of the UEFA Champions League as per \"Competition facts\"; all goals scored before league phase(s) count as \"qualifying goals\". A total of 22 clubs have won the tournament since its 1955 inception, with Real Madrid being the only team",
"title": "European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics"
},
{
"id": "21005190",
"text": "FC Bayern Munich in international football competitions FC Bayern Munich are a football club based in the city of Munich in Bavaria, Germany. Founded in 1900, they have been competing in UEFA competitions since the 1960s and have become one of the most successful teams in Europe, winning seven major continental trophies including five Champions Cup/Champions League titles and are ranked joint 3rd among all clubs across the continent in this regard. Bayern are by far Germany's most successful international representatives: no other teams from that nation have won Europe's premier competition more than once, or have more than two",
"title": "FC Bayern Munich in international football competitions"
},
{
"id": "367416",
"text": "La Liga titles, 19 Copa del Rey, 10 Supercopa de España, a Copa Eva Duarte, and a Copa de la Liga. In European and worldwide competitions, the club has won a record 25 trophies; a record 13 European Cup/UEFA Champions League titles, two UEFA Cups and four UEFA Super Cups. In international football, they have achieved a record six club world championships. Real Madrid was recognised as the FIFA Club of the 20th Century on 11 December 2000, and received the FIFA Centennial Order of Merit on 20 May 2004. The club was also awarded Best European Club of the",
"title": "Real Madrid C.F."
},
{
"id": "19735460",
"text": "the net. A second chance on goal for Ronaldo in the 93rd minute of play was interrupted by a pitch invader, who was captured by stadium stewards. The \"home\" team (for administrative purposes) was determined by an additional draw held after the semi-final draw, which was held on 13 April 2018, 13:00 CEST, at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Real Madrid became the first team since Bayern Munich in 1974–76 to win three consecutive UEFA Champions Leagues or European Cups. The title was Madrid's 13th, another Champions League record, and their fourth in five years. Real Madrid's victory",
"title": "2018 UEFA Champions League Final"
},
{
"id": "842073",
"text": "body in Greater Manchester, and is committed to its promotion and development. Manchester United F.C. are one of the world's best-known football teams, and in 2008 and 2017 \"Forbes\" estimated that they were the world's richest club. They have won the League Championship a record twenty times (most recently in 2012-2013), the FA Cup twelve times, the Football League Cup five times and have been European Champions three times. Their Old Trafford ground has hosted the FA Cup Final England international matches and the 2003 UEFA Champions League Final between Juventus and A.C. Milan. Manchester City F.C. moved from Maine",
"title": "Greater Manchester"
},
{
"id": "6906658",
"text": "group runners-up qualified for the quarter finals as opposed to all the second-placed teams. It was also the first to have two qualifying rounds instead of just one. After three years of entering the UEFA Cup, champions of smaller nations returned to the Champions League. For the first time, the runners-up of eight domestic leagues (three teams: Germany (Bayer Leverkusen, Bayern Munich, Borussia Dortmund as UEFA Champions League title holder); two teams: England (Newcastle United, Manchester United), France (Monaco, Paris Saint-Germain), Netherlands (Feyenoord, PSV Eindhoven), Italy (Juventus, Parma), Portugal (Porto, Sporting CP), Spain (Barcelona, Real Madrid) and Turkey (Beşiktaş, Galatasaray)",
"title": "1997–98 UEFA Champions League"
},
{
"id": "17697121",
"text": "AFC Ajax in European football AFC Ajax is one of the most successful football clubs in Europe. There are only three clubs in the history of the game to have won the European Cup/Champions League titles (won four times by Ajax) three times consecutively. Only Real Madrid and Bayern Munich have achieved this feat aside from Ajax. Furthermore, Ajax have won the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup once, the UEFA Cup once, the UEFA Super Cup three times, the Intercontinental Cup twice and the International Football Cup once. The club has also appeared in three additional finals finishing as runners-up. In",
"title": "AFC Ajax in European football"
},
{
"id": "10849686",
"text": "to the broader Castile (historical region)). In the modern era, the Madrid Derby is the second biggest derby in Spanish football, behind El Clásico, and although Real Madrid have the larger worldwide fanbase, Atlético Madrid have also amassed a significant worldwide fanbase, due to their level of success in the UEFA Champions League. Real Madrid is the most successful club in the UEFA Champions League, having won it thirteen times. Atlético Madrid have never won the Champions League, though they have reached the final on three occasions (losing twice against Real Madrid), and they have also won the UEFA Europa",
"title": "Madrid Derby"
},
{
"id": "367446",
"text": "in terms of trophies won in the history of Real Madrid. Real Madrid won the 2017 UEFA Super Cup 2–1 against Manchester United. Five days later, Real Madrid beat Barcelona at the Camp Nou in the first leg of the 2017 Supercopa de España, before winning the second leg 2–0, ending a 24 consecutive scoring record of Barcelona in \"El Clásico\" matches, and with a 5–1 aggregate score. Real Madrid also won their third successive UEFA Champions League in 2018, becoming the first club to win three straight UEFA Champions League titles since the tournament's inception, as well as the",
"title": "Real Madrid C.F."
},
{
"id": "442309",
"text": "against the winners of the Europa League (previously the winners of the Cup Winners' Cup), and came into being in 1973. The UEFA Intertoto Cup was a summer competition, previously operated by several Central European football associations, which was relaunched and recognised as official UEFA club competition by UEFA in 1995. The last Intertoto Cup took place in 2008. The European/South American Cup was jointly organised with CONMEBOL between the Champions League and the Copa Libertadores winners. Only five teams (Juventus, Ajax, Manchester United, Bayern Munich and Chelsea) have won each of the three main competitions (European Cup/UEFA Champions League,",
"title": "UEFA"
},
{
"id": "19735453",
"text": "international Andriy Shevchenko, who won the UEFA Champions League with Milan in 2003. With a stadium capacity of 63,000 for the final, a total of 40,700 tickets are available to fans and the general public, with the two finalist teams receiving 17,000 tickets each and with 6,700 tickets being available for sale to fans worldwide via UEFA.com from 15 to 22 March 2018 in four price categories: €450, €320, €160, and €70. The remaining tickets are allocated to the local organising committee, UEFA and national associations, commercial partners and broadcasters, and to serve the corporate hospitality programme. English singer Dua",
"title": "2018 UEFA Champions League Final"
},
{
"id": "11438858",
"text": "Europa League. From the 2018-19 season, the top four clubs in Europe's four highest ranked leagues will qualify directly to the group stages. These leagues are currently England, Germany, Italy, and Spain. The minimum quota is for four English clubs to qualify for the UEFA Champions League and three for the UEFA Europa League. English teams have won the competition 12 times and been in the final on 8 more occasions as of 3 May 2018. Note: UEFA denotes qualified for the UEFA Cup/Europa League. English teams have won the competition 12 times and reached the final on 10 other",
"title": "English football clubs in international competitions"
},
{
"id": "266427",
"text": "players. In 1968, under the management of Matt Busby, Manchester United became the first English football club to win the European Cup. Alex Ferguson won 38 trophies as manager, including 13 Premier League titles, 5 FA Cups and 2 UEFA Champions Leagues, between 1986 and 2013, when he announced his retirement. Manchester United was the highest-earning football club in the world for 2016–17, with an annual revenue of €676.3 million, and the world's most valuable football club in 2018, valued at £3.1 billion. As of June 2015, it is the world's most valuable football brand, estimated to be worth $1.2",
"title": "Manchester United F.C."
},
{
"id": "546637",
"text": "the first teams to reach the Champions League group stage after playing in all three qualifying rounds. In 2008–09 season, both BATE Borisov and Anorthosis Famagusta achieved the same feat. Real Madrid holds the record for the most consecutive appearances in the group stage, having qualified 22 times in a row (1997–present). They are followed by Arsenal on 19 (1998–2016) and Manchester United on 18 (1996–2013). Between 2003 and 2008, no differentiation was made between champions and non-champions in qualification. The 16 top ranked teams spread across the biggest domestic leagues qualified directly for the tournament group stage. Prior to",
"title": "UEFA Champions League"
},
{
"id": "6924800",
"text": "UEFA Cup first round. Atlético Madrid, Auxerre, Fenerbahçe, Rapid Wien and Widzew Łódź made their debut in the group stage. The top scorers from the 1996–97 UEFA Champions League (excluding qualifying round) are as follows: 1996–97 UEFA Champions League The 1996–97 UEFA Champions League was the 42nd season of UEFA's premier European club football tournament, the fifth since its rebranding as the UEFA Champions League, and the last involving only clubs that were champions of their domestic leagues. The tournament was won by Borussia Dortmund in a 3–1 final victory against defending champions Juventus. It was their only title in",
"title": "1996–97 UEFA Champions League"
},
{
"id": "4041847",
"text": "is expected by the club and its supporters.\" Under Moores, Liverpool went through their most barren spell for three decades. Though they won the most club competitions over the sixteen years, this excluded the most prized English Premiership. As a result, Manchester United have now overtaken their championship total haul, and are close to their total haul for all major trophies, something which was unimaginable when Moores' tenure started. In 2005, Liverpool won a fifth UEFA Champions League after defeating A.C. Milan in the final. After the departure of Moores, Kenny Dalglish returned to the manager's position amid rumours that",
"title": "David Moores"
},
{
"id": "7098002",
"text": "in a row (1974–76). Overall, Bayern has reached ten European Cup/UEFA Champions League finals, most recently winning their fifth title in 2013 as part of a continental treble. Bayern has also won one UEFA Cup, one European Cup Winners' Cup, one UEFA Super Cup, one FIFA Club World Cup and two Intercontinental Cups, making it one of the most successful European clubs internationally. Since the formation of the Bundesliga, Bayern has been the dominant club in German football with 27 titles and has won 10 of the last 14 titles. The club was formed in 1900 when a number of",
"title": "History of FC Bayern Munich"
},
{
"id": "14904071",
"text": "finals. The 1968 and 1978 finals were both won by English sides: Manchester United beat Benfica 4–1 in 1968 and Liverpool defeated Club Brugge 1–0 in 1978. Benfica also lost in the 1963 final, beaten 2–1 by Milan, while Ajax won the first of three consecutive European Cups at Wembley in 1971, beating Panathinaikos 2–0. In the 1992 final, Spanish club Barcelona defeated Italian side Sampdoria 1–0 in the final match played as the European Cup prior to the following season's introduction of the current Champions League format. First opened for the British Empire Exhibition in 1923, the stadium was",
"title": "2013 UEFA Champions League Final"
},
{
"id": "1475414",
"text": "they were runners-up in the 1983–84 European Cup Winners' Cup and in the 2003, 2004 and 2011 editions of the UEFA Super Cup. Porto is the only Portuguese club to have won the UEFA Cup/Europa League, the UEFA Super Cup and the Intercontinental Cup, and to have achieved a continental treble of domestic league, domestic cup and European titles (2002–03 and 2010–11). Together with Barcelona and Real Madrid, Porto have the most appearances in the UEFA Champions League group stage (21). At the end of the 2017–18 season, Porto ranked 11th in the UEFA club coefficient ranking. The club was",
"title": "FC Porto"
},
{
"id": "6754888",
"text": "1999–2000 UEFA Champions League The 1999–2000 UEFA Champions League was the 45th season of the UEFA Champions League, UEFA's premier European club football tournament, and the eighth season since its rebranding from the \"European Champion Clubs' Cup\" or \"European Cup\". The competition was won by Real Madrid, who clinched a historic eighth title win by beating fellow La Liga side, Valencia in the final. The final was hosted in the Stade de France in Paris, the city where the original roots of the competition had begun nearly 50 years earlier. The competition was dominated by the Spanish teams, with three",
"title": "1999–2000 UEFA Champions League"
},
{
"id": "9652798",
"text": "they were the first London team to win the Football League First Division in the 1930–31 season and the first London club to win the Premier League in the 1997–98 season. Chelsea are the only London club to win the UEFA Champions League, which they did at the 2012 tournament. On 15 May 2013, Chelsea won the UEFA Europa League to become one of five clubs to win all three main UEFA club competitions. Chelsea are also the only London club to participate in the FIFA Club World Cup. They were runners-up in 2012, losing to Corinthians of Brazil in",
"title": "Football in London"
},
{
"id": "6754893",
"text": "1999–2000 UEFA Champions League (excluding qualifying rounds) are as follows: 1999–2000 UEFA Champions League The 1999–2000 UEFA Champions League was the 45th season of the UEFA Champions League, UEFA's premier European club football tournament, and the eighth season since its rebranding from the \"European Champion Clubs' Cup\" or \"European Cup\". The competition was won by Real Madrid, who clinched a historic eighth title win by beating fellow La Liga side, Valencia in the final. The final was hosted in the Stade de France in Paris, the city where the original roots of the competition had begun nearly 50 years earlier.",
"title": "1999–2000 UEFA Champions League"
},
{
"id": "7497682",
"text": "UEFA Club Football Awards In recognition of the best players in the UEFA Champions League each year, UEFA gives out several awards to the most outstanding performers of the European club football season. The awards are presented in August each year at a special gala in Monaco; previously, the ceremony would coincide with the UEFA Super Cup, but since the Super Cup was moved to early August in 2014, the UEFA awards ceremony has been combined with the UEFA Champions League group stage draw. Internazionale is the only team whose players won all of the available awards in the same",
"title": "UEFA Club Football Awards"
},
{
"id": "772874",
"text": "Athletic Bilbao and Real Madrid. In 2009, Barcelona became the first Spanish club to win the continental treble consisting of La Liga, Copa del Rey, and the UEFA Champions League, and also became the first Spanish football club to win six out of six competitions in a single year, by also winning the Spanish Super Cup, UEFA Super Cup and FIFA Club World Cup. In 2011, the club became European champions again and won five trophies. This Barcelona team, which won 14 trophies in just 4 years under Pep Guardiola, is considered by some in the sport to be the",
"title": "FC Barcelona"
},
{
"id": "6271993",
"text": "Hitzfeld the distinction of winning the European Cup with two teams, having lifted it in 1997 with Borussia Dortmund. Valencia had now lost two Champions League finals in a row. Real Madrid faced another German team (Bayer Leverkusen) in the 2002 final at Glasgow's Hampden Park. Real Madrid were pursuing a policy at the time of signing one world-class player a year. That season they had added multiple FIFA World Player of the Year winner, Zinedine Zidane, for a fee of €71 million. Zidane volleyed home the winner in their 2–1 victory that gave the club its ninth European Cup",
"title": "European Cup and UEFA Champions League history"
}
] | which club has won most uefa champions league titles |
[
"August 31 2018"
] | [
{
"id": "20206830",
"text": "September 27, 2016, and announced it the next day via their YouTube account. Since then, the band has released five EPs and five singles and they released their first album on August 31, 2018, \"8 Letters\". On October 7, 2016, the group released their debut single \"Taking You,\" a track from their debut EP, \"Only the Beginning\", which was released on November 25 of the same year. Their second EP, \"Something Different\", was released on April 21, 2017. Its title track was released as the lead single the same day. They released their third EP, \"Why Don't We Just\", on",
"title": "Why Don't We"
},
{
"id": "20206831",
"text": "June 2, 2017. They finished their \"Something Different\" tour around the United States. Another single, \"These Girls\" was released on August 29, 2017. They have appeared in vlogs from YouTuber and friend, Logan Paul. Logan Paul has directed three music videos for the band, one involving their collaboration \"Help Me Help You.\" The band has made various appearances on Logan Paul's daily vlogs. They have also helped Logan Paul on a diss track directed at Paul's brother, Jake Paul, titled \"The Fall of Jake Paul\". On November 23, 2017, they released a holiday EP, \"A Why Don't We Christmas\". Bravo",
"title": "Why Don't We"
},
{
"id": "20206829",
"text": "Why Don't We Why Don't We (commonly abbreviated as WDW) is an American pop band. Assembled on September 27, 2016, the band has five members: Daniel Seavey, Jack Avery, Corbyn Besson, Zach Herron, and Jonah Marais. Each of the members had solo careers prior to joining the group. Daniel Seavey was notable for his top-12 ranking in \"American Idol\" Season 14, which he accomplished at the age of 14 years old, making him the youngest finalist of that season. The band has toured with many artists such as Taylor Swift, Shawn Mendes, and the Chainsmokers. The band originally formed on",
"title": "Why Don't We"
},
{
"id": "14220397",
"text": "Haywire (Josh Turner album) Haywire is the fourth studio album by American country music singer Josh Turner. It was released on February 9, 2010 via MCA Nashville and debuted at number five on the U.S. \"Billboard\" 200, and number two on the Top Country Albums, selling 85,000 copies. The album produced three singles, including the Number One hits \"Why Don't We Just Dance\" and \"All Over Me.\" As with his previous three studio albums, Turner worked with producer Frank Rogers. After the release of \"Why Don't We Just Dance\" in August, Turner's website announced that the album would be released",
"title": "Haywire (Josh Turner album)"
},
{
"id": "14220405",
"text": "three stars out of five. Haywire (Josh Turner album) Haywire is the fourth studio album by American country music singer Josh Turner. It was released on February 9, 2010 via MCA Nashville and debuted at number five on the U.S. \"Billboard\" 200, and number two on the Top Country Albums, selling 85,000 copies. The album produced three singles, including the Number One hits \"Why Don't We Just Dance\" and \"All Over Me.\" As with his previous three studio albums, Turner worked with producer Frank Rogers. After the release of \"Why Don't We Just Dance\" in August, Turner's website announced that",
"title": "Haywire (Josh Turner album)"
},
{
"id": "20687392",
"text": "was released on March 22, 2018, it peaked at number 11 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, as well as reaching a top ten position in several other countries. The second single \"Lost in Japan\" was released the next day. In May, \"Youth\", \"Where Were You in the Morning?\", and \"Nervous\" were released as singles. All five singles charted in several countries. \"In My Blood\", \"Lost in Japan\", and \"Youth\" were certified gold or higher in his home country. The album is nominated for Best Pop Vocal Album and \"In My Blood\" for Song of the Year at the 61st",
"title": "Shawn Mendes (album)"
},
{
"id": "20878038",
"text": "Anthem of the Peaceful Army Anthem of the Peaceful Army is the debut studio album by American rock band Greta Van Fleet. The album was released on October 19, 2018, and follows the band's two EP releases, \"Black Smoke Rising\" and \"From the Fires\". The first single, \"When the Curtain Falls\", was released in July 2018. The album was the top selling album in its debut week in the US, selling 80,000 copies. Factoring in album equivalent units, it debuted at number three on the \"Billboard\" 200. The band had formed as early as 2012, but was largely relegated to",
"title": "Anthem of the Peaceful Army"
},
{
"id": "20969474",
"text": "Who Do You Trust? (album) Who Do You Trust? is the upcoming tenth studio album by American rock band Papa Roach. It is scheduled to be released on January 18, 2019, through Eleven Seven Music. It will feature 12 tracks, including the lead singles \"Renegade Music\" and \"Who Do You Trust?\" The album was announced along with the release of the track \"Not the Only One\". The album was leaked in its entirety on December 15th 2018 (12/15/2018) on the web. Frontman Jacoby Shaddix told \"Rock Sound\" that because the band's plan to tour with Of Mice and Men fell",
"title": "Who Do You Trust? (album)"
},
{
"id": "18699028",
"text": "Agua' \"so that [her] mother listens [to her] music. Rodriguez's debut album \"Me,\" which she self-produced and recorded in Mexico was released on September 11, 2015 via XL Recordings/Terrible. During 2017, Rodriguez released a standalone single, Go to Hell on July 12. 2017 via Terrible. She also featured on two singles for LA producers, DJDS with the billboard-charting \"Why Don't You Come On\" additionally featuring El Paso R&B singer, Khalid and a cover of Lana Del Rey's Lust for Life single, Love released August 29, 2017 and December 1, 2017 respectively through Loma Vista for their third studio album \"Big",
"title": "Empress Of"
},
{
"id": "20206832",
"text": "Otto - Super band (Winner) Rsdio disney music awards 2018 Best push artist ( nominated) Radio disney music awards 2018 best song to lipsync to ( nominated) EMA 2018 Best push artist (nominated) Why Don't We Why Don't We (commonly abbreviated as WDW) is an American pop band. Assembled on September 27, 2016, the band has five members: Daniel Seavey, Jack Avery, Corbyn Besson, Zach Herron, and Jonah Marais. Each of the members had solo careers prior to joining the group. Daniel Seavey was notable for his top-12 ranking in \"American Idol\" Season 14, which he accomplished at the age",
"title": "Why Don't We"
},
{
"id": "20687396",
"text": "kick off on March 7, 2019. Besides the 2019 tour, Mendes has already performed songs from his new album on music festivals across Europe, North America, and South America. He continued performing on several music festivals until October 14, 2018. \"In My Blood\" was released on March 22, 2018, as the album's lead single, and sent to contemporary hit radio on March 27. \"Lost in Japan\" was released as the second single the next day. \"Youth\", which features American singer Khalid, was released as the third single on May 3. \"Where Were You in the Morning?\" was released as the",
"title": "Shawn Mendes (album)"
},
{
"id": "1606484",
"text": "Toys in the Attic (album) Toys in the Attic is the third studio album by American rock band Aerosmith, released April 8, 1975 by Columbia Records. Its first single release, \"Sweet Emotion,\" was released a month later on May 19 and \"Walk This Way\" was released on August 28 in the same year. The album is the band's most commercially successful studio LP in the United States, with eight million copies sold, according to the RIAA. The album was ranked No. 229 on \"Rolling Stone\"s list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. The album's title track and Run–D.M.C.'s",
"title": "Toys in the Attic (album)"
},
{
"id": "19815294",
"text": "best-selling country album of 2017, with 297,800 copies (503,000 album-equivalent units) sold. it has sold 471,900 copies in the United States as of November 2018. Kane Brown (album) Kane Brown is the debut studio album by American country music singer Kane Brown. The album was released on December 2, 2016, through RCA Records Nashville. Singles released from the album are \"Ain't No Stopping Us Now\", \"Thunder in the Rain\" and \"What Ifs\". An expanded deluxe edition of the album was released October 6, 2017 featuring four new tracks. The album and songs from the album reached number one simultaneously on",
"title": "Kane Brown (album)"
},
{
"id": "20308232",
"text": "24, 2017. The song was released as the second and final single from the album on November 14, 2017. After being released as a single, the song debuted and later peaked at number 53 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. \"You Don't Do It for Me Anymore\" was released as the second promotional single from the album on September 8, 2017. The track sold 12,757 copies in its first week of release. The third promotional single, \"Sexy Dirty Love\" was released on September 22, 2017. The track sold 8,486 copies in its first week of release. \"Tell Me You Love Me\"",
"title": "Tell Me You Love Me (album)"
},
{
"id": "14407660",
"text": "Why Can't We Live Together (album) Why Can't We Live Together is the debut album by Timmy Thomas released in 1972. It was historically the first record to fully replace drummers with a drum machine. The album reached number ten in 1973 on the US R&B albums chart on the strength of the million-seller single, \"Why Can't We Live Together\". All songs written by Timmy Thomas except where indicated On AllMusic, Andrew Hamilton quoted \"This album was originally released on Glades Records following Thomas' million-selling \"Why Can't We Live Together\" which qualifies as the cheapest Top 10 hit ever made.",
"title": "Why Can't We Live Together (album)"
},
{
"id": "5894341",
"text": "August 5, 2002 in Europe through Sony Music Entertainment. It was also released in Japan, on November 20, 2002, through Sony Music Entertainment Japan. In April 2002, Amerie's debut single, \"Why Don't We Fall in Love\", was released, peaking at number twenty-three on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and becoming a top ten hit on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and Hot Dance Club Play charts. The song was an urban top twenty hit in Australia and reached the top forty in the United Kingdom. To promote the album, Amerie went on tour with Usher and Nas, traveling on Usher's Evolution",
"title": "All I Have (album)"
},
{
"id": "18229855",
"text": "a track listing and release dates, was made on August 20 by Matador Records. The album is due to be released on October 20 in Denmark, France, Sweden and the United Kingdom; October 21 in Spain and the United States; and October 24 in Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands and Switzerland. Officially licensed streams of the album were made available on NPR Music and \"The Guardian\"s official web sites a week prior to its international release. \"The Best Day\" will be issued as a double LP, single CD and as a digital download, with the first 100 U.S. LP pressings featuring",
"title": "The Best Day (album)"
},
{
"id": "20557869",
"text": "initially due for release in 2016, and subsequently summer 2017. In late January 2018, the title and release date were officially announced. \"Don't Give In\" was released as the first single for \"Wildness\" on 21 March 2018. \"Life on Earth\" was released as the second single from the album on 12 April 2018. \"What If This Is All the Love You Ever Get?\" was released as the third single on 2 May 2018. \"Empress\" was released as the fourth single on 8 May 2018. At review aggregator Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream",
"title": "Wildness (album)"
},
{
"id": "17641269",
"text": "across the Midwest and eastern United States. Their sophomore album's first single, \"From The Ground Up\", was released to country radio in February 2016. The album's second single, \"How Not To\" released to country radio on September 26, 2016. It reached at number one on the Country Airplay chart in July 2017. The album's third single, \"Road Trippin'\" released to country radio on July 17, 2017. In January 2018, the duo released \"Tequila\", the lead single from their self-titled third studio album, which was released on June 22, 2018. \"Tequila\" has since become their highest-charting effort on the \"Billboard\" Hot",
"title": "Dan + Shay"
},
{
"id": "6311805",
"text": "Shaman (album) Shaman is the nineteenth studio album by Santana. Shaman was released on October 22, 2002 and debuted at number 1 on the \"Billboard\" 200 with first week sales of 298,973. It was certified Double Platinum by the RIAA and Gold in Greece. The first single of the album was \"The Game of Love\", featuring Michelle Branch. \"Why Don't You & I\", featuring Chad Kroeger of Nickelback, was also re-recorded as a single in 2003, which featured Alex Band of The Calling. Like the previous album, \"Supernatural\", \"Shaman\" features various famous rock, hip hop, and pop artists, as well",
"title": "Shaman (album)"
},
{
"id": "6311806",
"text": "as Spanish opera star, Plácido Domingo. The album is currently Santana's longest studio release to date. The first single released, \"The Game of Love\" which features Michelle Branch, peaked at number 5 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100, number 16 in the UK, and number 21 in Australia. A re-recorded version of \"Why Don't You & I\" with vocals by Alex Band peaked at number 8 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100. \"Feels Like Fire\" (featuring Dido) and \"Nothing at All\" (featuring Musiq) failed to chart in most countries. <br> The \"International Version\" (outside the U.S.) drops the track \"Since",
"title": "Shaman (album)"
},
{
"id": "19820392",
"text": "Culture (album) Culture (stylized as C U L T U R E) is the second studio album by American hip hop trio Migos. It was released on January 27, 2017, by 300 Entertainment, Quality Control Music and YRN Tha Label. The album features guest appearances from DJ Khaled, Lil Uzi Vert, Gucci Mane, 2 Chainz and Travis Scott, while the production was handled by Metro Boomin and Murda Beatz, among others. \"Culture\" was supported by three singles: \"Bad and Boujee\", \"T-Shirt\" and \"Slippery\". The album received generally positive reviews from critics and debuted at number one on the US \"Billboard\"",
"title": "Culture (album)"
},
{
"id": "20635397",
"text": "Vide Noir Vide Noir is the third studio album by American rock band Lord Huron. It was released on April 20, 2018, by Republic Records, their first for a major record label. The title \"Vide Noir\" is French for \"Black Void\". After recording their second album, \"Strange Trails\", in 2014, and releasing it in early 2015, the band toured heavily in support of its release during the following few years. This exposure eventually led to the band’s song, \"The Night We Met,” being featured in the Netflix show \"13 Reasons Why\". The feature led to the song breaking into the",
"title": "Vide Noir"
},
{
"id": "20944466",
"text": "on the \"Billboard\" 200. \"H.E.R.\" peaked at number 47 on the US \"Billboard\" 200 and number 24 on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. It won the Album/Mixtape of the Year at the 2018 Soul Train Music Awards. The album received two Grammy nominations for Album of the Year and Best R&B Album. Credits adapted from Spotify. H.E.R. (album) H.E.R. is a compilation album by American singer H.E.R., released on October 20, 2017, by RCA Records. The album comprises songs from the singer's EPs \"H.E.R., Vol. 1\" (2016) and \"H.E.R., Vol. 2\" (2017), and includes six additional songs. The album",
"title": "H.E.R. (album)"
},
{
"id": "4860335",
"text": "mostly in order of their release dates and generally represent Joel's most successful singles. Greatest Hits – Volume I & Volume II has been certified double diamond by the RIAA, selling over 11.5 million copies (23 million units) and is tied with Pink Floyd's \"The Wall\" and Led Zeppelin's \"Led Zeppelin IV\" for third most certified album of all time in the US. The album includes hits from 1973 to 1985 in chronological order with one exception. Some pressings do not include \"Honesty\", and instead include \"Don't Ask Me Why\". The compilation includes two previously unreleased tracks, \"You're Only Human",
"title": "Greatest Hits (Billy Joel albums)"
},
{
"id": "20187967",
"text": "released ahead of the album's release as well, including \"Don't Stop\", \"Let Em Burn\", \"Just Say When\", and \"Who We Are\". In the album's release month, the band also released an alternate version of the song \"Don't Stop\" featuring a new guest vocal performance by Papa Roach frontman Jacoby Shaddix in the song's bridge. The album was released on September 15, 2017. The album debuted at number 15 on the \"Billboard\" 200 all-format album chart, selling approximately 20,000 copies in its first week. In November 2017, the album was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Album, while \"Go",
"title": "The Stories We Tell Ourselves"
},
{
"id": "2833197",
"text": "No Need to Argue No Need to Argue is the second studio album by the Irish rock band The Cranberries, released on 3 October 1994. It is the band's best selling album, and has sold about 17 million copies worldwide. It contains the band's most successful single, \"Zombie\". The album's mood is darker and harsher than that on \"Everybody Else Is Doing It, So Why Can't We?\", released a year before. In some of the songs, the band decided to take on a rockier and heavier side, using distortion and increasing the volume. The song \"Yeats' Grave\" – incorrectly listed",
"title": "No Need to Argue"
},
{
"id": "5559887",
"text": "Why Don't We Do It in the Road? \"Why Don't We Do It in the Road?\" is a song by the Beatles released on their 1968 album \"The Beatles\", commonly referred to as \"the White Album\". It was written and sung by Paul McCartney, but credited to Lennon–McCartney. \"Why Don't We Do It in the Road?\" is short and simple; 1:42 of twelve-bar blues that begins with three different percussion elements (a hand banging on the back of an acoustic guitar, handclaps, and drums) and features McCartney's increasingly raucous vocal repeating a simple lyric with only two different lines. McCartney",
"title": "Why Don't We Do It in the Road?"
},
{
"id": "20127515",
"text": "on November 10, 2017, alongside a second single, \"Safari Song\". Their debut full length studio album, \"Anthem of the Peaceful Army\", was released on October 19, 2018 and topped the \"Billboard\" Rock Album charts in the first week after its release, with the album's first single, \"When the Curtain Falls\", being released ahead of it in July 2018 and eventually becoming the band's third number one US single on the \"Billboard\" Mainstream Rock charts. \"Anthem of the Peaceful Army\" also launched atop the \"Billboard\" Hard Rock charts and reached the number one spot on the \"Billboard\" Top Album Sales charts",
"title": "Greta Van Fleet"
},
{
"id": "2970637",
"text": "the title of the new album, \"Thank You for Today\", and shared the lead single from the album, \"Gold Rush.\". Following this, on July 19, 2018, \"I Dreamt We Spoke Again\" was released. \"Autumn Love\" was the last single to be released on August 1, 2018. The album was released on August 17, 2018. It is the band's first album without Chris Walla, and the first album to feature Depper and Rae. Lauren Mayberry was also featured on the album, contributing vocals on \"Northern Lights\". On August 28, 2018, the album ranked No. 1 on the Billboard Top Rock Albums",
"title": "Death Cab for Cutie"
},
{
"id": "20969476",
"text": "\"signature heavy rhythmic guitars and catchy hooks\", while \"Not the Only One\" contains \"melody and emotionally charged lyrics\". \"Renegade Music\" and the title track \"Who Do You Trust?\" were released on October 5, 2018 with \"Loudwire\" calling the former a \"driving new anthem\" and the latter \"aggressive and catchy\". \"Not the Only One\" accompanied the release of the album's details. Who Do You Trust? (album) Who Do You Trust? is the upcoming tenth studio album by American rock band Papa Roach. It is scheduled to be released on January 18, 2019, through Eleven Seven Music. It will feature 12 tracks,",
"title": "Who Do You Trust? (album)"
},
{
"id": "17017745",
"text": "to the physical release there is a 7-track digital EP bundle that excludes the deluxe edition bonus tracks. Credits adapted from the liner notes of the deluxe edition of \"The Next Day\". The Next Day The Next Day is the 24th and penultimate studio album by English musician David Bowie, released on 8 March 2013 on his ISO Records label, under exclusive licence to Columbia Records. The album was announced on Bowie's 66th birthday, 8 January 2013. Bowie's website was updated with the video for the lead single, \"Where Are We Now?\", and the single was immediately made available for",
"title": "The Next Day"
},
{
"id": "462323",
"text": "in August 2018, becoming the band's first number-one single since \"Pork and Beans\" in 2008. Two days later, on August 10, Toto responded by releasing their cover of Weezer's single \"Hash Pipe\". On October 11, 2018, they released \"Can't Knock the Hustle\", the lead single from their upcoming self-titled album, also known as the \"Black Album\". On November 21, they released the second single, ”Zombie Bastards.” Also, \"Weezer\" (produced by TV on the Radio's Dave Sitek), also known as the Black Album, was announced to officially release on March 1, 2019. An arena tour of the U.S. with the band",
"title": "Weezer"
},
{
"id": "20642197",
"text": "album's lead single, \"Bodak Yellow\", was released on June 16, 2017. It topped the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart and was certified septuple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). \"Bartier Cardi\" was released on December 22, 2017 as the second single and features American rapper 21 Savage. It peaked at number 14 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and was certified double platinum by the RIAA. \"Be Careful\" was released as the third single on March 30, 2018. It peaked at number 11 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and was certified platinum by the RIAA. \"I",
"title": "Invasion of Privacy (album)"
},
{
"id": "12150477",
"text": "The Cranberries discography The Cranberries are an Irish rock band formed in Limerick in 1989, originally under the name The Cranberry Saw Us. Although widely associated with alternative rock, the band's sound incorporates post-punk and rock elements. Since their formation, The Cranberries have released seven studio albums, six EPs, and 22 singles (including two re-releases). The Cranberries rose to international fame with their debut album \"Everybody Else Is Doing It, So Why Can't We?\", which became a commercial success and was certified Platinum in Australia, 2× platinum in Britain and 5× platinum in the US. Their next studio album \"No",
"title": "The Cranberries discography"
},
{
"id": "17017723",
"text": "The Next Day The Next Day is the 24th and penultimate studio album by English musician David Bowie, released on 8 March 2013 on his ISO Records label, under exclusive licence to Columbia Records. The album was announced on Bowie's 66th birthday, 8 January 2013. Bowie's website was updated with the video for the lead single, \"Where Are We Now?\", and the single was immediately made available for purchase on the iTunes Store. It was Bowie's first album of new material in ten years, since 2003's \"Reality\", and surprised fans and media who believed he had retired. The album was",
"title": "The Next Day"
},
{
"id": "16789200",
"text": "Signed and Sealed in Blood Signed and Sealed in Blood is the eighth studio album by the Dropkick Murphys. The album was released on January 8, 2013 on the band's Born & Bred Records label. The album made its debut at No.9 on the \"Billboard album chart\", the third highest debut for the band. The album has produced four singles including \"Rose Tattoo\" and \"The Season's Upon Us\", a Christmas themed song that became one of the band's more successful charting singles. \"The Boys Are Back\" and \"Out of Our Heads\" (which was also used as the theme song for",
"title": "Signed and Sealed in Blood"
},
{
"id": "20549348",
"text": "Port Saint Joe (album) Port Saint Joe is the second studio album by American country music duo Brothers Osborne. It was released on April 20, 2018, through EMI Nashville. \"Shoot Me Straight\" is the album's lead single. The second single \"I Don't Remember Me (Before You)\" was released on October 8, 2018. The album debuted at No. 2 on \"Billboard\"s Top Country Albums and No. 15 on the \"Billboard\" 200, selling 19,000 copies (22,000 album-equivalent units) in its first week. It has sold 65,500 copies in the United States as of November 2018. Adapted from \"Port Saint Joe\" liner notes.",
"title": "Port Saint Joe (album)"
},
{
"id": "4146123",
"text": "Caribou (album) Caribou is the eighth studio album by Elton John released in 1974. It was his fourth chart-topping album in the United States and his third in the United Kingdom. The album contains the singles, \"Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me\", which reached number 16 in the UK Singles Chart and number 2 in the US, and \"The Bitch Is Back\", which reached number 15 in the UK and number 4 in the US. Both these singles reached number 1 in Canada on the \"RPM 100\" national Top Singles Chart (as did the album itself). In the",
"title": "Caribou (album)"
},
{
"id": "7252463",
"text": "Urban Legend (album) Urban Legend is the third studio album by American rapper T.I., released on November 30, 2004, through Grand Hustle Records and Atlantic Records. The album debuted at number 7 on the \"Billboard\" 200, selling 195,000 copies in its first week of release, it charted at number one on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and the Top Rap Albums charts. The album's official lead single, \"Bring Em Out\", was released on October 19, 2004 and became his 1st top 10 hit, peaking at number 9 on the US Billboard Hot 100 music chart, while the 2nd single \"U Don't",
"title": "Urban Legend (album)"
},
{
"id": "5214798",
"text": "third studio album for MCA Nashville, titled \"Everything Is Fine\", was released on October 30, 2007. Its lead-off single, \"Firecracker\", became Turner's third Top Ten hit on the country music charts, peaking at No. 2. The second single from \"Everything Is Fine\", a duet with Trisha Yearwood entitled \"Another Try\", was released in late January 2008, peaking at No. 15. The title track was released as the third single and peaked at No. 20. \"Everything Is Fine\" has been certified gold. At the end of June, Turner wrapped up recording his fourth album, \"Haywire\". The lead-off single, \"Why Don't We",
"title": "Josh Turner"
},
{
"id": "20106843",
"text": "Murder of the Universe Murder of the Universe is the tenth studio album by Australian psychedelic rock band King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard. It was released on 23 June 2017 by Flightless Records in Australia, ATO Records in the United States, and Heavenly Recordings in the United Kingdom. It is the second of five albums released by the band in 2017. The album was nominated for Best Hard Rock or Heavy Metal Album at the ARIA Music Awards of 2017, despite controversy over the band's win the previous year with \"Nonagon Infinity\". \"Murder of the Universe\" is a concept",
"title": "Murder of the Universe"
},
{
"id": "18389023",
"text": "Day of the Dead (Hollywood Undead album) Day of the Dead is the fourth studio album by American rap rock band Hollywood Undead. Originally set to be released October 2014, \"Day of the Dead\" was released March 31, 2015, on Interscope Records. To promote the new album, the band will embark on the Album Release tour, beginning March 9, 2014 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and ending on March 30 in Los Angeles, California. Fans that purchase tickets will have access to a digital download of the album (including every single released before the album's arrival). Prior to the release of the",
"title": "Day of the Dead (Hollywood Undead album)"
},
{
"id": "20816813",
"text": "with its music video premiering the same day. The third single from the album, \"One for My Baby (And One More for the Road)\", was released on September 10, 2018, along with its music video. My Way (Willie Nelson album) My Way is the sixty-eighth studio album by Willie Nelson. It was released on September 14, 2018, by Legacy Recordings. The album is a tribute to Frank Sinatra, who was a close friend of Nelson's. Nelson first teased the album on April 27, 2018, while promoting his album \"Last Man Standing\" in an article published by \"Variety\", saying that the",
"title": "My Way (Willie Nelson album)"
},
{
"id": "19480682",
"text": "release date (February 22, 2016) and has since peaked at number one; it has also reached a peak of number three on the Hot Country Songs chart and entered the top 50 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. \"How Not To\" was released to radio on September 26, 2016 as the album's second official single. \"Road Trippin'\" was selected by a fan vote as the record's third single. It was released to country radio on July 17, 2017. \"Already Ready\" was made available to digital retailers on April 29, 2016 alongside the pre-order launch. It entered the Hot Country Songs chart",
"title": "Obsessed (Dan + Shay album)"
},
{
"id": "20974720",
"text": "of 2018 for an album. The album moved another 129,000 equivalent units in its second week, falling to #2 on the Billboard 200. Credits adapted from Tidal and Spotify. Notes Sample credits Credits adapted from Tidal. Instrumentation Technical Championships (album) Championships is the fourth studio album by American rapper Meek Mill. It was released on November 30, 2018, by Atlantic Records and Maybach Music Group. It follows his \"Legends of the Summer\" EP, released earlier in 2018, as well as his previous album, \"Wins & Losses\", released in 2017. \"Championships\" features guest appearances from Cardi B, Drake, Anuel AA, Kodak",
"title": "Championships (album)"
},
{
"id": "20001108",
"text": "United States. Credits are adapted from \"Memories...Do Not Open\" CD liner notes. The Chainsmokers Additional musicians Design and managerial Production Memories...Do Not Open Memories...Do Not Open is the debut studio album by American electronic music duo the Chainsmokers, released on April 7, 2017, by Disruptor Records and Columbia Records. Its release was preceded by the singles \"Paris\" and \"Something Just like This\" (in collaboration with Coldplay), both of which reached the top 10 in several national charts. Upon its release, the album received generally mixed reviews from music critics. The album debuted at number one on the US \"Billboard\" 200",
"title": "Memories...Do Not Open"
},
{
"id": "20279474",
"text": "2017, same date of the album's tracklist and release date reveal. The second promotional single, \"Balance\" featuring Dvsn and PnB Rock was released on November 23, 2017. The lead single, \"What Are You On?\" was released on July 21, 2017. On January 30, 2018, Roy Woods announced an official headlining concert tour to further promote the album titled \"Say Less Tour\". The tour began on March 17, 2018, in Orlando, at Backbooth. Credits adapted from the album's liner notes and BMI. Notes All programming and instrumentation is credited to the producers of each track, including where noted. Musicians Technical Additional",
"title": "Say Less (album)"
},
{
"id": "20070266",
"text": "Crooked Teeth (album) Crooked Teeth is the ninth studio album by American rock band Papa Roach. It was released on May 19, 2017 through Eleven Seven Music. \"Crooked Teeth\" debuted at number 20 in the US and UK. The title track of the album was released as a promotional single on November 1, 2016. The album's first single, \"Help\" was released on February 17, 2017, and topped the \"Billboard\" Mainstream Rock Songs chart in April 2017. A second single, \"American Dreams\", was released in April, and peaked at number three at the same chart. On November 12, 2017, a third",
"title": "Crooked Teeth (album)"
},
{
"id": "1392415",
"text": "100 and two of which peaked on the top 20 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. In 2011, the band released their seventh album \"Here and Now\" which again topped the charts. Their eighth studio album \"No Fixed Address\" was released on 17 November 2014, and their ninth studio album, \"Feed the Machine\", was released on June 16, 2017. The band is based in Vancouver, British Columbia. The band's original domestic signing was with EMI Canada, but they subsequently obtained an American deal with global distribution via Roadrunner Records. For the release of their seventh album, the band parted from EMI",
"title": "Nickelback"
},
{
"id": "20401720",
"text": "November 10, 2017. \"Untouchable\" was released as a promotional single on December 8, 2017 a week prior to the album's release. \"Revival\" was leaked online on December 13, 2017, two days before the album's release date. The album's second single, \"River\", featuring Ed Sheeran, was released on January 5, 2018. The album's third single, \"Nowhere Fast\", featuring Kehlani was released on March 27, 2018. The album's fourth single, \"Remind Me\", was released on July 6, 2018. A music video for \"Framed\" was released on April 3, 2018. While the album received polarized reviews from critics, it debuted at number one",
"title": "Revival (Eminem album)"
},
{
"id": "20187958",
"text": "It\", was released in December 2017, while a number of promotional singles, such as \"Don't Stop\", were released across 2017 as well. A third single, \"Just Say When\", was released in April 2018. The album's fourth single, \"Let 'Em Burn\", was released in December 2018. Work on the album began at the beginning of 2016, and was written and recorded across 2016 and 2017. The band continued the approach of writing and recording the album in their own home studio, similar to their prior two albums, \"The Few Not Fleeting\" and \"Nothing More\"; frontman Johnny Hawkins felt that technology had",
"title": "The Stories We Tell Ourselves"
},
{
"id": "20187957",
"text": "The Stories We Tell Ourselves The Stories We Tell Ourselves is the fifth studio album by the American rock band Nothing More, which was released on September 15, 2017. It is the band's second album to be released on the Eleven Seven Music record label. The album's first single, \"Go to War\", topped the \"Billboard\" US Mainstream Rock Songs chart in November 2017. The band received three Grammy Award nominations related to the album; Best Rock Performance and Best Rock Song for \"Go to War\", and Best Rock Album for the album itself. A second single, \"Do You Really Want",
"title": "The Stories We Tell Ourselves"
},
{
"id": "18154212",
"text": "or not any songs should be trimmed from the final track listing. The band took a break from recording at this point to tour with Disturbed and Chevelle throughout the end of the year, before returning to complete the recording of the album in early 2017. In June 2017, the band officially announced the title of their fifth studio album,\"The Stories We Tell Ourselves\", and that it would be released on September 15, 2017. The album debuted at number 15 on the \"Billboard\" 200 all-format album chart, selling approximately 20,000 copies in its first week. Prior to the album's release,",
"title": "Nothing More"
},
{
"id": "20111277",
"text": "Wolves (Rise Against album) Wolves is the eighth studio album by the American punk rock band Rise Against. It was released on June 9, 2017. It is their first studio album in eleven years to be produced by the band without long time producers, Bill Stevenson and Jason Livermore, and their first album to be released through Virgin Records. The album's lead single, \"The Violence\", was released on April 20, 2017. Two more songs, \"House on Fire\" and \"Welcome to the Breakdown\" were released on May 19 and June 2, respectively, as pre-release buzz tracks. The album debuted at number",
"title": "Wolves (Rise Against album)"
},
{
"id": "1478614",
"text": "was \"Billboard\" magazine's Album of the Year as the best-selling album of 1973. The next album, \"Deliver the Word\" (1973) contained the hits \"Gypsy Man\" and a studio version of \"Me and Baby Brother\" (previously issued as a live recording), which peaked at #8 and #15 on the Billboard chart. The album went on to sell nearly two million copies. The next album, \"Why Can't We Be Friends?\" was released in 1975. It included \"Low Rider\" and the title track, which were among the band's biggest hits. In 1976, War released a greatest hits record which contained one new song",
"title": "War (band)"
},
{
"id": "19815288",
"text": "Kane Brown (album) Kane Brown is the debut studio album by American country music singer Kane Brown. The album was released on December 2, 2016, through RCA Records Nashville. Singles released from the album are \"Ain't No Stopping Us Now\", \"Thunder in the Rain\" and \"What Ifs\". An expanded deluxe edition of the album was released October 6, 2017 featuring four new tracks. The album and songs from the album reached number one simultaneously on all five main \"Billboard\" country charts, a first for any artist. \"Heaven\" was released as the album's first from the re-release, fourth overall. Brown co-wrote",
"title": "Kane Brown (album)"
},
{
"id": "2833200",
"text": "\"Alright\" by the British band Supergrass in 1995. In July 2014, \"Guitar World\" placed \"No Need to Argue\" at number 41 in their \"Superunknown: 50 Iconic Albums That Defined 1994\" list. No Need to Argue No Need to Argue is the second studio album by the Irish rock band The Cranberries, released on 3 October 1994. It is the band's best selling album, and has sold about 17 million copies worldwide. It contains the band's most successful single, \"Zombie\". The album's mood is darker and harsher than that on \"Everybody Else Is Doing It, So Why Can't We?\", released a",
"title": "No Need to Argue"
},
{
"id": "20340003",
"text": "Morning After (album) Morning After is the second studio album by Canadian R&B duo dvsn. It was released on October 13, 2017, by OVO Sound and Warner Bros. Records. The lead single \"Mood\" was released on September 5, 2017, which they announced on Instagram. A teaser was revealed by dvsn on Instagram about the album on August 29, 2017. The official artwork was released in the form of a 'movie poster-like' image. In June 2017, they shared the song \"Don't Choose\", which was included as a single. Credits adapted from Tidal. Notes Sample credits Credits adapted from Tidal. Performers Technical",
"title": "Morning After (album)"
},
{
"id": "15633888",
"text": "Cranberries announced their intention to record a new album during their 2009–2010 reunion tour. The title \"Roses\" was announced on The Cranberries website, on 24 May 2011. In 2012 it was awarded a gold certification from the Independent Music Companies Association which indicated sales of at least 75,000 copies throughout Europe. The Cranberries worked on 19 tracks for the \"Roses\" album in Toronto and London between April and June 2011 with producer Stephen Street, who previously collaborated with the band on \"Everybody Else Is Doing It, So Why Can't We?\", \"No Need to Argue\" and \"Wake Up and Smell the",
"title": "Roses (album)"
},
{
"id": "16708121",
"text": "the UK, and Canada, and gold in Brazil, Belgium, and Italy. On 1 June 2018, the band announced that the release date of the album was moved forward to 15 June 2018. \"Youngblood\" debuted at number one in Australia and the US Billboard 200, becoming their third consecutive number one album in both countries. It debuted in the top 3 in the UK and seven other countries. Overall, the album reached the top 10 of 20 countries. They performed their lead single \"Want You Back\" on \"The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon\" on 11 April and on \"The Voice (U.S.",
"title": "5 Seconds of Summer"
},
{
"id": "5894338",
"text": "It also received generally mixed reviews from the music critics. Nevertheless, the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for selling over 500,000 copies on October 3, 2003, and won Amerie a Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B/Soul or Rap New Artist in 2003. According to Nielsen SoundScan, the album has sold over 661,000 copies in the United States as of July 2009. \"All I Have\" produced two singles: \"Why Don't We Fall in Love\" (which peaked at number twenty-three on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100) and a minor hit \"Talkin' to Me\". While",
"title": "All I Have (album)"
},
{
"id": "20686516",
"text": "Come Tomorrow (album) Come Tomorrow is the ninth studio album by Dave Matthews Band, and was released on June 8, 2018. The album is their first since 2012's \"Away from the World.\" Working between tours at studios in Seattle, Los Angeles and Charlottesville, Dave Matthews Band chose to record with several different producers, including John Alagia, Mark Batson, Rob Cavallo and Rob Evans. Nine of the 14 tracks on \"Come Tomorrow\" were played live prior to the official album announcement on April 25, 2018. \"Do You Remember\" was debuted at Farm Aid in 2017, \"Again and Again\" appeared on DMB",
"title": "Come Tomorrow (album)"
},
{
"id": "19933902",
"text": "\"Ultralight Beam\". In July 2017, DJDS released the song \"Trees On Fire\" featuring Amber Mark and Marco McKinnis. It was named \"Best New Track\" by \"Pitchfork\". In August 2017, DJDS released their single \"Why Don't You Come On\" featuring Khalid and Empress Of. In March 2018, they released the single \"No Pain\" featuring Khalid, Charlie Wilson, and Charlotte Day Wilson. DJDS DJDS is an American production and DJ duo consisting of Jerome Potter and Sam Griesemer, based in Los Angeles. In 2011, they founded the record label Body High. In 2014, they released their debut album \"Friend of Mine\" on",
"title": "DJDS"
},
{
"id": "11920655",
"text": "Under the Fog Under The Fog is the debut album by The King Blues, originally released by Household Name Records in 2006 and later re-released on Field Records, a subsidiary of Island Records in 2008. The album spawned two singles, \"Mr. Music Man\" and \"Come Fi Di Youth\". In 2007, 1000 limited edition 180gms hand pressed vinyl albums were released via Household Name Records/Tartan Rex. These included the bonus track \"If Genghis Khan Then Why Can't I\" The 2008 re-release contained many new edits of the original tracks. The Track \"Under The Fog\" was renamed \"We Ain't Never Done\" and",
"title": "Under the Fog"
},
{
"id": "20792901",
"text": "The album was preceded by the release of four singles. The first two, \"Jumpsuit\" and \"Nico and the Niners\", were both released on July 11, 2018. The third single \"Levitate\" was released on August 8, 2018. The fourth single, \"My Blood\", was released August 27, 2018. To promote the album, The Bandito Tour began at the Bridgestone Arena in Nashville, Tennessee on October 16, 2018, and will continue through June 30, 2019, ending at the Nationwide Arena in Columbus, Ohio. \"Trench\" received acclaim from critics, who applauded its lyrical content, cohesiveness, and musical diversity; many recognized it as the band's",
"title": "Trench (album)"
},
{
"id": "11883325",
"text": "at number eight on the Billboard 200 and was certified Gold by the RIAA for selling over 500,000 units in the United States. In November 2013, the band released their fourth studio album, \"Baptized\", which debuted at number six on the Billboard 200. In February 2016, the band released their greatest hits album, \"It's Not Over...The Hits So Far\", which debuted at number 43 on the Billboard 200 and number 6 on the U.S. rock chart. On March 30, 2018, Daughtry released their new song \"Backbone\", it was rumored to be their first single from the upcoming album but Chris",
"title": "Daughtry discography"
},
{
"id": "20309745",
"text": "Number One hit on the \"Billboard\" Country Airplay charts on the week dated November 25, 2017. The album's second single, \"Hide the Wine,\" was released to country radio on December 4, 2017. \"If My Name Was Whiskey\" was released as the first official promotional single on June 23, 2017. The second promotional single \"Color\" became available on Apple Music on September 15, 2017, and became available for all on September 16, 2017. \"I Need a Ride Home\" was released as the third promotional single a week later, on September 22, 2017. The album version of \"Dare Ya\", which was originally",
"title": "Every Little Thing (album)"
},
{
"id": "1359927",
"text": "On 7 March 2018, the band announced they were releasing a special 25th anniversary newly remastered anniversary edition of the debut album \"Everybody Else Is Doing It, So Why Can't We\", with previously unreleased material as well as other bonus material from the time of the album. However, with O'Riordan's death it was delayed until 19 October, 2018. The band also decided to complete their new album underway at the time O'Riordan died, for which she had already recorded the vocals. Noel Hogan confirmed their next album will be out next year and will be the band's last: “We will",
"title": "The Cranberries"
},
{
"id": "20549349",
"text": "Brothers Osborne Additional musicians Technical Port Saint Joe (album) Port Saint Joe is the second studio album by American country music duo Brothers Osborne. It was released on April 20, 2018, through EMI Nashville. \"Shoot Me Straight\" is the album's lead single. The second single \"I Don't Remember Me (Before You)\" was released on October 8, 2018. The album debuted at No. 2 on \"Billboard\"s Top Country Albums and No. 15 on the \"Billboard\" 200, selling 19,000 copies (22,000 album-equivalent units) in its first week. It has sold 65,500 copies in the United States as of November 2018. Adapted from",
"title": "Port Saint Joe (album)"
},
{
"id": "20298262",
"text": "When Was the Last Time When Was the Last Time is the seventh studio album and fifth in the country genre by American country music singer Darius Rucker. It was released on Capitol Records Nashville on October 20, 2017. \"If I Told You\" was released as the album's lead single on July 5, 2016. It reached No. 1 on the \"Billboard\" Country Airplay chart dated June 24, 2017, becoming his first No. 1 since \"Wagon Wheel\" in 2013. The album's second single, \"For the First Time,\" was released on July 24, 2017. It reached number one on the \"Billboard\" Country",
"title": "When Was the Last Time"
},
{
"id": "20001099",
"text": "Memories...Do Not Open Memories...Do Not Open is the debut studio album by American electronic music duo the Chainsmokers, released on April 7, 2017, by Disruptor Records and Columbia Records. Its release was preceded by the singles \"Paris\" and \"Something Just like This\" (in collaboration with Coldplay), both of which reached the top 10 in several national charts. Upon its release, the album received generally mixed reviews from music critics. The album debuted at number one on the US \"Billboard\" 200 with 221,000 album-equivalent units, of which 166,000 were pure album sales. Chris Martin of Coldplay had first tweeted about the",
"title": "Memories...Do Not Open"
},
{
"id": "20291166",
"text": "copies. Track listing adapted from Amazon.com and the iTunes Store. Notes Credits adapted from the liner notes of \"Beautiful Trauma\". Performers and musicians Production Design !scope=\"row\"|Worldwide Beautiful Trauma Beautiful Trauma is the seventh studio album by American singer Pink. It was released on October 13, 2017, by RCA Records. The album's release was preceded by the release of the first single, \"What About Us\", on August 10, 2017. According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry, it was the third global best-selling album of 2017 with sales of 1.8 million copies. Pink embarked on the Beautiful Trauma World Tour",
"title": "Beautiful Trauma"
},
{
"id": "19924788",
"text": "÷ (album) ÷ (pronounced \"divide\") is the third studio album by English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran. It was released on 3 March 2017 through Asylum Records and Atlantic Records. \"Castle on the Hill\" and \"Shape of You\" were released as the album's lead singles on 6 January 2017. The album debuted at number one in the United Kingdom, selling 672,000 units in its first week, making it the fastest-selling album by a male artist there and the third-highest opening behind Adele's \"25\" and Oasis' \"Be Here Now\". It also topped the charts in 14 countries, including the United States, Canada, and",
"title": "÷ (album)"
},
{
"id": "19924806",
"text": "becoming the album with most weeks at number one in Denmark (since IFPI Denmark and Nielsen started tracking sales in 1993). \"÷\" was the best selling album globally of 2017, with 6.1 million copies shipped worldwide according to the IFPI. Notes Credits adapted from AllMusic. ÷ (album) ÷ (pronounced \"divide\") is the third studio album by English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran. It was released on 3 March 2017 through Asylum Records and Atlantic Records. \"Castle on the Hill\" and \"Shape of You\" were released as the album's lead singles on 6 January 2017. The album debuted at number one in the",
"title": "÷ (album)"
},
{
"id": "18150867",
"text": "The album debuted on the \"Billboard\" 200 at No. 5, and No. 1 on the Top Country Albums chart with 39,000 copies sold in the United States in its debut week. The album has sold 247,400 copies in the US as of March 2016. On October 18, 2017, the song received gold status by the RIAA. I Don't Dance (album) I Don't Dance is the third studio album by American country music artist Lee Brice. It was released on September 9, 2014 via Curb Records. The album's lead single is its title track, which became a number one single on",
"title": "I Don't Dance (album)"
},
{
"id": "6152860",
"text": "Why Don't We Fall in Love \"Why Don't We Fall in Love\" is a song written and produced by Rich Harrison for American R&B singer Amerie's debut album, \"All I Have\" (2002). Released as the album's lead single in the United Kingdom in October 2001 and in the United States in July 2002 after being sent US Urban/Urban AC, Top 40 and Rhythmic radio in April 2002, the song reached number twenty-three on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and became a top ten hit on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. It performed moderately elsewhere, peaking at number forty in the United Kingdom",
"title": "Why Don't We Fall in Love"
},
{
"id": "19905689",
"text": "the first week, which made it the top selling album of the week in the United States. It also debuted at No. 2 on \"Billboard\" 200 based on 77,000 units (traditional sales plus tracks and streams). The album sold a further 19,000 copies in the second week. The album has sold 218,200 copies in the US as of August 2018. The Devil Don't Sleep The Devil Don't Sleep is the fourth studio album by American country rock singer Brantley Gilbert. It was released on January 27, 2017 via Valory Music Group. The album includes the singles \"The Weekend\" and \"The",
"title": "The Devil Don't Sleep"
},
{
"id": "20541789",
"text": "Ember (album) Ember is the sixth studio album by American rock band Breaking Benjamin, produced by lead singer and guitarist Benjamin Burnley. It was released by Hollywood Records on April 13, 2018. The first single, \"Red Cold River\", was released on January 5, 2018. Four additional songs were released prior to the album's release, including \"Feed the Wolf\", \"Blood\", \"Psycho\", and \"Save Yourself\". A music video for \"Torn in Two\" was released on the same day as the album, and was released as the second single on May 29, 2018. After a string of successful platinum-selling albums in the US",
"title": "Ember (album)"
},
{
"id": "9632592",
"text": "1,630,000 copies in the United States alone. It spawned four singles: \"Because Of You\", \"Do You\", \"Can We Chill\", and \"Go On Girl\". \"Leaving Tonight\" was released as a radio single. The album won Best Contemporary R&B Album at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards in 10 February 2008. Because of You (Ne-Yo album) Because of You is the second studio album by American recording artist Ne-Yo, released on April 25, 2007 by Def Jam Recordings in the United States. It features guest contributions from rapper Jay-Z on \"Crazy\" and singer Jennifer Hudson on \"Leaving Tonight\". \"Because of You\" debuted at",
"title": "Because of You (Ne-Yo album)"
},
{
"id": "20234796",
"text": "his upcoming commercial debut project on November 19, 2016, by Asylum Records. The song peaked at number 80 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100. \"Fuck Ugly God\" was released as the album's second single on June 27, 2017. \"No Lies\" was released as the album's third and final single on July 31, 2017. The song features a guest appearance from American rapper Wiz Khalifa. The album's first promotional single, \"Bitch!\", was released on February 1, 2017. The album's second promotional single, \"Stop Smoking Black & Milds\", was released on August 3, 2017. Sample credits The Booty Tape The Booty Tape",
"title": "The Booty Tape"
},
{
"id": "20586677",
"text": "a team I like to call 'Team Fool's Gold.'\"\" The second single, \"Sooner or Later\", was released on January 20, 2017. The song peaked at #4 on the Billboard Spotify Viral 50 chart. The third single, \"Don't Say Goodbye\", was released on December 8, 2017, the day after Carter's 30th birthday. The album was formally announced on January 30, 2018, along with its release date. Carter revealed one song title per day via his Instagram account, leading up to the album's release. To celebrate Valentine's Day and promote the album's release, Carter released a newly recorded and remixed version of",
"title": "Love (Aaron Carter album)"
},
{
"id": "20092751",
"text": "Back to Us Back to Us is the tenth studio album by American country music trio Rascal Flatts. It was released on May 19, 2017 through Big Machine Records. The group produced the album themselves, save one track on the deluxe edition, which was produced by busbee. \"Yours If You Want It\" was released in January 2017 as the album's lead single, followed by \"Back to Us\" released the same year. The album serves as a follow-up to 2014's \"Rewind\". \"Back to Us\" earned the group their twelfth top-10 album on the \"Billboard\" Top Country Albums chart. A deluxe edition",
"title": "Back to Us"
},
{
"id": "20330830",
"text": "said songs, but he praised the inclusion of lesser-known tracks (including \"Somebody's Watching Me\"). It debuted at number 28 in France, selling 3,300 units. In the United States, it debuted with 14,000 units, including 11,000 from pure album sales, in its first week of release, charting at number 33 on the \"Billboard\" 200. Scream (Michael Jackson album) Scream is a compilation album by American singer Michael Jackson, released on September 29, 2017. The album compiles songs around a Halloween theme. A 17-second teaser was released on Michael Jackson's official Facebook page and YouTube Vevo page on September 6, 2017, just",
"title": "Scream (Michael Jackson album)"
},
{
"id": "18885086",
"text": "Paralympics on 18 September. It was revealed in September 2016 that \"Dancing On My Own\" was the most downloaded song of the summer in the UK. In 2017, he toured the US and released the single \"You Are the Reason\". Also in 2017, he began working on his debut album, \"Only Human\", which was released on 9 March 2018. A new version of \"You Are the Reason\" was released ahead of the album in early 2018 as a collaboration with Leona Lewis, and was performed by the two on \"The One Show\" in February 2018. In May, Scott released \"What",
"title": "Calum Scott"
},
{
"id": "20374301",
"text": "released as the album's lead single on 8 September 2017. It topped the UK Singles Chart and peaked No. 4 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100. \"One Last Song\" was sent to radio in the United Kingdom on 3 November 2017, on the day of album release as its second single. On 27 March 2018, Smith announced that \"Pray\" would serve as the third single, and would feature newly recorded guest vocals from American rapper Logic. The song was released on 29 March 2018. \"Baby, You Make Me Crazy\" was released as the fourth single from the album on 29",
"title": "The Thrill of It All (Sam Smith album)"
},
{
"id": "20309761",
"text": "US top 10 album. Credits adapted from Tidal. Track notes Credits adapted from Tidal. Performers Technical Production The Beautiful & Damned (album) The Beautiful & Damned is the fourth studio album by American rapper G-Eazy. It was released on December 15, 2017, by RCA Records. It features guest appearances from Halsey, Cardi B, ASAP Rocky, Kehlani, Jay Ant, E-40, Charlie Puth and Anna of the North, among others. The album was preceded by three singles; \"No Limit\", \"Him & I\" and \"Sober\". The album's cover art and release was released on November 8, 2017. A short film is set to",
"title": "The Beautiful & Damned (album)"
},
{
"id": "1503612",
"text": "only mixing and mastering to be done. Band members also posted a picture via Instagram together at a dinner party in celebration of completion of the recording process. The band's first album in over 3 years and the band's first album in over 8 years to have bassist John Moyer being involved in. The album, \"Evolution\" was released on October 19, 2018. On August 16, 2018, the lead single, titled \"Are You Ready\" was released. On September 21, 2018, the album's second single, titled \"A Reason to Fight\" was released. In support of the album, the band announced the 'Evolution",
"title": "Disturbed (band)"
},
{
"id": "13893149",
"text": "Where We Are Where We Are is the ninth studio album by Irish boy band Westlife. It was released on 27 November 2009 in Ireland and on 30 November 2009 in the UK through S Records, RCA Records and Sony Music. \"Where We Are\" is the group's first album following a break from music in 2008. This album was preceded by the lead single \"What About Now\" (a cover of the Daughtry song) and it was released on 23 October 2009 as a digital download a day later as a CD single. The group collaborated with numerous notable producers for",
"title": "Where We Are"
},
{
"id": "2013368",
"text": "shelves. The dispute was settled out of court. The re-issued vinyl LP version of the record was pressed at United Record Pressing in Nashville, Tennessee and mastered all-analog from the original master tapes. The song \"Why Can't You Be Nicer to Me?\" was used in Fox animated series \"The Simpsons\" episode \"Judge Me Tender\". The song \"Apple Blossom\" was used in Quentin Tarantino's film \"The Hateful Eight\", and is included on the official soundtrack. All songs written by Jack White except where noted. De Stijl (album) De Stijl is the second studio album by the American garage rock band The",
"title": "De Stijl (album)"
},
{
"id": "5559892",
"text": "\"Revolution 9\", recorded in June 1968, a few months before \"Why Don't We Do It in the Road?\": \"Anyway, he did the same with 'Revolution 9'. He went off and made that without me. No one ever says that. John is the nice guy and I'm the bastard. It gets repeated all the time.\" Personnel per Ian MacDonald Why Don't We Do It in the Road? \"Why Don't We Do It in the Road?\" is a song by the Beatles released on their 1968 album \"The Beatles\", commonly referred to as \"the White Album\". It was written and sung by",
"title": "Why Don't We Do It in the Road?"
},
{
"id": "20782242",
"text": "with an online stream of \"Ill Together\" in July 2017 followed by the title track \"Do or Die\" in August 2017. The band supported \"Do or Die\" with an October 2017 United States tour with Comeback Kid and Jesus Piece. Do or Die (Burn album) Do or Die is a studio album by the American rock band Burn. After releasing a handful of EPs throughout their nearly 30-year lifespan, \"Do or Die\" is Burn's first full-length studio album since forming in 1989. It was released on September 8, 2017 through Jacob Bannon's (Converge) indie label Deathwish Inc. \"Do or Die\"",
"title": "Do or Die (Burn album)"
},
{
"id": "16275464",
"text": "it shares much of the same radio-ready DNA.\" The album debuted at number seven with 55,000 copies on the US \"Billboard\" 200 chart. As of February, 2014 the album has sold 294,000 copies in the United States. Credits adapted from \"Allmusic\" and album liner notes. Design Musicians Album Singles Home (Dierks Bentley album) Home is the sixth studio album by American country music singer Dierks Bentley. It was released in February 2012 via Capitol Records Nashville. The album produced four singles—\"Am I the Only One\", the \"title track\", \"5-1-5-0\", and \"Tip It On Back\"—on the US \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs",
"title": "Home (Dierks Bentley album)"
},
{
"id": "17460065",
"text": "album would be self-titled, its artwork was revealed, and that it would be released by independent label Equal Vision Records and its imprint Rory Records. Conley said that re-signing with Equal Vision Records, who had released the band's first two albums, \"feels like coming home.\" On August 20, \"The Tide of Our Times\" was made available for streaming. On August 28, a lyric video was released for \"Ring Pop\". \"Saves the Day\" was made available for streaming on September 13, and released on September 17. In September and October, the band went on a headlining US tour with support from",
"title": "Saves the Day (album)"
},
{
"id": "12606574",
"text": "was \"God Must Really Love Me\", which became his first single to miss the Top 20 since \"Look At Us\", which peaked at number 27 in 2004. A May 21, 2009 reissue added two new songs, including \"Bonfire,\" which was released that month as the third single. As of September 18, 2010, the album has sold 60,868 copies in the U.S. On May 26, 2009, \"That's Why\" was re-issued with the new tracks \"Bonfire\" and \"This Ain't Nothin',\" which replaced \"Every Red Light\" and \"Summer Sundown.\" Morgan wrote \"Bonfire\" with former Lyric Street Records artist Kevin Denney, as well as",
"title": "That's Why (album)"
},
{
"id": "246468",
"text": "the lead single on July 29, 1991; it reached number 16 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles chart and was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). The follow-up single, \"Don't Tread on Me\", was released promotionally and peaked at number 21 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks singles chart. \"The Unforgiven\" was a Top 40 hit; it peaked in the Top 10 in Australia. In 1992, \"Nothing Else Matters\" was released to more success, reaching number six in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The fifth single from the album was also released in 1992; \"Wherever",
"title": "Metallica (album)"
},
{
"id": "246451",
"text": "Metallica (album) Metallica (commonly known as The Black Album) is the self-titled fifth studio album by American heavy metal band Metallica. Released on August 12, 1991 by Elektra Records, it received widespread critical acclaim and became the band's best-selling album. \"Metallica\" produced five singles that are considered to be among the band's best-known songs, which include \"Enter Sandman\", \"The Unforgiven\", \"Nothing Else Matters\", \"Wherever I May Roam\", and \"Sad but True\". A sixth song, \"Don't Tread on Me\", was also issued to rock radio shortly after the album's release, but the song did not receive a commercial single release. The",
"title": "Metallica (album)"
},
{
"id": "20964115",
"text": "\"Billboard\" Rock Album charts in the first week after its release, with the album's first single, \"When the Curtain Falls\", being released ahead of it in July 2018 and eventually becoming the band's third number one US single on the \"Billboard\" Mainstream Rock charts. \"Anthem of the Peaceful Army\" also launched atop the \"Billboard\" Hard Rock charts and reached the number one spot on the \"Billboard\" Top Album Sales charts in the first week after its release. Greta Van Fleet discography Greta Van Fleet is an American hard rock band. The band released their debut studio EP, \"Black Smoke Rising\"",
"title": "Greta Van Fleet discography"
},
{
"id": "20722383",
"text": "Still Run (Wet album) Still Run is the second studio album by American band Wet. It was released on July 13, 2018 by Columbia Records. It was announced on May 11, 2018, with the release of the third single off the album, \"Lately\". The first single off the album, \"There's a Reason\" was released on March 9, 2018. The same day, a US tour with Inc. No World was announced. The album was supported by four singles, \"There's a Reason\", \"Softens\", \"Lately\", and \"You're Not Wrong\". It is the band's first album without founding member, Marty Sulkow, who left the",
"title": "Still Run (Wet album)"
},
{
"id": "4552601",
"text": "They also announced the release of their ninth studio album \"Layover\" set for release on the same day. However, it was delayed and finally released a day later. In late 2018, they announced a new single \"He Ain't Sh*t\" featuring Ty Dolla Sign. | 2001 | 2001 | 2002 | rowspan=\"2\" | 2001 Jagged Edge (group) Jagged Edge is an American R&B group signed through Jermaine Dupri's So So Def Recordings. Their biggest hit singles are \"Let's Get Married\" and \"Where the Party At\", many of which are produced by Dupri. The group's members include identical twin lead singers Brandon",
"title": "Jagged Edge (group)"
}
] | when does the why don't we album come out |
[
"Stephen Curry"
] | [
{
"id": "16017941",
"text": "has earned on a 1 year contract, Jordan also holds the record for the second largest 1 year contract at $30,140,000 in the 1996-97 season. Kobe Bryant become just the second player to reach this milestone when the 2013–14 season began. LeBron James became the third in the 2016–17 season. Stephen Curry became the first player to eclipse $40-Million per year when he signed a record 5-year contract worth $201-Million in 2017, starting with $34,682,550 in the 2017-18 season and ending with the largest earnings in the 2021-22 season with a record payout of $45,780,966. Beginning in the 1984–85 NBA",
"title": "Highest-paid NBA players by season"
},
{
"id": "6569382",
"text": "signed the contract once the NBA's free agency moratorium ended on July 6, 2017. Shortly thereafter, James Harden agreed on a DVPE with the Rockets. At the time of signing, his current contract had two years remaining with total pay of $59 million; the extension will add another $170 million over four seasons, ending in 2022–23. The next supermax signing was that of John Wall, who agreed later in July to a four-year, $170 million extension that will start in 2019–20. In late September, Russell Westbrook became the fourth and final supermax signing of the 2017 offseason, signing a five-year,",
"title": "NBA salary cap"
},
{
"id": "6569336",
"text": "future seasons based on league revenues. For the 2015–16 season, the salary cap was $70 million and the luxury tax limit was $84.74 million. For the 2016–17 season, the salary cap was set at $94.14 million and the luxury tax limit was $113.29 million. For the 2017–18 season, the cap is set at $99 million for the salary cap and $119 million for the luxury tax.The NBA's salary caps are considered \"soft\" salary caps. There are two kinds of salary caps: soft and hard. Soft salary caps allow teams to go above the salary cap however will subject the teams",
"title": "NBA salary cap"
},
{
"id": "6569381",
"text": "allowing them to sign DVPE contracts should they otherwise qualify. The most recent player to qualify for a supermax contract is Anthony Davis, who has played his entire NBA career to date with the New Orleans Pelicans. He qualified by being named to the All-NBA first team in , enabling the Pelicans to offer him a five-year extension worth up to $230 million, effective with the 2019–20 season. The first player to sign a supermax contract was Stephen Curry, who agreed to a new five-year DVPE deal with the Warriors, worth $201 million, that runs through the 2021–22 season. Curry",
"title": "NBA salary cap"
},
{
"id": "7715469",
"text": "City\". In 2017, he was traded to the Houston Rockets, and helped the team win a franchise-record 65 games in his debut season. Off the court, Paul has served as the National Basketball Players Association president since August 2013. One of the highest-paid athletes in the world, he holds endorsement deals with companies such as Nike and State Farm. Paul was born on May 6, 1985, in Winston-Salem, North Carolina to Charles Edward Paul and Robin Jones. He has an older brother named Charles \"C.J.\" Paul. A former athlete himself, Charles Sr. taught his sons basketball and football and coached",
"title": "Chris Paul"
},
{
"id": "11667096",
"text": "assists in a 110–107 overtime loss; the loss saw the Rockets go down 3–2 in the series. The Rockets were eliminated by the Spurs with a 114–75 loss in Game 6. Harden capped his stellar season by tying a season low with 10 points on 2-of-11 shooting before fouling out with 3:15 left. On July 8, 2017, Harden signed a four-year contract extension with the Rockets for approximately $160 million, giving him a total six-year deal with $228 million guaranteed—the richest contract in NBA history. The deal will keep Harden the face of the Rockets through the 2022–23 season. On",
"title": "James Harden"
},
{
"id": "1811627",
"text": "As a result of James's endorsement money and NBA salary, he has been listed as one of the world's highest-paid athletes. In 2013, he surpassed Kobe Bryant as the highest paid basketball player in the world, with earnings of $56.5 million. In 2014, James realized a profit of more than $30 million as part of Apple's acquisition of Beats Electronics; he had originally struck a deal to get a small stake in the company at its inception in exchange for promoting its headphones. In 2015, he was ranked the sixth highest earning sportsperson, and third highest in 2016 (after Cristiano",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "16017940",
"text": "Highest-paid NBA players by season The highest-paid NBA players by season over the past twelve seasons have received contracts with salaries noted in the twenty-million-dollar range. In this twelve-year span, Kevin Garnett received $28,000,000, which was the highest salary payment of any NBA player, during the 2003–04 season. Garnett has been the highest-paid NBA player per year in seven of the past twelve NBA seasons. Michael Jordan was the first NBA player to sign a contract worth over thirty million dollars in a season. During the 1997–98 season, Jordan earned $33,140,000, which still stands as the most any NBA player",
"title": "Highest-paid NBA players by season"
},
{
"id": "16017942",
"text": "season, the NBA's first salary cap was introduced. The NBA salary cap is the maximum dollar amount each NBA team can spend on its players for the season. However, the NBA uses a \"soft\" salary cap, which means that significant \"salary exceptions\" allow NBA teams to exceed their allotted amount in order to sign players. The salary cap is determined during the offseason, but as stated earlier, it is liable to change. An exception is necessary to sign a player for a contract that would exceed the salary cap threshold of the \"soft cap\". The Larry Bird exception, more commonly",
"title": "Highest-paid NBA players by season"
},
{
"id": "13115360",
"text": "injury, the Rockets could not guard Lamarcus Aldridge, who scored 34 points and grabbed 12 rebounds. On June 28, 2017, 8 time All-NBA player and 9 time All-Star Chris Paul was acquired in a trade from the Los Angeles Clippers, in exchange for Sam Dekker, Patrick Beverley, Lou Williams, DeAndre Liggins, Darrun Hilliard, Kyle Wiltjer, Montrezl Harrell, cash considerations, and a top three protected 2018 first round draft pick. It was reported on 5 September, 2017 that Houston restaurant billionaire Tilman Fertitta had reached an agreement with Rockets owner Leslie Alexander to purchase the team, pending league approval The $2.2",
"title": "History of the Houston Rockets"
},
{
"id": "6569365",
"text": "for a salary up to his previous salary. The maximum amount of money a player can sign for is based on the number of years that player has played and the total of the salary cap. The maximum salary of a player with 6 or fewer years of experience is either $25,500,000 or 25% of the total salary cap (projected for 2017–18), whichever is greater. For a player with 7–9 years of experience, the maximum is $30,600,000 or 30% of the cap, and for a player with 10+ years of experience, the maximum is $35,700,000 or 35% of the cap.",
"title": "NBA salary cap"
},
{
"id": "20712837",
"text": "2018 NBA Awards The 2018 NBA Awards were the 2nd annual awards show by the National Basketball Association (NBA), held on June 25, 2018 at Barker Hangar in Santa Monica, California and hosted by Anthony Anderson. James Harden of the Houston Rockets was awarded the NBA Most Valuable Player Award. During the ceremony, it was revealed during \"EJ's Neat-O Stat of the Night\" that the cover athlete of NBA Live 19 will be Joel Embiid. The full list of finalists were announced on May 16, 2018 during the \"TNT NBA Tip-Off\" pre-game show and posted to Twitter. Winners are in",
"title": "2018 NBA Awards"
},
{
"id": "20712838",
"text": "boldface. Fan Awards nominees and categories were announced on the league's official website on April 18, 2018. Winners are in boldface. 2018 NBA Awards The 2018 NBA Awards were the 2nd annual awards show by the National Basketball Association (NBA), held on June 25, 2018 at Barker Hangar in Santa Monica, California and hosted by Anthony Anderson. James Harden of the Houston Rockets was awarded the NBA Most Valuable Player Award. During the ceremony, it was revealed during \"EJ's Neat-O Stat of the Night\" that the cover athlete of NBA Live 19 will be Joel Embiid. The full list of",
"title": "2018 NBA Awards"
},
{
"id": "18795032",
"text": "since the 2009–10 season, the Suns don't have to pay Josh Childress as the amnesty clause for the NBA expires. However, they still owe Michael Beasley $777,778 due to the buyout the Suns did on September 3, 2013. Beasley's contract still affects the Suns' salary for both this season and the next. Furthermore, the Suns also buy out Kris Humphries' contract on February 28, 2016, which removes his payments of around $3,440,000 from Phoenix's books in the current season, as well as payout the rest of Sonny Weems' $2,814,000 that he didn't get earlier on (which totals out to $660,000)",
"title": "2015–16 Phoenix Suns season"
},
{
"id": "6569366",
"text": "There is an exception to this rule: a player is able to sign a contract for 105% of his previous contract, even if the new contract is higher than the league limit. The 2017 CBA made a subtle change to the determination of maximum salaries. Under the 2011 CBA, the salary cap was based on players receiving 44.74% of the league's basketball-related income (BRI), while the calculation of maximum salaries used a lower figure of 42.14% of BRI. This difference was eliminated in the 2017 CBA, with the same 44.74% of BRI used for both cap and maximum salary calculations.",
"title": "NBA salary cap"
},
{
"id": "18725911",
"text": "later traded to the Memphis Grizzlies on draft night. On July 12, 2016, Davis signed a fully guaranteed three-year, $4-million contract with the Memphis Grizzlies. The deal marked the richest guaranteed salary for an American-born second-round pick in NBA history. On December 15, 2016, he was ruled out for six to eight weeks with a torn plantar fascia in his left foot. During his rookie and sophomore seasons, Davis received multiple assignments to the Iowa Energy and the Memphis Hustle, the Grizzlies' G League affiliates. On July 17, 2018, Davis was traded, along with Ben McLemore, a 2021 second-round pick",
"title": "Deyonta Davis"
},
{
"id": "11747083",
"text": "as the only players to claim three consecutive playoff triple-doubles. With a loss to the Rockets in Game 5, the Thunder bowed out of the playoffs with a 4–1 series defeat. Westbrook had 47 points in Game 5 and came up just one assist shy of his fourth straight triple-double. On June 26, 2017, he was named the recipient of the NBA Most Valuable Player Award at the first-ever NBA Awards Show. On September 29, 2017, Westbrook signed a five-year, $205 million contract extension with the Thunder. The deal starts with the 2018–19 season and delivers Westbrook the biggest guaranteed",
"title": "Russell Westbrook"
},
{
"id": "19576142",
"text": "every time he gets fined, he matches that amount and donates it to a charity of his choice. As one of the world's highest-paid group of athletes, an NBA player's average salary is $4,001,760, and some contracts are worth over $10 million. The average fine in the 2015-2016 season, for the 246 players who been fined total an amount of $5,463,829, with an average of $22,210 The impact to NBA players is approximately $150 to a person who makes $30,000 annually. The NBA says that it allocates fine money to charity, although it is the only professional sports organization that",
"title": "NBA fines"
},
{
"id": "2292809",
"text": "violation only if the league average also breached a separate threshold. The NBA implemented a maximum salary for individual players. This was done following a dramatic increase in player salaries, in spite of the salary cap, in the mid-1990s. Under the CBA, a player's maximum possible salary increased along with his time of service in the league. For a player of five years' experience, the maximum salary threshold began at 25% of the salary cap, with annual increases of up to 10.5% possible beyond that for players re-signed by their original team, or 8% annual increases for free agents that",
"title": "Salary cap"
},
{
"id": "6569383",
"text": "$205 million extension that started in 2018–19. The cap also includes a provision to close a potential loophole that would provide incentives for teams to skirt the cap by signing an older player to a long-term deal that would not end until after the team expects the player to retire. Cap analyst Larry Coon outlined how this potential loophole would work:For example, suppose the Non-Taxpayer Mid-Level exception is $9 million. With 5% raises, a three-year contract would total $28.35 million. But if they added a fourth year to the contract, the salary would total $38.7 million. If the player retires",
"title": "NBA salary cap"
},
{
"id": "2292806",
"text": "set at $94.14 million, with the salary floor at 84.73 million and the luxury tax limit at $113.29 million. The current CBA took effect with the 2017–18 season. The NBA uses a \"soft\" cap, meaning that teams were allowed to exceed the cap in order to retain the rights to a player who was already on the team. This provision was known as the \"Larry Bird\" exception, named after the former Boston Celtics great who was retained by that team until his retirement under the provisions of this rule. The purpose of this rule was to address fan unease over",
"title": "Salary cap"
},
{
"id": "18191438",
"text": "contract for LeBron James, which made him the highest paid player in the NBA for the first time in his career. They also finalized a four-year, $57 million deal for Klutch Sports Group client J.R. Smith just before the start of the 2016-17 season. Termini is often quoted in the media on issues related to sports economics and sports law. He has written on these topics as well. A former basketball standout in high school and college, Termini scored 1,161 career points when he played for Case Western Reserve University from 1974 through 1978. He averaged 21.7 points per game",
"title": "Mark Termini"
},
{
"id": "6569380",
"text": "up to $209 million over five years, a financial commitment that the Kings were apparently unwilling to make. Following the announcement of the 2016–17 All-NBA team, four players were eligible to sign DVPE contracts during the 2017 offseason. All four were named to one of the three All-NBA teams for that season; two were already eligible under the new criteria. Harden and Westbrook would not have qualified under the standard DVPE criteria because both signed extensions to their contracts in the 2016 offseason, Harden for two years and Westbrook for one. The players' union and owners negotiated a special dispensation",
"title": "NBA salary cap"
},
{
"id": "6569339",
"text": "2011. The next CBA, which took effect in 2011, set the cap at 51.2 percent of BRI in 2011–12, with a 49-to-51 band in subsequent years. To ensure the players get their share of the BRI, teams are required to spend 90 percent of the salary cap each year, the salary floor for the 2016–17 season will be 84.73 million. In December 2016, the league and the players' union reached a tentative agreement on a new CBA, with both sides ratifying it by the end of that month. The new agreement will run through the 2023–24 season, with either side",
"title": "NBA salary cap"
},
{
"id": "9651921",
"text": "list, and teams can add or remove players to a 45-position negotiation list without their permission and at any time, regardless of age. Since 2018, ten of the 45 players must be publicly announced. The average annual salary for players in the four major leagues is about US $2.9 million in 2008, although player salaries can range from $300,000 for backup players to $20 million for superstars. NBA players have the highest average player salaries of the four leagues; however, their teams also have the smallest rosters. The NFL has the highest average team payroll. However, NFL rosters are far",
"title": "Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada"
},
{
"id": "14590109",
"text": "Bob Pettit. On July 7, the NBA announced that the salary cap for the 2010–11 season would be $58.044 million, an increase of $0.344 million from previous season's $57.70 million, and would go into effect on July 8 as the league's \"moratorium period\" had ended and teams could begin signing free agents and making trades. The increase came as a surprise as the league initially predicted a decrease in the salary cap. On March, before the playoffs, the league projected that the salary cap would be around $56.1 million. The tax level for the season was set at $70.307 million,",
"title": "2010–11 NBA season"
},
{
"id": "6569349",
"text": "the MLE was equal to the average NBA salary for all teams over the cap; teams with cap room were then ineligible for the MLE. The Mid-Level Exception for the 2008–09 NBA season was $5.585 million. The MLE was $5.854 million for the 2009–10 NBA regular season. Under the 2017 CBA, the apron was initially set at $6 million above the tax line for the 2017–18 season. In a new feature, the apron will change from season to season, with the percentage change (up or down) set at half of the rate of change of the cap for that season.",
"title": "NBA salary cap"
},
{
"id": "6569335",
"text": "NBA salary cap The NBA salary cap is the limit to the total amount of money that National Basketball Association teams are allowed to pay their players. Like many professional sports leagues, the NBA has a salary cap to control costs and benefit parity, defined by the league's collective bargaining agreement (CBA). This limit is subject to a complex system of rules and exceptions and as such is considered a \"soft\" cap and is calculated as a percentage of the league's revenue from the previous season. Under the CBA ratified in December 2011, the cap will continue to vary in",
"title": "NBA salary cap"
},
{
"id": "6569368",
"text": "The contract would be for at least three seasons, with a maximum value up to the team's available cap room. In 2017, the scale for lottery picks was as follows: Second-round picks are not subject to a scale, and technically can be paid anywhere from the minimum to the maximum contract amount. In practice, they rarely receive more than the minimum. Prior to the 2017 CBA, the rookie scales for each season were negotiated into the agreement. For the current agreement, only the rookie scales for the 2017–18 season were determined in advance. In subsequent seasons, the percentage change in",
"title": "NBA salary cap"
},
{
"id": "6569390",
"text": "maximum first-year salary in an offer sheet is the mid-level exception. The second-year salary can be raised a maximum of 4.5%. The third year salary is limited to the maximum a team has available in their salary cap. The salary in the fourth season may increase (or decrease) by up to 4.1% of the salary in the third season. The offer sheet can only increase in the third season if it provides the highest salary allowed in the first two seasons, the contract is fully guaranteed, and it contains no bonuses. A player's original team can use the Early Bird",
"title": "NBA salary cap"
},
{
"id": "803550",
"text": "by Houston restaurant billionaire Tilman Fertitta for $2.2 billion, breaking the record for the price to purchase an American professional sports team. The team also acquired 8 time All-NBA player and 9 time All-Star Chris Paul in a trade from the Los Angeles Clippers, in exchange for seven players, cash considerations, and a top three protected 2018 first round draft pick. Even if Paul missed many games due to a knee injury, he was a key addition to the Rockets. The team finished the season with 65 wins, a record both league-leading and the best in franchise history. During the",
"title": "Houston Rockets"
},
{
"id": "6569377",
"text": "Player Extension\" (DVPE), came to be called the \"Kevin Durant Rule\" because it was seen as a reaction to a wave of veteran superstars leaving their teams in free agency, capped off by Durant's departure from the Thunder to the Golden State Warriors in the 2016 offseason. The contract is also commonly called \"The Supermax\". The 2011 CBA allowed all of the teams that were trying to lure Durant to offer him the same initial salary of $26.5 million. For a veteran player to qualify for such an extension, he must be entering his eighth or ninth season in the",
"title": "NBA salary cap"
},
{
"id": "6569347",
"text": "million. Because the NBA's salary cap is a soft one, the CBA allows for several important scenarios in which a team can sign players even if their payroll exceeds the cap. The exceptions are as follows: Once a year, teams can use a mid-level exception (MLE) to sign a player to a contract for a specified maximum amount. The amount of the MLE and its duration depend on the team's cap status. In the 2017 CBA, the MLE was initially set at $8.406 million in the 2017–18 season for teams that are over the cap either before or after the",
"title": "NBA salary cap"
},
{
"id": "11667066",
"text": "joining the Rockets, he became one of the NBA's most prolific scorers and earned recognition as the best shooting guard in the NBA, as well as one of the top overall players in the league. Harden was named the NBA Most Valuable Player in 2018. He is a six-time NBA All-Star, and has earned All-NBA Team honors five times, including four times to the first team. Harden is a two-time member of the United States national basketball team, winning gold medals in both the 2012 Summer Olympics and 2014 FIBA World Cup. Harden attended Artesia High School in Lakewood, California.",
"title": "James Harden"
},
{
"id": "9936757",
"text": "and without Conley and Marc Gasol, they were swept by the San Antonio Spurs in the first round of the playoffs. On April 23, Conley was awarded the NBA Sportsmanship Award for the second time. On July 14, 2016, Conley re-signed with the Grizzlies. His reported five-year, $153 million deal was the greatest contract by total value in NBA history at that point in time. On November 16, 2016, he scored 30 points and hit a career high-tying seven three-pointers in a 111–107 win over the Los Angeles Clippers. On November 29, he was ruled out for six to eight",
"title": "Mike Conley Jr."
},
{
"id": "6569351",
"text": "of the bi-annual exception was the Los Angeles Lakers' signing of Karl Malone to a contract before the 2003–04 season. The exception was eliminated for teams above the tax apron following the 2011 NBA lockout as many high spending teams were using this as a tool to gain top paid players. A team cannot use this exception in consecutive years; a team that used it in 2016–17 (under the 2011 CBA) could not use it in 2017–18 (under the 2017 CBA). It also cannot be used by a team that has already used an MLE in the same season. Additionally,",
"title": "NBA salary cap"
},
{
"id": "15121399",
"text": "Curry is speculated to receive even more money than Durant from his contract with Under Armour. Meanwhile, Puma pays sprinter Usain Bolt $10 million per year. Many athletes maintain contracts with a variety of companies; some of them are related to sports and others that are not. Roger Federer holds agreements with Nike, Wilson, Rolex, Mercedes-Benz, and Gillette, worth a sum close to $60 million each year. LeBron James’ contracts with Nike, Beats by Dre, Coca-Cola, Kia, McDonald’s, and Samsung accrue the NBA player more than $40 million per year. Peyton Manning meanwhile holds sponsorship agreements with companies including Buick,",
"title": "Sports marketing"
},
{
"id": "11667104",
"text": "series at 2–2 with a 95–92 win. In Game 6, he recorded 32 points, nine assists and seven rebounds in a 115–86 loss. Despite a 32-point effort from Harden in Game 7, the Rockets were eliminated from the playoffs with a 101–92 defeat. In June, Harden was named the NBA Most Valuable Player for the 2017–18 season, becoming the third player in franchise history to receive the award, joining Moses Malone (1978–79 and 1981–82) and Hakeem Olajuwon (1993–94). That same month, he was voted the National Basketball Players Association's MVP for the 2017–18 season, earning the honor for a second",
"title": "James Harden"
},
{
"id": "1833207",
"text": "the playoffs. Bryant resumed practicing in November 2013, after the 2013-2014 season had already begun. On November 25, he signed a two-year contract extension with the Lakers at an estimated value of $48.5 million. He remained the league's highest-paid player, although he accepted a discounted deal; he had been eligible to receive an extension starting at $32 million per year. Bryant's contract became a polarizing topic, with detractors arguing that stars should take less money to allow their team more financial freedom, while supporters countered that the NBA's biggest stars were being paid less than their true value. Bryant resumed",
"title": "Kobe Bryant"
},
{
"id": "6569392",
"text": "pay the luxury tax by the third season, as the Houston Rockets did in order to sign Jeremy Lin and Ömer Aşık away from the New York Knicks and Chicago Bulls, respectively. This could discourage them from matching the offer sheet. The 2017 CBA changed the accounting rules for the player's original team in this scenario. If the original team matches, and has enough cap space to absorb the average annual salary of the offer, it can choose to take cap hits of either the actual contract payouts or the average of the contract in each season. Before the 2005",
"title": "NBA salary cap"
},
{
"id": "20111551",
"text": "on the same day they officially waived center Greg Monroe from the team (January 31), the Suns signed Northern Arizona Suns point guard Josh Gray to a 10-day contract a day later. In the aftermath of the February 8, 2018 NBA trade deadline, the Suns were forced to waive Isaiah Canaan (with him still receiving his full salary for the year) in order to gain Elfrid Payton in their trade with the Orlando Magic in exchange for a second round pick from Memphis. However, Canaan still got paid the full salary for the season and use the team's facilities to",
"title": "2017–18 Phoenix Suns season"
},
{
"id": "20133317",
"text": "Eastern Conference semifinals, and defeated the Boston Celtics in seven games in the Eastern Conference Finals. This was the Golden State Warriors' fourth consecutive trip to the NBA Finals. During the 2017–18 offseason, the Warriors resigned their core players, including Stephen Curry to a five-year contract worth $201 million, and Kevin Durant to a two-year, $53 million contract. Golden State also resigned Andre Iguodala, Shaun Livingston, Zaza Pachulia, and David West. A major free agent acquired during the offseason was guard Nick Young. The Warriors finished the 2017–18 regular season with a 58–24 record, winning the Pacific Division and securing",
"title": "2018 NBA Finals"
},
{
"id": "6569378",
"text": "NBA, and have either: Additionally, the team offering the extension must have originally drafted the player, or obtained him in a trade while he was on his rookie contract. Players who qualify can be offered contracts with a starting salary between 30 and 35% of the salary cap. The extension cannot last more than five years after the expiration of the player's current contract (or five years for a player who is a free agent when signed), but can be negotiated and signed one year before the current contract expires. The extension can be offered to a team's own free",
"title": "NBA salary cap"
},
{
"id": "18553723",
"text": "on January 26, 2017. The West reserves include Russell Westbrook of the Oklahoma City Thunder, Klay Thompson and Draymond Green of the Golden State Warriors, DeMarcus Cousins of the Sacramento Kings, Marc Gasol of the Memphis Grizzlies, DeAndre Jordan of the Los Angeles Clippers, and Gordon Hayward of the Utah Jazz. Jordan and Hayward were selected as all-stars for the first time in their respective careers. The East reserves include Kyle Lowry of the Toronto Raptors, Isaiah Thomas of the Boston Celtics, John Wall of the Washington Wizards, Paul George of the Indiana Pacers, Kevin Love of the Cleveland Cavaliers,",
"title": "2017 NBA All-Star Game"
},
{
"id": "6569386",
"text": "before the 2011 CBA, which limited the maximum contract length to 5 years. While the threshold age was changed in the 2017 CBA, the mechanics of the rule remained the same. Notably, several members of the union's executive committee at the time the 2017 CBA was negotiated were older players who were seen as potential major beneficiaries of a change to an over-38 rule. For example, the change to an over-38 rule gave union president Chris Paul, scheduled to become a free agent after the 2016–17 season, a potential gain of nearly $50 million over the life of his next",
"title": "NBA salary cap"
},
{
"id": "6569401",
"text": "the payroll of the receiving team cannot exceed the so-called \"apron\" (as of 2017–18 set at $6 million above the tax line) as a result of the trade, and a team that has used the taxpayers' MLE cannot receive a player in a sign-and-trade in that season. Additionally, the apron becomes a hard salary cap for the first season after the signing. Teams above the apron before the trade cannot receive a player unless the trade leaves the team below the apron. The tight salary-matching rules of the 2005 CBA often required what NBA cap analyst Larry Coon called \"trade",
"title": "NBA salary cap"
},
{
"id": "20658174",
"text": "five-year maximum contract extension of around $158.3 million to remain with the team. It was the seventh highest valued contract of the NBA at the time of its signing. On July 20, they announced that they had retained both Davon Reed and Shaquille Harrison, and also completed two separate trades. Their first trade involved sent guard/forward Jared Dudley and their top-35 protected 2021 second round pick to the Brooklyn Nets in exchange for guard Darrell Arthur. Not long after the trade for Arthur, the Suns traded $1,000,000 in cash considerations to the Philadelphia 76ers in exchange for power forward/center Richaun",
"title": "2018–19 Phoenix Suns season"
},
{
"id": "15397574",
"text": "outstanding year 1 through 3 salary in the event of a trade. The Hawks declined to match the offer, and Hardaway signed with the Knicks on July 8. Hardaway began the season in the starting lineup. On October 29, 2017, he scored a game-high 34 points in a 114–95 win over the Cleveland Cavaliers. On November 8, 2017, with Kristaps Porziņģis sidelined, Hardaway posted his first NBA career double-double with a game-high 26 points and 11 rebounds against the Orlando Magic. He posted his second double-double against the Cavaliers five days later with a game-high 28 points and 10 rebounds,",
"title": "Tim Hardaway Jr."
},
{
"id": "6569412",
"text": "he becomes a free agent and the offer would be limited to the veteran's minimum contract. NBA salary cap The NBA salary cap is the limit to the total amount of money that National Basketball Association teams are allowed to pay their players. Like many professional sports leagues, the NBA has a salary cap to control costs and benefit parity, defined by the league's collective bargaining agreement (CBA). This limit is subject to a complex system of rules and exceptions and as such is considered a \"soft\" cap and is calculated as a percentage of the league's revenue from the",
"title": "NBA salary cap"
},
{
"id": "3796128",
"text": "a six-year, $123.7 million contract, which, at the time, made him the NBA's highest-paid player. The signing occurred during one of the most star-studded free agency summers in league history, highlighted by LeBron James's \"Decision\" TV special. Among others who signed high-profile deals were Chris Bosh, Dwyane Wade, Amar'e Stoudemire, Paul Pierce, Ray Allen and Dirk Nowitzki. On July 11, 2012, Johnson was traded to the Brooklyn Nets in exchange for Jordan Farmar, Anthony Morrow, Jordan Williams, Johan Petro, DeShawn Stevenson and a 2013 first round draft pick. After a slow start to the 2012–13 season, Johnson began to pick",
"title": "Joe Johnson (basketball)"
},
{
"id": "6569373",
"text": "rookie contract who are considered to be of a higher \"caliber\" than their peers, without restricting them to the lower (25%) salary level. A player may sign a \"5th Year, 30% Max\" contract before the final year of his rookie contract and before fulfilling the criteria needed to receive the 30% salary grade. Should the player fail to fulfill the criteria before the start of his Designated Player contract, he will receive the standard five-year, 25% Designated Player contract. James Harden of the Houston Rockets and Anthony Davis of the New Orleans Pelicans had such a clause in their contract",
"title": "NBA salary cap"
},
{
"id": "2292812",
"text": "season or two of the three most recent seasons; or named to an All-NBA team in the immediately preceding season or two of the three most recent seasons. These criteria are the same that determine eligibility for a new type of contract introduced with the 2017 CBA—the Designated Veteran Player Extension (DVPE), popularly known as a \"supermax\" contract. Players entering their eighth or ninth season in the league who meet the aforementioned criteria may be eligible to sign an extension of up to 5 years at 35% of the cap, a salary normally allowed only for players with 10 or",
"title": "Salary cap"
},
{
"id": "20068467",
"text": "2017–18 NBA season The 2017–18 NBA season was the 72nd season of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The regular season began on October 17, 2017, earlier than previous seasons to reduce the number of \"back-to-back\" games teams were scheduled to play, with the 2017 Eastern Conference champion (and Finals runner–up) Cleveland Cavaliers hosting a game against the Boston Celtics at Quicken Loans Arena in Cleveland, Ohio. The 2018 NBA All-Star Game was played on February 18, 2018, at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. LeBron James of the Cleveland Cavaliers was named the All-Star Game Most Valuable Player. The",
"title": "2017–18 NBA season"
},
{
"id": "19867789",
"text": "the highest paid undrafted player in the history of the NBA. In March 2016, ESPN writer Ethan Sherwood Strauss published a story about how Under Armour successfully signed away Stephen Curry from Nike in the 2013 offseason, and revealed that Bazemore played a significant role in the signing. Austin Walton Austin Walton is an attorney and American sports agent who represents players in the National Basketball Association. He is the CEO and founder of Walton Sports Management Group, who represents Kent Bazemore of the Atlanta Hawks. Walton was born in Newport News, Virginia. He attended the University of South Florida",
"title": "Austin Walton"
},
{
"id": "20718982",
"text": "Drew, who would become permanent coach on November 5. The Cavaliers entered the 2018 NBA draft with the rights to the eighth overall pick, which originally belonged to the Brooklyn Nets. Cleveland acquired the pick from the Boston Celtics in the Kyrie Irving trade during the summer of 2017. The Cavaliers used the pick to acquire point guard Collin Sexton, a freshman out of the University of Alabama. On July 1, 2018, LeBron James confirmed that he would be leaving the Cavaliers and signing a four-year, $154 million contract with the Los Angeles Lakers. This marked the second time in",
"title": "2018–19 Cleveland Cavaliers season"
},
{
"id": "20111541",
"text": "a longer period of time, signing a four-year deal worth $50 million on September 25, 2017. In addition, veteran guard Leandro Barbosa and small forwards Derrick Jones Jr. and Elijah Millsap, all have team options for another season, with the latter two having them near the mid-season deadline on January 7, 2018, although neither player got to that point in time. Alan Williams also qualified for the NBA's Early Bird rights due to previously debuting late in the 2015–16 NBA season and essentially signing a two-year deal around that time. This season also marks the first season where NBA teams",
"title": "2017–18 Phoenix Suns season"
},
{
"id": "6569369",
"text": "the salary cap will be applied to all dollar amounts in the previous season's scale. Amounts that are expressed as a percentage of salary, such as the allowable salary change from the third to the fourth season of the rookie contract, remain the same from season to season. Since the 2011 CBA, each NBA team has been able to nominate a player on his rookie contract to receive a \"Designated Player\" contract extension. A Designated Player is eligible for a 5-year contract extension, instead of being held to the standard 4-year restriction. From 2011 through the 2016–17 season, a team",
"title": "NBA salary cap"
},
{
"id": "1811625",
"text": "allotted him the option of seeking a new contract worth more money as an unrestricted free agent following the 2010 season. This move ultimately allowed James, Dwyane Wade, and Chris Bosh to sign with the Heat together. During his second stint in Cleveland, he began opting out and re-signing on new contracts after each season in order to take advantage of higher salaries resulting from the NBA's rising salary cap. In 2016, he signed with the Cavaliers on a three-year deal, becoming the highest-paid player in the league for the first time in his career. James has signed numerous endorsement",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "12845699",
"text": "2011, Rose signed a five-year contract extension with the Bulls for $94.8 million. The contract was 30 percent of the Bulls' salary cap, the maximum allowed under a rule dubbed the \"Derrick Rose Rule\" from the 2011 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement. Rose was voted as an All-Star Game starter for the second consecutive year. He was the second leading vote getter behind Orlando Magic center Dwight Howard. He averaged 21.8 ppg, along with a career high 7.9 apg in 35.3 mpg, but played a career low 39 games due to injuries. He helped Luol Deng become an All-Star for the",
"title": "Derrick Rose"
},
{
"id": "17433669",
"text": "13, he scored a season-high 31 points against the Los Angeles Clippers. On November 17, after restructuring the terms of his contract for the 2017–18 season, he signed a four-year, $62 million contract extension with the 76ers. In May 2018, he was named to the NBA All-Defensive First Team. On November 12, 2018, Covington was traded to the Minnesota Timberwolves, along with Jerryd Bayless, Dario Šarić and a 2022 second-round pick, in exchange for Jimmy Butler and Justin Patton. The trade was widely controversial, many experts claiming that the Sixers \"got Butler for nothing\". ESPN analyst Stephen A. Smith infamously",
"title": "Robert Covington"
},
{
"id": "6569371",
"text": "their own rookie contracts, and one acquired from another team). Under the 2017 CBA, the \"Designated Player\" limit remains at two, but in a new feature, teams are now able to create Designated Player contracts from their own veteran contracts. In addition, teams may now use their Designated Player slots on any combination of their own rookie contracts, their own veteran contracts, or players acquired in trades. A Designated Player coming off his rookie contract may be eligible to earn 30% of the salary cap (rather than the standard 25%) if he passes certain criteria. Through the 2017–18 season, in",
"title": "NBA salary cap"
},
{
"id": "7715489",
"text": "second time he failed to make an All-NBA team since 2008 and the first time in his six years as a Clipper. In the playoffs, Los Angeles was eliminated after their first round series against the Utah Jazz, with Paul averaging 25.3 points, 9.9 assists, 5 rebounds per game over seven games. On June 28, 2017, Paul was traded to the Houston Rockets in exchange for Patrick Beverley, Sam Dekker, Montrezl Harrell, Darrun Hilliard, DeAndre Liggins, Lou Williams, Kyle Wiltjer, a future first round pick, and cash considerations. In his debut for the Rockets in their season opener on October",
"title": "Chris Paul"
},
{
"id": "20133316",
"text": "NBA trade deadline – the Cavaliers radically changed their roster in a little more than an hour, acquiring George Hill, Rodney Hood, Jordan Clarkson, and Larry Nance Jr. in exchange for Thomas, Rose, Crowder, Wade, Channing Frye, Iman Shumpert, and their own 2018 first-round pick. Multiple writers argued at the time that the trades made the Cavaliers significantly better. The Cavaliers finished the 2017–18 regular season with a 50–32 record, securing the 4th seed in the Eastern Conference. In the playoffs, the Cavaliers defeated the Indiana Pacers in seven games in the first round, swept the Toronto Raptors in the",
"title": "2018 NBA Finals"
},
{
"id": "6569355",
"text": "bonus is paid if the player is waived by his NBA team, signs with the G League, is assigned to that NBA team's G League affiliate, and remains with the affiliate at least 60 days. The bonus is not counted against the salary cap, but is counted in overall league salaries. Each NBA team is limited to six active contracts that contain Exhibit 10 at any given time. Perhaps the most well-known of the NBA's salary cap exceptions is the Larry Bird exception, so named because the Boston Celtics were the first team permitted to exceed the salary cap to",
"title": "NBA salary cap"
},
{
"id": "6569375",
"text": "for the veteran player extensions introduced in the 2017 CBA. Had these criteria been part of the 2011 CBA, Rose would still have qualified for a 30% contract, as he was in his third NBA season when he was named MVP. The following players have signed 5 year/30% contracts: In addition the following players are known to have signed 5 year/25% contracts: Kevin Love was eligible for a designated player contract, but the Minnesota Timberwolves opted for a 4-year contract (with a player option year included, potentially allowing him to become an unrestricted free agent) instead. During Kevin Durant's final",
"title": "NBA salary cap"
},
{
"id": "14590110",
"text": "with each team paying a $1 tax for each $1 by which it exceeds $70.307 million. The mid-level exception was $5.765 million for the season and the minimum team salary, which was set at 75% of the salary cap, was $43.533 million. The maximum salaries for players are set at $13.604 million for players with zero to six years of experience, $16.324 million for players with seven to nine years of experience, and $19.045 million for players with more than 10 years of experience. 2010–11 NBA season The 2010–11 NBA season was the 65th season of the National Basketball Association",
"title": "2010–11 NBA season"
},
{
"id": "16017944",
"text": "team to sign their first-round draft pick to a contract based upon a scale previously set forth by the NBA. Another option for teams would be to assign players to a league-assigned minimum salary contract for a maximum of two years. According to 2010–11 NBA season game performance, the league's best players were not its highest-paid players. Each year there are ten players selected to one of the two All-NBA Teams. Out of those ten players chosen that year, Kobe Bryant was the only player that was also among the game's ten highest-paid during the 2010–11 NBA season. Highest-paid NBA",
"title": "Highest-paid NBA players by season"
},
{
"id": "6569354",
"text": "the player's salary becoming the NBA minimum for the player's years of service, prorated from the time of the conversion; a converted contract also does not count in cap calculations. Related to the two-way contract, and also introduced in the 2017 CBA, is an attachment to the standard NBA contract known as Exhibit 10. A contract that contains this attachment may be converted to a two-way contract at the team's option. Exhibit 10 can be used only in one-year, non-guaranteed contracts for the minimum NBA salary, with no bonuses except for an \"Exhibit 10 bonus\" of $5,000 to $50,000. The",
"title": "NBA salary cap"
},
{
"id": "17673940",
"text": "NBA game. Craig made his first career start on December 15, 2017 against the New Orleans Pelicans, scoring six points in a 117–111 overtime win. Three days later, he scored a season-high 14 points in a 95–94 loss to the Oklahoma City Thunder. On April 1, 2018, he recorded seven points and a season-high eight rebounds in a 128–125 overtime win over the Milwaukee Bucks. On July 10, 2018, Craig signed a two-year, $4 million contract with the Nuggets. Craig's son, Braylon, was born on June 4, 2014. Torrey Craig Torrey Craig (born December 19, 1990) is an American professional",
"title": "Torrey Craig"
},
{
"id": "6569400",
"text": "do not automatically disappear with a player's retirement—for example, in July 2012, the Los Angeles Lakers still held Bird rights to John Salley, who had not played since . In the , two teams used sign-and-trades on players who had been out of the league. The Dallas Mavericks signed Keith Van Horn out of retirement as part of a package to acquire Jason Kidd, and the Lakers did the same with Aaron McKie to facilitate their deal for Pau Gasol. The 2011 CBA put further restrictions on sign-and-trades, with these restrictions maintained in the 2017 CBA. Since the 2013–14 season,",
"title": "NBA salary cap"
},
{
"id": "13265866",
"text": "salary cap for the 2009–10 season would be $57.70 million and would go into effect on July 8 as the league's \"moratorium period\" had ended and teams could begin signing free agents and making trades. The tax level for the season was set at $69.92 million, with each team paying a $1 tax for each $1 by which it exceeds $69.92 million. The mid-level exception was $5.854 million for the season and the minimum team salary, which was set at 75% of the salary cap, was $43.275 million. For the 2008–09 season, the salary cap was set at $58.68 million",
"title": "2009–10 NBA season"
},
{
"id": "16017943",
"text": "known as Bird Rights, allows teams to re-sign a current player only if he has played for that particular team for a minimum of three years. Another exception known as the mid-level exception allows for teams that are over the salary cap to sign one or more players as long as they do not exceed the total amount of the average NBA salary. Next, the bi-annual exception can be used by teams every other year to sign a free agent(s) for up to two years at an amount set by the NBA. Finally, the rookie player exception allows any NBA",
"title": "Highest-paid NBA players by season"
},
{
"id": "20174148",
"text": "exchange for Ante Žižić, Jae Crowder, All-Star point guard Isaiah Thomas, the Brooklyn Nets' unprotected first round pick in the 2018 NBA draft, and a 2020 second round pick, originally from the Miami Heat. The Celtics played the first game of the regular season on October 17, 2017, against the Cleveland Cavaliers. The team retired the number 34 in honor of former small forward Paul Pierce on February 11, 2018, during a game against the Cavaliers, which ultimately didn't involve a conflict with both Isaiah Thomas and Jae Crowder returning that night, as they were traded to the Los Angeles",
"title": "2017–18 Boston Celtics season"
},
{
"id": "3622930",
"text": "the second half of 2008 to the first half of 2009. Tied with him on the sixth spot was NBA player LeBron James and golfer Phil Mickelson. Pacquiao was again included in \"Forbes\"' list of highest paid athletes from the second half of 2009 to the first half of 2010; he was ranked eighth with an income of $42 million. Pacquiao also won the 2009 ESPY Awards for the Best Fighter category, beating fellow boxer Shane Mosley and Brazilian mixed martial arts fighters Lyoto Machida and Anderson Silva. ESPN Magazine reported that Pacquiao was one of the two top earning",
"title": "Manny Pacquiao"
},
{
"id": "17642972",
"text": "$148 million designated rookie scale maximum contract extension with the 76ers, with the ability to earn an additional $30 million if he earns an All-NBA first-, second- or third-team selection, or is named MVP in 2017–18. In the 76ers' season opener against the Washington Wizards on 18 October, Embiid had 18 points and 13 rebounds in a 120–115 loss. Five days later, he scored 30 points in a 97–86 win over the Detroit Pistons. On 30 October, he had 22 points, nine rebounds, five assists and two steals in 25 minutes in a 115–107 win over the Houston Rockets, becoming",
"title": "Joel Embiid"
},
{
"id": "14991169",
"text": "with $560 million in contract value under management. In 2015, \"Forbes\" ranked Priority #20 on the list, with $947.52 million in contract value under management and $33.2 million in commissions. Priority Sports & Entertainment, fueled by its heavily sought-after client Gordon Hayward, was the big winner in 2017's NBA free agency, leading all agencies in the total dollars negotiated so far. Priority led the pack with $354.6 million negotiated for nine players. Priority Sports finished #2 among all agencies in the 2107 NFL \"free agency\" signing period, negotiating over $243 million in contracts (QB Kirk Cousins, WR Mike Evans, C",
"title": "Priority Sports and Entertainment"
},
{
"id": "6569363",
"text": "for losing free agents, as they can do a sign and trade of that free agent to acquire a trade exception that can be used later. Note this exception is for single player trades only, though additional cash and draft picks can be part of the trade. Allows a team that is over the cap to acquire a replacement for a disabled player who will be out for either the remainder of that season (for in-season injuries/deaths) or the next season (if the disability occurs during the offseason). The maximum salary of the replacement player is either 50% of the",
"title": "NBA salary cap"
},
{
"id": "6569348",
"text": "signing, but under the luxury tax apron, set at $6 million above the tax line. Teams can use this exception to offer contracts of up to four years. Teams above the apron have an MLE initially set at $5.192 million, allowing contracts of up to three years. Teams with cap room, which were ineligible for the MLE before the 2011 CBA, have an MLE initially set at $4.328 million that allows two-year contracts. In subsequent seasons, all MLE amounts will be determined by applying the percentage change of the salary cap to the previous exception amount. Before the 2011 CBA,",
"title": "NBA salary cap"
},
{
"id": "2726720",
"text": "Mavericks, Carter played in his 1,347th game and passed Kobe Bryant for 13th in regular-season games played. On April 22, Carter became the first 40-year-old to make three or more 3-pointers in a playoff game during Game 4 of the Grizzlies' first-round series against the San Antonio Spurs. On July 10, 2017, Carter signed a one-year, $8 million contract with the Sacramento Kings. On August 18, 2017, during the Players Voice Awards, Carter was named by the NBA Players Association as the Most Influential Veteran. Carter missed seven games early in the season with a kidney stone. On December 27,",
"title": "Vince Carter"
},
{
"id": "19468597",
"text": "Jenkins after January 6, 2017 would no longer be paid out to him from here on out. Not only that, but by waiving the contracts of both Jared Sullinger and Mike Scott (who both have deals reaching $5,628,000 and $3,333,334 respectively that expire after the end of this season), as well as gain an extra $1,500,000 received from both of those respective deals at hand ($1,000,000 of which came from Toronto, while $500,000 would come from Atlanta), the Suns would have enough money to reach the minimum salary cap space needed to satisfy the NBA salary floor after signing Ronnie",
"title": "2016–17 Phoenix Suns season"
},
{
"id": "6569379",
"text": "agent as well as a player with time left on his contract. Additionally, once a player signs a DVPE, he cannot be traded for one year. Ironically, while the rule was intended to encourage star players to stay with their current teams, the first major move by an NBA team involving a player eligible for the DVPE was the Sacramento Kings' trade of DeMarcus Cousins to the New Orleans Pelicans during the 2017 All-Star break. Cousins' contract with the Kings was not set to expire until 2018, but he was eligible to sign a DVPE after the 2016–17 season for",
"title": "NBA salary cap"
},
{
"id": "20658186",
"text": "season. When Tyson Chandler and Isaiah Canaan bought out and waived on November 3 and 28 respectively, the Suns opened more salary for the remainder of the season. The Suns were one of the six NBA teams announced to take part in a series of preseason contests with the National Basketball League and scheduled to play the New Zealand Breakers in Phoenix. The official pre-season schedule was revealed on August 1 with their first game scheduled for October 1. This preseason period was also without Devin Booker, as he was recovering from pinkie surgery at the time, with the intent",
"title": "2018–19 Phoenix Suns season"
},
{
"id": "2292805",
"text": "NBA's teams and ensure competitive balance for the Association in the future. Before the cap was reinstated, teams could spend whatever amount of money they wanted on players, but in the first season under the new cap, they were each limited to $3.6 million in total payroll. Under the 2005 CBA, salaries were capped at 57 percent of basketball-related income (BRI) and lasted for six years until June 30, 2011. The next CBA, which took effect in 2011–12, set the cap at 51.2 percent of BRI in 2011–12, with a 49-to-51 band in subsequent years. The salary cap for was",
"title": "Salary cap"
},
{
"id": "20162778",
"text": "forward Jordan Bell out of Oregon. After the draft, the team signed Bell's former Oregon teammate, Chris Boucher, to a two-way contract. On July 1, 2017, Stephen Curry agreed to re-sign with Golden State on a super-max five year/$201m deal. The Warriors also resigned Kevin Durant, and their veteran core of Shaun Livingston, David West, Andre Iguodala, Zaza Pachulia and JaVale McGee. Golden State also added Nick Young and Omri Casspi on one-year deals. 2017–18 Golden State Warriors season The 2017–18 Golden State Warriors season was the 72nd season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association (NBA), and its",
"title": "2017–18 Golden State Warriors season"
},
{
"id": "9764175",
"text": "Dodgers agreed on a seven-year, $215 million, contract extension. The deal was the richest in MLB history for a pitcher, eclipsing the seven-year, $180 million, contract signed by Justin Verlander the previous year. The average annual value of $30.7 million was also the largest ever for a baseball player, beating the $28 million Roger Clemens received in 2007 and the 10-year, $275 million contract that Alex Rodriguez signed that same year. Kershaw made his fourth straight opening day start for the Dodgers in 2014, only the fourth Dodger ever to do so. This season the game was played at the",
"title": "Clayton Kershaw"
},
{
"id": "1877457",
"text": "reigning NBA Most Valuable Player was traded the next season. Lakers owner Jack Kent Cooke gave Chamberlain an unprecedented contract, paying him $250,000 after taxes (about $ million in real value); in comparison, previous Lakers top earner Jerry West was paid $100,000 before taxes (about $,000 in real value). Chamberlain joined a squad which featured Hall-of-Fame forward Elgin Baylor and Hall-of-Fame guard Jerry West, along with backup center Mel Counts, forwards Keith Erickson and Tom Hawkins and talented 5'11\" guard Johnny Egan. The lack of a second guard next to West (and thus, the lack of speed and quickness) concerned",
"title": "Wilt Chamberlain"
},
{
"id": "6569343",
"text": "salary cap, and $62.3 million above the tax line, which Knicks owner James Dolan paid to the league. Tax revenues are normally redistributed evenly among non-tax-paying teams, so there is often a several-million-dollar incentive to owners not to pay the luxury tax. The luxury tax level for the 2008–09 season was $71.15 million. For the 2009–10 season, the luxury tax level was set at $69.92 million. The luxury tax level for the 2010–11 and 2012–13 NBA seasons was $70,307,000. The 2011 CBA instituted major changes to the luxury tax regime. The previous CBA had a dollar-for-dollar tax provision system, which",
"title": "NBA salary cap"
},
{
"id": "6569367",
"text": "First-round draft choices are assigned salaries according to their draft position. The first overall pick receives more than the second pick, the second more than the third, and so on. Each contract is for two years, with a team option for the third and fourth seasons (CBAs before 2011 provided for three-year contracts with an option for the fourth season), with built-in raises every year to compensate for increases in the average salary. A team may elect to exceed rookie scale for a drafted player that was unsigned for which they retained his draft rights three seasons after the draft.",
"title": "NBA salary cap"
},
{
"id": "6569340",
"text": "able to opt out after the 2022–23 season. NBA Salary Cap in USD NBA Salary Cap in 2016 USD (Inflation rate through May 2016) Unlike the NFL and NHL, the NBA features a so-called soft cap, meaning that there are several significant exceptions that allow teams to exceed the salary cap to sign players. This is done to allow teams to keep their own players, which, in theory, fosters fan support in each individual city. By contrast, the NFL and NHL salary caps are considered hard, meaning that they offer relatively few (if any) circumstances under which teams can exceed",
"title": "NBA salary cap"
},
{
"id": "11747097",
"text": "couple's first child, a boy named Noah Russell Westbrook, was born on May 16, 2017. The couple welcomed twin daughters on November 17, 2018. Russell Westbrook Russell Westbrook III (born November 12, 1988) is an American professional basketball player for the Oklahoma City Thunder of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He is a seven-time NBA All-Star, and a two-time NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player, winning consecutive awards in 2015 and 2016. He is also a seven-time All-NBA Team member and led the league in scoring in 2014–15 and 2016–17. In 2017, Westbrook became one of two players in NBA",
"title": "Russell Westbrook"
},
{
"id": "804082",
"text": "time, in the 2017 NBA draft, and selected Lonzo Ball from UCLA. The Lakers also acquired Kyle Kuzma from the University of Utah with the 27th overall pick from a draft-day trade, along with Brook Lopez in exchange for D'Angelo Russell and Timofey Mozgov. The Lakers also traded their 28th overall pick, Tony Bradley in exchange for the 30th overall pick, Josh Hart from Villanova University and the 42nd overall pick, Thomas Bryant from Indiana University. On July 9, 2018, the Lakers signed LeBron James to a four-year, $154 million contract. The rivalry between the Boston Celtics and the Lakers",
"title": "Los Angeles Lakers"
},
{
"id": "6569350",
"text": "The bi-annual exception can currently be used by teams below the apron to sign a free agent to a contract starting at $3.29 million. Like the mid-level exception, the bi-annual exception can also be split among more than one player, and can be used to sign players for up to two years; raises were originally limited to 8% per year, but in the 2017 CBA are limited to 5%. This exception was referred to as the \"$1 million exception\" in the 1999 CBA, although it was valued at $1 million for only the first year of the agreement. An example",
"title": "NBA salary cap"
},
{
"id": "6569385",
"text": "to 38 in the 2017 CBA. The salary for any years that come after the player's 38th birthday is presumed to be deferred compensation, and is shifted for cap purposes to the under-38 seasons of the deal, with the over-38 year(s) being referred to as \"zero years\" in the CBA. If the player continues to play under the deal (proving the presumption of retirement wrong), the salary that had originally been treated as deferred is distributed evenly over the remaining years of the contract, starting with the second season before the zero years. This rule had been a larger issue",
"title": "NBA salary cap"
},
{
"id": "8725316",
"text": "with Nike, Sprint, Gatorade, Panini, General Electric, and 2K Sports. In 2012, he tried his hand at acting, appearing in the children's film \"Thunderstruck\". In 2013, he earned $35 million, making him the fourth-highest-earning basketball player that year. In an interview with \"Sports Illustrated\", Durant claimed that, despite his high earnings potential, \"global marketing and all that stuff\" does not interest him. One of the most popular players in the league, Durant's jersey regularly ranks as one of the NBA's best-selling and he is consistently one of the top All-Star vote-getters. Early in his career, he developed a reputation for",
"title": "Kevin Durant"
},
{
"id": "19576141",
"text": "secretly go over the salary cap for the year. This is also the largest fine amount that has ever been issued in the League. The most fined owner is Mark Cuban, for 20 fines totaling $2,240,000; alone this is about 10% of all fines since 2000. Cuban is not only the most fined owner, he is the most fined individual person in NBA history, in terms of both total number of fines and total amount fined. His largest fine to date, $600,000 was for saying that the Dallas Mavericks should tank for the rest of the 2017-18 season. Cuban says",
"title": "NBA fines"
},
{
"id": "802199",
"text": "the 2017–18 season) Other statistics (regular season) (as of July 20, 2018) NBA Most Valuable Player NBA Finals MVP NBA Scoring Champion NBA Defensive Player of the Year NBA Most Improved Player Award Best NBA Player ESPY Award NBA Coach of the Year NBA Executive of the Year J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award Twyman–Stokes Teammate of the Year Award NBA Community Assist Award All-NBA First Team All-NBA Second Team All-NBA Third Team NBA All-Defensive First Team NBA All-Defensive Second Team NBA All-Rookie First Team NBA All-Rookie Second Team Season-long NBA Community Assist Award NBA All-Star selections NBA All-Star Game head",
"title": "Miami Heat"
},
{
"id": "6569338",
"text": "only one season. The league continued to operate without such a cap until 1984–85 season, when one was instituted in an attempt to level the playing field among all of the NBA's teams and ensure competitive balance for the League in the future. Before the cap was reinstated, teams could spend whatever amount of money they wanted on players, but in the first season under the new cap, they were each limited to $3.6 million in total payroll. Under the 2005 CBA, salaries were capped at 57 percent of basketball-related income (BRI) and lasted for six years until June 30,",
"title": "NBA salary cap"
},
{
"id": "274557",
"text": "that \"marketing-wise, he's great. He's the one who came up with the concept of 'Air Jordan.'\" In June 2010, Jordan was ranked by \"Forbes\" magazine as the 20th-most powerful celebrity in the world with $55 million earned between June 2009 and June 2010. According to the Forbes article, Jordan Brand generates $1 billion in sales for Nike. In June 2014, Jordan was named the first NBA player to become a billionaire, after he increased his stake in the Charlotte Hornets from 80% to 89.5%. On January 20, 2015, Jordan was honored with the \"Charlotte Business Journal\"'s Business Person of the",
"title": "Michael Jordan"
},
{
"id": "13208908",
"text": "for longest NBA losing streak. Sixers point guard Michael Carter-Williams won the NBA Rookie of the Year Award in 2014, and credited Brown for helping him win the award and grow as a player. On December 11, 2015, the 76ers signed Brown to a contract extension. On May 31, 2018, the 76ers signed Brown to another contract extension, coming off their first playoff appearance since 2012. In the aftermath of the Bryan Colangelo Twitter fiasco, Brown would also be named the interim President of Basketball Operations for the team on June 7, 2018. ! align=\"center\" colspan=\"2\"|Total ! 410||127||283|||| ||10||5||5|||| !",
"title": "Brett Brown"
},
{
"id": "9747597",
"text": "Johnson signed a one-year deal with the Lakers for the 4th year veteran's minimum salary of $916,099 after, teaming with Pelinka clients Bryant as well as Kaman, who signed with the Lakers the prior week. Trevor Ariza switched agents to sign with Pelinka one year before his contract with the Washington Wizards was due to expire. On November 25, Bryant signed a two-year contract extension with the Lakers at an estimated value of $48.5 million that will make him the first NBA player to play 20 years with the same franchise. He remained the league's highest-paid player, despite accepting the",
"title": "Rob Pelinka"
}
] | who's the highest paid nba player this year |
[
"Simon Peter"
] | [
{
"id": "3972607",
"text": "Malchus Malchus is the servant of the Jewish High Priest Caiaphas who participated in the arrest of Jesus as written in the four gospels. According to the Bible, one of the disciples, Simon Peter, being armed with a sword, cut off the servant's ear in an attempt to prevent the arrest of Jesus. Simon cutting off Malchus' ear is related in all four canonical gospels, in , , , and , but Simon and Malchus are named only in the Gospel of John. Also, Luke is the only gospel that says Jesus healed the servant. This was Jesus' last recorded",
"title": "Malchus"
},
{
"id": "3972609",
"text": "Other Plays\". Malchus was portrayed by Paul Brightwell in the 2013 TV miniseries \"The Bible\". Malchus Malchus is the servant of the Jewish High Priest Caiaphas who participated in the arrest of Jesus as written in the four gospels. According to the Bible, one of the disciples, Simon Peter, being armed with a sword, cut off the servant's ear in an attempt to prevent the arrest of Jesus. Simon cutting off Malchus' ear is related in all four canonical gospels, in , , , and , but Simon and Malchus are named only in the Gospel of John. Also, Luke",
"title": "Malchus"
},
{
"id": "4810440",
"text": "between Judas and the others. A kiss was a traditional greeting given to a teacher (Brown \"et al.\" 626) All the other Gospels have Jesus respond to Judas. The men grab Jesus and an unnamed person there takes his sword and attacks one of the high priests' men and cuts off his ear. Matthew and Luke say it was done by an unnamed disciple. According to John, Peter was the one who cut off the man's ear, who John says was a servant of the high priest Caiaphas named Malchus. According to Luke Jesus healed the man. All the other",
"title": "Mark 14"
},
{
"id": "158849",
"text": "of Mary of Bethany and Martha as well as a person named Lazarus (although Lazarus of Bethany and the Lazarus of the parable are generally not considered the same person) are found only in Luke and John; and at Jesus' arrest, only Luke and John state that the servant's \"right\" ear was cut off (there are several such small details found only in Luke and John). Online translations of the Gospel of Luke: Secondary literature: Related articles: Gospel of Luke The Gospel According to Luke (), also called the Gospel of Luke, or simply Luke, is the third of the",
"title": "Gospel of Luke"
},
{
"id": "7625531",
"text": "Jesus, who then returned to his disciples. The synoptics state that the three disciples that were with Jesus had fallen asleep, and that Jesus criticized them for failing to stay awake even for an hour, suggesting that they pray so that they could avoid temptation. At that point, Judas gave Jesus a kiss, as a pre-arranged sign to those that had accompanied Judas as to who Jesus was. Having been identified, the officers arrested Jesus, although one of Jesus' disciples thought to stop them with a sword, but cut off the ear of one of the arresting officers. The Gospel",
"title": "Arrest of Jesus"
},
{
"id": "7625532",
"text": "of John specifies that it had been Simon Peter who had cut off the ear of Malchus, the servant of Caiaphas, the high priest. Luke adds that Jesus healed the wound. John, Matthew, and Luke state that Jesus criticized the violent act, insisting that they do not resist Jesus' arrest. In Matthew, Jesus made the well known statement \"all who live by the sword, shall die by the sword\". The account in the Gospel of John differs from that of the synoptics: only in John do Roman soldiers help to carry out the arrest. Judas leads the arresting party to",
"title": "Arrest of Jesus"
},
{
"id": "14593900",
"text": "Jesus' followers saw what was going to happen, they said, \"Lord, should we strike with our swords?\" And one of them struck the servant of the high priest, cutting off his right ear. But Jesus answered, \"No more of this!\" And he touched the man's ear and healed him. This healing episode follows the kiss of Judas and is the last miracle reported in the Canonical Gospels prior to the Crucifixion of Jesus. Healing the ear of a servant Healing the ear of a servant is one of the miracles of Jesus in the Gospels. Even though the incident of",
"title": "Healing the ear of a servant"
},
{
"id": "14593899",
"text": "Healing the ear of a servant Healing the ear of a servant is one of the miracles of Jesus in the Gospels. Even though the incident of the servant's ear being cut off is recorded in all four gospels, ; ; ; and ; the servant and the disciple are named as Malchus and Simon Peter only in John. Only Luke records that Jesus healed the servant. The Gospel of Luke (22:49-51) describes Jesus healing the servant of a high priest during the Arrest of Jesus after one of the followers of Jesus had cut his right ear off: When",
"title": "Healing the ear of a servant"
},
{
"id": "11604726",
"text": "Sword of Saint Peter The Sword of Saint Peter () is allegedly the sword with which the Apostle Peter cut off the right ear of the high priest's servant at the time of Jesus' arrest in Gethsemane. The sword is wide-tipped, similar in shape to a dussack or machete. It is in the Poznań Archdiocesan Museum. An exact copy of the sword, made by Bogdan Puchalski, is displayed on the wall of the Poznań Archcathedral Basilica. The sword is mentioned for the first time in the published in 1609 \"Vitae Episcoporum Posnaniensium\" of Jan Długosz as being the original Roman",
"title": "Sword of Saint Peter"
},
{
"id": "15577733",
"text": "to sink when his faith wavers. At the beginning of the Last Supper, Jesus washed his disciples' feet. Peter initially refused to let Jesus wash his feet, but when Jesus responded: \"If I wash thee not, thou hast no part with me\", Peter replied: \"Lord, not my feet only, but also my hands and my head\". The washing of feet is often repeated in the service of worship on Maundy Thursday by some Christian denominations. The three Synoptic Gospels all mention that, when Jesus was arrested, one of his companions cut off the ear of a servant of the High",
"title": "Saint Peter"
},
{
"id": "15577734",
"text": "Priest. The Gospel of John also includes this event and names Peter as the swordsman and Malchus as the victim. Luke adds that Jesus touched the ear and miraculously healed it. This healing of the servant's ear is the last of the 37 miracles attributed to Jesus in the Bible. In a dialogue between Jesus and his disciples (), Jesus asks, \"Who do people say that the Son of Man is?\" The disciples give various answers. When he asks, \"Who do \"you\" say that I am?\" Simon Peter answers, \"You are the Messiah, the Son of the living God.\" Jesus",
"title": "Saint Peter"
},
{
"id": "7598919",
"text": "abduction) and Rabbi Johanan to state the prohibition for selling the kidnapped person. Rabbi Levi interpreted to teach that God claimed Israel as God's own possession when God said, \"To Me the children of Israel are servants.\" Reading regarding the Hebrew servant who chose not to go free and whose master brought him to the doorpost and bore his ear through with an awl, Rabban Johanan ben Zakkai explained that God singled out the ear from all the parts of the body because the servant had heard God’s Voice on Mount Sinai proclaiming in \"For to me the children of",
"title": "Behar"
},
{
"id": "3671184",
"text": "Roman soldier. This ambiguity appears to have contributed to the apocryphal \"malchus\", a supposedly short curved sword used by Peter to cut off the ear of a slave named Malchus during the arrest of Jesus. While such a weapon clearly is a \"makhaira\" by ancient definition, the imprecise nature of the word as used in the New Testament cannot provide any conclusive answer. \"Makhaira\" entered classical Latin as \"machaera\", \"a sword\". The dimachaerus was a type of Roman gladiator that fought with two swords. In modern Greek, means \"knife\". Makhaira Makhaira ( (\"mákhaira\", plural \"mákhairai\"), also transliterated \"machaira\" or \"machaera\";",
"title": "Makhaira"
},
{
"id": "3955340",
"text": "In the Synoptics, Jesus and his disciples go to the garden Gethsemane, where Jesus prays to be spared his coming ordeal. Then Judas comes with an armed mob, sent by the chief priests, scribes and elders. He kisses Jesus to identify him to the crowd, which then arrests Jesus. In an attempt to stop them, an unnamed disciple of Jesus uses a sword to cut off the ear of a man in the crowd. After Jesus' arrest, his disciples go into hiding, and Peter, when questioned, thrice denies knowing Jesus. After the third denial, Peter hears the rooster crow and",
"title": "Jesus"
},
{
"id": "10248183",
"text": "Abd-al-Masih (martyr) Abd-al-Masih (or Abda) is the name of two Christian martyrs of the Middle Ages. One, of unknown date but later canonised as a saint, was a converted Jewish shepherd boy (known as Aser) who was killed by his father for his faith. The story is set in Singara and is a Syriac text with later versions in Arabic and Armenian. He lived near Sinjar in the Persian Empire. Having been converted to Christianity he pierced his ear to wear earring (probably indication of his slavery). . He died in 390 AD. There is disagreement about the location of",
"title": "Abd-al-Masih (martyr)"
},
{
"id": "13661964",
"text": "servant for the improper use of the sword in cutting off the ear of the high-priest’s servant. In John 8:7 Jesus replied to the question of capital punishment because of adultery to \"let him who is without sin cast the first stone\" - and no one did. This commandment demands respect for human life and is more accurately translated as \"thou shalt not murder.\" Killing may, under limited circumstances, be justified within Catholicism. The basis of all Catholic teaching about the fifth commandment is the \"sanctity of life\", which is often contrasted with the \"quality of life\" to some extent.",
"title": "Thou shalt not kill"
},
{
"id": "13025334",
"text": "2500 BCE. These were located in the Sumerian city of Ur, home of the Biblical patriarch Abraham. Earrings are mentioned in the Bible. In Genesis 35:4, Jacob buries the earrings worn by members of his household along with their idols. In Exodus 32, Aaron makes the golden calf from melted earrings. Deuteronomy 15:12–17 dictates ear piercing for a slave who chooses not to be freed. Earrings are also referenced in connection to the Hindu goddess Lakshmi in the Vedas. Earrings for pierced ears were found in a grave in the Ukok region between Russia and China dated between 400 and",
"title": "Body piercing"
},
{
"id": "7132356",
"text": "God was about to appoint a High Priest, God notified Moses that it would be his brother Aaron. A Midrash noted that in the incident of the Golden Calf, in Aaron told them, \"Break off the golden rings that are in the ears of \"your wives\",\" but the women refused to participate, as indicates when it says, \"And all the people broke off the golden rings that were in their ears.\" Similarly, the Midrash noted that says that in the incident of the spies, \"the \"men\" . . . when they returned, made all the congregation to murmur against him.\"",
"title": "Ki Tissa"
},
{
"id": "6976413",
"text": "salvation instrumentally, but personally possess it and proclaim it in their whole outward appearance. The Hebrew Bible refers to the Urim and Thummim in 1 Samuel (\"Thammim\") and and and may refer to them in references to \"sacred utensils\" in and the Ephod in and 19; and 9; and and The Torah mentions the combination of ear, thumb, and toe in three places. In God instructed Moses how to initiate the priests, telling him to kill a ram, take some of its blood, and put it on the tip of the right ear of Aaron and his sons, on the",
"title": "Tetzaveh"
},
{
"id": "3614577",
"text": "the High Priest's servant, Malchus, during the scene in the Garden of Gethsemane. Jesus restored the ear by touching it with his hand. The Healing the Centurion's servant miracle is reported in and . These two Gospels narrate how Jesus healed the servant of a Roman Centurion in Capernaum. has a similar account at Capernaum, but states that it was the son of a royal official who was cured at a distance. Jesus healing in the land of Gennesaret appears in and . As Jesus passes through Gennesaret all those who touch his cloak are healed. According to the three",
"title": "Miracles of Jesus"
},
{
"id": "5653603",
"text": "the Parthians and was proclaimed King and High Priest. Hyrcanus was seized and mutilated at his ears (according to Josephus, Antigonus bit his uncle's ears off) to make him permanently ineligible for the priesthood. Then Hyrcanus was taken to captivity in Babylonia by the Parthians, where for four years he lived amid the Babylonian Jews, who paid him every mark of respect. In 36 BC, Herod I, who had vanquished Antigonus with Roman help and feared that Hyrcanus might induce the Parthians to help him regain the throne, invited the former High Priest to return to Jerusalem. Hyrcanus accepted and",
"title": "Hyrcanus II"
},
{
"id": "2017641",
"text": "dharmic tradition, most girls and some boys (especially the \"twice born\") get their ears pierced as part of a Dharmic rite known as Karnavedha before they are about five years old. Infants may get their ears pierced as early as several days after their birth. Similar customs are practiced in other Asian countries, including Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Laos, although traditionally most males wait to get their ears pierced until they have reached young adulthood. Ear piercing is mentioned in the Bible in several contexts. The most familiar refers to a Hebrew slave who was to be freed in the",
"title": "Earring"
},
{
"id": "3614576",
"text": "to kill\". The Gospel of Mark adds that this angered the Pharisees so much that they started to contemplate killing Jesus. The Healing the deaf mute of Decapolis miracle only appears in the Gospel of Mark. The Gospel states that Jesus went to the Decapolis and met a man there who was deaf and mute, and cured him. Specifically, Jesus first touched the man's ears, and touched his tongue after spitting, and then said Ephphatha!, an Aramaic word meaning \"Be opened.\" The Healing of Malchus was Christ's final miracle before his resurrection. Simon Peter had cut off the ear of",
"title": "Miracles of Jesus"
},
{
"id": "11604729",
"text": "eastern borderlands of the Roman Empire. However, scientists from the Greater Poland Army Museum in Poznań consider it to be a medieval copy. Other experts, such as Marian Głosek and Leszek Kajzer, suggest that the sword was made in the first quarter of the 14th century. Regardless of when the sword was made, it has the longest documented history in Poland, along with the \"Szczerbiec\". Sword of Saint Peter The Sword of Saint Peter () is allegedly the sword with which the Apostle Peter cut off the right ear of the high priest's servant at the time of Jesus' arrest",
"title": "Sword of Saint Peter"
},
{
"id": "13025361",
"text": "passages of the Bible, including Leviticus 19:28, have been interpreted as prohibiting body modification because the body is held to be the property of God. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has taken an official position against most piercings unless for medical reasons, although they accept piercings for women as long as there is only one set of piercings in the lower lobe of the ears and no other place on the body. Wearing of very large nose rings on \"Shabbat\" is forbidden by the Talmud. Officially titled \"Most Pierced Woman\", Elaine Davidson of Brazil holds the Guinness",
"title": "Body piercing"
},
{
"id": "8117584",
"text": "\"then drew near the daughters of Zelophehad,\" to show that the women still sought an inheritance in the Land. The Midrash noted that in the incident of the Golden Calf, in Aaron told them: \"Break off the golden rings that are in the ears of \"your wives\",\" but the women refused to participate, as indicates when it says, \"And all the people broke off the golden rings that were in their ears.\" Similarly, the Midrash noted that says that in the incident of the spies, \"the \"men\" . . . when they returned, made all the congregation to murmur against",
"title": "Pinechas (parsha)"
},
{
"id": "9573437",
"text": "popular to this day and is regularly performed and widely read.. The saying appears in similar form in the Latin Bible in the Gospel of Matthew, chapter 26, verse 52. A follower of Jesus draws his sword and cuts off the ear of a servant of the high priest (though the follower's identity is left unspecified in Matthew, the follower is identified in John as Peter). Jesus then says to him: \"\" (\"Return your sword to its place, for all who will take up the sword, will die by the sword.\") The phrase in the Greek original version of the",
"title": "Live by the sword, die by the sword"
},
{
"id": "12011060",
"text": "Earmark (agriculture) An earmark is a cut or mark in the ear of livestock animals such as cattle, deer, pigs, goats, camels or sheep, made to show ownership, year of birth or sex. The term dates to the 16th century in England. The practice existed in the Near East up to the time of Islam. Against this, in Q. 4:119 the Qur'an quotes the Devil promising, \"\"I will mislead them, I will entice them, I will command them to \"mark the ears of livestock\", and I will command them to distort the creation of God.\" Earmarks are typically registered when",
"title": "Earmark (agriculture)"
},
{
"id": "891073",
"text": "punishment of endlessness. According to Jehoshua Gilboa, many commentators have pointed to Hosea 9:17 as a statement of the notion of the \"eternal/wandering Jew\". According to some sources, the legend stems from Jesus' words given in Matthew : A belief that the disciple whom Jesus loved would not die was apparently popular enough in the early Christian world to be denounced in the Gospel of John: Another passage in the Gospel of John speaks about a guard of the high priest who slaps Jesus (John 18:19-23). Earlier, the Gospel of John talks about Simon Peter striking the ear from a",
"title": "Wandering Jew"
},
{
"id": "1891837",
"text": "of the common anatomical target areas not normally under permanent cover of clothing (so particularly merciless in the long term) were the ear(s). In England, for example, various pamphleteers attacking the religious views of the Anglican episcopacy under William Laud, the Archbishop of Canterbury, had their ears cut off for those writings: in 1630 Dr. Alexander Leighton and in 1637 still other Puritans, John Bastwick, Henry Burton and William Prynne. In Scotland one of the Covenanters, James Gavin of Douglas, Lanarkshire, had his ears cut off for refusing to renounce his religious faith. In Japan, Gonsalo Garcia and his companions",
"title": "Mutilation"
},
{
"id": "15224733",
"text": "fulfilling prophecy and makes a surprising statement that two swords are \"enough.\" Ellul, Yoder and Archie Penner claim that two swords could not possibly have been \"enough\" to defend Jesus from his pending arrest, trial and execution, so their sole purpose must have been Jesus' wish to fulfill a prophecy (Isaiah 53:9-12). As Ellul explains: This theory is further substantiated by Peter when Peter draws one of the swords a few hours later at Jesus' arrest in the Garden of Gethsemane, slashing the ear of Malchus, one of the priests' servants, and Jesus rebukes him saying: \"Put up again thy",
"title": "Sell your cloak and buy a sword"
},
{
"id": "14615284",
"text": "Simon Peter stood warming himself, he was asked, \"You are not one of his disciples, are you?\" He denied it, saying, \"I am not.\" One of the high priest's servants, a relative of the man whose ear Peter had cut off, challenged him, \"Didn't I see you with him in the olive grove?\" Again Peter denied it, and at that moment a rooster began to crow. Following the resurrection of Jesus, the Gospel of John narrates how Jesus asked Peter three times if Peter loved him, pointing to the rehabilitation of Peter following his repentance. For much of the period",
"title": "Denial of Peter"
},
{
"id": "14600291",
"text": "Discourse on Defilement The Discourse on Defilement is an account of the teaching of Jesus recorded in the New Testament in the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Mark . In the account in the Gospel of Matthew, the Pharisees complain to Jesus that his disciples break the tradition of the elders because they do not wash their hands before eating. Jesus responds: Listen and understand. What goes into a man's mouth does not make him 'unclean', but what comes out of his mouth, that is what makes him 'unclean.' Matthew uses the occasion to identify other Pharasaic teachings",
"title": "Discourse on Defilement"
},
{
"id": "11792373",
"text": "ritual was common throughout the Ancient Near East, being practiced by Mesopotamians, Lydians, and Arabs; in the Semitic world, the ear symbolised obedience (much as the heart symbolises emotion, in the modern western world), and a pierced earlobe signified servitude. The Ethical Decalogue makes clear that honouring the Shabbat was expected of slaves, not just their masters. The later Deuteronomic code, having repeated the Shabbat requirement, also instructs that slaves should be allowed to celebrate the Sukkot festival. Although the Holiness Code instructs that during the Sabbatical Year, slaves and their masters should eat food which the land yields, without",
"title": "The Bible and slavery"
},
{
"id": "10024542",
"text": "Remsburg was a rationalist and critic of morality as found in the Bible. Although he lived in Atchison, Kansas, that town's library has no copies of his work, according to Fred Whitehead in \"Freethought History\" (#2, 1992). In \"Bible Morals\", he cited twenty crimes and vices sanctioned by scripture. In his \"The Bible\", he condemns as pernicious and false such Biblical views as: Blessed are the poor in spirit; Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth; If thy right eye offend thee, pluck it out; If thy right hand offend thee, cut it off; Whosoever shall marry",
"title": "John Remsburg"
},
{
"id": "4021128",
"text": "sect of Christianity performed emasculation, which they termed the \"greater seal\". In the Arab slave trade, enslaved men and boys from East Africa were often \"castrated\" by removing both the penis and testicles. In The Indian Subcontinent, some members of Hijra communities reportedly undergo emasculation. It is called \"nirwaan\" and seen as a rite of passage. In the United States, males in the Nullo subculture voluntarily undergo emasculation. In the Old Testament: \"“No one whose testicles are crushed or whose male organ is cut off shall enter the assembly of the LORD.\" By extension, the word \"emasculation\" has also come",
"title": "Emasculation"
},
{
"id": "20894270",
"text": "Van Gogh syndrome Van Gogh syndrome is a mental condition in which an adult performs self-mutilations. It usually happens on the ground of a specific psychiatric condition. The term is derived from the action of Vincent van Gogh in 1888, cutting off his own ear, or a part of it, after a quarrel with fellow artist Paul Gauguin during one of his psychotic episodes. Sufferers may burn themselves, attempt to severely damage their genital organs (especially amputate their penis), castrate themselves, extract their own eyes, amputate their own hands, or commit suicide. Self-injury in children may be labeled with different",
"title": "Van Gogh syndrome"
},
{
"id": "6501463",
"text": "that because uses the term \"ear\" (in connection with the slave who refused to go out free) and also uses the term \"ear\" (in connection with the purification ritual for one with skin disease), just as explicitly requires using the right ear of the one to be cleansed, so must also require using the slave's right ear. Reading regarding the Hebrew servant who chose not to go free and whose master brought him to the doorpost and bore his ear through with an awl, Rabban Johanan ben Zakkai explained that God singled out the ear from all the parts of",
"title": "Mishpatim"
},
{
"id": "5739504",
"text": "the merchandise. At first Muhammad disapproved Abd-Allah's actions, saying, \"I did not instruct you to fight in the sacred month.\" But later he announced a new revelation: Later Abd-Allah was among those who fought at the Battle of Badr. Abd-Allah ibn Jahsh was killed in the battle of Uhud by Akhnas ibn Shariq. According to his family, his opponents mutilated his corpse by cutting off his nose and ears. Abd-Allah ibn Jahsh Abd-Allah ibn Jahsh () (c. 586 – 625) was a cousin and companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was the son of Jahsh ibn Riyab, an immigrant",
"title": "Abd-Allah ibn Jahsh"
},
{
"id": "11792376",
"text": "been enslaved, if it is realistic to do so. The earlier Covenant Code provides a potentially more valuable and direct form of relief, namely a degree of protection for the slave's person (their body and its health) itself. This codification extends the basic lex talionis (\"...eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth...\"), to compel that when slaves are significantly injured by their masters, manumission is to be the compensation given; the canonical examples mentioned are the knocking out of an eye or a tooth. This resembles the earlier Code of Hammurabi, which instructs that when an injury is done",
"title": "The Bible and slavery"
},
{
"id": "3594037",
"text": "uncircumcised.\" According to Genesis, God told Abraham to circumcise himself, his household and his slaves as an everlasting covenant in their flesh, see also Abrahamic Covenant. Those who were not circumcised were to be \"cut off\" from their people. Covenants in biblical times were often sealed by severing an animal, with the implication that the party who breaks the covenant will suffer a similar fate. In Hebrew, the verb meaning to seal a covenant translates literally as \"to cut\". It is presumed by Jewish scholars that the removal of the foreskin symbolically represents such a sealing of the covenant. Moses",
"title": "History of male circumcision"
},
{
"id": "18866256",
"text": "up killing his father and marrying his mother. In the Bible, Samson was blinded upon his capture by the Philistines. Early Christians were often blinded as a penalty for their beliefs. For example, St. Lucy's torturers tore out her eyes. Blinding survives as a form of penalty in the modern era, especially as part of the sharia law. In 2003, a Pakistani court sentenced a man to be blinded after he subjected his fiancee to an acid attack resulting in loss of vision. The man who blinded Ameneh Bahrami in an acid attack was sentenced to blinding by an Iranian",
"title": "Blinding (punishment)"
},
{
"id": "1600096",
"text": "blood and drips to the ground while a serpent emerges from Satan's guise. Jesus hears his disciples call for him, and rebukes Satan by crushing the snake's head. Judas Iscariot, another of Jesus' disciples, having received a bribe of 30 pieces of silver, leads a group of temple guards to the forest and betrays Jesus' identity. As the guards arrest Jesus, a fight erupts wherein Peter draws his dagger and slashes the ear of Malchus, one of the guards and a servant of the high priest Caiaphas. Jesus heals Malchus' injury while reprimanding Peter. As the disciples flee, the guards",
"title": "The Passion of the Christ"
},
{
"id": "5704979",
"text": "Matthew 5:30 Matthew 5:30 is the thirtieth verse of the fifth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and is part of the Sermon on the Mount. Part of the section on adultery, it is very similar to the previous verse, but with the hand mentioned instead of the eye. For a discussion of the radicalism of these verses see . Jesus had stated that looking at a woman in lust is equal to the act of adultery itself and in this verse he recommends cutting off one's hand to prevent sinning. In the King James Version",
"title": "Matthew 5:30"
},
{
"id": "1891825",
"text": "considered God's viceregent on Earth, and as such the physical wholeness of his person was an essential complement to the perfection of Heaven. For this reason, many deposed emperors were blinded, had their noses cut off, or their tongue split by their successors, as these permanent disfigurements disqualified them from ever reclaiming the throne. A case of voluntary disfigurement is that of St. Æbbe the Younger and the nuns of Coldingham Monastery in Scotland. When the monastery was attacked by Vikings and they feared being raped, she and the nuns cut off their own noses and upper lips. In revenge,",
"title": "Disfigurement"
},
{
"id": "7295344",
"text": "and Thummim in 1 Samuel (\"Thammim\") and and and may refer to them in references to \"sacred utensils\" in and the Ephod in and 19; and 9; and and The Torah mentions the combination of ear, thumb, and toe in three places. In God instructed Moses how to initiate the priests, telling him to kill a ram, take some of its blood, and put it on the tip of the right ear of Aaron and his sons, on the thumb of their right hand, and on the great toe of their right foot, and dash the remaining blood against the",
"title": "Tzav"
},
{
"id": "4842508",
"text": "girls were forcibly made wives of the Muslims living there. The young men who offered resistance were disfigured by cutting their noses, upper lips, and ears. According to Mr. Silva of Gangolim, a survivor of the captivity, if a person who had escaped from Seringapatam was found, the punishment under the orders of Tippu was the cutting off of the ears, nose, the feet and one hand. The Archbishop of Goa wrote in 1800, \"\"It is notoriously known in all Asia and all other parts of the globe of the oppression and sufferings experienced by the Christians in the Dominion",
"title": "Christianity in India"
},
{
"id": "7506917",
"text": "Zopyrus Zopyrus (; ) (ca. 500 BC) was a Persian nobleman mentioned in Herodotus' \"Histories\". He was son of Megabyzus, who helped Darius I in his ascension. According to Herodotus: When Babylon revolted against the rule of Darius I, Zopyrus devised a plan to regain control of the vital city. By cutting off his own nose and ears, and then having himself whipped, he arrived at the court of Darius. Upon presenting himself to Darius; the king stood up from his throne, shocked at the state of Zopyrus , and asked who had done this to him. Zopyrus then said",
"title": "Zopyrus"
},
{
"id": "447073",
"text": "was almost certainly absent from the Yellow House that night, most likely in a hotel. After the altercation with Gauguin, Van Gogh returned to his room, where he was assaulted by voices and severed his left ear with a razor (either wholly or in part; accounts differ), causing severe bleeding. He bandaged the wound, wrapped the ear in paper, and delivered the package to a woman at a brothel Van Gogh and Gauguin both frequented. Van Gogh was found unconscious the next morning by a policeman and taken to hospital, where Félix Rey, a young doctor still in training, treated",
"title": "Vincent van Gogh"
},
{
"id": "15562447",
"text": "denied the diuinitie of the Sonne of God, and haue not sticked to teare out of the Bible all such places as made against them; such were Hamond, Lewes, and Cole, heretikes of wretched memorie, lately executed and cut off in Norwich. Other authorities also describe Hamont as an Arian. He was condemned in the consistory court on 13 April, and handed over to the custody of the sheriff of Norwich. His offences were aggravated by a further charge of 'blasphemous words' against the Queen and council, for which he was sentenced to lose his ears, and for his heresy",
"title": "Matthew Hamont"
},
{
"id": "11792372",
"text": "be carried out by the next of kin (Hebrew: \"Go'el\"). As for Israelite slaves, the Covenant Code allows them to voluntarily renounce their seventh-year manumission and become permanent slaves (literally being slaves \"forever\"). The Covenant Code rules require that the slaves confirmed this desire at either a religious sanctuary, or in the presence of the household gods (the Masoretic Text and Septuagint both literally say \"[at] the gods\", although a few English translations substitute \"in the presence of Judges\"); having done this, slaves were then to have an awl driven through their ear into a doorpost by their master. This",
"title": "The Bible and slavery"
},
{
"id": "14612796",
"text": "the scene takes place at night by depicting a man holding a lantern in the foreground. Besides the main focus of the story, Canavesio adds a secondary scene that Christ is struck by an officer, as recounted in John (18:19-23). However, complementary to the event in John, Canavesio chose the officer to be Malchus, indicated by his lantern and costumes consistent with previous depictions, whose ear was cut off by Peter but healed by Christ. The appearance of a high priest recognized by his gesture and tearing his cloth, is accounted by the Gospels: \"Then the high priest rent his",
"title": "Giovanni Canavesio"
},
{
"id": "19771813",
"text": "Wittrock) are butchering flesh from Lee's leg. From the matriarch's narration behind their actions as a family ritual, the Polks first resorted to cannibalism with a group of pig thieves as their first victims during the Great Depression. The son cuts off Lee's right ear, detailing another family tradition of presenting pickled ears as gifts during Christmas. After Mama left Jether to watch over Lee at the cellar; the latter compensates the son, insisting that he was being treated by his family as an inept, by giving him the fame and attention that he desired for. Jether, who displayed his",
"title": "Chapter 8 (American Horror Story)"
},
{
"id": "15018902",
"text": "arches contain verses written by Father Neri which relate to the scene painted on each vault. The images begin with the upper choir with a scene containing Jesus with the Mary who receives a blessing. Another scene has Jesus praying in Gethsemane, receiving comfort from an angel. Another scene has Judas Iscariot with a devil on his back and followed by soldiers as he betrays Jesus with a kiss. In the fourth scene, Peter attacks Malchus with a sword, cutting off an ear and then Jesus replaces the ear. The north wall has the Baptism of Jesus in the Jordan",
"title": "Sanctuary of Atotonilco"
},
{
"id": "20894271",
"text": "diagnostic terms such as Lesch-Nyhan and Munchausen syndromes. Another medical condition for which the term is used, but only rarely, is when the vision turns yellow for a period of time as, for example, in digoxin toxicity. Van Gogh syndrome Van Gogh syndrome is a mental condition in which an adult performs self-mutilations. It usually happens on the ground of a specific psychiatric condition. The term is derived from the action of Vincent van Gogh in 1888, cutting off his own ear, or a part of it, after a quarrel with fellow artist Paul Gauguin during one of his psychotic",
"title": "Van Gogh syndrome"
},
{
"id": "13598211",
"text": "the Jordan. He administered the miracle at Dothan, half-way on the road between Samaria and Jezreel. At the siege of Samaria by the king of Syria, Elisha prophesied about the terrible sufferings of the people of Samaria and their eventual relief. Elisha then journeyed to Damascus and prophesied that Hazael would be king over Syria. Mindful of the order given to Elijah, he directs one of the sons of the prophets to anoint Jehu, the son of Jehoshaphat, as king of Israel, and commissions him to cut off the house of Ahab. The death of Jehoram, pierced by an arrow",
"title": "Elisha"
},
{
"id": "617113",
"text": "incident that gave its name to the war had occurred in 1731, off the coast of Florida, when the British brig \"Rebecca\" was boarded by the Spanish patrol boat \"La Isabela\", commanded by the \"guarda costa\" (effectively privateer) Juan de León Fandiño. After boarding, Fandiño cut off the left ear of the \"Rebecca\"'s captain, Robert Jenkins, whom he accused of smuggling (although Franklin’s \"Pennsylvania Gazette\" for 7 October 1731, says it was Lieutenant Dorce). Fandiño told Jenkins, \"Go, and tell your King that I will do the same, if he dares to do the same.\" In March 1738, Jenkins was",
"title": "War of Jenkins' Ear"
},
{
"id": "13050304",
"text": "good relations with you, and I will sever the relation with the one who will sever the relations with you.' Allah's Apostle added. \"Read (in the Qur'an) if you wish, the Statement of Allah: 'Would you then, if you were given the authority, do mischief in the land and sever your ties of kinship?' – Sunan Abu Dawud confirms that the required punishment for fasad is execution or crucifixion. When the Apostle of Allah cut off (the hands and feet of) those who had stolen his camels and he had their eyes put out by fire (heated nails), Allah reprimanded",
"title": "Fasad"
},
{
"id": "9100415",
"text": "and eat the animal. But as this was the time of the Fast of the Holy Apostles, Venerable Macarius prohibited them to do that. Instead, he told them to cut off the moose's right ear and to release the animal. He told them that they only need to wait for three days, until the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul, and the moose will be theirs. \"Don't be aggrieved\", said Macarius, \" but pray to the Lord. He who fed the people of Israel in the desert with manna for 40 years, can also feed you these days in a",
"title": "Miracle of the Moose"
},
{
"id": "7446356",
"text": "Torah mentions the combination of ear, thumb, and toe in three places. In God instructed Moses how to initiate the priests, telling him to kill a ram, take some of its blood, and put it on the tip of the right ear of Aaron and his sons, on the thumb of their right hand, and on the great toe of their right foot, and dash the remaining blood against the altar round about. And then reports that Moses followed God's instructions to initiate Aaron and his sons. Then, 17, 25, and 28 set forth a similar procedure for the cleansing",
"title": "Metzora (parsha)"
},
{
"id": "5218958",
"text": "fables. Paul calls Timothy to \"do the work of an evangelist\" by winning back those who sought fables, through preaching \"the great facts of the Gospel placed side by side with the fables of the false teachers.\" Itching ears Itching ears is a term used in the Bible to describe individuals who seek out messages and doctrines that condone their own lifestyle, as opposed to adhering to the teachings of the apostles. The term is found only once in the Bible, in 2 Timothy. The phrase from which \"itching ears\" originates in the original Greek is κνηθόμενοι τὴν ἀκοήν (\"knēthomenoi",
"title": "Itching ears"
},
{
"id": "14612794",
"text": "This appears rarely in Savoyard Passion cycles. An inspiration from Gospel simile (Luke 22:44), details of Jesus's blood sweat can be observed in both his paintings at Pigna and at Peillon. Canavesio combined different events into this single depiction: the kissing of Judas, the arrest, and the struggle between Peter and Malchus. The combination can be found in many pictorial sources but Canavesio added episodes like Christ heals Malchus right after his ear is cut off by Peter, St. John tries to escape but seized by a soldier. Another significant detail is that Judas is barefoot when he kisses Christ",
"title": "Giovanni Canavesio"
},
{
"id": "11705835",
"text": "over land and property.)\" The story of Lot is told in the Book of Genesis. Lot is mentioned in chapters 11-14 and 19. But Abram said unto Sarai: 'Behold, thy maid is in thy hand; do to her that which is good in thine eyes.' And Sarai dealt harshly with her, and she fled from her face. \"(Sarah deals harshly with her Egyptian maid Hagar, forcing her to run away.)\" And the uncircumcised male who is not circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin, that soul shall be cut off from his people; he hath broken My covenant.' \"(The talks",
"title": "Banishment in the Torah"
},
{
"id": "2316372",
"text": "jest. Lakshmana joked that she should marry his master Rama. An angry Surpanakha returned to Rama and attacked Sita. But Lakshmana took out his sword and cut off Shurpanakha's ears and nose. The humiliated Surpanakha approached Khara, a man-eating rakshasha, to avenge her with a vendetta against Rama. However, Khara, his general Dushana and his army of 14,000 were killed by Rama when they attacked him. Surpanakha and her maternal uncle,Akampana, who escaped the carnage, reached Lanka with the news and proposed that Ravana steal Sita, Rama's beautiful wife. Ravana started brooding and thinking of his next course of action.",
"title": "Maricha"
},
{
"id": "4489447",
"text": "with his master, and wished to stay with a wife that his owner gave to him, he could renounce manumission, an act which would be signified, as in other Ancient Near Eastern nations, by the slave gaining a ritual ear piercing. After such renunciation, the individual became his master's slave forever (and was therefore not released at the Jubilee). It is important to note that these are provisions for slavery/service among Israelites. Non-Israelite slaves could be enslaved indefinitely and were to be treated as inheritable property. Early Christians reputedly regarded slaves who converted to Christianity as spiritually free men, brothers",
"title": "Christian views on slavery"
},
{
"id": "11705839",
"text": "of Joshua: for I will utterly blot out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven.' \"(After the Amalekites attacked the Israelites in the desert and the Israelites retaliated under the command of Joshua.)\" Whosoever shall make like unto that, to smell thereof, he shall be cut off from his people.' \"(Short time after the commands the Israelites to anoint Aaron and his sons as priests. Proclamation to \"cut off\" anyone who tries to make their own offering—anyone who does not recognize Aaron and his sons as priests.)\" Ye shall keep the sabbath therefore, for it is holy unto you; every",
"title": "Banishment in the Torah"
},
{
"id": "11705838",
"text": "soul shall be cut off from Israel. Seven days shall there be no leaven found in your houses; for whosoever eateth that which is leavened, that soul shall be cut off from the congregation of Israel, whether he be a sojourner, or one that is born in the land. \"(The speaks to Moses and Aaron just before the Exodus from the land of Egypt, proclaiming that anyone who eats leavened bread during a certain period of time will be \"cut off\".)\" And the said unto Moses: 'Write this for a memorial in the book, and rehearse it in the ears",
"title": "Banishment in the Torah"
},
{
"id": "40261",
"text": "of Moreh where Abram had set up camp during his travels in this area (Genesis 12:6). Thus \"Joshua made a covenant with the people\", literally \"cut a covenant\", a phrase common to the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin languages. It derives from the custom of sacrifice, in which the victims were cut in pieces and offered to the deity invoked in ratification of the engagement. The people then returned to their inheritance i.e. their allocated lands (Joshua 24:28). The Book of Joshua closes with three concluding items (referred to in the Jerusalem Bible as \"Two Additions\"): There were no Levitical cities",
"title": "Book of Joshua"
},
{
"id": "878152",
"text": "the land, recorded as recently as 1879. She is also associated with sites such as Toberanna (), County Tyrone; Dunany (), County Louth; Lissan (), County Londonderry; and \"Cnoc Áine\" near Teelin, County Donegal. In early tales she is associated with the semi-mythological King of Munster, Ailill Aulom, who is said to have raped her, an assault ending in Áine biting off his ear, hence the name \"Aulom\" \"one-eared\". By Old Irish law, only an \"unblemished\" person can rule; by maiming him this way, Áine rendered him unfit to be king. As an embodiment of sovereignty, she can both grant",
"title": "Áine"
},
{
"id": "4335399",
"text": "at the residence and convince him to come up with a way to refund the money, while Manson made his way there. Manson arrived and proceeded to slice off a part of Hinman's ear with a sword in the course of a confrontation. Atkins and Brunner stitched it up with dental floss afterwards, as despair set in about not resolving the gang's cash issue. Manson then ordered Beausoleil to kill Hinman and told him to make it look as if the crime had been committed by black revolutionaries, as he had been predicting to his Family that a race war",
"title": "Bobby Beausoleil"
},
{
"id": "8400971",
"text": "to give the former slave parting gifts. Should the slave tell the master that the slave did not want to leave, the master was to take an awl and put it through the slave's ear into the door, and the slave was to become the master's slave in perpetuity. The sixth reading (, \"aliyah\") and the third open portion (, \"petuchah\") end with In the seventh reading (, \"aliyah\"), Moses instructed that the Israelites were to consecrate to God all male firstlings born in their herds and flocks and eat them with their household in the place that God would",
"title": "Re'eh"
},
{
"id": "9970871",
"text": "was a violent and cruel ruler, which is evidenced from his title 'al-Jazzar' meaning 'The Butcher'. He would often find pretext to lash out in savage assaults. He had Farhi's eye plucked out, cut off the tip of his nose, and severed his left ear. (A famous illustration from the time shows al-Jazzar sitting in judgment in front of his Jewish adviser, who is wearing an eye patch.) It was during the reign of al-Jazzar, in 1799, that the French general and future Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte tried to conquer the Damascus governorate. In February Napoleon and his army arrived from",
"title": "Haim Farhi"
},
{
"id": "10222922",
"text": "benedictions, processions and important masses. In Genesis 15, a chapter of the Bible , God instructs Abraham to cut a heifer, a she goat, a ram, a turtledove, and a young pigeon into halves. When it got dark, \"a smoking fire pot and a flaming torch passed between the pieces\", and later God made a covenant with Abraham granting him and his heirs extensive lands between the River of Egypt (either the Nile or the Wadi el Arish in the Sinai) and the Euphrates. Texts from Mari in northern Mesopotamia from about the same period say that parties entering into",
"title": "Fire pot"
},
{
"id": "1329021",
"text": "auto-sacrifice by cutting and piercing their bodies in order to draw blood. A reference to the priests of Baal \"cutting themselves with blades until blood flowed\" can be found in the Hebrew Bible. However, in Judaism, such self-harm is forbidden under Mosaic law. It occurred in ancient Canaanite mourning rituals, as described in the Ras Shamra tablets. Self-harm is practised in Hinduism by the ascetics known as \"sadhu\"s. In Catholicism it is known as mortification of the flesh. Some branches of Islam mark the Day of Ashura, the commemoration of the martyrdom of Imam Hussein, with a ritual of self-flagellation,",
"title": "Self-harm"
},
{
"id": "11102382",
"text": "god who rescued them from Egypt. Aaron does not stop them. Then Moses returned and chastised them and Aaron. Many were killed for their action. God sent down manna and quail to eat but the Hebrews still rebelled against God, and complained about the food. Moses asked God for water and God answered him. Moses struck a stone with his staff and water came forth. The Israelites were divided into twelve tribes. God gave the Israelites a bountiful land, but this occurred at different times in the two scriptures. Besides that and the many additional details in the Torah, there",
"title": "Biblical and Quranic narratives"
},
{
"id": "9021067",
"text": "Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears \"Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears\" is the first line of a speech by Mark Antony in the play \"Julius Caesar\", by William Shakespeare. Occurring in Act III, scene II, it is one of the most famous lines in all of Shakespeare's works. Antony has been allowed by Brutus and the other conspirators to make a funeral oration for Caesar on condition that he not blame them for Caesar's death; however, while Antony's speech outwardly begins by justifying the actions of Brutus and the assassins \"I come to bury Caesar, not to",
"title": "Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears"
},
{
"id": "6328982",
"text": "Hanun were: Hanun Hanun ( \"Ḥānûn\") was a king of Ammon described in 2 Samuel and 1 Chronicles. Upon the death of his father Nahash, Hanun ascended to the throne of the Ammonites. When King David sent ambassadors to convey his condolences, Hanun reversed his father's pro-David policy and humiliated the emissaries, stripping them of their clothes and shaving half of their beards. He allied with the Syrian king Hadadezer against Israel but was defeated and deposed. His brother Shobi was made king in his stead and became a loyal vassal of David's. Two other people in the Hebrew Bible",
"title": "Hanun"
},
{
"id": "10327745",
"text": "Talmai Talmai (; ) is a name in the Bible referring to a number of minor people. Its Aramaic version was connected to the Greek Ptolemy (see that article for the list of corresponding names and surnames), and later to the Italian Bartolomeo, the English Bartholomew etc. Talmai, Ahiman and Sheshai were Nephilim, three giant sons of Anak whom Caleb and the spies saw in Mount Hebron (Book of Numbers 13:22) when they went in to explore the land. They were afterwards driven out and slain (Joshua 15:14; Judges 1:10). King of Geshur. His daughter Maacah (מַעֲכָה) was a wife",
"title": "Talmai"
},
{
"id": "5449554",
"text": "to escape. In Norse mythology, Loki tricks the blind god Höðr into killing his brother Baldr, the god of happiness. The New Testament contains numerous instances of Jesus performing miracles to heal the blind. According to the Gospels, Jesus healed the two blind men of Galilee, the blind man of Bethsaida, the blind man of Jericho and the man who was born blind. The parable of the blind men and an elephant has crossed between many religious traditions and is part of Jain, Buddhist, Sufi and Hindu lore. In various versions of the tale, a group of blind men (or",
"title": "Visual impairment"
},
{
"id": "7107142",
"text": "the Forest of Panchavati, and was instantly smitten by his youthful good looks. Rama meanwhile spurned her advances, telling her that he was faithful to his wife Sita and thus would never take another wife. Rejected, Shurpanakha then approached his younger brother, Lakshmana, who reacted in a similar manner and said she was not what he desired in a wife. Eventually seeing that the brothers were making fun of her, the humiliated and envious Shurpanakha attacked Sita but was thwarted by Lakshmana, who cut off her nose and left ear and sent her back to Lanka. Shurpanakha first went to",
"title": "Shurpanakha"
},
{
"id": "8765670",
"text": "Nahash of Ammon Nahash was the name of a king of Ammon, mentioned in the Books of Samuel in the Bible. Nahash appears abruptly as the attacker of Jabesh-Gilead, which lay outside the territory he laid claim to. Having subjected the occupants to a siege, the population sought terms for surrender, and were told by Nahash that they had a choice of death (by the sword) or having their right eyes gouged out. The population obtained seven days' grace from Nahash, during which they would be allowed to seek help from the Israelites, after which they would have to submit",
"title": "Nahash of Ammon"
},
{
"id": "6328981",
"text": "Hanun Hanun ( \"Ḥānûn\") was a king of Ammon described in 2 Samuel and 1 Chronicles. Upon the death of his father Nahash, Hanun ascended to the throne of the Ammonites. When King David sent ambassadors to convey his condolences, Hanun reversed his father's pro-David policy and humiliated the emissaries, stripping them of their clothes and shaving half of their beards. He allied with the Syrian king Hadadezer against Israel but was defeated and deposed. His brother Shobi was made king in his stead and became a loyal vassal of David's. Two other people in the Hebrew Bible also called",
"title": "Hanun"
},
{
"id": "14186193",
"text": "Foreleg, cheeks and maw The gift of the foreleg, cheeks and maw () of a kosher-slaughtered animal to a \"kohen\" is a positive commandment in the Hebrew Bible. In Mishnah interpretation a continuing application of the commandment is identified both in the Land of Israel and among Jewish diaspora (Hullin, 10). Rabbi Yosef Karo in Shulchan Aruch Yoreh Deah 61:1, rules that after the slaughter of animal by a \"shochet\" (kosher slaughterer), he is obligated to separate the cuts of the foreleg, cheek and maw give them to a \"kohen\" freely, without the \"kohen\" paying or performing any service. The",
"title": "Foreleg, cheeks and maw"
},
{
"id": "8715708",
"text": "and south German Anabaptism. Schiemer appears to have confirmed the doctrine of the Trinity. Schiemer separated the outer word of God, the Bible, received through one's ear, from the inner word, the direct word of God, that only a spirit-possessed person is able to hear. The inner word leads to loving God and following Christ, while the outer word is used only to devise external rules and regulations. It makes people merely good citizens, but not devoted and sacrificial followers of Jesus. The followers of Schiemer also renounced private property. He was fascinated with early Christian communism and taught this",
"title": "Leonhard Schiemer"
},
{
"id": "18831377",
"text": "act as a remedy. Annie Dillard, in \"Pilgrim at Tinker Creek\", drew from her meditations at Tinker Creek in Virginia the experience of flowing water as a cause of separation: Water of lustration The water of lustration or water of purification was the water created with the ashes of the red heifer, according to the instructions given by God to Moses and Aaron in the Book of Numbers. The Hebrew Bible taught that any Israelite who touched a corpse, a \"Tumat HaMet\" (literally, \"impurity of the dead\"), was ritually unclean. The water was to be sprinkled on a person who",
"title": "Water of lustration"
},
{
"id": "15695124",
"text": "(Saint Ambrose, Saint Augustine, Saint Jerome, and Pope Gregory I). The central column carries shields depicting the Instruments of the Passion and the Holy Wounds. The eastern shield is unusual in that a sword is shown with an ear stuck to it. This refers to the story of Saint Peter striking off the ear of Malchus, the High Priest's servant, in the garden of Gethsemane. Most East Anglian churches lost their medieval furnishings in the upheavals of the Reformation, and Blakeney is no exception. Apart from the hammerbeam roof, there is little original wood work in the nave; a few",
"title": "St Nicholas, Blakeney"
},
{
"id": "4709436",
"text": "her, an assault ending in Áine biting off his ear, hence the name \"Aulom\" \"one-eared\". By Ancient Irish law, only an \"unblemished\" person can rule, and by maiming him so, Áine rendered him unfit to be king. As an embodiment of sovereignty, she can both grant and remove a man's power to rule. Ailill Aulom Ailill Ollamh (or Oilill Olum) in Irish traditional history was the son of Mug Nuadat and was a king of the southern half of Ireland, placed in the 3rd century by early modern Irish genealogy. Sadb ingen Chuinn, daughter of Conn of the Hundred Battles,",
"title": "Ailill Aulom"
},
{
"id": "10733996",
"text": "the ear are amputated to give the desired look. This may also be undertaken to remove stretched portions that are no longer wanted. Sutures or cauterizing may be required. Ear cropping is commonly performed on animals, for both cosmetic and other reasons, but rarely on humans. In humans, cropping usually involves the removal of part of the upper ear with a scalpel. Suturing or cauterizing may be required. Cutting involves removing small portions of tissue or cutting parts of the ear to produce a new shape or a decorative pattern. Ear pointing or \"elfing\" by various methods is undertaken to",
"title": "Ear shaping"
},
{
"id": "19157859",
"text": "and brought him no present. But he held his peace. 11:1 About a month later, Nahash the Ammonite went up and besieged Jabesh-gilead; and all the men of Jabesh said to Nahash, \"Make a treaty with us, and we will serve you.\" But Nahash the Ammonite said to them, \"On this condition I will make a treaty with you, namely that I gouge out everyone’s right eye, and thus put disgrace upon all Israel.\" However, 4QSam, which was copied in around 50 BCE, offers a relevant and informative paragraph to this passage, bringing clarity to the text. This portion is",
"title": "The Samuel Scroll"
},
{
"id": "8401076",
"text": "mean \"that they may teach,\" and thus to exclude people who could not speak from the obligation to appear at the assembly. Rabbi Tanhum deduced from the words \"in their ears\" (using the plural for \"ears\") at the end of that one who was deaf in one ear was exempt from appearing at the assembly. The parashah is discussed in these medieval Jewish sources: In his \"Mishneh Torah\", Maimonides hinged his discussion of free will on \"Behold, I set before you this day a blessing and a curse.\" Maimonides taught that God grants free will to all people. One can",
"title": "Re'eh"
},
{
"id": "15928580",
"text": "When Phasael and Hyrcanus II set out on an embassy to the Parthians, the Parthians instead captured them. Antigonus, who was present, cut off Hyrcanus's ears to make him unsuitable for the High Priesthood, while Phasael was put to death. Antigonus, whose Hebrew name was Mattathias, bore the double title of king and High Priest for only three years. He had not disposed of Herod, who fled into exile and sought the support of Mark Antony. Herod was designated \"King of the Jews\" by the Roman Senate in 40 BCE: Antony \"then resolved to get [Herod] made king of the",
"title": "Herodian kingdom"
},
{
"id": "11705849",
"text": "hallow unto the , having his uncleanness upon him, that soul shall be cut off from before Me: I am the . \"(Proclamations to \"cut off\" anyone for incorrectly using objects used for worship.)\" \"(Proclamation to \"cut off\" anyone who does not atone on the Day of Atonement—Yom Kippur.)\" And you will I scatter among the nations, and I will draw out the sword after you; and your land shall be a desolation, and your cities shall be a waste. \"(Proclamation to expel the Israelites from the land if they fail to adhere to the ideology of the book of",
"title": "Banishment in the Torah"
},
{
"id": "11078958",
"text": "ransom for the life of a manslayer\" (Num. xxxv. 31, R. V.). The passages of Scripture from which the law of assault and battery is derived are Ex. xxi. 18, 19 and 22-25; Lev. xxiv. 19, 20; Deut. xix. 21 (indirectly), and xxv. 11, 12. According to the literal interpretation, these passages teach the law of retaliation: eye for eye, tooth for tooth, as the redress for mutilation or, technically speaking, mayhem; bruise for bruise, stripe for stripe, etc., as the redress for the infliction of pain; and cutting off the offender's hand as the punishment for disgracing another by",
"title": "Damages (Jewish law)"
},
{
"id": "14600293",
"text": "high in popular favour\". The Gospel of Mark has a similar account, in which Jesus explains how a man is defiled by evil that comes out of him: What comes out of a man is what makes him 'unclean.' For from within, out of men's hearts, come evil thoughts, sexual immorality, theft, murder, adultery, greed, malice, deceit, lewdness, envy, slander, arrogance and folly. All these evils come from inside and make a man 'unclean.' Discourse on Defilement The Discourse on Defilement is an account of the teaching of Jesus recorded in the New Testament in the Gospel of Matthew and",
"title": "Discourse on Defilement"
},
{
"id": "7549141",
"text": "on. Sandham also denied to Bickerton that he was a member of the Bandidos, saying he had left the club in 2005. Frank \"Cisco\" Lenti, attempted to keep the Bandidos alive after the massacre. On 28 September 2006, two Hells Angels, Remond \"Ray\" Akleh of Ottawa and Mark Stephenson of Oshawa were charged with ordering another Angel, Steven Gault, to kill Lenti. Unknown to Akleh and Stephenson, Gault was secretly a police informer. Gault was a career criminal who specialized in cheating seniors out of their life savings and once bit off the ear of a man in a bar",
"title": "Shedden massacre"
},
{
"id": "11705852",
"text": "anyone who knowingly and deliberately violates the covenant.)\" Whosoever toucheth the dead, even the body of any man that is dead, and purifieth not himself—he hath defiled the tabernacle of the —that soul shall be cut off from Israel; because the water of sprinkling was not dashed against him, he shall be unclean; his uncleanness is yet upon him. \"(Proclamation to \"cut off\" anyone who does not \"purify\" himself after being around a dead body before attempting to worship.)\" the will not be willing to pardon him, but then the anger of the and His jealousy shall be kindled against",
"title": "Banishment in the Torah"
},
{
"id": "885632",
"text": "had been invited, but, unused to wine, their wild nature came to the fore. When the bride was presented to greet the guests, the centaur Eurytion leapt up and attempted to abduct her. All the other centaurs were up in a moment, straddling women and boys. In the battle that ensued, Theseus came to the Lapiths' aid. They cut off Eurytion's ears and nose and threw him out. In the battle the Lapith Caeneus was killed, and the defeated Centaurs were expelled from Thessaly to the northwest. The Lapith Caeneus was originally a girl named Caenis and the favorite of",
"title": "Lapiths"
},
{
"id": "2136326",
"text": "they may hear? behold their ear is uncircumcised, and they cannot hearken: ...\" (New JPS translates: \"Their ears are blocked\"). says that circumcised and uncircumcised will be punished alike by the Lord; for \"all the nations are uncircumcised, and all the house of Israel are uncircumcised in heart.\" The New JPS translation adds the note: \"\"uncircumcised of heart\": I.e., their minds are blocked to God's commandments.\" Non-Jewish tribes that practiced circumcision were described as being \"circumcised in uncircumcision.\"() During the Babylonian exile, Sabbath and circumcision became the characteristic symbols of the Jewish people. However, the Talmud orders that a boy",
"title": "Religious male circumcision"
},
{
"id": "19157858",
"text": "the Masoretic Text (MT) and Septuagint (LXX), Saul returns home and a month following, Nahash the Ammonite declares that he will only make a treaty with the people of Jabesh-gilead if he can gouge out everyone’s right eye. This cruel and strange punishment seems out of place within the text. For punishment of this kind was meant for those who discretely or violently rebelled 10:26 Saul also went to his home at Gibeah, and with him went men of valor whose hearts God had touched. But some worthless fellows said, \"How can this man save us?\" And they despised him",
"title": "The Samuel Scroll"
},
{
"id": "1412701",
"text": "Holy Lance The Holy Lance, also known as the Lance of Longinus (named after Saint Longinus), the Spear of Destiny, or the Holy Spear, according to the Gospel of John, is the lance that pierced the side of Jesus as he hung on the cross. The lance (Greek: λόγχη, lonkhē) is mentioned in the \"Gospel of John\" (), but not the Synoptic Gospels. The gospel states that the Romans planned to break Jesus' legs, a practice known as \"crurifragium\", which was a method of hastening death during a crucifixion. Just before they did so, they realized that Jesus was already",
"title": "Holy Lance"
}
] | who cut off someone's ear in the bible |
[
"R. Kelly"
] | [
{
"id": "5637977",
"text": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number Age Ain't Nothing but a Number is the debut studio album by American R&B singer Aaliyah, released under Jive and Blackground Records on May 24, 1994, in the United States. After being signed by her uncle Barry Hankerson, Aaliyah was introduced to recording artist and producer R. Kelly. He became her mentor, as well as the lead songwriter and producer of the album. The duo recorded the album at the Chicago Recording Company in Chicago, Illinois. The album featured two hit singles, including the top ten-charting \"Back & Forth\" and \"At Your Best (You",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number"
},
{
"id": "5638012",
"text": "prevent her from becoming a reliable '90s hitmaker with viable sidelines in movies and modeling.\" All songs were written and produced by R. Kelly, except for \"At Your Best (You Are Love)\", written by Ernie Isley, Marvin Isley, O'Kelly Isley, Jr., Ronald Isley and Chris Jasper. Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes. Age Ain't Nothing but a Number Age Ain't Nothing but a Number is the debut studio album by American R&B singer Aaliyah, released under Jive and Blackground Records on May 24, 1994, in the United States. After being signed by her uncle Barry Hankerson, Aaliyah was",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number"
},
{
"id": "5637982",
"text": "as Warner Bros and MCA Records, although the executives at both labels liked her voice they didn't sign her according to Hankerson. After Aaliyah was signed to both Blackground records and Jive records, Hankerson then introduced her to recording artist and producer R. Kelly. When the pair first met Aaliyah sang an a cappella for Kelly which left him impressed with her voice and after that moment he decided that he wanted to work with her. He then became her mentor, as well as the sole songwriter and producer for her debut album. Kelly was the only writer and producer",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number"
},
{
"id": "9713231",
"text": "song within her discography due to it's lyrical content about dating someone older. The lyrical content of the song raised eyebrows because the song was written and produced by R.Kelly. After the release of the song a marriage certificate emerged stating that a fifteen year old Aaliyah and a twenty seven year old R.Kelly were married. Age Ain't Nothing but a Number (song) \"Age Ain't Nothing but a Number\" is a song by American singer Aaliyah, written and produced by R. Kelly for her debut album of the same name (1994). Its lyrics tell the story of a girl wanting",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number (song)"
},
{
"id": "9713225",
"text": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number (song) \"Age Ain't Nothing but a Number\" is a song by American singer Aaliyah, written and produced by R. Kelly for her debut album of the same name (1994). Its lyrics tell the story of a girl wanting to date an older man, saying that their age difference is irrelevant if the feelings are strong enough. The song begins with a short piano introduction in time, while the line \"I got a thing for you and I can't let go\" is lifted directly from Bobby Caldwell's \"What You Won't Do For Love\". It was",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number (song)"
},
{
"id": "9713227",
"text": "sample from Bobby Caldwell's 1978 song \"What You Won't Do For Love\". Tonya Pendleton from The Washington Post described the song as a \"seductive entreaty to an older lover to forget their age difference and allow their relationship to ripen\". The music video was directed by Millicent Shelton and filmed in Detroit, Michigan in November 1994 and released in early 1995. Mainly shot in black-and-white, it features cameo appearances by rappers Proof and Bizarre from D12 and Aaliyah's brother, Rashad Haughton. On January 28, 1995 Aaliyah performed Age Ain't Nothing but a Number on the Nickelodeon sketch comedy show All",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number (song)"
},
{
"id": "23027",
"text": "Aaliyah Aaliyah Dana Haughton (; January 16, 1979 – August 25, 2001) was an American singer, actress, and model. Born in Brooklyn, New York, and raised in Detroit, Michigan, Aaliyah first gained recognition at the age of 10, when she appeared on the television show \"Star Search\" and performed in concert alongside Gladys Knight. At age 12, Aaliyah signed with Jive Records and her uncle Barry Hankerson's Blackground Records. Hankerson introduced her to R. Kelly, who became her mentor, as well as lead songwriter and producer of her debut album, \"Age Ain't Nothing but a Number\". The album sold three",
"title": "Aaliyah"
},
{
"id": "7647254",
"text": "Aaliyah discography American singer Aaliyah released three studio albums, two compilation albums, and 26 singles. She was born in Brooklyn, New York, and was raised in Detroit, Michigan. At age 10, she appeared on \"Star Search\" and performed in concert alongside Gladys Knight. At age 12, Aaliyah was signed to Jive Records and Blackground Records by her uncle, Barry Hankerson. He introduced her to R. Kelly, who became her mentor, as well as lead songwriter and producer of her debut album. \"Age Ain't Nothing but a Number\" sold three million copies in the United States and was certified double Platinum",
"title": "Aaliyah discography"
},
{
"id": "5637983",
"text": "credited on the album because the record label didn't want multiple people to share publishing rights. According to Jeff Sledge \"Clive was a publishing guru, so he and Barry weren’t trying to cut a lot of people in on the album to share the publishing. They said we’re going to do this with one guy and the publishing will be easy to deal with because it’s one person\". Once the issue over publishing was fixed both Aaliyah and Kelly began recording the album in 1993 when she was 14 and according to Aaliyah it took about eight to nine months",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number"
},
{
"id": "5637984",
"text": "to record the album. R. Kelly and Aaliyah worked on the record in Chicago during the summer while she was off from school for summer vaction, she would fly to Chicago from Detroit, and they would work on the album. While recording the album the pair spent a lot of time hanging out together by going to arcades and bowling. This would help with the writing process because Kelly would \"write the songs that fit her and what kids her age and her friends were talking about\". According to Aaliyah \"He just spent time with me, trying to see how",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number"
},
{
"id": "5637979",
"text": "three million copies in the United States. The album was certified Gold in Canada by Music Canada and Gold in the United Kingdom by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). To date the album has sold over six million copies worldwide. Aaliyah's uncle Barry Hankerson, was an entertainment lawyer who had been married to Gladys Knight. As a child, Aaliyah traveled with Knight and worked with an agent in New York to audition for commercials and television programs, including \"Family Matters\". When she was only ten years old she went on to appear on \"Star Search\" where she performed \"My Funny",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number"
},
{
"id": "658820",
"text": "(RIAA), eventually going six times platinum. Following the success of \"12 Play\", Kelly became a demand as a writer and producer. May 24, 1994, Kelly's protégé Aaliyah released her debut album titled \"Age Ain't Nothing But a Number\" which was entirely written and produced by R. Kelly. The album peaked at number 18 on the Billboard 200 and sold over three million copies in the United States. \"Age Ain't Nothing But a Number\" spawned two hit singles: \"Back & Forth\" (U.S. Hot 100: #5, U.S. R&B: #1); blocked Kelly's \"Your Body's Callin' from the top spot and \"At Your Best",
"title": "R. Kelly"
},
{
"id": "5637985",
"text": "I thought about things and what people my age think,\". When discussing the writing process for the album Aaliyah said \"We vibed off of one another, and that’s how the songs was built, He would vibe with me on what the lyrics should be. He’d tell me what to sing, and I’d sing it. That’s how the whole album was done\" The duo recorded the first song, \"Old School\", at the Chicago Recording Company in Chicago, Illinois and it took at least two days to record. Aaliyah loved recording old school because that song \"had an Isley Brothers flair” to",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number"
},
{
"id": "9726625",
"text": "Down with the Clique \"Down with the Clique\" is a song written and produced by R. Kelly for R&B singer Aaliyah's debut album \"Age Ain't Nothing but a Number\". It is the fourth official single in the United Kingdom from the album. Released in 1995, the single, which also features Kelly, peaked at number thirty-three on the UK Singles Chart. The song was the fourth UK Top 40 single for Aaliyah. When recording Down With the Clique Aaliyah developed an interest in producing and she watched and helped R Kelly develop the song. According to Aaliyah “When we were recording",
"title": "Down with the Clique"
},
{
"id": "23041",
"text": "as lead songwriter and producer of her first album, which was recorded when she was 14. Aaliyah's debut album, \"Age Ain't Nothing but a Number\", was released under her mononym \"Aaliyah\", by Jive and Blackground Records on May 24, 1994; the album debut at number 24 on the \"Billboard\" 200 chart, selling 74,000 copies in its first week. It ultimately peaked at number 18 on the \"Billboard\" 200 and sold over three million copies in the United States, where it was certified two times Platinum by the RIAA. In Canada, the album sold over 50,000 copies and was certified gold",
"title": "Aaliyah"
},
{
"id": "5637987",
"text": "in there all night making sure it was perfect. There were times when I was tired, but I knew I had to push on if I wanted to come off.” Kelly claimed that Aaliyah was \"one of the best young artists\" he had worked with. During the recording process for the album the record label was out of the loop in regards to the type of songs that was being recorded. Executives from the label didn't hear the album until it was finished and they were impressed with the finished product. Sledge said \"When we finally heard the album we",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number"
},
{
"id": "5637981",
"text": "and how audiences react differently to various songs\". When Aaliyah was twelve, Hankerson would take her to Vanguard studios to work on demos with record producer and Vanguard owner Michael J. Powell. In an interview Powell stated, “At the time, Barry was trying to get Aaliyah a deal with MCA, and he came to me to make her demos.” During her time working with Powell Aaliyah recorded multiple covers such as \"The Greatest Love of All\", \"Over the Rainbow\", and \"My Funny Valentine\", which she had sung on Star Search. Eventually Hankerson started shopping Aaliyah around to various labels such",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number"
},
{
"id": "5637978",
"text": "Are Love)\"; both singles were certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). One additional single followed in the US: \"Age Ain't Nothing but a Number\". Two more singles were released internationally after \"Age Ain't Nothing But a Number\": \"Down with the Clique\" and \"The Thing I Like\". \"Age Ain't Nothing But a Number\" received generally favorable reviews from critics. Many noted Aaliyah's vocal ability and praised the lyrical content. Aaliyah was credited for redefining R&B by blending her voice with Kelly's new jack swing. The album peaked at number 18 on the \"Billboard\" 200 and sold over",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number"
},
{
"id": "8832219",
"text": "Back & Forth (Aaliyah song) \"Back & Forth\" is the debut single performed by singer Aaliyah for her debut studio album \"Age Ain't Nothing but a Number\". The song was written and produced by R&B singer R. Kelly, and chronicles a teenage girl's excitement to celebrate the weekend by going to a party and having fun with her friends. The music video for the song was shot in her hometown of Detroit and features Aaliyah and Kelly performing in a gym with her real-life friends from high school. Kelly performs the rap in the song. The song was released as",
"title": "Back & Forth (Aaliyah song)"
},
{
"id": "9726629",
"text": "Up” and “Down With the Clique,” all paeans to the fun-loving good times of adolescence\" Down with the Clique \"Down with the Clique\" is a song written and produced by R. Kelly for R&B singer Aaliyah's debut album \"Age Ain't Nothing but a Number\". It is the fourth official single in the United Kingdom from the album. Released in 1995, the single, which also features Kelly, peaked at number thirty-three on the UK Singles Chart. The song was the fourth UK Top 40 single for Aaliyah. When recording Down With the Clique Aaliyah developed an interest in producing and she",
"title": "Down with the Clique"
},
{
"id": "4015172",
"text": "Hankerson, Aaliyah's uncle, obtained a distribution deal with Jive Records, he signed her to his Blackground Records label at the age of 12. He introduced her to R. Kelly, who became her mentor, as well as the lead songwriter and producer for her debut album \"Age Ain't Nothing but a Number\". The album was certified double Platinum by the RIAA, and it sold three million copies in the United States and six million copies worldwide. For promotion of the album, Aaliyah embarked on a world tour that lasted from 1994 to 1995, she toured throughout the US, Europe, Japan and",
"title": "One in a Million (Aaliyah album)"
},
{
"id": "8677153",
"text": "wurlitzer sounds, while Michael Thompson played the guitar. \"Bassy\" Bob Brockmann mixed the track; recording was overseen by Brad Gilderman. The record was from a number of songs Edmonds specifically penned for the soundtrack of Forest Whitaker's 1995 romantic drama film \"Waiting to Exhale\", starring Whitney Houston and Angela Bassett. Musically, songs from fellow R&B singer Aaliyah's debut album \"Age Ain't Nothing but a Number\" (1994) served as an inspiration while starting the song idea for \"Sittin' Up in My Room\". Edmonds finished most of the demo on his Los Angeles house, before Norwood came over for recording. Commenting on",
"title": "Sittin' Up in My Room"
},
{
"id": "8832231",
"text": "and forth was included on the list. In November 2017 Reality star Kim Kardashian included the song on her Spotify \"glam session\" playlist. Rapper Tyga sampled \"Back and Forth\" on his 2018 released song \"U Cry\". Back & Forth (Aaliyah song) \"Back & Forth\" is the debut single performed by singer Aaliyah for her debut studio album \"Age Ain't Nothing but a Number\". The song was written and produced by R&B singer R. Kelly, and chronicles a teenage girl's excitement to celebrate the weekend by going to a party and having fun with her friends. The music video for the",
"title": "Back & Forth (Aaliyah song)"
},
{
"id": "9713230",
"text": "When discussing the lyrical content of the song Kenneth Pathridge from Billboard said \"She sings it not like a love-struck teenager but rather a poised young woman mature enough to handle a relationship with an older man\". In May 1997 Music publisher Windswept Pacific filed a lawsuit against Aaliyah with the U.S. District Court in Los Angeles. The Music publisher claimed she illegally copied Bobby Caldwell's 1978 song \"What You Won't Do For Love\". According to Windswept \"Age Ain't Nothing but a Number\" bears a striking resemblance to Caldwell's song. \"Age Ain't Nothing but a Number\" is Aaliyah's most controversial",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number (song)"
},
{
"id": "658810",
"text": "In 1998, Kelly won three Grammy Awards for \"I Believe I Can Fly\". His distinctive sound and style has influenced numerous hip hop and contemporary R&B artists. Kelly became the first musician to play professional basketball, when he was signed in 1997. Kelly has written, produced, and remixed songs and albums for many artists, including Aaliyah's 1994 debut album \"Age Ain't Nothing but a Number\". In 1996, Kelly was nominated for a Grammy for writing Michael Jackson's song \"You Are Not Alone\". In 2002 and 2004, Kelly released collaboration albums with rapper Jay-Z and has been a guest vocalist for",
"title": "R. Kelly"
},
{
"id": "5081199",
"text": "was forced into bankruptcy in 1975. After leaving Stax, Milton struggled to maintain a career, moving first to Evidence, then the MCA imprint Mobile Fidelity Records, before finding a home at the independent record label, Malaco Records, where he remained for much of the remainder of his career. His last hit single, \"Age Ain't Nothin' But a Number,\" was released in 1983 from the album of the same name. In 1988, Little Milton was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame and won a W.C. Handy Award. His final album, \"Think of Me\", was released in May 2005 on the",
"title": "Little Milton"
},
{
"id": "5637986",
"text": "it. When discussing the recording process for old school Aaliyah said, \"At first, I had to get comfortable, but I had been around Robert, so it was cool. Both Robert and I are perfectionists, and if you listen to the music, there is a lot of passion in it.” While recording the album, Kelly coached her as they worked several hours in the studio. She often sang the songs multiple times in order to achieve \"excellence\". When discussing the hectic hours recording the album Aaliyah said, \"We put in a lot of hours; as far as the music, we’d be",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number"
},
{
"id": "5637998",
"text": "at number five on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 three months after it was released on July 2, 1994. The single reached its peak at number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs on May 21, 1994, this would become one of the three number ones that Aaliyah would achieve on this chart. Eventually the single was certified Gold by the RIAA on June 9, 1994 for sales of 700,000 copies sold. \"Age Ain't Nothing But a Number\" received generally favorable reviews from music critics, some writers noted that Aaliyah's \"silky vocals\" and \"sultry voice\" blended with Kelly's new jack swing helped",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number"
},
{
"id": "9713228",
"text": "That Uproxx included Aaliyah's All That performance on their \"5 Musical Performances From Nickelodeon’s ‘All That’ You Didn’t Realize Were Completely Inappropriate\" list. \"Age Ain't Nothing but a Number\" was the third single released and it was the least successful single from the album; It also was the last single to be released in the US. It reached its peak at number seventy-five on the Hot 100 chart on February 25, 1995. The song also peaked within the top 40 at number 35 and 36 respectively on both the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop songs and Rhythmic charts. In the UK the single",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number (song)"
},
{
"id": "5638009",
"text": "the scandal over the marriage made it difficult to find producers for her second album. \"We were coming off of a multi-platinum debut album and except for a couple of relationships with Jermaine Dupri and Puffy, it was hard for us to get producers on the album.\" Hankerson also expressed confusion over why \"they were upset\" with Aaliyah given her age at the time. Aaliyah was known to avoid answering questions regarding Kelly following the professional split. During an interview with Christopher John Farley, she was asked if she was still in contact with him and if she would ever",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number"
},
{
"id": "5637999",
"text": "define R&B in the 1990s. Her sound was also compared to that of female quartet En Vogue. Christopher John Farley of \"Time\" magazine described the album as a \"beautifully restrained work\", noting that Aaliyah's \"girlish, breathy vocals rode calmly on R.Kelly's rough beats\". Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic felt that the album had its \"share of filler,\" but described the singles as \"slyly seductive.\" He also claimed that the songs on the album were \"frequently better\" than that of Kelly's first studio album, \"12 Play\". Paul Verna from \"Billboard\" praised both R.Kelly's Production on the album and Aaliyah's voice saying",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number"
},
{
"id": "5637988",
"text": "were blown away because the album was dope. It was basically like listening to an R. Kelly album, but with a little girl singing\". The original release date for the album was June 14, but due to the instant success of the lead single's accompanying video on MTV it prompted the label to release the album earlier on May 24. On the album Aaliyah sang her songs in a falsetto, she felt that the songs \"came at you kind of tough, a bit edgy, hip-hop, but the vocals can be very soothing\". According to Aaliyah \"lyrically I want things to",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number"
},
{
"id": "5638002",
"text": "Soul Awards Age Ain't Nothing but a Number debuted at number 24 on the \"Billboard\" 200 chart on June 11, 1994 and it sold 74,000 copies in its first week. The album ultimately peaked at number 18 on the chart. On the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart the album reached its peak at number 3 on July 2, 1994 In Canada the album debuted at number 29 on the Canadian \"RPM\" Albums Chart on July 18, 1994. It reached its peak at number 20 on August 8, 1994 and the album spent 25 weeks on the Canadian albums chart. The album",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number"
},
{
"id": "23042",
"text": "by the CRIA. Aaliyah's debut single, \"Back & Forth\", topped the \"Billboard\" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart for three weeks and was certified Gold by the RIAA. The second single, a cover of The Isley Brothers' \"At Your Best (You Are Love)\", peaked at number six on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and was also certified Gold by the RIAA. The title track, \"Age Ain't Nothing but a Number\", peaked at number 75 on the Hot 100. Additionally, she released \"The Thing I Like\" as part of the soundtrack to the 1994 film \"A Low Down Dirty Shame\". \"Age Ain't Nothing But",
"title": "Aaliyah"
},
{
"id": "5638006",
"text": "was with \"anybody else.\" In December 1994, Aaliyah told the \"Sun-Times\" that whenever she was asked about being married to Kelly, she urged them not to believe \"all that mess\" and that she and Kelly were \"close\" and \"people took it the wrong way.\" In his 2011 book \"The Man Behind the Man: Looking From the Inside Out\", Demetrius Smith Sr., a former member of Kelly's entourage, wrote that Kelly told him \"in a voice that sounded as if he wanted to burst into tears\" that he thought Aaliyah was pregnant. Jamie Foster Brown in the 1994 issue of \"Sister",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number"
},
{
"id": "10279418",
"text": "Best (You Are Love)\" (1994)<br> Aaliyah - \"Age Ain't Nothing but a Number\" (1994)<br> CeCe Peniston - \"I'm Not Over You\" (1994)<br> CeCe Peniston - \"Hit By Love\" (1994)<br> Pete Rock & C.L. Smooth - \"Lots of Lovin'\" (1994)<br> Xscape - \"Love on My Mind\" (1994)<br> Patra - \"Pull Up to the Bumper\" (1995)<br> Rhian Benson - \"Say How I Feel\" (2003)<br> Rhian Benson - \"Stealing My Piece of Mind\" (2003) Millicent Shelton Millicent B. Shelton is an American music video, television and film director. Shelton began her career as a wardrobe production assistant on the Spike Lee film \"Do",
"title": "Millicent Shelton"
},
{
"id": "16024461",
"text": "career since her childhood. She said, \"I grew up listening to my dad playing guitar while singing harmonies... As a kid I wanted to record my own songs so he set me up with an 8-track. The vibe of those earliest songs was like, Aaliyah meets Fleetwood Mac – what I was listening to mixed with what my parents were listening to. \"Age Ain't Nothing But a Number\" was my favorite song back then.\" Other musical influences include Vladimir Vysotsky, Selda Bagcan, Nick Cave, Hank Williams, Townes Van Zandt, Suicide, SPK and various \"1920s and '30s music\", and more recently,",
"title": "Chelsea Wolfe"
},
{
"id": "5638001",
"text": "of recordings — a collection well suited for its teenage target group, but one that even older listeners can relate to\". After the release of \"Age Ain't Nothing but a Number\" Aaliyah received multiple award nominations for her debut album, in 1995 she was nominated for Favorite Soul/R&B New Artist at the 22nd American Music Awards. Also in 1995 she received two nominations for Best R&B/Soul or Rap New Artist and Best R&B/Soul Album, Female at the 8th annual Soul Train Music Awards. She also received a nomination for Best R&B/Soul New Artist at the 1995 Soul Train Lady of",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number"
},
{
"id": "23046",
"text": "certified double platinum by the RIAA on June 16, 1997, denoting shipments of two million copies. The month prior to \"One in a Million\"s release, on May 5, 1997, music publisher Windswept Pacific filed a lawsuit in U.S. District Court against Aaliyah claiming she had illegally copied Bobby Caldwell's \"What You Won't Do for Love\" for the single \"Age Ain't Nothing but a Number\". Aaliyah attended the Detroit High School for the Fine and Performing Arts, where she majored in drama and graduated in 1997 with a 4.0 GPA. Aaliyah began her acting career that same year; she played herself",
"title": "Aaliyah"
},
{
"id": "5637996",
"text": "go along with her urban edge, so there's not a whole lot different that we'll be doing abroad\". A month before the release of the debut single, \"Back & Forth\", Aaliyah attended the Urban Network's \"Power Jam\" conference, where she was introduced and \"received warmly\". \"Back & Forth\" peaked at number five on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 while topping the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart for three weeks. The song was certified Gold by the RIAA. The second single, \"At Your Best (You Are Love)\", peaked at number six on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and was also certified Gold by the",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number"
},
{
"id": "5638007",
"text": "2 Sister\" wrote that \"R. Kelly told me that he and Aaliyah got together and it was just magic.\" Brown also reported hearing about a relationship between them. \"I've been hearing about Robert and Aaliyah for a while—that she was pregnant. Or that she was coming and going in and out of his house. People would see her walking his dog, 12 Play, with her basketball cap and sunglasses on. Every time I asked the label, they said it was platonic. But I kept hearing complaints from people about her being in the studio with all those men.\" Brown later",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number"
},
{
"id": "9713226",
"text": "released as the third single (and final single in the United States) from the album and became her first single in the US to miss the top 10, peaking at number 75 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and number 32 on the UK Singles Chart. \"Age Ain't Nothing but a Number\" has been described as a \"soulful ballad\" with Aaliyah \"crooning of longing for an older lover\". The song opens with \"Aaliyah's spoken voice noting her daily diary entry\" and it is \"coupled with a delicate guitar-piano interplay that echoes the urgency of her performance\". It also features a",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number (song)"
},
{
"id": "5638004",
"text": "United States and six million copies worldwide. With the release of \"Age Ain't Nothing but a Number\", rumors circulated of a relationship between Aaliyah and R. Kelly. Shortly after, there was speculation about a secret marriage with the release of \"Age Ain't Nothing but a Number\" and the adult content that Kelly had written for Aaliyah. \"Vibe\" magazine later revealed a marriage certificate that listed the couple married on August 31, 1994, in Sheraton Gateway Suites in Rosemont, Illinois. Aaliyah, who was 15 at the time, was listed as 18 on the certificate; the illegal marriage was annulled in February",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number"
},
{
"id": "8345128",
"text": "(At Your Best) You Are Love \"(At Your Best) You Are Love\" is a song by The Isley Brothers, originally a radio hit in 1976. It was originally dedicated to their mother. Eighteen years later, the song was covered by American singer Aaliyah for her debut studio album \"Age Ain't Nothing but a Number\". Released as the album's second single, it peaked at number six on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and number two on the R&B singles chart, it also peaked at number 27 on the UK Singles Chart, and number 12 on the Tokio Hot 100 chart in",
"title": "(At Your Best) You Are Love"
},
{
"id": "5637992",
"text": "a cover and it was originally recorded by The Isley Brothers. The song was described as a \"sweet\" \"vintage soul ballad\" and it gave aaliyah a chance to ditch the tough-girl posturing according to billboard. The Seventh track \"No One Knows How to Love Me Quite Like You Do\" has been described as a \"sensually\" uptempo \"crush\" record and lyrically it is about Aaliyah being satisfied and how she is \"made to feel like a goddess\". When discussing the record Aaliyah said “Every girl looks for that one person who is going to love them right. That song is saying,",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number"
},
{
"id": "4683864",
"text": "Blackground Records Blackground Records, LLC was an independent American record label owned by former manager Barry Hankerson and his son Jomo Hankerson. The most successful acts on the label were Aaliyah, Timbaland, and JoJo. In the summer of 2012, Blackground was acquired by independent music publisher Reservoir Media Management. In 1993, manager Barry Hankerson used his connection with his artist R. Kelly's Jive Records to distribute a newly formed label for the release of his niece Aaliyah's debut album \"Age Ain't Nothing but a Number\". Blackground was officially incorporated in 1995 in Delaware while operating out of New York and",
"title": "Blackground Records"
},
{
"id": "14507050",
"text": "and \"Age Ain't Nothin' But A Number\". He achieved great success and career longevity. Most recently his single, \"Married Man\", was featured in Tyler Perry's \"Why Did I Get Married Too?\", which was shot in The Bahamas. Butler's achievements were recognised in 2003 when he was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE). He is the father of actor Ron Butler, Jr. Ronnie Butler died on November 19, 2017 from cancer. He was 80 years old. Ronnie Butler Ronald \"Ronnie\" Butler Sr., MBE (August 17, 1937 – November 19, 2017) was a famous Bahamian calypso and",
"title": "Ronnie Butler"
},
{
"id": "9713229",
"text": "fared better on the charts peaking within the top 40 on the official charts at 32 and the top 20 and top 10 on the Official Dance and R&B charts at number 19 and 6. Damien Scott from Complex said that the song is a \"Head head nod-inducing track with a riding bass line that has a 15-year-old Aaliyah reprising Bobby Caldwell (“I got a thing for you, and I won’t let go.”) to assert her assurance about her forbidden love.\". He also felt that the song was an important part of Aaliyah's career and that it shouldn't be forgotten.",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number (song)"
},
{
"id": "5638005",
"text": "1995 by her parents. The pair continued to deny marriage allegations, stating that neither was married. One particular allegation among the rumor was that Aaliyah wedded Kelly without her parents' knowledge. Aaliyah reportedly developed a friendship with Kelly during the recording of her debut album. As she recalled to \"Vibe\" magazine in 1994, she and Kelly would \"go watch a movie\" and \"go eat\" when she got tired and would then \"come back and work\". She described the relationship between her and Kelly as being \"rather close.\" In 2016, Kelly said that he was in love with Aaliyah as he",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number"
},
{
"id": "5637997",
"text": "RIAA. In promotion for the album, Aaliyah embarked on a world tour that lasted from 1994 to 1995, she toured through the US, Europe, Japan and South Africa Aside from touring Aaliyah performed at the Budweiser Superfest at the USAir Arena in September 1994. She also performed Age Ain't Nothing But A Number the song in January 1995 on the Nickelodeon sketch comedy show All That. On May 1 1995, Aaliyah made an in store appearance at the Virgin Megastore in London. \"Back & Forth\" was released as the album's lead single on April 8, 1994, it reached its peak",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number"
},
{
"id": "12776255",
"text": "such as Big Daddy Kane, N.W.A, Kid 'n Play, EPMD, Eric B. & Rakim and A Tribe Called Quest, but it was the music video for Chi-Ali's '\"Age Ain't Nuthin' But a Number\" that inspired him to begin writing raps and focusing on the music business. He was nine years old at the time. He was raised one block away from rapper Notorious B.I.G., and has often cited B.I.G.'s success as an influence on his writing. He also cites Jay-Z as an important inspiration, and names his favorites emcees as Jay-Z and Mos Def. During Skyzoo's teenage years his father",
"title": "Skyzoo"
},
{
"id": "8480374",
"text": "Chi-Ali released his first solo single, \"Age Ain't Nothing But a #\", which was a moderate hit and reached #6 in the US Hot Rap Singles chart. The song was popular on urban radio stations, and the music video received good rotation on \"Yo! MTV Raps\" and \"Rap City\". The album in which the song was featured, \"The Fabulous Chi-Ali\", was released shortly thereafter, which yielded two other singles: \"Roadrunner\" and \"Funky Lemonade,\" which were both remixed and re-recorded. Chi-Ali seemingly disappeared from the hip hop industry until the late 1990s, when he appeared on Dres's solo album, \"Sure Shot",
"title": "Chi-Ali"
},
{
"id": "5638000",
"text": "\"The golden production touch of mentor R. Kelly is strongly felt here, and he has a field day with Aaliyah's warm silky voice, which has a depth and range that belie her youth.\" Tonya Pendleton from The Washington Post felt that Aaliyah's voice \"has the maturity of someone much older\", also she thought Aaliyah stood out because of her \"uniquely mellifluous tone\". According to Pendleton \"What makes her stand out is her uniquely mellifluous tone and the eloquent way she expresses the heartfelt passion of first love\". Overall she felt that Age Ain’t Nothing but a Number \"is that rarest",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number"
},
{
"id": "8345132",
"text": "A slightly different version was also included on his visual album \"Endless\". (At Your Best) You Are Love \"(At Your Best) You Are Love\" is a song by The Isley Brothers, originally a radio hit in 1976. It was originally dedicated to their mother. Eighteen years later, the song was covered by American singer Aaliyah for her debut studio album \"Age Ain't Nothing but a Number\". Released as the album's second single, it peaked at number six on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and number two on the R&B singles chart, it also peaked at number 27 on the UK",
"title": "(At Your Best) You Are Love"
},
{
"id": "5637990",
"text": "the streets\" with a \"touch of jazz\" in her. The third track which served as the album's lead single \"Back & Forth\" has been described as an Urban Dance cross-over song with Pop and R&B influences. On the song Aaliyah sings with a \"subtle, laid-back vocal\" while she talks about partying on the weekend with her friends. According to billboard \"It doesn't matter that Aaliyah is 15. It’s the freakin' weekend, baby, so she's picking up her ladies—presumably in her jeep—and hitting the local party spot\". The forth track \"Age Ain't Nothing But A Number\" is the title track for",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number"
},
{
"id": "5638003",
"text": "sold 50,000 copies and was certified gold by Music Canada on December 12, 1994. In the UK the album peaked at number 23 and 6 respectively on both the UK Albums Chart and UK R&B Chart. Eventually the album was certified Gold in the UK by the BPI for 100,000 copies sold. Elsewhere in Europe the album peaked at number 44 on the Dutch Albums Chart; and number 90 on the European Top 100 Albums chart. The album also received a gold certification in Japan for a 100,000 copies sold, overall the album has sold three million copies in the",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number"
},
{
"id": "3977858",
"text": "single mother. His father, McKinley Jackson, was a music producer who left to pursue his career prior to Holton's birth. Originally known as Maximum, under the moniker \"Proof\", Holton first rose to national prominence as a part of the rap group D12, a hip-hop group he was instrumental in forming. Early individual accomplishments include being featured in \"The Source\"'s \"Unsigned Hype\" column in 1999 and nearly winning the 1998 Blaze Battle. His first television appearance was in the video for Aaliyah's \"Age Ain't Nothing But a Number\". In 2000, Proof toured with Eminem, Dr. Dre, and Snoop Dogg in the",
"title": "Proof (rapper)"
},
{
"id": "5637994",
"text": "The tenth track \"Young Nation\" is about Aaliyah \"aligning herself with an entire movement\". The eleventh track \"Old School\" is about merging an old school style with a new school style, the opening begins with \"Here's the old school / With the new school,\". The final track \"I'm Down\" has been described as a mid-tempo rap-soul ballad and it's about \"one person giving themselves fully to another\". Aaliyah's record label didn't interfere with her imaging so she was granted free rein when it came to her imaging and style. Former Jive A&R Jeff Sledge mentioned in an interview that it",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number"
},
{
"id": "9726626",
"text": "‘Down With the Clique,’ I watched how Robert [Kelly] laid the drums and everything. He taught me to play the piano a bit, and I’m also trying to learn the mixing board, though it looks complicated. The studio is my first love.” \"Down with the Clique\" is a Hip hop inspired song and on the song Aaliyah displays a \"silky cooing\" with her vocals. \"Down with the clique\" was released as the albums 4th single and it was the first single from \"Age Ain't Nothing but a Number\" to not be released in the US. The song peaked within the",
"title": "Down with the Clique"
},
{
"id": "6756135",
"text": "Police Child Investigative Unit and a writer for the \"Chicago Suntimes\" showed Sparkle a videotape allegedly of her young niece, then approximately 14, and R. Kelly engaging in sexual acts. Sparkle identified the young girl as her sister's daughter. Sparkle testified against R. Kelly in a subsequent criminal trial on charges of child pornography in 2008. However, in the end, the jury found Kelly not guilty in the case. Sparkle has worked with several artists, including Aaliyah on \"Age Ain't Nothing But A Number\"; R. Kelly on \"R\"; Mary J. Blige on\" Share My World\"; Wyclef Jean on \"Loving You",
"title": "Sparkle (singer)"
},
{
"id": "23113",
"text": "Hardy of \"Rolling Stone\" dubbed her as the \"undisputed queen of the midtempo come-on\". Aaliyah has been referred to as a pop icon and a R&B icon for her impact and contributions to those respective genres. Japanese pop singer Hikaru Utada has said several times that \"It was when I heard Aaliyah's \"Age Ain't Nothing but a Number\" that I got hooked on R&B.\", after which Utada released her debut album \"First Love\" with heavy R&B influences. Another Japanese pop singer Crystal Kay has expressed how she admired Aaliyah when she was growing up and how she would practice dancing",
"title": "Aaliyah"
},
{
"id": "5637980",
"text": "Valentine\". Aaliyah chose to begin auditioning while her mother made the decision to have her surname dropped. She auditioned for several record labels and at age 11 appeared in concerts alongside Gladys Knight. Aaliyah performed alongside Gladys Knight for 5 nights in Las Vegas, during the concerts she would perform a number in the middle of Knight's set and she would also help close the show by singing a duet with Knight. When speaking about her experience from performing with Knight Aaliyah said \"it was a great learning experience\". She also mentioned \"I Learned a lot about being on stage",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number"
},
{
"id": "4840509",
"text": "Ain't No Mountain High Enough \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough\" is an R&B/soul song written by Nickolas Ashford & Valerie Simpson in 1966 for the Tamla label, a division of Motown. The composition was first successful as a 1967 hit single recorded by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell, becoming a hit again in 1970 when recorded by former Supremes frontwoman Diana Ross. The song became Ross' first solo number-one hit on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart and was nominated for a Grammy Award. The song was written by Ashford and Simpson prior to joining Motown. British soul singer Dusty Springfield",
"title": "Ain't No Mountain High Enough"
},
{
"id": "9726628",
"text": "Aaliyah was embodying an effortless swagger that guys twice her age could only dream of having\"; She also praised Aaliyah's \"mellow\" \"deep\" voice on the song as well. Nakita Rathod from HotNewHipHop mentioned that despite the controversy surrounding Aaliyah's debut album she was still able to be a young, free teenager with songs like \"Down with the Clique\". In a review for Aaliyah's debut album \"Age Ain't Nothing But a Number\" Tonya Pendleton from The Washington Post praised the production of \"Down with the Clique\" saying \"Kelly’s hip-hop inserts provide a funky contrast that carries over to “Throw Your Hands",
"title": "Down with the Clique"
},
{
"id": "8832228",
"text": "like a child singer, Aaliyah's confident in singing about something basic—it's just a song about partying on a Friday night-and that takes an adult's restraint\". According to Georgette Cline from The Boombox \"Moving away from the R&B that speaks of heartbreak and betrayal, Aaliyah's vocals shined on the lead single from her debut LP, 'Age Ain't Nothing But a Number,' as she sang of hitting the dancefloor and getting lost in the DJ's tunes\". In a review for Aaliyah's debut album \"Age Ain't Nothing But a Number\" Tonya Pendleton from The Washington Post praised Aaliyah vocals on the song saying,",
"title": "Back & Forth (Aaliyah song)"
},
{
"id": "3333096",
"text": "like a lower-key Janet Jackson or a more stripped-down Mary J. Blige. Good songs and crisp production make Brandy a moody, moving success.\" In 2007, \"Vibe\" rated \"Brandy\" among the 150 most essential albums since its launch. The magazine found that \"Brandy's debut is slow, deliberate, and naive — not for lack of accomplishment, but because the best moments here sound as wide-eyed and new as a first date.\" \"People\" compared the effort with Aaliyah's debut album \"Age Ain't Nothing but a Number\", which was released four months prior, writing: \"While everything about Aaliyah screams here-and-now, Brandy's well-groomed blend of",
"title": "Brandy (album)"
},
{
"id": "5637993",
"text": "when it comes down to it, I like how you satisfy me.” The song features a guest rap appearance from Tia Hawkins who brings a \"comic relief\" with her raps telling us Kells is \"spitting tracks as if it were tobacco.\" The eighth track \"I'm So into You\" also features another guest rap from Tia Hawkins. The ninth track \"Street Thing\" has been described as a \"pretty standard slow jam\" and it's about having devotion for another person. During the bridge of the song Aaliyah sings about climbing the \"highest mountain,\" and swimming the \"deepest sea\" to prove her devotion.",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number"
},
{
"id": "12560057",
"text": "Tops were assigned to a number of producers, primarily Frank Wilson, but generally with less success. When Motown left Detroit in 1972 to move to Los Angeles, California, the Tops stayed in Detroit but signed a new recording deal with ABC Records' Dunhill imprint. Recording mainly in Los Angeles, they continued to have chart singles into the late 1970s, including the million-seller \"Ain't No Woman\", their second release on Dunhill, produced by Steve Barri and the composers Dennis Lambert and Brian Potter. In the 1980s, the Four Tops recorded for Casablanca Records, Arista Records and Motown, returning to that label",
"title": "Four Tops"
},
{
"id": "23062",
"text": "range of a soprano and with the release of her debut album \"Age Ain't Nothing But a Number\", writer Dimitri Ehrlich of \"Entertainment Weekly\" compared her style and sound to R&B group En vogue . Ehrlich also expressed that Aaliyah's \"silky vocals are more agile than those of self-proclaimed queen of hip-hop soul Mary J. Blige.\" In her review for Aaliyah's second studio album \"One in a Million\" \"Vibe\" magazine, music critic Dream Hampton said that Aaliyah's \"deliciously feline\" voice has the same \"pop appeal\" as Janet Jackson's. Aaliyah described her sound as \"street but sweet\", which featured her \"gentle\"",
"title": "Aaliyah"
},
{
"id": "9165840",
"text": "Mary Coughlan, Billie Holiday, Mississippi John Hurt, B.B. King, Freddie King, Willie Nelson, Diana Ross (for the film \"Lady Sings the Blues\"), Otis Spann, Taj Mahal, Susan Tedeschi, Dinah Washington, Bobby \"Blue\" Bland, Little Milton, Nell Carter and Wingnut Dishwashers Union. A version by Hank Williams, Jr. peaked at number 15 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in 1990. Song lyrics at Ain't Nobody's Business \"Ain't Nobody's Business\" (originally \"Tain't Nobody's Biz-ness if I Do\") is a 1920s blues song that became one of the first blues standards. It was published in 1922 by Porter Grainger and",
"title": "Ain't Nobody's Business"
},
{
"id": "19084082",
"text": "Tom Collins (record producer) Tom Collins (born Bernie Tom Collins on May 30, 1942) is an American music producer and publisher in Nashville, Tennessee who has received three CMA Awards as Producer of the Year, and seven Grammy nominations. He produced a steady stream of country music hits over a 30-year span from artists including Ronnie Milsap, Barbara Mandrell, Sylvia, Tom T. Hall, Jim Ed Brown, James Galway, Marie Osmond, and Steve Wariner. Collins served as Chairman of the Board of the CMA in 1979 and 1980. In 1982 alone, Collins produced four number one country hits: \"Nobody\" (Sylvia); \"I",
"title": "Tom Collins (record producer)"
},
{
"id": "5637991",
"text": "the album and it's about \"a young girl pining for the love of an older man, and her telling society that it doesn’t matter the age difference between the two of them\". The song contains an interpolation from the song What You Won't Do for Love performed by Bobby Caldwell with the lines \"I got a thing for you, and I won’t let go.” The fifth track \"Down with the Clique\" is a Hip hop inspired song and on the song Aaliyah displays a \"silky cooing\" with her vocals. The sixth track \"At At Your Best (You Are Love)\" is",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number"
},
{
"id": "5637989",
"text": "be different.\" The album is filled with \"sunny\" pop jams and \"sweet\" ballads and it opens with the intro track which is an a cappella public service announcement. The intro song urges its listeners to listen to the album carefully.\"Listen to instructions carefully / While bumping this album in your jeeps / Aaliyah’s got a '90s swing / So be careful with the volume, please\". The next track \"Throw Your Hands Up\" is an anthemic up-tempo G-Funk inspired song and it has been described as Aaliyah's \"statement of purpose\". On the song she tells the listeners that she's \"straight from",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number"
},
{
"id": "19338602",
"text": "album \"Everything Is Love\". Fred produced \"Nice Guy feat. Jessie Reyez\" on Eminem's album Kamikaze, surprise released 31 August 2018 Ball is published by Warner Chappell and managed by Roc Nation. Mariah Carey They. Eminem Jessie Reyez Beyonce & Jay-Z (The Carters) Anne Marie Prince Charlez Justine Skye Madison Beer Frank Walker (ft. Emely Warren) Nina Nesbitt Rihanna Toni Braxton Zara Larsson Jessie Ware Petite Meller Astrid S All Saints Betsy Toby Randall Samuel Larsen Leo Stannard Pleasure Pleasure II Little Boots Bernhoft Cerys Matthews KT Tunstall Little Mix Daley Sophie Ellis Bextor JLS Pixie Lott Samsaya Kylie Minogue Brett",
"title": "Fred Ball (producer)"
},
{
"id": "7960816",
"text": "Hop Albums chart, selling about 98,000 copies in its first week, while marking his highest-charting album since \"My Name Is Joe\", which reached the same position of both charts. In 2003, Joe released his fifth studio album \"And Then\". Produced by Joe's labelmate R. Kelly along with Roy \"Royalty\" Hamilton, Kevin \"Shekspere\" Briggs, Carvin & Ivan, and others, the album reached number 26 on the US \"Billboard\" 200 albums chart, selling 121,000 copies in its first week of release. It produced the R&B top thirty single \"More & More\" and \"Ride wit U\" and was eventually certified gold by the",
"title": "Ain't Nothin' Like Me"
},
{
"id": "17509516",
"text": "also wrote and produced albums for Tavares and Glen Campbell on Capitol. Among the hit songs Lambert and Potter co-wrote and/or produced in the 1970s are \"Ain't No Woman (Like the One I've Got)\" (which Jay-Z later interpolated in \"Ain't No Nigga\") and \"Keeper of the Castle\" for the Four Tops; \"Don't Pull Your Love\", for Hamilton, Joe Frank and Reynolds, \"Rhinestone Cowboy\" and \"Country Boy\" for Glen Campbell; \"It Only Takes a Minute\" by Tavares; and \"Baby Come Back\" for Player. They produced The Righteous Brothers' major hit \"Rock and Roll Heaven\" which revived the duo's recording career in",
"title": "Dennis Lambert"
},
{
"id": "18855470",
"text": "Supreme Records (Los Angeles) Supreme Records was a small, independent record label based in Los Angeles that existed from 1947 to 1950. It was founded by dentist Albert Patrick and specialized in rhythm and blues. Its artists included Jimmy Witherspoon, Paula Watson, Buddy Tate, Eddie Williams and his Brown Buddies (with Floyd Dixon), Big Jim Wynn, and Percy Mayfield. Supreme's two greatest hits were Paula Watson's \"A Little Bird Told Me,\" which sold over a million copies, and Jimmy Witherspoon's version of \"Ain't Nobody's Business,\" recorded on Albert Patrick's request, which lasted 34 weeks on \"Billboard's\" Rhythm & Blues hit",
"title": "Supreme Records (Los Angeles)"
},
{
"id": "5637995",
"text": "was set up so that Aaliyah wouldn't have to change her image or style. While speaking to \"Billboard\" about the marketing plans for the album Barry Weiss Senior Vice President Of Jive records stated \"The international thrust on the project will begin 6-8 weeks utilizing BMG international\". When asked about both Aaliyah's image and the promotional plans for the album weiss said that \"there will be little in the way of marketing changes between the domestic and world promotion of the set\". He then spoke about Aaliyah saying, \"She is what she is the album has tremendous pop appeal to",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number"
},
{
"id": "12101147",
"text": "Ain't No Other Ain't No Other is the fourth album released by MC Lyte. It was released on June 22, 1993, on First Priority Music/Atlantic Records and produced by Audio Two, Backspin, Markell Riley, Franklin Grant, Tyrone Fyffe, \"Lil\" Chris Smith, Funk, Sir Scratch and Walter \"Mucho\" Scott. \"Ain't No Other\" slightly improved on the charts from her last album, peaking at #90 on the \"Billboard\" 200 and #16 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and producing two charting singles \"I Go On\" which peaked at #27 on the Hot Rap Singles and the more successful \"Ruffneck\" which made it to",
"title": "Ain't No Other"
},
{
"id": "20511144",
"text": "Samuel Jimenez Samuel David Jimenez, known as Smash David, is an American record producer and songwriter. He produced Big Sean's \"Bounce Back\" and \"Pills & Automobiles\" by Chris Brown from the Heartbreak on a Full Moon album. Samuel David Jimenez is Spanish, born and raised in Miami, Florida. Smash David has worked with the artist and producers Khalid, Omarion, Dej Loaf, Kehlani, Jeremih, Lil Wayne, Jason Derulo, Hitmaka and Metro Boomin. On February 25, 2017, his production for Big Sean’s song Bounce Back peaked at number 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 and went triple platinum by the Recording Industry",
"title": "Samuel Jimenez"
},
{
"id": "17348980",
"text": "Key Wane Dwane Marshall Weir II (born July 12, 1990) is an American Hip Hop/R&B Producer and songwriter, professionally known as Key Wane. Wane has produced for artists such as Big Sean, Jazmine Sullivan, Beyoncé, Drake, Jhene Aiko, Wale, Lil Wayne, Young Jeezy, Juicy J, Ariana Grande, Logic, Ty Dolla Sign and Meek Mill among others. Wane signed a co-publishing deal with Warner/Chappell and Big Sean in 2011. Wane also signed a management deal with Roc Nation in 2017. He is best known for producing Drake's \"All Me\", Beyoncé's \"Partition\", Jazmine Sullivan's \"Let It Burn\" & \"Insecure\", Meek Mill's \"Amen\",",
"title": "Key Wane"
},
{
"id": "12101148",
"text": "#1 on the Hot Rap Singles, #35 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and #25 on the Rhythmic Top 40. \"Ruffneck\" was also featured on EA's 2005 release NBA Street v3. As of June 2007 the album has sold 238,000 copies in United States according to Nielsen Soundscan. Ain't No Other Ain't No Other is the fourth album released by MC Lyte. It was released on June 22, 1993, on First Priority Music/Atlantic Records and produced by Audio Two, Backspin, Markell Riley, Franklin Grant, Tyrone Fyffe, \"Lil\" Chris Smith, Funk, Sir Scratch and Walter \"Mucho\" Scott. \"Ain't No Other\" slightly improved",
"title": "Ain't No Other"
},
{
"id": "16844312",
"text": "Red Hot Kinda Love \"Red Hot Kinda Love\" is a song by American recording artist Christina Aguilera from her seventh studio album, \"Lotus\" (2012). The song was written by Aguilera, Lucas Secon and Olivia Waithe, with production done by Secon. It is a multi-genre song, combining dance, disco, hip hop, Latin and pop. The track makes use of two samples: \"The Whole Wide World Ain't Nothin' But a Party\" performed by Mark Radice and \"54-46 That's My Number\" performed by Toots & the Maytals. Lyrically, the song talks about Aguilera's attempts to impress the man she is flirting with and",
"title": "Red Hot Kinda Love"
},
{
"id": "13612161",
"text": "executive producer on the documentary entitled, \"Sinatra: All or Nothing At All\" (directed by Alex Gibney) in 2015. He is also the Executive Producer of the highly acclaimed Sci-fi series, \"The Expanse\", currently in its third season on Syfy. Kosove lives in Los Angeles and is married to producer Kira Davis. They have two children together. Andrew Kosove Andrew A. Kosove is an American film and television producer who has produced 35 films. He was nominated for an Academy Award for the film \"The Blind Side\". Alongside his producing partner, Broderick Johnson, he is the co-founder and co-CEO of Alcon",
"title": "Andrew Kosove"
},
{
"id": "5185842",
"text": "Tricky Stewart Christopher Alan \"Tricky\" Stewart (born January 4, 1974) is an American record producer, songwriter, executive producer, and music publisher. In a career spanning over 20 years, Stewart, at the helm of his company RedZone Entertainment, has won 5 Grammy's and is responsible for over 10 million records sold. He is noted for producing many hip hop, R&B and pop chart topping singles, often with The-Dream. Some of Stewart's record breaking singles are: Beyonce's Single Ladies (Put a Ring On It)\" (2008), Rihanna \"Umbrella\" (2007), Justin Bieber \"Baby\" (2010), Britney Spears \"Me Against the Music\" (2003), Mary J. Blige's",
"title": "Tricky Stewart"
},
{
"id": "15183348",
"text": "Mick Schultz Mick Schultz is an American music producer and songwriter. His most notable accomplishments to date include the production of Jeremih’s debut and second albums, including the multi-platinum hits \"Birthday Sex\", \"Down on Me\", and \"Don't Tell 'Em\", as well as the platinum hit \"Replay\" by Zendaya. He has also produced for artists such as Rihanna, Kelly Clarkson, SoMo, Jenna Andrews, and Jessie James. Schultz was born on March 30, 1989, in St. Louis, Missouri. He is the only child of Steve Schultz and Lynn Schultz. Schultz, a classically trained pianist, showed musical abilities at a very young age",
"title": "Mick Schultz"
},
{
"id": "10816412",
"text": "by \"Somethin' Outta Nothin'\" on the underground imprint Pigeon Pie. They also later operated under the pseudonyms M*A*S*H, Soda Club (featuring singer Ashley Jade) and Urban North. They produced Aretha Franklin's \"A Rose is Still a Rose\", and the track went on to sell more than 500,000 copies in the US and top the Hot Dance Club Play chart. Love to Infinity's productions for other artists include Myra, Jennifer Holliday, Judy Cheeks, Rozalla, Atomic Kitten, Speedway, Dannii Minogue, Matthew Marsden and Destiny's Child. Love to Infinity Love to Infinity is a platinum selling UK based remix, production and songwriting team,",
"title": "Love to Infinity"
},
{
"id": "20348235",
"text": "Is Not For Sale Vol. 1 Wale The Weeknd - \"Starboy DJ Khaled – Major Key Future – Future Future – Hndrxx Tuxedo – Tuxedo II Playboi Carti – Playboi Carti ANoyd - A Time and Place Travis Scott 21 Savage – Issa Album Nipsey Hussle Jake One production discography The discography of American record producer Jake One includes a list of songs produced, co-produced and remixed by year, artists, album and title. Conception Records - Walkman Rotation Trump Tight Records - Eyez on the Prize Mix Master Mike - Spin Psycle Boom Bap Project - Circumstance Dictates Kutfather -",
"title": "Jake One production discography"
},
{
"id": "5638008",
"text": "added \"at 15, you have all those hormones and no brains attached to them.\" Aaliyah admitted in court documents that she had lied about her age. In May 1997, she filed suit in Cook County seeking to have all records of the marriage expunged because she was not old enough under state law to get married without her parents' consent. It was reported that she cut off all professional and personal ties with Kelly after the marriage was annulled and ceased having contact with him. In 2014, Jomo Hankerson stated that Aaliyah \"got villainized\" over her relationship with Kelly and",
"title": "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number"
},
{
"id": "11477908",
"text": "The Showstoppers The Showstoppers (alternatively The Show Stoppers) was a four-piece African American vocal soul group formed in Philadelphia about 1967. They are best remembered for their 1967 hit, \"Ain't Nothin' But a Houseparty\", which was the debut release on three record labels: Showtime Records, Heritage Records, and Beacon Records. The Showstoppers was formed about 1967 by brothers, Elec Edward \"Alex\" Burke (born 16 February 1948 in Philadelphia) and Vladimir H. \"Laddie\" Burke (born 31 July 1949 in Philadelphia), who were the two oldest of the five younger brothers of Atlantic Record's star Solomon Burke, who joined with fellow Germantown",
"title": "The Showstoppers"
},
{
"id": "5416603",
"text": "Bryan-Michael Cox Bryan-Michael Cox (born December 1, 1977) is an American record producer and songwriter who is notable for his extensive work with multiple platinum-selling artists including Usher, Mariah Carey, Mary J. Blige, and Toni Braxton. Among his most notable productions are \"Be Without You\" for Mary J. Blige, \"Burn\", \"Confessions Part II\" and \"U Got It Bad\" for Usher, and \"Shake It Off\", \"I Stay In Love\" and \"You Don't Know What To Do\" for Mariah Carey. Cox also attained a Guinness World Record for the longest consecutive period of chart success (after spending over five years on the",
"title": "Bryan-Michael Cox"
},
{
"id": "4015180",
"text": "a Million was recorded from August 1995 through 1996 and the album was executively produced by Craig Kallman, Barry Hankerson and Jomo Hankerson, while Missy Elliott and Timbaland both wrote and produced majority of the album's material. Other producers that were also involved in crafting the album include Rodney Jerkins, Jermaine Dupri, Daryl Simmons, Vincent Herbert, Craig King, Carl-So-Lowe and Kay Gee from Naughty by Nature. \"If Your Girl Only Knew\" served as the albums lead single and it was described by Atlantic Records product development director Eddie Santiago as \"a very funky mid-tempo track with lots of heavy keyboard",
"title": "One in a Million (Aaliyah album)"
},
{
"id": "10923588",
"text": "Dave Audé Dave Audé is an American DJ, producer and remixer. He operates his own label Audacious Records, and is known for having more number ones than any other producer on the \"Billboard\" Dance Club Songs chart. He has done production for artists such as U2, will.i.am, t.A.T.u., Katy Perry, Lady Gaga, Barenaked Ladies, Faith No More, Rihanna, Yoko Ono, Alexis Jordan, Madonna, CeCe Peniston, Jennifer Lopez, Celine Dion, LeAnn Rimes, Selena Gomez, Olivia Holt and Beyoncé. As an artist, Audé has scored 14 hit singles so far on the \"Billboard\" charts, including 114 #1 remixes on the \"Billboard\" Dance",
"title": "Dave Audé"
},
{
"id": "17091440",
"text": "worked with producers, during the recording process, including Hit-Boy, Just Blaze, Chilly Gonzales, Mike Will Made It, Zaytoven, Bink, Detail, James Blake, Swizz Beatz and Timbaland. On July 27, 2013, Drake posted a picture of him and frequent collaborator The Weeknd in the studio. In August 2013, Drake told \"Rolling Stone\" during the interview, he has spoke that the album would contain features by Jay-Z and Lil Wayne, with production from Hudson Mohawke. In a story in the September issue of \"Rolling Stone\", he confirmed that the album was primarily produced by Noah \"40\" Shebib, with production also coming from",
"title": "Nothing Was the Same"
},
{
"id": "12841840",
"text": "Stop the Music\". On Ne-Yo's third solo-album, \"Year of the Gentleman\", Stargate produced and co-wrote four songs, among them the singles \"Closer\" and \"Miss Independent\", the latter of which had reached No. 1 on the \"Billboard\" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. Stargate received nominations in more than 10 categories for the 2009 Grammy Awards. They won their first Grammy in 2009 in the Best R&B Song category for \"Miss Independent\", performed by Ne-Yo. Stargate produced \"Black and Yellow\" for rapper Wiz Khalifa in 2010, a song that reached No. 1 in the Billboard U.S Charts, and Sean Kingston's \"Letting Go\". They produced",
"title": "Stargate (music producers)"
},
{
"id": "19015515",
"text": "release in the label's history at the time, as it sold over half a million copies in its first week and was certified double platinum in less than three months. As No Limit's popularity and mainstream coverage increased, so did its roster. The label signed individual producers DJ Daryl, Randy Jefferson, K-Lou & Dez as well as Master P's main production team, Beats by the Pound (KLC, Mo B. Dick, Craig B, and Odell; they would ultimately depart the label in 1999 due to financial disputes) and Carlos Stephens, in addition to solo artists Mac, Mercedes, Soulja Slim, Full Blooded,",
"title": "No Limit Records"
},
{
"id": "16650118",
"text": "Track Record Studios Track Record Studios is a recording studio, originally established around 1970 and located in North Hollywood, California. Many gold or platinum records were recorded or mixed at Track Record: The Offspring's \"Ignition\" and the follow-up \"Smash\" (which has gone platinum six times), Emmylou Harris' \"Roses in the Snow\", Megadeth's \"Peace Sells... but Who's Buying?\", Red Hot Chili Peppers' \"Mother's Milk\", Jane's Addiction's \"Ritual de lo Habitual\", Social Distortion's self-titled third album, Blink-182's \"Dude Ranch\", Wu-Tang Clan's \"The W\", Aerosmith's \"Nine Lives\", Evanescence's \"Fallen\", Aaliyah's \"One in a Million\", Goo Goo Dolls' \"Dizzy Up the Girl\", Maroon 5's",
"title": "Track Record Studios"
},
{
"id": "1699570",
"text": "copies in the United States in its first week. It also became his seventh consecutive top ten album in the United States. The lead single, \"No Limit\" featuring rapper Young Thug initially was serviced to Urban radio on June 9, and eventually peaked at number 32 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, and number 9 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. On October 12, 2018 Usher released his ninth studio album is titled \"A\". It is produced entirely by Zaytoven. The official tracklist which features 8 songs with features from Future and Gunna. Usher again enlisted record-producer Zaytoven, who collaborated on Usher's",
"title": "Usher (musician)"
},
{
"id": "4452973",
"text": "the Four Tops (original duets, plus the production of a hit cover of Phil Spector's \"River Deep-Mountain High\"). Other artists with whom Ashford & Simpson had hits were Teddy Pendergrass (\"Is It Still Good to You\"), The Brothers Johnson (\"Ride-O-Rocket\"), Chaka Khan, both on her own (\"I'm Every Woman\" and \"Clouds\"), and with Rufus (\"Keep It Comin'\" and \"Ain't Nothin' But a Maybe\"). Ashford & Simpson's career as recording artists began in the early 1960s as part of the gospel group The Followers, with whom they recorded the album \"Gospel Meeting\" (on Forum Circle), later issued as \"Meetin' The Followers\"",
"title": "Ashford & Simpson"
},
{
"id": "4452968",
"text": "their best-known songs included \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough\", \"You're All I Need To Get By\", \"Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing\", and \"Reach Out and Touch (Somebody's Hand)\". Ashford and Simpson wrote many other hit songs, including Chaka Khan's \"I'm Every Woman\" (1978) and Teddy Pendergrass's \"Is It Still Good to You?\". As performers, Ashford & Simpson's best-known duets are \"Solid\" (1984) and \"Found a Cure\" (1979). The duo was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2002. Ashford and Simpson were also recipients of The Rhythm & Blues Foundation's \"Pioneer Award\" in 1999, and ASCAP's highest honor,",
"title": "Ashford & Simpson"
}
] | who produced age aint nothing but a number |
[
"Stephen Curry"
] | [
{
"id": "803911",
"text": "along with a future second-round pick, to the Dallas Mavericks in exchange for a future conditional second-round pick. Veteran power forward David West signed with the Warriors, as did free-agent center Zaza Pachulia. The Warriors posted many notable achievements during the 2016–17 regular season. On November 7, 2016, Stephen Curry set the NBA record for most 3-pointers in a game with 13, in a 116–106 win over the Pelicans. On December 5, 2016, Klay Thompson scored 60 points in 29 minutes, in a 142–106 victory over the Pacers. In doing so, Thompson became the first player in NBA history to",
"title": "Golden State Warriors"
},
{
"id": "18864046",
"text": "win the biggest upset in NBA history. On March 7, the Warriors won their 45th-straight regular season home game over the Orlando Magic, eclipsing the 1995–96 Chicago Bulls 44 wins in a row, to claim the NBA record. Stephen Curry became the first player in NBA history to score 300 three-pointers in a single season. In a 128–112 win over the Portland Trail Blazers on March 11, both teams combined for 37 made three-pointers (18 by the Warriors, 19 by the Blazers), an all-time NBA record. With a Los Angeles Clippers' loss to the Cleveland Cavaliers on March 13, the",
"title": "2015–16 Golden State Warriors season"
},
{
"id": "14622995",
"text": "City Thunder in order to sign a 2-year contract with the Golden State Warriors. On July 7, Durant signed his contract, which gave the Warriors a fourth All-NBA player on their team. The Durant signing made the Warriors the prohibitive favorites to win the NBA championship, according to oddsmakers. The Warriors posted many notable achievements during the 2016–17 regular season. On November 7, 2016, Stephen Curry set the NBA record for most 3-pointers in a game with 13, in a 116–106 win over the Pelicans. On December 5, 2016, Klay Thompson scored 60 points in 29 minutes, in a 142–106",
"title": "History of the Golden State Warriors"
},
{
"id": "19517180",
"text": "win 30 road games in back-to-back seasons, joining the 1995–96 and 1996–97 Chicago Bulls. Stephen Curry set numerous three-point NBA records this season; including most three-pointers made in a single game with 13 and most consecutive games (regular-season and postseason combined) with a made three-pointer with 196. Curry also surpassed 300 three-pointers in the regular-season for the second time in NBA history; he finished with 324. Draymond Green won the Defensive Player of the Year Award at the NBA Awards, the first time a Warrior has won it. Kevin Durant won the NBA Finals MVP award, the third time a",
"title": "2016–17 Golden State Warriors season"
},
{
"id": "6293957",
"text": "leading scorers for the Magic. In 1995–96 Scott set an NBA single-season three-point field goal tally with 267 (which was broken ten years later by Ray Allen). He also set the NBA record for most three pointers made in a single game with 11 on April 18, 1996. On his record breaking shot the assist came from teammate and the holder of the record, Brian Shaw (he made 10 three pointers on April 8, 1993). This record has also since been broken by Kobe Bryant who made 12 three pointers on January 7, 2003, Donyell Marshall who made 12 three",
"title": "Dennis Scott (basketball)"
},
{
"id": "18705954",
"text": "back to the NIT for the second time since 2004, falling to Ole Miss in the first round. The Trojan basketball team is recognized in recent Division I Basketball history for leading the nation in three-pointers from 2004 to 2006, making 1068 three-pointers over the course of 89 games (11.66 per game) during those three seasons. Troy's most famous claim to fame, however, is their game against DeVry Institute of Atlanta on January 12, 1992 when the Trojans came out victorious by the NCAA-record score of 258–141. This is currently the highest scoring game in NCAA basketball history. The Troy",
"title": "Troy Trojans"
},
{
"id": "803898",
"text": "comeback wins in which the Warriors had been behind by 15 or more points. Curry also made his first appearance in the All-Star Game in 2014. Curry and Klay Thompson continued to set league records in three-point shooting. Curry, who finished the season with 261 threes, set an individual record for most three-pointers in a span of two seasons with 533, surpassing the previous mark of 478 set by Seattle Supersonic Ray Allen in 2004–05 and 2005–06. Together, Thompson and Curry combined for 484 threes on the year, besting by one the NBA record they had set the year before.",
"title": "Golden State Warriors"
},
{
"id": "19694510",
"text": "2018, Brynjar left KR and signed with rivals Tindastóll. On 30 September, he won the Icelandic Super Cup after Tindastóll beat KR, 103-72. On December 9, Brynjar set the Úrvalsdeild record for most three pointers made in a game when he made 16 of 31 three point shots, on his way to 48 points, in a victory against Breiðablik, breaking Frank Booker's 27 year old record. From 2007 to 2017, Brynjar played 68 games for the Icelandic national team. He retired from the national team in February 2018. Brynjar Þór Björnsson Brynjar Þór Björnsson (born July 11, 1988) is an",
"title": "Brynjar Þór Björnsson"
},
{
"id": "14622992",
"text": "All-Stars since 1976. Green broke the Golden State franchise record of nine triple-doubles in a season. Curry broke numerous three-point records during the season, including his own NBA record for made three-pointers in a season of 286; he finished the season with 402 three pointers. He made a three-pointer in 151 consecutive games, which broke the NBA record of 127 set by Kyle Korver in 2014. On February 27, 2016, Curry also tied the NBA record of twelve three-pointers made in a single game, jointly holding it with Donyell Marshall and Kobe Bryant. On April 3, 2016, the Warriors won",
"title": "History of the Golden State Warriors"
},
{
"id": "14109929",
"text": "Times to the Miami Herald, and even into other countries. The game between Troy State and DeVry remains the highest single scoring game in NCAA history. Seven statisticians worked for 57 minutes after the game ended to complete its box score. Among records considered unbreakable are total points between teams (399), points by one team in one half (135), and three-pointers made and attempted (51/109) by one team in a single game. That season, Troy State compiled a 23–6 overall record while setting many school records along the way, including single season scoring average (121.0), field goals made and attempted",
"title": "Troy Trojans men's basketball"
},
{
"id": "12897759",
"text": "Sacramento, Mario Chalmers had a career-high 10-triples, tying Brian Shaw's record for most three pointers in a single game. Four days later against Golden State, LeBron James became the youngest player in NBA history to score 20,000 career-points and made his 5,000th career assist. On February 3, 2013 (Day of Super Bowl XLVII), the Heat embarked on a winning streak, after winning over the Toronto Raptors. Eight days later against Portland, LeBron James broke Moses Malone and Adrian Dantley's record of six straight 30 point games on 60% shooting. The 117-104 win was also the Heat's 1000th regular season win",
"title": "History of the Miami Heat"
},
{
"id": "8064562",
"text": "did so in 2008–09. Curry also surpassed Kyle Korver's mark of 127 straight games with a three-pointer. In the following game two days later, the Warriors defeated the Oklahoma City Thunder in overtime thanks to a Curry three-pointer with 0.6 seconds remaining. Curry finished with 46 points as his winning shot was his 12th three-pointer, tying the NBA single-game record (with Kobe Bryant and Donyell Marshall). He also broke his own NBA record for threes in a season, leaving the new mark at 288. On March 7, in a win over the Orlando Magic, Curry scored 41 points and became",
"title": "Stephen Curry"
},
{
"id": "803908",
"text": "and Klay Thompson were all named to the 2016 All-Star Game. Green broke the Golden State franchise record of nine triple-doubles in a season. Curry broke numerous three-point records during the season, including his own NBA record for made three-pointers in a season of 286; he finished the season with 402 three pointers. He made a three-pointer in 151 consecutive games, which broke the NBA record of 127 set by Kyle Korver in 2014. On February 27, 2016, Curry also tied the NBA record of twelve three-pointers made in a single game, jointly holding it with Donyell Marshall and Kobe",
"title": "Golden State Warriors"
},
{
"id": "18027159",
"text": "42 points on 20-for-30 shooting. <br> The January 12, 1992, game between Troy State and DeVry remains the highest single scoring game in NCAA history. Seven statisticians worked for 57 minutes after the game ended to complete its box score. Among records considered unbreakable are total points between teams (399), points by one team in one half (135), and three-pointers made and attempted (51/109) by one team in a single game. That season, Troy State compiled a 23–6 overall record while setting many school records along the way, including single season scoring average (121.0), field goals made and attempted (1,274/2,839),",
"title": "1992 Troy State vs. DeVry men's basketball game"
},
{
"id": "18864045",
"text": "three-pointers of the season as two of his 12 three-pointers of the game, tying the single game NBA three-point record (jointly holding it with Kobe Bryant and Donyell Marshall). On March 3, the Warriors tied the 1995–1996 Chicago Bulls for the longest regular season home game winning streak in NBA history (44 games) with a 121–106 victory at home against the Oklahoma City Thunder. The Warriors' streak dated back to the previous year. Entering the game on March 6, the Los Angeles Lakers (.190) and Golden State (.917) had a .727 difference in win percentage, making the Lakers' blowout 112–95",
"title": "2015–16 Golden State Warriors season"
},
{
"id": "14109928",
"text": "zero and work their way back up from there). During the second half alone, the Trojans scored 135 points, besting their minutes-old record of 123, and the 30 three-pointers in the second stanza broke the NCAA all-time \"game\" record of 25 (set previously by Troy). Their 51 made three-point field goals more than doubled that record, and the 109 three-point attempts record has never been seriously contested. When the final buzzer sounded, Troy State had won the game by a record-breaking score of 253–141. The score of the game quickly made national headlines across the United States, from The Seattle",
"title": "Troy Trojans men's basketball"
},
{
"id": "6830662",
"text": "Starks' fiery intensity often led to emotional displays on the court. Reggie Miller, star shooting guard for the Indiana Pacers, was often a provocateur and target of his ire; during game three of the 1993 NBA Playoffs, Starks was ejected for headbutting Miller. Starks is the Knicks' all-time leader in three point field goals (982). He was the first player in NBA history to make 200 three-pointers in one season; his 217 during the 1994–95 NBA season broke Louie Dampier's single-season professional (NBA or ABA) record of 199 during the 1968–69 ABA season. Dennis Scott broke Starks' record a year",
"title": "John Starks (basketball)"
},
{
"id": "6293958",
"text": "pointers on March 12, 2005, and Stephen Curry who made 12 three pointers on February 27, 2016; Curry now owns the record by himself following 13 baskets from behind the arc against the New Orleans Pelicans on November 7, 2016. Scott was honored by the Magic on March 26, 2006 as part of their \"Remember the Past Nights\" program, where the Magic remembers past players for their accomplishments. Other players to be honored so far were Nick Anderson and Scott Skiles. In 2008, Jay Bilas ranked his personal top 25 three point shooters in NCAA history and Scott was #1",
"title": "Dennis Scott (basketball)"
},
{
"id": "14677869",
"text": "George made nine three-pointers en route to a career-high 37 points in a victory against the New Orleans Hornets. The nine 3-pointers broke the franchise record for most 3-pointers made in a single game, surpassing Hall of Famer Reggie Miller. George was named the NBA's Player of the Week for the first time in his career in December, winning three straight games against Cleveland, Philadelphia, and Detroit. He recorded his first career triple-double in a victory over the Charlotte Bobcats on February 13, 2013, finishing with 23 points, 12 rebounds, 12 assists and 2 steals. That same season, George was",
"title": "Paul George"
},
{
"id": "14622976",
"text": "of the season included Stephen Curry's 272 three-point baskets to set an NBA single-season record, giving him the nickname \"baby-faced assassin\", and the naming of forward David Lee to the 2013 NBA All-Star Game as a reserve, ending the team's 16-year drought without an All Star selection, dating back to Latrell Sprewell in the 1997 season. Curry and Klay Thompson, dubbed the \"Splash Brothers\" by team employee Brian Witt for their backcourt shooting prowess, combined for 483 three-pointers during the season, easily besting the prior record of 435 set by the Orlando Magic's Nick Anderson and Dennis Scott in 1995–96.",
"title": "History of the Golden State Warriors"
},
{
"id": "14622986",
"text": "533, surpassing the previous mark of 478 set by Seattle Supersonic Ray Allen in 2004–05 and 2005–06. Together, Thompson and Curry combined for 484 threes on the year, besting by one the NBA record they had set the year before. On May 14, 2014, the Golden State Warriors named Steve Kerr the team's head coach, in a reported $25 million deal over five years. It was a first-time head-coaching position for Kerr, 48, a five-time NBA champion point guard who holds the all-time career record for accuracy in three-point shooting (.454). Kerr formerly served as president and general manager for",
"title": "History of the Golden State Warriors"
},
{
"id": "20719165",
"text": "This is the Warriors' final season at Oracle Arena in Oakland, before moving to the new Chase Center in San Francisco, beginning with the 2019–20 NBA season. Klay Thompson broke the NBA record for three-pointers made in a game with 14, surpassing the 13 made by teammate Stephen Curry in the 2016–17 season. The Warriors lost four games in a row this year for the first time since the 2012–13 season, and for the first time under the tenure of Steve Kerr. 2018–19 Golden State Warriors season The 2018–19 Golden State Warriors season is the 73rd season of the franchise",
"title": "2018–19 Golden State Warriors season"
},
{
"id": "9749603",
"text": "career-high eight 3-pointers in a 113–101 win over the Dallas Mavericks. On March 21, 2018, in a 119–98 win over the New York Knicks, Ellington hit his 200th 3-pointer of the season, making him the third Heat player with that many in a season, joining Damon Jones (225) and Tim Hardaway Sr. (203). In the Heat's regular season finale on April 11, 2018, Ellington scored a career-high 32 points while setting Miami's single-season record for 3-pointers, as the Heat wrapped up the No. 6 seed in the Eastern Conference playoffs by beating the Toronto Raptors 116–109 in overtime. Ellington needed",
"title": "Wayne Ellington"
},
{
"id": "3487869",
"text": "Division title in 1983–84 and qualifying for the NBA playoffs for the first time ever. Individually, Griffith transformed his offensive game, adding long-distance shooting skills to his aerial acrobatics. He led the league in three-point shooting (36.1 percent) and set an NBA record for most three-pointers made in a single season (91). His new abilities earned him a new nickname: Utah's play-by-play announcer Hot Rod Hundley began calling him \"The Golden Griff\". The following season (1984–85) was the best of Griffith's career. He averaged a career-high 22.6 points per game, and broke his own league record by sinking 92 three-point",
"title": "Darrell Griffith"
},
{
"id": "14622989",
"text": "Curry breaking his own record for three-pointers made in a single season with 286. He and Klay Thompson made a combined 525 three-pointers, the most by a duo in NBA history. In the postseason, Curry shattered Reggie Miller's record of 58 made three-pointers in a single postseason with 98. On January 23, 2015, Klay Thompson broke an NBA record for points in a quarter with 37 in the third. Curry was also the leader in the voting polls for the 2015 NBA All-Star Game, won the 2014–15 NBA Most Valuable Player award and the 2015 ESPYs Best Male Athlete award.",
"title": "History of the Golden State Warriors"
},
{
"id": "18864048",
"text": "Mavericks on March 25, both teams combined for 39 made three-pointers (21 by the Warriors, 18 by the Mavericks), an all-time NBA record, which beat the 37 set by the Warriors and Blazers two weeks earlier. Golden State also eclipsed the previous record for most three-pointers in a single season by a team in NBA history (933) that had been set by the Houston Rockets the previous year. The Warriors dished out 32 assists against the Philadelphia 76ers on March 27, the 39th time this season the team has had a 30-assist game; the most in the NBA since the",
"title": "2015–16 Golden State Warriors season"
},
{
"id": "2561277",
"text": "Allan Caidic Allan Vito Flores Caidic (born June 15, 1963, Pasig, Rizal, Philippines) is a Filipino retired professional basketball player in the PBA. He is considered by many to be the greatest shooter the country has ever produced, thus, earning the moniker, \"The Triggerman\". He played college hoops at the University of the East before joining the PBA in 1987, where he broke several Philippine and PBA all-time records—including the most points scored in a single game (79 points), the most three-point field goals made in a single game (17 triples; breaking his previous record of 15 triples), the most",
"title": "Allan Caidic"
},
{
"id": "8226895",
"text": "most 3-point attempts in a season. In his NBA career, McCloud played in 766 games and scored a total of 6,925 points. McCloud was a productive three point shooter throughout his career. At NBA All-Star Weekend in 1996, he appeared in the Three-point Shootout but lost in the semifinal round. McCloud has the second-highest total for three-point attempts in an NBA game, with 20 (making seven of them) in a game for the Dallas Mavericks against the New Jersey Nets on March 5, 1996. George McCloud George Aaron McCloud (born May 27, 1967) is an American retired professional basketball player.",
"title": "George McCloud"
},
{
"id": "16677114",
"text": "and six assists in a 99–95 win over the Sacramento Kings, joining LeBron James, Kevin Durant and Tobias Harris as the only players 20 or younger to record at least 30 points, 10 boards and five assists in a game since 2000. On January 8, 2016, he scored a then career-high 35 points in a loss to the Cleveland Cavaliers. On November 8, 2016, Wiggins scored a career-high 36 points and hit a career-best six three-pointers in a 119–110 loss to the Brooklyn Nets. Five days later, he set a new career high with 47 points in a 125–99 win",
"title": "Andrew Wiggins"
},
{
"id": "3552920",
"text": "player in NBA history to have two separate games of scoring at least seven three-pointers in the NBA Finals. The Celtics would win two of three games in Boston, before losing the last two games and the series in Los Angeles. After becoming a free agent on July 1, 2010, Allen re-signed a two year-deal with the Boston Celtics on July 7 worth $20 million. During a game against the Los Angeles Lakers on February 10, 2011, Allen became the all-time NBA leader in total 3-point field goals made (2,562), surpassing Reggie Miller's record of 2,560. The 35-year-old shooting guard",
"title": "Ray Allen"
},
{
"id": "19423243",
"text": "surpassed Cleveland's thirteen game win-streak, which dated back to Game 5 of the 2016 Finals. The Warriors also hit an NBA Finals record 18 three-pointers on 43 attempts, with Stephen Curry, Klay Thompson, and Kevin Durant hitting four threes apiece and Draymond Green connecting on three of his own from behind the arc. Warriors Coach Steve Kerr returned from illness to coach from the sideline for the first time since April 19, 2017. In what was a high scoring affair for both teams, the Warriors held a slim three-point lead (67–64) at halftime and a four-point lead (86–82) past the",
"title": "2017 NBA Finals"
},
{
"id": "5174916",
"text": "the Los Angeles Lakers came away with a 126–113 victory. Magic Johnson had 29 points, 13 assists, and 8 rebounds, while James Worthy had 33 points, 10 assists, and 9 rebounds. In Game 2, the Lakers took a 2–0 series lead with a 141–122 victory. Magic had 22 points and 20 assists, while Michael Cooper made six three-point shots, then a record for most three-pointers made in a single NBA Finals game. In Game 3, the Celtics posted a 109–103 win, led by Larry Bird, who had 30 points and 12 rebounds. In Game 4, the Celtics had a 16-point",
"title": "Celtics–Lakers rivalry"
},
{
"id": "8703029",
"text": "set a career-high in points with 21 – including three made three-pointers – as the Wildcats set records for the most three-pointers made in a single game (21) and most points ever scored against North Carolina, but lost the game 121–110. After the game, Pitino opined that Farmer \"holds back a little bit\" and noted that he would expect Farmer to work hard in the off-season to reach his potential. The Wildcats closed out 1989 with a closer-than-expected 86–79 loss against eighth-ranked Louisville, but local sportswriter John McGill said Farmer had his best game to date with 10 points, 9",
"title": "Richie Farmer"
},
{
"id": "804264",
"text": "won 11 straight games, and 13–2 in the month overall, for which coach Terry Stotts took home Coach of the Month honors. On December 12, 2013, Aldridge scored 31 points and pulled down 25 rebounds in a home game against the Rockets, the first time a Trail Blazer recorded a 30-point, 25-rebound game. On December 14, 2013, the Blazers made a franchise-record 21 three-pointers against the Philadelphia 76ers. They tied the new record 19 days later against the Charlotte Bobcats, becoming the first NBA team to make 20 or more three-pointers in a game more than once in a season.",
"title": "Portland Trail Blazers"
},
{
"id": "4883185",
"text": "the Washington Wizards. Two days later, in a 102–91 loss to the Miami Heat, Smith broke an NBA record of 21 three-pointers taken in a single game, a mark set in 2005 by Damon Stoudamire. Smith hit 10 of 22 3-point shots against the Heat, setting a franchise record for 3-pointers made and finishing with 32 points for the second straight game. On January 5, 2015, Smith was acquired by the Cleveland Cavaliers in a three-team trade that also involved the Knicks and the Oklahoma City Thunder. On April 27, 2015, Smith was suspended for the first two games of",
"title": "J. R. Smith"
},
{
"id": "17695736",
"text": "Karl Tilleman Karl Michael Tilleman (born November 1, 1960) is an attorney and Canadian basketball player whose respected Olympic-team coach, Jack Donohue, called \"the best three-point shooter in the \"world\".\" Tilleman currently holds the Olympic record for the most three-point baskets in a single game, hitting ten of sixteen three-point shots, and scoring 21 points in a row for Canada, in a game against Spain in the 1988 Seoul Olympics. Tilleman's Olympic three-point record has never been broken in 28 years, but has been tied twice, most recently by Carmelo Anthony of the USA, in 2012. Tilleman had some of",
"title": "Karl Tilleman"
},
{
"id": "8064556",
"text": "the NBA Most Valuable Player after posting averages of 23.8 points, 7.7 assists and 2 steals per game. Over the course of the season, he sat out 17 fourth quarters due to Golden State's wide margins of victory. In Game 5 of the Conference Semifinals against the Memphis Grizzlies, Curry became the first player in league history to register six three-pointers and six steals in a game. In Game 6, he made a playoff career-high eight three-pointers en route to a series-clinching victory. In Game 3 of the Conference Finals against the Houston Rockets, he broke the NBA record for",
"title": "Stephen Curry"
},
{
"id": "14463875",
"text": "David Thompson's (no relation) record for a quarter. On January 29, 2015, Thompson was named a reserve for the 2015 Western Conference All-Star team for the first time in his career. On March 8, 2015, Thompson hit 3 three-pointers against the Los Angeles Clippers to pass head coach Steve Kerr (726) on the NBA's all-time list. On March 17, he was ruled out for 7–10 days with a sprained ankle. That season, Curry broke his own record for three-pointers (286), and Thompson again finished second in the league (239) as the two combined to make 525 threes, surpassing their previous",
"title": "Klay Thompson"
},
{
"id": "8277993",
"text": "9.2 points, 1.4 rebounds, 0.8 steals and 0.41 steals per game. Zolman also tied a franchise record for 3-pointers made in a game after hitting 7 of 11 3-pt field goal attempts on Aug. 2 against the Phoenix Mercury (also ties for second in WNBA history). On August 30, 2007, Zolman played a key role in the waning moments of the Phoenix Mercury's controversial victory over the Silver Stars in Game 1 of the WNBA Western Conference Finals. After Becky Hammon hit a three-point shot to tie the game with approximately three seconds left in regulation, Phoenix attempted to drive",
"title": "Shanna Zolman"
},
{
"id": "11280858",
"text": "Alex Ruoff Alexander Marc Ruoff (born August 29, 1986) is an American professional basketball player who last played for Joventut Badalona of the Liga ACB. In college, he played shooting guard for the West Virginia Mountaineers basketball team. Ruoff holds school records for the most 3-pointers made in a game and most career 3-point field goals. Ruoff was born in Hamilton, Ohio, and relocated to Spring Hill, Florida in 1999. He attended Central High School in Brooksville, Florida, where he was a four-year varsity player. As a senior, Ruoff averaged 30 points and 12 rebounds before injuring his foot in",
"title": "Alex Ruoff"
},
{
"id": "2619181",
"text": "Reggie Miller Reginald Wayne Miller (born August 24, 1965) is an American retired professional basketball player who played his entire 18-year National Basketball Association (NBA) career with the Indiana Pacers. Miller was known for his precision three-point shooting, especially in pressure situations and most notably against the New York Knicks, for which he earned the nickname \"Knick Killer\". When he retired, he held the record for most career 3-point field goals made. He is currently second on the list behind Ray Allen. A five-time All-Star selection, Miller led the league in free throw accuracy five times and won a gold",
"title": "Reggie Miller"
},
{
"id": "18864055",
"text": "the third Warriors coach to win the award after Alex Hannum in 1963–64 and Don Nelson in 1991–92. Under Kerr's leadership the Warriors led the league in scoring (114.9 points), field goal percentage (.487), three-point percentage (.416), assists (28.9), point differential (+10.8) and offensive rating (112.5 points per 100 possessions), while becoming the first team in league history to hit 1,000 three-pointers in a single season with an NBA-record 1,077 triples. Kerr holds an overall regular-season record of 140–24 (.854) in his two seasons with the Warriors. The Warriors eliminated the Houston Rockets on April 27 with a blowout victory",
"title": "2015–16 Golden State Warriors season"
},
{
"id": "14109922",
"text": "defeated Troy in that game by score of 87-65. Troy finished the season with a 22-15 record. The Trojan basketball team is recognized in recent Division I Basketball history for leading the nation in 3-pointers for seven different seasons (1992, 1994, 1995, 1996, 2004, 2005, and 2006), making 1068 3-pointers over the course of 89 games (11.66 per game) during those three seasons. Before Troy's accession to Division I, Troy was one of the most successful basketball teams in Division II before they transitioned to Division I. In 1988, the team made it to the Elite 8 of the Division",
"title": "Troy Trojans men's basketball"
},
{
"id": "803904",
"text": "Other highlights of the 2014-2015 season included Stephen Curry breaking his own record for three-pointers made in a single season with 286. He and Klay Thompson made a combined 525 three-pointers, the most by a duo in NBA history. In the postseason, Curry shattered Reggie Miller's record of 58 made three-pointers in a single postseason with 98. On January 23, 2015, Klay Thompson broke an NBA record for points in a quarter with 37 in the third. Curry was also the leader in the voting polls for the 2015 NBA All-Star Game, won the 2014–15 NBA Most Valuable Player award",
"title": "Golden State Warriors"
},
{
"id": "18864036",
"text": "and without losing to the same team twice. The team's record-setting roster would be featured in NBA 2K18. Steve Kerr was named Coach of the Year, the third coach in Warriors history to win the award. Stephen Curry was named Most Valuable Player for a second successive season and is the first unanimous winner in NBA history. Curry, Draymond Green and Klay Thompson were all named to the All-Star Game, the first time the Warriors have had three All-Stars since 1976. Curry broke his own NBA record for made three-pointers in a season of 286, finishing with 402. Curry won",
"title": "2015–16 Golden State Warriors season"
},
{
"id": "13241939",
"text": "Houston Comets for most championship titles. On February 1, 2018, Montgomery signed a multi-year contract with the Atlanta Dream. She would be the starting point guard for the team. On August 12, 2018, Montgomery scored a season-high 30 points along with a career-high 8 three-pointers in a 86-77 victory over the New York Liberty, tying the regular season record for most three-pointers in a game. She also hit 7 of her 8 three pointers in the second half, breaking the WNBA record for most three-pointers in a half. By the end of the season, Montgomery set the franchise record for",
"title": "Renee Montgomery"
},
{
"id": "9776975",
"text": "34 minutes of action as he helped the Heat win the 2012 NBA championship. It was Chalmers' first NBA title. On January 12, 2013, Chalmers scored a career-high 34 points against the Sacramento Kings, making 10 three-pointers. He tied the Heat's record for most three-pointers in a game. On June 9, 2013, during Game 2 of the NBA Finals against the San Antonio Spurs, Chalmers led all scorers with 19 points as the Heat tied the series 1-1 with a 103-84 victory. In the sixth game of the series, on June 18, he scored 20 points to help the Heat",
"title": "Mario Chalmers"
},
{
"id": "18081592",
"text": "23, 2015, Klay Thompson broke the NBA record for most points scored in a quarter with 37; he finished the game with a career high 52 points. On April 15, head coach Steve Kerr won his 63rd game with the Warriors and broke the NBA record for most wins by a rookie head coach. Curry and Thompson, dubbed the \"Splash Brothers\", broke the single-season record for most three-pointers made by a pair of teammates. Both also made the All-Star team, Curry as a starter and Thompson as a reserve. Together, they sank 525 three-pointers over the course of the season,",
"title": "2014–15 Golden State Warriors season"
},
{
"id": "11823809",
"text": "win over the Los Angeles Lakers, Teletović set the Suns' single-season record for most three-pointers made off the bench, surpassing Danny Ainge's 150 made three-pointers during the 1992–93 season. On April 5, in a loss to the Atlanta Hawks, Teletović set an NBA single-season record for most three-pointers made off the bench, surpassing Chuck Person's 164 made three-pointers during the 1994–95 season with the San Antonio Spurs. His record was broken the following season by Eric Gordon. Teletović finished the season with a 181 three-pointers, with 179 made while coming off the bench. On July 8, 2016, Teletović signed a",
"title": "Mirza Teletović"
},
{
"id": "10161422",
"text": "in the East Coast Conference (1994), the Summit League (1997, then known as the Mid-Continent Conference), Atlantic Sun Conference (2000 and 2004) and the Sun Belt Conference (2009) Maestri is famous for his run and gun style of basketball, which has led the Trojans to lead Division I NCAA Basketball in 3-pointers per game three consecutive seasons, from 2003 to 2006. He also coached Troy to a 253–141 win over the DeVry Institute of Atlanta on January 12, 1992, which is the highest scoring basketball game in NCAA history. Ironically, his emphasis on defensive pressure and a lock-down style of",
"title": "Don Maestri"
},
{
"id": "8064551",
"text": "and Wilt Chamberlain as the only four Warriors to do so). Curry's 54 points against the Knicks included a career-best and franchise-record 11 three-pointers, becoming the first player in NBA history to score 50-plus points while hitting 10-plus three-pointers in a game. It was the most scored by a Warrior since Purvis Short tallied 59 points in 1984. He appeared in the playoffs for the first time in 2013, with the Warriors earning the sixth seed in the Western Conference. In 12 playoff games (all starts), he averaged 23.4 points, 8.1 assists and 3.8 rebounds. He set a new franchise",
"title": "Stephen Curry"
},
{
"id": "14246801",
"text": "51 points (which has since been broken by Liz Cambage), at the same time tying the WNBA record for most three-point field goals in a single game, with 8 three-pointers (which has since been broken by Kristi Toliver), in a 98-65 win over the San Antonio Silver Stars. Following that performance she would win the 2013 WNBA Sixth Woman of the Year Williams had an injury-riddled season in 2014, after playing only 11 games she sat out the rest of the season with a knee injury and underwent surgery. In the 2015 season, Williams came back healthy and continued to",
"title": "Riquna Williams"
},
{
"id": "15421019",
"text": "rebounds and 4.8 assists per game while shooting 51.0 percent in the Huskies first four NCAA Tournament victories. (3-Peat National Champions) Mosqueda-Lewis started her senior year by tying the record for three pointers made in a game with ten three-pointers in thirteen attempts. She tied the record set by Maya Moore in only 24 minutes of play, in a game against UC-Davis. In a game against SMU on 11 January 2015, she hit her 319th career three-pointer, which surpassed the old record for career three-pointer by a UConn Husky held by Diana Taurasi. Later that year she broke the NCAA",
"title": "Kaleena Mosqueda-Lewis"
},
{
"id": "6477687",
"text": "in the final seconds. On June 14, 1990, Johnson made a 15-footer in the last second, beating Portland 92–90 in Game 5 of the Finals, thus giving Detroit the World Championship. Bill Laimbeer tied Michael Cooper for the league record of most three-pointers made in a Finals game with six in the Pistons' Game 2 loss. Michael Jordan would later tie that in the 1992 NBA Finals, and Dan Majerle in the 1993 NBA Finals. Kenny Smith broke the record in the 1995 NBA Finals by connecting on seven three-pointers, a mark later tied by Scottie Pippen and Ray Allen",
"title": "1990 NBA Finals"
},
{
"id": "8064549",
"text": "Over the course of the year, Curry and backcourt teammate Klay Thompson gained a reputation for their perimeter scoring, earning them the nickname the \"Splash Brothers\". In 2012–13, Curry appeared in 78 games (all starts), averaging career highs of 22.9 points (seventh in NBA) and 6.9 assists to go with 4.0 rebounds and 1.62 steals in 38.2 minutes. He established a new NBA single-season three-point record with 272 three-pointers, eclipsing the previous mark set by Ray Allen (269 in 2005–06), doing so on 53 less attempts than Allen did with Seattle. Curry earned Western Conference Player of the Month honors",
"title": "Stephen Curry"
},
{
"id": "18864062",
"text": "Golden State lost Game 3 by a blowout 90–120, they came back in Game 4 to win 108–97, to take a 3–1 series lead. The Warriors made 17 three-pointers, an NBA record for a single Finals game. The Warriors' win in Game 4 was their 88th of the season, which broke the 1995–96 Chicago Bulls record of 87 for most wins in an NBA season (regular-season and postseason combined). Late in the fourth quarter of Game 4, Draymond Green and LeBron James got into a scuffle. Green was retroactively charged with a Flagrant Foul 1 for swiping James in the",
"title": "2015–16 Golden State Warriors season"
},
{
"id": "14109923",
"text": "II Tournament before falling to Alaska-Anchorage, 72–77. Five years later, the team advanced all the way to the NCAA Division II national championship game against Cal-State Bakersfield, only to finish as runner-up by falling to the Roadrunners, 72–85. One of Troy's most famous claim to fame, however, is their game against DeVry (when DeVry had athletics) on January 12, 1992 when the Trojans came out victorious by the NCAA-record score of 253–141. This game is the current highest scoring game in NCAA basketball history. Under head coach Don Maestri, Troy State led the nation in three-point shots attempted and three-point",
"title": "Troy Trojans men's basketball"
},
{
"id": "17996879",
"text": "Kerr was the GM. In Kerr's first year, the Warriors finished with the best regular season record at 67–15, including an incredible 39–2 in home games. Kerr became the winningest rookie head coach in NBA history, passing Tom Thibodeau and his 62 wins with the Chicago Bulls in 2010–11. Point guard Stephen Curry set the NBA record for three-pointers made in a regular season with 286, eclipsing his own record set in 2012–13. Curry also won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award for the 2014–15 season. He and fellow guard Klay Thompson, known as the Splash Brothers, finished first and",
"title": "2015 NBA Finals"
},
{
"id": "16463892",
"text": "the third. During that run, LeBron James made a highlight-reel block on a dunk attempt by Tiago Splitter early in the fourth quarter. The Heat also made 10 out of 19 three-point shots, and five players had double-digit scoring games: James (17), Mario Chalmers (19), Ray Allen (13), Chris Bosh (12) and Dwyane Wade (10). San Antonio bounced back in Game 3, setting the Finals record for most three-pointers in a game (16), and giving the Heat their worst loss in franchise playoff history. The Spurs ensured the game was a blowout by outscoring Miami 35–14 in the fourth quarter",
"title": "2013 NBA Finals"
},
{
"id": "16570264",
"text": "Neftalí Rivera Neftalí Rivera Olivera (September 22, 1948 – December 23, 2017) was a Puerto Rican basketball player who competed in the 1972 Summer Olympics and in the 1976 Summer Olympics. He holds the record for most points in a game in the Baloncesto Superior Nacional when he scored 79 points on May 22, 1974. In that game he achieved the record by making 34 field goals (all of them 2-pointers as the 3-pointers were not adopted back then) and 11 free throws. He died on December 23, 2017, at Auxilio Mutuo Hospital in Hato Rey, Puerto Rico, due to",
"title": "Neftalí Rivera"
},
{
"id": "10699782",
"text": "Mitch Taylor Mitchell Taylor (born March 31, 1973) is an American former basketball player who played college basketball at Auburn University before transferring to Southern University in 1992. In his time with the Southern Jaguars basketball program, Taylor accomplished two notable achievements that have been included in the official National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I men's basketball record book. The first is by making 12 three-point shots in a single game, something that only 14 players in history have accomplished at the Division I level through the 2012–13 season. Taylor achieved the feat on December 1, 1994 against Baptist",
"title": "Mitch Taylor"
},
{
"id": "4786081",
"text": "in a game set in February 1999. The two previous games Miller hit seven threes. This made him the first NBA player to hit at least seven three-pointers in three consecutive games since the Dallas Mavericks' George McCloud achieved it in 1996. Miller holds the Memphis Grizzlies franchise record for most points scored in a single game, with 45 on February 21, 2007, against the Golden State Warriors. After the 2006–07 NBA season, Miller was announced as a member of the USA Basketball team. On June 26, 2008, Miller, Brian Cardinal, Jason Collins, and the 5th pick of the 2008",
"title": "Mike Miller (basketball player)"
},
{
"id": "12897767",
"text": "the top seed in both the Eastern Conference and the entire league. Miami lost Game 1 of the Finals on their home floor in a close game that was decided by a last minute buzzer beater by Tony Parker. The Heat went on to win Game 2 with a 33–5 run in the second half and a monstrous block by LeBron James on Tiago Splitter being highlights of the game. The Spurs responded by defeating the Heat in a 113–77 rout on their home floor in San Antonio, where the Spurs set a record for most 3-pointers made in a",
"title": "History of the Miami Heat"
},
{
"id": "14699792",
"text": "135–130 win over the Atlanta Hawks. In the game, the Cavaliers set the NBA regular-season record with 25 three-pointers. On March 19, he had a 46-point effort in a 125–120 win over the Los Angeles Lakers. On April 9, he had a 45-point effort in a 126–125 overtime loss to Atlanta. In Game 4 of the Eastern Conference Finals against the Boston Celtics, Irving scored a playoff career-high 42 points to lead the Cavaliers to a 112–99 win, taking a 3–1 lead in the series. With 24 points in Game 5 of the series, he helped the Cavaliers defeat the",
"title": "Kyrie Irving"
},
{
"id": "8064555",
"text": "head coach. Kerr implemented significant changes to Golden State's schemes, including playing at a faster pace and giving Curry more freedom to shoot, helping the team evolve into a title contender. On February 4, Curry scored a season-high 51 points in a win over the Dallas Mavericks. He was the leading vote-getter for the All-Star Game and won the Three-Point Contest on All-Star Saturday night. On April 9, he broke his own league record for three-pointers made in a season during a game against the Portland Trail Blazers. The Warriors finished the year with 67 wins and Curry was voted",
"title": "Stephen Curry"
},
{
"id": "19083233",
"text": "broke the record set by the 1995–96 Chicago Bulls by finishing the regular season with a 73–9 record. In addition, the Warriors broke numerous other NBA records, including most road wins (34), best start to a season (24–0) and longest regular-season home win streak (54 dating back to the 2014–15 season). They also became the first team to make over 1,000 three-pointers in the regular-season with 1,077, eclipsing the previous record of 933 set by the 2014–15 Houston Rockets. The Warriors were led by Stephen Curry, who was named the NBA Most Valuable Player (MVP) for the second straight season.",
"title": "2016 NBA Finals"
},
{
"id": "15421020",
"text": "Division I record for career 3-pointers, during UConn's 91-70 regional final win against Dayton. She is now the NCAA Division I record-holder for made three-point attempts,ending the season with 398 threes, and surpassing the prior record of 392, held jointly by Laurie Koehn and Heather Butler. Kaleena Mosqueda-Lewis Kaleena Jordan Mosqueda-Lewis (born Kaleena Jordan Lewis, November 3, 1993) is an American basketball player for the Seattle Storm of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). She plays for the Seattle Storm. Prior to enrolling at UConn she played for Mater Dei High School in Santa Ana, California. She played on the",
"title": "Kaleena Mosqueda-Lewis"
},
{
"id": "4315865",
"text": "10-of-12 from the field and 8-of-9 from the three-point line in a 132–117 win over the Indiana Pacers. He subsequently passed Jason Kidd (1,988) for seventh on the all-time three-pointers made list. A week later, on February 15, also against the Pacers, Korver became the seventh player in NBA history to make 2,000 career three-pointers, joining Ray Allen, Reggie Miller, Jason Terry, Paul Pierce, Vince Carter, and Jamal Crawford. On April 4, 2017, he returned after missing 11 games with a sore left foot and scored 11 points in 12 minutes in a 122–102 win over the Orlando Magic. Korver",
"title": "Kyle Korver"
},
{
"id": "19058024",
"text": "Dandenong Stadium Dandenong Stadium is an Australian sports and entertainment centre in Dandenong, Victoria. This stadium is home to the WNBL's Dandenong Rangers. As of 7th November 2018, Nuru \"Chocco Magic\" Jammeh holds the single game record for the most three-point field goals made, with an astonishing 13/14 shooting. Until recently, this was also a world record, until Klay Thompson made 14/24. Basketball historians argue that Jammeh's feat was more impressive given the level of competition (Men's at Dandenong Stadium vs 2018 Chicago Bulls) and shooting percentage. Warning Due to unsafe access to facility, going in/out of Dandenong Basketball stadium",
"title": "Dandenong Stadium"
},
{
"id": "14279728",
"text": "Jenkins (basketball). In May 2018, the Winthrop men's basketball team secured the commitment of DII transfer Chandler Vaudrin, who led the nation in triple-doubles in 2017-2018. Mascot: Big Stuff (and Little Stuff) Chant: “Rock the Hill” Outfitter: Adidas Official craft brewery: Full Spectrum Brewing Company Rivalries: UNC Asheville, Coastal Carolina Radio network: 94.3 FM and 104.1 The Bridge In 2006, James Shuler (men's basketball) led the nation in highest single game free-throw percentage (100%, 18/18). In 2007, Michael Jenkins (men's basketball) led the nation in most three-point field goals made in a single game (12). In 2012, Diana Choibekova (women’s",
"title": "Winthrop Eagles"
},
{
"id": "18027156",
"text": "display 200+ points, and so when the moment occurred, it did not display the numbers correctly (their solution was to start over at zero and work their way back up from there). During the second half alone, the Trojans scored 135 points, besting their minutes-old record of 123, and the 30 three-pointers in the second stanza broke the NCAA all-time \"game\" record of 25 (set previously by Troy). Their 51 made three-point field goals more than doubled that record, and the 109 three-point attempts record has never been seriously contested. Tommy Davis remarked that the game \"reminded [him] of a",
"title": "1992 Troy State vs. DeVry men's basketball game"
},
{
"id": "873998",
"text": "6,178. He also held the single-season rebound record with 380 in 1978, which stood until Lee Benson broke it in 2008. Currently, Neftalí Rivera holds the record for most points in a game in the Baloncesto Superior Nacional when he scored 79 points on May 22, 1974. In that game he achieve the record by making 34 field goals(all of them 2-pointers as the 3-pointers where not adopted back then) and 11 free throws. In 1989, Pablo Alicea of the Gigantes de Carolina established a record for most assists in one game with 25. The record stood for over two",
"title": "Baloncesto Superior Nacional"
},
{
"id": "4226554",
"text": "through the 2008 playoffs, having surpassed Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. Horry has held the record for three-pointers all-time in the NBA Finals with 53, having eclipsed Michael Jordan's previous record of 42. He set, and still holds today, the NBA Playoffs record for most three-point field goals made in a game without a miss (7) against the Utah Jazz in Game 2 of the 1997 Western Conference Semifinals. Horry has regular season career averages of 7.2 points, 4.9 rebounds and 2.2 assists per game. Horry and Steve Kerr, another famous reserve player and clutch shooter, alternated NBA Championships for a decade, and",
"title": "Robert Horry"
},
{
"id": "18364716",
"text": "last second in overtime. Curry and Thompson broke their combined record for three-pointers in a season after just 66 games, when the Warriors (60–6) became the fastest team in league history to ever reach 60 wins in a season. Golden State finished the season with an NBA-record 73 wins. Curry finished the season with 402 three-point shots made, and Thompson was second in the NBA with 276. Their combined total of 678 shattered their previous record by 153 shots made. They were also the highest-scoring duo in the NBA with an average of 52.2 points per game. In the playoffs,",
"title": "Splash Brothers"
},
{
"id": "12584764",
"text": "second seeded Western Conference team after securing a 61–21 record, their second straight 60+ win season and 20th consecutive postseason appearance. The Spurs dispatched their first round opponent, the Memphis Grizzlies, in six games. The Rockets entered the playoffs as the third seeded Western Conference team after securing a 55–27 record, a significant improvement over their 41–41 eighth-place finish the previous season. They were led by the 2016-2017 Coach of the Year, Mike D'Antoni. Under D'Antoni, the Rockets set the NBA record for most 3-pointers made in a single season with 1,181. In the first round, the Rockets defeated the",
"title": "Rockets–Spurs rivalry"
},
{
"id": "14845167",
"text": "he returned to the United States as a Nike NBA player representative before eventually starting his own company, Veney Management Group. Today, he also runs basketball clinics and camps for younger players all over the country. Keith Veney Keith Veney (born 1974) is an American former college basketball standout from the Marshall University. He is tied with two other players for the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I record for the most three-point field goals made in a single game, with 15. Veney, a native of Seabrook, Maryland, played high school basketball at Bishop McNamara High School in Forestville",
"title": "Keith Veney"
},
{
"id": "2726718",
"text": "ahead of Jason Kidd and into fifth on the all-time list. On February 1, in a game against the Denver Nuggets, Carter hit his 2,000th career three-pointer, making him only the fifth player to ever reach that mark. On February 6 against San Antonio, Carter joined Karl Malone, Dikembe Mutombo, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Robert Parish as the only 40-year old players to record at least four blocks in a game. On February 15, in a game against the New Orleans Pelicans, Carter passed Allen Iverson for 23rd on the NBA all-time scoring list. On March 13, Carter made his first",
"title": "Vince Carter"
},
{
"id": "803883",
"text": "new head coach. The Warriors won 36 games and failed to make the playoffs in 2010–11. The team broke a franchise record with 21 made three-pointers in a win against the Orlando Magic. In February 2011, the Warriors traded Brandan Wright and Dan Gadzuric for Troy Murphy and a 2011 second-round pick. On February 27, Murphy and the Warriors reached a buyout agreement and he was waived. In April 2011, Dorell Wright made a franchise record of 184 three-pointers in a season in a home win versus Los Angeles Lakers, surpassing Richardson's 183 in 2005–06. In a win against the",
"title": "Golden State Warriors"
},
{
"id": "16726029",
"text": "First Team NBA All-Rookie Second Team NBA All-Star Skills Challenge Champion NBA All-Star Three-point Shootout Champion NBA All-Star Slam Dunk Contest Champion NBA All-Star selections Miami Heat accomplishments and records This page details the all-time statistics, records, and other achievements pertaining to the Miami Heat. The Miami Heat are an American professional basketball team currently playing in the National Basketball Association. NBA Most Valuable Player NBA Finals MVP NBA All-Star Game MVP NBA Scoring Champion NBA Defensive Player of the Year NBA Most Improved Player Award Best NBA Player ESPY Award NBA Coach of the Year NBA Executive of the",
"title": "Miami Heat accomplishments and records"
},
{
"id": "19733073",
"text": "the present. In addition to his coaching career, Michael Bayne has been an upstanding educator and administrator. In 1998, he received the Guinness World Record for the most three point shots made in one game by a team (32); that team also holds the tie for second most three point goals (29). His athletes have been made All-American 12 times in the NCAA and NCCAA. Bayne has coached players and teams that hold seven South Carolina State Records for the South Carolina High School League. He has been inducted into the WCOS Charleston Hall of Fame, has won over 600",
"title": "Michael Bayne"
},
{
"id": "18148850",
"text": "Jobey Thomas Jobey Wayne Thomas (born March 24, 1980) is an American retired basketball player who competed for a number of clubs, mostly in Italy, with a short but successful spell in Portuguese basketball. In college basketball, Thomas holds the Charlotte 49ers record for three-pointers made and games played. Born in Charlotte, North Carolina, Thomas started playing at Charlotte 49ers in Division I NCAA, under Bobby Lutz. He ended his college career in Charlotte with then records for three-pointers made, games, consecutive games (130) and starts and single-season record for three-pointers (110), plus Conference USA records for career three-pointers made,",
"title": "Jobey Thomas"
},
{
"id": "12413343",
"text": "Philadelphia 76ers. He also set a career high with six 3-pointers in nine attempts. On January 1, 2018, DeRozan scored a franchise-record 52 points to help the Raptors beat the Milwaukee Bucks 131–127 in overtime, matching the team record with their 12th consecutive home victory. DeRozan became the third player in Raptors history to score 50 or more in a single game—the others being Vince Carter and Terrence Ross, who each had 51. On January 8, 2018, he scored 35 points, including a go-ahead three-point play with 26.1 seconds left in overtime, to lift the Raptors to a 114–113 win",
"title": "DeMar DeRozan"
},
{
"id": "18504605",
"text": "2015–16 and the most by a Lakers rookie in a regular season game since Elgin Baylor had 55 in March 1959. His eight three-pointers broke Nick Van Exel's previous rookie Laker record of six in a single game. He finished the 2015–16 season leading the Lakers and all rookies in steals per game, and became the youngest player to hit 130 three-pointers in a season. He subsequently earned NBA All-Rookie Second Team honors. In the Lakers' season opener on October 26, 2016, Russell scored 20 points in a 120–114 win over the Houston Rockets. On November 15, he scored a",
"title": "D'Angelo Russell"
},
{
"id": "17583076",
"text": "22 points and grabbing 10 rebounds, against DePaul. During the 2013 Big East Tournament, Southerland set records for most three pointers made in a game without a miss (6 vs Pittsburgh) and total number of threes made (17) in a single tournament, while being named to the All-Tournament team. Was selected as a member of the East Regional All-Tournament team during the 2013 NCAA Tournament. Source: After going undrafted in the 2013 NBA draft, Southerland joined the Philadelphia 76ers for the Orlando Summer League and the Golden State Warriors for the Las Vegas Summer League. On September 5, 2013, he",
"title": "James Southerland"
},
{
"id": "9503271",
"text": "game in a 122–100 win over the New Orleans Pelicans. The Rockets made an NBA-record 24 three-pointers in the game, led by Gordon's 7-for-12 effort. On January 2, 2017, he scored a season-high 31 points in a 101–91 win over the Washington Wizards. On February 18, 2017, he edged out Kyrie Irving to win the Three-Point Contest during the NBA All-Star Weekend. On March 4, 2017, he scored 18 points and made six of Houston's 18 three-pointers in a 123–108 win over the Memphis Grizzlies. Gordon finished the game with 180 three-pointers; his 180 three-pointers in 49 games off the",
"title": "Eric Gordon"
},
{
"id": "2561289",
"text": "later, on November 21, 1991, Caidic sets the PBA all-time records of the most points in a single game by a homegrown Filipino player (79 points), the most points in a single half (53 points), the most points in a single quarter (37 points), the most three-point field goals made and attempts in a game (17/27 triples), the most three-point field goals made in a quarter (8 triples) and the most consecutive three-point field goals made in a single game (8 triples), to lead Presto Tivoli against Ginebra San Miguel. His performance remains as one of the greatest individual performances",
"title": "Allan Caidic"
},
{
"id": "9387832",
"text": "with 4.7 seconds left against the Florida Gators. Meeks would again break the 40-point margin on February 14, scoring 45 points against the Arkansas Razorbacks team, a performance that produced the most points scored in a game by an individual at Bud Walton Arena. Meeks also broke the record for most 3-pointers in a season at UK, with 117. Meeks was named a unanimous selection to the All-SEC First team during his junior season and was the first player since Chuck Hayes in 2004–05 to be named AP First Team All-SEC. He was named the United States Basketball Writers Association",
"title": "Jodie Meeks"
},
{
"id": "15576439",
"text": "despite Beal's 32 points in a 102–92 loss in Game 6. On October 20, 2018, Beal scored 32 points, going 6 for 11 on 3-pointers, in a 117–113 loss to the Toronto Raptors. He broke Washington's franchise record for most 3-pointers in a career, surpassing Gilbert Arenas (868) by making his 869th during the fourth quarter. On November 14, he scored 20 points and hit three 3-pointers in a 119–95 win over the Cleveland Cavaliers. Beal hit his 900th career 3-pointer in the first quarter, becoming the youngest player in NBA history to reach 900. On November 26, he equaled",
"title": "Bradley Beal"
},
{
"id": "3552911",
"text": "game while adding 4.5 rebounds and 4.1 assists per game. During his Seattle SuperSonics tenure, Allen achieved many individual accomplishments. On March 12, 2006, Allen became the 97th player in NBA history to score 15,000 points. On April 7, 2006, Allen moved into second place on the NBA's list of all-time 3-point field goals made, trailing only Reggie Miller. On April 19, 2006, Allen broke Dennis Scott's ten-year-old NBA record for 3-point field goals made in a season in a game against the Denver Nuggets. The record has since been broken by Stephen Curry. On January 12, 2007, Allen scored",
"title": "Ray Allen"
},
{
"id": "5049068",
"text": "2008 Summer Olympics. He averaged over 15 points throughout the competition. During the team's game against Puerto Rico, Redd set the qualifying record for most 3 pointers made in one game. He also set the record of most three pointers made in the whole tournament (28) surpassing Penny Hardaway who had the previous record of 22. Redd participated in the 2008 Olympics as the team went unbeaten on the way to winning back the gold medal after defeating 2006 FIBA World Championship winners Spain and living up to their \"Redeem Team\" moniker after missing out in the 2004 Summer Olympics.",
"title": "Michael Redd"
},
{
"id": "3302995",
"text": "earning a third straight trip to the All Star Game. She broke Katie Smith's league records for points in a season (741 during the 2006 season). In 2006, Taurasi averaged a WNBA record 25.3 points, 4.1 assists and 3.6 rebounds per game, including a career-high 47 points in a triple overtime regular season victory against the Houston Comets (a then league record that was recently broken by Maya Moore). During that game she made a WNBA record 8 three-pointers (which has since been tied by Riquna Williams). Taurasi also set a WNBA record with 121 three-pointers made in a single",
"title": "Diana Taurasi"
},
{
"id": "14845165",
"text": "Keith Veney Keith Veney (born 1974) is an American former college basketball standout from the Marshall University. He is tied with two other players for the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I record for the most three-point field goals made in a single game, with 15. Veney, a native of Seabrook, Maryland, played high school basketball at Bishop McNamara High School in Forestville where he led the area in scoring at over 30 points per game as a senior. He then went on to play his first two years of college basketball at Lamar University before transferring to Marshall",
"title": "Keith Veney"
},
{
"id": "18864059",
"text": "when Neil Johnston, Paul Arizin, and Jack George were selected. Curry was unanimously selected for first team honors, Green for the second team and Thompson got third team recognition. The Warriors tied the Western Conference Finals series at 3–3 on May 28, with a 108–101 road win over the Thunder. Klay Thompson made eleven three-pointers, breaking the NBA playoff record of nine. Golden State tied their franchise record for most three-pointers made in a playoff game with 21. Golden State also set a new franchise record for wins with their 84th of the season (regular-season and postseason combined), surpassing the",
"title": "2015–16 Golden State Warriors season"
},
{
"id": "16391893",
"text": "index rating of 40, which led all players for Round 14 and made him the bwin MVP for the third time this season. During the game, Dentmon set the competition record for most three-pointers in a season with 74, and also set a new team mark for points in a game. His all-around performance also included 4-of-5 two-point shooting, 7 free throws made without a miss, 5 rebounds, 3 assists and 2 steals. His many clutch baskets also helped Zalgiris win the LKL title for the 4th consecutive time. On July 28, 2014, Dentmon signed with the Qingdao DoubleStar of",
"title": "Justin Dentmon"
},
{
"id": "8064563",
"text": "the first player in NBA history to make 300 regular-season three-pointers. On April 1, Curry missed a three-pointer to tie the game against the Celtics with 5.3 seconds left, as the Warriors suffered their first home defeat since January 27, 2015, snapping an NBA-record 54-game winning streak in the regular season at Oracle Arena. On April 7, Curry scored 27 points to help the Warriors become the second team in NBA history to win 70 games in a season with a 112–101 win over the San Antonio Spurs. In the Warriors' regular-season finale on April 13 against the Memphis Grizzlies,",
"title": "Stephen Curry"
},
{
"id": "6595302",
"text": "in which the three-point line was adopted by the league. When he retired in 1984 Brown was the SuperSonics' all-time leader in: Brown still holds the team's all-time marks for points in a regular season game with 58 (a record shared with Russell Westbrook), points in a playoff game with 45 (a record shared with Ray Allen), and steals in a game with 10 (a record shared with Gus Williams). Brown's #32 SuperSonics jersey was retired November 6, 1986 in honor of his career with the SuperSonics. Brown continues to reside in the Seattle area and is one of the",
"title": "Fred Brown (basketball)"
},
{
"id": "8064567",
"text": "he returned from injury against Portland. Still, he broke Danny Green's record of 27 three-pointers made in a Finals. However, the Warriors, despite being up 3–1 in the series, were defeated by the Cleveland Cavaliers in seven games and became the first team in NBA Finals history to lose a series after leading 3–1. In the game seven loss, Curry scored 17 points on 6-of-19 shooting. On October 28, 2016, Curry hit four three-pointers against the New Orleans Pelicans to reach 1,600 for his career, becoming the 19th player to do so, as well as the fastest to reach the",
"title": "Stephen Curry"
},
{
"id": "9396227",
"text": "9 three-pointers for a tournament record. In 1996, Joey Range from Galesburg wowed the crowd with a tournament record 55 points in one game, while Normal U-High's Jeremy Stanton delivered an unselfish 18 assists in one game. And of course who could forget watching the man-child, Eddy Curry, go from signing autographs in the Shirk Center bleachers to a first round draft pick of the Chicago Bulls right out of South Holland Thornwood. Yet maybe the crowning individual achievement was when Olney East Richland’s Brittany Johnson became Illinois’ all-time career (girls or boys) prep hoops scoring leader in the second",
"title": "State Farm Holiday Classic"
},
{
"id": "19575218",
"text": "they have now won 107 consecutive games. Both of those accomplishments were overshadowed by Samuelson who took 10 field-goal attempts from beyond the heart arc and hit every one of them. She left the game with just over two minutes left in the third quarter to a \"thunderous ovation\". The 10-for-10 from beyond the arc establishes a new record for NCAA women's basketball is the most three-point shots made without a miss. One men's basketball player, Andre Smith, hit 10 of 10 in 2008 in a men's NCAA game. No NBA player has ever accomplished the feat. Samuelson ended up",
"title": "2016–17 Connecticut Huskies women's basketball team"
},
{
"id": "20167384",
"text": "set his own NBA Finals record with nine 3-pointers in a Finals game. Game 3 was also close, as the teams exchanged leads several times. Curry struggled from the field, shooting only 3–16 (1–10 on 3's), while James set a record with his 10th Finals triple-double. However, Durant would lead the Warriors to a 110–102 victory, scoring a playoff career-high 43 points. Game 4 was a blowout victory for the Warriors, 108–85, led by Curry's seven 3-pointers and Durant's first career playoff triple-double. Golden State thus completed the sweep, earning their sixth championship and their third in four seasons. Since",
"title": "Cavaliers–Warriors rivalry"
}
] | who holds record for most 3 pointers in a game |
[
"culinary contexts"
] | [
{
"id": "4436583",
"text": "Corn on the cob Corn on the cob is a culinary term used for a cooked ear of freshly picked maize from a cultivar of sweet corn. Sweet corn is the most common variety of maize eaten directly off the cob. The ear is picked while the endosperm is in the \"milk stage\" so that the kernels are still tender. Ears of corn are steamed or boiled, usually without their green husks, or roasted with them. The husk leaves are in any case removed before serving. Corn on the cob is normally eaten while still warm. It is often seasoned",
"title": "Corn on the cob"
},
{
"id": "4436590",
"text": "The elotes are boiled in water or grilled over coals and condiments of the customer's choosing are added when sold. Corn on the cob Corn on the cob is a culinary term used for a cooked ear of freshly picked maize from a cultivar of sweet corn. Sweet corn is the most common variety of maize eaten directly off the cob. The ear is picked while the endosperm is in the \"milk stage\" so that the kernels are still tender. Ears of corn are steamed or boiled, usually without their green husks, or roasted with them. The husk leaves are",
"title": "Corn on the cob"
},
{
"id": "12786386",
"text": "are fully grown but still soft. Unripe maize must usually be cooked to become palatable; this may be done by simply boiling or roasting the whole ears and eating the kernels right off the cob. Sweet corn, a genetic variety that is high in sugars and low in starch, is usually consumed in the unripe state. Such corn on the cob is a common dish in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Cyprus, some parts of South America, and the Balkans, but virtually unheard of in some European countries. Corn on the cob was hawked on the streets of early",
"title": "Maize"
},
{
"id": "4883551",
"text": "ear (necessary for corn on the cob), or instead may be left as part of the corn stover in the field. The innermost part of the cob is white and has a consistency similar to foam plastic. Corncobs find use in the following applications: Corncob A corncob, also called cob of corn, is the central core of an ear of maize (\"Zea mays\" ssp. \"mays\"). It is the part of the ear on which the kernels grow. The ear is also considered a \"cob\" or \"pole\" but it is not fully a \"pole\" until the ear is shucked, or removed",
"title": "Corncob"
},
{
"id": "12786332",
"text": "Maize Maize ( ; \"Zea mays\" subsp. \"mays\", from after ), also known as corn, is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago. The leafy stalk of the plant produces pollen inflorescences and separate ovuliferous inflorescences called ears that yield kernels or seeds, which are fruits. Maize has become a staple food in many parts of the world, with the total production of maize surpassing that of wheat or rice. However, little of this maize is consumed directly by humans: most is used for corn ethanol, animal feed and other , such",
"title": "Maize"
},
{
"id": "4436584",
"text": "with salt and buttered before serving. Some diners use specialized skewers, thrust into the ends of the cob, to hold the ear while eating without touching the hot and sticky kernels. Within a day of corn being picked it starts converting sugar into starch, which results in reduction in the level of natural sweetness. Corn should be cooked and served the same day it has been harvested, as it takes only a single day for corn to lose up to 25% of its sweetness. The most common methods for cooking corn on the cob are frying, boiling, roasting, and grilling.",
"title": "Corn on the cob"
},
{
"id": "12786346",
"text": "as a vegetable and is called sweet corn. Young ears can be consumed raw, with the cob and silk, but as the plant matures (usually during the summer months), the cob becomes tougher and the silk dries to inedibility. By the end of the growing season, the kernels dry out and become difficult to chew without cooking them tender first in boiling water. Planting density affects multiple aspects of maize. Modern farming techniques in developed countries usually rely on dense planting, which produces one ear per stalk. Stands of silage maize are yet denser, and achieve a lower percentage of",
"title": "Maize"
},
{
"id": "4883550",
"text": "Corncob A corncob, also called cob of corn, is the central core of an ear of maize (\"Zea mays\" ssp. \"mays\"). It is the part of the ear on which the kernels grow. The ear is also considered a \"cob\" or \"pole\" but it is not fully a \"pole\" until the ear is shucked, or removed from the plant material around the ear. Young ears, also called baby corn, can be consumed raw, but as the plant matures the cob becomes tougher until only the kernels are edible. When harvesting corn, the corncob may be collected as part of the",
"title": "Corncob"
},
{
"id": "12786345",
"text": "fuse into a single mass. The grains are about the size of peas, and adhere in regular rows around a white, pithy substance, which forms the ear. The maximum size of kernels is reputedly . An ear commonly holds 600 kernels. They are of various colors: blackish, bluish-gray, purple, green, red, white and yellow. When ground into flour, maize yields more flour with much less bran than wheat does. It lacks the protein gluten of wheat and, therefore, makes baked goods with poor rising capability. A genetic variant that accumulates more sugar and less starch in the ear is consumed",
"title": "Maize"
},
{
"id": "12786391",
"text": "storage in a corn crib, or they may be shelled off for storage in a grain bin. The farm that consumes the feed may produce it, purchase it on the market, or some of both. When the grain is used for feed, the rest of the plant (the corn stover) can be used later as fodder, bedding (litter), or soil amendment. When the whole maize plant (grain plus stalks and leaves) is used for fodder, it is usually chopped all at once and ensilaged, as digestibility and palatability are higher in the ensilaged form than in the dried form. Maize",
"title": "Maize"
},
{
"id": "12786400",
"text": "of maize demand in the US from 22.6 percent to 36.1 percent. Maize is bought and sold by investors and price speculators as a tradable commodity using corn futures contracts. These \"futures\" are traded on the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) under ticker symbol C. They are delivered every year in March, May, July, September, and December. Some forms of the plant are occasionally grown for ornamental use in the garden. For this purpose, variegated and colored leaf forms as well as those with colorful ears are used. Corncobs can be hollowed out and treated to make inexpensive smoking pipes,",
"title": "Maize"
},
{
"id": "12786360",
"text": "2016 and 33% of the worldwide maize crop was GM in 2016. As of 2011, Herbicide-tolerant maize varieties were grown in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, El Salvador, the European Union, Honduras, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Philippines, the Russian Federation, Singapore, South Africa, Taiwan, Thailand, and USA, and insect-resistant corn was grown in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Czech Republic, Egypt, the EU, Honduras, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Philippines, Romania, Russian Federation, South Africa, Switzerland, Taiwan, USA, and Uruguay. In September 2000, up to $50 million worth of food products were recalled",
"title": "Maize"
},
{
"id": "4436587",
"text": "eating that section, which helps to minimize the mess on the diner's face and hands. Butter dripping down the diner's chin and kernels getting stuck in-between teeth may be a source of embarrassment for the diner. Cob shanks are eating utensils used to hold corn on the cob. They may have tines or a single spike, and have been used since ancient times, ranging from articles made of wood found in ethnographic museums to precious tableware made of silver. Other utensils for eating corn on the cob include specialty knives from removing the kernels, brushes for removing the silk and",
"title": "Corn on the cob"
},
{
"id": "12786378",
"text": "(with points and snap rolls instead of a reel) does not cut the stalk; it simply pulls the stalk down. The stalk continues downward and is crumpled into a mangled pile on the ground, where it usually is left to become organic matter for the soil. The ear of maize is too large to pass between slots in a plate as the snap rolls pull the stalk away, leaving only the ear and husk to enter the machinery. The combine separates out the husk and the cob, keeping only the kernels. When maize is a silage crop, the entire plant",
"title": "Maize"
},
{
"id": "12786340",
"text": "maize; this usage started as a shortening of \"Indian corn\". \"Indian corn\" primarily means maize (the staple grain of indigenous Americans), but can refer more specifically to multicolored \"flint corn\" used for decoration. In places outside North America, Australia, and New Zealand, \"corn\" often refers to maize in culinary contexts. The narrower meaning is usually indicated by some additional word, as in \"sweet corn\", \"sweetcorn\", \"corn on the cob\", \"baby corn\", the puffed confection known as \"popcorn\" and the breakfast cereal known as \"corn flakes\". In Southern Africa, maize is commonly called \"mielie\" (Afrikaans) or \"mealie\" (English), words derived from",
"title": "Maize"
},
{
"id": "17157318",
"text": "material. Throughout these standards, the definitions listed for damage can be open to interpretation by the person evaluating the grain. For example, \"damaged kernels\" for maize (corn) refers to kernels that are \"badly ground-damaged, badly weather-damaged, diseased, frost-damaged, germ-damaged, heat-damaged, insect-bored, mold-damaged, sprout-damaged, or otherwise materially damaged.\" As this shows, the characteristics are not easily measured. In the USDA's scale, as the grade number decreases, the quality of grain increases. A summary of these standards for maize, soybeans, and wheat are listed in the tables below (as effective September 1996). The USDA also lists these standards for many less popular",
"title": "Grain damage"
},
{
"id": "17506029",
"text": "than killing rodents through internal haemorrhaging as anticoagulants do, PCC affects a rodent’s digestive system, causing acute dehydration due to its extremely absorptive nature (corn cob has been used in applications such as oil spills in water bodies, seed drying and de-icing). Physiological digestive pathways are disrupted, preventing normal regulation of water and salt levels, leading to hypovolemic circulatory shock through reduced blood volume and blood pressure, oxygen deprivation of the blood, and ultimately death. It is by nature biodegradable, thus not an environmental pollutant. It poses no risk of contamination to crops, nor to the food chain. There is",
"title": "Powdered corn cob"
},
{
"id": "12786343",
"text": "They are female inflorescences, tightly enveloped by several layers of ear leaves commonly called husks. Certain varieties of maize have been bred to produce many additional developed ears. These are the source of the \"baby corn\" used as a vegetable in Asian cuisine. The apex of the stem ends in the tassel, an inflorescence of male flowers. When the tassel is mature and conditions are suitably warm and dry, anthers on the tassel dehisce and release pollen. Maize pollen is anemophilous (dispersed by wind), and because of its large settling velocity, most pollen falls within a few meters of the",
"title": "Maize"
},
{
"id": "6608550",
"text": "Corn kernel Corn kernels are the fruits of corn (called maize in many countries). Maize is a grain, and the kernels are used in cooking as a vegetable or a source of starch. The kernel comprise endosperm, germ, pericarp, and tip cap. One ear of corn contains roughly 800 kernels in 16 rows. Corn kernels are readily available in bulk throughout maize-producing areas. They have a number of uses, including food and biofuel. Corn consist of the husk, and the silk, often mistaken for the husk. Corn kernels are the fruits of maize. Maize is a grain, and the kernels",
"title": "Corn kernel"
},
{
"id": "12786344",
"text": "tassel. Elongated stigmas, called silks, emerge from the whorl of husk leaves at the end of the ear. They are often pale yellow and in length, like tufts of hair in appearance. At the end of each is a carpel, which may develop into a \"kernel\" if fertilized by a pollen grain. The pericarp of the fruit is fused with the seed coat referred to as \"caryopsis\", typical of the grasses, and the entire kernel is often referred to as the \"seed\". The cob is close to a multiple fruit in structure, except that the individual fruits (the kernels) never",
"title": "Maize"
},
{
"id": "4436585",
"text": "Corn on the cob can be grilled directly in its husk, or it can be husked first and then wrapped in aluminum foil. When oven roasting, cooking the corn in the husk directly on the rack is recommended. When roasting or grilling corn on the cob, the cook can first peel the husk back to rub the corn with oil or melted butter, then re-secure the husk around the corn with a string. Common condiments and seasonings for corn on the cob include butter, salt, and black pepper. Lillian Eichler Watson, in a 1921 etiquette book, described corn on the",
"title": "Corn on the cob"
},
{
"id": "12786333",
"text": "as corn starch and corn syrup. The six major types of maize are dent corn, flint corn, pod corn, popcorn, flour corn, and sweet corn. Maize is the most widely grown grain crop throughout the Americas, with 361 million metric tons grown in the United States in 2014 (Production table). Approximately 40% of the crop—130 million tons—is used for corn ethanol. Genetically modified maize made up 85% of the maize planted in the United States in 2009. Sugar-rich varieties called sweet corn are usually grown for human consumption as kernels, while field corn varieties are used for animal feed, various",
"title": "Maize"
},
{
"id": "4436589",
"text": "such as salt, chile powder, butter, cotija, lemon juice or lime juice, and mayonnaise are usually added. Another way of presenting elotes is by serving the cut kernels in a bowl. In the southern and central areas of Mexico, people call this \"esquites\" instead of elote. Any of the toppings above are added to the corn and it is then eaten with a spoon. In the southern and central urban zones of Mexico, ready-to-eat boiled elotes are usually sold by street vendors or in stands, but in the rest of Mexico elotes are more frequently sold in stores or restaurants.",
"title": "Corn on the cob"
},
{
"id": "6608552",
"text": "called a caryopsis. Maize kernels are frequently and incorrectly referred to as seeds. The kernels are about the size of peas, and adhere in regular rows round a white, pithy substance, which forms the ear. About 82 percent of the corn kernel’s dry weight consists of endosperm. Starch is the primary source and it most widely used part of the kernel. It is known as the key component in fuel, sweeteners, bioplastics and other products. The germ is the only living part of the corn kernel and also called its embryo. It consists the important genetic information, vitamin, enzymes and",
"title": "Corn kernel"
},
{
"id": "12786339",
"text": "the rest of the world because of its ability to grow in diverse climates. It was cultivated in Spain just a few decades after Columbus's voyages and then spread to Italy, West Africa and elsewhere. The word \"maize\" derives from the Spanish form of the indigenous Taíno word for the plant, \"mahiz\". It is known by other names around the world. The word \"corn\" outside North America, Australia, and New Zealand refers to any cereal crop, its meaning understood to vary geographically to refer to the local staple. In the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, \"corn\" primarily means",
"title": "Maize"
},
{
"id": "12786342",
"text": "Network, the National Maize Association of Nigeria, the Zimbabwe Seed Maize Association. However, in commodities trading, \"corn\" consistently refers to maize and not other grains. The maize plant is often in height, though some natural strains can grow . The stem is commonly composed of 20 internodes of length. A leaf, which grows from each node, is generally in width and in length. Ears develop above a few of the leaves in the midsection of the plant, between the stem and leaf sheath, elongating by around per day, to a length of with being the maximum alleged in the subspecies.",
"title": "Maize"
},
{
"id": "6608553",
"text": "minerals for the plant to grow. Germ account 25 percent of the corn oils and it is the valuable part of the kernel. The pericarp is the outer covering and that protects the kernel and it also maintains the kernel's nutrient value and moisture content. It has lots of fiber that can be produced as corn gluten feed. The tip cap is the attachment point of the kernel to the corn cob, where the nutrient and water flow, and this is the only part that not covered by the pericarp. It contains fiber. Corn kernels have a number of uses,",
"title": "Corn kernel"
},
{
"id": "12786370",
"text": "in the \"milk stage\", after pollination but before starch has formed, between late summer and early to mid-autumn. Field maize is left in the field until very late in the autumn to thoroughly dry the grain, and may, in fact, sometimes not be harvested until winter or even early spring. The importance of sufficient soil moisture is shown in many parts of Africa, where periodic drought regularly causes maize crop failure and consequent famine. Although it is grown mainly in wet, hot climates, it has been said to thrive in cold, hot, dry or wet conditions, meaning that it is",
"title": "Maize"
},
{
"id": "4436586",
"text": "cob as \"without a doubt one of the most difficult foods to eat gracefully.\" She added that \"it is entirely permissible to use the fingers in eating corn, holding it lightly at each end; sometimes a napkin is used in holding it.\" Sometimes, however, a short sharp knife would be provided that each diner could use to cut or scrape the kernels from the cob for later eating. She described this as \"by far the most satisfactory method\" of eating corn on the cob. Some etiquette books recommend salting and buttering the corn a section at a time just before",
"title": "Corn on the cob"
},
{
"id": "12786369",
"text": "the plant is dependent on soil moisture. As a plant that uses C4 carbon fixation, maize is a considerably more water-efficient crop than plants that use C3 carbon fixation such as alfalfa and soybeans. Maize is most sensitive to drought at the time of silk emergence, when the flowers are ready for pollination. In the United States, a good harvest was traditionally predicted if the maize was \"knee-high by the Fourth of July\", although modern hybrids generally exceed this growth rate. Maize used for silage is harvested while the plant is green and the fruit immature. Sweet corn is harvested",
"title": "Maize"
},
{
"id": "12786361",
"text": "due to the presence of Starlink genetically modified corn, which had been approved only for animal consumption and had not been approved for human consumption, and was subsequently withdrawn from the market. Maize is the domesticated variant of teosinte. The two plants have dissimilar appearance, maize having a single tall stalk with multiple leaves and teosinte being a short, bushy plant. The difference between the two is largely controlled by differences in just two genes. Several theories had been proposed about the specific origin of maize in Mesoamerica: In the late 1930s, Paul Mangelsdorf suggested that domesticated maize was the",
"title": "Maize"
},
{
"id": "12786336",
"text": "than 6000 years ago, spread through the Andes. Evidence of cultivation in Peru has been found dating to about 6700 years ago. The second wave, about 2000 years ago, through the lowlands of South America. Before domestication, maize plants grew only small, long corn cobs, and only one per plant. In Spielvogel's view, many centuries of artificial selection (rather than the current view that maize was exploited by interplanting with \"teosinte\") by the indigenous people of the Americas resulted in the development of maize plants capable of growing several cobs per plant, which were usually several centimetres/inches long each. The",
"title": "Maize"
},
{
"id": "12786410",
"text": "a mural design that is recycled annually. Another well known example is the Field of Corn in Dublin, Ohio, where hundreds of concrete ears of corn lay in a grassy field. A maize stalk with two ripe ears is depicted on the reverse of the Croatian 1 lipa coin, minted since 1993. Maize Maize ( ; \"Zea mays\" subsp. \"mays\", from after ), also known as corn, is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago. The leafy stalk of the plant produces pollen inflorescences and separate ovuliferous inflorescences called ears that yield",
"title": "Maize"
},
{
"id": "484985",
"text": "atmosphere is 0.03%, this can be the factor limiting plant growth. In a field of maize on a still day during high light conditions in the growing season, the CO concentration drops very low, but under such conditions the crop could use up to 20 times the normal concentration. The respiration of CO by soil micro-organisms decomposing soil organic matter contributes an important amount of CO to the photosynthesising plants. Within the soil, CO concentration is 10 to 100 times that of atmospheric levels but may rise to toxic levels if the soil porosity is low or if diffusion is",
"title": "Soil"
},
{
"id": "4436588",
"text": "knives for buttering. Corn was eaten by Native American tribes before European settlers arrived in the Americas. The Maya ate corn as a staple food crop and ate it off the cob, either roasting or boiling it. Aboriginal Canadians in southern parts of Canada also eat corn. \"Elote\" (Nahuatl: \"ēlōtl\" ) is a popular street food in Mexico, although it is frequently served at home prepared in the same way (boiled or grilled in husk). It is customarily consumed on a stick, or by grasping the husk of the cob that has been pulled down to form a \"handle\". Condiments",
"title": "Corn on the cob"
},
{
"id": "4399967",
"text": "timed carefully to avoid ending up with more mature corn ears. Baby corn ears are typically in length and in diameter. Baby corn is consumed worldwide. Its production has increased from 239.7 to 279.7 million tonnes from 2003 to 2013. Baby corn forage can also be fed fresh or ensiled to livestock animals. Baby corn Baby corn (also known as young corn, cornlets or baby sweetcorn) is a cereal grain taken from corn (maize) harvested early while the stalks are still small and immature. It typically is eaten whole – cob included – in contrast to mature corn, whose cob",
"title": "Baby corn"
},
{
"id": "12786390",
"text": "also supply dietary fiber and the essential minerals, magnesium and phosphorus whereas other nutrients are in low amounts (table). Maize has suboptimal amounts of the essential amino acids tryptophan and lysine, which accounts for its lower status as a protein source. The indigenous Americans overcame this deficiency with the inclusion of beans in their diet. Maize is a major source of both grain feed and fodder for livestock. It is fed to the livestock in various ways. When it is used as a grain crop, the dried kernels are used as feed. They are often kept on the cob for",
"title": "Maize"
},
{
"id": "6727677",
"text": "for weaning babies, and for feeding livestock. Unfortunately maize (corn) has two significant flaws; it lacks the full range of amino acids, namely lysine and tryptophan, needed to produce proteins, and has its niacin (vitamin B) bound in an indigestible complex. The Mayans and Aztecs used to boil maize in the alkaline limewater which broke down the complex so that the Niacin became available. However, in the main this practice did not transfer to the Old World or settlers in the \"New World\" which resulted in epidemics of Pellagra from the 16th century onwards. In addition diets high in corn",
"title": "Quality Protein Maize"
},
{
"id": "4399965",
"text": "Baby corn Baby corn (also known as young corn, cornlets or baby sweetcorn) is a cereal grain taken from corn (maize) harvested early while the stalks are still small and immature. It typically is eaten whole – cob included – in contrast to mature corn, whose cob is too tough for human consumption. It is eaten both raw and cooked. Baby corn is common in stir fry dishes. There are two methods for producing baby corn either as a primary crop or as a secondary crop in a planting of sweet corn or field corn. In the first method, a",
"title": "Baby corn"
},
{
"id": "6172985",
"text": "Corn construction Corn construction refers to the use of corn (maize) in construction. The tassel, leaf, silk, cob in husks, and the stalk are the parts of corn. According to the Michigan Department of Agriculture, \"corn can be made into fuel, abrasives, solvents, charcoal, animal feed, bedding for animals, insulation, adhesives, and more. The kernel is used as oil, bran, starch, glutamates, animal feed, and solvents. The silk is combined with other parts of the corn plant to be used as part of animal feed, silage, and fuels. Husks are made into dolls and used as filling materials. The stalk",
"title": "Corn construction"
},
{
"id": "6926965",
"text": "starches are used for the improvement of uniformity, stability, and texture in various food products. The clarity and viscous stability of amylopectin starch make it especially suitable for thickening fruit pies. It improves smoothness and creaminess of canned food and dairy products as well as freeze-thaw stability of frozen foods. It gives a more desirable texture and appearance to dry foods and mixes [24]. Waxy maize starch is also the preferred starting material for the production of maltodextrins because of improved water solubility after drying and greater solution stability and clarity. Waxy corn on the cob is popular in China",
"title": "Waxy corn"
},
{
"id": "7136316",
"text": "Hexachlorobenzene Hexachlorobenzene, or perchlorobenzene, is an organochloride with the molecular formula CCl. It is a fungicide formerly used as a seed treatment, especially on wheat to control the fungal disease bunt. It has been banned globally under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. HCB is a white crystalline solid that has negligible solubility in water (0.00000002 M) but sparingly soluble in organic solvents. It is most soluble in halogenated solvents like chloroform (approx 0.03 M), less soluble in esters and hydrocarbons (approx 0.020 M), and even less soluble in short chain alcohols (0.002-0.006 M). Its vapour pressure is 1.09×10",
"title": "Hexachlorobenzene"
},
{
"id": "12786404",
"text": "grain constituents more concentrated in the residue, the feed value per kg of DDGS, with regard to ruminant-metabolizable energy and protein, exceeds that of the grain. Feed value for monogastric animals, such as swine and poultry, is somewhat lower than for ruminants. The following table shows the nutrient content of maize and major staple foods in a raw harvested form. Raw forms are not edible and cannot be digested. These must be sprouted, or prepared and cooked for human consumption. In sprouted or cooked form, the relative nutritional and anti-nutritional contents of each of these staples are different from that",
"title": "Maize"
},
{
"id": "6608551",
"text": "are used in cooking as a vegetable or a source of starch. The kernels can be of various colors: blackish, bluish-gray, purple, green, red, white and yellow. One ear of corn contains roughly 800 kernels in 16 rows. One hundred bushels of corn can contain upwards of 7,280,000 kernels. Corn kernels are readily available in bulk throughout maize-producing areas. Transportation and packaging of dried clean corn kernels to non-producing areas adds to the cost. The kernel of maize consists of a pericarp (fruit wall) fused to the seed coat. This type of fruit is typical of the grasses and is",
"title": "Corn kernel"
},
{
"id": "13333643",
"text": "traits we see in corn today (large ears, multiple rows of kernels). The first ears of maize were very short, with only 8 rows of kernels. Modern corn is the result of several thousand generations of selective breeding. Modern corn is incapable of reproducing without human help; the kernels will stay firmly attached to the cob and rot. This doesn't represent a useful adaptation for the species, but is excellent for harvesting and transporting corn. GBS (genotyping-by-sequencing) technology helps the corn industry by allowing for a better understanding of the genetic mechanisms of which kind of corn should be planted,",
"title": "Economic botany"
},
{
"id": "53954",
"text": "Genetically modified maize Genetically modified maize (corn) is a genetically modified crop. Specific maize strains have been genetically engineered to express agriculturally-desirable traits, including resistance to pests and to herbicides. Maize strains with both traits are now in use in multiple countries. GM maize has also caused controversy with respect to possible health effects, impact on other insects and impact on other plants via gene flow. One strain, called Starlink, was approved only for animal feed in the US, but was found in food, leading to a series of recalls starting in 2000. Corn varieties resistant to glyphosate herbicides were",
"title": "Genetically modified maize"
},
{
"id": "14421023",
"text": "when the grain is being stored for auto-consumption or while the farmer awaits a selling opportunity or a rise in prices. There is potential for loss throughout the grain harvesting and agricultural marketing chains. During stripping of maize grain from the cob, known as shelling, losses can occur when mechanical shelling is not followed up by hand-stripping of the grains that are missed. Certain shellers can damage the grain, making insect penetration easier. For crops other than maize, threshing losses occur as a result of spillage, incomplete removal of the grain or by damage to grain during the threshing. They",
"title": "Post-harvest losses (grains)"
},
{
"id": "17389698",
"text": "a corn sheller is similar to a threshing machine, but with some differences to deal with larger grain size and other differences of corn compared to wheat and other crops. Corn shellers can be powered by a hand crank, a tractor, a stationary engine, or by an electric motor. Whole corn cobs are fed in. They are pulled between two toothed wheels, usually made of metal. Each wheel spins the opposite direction of the other. The teeth pull the kernals off the cob until there are no kernels left. The kernels fall out through a screen into a container (such",
"title": "Corn sheller"
},
{
"id": "19098662",
"text": "Corn silk is part stigma and part style, providing a female flower surface to which pollen grains can adhere and defining the lengthy path through which the pollen must transmit its genetic material. The stigma is the very tip of the corn silk, which has a larger number of hairs to help pollen to adhere to it. Kernel formation in the cob requires pollination of the external corn silk by wind or insects. Usually several grains of pollen adhere, but only one will successfully participate in fertilization of the ovule to form a corn kernel. For the pollen grain, the",
"title": "Corn silk"
},
{
"id": "12786381",
"text": "million acres, an increase of 7% over 2015. Maize is especially popular in Midwestern states such as Indiana and Illinois; in the latter, it was named the state's official grain in 2017. The susceptibility of maize to the European corn borer and corn rootworms, and the resulting large crop losses which are estimated at a billion dollars worldwide for each pest, led to the development of transgenics expressing the \"Bacillus thuringiensis\" toxin. \"Bt maize\" is widely grown in the United States and has been approved for release in Europe. Maize and cornmeal (ground dried maize) constitute a staple food in",
"title": "Maize"
},
{
"id": "12786389",
"text": "mostly grown to feed livestock, as forage, silage (made by fermentation of chopped green cornstalks), or grain. Maize meal is also a significant ingredient of some commercial animal food products, such as dog food. Raw, yellow, sweet maize kernels are composed of 76% water, 19% carbohydrates, 3% protein, and 1% fat (table). In a 100-gram serving, maize kernels provide 86 calories and are a good source (10-19% of the Daily Value) of the B vitamins, thiamin, niacin (but see Pellagra warning below), pantothenic acid (B5) and folate (right table for raw, uncooked kernels, USDA Nutrient Database). In moderate amounts, they",
"title": "Maize"
},
{
"id": "12786379",
"text": "is usually chopped at once with a forage harvester (chopper) and ensiled in silos or polymer wrappers. Ensiling of sheaves cut by a corn binder was formerly common in some regions but has become uncommon. For storing grain in bins, the moisture of the grain must be sufficiently low to avoid spoiling. If the moisture content of the harvested grain is too high, grain dryers are used to reduce the moisture content by blowing heated air through the grain. This can require large amounts of energy in the form of combustible gases (propane or natural gas) and electricity to power",
"title": "Maize"
},
{
"id": "12786377",
"text": "specifically for maize (for example, ). The latter produce sheaves that can be shocked. By hand or mechanical picker, the entire ear is harvested, which then requires a separate operation of a maize sheller to remove the kernels from the ear. Whole ears of maize were often stored in corn cribs, and these whole ears are a sufficient form for some livestock feeding use. Today corn cribs with whole ears, and corn binders, are less common because most modern farms harvest the grain from the field with a combine and store it in bins. The combine with a corn head",
"title": "Maize"
},
{
"id": "13107333",
"text": "Genes from Bt can be inserted into crop plants to make them capable of producing an insecticidal toxin and therefore a resistance to certain pests. Bt corn (maize) can however adversely affect non-target insects closely related to the target pest, as with the monarch butterfly. Crop diversity Crop diversity is the variance in genetic and phenotypic characteristics of plants used in agriculture. Over the past 50 years, there has been a major decline in two components of crop diversity; genetic diversity within each crop and the number of species commonly grown. Crop diversity loss threatens global food security, as the",
"title": "Crop diversity"
},
{
"id": "5563261",
"text": "Corn oil Corn oil (maize oil) is oil extracted from the germ of corn (maize). Its main use is in cooking, where its high smoke point makes refined corn oil a valuable frying oil. It is also a key ingredient in some margarines. Corn oil is generally less expensive than most other types of vegetable oils. One bushel of corn contains 1.55 pounds of corn oil (2.8% by weight). Corn agronomists have developed high-oil varieties; however, these varieties tend to show lower field yields, so they are not universally accepted by growers. Corn oil is also a feedstock used for",
"title": "Corn oil"
},
{
"id": "19036913",
"text": "dehulling is still often done by hand using a large mortar and pestle. These are usually made of wood, and operated by one or more people. The husk is biodegradable and may be composted. Husk Husk (or hull) in botany is the outer shell or coating of a seed. It often refers to the leafy outer covering of an ear of maize (corn) as it grows on the plant. Literally, a husk or hull includes the protective outer covering of a seed, fruit, or vegetable. It can also refer to the exuvia of bugs or small animals left behind after",
"title": "Husk"
},
{
"id": "2049144",
"text": "purchased at restaurants or street or farmer's markets throughout the country and, to a much lesser extent, can also be purchased as a canned good in some markets and via the internet. Farmers in the countryside have been known to spread the spores around intentionally to create more of the fungus. In some parts of the country, they call the fungus \"hongo de maiz\", i.e. \"maize fungus\". When corn smut grows on a corn cob, it changes the nutritional worth of the corn it affects. Corn smut contains much more protein than regular corn does. The amino acid lysine, of",
"title": "Corn smut"
},
{
"id": "19098666",
"text": "U.S. regulations can cause their product to be rejected as organic corn, and for which they have no recourse against GMO growers. The moisture of freshly emerged corn silk sometimes attracts insects, which can cause silk clipping, which can interfere with kernel formation. Corn silk contains a variety of pharmacologically-active compounds, and as such is used in many types of folk medicine, including as a diuretic and as an inhibitor of melanin production. Corn silk Corn silk is a common name for the shiny, thread-like, weak fibers that grow as part of ears of corn (maize); the tuft or tassel",
"title": "Corn silk"
},
{
"id": "12786352",
"text": "the wild as an annual in Mexico and Guatemala. Many forms of maize are used for food, sometimes classified as various subspecies related to the amount of starch each has: This system has been replaced (though not entirely displaced) over the last 60 years by multivariable classifications based on ever more data. Agronomic data were supplemented by botanical traits for a robust initial classification, then genetic, cytological, protein and DNA evidence was added. Now, the categories are forms (little used), races, racial complexes, and recently branches. Maize is a diploid with 20 chromosomes (n=10). The combined length of the chromosomes",
"title": "Maize"
},
{
"id": "12786395",
"text": "This led to the 2007 harvest being one of the most profitable maize crops in modern history for farmers. Because of the relationship between fuel and maize, prices paid for the crop now tend to track the price of oil. The price of food is affected to a certain degree by the use of maize for biofuel production. The cost of transportation, production, and marketing are a large portion (80%) of the price of food in the United States. Higher energy costs affect these costs, especially transportation. The increase in food prices the consumer has been seeing is mainly due",
"title": "Maize"
},
{
"id": "17340603",
"text": "Corn production in the United States The production of corn (\"Zea mays mays\", also known as \"maize\") plays a major role in the economy of the United States. The US is the largest corn producer in the world, with of land reserved for corn production. Corn growth is dominated by west/north central Iowa and east central Illinois. Approximately 13% of its annual yield is exported.<ref name=\"2014/2015Statistic\">http://www.grains.org/buyingselling/corn</ref> Corn spread across North America a few thousand years ago. The original corn plant known as teosinte is still grown in Mexico. Newer varieties are much larger, due to plant breeding efforts of Native",
"title": "Corn production in the United States"
},
{
"id": "53958",
"text": "was approved, which killed the European corn borer and related species; subsequent Bt genes were introduced that killed corn rootworm larvae. Approved Bt genes include single and stacked (event names bracketed) configurations of: Cry1A.105 (MON89034), CryIAb (MON810), CryIF (1507), Cry2Ab (MON89034), Cry3Bb1 (MON863 and MON88017), Cry34Ab1 (59122), Cry35Ab1 (59122), mCry3A (MIR604), and Vip3A (MIR162), in both corn and cotton. Corn genetically modified to produce VIP was first approved in the US in 2010. In 2018 a study found that Bt-corn protected nearby fields of non-Bt corn and nearby vegetable crops, reducing the use of pesticides on those crops. Data from",
"title": "Genetically modified maize"
},
{
"id": "14421029",
"text": "few days up to more than a year. Storage therefore plays a vital role in grain supply chains. For all grains, storage losses can be considerable but the greatest losses appear to be of maize, particularly in Africa. Losses in stored grain are determined by the interaction between the grain, the storage environment and a variety of organisms. Contamination by moulds is mainly determined by the temperature of the grain and the availability of water and oxygen. Moulds can grow over a wide range of temperatures, but the rate of growth is lower with lower temperature and less water availability.",
"title": "Post-harvest losses (grains)"
},
{
"id": "12786349",
"text": "to the corn borer decline. Because of its shallow roots, maize is susceptible to droughts, intolerant of nutrient-deficient soils, and prone to be uprooted by severe winds. While yellow maizes derive their color from lutein and zeaxanthin, in red-colored maizes, the kernel coloration is due to anthocyanins and phlobaphenes. These latter substances are synthesized in the flavonoids synthetic pathway from polymerisation of flavan-4-ols by the expression of maize pericarp color1 (p1) gene which encodes an R2R3 myb-like transcriptional activator of the A1 gene encoding for the dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (reducing dihydroflavonols into flavan-4-ols) while another gene (Suppressor of Pericarp Pigmentation 1",
"title": "Maize"
},
{
"id": "6608556",
"text": "of revenue for farmers and other economic industries. However, the use of corn as a fuel stock may increase the price of corn and have adverse effects on corn as a food stock. Corn kernel Corn kernels are the fruits of corn (called maize in many countries). Maize is a grain, and the kernels are used in cooking as a vegetable or a source of starch. The kernel comprise endosperm, germ, pericarp, and tip cap. One ear of corn contains roughly 800 kernels in 16 rows. Corn kernels are readily available in bulk throughout maize-producing areas. They have a number",
"title": "Corn kernel"
},
{
"id": "13582404",
"text": "Test weight Test weight refers to the average weight of a cereal as measured in pounds per bushel (1bu. = 8 gallons or 2150.42 cu. inches). Test weight is an important predictor of milling yield for rice and flour extraction rate for wheat. USDA’s official weight per bushel for the highest grade for major cereals and oilseeds include: wheat and soybeans (60 lbs./bu.); corn, sorghum, and rye (56 lbs./bu.); barley (48 lbs./bu.); oats (32 lbs./bu.); and rice (45 lbs./bu.). When producers deliver grain that is significantly below the official weights the prices are discounted. Official U.S. Grain Standards (developed and",
"title": "Test weight"
},
{
"id": "12786380",
"text": "the blowers. Maize is widely cultivated throughout the world, and a greater weight of maize is produced each year than any other grain. In 2014, total world production was 1.04 billion tonnes, led by the United States with 35% of the total (table). China produced 21% of the global total. In 2016, maize (corn) production was forecast to be over 15 billion bushels, an increase of 11% over 2014 American production. Based on conditions as of August 2016, the expected yield would be the highest ever for the United States. The area of harvested maize was forecast to be 87",
"title": "Maize"
},
{
"id": "5149125",
"text": "a few minutes to about a day. During cooking and soaking, a number of chemical changes take place in the grains of maize. Because plant cell wall components, including hemicellulose and pectin, are highly soluble in alkaline solutions, the kernels soften and their pericarps (hulls) loosen. The grain hydrates and absorbs calcium or potassium (depending on the alkali used) from the cooking solution. Starches swell and gelatinize, and some starches disperse into the liquid. Certain chemicals from the germ are released that allow the cooked grains to be ground more easily, yet make dough made from the grains less likely",
"title": "Nixtamalization"
},
{
"id": "17389699",
"text": "as a bucket) placed underneath the machine. The cob is then ejected out, since it cannot pass through the screen. Some models have a \"walker\", similar to a threshing machine or combine, to take the cobs out. Corn sheller A corn sheller is a hand-held device or a piece of machinery to shell corn kernels of the cob for feeding to livestock or for other uses. The modern corn sheller is commonly attributed to Lester E. Denison from Middlesex County, Connecticut. Denison was issued a patent on August 12, 1839, for a freestanding, hand-operated machine that removed individual kernels of",
"title": "Corn sheller"
},
{
"id": "19036911",
"text": "a pod. Plantago-seed mucilage is often referred to as husk, or psyllium husk. Crop plants of several species have been selected that have hulless seeds, including pumpkins, oats, and barley. Husking of corn is the process of removing its outer layers, leaving only the cob or seed rack of the corn. Dehulling is the process of removing the hulls (or chaff) from beans and other seeds. This is sometimes done using a machine known as a huller. To prepare the seeds to have oils extracted from them, they are cleaned to remove any foreign objects. Next, the seeds have their",
"title": "Husk"
},
{
"id": "13596136",
"text": "Marketing assistance loans \"Marketing assistance loans are nonrecourse loans made available to producers of loan commodities (wheat, corn, grain sorghum, barley oats, upland and extra-long staple (ELS) cotton, rice, soybeans, other oilseeds, honey, wool, mohair, dry peas, lentils, and small chickpeas) under the 2002 farm bill (P.L. 101-171, Sec. 1201-1205). The new law largely continued the commodity loan programs as they were under previous law. Loan rate caps are specified in the law. Marketing loan repayment provisions apply when market prices drop below the loan rates. For farmers who forgo the use of marketing assistance loans, loan deficiency payment (LDP)",
"title": "Marketing assistance loans"
},
{
"id": "19036910",
"text": "Husk Husk (or hull) in botany is the outer shell or coating of a seed. It often refers to the leafy outer covering of an ear of maize (corn) as it grows on the plant. Literally, a husk or hull includes the protective outer covering of a seed, fruit, or vegetable. It can also refer to the exuvia of bugs or small animals left behind after moulting. In cooking, hull can also refer to other waste parts of fruits and vegetables, notably the cap or sepal of a strawberry. The husk of a legume and some similar fruits is called",
"title": "Husk"
},
{
"id": "2390736",
"text": "date; they are straight or slightly curved rods between 0.2 and 0.6 µm wide and between 1.0 and 10 µm long. They are generally nonmotile bacteria, except for the species \"Mycobacterium marinum\", which has been shown to be motile within macrophages. They are characteristically acid-fast. Mycobacteria have an outer membrane. They possess capsules, and most do not form endospores. \"M. marinum\" and perhaps \"M. bovis\" have been shown to sporulate; however, this has been contested by further research. The distinguishing characteristic of all \"Mycobacterium\" species is that the cell wall is thicker than in many other bacteria, being hydrophobic, waxy,",
"title": "Mycobacterium"
},
{
"id": "12786402",
"text": "of sight by the start of the summer. In Canada and the US, these are popular in many farming communities. Maize kernels can be used in place of sand in a sandboxlike enclosure for children's play. Stigmas from female maize flowers, popularly called corn silk, are sold as herbal supplements. Maize is used as a fish bait, called \"dough balls\". It is particularly popular in Europe for coarse fishing. Additionally, feed corn is sometimes used by hunters to bait animals such as deer or wild hogs. The breakdown of usage of the 12.1-billion-bushel (307-million-tonne) 2008 US maize crop was as",
"title": "Maize"
},
{
"id": "13584461",
"text": "Loan deficiency payments In United States agriculture policy, Loan deficiency payments are a farm income support program first authorized by the Food Security Act of 1985 (P.L. 99-198) that makes direct payments, equivalent to marketing loan gains, to producers who agree not to obtain nonrecourse loans, even though they are eligible. Loan deficiency payments are available under the 2002 farm bill (P.L. 101-171, Sec. 1205) for wheat, corn, grain sorghum, barley, oats, upland cotton, rice, soybeans, other oilseeds, wool, mohair, honey, dry peas, lentils, and small chickpeas. Producer Option Payment (POP) is the original name for the loan deficiency payment",
"title": "Loan deficiency payments"
},
{
"id": "12786341",
"text": "the Portuguese word for maize, \"milho\". \"Maize\" is preferred in formal, scientific, and international usage because it refers specifically to this one grain, unlike \"corn\", which has a complex variety of meanings that vary by context and geographic region. \"Maize\" is used by agricultural bodies and research institutes such as the FAO and CSIRO. National agricultural and industry associations often include the word \"maize\" in their name even in English-speaking countries where the local, informal word is something other than \"maize\"; for example, the Maize Association of Australia, the Indian Maize Development Association, the Kenya Maize Consortium and Maize Breeders",
"title": "Maize"
},
{
"id": "12786373",
"text": "residential gardens is still often planted manually with a hoe, whereas maize grown commercially is no longer planted manually but rather is planted with a planter. In North America, fields are often planted in a two-crop rotation with a nitrogen-fixing crop, often alfalfa in cooler climates and soybeans in regions with longer summers. Sometimes a third crop, winter wheat, is added to the rotation. Many of the maize varieties grown in the United States and Canada are hybrids. Often the varieties have been genetically modified to tolerate glyphosate or to provide protection against natural pests. Glyphosate is an herbicide which",
"title": "Maize"
},
{
"id": "11086564",
"text": "long as grain was handled in sacks, a practice which ended with the introduction of combine harvesters which had bulk grain tanks. Yields were referred to in coombs per acre. A coomb was for barley and for wheat. The US grain markets quote prices as cents per bushel, and a US bushel of grain is about , which would approximately correspond to the 4-bushel coomb (4 × 61 lb = ). Although seldom referred to in Suffolk today except in conversation, older farmers in North Germany will frequently refer to crop yields in Doppelzentner pro Morgen. The area of a",
"title": "Coomb (unit)"
},
{
"id": "12743460",
"text": "Lotoko Lotoko, also known by the slang term \"pétrole\", is a home-distilled alcoholic drink or \"moonshine\" in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Lotoko is usually made from maize, but sometimes from cassava or plantain. Heads of corn are cut up and boiled into a mash which is then fermented and distilled using improvised stills made from cut down oil drums. Because of the woody core of the cobs of corn, the alcohol produced contains high levels of methanol which is toxic. Although it is officially banned, because of its high alcohol content (over 50%), its production is widespread in",
"title": "Lotoko"
},
{
"id": "53979",
"text": "Beijing-based DBN Group, was accused of stealing trade secrets after he was found digging in an Iowa cornfield. Genetically modified maize Genetically modified maize (corn) is a genetically modified crop. Specific maize strains have been genetically engineered to express agriculturally-desirable traits, including resistance to pests and to herbicides. Maize strains with both traits are now in use in multiple countries. GM maize has also caused controversy with respect to possible health effects, impact on other insects and impact on other plants via gene flow. One strain, called Starlink, was approved only for animal feed in the US, but was found",
"title": "Genetically modified maize"
},
{
"id": "17389697",
"text": "Corn sheller A corn sheller is a hand-held device or a piece of machinery to shell corn kernels of the cob for feeding to livestock or for other uses. The modern corn sheller is commonly attributed to Lester E. Denison from Middlesex County, Connecticut. Denison was issued a patent on August 12, 1839, for a freestanding, hand-operated machine that removed individual kernels of corn by pulling the cob through a series of metal-toothed cylinders which stripped the kernels off the cob. Soon after, other patents were granted for similar machines, sometimes having improvements over Denison's original design. The operation of",
"title": "Corn sheller"
},
{
"id": "12786365",
"text": "ago, and then spread throughout the Americas. A primitive corn was being grown in southern Mexico, Central America, and northern South America 7,000 years ago. Archaeological remains of early maize ears, found at Guila Naquitz Cave in the Oaxaca Valley, date back roughly 6,250 years; the oldest ears from caves near Tehuacan, Puebla, 5,450 B.P. (Before Present) Maize pollen dated to 7,300 B.P. from San Andres, Tabasco, on the Caribbean coast has also been recovered. As maize was introduced to new cultures, new uses were developed and new varieties selected to better serve in those preparations. Maize was the staple",
"title": "Maize"
},
{
"id": "12786353",
"text": "is 1500 cM. Some of the maize chromosomes have what are known as \"chromosomal knobs\": highly repetitive heterochromatic domains that stain darkly. Individual knobs are polymorphic among strains of both maize and teosinte. Barbara McClintock used these knob markers to validate her transposon theory of \"jumping genes\", for which she won the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Maize is still an important model organism for genetics and developmental biology today. The Maize Genetics Cooperation Stock Center, funded by the USDA Agricultural Research Service and located in the Department of Crop Sciences at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,",
"title": "Maize"
},
{
"id": "17506030",
"text": "little threat of toxicity to children, pets, livestock or birds—including through secondary poisoning. Powdered corn cob Powdered Corn Cob (PCC) is marketed as a natural and environmentally-friendly alternative to anticoagulant rodenticide. The preparation was approved in July 2013 under the European Biocide Directive Program (Annex 1/1A BPD 98/8EEC) . It works by causing acute and ultimately lethal dehydration. Formulated and manufactured by Zea Sciences over 15 years, PCC was granted EU under the European Biocide Directive Program, known as Annex 1/1A BPD 98/8EEC, in July 2013. The patent covers the principle of using any suitable natural dehydrant to kill rodents.",
"title": "Powdered corn cob"
},
{
"id": "12786408",
"text": "contains lipid transfer protein, an indigestible protein that survives cooking. This protein has been linked to a rare and understudied allergy to maize in humans. The allergic reaction can cause skin rash, swelling or itching of mucous membranes, diarrhea, vomiting, asthma and, in severe cases, anaphylaxis. It is unclear how common this allergy is in the general population. Maize has been an essential crop in the Andes since the pre-Columbian era. The Moche culture from Northern Peru made ceramics from earth, water, and fire. This pottery was a sacred substance, formed in significant shapes and used to represent important themes.",
"title": "Maize"
},
{
"id": "19708551",
"text": "roots, and translocated in phloem to leaves and stems. The MCPA residue left in soil typically have a half life of 24 days. However, the degradation rate is depending on environmental conditions, such as temperature and soil moisture. MCPA is rather mobile in soil, and not very adsorpted to soil particles, with Kf = 0.94 and 1/n = 0.68 of Freundlich adsorption. Widely usage of MCPA as an herbicide raises concern of environmental risks so a lot of researches have been done in recent decades to evaluate the environmental risk of MCPA. MCPA can be moderately toxic to mammal and",
"title": "Degradation of MCPA in soil"
},
{
"id": "5149115",
"text": "reduced. Lime and ash are highly alkaline: the alkalinity helps the dissolution of hemicellulose, the major glue-like component of the maize cell walls, and loosens the hulls from the kernels and softens the maize. Some of the corn oil is broken down into emulsifying agents (monoglycerides and diglycerides), while bonding of the maize proteins to each other is also facilitated. The divalent calcium in lime acts as a cross-linking agent for protein and polysaccharide acidic side chains. As a result, while cornmeal made from untreated ground maize is unable by itself to form a dough on addition of water, the",
"title": "Nixtamalization"
},
{
"id": "10608866",
"text": "Maize dwarf mosaic virus Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus (MDMV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Potyviridae. Depending on the corn plant’s growth stage, the virus can have severe implications to the corn plant’s development which can also result in economic consequences to the producer of the crop. Maize (\"Zea mays\") is a major cereal crop; it is third behind rice and wheat in production. An average of 380 million tons are produced annually by 53 countries. Maize is the most widely grown crop ranging from tropical areas with altitudes over 3000 m to temperate areas extending as far",
"title": "Maize dwarf mosaic virus"
},
{
"id": "12786374",
"text": "kills all plants except those with genetic tolerance. This genetic tolerance is very rarely found in nature. In the midwestern United States, low-till or no-till farming techniques are usually used. In low-till, fields are covered once, maybe twice, with a tillage implement either ahead of crop planting or after the previous harvest. The fields are planted and fertilized. Weeds are controlled through the use of herbicides, and no cultivation tillage is done during the growing season. This technique reduces moisture evaporation from the soil, and thus provides more moisture for the crop. The technologies mentioned in the previous paragraph enable",
"title": "Maize"
},
{
"id": "11892012",
"text": "grown and processed correctly, it has negative emission, pulling CO2 out of the atmosphere, rather than adding it\". In contrast, the report found that U.S. use of maize for biofuel is less efficient, as sugarcane can lead to emissions reductions of between 70% and well over 100% when substituted for gasoline. Several other studies have shown that sugarcane-based ethanol reduces greenhouse gases by 86 to 90% if there is no significant land use change. In another study commissioned by the Dutch government in 2006 to evaluate the sustainability of Brazilian bioethanol concluded that there is sufficient water to supply all",
"title": "Sustainable biofuel"
},
{
"id": "10127561",
"text": "the staple. The word is a compound of the Nahuatl words \"nextli\" (\"ashes\") and \"tamalli\" (\"unformed corn dough; tamal\"), and the process is still in use today. Dry maize grain is soaked and cooked in an alkaline solution, usually limewater. This releases the pericarp, the outer hull of the grains and makes the maize easier to grind. The process transforms maize from a simple source of carbohydrates into a considerably more complete nutritional package; it increases the amount of calcium, iron, copper, zinc that are added through the alkalide or the vessel used in the process and niacin, riboflavin and",
"title": "Aztec cuisine"
},
{
"id": "5149126",
"text": "to tear and break down. Cooking changes the grain's protein matrix, which makes proteins and nutrients from the endosperm of the kernel more available to the human body. After cooking, the alkaline liquid (known as nejayote), containing dissolved hull, starch, and other corn matter, is decanted and discarded (or sometimes used for making amate bark paper). The kernels are washed thoroughly of remaining nejayote, which has an unpleasant flavor. The pericarp is then removed, leaving the endosperm of the grain with or without the germ, depending on the process. This hulling is performed by hand, in traditional or very small-scale",
"title": "Nixtamalization"
},
{
"id": "2710632",
"text": "Bran Bran, also known as miller's bran, is the hard outer layers of cereal grain. It consists of the combined aleurone and pericarp. Along with germ, it is an integral part of whole grains, and is often produced as a byproduct of milling in the production of refined grains. Bran is present in cereal grain, including rice, corn (maize), wheat, oats, barley, rye and millet. Bran is not the same as chaff, which is a coarser scaly material surrounding the grain but not forming part of the grain itself. Bran is particularly rich in dietary fiber and essential fatty acids",
"title": "Bran"
},
{
"id": "5616764",
"text": "bioremediation. Farmers have widely adopted GM technology. Acreage increased from 1.7 million hectares in 1996 to 185.1 million hectares in 2016, some 12% of global cropland. As of 2016, major crop (soybean, maize, canola and cotton) traits consist of herbicide tolerance (95.9 million hectares) insect resistance (25.2 million hectares), or both (58.5 million hectares). In 2015, 53.6 million ha of GM maize were under cultivation (almost 1/3 of the maize crop). GM maize outperformed its predecessors: yield was 5.6 to 24.5% higher with less mycotoxins (−28.8%), fumonisin (−30.6%) and thricotecens (−36.5%). Non-target organisms were unaffected, except for \"Braconidae\", represented by",
"title": "Genetically modified crops"
},
{
"id": "16050215",
"text": "in food. The amoeba does not have permanent appendages and the pseudopodium is more of a slime-like consistency than a flagellum. Ciliates are the largest of the protozoa group, and move by means of short, numerous cilia that produce beating movements. Cilia resemble small, short hairs. They can move in different directions to move the organism, giving it more mobility than flagellates or amoebae. Plant hormones salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene are key regulators of innate immunity in plant leaves. Mutants impaired in salicylic acid synthesis and signaling are hypersusceptible to microbes that colonize the host plant to obtain",
"title": "Soil microbiology"
},
{
"id": "4602606",
"text": "important aspect to keeping undesirable pollen out of seed corn fields is a process known as roguing, a process that removes plants that differ from the variety intentionally planted. Detasseling Detasseling corn is removing the immature pollen-producing bodies, the tassel, from the tops of corn (maize) plants and placing them on the ground. It is a form of pollination control, employed to cross-breed, or hybridize, two varieties of corn. Fields of corn that will be detasseled are planted with two varieties of corn. Every corn plant has both male and female parts, so if both varieties of corn were left",
"title": "Detasseling"
},
{
"id": "13590072",
"text": "Peanut Price Support Program The 2002 farm bill (P.L. 107–171, Sec. 1301–1310) replaced the longtime (65-year) support program for peanuts with a framework identical in structure to the program for the so-called covered commodities (wheat, corn, grain sorghum, barley, oats, upland cotton, rice, soybeans, and other oilseeds). The three components of the Peanut Price Support Program are fixed direct payments (at $36/ton), counter-cyclical payments (based on a target price of $495/ton), and marketing assistance loans or loan deficiency payments (LDPs) (based on a loan rate of $355/ton). The peanut poundage quota and the two-tiered pricing features of the old program",
"title": "Peanut Price Support Program"
},
{
"id": "19733036",
"text": "artificial sweeteners, and even gasoline. For example, maize is still the basis of much of Mexican cuisine. In fact, maize ended up being the Native Americans' downfall when European settlers came to America. Squanto taught them how to plant it, giving them the tool that would allow them to survive and thrive in the new environment. It was the most prolific crop that could be grown in the New World soil, and it could survive in every climate imaginable in North America. By helping the settlers survive, corn contributed to their success. Countless other New World crops were spread among",
"title": "Pre-Columbian cuisine"
},
{
"id": "17340608",
"text": "Dried Grains with Solubles), accounting for 37% (27% + 10%), or 4,845 million bushels (3,552 + 1,293). The other uses are given in the table. cereals. The final estimate of corn production for the years 1950 to 1959 in the United States is given as some three billion bushels and in recent years, some nine billion bushels are produced each year. Corn growth is dominated by west north central Iowa and east central Illinois. In 2011, the national average production was 147 bushels per acre, and reported to be 20 bushels per acre more than the yield in 2002. Based",
"title": "Corn production in the United States"
},
{
"id": "730688",
"text": "are also common. The hull of the mature bean is hard, water-resistant, and protects the cotyledon and hypocotyl (or \"germ\") from damage. If the seed coat is cracked, the seed will not germinate. The scar, visible on the seed coat, is called the hilum (colors include black, brown, buff, gray and yellow) and at one end of the hilum is the micropyle, or small opening in the seed coat which can allow the absorption of water for sprouting. Some seeds such as soybeans containing very high levels of protein can undergo desiccation, yet survive and revive after water absorption. A.",
"title": "Soybean"
}
] | what is the difference between corn on the cob and maize |
[
"776 BC"
] | [
{
"id": "12421427",
"text": "Ancient Olympic Games The ancient Olympic Games were originally a festival, or celebration of and for Zeus; later, events such as a footrace, a javelin contest, and wrestling matches were added. The Olympic Games (, \"Olympia\", \"the Olympics\"; also , , \"the Olympiad\") were a series of athletic competitions among representatives of city-states and one of the Panhellenic Games of ancient Greece. They were held in honor of Zeus, and the Greeks gave them a mythological origin. The first Olympics is traditionally dated to 776 BC. They continued to be celebrated when Greece came under Roman rule, until the emperor",
"title": "Ancient Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "12421433",
"text": "festival, the Eleusinian Mysteries. The games started in Olympia, Greece, in a sanctuary site for the Greek deities near the towns of Elis and Pisa (both in Elis on the peninsula of Peloponnesos). The first games began as an annual foot race of young women in competition for the position of the priestess for the goddess, Hera, and a second race was instituted for a consort for the priestess who would participate in the religious traditions at the temple. The Heraean Games, the first recorded competition for women in the Olympic Stadium, were held as early as the sixth century",
"title": "Ancient Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "2075401",
"text": "use. The first Olympic festival was organized on the site by the authorities of Elis in the 8th century BC – with tradition dating the first games at 776 BC. Major changes were made to the site around 700 BC, including levelling land and digging new wells. Elis' power diminished and the sanctuary fell into the hands of the Pisatans in 676 BC. The Pisatans organized the games until the late 7th century BC. The earliest evidence of building activity on the site dates from around 600 BC. At this time the Skiloudians, allies of the Pistans, built the Temple",
"title": "Olympia, Greece"
},
{
"id": "17489308",
"text": "Olympic winners of the Archaic period Just how far back in history organized athletic contests were held remains a matter of debate, but it is reasonably certain that they occurred in Greece almost 3,000 years ago. However ancient in origin, by the end of the 6th century BC at least four Greek sporting festivals, sometimes called \"classical games,\" had achieved major importance: the Olympic Games, held at Olympia; the Pythian Games at Delphi; the Nemean Games at Nemea; and the Isthmian Games, held near Corinth. The Olympic Games was perhaps the greatest of all sporting event held every four years",
"title": "Olympic winners of the Archaic period"
},
{
"id": "17489312",
"text": "specific Olympiads. Olympic winners of the Archaic period Just how far back in history organized athletic contests were held remains a matter of debate, but it is reasonably certain that they occurred in Greece almost 3,000 years ago. However ancient in origin, by the end of the 6th century BC at least four Greek sporting festivals, sometimes called \"classical games,\" had achieved major importance: the Olympic Games, held at Olympia; the Pythian Games at Delphi; the Nemean Games at Nemea; and the Isthmian Games, held near Corinth. The Olympic Games was perhaps the greatest of all sporting event held every",
"title": "Olympic winners of the Archaic period"
},
{
"id": "5058304",
"text": "of the eighth century BC until the beginning of the fifth century BC, with the foundation of the Olympic Games in 776 BC and the Second Persian invasion of Greece in 480 BC forming notional start and end dates. The Archaic period was long considered to have been less important and historically interesting than the Classical period, and was primarily studied as a precursor to it. More recently, however, Archaic Greece has come to be studied for its own achievements. With this reassessment of the significance of the Archaic period, some scholars have objected to the term \"archaic\", due to",
"title": "Archaic Greece"
},
{
"id": "12421432",
"text": "the reign of Marcus Aurelius in the AD160, it is likely that these stories are more fable than fact. It was often supposed that the origins of many aspects of the Olympics date to funeral games of the Mycenean period and later. Alternatively, the games were thought to derive from some kind of vegetation magic or from initiation ceremonies. The most recent theory traces the origins of the games to large game hunting and related animal ceremonialism. The Olympic games were held to be one of the two central rituals in ancient Greece, the other being the much older religious",
"title": "Ancient Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "12421439",
"text": "the Pythian, Nemean, and Isthmian Games. The games were in decline for many years but continued past AD385, by which time flooding and earthquakes had damaged the buildings and invasions by barbarians had reached Olympia. In 394 Theodosius I banned all pagan festivals, but archeological evidence indicates that some games were still held. The ancient Olympics were as much a religious festival as an athletic event. The games were held in honor of the Greek god Zeus, and on the middle day of the games, 100 oxen would be sacrificed to him. Over time Olympia, the site of the games,",
"title": "Ancient Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "298655",
"text": "Olympiad, was used by Greeks as one of their units of time measurement. The Games were part of a cycle known as the Panhellenic Games, which included the Pythian Games, the Nemean Games, and the Isthmian Games. The Olympic Games reached their zenith in the 6th and 5th centuries BC, but then gradually declined in importance as the Romans gained power and influence in Greece. While there is no scholarly consensus as to when the Games officially ended, the most commonly held date is 393 AD, when the emperor Theodosius I decreed that all pagan cults and practices be eliminated.",
"title": "Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "12421431",
"text": "as to who actually was responsible for the genesis of the games. These origin traditions have become nearly impossible to untangle, yet a chronology and patterns have arisen that help people understand the story behind the games. The patterns that emerge from these myths are that the Greeks believed the games had their roots in religion, that athletic competition was tied to worship of the gods, and the revival of the ancient games was intended to bring peace, harmony and a return to the origins of Greek life. Since these myths were documented by historians like Pausanias, who lived during",
"title": "Ancient Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "12421437",
"text": "of (mid-summer) 765 BC for the first year of the first Olympiad. Nevertheless, there is disagreement among scholars as to when the games began. The only competition held then was, according to the later Greek traveller Pausanias who wrote in AD175, the \"stadion\" race, a race over about , measured after the feet of Hercules. The word \"stadium\" is derived from this foot race. The Greek tradition of athletic nudity (gymnos) was introduced in 720 BC, either by the Spartans or by the Megarian Orsippus, and this was adopted early in the Olympics as well. Several groups fought over control",
"title": "Ancient Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "12421430",
"text": "Greek city-state and kingdom were allowed to participate, although the Hellanodikai, the officials in charge, allowed king Alexander I of Macedon to participate in the games only after he had proven his Greek ancestry. The games were always held at Olympia rather than moving between different locations as is the practice with the modern Olympic Games. Victors at the Olympics were honored, and their feats chronicled for future generations. To the Greeks, it was important to root the Olympic Games in mythology. During the time of the ancient games their origins were attributed to the gods, and competing legends persisted",
"title": "Ancient Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "2075402",
"text": "of Hera. The Treasuries and the Pelopion were built during the course of the 6th century BC. The secular structures and athletic arenas were also under construction during this period including the Bouleuterion. The first stadium was constructed around 560 BC, it consisted of just a simple track. The stadium was remodelled around 500 BC with sloping sides for spectators and shifted slightly to the east. Over the course of the 6th century BC a range of sports were added to the Olympic festival. In 580 BC, Elis, in alliance with Sparta, occupied Pisa and regained the control over the",
"title": "Olympia, Greece"
},
{
"id": "760673",
"text": "Ancient Greece Ancient Greece () was a civilization belonging to a period of Greek history from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of antiquity ( AD 600). Immediately following this period was the beginning of the Early Middle Ages and the Byzantine era. Roughly three centuries after the Late Bronze Age collapse of Mycenaean Greece, Greek urban poleis began to form in the 8th century BC, ushering in the Archaic period and colonization of the Mediterranean Basin. This was followed by the period of Classical Greece, an era that began with the Greco-Persian Wars,",
"title": "Ancient Greece"
},
{
"id": "368651",
"text": "events vs. the 10 from Greece. Ancient Greece was the birthplace of the Olympic Games, consequently Athens was perceived to be an appropriate choice to stage the inaugural modern Games. It was unanimously chosen as the host city during a congress organised by Pierre de Coubertin, a French pedagogue and historian, in Paris, on 23 June 1894. The IOC was also established during this congress. Despite many obstacles and setbacks, the 1896 Olympics were regarded as a great success. The Games had the largest international participation of any sporting event to that date. Panathinaiko Stadium, the first big stadium in",
"title": "Summer Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "2178549",
"text": "Olympiad An Olympiad (, \"Olympiás\") is a period of four years associated with the Olympic Games of the Ancient Greeks. During the Hellenistic period, beginning with Ephorus, it was used as a calendar epoch. Converting to the modern BC/AD dating system the first Olympiad began in the summer of 776 BC and lasted until the summer of 772 BC, when the second Olympiad would begin with the commencement of the next games. By extrapolation to the Gregorian calendar, the 3rd year of the ((2019+779)/4 -.5)round 0th Olympiad began in (Northern-Hemisphere) mid-summer 2019. A modern Olympiad refers to a four-year period",
"title": "Olympiad"
},
{
"id": "12421455",
"text": "finished the race. Athletic festivals under the name of \"Olympic games\", named in imitation of the original festival at Olympia, were established over time in various places all over the Greek world. Some of these are only known to us by inscriptions and coins; but others, as the Olympic festival at Antioch, obtained great celebrity. After these Olympic festivals had been established in several places, the great Olympic festival itself was sometimes designated in inscriptions by the addition of Pisa. Ancient Olympic Games The ancient Olympic Games were originally a festival, or celebration of and for Zeus; later, events such",
"title": "Ancient Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "2902319",
"text": "the date of the first Olympic Games in 776 BC, but most historians now extend the term back to about 1000 BC. The traditional date for the end of the Classical Greek period is the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC. The period that follows is classed as Hellenistic. Not everyone treats the Classical Greek and Hellenic periods as distinct; however, and some writers treat the Ancient Greek civilization as a continuum running until the advent of Christianity in the 3rd century AD. Ancient Greece is considered by most historians to be the foundational culture of Western civilization.",
"title": "History of Greece"
},
{
"id": "2402982",
"text": "in throwing the javelin. It was predictably in Greece that sports were first instituted formally, with the first Olympic Games recorded in 776 BCE in Olympia, where they were celebrated until 393 CE. These games took place every four years, or \"Olympiad\", which became a unit of time in historical chronologies. Initially a single sprinting event, the Olympics gradually expanded to include several footraces, run in the nude or in armor, boxing, wrestling, \"pankration\", chariot racing, long jump, javelin throw, and discus throw. During the celebration of the games, an Olympic Truce was enacted so that athletes could travel from",
"title": "History of sport"
},
{
"id": "155002",
"text": "are also internationally renowned filmmakers in the Greek diaspora, such as the Greek-French Costa-Gavras and the Greek-Americans Elia Kazan, John Cassavetes and Alexander Payne. Greece is the birthplace of the ancient Olympic Games, first recorded in 776 BC in Olympia, and hosted the modern Olympic Games twice, the inaugural 1896 Summer Olympics and the 2004 Summer Olympics. During the parade of nations Greece is always called first, as the founding nation of the ancient precursor of modern Olympics. The nation has competed at every Summer Olympic Games, one of only four countries to have done so. Having won a total",
"title": "Greece"
},
{
"id": "12421435",
"text": "that era. The Sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia housed a statue in ivory and gold of Zeus that had been sculpted by Phidias circa 445 BC. This statue was one of the ancient Seven Wonders of the World. By the time of the Classical Greek culture, in the fifth and fourth centuries BC, the games were restricted to male participants. The historian Ephorus, who lived in the fourth century BC, is one potential candidate for establishing the use of Olympiads to count years, although credit for codifying this particular epoch usually falls to Hippias of Elis, to Eratosthenes, or even",
"title": "Ancient Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "298652",
"text": "hostilities was known as the Olympic peace or truce. This idea is a modern myth because the Greeks never suspended their wars. The truce did allow those religious pilgrims who were travelling to Olympia to pass through warring territories unmolested because they were protected by Zeus. The origin of the Olympics is shrouded in mystery and legend; one of the most popular myths identifies Heracles and his father Zeus as the progenitors of the Games. According to legend, it was Heracles who first called the Games \"Olympic\" and established the custom of holding them every four years. The myth continues",
"title": "Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "12421447",
"text": "in the ancient world. As such the games became a vehicle for city-states to promote themselves. The result was political intrigue and controversy. For example, Pausanias, a Greek historian, explains the situation of the athlete Sotades, Apparently starting with just a single foot race, the program gradually increased to twenty-three contests, although no more than twenty featured at any one Olympiad. Participation in most events was limited to male athletes except for women who were allowed to take part by entering horses in the equestrian events. Youth events are recorded as starting in 632 BC. Our knowledge of how the",
"title": "Ancient Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "154848",
"text": "century AD, when they were outlawed by the Roman emperor Theodosius I in 391–392. The last recorded Olympic games were held in 393, and many temples were destroyed or damaged in the century that followed. In Athens and rural areas, paganism is attested well into the sixth century AD and even later. The closure of the Neoplatonic Academy of Athens by the Emperor Justinian in 529 is considered by many to mark the end of antiquity, although there is evidence that the Academy continued its activities for some time after that. Some remote areas such as the southeastern Peloponnese remained",
"title": "Greece"
},
{
"id": "760676",
"text": "general. Classical antiquity in the Mediterranean region is commonly considered to have begun in the 8th century BC (around the time of the earliest recorded poetry of Homer) and ended in the 6th century AD. Classical antiquity in Greece was preceded by the Greek Dark Ages ( 1200 – c. 800 BC), archaeologically characterised by the protogeometric and geometric styles of designs on pottery. Following the Dark Ages was the Archaic Period, beginning around the 8th century BC. The Archaic Period saw early developments in Greek culture and society which formed the basis for the Classical Period. After the Archaic",
"title": "Ancient Greece"
},
{
"id": "459546",
"text": "Winter Olympic Games The Winter Olympic Games () is a major international sporting event held once every four years for sports practised on snow and ice. The first Winter Olympics, the 1924 Winter Olympics, were held in Chamonix, France. The modern Olympic games were inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, Greece, from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD. Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894, leading to the first modern Summer Games in Athens, Greece in 1896. The IOC is the governing body of the Olympic Movement,",
"title": "Winter Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "16983526",
"text": "4th centuries BC. Under Athenian leadership, Greece successfully repelled the military threat of Persian invasion at the battles of Marathon and Thermopylae. The Athenian Golden Age ended with the defeat of Athens at the hands of Sparta in the Peloponnesian War in 404 BC. By the 6th century BC, Greek colonists had spread far and wide — from the Russian Black Sea coast to the Spanish Mediterranean and through modern Italy, North Africa, Crete, Cyprus and Turkey. The Ancient Olympic Games are said to have begun in 776BC and grew to be a major cultural event for the citizens of",
"title": "History of Western civilization before AD 500"
},
{
"id": "618533",
"text": "texts for the Hindu Religion. In 1000 BC, the Mannaean Kingdom began in Western Asia. Around the 10th to 7th centuries BC, the Neo-Assyrian Empire developed in Mesopotamia. In 800 BC, the rise of Greek city-states began. In 776 BC, the first recorded Olympic Games were held. In contrast to neighboring cultures the Greek City states did not become a single militaristic empire but competed with each other as separate \"polis\" . The preceding Iron Age is often thought to had ended in the Middle East around 550 BC due to the rise of Historiography (the historical record). The Axial",
"title": "Ancient history"
},
{
"id": "12421436",
"text": "to Timaeus, whom Eratosthenes may have imitated. The Olympic Games were held at four-year intervals, and later, the ancient historians' method of counting the years even referred to these games, using the term \"Olympiad\" for the period between two games. Previously, the local dating systems of the Greek states were used (they continued to be used by everyone except the historians), which led to confusion when trying to determine dates. For example, Diodorus states that there was a solar eclipse in the third year of the 113th Olympiad, which must be the eclipse of 316 BC. This gives a date",
"title": "Ancient Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "12421434",
"text": "BC. It originally consisted of foot races only, as did the competition for males. Some texts, including Pausanias's \"Description of Greece\", , state that Hippodameia gathered a group known as the \"Sixteen Women\" and made them administrators of the Heraea Games, out of gratitude for her marriage to Pelops. Other texts related to the Elis and Pisa conflict indicate that the \"Sixteen Women\" were peacemakers from Pisa and Elis and, because of their political competence, became administrators of the Heraea. Being the consort of Hera in Classical Greek mythology, Zeus was the father of the deities in the pantheon of",
"title": "Ancient Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "12421444",
"text": "athletes in the victors' rolls. The spread of Greek colonies in the 5th and 6th centuries BC is repeatedly linked to successful Olympic athletes. For example, Pausanias recounts that Cyrene was founded c. 630 BC by settlers from Thera with Spartan support. The support Sparta gave was primarily the loan of three-time Olympic champion Chionis. The appeal of settling with an Olympic champion helped to populate the colonies and maintain cultural and political ties with the city-states near Olympia. Thus, Hellenic culture and the games spread while the primacy of Olympia persisted. The games faced a serious challenge during the",
"title": "Ancient Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "298660",
"text": "Evangelos Zappas, a wealthy Greek-Romanian philanthropist, first wrote to King Otto of Greece, in 1856, offering to fund a permanent revival of the Olympic Games. Zappas sponsored the first Olympic Games in 1859, which was held in an Athens city square. Athletes participated from Greece and the Ottoman Empire. Zappas funded the restoration of the ancient Panathenaic Stadium so that it could host all future Olympic Games. The stadium hosted Olympics in 1870 and 1875. Thirty thousand spectators attended that Games in 1870, though no official attendance records are available for the 1875 Games. In 1890, after attending the Olympian",
"title": "Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "298651",
"text": "and sometimes international fame. The Games also constitute an opportunity for the host city and country to showcase themselves to the world. The Ancient Olympic Games were religious and athletic festivals held every four years at the sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia, Greece. Competition was among representatives of several city-states and kingdoms of Ancient Greece. These Games featured mainly athletic but also combat sports such as wrestling and the pankration, horse and chariot racing events. It has been widely written that during the Games, all conflicts among the participating city-states were postponed until the Games were finished. This cessation of",
"title": "Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "561822",
"text": "Dark Ages, is marked by an absence of written records. In 776 BC, the first Olympic Games were held at Olympia, in the western Peloponnese and this date is sometimes used to denote the beginning of the classical period of Greek antiquity. During classical antiquity, the Peloponnese was at the heart of the affairs of ancient Greece, possessed some of its most powerful city-states, and was the location of some of its bloodiest battles. The major cities of Sparta, Corinth, Argos and Megalopolis were all located on the Peloponnese, and it was the homeland of the Peloponnesian League. Soldiers from",
"title": "Peloponnese"
},
{
"id": "2075394",
"text": "the major deities of Ancient Greek religion, were believed to live. The Olympic Games were held every four years throughout Classical antiquity, from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD. The archaeological site held over 70 significant buildings, and ruins of many of these survive, although the main Temple of Zeus survives only as stones on the ground. The site is a major tourist attraction, and has two museums, one devoted to the ancient and modern games. Olympia lies in the wide valley of the rather small Alfeiós River (also Romanized as Alpheus, Alpheios) in the western part",
"title": "Olympia, Greece"
},
{
"id": "760711",
"text": "ancient Greece increased by a factor larger than ten during the period from 800 BC to 400 BC, increasing from a population of 800,000 to a total estimated population of 10 to 13 million). From about 750 BC the Greeks began 250 years of expansion, settling colonies in all directions. To the east, the Aegean coast of Asia Minor was colonized first, followed by Cyprus and the coasts of Thrace, the Sea of Marmara and south coast of the Black Sea. Eventually Greek colonization reached as far northeast as present day Ukraine and Russia (Taganrog). To the west the coasts",
"title": "Ancient Greece"
},
{
"id": "111404",
"text": "gave rise to early Mediterranean cities. Early Iron Age Italy and Greece from around the 8th century BC gradually gave rise to historical Classical antiquity, whose beginning is sometimes dated to 776 BC, the year the first Olympic Games. Ancient Greece was the founding culture of Western civilisation. Western democratic and rationalist culture are often attributed to Ancient Greece. The Greeks city-state, the polis, was the fundamental political unit of classical Greece. In 508 BC, Cleisthenes instituted the world's first democratic system of government in Athens. The Greek political ideals were rediscovered in the late 18th century by European philosophers",
"title": "Europe"
},
{
"id": "2075405",
"text": "further athletic buildings were constructed including the Palaestra (3rd century BC), Gymnasion (2nd century BC) and bath houses (c.300 BC). Finally, in 200 BC, a vaulted archway was erected linking the entrance of the stadium to the sanctuary. During the Roman period, the games were opened up to all citizens of the Roman Empire. A programme of new buildings and extensive repairs, including to the Temple of Zeus, took place. In 150 AD, the Nympheum (or Exedra) was built. New baths replaced the older Greek examples in 100 AD and an aqueduct constructed in 160 AD. The 3rd century saw",
"title": "Olympia, Greece"
},
{
"id": "154832",
"text": "of democracy, Western philosophy, Western literature, historiography, political science, major scientific and mathematical principles, and Western drama, as well as the Olympic Games. From the eighth century BC, the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states, known as \"poleis\" (singular \"polis\"), which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea. Philip of Macedon united most of the Greek mainland in the fourth century BC, with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the ancient world, from the eastern Mediterranean to India. Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century BC, becoming an integral part of the",
"title": "Greece"
},
{
"id": "12421443",
"text": "alliances and cultural interaction. The city-states had a dichotomous relationship with each other: on one hand, they relied on their neighbors for political and military alliances, while on the other they competed fiercely with those same neighbors for vital resources. The Olympic Games were established in this political context and served as a venue for representatives of the city-states to peacefully compete against each other. In the first 200 years of the games' existence, they only had regional religious importance. Only Greeks in proximity to the mountain competed in these early games. This is evidenced by the dominance of Peloponnesian",
"title": "Ancient Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "2178552",
"text": "generally agreed that the first Olympic games had happened during the summer of 776 BC. The combination of victor lists and calculations from 776 BC onwards enabled Greek historians to use the Olympiads as a way of reckoning time that did not depend on the time reckonings of one of the city-states. (\"See Attic calendar\".) The first to do so consistently was Timaeus of Tauromenium in the third century BC. Nevertheless, since for events of the early history of the games the reckoning was used in retrospect, some of the dates given by later historian for events before the 5th",
"title": "Olympiad"
},
{
"id": "298646",
"text": "Olympic Games The modern Olympic Games or Olympics () are leading international sporting events featuring summer and winter sports competitions in which thousands of athletes from around the world participate in a variety of competitions. The Olympic Games are considered the world's foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating. The Olympic Games are held every four years, with the Summer and Winter Games alternating by occurring every four years but two years apart. Their creation was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, Greece, from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD.",
"title": "Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "298656",
"text": "Another date commonly cited is 426 AD, when his successor, Theodosius II, ordered the destruction of all Greek temples. Various uses of the term \"Olympic\" to describe athletic events in the modern era have been documented since the 17th century. The first such event was the Cotswold Games or \"Cotswold Olimpick Games\", an annual meeting near Chipping Campden, England, involving various sports. It was first organised by the lawyer Robert Dover between 1612 and 1642, with several later celebrations leading up to the present day. The British Olympic Association, in its bid for the 2012 Olympic Games in London, mentioned",
"title": "Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "5058301",
"text": "Archaic Greece Archaic Greece was the period in Greek history lasting from the eighth century BC to the second Persian invasion of Greece in 480 BC, following the Greek Dark Ages and succeeded by the Classical period. The period began with a massive increase in the Greek population and a series of significant changes which rendered the Greek world at the end of the eighth century entirely unrecognisable compared to its beginning. According to Anthony Snodgrass, the Archaic period in ancient Greece was bounded by two revolutions in the Greek world. It began with a \"structural revolution\" which \"drew the",
"title": "Archaic Greece"
},
{
"id": "5058347",
"text": "BC. Archaic Greece Archaic Greece was the period in Greek history lasting from the eighth century BC to the second Persian invasion of Greece in 480 BC, following the Greek Dark Ages and succeeded by the Classical period. The period began with a massive increase in the Greek population and a series of significant changes which rendered the Greek world at the end of the eighth century entirely unrecognisable compared to its beginning. According to Anthony Snodgrass, the Archaic period in ancient Greece was bounded by two revolutions in the Greek world. It began with a \"structural revolution\" which \"drew",
"title": "Archaic Greece"
},
{
"id": "14345980",
"text": "Running in Ancient Greece In Ancient Greece, the history of running can be traced back to 776 BC. Running was important to members of ancient Greek society, and is consistently highlighted in documents referencing the Olympic Games. The Olympic Games hosted a large variety of running events, each with their own set of rules. The ancient Greeks developed difficult training programs with specialized trainers in preparation for the Games. The training and competitive attitude of Greek athletes gives insight into how scientifically advanced Greece was for the time period. The people of Greece generally enjoyed sporting events, particularly foot racing,",
"title": "Running in Ancient Greece"
},
{
"id": "12421429",
"text": "war, priests would offer sacrifices to the gods for victory. The games were also used to help spread Hellenistic culture throughout the Mediterranean. The Olympics also featured religious celebrations. The statue of Zeus at Olympia was counted as one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. Sculptors and poets would congregate each olympiad to display their works of art to would-be patrons. The ancient Olympics had fewer events than the modern games, and only freeborn Greek men were allowed to participate, although there were victorious women chariot owners. As long as they met the entrance criteria, athletes from any",
"title": "Ancient Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "618618",
"text": "history lasting for close to a millennium, until the rise of Christianity. It is considered by most historians to be the foundational culture of Western Civilization. Greek culture was a powerful influence in the Roman Empire, which carried a version of it to many parts of Europe. The earliest known human settlements in Greece were on the island of Crete, more than 9,000 years ago, though there is evidence of tool use on the island going back over 100,000 years. The earliest evidence of a civilisation in ancient Greece is that of the Minoans on Crete, dating as far back",
"title": "Ancient history"
},
{
"id": "20320094",
"text": "Sport in ancient Greek art Athletics were an important part of the cultural life of Ancient Greeks. Depictions of boxing and bull-leaping can be found back to the Bronze Age. Buildings were created for the sole use of athletics including stadions, palaestra, and gymnasiums. Starting in the Archaic Period, Panhellenic Games, including the Olympic Games, begin taking place each year. These games gave people from all over Greece the chance to gain fame for their athletic prowess. Athletics in Greece became one of the most commonly depicted scenes of everyday life in their art. As the site of the Olympic",
"title": "Sport in ancient Greek art"
},
{
"id": "13800607",
"text": "Zappas Olympics The Zappas Olympics (), simply called Olympics (, \"Olympia\") at the time, were a series of athletic events held in Athens, Greece, in 1859, 1870, and 1875 sponsored by Greek businessman Evangelis Zappas. These games were one of the first revivals of the ancient Olympic Games in the modern era. Their success provided further inspiration for William Penny Brookes in England, whose games had been running since 1850, and the International Olympic Committee series from 1896. Zappas' contribution in this process was vital: not only were the games hosted at his own initiative, he also provided the funds",
"title": "Zappas Olympics"
},
{
"id": "5058302",
"text": "political map of the Greek world\" and established the \"poleis\", the distinctively Greek city-states, and ended with the intellectual revolution of the Classical period. The Archaic period saw developments in Greek politics, economics, international relations, warfare, and culture. It laid the groundwork for the Classical period, both politically and culturally. It was in the Archaic period that the Greek alphabet developed, that the earliest surviving Greek literature was composed, that monumental sculpture and red-figure pottery began in Greece, and that the hoplite became the core of Greek armies. In Athens, the earliest institutions of the democracy were implemented under Solon,",
"title": "Archaic Greece"
},
{
"id": "10463556",
"text": "grew out of the need to present a unified front of all Greek city-states against Persian aggression. In 481 BC, Greek city-states, including Sparta, met in the first of a series of \"congresses\" that strove to unify all the Greek city-states against the danger of another Persian invasion. The coalition that emerged from the first congress was named the \"Hellenic League\" and included Sparta. Persia, under Xerxes, invaded Greece in September 481 BC, but the Athenian navy defeated the Persian navy. The Persian land forces were delayed in 480 BC by a much smaller force of 300 Spartans, 400 Thebans",
"title": "Classical Greece"
},
{
"id": "12421440",
"text": "became a central spot for the worship of the head of the Greek pantheon and a temple, built by the Greek architect Libon, was erected on the mountaintop. The temple was one of the largest Doric temples in Greece. The sculptor Pheidias created a statue of the god made of gold and ivory. It stood tall. It was placed on a throne in the temple. The statue became one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. As the historian Strabo put it, Artistic expression was a major part of the games. Sculptors, poets, painters and other artisans would come",
"title": "Ancient Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "459622",
"text": "event at the 1948 Games in Switzerland. It included cross-country skiing, shooting, downhill skiing, fencing and horse riding. The table below uses official data provided by the IOC. Bibliography Winter Olympic Games The Winter Olympic Games () is a major international sporting event held once every four years for sports practised on snow and ice. The first Winter Olympics, the 1924 Winter Olympics, were held in Chamonix, France. The modern Olympic games were inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, Greece, from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD. Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded",
"title": "Winter Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "2016205",
"text": "the Julian calendar. The table of Greek Olympiads, following the four-year cycles between the Olympic Games from 1 July 776 BC, continued until the end of the 4th century AD. The Babylonian Era of Nabonassar, beginning on 26 February 747 BC, was used by the Greeks of Alexandria. It was later known in the Middle Ages from the works of Ptolemy. The Greek calendars were greatly diversified by the Hellenistic period, with separate traditions in every Greek state. Of primary importance for the reconstruction of the regional Greek calendars is the calendar of Delphi, because of the numerous documents found",
"title": "History of calendars"
},
{
"id": "19472254",
"text": "the \"Iliad\" and the \"Aeneid\" serve as two examples where athletes win material prizes, but also gain the glory and honor associated with the retelling of the story. Sports competitions are believed to have taken place over 3,000 years ago at Olympia in Greece; hence, the name the \"Olympics\". The first written account of the Games dates back to 776 BC. The exact origin and reasons behind the multi-day event is believed to be a result of ensuring peace between the city-states in the Hellenic world. These original games at Olympia gave rise to the Panhellenic Games. The Panhellenic games",
"title": "Athletics in epic poetry"
},
{
"id": "12421454",
"text": "were harnessed under a Yoke in the middle, and two outer horses that were attached with a rope. The two-horse chariot was introduced in 408 BC. The horse with rider competition on the other hand, was introduced in 648 BC. In this race, Greeks didn't use saddles or stirrups, so they required good grip and balance. In AD67, the Roman Emperor Nero competed in the chariot race at Olympia. He was thrown from his chariot and was thus unable to finish the race. Nevertheless, he was declared the winner on the basis that he would have won if he had",
"title": "Ancient Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "2075406",
"text": "the site suffer heavy damage from a series of earthquakes. Invading tribes in 267 AD led to the centre of the site being fortified with material robbed from its monuments. Despite the destruction, the Olympic festival continued to be held at the site until the last Olympiad in 393 AD, after which the Christian emperor Theodosius I implemented a ban. The Temple of Zeus was apparently destroyed around 426 AD, during the persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire, following an edict by Theodosius II enforcing the ban on pagan festivals. The workshop of Pheidias was turned into a",
"title": "Olympia, Greece"
},
{
"id": "298653",
"text": "that after Heracles completed his twelve labours, he built the Olympic Stadium as an honour to Zeus. Following its completion, he walked in a straight line for 200 steps and called this distance a \"stadion\" (, Latin: \"stadium\", \"stage\"), which later became a unit of distance. The most widely accepted inception date for the Ancient Olympics is 776 BC; this is based on inscriptions, found at Olympia, listing the winners of a footrace held every four years starting in 776 BC. The Ancient Games featured running events, a pentathlon (consisting of a jumping event, discus and javelin throws, a foot",
"title": "Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "760747",
"text": "European Renaissance. A modern revival of Classical Greek learning took place in the Neoclassicism movement in 18th- and 19th-century Europe and the Americas. Ancient Greece Ancient Greece () was a civilization belonging to a period of Greek history from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of antiquity ( AD 600). Immediately following this period was the beginning of the Early Middle Ages and the Byzantine era. Roughly three centuries after the Late Bronze Age collapse of Mycenaean Greece, Greek urban poleis began to form in the 8th century BC, ushering in the Archaic period",
"title": "Ancient Greece"
},
{
"id": "61322",
"text": "Greek history is generally considered to have begun with the first and second Persian invasions of Greece at the start of the Greco-Persian wars, and to have ended with the death of Alexander the Great. Classical Greek culture had a powerful influence on the Roman Empire, which carried a version of it to many parts of the Mediterranean region and Europe; thus Classical Greece is generally considered to be the seminal culture which provided the foundation of Western civilization. Ancient Greek is the historical stage in the development of the Greek language spanning the Archaic (c. 8th to 6th centuries",
"title": "Classics"
},
{
"id": "12421446",
"text": "to travel safely to the games — was, for the most part, observed. Thucydides wrote of a situation when the Spartans were forbidden from attending the games, and the violators of the truce were fined 2,000 minae for assaulting the city of Lepreum during the period of the \"ekecheiria\". The Spartans disputed the fine and claimed that the truce had not yet taken hold. While a martial truce was observed by all participating city-states, no such reprieve from conflict existed in the political arena. The Olympic Games evolved the most influential athletic and cultural stage in ancient Greece, and arguably",
"title": "Ancient Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "1918259",
"text": "Panhellenic Games \"Panhellenic Games\" is the collective term for four separate sports festivals held in ancient Greece. The four Games were: The Olympiad was one of the ways the Greeks measured time. The Olympic Games were used as a starting point, year one of the cycle; the Nemean and Isthmian Games were both held (in different months) in year two, followed by the Pythian Games in year three, and then the Nemean and Isthmian Games again in year four. The cycle then repeated itself with the Olympic Games. They were structured this way so that individual athletes could participate in",
"title": "Panhellenic Games"
},
{
"id": "2075404",
"text": "of the 5th century BC. In the late classical period, further structures were added to the site. The Metroon was constructed near the Treasuries c.400 BC. The erection of the Echo Stoa, around 350 BC, separated off the sanctuary from the area of the games and stadium. The South Stoa was built at the southern edge of the sanctuary at approximately the same time. The late 4th century BC saw the erection of the Philippeion. Around 300 BC the largest building on the site, the Leonidaion, was constructed to house important visitors. Due to the increasing importance of the games,",
"title": "Olympia, Greece"
},
{
"id": "5058343",
"text": "world, and it was from this Phoenician script that the Greek alphabet developed in the eighth century BC. By the middle of the eighth century BC, pottery inscribed in Greek begins to occur in the archaeological record. The earliest known inscriptions in Greek tend to identify or explain the object on which they are inscribed. Possibly the earliest known Greek inscription is found on a jug from the first half of the eighth century BC, discovered in Osteria dell'Osa in Latium. Most early inscriptions were written in verse, though some from Ionia were in prose, influenced by the prose traditions",
"title": "Archaic Greece"
},
{
"id": "5498022",
"text": "Greece in the Roman era Greece in the Roman era describes the period of Greek history when it was dominated by the Roman republic, the Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire (collectively, the Roman era). It saw its beginnings with the Roman victory over the Corinthians, at the Battle of Corinth (146 BC). The definitive occupation of the Greek world by Rome was with the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, when the future emperor Augustus defeated Greek Ptolemaic queen Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony, the next year taking over Alexandria, the last great center of Hellenistic Greece. It continued",
"title": "Greece in the Roman era"
},
{
"id": "12421442",
"text": "every way. Included in his vision was an artistic competition modeled on the ancient Olympics and held every four years, during the celebration of the Olympic Games. His desire came to fruition at the Olympics held in Athens in 1896. Power in ancient Greece became centered around the city-state in the 8th century BC. The city-state was a population center organized into a self-contained political entity. These city-states often lived in close proximity to each other, which created competition for limited resources. Though conflict between the city-states was ubiquitous, it was also in their self-interest to engage in trade, military",
"title": "Ancient Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "13800627",
"text": "during the 2004 Athens Olympic Games. Zappas Olympics The Zappas Olympics (), simply called Olympics (, \"Olympia\") at the time, were a series of athletic events held in Athens, Greece, in 1859, 1870, and 1875 sponsored by Greek businessman Evangelis Zappas. These games were one of the first revivals of the ancient Olympic Games in the modern era. Their success provided further inspiration for William Penny Brookes in England, whose games had been running since 1850, and the International Olympic Committee series from 1896. Zappas' contribution in this process was vital: not only were the games hosted at his own",
"title": "Zappas Olympics"
},
{
"id": "20320095",
"text": "Games, the architecture of Olympia is heavily influenced by the theme of athletics. The temple of Zeus, for example, is decorated with a frieze containing the 12 labors of Heracles, who is believed to be the founder of the Olympic Games, and a pediment depicting the myth of Pelops, another origin tale of the Olympics. The main site of where the Olympic Games took place was the Stadium at Olympia which is located to the east of the sanctuary of Zeus. The physical landmarks of the Stadium are 212.54 meters long and 30–34 meters wide, and it served mainly for",
"title": "Sport in ancient Greek art"
},
{
"id": "13800612",
"text": "Zappas offered the necessary funds to the Greek government in order to establish an Olympic Trust Fund. On November 15, 1859, the first modern revival of the athletic Olympic Games took place in Athens. As the renovation of the ancient Panathenaic stadium was not yet complete, the contests were held in Loudovikou square in Athens (modern Koumoundourou square). Although they could be termed as the first Olympic Games of the present tradition, it was far from being an international festival. They had a distinctly national character, since the participants were exclusively of Greek ethnicity, coming both from inside the independent",
"title": "Zappas Olympics"
},
{
"id": "2402983",
"text": "their countries to the games in safety. The prizes for the victors were wreaths of laurel leaves. Other important sporting events in ancient Greece included the Isthmian games, the Nemean Games, and the Pythian Games. Together with the Olympics, these were the most prestigious games, and formed the Panhellenic Games. Some games, e.g. the Panathenaia of Athens, included musical, reading and other non-athletic contests in addition to regular sports-events. The Heraean Games, held in Olympia as early as the 6th century BCE, were the first recorded sporting competition for women. Sports that are at least two and a half thousand",
"title": "History of sport"
},
{
"id": "20406664",
"text": "Sports before 1001 This article presents a chronology of sporting development and events from time immemorial until the end of the 10th century CE. The major sporting event of the ancient Greek and Roman periods was the original Olympic Games, which were held every four years at Olympia for over a thousand years. Gladiatorial contests and chariot racing were massively popular. Some modern sports such as archery, athletics, boxing, football, horse racing and wrestling can directly trace their origins back to this period while later sports like cricket and golf trace their evolution from basic activities such as hitting a",
"title": "Sports before 1001"
},
{
"id": "14182317",
"text": "A wide range of sports were already established by the time of Ancient Greece and the military culture and the development of sport in Greece influenced one another considerably. Sport became such a prominent part of their culture that the Greeks created the Olympic Games, which in ancient times were held every four years in a small village in the Peloponnesus called Olympia. Sports have been increasingly organised and regulated from the time of the ancient Olympics up to the present century. Industrialisation has brought increased leisure time, letting people attend and follow spectator sports and participate in athletic activities.",
"title": "Sport"
},
{
"id": "17489309",
"text": "and all Olympian winners, were highly appreciated among the Greeks. The sophist Hippias of Elis was the first who drew up the list of Olympians in his work \"\"Olympians inscription\"\", based perhaps on the records of Olympia, and the oral tradition memories of the older Olympiads were still live in Olympia. Conventional beginning was considered the Olympiad of 776 BC, when Coroebus of Elis win the foot race named stadion. The work of Hippias revised and continued in the 4th century BC by Aristotle, later by Eratosthenes, then by Phlegon of Tralles (Seleucia of Caria) and many others. Thus formed",
"title": "Olympic winners of the Archaic period"
},
{
"id": "5058307",
"text": "he believed them to be accurate. Indeed, Herodotus does not even record any dates before 480 BC. Politically, the Archaic period saw the development of the polis (or city-state) as the predominant unit of political organisation. Many cities throughout Greece came under the rule of autocratic leaders, called \"tyrants\". The period also saw the development of law and systems of communal decision-making, with the earliest evidence for law codes and constitutional structures dating to the period. By the end of the Archaic period, both the Athenian and Spartan constitutions seem to have developed into their classical forms. The Archaic period",
"title": "Archaic Greece"
},
{
"id": "352282",
"text": "honor of the goddess Tailtiu, dates back to 1829 BCE, and is one of the earliest records of competitive running. The origins of the Olympics and Marathon running are shrouded by myth and legend, though the first recorded games took place in 776 BCE. Running in Ancient Greece can be traced back to these games of 776 BCE. Running gait can be divided into two phases in regard to the lower extremity: stance and swing. These can be further divided into absorption, propulsion, initial swing and terminal swing. Due to the continuous nature of running gait, no certain point is",
"title": "Running"
},
{
"id": "760678",
"text": "This period saw the Greco-Persian Wars and the Rise of Macedon. Following the Classical period was the Hellenistic period (323–146 BC), during which Greek culture and power expanded into the Near and Middle East. This period begins with the death of Alexander and ends with the Roman conquest. Roman Greece is usually considered to be the period between Roman victory over the Corinthians at the Battle of Corinth in 146 BC and the establishment of Byzantium by Constantine as the capital of the Roman Empire in AD 330. Finally, Late Antiquity refers to the period of Christianization during the later",
"title": "Ancient Greece"
},
{
"id": "1314214",
"text": "Ancient Greek The Ancient Greek language includes the forms of Greek used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around the 9th century BCE to the 6th century CE. It is often roughly divided into the Archaic period (9th to 6th centuries BCE), Classical period (5th and 4th centuries BCE), and Hellenistic period (Koine Greek, 3rd century BCE to the 4th century CE). It is antedated in the second millennium BCE by Mycenaean Greek and succeeded by medieval Greek. Koine is regarded as a separate historical stage of its own, although in its earliest form it closely resembled Attic",
"title": "Ancient Greek"
},
{
"id": "14345986",
"text": "Athens to Sparta and then back to Marathon in 490 BCE. He was sent to gain the help of the Spartans against the attack of the Persian army in Marathon. In 1896, at the first modern Olympics, the very first modern-day marathon was run. To honor the history of Greek running, Greece chose a course that would mimic the route run by Pheidippides. The race course covered . The route started at a bridge in the town of Marathon and ended in the Olympic stadium reference perseus project. Another event in the ancient Olympic Games was the pentathlon. The pentathlon",
"title": "Running in Ancient Greece"
},
{
"id": "2902344",
"text": "in Greece is conventionally dated as starting from the sacking of Corinth by the Roman Lucius Mummius in 146 BC, Macedonia had already come under Roman control with the defeat of its king, Perseus, by the Roman Aemilius Paullus at Pydna in 168 BC. The Romans divided the region into four smaller republics, and in 146 BC Macedonia officially became a province, with its capital at Thessalonica. The rest of the Greek city-states gradually and eventually paid homage to Rome ending their \"de jure\" autonomy as well. The Romans left local administration to the Greeks without making any attempt to",
"title": "History of Greece"
},
{
"id": "1918497",
"text": "Isthmian Games Isthmian Games or Isthmia (Ancient Greek: Ἴσθμια) were one of the Panhellenic Games of Ancient Greece, and were named after the Isthmus of Corinth, where they were held. As with the Nemean Games, the Isthmian Games were held both the year before and the year after the Olympic Games (the second and fourth years of an Olympiad), while the Pythian Games were held in the third year of the Olympiad cycle. The Games were reputed to have originated as funeral games for Melicertes (also known as Palaemon), instituted by Sisyphus, legendary founder and king of Corinth, who discovered",
"title": "Isthmian Games"
},
{
"id": "5498034",
"text": "is assumed between the 4th and 7th centuries AD, Greece may have been one of the most economically active regions in the eastern Mediterranean. Greece in the Roman era Greece in the Roman era describes the period of Greek history when it was dominated by the Roman republic, the Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire (collectively, the Roman era). It saw its beginnings with the Roman victory over the Corinthians, at the Battle of Corinth (146 BC). The definitive occupation of the Greek world by Rome was with the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, when the future emperor Augustus",
"title": "Greece in the Roman era"
},
{
"id": "10463550",
"text": "of Turkey), the Greek cities, which included great centres such as Miletus and Halicarnassus, were unable to maintain their independence and came under the rule of the Persian Empire in the mid-6th century BC. In 499 BC that region's Greeks rose in the Ionian Revolt, and Athens and some other Greek cities sent aid, but were quickly forced to back down after defeat in 494 BC at the Battle of Lade. Asia Minor returned to Persian control. In 492 BC, the Persian general Mardonius led a campaign through Thrace and Macedonia. He was victorious and again subjugated the former and",
"title": "Classical Greece"
},
{
"id": "591450",
"text": "11; host nation Greece won the most medals overall, 46. The highlight for the Greeks was the marathon victory by their compatriot Spyridon Louis. The most successful competitor was German wrestler and gymnast Carl Schuhmann, who won four events. Athens had been unanimously chosen to stage the inaugural modern Games during a congress organised by Coubertin in Paris on 23 June 1894, during which the IOC was also created, because Greece was the birthplace of the Ancient Olympic Games. The main venue was the Panathenaic Stadium, where athletics and wrestling took place; other venues included the Neo Phaliron Velodrome for",
"title": "1896 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "12421438",
"text": "of the sanctuary at Olympia, and hence the games, for prestige and political advantage. Pausanias later writes that in 668 BC, Pheidon of Argos was commissioned by the town of Pisa to capture the sanctuary from the town of Elis, which he did and then personally controlled the games for that year. The next year, Elis regained control. The Olympic Games were part of the Panhellenic Games, four separate games held at two- or four-year intervals, but arranged so that there was at least one set of games every year. The Olympic Games were more important and more prestigious than",
"title": "Ancient Olympic Games"
},
{
"id": "14345999",
"text": "Olympic Games have been restored with over 12,000 athletes who compete at the Summer and Winter Olympics in 31 different sports and nearly 400 events (Craig 102). Running in Ancient Greece In Ancient Greece, the history of running can be traced back to 776 BC. Running was important to members of ancient Greek society, and is consistently highlighted in documents referencing the Olympic Games. The Olympic Games hosted a large variety of running events, each with their own set of rules. The ancient Greeks developed difficult training programs with specialized trainers in preparation for the Games. The training and competitive",
"title": "Running in Ancient Greece"
},
{
"id": "154840",
"text": "Persian rule failed, and Persia invaded the states of mainland Greece in 492 BC, but was forced to withdraw after a defeat at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. In response, the Greek city-states formed the Hellenic League in 481 BC, led by Sparta, which was the first historically recorded union of Greek States since the mythical union of the Trojan War. A second invasion by the Persians followed in 480 BC. Following decisive Greek victories in 480 and 479 BC at Salamis, Plataea, and Mycale, the Persians were forced to withdraw for a second time, marking their eventual",
"title": "Greece"
},
{
"id": "2075408",
"text": "from repeated tsunamis. The exact site was re-discovered in 1766 by the English antiquarian Richard Chandler. The first excavation of the sanctuary at Olympia was not carried out until 1829, by the French \"Expedition Scientifique de Moree\". Since the 1870s, the excavation and preservation of Ancient Olympia has been the responsibility of the German Archaeological Institute at Athens. The first major excavation of Olympia began in 1875, funded by the German government after negotiation of exclusive access by Ernst Curtius. Other archaeologists responsible for the dig were Gustav Hirschfeld, George Treu, Adolf Furtwängler (who worked alongside architects), A. Boetticher, Wilhelm",
"title": "Olympia, Greece"
},
{
"id": "2902326",
"text": "recounted in Herodotus's \"Histories\". By the late 6th century BC, the Achaemenid Persian Empire ruled over all Greek city states and had made territorial gains in the Balkans and Eastern Europe proper as well. The Ionian Greek cities revolted from the Persian Empire, through a chain of events, and were supported by some of the mainland cities, eventually led by Athens. To punish mainland Greece for its support of the Ionian cities (which uprising by that time had already been quelled) Darius I launched the First Persian invasion of Greece, which lasted from 492 BC till 490 BC. The Persian",
"title": "History of Greece"
},
{
"id": "11919981",
"text": "Rome. It refers to the timeframe of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Ancient history includes the recorded Greek history beginning in about 776 BC (First Olympiad). This coincides roughly with the traditional date of the founding of Rome in 753 BC and the beginning of the history of Rome. The date used as the end of the ancient era is arbitrary. The transition period from Classical Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages is known as Late Antiquity. Late Antiquity is a periodization used by historians to describe the transitional centuries from Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages, in both mainland",
"title": "Timeline of ancient history"
},
{
"id": "12680045",
"text": "First Persian invasion of Greece The first Persian invasion of Greece, during the Persian Wars, began in 492 BC, and ended with the decisive Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. The invasion, consisting of two distinct campaigns, was ordered by the Persian king Darius I primarily in order to punish the city-states of Athens and Eretria. These cities had supported the cities of Ionia during their revolt against Persian rule, thus incurring the wrath of Darius. Darius also saw the opportunity to extend his empire into Europe, and to secure its western frontier. The first campaign",
"title": "First Persian invasion of Greece"
},
{
"id": "15169425",
"text": "venue design and construction. The marathon course used was the same one used for the 1896 Games though it was longer to the marathon not being standardized until 1924. Canoe slalom's venue at Ellinikon was the first using saltwater, having it pumped in from the Aegean Sea. After the Olympics, Markopoulo Olympic Shooting Centre was converted into a police training center while two other venues were converted into entertainment centers. Greece served as home of the Ancient Olympic Games that ran from 776 B.C. to 393 A.D. in Olympia. Following the effort of Pierre de Coubertin to revive the Olympic",
"title": "Venues of the 2004 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"id": "12608573",
"text": "a standard 18-event program was established. In order to open a Games in ancient Greece the organizers would hold an Inauguration Festival. This was followed by a ceremony in which athletes took an oath of sportsmanship. The first competition, an artistic competition of trumpeters and heralds, concluded the opening festivities. The Olympic opening ceremonies represent the official commencement of an Olympic Games. In recent Olympics, athletic competition began prior to the opening ceremonies. For example, the football competitions for both men and women at the 2008 Summer Olympics began two days prior to the opening ceremonies. The 2014 Winter Olympics",
"title": "Olympic Games ceremony"
},
{
"id": "760710",
"text": "settled by Thracian tribes. To the north of Macedonia lay various non-Greek peoples such as the Paeonians due north, the Thracians to the northeast, and the Illyrians, with whom the Macedonians were frequently in conflict, to the northwest. Chalcidice was settled early on by southern Greek colonists and was considered part of the Greek world, while from the late 2nd millennium BC substantial Greek settlement also occurred on the eastern shores of the Aegean, in Anatolia. During the Archaic period, the population of Greece grew beyond the capacity of its limited arable land (according to one estimate, the population of",
"title": "Ancient Greece"
},
{
"id": "523456",
"text": "part of the Greek past and it was not until the time of Euhemerism that scholars began to question Homer's historicity. As part of the Mycenaean heritage that survived, the names of the gods and goddesses of Mycenaean Greece (e.g. Zeus, Poseidon and Hades) became major figures of the Olympian Pantheon of later antiquity. The ethnogenesis of the Greek nation is linked to the development of Pan-Hellenism in the 8th century BC. According to some scholars, the foundational event was the Olympic Games in 776 BC, when the idea of a common Hellenism among the Greek tribes was first translated",
"title": "Greeks"
},
{
"id": "861096",
"text": "at the Sanctuary of the Great Gods, on the island of Samothrace, though their marriage was largely political in nature. One year later, in 356 BC, Philip's race horse won in the Olympic Games; for this victory, his wife, who was known then as Myrtale, received the name \"Olympias\". In the summer of the same year, Olympias gave birth to her first child, Alexander. In ancient Greece people believed that the birth of a great man was accompanied by portents. As Plutarch describes, the night before the consummation of their marriage, Olympias dreamed that a thunderbolt fell upon her womb",
"title": "Olympias"
},
{
"id": "864031",
"text": "Greece. Built in the 4th century BC, the theater had a capacity of 8,000 people; below it Early Helladic, sub-Mycenaean and Protogeometric graves have been found. Elis is well known for breeding horses and its hosting of the Olympic games. Elis was a traditional ally of Sparta, but the city state joined Argos and Athens in an alliance against Sparta around 420 BC during the Peloponnesian War. This was due to Spartan support for the independence of Lepreum. As punishment following the surrender of Athens, Elis was forced to surrender Triphylia in 399 BC, and the territory was permanently ceded",
"title": "Elis"
},
{
"id": "16983525",
"text": "by around 800BC, iron tools and weapons were common along the Aegean Sea, representing a major advance for warfare, agriculture and crafts in Greece. The earliest urban civilizations of Europe belong to the Bronze Age Minoans of Crete and Mycenaean Greece, which ended around the 11th century BC as Greece entered the Greek Dark Ages. Ancient Greece was the civilization belonging to the period of Greek history lasting from the Archaic period of the 8th to 6th centuries BC to 146 BC and the Roman conquest of Greece after the Battle of Corinth. Classical Greece flourished during the 5th to",
"title": "History of Western civilization before AD 500"
},
{
"id": "864028",
"text": "Olympic festival was organized in Elean land, Olympia, Greece by the authorities of Elis in the 8th century BC, with tradition dating the first games at 776 BC. The Hellanodikai, the judges of the Games, were of Elean origin. The local form of the name was Valis, or Valeia, and its meaning, in all probability was, \"the lowland\" (compare with the word \"valley\"). In its physical constitution Elis is similar to Achaea and Arcadia; its mountains are mere offshoots of the Arcadian highlands, and its principal rivers are fed by Arcadian springs. According to Strabo, the first settlement was created",
"title": "Elis"
},
{
"id": "4784554",
"text": "BC, the Neo-Assyrian Empire forms in Mesopotamia. In 800 BC, the rise of Greek city-states begins. In 776 BC, the first recorded Olympic Games are held. The post-classical era, also known as the Middle Ages, is a historical period following the Iron Age, fully underway by the 5th century and lasting to the 15th century, and preceding the early Modern Era. The medieval history is the middle period, or the middle age, in a three-period division of history: Classic, Medieval, and Modern. The precise dates of the beginning, culmination, and end of the medieval history are more or less arbitrarily",
"title": "Universal history"
}
] | when did the first olympics start in ancient greece |
[
"Real Madrid"
] | [
{
"id": "10591963",
"text": "UEFA club competition records and statistics Real Madrid hold the record for the most overall titles (22) and Milan with most UEFA Super Cup wins (5), a record shared with Barcelona. The Madrilenian club have record thirteen were achieved in the UEFA Champions League and its predecessor. Barcelona have a record four titles in the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup while Sevilla have a record of five UEFA Cup and Europa League titles. Finally, German clubs Hamburg, Schalke 04 and Stuttgart, and Spanish club Villarreal are the record holders by titles won in the UEFA Intertoto Cup (2 each). To date,",
"title": "UEFA club competition records and statistics"
},
{
"id": "8953257",
"text": "competitions. Successful teams in recent European competitions are Real Madrid, FC Barcelona, Sevilla, Athletic Bilbao, Valencia CF and Atlético Madrid. Real Madrid and Barcelona have dominated for much of their history, and created an intimate rivalry. Real Madrid has been dubbed by many pundits as the most successful club in the world, having won the UEFA Champions League a record 13 times, almost all other UEFA club competitions at least once and the La Liga a record 33 times. Barcelona has been European champions 5 times, and won La Liga on 25 occasions. Other teams such as Atlético Madrid, Sevilla",
"title": "Sport in Spain"
},
{
"id": "3705875",
"text": "77,632 people in the stadium with highest average attendance. In La Liga's 89-year history (with the exeception of the three seasons that the league was suspended due to the civil war), Barcelona and Real Madrid have won 55 titles between them. Barcelona and Real Madrid are two fierce rivals clubs, and the matches between both two clubs are named as \"El Clásico\". Those football matches are one of the most viewed sports events in the world. Although a total of 62 teams have competed in La Liga since its inception, only nine clubs have won the title: Real Madrid (33),",
"title": "Football in Spain"
},
{
"id": "9212011",
"text": "Spanish football clubs in international competitions Football clubs from La Liga (Spain) have been the most successful in Europe. Real Madrid have been crowned champions of Europe on 13 separate occasions. La Liga clubs have won 60 major European trophies between them, more than any other league. Real Madrid have won 22 titles in total while Barcelona have won 14, and Atlético Madrid have contributed another 8 , while Sevilla have won 6. Deportivo La Coruña have been regulars in the UEFA Champions League while Athletic Bilbao, RCD Espanyol, Alavés and RCD Mallorca have all contested major finals. Even smaller",
"title": "Spanish football clubs in international competitions"
},
{
"id": "367462",
"text": "season was 76,234, the highest in European Leagues. Real has also set records in Spanish football, most notably the most domestic titles (33 as of 2016–17) and the most seasons won in a row (five, during 1960–65 and 1985–90). With 121 matches (from 17 February 1957 to 7 March 1965), the club holds the record for longest unbeaten run at home in La Liga. The club also hold the record for winning the European Cup/UEFA Champions League thirteen times and for the most semi-final appearances (28). As of April 2016, Cristiano Ronaldo is the all-time top scorer in the UEFA",
"title": "Real Madrid C.F."
},
{
"id": "10845124",
"text": "defeating city rivals Atlético Madrid for the second time in three years. Real Madrid finished as runners-up in La Liga, only one point behind Barcelona. The 2016–17 season was the greatest campaign in terms of trophies won in the history of Real Madrid, as the club attained four titles, a feat previously never achieved by Real. Real Madrid won the 2017 UEFA Super Cup 2–1 against Manchester United on 8 August. Five days later, Real Madrid beat Barcelona at the Camp Nou 1–3 in the first leg of the 2017 Supercopa de España. Three days later, Real won the second",
"title": "History of Real Madrid C.F."
},
{
"id": "18257175",
"text": "Sport in Madrid Madrid is home to a number of football teams and other sports teams. Madrid is home to La Liga football club giants Real Madrid, who play their home games at the Santiago Bernabéu. Their supporters are referred to as \"Madridistas\" or \"Merengues\" (Meringues). Real Madrid is one of the most prestigious football clubs of the world (FIFA selected Real Madrid the best team of the 20th century), having won a record 13 European Cups. Real has also won record 33 league titles and 19 Copa del Rey titles. Real Madrid's successful hometown rivals, Atlético Madrid, are also",
"title": "Sport in Madrid"
},
{
"id": "367460",
"text": "at the club), he is also Real's most capped international player while with 127 caps (47 while at the club). Cristiano Ronaldo is Real Madrid's all-time top goalscorer, with 450 goals. Five other players have also scored over 200 goals for Real: Alfredo Di Stéfano (1953–64), Santillana (1971–88), Ferenc Puskás (1958–66), Hugo Sánchez (1985–92) and the previous goalscoring record-holder Raúl (1994–2010). Cristiano Ronaldo also holds the record for the most league goals scored in one season (48 in 2014–15), alongside being Real's top goalscorer of all time in La Liga history with 311 goals. Di Stéfano's 49 goals in 58",
"title": "Real Madrid C.F."
},
{
"id": "20508928",
"text": "ranking and the most valuable sports team in the world. Real are the current holders of the European Cup (UEFA Champions League) having won the competition a record 13 times. The latest of their 33 La Liga title came in 2017. Their successful hometown rivals, Atlético Madrid, are also well-supported in the city and play their home games at the Wanda Metropolitano. Their supporters are referred to as \"Atléticos or Colchoneros\" (The Mattressers), in reference to the team's red and white jersey colours. Atlético is considered a European elite team, having reached in the last five seasons, two UEFA Champions",
"title": "Football in Madrid"
},
{
"id": "492895",
"text": "inception. Nine teams have been crowned champions, with Real Madrid winning the title a record 33 times and Barcelona 25 times. Barcelona won the inaugural La Liga in 1929 with Athletic Bilbao claiming several titles in the league's early years. Barcelona and Real Madrid dominated the championship in the 1950s, winning four La Liga titles each throughout the decade. Real Madrid dominated La Liga from the 1960s through the 1980s, when Barcelona, Athletic Bilbao, and Real Sociedad won the league twice in those years. From the 1990s onward, Barcelona has dominated La Liga, winning 15 titles. Although Real Madrid has",
"title": "La Liga"
},
{
"id": "367415",
"text": "with Barcelona and \"El Derbi\" with Atlético Madrid. Real Madrid established itself as a major force in both Spanish and European football during the 1950s, winning five consecutive European Cups and reaching the final seven times. This success was replicated in the league, where the club won five times in the space of seven years. This team, which consisted of players such as Alfredo Di Stéfano, Ferenc Puskás, Francisco Gento and Raymond Kopa, is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time. In domestic football, the club has won 64 trophies; a record 33",
"title": "Real Madrid C.F."
},
{
"id": "367444",
"text": "victory in the 2016 UEFA Super Cup. On 10 December 2016, Madrid won their 35th-straight match without a loss, which set a new club record. On 18 December 2016, Madrid defeated Japanese club Kashima Antlers 4–2 in the final of the 2016 FIFA Club World Cup. With a 3–3 draw at Sevilla on 12 January 2017, Madrid's unbeaten run extended to 40, breaking Barcelona's Spanish record of 39 matches unbeaten in all competitions from the previous season. Their unbeaten streak ended after a 1–2 away loss against Sevilla in La Liga three days later. In May that year, Madrid won",
"title": "Real Madrid C.F."
},
{
"id": "367443",
"text": "with players and a failure to get good results against top teams. On 4 January 2016, Benítez's departure was announced along with the promotion of Zinedine Zidane to his first head coaching role. Under Zidane, Real ended up finishing in second place, just one point behind champions Barcelona, in the 2015–16 La Liga. On 28 May, Real Madrid won their 11th Champions League title, extending their record for most successes in the competition, with the achievement being termed \"\"La Undécima\"\". Real Madrid began their 2016–17 campaign, which was to be Zidane's first full season in charge of the club, with",
"title": "Real Madrid C.F."
},
{
"id": "838494",
"text": "the 2017 Supercopa de España. Three days later, Real won the second leg 2–0, 5–1 on aggregate, while ending Barcelona's consecutive scoring record in \"El Clásico\". This title tied Zidane with Vicente del Bosque as the third most successful Real Madrid manager with 7 titles, one short of Luis Molowny, but still 7 away from Miguel Muñoz. This also meant, that at the time, Zidane had won as many titles in his managerial position in Real Madrid as games lost during his tenure. Zidane's success saw him named Best FIFA Men's Coach in 2017. In December 2017, Zidane won his",
"title": "Zinedine Zidane"
},
{
"id": "546628",
"text": "the most goals scored, with Real Madrid beating Eintracht Frankfurt 7-3 in Hampden Park, courtesy of four goals by Ferenc Puskás and a hat-trick by Alfredo Di Stéfano. This was Real Madrid's fifth consecutive title, a record that still stands today. Real Madrid’s reign ended in the 1960–61 season when bitter rivals Barcelona dethroned them in the first round. Barcelona themselves, however, would be defeated in the final by Portuguese side Benfica 3–2 at Wankdorf Stadium. Reinforced by Eusébio, Benfica defeated Real Madrid 5–3 at the Olympic Stadium in Amsterdam and kept the title for a second, consecutive season. Benfica",
"title": "UEFA Champions League"
},
{
"id": "838492",
"text": "of the Copa del Rey round of 16 saw him win his 40th consecutive match without a loss – creating a new Spanish record, beating Luis Enrique's record of 39 matches undefeated with Barcelona. Zidane later led Madrid to the La Liga title, their 33rd in history, by defeating Málaga 2–0. On 3 June 2017, Zidane led Real Madrid to a 4–1 win against Italian side Juventus in the 2017 UEFA Champions League Final at Cardiff to grab the club's 12th European Cup (\"La Duodécima\"). This victory meant that Madrid were the first ever team to win the Champions League",
"title": "Zinedine Zidane"
},
{
"id": "367439",
"text": "transfer price approximated at €100 million. In Ancelotti's first season at the club, Real Madrid won the Copa del Rey, with Bale scoring the winner in the final against Barcelona. On 24 May, Real Madrid defeated city rivals Atlético Madrid in the 2014 Champions League Final, winning their first European title since 2002, and becoming the first team to win ten European Cups/Champions League titles, an achievement known as \"\"La Décima\"\". After winning the 2014 Champions League, Real Madrid signed goalkeeper Keylor Navas, midfielder Toni Kroos and attacking midfielder James Rodríguez. The club won the 2014 UEFA Super Cup against",
"title": "Real Madrid C.F."
},
{
"id": "12950078",
"text": "UEFA Champions League, during the early years of the competition, they have since won the trophy five times, with their first win in 1992. Barcelona have moved to the second place of the ranking of Europe’s most successful clubs in terms of international trophies won, just behind Real Madrid. In the second part of 2015, with the UEFA Super Cup victory in Tbilisi against Sevilla and the FIFA Club World Cup victory in Yokohama against River Plate meant the Catalans have won 20 different titles, behind Real Madrid's 25. In the tables, \"(H)\" denotes home ground, \"(A)\" denotes away ground",
"title": "FC Barcelona in international football competitions"
},
{
"id": "492920",
"text": "not won. In the 2014–15 season, under the deadly trio of Messi, Neymar, Suarez, nicknamed the 'MSN', Barcelona made history by becoming the first team to achieve a second Treble. The 'MSN' hit a record breaking 122 goals, eclipsing the 118 goals scored by Madrid in the 2011–12 season. Barcelona continued the dominance in the 2015–16 season, winning the Liga/Copa Del Rey double resulting in 4 titles in 6 years. Real Madrid brought back the La Liga title under the management of Zinedine Zidane in 2016–17, but Barcelona won the title in the 2017–18 season, as well as winning their",
"title": "La Liga"
},
{
"id": "3705877",
"text": "emerging 3–1 winners. Club Bizcaya, which consisted of players from both Basque teams, eventually beat Barcelona in the final. Alfonso XIII subsequently became the patron of many Spanish football clubs, granting them permission to use \"\"Real\"\" (Spanish for \"royal\") in their names. Among the many clubs to add the prefix to their name was Madrid FC, which subsequently became Real Madrid. Fourteen clubs have won the title: Barcelona (30), Athletic Bilbao (23), Real Madrid (19), Atlético Madrid (10), Valencia (7), Real Zaragoza (6), Sevilla (5), Espanyol (4), Real Union (4), Real Betis (2), Deportivo de La Coruña (2), Real Sociedad",
"title": "Football in Spain"
},
{
"id": "6713387",
"text": "Benzema and Cristiano Ronaldo in the Madrid attack. The transfer of the Welshman is reportedly a new world record, with the transfer price around €100 million. In Ancelotti's first season at the club, Real Madrid won the Copa del Rey, with Bale scoring the winner in the final against Barcelona. On 24 May 2014, Real Madrid defeated city rivals Atlético Madrid in the Champions League Final, winning their first European title since 2002, and they became the first team to win ten European Cups, an achievement known as \"La Décima\". Real Madrid's attacking trio of Bale, Benzema and Cristiano, dubbed",
"title": "Galácticos"
},
{
"id": "17690457",
"text": "European teams ranking and the most valuable sports team in the world. Real is also the worldwide leader with a record 26 international titles, being the current holders of the UEFA Champions League and the FIFA Club World Cup. Their successful hometown rivals, Atlético Madrid, are also well-supported in the city and play their home games at the Wanda Metropolitano. Their supporters are referred to as \"Atléticos or Colchoneros\" (The Mattressers), in reference to the team's red and white jersey colours. Atlético is considered a European elite team, having reached in the last ten seasons, three UEFA Europa League titles",
"title": "Madrid"
},
{
"id": "492911",
"text": "sequence. All in all, Barcelona and Real Madrid won 4 La Liga titles each, with Atletico De Madrid and Atletico De Bilbao winning one each during this decade. Between 1961 and 1980, Real Madrid dominated the \"Primera División\", being crowned champions 14 times, including five-in-a-row from 1961 to 1965 and two three-in-a-row sequences (1967–1969 and 1978–1980). However, their only European Cup triumph during this period came in 1966, a sharp contrast to their five successive victories in the competition from 1956. During this era, only Atlético Madrid offered Real Madrid any serious challenge, adding four more titles to their tally",
"title": "La Liga"
},
{
"id": "492912",
"text": "in 1966, 1970, 1973, and 1977. Of the other clubs, only Valencia in 1971 and the Johan Cruyff-inspired Barcelona of 1974 broke the dominance of Real Madrid. The Madrid winning sequence was interrupted more significantly in 1981 when Real Sociedad won their first-ever title. They retained it in 1982, and their two in a row was followed by fellow Basque team Athletic Bilbao, who won back-to-back titles in 1983 and 1984. Terry Venables led Barcelona to a solitary title in 1985 before Real Madrid put together another five in a row sequence (1986–1990) with a team guided by Leo Beenhakker",
"title": "La Liga"
},
{
"id": "492919",
"text": "Champions League. From 2000-2010, FC Barcelona won 5 La Liga titles and 2 Champions League. In the 2011–12 season, Real Madrid won its 32nd title under the management of José Mourinho with a then record-breaking 100 points, a then record of 118 number of goals scored, most overall (32) and away (16) wins in a single season in La Liga. A year later, Barcelona replicated the same feat under coach Tito Vilanova matching the 100-point record. Atlético Madrid won the 2013–14 title, their first in 18 years, and the first title in ten years that Real Madrid or Barcelona had",
"title": "La Liga"
},
{
"id": "19359953",
"text": "2016–17 La Liga The 2016–17 La Liga season, also known as La Liga Santander for sponsorship reasons, was the 86th since its establishment. The season began on 19 August 2016 and concluded on 21 May 2017. The title was won by Real Madrid, for a record 33rd time; this was the first time they became champions since the 2011–12 season. Real Madrid also became only the second side (after Barcelona in 2012–13) to score in every match of their Liga campaign. The Spanish top flight dropped the sponsorship from BBVA and will now be called LaLiga while the second division",
"title": "2016–17 La Liga"
},
{
"id": "367445",
"text": "the 2016–17 La Liga for a record 33rd time, their first title in five years. On 3 June, the club's Champions League Final win against Juventus resulted in Real Madrid being the first team to successfully defend their title in the UEFA Champions League era, and the first to win consecutive titles in the competition since Milan in 1989 and 1990, when the tournament was known as the European Cup. Real Madrid's title was its 12th, extending its record, and its third in four years. The achievement is also known as \"\"La Duodécima\"\". The 2016–17 season was the greatest campaign",
"title": "Real Madrid C.F."
},
{
"id": "9088440",
"text": "2–2 draw against Real Madrid on 6 May to extend their unbeaten streak in the league, with Suárez and Messi scoring the goals for Barca, before Cristiano Ronaldo and Gareth Bale drew Real level. Barcelona's record unbeaten streak (43 games) came to an end on 13 May losing to Levante 4–5. Barcelona mounted a comeback after trailing 1–5, with Suárez scoring one and new club record signing Philippe Coutinho scoring a hat-trick. On 2 September 2018, Suárez scored twice for Barcelona in an 8–2 win over newly promoted Huesca. A week later he scored in their 2–1 victory at Real",
"title": "Luis Suárez"
},
{
"id": "367446",
"text": "in terms of trophies won in the history of Real Madrid. Real Madrid won the 2017 UEFA Super Cup 2–1 against Manchester United. Five days later, Real Madrid beat Barcelona at the Camp Nou in the first leg of the 2017 Supercopa de España, before winning the second leg 2–0, ending a 24 consecutive scoring record of Barcelona in \"El Clásico\" matches, and with a 5–1 aggregate score. Real Madrid also won their third successive UEFA Champions League in 2018, becoming the first club to win three straight UEFA Champions League titles since the tournament's inception, as well as the",
"title": "Real Madrid C.F."
},
{
"id": "367416",
"text": "La Liga titles, 19 Copa del Rey, 10 Supercopa de España, a Copa Eva Duarte, and a Copa de la Liga. In European and worldwide competitions, the club has won a record 25 trophies; a record 13 European Cup/UEFA Champions League titles, two UEFA Cups and four UEFA Super Cups. In international football, they have achieved a record six club world championships. Real Madrid was recognised as the FIFA Club of the 20th Century on 11 December 2000, and received the FIFA Centennial Order of Merit on 20 May 2004. The club was also awarded Best European Club of the",
"title": "Real Madrid C.F."
},
{
"id": "6272013",
"text": "against Juventus made Real Madrid the first team ever to repeat in the Champions League era, and the first to win consecutive titles in the competition since A.C. Milan in 1989 and 1990, when the tournament was known as the European Cup. Real Madrid’s title was its 12th, extending its record, and its third in four years. The achievement is also known as \"La Duodécima\". Real Madrid won their third title in a row in 2018 against Liverpool in Kyiv, with a great overhead bicycle goal by Gareth Bale, joined by a long-range goal from the Welshman too, the match",
"title": "European Cup and UEFA Champions League history"
},
{
"id": "3705879",
"text": "as UEFA Champions League, UEFA Super Cup, and UEFA Europa League ; and they also were the most successful in the extinct Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. The most successful clubs in international competitions are Real Madrid and Barcelona. In addition, other Spanish clubs have also won titles in international tournaments, such as Atlético Madrid, Valencia, Sevilla, Real Zaragoza, Villarreal, Deportivo de La Coruña, Celta de Vigo and Málaga. Spanish football clubs hold different records in international competitions. Real Madrid is the most successful club in the European Cup/UEFA Champions League. They have won 13 titles and were runners-up three times. Real",
"title": "Football in Spain"
},
{
"id": "8051034",
"text": "Albert Celades Albert Celades López (born 29 September 1975) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a defensive midfielder, and is the assistant coach of Real Madrid. A tactically astute player with a strong defensive mentality, he was best known for his stints with Barcelona and Real Madrid, and he amassed La Liga total of 223 matches and eight goals over 12 seasons, winning ten major titles both clubs combined. Celades appeared with the Spain national team at the 1998 World Cup. Born in Barcelona, Catalonia, Celades —who left Barcelona at age seven with his family to live in",
"title": "Albert Celades"
},
{
"id": "8051028",
"text": "Albert Celades Albert Celades López (born 29 September 1975) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a defensive midfielder, and is the assistant coach of Real Madrid. A tactically astute player with a strong defensive mentality, he was best known for his stints with Barcelona and Real Madrid, and he amassed La Liga total of 223 matches and eight goals over 12 seasons, winning ten major titles both clubs combined. Celades appeared with the Spain national team at the 1998 World Cup. Born in Barcelona, Catalonia, Celades —who left Barcelona at age seven with his family to live in",
"title": "Albert Celades"
},
{
"id": "17185707",
"text": "league campaign in third place (behind Barcelona and cross-city rivals Atletico Madrid) after winning the Copa del Rey – against rivals Barcelona – in April. Upon reaching the 2014 UEFA Champions League Final, they defeated then-recently-league winners Atlético Madrid 4–1 to win their tenth European title. Real Madrid started the summer without a manager, as José Mourinho departed to manage Chelsea. On 25 June, Carlo Ancelotti was officially announced as Real Madrid's new manager for the next three seasons. He appeared for his first press conference in front of the media on June 26. On 3 June, Real Madrid announced",
"title": "2013–14 Real Madrid C.F. season"
},
{
"id": "19780115",
"text": "the end of the season after 22 incredible years. Iniesta, a World Cup winner with Spain, won nine La Liga titles alongside four Champions League wins and six Copa del Rey crowns. On 29 April, Barcelona defeated Deportivo La Coruna 2-4 to win their 25th La Liga title. Coutinho scored the opening goal before Messi sealed the title with a hatrick. On 6 May, 10-man Barcelona held on for a dramatic 2-2 draw in El Clasico against Real Madrid to extend their unbeaten streak in the league. Luis Suarez and Leo Messi scored the goals for Barca which were cancelled",
"title": "2017–18 FC Barcelona season"
},
{
"id": "838491",
"text": "first French manager, except the French-Argentinian Helenio Herrera, to win the trophy. In his first full-season as manager, Real Madrid recorded a club-record 16th consecutive La Liga victory by defeating Espanyol 2–0 away on 18 September 2016, overtaking their previous record of 15 set in 1960–61 and equaling the record of consecutive La Liga wins of Barcelona set in 2010–11. On 18 December, Real Madrid defeated Japanese club Kashima Antlers 4–2 in the final of the 2016 FIFA Club World Cup, with Cristiano Ronaldo scoring a hat-trick. On 12 January 2017, Madrid's draw against Sevilla FC in the second leg",
"title": "Zinedine Zidane"
},
{
"id": "3705878",
"text": "(2), Arenas Club de Getxo (1) and Mallorca (1). The Spanish Super Cup (Spanish: Supercopa de España) is a championship organized by Royal Spanish Football Federation and contested by the winners of La Liga and Copa del Rey. The competition was founded in 1982. Ten clubs have won the title: Barcelona (13), Real Madrid (10), Deportivo de La Coruña (3), Atlético Madrid (2), Athletic Bilbao (2), Valencia (1), Real Zaragoza (1), Mallorca (1), Sevilla (1) and Real Sociedad (1). The Spanish football clubs are very successful in international competitions. They are the most successful in different current European competitions, such",
"title": "Football in Spain"
},
{
"id": "492917",
"text": "built on this and led the club to a Liga title in 2002, as well as winning the UEFA Cup and La Liga in 2004. Real Madrid won two Liga titles in 2001 and 2003 and also the UEFA Champions League in 2000 and 2002. With world-class players like Raúl, Ruud van Nistelrooy and Gonzalo Higuaín, Real Madrid won back-to-back La Liga titles in 2006–07 and 2007–08. All in all, Madrid won 4 La Liga's and two champions league from 2000-2010. The 2000s also continued the success of FC Barcelona. In the 2004–05 season, Barcelona won their first title of",
"title": "La Liga"
},
{
"id": "10591967",
"text": "order). Notably, French manager Arsène Wenger is the only manager who has been runner-up in all three major UEFA club competitions. He finished runner-up in the 1991–92 European Cup Winners' Cup with Monaco and in the 1999–2000 UEFA Cup and 2005–06 UEFA Champions League with Arsenal. The table below shows the only manager to have won all international tournaments recognised by UEFA and FIFA. UEFA club competition records and statistics Real Madrid hold the record for the most overall titles (22) and Milan with most UEFA Super Cup wins (5), a record shared with Barcelona. The Madrilenian club have record",
"title": "UEFA club competition records and statistics"
},
{
"id": "772943",
"text": "all competitions and 442 in the League. Barcelona's all-time highest goalscorer in all competitions (including friendlies) is Lionel Messi with 594 goals, surpassing Paulino Alcántara's record (369 goals) held for 87 years, as well as being the highest goalscorer in official competitions with 559 goals. He is also the record goalscorer for Barcelona in European (106 goals) and international club competitions (111 goals), and the record league scorer with 387 goals in La Liga. Alongside Messi, four other players have managed to score over 100 league goals for the club: César (190), László Kubala (131), Luis Suárez (112) and Samuel",
"title": "FC Barcelona"
},
{
"id": "9861754",
"text": "his name and number facing them. The rivalry reflected in El Clásico matches comes about as Real Madrid and Barcelona are the most successful football clubs in Spain. As seen below, Barcelona leads Real Madrid 93–89 in terms of official overall trophies. While the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup is recognised as the predecessor to the UEFA Cup, it was not organised by UEFA. Consequently, UEFA does not consider clubs' records in the Fairs Cup to be part of their European record. However, FIFA does view the competition as a major honour. El Clásico El Clásico (; , ; ) is the",
"title": "El Clásico"
},
{
"id": "492896",
"text": "been prominent, winning 8 titles, La Liga has also seen other champions, including Atlético Madrid, Valencia, and Deportivo de La Coruña. In the 2010s, Atlético Madrid has become an increasingly stronger team, forming a trio alongside Real Madrid and Barcelona. According to UEFA's league coefficient, La Liga has been the top league in Europe over the last five years and has led Europe for more years (21) than any other country. It has also produced the continent's top-rated club more times (21) than any other league, more than double that of second-placed Serie A. Its clubs have won the most",
"title": "La Liga"
},
{
"id": "19434797",
"text": "Kroos secured Real a 4–1 win over Sevilla. On 17 May 2017, two goals from Ronaldo and one from each, Benzema and Kroos, got Madrid a 4–1 away victory at Celta Vigo. That win gave Madrid the lead in the league table, with one game left. On 21 May 2017, a 2–0 win over Málaga, with goals from Ronaldo and Benzema, secured the 33rd league title for Madrid. On 3 June 2017, Madrid won the 2017 UEFA Champions League Final 4–1 against Juventus, with two goals from Ronaldo and goals from Casemiro and Asensio, to win their second consecutive and",
"title": "2016–17 Real Madrid C.F. season"
},
{
"id": "18871299",
"text": "headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> With their win, Real Madrid secured a record-extending twelfth title in the European Cup/Champions League and became the first club to win back-to-back titles in the Champions League era. This was the club's third title win in four seasons; a feat that has only occurred thrice before – Real Madrid (1956–60), Ajax (1971–73) and Bayern Munich (1974–76). Real Madrid has not lost a final in the Champions League era, with their last defeat occurring in 1981. The victory also saw Madrid secure their first League – European Cup double since the 1957–58 season. Madrid's first",
"title": "2017 UEFA Champions League Final"
},
{
"id": "6754888",
"text": "1999–2000 UEFA Champions League The 1999–2000 UEFA Champions League was the 45th season of the UEFA Champions League, UEFA's premier European club football tournament, and the eighth season since its rebranding from the \"European Champion Clubs' Cup\" or \"European Cup\". The competition was won by Real Madrid, who clinched a historic eighth title win by beating fellow La Liga side, Valencia in the final. The final was hosted in the Stade de France in Paris, the city where the original roots of the competition had begun nearly 50 years earlier. The competition was dominated by the Spanish teams, with three",
"title": "1999–2000 UEFA Champions League"
},
{
"id": "546622",
"text": "culminates with the final match in May. The winner of the UEFA Champions League qualifies for the UEFA Super Cup and the FIFA Club World Cup. Real Madrid is the most successful club in the competition's history, having won the tournament 13 times, including its first five seasons. Spanish clubs have accumulated the highest number of victories (18 wins), followed by England and Italy (12 wins apiece). England has the largest number of winning teams, with five clubs having won the title. The competition has been won by 22 clubs, 12 of which have won it more than once. The",
"title": "UEFA Champions League"
},
{
"id": "772916",
"text": "3–1 held at Wembley Stadium, a repeat of the 2009 final, winning their fourth European Cup. In August 2011, La Masia graduate Cesc Fàbregas was bought from Arsenal and he would help Barcelona defend the Spanish Supercup against Real Madrid. The Supercup victory brought the total number of official trophies to 73, matching the number of titles won by Real Madrid. Later the same month, Barcelona won the UEFA Super Cup defeating Porto 2–0 with goals from Messi and Fàbregas. This extended the club's overall number of official trophies to 74, surpassing Real Madrid's total amount of official trophies. The",
"title": "FC Barcelona"
},
{
"id": "367441",
"text": "surpassing the previous Spanish record of 18 successive wins set by Frank Rijkaard's \"Barça\" in the 2005–06 season. The streak came to an end in their opening match of 2015 with a loss to Valencia, leaving the club two short of equalling the world record of 24 consecutive wins. The club failed to retain the Champions League (losing to Juventus in the semi-finals) and the Copa del Rey, and also failed to land the league title (finishing two points and a place behind champions Barcelona), shortcomings that all preceded Ancelotti's dismissing on 25 May 2015. On 3 June 2015, Rafael",
"title": "Real Madrid C.F."
},
{
"id": "772872",
"text": "joint record 3 FIFA Club World Cup. Barcelona was ranked first in the International Federation of Football History & Statistics Club World Ranking for 1997, 2009, 2011, 2012 and 2015 and currently occupies the second position on the UEFA club rankings. The club has a long-standing rivalry with Real Madrid; matches between the two teams are referred to as \"El Clásico\". Barcelona is one of the most widely supported teams in the world, and the club has one of the largest social media following in the world among sports teams. Barcelona players have won a record number of Ballon d'Or",
"title": "FC Barcelona"
},
{
"id": "367469",
"text": "Over the years, the record from Real Madrid and Barcelona is 81 victories for Madrid, 76 victories for Barcelona, and 39 draws. During the dictatorships of Primo de Rivera and especially of Francisco Franco (1939–1975), all regional cultures were suppressed. All of the languages spoken in Spanish territory, except Spanish (Castilian) itself, were officially banned. Symbolising the Catalan people's desire for freedom, Barcelona became \"More than a club\" (\"\"Més que un club\"\") for the Catalans. According to Manuel Vázquez Montalbán, the best way for the Catalans to demonstrate their identity was by joining Barcelona. It was less risky than joining",
"title": "Real Madrid C.F."
},
{
"id": "8687266",
"text": "game. Real Madrid eventually finished the season, by also winning the Spanish ACB League season championship, after a 3–0 series sweep in the Spanish League final series against Barcelona. With that title, Real Madrid had won the Triple Crown for the season. On 27 June 2015, Reyes signed a two-year contract extension with Real Madrid. He became the Spanish ACB League's all-time career leader in total rebounds, in March 2017, after surpassing the previous record holder, Granger Hall. In May 2018, Real Madrid won the 2017–18 EuroLeague championship, after defeating Fenerbahçe Doğuş in the final game with 85–80. Over 35",
"title": "Felipe Reyes"
},
{
"id": "19434781",
"text": "2016–17 Real Madrid C.F. season The 2016–17 season was Real Madrid Club de Fútbol's 113th season in existence and the club's 86th consecutive season in the top flight of Spanish football. It covered a period from 1 July 2016 to 30 June 2017. The 2016–17 season was one of the most successful campaigns in the whole history of Real Madrid. The club attained four titles, including a La Liga and Champions League double, a feat never previously matched by Real. On 15 June 2016, Denis Cheryshev was sold to Villarreal CF. On 21 June 2016, Álvaro Morata re-joined the club",
"title": "2016–17 Real Madrid C.F. season"
},
{
"id": "19987818",
"text": "League spot was thus passed down the league. Barcelona had previously played in 39 Copa del Rey finals, tied only with Real Madrid's 39, and had a record 28 victories. They were the reigning champions, having defeated Sevilla 2–0 after extra time in the previous year's final at the Vicente Calderón in Madrid. This was their fourth consecutive final, and they were seeking a third consecutive title, a feat previously accomplished by themselves in 1953, and Athletic Bilbao in 1916 and 1945; Real Madrid (1908) and Athletic (1933) hold the shared record of winning four consecutive finals. Meanwhile, Alavés competed",
"title": "2017 Copa del Rey Final"
},
{
"id": "9861727",
"text": "the world's two most followed sports teams on social media. Real Madrid leads the head to head results in competitive matches with 95 wins to Barcelona's 93, while Barcelona leads in total matches with 113 wins to Real Madrid's 99. Along with Athletic Bilbao, they are the only clubs in La Liga to have never been relegated. The conflict between Real Madrid and Barcelona has long surpassed the sporting dimension, so that elections to the clubs' presidencies are strongly politicized. Phil Ball, the author of \"Morbo: The Story of Spanish Football\", says about the match; \"they hate each other with",
"title": "El Clásico"
},
{
"id": "4047462",
"text": "only the second manager after Liverpool's Bob Paisley to win the competition on three occasions and the first man to win the Champions League/European Cup twice as a player and three times as a manager to this day. In addition to winning the Champions League, they finished third in La Liga, losing the tiebreaker for second place against Barcelona, and winning Copa del Rey. On 12 August, Ancelotti won another European trophy, leading Real Madrid to a 2–0 victory over Sevilla in the 2014 UEFA Super Cup. In the last four months of 2014, his team set a Spanish record",
"title": "Carlo Ancelotti"
},
{
"id": "9861749",
"text": "a popular figure throughout Spain for scoring the nation’s World Cup winning goal in 2010. A 2007 survey by the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas showed that 32% of the Spanish population supported Real Madrid, while 25% supported Barcelona. In third place came Valencia, with 5%. According to an Ikerfel poll in 2011, Barcelona is the most popular team in Spain with 44% of preferences, while Real Madrid is second with 37%. Atlético Madrid, Valencia and Athletic Bilbao complete the top five. Both clubs have a global fanbase: they are the world's two most followed sports teams on social media—on Facebook,",
"title": "El Clásico"
},
{
"id": "367436",
"text": "ended 1–1 with penalty goals for both sides), the Copa del Rey final (which ended 1–0 to Madrid) and the controversial two-legged Champions League semifinal on 27 April and 2 May (3–1 loss on aggregate) to Barcelona. In the 2011–12 La Liga season, Real Madrid won La Liga for a record 32nd time in the league's history, also finishing the season with numerous club-level records set, including 100 points reached in a single season, a total of 121 goals scored, a goal difference of +89 and 16 away wins, with 32 wins overall. In the same season, Cristiano Ronaldo become",
"title": "Real Madrid C.F."
},
{
"id": "2191928",
"text": "Champions League and the winners of the UEFA Cup, which was renamed the UEFA Europa League in 2009. The current holders are Spanish club Atlético Madrid, who won 4–2 against Real Madrid in 2018. The most successful teams in the competition are Barcelona and Italian side Milan, who have won the trophy five times each. The European Super Cup was created in 1971 by Anton Witkamp, a reporter and later sports editor of Dutch newspaper \"De Telegraaf\". The idea came to him in a time when Dutch total football was Europe's finest and Dutch football clubs were living their golden",
"title": "UEFA Super Cup"
},
{
"id": "3300703",
"text": "won 1–2 against Barcelona in \"El Clásico\" at Camp Nou, extending their lead in La Liga to seven points with four matches remaining. This was the first victory for Real Madrid in La Liga against their archrivals since 2008 and the first overall at Camp Nou since 2007. Also, in this match Real Madrid broke the record for most goals scored in the championship, with 109. Barça manager Pep Guardiola conceded the title to Real Madrid. Mourinho's side advanced to the semi-finals of the Champions League for the second consecutive year. The first leg away finished with a 2–1 win",
"title": "José Mourinho"
},
{
"id": "367434",
"text": "the new coach and Predrag Mijatović as the new sporting director. Real Madrid won the Liga title in 2007 for the first time in four years, but Capello was nonetheless sacked at the end of the campaign. The title was won on 17 June, where Real faced Mallorca at the Bernabéu while Barcelona and Sevilla, the other title challengers, faced Gimnàstic de Tarragona and Villarreal, respectively. At half-time, Real were 0–1 down, while Barcelona had surged ahead into a 0–3 lead in Tarragona. However, three goals in the last half-hour secured Madrid a 3–1 win and their first league title",
"title": "Real Madrid C.F."
},
{
"id": "14622124",
"text": "Barcelona players have won 32 honours in the six main categories, almost triple the number won by any other club. Barcelona forward Lionel Messi has been named La Liga's best player eight years out of ten and La Liga's best forward eight times out of nine, with the latest honour received for the 2017/2018 season. Across all positions, the other outstanding individuals are Barcelona midfielder Andrés Iniesta with five wins, Barcelona coach Pep Guardiola with four wins, Real Madrid defender Sergio Ramos with four wins, and goalkeepers Iker Casillas of Real Madrid and Víctor Valdés of Barcelona with two wins",
"title": "La Liga Awards"
},
{
"id": "18221920",
"text": "The all-Madrid final also guaranteed the city of Madrid becoming the most successful city in the European Cup with 11 wins and 17 final appearances, and also in all UEFA club competitions with 16 wins, overtaking the city of Milan with 10 wins and 16 final appearances in the European Cup and 15 wins in all UEFA club competitions. Real Madrid reached a record 14th final after a 1–0 aggregate win against Manchester City, with a chance to win a record 11th title. Previously, they won finals in 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1966, 1998, 2000, 2002, and 2014, and",
"title": "2016 UEFA Champions League Final"
},
{
"id": "3300705",
"text": "to clinch the Liga title for the first time in four years. On 13 May 2012, Real Madrid defeated Mallorca 4–1 in their last league match of the season, which set records for most games won in a La Liga season (32), most away wins (16), most points obtained in any of the top European leagues (100), improving the most goals scored record they already had set earlier (121) and finishing the season with the highest goal difference (+89). Real Madrid topped the league nine points clear of runners-up Barcelona. On 22 May 2012, Mourinho signed a new four-year contract",
"title": "José Mourinho"
},
{
"id": "2227869",
"text": "contract with the fourth division team Real Madrid C and then was swiftly promoted to the first division team. He spent 16 years of his career playing for Real Madrid and is the club's second all-time top goalscorer with 323 goals. Raúl is also the most capped player in the history of the club with 741 appearances, ahead of Manolo Sanchís. With \"Los Blancos\", Raúl won six La Liga titles, three UEFA Champions League titles, scoring in two finals, four Supercopa de España titles, one UEFA Super Cup and two Intercontinental Cups. He is the third highest goalscorer in Champions",
"title": "Raúl (footballer)"
},
{
"id": "7948997",
"text": "both domestically and internationally. Some periods of success are particularly noteworthy. Between 1955 and 1965, Real Madrid won eight La Liga titles, one Copa del Rey and six UEFA Champions Leagues. A number of La Fábrica graduates contributed to Real's success in these years, including Pedro Casado, Enrique Mateos, Gregorio Benito, Juan Santisteban, Manuel Velázquez, Ramón Grosso, Fernando Serena and Ramón Marsal. Moreover, in the 1980s Real Madrid won five consecutive La Liga titles, two consecutive UEFA Europa Leagues (then known as the UEFA Cup), and reached three consecutive Champions League (then known as the European Cup) semi-finals with a",
"title": "La Fábrica"
},
{
"id": "3048801",
"text": "League era; the first to win consecutive European titles in the competition since Milan in 1989 and 1990, when the tournament was known as the European Cup. In the 2017 final, he scored two goals in the victory against Juventus and became the top goalscorer for the fifth-straight season, and sixth overall, with 12 goals, while also becoming the first person to score in three finals in the Champions League era as well as reaching his 600th senior career goal. Real Madrid's title was its 12th, also known as \"La Duodécima\", extending its record, and its third in four years.",
"title": "Cristiano Ronaldo"
},
{
"id": "367417",
"text": "20th Century by the IFFHS on 11 May 2010. In June 2017, the team succeeded in becoming the first club to win back to back Champions Leagues, then made it three in a row in May 2018, extending their lead atop the UEFA club rankings. Real Madrid's origins go back to when football was introduced to Madrid by the academics and students of the \"Institución Libre de Enseñanza\", which included several Cambridge and Oxford University graduates. They founded \"(Sociedad) Sky Football\" in 1897, commonly known as \"La Sociedad\" (The Society) as it was the only one based in Madrid, playing",
"title": "Real Madrid C.F."
},
{
"id": "5438193",
"text": "Lionel Messi Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini (; born 24 June 1987) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward and captains both Barcelona and the Argentina national team. Often considered the best player in the world and regarded by many as one of the greatest players of all time, Messi has won a record-tying five Ballon d'Or awards, four of which he won consecutively, and a record five European Golden Shoes. He has spent his entire professional career with Barcelona, where he has won 33 trophies, including nine La Liga titles, four UEFA Champions League titles, and six",
"title": "Lionel Messi"
},
{
"id": "20053115",
"text": "later, Danilo left Madrid and joined Manchester City. On 8 August 2017, Madrid won the 2017 UEFA Super Cup, beating Manchester United 2–1 with goals from Casemiro and Isco. On 13 August 2017, Madrid won the first leg of the 2017 Supercopa de España, defeating Barcelona 3–1 with goals from Cristiano Ronaldo and Marco Asensio and an own goal. Three days later, on 16 August 2017, Madrid won the title, after a 2–0 win (5–1 on aggregate) with goals from Asensio and Karim Benzema. Goals from Gareth Bale, Casemiro and Toni Kroos gave Madrid a 3–0 winning start in the",
"title": "2017–18 Real Madrid C.F. season"
},
{
"id": "367414",
"text": "members (\"socios\") have owned and operated the club throughout its history. The club was estimated to be worth €3.47 billion ($4.1 billion) in 2018, and in the 2016–17 season it was the second highest-earning football club in the world, with an annual revenue of €674.6 million. The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world. Real Madrid is one of three founding members of La Liga that have never been relegated from the top division since its inception in 1929, along with Athletic Bilbao and Barcelona. The club holds many long-standing rivalries, most notably \"El Clásico\"",
"title": "Real Madrid C.F."
},
{
"id": "772945",
"text": "ratio of 0.832 goals-conceded-per-game, a La Liga record, and he also holds the record for longest period without conceding a goal (896 minutes) in all competitions for Barcelona. Claudio Bravo has the record of best unbeaten start in a season in La Liga history, at 754 minutes. Barcelona's longest serving manager is Jack Greenwell, with nine years in two spells (1917–1924) and (1931–1933), and Pep Guardiola is the club's most successful manager (14 trophies in 4 years). The most successful Barcelona player is Lionel Messi with 33 trophies, surpassing Andrés Iniesta, with 32 trophies. Barcelona's Camp Nou is the largest",
"title": "FC Barcelona"
},
{
"id": "6713391",
"text": "the league table, with one game left. On 21 May 2017, a 2–0 win over Málaga, with goals from Ronaldo and Benzema, secured the 33rd league title for Madrid. On 3 June 2017, Madrid won the 2017 UEFA Champions League Final 4–1 against Juventus, with two goals from Ronaldo and goals from Casemiro and Asensio, to win their second consecutive and twelfth overall title. With that win, Madrid became the first team to defend their title in the Champions League era. Galácticos The term itself carries both positive and negative meanings. Initially, it was used to emphasise the greatness of",
"title": "Galácticos"
},
{
"id": "3705880",
"text": "Madrid is also the most successful club in the Intercontinental Cup (three titles, shared record with A.C. Milan, Peñarol, Boca Juniors, Nacional) and FIFA Club World Cup (three titles, shared record with Barcelona). Barcelona is the most successful club in the FIFA Club World Cup (three titles, shared record with Real Madrid), and it is also the most successful club in the UEFA Super Cup (five titles, shared record with Milan). In addition, Barcelona became the first football club to win six out of six competitions in a single year (2009) completing the sextuple, and the first European club in",
"title": "Football in Spain"
},
{
"id": "4236385",
"text": "Madrid dominated the championship from the 1950s through the 1970s when was organized by the Spanish Basketball Federation. From the 1980s onwards when the ACB took control over the league, FC Barcelona (15 titles) and Real Madrid (12 titles) both dominated, though Liga ACB also saw other champions, including Baskonia, Joventut Badalona, Baloncesto Málaga, Bàsquet Manresa, and Valencia Basket. In more recent years, Baskonia has joined a coalition of now three teams dominating Liga ACB alongside Real Madrid and FC Barcelona. Liga ACB is one of the most popular professional indoor sports leagues in the world, with an average attendance",
"title": "Liga ACB"
},
{
"id": "5765456",
"text": "2-1 win, taking his goal tally to 10 for the season - scoring double digit goals in a season for the first time in his career. Ramos' winner put Real Madrid back at the top of the La Liga table. Real Madrid won their 33rd La Liga title, giving Ramos his fourth league title overall and first as captain. They went on to win their first league and European Cup double since 1957–58 season, as the team defeated Juventus in the 2017 UEFA Champions League Final. This also made Ramos the first man to captain a team to back-to-back European",
"title": "Sergio Ramos"
},
{
"id": "1721164",
"text": "Luis del Sol of the 1960–61 season (this was later surpassed by Real Madrid trio Cristiano Ronaldo, Karim Benzema and Gonzalo Higuaín who scored 89 goals in 2011–12). Later in 2009, Henry helped Barcelona win an unprecedented sextuple, consisting of the aforementioned treble, the Supercopa de España, the UEFA Super Cup, and the FIFA Club World Cup. The following season, the emergence of Pedro meant that Henry only started 15 league games. Before the La Liga season ended, and with a year still left on his contract, club president Joan Laporta stated on 5 May 2010 that Henry \"may go",
"title": "Thierry Henry"
},
{
"id": "470399",
"text": "the Intercontinental Cup (now FIFA Club World Cup). With a combined ten Champions League titles, Milan is second after Madrid as city that have won the most European Cups. They are the most successful clubs in the world of football in terms of international trophies. Both teams play at the UEFA 5-star-rated Giuseppe Meazza Stadium, more commonly known as the San Siro, that is one of the biggest stadiums in Europe, with a seating capacity of over 80,000. The Meazza Stadium hosted the 2016 UEFA Champions League Final, in which Real Madrid defeated Atlético Madrid 5–3 in a penalty shoot",
"title": "Milan"
},
{
"id": "772920",
"text": "11 May 2013, Barcelona were crowned as the Spanish football champions for the 22nd time, still with four games left to play. Ultimately, Barcelona ended the season 15 points clear of rivals Real Madrid, despite losing 2–1 to them at the beginning of March. They reached the semi-final stage of both the Copa del Rey and the Champions League, going out to Real Madrid and Bayern Munich respectively. On 19 July, it was announced that Vilanova was resigning as Barcelona manager because his throat cancer had returned, and he would be receiving treatment for the second time after a three-month",
"title": "FC Barcelona"
},
{
"id": "2227880",
"text": "winning the match 4–3 but being eliminated on away goals after draw 6–6 on aggregate. In total, Raúl scored 323 goals for Real Madrid, breaking the long-standing club record of Alfredo Di Stéfano (307) with a volleyed goal against Sporting de Gijón on 15 February 2009. He is presently fifth on the all-time list of La Liga goalscorers, behind Argentine Lionel Messi, Portuguese Cristiano Ronaldo, Spaniard Telmo Zarra and Mexican Hugo Sánchez. Raúl and fellow long-serving teammate Iker Casillas were both awarded \"contracts for life\" in 2008, the terms of which stipulate the contract will be renewed annually for as",
"title": "Raúl (footballer)"
},
{
"id": "6713389",
"text": "won the title. In the last match of the season, Martin Ødegaard became Real Madrid's youngest ever player to play in la liga. On 4 January 2016, it was announced that Benítez was sacked and replaced by Zinedine Zidane. On 28 May 2016, Real Madrid defeated city rivals Atlético Madrid in the Champions League Final, winning their eleventh European title. On 2 May 2017, in the semifinals of the Champions League against Atlético Madrid, Ronaldo scored another hat-trick to help Real get a 3–0 home win in the first leg. On 6 May 2017, a brace apiece from Morata and",
"title": "Galácticos"
},
{
"id": "17690340",
"text": "major global cities. Madrid is home to two world-famous football clubs, Real Madrid and Atlético de Madrid. Due to its economic output, high standard of living, and market size, Madrid is considered the major financial centre of Southern Europe and the Iberian Peninsula; it hosts the head offices of the vast majority of major Spanish companies, such as Telefónica, IAG or Repsol. Madrid is the 10th most liveable city in the world according to Monocle magazine, in its 2017 index. Madrid houses the headquarters of the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), belonging to the United Nations Organization (UN), the Ibero-American General",
"title": "Madrid"
},
{
"id": "772874",
"text": "Athletic Bilbao and Real Madrid. In 2009, Barcelona became the first Spanish club to win the continental treble consisting of La Liga, Copa del Rey, and the UEFA Champions League, and also became the first Spanish football club to win six out of six competitions in a single year, by also winning the Spanish Super Cup, UEFA Super Cup and FIFA Club World Cup. In 2011, the club became European champions again and won five trophies. This Barcelona team, which won 14 trophies in just 4 years under Pep Guardiola, is considered by some in the sport to be the",
"title": "FC Barcelona"
},
{
"id": "367438",
"text": "Luka Modrić for a fee in the region of £33 million. After a disappointing extra time loss to Atlético Madrid in the 2013 Copa del Rey Final, Pérez announced the departure of José Mourinho at the end of the season by \"mutual agreement\". On 25 June 2013, Carlo Ancelotti succeeded Mourinho to become the manager of Real Madrid on a three-year deal, with Zinedine Zidane named as one of his assistants. On 1 September 2013, the long-awaited transfer of Gareth Bale from Tottenham Hotspur was announced. The transfer of the Welshman was reportedly the new world record signing, with the",
"title": "Real Madrid C.F."
},
{
"id": "492922",
"text": "and Valencia are in the top ten most successful clubs in European football in terms of total European trophies. These three clubs, along with Sevilla and Atlético Madrid, are five of the most successful teams in European competition history; these five are the only Spanish clubs to have won five or more international trophies. Deportivo La Coruña are the joint fifth-most participating Spanish team in the Champions League with Sevilla — after Real Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia and Atletico Madrid — with five Champions League appearances in a row, including a semifinal appearance in 2003–04. In 2005–06, Barcelona won the Champions",
"title": "La Liga"
},
{
"id": "6579746",
"text": "with high expectations. For at least half a century, Madrid has been a standard-bearer in European basketball, accumulating a record ten continental titles, based on its dominance in the 1960s. Its early dominance in Spain has resulted in another untouchable cache of 34 national domestic league and 27 national cup trophies. And almost every time that Madrid did not play in Europe's top-tier level competition, it won a different continental trophy – four Saporta Cups, a Korać Cup, and a ULEB Cup – as a stepping-stone back to the big time. Players like Emiliano Rodríguez, Clifford Luyk, Wayne Brabender, Walter",
"title": "Real Madrid Baloncesto"
},
{
"id": "492915",
"text": "in eight years, making him the most successful manager in Barcelona’s history until the record was broken by his protege Pep Guardiola two decades later. Barcelona's run ended with Real Madrid winning La Liga in 1995. Atlético Madrid won their ninth \"Primera División\" title in 1996 before Real Madrid added another Liga trophy to their cabinet in 1997. After the success of Cruyff, another Dutchman – Ajax manager Louis van Gaal – arrived at the Camp Nou, and with the talents of Luís Figo, Luis Enrique, and Rivaldo, Barcelona won La Liga title in 1998 and 1999, which included their",
"title": "La Liga"
},
{
"id": "20508927",
"text": "Football in Madrid Football is the most popular sport, both in terms of participants and spectators, in Madrid. Madrid is the only city that had derby matches in the UEFA Champions League Final (2014 UEFA Champions League Final, 2016 UEFA Champions League Final) Madrid is home to La Liga football club giant Real Madrid, who play their home games at the Santiago Bernabéu. Their supporters are referred to as \"Madridistas or Merengues\" (Meringues). Real Madrid was voted by fans as the best club of the 20th century (FIFA Club of the Century), being the current leader of the European teams",
"title": "Football in Madrid"
},
{
"id": "18923590",
"text": "Ballon d'Or, 2001 FIFA World Player of the Year, and in 2004 Pelé named him in the FIFA 100 list of the world's greatest living players. Figo is one of the few football players to have played for both Spanish rival clubs Barcelona and Real Madrid. His controversial transfer in 2000 from Barcelona to bitter rivals Real Madrid set a world record fee of €62 million. Figo had a successful career highlighted by several trophy wins, including the Portuguese Cup, four La Liga titles, two Spanish Cups, three Spanish Super Cups, one UEFA Champions League title, one UEFA Cup Winners'",
"title": "Luís Figo"
},
{
"id": "6713380",
"text": "May 2011 saw the appointment of former \"galáctico\" Zinedine Zidane as general manager of the club, replacing Jorge Valdano. In the 2011–12 season, Real Madrid won its 32nd title under the management of José Mourinho with a record-breaking goal scoring figure, a record goal difference and most away wins among several other records in a single season in La Liga history. The key moment was the 2–1 win over Barça at Nou Camp on 21 April, Barça's first home loss of the season, which extended Real Madrid's lead in the table to seven points with four matches left, and led",
"title": "Galácticos"
},
{
"id": "5993085",
"text": "Luís Figo made a controversial £37 million move from Barcelona to fierce rivals Real Madrid. From that time through the 2015–16 season, Real Madrid held the record, with the next players to subsequently break the record being Zinedine Zidane in 2001 when he signed for £46 million from Juventus, Kaká from Milan for just under £60 million in 2009, and £80 million transfer of Cristiano Ronaldo from Manchester United in the same year, lastly being Gareth Bale in 2013, who became the first player to cost €100 million when he transferred from Tottenham Hotspur. Manchester United claimed the record in",
"title": "Transfer (association football)"
},
{
"id": "10845111",
"text": "last game. Nevertheless, Real Madrid finished second again, and once again they lost at home and away to title rivals Barcelona. The club turned to José Mourinho, who had just ended Internazionale's 45-year title-drought in the European competition, eliminating Barcelona in the process and achieving the treble. Despite the departure of club legends Raúl and Guti, Madrid saw seven new names join their squad list for the upcoming season: Sergio Canales (Racing de Santander), Ángel Di María (Benfica), Pedro León (Getafe), Ricardo Carvalho (Chelsea), Sami Khedira (VfB Stuttgart) and Mesut Özil (Werder Bremen). Striker Emmanuel Adebayor would later join on",
"title": "History of Real Madrid C.F."
},
{
"id": "6272012",
"text": "Barcelona won their fifth title, defeating Juventus by three goals to one in the final. In 2016, Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid both reached the final again. This game was a rematch of the 2014 final, and became the third all-Spanish final and the second same-city final in the tournament's history. The match went to penalties after the score finished at 1–1 at the end of extra time. Real Madrid went on to win their 11th title after beating Atlético 5–3 on penalties, with Cristiano Ronaldo scoring the winning penalty for \"Los Blancos\". The victory in the Champions League Final",
"title": "European Cup and UEFA Champions League history"
},
{
"id": "854896",
"text": "fourth highest scorer in the history of La Liga, the third highest scoring foreign player after Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo, and is the sixth highest goalscorer in Real Madrid's history. Sánchez began his career playing for Club Universidad Nacional in 1976, and briefly went on loan to the San Diego Sockers of the North American Soccer League in 1979. In 1981, he moved to Spain to play for Atlético Madrid, playing for the \"Colchoneros\" for four years before moving to cross-town rivals Real Madrid, where he would spend the best years of his career, winning numerous titles and accolades.",
"title": "Hugo Sánchez"
},
{
"id": "9212013",
"text": "Cup/UEFA Champions League title and Sevilla won their fourth UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League; during the 2015–16 season as Real Madrid won their eleventh European Cup/UEFA Champions League title and Sevilla won their fifth UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League (first team to win three consecutive editions of this competition). Real Madrid won the European Cup five times in a row between 1956 and 1960 and then for a sixth time in 1966. La Liga clubs also dominated the early Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. Barcelona, Valencia and Zaragoza won this competition six times between 1958 and 1966, resulting in three all-La Liga finals in",
"title": "Spanish football clubs in international competitions"
},
{
"id": "492927",
"text": "years later, Johan Cruyff was the first player to join a La Liga club for a record fee, £922,000 (£ million in ) from Ajax to Barcelona. In 1982, Barcelona again set the record by signing Diego Maradona from Boca Juniors for £5 million (£ million in ). Real Betis set the world record in 1998 when they signed Denílson from São Paulo for £21.5 million (£ million in ). Four of the last six world transfer records have been set by Real Madrid, signing Luís Figo, Zinedine Zidane, Cristiano Ronaldo (plus a deal for Kaká days before Ronaldo which",
"title": "La Liga"
},
{
"id": "5632042",
"text": "era. Del Bosque is regarded as one of the greatest and most successful managers of all time; he is to date the only football manager to have won the Champions League, the European Championship, and the World Cup, as well as the Intercontinental Cup. During his playing career, Del Bosque made over 400 appearances for Real Madrid, winning five La Liga titles and four Copas del Rey. He represented the Spanish national team on 18 occasions. As a player, Del Bosque was a midfielder who played in La Liga 441 times with 30 goals. This career included spells at Castilla",
"title": "Vicente del Bosque"
},
{
"id": "838490",
"text": "the 2016 UEFA Champions League final by beating Manchester City 1–0 on aggregate. In La Liga, Real Madrid finished runners up, just one point behind Barcelona. In the Champions League final on 28 May, Real Madrid defeated fellow Madrid club Atlético Madrid in a penalty shootout to grab the 11th European Cup (\"La Undécima\") in club history. Zidane became the seventh man to win the European Cup (now UEFA Champions League) as both a player and a manager, the second man (after Miguel Muñoz) to win the trophy with Real Madrid as both a player and a manager, and the",
"title": "Zinedine Zidane"
},
{
"id": "19359956",
"text": "or more minutes to be eligible for the trophy. La Liga's governing body, the Liga de Fútbol Profesional, honoured the competition's best players and coach with the La Liga Awards. 2016–17 La Liga The 2016–17 La Liga season, also known as La Liga Santander for sponsorship reasons, was the 86th since its establishment. The season began on 19 August 2016 and concluded on 21 May 2017. The title was won by Real Madrid, for a record 33rd time; this was the first time they became champions since the 2011–12 season. Real Madrid also became only the second side (after Barcelona",
"title": "2016–17 La Liga"
},
{
"id": "492918",
"text": "the new century under the brilliance of Ronaldinho. Barcelona retained the title and won it again in the 2005-2006 season, as well as winning the UEFA Champions League against Arsenal, achieving their second European Double. Under the era of Pep Guardiola, powered by La Masia's talent, such as Lionel Messi, Xavi and Andrés Iniesta, Barcelona added three straight Liga titles in 2008, 2009 and 2010. FC Barcelona also became the first team in Spain to achieve the Treble in the 2008/09 season, winning all three major competitions in a single season consisting of La Liga, Copa Del Rey and the",
"title": "La Liga"
}
] | who has more league titles real madrid or barcelona |
[
"soon after birth"
] | [
{
"id": "13208342",
"text": "Social Security number In the United States, a Social Security number (SSN) is a nine-digit number issued to U.S. citizens, permanent residents, and temporary (working) residents under section 205(c)(2) of the Social Security Act, codified as . The number is issued to an individual by the Social Security Administration, an independent agency of the United States government. Although its primary purpose is to track individuals for Social Security purposes, the Social Security number has become a \"de facto\" national identification number for taxation and other purposes. A Social Security number may be obtained by applying on Form SS-5, application for",
"title": "Social Security number"
},
{
"id": "13208343",
"text": "A Social Security Number Card. Social Security numbers were first issued by the Social Security Administration in November 1935 as part of the New Deal Social Security program. Within three months, 25 million numbers were issued. On November 24, 1936, 1,074 of the nation's 45,000 post offices were designated \"typing centers\" to type up Social Security cards that were then sent to Washington, D.C. On December 1, 1936, as part of the publicity campaign for the new program, Joseph L. Fay of the Social Security Administration selected a record from the top of the first stack of 1,000 records and",
"title": "Social Security number"
},
{
"id": "13208346",
"text": "children soon after birth; today, it can be done on the application for a birth certificate. The original purpose of this number was to track individuals' accounts within the Social Security program. It has since come to be used as an identifier for individuals within the United States, although rare errors occur where duplicates do exist. As numbers are now assigned by the central issuing office of the SSA, it is unlikely that duplication will ever occur again. A few duplications did occur when prenumbered cards were sent out to regional SSA offices and (originally) Post Offices. Employee, patient, student,",
"title": "Social Security number"
},
{
"id": "5321011",
"text": "are issued by the Social Security Administration. Almost all parents voluntarily apply for a Social Security number shortly after the birth of a child. In the absence of a national identity card (and concordant national identity number), the Social Security number has become the \"de facto\" national identifier for a large variety of purposes, both governmental and non-governmental. The SSN was created to ensure accurate reporting of a worker's wages to the Social Security Administration. Prior to 1986, it was common to apply for a SSN shortly before it might be needed, most often when a teenager. Tax reform acts",
"title": "Identity documents in the United States"
},
{
"id": "2793773",
"text": "Social Insurance Number A social insurance number (SIN) is a number issued in Canada to administer various government programs. The SIN was created in 1964 to serve as a client account number in the administration of the Canada Pension Plan and Canada's varied employment insurance programs. In 1967, Revenue Canada (now the Canada Revenue Agency) started using the SIN for tax reporting purposes. SINs are issued by Employment and Social Development Canada (previously Human Resources Development Canada). The SIN is formatted as three groups of three digits (e.g., 123-456-789). The top of the card has changed over the years as",
"title": "Social Insurance Number"
},
{
"id": "13208352",
"text": "who, after October 31, 1962, works as an employee for wages subject to Social Security taxes, Medicare taxes, or U.S. federal income tax withholdings is required to apply for \"an account number\" using \"Form SS-5.\" A taxpayer who is not eligible to have a Social Security number must obtain an alternative Taxpayer Identification Number. Three different types of Social Security cards are issued. The most common type contains the cardholder's name and number. Such cards are issued to U.S. citizens and U.S. permanent residents. There are also two restricted types of Social Security cards: In 2004 Congress passed The Intelligence",
"title": "Social Security number"
},
{
"id": "592405",
"text": "careers between the United States and another country. The following countries have signed totalization agreements with the SSA (and the date the agreement became effective):<ref name=\"www.ssa.gov/international\"></ref> A side effect of the Social Security program in the United States has been the near-universal adoption of the program's identification number, the Social Security number, as the \"de facto\" U.S. national identification number. The social security number, or SSN, is issued pursuant to section 205(c)(2) of the Social Security Act, codified as . The government originally stated that the SSN would not be a means of identification, but currently a multitude of U.S.",
"title": "Social Security (United States)"
},
{
"id": "2291891",
"text": "of foreign diplomats) automatically a US citizen. A child born overseas to US citizens must have the birth registered with the corresponding US embassy/consulate to obtain citizenship at birth, or they will need to apply for recognition of their citizenship at a later date. Social Security numbers and cards are issued by the US Social Security Administration for tracking of Social Security taxes and benefits. They have become the \"de facto\" national identification number for federal and state taxation, private financial services, and identification with various companies. SSNs do not establish citizenship because they can also be issued to permanent",
"title": "Identity document"
},
{
"id": "13208350",
"text": "financial activities such as applying for a loan or a bank account without one. While the government cannot require an individual to disclose their SSN without a legal basis, companies may refuse to provide service to an individual who does not provide an SSN. The card on which an SSN is issued is still not suitable for primary identification as it has no photograph, no physical description, and no birth date. All it does is confirm that a particular number has been issued to a particular name. Instead, a driver's license or state ID card is used as an identification",
"title": "Social Security number"
},
{
"id": "5321008",
"text": "cannot verify identity. They verify only the match between a given name and a Social Security Number (SSN) and were intended only for use in complying with Social Security payroll tax laws. They now are used in a wider scope of activities, such as for obtaining credit and other regulated financial services in banking and investments. The birth certificate is the initial identification document issued to parents shortly after the birth of their child. The birth certificate is typically issued by local governments, usually the city or county where a child is born. It is an important record, often called",
"title": "Identity documents in the United States"
},
{
"id": "5665037",
"text": "National Insurance number The National Insurance number is a number used in the United Kingdom in the administration of the National Insurance or social security system. It is also used for some purposes in the UK tax system. The number is described by the United Kingdom government as a \"personal account number\". The number is sometimes referred to as a NI No or NINO. People born and resident in the UK are assigned a Child Reference Number shortly after birth when a claim is made for Child Benefit. At age 15 years 9 months HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) notifies",
"title": "National Insurance number"
},
{
"id": "13208348",
"text": "known as the EDIPI. Social Security was originally a universal tax, but when Medicare was passed in 1965, objecting religious groups in existence prior to 1951 were allowed to opt out of the system. Because of this, not every American is part of the Social Security program, and not everyone has a number. However, a social security number is required for parents to claim their children as dependents for federal income tax purposes, and the Internal Revenue Service requires all corporations to obtain SSNs (or alternative identifying numbers) from their employees, as described below. The Old Order Amish have fought",
"title": "Social Security number"
},
{
"id": "4649611",
"text": "the country, or when granted a temporary or permanent residence permit. Many countries issued such numbers for a singular purpose, but over time, they become a \"de facto\" national identification number. For example, the United States developed its Social Security number (SSN) system as a means of organizing disbursing of Social Security benefits. However, due to function creep, the number has become used for other purposes to the point where it is almost essential to have one to, among other things, open a bank account, obtain a credit card, or drive a car. Although some countries are required to collect",
"title": "National identification number"
},
{
"id": "2793774",
"text": "the departments that are responsible for the card have changed: The 2012 Canadian federal budget contained provisions to phase out the Social Insurance Number cards because they lacked modern security features and could be used for identity theft. As of 31 March 2014, Service Canada no longer issues plastic SIN cards. Instead, an individual will receive a paper \"Confirmation of SIN letter\". Through functionality creep, the SIN has become a national identification number, in much the same way that the Social Security Number has in the United States. However, unlike in the US, in Canada there are specific legislated purposes",
"title": "Social Insurance Number"
},
{
"id": "4649630",
"text": "shorter length. In the United States, a Selective Service Number must be applied for by all male citizens and immigrant non-citizens turning age 18. An optional national identity number is the Social Security number (SSN), a nine-digit number issued to U.S. citizens, permanent residents, and temporary (working) residents. Its purpose was to identify individuals for the purposes of Social Security, but it is now also used to track individuals for taxation purposes. There is no legal requirement to have a SSN if it is not required for Social Security or taxation purposes, but in practice one is required for many",
"title": "National identification number"
},
{
"id": "13208359",
"text": "number were assigned by geographical region. Prior to 1973, cards were issued in local Social Security offices around the country and the area number represented the office code where the card was issued. This did not necessarily have to be in the area where the applicant lived, since a person could apply for their card in any Social Security office. Beginning in 1973, when the SSA began assigning SSNs and issuing cards centrally from Baltimore, the area number was assigned based on the ZIP Code in the mailing address provided on the application for the original Social Security card. The",
"title": "Social Security number"
},
{
"id": "13208349",
"text": "to prevent universal Social Security by overturning rules such as a requirement to provide a Social Security number for a hunting license. Social Security cards printed from January 1946 until January 1972 expressly stated that people should not use the number and card for identification. Since nearly everyone in the United States now has an SSN, it became convenient to use it anyway and the message was removed. Since then, Social Security numbers have become \"de facto\" national identification numbers. Although some people do not have an SSN assigned to them, it is becoming increasingly difficult to engage in legitimate",
"title": "Social Security number"
},
{
"id": "4649624",
"text": "the Social Integration Program. There is another number for elections, which are mandatory participation for citizens from 18 to 70 years old. The use of the Social Insurance Number (SIN) as a de facto ID number ended in 2004 with passage of The Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act. There are only certain instances where an organization may ask for a SIN (namely for tax or retirement benefit related issues). The SIN must be guarded as confidential personal information, and therefore cannot be used as a general ID number. Nevertheless, the SIN is still used as a unique identifier",
"title": "National identification number"
},
{
"id": "5550888",
"text": "members of the U.S. military. The common format for social security numbers is 123-45-6789. Effective June 2011, the US military has introduced a plan to eliminate the use of Social Security Numbers on military and dependent ID cards, and replace them with a service number, in an effort to prevent identity theft against members of the armed services. All members have now been issued a DoD ID number for this purpose. Service number A service number is an identification code used to identify a person within a large group. Service numbers are most often associated with the military; however, they",
"title": "Service number"
},
{
"id": "592340",
"text": "Social Security (United States) In the United States, Social Security is the commonly used term for the federal Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program and is administered by the Social Security Administration. The original Social Security Act was signed into law by President Franklin Roosevelt in 1935, and the current version of the Act, as amended, encompasses several social welfare and social insurance programs. Social Security is funded primarily through payroll taxes called Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax (FICA) or Self Employed Contributions Act Tax (SECA). Tax deposits are collected by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and are formally",
"title": "Social Security (United States)"
},
{
"id": "13208357",
"text": "limited to three per calendar year and ten in a lifetime. Identity confusion has also occurred because of the use of local Social Security numbers by the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, and the Republic of Palau, whose numbers overlap with those of residents of New Hampshire and Maine. A person can request a new Social Security number, but only under certain conditions; For all of these conditions, credible third-party evidence such as a restraining order or police report, is required. The Social Security number is a nine-digit number in the format \"AAA-GG-SSSS\". The number",
"title": "Social Security number"
},
{
"id": "4649610",
"text": "National identification number A national identification number, national identity number, or national insurance number is used by the governments of many countries as a means of tracking their citizens, permanent residents, and temporary residents for the purposes of work, taxation, government benefits, health care, and other governmentally-related functions. The number appears on identity documents issued by several of the countries. The ways in which such a system is implemented vary among countries, but in most cases citizens are issued an identification number upon reaching legal age, or when they are born. Non-citizens may be issued such numbers when they enter",
"title": "National identification number"
},
{
"id": "592406",
"text": "entities use the Social Security number as a personal identifier. These include government agencies such as the Internal Revenue Service, the military as well as private agencies such as banks, colleges and universities, health insurance companies, and employers. Although the Social Security Act itself does not require a person to have a Social Security Number (SSN) to live and work in the United States, the Internal Revenue Code does generally require the use of the social security number by individuals for federal tax purposes: Importantly, most parents apply for Social Security numbers for their dependent children in order to include",
"title": "Social Security (United States)"
},
{
"id": "2793776",
"text": "it to be used as a general purpose identification number, such as by a cable company, is strongly discouraged. The Canadian military used the SIN as a form of unique identifier from the 1960s until the 1980s, when service numbers were reintroduced. Military identification, including ID cards and identity discs were marked with the SIN during this period. Social Insurance Numbers that begin with the number \"9\" are issued to temporary residents who are not Canadian citizens or permanent residents (e.g., foreign students, individuals on work visas). Often, these individuals must have an employment authorization in order to work in",
"title": "Social Insurance Number"
},
{
"id": "13208344",
"text": "announced that the first Social Security number in history was assigned to John David Sweeney, Jr., of New Rochelle, New York. Before 1986, people often did not obtain a Social Security number until the age of about 14, since the numbers were used for income tracking purposes, and those under that age seldom had substantial income The Tax Reform Act of 1986 required parents to list Social Security numbers for each dependent over the age of 5 for whom the parent wanted to claim a tax deduction. Before this act, parents claiming tax deductions were simply trusted not to lie",
"title": "Social Security number"
},
{
"id": "5321007",
"text": "U.S. Department of State to U.S. nationals only upon voluntary application. Issuance of these documents is discretionary - that is, for various reasons, the State Department can refuse an application for a passport or passport card. The driver's license, which is issued by each individual state, operates as the \"de facto\" national identity card due to the ubiquity of driving in the United States. Each state also issues a non-driver state identity card which fulfills the same identification functions as the driver's license, but does not permit the operation of a motor vehicle. Social Security cards have federal jurisdiction but",
"title": "Identity documents in the United States"
},
{
"id": "13208347",
"text": "and credit records are sometimes indexed by Social Security number. The U.S. Armed Forces has used the Social Security number as an identification number for Army and Air Force personnel since July 1, 1969, the Navy and Marine Corps for their personnel since January 1, 1972, and the Coast Guard for their personnel since October 1, 1974. Previously, the United States military used a much more complicated system of service numbers that varied by service. Beginning in June 2011, DOD began removing the Social Security number from military identification cards. It is replaced by a unique DOD identification number, formerly",
"title": "Social Security number"
},
{
"id": "13208360",
"text": "applicant's mailing address did not have to be the same as their place of residence. Thus, the area number did not necessarily represent the state of residence of the applicant regardless of whether the card was issued prior to, or after, 1973. Generally, numbers were assigned beginning in the northeast and moving south and westward, so that people applying from addresses on the east coast had the lowest numbers and those on the west coast had the highest numbers. As the areas assigned to a locality were exhausted, new areas from the pool were assigned, so some states had noncontiguous",
"title": "Social Security number"
},
{
"id": "1720720",
"text": "Social Security Administration The United States Social Security Administration (SSA) is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government that administers Social Security, a social insurance program consisting of retirement, disability, and survivors' benefits. To qualify for most of these benefits, most workers pay Social Security taxes on their earnings; the claimant's benefits are based on the wage earner's contributions. Otherwise benefits such as Supplemental Security Income (SSI) are given based on need. The Social Security Administration was established by a law codified at . Its current leader, Deputy Commissioner of Operations Nancy Berryhill, was acting commissioner from January 19,",
"title": "Social Security Administration"
},
{
"id": "5321005",
"text": "Identity documents in the United States Identity documents in the United States are typically the regional state-issued drivers license or identity card, while also the Social Security card (or just the Social Security number) and the United States Passport Card may serve as national identification. The United States passport itself also may serve as identification. However there is no official \"national identity card\" in the United States, in the sense that there is no federal agency with nationwide jurisdiction that directly issues an identity document to all US citizens for mandatory regular use. There have been proposals to nationalize ID",
"title": "Identity documents in the United States"
},
{
"id": "5321010",
"text": "or one citizen parent and one non-citizen, also typically has citizenship from birth. Such births are registered with the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. If the embassy or consulate determines the child acquired citizenship at birth, it issues a Consular Report of Birth Abroad, also known as Form FS-240. A birth certificate will also be issued locally in the country where the child was born. The consular report is proof of U.S. citizenship and may be used to obtain a passport for the child and register the child for school, among other purposes. The Social Security number (SSN) and card",
"title": "Identity documents in the United States"
},
{
"id": "13208351",
"text": "for adults. Internal Revenue Code section 6109(d) provides: \"The social security account number issued to an individual for purposes of section 205(c)(2)(A) of the Social Security Act [codified as ] shall, except as shall otherwise be specified under regulations of the Secretary [of the Treasury or his delegate], be used as the identifying number for such individual for purposes of this title [the Internal Revenue Code, title 26 of the United States Code].\" The Internal Revenue Code also provides, when required by regulations prescribed by the Secretary [of the Treasury or his delegate]: According to U.S. Treasury regulations, any person",
"title": "Social Security number"
},
{
"id": "2793777",
"text": "Canada. SINs beginning with a \"9\" are different from SINs assigned to citizens and permanent residents, because they have an expiry date (which usually coincides with the expiration of the holder's work permit). These SINs are invalid unless there is an expiry date listed on the card and the date has not passed. Social Insurance Numbers can be validated through a simple check digit process called the Luhn algorithm. So the result of the multiplication is: Then, add all of the digits together (note that 16 is 1+6): If the SIN is valid, this number will be evenly divisible by",
"title": "Social Insurance Number"
},
{
"id": "5550887",
"text": "designated a Royal Marines Other Rank, while N a Royal Marine Officer. Following the introduction of JPA, all newly issued Royal Navy service numbers became an 8-digit number format beginning with 3, with no distinction made between male, female, Ratings, Officers, and Royal Marines. The Armed forces of the United States introduced service numbers on February 28, 1918, and discontinued their use in 1974. The first U.S. military member to hold a service number was Arthur Crean. The following formats were used to denote U.S. military service numbers: Social Security Numbers are today used as the primary means to identify",
"title": "Service number"
},
{
"id": "11262811",
"text": "Retirement Insurance Benefits Retirement Insurance Benefits (abbreviated RIB) or old-age insurance benefits are a form of social insurance payments made by the U.S. Social Security Administration paid based upon the attainment of old age (62 or older). Benefit payments are made on the 3rd of the month, or the 2nd, 3rd, or 4th Wednesday of the month, based upon the date of birth and entitlement to other benefits. RIB is authorized under Title II of the Social Security Act. Certain requirements must be met before a person becomes entitled to RIB. These requirements are based on both age and payments",
"title": "Retirement Insurance Benefits"
},
{
"id": "2793778",
"text": "10. The first digit of a SIN usually identifies the province in which it was registered, as listed below. However, the government has found it necessary in the past to supply certain regions with SIN numbers assigned to other regions. Social Insurance Number A social insurance number (SIN) is a number issued in Canada to administer various government programs. The SIN was created in 1964 to serve as a client account number in the administration of the Canada Pension Plan and Canada's varied employment insurance programs. In 1967, Revenue Canada (now the Canada Revenue Agency) started using the SIN for",
"title": "Social Insurance Number"
},
{
"id": "5665040",
"text": "day of the week on which various social security benefits are payable and when unemployed claimants need to attend their Jobcentre to sign on (renew their claims): \"00\" to \"19\" for Monday, \"20\" to \"39\" for Tuesday, \"40\" to \"59\" for Wednesday, \"60\" to \"79\" for Thursday and \"80\" to \"99\" for Friday. The suffix letter is either A, B, C, or D. (although F, M, and P have been used for temporary numbers in the past). The NI number is unique without the suffix letter, so, for example, if exists, then there will be no other numbers beginning with",
"title": "National Insurance number"
},
{
"id": "592378",
"text": "be covered \"can\" receive disability benefits. These benefits start after five full calendar months of disability, regardless of his or her age. The eligibility formula requires a certain number of credits (based on earnings) to have been earned overall, and a certain number within the ten years immediately preceding the disability, but with more-lenient provisions for younger workers who become disabled before having had a chance to compile a long earnings history. The worker must be unable to continue in his or her previous job and unable to adjust to other work, with age, education, and work experience taken into",
"title": "Social Security (United States)"
},
{
"id": "13208356",
"text": "return preparers must obtain and use a Preparer Tax Identification Number (PTIN) to include on their client's tax returns (as part of signature requirements). Day care services have tax benefits, and even a sole proprietor should give parents an EIN (employer identification number) to use on their tax return. The Social Security Administration has suggested that, if asked to provide his or her Social Security number, a citizen should ask which law requires its use. In accordance with §7213 of the 9/11 Commission Implementation Act of 2004 and , the number of replacement Social Security cards per person is generally",
"title": "Social Security number"
},
{
"id": "13208345",
"text": "about the number of children they supported. During the first year of the Tax Reform Act, this anti-fraud change resulted in seven million fewer minor dependents being claimed. The disappearance of these dependents is believed to have involved either children who never existed or tax deductions improperly claimed by non-custodial parents. In 1988, the threshold was lowered to 2 years old, and in 1990, the threshold was lowered yet again to 1 year old. Today, an SSN is required regardless of the child's age to receive an exemption. Since then, parents have often applied for Social Security numbers for their",
"title": "Social Security number"
},
{
"id": "661707",
"text": "Social Security Act The Social Security Act of 1935 , now codified as , created Social Security in the United States, and is relevant for US labor law. It created a basic right to a pension in old age, and insurance against unemployment. In the Second New Deal, the Social Security Act was signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on August 14, 1935. The act laid the groundwork for the modern welfare system in the United States, with its primary focus to provide aid for the elderly, the unemployed, and children. Industrialization and the urbanization in the 19th",
"title": "Social Security Act"
},
{
"id": "592341",
"text": "entrusted to the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund and the Federal Disability Insurance Trust Fund, the two Social Security Trust Funds. With a few exceptions, all salaried income, up to an amount specifically determined by law (see tax rate table below), is subject to the Social Security payroll tax. All income over said amount is not taxed. In 2018, the maximum amount of taxable earnings was $128,400. With few exceptions, all legal residents working in the United States now have an individual Social Security number. Indeed, nearly all working (and many non-working) residents since Social Security's 1935 inception",
"title": "Social Security (United States)"
},
{
"id": "375318",
"text": "Social security Social security is \"any government system that provides monetary assistance to people with an inadequate or no income.\" In the United States, this is usually called welfare or a social safety net, especially when talking about Canada and European countries. Social security is asserted in Article 22 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which states: Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable",
"title": "Social security"
},
{
"id": "8321593",
"text": "is being applied in hospitals and else where in healthcare for records releases; in schools for parental program approvals; by local governments as notification of impending actions; by attorneys themselves for service authorizations; by service providers for work authorizations. In all cases, based upon Federal Rules and the U.S.Code, phone verifications are authorized and legally binding, assuming that the verification is recorded and available for audit for a minimum of 24 months, and that identity of the authorizing person can reasonably be verified, such as by a social security number, driver's license, date of birth, and/or other unique identifiers. In",
"title": "Third-party verification"
},
{
"id": "592342",
"text": "have had a Social Security number because it is requested by a wide range of businesses. In 2015, Social Security expenditures totaled $750.5 billion for OASDI and $146.6 billion for DI. Income derived from Social Security is currently estimated to have reduced the poverty rate for Americans age 65 or older from about 40% to below 10%. In 2018, the trustees of the Social Security Trust Fund reported that the program will become financially insolvent in the year 2034. Social Security Timeline A limited form of the Social Security program began, during President Franklin D. Roosevelt's first term, as a",
"title": "Social Security (United States)"
},
{
"id": "13208358",
"text": "is divided into three parts: the first three digits, known as the \"area number\" because they were formerly assigned by geographical region; the middle two digits, known as the \"group number\"; and the final four digits, known as the \"serial number.\" On June 25, 2011, the SSA changed the SSN assignment process to \"SSN randomization\". SSN randomization affected the SSN assignment process in the following ways: Because Individual Taxpayer Identification Numbers (ITINs) are issued by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), they were not affected by this SSA change. Prior to the 2011 randomization process, the first three digits or area",
"title": "Social Security number"
},
{
"id": "5321012",
"text": "of 1986, 1988, and 1990 required parents to supply the SSN of children over age 5, 2, or 1 respectively, to receive an income tax deduction for the child. This led to parents applying for their children's SSN at birth. Because their original purpose was so limited, Social Security cards were not designed with the rigorous security measures typically expected of identity documents. They do not have a photograph or physical description of the bearer, nor are they required to be renewed. Therefore, the Social Security card is not usually considered proof of identity, only proof that the person named",
"title": "Identity documents in the United States"
},
{
"id": "5321024",
"text": "contain the smart card cryptographic chip that the Common Access Card has. A DOD identification card number usually matches the holder's Social Security Number. But, on June 1, 2011, the DOD began phasing out use of the SSN to protect service members' identities. It was replaced with a 10-digit DOD ID Number and a 12-digit Benefits ID Number. In the absence of a national identity card, the typical adult in the United States often possesses a large number of documents issued by many different public and private entities to prove their identity. For citizens who acquire United States citizenship not",
"title": "Identity documents in the United States"
},
{
"id": "1281062",
"text": "up the appointment, although the first check will not be received until the next month. For example, a person calls on 31 January to set up an appointment for February. January will be the month-of-application for determination purposes, but the first benefit check will be issued in February. Medicaid benefits usually begin the first month in which medical and financial requirements are met. In order to qualify for SSI, an immigrant must have been a legal resident of the United States before the Welfare Reform Act of 1996 took effect (August 22, 1996). Those who arrived after that date may",
"title": "Supplemental Security Income"
},
{
"id": "13208367",
"text": "June 2011. On June 25, 2011, the SSA changed the SSN assignment process to \"SSN randomization\". SSN randomization affects the SSN assignment process. Among its changes, it eliminates the geographical significance of the first three digits of the SSN, previously referred to as the Area Number, by no longer allocating the Area Numbers for assignment to individuals in specific states. The table above is based on out-of-date information. Numbers in the range of 650-699 most certainly have been issued (see related comment on the Talk page). Social Security number In the United States, a Social Security number (SSN) is a",
"title": "Social Security number"
},
{
"id": "592407",
"text": "them on their income tax returns as a dependent. Everyone filing a tax return, as taxpayer or spouse, must have a Social Security Number or Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) since the IRS is unable to process returns or post payments for anyone without an SSN or TIN. The Privacy Act of 1974 was in part intended to limit usage of the Social Security number as a means of identification. Paragraph (1) of subsection (a) of section 7 of the Privacy Act, an uncodified provision, states in part: However, the Social Security Act provides: Further, paragraph (2) of subsection (a) of",
"title": "Social Security (United States)"
},
{
"id": "16468621",
"text": "History of Social Security in the United States A limited form of the Social Security program began as a measure to implement \"social insurance\" during the Great Depression of the 1930s, when poverty rates among senior citizens exceeded 50 percent. The Social Security Act was enacted August 14, 1935. The Act was drafted during President Franklin D. Roosevelt's first term by the President's Committee on Economic Security, under Frances Perkins, and passed by Congress as part of the New Deal. The Act was an attempt to limit what were seen as dangers in the modern American life, including old age,",
"title": "History of Social Security in the United States"
},
{
"id": "1720735",
"text": "deliberate spend-down to fall under SSI resource ceilings) can prevent a person from receiving SSI benefits for a period up to 36 months. Every person with or without a Social Security Number is eligible to apply. But if a person does not meet any of the above criteria or is not a documented resident of the United States, his or her claim can only be taken on paper and will be immediately denied. Even documented residents with legal permanent resident status after August 1996 are immediately denied unless they meet some or all of the SSI criteria listed above. The",
"title": "Social Security Administration"
},
{
"id": "13208362",
"text": "the highest area number the Social Security Administration had allocated. Effective June 25, 2011, the SSA assigns SSNs randomly and allows for the assignment of area numbers between 734 and 749 and above 772 through the 800s. This should not be confused with Tax Identification Numbers (TINs), which include additional area numbers. Some special numbers are never allocated: Until 2011, the SSA published the last group number used for each area number. Since group numbers were allocated in a regular pattern, it was possible to identify an unissued SSN that contained an invalid group number. Now numbers are assigned randomly,",
"title": "Social Security number"
},
{
"id": "11262828",
"text": "which the beneficiary dies. Retirement Insurance Benefits Retirement Insurance Benefits (abbreviated RIB) or old-age insurance benefits are a form of social insurance payments made by the U.S. Social Security Administration paid based upon the attainment of old age (62 or older). Benefit payments are made on the 3rd of the month, or the 2nd, 3rd, or 4th Wednesday of the month, based upon the date of birth and entitlement to other benefits. RIB is authorized under Title II of the Social Security Act. Certain requirements must be met before a person becomes entitled to RIB. These requirements are based on",
"title": "Retirement Insurance Benefits"
},
{
"id": "592349",
"text": "The amount of the monthly Social Security benefit to which a worker is entitled depends upon the earnings record they have paid FICA or SECA taxes on and upon the age at which the retiree chooses to begin receiving benefits. All workers paying FICA (Federal Insurance Contributions Act) and SECA (Self Employed Contributions Act) taxes for forty quarters of credit (QC) or more on a specified minimum income or more are \"fully insured\" and eligible to retire at age 62 with reduced benefits and higher benefits at full retirement ages, FRA, of 65, 66 or 67 depending on birth date.",
"title": "Social Security (United States)"
},
{
"id": "5321028",
"text": "of identification have been lost or stolen, or as auxiliary documents in conjunction with a primary form of identification. These other documents include: Identity documents in the United States Identity documents in the United States are typically the regional state-issued drivers license or identity card, while also the Social Security card (or just the Social Security number) and the United States Passport Card may serve as national identification. The United States passport itself also may serve as identification. However there is no official \"national identity card\" in the United States, in the sense that there is no federal agency with",
"title": "Identity documents in the United States"
},
{
"id": "13208363",
"text": "and fraudulent SSNs are not easily detectable with publicly available information. Many online services, however, provide SSN validation. Unlike many similar numbers, no check digit is included. The Social Security Administration does not reuse Social Security numbers. It has issued over 450 million since the start of the program, and at a use rate of about 5.5 million per year. It says it has enough to last several generations without reuse or changing the number of digits. However, there have been instances where multiple individuals have been inadvertently assigned the same Social Security number. Some SSNs used in advertising have",
"title": "Social Security number"
},
{
"id": "592464",
"text": "using your Social Security number and assuming your identity\" and directs the reader to a website designed to look like Social Security's Internet website. \"I am outraged that someone would target an unsuspecting public in this manner,\" said Commissioner Jo Anne B. Barnhart. \"I have asked the Inspector General to use all the resources at his command to find and prosecute whoever is perpetrating this fraud.\" Once directed to the phony website, the individual is reportedly asked to confirm his or her identity with \"Social Security and bank information.\" Specific information about the individual's credit card number, expiration date and",
"title": "Social Security (United States)"
},
{
"id": "661709",
"text": "I is designed to give money to states to provide assistance to aged individuals Title III concerns unemployment insurance Title IV concerns Aid to Families with Dependent Children. Title V concerns Maternal and Child Welfare. Title VI concerns public health services (investigation of disease and problems of sanitation) Title X concerns support for blind people. H.R.6635 Approved, August 10, 1939 Public Law 76-379 Amendments of 1939: The original Act provided only retirement benefits, and only to the worker. The 1939 Amendments made a fundamental change in the Social Security program. The Amendments added two new categories of benefits: payments to",
"title": "Social Security Act"
},
{
"id": "16468662",
"text": "wage earning among men and women in the Social Security system. History of Social Security in the United States A limited form of the Social Security program began as a measure to implement \"social insurance\" during the Great Depression of the 1930s, when poverty rates among senior citizens exceeded 50 percent. The Social Security Act was enacted August 14, 1935. The Act was drafted during President Franklin D. Roosevelt's first term by the President's Committee on Economic Security, under Frances Perkins, and passed by Congress as part of the New Deal. The Act was an attempt to limit what were",
"title": "History of Social Security in the United States"
},
{
"id": "17555380",
"text": "of a citizen identification number system, and currently consists of an 18-digit code. This number, to some extent, has a function similar to that of the social security number in the United States, and each citizen has a unique number that remains unchanged for their entire lifetime. An exception previously existed, however, in rare instances where the same ID number was accidentally issued to two people prior to the system being digitalised. The identity card is one of the acceptable legal documents used to obtain resident permits or driving licenses, open bank accounts, register for mobile phone numbers, apply for",
"title": "Resident Identity Card"
},
{
"id": "13208366",
"text": "the number was found to be in use by 12 individuals as late as 1977. More recently, Todd Davis distributed his SSN in advertisements for his company's LifeLock identity theft protection service, which allowed his identity to be stolen over a dozen times. List showing the geographical location of the first three digits of the social security numbers assigned in the United States and its territories from 1973 until June 25 2011. Repeated numbers indicate that they've been transferred to another location or they're shared by more than one location. The above table is only valid for SSN issued before",
"title": "Social Security number"
},
{
"id": "2291894",
"text": "public college or university also requires proof of residency using one of the above methods. Ownership of property, proved by a deed, also immediately confers residency in most cases. A Social Security number does not prove any form of residency, and neither does a passport, as neither of these documents is tied to a specific jurisdiction apart from the US as a whole, and a person can be issued either of these without living in the US (such as being born abroad to American citizen parent(s). Thus, \"residency in the US\" is not clearly defined, and determining this often depends",
"title": "Identity document"
},
{
"id": "592375",
"text": "the year you reach full retirement age and are still working—Social Security only deducts $1 in benefits for every $3 you earn above $40,080 in 2013 for that year and has no deduction thereafter. The income limits change (presumably for inflation) year by year. If a worker covered by Social Security dies, a surviving spouse can receive survivors' benefits. In some instances, survivors' benefits are available even to a divorced spouse. A father or mother with minor or disabled children in his or her care can receive benefits which are not actuarially reduced. The earliest age for a non-disabled widow(er)'s",
"title": "Social Security (United States)"
},
{
"id": "5082609",
"text": "with the authorities that issued these foreign passports (page 5294 of the DHS final rule in the Federal Register). Section 37.11(c) of the DHS final rule allows the states to accept several types of documents as proof of social security number: a social security card, a W-2 form, an SSA-1099 form, a non-SSA-1099 form, or a pay stub bearing the applicant's name and SSN. However, the states are not required to verify the validity of these documents directly with their issuers (e.g. with the employer that issued a W-2 form or a pay stub). Instead, the DHS rule requires the",
"title": "Real ID Act"
},
{
"id": "4964496",
"text": "issue number; any letters are converted to numbers using the standard convention of A=1, B=2 and so forth. Basic personal information is encoded on the magnetic stripe on the rear of the card such as date of birth and sex. The Social Services Card was completely withdrawn by January 2014. Since 2012, a new Public Services (National Identity) Card has been rolled out thus replacing the Social Services Card used to collect social welfare payments . It displays a passport-size photo, your PPS No, your date of birth and a Card Number. The Passport Service of the Department of Foreign",
"title": "Personal Public Service Number"
},
{
"id": "592362",
"text": "\"my Social Security.\" For retirees who have non FICA or SECA taxed wages the rules get complicated and probably require additional help. The earliest age at which (reduced) benefits are payable is 62. Full retirement benefits depend on a retiree's year of birth. This table was copied in November 2011 from the Social Security Administration web site cited above and referenced in the footnotes. There are different rules for widows and widowers. Also from that site, come the following two notes: Notes: 1. Persons born on January 1 of any year should refer to the normal retirement age for the",
"title": "Social Security (United States)"
},
{
"id": "592370",
"text": "the year after they reach full retirement. It also allows the spouse and children of a worker who has reached normal full retirement age to receive benefits under some circumstances while he/she does not. The full retirement age worker must have begun the receipt of benefits, to allow the spousal/children's benefits to begin, and then subsequently suspended their own benefits in order to continue the postponement of benefits in exchange for an increased benefit amount (5.5–8.0%/yr increase) up to the age of 70. Thus a worker can delay retirement up to age seventy without affecting spousal or children's benefits. If",
"title": "Social Security (United States)"
},
{
"id": "592434",
"text": "federal government created Social Security, all federal employees, including the president and members of Congress, were exempt from having to pay the Social Security tax, and they received no Social Security benefits. This law was changed by the Social Security Amendments of 1983, which brought within the Social Security system all members of Congress, the president and the vice president, federal judges, and certain executive-level political appointees, as well as all federal employees hired in any capacity on or after January 1, 1984. Many state and local government workers, however, are exempt from Social Security taxes because they contribute instead",
"title": "Social Security (United States)"
},
{
"id": "2291893",
"text": "an applicant without a passport may sign an affidavit of citizenship or be required to present a birth certificate. They must still also submit their Social Security number. \"Residency\" within a certain US jurisdiction, such as a voting precinct, can be proven if the driver's license or state ID has the home address printed on it corresponding to that jurisdiction. Utility bills or other pieces of official printed mail can also suffice for this purpose. In the case of voting, citizenship must also be proven with a passport, birth certificate, or signed citizenship affidavit. Receiving in-state tuition at a state's",
"title": "Identity document"
},
{
"id": "13208361",
"text": "groups of numbers. The middle two digits or \"group number\" range from 01 to 99. Even before SSN randomization, the group numbers were not assigned consecutively within an area. Instead, for administrative reasons, group numbers were issued in the following order: As an example, group number 98 would be issued before 11. The last four digits are \"serial numbers\". Before SSN randomization took effect, they represented a straight numerical sequence of digits from 0001 to 9999 within the group. Prior to June 25, 2011, a valid SSN could not have an area number between 734 and 749, or above 772,",
"title": "Social Security number"
},
{
"id": "1720741",
"text": "the previous year, based on applications for Social Security cards. The report includes the 1,000 most common names for both genders. The Popular Baby Names page on the SSA website provides the complete list and allows searches for past years and particular names. Social Security Administration The United States Social Security Administration (SSA) is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government that administers Social Security, a social insurance program consisting of retirement, disability, and survivors' benefits. To qualify for most of these benefits, most workers pay Social Security taxes on their earnings; the claimant's benefits are based on the",
"title": "Social Security Administration"
},
{
"id": "592432",
"text": "of American household incomes – the first quintile earns just 3.2% of all income, while the second quintile earns only 8.4% of all income. Higher-income retirees will have to pay income taxes on 85% of their Social Security benefits and 100% on all other retirement benefits they may have. The Social Security Act defines the rules for determining marital relationships for SSI recipients. The act requires that if a man and a woman are found to be \"holding out\"—that is, presenting themselves to the community as husband and wife—they should be considered married for purposes of the SSI program. Consequently,",
"title": "Social Security (United States)"
},
{
"id": "11302864",
"text": "social security benefits, relative to their full retirement age. Full retirement age (FRA) is a function of year of birth and is defined by the Social Security Administration as follows: Eligible individuals can begin collecting old-age insurance benefits as early as age 62, which is referred to as the Early Entitlement Age (EEA). Accordingly, individuals born between January 2, 1955, and January 1, 1956, are eligible to accept retirement benefits when they turn 62 in 2017. However, there exists a penalty for collecting benefits before full retirement age: the recipient's monthly benefits are permanently reduced. For instance, if a recipient",
"title": "Primary Insurance Amount"
},
{
"id": "1281060",
"text": "may still be eligible for Medicaid benefits under what are referred to as 1619 provisions. An examination of eligibility for SSI also considers the income of \"deemors,\" e.g., a spouse who lives with the recipient, a parent or parents who live with a child recipient (recipient under the age of 18) or, in some cases, the sponsor of an alien. Social Security determines the first month of potential eligibility for SSI by the date of the intent to file an application for benefits as expressed to the Social Security Administration, and an application is filed within 60 days of the",
"title": "Supplemental Security Income"
},
{
"id": "592379",
"text": "account; furthermore, the disability must be long-term, lasting 12 months, expected to last 12 months, resulting in death, or expected to result in death. As with the retirement benefit, the amount of the disability benefit payable depends on the worker's age and record of covered earnings. Supplemental Security Income (SSI) uses the same disability criteria as the insured social security disability program, but SSI is not based upon insurance coverage. Instead, a system of means-testing is used to determine whether the claimants' income and net worth fall below certain income and asset thresholds. Severely disabled children may qualify for SSI.",
"title": "Social Security (United States)"
},
{
"id": "2793775",
"text": "for which a SIN can be requested. It is not an identity document. Unless an organization can demonstrate that the reason it is requesting an individual's SIN is specifically permitted by law, or that no alternative identifiers would suffice to complete the transaction, it cannot deny or refuse a product or service on the grounds of a refusal to provide a SIN. Examples of organizations that legitimately require a SIN include employers, financial institutions that provide interest on deposits, and federal government agencies. Giving a SIN when applying for consumer credit, such as buying a car or electronics, or allowing",
"title": "Social Insurance Number"
},
{
"id": "7740222",
"text": "the requirements for SSDI. Most representatives will provide this screening at no cost to you. Typical reasons individuals do not meet the requirements are: their disability is not severe enough or the applicant does not have a sufficient work history (and did not pay enough into FICA - the Federal Insurance Contributions Act). The amount of time it takes for an application to be approved or denied varies, depending on the level of the process at which the award is made. In 2009, there were 2,816,244 applications for SSDI. As of March 31, 2007, the number of pending applications (or",
"title": "Social Security Disability Insurance"
},
{
"id": "7725905",
"text": "Social Security Wage Base For the Old Age, Survivors and Disability Insurance (OASDI) tax or Social Security tax in the United States, the Social Security Wage Base (SSWB) is the maximum earned gross income or upper threshold on which a wage earner's Social Security tax may be imposed. The Social Security tax is one component of the Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax (FICA) and Self-employment tax, the other component being the Medicare tax. It is also the maximum amount of covered wages that are taken into account when average earnings are calculated in order to determine a worker's Social Security",
"title": "Social Security Wage Base"
},
{
"id": "4649647",
"text": "MyKad. Prior to January 1, 2004, a separate social security (\"SOCSO\") number (also the old IC number in format 'S#########', S denotes state of birth or country of origin (alphabet or number), # is a 9-digit serial number) was used for social security-related affairs. The first group of numbers (YYMMDD) are the date of birth. The second group of numbers (SS) represents the place of birth of the holder - the states (01-13), the federal territories (14-16) or the country of origin (60-85). The last group of numbers (###G) is a serial number in an unidentified pattern which is randomly",
"title": "National identification number"
},
{
"id": "4649631",
"text": "other purposes, for example to open a bank account or apply for a driving license, so that nearly all U.S. citizens and permanent residents have one. The SSN has therefore become a \"de facto\" national identification number, despite the fact that originally it was expressly not for this purpose. In fact, a valid SSN can be easily guessed, as they were issued serially prior to June 25, 2011. In Venezuela, the Administrative Service of Identification, Migration, and Immigration (SAIME) issues an ID card for individuals in their teens (Cédula de Identidad). The ID card includes date of birth, a correlative",
"title": "National identification number"
},
{
"id": "592384",
"text": "an unfavorable district court decision can be appealed to the appropriate United States Court of Appeals, and an unfavorable appellate court decision can be appealed to the United States Supreme Court. The Social Security Administration has maintained its goal for judges to resolve 500–700 cases per year but an Administrative Law Judge on the average nationwide disposes of approximately 400 cases per year. The debate about the social security system in the United States has been ongoing for decades and there is much concern about its sustainability. Obtaining a Social Security number for a child is voluntary. Further, there is",
"title": "Social Security (United States)"
},
{
"id": "661710",
"text": "the spouse and minor children of a retired worker (called dependents benefits) and survivors benefits paid to the family in the event of the premature death of the worker. The 1939 Amendments also increased benefit amounts and accelerated the start of monthly benefit payments from 1942 to 1940. S.2051 Approved, October 3, 1944 Public Law 78-458 Title XII H.R.7037 Approved, August 10, 1946 Public Law 79-719 Title XIII H.R.6000 Approved August 28, 1950 Public Law 81-734 These amendments raised benefits for the first time and placed the program on the road to the virtually universal coverage it has today. Specifically",
"title": "Social Security Act"
},
{
"id": "16468622",
"text": "poverty, unemployment, and the burdens of widows and fatherless children. By signing this Act on August 14, 1935, President Roosevelt became the first president to advocate federal assistance for the elderly. The Act provided benefits to retirees and the unemployed, and a lump-sum benefit at death. Payments to current retirees are financed by a payroll tax on current workers' wages, half directly as a payroll tax and half paid by the employer. The act also gave money to states to provide assistance to aged individuals (Title I), for unemployment insurance (Title III), Aid to Families with Dependent Children (Title IV),",
"title": "History of Social Security in the United States"
},
{
"id": "4649724",
"text": "state welfare benefits. In New Zealand, an Inland Revenue Department (IRD) number is issued by the IRD to every taxpayer (a natural or juristic person), and is needed with dealings with the IRD. It must be given to any employer or bank responsible for charging withholding tax, and to apply for or use a student loan. Driver's licences carry a unique number, often recorded when providing them as identification. The social security and student support services of the Ministry of Social Development (Work and Income, and StudyLink) issue a Work and Income client number, assigned at the occurrence of a",
"title": "National identification number"
},
{
"id": "4649716",
"text": "most persons resident in Switzerland are allocated a Social Security Number (AHV-Nr. [de] / No AVS [fr]), which is also used for other governmental purposes. The eleven-digit format in use since 1968 is of the form AAA.BB.CCC.DDD and encodes information about the name, birth date and sex of its holder: As of 2008, an anonymous thirteen-digit number is being issued to all Swiss residents. It is of the form 756.XXXX.XXXX.XY, where 756 is the ISO 3166-1 code for Switzerland, XXXX.XXXX.X is a random number and Y is an EAN-13 check digit. During the application for a national ID card, every",
"title": "National identification number"
},
{
"id": "375332",
"text": "as symptoms of social injustice and structural inequality and see social protection as a right of citizenship. Targeted welfare is a necessary step between humanitarianism and the ideal of a \"guaranteed minimum income\" where entitlement extends beyond cash or food transfers and is based on citizenship, not philanthropy. Social security Social security is \"any government system that provides monetary assistance to people with an inadequate or no income.\" In the United States, this is usually called welfare or a social safety net, especially when talking about Canada and European countries. Social security is asserted in Article 22 of the Universal",
"title": "Social security"
},
{
"id": "11484237",
"text": "equivalent), usually show a photograph of the bearer, as well as a copy of the bearer's signature, the address of the bearer's primary residence, the type or class of license, restrictions, endorsements (if any), the physical characteristics of the bearer (such as height, weight, hair color and eye color) and birth date. No two driver's license numbers issued by a state are alike. Social Security numbers are now prohibited by federal law from appearing on new driver's licenses due to identity theft concerns. In most states, to be compliant with AAMVA standards, the orientation of a driver's license for persons",
"title": "Driver's licenses in the United States"
},
{
"id": "8260600",
"text": "US financial institution had to comply with this final rule by October 1, 2003. In July 2016, FinCEN enacted new rules regarding beneficial ownership: Financial institutions must collect from the legal entity customer the name, date of birth, address, and social security number or other government identification number (passport number or other similar information in the case of foreign persons) for individuals who own 25% or more of the equity interest of the legal entity (if any), and an individual with significant responsibility to control/manage the legal entity at the time a new account is opened. The Customer Identification Program",
"title": "Customer Identification Program"
},
{
"id": "688520",
"text": "of its predecessor demonstration plans before enactment). In April 2018, CMS began mailing out new Medicare cards with new ID numbers to all beneficiaries. Previous cards had ID numbers containing beneficiaries' Social Security numbers; the new ID numbers are randomly generated and not tied to any other personally identifying information. Part A covers inpatient hospital stays where the beneficiary has been formally admitted to the hospital, including semi-private room, food, and tests. As of January 1, 2018, Medicare Part A has an inpatient hospital deductible of $1340, coinsurance per day as $335 after 61 days confinement within one \"spell of",
"title": "Medicare (United States)"
},
{
"id": "1843259",
"text": "social security around 1913, and adopted the welfare state with the National Insurance Act 1946, during the Attlee government (1945–51). In the countries of western Europe, Scandinavia, and Australasia (New Zealand), the national government provides social welfare that is paid from the national tax revenues, and by non-government organizations (NGOs), and charities (social and religious). In the U.S., \"welfare program\" is the general term for government support of the well-being of poor people, and the term \"social security\" refers to the US social insurance program for retired and disabled people. In other countries, the term \"social security\" has a broader",
"title": "Welfare"
},
{
"id": "17673483",
"text": "SNILS (Russia) Individual insurance account number (SNILS) is a personal number used by the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation to track people's accounts for social security purposes. The number is issued on a green plastic card, and anyone looking to get legal employment in the Russian Federation or to apply for benefits must have one. SNILS is used universally as a primary personal number within the government. Anyone resident in Russia on a permanent basis may apply for a number. An application can also be filed on behalf of a child at birth. SNILS is required for the Pension",
"title": "SNILS (Russia)"
},
{
"id": "592373",
"text": "retirement age or older may (with spouse) keep all benefits, after taxes, regardless of earnings. But, if this worker or the worker's spouse are younger than full retirement age and receiving benefits and earn \"too much\", the benefits will be reduced. If working under full retirement age for the entire year and receiving benefits, Social Security deducts $1 from the worker's benefit payments for every $2 earned above the annual limit of $15,120 (2013). Deductions cease when the benefits have been reduced to zero and the worker will get one more year of income and age credit, slightly increasing future",
"title": "Social Security (United States)"
},
{
"id": "592371",
"text": "a worker delays receiving Social Security retirement benefits until after they reach full retirement age there is a Social Security benefits increase by a certain percentage—depending on date of birth. After age 70 there are no more increases in retirement benefits allowed. Social Security uses an \"average\" survival rate at your full retirement age to prorate the increase in the amount of benefit increase so that the total benefits are roughly the same whenever you retire. Women may benefit more than men from this delayed benefit increase since the \"average\" survival rates are based on both men and women and",
"title": "Social Security (United States)"
},
{
"id": "592425",
"text": "files his federal income tax return. Any excess taxes paid by employers, however, are not refundable to the employers. Workers are not required to pay Social Security taxes on wages from certain types of work: Originally the benefits received by retirees were not taxed as income. Beginning in tax year 1984, with the Reagan-era reforms to repair the system's projected insolvency, retirees with incomes over $25,000 (in the case of married persons filing separately who did not live with the spouse at any time during the year, and for persons filing as \"single\"), or with combined incomes over $32,000 (if",
"title": "Social Security (United States)"
},
{
"id": "11328701",
"text": "of the most significant social achievements of the international community, but its enhancement and extension remain one of the main challenges of the 21st century. As per the ISSA Constitution, the term \"social security\" means any scheme or programme established by legislation, or any other mandatory arrangement, which provides protection, whether in cash or in kind, in the event of employment accidents, occupational diseases, unemployment, maternity, sickness, invalidity, old age, retirement, survivorship, or death, and encompasses, among others, benefits for children and other family members, health care benefits, prevention, rehabilitation, and long-term care. It can include social insurance, social assistance,",
"title": "International Social Security Association"
},
{
"id": "592408",
"text": "section 7 of the Privacy Act provides in part: The exceptions under section 7 of the Privacy Act include the Internal Revenue Code requirement that social security numbers be used as taxpayer identification numbers for individuals. In each year since 1982, OASDI tax receipts, interest payments and other income have exceeded benefit payments and other expenditures, for example by more than $150 billion in 2004. As the \"baby boomers\" move out of the work force and into retirement, however, expenses will come to exceed tax receipts and then, after several more years, will exceed all OASDI trust income, including interest.",
"title": "Social Security (United States)"
},
{
"id": "2291896",
"text": "can be issued to people as another type of identity. Identification indicating age is commonly required to purchase alcohol and tobacco and to enter nightclubs and gambling venues. Other important identity documents include a passport, an official birth certificate, an official marriage certificate, cards issued by government agencies (typically social security cards), some cards issued by commercial organisations (e.g., a debit or credit card), and utility accounts. Often, some combination of identity documents is required, such as an identity document linking a name, photograph and signature (typically photo-ID in the form of a driver licence or passport), evidence of operating",
"title": "Identity document"
},
{
"id": "1281040",
"text": "Supplemental Security Income Supplemental Security Income (SSI) is a United States government means-tested welfare program that provides cash assistance and health care coverage (i.e., Medicaid) to people with low-income and limited assets who are either aged 65 or older, blind, or disabled (children included). Although administered by the Social Security Administration, SSI is funded from the U.S. Treasury general funds, not the Social Security trust fund. SSI was created in 1974 to replace federal-state adult assistance programs that served the same purpose, but was administered by the State agencies and received criticism for lacking consistent eligibility criteria throughout the United",
"title": "Supplemental Security Income"
}
] | when are you issued a social security number |
[
"artery"
] | [
{
"id": "1914108",
"text": "and the FDA has acknowledged the danger.\" Three months after the suit was filed, on 16 June 2015, the FDA moved to eliminate artificial trans fats from the U.S. food supply, giving manufacturers a deadline of three years. The FDA specifically ruled that trans fat was not generally recognized as safe and \"could no longer be added to food after June 18, 2018, unless a manufacturer could present convincing scientific evidence that a particular use was safe.\" Kummerow stated: \"Science won out.\" The ban is believed to prevent about 90,000 premature deaths annually. The FDA estimates the ban will cost",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "1914094",
"text": "On 11 July 2003, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a regulation requiring manufacturers to list trans fat on the Nutrition Facts panel of foods and some dietary supplements. The new labeling rule became mandatory across the board, even for companies that petitioned for extensions, on 1 January 2008. However, unlike in many other countries, trans fat levels of less than 0.5 grams per serving can be listed as 0 grams trans fat on the food label. According to a study published in the Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, without an interpretive footnote or further information on recommended",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "1914080",
"text": "most foods. Products with less than 0.2 grams of trans fat per serving may be labeled as free of trans fats. These labelling allowances are not widely known, but as an awareness of them develops, controversy over truthful labelling is growing. In Canada, trans fat quantities on labels include naturally occurring trans fats from animal sources. In June 2006, a task force co-chaired by Health Canada and the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada recommended a limit of 5% trans fat (of total fat) in all products sold to consumers in Canada (2% for tub margarines and spreads). The amount",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "1914093",
"text": "felt that justifying intake on the basis of average figures was unsuitable since some members of the community could considerably exceed this. Before 2006, consumers in the United States could not directly determine the presence, or quantity, of trans fats in food products. This information could only be inferred from the ingredient list, notably from the partially hydrogenated ingredients. In 2010, according to the FDA, the average American consumed 5.8 grams of trans fat per day (2.6% of energy intake). Monoglycerides and diglycerides are not considered fats by the FDA, despite their nearly equal calorie per weight contribution during ingestion.",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "920438",
"text": "are often an essential part of the complex, even if they seem to have no catalytic activity by themselves. Detergents are usually required to isolate transmembrane lipoproteins from their associated biological membranes. Because fats are insoluble in water, fats cannot be transported in extracellular water, including blood plasma, on their own. Instead, they are surrounded by hydrophilic proteins that function as transport vehicles. The role of lipoprotein particles is to transport all hydrophobic fat molecules, such as triacylglycerols (a.k.a. triglycerides), phospholipids, cholesterol, etc. within the extracellular water of the body to all the cells and tissues of the body. The",
"title": "Lipoprotein"
},
{
"id": "1914088",
"text": "fat content. Since 2014, It is obligatory to mark food products with more than 2% (by weight) fat. The nutritional facts must contain the amount of trans fats. The parliament gave the government a mandate in 2011 to submit without delay a law prohibiting the use of industrially produced trans fats in foods, as of 2017 the law has not yet been implemented. Switzerland followed Denmark's trans fats ban, and implemented its own starting in April 2008. In October 2005, the Food Standards Agency (FSA) asked for better labelling in the UK. In the edition of 29 July 2006 of",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "1914035",
"text": "Trans fat Trans fat, also called unsaturated fatty acids or trans fatty acids, are a type of unsaturated fat that occur in small amounts in nature, but became widely produced industrially from vegetable fats starting in the 1950s for use in margarine, snack food, packaged baked goods, and for frying fast food. Trans fat has been shown to be associated consistently, in an intake-dependent way, with increased risk of coronary artery disease, a leading cause of death in Western nations. Fats contain long hydrocarbon chains, which can be either unsaturated, i.e., have double bonds, or saturated, i.e., have no double",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "139980",
"text": "fat to supply fatty acids and also glycerol to the circulation. These metabolic activities are regulated by several hormones (e.g., insulin, glucagon and epinephrine). Adipose tissue also secretes the hormone leptin. The location of the tissue determines its metabolic profile: visceral fat is located within the abdominal wall (i.e., beneath the wall of abdominal muscle) whereas \"subcutaneous fat\" is located beneath the skin (and includes fat that is located in the abdominal area beneath the skin but \"above\" the abdominal muscle wall). Visceral fat was recently discovered to be a significant producer of signaling chemicals (i.e., hormones), among which several",
"title": "Fat"
},
{
"id": "139978",
"text": "fatty acids can also be used as a source of fuel for brain cells. Fats are also sources of essential fatty acids, an important dietary requirement. They provide energy as noted above. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble, meaning they can only be digested, absorbed, and transported in conjunction with fats. Fats play a vital role in maintaining healthy skin and hair, insulating body organs against shock, maintaining body temperature, and promoting healthy cell function. Fat also serves as a useful buffer against a host of diseases. When a particular substance, whether chemical or biotic, reaches unsafe levels",
"title": "Fat"
},
{
"id": "139974",
"text": "9 food calories (37 kJ = 8.8 kcal). Fats are broken down in the healthy body to release their constituents, glycerol and fatty acids. Glycerol itself can be converted to glucose by the liver and so become a source of energy. There are many different kinds of fats, but each is a variation on the same chemical structure. All fats are derivatives of fatty acids and glycerol. Most fats are glycerides, particularly triglycerides (triesters of glycerol). One chain of fatty acid is bonded to each of the three -OH groups of the glycerol by the reaction of the carboxyl end",
"title": "Fat"
},
{
"id": "9568728",
"text": "Stretch marks often from pregnancy and obesity, are also located in the dermis. The subcutaneous tissue (also \"hypodermis\" and \"subcutis\") is not part of the skin, and lies below the dermis of the cutis. Its purpose is to attach the skin to underlying bone and muscle as well as supplying it with blood vessels and nerves. It consists of loose connective tissue, adipose tissue and elastin. The main cell types are fibroblasts, macrophages and adipocytes (subcutaneous tissue contains 50% of body fat). Fat serves as padding and insulation for the body. Human skin shows high skin color variety from the",
"title": "Human skin"
},
{
"id": "1914081",
"text": "was selected such that \"most of the industrially produced trans fats would be removed from the Canadian diet, and about half of the remaining trans fat intake would be of naturally occurring trans fats\". This recommendation has been endorsed by the Canadian Restaurant and Foodservices Association and Food & Consumer Products of Canada has congratulated the task force on the report, although it did not recommend delaying implementation to 2010 as they had formerly advocated. Ten months after submitting their report the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada and Toronto Public Health issued a plea to the government of Canada:",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "1914038",
"text": "the US Department of Agriculture showed that vaccenic acid raises both HDL and LDL cholesterol, whereas industrial trans fats only raise LDL with no beneficial effect on HDL. In light of recognized evidence and scientific agreement, nutritional authorities consider all trans fats equally harmful for health and recommend that their consumption be reduced to trace amounts. The World Health Organization recommended that trans fats make up no more than 1% of a person's diet in 2003 and, in 2018, introduced a 6-step guide to eliminate industrially-produced trans-fatty acids from the global food supply. In many countries, there are legal limits",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "1914075",
"text": "Stan 256-2007. In the Codex Alimentarius, trans fat to be labelled as such is defined as the geometrical isomers of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids having non-conjugated [interrupted by at least one methylene group (−CH−)] carbon-carbon double bonds in the trans configuration. This definition excludes specifically the trans fats (vaccenic acid and conjugated linoleic acid) that are present especially in human milk, dairy products, and beef. in 2018 the World Health Organization launched a plan to eliminate trans fat from the global food supply. They estimate that trans fat leads to more than 500,000 deaths from cardiovascular disease yearly. Since",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "1914057",
"text": "chromatography (by silver ion chromatography on thin layer chromatography plates, or small high-performance liquid chromatography columns of silica gel with bonded phenylsulfonic acid groups whose hydrogen atoms have been exchanged for silver ions). The role of silver lies in its ability to form complexes with unsaturated compounds. Gas chromatography and mid-infrared spectroscopy are other methods in use. A type of trans fat occurs naturally in the milk and body fat of ruminants (such as cattle and sheep) at a level of 2–5% of total fat. Natural \"trans\" fats, which include conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and vaccenic acid, originate in the",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "1914077",
"text": "The former federal assistant health minister, Christopher Pyne, asked fast food outlets to reduce their trans fat use. A draft plan was proposed, with a September 2007 timetable, to reduce reliance on trans fats and saturated fats. , Australia's food labeling laws do not require trans fats to be shown separately from the total fat content. However, margarine in Australia has been mostly free of trans fat since 1996. Trans fat content limited to 4% of total fat, 2% on products that contain more than 20% fat. The Conseil Supérieur de la Santé published in 2012 a science-policy advisory report",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "11119468",
"text": "is minimally soluble in water; it cannot dissolve and travel in the water-based bloodstream. Instead, it is transported in the bloodstream by lipoproteins that are water-soluble and carry cholesterol and triglycerides internally. The apolipoproteins forming the surface of the given lipoprotein particle determine from what cells cholesterol will be removed and to where it will be supplied. The largest lipoproteins, which primarily transport fats from the intestinal mucosa to the liver, are called chylomicrons. They carry mostly fats in the form of triglycerides. In the liver, chylomicron particles release triglycerides and some cholesterol. The liver converts unburned food metabolites into",
"title": "Blood lipids"
},
{
"id": "1914083",
"text": "has temporarily eliminated all enforcement of the law. Effective 30 September 2009, British Columbia became the first province in Canada to mandate the June 2006 recommendation in provincially regulated food services establishments. On 15 September 2017, Health Canada announced that trans fat will be completely banned effective on 15 September 2018. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Regina, Saskatchewan in February 2009 at 3 different grocery stores located in 3 different regions that had the same median income before taxes of around $30,000. Of the 211 respondents to the study, most were women who purchased most of the food for",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "935188",
"text": "with better health in humans. Saturated fats, typically from animal sources, are next in order of preference, while trans fats are associated with a variety of disease and should be avoided. Saturated and some trans fats are typically solid at room temperature (such as butter or lard), while unsaturated fats are typically liquids (such as olive oil or flaxseed oil). Trans fats are very rare in nature, but have properties useful in the food processing industry, such as rancidity resistance. Most fatty acids are not essential, meaning the body can produce them as needed, generally from other fatty acids and",
"title": "Human nutrition"
},
{
"id": "1914089",
"text": "the \"British Medical Journal\", an editorial also called for better labelling. In January 2007, the British Retail Consortium announced that major UK retailers, including Asda, Boots, Co-op, Iceland, Marks and Spencer, Sainsbury's, Tesco and Waitrose intended to cease adding trans fatty acids to their own products by the end of 2007. Sainsbury's became the first UK major retailer to ban all trans fat from all their own store brand foods. On 13 December 2007, the Food Standards Agency issued news releases stating that voluntary measures to reduce trans fats in food had already resulted in safe levels of consumer intake.",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "12378364",
"text": "Overweight Being overweight or fat is having more body fat than is optimally healthy. Being overweight is especially common where food supplies are plentiful and lifestyles are sedentary. , excess weight reached epidemic proportions globally, with more than 1 billion adults being either overweight or obese. In 2013 this increased to more than 2 billion. Increases have been observed across all age groups. A healthy body requires a minimum amount of fat for proper functioning of the hormonal, reproductive, and immune systems, as thermal insulation, as shock absorption for sensitive areas, and as energy for future use. But the accumulation",
"title": "Overweight"
},
{
"id": "2491297",
"text": "surgery is one method of treatment. Visceral fat or abdominal fat (also known as organ fat or intra-abdominal fat) is located inside the abdominal cavity, packed between the organs (stomach, liver, intestines, kidneys, etc.). Visceral fat is different from subcutaneous fat underneath the skin, and intramuscular fat interspersed in skeletal muscles. Fat in the lower body, as in thighs and buttocks, is subcutaneous and is not consistently spaced tissue, whereas fat in the abdomen is mostly visceral and semi-fluid. Visceral fat is composed of several adipose depots, including mesenteric, epididymal white adipose tissue (EWAT), and perirenal depots. Visceral fat is",
"title": "Adipose tissue"
},
{
"id": "1914068",
"text": "trans fat consumption are scientifically accepted, forming the basis of the health guidelines discussed above. The exact biochemical process by which trans fats produce specific health problems are a topic of continuing research. Intake of dietary trans fat perturbs the body's ability to metabolize essential fatty acids (EFAs, including Omega-3) leading to changes in the phospholipid fatty acid composition in the aorta, the main artery of the heart, thereby raising risk of coronary artery disease. While the mechanisms through which trans fatty acids contribute to coronary artery disease are fairly well understood, the mechanism for their effects on diabetes is",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "1914082",
"text": "\"to act immediately on the task force's recommendations and to eliminate harmful trans fat from Canada's food supply.\" On 20 June 2007, the federal government announced its intention to regulate trans fats to the June 2006 standard unless the food industry voluntarily complied with these limits within two years. On 1 January 2008, Calgary became the first city in Canada to reduce trans fats from restaurants and fast food chains. Trans fats present in cooking oils may not exceed 2% of the total fat content. However, the replacement of local health regions with the Alberta Health Services Board in 2009",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "7063029",
"text": "considered a physiological minimum for human males. Irrespective of the location from which they are obtained, the fat cells in humans are composed almost entirely of pure triglycerides with an average density of about 0.9 kilograms per litre. Most modern body composition laboratories today use the value of 1.1 kilograms per litre for the density of the “fat free mass”, a theoretical tissue composed of 72% water (density = 0.993), 21% protein (density = 1.340) and 7% mineral (density = 3.000) by weight. With a well engineered weighing system, body density can be determined with great accuracy by completely submerging",
"title": "Body fat percentage"
},
{
"id": "1914116",
"text": "the nutrition information on the company website for the Summer/Fall 2015 Core Menu shows that they still have a considerable amount of trans fat in their food, including 4.5 grams in their \"mega monster cheeseburger\". The Girl Scouts of the USA announced in November 2006 that all of their cookies contain less than 0.5 g trans fats per serving, thus meeting or exceeding the FDA guidelines for the \"zero trans fat\" designation. High levels of trans fats remain common in packaged baked goods. Health Canada's monitoring program, which tracks the changing amounts of TFA and SFA in fast and prepared",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "6936188",
"text": "show that GLUT1 plays a larger role in cardiac muscles than it does in skeletal muscles. GLUT4, however, is still believed to be the primary transporter for glucose. Much like in other tissues, GLUT4 also responds to insulin signaling, and is transported into the plasma membrane to facilitate the diffusion of glucose into the cell. Adipose tissue, commonly known as fat, is a depository for energy in order to conserve metabolic homeostasis. As the body takes in energy in the form of glucose, some is expended, and the rest is stored as glycogen primarily in the liver, muscle cells, or",
"title": "GLUT4"
},
{
"id": "139979",
"text": "in the bloodstream, the body can effectively dilute—or at least maintain equilibrium of—the offending substances by storing it in new fat tissue. This helps to protect vital organs, until such time as the offending substances can be metabolized or removed from the body by such means as excretion, urination, accidental or intentional bloodletting, sebum excretion, and hair growth. In animals, adipose tissue, or fatty tissue is the body's means of storing metabolic energy over extended periods of time. Adipocytes (fat cells) store fat derived from the diet and from liver metabolism. Under energy stress these cells may degrade their stored",
"title": "Fat"
},
{
"id": "1914092",
"text": "ban, the Health Secretary Andrew Lansley launched on 15 March 2012 a voluntary pledge to remove artificial trans fats by the end of the year. Asda, Pizza Hut, Burger King, Tesco, Unilever and United Biscuits are some of 73 businesses who have agreed to do so. Lansley and his special Adviser Bill Morgan formerly worked for firms with interests in the food industry and some journalists have alleged that this results in a conflict of interest. Many health professionals are not happy with the voluntary nature of the deal. Simon Capewell, Professor of Clinical Epidemiology at the University of Liverpool,",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "1914062",
"text": "trans fat as in Hungary, and 28 times as much as in Denmark, where trans fats are restricted. At KFC, the pattern was reversed, with Hungary's product containing twice the trans fat of the New York product. Even within the United States there was variation, with fries in New York containing 30% more trans fat than those from Atlanta. The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) advises the United States and Canadian governments on nutritional science for use in public policy and product labeling programs. Their 2002 \"Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "1914096",
"text": "packaged foods. However, there is no requirement to list trans fats on institutional food packaging; thus bulk purchasers such as schools, hospitals, jails and cafeterias are unable to evaluate the trans fat content of commercial food items. Critics of the plan, including FDA advisor Dr. Carlos Camargo, have expressed concern that the 0.5 gram per serving threshold is too high to refer to a food as free of trans fat. This is because a person eating many servings of a product, or eating multiple products over the course of the day may still consume a significant amount of trans fat.",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "1914100",
"text": "already on the shelves some time to cycle out of the market. Even before the federal ban, the state of California and several U.S. cities took action to reduce consumption of trans fats. In 2005, Tiburon, California, became the first American city where all restaurants voluntarily cook with trans fat-free oils. In 2007, Montgomery County, Maryland, approved a ban on partially hydrogenated oils, becoming the first county in the nation to restrict trans fats. New York City embarked on a campaign in 2005 to reduce consumption of trans fats, noting that heart disease is the primary cause of resident deaths.",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "1914117",
"text": "foods shows considerable progress in TFA reduction by some industrial users while others, as of 2007, lag behind. In many cases, SFAs have been substituted for the TFAs. Trans fat Trans fat, also called unsaturated fatty acids or trans fatty acids, are a type of unsaturated fat that occur in small amounts in nature, but became widely produced industrially from vegetable fats starting in the 1950s for use in margarine, snack food, packaged baked goods, and for frying fast food. Trans fat has been shown to be associated consistently, in an intake-dependent way, with increased risk of coronary artery disease,",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "1914114",
"text": "menus and product lines with significant artificial trans fat include Popeyes The following major fast food chain menus and product lines are artificial trans fat free (that is, < 0.5 g/serving): Taco Bell, Chick-fil-A, Girl Scout Cookies, KFC (eliminated from all but Mac and cheese, biscuits and chicken potpie in '07, the rest in '09), McDonald's, Burger King, and Wendy's have greatly reduced partially hydrogenated oils (containing artificial trans fats) in their food; most of the remaining trans fat is naturally occurring, in the form of about a gram per 1/4 lb. burger patty, and smaller amounts in fatty dairy",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "2491290",
"text": "Adipose tissue In biology, adipose tissue, body fat, or simply fat is a loose connective tissue composed mostly of adipocytes. In addition to adipocytes, adipose tissue contains the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of cells including preadipocytes, fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells and a variety of immune cells such as adipose tissue macrophages. Adipose tissue is derived from preadipocytes. Its main role is to store energy in the form of lipids, although it also cushions and insulates the body. Far from being hormonally inert, adipose tissue has, in recent years, been recognized as a major endocrine organ, as it produces hormones such",
"title": "Adipose tissue"
},
{
"id": "1914099",
"text": "additive,\" meaning they could not be used in foods without specific regulatory authorization. This would have the effect of virtually eliminating trans fats from the US food supply. The ruling was formally enacted on 16 June 2015, requiring that within three years, all food prepared in the United States must not include trans fats, unless approved by the FDA. The FDA agreed in May 2018 to give companies one more year to find another ingredient for enhancing product flavors or grease industrial baking pans. Also, while new products can no longer be made with trans fats, they will give foods",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "10612915",
"text": "White adipose tissue White adipose tissue (WAT) or white fat is one of the two types of adipose tissue found in mammals. The other kind of adipose tissue is brown adipose tissue. In healthy, non-overweight humans, white adipose tissue composes as much as 20% of the body weight in men and 25% of the body weight in women. Its cells contain a single large fat droplet, which forces the nucleus to be squeezed into a thin rim at the periphery. They have receptors for insulin, sex hormones, norepinephrine, and glucocorticoids. White adipose tissue is used as a store of energy.",
"title": "White adipose tissue"
},
{
"id": "1914037",
"text": "raising levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL, often termed \"bad cholesterol\"), lowering levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL, often termed \"good cholesterol\"), increasing triglycerides in the bloodstream and promoting systemic inflammation. Trans fats also occur naturally, e.g., vaccenic acid and some isomers of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). These trans fats occur naturally in meat and dairy products from ruminants. Butter, for example, contains about 3% trans fat. Two Canadian studies have shown that vaccenic acid could be beneficial compared to hydrogenated vegetable shortening, or a mixture of pork lard and soy fat, by lowering total LDL and triglyceride levels. A study by",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "1914097",
"text": "Despite this, the FDA estimates that by 2009, trans fat labeling will have prevented from 600 to 1,200 cases of coronary artery disease, and 250 to 500 deaths, yearly. This benefit is expected to result from consumers choosing alternative foods lower in trans fats, and manufacturers reducing the amount of trans fats in their products. The American Medical Association supports any state and federal efforts to ban the use of artificial trans fats in U.S. restaurants and bakeries. The American Public Health Association adopted a new policy statement regarding trans fats in 2007. These new guidelines, entitled \"Restricting Trans Fatty",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "11953532",
"text": "Globules of fat In human cell biology globules of fat are the individual pieces of intracellular fat inside other cell types than adipocytes (fat cells). Intracellular fat is bound in the globular form by phospholipid membranes, which are hydrophobic. This means that fat globules are insoluble in water. In simpler terms: a vacuole or droplet of triglyceride or some other blood lipid, which is located inside a cell that is not an adipocyte (fat cell), as opposed to fat cells in between other cells in an organ. Lipids and any lipid digestive derivatives must be transported in the globular form",
"title": "Globules of fat"
},
{
"id": "8208133",
"text": "Intramuscular fat Intramuscular fat (also known as intramuscular triglycerides, intramuscular triacylglycerol, or intramyocellular triacylglycerol [IMTG]) is located inside skeletal muscle fibers. It is stored in lipid droplets that exist in close proximity to the mitochondria, where it serves as an energy store that can be used during exercise. In humans, excess accumulation of intramuscular fat has been associated with conditions such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-lipodystrophy syndrome is associated with over-accumulation of intramuscular fat, which may contribute to AIDS wasting syndrome. Increased IMTG was once thought responsible for increased insulin resistance. However, the",
"title": "Intramuscular fat"
},
{
"id": "8208136",
"text": "Intramuscular fat Intramuscular fat (also known as intramuscular triglycerides, intramuscular triacylglycerol, or intramyocellular triacylglycerol [IMTG]) is located inside skeletal muscle fibers. It is stored in lipid droplets that exist in close proximity to the mitochondria, where it serves as an energy store that can be used during exercise. In humans, excess accumulation of intramuscular fat has been associated with conditions such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-lipodystrophy syndrome is associated with over-accumulation of intramuscular fat, which may contribute to AIDS wasting syndrome. Increased IMTG was once thought responsible for increased insulin resistance. However, the",
"title": "Intramuscular fat"
},
{
"id": "8291567",
"text": "Lipid metabolism Lipid metabolism is the synthesis and degradation of lipids in cells, involving the break down or storage of fats for energy. These fats are obtained from consuming food and absorbing them or they are synthesized by an animal's liver. Lipogenesis is the process of synthesizing these fats. The majority of lipids found in the human body from ingesting food are triglycerides and cholesterol. Other types of lipids found in the body are fatty acids and membrane Lipids. Lipid metabolism is often considered the digestion and absorption process of dietary fat; however, there are two ways organisms can use",
"title": "Lipid metabolism"
},
{
"id": "9741123",
"text": "There it is cleaved by ATP citrate lyase into acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate. The oxaloacetate can be used for gluconeogenesis (in the liver), or it can be returned into mitochondrion as malate. The cytosolic acetyl-CoA is carboxylated by acetyl CoA carboxylase into malonyl CoA, the first committed step in the synthesis of fatty acids. The main fuel stored in the bodies of animals is fat. The young adult human's fat stores average between about 10–20 kg, but varies greatly depending on age, gender, and individual disposition. By contrast the human body stores only about 400 g of glycogen, of which 300",
"title": "Fatty acid synthesis"
},
{
"id": "935186",
"text": "up to a third of dietary starch may be unavailable due to mechanical or chemical difficulty. A molecule of dietary fat typically consists of several fatty acids (containing long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms), bonded to a glycerol. They are typically found as triglycerides (three fatty acids attached to one glycerol backbone). Fats may be classified as saturated or unsaturated depending on the chemical structure of the fatty acids involved. Saturated fats have all of the carbon atoms in their fatty acid chains bonded to hydrogen atoms, whereas unsaturated fats have some of these carbon atoms double-bonded, so their",
"title": "Human nutrition"
},
{
"id": "18749247",
"text": "their safety.\" Kummerow 's petition stated that \"Artificial trans fat is a poisonous and deleterious substance, and the FDA has acknowledged the danger.\" Three months after the suit was filed, on June 16, 2015, the FDA moved to eliminate artificial trans fats from the U.S. food supply, giving manufacturers a deadline of three years. The FDA specifically ruled that trans fat was not generally recognized as safe and \"could no longer be added to food after June 18, 2018, unless a manufacturer could present convincing scientific evidence that a particular use was safe.\" Kummerow stated: \"Science won out.\" The ban",
"title": "Fred Kummerow"
},
{
"id": "185443",
"text": "cells and muscle cells. The liver is inhibited from producing glucose, taking it up instead, and converting it to glycogen and triglycerides. The glycogen is stored in the liver, but the triglycerides are secreted into the blood as very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles which are taken up by adipose tissue, there to be stored as fats. The fat cells take up glucose through special glucose transporters (GLUT4), whose numbers in the cell wall are increased as a direct effect of insulin acting on these cells. The glucose that enters the fat cells in this manner is converted into triglycerides (via",
"title": "Homeostasis"
},
{
"id": "1914086",
"text": "public health concern regardless of age and socioeconomic status\". Denmark became the first country to introduce laws strictly regulating the sale of many foods containing trans fats in March 2003, a move that effectively bans partially hydrogenated oils. The limit is 2% of fats and oils destined for human consumption. This restriction is on the \"ingredients\" rather than the final products. This regulatory approach has made Denmark the only country in which it is possible to eat \"far less\" than 1 g of industrially produced trans fats daily, even with a diet including prepared foods. It is hypothesized that the",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "139969",
"text": "the broad sense) may be used in food science as a synonym for lipid. Fats, like other lipids, are generally hydrophobic, and are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in water. Fat is an important foodstuff for many forms of life, and fats serve both structural and metabolic functions. They are a necessary part of the diet of most heterotrophs (including humans) and are the most energy dense, thus the most efficient form of energy storage and do not bind water thus do not increase body mass as much as proteins, especially carbohydrates, both of which bind a lot more",
"title": "Fat"
},
{
"id": "7063024",
"text": "Body fat percentage The body fat percentage (BFP) of a human or other living being is the total mass of fat divided by total body mass, multiplied by 100; body fat includes essential body fat and storage body fat. Essential body fat is necessary to maintain life and reproductive functions. The percentage of essential body fat for women is greater than that for men, due to the demands of childbearing and other hormonal functions. Storage body fat consists of fat accumulation in adipose tissue, part of which protects internal organs in the chest and abdomen. The minimum recommended total body",
"title": "Body fat percentage"
},
{
"id": "139970",
"text": "water. Some fatty acids that are set free by the digestion of fats are called essential because they cannot be synthesized in the body from simpler constituents. There are two essential fatty acids (EFAs) in human nutrition: alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid) and linoleic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid). Other lipids needed by the body can be synthesized from these and other fats. Fats and other lipids are broken down in the body by enzymes called lipases produced in the pancreas. Fats and oils are categorized according to the number and bonding of the carbon atoms in the aliphatic",
"title": "Fat"
},
{
"id": "1914065",
"text": "in many animal foods in trace quantities, and thus its removal from ordinary diets might introduce undesirable side effects and nutritional imbalances if proper nutritional planning is not undertaken. The NAS has, thus, \"recommended that trans fatty acid consumption be as low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet\". Like the NAS, the World Health Organization has tried to balance public health goals with a practical level of trans fat consumption, recommending in 2003 that trans fats be limited to less than 1% of overall energy intake. The US National Dairy Council has asserted that the trans fats present",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "1914109",
"text": "the food industry $6.2 billion over 20 years as the industry reformulates products and substitutes new ingredients for trans fat. The benefits are estimated at $140 billion over 20 years mainly from lower health care spending. Food companies can petition the FDA for approval of specific uses of partially hydrogenated oils if the companies submit data proving the oils' use is safe. Palm oil, a natural oil extracted from the fruit of oil palm trees that is semi-solid at room temperature (15–25 degrees Celsius), can potentially serve as a substitute for partially hydrogenated fats in baking and processed food applications,",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "4493409",
"text": "Adipose tissue cells store the triglycerides in their fat droplets, ultimately to release them again as free fatty acids and glycerol into the blood (as described above), when the plasma concentration of insulin is low, and that of glucagon and/or epinephrine is high. Mammary glands discharge the fat (as cream fat droplets) into the milk that they produce under the influence of the anterior pituitary hormone prolactin. All cells in the body need to manufacture and maintain their membranes and the membranes of their organelles. Whether they rely for this entirely on free fatty acids absorbed from the blood, or",
"title": "Fatty acid metabolism"
},
{
"id": "1914105",
"text": "Massachusetts, Maryland, and Vermont. In March 2008, the Boston Public Health Commission's Board of Health passed a regulation food service establishments from selling foods containing artificial trans fats at more than 0.5 grams per serving, which is similar to the New York City regulation; there are some exceptions for clearly labeled packaged foods and charitable bake sales. King County, Washington passed a ban on artificial trans fats effective 1 February 2009. In July 2008, California became the first state to ban trans fats in restaurants effective 1 January 2010; Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed the bill into law. California restaurants are",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "1914098",
"text": "Acids in the Food Supply\", recommend that the government require nutrition facts labeling of trans fats on all commercial food products. They also urge federal, state, and local governments to ban and monitor use of trans fats in restaurants. Furthermore, the APHA recommends barring the sales and availability of foods containing significant amounts of trans fat in public facilities including universities, prisons, and day care facilities etc. On 7 November 2013, the FDA issued a preliminary determination that trans fats are not \"generally recognized as safe\", which was widely seen as a precursor to reclassifying trans fats as a \"food",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "669691",
"text": "gluconeogenesis by conversion into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and then into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, for brain fuel when it is broken down. Fat cells may also be broken down for that reason if the brain's needs ever outweigh the body's. Triglycerides cannot pass through cell membranes freely. Special enzymes on the walls of blood vessels called lipoprotein lipases must break down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids can then be taken up by cells via the fatty acid transporter (FAT). Triglycerides, as major components of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and chylomicrons, play an important role in metabolism as energy sources and",
"title": "Triglyceride"
},
{
"id": "1914074",
"text": "The ratio test is more accepted, while the cytokine test may be more powerful but is still being studied. The effect of trans fat consumption has been documented on each as follows: There are suggestions that the negative consequences of trans fat consumption go beyond the cardiovascular risk. In general, there is much less scientific consensus asserting that eating trans fat specifically increases the risk of other chronic health problems: The international trade in food is standardized in the Codex Alimentarius. Hydrogenated oils and fats come under the scope of Codex Stan 19. Non-dairy fat spreads are covered by Codex",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "13020746",
"text": "hormones produced by the thyroid gland regulate the rate of metabolism, controlling how quickly the body uses energy, and controls how sensitive the body should be to other hormones. Body fat distribution may change from time to time, depending on food habits, activity levels and hormone levels. When women reach menopause and the estrogen produced by ovaries declines, fat migrates from their buttocks, hips and thighs to their waists; later fat is stored at the abdomen. Body fat percentage recommendations are higher for females, as this fat may serve as an energy reserve for pregnancy. Males have less subcutaneous fat",
"title": "Female body shape"
},
{
"id": "292184",
"text": "have relatively fewer hydrogen atoms than a saturated fatty acid of the same length. Unsaturated fats may be further classified as monounsaturated (one double-bond) or polyunsaturated (many double-bonds). Furthermore, depending on the location of the double-bond in the fatty acid chain, unsaturated fatty acids are classified as omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids. Trans fats are a type of unsaturated fat with \"trans\"-isomer bonds; these are rare in nature and in foods from natural sources; they are typically created in an industrial process called (partial) hydrogenation. There are nine kilocalories in each gram of fat. Fatty acids such as conjugated linoleic",
"title": "Nutrition"
},
{
"id": "1914090",
"text": "On 15 April 2010, a \"British Medical Journal\" editorial called for trans fats to be \"virtually eliminated in the United Kingdom by next year\". The June 2010 National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) report \"Prevention of cardiovascular disease\" declared that 40,000 cardiovascular disease deaths in 2006 were \"mostly preventable\". To achieve this, NICE offered 24 recommendations including product labelling, public education, protecting under–16s from marketing of unhealthy foods, promoting exercise and physically active travel, and even reforming the Common Agricultural Policy to reduce production of unhealthy foods. Fast-food outlets were mentioned as a risk factor, with (in 2007)",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "1914056",
"text": "between 140 °C and 170 °C. The standard 140 kPa (20 psi) process of hydrogenation produces a product of about 40% trans fatty acid by weight, compared to about 17% using the high-pressure method. Blended with unhydrogenated liquid soybean oil, the high-pressure-processed oil produced margarine containing 5 to 6% trans fat. Based on current U.S. labeling requirements (see below), the manufacturer could claim the product was free of trans fat. The level of trans fat may also be altered by modification of the temperature and the length of time during hydrogenation. Trans fat levels may be measured. Measurement techniques include",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "2963957",
"text": "Fecal fat test In medicine, the fecal fat test is a diagnostic test for fat malabsorption conditions, which lead to excess fat in the feces (steatorrhea). In the Duodenum, dietary fat (primarily triglycerides) is digested by enzymes such as pancreatic lipase into smaller molecules of 1,2-Diacylglycerols and Free Fatty Acids which can be absorbed through the wall of the Jejenum of the small intestine and enter the circulation for metabolism and storage. As fat is a valuable nutrient, human feces normally contain very little undigested fat. However, a number of diseases of the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract are characterized by",
"title": "Fecal fat test"
},
{
"id": "2491299",
"text": "measures, and predicts mortality more accurately than body mass index or waist circumference. Men are more likely to have fat stored in the abdomen due to sex hormone differences. Female sex hormone causes fat to be stored in the buttocks, thighs, and hips in women. When women reach menopause and the estrogen produced by the ovaries declines, fat migrates from the buttocks, hips and thighs to the waist; later fat is stored in the abdomen. High-intensity exercise is one way to effectively reduce total abdominal fat. One study suggests at least 10 MET-hours per week of aerobic exercise is required",
"title": "Adipose tissue"
},
{
"id": "1914046",
"text": "food manufacturers. In January 2007, faced with the prospect of an outright ban on the sale of their product, Crisco was reformulated to meet the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) definition of \"zero grams trans fats per serving\" (that is less than one gram per tablespoon, or up to 7% by weight; or less than 0.5 grams per serving size) by boosting the saturation and then diluting the resulting solid fat with unsaturated vegetable oils. A University of Guelph research group has found a way to mix oils (such as olive, soybean, and canola), water, monoglycerides, and fatty",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "1914087",
"text": "Danish government's efforts to decrease trans fat intake from 6 g to 1 g per day over 20 years is related to a 50% decrease in deaths from ischemic heart disease. In 2004, the European Food Safety Authority produced a scientific opinion on trans fatty acids, surmising that \"higher intakes of TFA may increase risk for coronary heart disease\". Law in Greece limits content of trans fats sold in school canteens to 0.1% (Ministerial Decision Υ1γ/ΓΠ/οικ 81025/ΦΕΚ 2135/τ.Β’/29-08-2013 as modified by Ministerial Decision Υ1γ/ Γ.Π/οικ 96605/ΦΕΚ 2800 τ.Β/4-11-201). Total trans fat content was limited in 2010 to 2% of total",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "1914091",
"text": "170 g of McDonald's fries and 160 g nuggets containing 6 to 8 g of trans fats, conferring a substantially increased risk of coronary artery disease death. NICE made three specific recommendation for diet: (1) reduction of dietary salt to 3 g per day by 2025; (2) halving consumption of saturated fats; and (3) eliminating the use of industrially produced trans fatty acids in food. However, the recommendations were greeted unhappily by the food industry, which stated that it was already voluntarily dropping the trans fat levels to below the WHO recommendations of a maximum of 2%. Rejecting an outright",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "1914048",
"text": "or \"unsaturated\" based on the presence of double bonds in its structure. If the molecule contains no double bonds, it is said to be saturated; otherwise, it is unsaturated to some degree. Only unsaturated fats can be \"trans\" \"or\" \"cis\" fat, since only a double bond can be locked to these orientations. Saturated fatty acids are never called \"trans fats\" because they have no double bonds. Thus, all their bonds are freely rotatable. Other types of fatty acids, such as crepenynic acid, which contains a triple bond, are rare and of no nutritional significance. Carbon atoms are tetravalent, forming four",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "669684",
"text": "Triglyceride A triglyceride (TG, triacylglycerol, TAG, or triacylglyceride) is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids (from \"tri-\" and \"glyceride\"). Triglycerides are the main constituents of body fat in humans and other animals, as well as vegetable fat. They are also present in the blood to enable the bidirectional transference of adipose fat and blood glucose from the liver, and are a major component of human skin oils. There are many different types of triglyceride, with the main division between saturated and unsaturated types. Saturated fats are \"saturated\" with hydrogen — all available places where hydrogen atoms could",
"title": "Triglyceride"
},
{
"id": "3903296",
"text": "epidermis of leaves. It is often mechanically strengthened, for example, in pine leaves, forming an extra protective layer or a water storage tissue. Subcutaneous fat is the layer of subcutaneous tissue that is most widely distributed. It is composed of adipocytes, which are grouped together in lobules separated by connective tissue. The number of adipocytes varies among different areas of the body, while their size varies according to the body's nutritional state. It acts as padding and as an energy reserve, as well as providing some minor thermoregulation via insulation. Subcutaneous fat is found just beneath the skin, as opposed",
"title": "Subcutaneous tissue"
},
{
"id": "10935156",
"text": "found in the thigh and torso area of the body as padding and insulation to keep warm. Triglycerides are formed from the esterification of 3 molecules of fatty acids with one molecule of trihydric alcohol , glycerol (glycerine or trihydroxy propane). In the process, 3 molecules of water are eliminated.The word Triglyceride refers to the 3 number of fatty acids esterfied to one molecule of glycerol. in triglycerides, the three fatty acids are rarely similar and are thus called as pure fats. for example, tripalmitin, tristearin etc. Neutral fat Neutral fats aka True Fats are simple lipids that are produced",
"title": "Neutral fat"
},
{
"id": "8279792",
"text": "from lipodystrophy, which simply refers to fat loss. The most common manifestations of body fat redistribution are accumulations of fat in the central body in the form of a fat pad on the back of the neck and an accumulation of visceral fat in the abdomen or belly. This fat accumulation is accompanied by a loss of subcutaneous fat in the face, arms, legs, and buttocks. Cosmetic concerns may cause patients to refuse or stop treatment. If severe enough, the fat accumulation may result in sleep apnea or other sleep disorders, migraines, decreased range of motion, discomfort due to pressure",
"title": "Body fat redistribution syndrome"
},
{
"id": "10612918",
"text": "camel, yellow bone marrow, fat bodies of frogs, tail of Marino sheep, hypodermis of skin. White adipose tissue White adipose tissue (WAT) or white fat is one of the two types of adipose tissue found in mammals. The other kind of adipose tissue is brown adipose tissue. In healthy, non-overweight humans, white adipose tissue composes as much as 20% of the body weight in men and 25% of the body weight in women. Its cells contain a single large fat droplet, which forces the nucleus to be squeezed into a thin rim at the periphery. They have receptors for insulin,",
"title": "White adipose tissue"
},
{
"id": "4493405",
"text": "lacteals drain into the thoracic duct which empties into the venous blood at the junction of the left jugular and left subclavian veins on the lower left hand side of the neck. This means that the fat soluble products of digestion are discharged directly into the general circulation, without first passing through the liver, as all other digestion products do. The reason for this peculiarity is unknown. The chylomicrons circulate throughout the body, giving the blood plasma a milky, or creamy appearance after a fatty meal. Lipoprotein lipase on the endothelial surfaces of the capillaries, especially in adipose tissue, but",
"title": "Fatty acid metabolism"
},
{
"id": "1914079",
"text": "food sold in Brazil to a maximum of 2% by the end of 2010. In November 2004, an opposition day motion seeking a ban similar to Denmark's was introduced by Jack Layton of the New Democratic Party, and passed through the House of Commons by an overwhelming 193–73 vote. Like all Commons motions, it served as an expression of the views of the House but was not binding on the government and has no force under the law. Since December 2005, Health Canada has required that food labels list the amount of trans fat in the nutrition facts section for",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "1914071",
"text": "CHD, concluding that \"On a per-calorie basis, trans fats appear to increase the risk of CHD more than any other macronutrient, conferring a substantially increased risk at low levels of consumption (1 to 3% of total energy intake)\". The major evidence for the effect of trans fat on CHD comes from the Nurses' Health Study – a cohort study that has been following 120,000 female nurses since its inception in 1976. In this study, Hu and colleagues analyzed data from 900 coronary events from the study's population during 14 years of followup. He determined that a nurse's CHD risk roughly",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "672023",
"text": "to the increased circulating level of sex hormones, and chemical or physical castration of an adult results in the thymus increasing in size and activity. Fat cells are first visible in the walls between lobules, and then slowly spread throughout the cortex and then medulla. In the two lobes, hematopoietic precursors from the bone-marrow, referred to as thymocytes, mature into T cells. Once mature, T cells emigrate from the thymus and make up the peripheral T cells responsible for directing many parts of the adaptive immune system. Loss of the thymus at an early age through genetic mutation (as in",
"title": "Thymus"
},
{
"id": "7063052",
"text": "fat percentage, but statistical studies found this not to be so. Body fat percentage The body fat percentage (BFP) of a human or other living being is the total mass of fat divided by total body mass, multiplied by 100; body fat includes essential body fat and storage body fat. Essential body fat is necessary to maintain life and reproductive functions. The percentage of essential body fat for women is greater than that for men, due to the demands of childbearing and other hormonal functions. Storage body fat consists of fat accumulation in adipose tissue, part of which protects internal",
"title": "Body fat percentage"
},
{
"id": "764421",
"text": "provide energy: Fat has an energy content of 9kcal/g (~37.7 kJ/g) and proteins and carbohydrates 4kcal/g (~16.7 kJ/g). Micronutrients support metabolism. An essential nutrient is a nutrient required for normal physiological function that cannot be synthesized in the body – either at all or in sufficient quantities – and thus must be obtained from a dietary source. Apart from water, which is universally required for the maintenance of homeostasis in mammals, essential nutrients are indispensable for various cellular metabolic processes and maintaining tissue and organ function. In the case of humans, there are nine amino acids, two fatty acids, thirteen",
"title": "Nutrient"
},
{
"id": "935187",
"text": "molecules have relatively fewer hydrogen atoms than a saturated fatty acid of the same length. Unsaturated fats may be further classified as monounsaturated (one double-bond) or polyunsaturated (many double-bonds). Furthermore, depending on the location of the double-bond in the fatty acid chain, unsaturated fatty acids are classified as omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids. Trans fats are a type of unsaturated fat with \"trans\"-isomer bonds; these are rare in nature and in foods from natural sources; they are typically created in an industrial process called (partial) hydrogenation. Many studies have shown that consumption of unsaturated fats, particularly monounsaturated fats, is associated",
"title": "Human nutrition"
},
{
"id": "1914060",
"text": "their total fats. High-fat dairy products such as butter contain about 4%. Margarines not reformulated to reduce \"trans\" fats may contain up to 15% \"trans\" fat by weight, but some reformulated ones are less than 1% trans fat. It has been established that \"trans\" fats in human breast milk fluctuate with maternal consumption of trans fat, and that the amount of trans fats in the bloodstream of breastfed infants fluctuates with the amounts found in their milk. In 1999, reported percentages of trans fats (compared to total fats) in human milk ranged from 1% in Spain, 2% in France, 4%",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "1914103",
"text": "The law On 10 October 2007, the Philadelphia City Council approved the use of trans fats by small bakeries throughout the city. Nassau County, a suburban county on Long Island, New York, banned trans fats in restaurants effective 1 April 2008. Bakeries were granted an extension until 1 April 2011. Albany County of New York passed a ban on trans fats. The ban was adopted after a unanimous vote by the county legislature on 14 May 2007. The decision was made after New York City's decision, but no plan has been put into place. Legislators received a letter from Rick",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "1914076",
"text": "August 2006, food products should be labelled with the amount of trans fat in them. Since 2010, vegetable oils and fats sold to consumers directly must contain only 2% of trans fat over total fat, and other food must contain less than 5% of their total fat. Starting on 10 December 2014, Argentina has on effect a total ban on food with trans fat, a move that could save the government more than US$100 million a year on healthcare. The Australian federal government has indicated that it wants to pursue actively a policy to reduce trans fats from fast foods.",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "7063027",
"text": "and Nutrition Examination Survey in the United States charts the average body fat percentages of Americans from samples from 1999–2004: In males, mean percentage body fat ranged from 22.9% at age 16–19 years to 30.9% at age 60–79 years. In females, mean percentage body fat ranged from 32.0% at age 8–11 years to 42.4% at age 60–79 years. The table below from the American Council on Exercise shows how average percentages differ according to the specified groups and categories: Essential fat is the level at which physical and physiological health would be negatively affected, and below which death is certain.",
"title": "Body fat percentage"
},
{
"id": "8291571",
"text": "small intestines. Once the triglycerides are broken down into individual fatty acids and glycerols, along with cholesterol, they will aggregate into structures called micelles. Fatty acids and monoglycerides leave the micelles and diffuse across the membrane to enter the intestinal epithelial cells. In the cytosol of epithelial cells, fatty acids and monoglycerides are recombined back into triglycerides. In the cytosol of epithelial cells, triglycerides and cholesterol are packaged into bigger particles called chylomicrons which are amphipathic structures that transport digested lipids. Chylomicrons will travel through the blood stream to enter adipose and other tissues in the body. Due to the",
"title": "Lipid metabolism"
},
{
"id": "139973",
"text": "generated during hydrogenation as contaminants created by an unwanted side reaction on the catalyst during partial hydrogenation. Saturated fats can stack themselves in a closely packed arrangement, so they can solidify easily and are typically solid at room temperature. For example, animal fats tallow and lard are high in saturated fatty acid content and are solids. Olive and linseed oils on the other hand are unsaturated and liquid. Fats serve both as energy sources for the body, and as stores for energy in excess of what the body needs immediately. Each gram of fat when burned or metabolized releases about",
"title": "Fat"
},
{
"id": "1914041",
"text": "the first hydrogenated shortening, Crisco (composed largely of partially hydrogenated cottonseed oil). Further success came from the marketing technique of giving away free cookbooks in which every recipe called for Crisco. Normann's hydrogenation process made it possible to stabilize affordable whale oil or fish oil for human consumption, a practice kept secret to avoid consumer distaste. Before 1910, dietary fats in industrialized nations consisted mostly of butterfat, beef tallow, and lard. During Napoleon's reign in France in the early 19th century, a type of margarine was invented to feed the troops using tallow and buttermilk. It was not accepted in",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "1914053",
"text": "different bond configuration. It has a much higher melting point, 45 °C, than oleic acid, 13.4 °C, due to the ability of the trans molecules to pack more tightly, forming a solid that is more difficult to break apart. This notably means that it is a solid at human body temperatures. In food production, the goal is not to simply change the configuration of double bonds while maintaining the same ratios of hydrogen to carbon. Instead, the goal is to decrease the number of double bonds and increase the amount of hydrogen in the fatty acid. This changes the consistency",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "1914106",
"text": "prohibited from using oil, shortening, and margarine containing artificial trans fats in spreads or for frying, with the exception of deep frying doughnuts. As of 1 January 2011, doughnuts and other baked goods have been prohibited from containing artificial trans fats. Packaged foods are not covered by the ban and can legally contain trans fats. In 2007, the American Heart Association launched its \"Face the Fats\" campaign to help educate the public about the negative effects of trans fats. In 2009, at the age of 94, University of Illinois professor Fred Kummerow, a trans fat researcher who had campaigned for",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "1914070",
"text": "blood pressure, and higher risk for heart disease. Trans fat has also been implicated in the development of Type 2 diabetes. The primary health risk identified for trans fat consumption is an elevated risk of coronary artery disease (CHD). A 1994 study estimated that over 30,000 cardiac deaths per year in the United States are attributable to the consumption of trans fats. By 2006 upper estimates of 100,000 deaths were suggested. A comprehensive review of studies of trans fats published in 2006 in the New England Journal of Medicine reports a strong and reliable connection between trans fat consumption and",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "1914078",
"text": "on industrially produced trans fatty acids that focuses on the general population. Its recommendation to the legislature was to prohibit more than 2 g of trans fatty acids per 100 g of fat in food products. Resolution 360 of 23 December 2003 by the Brazilian ministry of health required for the first time in the country that the amount of trans fat to be specified in labels of food products. On 31 July 2006, such labelling of trans fat contents became mandatory. In 2007 the ministry established a target to reduce the total amount of trans fat in any industrialized",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "1914045",
"text": "major newspapers, attacked the use of beef tallow in McDonald's french fries and urged fast-food companies to switch to vegetable oils. The result was an almost overnight switch by most fast-food outlets to trans fats. Studies in the early 1990s, however, brought renewed scrutiny and confirmation of the negative health impact of trans fats. In 1994, it was estimated that trans fats caused 20,000 deaths annually in the United States from heart disease. Mandatory food labeling for \"trans\" fats was introduced in several countries. Campaigns were launched by activists to bring attention to the issue and change the practices of",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "7063032",
"text": "of 6.8%, with up to a 13% overstatement of the reported body percentage of one individual — i.e. 2% body fat by DXA but 15% by ADP). A beam of infra-red light is transmitted into a biceps. The light is reflected from the underlying muscle and absorbed by the fatileur . The method is safe, noninvasive, rapid and easy to use. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, or DXA (formerly DEXA), is a newer method for estimating body fat percentage, and determining body composition and bone mineral density. X-rays of two different energies are used to scan the body, one of which",
"title": "Body fat percentage"
},
{
"id": "7063036",
"text": "but less accurate way to estimate body fat percentage. The general principle behind BIA: two or more conductors are attached to a person's body and a small electric current is sent through the body. The resistance between the conductors will provide a measure of body fat between a pair of electrodes, since the resistance to electricity varies between adipose, muscular and skeletal tissue. Fat-free mass (muscle) is a good conductor as it contains a large amount of water (approximately 73%) and electrolytes, while fat is anhydrous and a poor conductor of electric current. Factors that affect the accuracy and precision",
"title": "Body fat percentage"
},
{
"id": "2491293",
"text": "energy needs of the body and to protect it from excess glucose by storing triglycerides produced by the liver from sugars, although some evidence suggests that most lipid synthesis from carbohydrates occurs in the adipose tissue itself. Adipose depots in different parts of the body have different biochemical profiles. Under normal conditions, it provides feedback for hunger and diet to the brain. Mice have eight major adipose depots, four of which are within the abdominal cavity. The paired gonadal depots are attached to the uterus and ovaries in females and the epididymis and testes in males; the paired retroperitoneal depots",
"title": "Adipose tissue"
},
{
"id": "16625748",
"text": "study it was estimated that 14% of the men and 12% of the women scanned with a BMI 20–25 kg/m were classified as TOFI. Since the first scientific observations that some lean subjects could have as much, if not more, body fat internally than overweight or obese individuals, there has been considerable media and press interest in this area of research. The first article in the popular press appeared in 2006 in \"The Guardian\", followed by many other newspapers and television documentaries. TOFI TOFI (thin-outside-fat-inside) is used to describe lean individuals with a disproportionate amount of fat (adipose tissue) stored",
"title": "TOFI"
},
{
"id": "1914069",
"text": "still under investigation. They may impair the metabolism of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), but maternal pregnancy trans fatty acid intake has been inversely associated with LCPUFAs levels in infants at birth thought to underlie the positive association between breastfeeding and intelligence. High intake of trans fatty acids can lead to many health problems throughout one's life. They are abundant in fast food restaurants. They are consumed in greater quantities by people who lack access to a diet consisting of fewer hydrogenated fats, or who often consume fast food. A diet high in trans fats can contribute to obesity, high",
"title": "Trans fat"
},
{
"id": "2491301",
"text": "and stroke, and some evidence even suggests it might be protective. The typically female (or gynecoid) pattern of body fat distribution around the hips, thighs, and buttocks is subcutaneous fat, and therefore poses less of a health risk compared to visceral fat. Like all other fat organs, subcutaneous fat is an active part of the endocrine system, secreting the hormones leptin and resistin. The relationship between the subcutaneous adipose layer and total body fat in a person is often modelled by using regression equations. The most popular of these equations was formed by Durnin and Wormersley, who rigorously tested many",
"title": "Adipose tissue"
},
{
"id": "17916260",
"text": "fats to some degree though is not as efficient as the pancreatic lipase. The pylorus, the lowest section of the stomach which attaches to the duodenum via the pyloric canal, contains countless glands which secrete digestive enzymes including gastrin. After an hour or two, a thick semi-liquid called chyme is produced. When the pyloric sphincter, or valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes further with digestive enzymes from the pancreas, and then passes through the small intestine, where digestion continues. When the chyme is fully digested, it is absorbed into the blood. 95% of absorption of nutrients occurs",
"title": "Human digestive system"
},
{
"id": "7063039",
"text": "example, men and women store fat differently around the abdomen and thigh region. Different BIA analysers may vary. Population-specific equations are available for some instruments, which are only reliable for specific ethnic groups, populations, and conditions. Population-specific equations may not be appropriate for individuals outside of specific groups. There exist various anthropometric methods for estimating body fat. The term \"anthropometric\" refers to measurements made of various parameters of the human body, such as circumferences of various body parts or thicknesses of skinfolds. Most of these methods are based on a statistical model. Some measurements are selected, and are applied to",
"title": "Body fat percentage"
}
] | where do trans fats go in the body |
[
"University of Nebraska"
] | [
{
"id": "5439279",
"text": "Josh Heupel Joshua Kenneth Heupel (born March 22, 1978) is an American football coach and former player. He is the head football coach at the University of Central Florida (UCF). He was named to the job in December 2017, following the resignation of Scott Frost, who left for the head coaching job at Nebraska. Heupel played college football as quarterback for the Oklahoma Sooners. During his college playing career, he was recognized as a consensus All-American, won numerous awards, and led Oklahoma to the 2000 BCS National Championship. After two years unsuccessfully trying to make an NFL roster (featuring brief",
"title": "Josh Heupel"
},
{
"id": "6393277",
"text": "Randy Shannon Randy Leonard Shannon (born February 24, 1966) is an American football coach and former player. He is currently the defensive coordinator at the University of Central Florida (UCF). Previously, Shannon was the head football coach at the University of Miami from 2007 to 2010, and has served as an assistant coach or defensive coordinator for the National Football League's Miami Dolphins and for several college teams, including at the University of Miami, where he won the Frank Broyles Award as the nation's top assistant coach in 2001. Shannon was born and raised in Miami, Florida. As a football",
"title": "Randy Shannon"
},
{
"id": "6393298",
"text": "full-time defensive coordinator for the 2017 season. On October 29, 2017, he became Florida's interim head coach when Jim McElwain was fired eight games into the season. Shannon coached the Gators to a 1-3 record to finish the year, after which Florida hired Dan Mullen to be the Gators' new head coach. Mullen brought in an entirely new coaching staff, and Shannon was not retained. On December 5 2017, Shannon was hired as the defensive coordinator for the University of Central Florida (UCF). Randy Shannon Randy Leonard Shannon (born February 24, 1966) is an American football coach and former player.",
"title": "Randy Shannon"
},
{
"id": "10426040",
"text": "history. Following the game, the school claimed a national championship. Scott is married to Grand Canyon University graduate Ashley; they welcomed their son in November 2017. Frost has worked for the following head coaches as an assistant/positional coach: Scott Frost Scott Andrew Frost (born January 4, 1975) is an American football coach and former player. He is currently the head coach at the University of Nebraska. He was previously the head coach at the University of Central Florida. He played six years in the National Football League (NFL) with the New York Jets, Cleveland Browns, Green Bay Packers, and Tampa",
"title": "Scott Frost"
},
{
"id": "18755914",
"text": "Katie Abrahamson-Henderson Kay Noel \"Katie\" Abrahamson-Henderson (born December 23, 1966) is the current head coach of the University of Central Florida. Prior to this position, she was the head coach of the Albany University women's basketball team. She was previously the head basketball coach of the Missouri State University women's basketball team. In 2005, she guided the Lady Bears to a WNIT title. Abrahamson-Henderson attended Washington High School in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, graduating in 1985. She was a basketball player, averaging 44 points per game, and that earned her a place in the Washington Warriors Hall of Fame, where she",
"title": "Katie Abrahamson-Henderson"
},
{
"id": "18755920",
"text": "to the NCAA tournament. The team finished first or tied for first in the conference each of the successive four years and won the conference tournament championship every year. The team earned an invitation to the NCAA in each year and in 2016, facing fifth-seeded Florida, upset them 61–59. In 2016, the University of Central Florida persuaded Abrahamson-Henderson to become the new head coach. Katie Abrahamson-Henderson Kay Noel \"Katie\" Abrahamson-Henderson (born December 23, 1966) is the current head coach of the University of Central Florida. Prior to this position, she was the head coach of the Albany University women's basketball",
"title": "Katie Abrahamson-Henderson"
},
{
"id": "18984073",
"text": "men's soccer team on December 6, 2017. He introduced himself to the teammates and current staff in a plaid shirt with coffee in hand. Scott Calabrese Louis Scott Calabrese (born June 2, 1972) is an American former soccer goalkeeper who is currently the head men's soccer coach at University of Central Florida. Calabrese attended Bryant University from 1990 to 1995. During this time, he was a four-year letterman and earned All-Conference honors while playing goalkeeper for the Bulldogs. After graduating in 1995 with a B.A. in business administration, Calabrese played professionally for the Rhode Island Stingrays from 1995 to 1997",
"title": "Scott Calabrese"
},
{
"id": "11231710",
"text": "Willie Martinez (American football) Willie Martinez (born February 21, 1963) is an American football coach who is currently the assistant head coach/ secondary coach at the University of Central Florida. He was the defensive backs coach for the University of Tennessee. A graduate of the University of Miami, Martinez was formerly defensive coordinator and secondary coach of the Georgia Bulldogs football team, initially working as the secondary coach from 2001 to 2005 before being promoted to defensive coordinator. He was fired following the 2009 season. Martinez served as the defensive backs coach for the Oklahoma Sooners football team from 2010",
"title": "Willie Martinez (American football)"
},
{
"id": "20484152",
"text": "returned to his alma mater, Nebraska, in December 2017, when he was one of the first hires on Scott Frost's Husker staff. Ryan Held (American football) Ryan Held (born November 23, 1974) is an American football coach. He is the running backs coach at University of Nebraska–Lincoln. He was hired in that role in December 2017, after serving in that same position at the University of Central Florida in Orlando, Florida since 2016. Prior to that, he had served as the head coach at Peru State as well as several college and JUCO teams in Kansas and Oklahoma. Held was",
"title": "Ryan Held (American football)"
},
{
"id": "10426038",
"text": "a berth in the National Championship game. In his three seasons as the Ducks' offensive coordinator, Oregon recorded a 33–7 record and finished every year among the nation's top six teams in terms of both scoring offense and total offense. On December 1, 2015, Frost was hired as the head football coach at the University of Central Florida. Frost replaced long time UCF head coach George O'Leary and interim head coach Danny Barrett, who took over the Knights when O'Leary resigned following an 0–8 start. The Knights went on to finish 0–12 that year. Frost immediately turned UCF around. He",
"title": "Scott Frost"
},
{
"id": "6393956",
"text": "UCF Knights football The UCF Knights football team represents The University of Central Florida (UCF) in the sport of American football. The Knights compete in the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the East Division of the American Athletic Conference (The American). Their current head coach is Josh Heupel, formerly a player and coach at Oklahoma and offensive coordinator at Missouri. The Knights play their home games at the 44,206-seat Spectrum Stadium, which is located on UCF's main campus in Orlando, Florida, United States. UCF first fielded a varsity football team in",
"title": "UCF Knights football"
},
{
"id": "20484146",
"text": "Ryan Held (American football) Ryan Held (born November 23, 1974) is an American football coach. He is the running backs coach at University of Nebraska–Lincoln. He was hired in that role in December 2017, after serving in that same position at the University of Central Florida in Orlando, Florida since 2016. Prior to that, he had served as the head coach at Peru State as well as several college and JUCO teams in Kansas and Oklahoma. Held was a two-time national champion himself as a Husker from 1993 to 1996. Nebraska posted a 47-3 record during Held’s career with three",
"title": "Ryan Held (American football)"
},
{
"id": "6394021",
"text": "that the cancelled game was rescheduled for September 24, 2022. Announced schedules as of August 22, 2018. General: In-text: UCF Knights football The UCF Knights football team represents The University of Central Florida (UCF) in the sport of American football. The Knights compete in the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the East Division of the American Athletic Conference (The American). Their current head coach is Josh Heupel, formerly a player and coach at Oklahoma and offensive coordinator at Missouri. The Knights play their home games at the 44,206-seat Spectrum Stadium, which",
"title": "UCF Knights football"
},
{
"id": "4278134",
"text": "as head coach. On March 22, 2016, Dawkins was hired as head coach by the University of Central Florida. Shortly thereafter, his son, Aubrey Dawkins, transferred from Michigan to play for his father. Johnny Dawkins Johnny Earl Dawkins Jr. (born September 28, 1963) is an American basketball coach and former player who is the head coach for the UCF men's basketball team. From 2008–2016, he was the head coach of Stanford. He was a two-time All-American and national player of the year as a senior in 1986 at Duke from 1982–1986. Dawkins subsequently played nine seasons in the National Basketball",
"title": "Johnny Dawkins"
},
{
"id": "11511399",
"text": "Jim McElwain James Frank McElwain (born March 1, 1962) is an American football coach who is currently the head coach for Central Michigan University. He previously served as the head coach at Florida from 2015 to 2017, and Colorado State from 2012 to 2014, where he was named the Mountain West Conference Coach of the Year in 2014. He also served as offensive coordinator for the Alabama Crimson Tide from 2008 to 2011. McElwain was born in Missoula, Montana in 1962. He played quarterback at Sentinel High School in Missoula where he was chosen as an all-state quarterback. He then",
"title": "Jim McElwain"
},
{
"id": "10426031",
"text": "Scott Frost Scott Andrew Frost (born January 4, 1975) is an American football coach and former player. He is currently the head coach at the University of Nebraska. He was previously the head coach at the University of Central Florida. He played six years in the National Football League (NFL) with the New York Jets, Cleveland Browns, Green Bay Packers, and Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Frost was the starting quarterback for Tom Osborne's 1997 Nebraska team that split the national championship with The University of Michigan. Frost attended Wood River High School in Wood River, Nebraska from 1989 to 1993. In",
"title": "Scott Frost"
},
{
"id": "18984068",
"text": "Scott Calabrese Louis Scott Calabrese (born June 2, 1972) is an American former soccer goalkeeper who is currently the head men's soccer coach at University of Central Florida. Calabrese attended Bryant University from 1990 to 1995. During this time, he was a four-year letterman and earned All-Conference honors while playing goalkeeper for the Bulldogs. After graduating in 1995 with a B.A. in business administration, Calabrese played professionally for the Rhode Island Stingrays from 1995 to 1997 and for the South Carolina Shamrocks in 1998. While still playing, Calabrese started his coaching career as an assistant and goalkeeper coach at Western",
"title": "Scott Calabrese"
},
{
"id": "14675905",
"text": "Bryan Cunningham Bryan Cunningham is the head men's soccer coach at the Mount St. Mary's University. He is restarting a program that had been dormant since 2012 and will return to competition in 2018. He had been head coach at the University of Central Florida since 2007. His 2007 team tied a school record with 3 conference wins, and set a school mark with its highest positioning in Conference USA at 3rd. From 2005 to 2007, he was an assistant coach at UCF, and was the head recruiting coordinator at the school. He also served as an assistant coach at",
"title": "Bryan Cunningham"
},
{
"id": "10212534",
"text": "John Roddick John Roddick (born July 4, 1976) is an American former professional tennis player and the current director of tennis and head men's tennis coach at the University of Central Florida. Roddick was born in Omaha, Nebraska, the son of Blanche (Corell), a school teacher, and Jerry Roddick, a businessman. He is the older brother of tennis star Andy Roddick. Though his playing career was not as successful as that of his younger brother, John was a world-class player in his own right. John went on to be four time All American at the University of Georgia from 1995–1999",
"title": "John Roddick"
},
{
"id": "10212539",
"text": "CEO of Orchard Platform). Other notable players who attended the academy included Olga Govortsova, Uladzimir Ignatik, and Ryan Sweeting. Just before accepting his position at Oklahoma, John sold his interest to Myron Grunberg and Leo Lavalle. The academy remains one of the top developmental academies in the world. John Roddick John Roddick (born July 4, 1976) is an American former professional tennis player and the current director of tennis and head men's tennis coach at the University of Central Florida. Roddick was born in Omaha, Nebraska, the son of Blanche (Corell), a school teacher, and Jerry Roddick, a businessman. He",
"title": "John Roddick"
},
{
"id": "11511416",
"text": "to Karen McElwain, and has two daughters, Johanna and Elizabeth, and one son, Jerrett. McElwain was radio personality Colin Cowherd's roommate in college at Eastern Washington. Notable head coaches under whom McElwain has served: Assistant coaches under Jim McElwain who became NCAA head coaches: Jim McElwain James Frank McElwain (born March 1, 1962) is an American football coach who is currently the head coach for Central Michigan University. He previously served as the head coach at Florida from 2015 to 2017, and Colorado State from 2012 to 2014, where he was named the Mountain West Conference Coach of the Year",
"title": "Jim McElwain"
},
{
"id": "1360204",
"text": "upon creation of the university in 1963. The president is appointed by the Board of Trustees with the consent of the Florida Board of Governors and leads the university through its daily business. Today, the president's office is located in Millican Hall on the university's main campus, and the president has the privilege of living in the Burnett House, also located on UCF's main campus. The fourth president of UCF, Dr. John C. Hitt, served from 1992 to 2018 and was succeeded by incumbent university president Dale Whittaker. Due to cutbacks in federal, state and local budgets, UCF has had",
"title": "University of Central Florida"
},
{
"id": "12077250",
"text": "Terry Rooney (baseball coach) Terry Rooney is an American college baseball coach and former player. He is the former pitching coach of the Alabama Crimson Tide baseball team. Rooney was most previously the head coach of the UCF Knights baseball team that represents the University of Central Florida. Rooney was previously an assistant coach at LSU and Notre Dame under head coach Paul Mainieri. Rooney replaced longtime coach Jay Bergman in 2009. On June 21, 2010, Rooney signed a four-year contract extension with the university, making him the Knights head baseball coach through 2014. In 2011, Rooney led the Knights",
"title": "Terry Rooney (baseball coach)"
},
{
"id": "12077251",
"text": "to a 39–23 (12–12) season and their first NCAA Tournament appearance under his leadership. UCF reached the tournament again in 2012. In 2014, the Knights' first year in the American Athletic Conference, Rooney was named conference Coach of the Year. Terry Rooney (baseball coach) Terry Rooney is an American college baseball coach and former player. He is the former pitching coach of the Alabama Crimson Tide baseball team. Rooney was most previously the head coach of the UCF Knights baseball team that represents the University of Central Florida. Rooney was previously an assistant coach at LSU and Notre Dame under",
"title": "Terry Rooney (baseball coach)"
},
{
"id": "7174318",
"text": "Todd Grantham Jeffrey Todd Grantham (born September 13, 1966) is an American football coach. He is the defensive coordinator for the University of Florida Gators. He was hired on November 29, 2017. Grantham was born in Pulaski, Virginia and attended nearby Virginia Tech from 1984 to 1988. where he played for coach Frank Beamer in his first season as head coach. He graduated from Virginia Tech in 1988 with a Bachelor of Arts in Sports Management. Grantham earned All-American honors his senior year at tackle. Grantham was hired by Jim Mora in 1998 to coach the defensive line. His D-Line",
"title": "Todd Grantham"
},
{
"id": "11231711",
"text": "to January 2012, when he resigned. On February 13, 2012, Martinez was hired to coach defensive backs for Auburn University. The move reunited him with Auburn's Defensive Coordinator Brian VanGorder. The two had coached together for several years at Central Florida, Central Michigan, and the University of Georgia. In December 2012, Martinez joined Butch Jones's staff at Tennessee until January 2017. Willie Martinez (American football) Willie Martinez (born February 21, 1963) is an American football coach who is currently the assistant head coach/ secondary coach at the University of Central Florida. He was the defensive backs coach for the University",
"title": "Willie Martinez (American football)"
},
{
"id": "9163144",
"text": "coordinator. He replaced Ted Roof who departed for the defensive coordinator position at the University of Central Florida. On December 28, 2013, just hours after winning the 2013 Pinstripe Bowl, the University of Notre Dame announced VanGorder will take over as defensive coordinator, replacing Bob Diaco, who took over as head football coach at the University of Connecticut. He was terminated only four games into the 2016 season, on September 25. Brian VanGorder Brian VanGorder (born April 17, 1959) is an American football coach and player, and was defensive coordinator at the University of Louisville. He served as the head",
"title": "Brian VanGorder"
},
{
"id": "8706306",
"text": "11, 2016, Strong was named as the fourth head coach of the University of South Florida. Notable head coaches under whom Strong has served: Assistants under Strong who have become head coaches: Charlie Strong Charlie Rene Strong (born August 2, 1960) is an American football coach and former player. Strong is currently the head coach at the University of South Florida. Strong held numerous assistant coaching positions before becoming a head coach at the University of Louisville in 2010. During his four-year stint at Louisville, he led the Cardinals to a 37–15 record and reached a bowl game each season,",
"title": "Charlie Strong"
},
{
"id": "1360183",
"text": "as it leads the NASA Florida Space Grant Consortium. Initial enrollment was 1,948 students; enrollment today exceeds 66,000 students from 157 countries, all 50 states and Washington, D.C. Most of the student population is on the university's main campus, east of downtown Orlando and west of Cape Canaveral. The university offers more than 200 degrees through 13 colleges at 10 regional campuses in Central Florida, the Health Sciences Campus at Lake Nona, the Rosen College of Hospitality Management in south Orlando and the Center for Emerging Media in downtown Orlando. Since its founding, UCF has awarded more than 290,000 degrees,",
"title": "University of Central Florida"
},
{
"id": "9262080",
"text": "became NCAA head coaches: Dan Mullen married his wife, Megan Mullen, in 2005. Together, they have two children: Breelyn and Canon. Dan also has a son from a previous relationship, Rowan. Dan Mullen Dan Mullen (born April 27, 1972) is an American football coach. He is currently the head coach at the University of Florida. Mullen previously was the head coach at Mississippi State University. Mullen attended Trinity High School of Manchester, New Hampshire, where he helped lead the Pioneers to the state championship in 1988. Mullen attended Ursinus College in Collegeville, Pennsylvania, where he lettered for two years playing",
"title": "Dan Mullen"
},
{
"id": "7174249",
"text": "Chuck Bresnahan Charles Evans Bresnahan (pronounced \"BREZ-nuh-han\"; born September 8, 1960) is an American football coach and former player. He was the defensive coordinator at the University of South Florida (USF), a position he held from January 2013 to December 2014. Bresnahan has also served in the same capacity for the University of Central Florida and Cincinnati Bengals and Oakland Raiders of the National Football League (NFL). He began his coaching career at the Navy under Elliott Uzelac in 1986. He was later an assistant coach for the 1990 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team that won the UPI National",
"title": "Chuck Bresnahan"
},
{
"id": "1360263",
"text": "and woman's soccer player and Olympic gold medalist Michelle Akers. As of 2013, more than 70 UCF alumni compete in professional sports, such as, basketball, football, baseball, golf, and soccer. The faculty at UCF includes many notable and prestigious members, including two former United States Ambassadors, a former member United States Congressman, and a former Vice President of Walt Disney Creative Entertainment, to name a few. Faculty also includes winners of the Pulitzer Prize and Janet Heidinger Kafka Prize, in addition to the developer of the Flesch–Kincaid readability tests, and the authors of the \"Mathematical Circles\" and \"Political Analysis\" series.",
"title": "University of Central Florida"
},
{
"id": "1360258",
"text": "earned their first-ever bowl victory, a 10–6 win over Georgia. In 2013, the Knights joined the American Athletic Conference (AAC) as a full member, won the conference's inaugural football championship, and upset the sixth-ranked Big 12 Conference champion Baylor Bears in the 2014 Fiesta Bowl. In 2017, the Knights finished with the only undefeated season in the FBS after a third AAC Championship win and a victory over the eighth-ranked Auburn Tigers in the 2018 Peach Bowl. The UCF men's basketball team started in 1969 under legendary head coach Torchy Clark. The Knights have advanced to the NCAA tournament ten",
"title": "University of Central Florida"
},
{
"id": "17312268",
"text": "Cameron Newbauer Cameron Newbauer (born June 12, 1978) is an American college basketball coach and the current head coach of the women's basketball program at the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida. The Gators are members of the Southeastern Conference and compete in the NCAA's Division I. Newbauer played one season at Madonna College before returning to his hometown to complete his education at Indiana University – Purdue University Fort Wayne. At IPFw, he was a student assistant to the Mastodons and coached at Leo High School before receiving his elementary education degree in 2001. He and the former Sarah",
"title": "Cameron Newbauer"
},
{
"id": "20710417",
"text": "2018 UCF Knights football team The 2018 UCF Knights football team represents the University of Central Florida (UCF) during the 2018 NCAA Division I FBS football season. They play their home games at Spectrum Stadium in Orlando, Florida, and are led by first-year head coach Josh Heupel. The Knights compete as members of the East Division of the American Athletic Conference. The 2018 season marks the 40th season of football for the Knights program. The 2018 campaign began with the Knights attempting to defend their AAC championship, as well as extend the nation's longest active winning streak, which stood at",
"title": "2018 UCF Knights football team"
},
{
"id": "9673394",
"text": "Kirk Speraw Kirk Crittendon Speraw (born August 21, 1956) is an American basketball coach who is currently an assistant basketball coach at the University of Iowa. Speraw previously served as the head coach for the men's basketball team at University of Central Florida (UCF) from 1993 to 2010, during which UCF made four appearances in the NCAA Tournament. Kirk Crittendon Speraw was born and raised in Sioux City, Iowa. Before Kirk went to high school, his father Eugene \"Bud\" Speraw was an assistant basketball coach at Sioux City Central High School. Kirk followed his father to Sioux City Central games",
"title": "Kirk Speraw"
},
{
"id": "12939948",
"text": "UCF Knights baseball The UCF Knights baseball team represents The University of Central Florida in National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA) Division I. The Knights compete in the American Athletic Conference (The American). The Knights play their home games on UCF's main campus in Orlando, Florida at John Euliano Park, and are currently coached by head coach Greg Lovelady. Though UCF baseball first took the field in 1973, its history dates back to 1970 with UCF's club baseball team, the FTU Goldsox. The Goldsox played in the Amateur Baseball League of Central Florida and were managed by Jack Pantelias, who led",
"title": "UCF Knights baseball"
},
{
"id": "1360259",
"text": "times, including a trip to the Final Four in 1978. The program has won seven conference regular season championships and five conference tournament titles. The 2008–09 UCF men's team featured senior Jermaine Taylor, who was one of the nation's top scorers averaging over 20 points per game. Following a 10–0 start to the 2010–11 season, and being one of nine unbeaten teams, the Knights led by coach Donnie Jones and guard Marcus Jordan were nationally ranked for the first time in program history. In the 2016-17 season, newly-hired head coach Johnny Dawkins took the Knights to a semi-final berth in",
"title": "University of Central Florida"
},
{
"id": "12869292",
"text": "Brian Johnson (American football coach) Brian Delance Johnson (born February 16, 1987) is an American football coach and former player. He is currently the quarterbacks coach at the University of Florida. He played college football at Utah and was drafted by the New York Sentinels in the UFL Premiere Season Draft in 2009. Johnson was born to parents Stacey and Shonna Johnson in Baytown, Texas. His father played college football for the UTEP Miners at the University of Texas, El Paso. Brian Johnson attended Robert E. Lee High School, where he lettered in football and basketball. During his senior year",
"title": "Brian Johnson (American football coach)"
},
{
"id": "12985082",
"text": "Brent Pease Brent Richard Pease (born October 8, 1964) is an American football coach and former player. He was hired in 2018 at the University of Montana as the assistant head coach and wide receivers coach. He was previously the offensive coordinator at UTEP. He used to be the wide receivers coach at the University of Washington and prior to that, offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach for the Florida Gators football team of the University of Florida. Born in Moscow, Idaho, Pease grew up in Mountain Home and played quarterback at Mountain Home High School, where his father Rich was",
"title": "Brent Pease"
},
{
"id": "5651627",
"text": "Skip Holtz Louis Leo \"Skip\" Holtz Jr. (born March 12, 1964) is an American football coach who is the current head coach at Louisiana Tech University. He was head coach at the University of South Florida from 2010 to 2012 before being released. Prior to 2010, Holtz served as the head coach of the East Carolina University football team. Additionally, Holtz was the head coach of the Connecticut Huskies football team between 1994 and 1998 and an assistant head coach for the University of South Carolina Gamecocks between 1998 and 2004. Skip's father, Lou Holtz, is an acclaimed former head",
"title": "Skip Holtz"
},
{
"id": "9262069",
"text": "Dan Mullen Dan Mullen (born April 27, 1972) is an American football coach. He is currently the head coach at the University of Florida. Mullen previously was the head coach at Mississippi State University. Mullen attended Trinity High School of Manchester, New Hampshire, where he helped lead the Pioneers to the state championship in 1988. Mullen attended Ursinus College in Collegeville, Pennsylvania, where he lettered for two years playing tight end and was a first-team All-Centennial Conference selection his senior year. He graduated in 1994 with a bachelor's degree in Education. He went on to Wagner College, where he coached",
"title": "Dan Mullen"
},
{
"id": "17060347",
"text": "appeared in the NCAA Tournament five times, in 2005, 2008, 2010, 2012, and 2014. Gillispie and her husband, Mark, were married in 1983 and currently reside in Iowa City, Iowa. Renee Luers-Gillispie Renee Luers-Gillispie is an American college softball coach and a former college player. Luers-Gillispie is currently the head coach of the UCF Knights softball team of the University of Central Florida. Luers-Gillispie first attended Kirkwood Community College in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, where she played for the softball team in 1981. After her freshman year, she transferred to West Texas A&M in Canyon, Texas, where she was a three-year",
"title": "Renee Luers-Gillispie"
},
{
"id": "7023890",
"text": "Lane Kiffin Lane Monte Kiffin (born May 9, 1975) is an American football coach who is currently the head football coach at Florida Atlantic University. Kiffin formerly served as the offensive coordinator for the USC Trojans football team from 2005 to 2006, head coach of the National Football League's Oakland Raiders from 2007 to 2008, head coach of the University of Tennessee Volunteers college football team in 2009, and head coach of the Trojans from 2010 to 2013. He was the youngest head coach in modern NFL history at the time when he joined the Raiders (until in 2017 when",
"title": "Lane Kiffin"
},
{
"id": "1360253",
"text": "National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), and the American Athletic Conference (The American). UCF fields 16 varsity teams, 6 men, 9 women and one co-ed sport. Men's sports include baseball, basketball, football, golf, soccer, and tennis. Women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, rowing, soccer, softball, tennis, track and field, and volleyball. Co-ed sports include cheerleading. The Knights have won numerous national and conference titles. UCF, as members of Conference USA (C-USA) between 2005 and 2013, were conference champions in football in 2007 and 2010, and women's basketball in 2009 and 2010. The UCF cheerleading team has captured two national titles",
"title": "University of Central Florida"
},
{
"id": "12985088",
"text": "rushing offense and 129th in first downs per game. On September 17, 2017, Pease was fired after an 0-3 start to the season. Brent Pease Brent Richard Pease (born October 8, 1964) is an American football coach and former player. He was hired in 2018 at the University of Montana as the assistant head coach and wide receivers coach. He was previously the offensive coordinator at UTEP. He used to be the wide receivers coach at the University of Washington and prior to that, offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach for the Florida Gators football team of the University of Florida.",
"title": "Brent Pease"
},
{
"id": "20741184",
"text": "On March 19, the school hired Virginia associate head coach Ron Sanchez as the school's new head coach. March 16, 2018, Florida Atlantic head coach Michael Curry was fired after four seasons. On March 22, it was announced that the school had hired Florida assistant head coach Dusty May as head coach. Middle Tennessee head coach Kermit Davis left the school on March 19, 2018 to accept the head coaching job at Ole Miss. On March 24, the Blue Raiders named UNC Asheville head coach Nick McDevitt as the team's new head coach. On April 2, 2018, FIU fired head",
"title": "2018–19 Conference USA men's basketball season"
},
{
"id": "14675906",
"text": "Appalachian State University, and the University of South Carolina. He played college soccer at Pfeiffer University where he was a three-time captain. Bryan Cunningham Bryan Cunningham is the head men's soccer coach at the Mount St. Mary's University. He is restarting a program that had been dormant since 2012 and will return to competition in 2018. He had been head coach at the University of Central Florida since 2007. His 2007 team tied a school record with 3 conference wins, and set a school mark with its highest positioning in Conference USA at 3rd. From 2005 to 2007, he was",
"title": "Bryan Cunningham"
},
{
"id": "20050492",
"text": "championship. The team was ranked number 1 by the Colley Matrix, an NCAA-recognized selector of national champions. The NCAA does not officially select a national champion in FBS football. Additionally, several players were signed as undrafted free agents: 2017 UCF Knights football team The 2017 UCF Knights football team represented the University of Central Florida in the 2017 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Knights played their home games at the newly renamed Spectrum Stadium in Orlando, Florida, and competed in the East Division of the American Athletic Conference. They were led by second year head coach Scott Frost.",
"title": "2017 UCF Knights football team"
},
{
"id": "11038370",
"text": "is from Thomaston, Georgia. They have two sons, Jackson and Whit. His brother Mike Muschamp is the head football coach at The Lovett School in Atlanta, Georgia, and led the team to a state championship in 2013. Notable head coaches under whom Muschamp has served: Assistants under Muschamp who have become head coaches: Will Muschamp William Lawrence Muschamp (born August 3, 1971) is an American football coach and former player. He is currently the head coach at the University of South Carolina. He was the head coach at the University of Florida from 2011 to 2014. Muschamp was born in",
"title": "Will Muschamp"
},
{
"id": "20671445",
"text": "Orlando Apollos The Orlando Apollos are a professional American football team based in Orlando, Florida and are charter members of the Alliance of American Football, which is set to play in February 2019 at Spectrum Stadium on the campus of the University of Central Florida. They will be coached by Heisman Trophy winner and former college and National Football League head coach Steve Spurrier. NFL Front Office Veteran Tim Ruskell is the General Manager and longtime College Athletics Executive Michael Waddell is the Team President. The team's name is inspired by the Greek god Apollo and his and Florida's connections",
"title": "Orlando Apollos"
},
{
"id": "1360182",
"text": "University of Central Florida The University of Central Florida, or UCF, is a state university in Orlando, Florida. It has more students enrolled on campus than any other U.S. college or university. Founded in 1963 by the Florida Legislature, UCF opened in 1968 as Florida Technological University, with the mission of providing personnel to support the growing U.S. space program at the Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on Florida's Space Coast. As the school's academic scope expanded beyond engineering and technology, Florida Tech was renamed The University of Central Florida in 1978. UCF's space roots continue,",
"title": "University of Central Florida"
},
{
"id": "20865828",
"text": "2018–19 UCF Knights women's basketball team The 2018–19 UCF Knights women's basketball team will represent the University of Central Florida during the 2018–19 NCAA Division I basketball season. The Knights compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the American Athletic Conference (The American). The Knights, in the program's 42nd season of basketball, are led by third-year head coach Katie Abrahamson-Henderson, and play their home games at the CFE Arena on the university's main campus in Orlando, Florida. All UCF games will have an audio or video broadcast available. For conference play, UCF games will typically",
"title": "2018–19 UCF Knights women's basketball team"
},
{
"id": "4611249",
"text": "Mark Richt Mark Allan Richt (born February 18, 1960) is an American football coach and former player. He is the head football coach at the University of Miami, his alma mater, and recipient of the 2017 Walter Camp Coach of the Year Award. Richt played college football as a quarterback at Miami. His previous coaching affiliations include 14 years at Florida State University where he served as offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach under Bobby Bowden, a year as offensive coordinator at East Carolina University, and 15 years as head coach at the University of Georgia. He has the third highest",
"title": "Mark Richt"
},
{
"id": "17712564",
"text": "Clay Helton Charles Clay Helton (born June 24, 1972) is an American football coach and former player. He is currently the head coach at the University of Southern California. Helton has also been a coach for Duke Blue Devils, Houston Cougars and Memphis Tigers. His father, Kim Helton, was a coach in college, the National Football League, and the Canadian Football League. Charles Clay Helton was born in 1972 in Gainesville, Florida, where his father Charles Kimberlin \"Kim\" Helton was then a graduate assistant for the University of Florida football team. The Helton family later lived in the Miami, Tampa",
"title": "Clay Helton"
},
{
"id": "15626659",
"text": "UCF Knights track and field The UCF Knights track and field program represents the University of Central Florida in the sport of track and field. The Knights compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the American Athletic Conference (The American). The program includes intercollegiate indoor and outdoor women's track and field teams. The Knights host their home outdoor meets at UCF Soccer and Track Stadium, both located on the university's main campus in Orlando, Florida. The Knights track team is currently led by head coach Olympic gold-medalist Jeanette Bolden. The UCF Knights women's outdoor track",
"title": "UCF Knights track and field"
},
{
"id": "5210700",
"text": "coaches include Dr. Hyun Kim (co-coach with Christina Dwyer during 2014-2015 season) and Dr. Carole Cole. The 2016 State and National Championship teams consisted of team captain and club president Michael Friedman and players David Espinal, former championship winner Austin Goode, Paul Forester, and Haley Miller. They won first place at State and Second at Nationals. SCF Player David Espinal would lead the 2017 team to Championships and States with players Lacey Anderson, Damien Bobrek, and Nathanael Havlik. The team went on to win first place at Erik Korray, third in State, and third at Nationals.. The current 2018 team",
"title": "State College of Florida"
},
{
"id": "20808370",
"text": "2018–19 UCF Knights men's basketball team The 2018–19 UCF Knights men's basketball team will represent the University of Central Florida during the 2018–19 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Knights are members of the American Athletic Conference. The Knights, in the program's 50th season of basketball, will be led by third-year head coach Johnny Dawkins and will play their home games at the CFE Arena on the university's main campus in Orlando, Florida. The Knights finished the 2017–18 season 19–13 overall and 9–9 in AAC play to finish in sixth place. In the AAC Tournament, they defeated East Carolina",
"title": "2018–19 UCF Knights men's basketball team"
},
{
"id": "7174328",
"text": "was given a five-year guaranteed contract worth $1 million per year. Grantham was hired by Dan Mullen to be the defensive coordinator at Mississippi State University. He was given a multi year deal, with financial details not yet disclosed. Ironically, Grantham's predecessor at Mississippi State, Peter Sirmon, was hired to be defensive coordinator at the University of Louisville. Todd Grantham Jeffrey Todd Grantham (born September 13, 1966) is an American football coach. He is the defensive coordinator for the University of Florida Gators. He was hired on November 29, 2017. Grantham was born in Pulaski, Virginia and attended nearby Virginia",
"title": "Todd Grantham"
},
{
"id": "1360264",
"text": "Due to the work of professors and the Florida Space Institute, UCF will become the first Florida university to lead a NASA mission. General: In-text: University of Central Florida The University of Central Florida, or UCF, is a state university in Orlando, Florida. It has more students enrolled on campus than any other U.S. college or university. Founded in 1963 by the Florida Legislature, UCF opened in 1968 as Florida Technological University, with the mission of providing personnel to support the growing U.S. space program at the Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on Florida's Space Coast.",
"title": "University of Central Florida"
},
{
"id": "11038351",
"text": "Will Muschamp William Lawrence Muschamp (born August 3, 1971) is an American football coach and former player. He is currently the head coach at the University of South Carolina. He was the head coach at the University of Florida from 2011 to 2014. Muschamp was born in Rome, Georgia but grew up in Gainesville, Florida. He attended Martha Manson Academy elementary school and Oak Hall High School in Gainesville. His family moved back to Rome, where his father became the headmaster of the Darlington School, and where he graduated from high school. Muschamp played football, basketball, baseball, and ran track",
"title": "Will Muschamp"
},
{
"id": "12850426",
"text": "Pete Shinnick Pete Shinnick (born May 15, 1965) is an American football coach and former player. He is the head football coach at the University of West Florida in Pensacola, Florida. The football team began play in 2016. 2017 was a big year for Shinnick, as he led the University of West Florida Agronauts to the NCCA Division II playoffs, making them the fastest team to do so (two years). He broke the record he used to hold at the University of North Carolina at Pembroke, that being three years. Shinnick also won the 2017 AFCA Region 2 Coach of",
"title": "Pete Shinnick"
},
{
"id": "20525245",
"text": "2018 Florida Gators football team The 2018 Florida Gators football team represents the University of Florida in the 2018 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Gators play their home games at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium in Gainesville, Florida. Florida play as a member of the Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). They are led by first-year head coach Dan Mullen. The Gators in 2017 were led by third-year head coach Jim McElwain through the end of October until his firing. Randy Shannon was named the interim head coach on October 29. They finished the season 4–7, 3–5 in",
"title": "2018 Florida Gators football team"
},
{
"id": "20525247",
"text": "2018 Florida Gators football team The 2018 Florida Gators football team represents the University of Florida in the 2018 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Gators play their home games at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium in Gainesville, Florida. Florida play as a member of the Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). They are led by first-year head coach Dan Mullen. The Gators in 2017 were led by third-year head coach Jim McElwain through the end of October until his firing. Randy Shannon was named the interim head coach on October 29. They finished the season 4–7, 3–5 in",
"title": "2018 Florida Gators football team"
},
{
"id": "5003805",
"text": "was hired as defensive coordinator for the Colorado Buffaloes on February 5, 2015. Leavitt was hired as defensive coordinator for the Oregon Ducks on December 14, 2016. Assistant coaches under Jim Leavitt who became NCAA head coaches: Jim Leavitt James Pierce Leavitt (born December 5, 1956) is a former American football player and current defensive coordinator at the University of Oregon. He served as the head coach at the University of South Florida from the football program's inception in 1997 until 2009, compiling a record of 95–57. Leavitt grew up in St. Petersburg, Florida, and was a star quarterback for",
"title": "Jim Leavitt"
},
{
"id": "4837488",
"text": "fielding percentage in 1988 and 1990 and was second in 1991. Reds manager Pete Rose gave Sabo the nickname \"Spuds\" during his rookie season in 1988, citing a resemblance to a bull terrier character in Bud Light commercials named Spuds MacKenzie. On October 23, 2018 Sabo was named head baseball coach at the University of Akron. Sabo lives in Sarasota, Florida with his wife, Susan, whom he married in 1989, and their three daughters Annie, Brooke, and Olivia. Annie is currently a sports anchor on WFLA-TV in Tampa, Florida. Sabo is currently the Head baseball coach at The University of",
"title": "Chris Sabo"
},
{
"id": "11556628",
"text": "Carl Pelini Carl Pelini (born July 15, 1965) is an American football coach. He currently serves as defensive coordinator at Bowling Green State University. Pelini previously served as the head coach of Florida Atlantic from 2012 to 2013. He is the older brother of Bo Pelini, the head coach at Youngstown State. Pelini was born in Youngstown, Ohio, a former center of steel production with a strong athletic tradition, and graduated from Youngstown Cardinal Mooney High School (the same high school as former Oklahoma head coach Bob Stoops, Kentucky head coach Mark Stoops, and brother Bo Pelini, former head coach",
"title": "Carl Pelini"
},
{
"id": "7629956",
"text": "University of Kentucky to join new head coach Joker Phillips. In February 2012, Martin was announced as the new wide receivers coach for the University of Southern California under head coach Lane Kiffin. He had been linked with jobs at both Alabama and Oregon previously. News of his hiring at USC was broken by a tweet by quarterback Matt Barkley. Martin replaced Ted Gilmore who left to take a job at the Oakland Raiders. Martin was the offensive coordinator for the Trojans under head coach Clay Helton between 2016 and 2018. Martin was born and raised in Mobile, Alabama. He",
"title": "Tee Martin"
},
{
"id": "1360262",
"text": "for her role as Cheryl David on the HBO television series \"Curb Your Enthusiasm;\" Daniel Tosh, host of Tosh.0 on Comedy Central; and Chris Fuller, the independent filmmaker behind \"Loren Cass\". In addition, \"The Blair Witch Project\", which is considered one of the most successful independent films produced, was filmed and directed by UCF alumni Daniel Myrick and Eduardo Sánchez. As a major competitor in college athletics, UCF has had many notable student athletes, coaches, and staff members, such as NFL players Daunte Culpepper, Matt Prater, Kevin Smith, Bruce Miller, Brandon Marshall, and Blake Bortles; NBA starting guard Jermaine Taylor;",
"title": "University of Central Florida"
},
{
"id": "14246940",
"text": "Jim Fleming (American football) Jim Fleming (born September 23, 1959) is an American college football coach and former player. He is currently the head coach at the University of Rhode Island (URI), a position he assumed in December 2013. Fleming served in the same capacity at Sacred Heart University (SHU) from 2000 to 2001 where he compiled a record of 21 wins and one loss. Prior to his appointment at URI, he was the defensive coordinator at the University of Central Florida (UCF) from 2012 to 2013. Fleming served as the head coach for two seasons at Sacred Heart University",
"title": "Jim Fleming (American football)"
},
{
"id": "3714102",
"text": "by defeating the Michigan Wolverines in the full three games. The Gators would return to the WCWS finals in 2017 before losing to the Oklahoma Sooners in two games. The current head coach is Tim Walton; the 2015–2016 season will be his tenth as the Gators' coach. He was previously the head coach at Wichita State University and he played baseball for the University of Oklahoma and a minor league team affiliated with the Philadelphia Phillies. Through the end of the 2018 season, Tim Walton has acquired a 722-149 record, while at Florida. Following the conclusion of the 2018 season,",
"title": "Florida Gators"
},
{
"id": "6901703",
"text": "morning show personality on WQDC, which he owned. In 2016, he joined the University of Wisconsin football staff as an assistant offensive line coach. In December 2017, he was named the head football coach at East Central University in Ada, Oklahoma. Al Johnson (guard) Al Joseph Johnson (born January 27, 1979) is a former American football center in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys, Arizona Cardinals and Miami Dolphins. He played college football at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He is currently the head football coach of the East Central University. Johnson attended Southern Door High School in",
"title": "Al Johnson (guard)"
},
{
"id": "11511415",
"text": "McElwain and the administration. School officials interviewed by ESPN said that McElwain had been \"an odd fit\" for Florida from the start, and claimed that his comments about the supposed threats made it apparent that \"this was not going to work.\" On February 20, 2018, McElwain was named the Wide Receivers Coach for the Michigan Wolverines. On December 2nd 2018 it was announced he would be leaving Michigan to become the next head coach at Central Michigan University. McElwain was announced as the 29th head football coach of the Central Michigan Chippewas on December 2, 2018. Jim McElwain is married",
"title": "Jim McElwain"
},
{
"id": "11050913",
"text": "Steve Saulnier Steve Saulnier is an American football coach and former player. He currently serves as the assistant head coach and offensive line coach at the University of West Florida located in Pensacola, Florida. Saulnier has previously served as assistant head coach and offensive line coach at the University of North Carolina at Pembrokefrom 2006 to 2014 as well as head football coach at Malone College—now known as Malone University—in Canton Ohio from 1999 to 2001. Saulnier played offensive line for the NC State Wolfpack football team from 1980 to 1984. Saulnier served as head coach at West Branch High",
"title": "Steve Saulnier"
},
{
"id": "6393959",
"text": "UCF has had four first-round picks in the NFL Draft, players in fourteen Super Bowls, and seven pro-bowlers. The Knights' main rivals are the South Florida Bulls. The UCF football program can be traced back to a speech given by the university's second president, Dr. Trevor Colbourn, in January 1979. Colbourn believed that a successful athletics program would bring the university greater renown, and tasked Dr. Jack O'Leary with the job of creating a new football program at the school. In addition, Colbourn changed the name of the school to the University of Central Florida (prior to this, the college",
"title": "UCF Knights football"
},
{
"id": "1360256",
"text": "Knights Plaza also includes Jay Bergman Field, the UCF Soccer and Track Stadium and numerous practice facilities. To coincide with the opening of the athletic village, the university also debuted new athletic logos and an update to mascot Knightro. The Knights football program began in 1979. UCF competed in the playoffs three times before ascending to the FBS level in 1996. The Knights have won two conference championships and four division titles. In UCF's first year in C-USA, the team experienced the fourth-best turnaround in NCAA history by winning the conference's eastern division and earning its first bowl berth in",
"title": "University of Central Florida"
},
{
"id": "3034645",
"text": "Nick Saban Nicholas Lou Saban Jr. (; born October 31, 1951) is an American football coach who has been the head football coach at the University of Alabama since 2007. Saban previously served as head coach of the National Football League's Miami Dolphins and at three other universities: Louisiana State University (LSU), Michigan State University, and the University of Toledo. Saban's career record as a college head coach is 231-62–1. Saban led the LSU Tigers to the BCS National Championship in 2003 and the Alabama Crimson Tide to BCS and AP national championships in 2009, 2011, 2012, and College Football",
"title": "Nick Saban"
},
{
"id": "15488333",
"text": "Mike White (basketball) Michael Emerson White (born March 2, 1977) is an American college basketball coach and former player. He is the current head coach of the Florida Gators men's basketball team of the University of Florida. Prior to accepting the job at Florida, White was the head coach of the Louisiana Tech Bulldogs of Louisiana Tech University for four seasons. White was born to father, Kevin, and mother, Jane, in Dunedin, Florida. His father Kevin White currently serves as Director of Athletics at Duke University. As a result of his father's career path, the White family moved frequently throughout",
"title": "Mike White (basketball)"
},
{
"id": "1360199",
"text": "including Eastern Florida State College, Lake-Sumter State College, Seminole State College of Florida and Valencia College. In addition, the Rosen College of Hospitality Management is located away from the main campus, in close proximity to the heart of Orlando's tourism and convention industries. Outside Orlando, there are campuses in Cocoa, Clermont, Daytona Beach, Kissimmee, Leesburg, Ocala, Palm Bay, and Sanford. In addition to having standard classes at these campuses, some courses are offered via alternative methods, such as two-way TV from the main campus or via broadband. UCF, in partnership with local colleges, participates in a program called DirectConnect. Through",
"title": "University of Central Florida"
},
{
"id": "5593733",
"text": "seasons out of football, during which time he worked as a college football studio analyst for CBS and took an executive position at a bank in Ocala, Florida. In 2014, Zook was hired by the Green Bay Packers to the position of assistant special teams coordinator. Assistant coaches under Ron Zook who became NCAA head coaches: Ron Zook Ronald Andrew Zook (born April 28, 1954) is an American football coach and former player. He served as the head football coach at the University of Florida from 2002 to 2004 and the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign from 2005 to 2011.",
"title": "Ron Zook"
},
{
"id": "20050452",
"text": "2017 UCF Knights football team The 2017 UCF Knights football team represented the University of Central Florida in the 2017 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Knights played their home games at the newly renamed Spectrum Stadium in Orlando, Florida, and competed in the East Division of the American Athletic Conference. They were led by second year head coach Scott Frost. The Knights finished the regular season 12–0, the football program's first ever undefeated regular season, second 12-win season, and won the 2017 American Conference Championship. The Knights season culminated in a 2018 Peach Bowl win over Auburn. The",
"title": "2017 UCF Knights football team"
},
{
"id": "12080744",
"text": "Jay Bergman (baseball) Jay Bergman (born February 6, 1939) is a former American college baseball coach. During his coaching career he served as the head coach of Seminole Community College, University of Florida and the University of Central Florida. Jay Bergman Field on the campus of the University of Central Florida was named for him. Bergman was forced out at UCF with 10 games left in the 2008 season after being accused of harassing an equipment manager. He was originally fired, but reached a settlement that allowed him to retire. Terry Rooney, the pitching coach at LSU, was hired to",
"title": "Jay Bergman (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "13154276",
"text": "another tradition where if the opponent goes for a shot and gets an \"air ball,\" students would chant the entire game for that one player. It's been shown as an effective way to get into the player's mind. UCF Knights women's basketball The UCF Knights women's basketball team represents the University of Central Florida located in Orlando, Florida in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I and the American Athletic Conference (The American). The Knights play their home games at the CFE Arena located on the university's main campus, and are currently led by head coach Katie Abrahamson-Henderson. The",
"title": "UCF Knights women's basketball"
},
{
"id": "10969430",
"text": "John Euliano Park John Euliano Park, formerly Jay Bergman Field, is a baseball stadium located on the main campus of the University of Central Florida in Orlando, Florida, USA. The stadium serves as the home of the UCF Knights baseball team. John Euliano Park was originally built in 2001 as a state-of-the-art facility, featuring an indoor training facility with three batting cages and two pitching mounds. The facility was named after the former head coach of the team, Jay Bergman. However, UCF relieved Jay Bergman of his duties on May 1, 2008 for alleged harassment towards an equipment manager. In",
"title": "John Euliano Park"
},
{
"id": "8109496",
"text": "Spectrum Stadium Spectrum Stadium (formerly known as Bright House Networks Stadium) is an American football stadium located in Orlando, Florida, United States, on the main campus of the University of Central Florida. It is the home field of the UCF Knights of NCAA Division I FBS college football. The stadium opened in 2007 as a replacement for Camping World Stadium (then known as the Citrus Bowl) in Downtown Orlando, where the Knights had played since their inaugural season in 1979. The steel and brick-clad stadium was designed by 360 Architecture and constructed in 18 months. The stadium underwent an $8",
"title": "Spectrum Stadium"
},
{
"id": "6820772",
"text": "yards, and also returned 139 punts for 1,241 yards. Walters has been named the offensive coordinator and wide receivers coach at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Walters was formerly the offensive coordinator at University of Central Florida, where he ran one of the nation's best offensive attacks. He was the wide receivers coach at Texas A&M University from 2010 to 2011, at North Carolina State University in 2012, and at the University of Colorado Boulder from 2013 to 2015. In December 2017, Troy Walters was a finalist for the Broyles Award, presented to the top assistant coach in college football. Troy",
"title": "Troy Walters"
},
{
"id": "20637467",
"text": "He joined the staff at Louisiana Tech where he was an assistant under both Kerry Rupp and Mike White. May followed White to take an assistant coaching job at Florida, where he served from 2015 to 2018 before being named the head coach at Florida Atlantic on March 22, 2018 replacing Michael Curry. Dusty May Dusty May is an American college basketball coach. He is the head men's basketball coach at Florida Atlantic University. After graduating from Eastern Greene High School in 1995, May served as a student manager at Indiana under Bob Knight as an undergraduate from 1996 to",
"title": "Dusty May"
},
{
"id": "17712569",
"text": "season with a record of 10–3 and third place in the AP poll. Assistant coaches under Clay Helton who became NCAA or NFL head coaches: Clay Helton Charles Clay Helton (born June 24, 1972) is an American football coach and former player. He is currently the head coach at the University of Southern California. Helton has also been a coach for Duke Blue Devils, Houston Cougars and Memphis Tigers. His father, Kim Helton, was a coach in college, the National Football League, and the Canadian Football League. Charles Clay Helton was born in 1972 in Gainesville, Florida, where his father",
"title": "Clay Helton"
},
{
"id": "11214873",
"text": "UCF Knights men's basketball The UCF Knights men's basketball team represents The University of Central Florida located in Orlando, Florida, United States. UCF competes in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), and the American Athletic Conference (The American). The Knights play their home games in the CFE Arena located on the university's main campus. They are coached by Johnny Dawkins who was hired in 2016. The Knights have appeared in the NCAA Division II Tournament six times (1976, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1982), including the Final Four in 1978. UCF has reached the NCAA Division I Tournament",
"title": "UCF Knights men's basketball"
},
{
"id": "11976118",
"text": "win gold. Previously, Roberts represented the United States on the U-21 national team that won the 1997 Nordic Cup in Denmark and finished second at the 1998 Nordic Cup in the Netherlands. Roberts began her coaching career as co-head coach of the women's soccer team at Virginia Commonwealth University along with her husband, former MLS player, Tim Sahaydak. She was then hired as head coach at the University of Central Florida on May 6, 2013, with Tim hired as an assistant. In 2011, Roberts traveled to Brazil on behalf of the United States Department of State to conduct soccer clinics",
"title": "Tiffany Roberts"
},
{
"id": "7023926",
"text": "defensive lineman at Colorado State University and is the current defensive coordinator for FAU. Kiffin's former father-in-law, John Reaves, was a former starting NFL and USFL quarterback who played college football for the Florida Gators. On February 28, 2016, Lane and Layla announced that they were separating and had mutually decided to divorce. Assistant coaches under Lane Kiffin who became NCAA or NFL head coaches: Lane Kiffin Lane Monte Kiffin (born May 9, 1975) is an American football coach who is currently the head football coach at Florida Atlantic University. Kiffin formerly served as the offensive coordinator for the USC",
"title": "Lane Kiffin"
},
{
"id": "8706292",
"text": "Charlie Strong Charlie Rene Strong (born August 2, 1960) is an American football coach and former player. Strong is currently the head coach at the University of South Florida. Strong held numerous assistant coaching positions before becoming a head coach at the University of Louisville in 2010. During his four-year stint at Louisville, he led the Cardinals to a 37–15 record and reached a bowl game each season, including the 2013 Sugar Bowl. After the 2013 season he left Louisville to become the head coach at the University of Texas. He was fired by Texas after the 2016 season with",
"title": "Charlie Strong"
},
{
"id": "9928750",
"text": "Keno Davis Keno Emlen Davis (born March 10, 1972) is an American college basketball coach who is the current men's basketball head coach at Central Michigan University. Davis was previously head coach at Drake University for one season (2007–2008), where he was named the 2008 Associated Press College Basketball Coach of the Year, and at Providence College for three seasons (2008-2011). Davis also served as an assistant coach at Drake from 2003–2007 under his father Tom Davis prior to starting his coaching career. Davis served as an undergraduate assistant coach at the University of Iowa under his father from 1991–1995.",
"title": "Keno Davis"
},
{
"id": "8384205",
"text": "games. Announced schedules as of June 7, 2018 Florida Gators football The Florida Gators football program represents the University of Florida in American college football. Florida competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). They play their home games in Steve Spurrier-Florida Field at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium (nicknamed \"The Swamp\") on the university's Gainesville campus. The team's current head coach is Dan Mullen. The Gators have won three national championships and eight SEC titles in the 111-season history of Florida football. The University of",
"title": "Florida Gators football"
},
{
"id": "12869301",
"text": "Mississippi State reuniting him with Coach Dan Mullen who offered him a scholarship to sign with Utah during Urban Meyer's tenure as the Utes head football coach. On December 27, 2016, Johnson was hired as Offensive Coordinator and Quarterback's Coach for the Houston Cougars Football program. On December 10, 2017, Johnson was hired by new Florida Gators Head Coach, Dan Mullen, as an offensive assistant. <ref>http://floridagators.com/news/2017/12/10/football-mullen-announces-hiring-of-brian-johnson-to-coaching-staff.aspx Brian Johnson (American football coach) Brian Delance Johnson (born February 16, 1987) is an American football coach and former player. He is currently the quarterbacks coach at the University of Florida. He played college",
"title": "Brian Johnson (American football coach)"
},
{
"id": "17898173",
"text": "is married to his wife Shannon and they have two sons, Owen and Gavin. Merlin (Marlins brother) is married to Tracey and they have three kids named Annabel, Kyla, and Levi. Marlin Ikenberry Marlin Ikenberry is an American college baseball coach, currently the head coach of the James Madison Dukes. He was the head coach of the VMI Keydets baseball team for 11 seasons, from 2004 to 2014. He was hired on July 22, 2003, the successor to Tom Slater, who departed for a coaching position at the University of Florida. Ikenberry resigned the position to after the 2014 season",
"title": "Marlin Ikenberry"
},
{
"id": "1360222",
"text": "while the Lake Nona Medical City was completed. Every member of the inaugural class received a full scholarship, including tuition and basic living expenses, for their entire four years at the university, valued at over $160,000. The university aims for the college to become a research-intensive medical school, with the aid of The Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, The Burnham Institute for Medical Research, a Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nemours Children's Hospital, Tavistock Group, and a M.D. Anderson Cancer Research Institute, all located on the College of Medicine's Lake Nona campus. Located near the Orange County Convention Center on Universal",
"title": "University of Central Florida"
},
{
"id": "9294512",
"text": "was fired, McCullum was not retained and became an assistant for the Guangzhou Long-Lions of the Chinese Basketball Association before joining Dana Altman's staff at Oregon as an assistant coach. McCullum was named head coach at Florida A&M on May 16, 2017. Robert McCullum Robert L. McCullum (born June 20, 1954) is an American men's college basketball coach, currently the head men's basketball coach at Florida A&M. He previously served as the head coach of the Western Michigan Broncos men's basketball team and the University of South Florida (USF) Bulls men's basketball team. He is a native of Birmingham, Alabama.",
"title": "Robert McCullum"
},
{
"id": "17426769",
"text": "Danny White (athletic director) Daniel J. White (born c. 1980) is an American university sports administrator. He is the athletic director for the UCF Knights sports program of the University of Central Florida located in Orlando, Florida. White held the same position at the State University of New York at Buffalo from 2012 to 2015. Prior to his tenure at Buffalo, he served as the senior associate athletic director for Ole Miss. White's tenure at UCF has included the hiring of new head coaches across several sports, significant facility upgrades, establishment of an official rivalry with the South Florida Bulls.",
"title": "Danny White (athletic director)"
},
{
"id": "1360206",
"text": "previous year. UCF's financial endowment, administered by the \"University of Central Florida Foundation, Inc.\", was valued at $155.5 million in 2015, a 14.7% increase from 2014. The University of Central Florida is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools according to the U.S. Department of Education. UCF's academic calendar is based on the semester system, with the typical fall semester running from the end of August until the beginning of December, and the typical spring semester running from the beginning of January through the beginning of May. In addition, UCF offers four different summer semesters, A, B, C,",
"title": "University of Central Florida"
}
] | where is the university of central florida coach going |
[
"Oahe Dam",
"Gavins Point Dam",
"Fort Randall Dam",
"Big Bend Dam"
] | [
{
"id": "361334",
"text": "nation mobilized for war. In 1944, the Pick–Sloan Plan was passed as part of the Flood Control Act of 1944 by the U.S. Congress, resulting in the construction of six large dams on the Missouri River, four of which are at least partially in South Dakota. Flood control, hydroelectricity, and recreational opportunities such as boating and fishing are provided by the dams and their reservoirs. In recent decades, South Dakota has been transformed from a state dominated by agriculture to one with a more diversified economy. The tourism industry has grown considerably since the completion of the interstate system in",
"title": "South Dakota"
},
{
"id": "11394467",
"text": "quartzite, Milbank granite, sand, gravel, limestone, mica, and uranium. The state also produces a very limited amount of oil and natural gas. The Missouri River is the largest and longest river in the state. Other major South Dakota rivers include the Cheyenne, the James, the Big Sioux, and the White. Essentially all of South Dakota's rivers are part of the Missouri River Valley. Dams on the Missouri River create four large reservoirs: Lake Oahe, Lake Sharpe, Lake Francis Case, and Lewis and Clark Lake. Hydroelectricity generated from power plants at the dams provides approximately half of the electricity used by",
"title": "Geography of South Dakota"
},
{
"id": "3516752",
"text": "Fort Randall Dam The Fort Randall Dam is an earth embankment dam impounding the Missouri River in South Dakota, United States and forming Lake Francis Case, the 11th largest reservoir in the United States. The dam was constructed by and is operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The dam was authorized by the Flood Control Act of 1944 and plays a key role in the Pick-Sloan Plan for development of water resources in the Missouri River basin. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers began construction of Fort Randall Dam in 1946, and it was the first Pick-Sloan dam",
"title": "Fort Randall Dam"
},
{
"id": "4557713",
"text": "Big Bend Dam Big Bend Dam is a major embankment rolled-earth dam on the Missouri River in Central South Dakota, United States, creating Lake Sharpe. The dam was constructed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as part of the Pick-Sloan Plan for Missouri watershed development authorized by the Flood Control Act of 1944. Construction began in 1959 and the embankment was completed in July 1963. Power generation began at the facility in 1964 and the entire complex was completed in 1966 at a total cost of $107 million. The hydroelectric plant generates 493,300 kilowatts of electricity at maximum capacity,",
"title": "Big Bend Dam"
},
{
"id": "66937",
"text": "as far as Lewiston, Idaho. The river system as a whole has more than 400 dams for hydroelectricity and irrigation. The dams address a variety of demands, including flood control, navigation, stream flow regulation, storage and delivery of stored waters, reclamation of public lands and Indian reservations, and the generation of hydroelectric power. The larger US dams are owned and operated by the federal government (some by the Army Corps of Engineers and some by the Bureau of Reclamation), while the smaller dams are operated by public utility districts, and private power companies. The federally operated system is known as",
"title": "Columbia River"
},
{
"id": "361315",
"text": "in Butte County. The North American continental pole of inaccessibility is between Allen and Kyle, from the nearest coastline. The Missouri River is the largest and longest river in the state. Other major South Dakota rivers include the Cheyenne, James, Big Sioux, and White Rivers. Eastern South Dakota has many natural lakes, mostly created by periods of glaciation. Additionally, dams on the Missouri River create four large reservoirs: Lake Oahe, Lake Sharpe, Lake Francis Case, and Lewis and Clark Lake. South Dakota can generally be divided into three regions: eastern South Dakota, western South Dakota, and the Black Hills. The",
"title": "South Dakota"
},
{
"id": "4556989",
"text": "others. Many of the homes were later moved to farms and towns around Montana. Fort Peck Dam is one of six Missouri River Main stem dams operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha District. The dams downstream of Fort Peck Dam are: Garrison Dam (near Riverdale, North Dakota), Oahe Dam (near Pierre, South Dakota), Big Bend Dam (near Fort Thompson, South Dakota), Fort Randall Dam (near Pickstown, South Dakota), and Gavins Point Dam (near Yankton, South Dakota). These six mainstem dams impound these Missouri River reservoirs with a total combined water storage capacity of approximately and approximately of",
"title": "Fort Peck Dam"
},
{
"id": "262533",
"text": "for roughly 85 smaller dams on tributaries. In the early stages of Pick–Sloan development, tentative plans were made to build a low dam on the Missouri at Riverdale, North Dakota and 27 smaller dams on the Yellowstone River and its tributaries. This was met with controversy from inhabitants of the Yellowstone basin, and eventually the USBR proposed a solution: to greatly increase the size of the proposed dam at Riverdale – today's Garrison Dam, thus replacing the storage that would have been provided by the Yellowstone dams. Because of this decision, the Yellowstone is now the longest free-flowing river in",
"title": "Missouri River"
},
{
"id": "11390444",
"text": "the state. The population of South Dakota declined by more than seven percent between 1930 and 1940. Prosperity returned with the U.S. entry into World War II in 1941, when demand for the state's agricultural and industrial products grew as the nation mobilized for war. Over 68,000 South Dakotans served in the armed forces during the war, of which over 2,200 were killed. In 1944, the Pick-Sloan Plan was passed as part of the Flood Control Act of 1944 by the U.S. Congress, resulting in the construction of six large dams on the Missouri River, four of which are at",
"title": "History of South Dakota"
},
{
"id": "2647153",
"text": "Tribes. Construction on the $300-million dam project began in 1947, and its embankment was enclosed in April 1953. The dam was dedicated by President Eisenhower two months later. The Corps of Engineers completed earthwork in the fall of 1954. Garrison Dam is one of six Missouri River Main stem dams operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha District. The dam upstream of Garrison Dam is Fort Peck Dam (near Fort Peck, Montana). The dams downstream of Garrison Dam are: Oahe Dam (near Pierre, South Dakota), Big Bend Dam (near Fort Thompson, South Dakota), Fort Randall Dam (near Pickstown,",
"title": "Garrison Dam"
},
{
"id": "16716703",
"text": "Angostura Dam (U.S.) Angostura Dam is an embankment dam across the Cheyenne River in Fall River County in southwestern South Dakota in the United States, about south of Rapid City. The dam consists of an earth-fill embankment with a concrete spillway section, high and long; it withholds the Angostura Reservoir. The dam was conceived as early as 1913, but it was not until the 1930s when a regional drought caused crop failures that the project received widespread support from farmers. Built from 1946 to 1949, the dam is part of the Angostura Division of the Pick-Sloan Missouri Basin Program, and",
"title": "Angostura Dam (U.S.)"
},
{
"id": "2647154",
"text": "South Dakota), and Gavins Point Dam (near Yankton, South Dakota). These six mainstem dams impound these Missouri River reservoirs with a total combined water storage capacity of approximately and approximately of water surface area. In June 2011, in response to the 2011 Missouri River Floods, the dam was releasing over , which greatly exceeded its previous record release of set in 1997. The first use of the emergency spillway due to flooding started on June 1, 2011 at 8:00am. Hydropower turbines at Garrison Dam have an electric power generating nameplate capacity of 583.3 MW. Average production of 240 MW serves",
"title": "Garrison Dam"
},
{
"id": "2840133",
"text": "Bad River (South Dakota) The Bad River (Dakota: \"wakpá-šiča\"; \"lake-bad\") is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately long, in central South Dakota in the United States. The river is formed at Philip, South Dakota, by the confluence of its North and South forks. The North Fork Bad River rises in eastern Pennington County and flows east-southeast to Philip, while the South Fork Bad River rises at the confluence of Whitewater Creek and Big Buffalo Creek in Jackson County, within the Buffalo Gap National Grassland, and flows northeast to Philip. The main stem of the Bad River flows east-northeast from",
"title": "Bad River (South Dakota)"
},
{
"id": "262537",
"text": "includes an annual flood-control reservation of . Mainstem power plants generate about 9.3 billion KWh annually – equal to a constant output of almost 1,100 megawatts. Along with nearly 100 smaller dams on tributaries, namely the Bighorn, Platte, Kansas, and Osage Rivers, the system provides irrigation water to nearly of land. The table at left lists statistics of all fifteen dams on the Missouri River, ordered downstream. Many of the run-of-the-river dams on the Missouri (marked in yellow) form very small impoundments which may or may not have been given names; those unnamed are left blank. All dams are on",
"title": "Missouri River"
},
{
"id": "4562478",
"text": "Oahe Dam The Oahe Dam is a large earthen dam on the Missouri River, just north of Pierre, South Dakota, United States. The dam creates Lake Oahe, the fourth largest man-made reservoir in the United States. The reservoir stretches up the course of the Missouri to Bismarck, North Dakota. The dam's power plant provides electricity for much of the north-central United States. It is named for the Oahe Indian Mission established among the Lakota Sioux in 1874. The project provides flood control, Hydropower generation, irrigation, and navigation benefits. Oahe Dam is one of six Missouri River mainstem dams, the next",
"title": "Oahe Dam"
},
{
"id": "4557714",
"text": "with an annual production of 969 million kilowatt hours, and meets peak-hour demand for power within the Missouri River Basin. Located near Fort Thompson, South Dakota, just south of a major bend in the Missouri River (from which the dam takes its name), Big Bend Dam creates Lake Sharpe, named after South Dakota Governor Merrill Q. Sharpe. The lake extends for up the course of the Missouri River passing through Pierre, the State Capitol, to Oahe Dam, another major power-generating and flood control dam. Lake Sharpe covers a total of and drains an area just under . South Dakota Highway",
"title": "Big Bend Dam"
},
{
"id": "16716939",
"text": "of Reclamation dropped this phase from the project. Shadehill Dam Shadehill Dam is a dam (constructed 1951) on the Grand River in Perkins County in northwestern South Dakota in the United States, about south of Lemmon. The dam and its impoundment, Shadehill Reservoir, serve mainly for flood and silt control, wildlife conservation and recreation. Located directly below the confluence of the North and South Forks of the Grand River, the dam is operated by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, and is part of the Shadehill Unit of the Pick-Sloan Missouri Basin Program. The dam is an embankment structure high and",
"title": "Shadehill Dam"
},
{
"id": "16716937",
"text": "Shadehill Dam Shadehill Dam is a dam (constructed 1951) on the Grand River in Perkins County in northwestern South Dakota in the United States, about south of Lemmon. The dam and its impoundment, Shadehill Reservoir, serve mainly for flood and silt control, wildlife conservation and recreation. Located directly below the confluence of the North and South Forks of the Grand River, the dam is operated by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, and is part of the Shadehill Unit of the Pick-Sloan Missouri Basin Program. The dam is an embankment structure high and long, with an elevation of at the crest.",
"title": "Shadehill Dam"
},
{
"id": "262536",
"text": "the reservoir shore \"for grazing, hunting, fishing, and other purposes.\" The six dams of the Mainstem System, chiefly Fort Peck, Garrison and Oahe, are among the largest dams in the world by volume; their sprawling reservoirs also rank within the biggest of the nation. Holding up to in total, the six reservoirs can store more than three years' worth of the river's flow as measured below Gavins Point, the lowermost dam. This capacity makes it the largest reservoir system in the United States and one of the largest in North America. In addition to storing irrigation water, the system also",
"title": "Missouri River"
},
{
"id": "262534",
"text": "the contiguous United States. In the 1950s, construction commenced on the five mainstem dams – Garrison, Oahe, Big Bend, Fort Randall and Gavins Point – proposed under the Pick-Sloan Plan. Along with Fort Peck, which was integrated as a unit of the Pick-Sloan Plan in the 1940s, these dams now form what is known as the Missouri River Mainstem System. The flooding of lands along the Missouri River heavily impacted Native American groups whose reservations included fertile bottomlands and floodplains, especially in the arid Dakotas where it was some of the only good farmland they had. These consequences were pronounced",
"title": "Missouri River"
},
{
"id": "2840135",
"text": "known as the Teton River. Bad River (South Dakota) The Bad River (Dakota: \"wakpá-šiča\"; \"lake-bad\") is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately long, in central South Dakota in the United States. The river is formed at Philip, South Dakota, by the confluence of its North and South forks. The North Fork Bad River rises in eastern Pennington County and flows east-southeast to Philip, while the South Fork Bad River rises at the confluence of Whitewater Creek and Big Buffalo Creek in Jackson County, within the Buffalo Gap National Grassland, and flows northeast to Philip. The main stem of the",
"title": "Bad River (South Dakota)"
},
{
"id": "20710720",
"text": "Chamberlain Rail Bridge The Chamberlain Rail Bridge is a railroad bridge located the state of South Dakota which crosses the Missouri River, spanning 4,890 feet (0.9 mi) from the city of Chamberlain on the eastern side to the town of Oacoma, located on the western side of the river. It is owned by the state of South Dakota and operated by Dakota Southern Railway. The bridge was constructed in 1953 by the Chicago, Milwakuee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad to replace an earlier 1923 rail bridge that would have been submerged by the construction of dams on the Missouri River",
"title": "Chamberlain Rail Bridge"
},
{
"id": "262526",
"text": "chain of reservoirs. River development was stimulated by a variety of factors, first by growing demand for electricity in the rural northwestern parts of the basin, and also by floods and droughts that plagued rapidly growing agricultural and urban areas along the lower Missouri River. Small, privately owned hydroelectric projects have existed since the 1890s, but the large flood-control and storage dams that characterize the middle reaches of the river today were not constructed until the 1950s. Between 1890 and 1940, five dams were built in the vicinity of Great Falls to generate power from the Great Falls of the",
"title": "Missouri River"
},
{
"id": "3516755",
"text": "2011 Missouri River Floods, the dam was releasing over , which greatly exceeded its previous record release of set in 1997. The Fort Randall Visitor Center is located on the western edge of Pickstown, South Dakota along U.S. Highway 281 and 18. Open from Memorial Day through Labor Day, the visitor center offers a view of Fort Randall Dam, Lake Francis Case and the Missouri River. Exhibits highlight the dam's construction, area natural and cultural history and paleontology. There is also a freshwater aquarium with fish species found in the Missouri River. Fort Randall Dam The Fort Randall Dam is",
"title": "Fort Randall Dam"
},
{
"id": "3514700",
"text": "legislation, the \"Reclamation Project Authorization Act\" of October 20, 1972 authorized the Bureau of Reclamation to built additional dams at the North Loup River and Middle Loup River in Nebraska: Six dams were constructed between 1976 and 1994: Other dams along the Missouri River that were not part of the Sloan-Pick Program are Toston Dam (1940), Hauser Dam (1907), Holter Dam (1908), Black Eagle Dam (1927), Rainbow Dam (1912), Cochrane Dam (1958), Ryan Dam (1915), Morony Dam (1930) and Fort Peck Dam (1940), all located in Montana. Over 200,000 acres on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation and the Cheyenne River",
"title": "Pick–Sloan Missouri Basin Program"
},
{
"id": "262189",
"text": "fed by a number of smaller streams. From its origin at Lake Itasca to St. Louis, Missouri, the waterway's flow is moderated by 43 dams. Fourteen of these dams are located above Minneapolis in the headwaters region and serve multiple purposes, including power generation and recreation. The remaining 29 dams, beginning in downtown Minneapolis, all contain locks and were constructed to improve commercial navigation of the upper river. Taken as a whole, these 43 dams significantly shape the geography and influence the ecology of the upper river. Beginning just below Saint Paul, Minnesota, and continuing throughout the upper and lower",
"title": "Mississippi River"
},
{
"id": "4562483",
"text": "the Rocky Mountains forced the dam to open the release gates (not the spillway), releasing in June with another through the power plant totaling . The previous release record was in 1997. Oahe Dam The Oahe Dam is a large earthen dam on the Missouri River, just north of Pierre, South Dakota, United States. The dam creates Lake Oahe, the fourth largest man-made reservoir in the United States. The reservoir stretches up the course of the Missouri to Bismarck, North Dakota. The dam's power plant provides electricity for much of the north-central United States. It is named for the Oahe",
"title": "Oahe Dam"
},
{
"id": "2839149",
"text": "Moreau River (South Dakota) The Moreau River is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 200 miles (320 km) long, in South Dakota in the United States. Moreau River has the name of a pioneer trader. It rises in two forks in northwestern South Dakota, in the Badlands of Butte and Harding Counties. The North Fork rises approximately 10 miles (16 km) northeast of Crow Buttes. The South Fork rises approximately 20 miles (32 km) west of the headwaters of the North Fork. The two forks flow ESE and unite near Zeona in southern Perkins County. The combined stream flows",
"title": "Moreau River (South Dakota)"
},
{
"id": "262528",
"text": "most notably the Montana Power Company – began to develop the Missouri River above Great Falls and below Helena for power generation. A small run-of-the river structure completed in 1898 near the present site of Canyon Ferry Dam became the second dam to be built on the Missouri. This rock-filled timber crib dam generated seven and a half megawatts of electricity for Helena and the surrounding countryside. The nearby steel Hauser Dam was finished in 1907, but failed in 1908 because of structural deficiencies, causing catastrophic flooding all the way downstream past Craig. At Great Falls, a section of the",
"title": "Missouri River"
},
{
"id": "262527",
"text": "Missouri, a chain of giant waterfalls formed by the river in its path through western Montana. Black Eagle Dam, built in 1891 on Black Eagle Falls, was the first dam of the Missouri. Replaced in 1926 with a more modern structure, the dam was little more than a small weir atop Black Eagle Falls, diverting part of the Missouri's flow into the Black Eagle power plant. The largest of the five dams, Ryan Dam, was built in 1913. The dam lies directly above the Big Falls, the largest waterfall of the Missouri. In the same period, several private establishments –",
"title": "Missouri River"
},
{
"id": "15677869",
"text": "the reservoirs were 100 percent or more of capacity (with the exception of the Fort Randall Dam), the Corps of Engineers doubled the record release of water in the river's five North and South Dakota dams. Officials said that problems downstream could have been alleviated by river control work and new levee construction that came about in the wake of the Great Flood of 1993. However, they were unsure whether the levees could sustain being waterlogged in a long-term flood. A study by Utah State University examined the buildup of water storage leading to the 2011 Missouri River flooding observed",
"title": "2011 Missouri River Flood"
},
{
"id": "3019411",
"text": "Missouri River Trench The Missouri River Trench is the geological name applied to the broad valley of the Missouri River as it flows southward through North Dakota and South Dakota in the United States. The valley averages approximately wide, with the valley floor averaging between below the surrounding bluffs. The valley was extensively dammed between 1946 and 1966 to provide a series of reservoirs in the Dakotas. Geologically, the valley separates the main plateau of the Great Plains to the west from the Coteau du Missouri to the east. Although cultivation has added markedly to the sediment in the river",
"title": "Missouri River Trench"
},
{
"id": "7027557",
"text": "50% of the lake will be diminished due to sedimentation deposits. Presently, there is no plan or solution to remove or slow the progression of the siltation within the lake. Gavins Point Dam Gavins Point Dam is a large embankment rolled-earth and chalk-fill dam on the Missouri River located on the border of Nebraska and South Dakota in the Upper Midwest Region of the United States. The dam and hydroelectric power plant were constructed as the Gavins Point Project from 1952 to 1957 by the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The dam creates the 31,400-acre (12,700 ha) Lewis and",
"title": "Gavins Point Dam"
},
{
"id": "66936",
"text": "to build dams and provide reservoir storage, and the United States agreed to deliver to Canada one-half of the increase in US downstream power benefits as estimated five years in advance. Canada's obligation was met by building three dams (two on the Columbia, and one on the Duncan River), the last of which was completed in 1973. Today the main stem of the Columbia River has 14 dams, of which three are in Canada and 11 in the US. Four mainstem dams and four lower Snake River dams contain navigation locks to allow ship and barge passage from the ocean",
"title": "Columbia River"
},
{
"id": "11168180",
"text": "Ryan Dam Ryan Dam is a hydroelectric dam on the Missouri River, downstream from the city of Great Falls in the U.S. state of Montana. The dam is long and high; its reservoir is long and has a storage capacity of . It is a run-of-river dam. The dam is built on the largest of the five Great Falls of the Missouri, the \"Big Falls\", also sometimes called \"Great Falls\". Since 1915, the six-unit powerhouse on the left side of the dam has occupied a significant portion of the high waterfall. The dam, built just upstream of the falls and",
"title": "Ryan Dam"
},
{
"id": "3005505",
"text": "James River (Dakotas) The James River (also known as the Jim River or the Dakota River) is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 710 miles (1,140 km) long, draining an area of 20,653 square miles (53,490 km) in the U.S. states of North Dakota and South Dakota. About 70 percent of the drainage area is in South Dakota. The river provides the main drainage of the flat lowland area of the Dakotas between the two plateau regions known as the Coteau du Missouri and the Coteau des Prairies. This narrow area was formed by the James lobe of the",
"title": "James River (Dakotas)"
},
{
"id": "14653437",
"text": "Holter Dam Holter Dam is a hydroelectric straight gravity dam on the Missouri River about northeast of Helena, Montana, in the United States. The dam, which was built between 1908 and 1918, is long and high. The reservoir formed by the dam, Holter Lake (also known as Holter Reservoir) is long and has a storage capacity of of water when full. The dam is a \"run-of-the-river\" dam because it can generate electricity without needing to store additional water supplies behind the dam. Holter Dam was built by the United Missouri River Power Company and the Montana Power Company. Samuel Thomas",
"title": "Holter Dam"
},
{
"id": "262466",
"text": "is actually the larger river. The Missouri then meanders east past Williston and into Lake Sakakawea, the reservoir formed by Garrison Dam. Below the dam the Missouri receives the Knife River from the west and flows south to Bismarck, the capital of North Dakota, where the Heart River joins from the west. It slows into the Lake Oahe reservoir just before the Cannonball River confluence. While it continues south, eventually reaching Oahe Dam in South Dakota, the Grand, Moreau and Cheyenne Rivers all join the Missouri from the west. The Missouri makes a bend to the southeast as it winds",
"title": "Missouri River"
},
{
"id": "2839151",
"text": "claims several tributaries, such as the Little Moreau, Deep, Red Earth, Antelope, and Thunder Butte Rivers. Moreau River (South Dakota) The Moreau River is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 200 miles (320 km) long, in South Dakota in the United States. Moreau River has the name of a pioneer trader. It rises in two forks in northwestern South Dakota, in the Badlands of Butte and Harding Counties. The North Fork rises approximately 10 miles (16 km) northeast of Crow Buttes. The South Fork rises approximately 20 miles (32 km) west of the headwaters of the North Fork. The",
"title": "Moreau River (South Dakota)"
},
{
"id": "7027551",
"text": "Gavins Point Dam Gavins Point Dam is a large embankment rolled-earth and chalk-fill dam on the Missouri River located on the border of Nebraska and South Dakota in the Upper Midwest Region of the United States. The dam and hydroelectric power plant were constructed as the Gavins Point Project from 1952 to 1957 by the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The dam creates the 31,400-acre (12,700 ha) Lewis and Clark Lake, a popular regional tourist destination. The dam is located in Cedar County, Nebraska and Yankton County, South Dakota, approximately 4 miles west (6.4 km) (upstream) of Yankton, South",
"title": "Gavins Point Dam"
},
{
"id": "6123557",
"text": "legally changed the way the area was managed). The establishment of the Russell National Wildlife Refuge is closely tied to the construction of Fort Peck Dam. The lower Missouri River had long been used for commerce, but commercial ships largely stopped using the upper portion of the river after the railroads pushed west in the 1880s. Extensive flooding in the lower part of the river in 1903 and a push for development of the upper portion by the states of South Dakota, North Dakota, and Montana in the 1920s led the federal government to consider building large dams on the",
"title": "Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge"
},
{
"id": "2844019",
"text": "Grand River (South Dakota) The Grand River () is a tributary of the Missouri River in South Dakota in the United States. The length of the combined branch is 110 mi (177 km). With its longest fork, its length is approximately 200 mi (320 km). It is formed by the confluence of the North Fork (which rises in North Dakota) and the longer South Fork (which rises in South Dakota) in northwestern South Dakota near Shadehill in Perkins County, near several parcels of the Grand River National Grassland. Shadehill Reservoir is located at this confluence. It flows east, through the",
"title": "Grand River (South Dakota)"
},
{
"id": "262548",
"text": "meets the Mississippi just above St. Louis. The Lower Missouri River has no hydroelectric dams or locks but it has a plethora of wing dams that enable barge traffic by directing the flow of the river into a , channel. These wing dams have been put in place by and are maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and there currently are no plans to construct any locks to replace these wing dams on the Missouri River. Tonnage of goods shipped by barges on the Missouri River has seen a serious decline from the 1960s to the present. In",
"title": "Missouri River"
},
{
"id": "2647150",
"text": "Garrison Dam Garrison Dam is an earth-fill embankment dam on the Missouri River in central North Dakota, United States. Constructed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers from 1947 to 1953, at over in length, the dam is the fifth-largest earthen dam in the world. The reservoir impounded by the dam is Lake Sakakawea, which extends to Williston and the confluence with the Yellowstone River, near the Montana border. Garrison Dam is located between Riverdale and Pick City, named after the town of Garrison, directly north of the dam, across the reservoir. The dam is approximately midway between Bismarck and",
"title": "Garrison Dam"
},
{
"id": "262530",
"text": "In 1949, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) began construction on the modern Canyon Ferry Dam to provide flood control to the Great Falls area. By 1954, the rising waters of Canyon Ferry Lake submerged the old 1898 dam, whose powerhouse still stands underwater about upstream of the present-day dam. \"[The Missouri's temperament was] uncertain as the actions of a jury or the state of a woman's mind.\" The Missouri basin suffered a series of catastrophic floods around the turn of the 20th century, most notably in 1844, 1881, and 1926–1927. In 1940, as part of the Great Depression-era New",
"title": "Missouri River"
},
{
"id": "2844020",
"text": "Standing Rock Indian Reservation and joins the Missouri in Lake Oahe, approximately 2 mi (16 km) northwest of Mobridge. The lower 15 mi (25 km) of the river form an arm of the Lake Oahe reservoir. It is the northernmost of South Dakota's major West River streams: the Grand, Moreau, Cheyenne, Bad, and White. Draining about of the northern plateaus of the state, the Grand receives most of its water from snowmelt. Water quality is high in sodium, and is therefore less appropriate for irrigation. Sitting Bull (1831–1890), a Hunkpapa Lakota holy man who led his people as a tribal",
"title": "Grand River (South Dakota)"
},
{
"id": "11530950",
"text": "Big Bend, and Fort Randall Dams in South Dakota, and the Gavins Point Dam in Nebraska and South Dakota. The channel of the Missouri was also improved extensively along with the development of ports such as the one in Omaha throughout the 1950s and 60s for greater volumes of traffic on the river, which have never come to fruition. Following at a distance of years the first recorded exploration of the majority of the valley by the Lewis and Clark expedition (1804–06), there have been numerous attempts at preserving the natural habitats of the Missouri River Valley, spurred in its",
"title": "Missouri River Valley"
},
{
"id": "3016542",
"text": "Vermillion River (South Dakota) The Vermillion River is a tributary of the Missouri River, 96 miles (154 km) long, in eastern South Dakota in the United States. The origin of the river name is Waséoyuze Lakota for \"place where Vermilion is obtained\". It is formed by the confluence of the East Fork Vermillion River and West Fork Vermillion River. The East Fork, approximately long, rises in Lake Whitewood in Kingsbury County on the Coteau des Prairies. The West Fork, approximately long, rises in Miner County. Both forks flow south, roughly parallel, joining east of Parker. The combined river flows south",
"title": "Vermillion River (South Dakota)"
},
{
"id": "17967436",
"text": "Running Water, South Dakota Running Water is a census-designated place (CDP) in Bon Homme County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 36 at the 2010 census. The community's name Running Water is a former variant name of the nearby Niobrara River. Running Water is located on the north side of the Missouri River in southern Bon Homme County along the South Dakota-Nebraska state line. South Dakota Highway 37 crosses the Missouri at Running Water, becoming Nebraska Highway 14 on the opposite shore. SD 37 leads north and east to Springfield, and NE 14 leads south and west to Niobrara.",
"title": "Running Water, South Dakota"
},
{
"id": "2844021",
"text": "chief, was born on the Grand River in or nearby Dakota Territory. Decades later, he was killed by Indian agency police on the Standing Rock Indian Agency at his camp near the Grand River, as the police tried to arrest him. The forks of the Grand was the site of a noted 1823 attack by a grizzly bear on frontiersman Hugh Glass. Grand River (South Dakota) The Grand River () is a tributary of the Missouri River in South Dakota in the United States. The length of the combined branch is 110 mi (177 km). With its longest fork, its",
"title": "Grand River (South Dakota)"
},
{
"id": "66943",
"text": "and public roads. Fourteen farms in the area have gone through the permitting process to build such dams legally. The Columbia's heavy flow and large elevation drop over a short distance, , give it tremendous capacity for hydroelectricity generation. In comparison, the Mississippi drops less than . The Columbia alone possesses one-third of the United States's hydroelectric potential. In 2012, the river and its tributaries accounted for 29 GW of hydroelectric generating capacity, contributing 44 percent of the total hydroelectric generation in the nation. The largest of the 150 hydroelectric projects, the Grand Coulee Dam and the Chief Joseph Dam,",
"title": "Columbia River"
},
{
"id": "10987458",
"text": "Rainbow Dam Rainbow Dam is a hydroelectric dam on the Missouri River, high and long, located six miles northeast of Great Falls in the U.S. state of Montana. The dam is named for the downstream Rainbow Falls, a waterfall that is the third of the five Great Falls of the Missouri. Built in 1910, the dam furnishes water to an eight-unit hydroelectric plant with a capacity of 36 megawatts. As the dam's power plant is located over a half-mile downstream, the flow of water over Rainbow Falls and downstream Crooked Falls is significantly reduced during the dry season. The water",
"title": "Rainbow Dam"
},
{
"id": "620569",
"text": "dams are formed when lava flows, often basaltic, intercept the path of a stream or lake outlet, resulting in the creation of a natural impoundment. An example would be the eruptions of the Uinkaret volcanic field about 1.8 million–10,000 years ago, which created lava dams on the Colorado River in northern Arizona in the United States. The largest such lake grew to about in length before the failure of its dam. Glacial activity can also form natural dams, such as the damming of the Clark Fork in Montana by the Cordilleran Ice Sheet, which formed the Glacial Lake Missoula near",
"title": "Dam"
},
{
"id": "2900665",
"text": "temporarily closed in 2008 because of this flooding. There are 23 dams on the Rock River. These are in Theresa (WI, 3 dams), Waupun (WI), Horicon (WI), Hustisford (WI), Watertown (WI, 2 dams), Jefferson (WI, 4 dams), Indianford (WI), Janesville (WI, 2 dams), Beloit (WI), Rockton (IL), Rockford Fordham (IL), Oregon (IL), Dixon (IL), Sterling / Rock Falls (IL, 2 dams), Milan (IL) and Rock Island (IL). The river is used for various water and paddling sports. The Rock River Water Trail is on the river from its headwaters above the Horicon National Wildlife Refuge in south central Wisconsin to",
"title": "Rock River (Mississippi River tributary)"
},
{
"id": "15540165",
"text": "Toston Dam Toston Dam is a hydroelectric gravity dam located on the Missouri River in Broadwater County, Montana. The dam is long and high, and generates 10 megawatts of power. The dam is a \"run-of-the-river\" dam because it can generate electricity without needing to store additional water supplies behind the dam. The dam is named after the town of Toston, Montana, which is just away. A $1.12 million dam was originally proposed in 1935. This project never was built. A smaller dam, whose construction would cost $900,000, was proposed in 1938, and the Montana State Water Conservation Board sought Public",
"title": "Toston Dam"
},
{
"id": "4557753",
"text": "around the lake. West Bend Recreation Area and Farm Island State Recreation Area are both located on the lake. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers maintains recreation areas and wildlife areas near Big Bend Dam, including Left Tailrace Campground. Much of the western shore of the lake is within the Lower Brule Indian Reservation, while the Crow Creek Indian Reservation lies along the eastern shore. Lake Sharpe Lake Sharpe is a large reservoir impounded by Big Bend Dam on the Missouri River in central South Dakota, United States. The lake has an area of and a maximum depth of .",
"title": "Lake Sharpe"
},
{
"id": "16716705",
"text": "only large lakes in western South Dakota. With of shoreline and of water, the reservoir is stocked with several species of fish, including walleye, smallmouth bass and crappie. The Angostura Recreation Area operated by the South Dakota Department of Game, Fish, and Parks surrounds the lake. Angostura Dam (U.S.) Angostura Dam is an embankment dam across the Cheyenne River in Fall River County in southwestern South Dakota in the United States, about south of Rapid City. The dam consists of an earth-fill embankment with a concrete spillway section, high and long; it withholds the Angostura Reservoir. The dam was conceived",
"title": "Angostura Dam (U.S.)"
},
{
"id": "10276186",
"text": "the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Wyoming along with near-record spring rainfall in central and eastern Montana. All six major dams along the Missouri River released record amounts of water to prevent overflow which led to flooding threatening several towns and cities along the river from Montana to Missouri; in particular Bismarck, North Dakota; Pierre, South Dakota; Dakota Dunes, South Dakota; South Sioux City, Nebraska, Sioux City, Iowa; Omaha, Nebraska; Council Bluffs, Iowa; Kansas City, Missouri; Jefferson City, Missouri, as well as putting many smaller towns at risk. According to the National Weather Service, in the second half of the",
"title": "Floods in the United States: 2001–present"
},
{
"id": "10987459",
"text": "from the penstocks re-enters the river a few hundred yards east of Crooked Falls. Montana Power Company acquired the dam when it was founded in 1912, PPL Corporation purchased it in 1997 and sold it to NorthWestern Corporation in 2014. Rainbow Dam Rainbow Dam is a hydroelectric dam on the Missouri River, high and long, located six miles northeast of Great Falls in the U.S. state of Montana. The dam is named for the downstream Rainbow Falls, a waterfall that is the third of the five Great Falls of the Missouri. Built in 1910, the dam furnishes water to an",
"title": "Rainbow Dam"
},
{
"id": "7718011",
"text": "Kentucky Dam Kentucky Dam is a hydroelectric dam on the Tennessee River on the county line between Livingston and Marshall counties in the U.S. state of Kentucky. The dam is the lowermost of nine dams on the river owned and operated by the Tennessee Valley Authority, which built the dam in the late 1930s and early 1940s to improve navigation on the lower part of the river and reduce flooding on the lower Ohio and Mississippi rivers. It was a major project initiated during the New Deal of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration, to invest in infrastructure to benefit the",
"title": "Kentucky Dam"
},
{
"id": "262531",
"text": "Deal, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) completed Fort Peck Dam in Montana. Construction of this massive public works project provided jobs for more than 50,000 laborers during the Depression and was a major step in providing flood control to the lower half of the Missouri River. However, Fort Peck only controls runoff from 11 percent of the Missouri River watershed, and had little effect on a severe snowmelt flood that struck the lower basin three years later. This event was particularly destructive as it submerged manufacturing plants in Omaha and Kansas City, greatly delaying shipments of military supplies",
"title": "Missouri River"
},
{
"id": "11168183",
"text": "was constructed on top of a cascade that Lewis and Clark observed to lie just upstream of Grand Fall. Upstream of Ryan Dam the next dam is Cochrane Dam, then Rainbow Dam, and the uppermost is Black Eagle Dam. Downstream of Ryan Dam the next dam is Morony Dam. Ryan Dam Ryan Dam is a hydroelectric dam on the Missouri River, downstream from the city of Great Falls in the U.S. state of Montana. The dam is long and high; its reservoir is long and has a storage capacity of . It is a run-of-river dam. The dam is built",
"title": "Ryan Dam"
},
{
"id": "3016543",
"text": "and joins the Missouri east of the James River Highlands and south of Vermillion. Its tributaries include White Stone Creek and Baptist Creek. The Vermillion River drains about of the southwestern edge of the Coteau des Prairies. Approximately once per 3.5 years, the Vermillion runs dry. The Vermillion is a north-south river situated between the Big Sioux River and James River. Vermillion River (South Dakota) The Vermillion River is a tributary of the Missouri River, 96 miles (154 km) long, in eastern South Dakota in the United States. The origin of the river name is Waséoyuze Lakota for \"place where",
"title": "Vermillion River (South Dakota)"
},
{
"id": "15677903",
"text": "overtopped federal levee was the one at Fort Leavenworth by Sherman Army Airfield. 2011 Missouri River Flood The 2011 Missouri River floods was a flooding event on the Missouri River in the United States. The flooding was triggered by record snowfall in the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Wyoming along with near-record spring rainfall in central and eastern Montana. All six major dams along the Missouri River released record amounts of water to prevent overflow which led to flooding threatening several towns and cities along the river from Montana to Missouri; in particular Bismarck, North Dakota; Pierre, South Dakota; Dakota",
"title": "2011 Missouri River Flood"
},
{
"id": "4557751",
"text": "Lake Sharpe Lake Sharpe is a large reservoir impounded by Big Bend Dam on the Missouri River in central South Dakota, United States. The lake has an area of and a maximum depth of . Lake Sharpe is approximately long, with a shoreline of . Lake Sharpe is the 54th largest reservoir in the United States. The lake starts near Ft. Thompson and stretches upstream to Oahe Dam, near Pierre. The lake is located within the following counties: Buffalo, Lyman, Hyde, Hughes, and Stanley. Construction of Big Bend Dam began in 1959, and Lake Sharpe was named for Merrill Q.",
"title": "Lake Sharpe"
},
{
"id": "1224490",
"text": "Clark Corps of Discovery Expedition met with the Teton Sioux on the south side of the mouth of the Bad River on 24–28 September 1804. Fort Pierre Chouteau was established in 1832 as a trading post and fort by St Louis industrial fur trader Pierre Chouteau, Jr. on the north side of the river's mouth to replace Fort Tecumseh, established 1817 and a mile to the north on what is now LaFramboise Island. Fort Pierre celebrated its Bicentennial in 2017, marking 200 years of continuous settlement at the confluence of the Missouri and Bad Rivers. Fort Pierre is located at",
"title": "Fort Pierre, South Dakota"
},
{
"id": "20747399",
"text": "by Congress transferred ownership of the recreation area to the State of South Dakota in 2002. Oahe Downstream Recreation Area Oahe Downstream Recreation Area is a state recreation area in Stanley County, South Dakota in the United States. The recreation area is named for being immediately downstream of the Oahe Dam and Lake Oahe, a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers dam and reservoir. The recreation area is located along the Missouri River and is popular for camping, fishing and other water-based recreation. The area is located about 7 miles upstream of Pierre - the state capitol. The recreation area was",
"title": "Oahe Downstream Recreation Area"
},
{
"id": "15677874",
"text": "1, nearly 3,000 people in Pierre and Fort Pierre were evacuated. On June 3, South Dakota governor Dennis Daugaard urged residents in the Country Club section of Dakota Dunes (which is below Gavins Point Dam) to evacuate. He noted that it might be two months before they could return. On June 21, South Dakota reported its first flood fatalities when two women drowned in Lyman County, South Dakota, after they drove their car down a washed out road. The fatalities were unrelated to flooding and increased releases on the Missouri River, but rather related to flash flooding from heavy rains",
"title": "2011 Missouri River Flood"
},
{
"id": "9584266",
"text": "Chillicothe, where the Thompson River and Shoal, Medicine, and Locust creeks merge with the river. The Grand River Basin has more than 1,000 third order or higher streams. Swan Lake National Wildlife Refuge is on the Yellow Creek tributary at Sumner, Missouri. No dams have been built on the river. At various times plans have been proposed for five dams, with the most prominent being the Pattonsburg Dam at Pattonsburg, Missouri. The United States Corps of Engineers bought out the residents after the Great Flood of 1993; but, the proposed dam has not been authorized given the economic downturn. Average",
"title": "Grand River (Missouri)"
},
{
"id": "66954",
"text": "no steelhead or salmon to migrate above Hells Canyon. In 2007, the destruction of the Marmot Dam on the Sandy River was the first dam removal in the system. Other Columbia Basin dams that have been removed include Condit Dam on Washington's White Salmon River, and the Milltown Dam on the Clark Fork in Montana. In southeastern Washington, a stretch of the river passes through the Hanford Site, established in 1943 as part of the Manhattan Project. The site served as a plutonium production complex, with nine nuclear reactors and related facilities along the banks of the river. From 1944",
"title": "Columbia River"
},
{
"id": "3514674",
"text": "Flood Control Act of 1944 The Pick-Sloan Flood Control Act of 1944 (P.L. 78–534), enacted in the 2nd session of the 78th Congress, is U.S. legislation that authorized the construction of numerous dams and modifications to previously existing dams, as well as levees across the United States. Among its various provisions, it established the Southeastern Power Administration, and led to the establishment of the Pick-Sloan Missouri Basin Program. The Pick-Sloan legislation managed the Missouri River with six intents: hydropower, recreation, water supply, navigation, flood control and fish and wildlife. Over 50 dams and lakes have been built due to this",
"title": "Flood Control Act of 1944"
},
{
"id": "3514693",
"text": "the construction of 1,500 miles of levees from Sioux City to the Mississippi River to protect from Missouri River flooding. The second proposal called for the construction of eighteen dams on the Missouri's tributaries. Eleven of those dams had been previously approved by Congress. Five dams were planned to be located on tributaries of the Republican River in the lower basin. Of the remaining dams, the Pick Plan recommended construction of one on the Bighorn River in Wyoming and another on Montana's Yellowstone River. The Pick Plan's third project was the creation of five multi-purpose dams on the Missouri River.",
"title": "Pick–Sloan Missouri Basin Program"
},
{
"id": "15694665",
"text": "Pactola Dam Pactola Dam is an embankment dam on Rapid Creek in Pennington County, South Dakota, about west of Rapid City. The dam was completed in 1956 by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation to provide flood control, water supply and recreation. Along with the nearby Deerfield Dam, it is part of the Rapid Valley Unit of the Pick-Sloan Missouri Basin Program. U.S. Route 385 runs along the crest of the dam. The dam forms Pactola Lake, which at over is the largest and deepest body of water in the Black Hills. The dam is named for the town of Pactola",
"title": "Pactola Dam"
},
{
"id": "12645892",
"text": "Canyon Ferry Dam Canyon Ferry Dam is a concrete gravity dam in a narrow valley of the Missouri River, United States, where the Big Belt Mountains and the Spokane Hills merge, approximately downstream from the confluence of the Gallatin, Madison, and Jefferson rivers, and about east of the city of Helena, Montana. The dam is for flood control, irrigation, recreation and hydroelectric power. The building of the dam created a reservoir known as Canyon Ferry Lake. In 1941, the first study for the dam was carried out by the Bureau of Reclamation, the Montana Water Board and Montana Power Company.",
"title": "Canyon Ferry Dam"
},
{
"id": "3514678",
"text": "the barrier islands were almost gone, and Louisiana was left unprotected from storm surges and oil spills. Flood Control Act of 1944 The Pick-Sloan Flood Control Act of 1944 (P.L. 78–534), enacted in the 2nd session of the 78th Congress, is U.S. legislation that authorized the construction of numerous dams and modifications to previously existing dams, as well as levees across the United States. Among its various provisions, it established the Southeastern Power Administration, and led to the establishment of the Pick-Sloan Missouri Basin Program. The Pick-Sloan legislation managed the Missouri River with six intents: hydropower, recreation, water supply, navigation,",
"title": "Flood Control Act of 1944"
},
{
"id": "6189127",
"text": "Crow Creek Indian Reservation The Crow Creek Indian Reservation (\"\") is located in parts of Buffalo, Hughes, and Hyde counties on the east bank of the Missouri River in central South Dakota in the United States. It has a land area of and a 2000 census population of 2,225 persons. The major town and capital of the Crow Creek Sioux Tribe is Fort Thompson. The town is located adjacent to the Big Bend Dam, which holds back Big Bend Reservoir (also known as Lake Sharpe), one of the four Missouri Mainstem reservoirs constructed by the US Army Corps of Engineers",
"title": "Crow Creek Indian Reservation"
},
{
"id": "266631",
"text": "the Missouri Breaks to Fort Peck reservoir. The stretch of river between Fort Benton and the Fred Robinson Bridge at the western boundary of Fort Peck Reservoir was designated a National Wild and Scenic River in 1976. The Missouri enters North Dakota near Fort Union, having drained more than half the land area of Montana (). Nearly one-third of the Missouri River in Montana lies behind 10 dams: Toston, Canyon Ferry, Hauser, Holter, Black Eagle, Rainbow, Cochrane, Ryan, Morony, and Fort Peck. The Yellowstone River rises on the continental divide near Younts Peak in Wyoming's Teton Wilderness. It flows north",
"title": "Montana"
},
{
"id": "7493974",
"text": "Hartwell Dam Hartwell Dam is a concrete and embankment dam located on the Savannah River at the border of South Carolina and Georgia, creating Lake Hartwell. The dam was built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers between 1955 and 1962 for the purposes of flood control, hydropower and navigation. The concrete and earthen structure spans . The concrete section is long and rises above the riverbed at its apex. The Hartwell Dam currently produces 468 million KWh of electricity annually, has prevented over $40 million in flood damage since completion and also provides recreation, water quality, water supply, along",
"title": "Hartwell Dam"
},
{
"id": "7128100",
"text": "Narrows Dam Narrows Dam is a dam located 6 miles north of Murfreesboro, Arkansas, that impounds the water of the Little Missouri River (Arkansas) to create Lake Greeson. Narrows Dam was authorized as a flood control and hydroelectric power project by the Flood Control Act of 1941. The dam is a feature of the comprehensive plan for the Ouachita River Basin. Lake Greeson is operated for hydroelectric power, recreation, and flood control. The powerhouse of the dam is located adjacent to the east abutment, and it has a total length of 151 feet. The equipment of the powerhouse is three",
"title": "Narrows Dam"
},
{
"id": "2840134",
"text": "Philip, passing Midland and Capa. It joins the Missouri at Fort Pierre. The Bad drainage basin is about and is located south of the Cheyenne River in the Pierre Hills and Southern Plateaus. The river basin is noted for deposits of manganese and fuller's earth. At the river mouth near Fort Pierre, the Bad River flood stage contains large quantities of silt. The Bad carries hard water of generally poor quality. The name recalls an incident when a flash flood on the Bad River inundated an Indian village, causing a large loss of life. The Bad River is also historically",
"title": "Bad River (South Dakota)"
},
{
"id": "10577964",
"text": "Lake Francis Case Lake Francis Case is a large reservoir impounded by Fort Randall Dam on the Missouri River in south-central South Dakota, United States. The lake has an area of and a maximum depth of . Lake Francis Case has a length of approximately and has a shoreline of . The lake is the eleventh-largest reservoir in the United States and is located within the counties of: Charles Mix, Gregory, Lyman, Brule, and Buffalo. The lake stretches from Pickstown, South Dakota upstream to Big Bend Dam. The reservoir is named for former United States Senator Francis Higbee Case, of",
"title": "Lake Francis Case"
},
{
"id": "3514701",
"text": "Reservation in South Dakota were flooded by the Oahe Dam, forcing Native Americans to relocate from flooded areas. In South Dakota, politicians and other proponents of the Pick-Sloan Program and dam construction had promised 1 million acres of irrigation as “appropriate compensation” for lost land. As of 2016, poverty remains a problem for the displaced populations in the Dakotas, who are still seeking compensation for the loss of the towns submerged under Lake Oahe, and the loss of their traditional ways of life. The construction of main-stream dams also affected other Native American tribes living along the Missouri River on",
"title": "Pick–Sloan Missouri Basin Program"
},
{
"id": "2647155",
"text": "several hundred thousand customers. The Garrison Dam National Fish Hatchery is the world's largest walleye and northern pike producing facility and also works to restore endangered species, such as the pallid sturgeon. Garrison Dam Garrison Dam is an earth-fill embankment dam on the Missouri River in central North Dakota, United States. Constructed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers from 1947 to 1953, at over in length, the dam is the fifth-largest earthen dam in the world. The reservoir impounded by the dam is Lake Sakakawea, which extends to Williston and the confluence with the Yellowstone River, near the Montana",
"title": "Garrison Dam"
},
{
"id": "7056111",
"text": "6 miles of Verdigre Creek were also added in 1991. The Missouri National Recreational River is managed by the National Park Service, with headquarters located in Yankton, South Dakota. It lies in parts of Boyd, Cedar, Dixon, and Knox counties in Nebraska, and Bon Homme, Charles Mix, Clay, Union, and Yankton counties in South Dakota. People have lived along the river for some 10,000 years. Archeologists have found their tools and weapons, homes, foods, religious, and ceremonial objects. The River is one of three historic east-west corridors, similar to the Oregon and Santa Fe trails. It was a pathway of",
"title": "Missouri National Recreational River"
},
{
"id": "7493980",
"text": "was necessary. Hartwell Dam Hartwell Dam is a concrete and embankment dam located on the Savannah River at the border of South Carolina and Georgia, creating Lake Hartwell. The dam was built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers between 1955 and 1962 for the purposes of flood control, hydropower and navigation. The concrete and earthen structure spans . The concrete section is long and rises above the riverbed at its apex. The Hartwell Dam currently produces 468 million KWh of electricity annually, has prevented over $40 million in flood damage since completion and also provides recreation, water quality, water",
"title": "Hartwell Dam"
},
{
"id": "14143508",
"text": "Richard B. Russell Dam Richard B. Russell Dam is a concrete-gravity and embankment dam located on the Savannah River at the border of South Carolina and Georgia, creating Richard B. Russell Lake. The dam was built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers between 1974 and 1985 for the purposes of flood control, hydroelectricity, recreation, additional stream flow regulation, water supply, and fish and wildlife management. The concrete structure of the dam spans and rises above the riverbed, housing a hydro-power plant with an installed capacity. The Richard B. Russell Dam is the final large dam completed by the U.S.",
"title": "Richard B. Russell Dam"
},
{
"id": "16657312",
"text": "Deerfield Dam Deerfield Dam is a dam impounding Castle Creek in the Black Hills of South Dakota. The dam creates Deerfield Reservoir within the Black Hills National Forest. The earthen dam was originally built by the United States Bureau of Reclamation in 1942-1947, with a height of 171 feet, to store irrigation water for the surrounding Pennington County. Construction was started in July 1942 by the Farm Security Administration, and later continued by the Civilian Conservation Corps under the Works Projects Administration during World War II. Employment of conscientious objectors under the Civilian Public Service here drew complaints from locals.",
"title": "Deerfield Dam"
},
{
"id": "6841080",
"text": "built in 1890, and half of Black Eagle Falls are now submerged in the reservoir behind the dam. This structure was the first hydroelectric dam built in the state. Rainbow Falls was dammed in 1910 when Rainbow Dam was built. The reservoir behind the dam submerged Colter Falls. Volta Dam was built on top of the Great Falls in 1915, and later renamed Ryan Dam in 1940 in honor of John D. Ryan, the president and founder of the Montana Power Company. The Great Falls Portage, a National Historic Landmark District designated in 1966, commemorates the route by which Lewis",
"title": "Great Falls (Missouri River)"
},
{
"id": "262224",
"text": "St. Louis), the Keokuk dam was one of the largest hydro-electric plants in the world at the time. The dam also eliminated the Des Moines Rapids. Lock and Dam No. 1 was completed in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1917. Lock and Dam No. 2, near Hastings, Minnesota, was completed in 1930. Before the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927, the Corps's primary strategy was to close off as many side channels as possible to increase the flow in the main river. It was thought that the river's velocity would scour off bottom sediments, deepening the river and decreasing the possibility of flooding.",
"title": "Mississippi River"
},
{
"id": "7056116",
"text": "There are over 250 bird species identified within the riverway. The National Park Service works alongside the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to help manage habitat for threatened and endangered species, especially the Piping plover, Least tern, and Pallid sturgeon. Since the establishments of the dams on the Missouri River these species and their population numbers have decreased. Habitat restoration and resource protection measures have been in place to help rebound these numbers. Often during the summer months sandbars are signed as \"Closed\" to help protect critical habitat, fines and other penalties can be",
"title": "Missouri National Recreational River"
},
{
"id": "5709835",
"text": "on the Missouri River; it became the largest earthen dam in the world. The goals were to provide flood control, irrigation water, and (in a later upgrade) hydroelectric power, as well as employment for 10,000 men during the Great Depression. It cost more than $160 million. As Chairman of the Interior and Insular Affairs Committee in the 1950s, Senator James E. Murray promoted federal development of hydroelectric power through large dams throughout the West. He secured funding for major dams in Montana at Canyon Ferry on the Missouri River, Yellowtail on the Bighorn River, Hungry Horse on the Flathead River,",
"title": "History of Montana"
},
{
"id": "11390445",
"text": "least partially located in South Dakota. Flood control, hydroelectricity and recreational opportunities such as boating and fishing are provided by the dams and their reservoirs. On the night of June 9–10, 1972, heavy rainfall in the eastern Black Hills caused the Canyon Lake Dam on Rapid Creek to fail. The failure of the dam, combined with heavy runoff from the storm, turned the usually small creek into a massive torrent that washed through central Rapid City. The flood resulted in 238 deaths and destroyed 1,335 homes and around 5,000 automobiles. Damage from the flood totaled $160 million (the equivalent of",
"title": "History of South Dakota"
},
{
"id": "17967437",
"text": "According to the United States Census Bureau, the Running Water CDP has a total area of , all of it land. Running Water is located along the upper portion of Lewis and Clark Lake, a Missouri River reservoir. The South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks operates a small recreational area for lake and river access including a boat ramp at Running Water. Running Water, South Dakota Running Water is a census-designated place (CDP) in Bon Homme County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 36 at the 2010 census. The community's name Running Water is a former variant",
"title": "Running Water, South Dakota"
},
{
"id": "16635620",
"text": "Belle Fourche Dam The Belle Fourche Dam, also known as Orman Dam, is a dam on Owl Creek in Butte County, South Dakota, USA, approximately eight miles east of Belle Fourche, South Dakota, along U.S. Route 212. Its construction created the Belle Fourche Reservoir, the Belle Fourche National Wildlife Refuge, and the Rocky Point Recreation Area. The reservoir has approximately eight thousand acres of water surface, 6700 acres of land, and 58 miles of shoreline. It's stocked with walleye, catfish, and white bass. Average depth is twenty-five feet, but it has areas as deep as sixty feet at full capacity.",
"title": "Belle Fourche Dam"
},
{
"id": "262532",
"text": "in World War II. Flooding damages on the Mississippi–Missouri river system were one of the primary reasons for which Congress passed the Flood Control Act of 1944, opening the way for the USACE to develop the Missouri on a massive scale. The 1944 act authorized the Pick–Sloan Missouri Basin Program (Pick–Sloan Plan), which was a composite of two widely varying proposals. The Pick plan, with an emphasis on flood control and hydroelectric power, called for the construction of large storage dams along the main stem of the Missouri. The Sloan plan, which stressed the development of local irrigation, included provisions",
"title": "Missouri River"
},
{
"id": "361310",
"text": "of about 183,200, is South Dakota's largest city. South Dakota is bordered by the states of North Dakota (to the north), Minnesota (to the east), Iowa (to the southeast), Nebraska (to the south), Wyoming (to the west), and Montana (to the northwest). The state is bisected by the Missouri River, dividing South Dakota into two geographically and socially distinct halves, known to residents as \"East River\" and \"West River\". Eastern South Dakota is home to most of the state's population, and the area's fertile soil is used to grow a variety of crops. West of the Missouri, ranching is the",
"title": "South Dakota"
},
{
"id": "4743357",
"text": "Columbia River Treaty The Columbia River Treaty is a 1964 agreement between Canada and the United States on the development and operation of dams in the upper Columbia River basin for power and flood control benefits in both countries. Four dams were constructed under this treaty: three in British Columbia, Canada (Duncan Dam, Mica Dam, Keenleyside Dam) and one in Montana in the United States (Libby Dam). The treaty provided for the sharing with Canada of one-half of the downstream U.S. power and flood benefits, and allows the operation of Treaty storage for other benefits. The long-term impacts of the",
"title": "Columbia River Treaty"
},
{
"id": "13627159",
"text": "up the Great Sioux Reservation, established under the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868. It reassigned Native Americans to five smaller reservations in West River, and two in East River. About 70% of South Dakota's population in the 1990s was located in the East River region, which includes major businesses, industries and state government. This area includes the state's largest city, Sioux Falls, and Pierre, the state capital, located on the east bank of the Missouri River. Since the 1960s and the rise of Indian activism, numerous Native Americans have returned to the reservations in the state. In addition, they have",
"title": "East River (South Dakota)"
},
{
"id": "1224688",
"text": "Mobridge, South Dakota Mobridge (Lakota: \"Kȟowákataŋ Otȟúŋwahe\"; lit. \"Over-the-River Town\") is a city in Walworth County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 3,465 according to a 2010 census. Located in territory that had long been occupied by the Lakota Sioux, Mobridge was founded by European Americans in 1906 following construction of the railroad through here. The town was named Mobridge for its railroad designation, a contracted form of Missouri Bridge, after the original railroad bridge over the Missouri River. The bridge was demolished by the Corps of Engineers in the early 1960s and replaced by a higher bridge due",
"title": "Mobridge, South Dakota"
},
{
"id": "262560",
"text": "to Robinson Bridge, Gavins Point Dam to Ponca State Park and Fort Randall Dam to Lewis and Clark Lake. A total of of the river were designated including of wild river and of scenic river in Montana. of the river is listed as recreational under the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. With over of open water, the six reservoirs of the Missouri River Mainstem System provide some of the main recreational areas within the basin. Visitation has increased from 10 million visitor-hours in the mid-1960s to over 60 million visitor-hours in 1990. Development of visitor facilities was spurred by",
"title": "Missouri River"
}
] | dams on the missouri river in south dakota |
[
"Edmund Muskie"
] | [
{
"id": "12394483",
"text": "1970 law is sometimes called the \"Muskie Act\" because of the central role Maine Senator Edmund Muskie played in drafting the bill. To implement the strict new Clean Air Act of 1970, during his first term as EPA Administrator William Ruckelshaus spent 60% of his time on the automobile industry, whose emissions were to be reduced 90% under the new law. Senators had been frustrated at the industry’s failure to cut emissions under previous, weaker air laws. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 required Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) of air quality for areas attaining the NAAQS and added",
"title": "Clean Air Act (United States)"
},
{
"id": "12394494",
"text": "were allowed to continue thousands of persons respiratory illnesses prolonged time in the USA. According to the Economist (2013) the Supreme Court decision may affect how the EPA regulates other pollutants, including the greenhouse gases. The 1970 Clean Air Act required states to develop State Implementation Plans for how they would meet new national ambient air quality standards by 1977. Although the 1990 Clean Air Act is a federal law covering the entire country, the states do much of the work to carry out the Act. The EPA has allowed the individual states to elect responsibility for compliance with and",
"title": "Clean Air Act (United States)"
},
{
"id": "2070659",
"text": "congressional environmental committee, he and fellow committee members including Howard Baker introduced the Clean Air Act of 1970, which was co-written by the committee's staff director Leon Billings and minority staff director Tom Jorling. As part of the act, he told the automobile industry it would need to reduce its tailpipe air pollution emissions by 90% by 1977. He also co-wrote amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Act, more commonly known as the Clean Water Act in order to mitigate the \"disproportionately high and adverse human health or environmental effects of its programs, policies, and activities on minority, low-income, and",
"title": "Edmund Muskie"
},
{
"id": "12394490",
"text": "provisions for attainment and maintenance of NAAQS were substantially modified and expanded. Other revisions included provisions regarding stratospheric ozone protection, increased enforcement authority, and expanded research programs. Some of the principal milestones in the evolution of the Clean Air Act are as follows: \"The Air Pollution Control Act\" of 1955 \"Clean Air Act\" of 1963 \"Air Quality Act\" of 1967 \"Clean Air Act\" of 1970 \"1977 Amendments to the Clean Air Act of 1970\" \"1990 Amendments to the Clean Air Act of 1970\" Since the initial establishment of six mandated criteria pollutants (ozone, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur",
"title": "Clean Air Act (United States)"
},
{
"id": "7652296",
"text": "effective as it was initially thought to be, with only 36 air regions designated, and as well as no states having fully developed pollution control programs. In 1969, another amendment was made to the act. This amendment further expanded the research on low emissions, fuels, and automobiles. The 1970 amendments, also known as the Clean Air Act, completely rewrote the 1967 act. In particular, the 1970 amendments required the newly created The United States Environmental Protection Agency to set technology-based National Ambient Air Quality Standards for major new stationary sources and state air quality management programs to protect public health",
"title": "Air Pollution Control Act"
},
{
"id": "19312573",
"text": "(R-KY). This marked the first time ever that citizen lobbyists helped to specifically draft detailed legislative language on an environmental issue. Despite opposition from virtually all of corporate America (but key support from the United Automobile Workers), the law was overwhelmingly passed in the House and unanimously in the Senate. In conference committee, Muskie’s Senate version dominated a weaker House bill, and President Nixon signed the Clean Air Act into law on December 31, 1970. Beginning in the 1950s, aerospace companies set their sights on building a commercial airliner that could fly faster than the speed of sound. By the",
"title": "Environmental Action"
},
{
"id": "19723614",
"text": "the act \"was a failure but it was the first step in federal air pollution control.\" Calls for greater air pollution regulation in this era culminated with the passage under President Richard Nixon of the 1970 Clean Air Act, which supplanted the Air Quality Act and has been described as the most significant environmental legislation in American history. The 1970 Clean Air Act significantly increased the role of the federal government and, for the first time, imposed air quality requirements on states. The most widely recognized legacy of the 1966 smog was the political reaction to it, which galvanized the",
"title": "1966 New York City smog"
},
{
"id": "4784851",
"text": "require states to dispose of the radioactive material. Unfunded mandates are most commonly utilized in regulation of civil rights, anti-poverty programs and environmental protection programs. The Clean Air Act was passed in 1963 to support the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), established on December 2, 1970, in developing research programs looking into air pollution problems and solutions. The EPA received authority to research air quality. The 1970 Amendments to the Clean Air Act established the National Ambient Air Quality Standards, authorized requirements for control of motor vehicle emissions, increased the federal enforcement authority but required states to implement plans",
"title": "Unfunded mandate"
},
{
"id": "2345732",
"text": "Howard Baker Howard Henry Baker Jr. (November 15, 1925 June 26, 2014) was an American politician and diplomat who served as a Republican US Senator from Tennessee, Senate Minority Leader, and then Senate Majority Leader. Known in Washington, D.C., as the \"Great Conciliator,\" Baker was often regarded as one of the most successful senators in terms of brokering compromises, enacting legislation, and maintaining civility. For example, he had a lead role in the fashioning and passing of the Clean Air Act of 1970 with Democratic senator Edmund Muskie. A moderate conservative, he was also respected by his Democratic colleagues. Baker",
"title": "Howard Baker"
},
{
"id": "12394458",
"text": "Clean Air Act (United States) The Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. § 7401) is a United States federal law designed to control air pollution on a national level. It is one of the United States' first and most influential modern environmental laws, and one of the most comprehensive air quality laws in the world. As with many other major U.S. federal environmental statutes, it is administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in coordination with state, local, and tribal governments. Its implementing regulations are codified at 40 C.F.R. Sub-chapter C, Parts 50-97. The 1955 Air Pollution Control Act was",
"title": "Clean Air Act (United States)"
},
{
"id": "6667369",
"text": "of the agency. Five months earlier, in July 1970, President Nixon had signed Reorganization Plan No. 3 calling for the establishment of EPA in July 1970. At the time, Environmental Policy was a bipartisan issue and the efforts of the United States of America helped spark countries around the world to create environmental policies. During this period, legislation was passed to regulate pollutants that go into the air, water tables, and solid waste disposal. President Nixon signed the Clean Air Act in 1970 which set the USA as one of the world leaders in environmental conservation. In the European Union,",
"title": "Environmental policy"
},
{
"id": "12394482",
"text": "Health service, but did not formulate pollution regulation. However, the Clean Air Act in 1963 created a research and regulatory program in the U.S. Public Health Service. The Act authorized development of emission standards for stationary sources, but not mobile sources of air pollution. The 1967 Air Quality Act mandated enforcement of interstate air pollution standards and authorized ambient monitoring studies and stationary source inspections. In the Clean Air Act Extension of 1970, Congress greatly expanded the federal mandate by requiring comprehensive federal and state regulations for both industrial and mobile sources. The law established four new regulatory programs: The",
"title": "Clean Air Act (United States)"
},
{
"id": "12394461",
"text": "federal and state regulations for both stationary (industrial) pollution sources and mobile sources. It also significantly expanded federal enforcement. Also, EPA was established on December 2, 1970 for the purpose of consolidating pertinent federal research, monitoring, standard-setting and enforcement activities into one agency that ensures environmental protection. Further amendments were made in 1990 to address the problems of acid rain, ozone depletion, and toxic air pollution, and to establish a national permit program for stationary sources, and increased enforcement authority. The amendments also established new auto gasoline reformulation requirements, set Reid vapor pressure (RVP) standards to control Evaporative emissions from",
"title": "Clean Air Act (United States)"
},
{
"id": "6041708",
"text": "with a degree in business from USC in 1958, became President and Chief Executive Officer, a position he held until 2010. The company joined SEMA (the Specialty Equipment Market Association) as a charter member in the 1960s, with Vic Edelbrock, Jr. serving as president from 1971 to 1974. Edelbrock had been elected in a crucial time in the history of SEMA; Congress enacted the Clean Air Act in 1971 and established the Environmental Protection Agency, which targeted the air pollution caused by internal combustion engines. When gas prices soared in the 1970s, Edelbrock produced its Streetmaster line of intake manifolds",
"title": "Edelbrock"
},
{
"id": "12394460",
"text": "the 1968 models. A second amendment, the Air Quality Act of 1967, enabled the federal government to increase its activities to investigate enforcing interstate air pollution transport, and, for the first time, to perform far-reaching ambient monitoring studies and stationary source inspections. The 1967 act also authorized expanded studies of air pollutant emission inventories, ambient monitoring techniques, and control techniques. While only six states had air pollution programs in 1960, all 50 states had air pollution programs by 1970 due to the federal funding and legislation of the 1960s. Amendments approved in 1970 greatly expanded the federal mandate, requiring comprehensive",
"title": "Clean Air Act (United States)"
},
{
"id": "12394487",
"text": "accordance with this law, enforcement proceedings were initiated in areas subject to interstate air pollution transport. As part of these proceedings, the federal government for the first time conducted extensive ambient monitoring studies and stationary source inspections. The Air Quality Act of 1967 also authorized expanded studies of air pollutant emission inventories, ambient monitoring techniques, and control techniques. The \"Clean Air Act of 1970\" (1970 CAA) authorized the development of comprehensive federal and state regulations to limit emissions from both stationary (industrial) sources and mobile sources. Four major regulatory programs affecting stationary sources were initiated: Enforcement authority was substantially expanded.",
"title": "Clean Air Act (United States)"
},
{
"id": "12394486",
"text": "levels at $5 million per year. The act was then amended in 1960 and 1962. Although the 1955 act brought the air pollution issue to the federal level, no federal regulations were formulated. Control and prevention of air pollution was instead delegated to state and local agencies. The Clean Air Act of 1963 was the first federal legislation regarding air pollution control. It established a federal program within the U.S. Public Health Service and authorized research into techniques for monitoring and controlling air pollution. In 1967, the Air Quality Act was enacted in order to expand federal government activities. In",
"title": "Clean Air Act (United States)"
},
{
"id": "2822375",
"text": "legislation (including the 1970 Clean Air Act and 1972 Clean Water Act). The public outrage in reaction to the Santa Barbara oil spill in early 1969 occurred just as the NEPA legislation was being drafted in Congress. Another major driver for enacting NEPA were the 1960s highway revolts, a series of protests in many American cities that occurred in response to the bulldozing of many communities and ecosystems during the construction of the Interstate Highway System. A United States District Court provides a documented concise background of NEPA being created to protect the environment from actions involving the Federal government",
"title": "National Environmental Policy Act"
},
{
"id": "11228921",
"text": "but he did not oppose the goals of the environmental movement. In 1970, he signed the National Environmental Policy Act and established the Environmental Protection Agency, which was charged with coordinating and enforcing federal environmental policy. During his presidency, Nixon also signed the Clean Air Act of 1970, the Clean Water Act, and the Endangered Species Act of 1973. While applauding Nixon's progressive policy agenda, environmentalists found much to criticize in his record. The administration strongly supported continued funding of the \"noise-polluting\" Supersonic transport (SST), which Congress dropped funding for in 1971. Additionally, he vetoed the Clean Water Act of",
"title": "Presidency of Richard Nixon"
},
{
"id": "12394485",
"text": "are the latest in a series of amendments made to the Clean Air Act (CAA), often referred to as \"the Act.\" This legislation modified and extended federal legal authority provided by the earlier Clean Air Acts of 1963 and 1970. The 1955 Air Pollution Control Act was the first federal legislation involving air pollution; it authorized $3 million per year to the U.S. Public Health Service for five years to fund federal level air pollution research, air pollution control research, and technical and training assistance to the states. Subsequently, the act was extended for four years in 1959 with funding",
"title": "Clean Air Act (United States)"
},
{
"id": "14142192",
"text": "law regulating air quality in the United States is the U.S. Clean Air Act. The law was initially enacted as the Air Pollution Control Act of 1955. Amendments in 1967 and 1970 (the framework for today's U.S. Clean Air Act) imposed national air quality requirements, and placed administrative responsibility with the newly created Environmental Protection Agency. Major amendments followed in 1977 and 1990. State and local governments have enacted similar legislation, either implementing federal programs or filling in locally important gaps in federal programs. Air quality law Air quality laws<section begin=overview /> govern the emission of air pollutants into the",
"title": "Air quality law"
},
{
"id": "7652297",
"text": "and welfare. In addition, the 1970 amendments required various states to submit state implementation plans for attaining and maintaining the National Ambient Air Quality Standards and required the use of air monitoring to determine if implementation plans were successful. National technology-forcing emissions standards were also set for new automobiles. This amendment allowed citizens the ability to sue polluters or government agencies for failure to abide by the act. Finally, the amendment required that by 1975, the entire United States would attain clean air status. 1990 was the most recent amendments to the act under President George H.W. Bush. The 1990",
"title": "Air Pollution Control Act"
},
{
"id": "560592",
"text": "rain in the 1980s, ozone depletion and deforestation in the 1990s, and most recently climate change and global warming. The United States passed many pieces of environmental legislation in the 1970s, such as the Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act, the Endangered Species Act, and the National Environmental Policy Act. These remain as the foundations for current environmental standards. After the International Environmental Conference in Stockholm in 1972 Latin American officials returned with a high hope of growth and protection of the fairly untouched natural resources. Governments spent millions of dollars, and created departments and pollution standards. However, the",
"title": "Environmental movement"
},
{
"id": "11228994",
"text": "placed an unprecedented emphasis on relations with Congress. The Clean Air Act of 1963, which Johnson signed into law on December 17, was the first federal act regarding to address air pollution control. It established a federal program within the U.S. Public Health Service and authorized federal funding for air quality research into techniques for monitoring and controlling air pollution. The act was first amended in 1965, by the Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act, which directed the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare to establish and enforce national standards for controlling the emission of pollutants from new motor vehicles",
"title": "Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson"
},
{
"id": "19723613",
"text": "Air Act to provide for study of air quality and control methods. The Air Quality Act was a significant advancement in the realm of air-pollution regulation, but one that was ultimately ineffective. In \"Train v. Natural Resources Defense Counsel\", a 1975 decision by the Supreme Court of the United States, Justice William Rehnquist summarized the law's effect as follows: Among contemporaneous critics, John C. Esposito—an environmentalist and affiliate of Ralph Nader—wrote the 1970 book \"Vanishing Air\" to accuse Muskie of watering down the bill and adding needless complications to satisfy industry. A 2011 encyclopedia of environmental law article judged that",
"title": "1966 New York City smog"
},
{
"id": "12394462",
"text": "gasoline, and mandated new gasoline formulations sold from May to September in many states. Reviewing his tenure as EPA Administrator under President George H. W. Bush, William K. Reilly characterized passage of the 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act as his most notable accomplishment. The Clean Air Act was the first major environmental law in the United States to include a provision for citizen suits. Numerous state and local governments have enacted similar legislation, either implementing federal programs or filling in locally important gaps in federal programs. This section of the act declares that protecting and enhancing the nation's",
"title": "Clean Air Act (United States)"
},
{
"id": "132064",
"text": "extensive legislation, notably the Clean Air Act of 1970 and the Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972. Other legislation included the 1970 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), which established the Council on Environmental Quality; the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972; the Endangered Species Act of 1973, the Safe Drinking Water Act (1974), the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976), the Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1977, which became known as the Clean Water Act, and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, commonly known as the Superfund Act (1980). These laws regulated public drinking",
"title": "Environmental movement in the United States"
},
{
"id": "19723557",
"text": "the smog, President Lyndon B. Johnson and members of Congress worked to pass federal legislation regulating air pollution in the United States, culminating in the 1967 Air Quality Act and the 1970 Clean Air Act. The 1966 smog is a milestone that has been compared with other pollution events, including the health effects of pollution from the September 11 attacks and pollution in China. The word \"smog\" (a portmanteau of \"smoke\" and \"fog\") is used to describe several forms of air pollution commonly found in urban and industrialized areas. There are several ways to define and categorize types of smog,",
"title": "1966 New York City smog"
},
{
"id": "12394459",
"text": "the first U.S. federal legislation that pertained to air pollution; it also provided funds for federal government research of air pollution. The first federal legislation to actually pertain to \"controlling\" air pollution was the Clean Air Act of 1963. The 1963 act accomplished this by establishing a federal program within the U.S. Public Health Service and authorizing research into techniques for monitoring and controlling air pollution. It was first amended in 1965, by the Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act, which authorized the federal government to set required standards for controlling the emission of pollutants from certain automobiles, beginning with",
"title": "Clean Air Act (United States)"
},
{
"id": "12394488",
"text": "This very important legislation was adopted at approximately the same time as the \"National Environmental Policy Act\". Major amendments were added to the \"Clean Air Act\" in 1977 (1977 CAAA). The 1977 Amendments primarily concerned provisions for the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) of air quality in areas attaining the NAAQS. The 1977 CAAA also contained requirements pertaining to sources in non-attainment areas for NAAQS. A non-attainment area is a geographic area that does not meet one or more of the federal air quality standards. Both of these 1977 CAAA established major permit review requirements to ensure attainment and maintenance",
"title": "Clean Air Act (United States)"
},
{
"id": "12394497",
"text": "problems often require special understanding of local industries, geography, housing patterns, etc. However, states are not allowed to have weaker pollution controls than the national minimum criteria set by EPA. EPA must approve each SIP, and if a SIP isn't acceptable, EPA can take over CAA enforcement in that state. For example, California was unable to meet the new standards set by the Clean Air Act of 1970, which led to a lawsuit and a federal state implementation plan for the state. The United States government, through the EPA, assists the states by providing scientific research, expert studies, engineering designs,",
"title": "Clean Air Act (United States)"
},
{
"id": "10185682",
"text": "a trading system that essentially makes carbon credits a commodity like oil or gas. The United States (which did not ratify the Kyoto Protocol) has the most experience with domestic emissions trading markets. The Clean Air Act (1970) is a federal law that requires the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to develop and enforce regulations to protect the general public from exposure to airborne contaminants that are known to be hazardous to human health. The Clean Air Act (1990) or Clean Air Act amendments of 1990 authorized the use of market-based approaches such as emission trading to assist states",
"title": "Mobile emission reduction credit"
},
{
"id": "14576074",
"text": "recommendations on July 28, 1966. These recommendations \"formed the backbone\" of the act. On April 22, 1969, the House Rules Committee formed the Special Subcommittee on Legislative Reorganization. The chairman of the committee was B. F. Sisk (D-CA) and the other members were Ray J. Madden (D-IN), who was later replaced by John Young (D-TX), Richard Bolling (D-MO), H. Allen Smith (R-CA), and Delbert L. Latta (R-OH). The subcommittee held meetings over several months, creating a draft bill, held multiple briefings for House members, followed by hearings on the draft bill. After revisions to the draft bill, the subcommittee reported",
"title": "Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970"
},
{
"id": "4211002",
"text": "purposes, the act gave more responsibilities to the Chairman of the Council on Environmental Quality in his new role as Director of the Office of Environmental Quality. The Environmental Quality Improvement Act of 1970 started out as H.R. 4148 in the U.S. House of Representatives Public Works Committee in April 1970. It was taken up by the U.S. Senate Public Works Committee in October 1969 and went to a joint conference between the houses in March 1969. The bill passed the Senate with a vote of 80 to 0 on March 24 and the House on March 25 with a",
"title": "Environmental Quality Improvement Act"
},
{
"id": "343722",
"text": "of trouble on environmental issues.\" Other initiatives supported by Nixon included the Clean Air Act of 1970 and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the National Environmental Policy Act required environmental impact statements for many Federal projects. Nixon vetoed the Clean Water Act of 1972—objecting not to the policy goals of the legislation but to the amount of money to be spent on them, which he deemed excessive. After Congress overrode his veto, Nixon impounded the funds he deemed unjustifiable. In 1971, Nixon proposed health insurance reform—a private health insurance employer mandate, federalization of Medicaid for poor families",
"title": "Richard Nixon"
},
{
"id": "12394511",
"text": "would lower the benefit calculation by up to 22 percent.\"The Clean Air Act is a constant battle between current economic benefits versus future cost benefits of both health of the nation, and economy. Clean Air Act (United States) The Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. § 7401) is a United States federal law designed to control air pollution on a national level. It is one of the United States' first and most influential modern environmental laws, and one of the most comprehensive air quality laws in the world. As with many other major U.S. federal environmental statutes, it is administered by",
"title": "Clean Air Act (United States)"
},
{
"id": "12394476",
"text": "issued by the EPA or by a state, unless there is an ongoing enforcement action being pursued by EPA or the appropriate state agency. This title pre-dates the \"Clean Air Act\". With the passage of the \"Clean Air Act\", it became codified as Title IV. However, another Title IV was enacted in the 1990 amendments. The second Title IV was then appended to this Title IV as Title IV-A (see below). This title established the EPA Office of Noise Abatement and Control to reduce noise pollution in urban areas, to minimize noise-related impacts on psychological and physiological effects on humans,",
"title": "Clean Air Act (United States)"
},
{
"id": "6501189",
"text": "environmental analysis before starting a project. The Clean Air Act (1970) requires the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to set national standards for clean air and pollution control regulations. The Clean Water Act (1972) was designed to minimize pollution in natural bodies of water, and also to ensure water quality that protects drinking water sources and supports recreational activities such as fishing or swimming. The Coastal Zone Management Act (1972) manages the nation's coastal resources such as Great Lakes and estuaries. CERCLA is commonly referred to as \"Superfund\" because it comprises two trust funds that provide help to improve",
"title": "Green development"
},
{
"id": "11317501",
"text": "Tony Mazzocchi Anthony 'Tony' Mazzocchi (June 13, 1926 – October 5, 2002) was an American labor leader. He was a high elected official of the Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers International Union (OCAW), serving as vice president from 1977 to 1988, and as secretary-treasurer from 1988 to 1991. He was credited by President Richard Nixon as being the primary force behind enactment of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, was a mentor to Karen Silkwood, a union activist in Oklahoma; and a co-founder of the Labor Party. For his efforts, he was called the \"Rachel Carson of the",
"title": "Tony Mazzocchi"
},
{
"id": "19312583",
"text": "Recovery Act of 1976. Following passage of the Clean Air Act in 1970, Environmental Action turned its attention to water pollution. With Senator Edmund Muskie and his Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution in the driver’s seat, this major update of the 1965 water pollution law moved forward with almost unprecedented bipartisan support. The Clean Water Act passed 86-0 in the Senate in 1971 and also in the House in 1972. When President Nixon vetoed it on grounds that it was too costly, his veto was overridden by 52-12 in the Senate and 247-23 in the House. The law went",
"title": "Environmental Action"
},
{
"id": "7718655",
"text": "Administration Review\" was a defining paper in the modern history of public administration. Caldwell is perhaps best known as one of the principal architects of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), the first act of its kind in the world, signed into law on January 1, 1970. In drafting \"A National Policy on the Environment\" in 1968 as consultant to Senator Henry Jackson, the head of the powerful Senate Interior and Insular Affairs Committee, Caldwell realized that more was needed than a mere a policy statement: an “action-forcing mechanism” would be necessary to secure federal agency compliance with the Act’s",
"title": "Lynton K. Caldwell"
},
{
"id": "1047631",
"text": "alleviate the effluent problems. And practically nothing was done about a half-century of pollution buildup. Beginning in 1955, the U. S. Congress passed a series of air pollution laws, culminating in the Clean Air Act of 1970. That was followed two years later by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. That and creation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) put heavy pressure on mining operations, including those in the Coeur d'Alenes. When the Bunker Hill smelter in Kellogg shut down in 1981, the Silver Valley lost a vast number of jobs, three-quarters of all the regional mining employment by some",
"title": "Wallace, Idaho"
},
{
"id": "13940920",
"text": "and natural resources program, which is commonly ranked as the best in the nation. Throughout the mid-1960s and 1970s, the United States Congress enacted a series of significant environmental laws, including the Wilderness Act, National Environmental Policy Act, Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, and Endangered Species Act. During this time, President Richard Nixon acknowledged the establishment of the nation's first law review dedicated to environmental law by writing a letter to the journal to thank Lewis & Clark Law School for its participation in the national movement. \"Environmental Law\", President Nixon stated, provided \"fresh hope\" for answering \"the great",
"title": "Environmental Law (journal)"
},
{
"id": "3921298",
"text": "the decision of the Nixon administration in the following June to announce the formation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Clean Air Act of 1970. In 1980, Commoner founded the Citizens Party to serve as a vehicle for his ecological message, and he ran for president of the United States in the 1980 US election. His vice presidential running mate was La Donna Harris, the Native-American wife of Fred Harris, a former Democratic senator from Oklahoma, although she was replaced on the ballot in Ohio by Wretha Hanson. His candidacy for president on the Citizens Party ticket won",
"title": "Barry Commoner"
},
{
"id": "7652290",
"text": "Air Pollution Control Act The Air Pollution Control Act of 1955 (, ch. 360, ) was the first Clean Air Act (United States) enacted by Congress to address the national environmental problem of air pollution on July 14, 1955. This was \"an act to provide research and technical assistance relating to air pollution control\". The act \"left states principally in charge of prevention and control of air pollution at the source\". The act declared that air pollution was a danger to public health and welfare, but preserved the \"primary responsibilities and rights of the states and local government in controlling",
"title": "Air Pollution Control Act"
},
{
"id": "2754623",
"text": "series of policy changes across many states in the U.S. and Europe in the 1970s. In the United States, this period was known as the “Environmental Decade” with the creation of the United States Environmental Protection Agency and passing of the Endangered Species Act, Clean Water Act, and amendments to the Clean Air Act. Earth Day of 1970, celebrated by millions of participants, represented the modern age of environmental thought. The environmental movement continued with incidences such as Love Canal. While the current mode of thought expressed in environmental sociology was not prevalent until the 1970s, its application is now",
"title": "Environmental sociology"
},
{
"id": "14697904",
"text": "Allyn Ferguson Allyn Malcolm Ferguson Jr. (October 18, 1924 – June 23, 2010) was an American composer, best known for the themes for 1970s television programs \"Barney Miller\" and \"Charlie's Angels\" (1976-1981), which he co-wrote with Jack Elliott. In its obituary, \"Variety\" called him \"among the most prolific composers of TV-movie scores in the past 40 years\". Ferguson was born in San Jose, California on October 18, 1924. He started playing the trumpet when he was four years old and began playing piano at seven. After graduating from San Jose State University, he traveled to Paris, where he studied with",
"title": "Allyn Ferguson"
},
{
"id": "2070653",
"text": "elected him to serve as the first chair of the Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution. In 1963, he was the first to sponsor a new Act to regulate air pollution. The Clean Air Act of 1963 was written and developed by Muskie and his aide Leon Billings. His first major accomplishment was the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. He assembled more than one hundred votes to the proposed legislation eventually passing it. Also during 1964, he was critical of J. Edgar Hoover's management of the Federal Bureau of investigation. Muskie was upset by its \"overzealous surveillance",
"title": "Edmund Muskie"
},
{
"id": "16126823",
"text": "Clarence M. Tarzwell Clarence Matthew Tarzwell (1907–1993) was an aquatic biologist and water pollution researcher in the employ of the United States Public Health Service and later, the Environmental Protection Agency. He was the founding director of the National Marine Water Quality Laboratory in West Kingston, Rhode Island, and was a major contributor to the formulation of the Clean Water Act of 1972. Tarzwell was born in Deckerville, Michigan to Matthew and Jessie Josephine (née Wilson) Tarzwell on 29 September 1907. He attended Deckerville High School, graduating in 1925. He earned his AB in biology at the University of Michigan",
"title": "Clarence M. Tarzwell"
},
{
"id": "12599044",
"text": "Steel closed both plants by 1966. By 1949, a year after the disaster, the total value of the predominantly residential property in Donora had declined by nearly 10%. The Donora Smog was one of the incidents where Americans recognized that exposure to large amounts of pollution in a short period of time can result in injuries and fatalities. The event is often credited for helping to trigger the clean-air movement in the United States, whose crowning achievement was the Clean Air Act of 1970, which required the United States Environmental Protection Agency to develop and enforce regulations to protect the",
"title": "1948 Donora smog"
},
{
"id": "11886268",
"text": "goals were to reduce three pollutants: sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and mercury. Clear Skies was to use a market based system by allowing energy companies to buy and trade pollution credits. The president argued that since Clear Skies would use a market based system, millions of tons of pollution would be eliminated when compared to the Clean Air Act. However, the president’s critics argued that the Clear Skies policy would weaken provisions in the Clean Air Act. The Clean Air Act was enacted by the United States Congress and signed by President Richard Nixon in 1970. The main provisions of",
"title": "Environmental policy of the United States"
},
{
"id": "132085",
"text": "politics after the creation or strengthening of numerous US environmental laws, including the Clean Air Act and Clean Water Act and the formation of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970. These successes were followed by the enactment of a whole series of laws regulating waste (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act), toxic substances (Toxic Substances Control Act), pesticides (FIFRA: Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act), clean-up of polluted sites (Superfund), protection of endangered species (Endangered Species Act), and more. Fewer environmental laws have been passed in the last decade as corporations and other conservative interests have increased their",
"title": "Environmental movement in the United States"
},
{
"id": "12607044",
"text": "of Fame in 2002. The Clean Air Act (1970) set new standards for automotive emissions. Bagley, as part of a Corning team that also included Irwin Lachman and geologist Ronald Lewis, invented the core, or substrate, used in modern catalytic converters. They developed the extrusion die along with a process that made a thin-walled, honeycomb cellular ceramic substrate. Thousands of cellular channels through the structure allowed for a large surface area. The inside surface area was then coated with a catalyst that reacted with pollutants, converting 95% of exhaust pollutants into harmless emissions, including carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and water vapor.",
"title": "Rodney Bagley"
},
{
"id": "11503488",
"text": "and Pescado Oil Fields). Several federal leases remain undeveloped, including the Gato Canyon Unit southwest of Goleta. Roughly three months before Earth Day, Santa Barbara celebrated Environmental Rights Day on January 28, 1970, the first anniversary of the oil blowout. Here the Declaration of Environmental Rights, created by Rod Nash, was read. The same people who organized this event, led by Marc McGinnes, had been working closely with Congressman Pete McCloskey (R-CA) for the creation of the National Environmental Policy Act. McCloskey, Senator Gaylord Nelson), Denis Hayes, Senator Alan Cranston, Paul Ehrlich, David Brower spoke at the Environmental Rights Day",
"title": "1969 Santa Barbara oil spill"
},
{
"id": "10584996",
"text": "event led to widespread criticism of both Union Oil and the offshore oil drilling industry. On April 22, 1970, the first Earth Day brought millions of Americans together to peacefully demonstrate in support of environmental reform. In April 1969, President Richard Nixon addressed these environmental concerns by establishing the Environmental Quality Council in his cabinet, along with the complementary Citizens' Advisory Committee on Environmental Quality. In December of the same year, Nixon received the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) from Congress, a bill that Congress stated was intended to \"create and maintain conditions under which man and nature can exist",
"title": "Reorganization Plan No. 3"
},
{
"id": "335321",
"text": "of 1952 in London—killed at least 4000 people. This prompted some of the first major modern environmental legislation: the Clean Air Act of 1956. Pollution began to draw major public attention in the United States between the mid-1950s and early 1970s, when Congress passed the Noise Control Act, the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, and the National Environmental Policy Act. Severe incidents of pollution helped increase consciousness. PCB dumping in the Hudson River resulted in a ban by the EPA on consumption of its fish in 1974. National news stories in the late 1970s—especially the long-term dioxin contamination",
"title": "Pollution"
},
{
"id": "12394492",
"text": "matter that makes up soot. The decision came after months of public review of the proposed new standards, as well as long and fierce internal discussion within the Clinton administration, leading to the most divisive environmental debate of that decade. The new regulations were challenged in the courts by industry groups as a violation of the U.S. Constitution's nondelegation principle and eventually landed in the Supreme Court of the United States, whose 2001 unanimous ruling in \"Whitman v. American Trucking Ass'ns, Inc.\" largely upheld EPA's actions. The Clean Air Act (CAA or Act) directs EPA to establish national ambient air",
"title": "Clean Air Act (United States)"
},
{
"id": "11886262",
"text": "total freeze was put on new regulations. On July 21, 1989, Bush sent a bill to Congress proposing amendments to the Clean Air Act. The core of the amendments were meant to reduce acid rain by limiting sulfur dioxide emissions from coal burning plants, to bring eighty urban areas up to current air quality standards and to lower emissions from over two- hundred airborne toxic chemicals. Bush originally supported a cap-and-trade system to reduce chemical emissions but eventually adopted a more Republican stance. The final version of the bill included new regulatory programs for control of acid rain and for",
"title": "Environmental policy of the United States"
},
{
"id": "3110027",
"text": "sewer in New York City, but a court ruled that pollution control was a matter left to the states alone. Speaking to the 1911 National Rivers and Harbors Congress, the chief of the Corps, Brigadier General William H. Bixby, suggested that modern treatment facilities and prohibitions on dumping \"should either be made compulsory or at least encouraged everywhere in the United States.\" Some sections of the 1899 act have been superseded by various amendments, including the 1972 CWA, while other notable legislative predecessors include: When EPA first opened its doors in 1970, the agency had weak authority to protect U.S.",
"title": "Clean Water Act"
},
{
"id": "13532060",
"text": "seven regular appropriations bills and a measure dealing with foreign aid and foreign military sales. It also passed the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970, which established deadlines for the reduction of certain pollutants from new automobiles, and a major housing bill, which included a new program of federal crime insurance and created the Community Development Corporation. President Nixon vetoed four measures during the lame duck session, including a $9.5 billion federal manpower training and public service employment bill. Congress did not override any of these vetoes. Delayed in the consideration of major legislation by the extraordinary events of 1973",
"title": "Lame-duck session"
},
{
"id": "12394472",
"text": "Action Plan as well as a greenhouse gas inventory. Additionally, federal programs such as the Voluntary Airport Low Emissions Program (VALE) are working to offset costs for programs that reduce emissions. Title II sets emission standards for airlines and aircraft engines and adopts standards set by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). However aircraft carbon dioxide emission standards have not been established by either ICAO nor the EPA. It is the responsibility of the Secretary of Transportation, after consultation with the Administrator, to prescribe regulations that comply with 42 U.S. Code § 7571 (Establishment of standards) and ensure the necessary",
"title": "Clean Air Act (United States)"
},
{
"id": "12394475",
"text": "Under the law prior to 1990, EPA was required to construct a list of Hazardous Air Pollutants as well as health-based standards for each one. There were 187 air pollutants listed and the source from which they came. The EPA was given ten years to generate technology-based emission standards. Title III is considered a second phase, allowing the EPA to assess lingering risks after the enactment of the first phase of emission standards. Title III also enacts new standards with regard to the protection of public health. A citizen may file a lawsuit to obtain compliance with an emission standard",
"title": "Clean Air Act (United States)"
},
{
"id": "343721",
"text": "conservation movement. Environmental policy had not been a significant issue in the 1968 election, and the candidates were rarely asked for their views on the subject. Nixon broke new ground by discussing environmental policy in his State of the Union speech in 1970. He saw that the first Earth Day in April 1970 presaged a wave of voter interest on the subject, and sought to use that to his benefit; in June he announced the formation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). He relied on his domestic advisor John Ehrlichman, who favored protection of natural resources, to keep him \"out",
"title": "Richard Nixon"
},
{
"id": "19054258",
"text": "and played an important role in the drafting of the British \"Clean Air Act\". He was also an adviser to the environmental impact survey of the Concorde. In the elections to the British Parliament of 1970 and 1979, Scorer was a candidate of the Labour Party for the constituency of Esher but was defeated each time. He was an alderman of the London Borough of Merton from 1970 to 1977 and was elected a Trustee of Wimbledon Common for four years. In addition to being the author of 16 books, he was a photographer, a cyclist, a marathon runner, a",
"title": "Richard S. Scorer"
},
{
"id": "7652292",
"text": "was passed in 1963 to better fully define air quality criteria and give more power in defining what air quality was to the secretary of Health, Education, and Labor. This additional legislation would provide grants to both local and state agencies. A replacement, the Clean Air Act (United States) (CAA), was enacted to replace the Air Pollution Control Act of 1955. A decade later the Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act was enacted to focus more specifically on automotive emission standards. A mere two years later, the Federal Air Quality Act was established to define \"air quality control regions\" scientifically",
"title": "Air Pollution Control Act"
},
{
"id": "16588885",
"text": "F. Herbert Bormann F. Herbert Bormann (March 24, 1922 – June 7, 2012) was an American plant ecologist whose 1971 research within the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire with fellow scientists was credited with the discovery of acid rain. His research was one of the major contributory factors towards changes made in the United States' Clean Air Act in 1990. In 1993 he was awarded the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement and in 2003 he received the Blue Planet Prize, both awards alongside his colleague Gene Likens. His publications include 8 books and more than 200 journal articles.",
"title": "F. Herbert Bormann"
},
{
"id": "19300440",
"text": "Fresh Air (song) \"Fresh Air\" is a 1970 song written by Jesse Oris Farrow, the nom de plume of Chester William \"Chet\" Powers, Jr., who also used the stage name of Dino Valenti. It was first recorded by the San Francisco-based band Quicksilver Messenger Service, which Valenti had recently rejoined. \"Fresh Air\" was the only single released from the album \"Just for Love\". The single peaked on November 7, 1970 at No. 49 during a nine-week stay on the Billboard Hot 100, making it the band's most successful single. The song was recorded as part of the sessions for the",
"title": "Fresh Air (song)"
},
{
"id": "12394489",
"text": "of the NAAQS. These amendments also included the adoption of an offset trading policy originally applied to Los Angeles in 1974 that enables new sources to offset their emissions by purchasing extra reductions from existing sources. Another set of major amendments to the Clean Air Act occurred in 1990 (1990 CAAA). The 1990 CAAA substantially increased the authority and responsibility of the federal government. New regulatory programs were authorized for control of acid deposition (acid rain) and for the issuance of stationary source operating permits. The NESHAPs were incorporated into a greatly expanded program for controlling toxic air pollutants. The",
"title": "Clean Air Act (United States)"
},
{
"id": "1385841",
"text": "Barbara Channel 800 square-mile oil slick from an airplane. On the first anniversary of the oil blowout, January 28, 1970, Environmental Rights Day is celebrated, where the Declaration of Environmental Rights is read. It had been written by Rod Nash during a boat trip across the Santa Barbara Channel while carrying a copy of Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence. The organizers of Environmental Rights Day, led by Marc McGinnes, had been working closely over a period of several months with Congressman Pete McCloskey (R-CA) to consult on the creation of the National Environmental Policy Act, the first of many new",
"title": "Earth Day"
},
{
"id": "15761938",
"text": "Jeff Pollack Jeffrey Ian Pollack (November 15, 1959 – December 23, 2013) was an American film director, screenwriter, television producer and writer. He was known as the co-creator, writer, and producer of the '90s sitcom \"The Fresh Prince of Bel Air\". As a film director he directed the films \"Above the Rim\" (1994), \"Booty Call\" (1997) and \"Lost & Found\" (1999). Pollack served as executive consultant on \"The Tyra Banks Show\". He was a frequent collaborator with Benny Medina. He was an alum of University of Southern California film school. Following graduation from University of Southern California Film School in",
"title": "Jeff Pollack"
},
{
"id": "2624084",
"text": "Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States) The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 is a US labor law governing the federal law of occupational health and safety in the private sector and federal government in the United States. It was enacted by Congress in 1970 and was signed by President Richard Nixon on December 29, 1970. Its main goal is to ensure that employers provide employees with an environment free from recognized hazards, such as exposure to toxic chemicals, excessive noise levels, mechanical dangers, heat or cold stress, or unsanitary conditions. The Act created the Occupational Safety and",
"title": "Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States)"
},
{
"id": "1528052",
"text": "James Dickey James Lafayette Dickey (February 2, 1923 – January 19, 1997) was an American poet and novelist. He was appointed the eighteenth United States Poet Laureate in 1966. He also received the Order of the South award. Dickey was best known for his novel \"Deliverance\" (1970) which was adapted into an acclaimed film of the same name. Dickey was born to lawyer Eugene Dickey and Maibelle Swift in Atlanta, Georgia, where he attended North Fulton High School in Atlanta's Buckhead neighborhood. After graduation from North Fulton High in 1941, Dickey completed a postgraduate year at Darlington School in Rome,",
"title": "James Dickey"
},
{
"id": "12693990",
"text": "ammonia for the United States Air Force. As a result, the Air Force was able to easily supply hydrogen for weather balloons, since it was more efficient to ship liquid ammonia to distant locations than cylinders of gas. The 1970 amendments to the Clean Air Act required significant reductions in hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide emissions. The converters available at the time were oxidation catalysts, which could handle hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide, but were ineffective in reducing nitrogen oxides. Car manufacturers and catalyst companies were trying to develop a multiple step process that would address hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide",
"title": "John J. Mooney"
},
{
"id": "13262143",
"text": "to 1952 he was a lecturer at the University of Virginia School of Law. Donald Richberg died at his home in Charlottesville, Virginia, on November 27, 1960. Richberg was a widely published essayist, novelist, poet, and non-fiction author. His more well-known books include: He also wrote the popular song \"Smoke Dreams.\" Donald Richberg Donald Randall Richberg (July 10, 1881 - November 27, 1960) was an American attorney, civil servant, and author who was one of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's key aides and who played a critical role in the New Deal. He co-wrote the National Industrial Recovery Act, was general",
"title": "Donald Richberg"
},
{
"id": "94964",
"text": "a single new statute. With the help of White House Counsel head, John Dean; the Executive Director of the Shafer Commission, Michael Sonnenreich; and the Director of the BNDD, John Ingersoll creating and writing the legislation, Mitchell was able to present Nixon with the bill. The CSA not only combined existing federal drug laws and expanded their scope, but it also changed the nature of federal drug law policies and expanded Federal law enforcement pertaining to controlled substances. Title II, Part F of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 established the National Commission on Marijuana and",
"title": "Controlled Substances Act"
},
{
"id": "16588887",
"text": "from a lung infection. F. Herbert Bormann F. Herbert Bormann (March 24, 1922 – June 7, 2012) was an American plant ecologist whose 1971 research within the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire with fellow scientists was credited with the discovery of acid rain. His research was one of the major contributory factors towards changes made in the United States' Clean Air Act in 1990. In 1993 he was awarded the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement and in 2003 he received the Blue Planet Prize, both awards alongside his colleague Gene Likens. His publications include 8 books and more",
"title": "F. Herbert Bormann"
},
{
"id": "9517858",
"text": "additions to social security), workplace rules (with the passage of the Occupational Safety and Health Act in 1970), urban aid (with the addition of mass transit subsidies to highway construction enactments), environmentalism (with the passage of the National Environmental Protection Act of 1969 and the Clean Air Act of 1970), aid to education (including Title IX in 1972), civil rights (with the extension of the Voting Rights Act in 1970), and nutrition (with the establishment of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children in 1972). The political dominance of the liberal consensus, even into the Nixon years,",
"title": "Liberalism in the United States"
},
{
"id": "15423705",
"text": "much of their attention on peacekeeping, peacemaking and nuclear disarmament. There were many recipients of grants from the Foundation, including Science for Peace, the Club of Rome, Amnesty International, Physicians for Social Responsibility, United Nations Association of Canada, and the Canadian Institute of Strategic Studies. The Foundation also helped to publicize the problem of acid rain in 1981; this ccontributed to amendments to the U.S. Clean Air Act of 1990. After the death of Walter Gordon in 1987, Duncan Gordon asked Pierre Trudeau's former primary secretary and speechwriter Thomas Axworthy to help develop a focus for the foundation with regards",
"title": "The Walter and Duncan Gordon Foundation"
},
{
"id": "12394481",
"text": "the first place, including recycling or proper disposal of chemicals and finding substitutes that cause less or no damage. The Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) Program is EPA's program to evaluate and regulate substitutes for the ozone-depleting chemicals that are being phased out under the stratospheric ozone protection provisions of the Clean Air Act. Over 190 countries signed the Montreal Protocol in 1987, agreeing to work to eliminate or limit the use of chemicals with ozone-destroying properties. Congress passed the first legislation to address air pollution with the 1955 Air Pollution Control Act that provided funds to the U.S. Public",
"title": "Clean Air Act (United States)"
},
{
"id": "12394484",
"text": "requirements for non-attainment areas. The 1990 Clean Air Act added regulatory programs for control of acid deposition (acid rain) and stationary source operating permits. The amendments moved considerably beyond the original criteria pollutants, expanding the NESHAP program with a list of 189 hazardous air pollutants to be controlled within hundreds of source categories, according to a specific schedule. The NAAQS program was also expanded. Other new provisions covered stratospheric ozone protection, increased enforcement authority and expanded research programs. The legal authority for federal programs regarding air pollution control is based on the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (1990 CAAA). These",
"title": "Clean Air Act (United States)"
},
{
"id": "745031",
"text": "and the creation of Conrail and Amtrak. Leading economists had argued for several decades that this sort of regulation led to inefficiency and higher costs. The Carter administration argued that the industry and its customers would benefit from new entrants, the end of price regulation, and reduced control over routes and hub cities In 1970 and 1971, the Council of Economic Advisers in the Richard Nixon administration, along with the Antitrust Division of the United States Department of Justice and other agencies, proposed legislation to diminish price collusion and entry barriers in rail and truck transportation. While this initiative was",
"title": "Airline Deregulation Act"
},
{
"id": "7718647",
"text": "Lynton K. Caldwell Lynton Keith Caldwell (November 21, 1913 – August 15, 2006) was an American political scientist and a principal architect of the 1969 National Environmental Policy Act, the first act of its kind in the world. He was educated at the University of Chicago and spent most of his career at Indiana University Bloomington, where he received tenure in 1956 and retired as Arthur F. Bentley Professor Emeritus of Political Science in 1984. Caldwell was the internationally acclaimed author or coauthor of fifteen books and more than 250 scholarly articles, which may be found in at least 19",
"title": "Lynton K. Caldwell"
},
{
"id": "476615",
"text": "to the concept of \"cap and trade\" as a means of achieving the \"least-cost solution\" for a given level of abatement. The development of emissions trading over the course of its history can be divided into four phases: In the United States, the \"acid rain\"-related emission trading system was principally conceived by C. Boyden Gray, a G.H.W. Bush administration attorney. Gray worked with the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), who worked with the EPA to write the bill that became law as part of the Clean Air Act of 1990. The new emissions cap on NO and gases took effect in",
"title": "Emissions trading"
},
{
"id": "3026499",
"text": "its mission, deciding priorities, and selecting an organizational structure. He also oversaw the implementation of the Clean Air Act of 1970. With the formation of EPA, authority over pesticides was transferred to it from the Department of Agriculture. The fledgling EPA's first order of business was whether to issue a ban of DDT. Judge Edmund Sweeney was appointed to examine the case and held testimony hearings for seven months. His conclusion was that DDT \"is not a carcinogenic hazard to man\" and that \"there is a present need for the essential uses of DDT.\" However, Ruckelshaus, who had not attended",
"title": "William Ruckelshaus"
},
{
"id": "2545508",
"text": "the Clean Air Act in 1970, that expanded it to mandate state and federal regulation of both automobiles and industry. It was later further amended in 1977 and 1990. the main reasons for policy intervention are to correct market failure,to ensure resources are allocated efficiently,etc. United States pollution control statutes tend to be numerous and diverse, and many of the environmental statutes passed by Congress are aimed at pollution prevention, they often need to be expanded and updated before their impact is fully realized. Pollution-control laws are generally too broad to be managed by existing legal bodies, so Congress must",
"title": "Economic interventionism"
},
{
"id": "12394506",
"text": "For a field citation which is against federal facilities which are not abiding by EPA standards can get fines up to $7,500 per day. Major cases of Clean Air Act violations include: A 2017 study found that the Clean Air Act of 1970 led to an over 10 percent reduction in pollution (\"ambient TSP levels\") in counties that exceeded the pollution thresholds set by the Act in the three years after the regulation went into effect. The study found that this regulation-induced reduction in air pollution is caused affected workers to work more and earned one percent more in annual",
"title": "Clean Air Act (United States)"
},
{
"id": "8370646",
"text": "1969 to 1970. Between 1970 and 1973 he was Chairman of the newly formed Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ). During his time as Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, Train led during the approval of the catalytic converter to achieve Clean Air Act automobile emission reductions; and the implementation of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) and the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). As head of the EPA under Presidents Nixon and Ford, Train is generally credited with helping to place the issue of the environment on the presidential and national agenda in the late 1960s and early 1970s,",
"title": "Russell E. Train"
},
{
"id": "13262126",
"text": "Donald Richberg Donald Randall Richberg (July 10, 1881 - November 27, 1960) was an American attorney, civil servant, and author who was one of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's key aides and who played a critical role in the New Deal. He co-wrote the National Industrial Recovery Act, was general counsel and executive director of the National Recovery Administration. He also co-authored the Railway Labor Act, the Norris-LaGuardia Act, and the Taft-Hartley Act. Donald Richberg was born in July 1881 in Knoxville, Tennessee, to John Carl and Eloise Olivia (née Randall) Richberg. His grandfather, Louis Richberg, and his father had migrated",
"title": "Donald Richberg"
},
{
"id": "8785696",
"text": "Stem Cell Research Bill. He promoted the State Environmental Quality Review Act (SEQRA) in 1978. \"Grannis work[ed] for passage of the 'Bottle Bill' and 'brownfields' clean-up legislation [in] 1982.\" Other notable pieces of legislation Grannis wrote are New York State's Clean Indoor Air Act (1989), which severely restricted cigarette smoking within public buildings, and the Adolescent Tobacco Use Prevention Act. He served for a decade as Chairman of the Assembly Housing Committee. He previously served as chairman of an Assembly Subcommittee on toxic waste issues. He served on the Assembly Environmental Conservation Committee his entire time in office. Generally, Grannis",
"title": "Pete Grannis"
},
{
"id": "12394478",
"text": "dangerous chemicals from entering the atmosphere. Title IV-A mandated a two-step process to reduce SO emissions. The first stage required more than 100 electric generating facilities larger than 100 megawatts to meet a 3.5 million ton SO emission reduction by January 1995. The second stage gave facilities larger than 75 megawatts a January 2000 deadline. The 1990 amendments authorized a national operating permit program, covering thousands of large industrial and commercial sources. It required large businesses to address pollutants released into the air, measure their quantity, and have a plan to control and minimize them as well as to periodically",
"title": "Clean Air Act (United States)"
},
{
"id": "7652302",
"text": "were added to The Air Pollution Control Act of 1955 as well as the Clear Air Act frequently by the government, as the government continued to further research on the topic and improve air quality. Air Pollution Control Act The Air Pollution Control Act of 1955 (, ch. 360, ) was the first Clean Air Act (United States) enacted by Congress to address the national environmental problem of air pollution on July 14, 1955. This was \"an act to provide research and technical assistance relating to air pollution control\". The act \"left states principally in charge of prevention and control",
"title": "Air Pollution Control Act"
},
{
"id": "16569075",
"text": "made illegally seized evidence inadmissible in criminal trials. In November 1970, along with fellow southerners James Eastland and Strom Thurmond, Ervin was one of three Senators to vote against an occupational safety bill that would establish a federal supervision to oversee working conditions. When the Senate voted on the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) in 1971, Ervin proposed an amendment that would exempt women from the draft; Ervin's amendment to the ERA overwhelmingly failed. However, he was a staunch opponent of the ERA and after it passed the Senate Ervin used his influence to dissuade the North Carolina General Assembly from",
"title": "Sam Ervin"
},
{
"id": "16389551",
"text": "has $133 billion in assets and approximately 28,800 employees. The company's mission is to provide electric services \"in a sustainable way – affordable, reliable, clean\". The US Clean Air Act was enacted in 1963 and was the federal government's first major step towards air pollution control. Currently the CAA regulates six criteria air contaminants from stationary sources: particulate matter, lead, ozone, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and sulfur oxides. Amendments have been added to the CAA, in 1970, 1977, and 1990. Objective of the regulation is to \"protect human health, welfare and the environment by maintaining and improving the quality of",
"title": "Environmental Defense v. Duke Energy Corp."
},
{
"id": "1483336",
"text": "agreement by Congress would be a \"tragic mistake\". The letter was also signed by billionaire philanthropist Eli Broad; Walt Disney Concert Hall architect Frank Gehry; \"Mad Men\" creator Matthew Weiner, and many more. Lear has been married three times: Note: The above chart does not include the made-for-television movies \"The Wave\", which aired on October 4, 1981 or \"Heartsounds\", which aired on September 30, 1984. Norman Lear Norman Milton Lear (born July 27, 1922) is an American television writer and producer who produced such 1970s sitcoms as \"All in the Family\", \"Sanford and Son\", \"One Day at a Time\", \"The",
"title": "Norman Lear"
},
{
"id": "11886254",
"text": "the National Environmental Policy Act, and the creation of such environmental advocacy groups as the Natural Resources Defense Council. On January 1, 1970, President Richard Nixon signed the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), beginning the 1970s as the environmental decade. NEPA created the Council on Environmental Quality which oversaw the environmental impact of federal actions. Later in the year, Nixon created the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which consolidated environmental programs from other agencies into a single entity. The legislation during this period concerned primarily first-generation pollutants in the air, surface water, groundwater, and solid waste disposal. Air pollutants such as",
"title": "Environmental policy of the United States"
},
{
"id": "20798276",
"text": "the U.S. Air Force before becoming vice president of his family's real estate business. Nathaniel Reed (environmentalist) Nathaniel Pryor Reed (July 22, 1933 – July 11, 2018) was an American environmentalist and political aide from Florida who served as an environmental adviser to Florida Governor Claude R. Kirk Jr. in the 1960s. He was also Assistant Secretary of Fish, Wildlife and Parks at the United States Department of the Interior from 1971 to 1977 serving under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford, where he co-wrote the Endangered Species Act of 1973. Reed was born in Manhattan, New York City, and",
"title": "Nathaniel Reed (environmentalist)"
},
{
"id": "6959183",
"text": "Much of his early work is summarized in U.S. Geological Survey publications. His work has influenced the United States Congress on issues such as the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. He has been active in a variety of organizations, and has been the vice-president (1975-1976) and president (1976-1977) of the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography; vice-president (1978-1979), president (1981-1982) and honorary Fellow (2012) of the Ecological Society of America; president (2002) of the American Institute of Biological Sciences; and president (2001-2007) of the International Society of Limnology. Likens has received a substantial number of awards and honors of",
"title": "Gene Likens"
},
{
"id": "2435970",
"text": "global dimming. Sulfate aerosols have declined significantly since 1970 with the Clean Air Act in the United States and similar policies in Europe. The Clean Air Act was strengthened in 1977 and 1990. According to the EPA, from 1970 to 2005, total emissions of the six principal air pollutants, including PM’s, dropped by 53% in the US. In 1975, the masked effects of trapped greenhouse gases finally started to emerge and have dominated ever since. The Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) has been collecting surface measurements. BSRN was started in the early 1990s and updated the archives in this time.",
"title": "Global dimming"
},
{
"id": "689866",
"text": "of \"Silent Spring\" by Rachel Carson alerted the public about the detrimental effects on the environment of the indiscriminate use of pesticides. In the years following, similar bills were introduced and hearings were held to discuss the state of the environment and Congress's potential responses. In 1968, a joint House–Senate colloquium was convened by the chairmen of the Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Senator Henry M. Jackson, and the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, Representative George P. Miller, to discuss the need for and means of implementing a national environmental policy. In the colloquium, some members of",
"title": "United States Environmental Protection Agency"
},
{
"id": "20861619",
"text": "was born and raised in Bangor, Maine, the eldest son of Lawrence and Catherine Cutler. His father was a physician and his mother was an economist. Eliot received his primary education at Deerfield Academy. He then proceeded to graduate from Harvard College and later earned a degree from Georgetown Law. Cutler began his career as a legislative assistant to Senator Edmund Muskie of Maine, helping craft the Clean Water Act and the Clean Air Act. He served as associate director for Natural Resources, Energy and Science in the Office of Management and Budget in the Carter administration, and was the",
"title": "Eliot Cutler"
}
] | who wrote the clean air act of 1970 |
[
"endoplasmic reticulum"
] | [
{
"id": "61407",
"text": "cytosol are the mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, vacuoles, lysosomes, and in plant cells, chloroplasts. The inclusions are small particles of insoluble substances suspended in the cytosol. A huge range of inclusions exist in different cell types, and range from crystals of calcium oxalate or silicon dioxide in plants, to granules of energy-storage materials such as starch, glycogen, or polyhydroxybutyrate. A particularly widespread example are lipid droplets, which are spherical droplets composed of lipids and proteins that are used in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes as a way of storing lipids such as fatty acids and sterols. Lipid droplets",
"title": "Cytoplasm"
},
{
"id": "2958700",
"text": "membrane into the lacteals, where they join lymph to become chyle. The lymphatic vessels carry the chyle to the venous return of the systemic circulation. From there the chylomicrons supply the tissue with fat absorbed from the diet. Thus, unlike the saccharides and amino acids that digestion liberates from the carbohydrates and proteins of the diet (respectively), the lipids from the diet bypass the hepatic portal system, meaning the liver does not get \"first crack\" at them. There are three stages in the chylomicron's \"lifecycle\": Triglycerides are emulsified by bile and hydrolyzed by the enzyme lipase, resulting in a mixture",
"title": "Chylomicron"
},
{
"id": "2958699",
"text": "skeletal muscle tissue, where their triglyceride components are hydrolyzed by the activity of the lipoprotein lipase, allowing the released free fatty acids to be absorbed by the tissues. When a large portion of the triacylglycerol core have been hydrolyzed, chylomicron remnants are formed and are taken up by the liver, thereby also transferring dietary fat to the liver. Chylomicrons are formed in the endoplasmic reticulum in the absorptive cells (enterocytes) of the small intestine. The villi, lined with the microvilli of the brush border, provide a lot of surface area for absorption. Newly formed chylomicrons are secreted through the basolateral",
"title": "Chylomicron"
},
{
"id": "967695",
"text": "into the lumen of the intestine. These enzymes are present in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells. The villi contain large numbers of capillaries that take the amino acids and glucose produced by digestion to the hepatic portal vein and the liver. Lacteals are small lymph vessels, and are present in villi. They absorb fatty acid and glycerol, the products of fat digestion. Layers of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle enable the chyme (partly digested food and water) to be pushed along the ileum by waves of muscle contractions called peristalsis. The remaining chyme is passed to the colon. It",
"title": "Ileum"
},
{
"id": "14307630",
"text": "Lipid droplet Lipid droplets, also referred to as lipid bodies, oil bodies or adiposomes, are lipid-rich cellular organelles that regulate the storage and hydrolysis of neutral lipids and are found largely in the adipose tissue. They also serve as a reservoir for cholesterol and acyl-glycerols for membrane formation and maintenance. Lipid droplets are found in all eukaryotic organisms and store a large portion of lipids in mammalian adipocytes. Initially, these lipid droplets were considered to merely serve as fat depots, but since the discovery in the 1990s of proteins in the lipid droplet coat that regulate lipid droplet dynamics and",
"title": "Lipid droplet"
},
{
"id": "2919366",
"text": "providing exceptionally efficient absorption of nutrients in the lumen. There are also enzymes (enterocyte digestive enzyme) on the surface for digestion. Villus capillaries collect amino acids and simple sugars taken up by the villi into the blood stream. Villus lacteals (lymph capillary) collect absorbed chylomicrons, which are lipoproteins composed of triglycerides, cholesterol and amphipathic proteins, and are taken to the rest of the body through the lymph fluid. Villi are specialised for absorption in the small intestine as they have a thin wall, one cell thick, which enables a shorter diffusion path. They have a large surface area so there",
"title": "Intestinal villus"
},
{
"id": "1430942",
"text": "The partially digested food enters the duodenum as a thick semi-liquid chyme. In the small intestine, the larger part of digestion takes place and this is helped by the secretions of bile, pancreatic juice and intestinal juice. The intestinal walls are lined with villi, and their epithelial cells is covered with numerous microvilli to improve the absorption of nutrients by increasing the surface area of the intestine. In the large intestine the passage of food is slower to enable fermentation by the gut flora to take place. Here water is absorbed and waste material stored as feces to be removed",
"title": "Digestion"
},
{
"id": "8009866",
"text": "folds slow the passage of the partly digested food along the intestines, and afford an increased surface for absorption. They are covered with small finger-like projections called villi (singular, villus). Each villus, in turn, is covered with microvilli. The microvilli absorb fats and nutrients from the chyme. Circular folds The circular folds (valves of Kerckring) (also, plicae circulares, or valvulae conniventes) are large valvular flaps projecting into the lumen of the small intestine. The entire small intestine has circular folds of mucous membrane, also called the valves of Kerkring and \"plicae circulares\". The majority extend transversely around the cylinder of",
"title": "Circular folds"
},
{
"id": "17916280",
"text": "small intestine contains circular folds, flaps of doubled mucosal membrane which partially encircle and sometimes completely encircle the lumen of the intestine. These folds together with villi serve to increase the surface area of the jejunum enabling an increased absorption of digested sugars, amino acids and fatty acids into the bloodstream. The circular folds also slow the passage of food giving more time for nutrients to be absorbed. The last part of the small intestine is the ileum. This also contains villi and vitamin B12; bile acids and any residue nutrients are absorbed here. When the chyme is exhausted of",
"title": "Human digestive system"
},
{
"id": "2958698",
"text": "Chylomicron Chylomicrons (from the Greek χυλός, chylos, meaning \"juice\" (of plants or animals), and micron, meaning \"small particle\") are lipoprotein particles that consist of triglycerides (85–92%), phospholipids (6–12%), cholesterol (1–3%), and proteins (1–2%). They transport dietary lipids from the intestines to other locations in the body. Chylomicrons are one of the five major groups of lipoproteins: chylomicrons (a.k.a. ULDL ultra low-density lipoprotein relative to surrounding water), very low-density lipoprotein, intermediate-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, that enable fats and cholesterol to move within the water-based solution of the bloodstream. Chylomicrons transport lipids absorbed from the intestine to adipose, cardiac, and",
"title": "Chylomicron"
},
{
"id": "8291569",
"text": "intestinal wall. In the epithelial cells, fatty acids are packaged and transported to the rest of the body. Digestion is the first step to lipid metabolism, and it is the process of breaking the triglycerides down into smaller monoglyceride units with the help of lipase enzymes. Digestion of fats begin in the mouth through chemical digestion by lingual lipase. Ingested cholesterol is not broken down by the lipases and stays intact until it enters the epithelium cells of small intestine. Lipids then continue to the stomach where chemical digestion continues by gastric lipase and mechanical digestion begins (Peristalsis). The majority",
"title": "Lipid metabolism"
},
{
"id": "3083417",
"text": "Chyle Chyle (; from the Greek word χυλός \"chylos\", \"juice\") is a milky bodily fluid consisting of lymph and emulsified fats, or free fatty acids (FFAs). It is formed in the small intestine during digestion of fatty foods, and taken up by lymph vessels specifically known as lacteals. The lipids in the chyle are colloidally suspended in chylomicrons. A chyle fistula occurs when defect(s) of lymphatic vessel(s) result in leakage of lymphatic fluid, typically accumulating in the thoracic (pleural) or abdominal (peritoneal) cavities, leading to a chylous pleural effusion (chylothorax) or chylous ascites, respectively. Diagnosis of a chyle fistula may",
"title": "Chyle"
},
{
"id": "14307637",
"text": "pathogens, platelet-activating factor, eicosanoids, and cytokines. SUNIL Lipid droplet Lipid droplets, also referred to as lipid bodies, oil bodies or adiposomes, are lipid-rich cellular organelles that regulate the storage and hydrolysis of neutral lipids and are found largely in the adipose tissue. They also serve as a reservoir for cholesterol and acyl-glycerols for membrane formation and maintenance. Lipid droplets are found in all eukaryotic organisms and store a large portion of lipids in mammalian adipocytes. Initially, these lipid droplets were considered to merely serve as fat depots, but since the discovery in the 1990s of proteins in the lipid droplet",
"title": "Lipid droplet"
},
{
"id": "2333632",
"text": "membrane by a triose phosphate translocator. The two envelope membranes are separated by a gap of 10–20 nm, called the intermembrane space. Within the envelope membranes, in the region called the stroma, there is a system of interconnecting flattened membrane compartments, called the thylakoids. The thylakoid membrane is quite similar in lipid composition to the inner envelope membrane, containing 78% galactolipids, 15.5% phospholipids and 6.5% sulfolipids in spinach chloroplasts. The thylakoid membrane encloses a single, continuous aqueous compartment called the thylakoid lumen. These are the sites of light absorption and ATP synthesis, and contain many proteins, including those involved in",
"title": "Chloroplast membrane"
},
{
"id": "8291570",
"text": "of lipid digestion and absorption, however, occurs once the fats reach the small intestines. Chemicals from the pancreas (pancreatic lipase family and Bile salt-dependent lipase) are secreted into the small intestines to help breakdown the triglycerides, along with further mechanical digestion, until they are individual fatty acid units able to be absorbed into the small intestine's epithelial cells. It is the pancreatic lipase that is responsible for signaling for the hydrolysis of the triglycerides into separate free fatty acids and glycerol units. The second step in lipid metabolism is the absorption of fats. Absorption of fats occurs only in the",
"title": "Lipid metabolism"
},
{
"id": "238106",
"text": "cell membranes) are also found in biological membranes. In plants and algae, the galactosyldiacylglycerols, and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol, which lack a phosphate group, are important components of membranes of chloroplasts and related organelles and are the most abundant lipids in photosynthetic tissues, including those of higher plants, algae and certain bacteria. Plant thylakoid membranes have the largest lipid component of a non-bilayer forming monogalactosyl diglyceride (MGDG), and little phospholipids; despite this unique lipid composition, chloroplast thylakoid membranes have been shown to contain a dynamic lipid-bilayer matrix as revealed by magnetic resonance and electron microscope studies. A biological membrane is a form of",
"title": "Lipid"
},
{
"id": "238087",
"text": "Lipid In biology and biochemistry, a lipid is a biomolecule that is soluble in nonpolar solvents. Non-polar solvents are typically hydrocarbons used to dissolve other naturally occurring hydrocarbon lipid molecules that do not (or do not easily) dissolve in water, including fatty acids, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, and phospholipids. The functions of lipids include storing energy, signaling, and acting as structural components of cell membranes. Lipids have applications in the cosmetic and food industries as well as in nanotechnology. Scientists sometimes broadly define lipids as hydrophobic or amphiphilic small",
"title": "Lipid"
},
{
"id": "8860480",
"text": "into the chest it commonly results in the accumulation of chyle in the linings of the heart and/or lungs. Chyle is composed of lymph fluid and fats that are absorbed from the small intestine by specialized lymphatic vessels called lacteals during digestion. The accumulations are described based on location: chylothorax is chyle in the chest; chylopericardium is chyle trapped inside the sack surrounding the heart; chyloascites is chyle trapped in the linings of the abdomen and abdominal organs. The presence of chyle in these places accounts for many of the symptoms and complications associated with both lymphangiomatosis and Gorham’s disease.",
"title": "Lymphangiomatosis"
},
{
"id": "11119464",
"text": "Short- and medium chain fatty acids are absorbed directly into the blood via intestine capillaries and travel through the portal vein. Long-chain fatty acids, on the other hand, are too large to be directly released into the tiny intestine capillaries. Instead they are coated with cholesterol and protein (protein coat of lipoproteins) into a compound called a chylomicron. The chylomicron enters a lymphatic capillary and enters into the bloodstream first at the left subclavian vein (having bypassed the liver). In any case, the concentration of blood fatty acids increase temporarily after a meal. After a meal, when the blood concentration",
"title": "Blood lipids"
},
{
"id": "8291571",
"text": "small intestines. Once the triglycerides are broken down into individual fatty acids and glycerols, along with cholesterol, they will aggregate into structures called micelles. Fatty acids and monoglycerides leave the micelles and diffuse across the membrane to enter the intestinal epithelial cells. In the cytosol of epithelial cells, fatty acids and monoglycerides are recombined back into triglycerides. In the cytosol of epithelial cells, triglycerides and cholesterol are packaged into bigger particles called chylomicrons which are amphipathic structures that transport digested lipids. Chylomicrons will travel through the blood stream to enter adipose and other tissues in the body. Due to the",
"title": "Lipid metabolism"
},
{
"id": "4069954",
"text": "Lacteal A lacteal is a lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small intestine. Triglycerides are emulsified by bile and hydrolyzed by the enzyme lipase, resulting in a mixture of fatty acids, di- and monoglycerides. These then pass from the intestinal lumen into the enterocyte, where they are re-esterified to form triglyceride. The triglyceride is then combined with phospholipids, cholesterol ester, and apolipoprotein B48 to form chylomicrons. These chylomicrons then pass into the lacteals, forming a milky substance known as chyle. The lacteals merge to form larger lymphatic vessels that transport the chyle to the thoracic",
"title": "Lacteal"
},
{
"id": "238123",
"text": "General Lipid In biology and biochemistry, a lipid is a biomolecule that is soluble in nonpolar solvents. Non-polar solvents are typically hydrocarbons used to dissolve other naturally occurring hydrocarbon lipid molecules that do not (or do not easily) dissolve in water, including fatty acids, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, and phospholipids. The functions of lipids include storing energy, signaling, and acting as structural components of cell membranes. Lipids have applications in the cosmetic and food industries as well as in nanotechnology. Scientists sometimes broadly define lipids as hydrophobic or amphiphilic",
"title": "Lipid"
},
{
"id": "138870",
"text": "methyl esters; additionally, a separation of unsaturated isomers is possible by argentation thin-layer chromatography. Short- and medium-chain fatty acids are absorbed directly into the blood via intestine capillaries and travel through the portal vein just as other absorbed nutrients do. However, long-chain fatty acids are not directly released into the intestinal capillaries. Instead they are absorbed into the fatty walls of the intestine villi and reassembled again into triglycerides. The triglycerides are coated with cholesterol and protein (protein coat) into a compound called a chylomicron. From within the cell, the chylomicron is released into a lymphatic capillary called a lacteal,",
"title": "Fatty acid"
},
{
"id": "17916279",
"text": "on the microvilli. The chylomicrons are small enough to pass through the enterocyte villi and into their lymph capillaries called lacteals. A milky fluid called chyle, consisting mainly of the emulsified fats of the chylomicrons, results from the absorbed mix with the lymph in the lacteals. Chyle is then transported through the lymphatic system to the rest of the body. The suspensory muscle marks the end of the duodenum and the division between the upper gastrointestinal tract and the lower GI tract. The digestive tract continues as the jejunum which continues as the ileum. The jejunum, the midsection of the",
"title": "Human digestive system"
},
{
"id": "17916266",
"text": "in the chyme. Food fat is dispersed by the action of bile into smaller units called micelles. The breaking down into micelles creates a much larger surface area for the pancreatic enzyme, lipase to work on. Lipase digests the triglycerides which are broken down into two fatty acids and a monoglyceride. These are then absorbed by villi on the intestinal wall. If fats are not absorbed in this way in the small intestine problems can arise later in the large intestine which is not equipped to absorb fats. Bile also helps in the absorption of vitamin K from the diet.",
"title": "Human digestive system"
},
{
"id": "84844",
"text": "can diffuse rapidly through the cytosol. However, hydrophobic molecules, such as fatty acids or sterols, can be transported through the cytosol by specific binding proteins, which shuttle these molecules between cell membranes. Molecules taken into the cell by endocytosis or on their way to be secreted can also be transported through the cytosol inside vesicles, which are small spheres of lipids that are moved along the cytoskeleton by motor proteins. The cytosol is the site of most metabolism in prokaryotes, and a large proportion of the metabolism of eukaryotes. For instance, in mammals about half of the proteins in the",
"title": "Cytosol"
},
{
"id": "238112",
"text": "the extracellular face of the cell membrane after the inactivation of flippases which place them exclusively on the cytosolic side and the activation of scramblases, which scramble the orientation of the phospholipids. After this occurs, other cells recognize the phosphatidylserines and phagocytosize the cells or cell fragments exposing them. The \"fat-soluble\" vitamins (A, D, E and K) – which are isoprene-based lipids – are essential nutrients stored in the liver and fatty tissues, with a diverse range of functions. Acyl-carnitines are involved in the transport and metabolism of fatty acids in and out of mitochondria, where they undergo beta oxidation.",
"title": "Lipid"
},
{
"id": "17916260",
"text": "fats to some degree though is not as efficient as the pancreatic lipase. The pylorus, the lowest section of the stomach which attaches to the duodenum via the pyloric canal, contains countless glands which secrete digestive enzymes including gastrin. After an hour or two, a thick semi-liquid called chyme is produced. When the pyloric sphincter, or valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes further with digestive enzymes from the pancreas, and then passes through the small intestine, where digestion continues. When the chyme is fully digested, it is absorbed into the blood. 95% of absorption of nutrients occurs",
"title": "Human digestive system"
},
{
"id": "1430918",
"text": "that move along the stomach wall. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes. After some time (typically 1–2 hours in humans, 4–6 hours in dogs, 3–4 hours in house cats), the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passes through the small intestine, in which digestion continues. When the chyme is fully digested, it is absorbed into the blood. 95% of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small",
"title": "Digestion"
},
{
"id": "4069956",
"text": "lipase, and deliver fats to tissues throughout the body. In particular, the released fatty acids can be stored in adipose cells as triglycerides. As triglycerides are lost from very low-density lipoproteins, the lipoprotein particles become smaller and denser (since protein is denser than lipid) and ultimately become low-density lipoproteins. A great deal has been written about low-density lipoproteins because they are thought to be atherogenic. Note that in contrast to any other route of absorption from the small intestine, the lymphatic system avoids first pass metabolism. Lacteal A lacteal is a lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi",
"title": "Lacteal"
},
{
"id": "2978600",
"text": "the transport of fatty substances in the small intestine surface in the first step that leads to the absorption of the components of fats (largely fatty acids and 2-monoglycerides). Cell membranes are bilayer structures principally formed from phospholipids, molecules which have a highly water interactive, ionic phosphate head groups attached to two long alkyl tails. By contrast, fluorosurfactants are not amphiphilic or detergents because fluorocarbons are not lipophilic. Oxybenzone, a common cosmetic ingredient often used in sunscreens, is particularly penetrative because it is not very lipophilic. Anywhere from 0.4% to 8.7% of oxybenzone can be absorbed after one topical sunscreen",
"title": "Lipophilicity"
},
{
"id": "2958701",
"text": "of fatty acids and monoglycerides. These then pass from the intestinal lumen into the enterocyte, where they are re-esterified to form triglycerides. The triglycerides are then combined with phospholipids, cholesteryl esters, and apolipoprotein B-48 to form a nascent chylomicron. These are then released by exocytosis from the enterocytes into the lacteals, lymphatic vessels originating in the villi of the small intestine, and are then secreted into the bloodstream at the thoracic duct's connection with the left subclavian vein. Nascent chylomicrons are composed primarily of triglycerides (85%) and contain some cholesterol and cholesteryl esters. The main apolipoprotein component is apolipoprotein B-48",
"title": "Chylomicron"
},
{
"id": "3515104",
"text": "their receptors. \"myo\"-Inositol plays an important role as the structural basis for a number of secondary messengers in eukaryotic cells, the various inositol phosphates. In addition, inositol serves as an important component of the structural lipids phosphatidylinositol (PI) and its various phosphates, the phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP) lipids. Inositol or its phosphates and associated lipids are found in many foods, in particular fruit, especially cantaloupe and oranges. In plants, the hexaphosphate of inositol, phytic acid or its salts, the phytates, serve as phosphate stores in seed, for example in nuts and beans. Phytic acid also occurs in cereals with high bran",
"title": "Inositol"
},
{
"id": "8041647",
"text": "Foliar feeding Foliar feeding is a technique of feeding plants by applying liquid fertilizer directly to their leaves. Plants are able to absorb essential elements through their leaves. The absorption takes place through their stomata and also through their epidermis. Transport is usually faster through the stomata, but total absorption may be as great through the epidermis. Plants are also able to absorb nutrients through their bark. Foliar feeding was earlier thought to damage tomatoes, but has become standard practice. A popular version of the feeding is to use sea-based plant mixes, especially kelp, which contains many of the fifty",
"title": "Foliar feeding"
},
{
"id": "1380582",
"text": "wall is composed of proteins or long chain carbohydrates, not lipids. In contrast, eukaryotes have a range of organelles including the nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes and endoplasmic reticulum. All of these sub-cellular compartments are surrounded by one or more lipid bilayers and, together, typically comprise the majority of the bilayer area present in the cell. In liver hepatocytes for example, the plasma membrane accounts for only two percent of the total bilayer area of the cell, whereas the endoplasmic reticulum contains more than fifty percent and the mitochondria a further thirty percent. Probably the most familiar form of cellular signaling is",
"title": "Lipid bilayer"
},
{
"id": "967807",
"text": "in finger–like projections of mucosa, called villi, which increase the surface area of tissue available to absorb nutrients from ingested foodstuffs. The epithelial cells which line these villi have microvilli. The transport of nutrients across epithelial cells through the jejunum and ileum includes the passive transport of sugar fructose and the active transport of amino acids, small peptides, vitamins, and most glucose. The villi in the jejunum are much longer than in the duodenum or ileum. The pH in the jejunum is usually between 7 and 9 (neutral or slightly alkaline). The jejunum and the ileum are suspended by mesentery",
"title": "Jejunum"
},
{
"id": "967819",
"text": "of the plicae circulares, the villi, and the microvilli are to increase the amount of surface area available for the absorption of nutrients, and to limit the loss of said nutrients to intestinal fauna. Each villus has a network of capillaries and fine lymphatic vessels called lacteals close to its surface. The epithelial cells of the villi transport nutrients from the lumen of the intestine into these capillaries (amino acids and carbohydrates) and lacteals (lipids). The absorbed substances are transported via the blood vessels to different organs of the body where they are used to build complex substances such as",
"title": "Small intestine"
},
{
"id": "17774276",
"text": "tissue fluids. Microvilli are present on the epithelium of a villus and further increase the surface area over which absorption can take place. Numerous intestinal glands as pocket-like invaginations are present in the underlying tissue. In the large intestines, villi are absent and a flat surface with thousands of glands is observed. Underlying the epithelium is the lamina propria, which contains myofibroblasts, blood vessels, nerves, and several different immune cells, and the muscularis mucosa which is a layer of smooth muscle that aids in the action of continued peristalsis and catastalsis along the gut. The submucosa contains nerves including the",
"title": "Gastrointestinal wall"
},
{
"id": "3080121",
"text": "Liposome A liposome is a spherical vesicle having at least one lipid bilayer. The liposome can be used as a vehicle for administration of nutrients and pharmaceutical drugs. Liposomes can be prepared by disrupting biological membranes (such as by sonication). Liposomes are most often composed of phospholipids, especially phosphatidylcholine, but may also include other lipids, such as egg phosphatidylethanolamine, so long as they are compatible with lipid bilayer structure. A liposome design may employ surface ligands for attaching to unhealthy tissue. The major types of liposomes are the multilamellar vesicle (MLV, with several lamellar phase lipid bilayers), the small unilamellar",
"title": "Liposome"
},
{
"id": "6336073",
"text": "Cisterna chyli The cisterna chyli (or cysterna chyli, and etymologically more correct, receptaculum chyli) is a dilated sac at the lower end of the thoracic duct in most mammals into which lymph from the intestinal trunk and two lumbar lymphatic trunks flow. It receives fatty chyle from the intestines and thus acts as a conduit for the lipid products of digestion. It is the most common drainage trunk of most of the body's lymphatics. The cisterna chyli is a retro-peritoneal structure. In humans, it is located posterior to the abdominal aorta on the anterior aspect of the bodies of the",
"title": "Cisterna chyli"
},
{
"id": "8291567",
"text": "Lipid metabolism Lipid metabolism is the synthesis and degradation of lipids in cells, involving the break down or storage of fats for energy. These fats are obtained from consuming food and absorbing them or they are synthesized by an animal's liver. Lipogenesis is the process of synthesizing these fats. The majority of lipids found in the human body from ingesting food are triglycerides and cholesterol. Other types of lipids found in the body are fatty acids and membrane Lipids. Lipid metabolism is often considered the digestion and absorption process of dietary fat; however, there are two ways organisms can use",
"title": "Lipid metabolism"
},
{
"id": "12624465",
"text": "Spherosome Sphaerosomes(=spherosomes) or Oleosomes are small cell organelles bounded by single membrane which take part in storage and synthesis of lipid. They were discovered by Perner. They are only found in plant cells. They arise from endoplasmic reticulum and are surrounded by a single but half unit membrane with phospholipid monolayer having polar heads towards the cytosol and hydrophobic tails towards the inner side. The membrane is stabilised by proteins called oleosins . Hence the name Oleosomes. 98%of a sphaerosome is lipid. Proteins constitute the remaining 2% . Some proteins are probably enzymatic and take part in synthesis of lipids.",
"title": "Spherosome"
},
{
"id": "84822",
"text": "Cytosol The cytosol, also known as intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix, is the liquid found inside cells. It is separated into compartments by membranes. For example, the mitochondrial matrix separates the mitochondrion into many compartments. In the eukaryotic cell, the cytosol is surrounded by the cell membrane and is part of the cytoplasm, which also comprises the mitochondria, plastids, and other organelles (but not their internal fluids and structures); the cell nucleus is separate. The cytosol is thus a liquid matrix around the organelles. In prokaryotes, most of the chemical reactions of metabolism take place in the cytosol, while",
"title": "Cytosol"
},
{
"id": "8408148",
"text": "drugs, especially when they are enteral. The gastrointestinal tract is lined with epithelial cells. Drugs must pass or permeate through these cells in order to be absorbed into the circulatory system. One particular cellular barrier that may prevent absorption of a given drug is the cell membrane. Cell membranes are essentially lipid bilayers which form a semipermeable membrane. Pure lipid bilayers are generally permeable only to small, uncharged solutes. Hence, whether or not a molecule is ionized will affect its absorption, since ionic molecules are charged. Solubility favors charged species, and permeability favors neutral species. Some molecules have special exchange",
"title": "Absorption (pharmacology)"
},
{
"id": "1380581",
"text": "with virtually its sole biosynthetic capability being the production of more phospholipids. The partitioning ability of the lipid bilayer is based on the fact that hydrophilic molecules cannot easily cross the hydrophobic bilayer core, as discussed in Transport across the bilayer below. The nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts have two lipid bilayers, while other sub-cellular structures are surrounded by a single lipid bilayer (such as the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticula, Golgi apparatus and lysosomes). See Organelle. Prokaryotes have only one lipid bilayer- the cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane). Many prokaryotes also have a cell wall, but the cell",
"title": "Lipid bilayer"
},
{
"id": "1380563",
"text": "Lipid bilayer The lipid bilayer (or phospholipid bilayer) is a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules. These membranes are flat sheets that form a continuous barrier around all cells. The cell membranes of almost all organisms and many viruses are made of a lipid bilayer, as are the nuclear membrane surrounding the cell nucleus, and other membranes surrounding sub-cellular structures. The lipid bilayer is the barrier that keeps ions, proteins and other molecules where they are needed and prevents them from diffusing into areas where they should not be. Lipid bilayers are ideally suited to this",
"title": "Lipid bilayer"
},
{
"id": "2333631",
"text": "autonomy by the transfer of some of its genes to the nuclear genome. Each of the envelope membranes is a lipid bilayer that is between 6 and 8 nm thick. The lipid composition of the outer membrane has been found to be 48% phospholipids, 46% galactolipids and 7% sulfolipids, while the inner membrane has been found to contain 16% phospholipids, 79% galactolipids and 5% sulfolipids in spinach chloroplasts. The outer membrane is permeable to most ions and metabolites, but the inner membrane of the chloroplast is highly specialised with transport proteins. For example, carbohydrates are transported across the inner envelope",
"title": "Chloroplast membrane"
},
{
"id": "17916278",
"text": "In the duodenum, pancreatic lipase is secreted together with a co-enzyme, colipase to further digest the fat content of the chyme. From this breakdown, smaller particles of emulsified fats called chylomicrons are produced. There are also digestive cells called enterocytes lining the intestines (the majority being in the small intestine). They are unusual cells in that they have villi on their surface which in turn have innumerable microvilli on their surface. All these villi make for a greater surface area, not only for the absorption of chyme but also for its further digestion by large numbers of digestive enzymes present",
"title": "Human digestive system"
},
{
"id": "8491108",
"text": "Endocytic cycle The whole cycle of endocytosis plus exocytosis is known as the endocytic cycle. Most animal cells engage portions of their surface plasma membranes in a process called endocytosis. The main route of endocytosis is the coated pit, which buds into a cell to form a cytoplasmic vesicle—clathrin-coated vesicle. The membrane so internalised is processed in a series of intracellular organelles, which include endosomes and lysosomes. Some of this membrane is returned to the cell surface by a process called exocytosis. The endocytic cycle is crucial for the survival of individual cells and multicellular organisms. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) originates",
"title": "Endocytic cycle"
},
{
"id": "5886192",
"text": "the digestive tract or subjected to physical fragmentation. This fragmentation may occur through the chewing action of teeth (in the mouth of many vertebrates) or the grinding action of pebbles (in the gizzard of earthworms and birds). Chemical digestion then occurs, breaking down the larger food molecules of polysaccharides and disaccharides, fats, and proteins into their smallest sub-units. Chemical digestion involves hydrolysis reactions that liberate the sub unit molecules—primarily monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids—from the food. These products of chemical digestion pass through the epithelial lining of the gut into the blood, in a process known as absorption. Any",
"title": "Extracellular digestion"
},
{
"id": "920443",
"text": "mature chylomicrons activate lipoprotein lipase (LPL), an enzyme on endothelial cells lining the blood vessels. LPL catalyzes the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol (glycerol covalently joined to three fatty acids) that ultimately releases glycerol and fatty acids from the chylomicrons. Glycerol and fatty acids can then be absorbed in peripheral tissues, especially adipose and muscle, for energy and storage. The hydrolyzed chylomicrons are now called \"chylomicron remnants\". The chylomicron remnants continue circulating the bloodstream until they interact via apolipoprotein E with chylomicron remnant receptors, found chiefly in the liver. This interaction causes the endocytosis of the chylomicron remnants, which are subsequently hydrolyzed",
"title": "Lipoprotein"
},
{
"id": "967818",
"text": "The small intestine is the site where most of the nutrients from ingested food are absorbed. The inner wall, or mucosa, of the small intestine is lined with simple columnar epithelial tissue. Structurally, the mucosa is covered in wrinkles or folds called plicae circulares, which are considered permanent features in the wall of the organ. They are distinct from rugae which are considered non-permanent or temporary allowing for distention and contraction. From the plicae circulares project microscopic finger-like pieces of tissue called villi (Latin for \"shaggy hair\"). The individual epithelial cells also have finger-like projections known as microvilli. The functions",
"title": "Small intestine"
},
{
"id": "920444",
"text": "within lysosomes. Lysosomal hydrolysis releases glycerol and fatty acids into the cell, which can be used for energy or stored for later use. The liver is the central platform for the handling of lipids: it is able to store glycerols and fats in its cells, the hepatocytes. Hepatocytes are also able to create triacylglycerols via de novo synthesis. They also produce the bile from cholesterol. The intestines are responsible for absorbing cholesterol. They transfer it over into the blood stream. In the hepatocytes, triacylglycerols and cholesteryl esters are assembled with apolipoprotein B-100 to form \"nascent VLDL particles\". Nascent VLDL particles",
"title": "Lipoprotein"
},
{
"id": "57282",
"text": "Biological membrane A biological membrane or biomembrane is an enclosing or separating membrane that acts as a selectively permeable barrier within living things. Biological membranes, in the form of eukaryotic cell membranes, consist of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded, integral and peripheral proteins used in communication and transportation of chemicals and ions. The bulk of lipid in a cell membrane provides a fluid matrix for proteins to rotate and laterally diffuse for physiological functioning. Proteins are adapted to high membrane fluidity environment of lipid bilayer with the presence of an annular lipid shell, consisting of lipid molecules bound tightly to",
"title": "Biological membrane"
},
{
"id": "1948438",
"text": "the avascular cartilage. In any one position, much of the cartilage is close enough to get nutrition directly from the synovium. Some areas of cartilage have to obtain nutrients indirectly and may do so either from diffusion through cartilage or possibly by 'stirring' of synovial fluid. The surface of synovium may be flat or may be covered with finger-like projections or villi, which, it is presumed, help to allow the soft tissue to change shape as the joint surfaces move one on another. The synovial fluid can be thought of as a specialised fluid form of synovial extracellular matrix rather",
"title": "Synovial membrane"
},
{
"id": "8408149",
"text": "proteins and channels to facilitate movement from the lumen into the circulation. Ions cannot passively diffuse through the gastrointestinal tract because the epithelial cell membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer. The bilayer is made up of two layers of phospholipids in which the charged hydrophilic heads face outwards and the non-charged hydrophobic fatty acid chains are in the middle of the layer. The uncharged fatty acid chains repel ionized, charged molecules. This means that the ionized molecules cannot pass through the intestinal membrane and be absorbed. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation offers a way to determine the proportion of a",
"title": "Absorption (pharmacology)"
},
{
"id": "2537995",
"text": "charged soil particles so that the cations are available for uptake by the root. In the leaves, stomata open to take in carbon dioxide and expel oxygen. The carbon dioxide molecules are used as the carbon source in photosynthesis. The root, especially the root hair, is the essential organ for the uptake of nutrients. The structure and architecture of the root can alter the rate of nutrient uptake. Nutrient ions are transported to the center of the root, the stele, in order for the nutrients to reach the conducting tissues, xylem and phloem. The Casparian strip, a cell wall outside",
"title": "Plant nutrition"
},
{
"id": "920441",
"text": "particles in question are composed chiefly of dietary (exogenous) lipids or whether they originated in the liver (endogenous), through de novo synthesis of triacylglycerols. The hepatocytes are the main platform for the handling of triacylglycerols and cholesterol; the liver can also store certain amounts of glycogen and triacylglycerols. While adipocytes are the main storage cells for triacylglycerols, they do not produce any lipoproteins. Bile emulsifies fats contained in the chyme, then pancreatic lipase cleaves triacylglycerol molecules into two fatty acids and one 2-monoacylglycerol. Enterocytes readily absorb these small molecules from the chymus. Inside of the enterocytes, fatty acids and monoacylglycerides",
"title": "Lipoprotein"
},
{
"id": "2243999",
"text": "stomach at regular intervals into the small intestine, which stimulates the pancreas to release fluid containing a high concentration of bicarbonate. This fluid neutralizes the gastric juices, which can damage the lining of the intestine and result in duodenal ulcer. Other secretions from the pancreas, gallbladder, liver, and glands in the intestinal wall help in digestion. When food particles are sufficiently reduced in size and composition, they are absorbed by the intestinal wall and transported to the bloodstream. Some food material is passed from the small intestine to the large intestine. In the large intestine, bacteria break down proteins and",
"title": "Chyme"
},
{
"id": "79109",
"text": "chloroplasts, though in plants, it is confined to the bundle sheath chloroplasts, where the Calvin cycle is carried out in plants. The chloroplasts of some hornworts and algae contain structures called pyrenoids. They are not found in higher plants. Pyrenoids are roughly spherical and highly refractive bodies which are a site of starch accumulation in plants that contain them. They consist of a matrix opaque to electrons, surrounded by two hemispherical starch plates. The starch is accumulated as the pyrenoids mature. In algae with carbon concentrating mechanisms, the enzyme RuBisCO is found in the pyrenoids. Starch can also accumulate around",
"title": "Chloroplast"
},
{
"id": "17916276",
"text": "from the stomach through the opening of the pyloric sphincter. The resulting alkaline fluid mix neutralises the gastric acid which would damage the lining of the intestine. The mucus component lubricates the walls of the intestine. When the digested food particles are reduced enough in size and composition, they can be absorbed by the intestinal wall and carried to the bloodstream. The first receptacle for this chyme is the duodenal bulb. From here it passes into the first of the three sections of the small intestine, the duodenum. (The next section is the jejunum and the third is the ileum).",
"title": "Human digestive system"
},
{
"id": "446222",
"text": "Vesicle (biology and chemistry) In cell biology, a vesicle is a large structure within a cell, or extracellular, consisting of liquid enclosed by a lipid bilayer. Vesicles form naturally during the processes of secretion (exocytosis), uptake (endocytosis) and transport of materials within the plasma membrane. Alternatively, they may be prepared artificially, in which case they are called liposomes (not to be confused with lysosomes). If there is only one phospholipid bilayer, they are called \"unilamellar liposome\" vesicles; otherwise they are called \"multilamellar\". The membrane enclosing the vesicle is also a lamellar phase, similar to that of the plasma membrane and",
"title": "Vesicle (biology and chemistry)"
},
{
"id": "790778",
"text": "chyli develops, all lymph sacs become invaded by mesenchymal cells and are converted into groups of lymph nodes. The spleen develops from mesenchymal cells between layers of the dorsal mesentery of the stomach. The thymus arises as an outgrowth of the third pharyngeal pouch. The lymphatic system has multiple interrelated functions: Lymph vessels called lacteals are at the beginning of the gastrointestinal tract, predominantly in the small intestine. While most other nutrients absorbed by the small intestine are passed on to the portal venous system to drain via the portal vein into the liver for processing, fats (lipids) are passed",
"title": "Lymphatic system"
},
{
"id": "11119468",
"text": "is minimally soluble in water; it cannot dissolve and travel in the water-based bloodstream. Instead, it is transported in the bloodstream by lipoproteins that are water-soluble and carry cholesterol and triglycerides internally. The apolipoproteins forming the surface of the given lipoprotein particle determine from what cells cholesterol will be removed and to where it will be supplied. The largest lipoproteins, which primarily transport fats from the intestinal mucosa to the liver, are called chylomicrons. They carry mostly fats in the form of triglycerides. In the liver, chylomicron particles release triglycerides and some cholesterol. The liver converts unburned food metabolites into",
"title": "Blood lipids"
},
{
"id": "278146",
"text": "or when cells undergo metabolic stress. Lipids are the most diverse group of biochemicals. Their main structural uses are as part of biological membranes both internal and external, such as the cell membrane, or as a source of energy. Lipids are usually defined as hydrophobic or amphipathic biological molecules but will dissolve in organic solvents such as benzene or chloroform. The fats are a large group of compounds that contain fatty acids and glycerol; a glycerol molecule attached to three fatty acid esters is called a triacylglyceride. Several variations on this basic structure exist, including alternate backbones such as sphingosine",
"title": "Metabolism"
},
{
"id": "10266915",
"text": "appears in electron micrograph as clusters, or a rosette of beta particles that resemble ribosomes, located near the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Glycogen is an important energy source of the cell; therefore, it will be available on demand. The enzymes responsible for glycogenolysis degrade glycogen into individual molecules of glucose and can be utilized by multiple organs of the body. Lipids: Lipids are triglycerides in storage form is the common form of inclusions, not only are stored in specialized cells (adipocytes) but also are located as individuals droplets in various cell type especially hepatocytes. These are fluid at body temperature and",
"title": "Cytoplasmic inclusion"
},
{
"id": "3700425",
"text": "Lipid raft The plasma membranes of cells contain combinations of glycosphingolipids and protein receptors organised in glycolipoprotein microdomains termed lipid rafts. These specialised membrane microdomains compartmentalise cellular processes by serving as organising centers for the assembly of signaling molecules, influencing membrane fluidity and membrane protein trafficking, and regulating neurotransmission and receptor trafficking. Lipid rafts are more ordered and tightly packed than the surrounding bilayer, but float freely in the membrane bilayer. Although more common in plasma membrane, lipid rafts have also been reported in other parts of the cell, such as the Golgi apparatus and lysosomes. One key difference between",
"title": "Lipid raft"
},
{
"id": "79046",
"text": "located between their two cell membranes. Like chloroplasts, they have thylakoids within. On the thylakoid membranes are photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophyll \"a\". Phycobilins are also common cyanobacterial pigments, usually organized into hemispherical phycobilisomes attached to the outside of the thylakoid membranes (phycobilins are not shared with all chloroplasts though). Somewhere around 1 to 2 billion years ago, a free-living cyanobacterium entered an early eukaryotic cell, either as food or as an internal parasite, but managed to escape the phagocytic vacuole it was contained in. The two innermost lipid-bilayer membranes that surround all chloroplasts correspond to the outer and inner membranes",
"title": "Chloroplast"
},
{
"id": "79106",
"text": "or to another plastoglobulus attached to a thylakoid, a configuration that allows a plastoglobulus to exchange its contents with the thylakoid network. In normal green chloroplasts, the vast majority of plastoglobuli occur singularly, attached directly to their parent thylakoid. In old or stressed chloroplasts, plastoglobuli tend to occur in linked groups or chains, still always anchored to a thylakoid. Plastoglobuli form when a bubble appears between the layers of the lipid bilayer of the thylakoid membrane, or bud from existing plastoglubuli—though they never detach and float off into the stroma. Practically all plastoglobuli form on or near the highly curved",
"title": "Chloroplast"
},
{
"id": "11119467",
"text": "normal blood cholesterol, 200–239 mg/dl borderline-high, >240 mg/dl high cholesterol. The average amount of \"blood cholesterol\" varies with age, typically rising gradually until one is about 60 years old. There appear to be seasonal variations in cholesterol levels in humans, more, on average, in winter. These seasonal variations seem to be inversely linked to vitamin C intake. In lipid digestion, cholesterol is packed into Chylomicrons in the small intestine, which are delivered to the Portal vein and Lymph. The chylomicrons are ultimately taken up by liver hepatocytes via interaction between apolipoproteinE and the LDL receptor or Lipoprotein receptor-related proteins. Cholesterol",
"title": "Blood lipids"
},
{
"id": "2244000",
"text": "starches in chyme that were not digested fully in the small intestine. When all of the nutrients have been absorbed from chyme, the remaining waste material changes into semisolids that are called feces. The feces pass to the rectum, to be stored until ready to be discharged from the body during defecation. The chyme of an unweaned calf is the defining ingredient of pajata, a traditional Roman recipe. Chyme Chyme or chymus (; from Greek χυμός \"khymos\", \"juice\") is the semi-fluid mass of partly digested food that is expelled by the stomach, through the pyloric valve, into the duodenum (the",
"title": "Chyme"
},
{
"id": "8818317",
"text": "cells that are fixed cells in loose connective tissue. Their main function is the storage of lipid. Macrophages arise from monocytes. Monocytes originate in the bone marrow upon which they are released into the blood stream. They are mobile and leave the blood stream to enter connective tissues where they differentiate into marcophages. The fibroblasts are the most important in the connective tissue. Fibroblasts manufacture and maintain the extracellular material. They migrate throughout the extracellular matrix to wherever they are needed. Adipocytes are cells that are very efficient at storing energy in the form of triglycerides. Lymphocytes: These are cells",
"title": "Wandering cell"
},
{
"id": "6638941",
"text": "the food particles. The function of the omasum is not completely understood. During the second contraction phase of the reticulum, the reticule-omasal sphincter opens for a few seconds allowing a small volume of finely dispersed and well-fermented ingesta enters the omasum. The omasum has two physiological compartments: omasal canal that transfers food from the reticulum to the omasum, and the inter-laminate recesses between the mucosal laminae which provide the area for absorption. The omasum is where food particles that are small enough get transferred into the abomasum for enzymatic digestion. In ruminants with a more sophisticated omasum, the large surface",
"title": "Omasum"
},
{
"id": "249221",
"text": "Lysosome A lysosome is a membrane-bound organelle found in many animal cells and most plant cells. They are spherical vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes that can break down many kinds of biomolecules. A lysosome has a specific composition, of both its membrane proteins, and its lumenal proteins. The lumen's pH (4.5–5.0) is optimal for the enzymes involved in hydrolysis, analogous to the activity of the stomach. Besides degradation of polymers, the lysosome is involved in various cell processes, including secretion, plasma membrane repair, cell signaling, and energy metabolism. The lysosomes also act as the waste disposal system of the cell",
"title": "Lysosome"
},
{
"id": "5312407",
"text": "spiders of the genus \"Dysdera\" which feed on woodlice, including their hepatopancreas, the major metal storage organ of isopods in polluted sites. The hepatopancreas is a centre for lipid metabolism and for storage of lipids in gastropods. Some species in the genus \"Phyllodesmium\" contains active zooxanthellae of the genus \"Symbiodinium\" in the hepatopancreas. Hepatopancreas The hepatopancreas, digestive gland or midgut gland is an organ of the digestive tract of arthropods and molluscs. It provides the functions which in mammals are provided separately by the liver and pancreas, including the production of digestive enzymes, and absorption of digested food. Arthropods, especially",
"title": "Hepatopancreas"
},
{
"id": "12855642",
"text": "tubule into the cells occurs at the brush border membrane of the epithelium (moist, tightly packed cellular lining of many tissues and organs of the body). Here, cotransporters such as sodium or chloride (part of the system of Na-K-Cl cotransporters) couple with the amino or imino acids on the molecular level and transport them through specific integral membrane proteins that form ion channels, which are located within the cell membrane. From the cells, the absorbed or reabsorbed amino and imino acids eventually reach the blood. Absorption refers to the overall process happening in the intestine in lieu of normal digestive",
"title": "Iminoglycinuria"
},
{
"id": "331486",
"text": "algae, photosynthesis takes place in organelles called chloroplasts. A typical plant cell contains about 10 to 100 chloroplasts. The chloroplast is enclosed by a membrane. This membrane is composed of a phospholipid inner membrane, a phospholipid outer membrane, and an intermembrane space. Enclosed by the membrane is an aqueous fluid called the stroma. Embedded within the stroma are stacks of thylakoids (grana), which are the site of photosynthesis. The thylakoids appear as flattened disks. The thylakoid itself is enclosed by the thylakoid membrane, and within the enclosed volume is a lumen or thylakoid space. Embedded in the thylakoid membrane are",
"title": "Photosynthesis"
},
{
"id": "1380594",
"text": "to be the subject of active debate. Small uncharged apolar molecules diffuse through lipid bilayers many orders of magnitude faster than ions or water. This applies both to fats and organic solvents like chloroform and ether. Regardless of their polar character larger molecules diffuse more slowly across lipid bilayers than small molecules. Two special classes of protein deal with the ionic gradients found across cellular and sub-cellular membranes in nature- ion channels and ion pumps. Both pumps and channels are integral membrane proteins that pass through the bilayer, but their roles are quite different. Ion pumps are the proteins that",
"title": "Lipid bilayer"
},
{
"id": "7778265",
"text": "Cellular compartment Cellular compartments in cell biology comprise all of the closed parts within the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell, usually surrounded by a single or double lipid layer membrane. These compartments are often, but not always, defined as membrane enclosed regions. The formation of cellular compartments is called compartmentalization. Both organelles, the mitochondria and chloroplasts (in photosynthetic organisms), are compartments that are believed to be of endosymbiotic origin. Other compartments such as peroxisomes, lysosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, the cell nucleus or the Golgi apparatus are not of endosymbiotic origin. Smaller elements like vesicles, and sometimes even microtubules can also",
"title": "Cellular compartment"
},
{
"id": "9711924",
"text": "exterior. The arrangements of lipids and various proteins, acting as receptors and channel pores in the membrane, control the entry and exit of other molecules and ions as part of the cell's metabolism. In order to perform physiological functions, membrane proteins are facilitated to rotate and diffuse laterally in two dimensional expanse of lipid bilayer by the presence of a shell of lipids closely attached to protein surface, called annular lipid shell. The bilayer formed by membrane lipids serves as a containment unit of a living cell. Membrane lipids also form a matrix in which membrane proteins reside. Historically lipids",
"title": "Membrane lipid"
},
{
"id": "787830",
"text": "stomach via hormonal pathways. Secretin and cholecystokinin are released from cells in the duodenal epithelium in response to acidic and fatty stimuli present there when the pylorus opens and emits gastric chyme into the duodenum for further digestion. These cause the liver and gall bladder to release bile, and the pancreas to release bicarbonate and digestive enzymes such as trypsin, lipase and amylase into the duodenum as they are needed. The villi of the duodenum have a leafy-looking appearance, which is a histologically identifiable structure. Brunner's glands, which secrete mucus, are found in the duodenum \"only\". The duodenum wall consists",
"title": "Duodenum"
},
{
"id": "125089",
"text": "A vesicle is a relatively small, membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances. The cell membrane is a protective barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell. There is also an organelle known as the Spitzenkörper that is only found in fungi, and is connected with hyphal tip growth. In prokaryotes endomembranes are rare, although in many photosynthetic bacteria the plasma membrane is highly folded and most of the cell cytoplasm is filled with layers of light-gathering membrane. These light-gathering membranes may even form enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria. The organelles of the endomembrane system are",
"title": "Endomembrane system"
},
{
"id": "161833",
"text": "Golgi apparatus The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. It was identified in 1897 by the Italian scientist Camillo Golgi and named after him in 1898. Part of the endomembrane system in the cytoplasm, the Golgi apparatus packages proteins into membrane-bound vesicles inside the cell before the vesicles are sent to their destination. The Golgi apparatus resides at the intersection of the secretory, lysosomal, and endocytic pathways. It is of particular importance in processing proteins for secretion, containing a set of glycosylation enzymes that",
"title": "Golgi apparatus"
},
{
"id": "9020402",
"text": "Perisinusoidal space The perisinusoidal space (or space of Disse) is a location in the liver between a hepatocyte and a sinusoid. It contains the blood plasma. Microvilli of hepatocytes extend into this space, allowing proteins and other plasma components from the sinusoids to be absorbed by the hepatocytes. Fenestration and discontinuity of the endothelium, as well as its basement membrane, facilitates this transport. This space may be obliterated in liver disease, leading to decreased uptake by hepatocytes of nutrients and wastes such as bilirubin. The perisinusoidal space also contains hepatic stellate cells (also known as \"Ito cells\"), which store fat",
"title": "Perisinusoidal space"
},
{
"id": "12624466",
"text": "They can be dyed by Sudan dyes because of the presence of lipids. Sphaerosomes occur abundantly in the endosperm cells of oil seeds. \"TRUEMAN'S Elementary Biology Vol. I \" \"MTG Winners Biology \" Spherosome Sphaerosomes(=spherosomes) or Oleosomes are small cell organelles bounded by single membrane which take part in storage and synthesis of lipid. They were discovered by Perner. They are only found in plant cells. They arise from endoplasmic reticulum and are surrounded by a single but half unit membrane with phospholipid monolayer having polar heads towards the cytosol and hydrophobic tails towards the inner side. The membrane is",
"title": "Spherosome"
},
{
"id": "249232",
"text": "suggests one method of lysosome sustainment. Lysosomal protein genes are transcribed in the nucleus. mRNA transcripts exit the nucleus into the cytosol, where they are translated by ribosomes. The nascent peptide chains are translocated into the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where they are modified. Lysosomal soluble proteins exit the endoplasmic reticulum via CLN8-mediated recruitment in COPII-coated vesicles and enter the Golgi apparatus, where a specific lysosomal tag, mannose 6-phosphate, is added to the peptides. The presence of these tags allow for binding to mannose 6-phosphate receptors in the Golgi apparatus, a phenomenon that is crucial for proper packaging into vesicles destined",
"title": "Lysosome"
},
{
"id": "967811",
"text": "Small intestine The small intestine or small bowel is the part of the gastrointestinal tract between the stomach and the large intestine, and is where most of the end absorption of food takes place. The small intestine has three distinct regions – the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum is the shortest part of the small intestine and is where preparation for absorption begins. It also receives bile and pancreatic juice through the pancreatic duct, controlled by the sphincter of Oddi. The primary function of the small intestine is the absorption of nutrients and minerals from food, using small finger-like",
"title": "Small intestine"
},
{
"id": "4188727",
"text": "Phosphatidylinositol Phosphatidylinositol consists of a family of lipids as illustrated on the right, a class of the phosphatidylglycerides. In such molecules the isomer of the inositol group is assumed to be the myo- conformer unless otherwise stated. Typically phosphatidylinositols form a minor component on the cytosolic side of eukaryotic cell membranes. The phosphate group gives the molecules a negative charge at physiological pH. The form of phosphatidylinositol comprising the isomer \"muco\"-inositol acts as a sensory receptor in the taste function of the sensory system. In this context it is often referred to as PtdIns, but that does not imply any",
"title": "Phosphatidylinositol"
},
{
"id": "8238785",
"text": "then be absorbed by the intestinal enterocyte. Once absorbed by the enterocyte, cholesterol is reassembled into intestinal lipoproteins called chylomicrons. These chylomicrons are then secreted into the lymphatics and circulated to the liver. These cholesterol particles are then secreted by the liver into the blood as VLDL particles, precursors to LDL. As a class, cholesterol absorption inhibitors block the uptake of micellar cholesterol, thereby reducing the incorporation of cholesterol esters into chylomicron particles. By reducing the cholesterol content in chylomicrons and chylomicron remnants, cholesterol absorption inhibitors effectively reduce the amount of cholesterol that is delivered back to the liver. The",
"title": "Cholesterol absorption inhibitor"
},
{
"id": "79107",
"text": "edges of the thylakoid disks or sheets. They are also more common on stromal thylakoids than on granal ones. Starch granules are very common in chloroplasts, typically taking up 15% of the organelle's volume, though in some other plastids like amyloplasts, they can be big enough to distort the shape of the organelle. Starch granules are simply accumulations of starch in the stroma, and are not bounded by a membrane. Starch granules appear and grow throughout the day, as the chloroplast synthesizes sugars, and are consumed at night to fuel respiration and continue sugar export into the phloem, though in",
"title": "Chloroplast"
},
{
"id": "2562713",
"text": "Leucoplast Leucoplasts (λευκός leukós \"white\", πλαστός plastós \"formed, molded\") are a category of plastid and as such are organelles found in plant cells. They are non-pigmented, in contrast to other plastids such as the chloroplast. Lacking photosynthetic pigments, leucoplasts are not green and are located in non-photosynthetic tissues of plants, such as roots, bulbs and seeds. They may be specialized for bulk storage of starch, lipid or protein and are then known as amyloplasts, elaioplasts, or proteinoplasts (also called aleuroplasts) respectively. However, in many cell types, leucoplasts do not have a major storage function and are present to provide a",
"title": "Leucoplast"
},
{
"id": "1380571",
"text": "This boundary layer is approximately 0.3 nm thick. Within this short distance, the water concentration drops from 2M on the headgroup side to nearly zero on the tail (core) side. The hydrophobic core of the bilayer is typically 3-4 nm thick, but this value varies with chain length and chemistry. Core thickness also varies significantly with temperature, in particular near a phase transition. In many naturally occurring bilayers, the compositions of the inner and outer membrane leaflets are different. In human red blood cells, the inner (cytoplasmic) leaflet is composed mostly of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol and its phosphorylated derivatives.",
"title": "Lipid bilayer"
},
{
"id": "1380564",
"text": "role, even though they are only a few nanometers in width, they are impermeable to most water-soluble (hydrophilic) molecules. Bilayers are particularly impermeable to ions, which allows cells to regulate salt concentrations and pH by transporting ions across their membranes using proteins called ion pumps. Biological bilayers are usually composed of amphiphilic phospholipids that have a hydrophilic phosphate head and a hydrophobic tail consisting of two fatty acid chains. Phospholipids with certain head groups can alter the surface chemistry of a bilayer and can, for example, serve as signals as well as \"anchors\" for other molecules in the membranes of",
"title": "Lipid bilayer"
},
{
"id": "6281820",
"text": "Axonal transport Axonal transport, also called axoplasmic transport or axoplasmic flow, is a cellular process responsible for movement of mitochondria, lipids, synaptic vesicles, proteins, and other cell parts (i.e. organelles) to and from a neuron's cell body, through the cytoplasm of its axon (the axoplasm). Since some axons are on the order of meters long, neurons cannot rely on diffusion to carry products of the nucleus and organelles to the end of their axons. Axonal transport is also responsible for moving molecules destined for degradation from the axon back to the cell body, where they are broken down by lysosomes.",
"title": "Axonal transport"
},
{
"id": "2802490",
"text": "Lecithin Lecithin (, , from the Greek \"lekithos\", \"egg yolk\") is a generic term to designate any group of yellow-brownish fatty substances occurring in animal and plant tissues, which are amphiphilic – they attract both water and fatty substances (and so are both hydrophilic and lipophilic), and are used for smoothing food textures, dissolving powders (emulsifying), homogenizing liquid mixtures, and repelling sticking materials. Lecithins are mixtures of glycerophospholipids including phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidic acid. Lecithin was first isolated in 1845 by the French chemist and pharmacist Theodore Gobley. In 1850, he named the phosphatidylcholine \"lécithine\". Gobley originally isolated",
"title": "Lecithin"
},
{
"id": "2802505",
"text": "Lecithin Lecithin (, , from the Greek \"lekithos\", \"egg yolk\") is a generic term to designate any group of yellow-brownish fatty substances occurring in animal and plant tissues, which are amphiphilic – they attract both water and fatty substances (and so are both hydrophilic and lipophilic), and are used for smoothing food textures, dissolving powders (emulsifying), homogenizing liquid mixtures, and repelling sticking materials. Lecithins are mixtures of glycerophospholipids including phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidic acid. Lecithin was first isolated in 1845 by the French chemist and pharmacist Theodore Gobley. In 1850, he named the phosphatidylcholine \"lécithine\". Gobley originally isolated",
"title": "Lecithin"
},
{
"id": "2243995",
"text": "Chyme Chyme or chymus (; from Greek χυμός \"khymos\", \"juice\") is the semi-fluid mass of partly digested food that is expelled by the stomach, through the pyloric valve, into the duodenum (the beginning of the small intestine). Chyme results from the mechanical and chemical breakdown of a bolus and consists of partially digested food, water, hydrochloric acid, and various digestive enzymes. Chyme slowly passes through the pyloric sphincter and into the duodenum, where the extraction of nutrients begins. Depending on the quantity and contents of the meal, the stomach will digest the food into chyme in anywhere between 40 minutes",
"title": "Chyme"
},
{
"id": "2919364",
"text": "Intestinal villus Intestinal villi (singular: villus) are small, finger-like projections that extend into the lumen of the small intestine. Each villus is approximately 0.5–1.6 mm in length (in humans), and has many microvilli projecting from the enterocytes of its epithelium which collectively form the striated or brush border. Each of these microvilli are much smaller than a single villus. The intestinal villi are much smaller than any of the circular folds in the intestine. Villi increase the internal surface area of the intestinal walls making available a greater surface area for absorption. An increased absorptive area is useful because digested",
"title": "Intestinal villus"
},
{
"id": "8041650",
"text": "below 24°C (75°F), since heat causes the pores on some species' leaves to close. Foliar feeding Foliar feeding is a technique of feeding plants by applying liquid fertilizer directly to their leaves. Plants are able to absorb essential elements through their leaves. The absorption takes place through their stomata and also through their epidermis. Transport is usually faster through the stomata, but total absorption may be as great through the epidermis. Plants are also able to absorb nutrients through their bark. Foliar feeding was earlier thought to damage tomatoes, but has become standard practice. A popular version of the feeding",
"title": "Foliar feeding"
},
{
"id": "79105",
"text": "found in all chloroplasts, but become more common when the chloroplast is under oxidative stress, or when it ages and transitions into a gerontoplast. Plastoglobuli also exhibit a greater size variation under these conditions. They are also common in etioplasts, but decrease in number as the etioplasts mature into chloroplasts. Plastoglubuli contain both structural proteins and enzymes involved in lipid synthesis and metabolism. They contain many types of lipids including plastoquinone, vitamin E, carotenoids and chlorophylls. Plastoglobuli were once thought to be free-floating in the stroma, but it is now thought that they are permanently attached either to a thylakoid",
"title": "Chloroplast"
}
] | where are large lipids packaged in chylomicrons for absorption |
[
"389"
] | [
{
"id": "1811608",
"text": "James \"is the best player, he is the best leader and he is as smart as anybody playing the game right now.\" Standing and weighing , James has started at small forward and power forward, but he can also play the other three positions. Thoughout most of his career, he has controlled the offense as the primary ball handler on his team. His athletic and versatile playing style has drawn comparisons to Hall of Famers Oscar Robertson, Magic Johnson, and Michael Jordan. James's career averages are 27.2 points, 7.4 rebounds, 7.2 assists, 1.6 steals and 0.8 blocks per game. Since",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811551",
"text": "LeBron James LeBron Raymone James Sr. (; born December 30, 1984) is an American professional basketball player for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Often considered the best basketball player in the world and regarded by some as the greatest player of all time, James' accomplishments are extensive and include four NBA Most Valuable Player Awards, three NBA Finals MVP Awards, two Olympic gold medals, three All-Star Game MVP awards, and an NBA scoring title. He is the all-time NBA playoffs scoring leader and has amassed fourteen NBA All-Star Game appearances, twelve All-NBA First Team designations,",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "5571988",
"text": "Erving (won MVP awards in both the ABA and NBA), Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (6 time MVP), Magic Johnson (3 time MVP), Larry Bird (3 time MVP), Michael Jordan (6 time finals MVP), John Stockton (#1 in career assists and steals), Karl Malone (14 time all NBA team), Kobe Bryant (NBA's third all-time leading scorer), Tim Duncan (15-time NBA all-star), Shaquille O'Neal (3 time finals MVP) and Jason Kidd (#2 in career assists and steals). Notable players in the NBA today include LeBron James (4 MVP awards), Stephen Curry (2 time MVP), Dwyane Wade (10 time all-star), and Kevin Durant (MVP, 4",
"title": "Sports in the United States"
},
{
"id": "1811552",
"text": "and five All-Defensive First Team honors. A prep-to-pro, James played high school basketball for St. Vincent–St. Mary High School in his hometown of Akron, Ohio, where he was heavily touted in the national media as a future NBA superstar. He joined the Cleveland Cavaliers in 2003 as the first overall draft pick. James quickly emerged as a league star and concluded his first season by winning the NBA Rookie of the Year Award. He would go on to establish himself as one of the premier players in the NBA with multiple accolades, including being given the NBA Most Valuable Player",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811572",
"text": "points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocks in a single season. Behind his play and the acquisition of All-Star guard Mo Williams, Cleveland went a franchise record 66–16 and fell just one game short of matching the best home record in league history. With final averages of 28.4 points, 7.6 rebounds, 7.2 assists, 1.7 steals, and 1.2 blocks per game, James became the first Cavalier to win the MVP Award. Reflecting on James's performance for ESPN, John Hollinger later wrote, \"He's having what is arguably the greatest individual season in history, and it's time we gave him his due for it.\"",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811560",
"text": "ESPN2. Time Warner Cable, looking to capitalize on James's popularity, offered St. Vincent-St. Mary's games to subscribers on a pay-per-view basis throughout the season. For the year, James averaged 31.6 points, 9.6 rebounds, 4.6 assists, and 3.4 steals per game, was named Ohio Mr. Basketball and selected to the \"USA Today\" All-USA First Team for an unprecedented third consecutive year, and was named Gatorade National Player of the Year for the second consecutive year. He participated in three year-end high school basketball all-star games—the EA Sports Roundball Classic, the Jordan Capital Classic, and the McDonald's All-American Game—losing his National Collegiate",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811617",
"text": "Player of the Year Award, he has finished second in the voting twice and lists it as one of his main goals. His teams have appeared in the Finals nine times and won three championships. Some analysts have criticized him for not having a better Finals record, while others have defended him, arguing that James usually performed well, but his team was defeated by superior competition. James is widely considered to be one of the greatest basketball players of all-time. In February 2016, he was ranked fifth by \"Sports Illustrated\"; in March 2016, he was ranked third by ESPN; in",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811566",
"text": "\"Sports Illustrated\", \"It's weird talking about a 20-year-old kid being a great player, but he is a great player ... He's the exception to almost every rule.\" On March 20, James scored 56 points against the Toronto Raptors, setting Cleveland's new single-game points record. With final averages of 27.2 points, 7.4 rebounds, 7.2 assists, and 2.2 steals per game, he was named to his first All-NBA Team. Despite a 30–20 record to start the year, the Cavaliers again failed to make the playoffs, finishing the season 42–40. At the 2006 All-Star Game, James led the East to victory with 29",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811557",
"text": "7.2 rebounds with 5.8 assists and 3.8 steals per game. For some home games during the season, St. Vincent-St. Mary played at the University of Akron's 5,492-seat Rhodes Arena to satisfy ticket demand from alumni, fans, and college and NBA scouts who wanted to see James play. The Fighting Irish finished the season 26–1 and repeated as state champions. For his outstanding play, James was named Ohio Mr. Basketball and selected to the \"USA Today\" All-USA First Team, becoming the first sophomore to do either. Prior to the start of his junior year, James appeared in \"SLAM Magazine\" and writer",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811596",
"text": "victorious, winning the city's first professional sports title in 52 years and becoming the first team in NBA history to come back from a 3–1 series deficit in the Finals. James became just the third player to record a triple-double in an NBA Finals Game 7, and behind series averages of 29.7 points, 11.3 rebounds, 8.9 assists, 2.3 blocks, and 2.6 steals per game, he also became the first player in league history to lead both teams in all five statistical categories for a playoff round, culminating in a unanimous Finals MVP selection. The 2016–17 season was marred by injuries",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811568",
"text": "being ousted by the Detroit Pistons in the second round. In 2006–07, James's averages declined to 27.3 points, 6.7 rebounds, 6 assists, and 1.6 steals per game. Some analysts attributed the fall to a regression in his passing skills and shot selection, which stemmed from a lack of effort and focus. The Cavaliers finished the season with 50 wins for the second consecutive year and entered the playoffs as the East's second seed. In Game 5 of the NBA Conference Finals, James notched 48 points with 9 rebounds and 7 assists, scoring 29 of Cleveland's last 30 points, including the",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811616",
"text": "14 All-NBA teams, which is tied for the fourth-most in league history, and 12 All-NBA first teams, which is an NBA record. With four MVP awards, he is part of a select group of players who have won the award four times, including Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Wilt Chamberlain, Michael Jordan, and Bill Russell; James and Russell are the only players to win four MVP awards in a five-year span. James has also won three Finals MVP Awards, which is tied for the second-most all-time, and earned All-Defensive honors every season from 2009 to 2014. While he has never won the Defensive",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811584",
"text": "inspired him to leave behind the villain role that he had been embracing, which helped him regain a sense of joy on the court. He also decided that his post game needed improvement, so he worked with Hakeem Olajuwon during the offseason. Behind James's significantly-expanded skillset, Miami began the year with a franchise-best 18–6 record. He was eventually named MVP for the third time, finishing with averages of 27.1 points, 7.9 rebounds, 6.2 assists, and 1.9 steals per game on 53 percent shooting. In the second round of the playoffs, Miami temporarily lost Chris Bosh to an abdominal injury and",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811615",
"text": "2014, some analysts noted a regression in his defensive impact, stemming from a lack of effort and expected age-related declines. James himself admitted to taking plays off at times, referring to this approach as \"chill mode\". James eventually developed a reputation for raising his defensive level in the playoffs, which some analysts referred to as \"Playoff LeBron\". James left high school as one of the most hyped basketball prospects of all-time. Upon entering the NBA, he made an immediate impact, and was voted Rookie of the Year in his debut season. As of June 2018, he has been named to",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811574",
"text": "points, 8.3 rebounds, and 8 assists per game, finishing the postseason with a career playoff-high 35.3 points per game. In February of the 2009–10 season, James was forced into a temporary point guard role following a series of injuries to players in the Cavaliers' backcourt. Behind his leadership, Cleveland lost no momentum, finishing the year with the best record in the league for the second consecutive season. Due in part to his increased minutes as the Cavaliers' primary ball handler, James increased his statistical production, averaging 29.7 points, 7.3 rebounds, 8.6 assists, 1.6 steals, and 1 block per game on",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811553",
"text": "Award in 2009 and 2010. However, after falling short of the championship expectations set by the media, fans, and himself, James departed Cleveland in 2010 as a free agent to sign with the Miami Heat. This move was announced in an ESPN special titled \"The Decision\", and is one of the most controversial free agent decisions in American sports history. In Miami, James won his first NBA championship in 2012, and followed that with another title a year later. He was named league MVP and NBA Finals MVP in both championship years. In 2014, James opted out of his contract",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811609",
"text": "2011, he has been ranked the best player in the NBA by ESPN and \"Sports Illustrated\". As an 18-year-old rookie, James led the Cavaliers in scoring. He holds numerous \"youngest to\" distinctions, including being the youngest player to score 30,000 career points. During his first stint in Cleveland, he was primarily used as an on-ball point forward, and although his shooting tendencies were perimeter-oriented, he established himself as one of the best slashers and finishers in basketball. His combination of speed, quickness, and size often created matchup problems for opposing teams because he was capable of blowing by larger defenders",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811565",
"text": "and 5.9 assists per game. He became the first Cavalier to receive the honor and just the third player in NBA history to average at least 20 points, 5 rebounds, and 5 assists per game as a rookie. The Cavaliers finished the season 35–47, failing to make the playoffs despite an 18-game improvement over the previous year. James earned his first NBA All-Star Game selection in 2004–05, contributing 13 points, 8 rebounds, and 6 assists in a winning effort for the Eastern Conference. Around the league, teams took note of his rapid development, with Denver Nuggets coach George Karl telling",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811567",
"text": "points and was named the NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player. Behind final season averages of 31.4 points, 7 rebounds, and 6.6 assists per game, he also finished second in overall NBA Most Valuable Player Award voting to Steve Nash. Under James's leadership, the Cavaliers qualified for the playoffs for the first time since 1998. In his postseason debut, James recorded a triple-double in a winning effort versus the Washington Wizards. In Game 3 of the series, he made the first game-winning shot of his career, making another in Game 5. Cleveland would go on to defeat the Wizards before",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811600",
"text": "February, Cleveland returned to form and James reached a number of historical milestones; for example, on March 30, he set an NBA record with 867 straight games scoring in double-digits. James eventually finished the season with averages of 27.5 points, 8.6 rebounds, and a career-high 9.2 assists and 4.2 turnovers per game. In the playoffs, he guided the Cavaliers to another Finals rematch with the Warriors. Along the way, he had some of the most memorable moments of his career, including a game-winning shot against the Pacers and another against the Raptors. In the first game of the Finals, James",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811602",
"text": "completed on July 9. In an interview with \"Sports Illustrated\", James's agent, Rich Paul, explained, \"In 2010, when he went to Miami, it was about championships. In 2014, when he went back to Cleveland, it was about delivering on a promise. In 2018, it was just about doing what he wants to do.\" Reaction to the move was more positive than his original departure from the Cavaliers, albeit still mixed, as some onlookers felt that Los Angeles was not his optimal destination. On November 14, 2018, James scored 44 points in a 126–117 win over the Portland Trail Blazers, passing",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811628",
"text": "Ronaldo and Lionel Messi). James has stated that he would like to own an NBA team in the future, albeit in a hands-off capacity. James and comedian Jimmy Kimmel co-hosted the 2007 ESPY Awards. In other comedic pursuits, he hosted the 33rd-season premiere of \"Saturday Night Live\". He has also tried his hand at acting, appearing in a cameo role on the HBO series \"Entourage\". In 2015, he played himself in the Judd Apatow film \"Trainwreck\", receiving positive reviews for his performance. That same year, James's digital video company, Uninterrupted, raised $15.8 million from Warner Bros. Entertainment and Turner Sports",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811597",
"text": "and unexpected losses for the Cavaliers; James later described it as one of the \"strangest\" years of his career. Following a January defeat to the New Orleans Pelicans, he publicly criticized Cleveland's front office for constructing a team that he felt was too \"top heavy\", for which he received counter criticism. The Cavaliers finished the season as the East's second seed, with James averaging 26.4 points and career highs in rebounds (8.6), assists (8.7), and turnovers (4.1) per game. In Game 3 of the first round of the postseason, he registered 41 points, 13 rebounds, and 12 assists against the",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811603",
"text": "Wilt Chamberlain for fifth on the all-time NBA scoring list. On November 18, he scored a season-high 51 points in a 113–97 win over the Heat. James made his debut for the United States national team at the 2004 Olympics in Athens, Greece. He spent the Games mostly on the bench, averaging 14.6 minutes per game with 5.8 points and 2.6 rebounds per game in eight games. Team USA finished the competition with a bronze medal, becoming the first U.S. basketball team to return home without a gold medal since adding active NBA players to their line-up. James felt his",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "11667088",
"text": "a single month since Oscar Robertson did it in December 1967. Harden finished the 2015–16 season with 374 turnovers, besting Artis Gilmore's mark of 366 in 1977–78, the first season the NBA recorded turnovers. Harden set career marks in points (29), assists (7.5) and rebounds (6.1) to join LeBron James, Michael Jordan and Oscar Robertson as the only players in NBA history to average at least 29 points, seven assists and six rebounds in a season. On July 9, 2016, Harden signed a four-year, $118.1 million contract extension with the Rockets. In September 2016, new Rockets head coach Mike D'Antoni",
"title": "James Harden"
},
{
"id": "1811571",
"text": "Wizards in the first round for the third consecutive season before being eliminated in seven games by the eventual-champion Boston Celtics in the next round. During the decisive seventh game in Boston, James scored 45 points and Paul Pierce scored 41 in a game the Associated Press described as a \"shootout\". At the conclusion of the 2008–09 season, James finished second in NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award voting and made his first NBA All-Defensive Team, posting 23 chase-down blocks and a career-high 93 total blocks. He also became only the fourth postmerger player to lead his team in",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "2135200",
"text": "be one of the top players to ever play the game, but Michael Jeffrey Jordan, who we bumped heads at times, is I think, the best basketball player I've ever seen.\" In a later interview on the radio show \"Kap & Haugh\" Pippen stated: \"No, I did not say I would take LeBron over Michael. The reality is you need to go back and figure out what I said.\" Pippen was famed for his defensive abilities, having made the NBA All Defensive Team ten consecutive years during his career and leading the league in steals in . Phil Jackson once",
"title": "Scottie Pippen"
},
{
"id": "1811594",
"text": "were sidelined due to injury, giving James more offensive responsibilities. Behind his leadership, the Cavaliers opened the series with a 2–1 lead before being eliminated in six games. Despite the loss, he received serious consideration for the Finals MVP Award, averaging 35.8 points, 13.3 rebounds, and 8.8 assists per game for the championship round. During the 2015–16 season, James was criticized for his role in several off-court controversies, including the midseason firing of Cavaliers' coach David Blatt. Despite these distractions, Cleveland finished the year with 57 wins and the best record in the East. James's final averages were 25.3 points,",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811612",
"text": "His shooting also temporarily regressed, and he briefly ranked as the worst high-volume outside shooter from outside the paint in the NBA. Despite these changes, he has remained an elite offensive player who is capable of beating defenses with body control, strength, and varying attacking speeds. James's playmaking ability is generally considered to be one of his premier skills, with some analysts ranking him among the greatest passers in NBA history. Using his size, vision, and the attention he garners from opposing defenses to his advantage, James is able to create easy points for his teammates with accurate assists. He",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811588",
"text": "award unanimously. His final season averages were 26.8 points, 8 rebounds, 7.3 assists, and 1.7 steals per game on 56.5 percent shooting. In Game 1 of the Conference Finals, James scored a buzzer-beating layup to give Miami a one-point victory against the Pacers. Throughout the series, his supporting cast struggled significantly, and his added scoring load prompted him to compare his responsibilities to those of his \"Cleveland days\". Despite these struggles, the Heat advanced to the Finals for a meeting with the Spurs, signifying a rematch for James from his first Finals six years earlier. At the beginning of the",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811601",
"text": "scored a playoff career-high 51 points, but Cleveland was defeated in overtime. Following the defeat, James injured his hand after punching a wall in the locker room, which hindered his effectiveness for the remainder of the series. The Cavaliers lost the series in four games, with James averaging 34 points, 8.5 rebounds, and 10 assists per game for the Finals. On June 29, 2018, James opted out of his contract with the Cavaliers and became an unrestricted free agent. On July 1, his management company, Klutch Sports, announced that he would sign with the Los Angeles Lakers, which was officially",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811589",
"text": "series, he was criticized for his lack of aggressiveness and poor shot selection as Miami fell behind 2–3. In Game 6, he recorded his second triple-double of the series, including 16 fourth quarter points, to lead the Heat to a comeback victory. In Game 7, he tied the Finals record for most points scored in a Game 7 victory, leading Miami over San Antonio with 37 points. He was named Finals MVP for the second straight season, averaging 25.3 points, 10.9 rebounds, 7 assists, and 2.3 steals per game for the championship round. On March 3 of the 2013–14 season,",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811591",
"text": "NBA history to do so. In Game 1 of the Finals, James missed most of the fourth quarter because of leg cramps, helping the Spurs take an early series lead. In Game 2, he led the Heat to a series-tying victory with 35 points on a 64 percent shooting rate. San Antonio eventually eliminated the Heat in five games, ending Miami's quest for a three-peat. For the Finals, James averaged 28.2 points, 7.8 rebounds, and 2.0 steals per game. On June 25, 2014, James opted out of his contract with the Heat, and on July 1, he officially became an",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811622",
"text": "his actions during the 2010 free agency period and, more specifically, \"The Decision\", he was listed as one of most disliked athletes in the US. By 2013, his image had mostly recovered and he was reported by ESPN as the most popular player in the NBA for the second time in his career. In 2014, he was named the most popular male athlete in America by the Harris Poll. He has led the league in jersey sales six times. In March 2008, James became the first black manand third man overall after Richard Gere and George Clooneyto appear on the",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811625",
"text": "allotted him the option of seeking a new contract worth more money as an unrestricted free agent following the 2010 season. This move ultimately allowed James, Dwyane Wade, and Chris Bosh to sign with the Heat together. During his second stint in Cleveland, he began opting out and re-signing on new contracts after each season in order to take advantage of higher salaries resulting from the NBA's rising salary cap. In 2016, he signed with the Cavaliers on a three-year deal, becoming the highest-paid player in the league for the first time in his career. James has signed numerous endorsement",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811576",
"text": "19 rebounds, 10 assists, and nine turnovers in the losing effort. James became an unrestricted free agent at 12:01 am EDT on July 1, 2010. During this time, he was contacted by several teams, including the Bulls, Los Angeles Clippers, Miami Heat, New York Knicks, New Jersey Nets, and Cavaliers. On July 8, he announced on a live ESPN special titled \"The Decision\" that he would sign with the Heat. The telecast was broadcast from the Boys & Girls Club of Greenwich, Connecticut and raised $2.5 million for the charity. An additional $3.5 million was raised from advertising revenue, which",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811586",
"text": "and James's budding rival, Kevin Durant. Late in Game 4 of the series, James hit a three-pointer to give the Heat a lead, helping them win the game despite missing time with leg cramps. In Game 5, he registered a triple-double as Miami defeated Oklahoma City for their second-ever championship and James's first championship. James was unanimously voted the Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player with averages of 28.6 points, 10.2 rebounds, and 7.4 assists per game. His full postseason run, in which he averaged 30.3 points, 9.7 rebounds, and 5.6 assists per game, was later ranked the second",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811558",
"text": "Ryan Jones lauded him as possibly \"the best high school basketball player in America right now\". During the season, he appeared on the cover of \"Sports Illustrated\", becoming the first high school basketball underclassman to do so. With averages of 29 points, 8.3 rebounds, 5.7 assists, and 3.3 steals per game, he was again named Ohio Mr. Basketball and selected to the \"USA Today\" All-USA First Team, and became the first junior to be named male basketball Gatorade National Player of the Year. St. Vincent-St. Mary finished the year with a 23–4 record, ending their season with a loss in",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "19408442",
"text": "a 102–88 win over the Dallas Mavericks, Chriss reached 100 career steals, three-pointers and blocks at 20 years, 213 days old. He became the third youngest player ever to reach 100 of each with only LeBron James and Kevin Durant doing so younger. On April 1, Chriss scored a season-high 22 points against the Golden State Warriors. He topped that mark on April 6 with 23 points against the New Orleans Pelicans. On August 31, 2018, Chriss was traded, alongside Brandon Knight, to the Houston Rockets in exchange for Ryan Anderson and De'Anthony Melton. On October 30, 2018, after missing",
"title": "Marquese Chriss"
},
{
"id": "1811621",
"text": "of the National Basketball Players Association (NBPA). Throughout his career, James has been ranked by \"Forbes\" as one of the world's most influential athletes, and in 2017, he was listed by \"Time\" as one of the 100 most influential people in the world. During his first stint with the Cavaliers, he was adored by local fans, and Sherwin-Williams displayed a giant Nike-produced banner of James on its world headquarters. Despite their affection for James, Cleveland fans and critics were frequently annoyed when he sported a Yankees hat when he attended Cleveland Indians baseball games versus the New York Yankees. Following",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811582",
"text": "in Cleveland for the first time since departing as a free agent. He scored 38 points and led Miami to a win while being booed every time he touched the ball. The Heat eventually turned their season around and finished as the East's second seed, with James averaging 26.7 points, 7.5 rebounds, and 7 assists per game on 51 percent shooting. In the conference semifinals, James and his teammates found themselves matched up with the Celtics for the second consecutive year. In Game 5, he scored Miami's last ten points to help seal a series-clinching win. After the final buzzer,",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811627",
"text": "As a result of James's endorsement money and NBA salary, he has been listed as one of the world's highest-paid athletes. In 2013, he surpassed Kobe Bryant as the highest paid basketball player in the world, with earnings of $56.5 million. In 2014, James realized a profit of more than $30 million as part of Apple's acquisition of Beats Electronics; he had originally struck a deal to get a small stake in the company at its inception in exchange for promoting its headphones. In 2015, he was ranked the sixth highest earning sportsperson, and third highest in 2016 (after Cristiano",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811563",
"text": "first game back after the suspension, James scored a career-high 52 points. St. Vincent-St. Mary went on to win the Division II championship, marking their third division title in four years. As an underclassman, James played wide receiver for St. Vincent-St. Mary's football team. He was recruited by some Division I programs, including Notre Dame. At the conclusion of his sophomore year, he was named first team all-state, and as a junior, he helped lead the Fighting Irish to the state semifinals. He did not play during his senior year because of a wrist injury that he sustained in an",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "274539",
"text": "MVP awards in a career (since equaled by Hakeem Olajuwon, David Robinson, and Kevin Garnett; Olajuwon is the only player other than Jordan to win both during the same season). In addition, he set both seasonal and career records for blocked shots by a guard, and combined this with his ball-thieving ability to become a standout defensive player. He ranks third in NBA history in total steals with 2,514, trailing John Stockton and Jason Kidd. Jerry West often stated that he was more impressed with Jordan's defensive contributions than his offensive ones. He was also known to have strong eyesight;",
"title": "Michael Jordan"
},
{
"id": "4108337",
"text": "field-goal percentage of 46% (and 40% on three-pointers), and maintained his reputation as an athletic and hard-nosed driver with the ball. West, Williams, Zydrunas Ilgauskas, and Anderson Varejão came together to form a supporting cast for franchise player LeBron James. On March 2, 2009, against the Miami Heat, West set a career high with 8 steals. In the playoffs, West's averages shot up to nearly 14 points per game, despite struggling with his 3-point shot much like his backcourt-mate Williams, whose shooting struggles in the playoffs were well documented. Further, the Cavs' lack of scoring punch on the bench forced",
"title": "Delonte West"
},
{
"id": "1811564",
"text": "AAU basketball game. Some sports analysts, football critics, high school coaches, former and current players have speculated that James could have played in the National Football League. James was selected by his hometown team, the Cleveland Cavaliers, as the first overall pick of the 2003 NBA draft. In his first regular season game, he scored 25 points against the Sacramento Kings, setting an NBA record for most points scored by a prep-to-pro player in his debut performance. At the conclusion of the season, he was named the NBA Rookie of the Year, finishing with averages of 20.9 points, 5.5 rebounds,",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "4772725",
"text": "named East Regional MVP. At Rutgers, Jordan acquired the nickname \"Fast Eddie.\" In his senior season, Jordan was named honorable mention All-America, while setting Rutgers' all-time career records in assists (585) and steals (220). Jordan was selected by the Cleveland Cavaliers in the second round of the 1977 NBA draft (33rd overall), and was acquired by the New Jersey Nets halfway through his rookie season. Jordan tied Norm Nixon (Los Angeles Lakers) for the lead in total steals with 201 in 1978–1979, and was second in total steals, 223, in 1979–80 (behind the New York Knicks' Micheal Ray Richardson with",
"title": "Eddie Jordan (basketball)"
},
{
"id": "1811559",
"text": "the Division II championship game. Following the loss, James unsuccessfully petitioned for a change to the NBA's draft eligibility rules, which required prospective players to have at least a high school diploma, in an attempt to enter the 2002 NBA draft. During this time, he used marijuana, which he said was to help cope with the stress that resulted from the constant media attention he was receiving. Throughout his senior year, James and the Fighting Irish traveled around the country to play a number of nationally ranked teams, including a game against Oak Hill Academy that was nationally televised on",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811618",
"text": "February 2017, he was ranked second by CBS Sports; in December 2017, he was ranked second by Fox Sports; and in February 2018, he was ranked second by \"Slam Magazine\". He is sometimes mentioned as the greatest player ever, which has resulted in frequent comparisons to Michael Jordan. In February 2018, Bill Simmons' website, \"The Ringer\", spent an entire week devoted to both players, with Simmons ultimately concluding that Jordan was still ahead. Coaches and players have also debated James’s status, such as Steve Kerr, who posited that James and Jordan are the two best players in history. Brian Windhorst,",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811570",
"text": "Cleveland was eliminated in a sweep. In February of the 2007–08 season, James was named All-Star Game MVP for the second time behind a 27-point, 8-rebound, and 9-assist performance. On March 21, he moved past Brad Daugherty as the Cavaliers' all-time leading scorer in a game against the Raptors, doing so in over 100 less games than Daugherty. His 30 points per game were also the highest in the league, representing his first scoring title. Despite his individual accomplishments, Cleveland's record fell from the year before to 45–37. Seeded fourth in the East entering the playoffs, the Cavaliers defeated the",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811580",
"text": "free agency period, he quickly gained a reputation as one of America's most disliked athletes, a radical change from years prior. The phrase \"taking my talents to South Beach\" became a punch line for critics. In retrospect, James has expressed some regret over his handling of \"The Decision\". James officially signed with the Heat on July 10, 2010. With the move, he became only the third reigning MVP to change teams and the first since Moses Malone in 1982. That evening, the Heat threw a welcome party for their new \"big three\" at the American Airlines Arena, an event that",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "20174285",
"text": "entered the last period of play with an 86–65 advantage. LeBron James departed the game with 4:03 left in the fourth quarter, with small forward Cedi Osman replacing him. James received a standing ovation from the crowd. His final stat line included 23 points, seven rebounds, and eight assists. Over the course of the series, James averaged 34 points, 8.5 rebounds, and 10 assists. With their 108–85 victory, the Warriors sealed their sweep of the Cavaliers and their third championship in four seasons. Kevin Durant received the Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award for the second consecutive year.",
"title": "2017–18 Cleveland Cavaliers season"
},
{
"id": "1811607",
"text": "and perimeter, called the defensive sets, and provided scoring when needed. During a game against Australia, he recorded the first triple-double in U.S. Olympic basketball history with 11 points, 14 rebounds and 12 assists. Team USA went on to win their second straight gold medal, again defeating Spain in the final game. James contributed 19 points in the win, becoming the all-time leading scorer in U.S. men's basketball history. He also joined Michael Jordan as the only players to win an NBA MVP award, NBA championship, NBA Finals MVP, and Olympic gold medal in the same year. Afterwards, Krzyzewski said",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811587",
"text": "best in modern NBA history by ESPN. In February of the 2012–13 season, James averaged 29.7 points and 7.8 assists per game while setting multiple shooting efficiency records. That same month, the Heat also began a 27-game winning streak, the third longest in NBA history. Based on these accomplishments, James's performance was described as a \"month for the ages\" by \"Sports Illustrated\". Miami eventually finished the year with a franchise and league best 66–16 record, and James was named MVP for the fourth time, falling just one vote shy of becoming the first player in NBA history to win the",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "3326099",
"text": "Kapono won the three point shootout back-to-back years in 2007 and 2008, James Jones won the three point shootout in 2011, Leandro Barbosa won the Sixth Man Award in 2007, Kyle Korver set the NBA record for three point shooting percentage in 2010 (53.6%), and in the 2009, 2010, 2012, and 2013 seasons LeBron James won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award, and the NBA Finals MVP in 2012, 2013 and 2016. Carmelo Anthony won the 2013 NBA Scoring Title and is the only player in NBA history to win at least three Olympic gold medals. Zaza Pachulia won NBA",
"title": "2003 NBA draft"
},
{
"id": "1811593",
"text": "strains, which represented the longest stretch of missed games in his career. In total, he played a career-low 69 games and his final averages were 25.3 points, 6 rebounds, and 7.4 assists per game. In the second round of the playoffs, he hit a baseline jumper at the buzzer to give Cleveland a 2–2 series tie with the Bulls. In the Conference Finals, the Cavaliers defeated the Hawks to advance to the Finals, making James the first player since the 1960s to play in five consecutive Finals. For most of the Finals against the Golden State Warriors, Irving and Love",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "20827382",
"text": "\"He'll be on the recruiting radar... I need to offer him a scholarship.\" In late 2014, James drew increasing attention for his highlight reels, including a one-handed half-court shot while practicing with his father. In February 2015, it was revealed that James had already received basketball scholarship offers from colleges, although the specific names were not announced. His father commented, \"It should be a violation, you shouldn't be recruiting 10-year-old kids.\" In June, James led his AAU team, the Gulf Coast Blue Chips, to win the League Dallas/Hype Sports Summer Jam. In June 2016, ESPN reported that he held offers",
"title": "LeBron James Jr."
},
{
"id": "1811590",
"text": "James scored a career-high and franchise-record 61 points in a game against the Charlotte Bobcats. Throughout the year, he was one of the few staples for a Heat roster that used 20 different starting lineups due to injuries, finishing with averages of 27.1 points, 6.9 rebounds, and 6.4 assists per game on 56.7 percent shooting. In the second round of the playoffs, he tied a career postseason-high by scoring 49 points in Game 4 against the Brooklyn Nets. In the next round, Miami defeated the Pacers to earn their fourth consecutive Finals berth, becoming one of only four teams in",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "18128388",
"text": "25 points off the bench in a 120–114 win over the Houston Rockets. On November 15, 2016, he recorded a career-high five steals in a 125–118 win over the Brooklyn Nets. On March 12, 2017, he tied his career high with 30 points off the bench in a 118–116 loss to the Philadelphia 76ers. On March 24, 2017, he had career highs of 35 points and eight 3-pointers in a 130–119 overtime win over the Minnesota Timberwolves. On November 13, 2017, Clarkson scored a season-high 25 points in 26 minutes off the bench in a 100–93 win over the Phoenix",
"title": "Jordan Clarkson"
},
{
"id": "4874311",
"text": "that it was the only season in which more than one player (LeBron James (31.67), Dwyane Wade (30.46), and Chris Paul (30.04)) posted efficiency ratings of over 30.0. \"* = Hall of Fame\" \"^ = Active\" Prior to the 2013–2014 season, LeBron James was on the verge of surpassing Michael Jordan's career PER to take the number one spot. (it should be noted that even if James should take the number one spot from Jordan, he is still mid-career. As the metric is averaged over the length of a player's entire career a decrease in efficiency later in his career",
"title": "Player efficiency rating"
},
{
"id": "5885753",
"text": "11 points per game. He was named Third-team All-Big East his junior year and Second-team Verizon Academic All-American his senior year. He was inducted into the University of Miami Sports Hall of Fame in 2014. Jones was drafted by the Indiana Pacers in the second round of the 2003 NBA draft. He went on to play for the Pacers, Phoenix Suns, Portland Trail Blazers, Miami Heat and Cleveland Cavaliers. He won three NBA championships, two with the Heat and one with the Cavaliers. He and teammate LeBron James reached the NBA Finals for seven consecutive years from 2011 to 2017.",
"title": "James Jones (basketball player)"
},
{
"id": "1811614",
"text": "viewed more favorably. At the beginning of James's NBA career, he was considered a poor defensive player, but he improved steadily through the years. In 2009, he became proficient at the chase-down block, which involves coming in from behind the opposition in transition to block their shot. In Miami, he developed into a more versatile defensive player, and the Heat relied on him to guard all five positions. Along with Shane Battier and Dwyane Wade, Miami used James in an ultra-aggressive defensive scheme, with James cheating off the ball to help out inside or get into rebounding position. Beginning in",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811604",
"text": "limited playing time was a \"lowlight\" and believed he was not given \"a fair opportunity to play\". His attitude during the Olympics was described as \"disrespectful\" and \"distasteful\" by columnists Adrian Wojnarowski and Peter Vecsey, respectively. At the 2006 FIBA World Championship in Japan, James took on a greater role for Team USA, averaging 13.9 points, 4.8 rebounds, and 4.1 assists per game as co-captain. The team finished the tournament with an 8–1 record, winning another bronze medal. James's behavior was again questioned, this time by teammate Bruce Bowen, who confronted James during tryouts regarding his treatment of staff members.",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811554",
"text": "with Miami after four seasons to re-sign with the Cavaliers. In 2016, James led the Cavaliers to their first NBA championship by defeating the Golden State Warriors to end Cleveland's 52-year professional sports title drought. In 2018, he opted out of his Cleveland contract to sign with the Lakers. James was born on December 30, 1984, in Akron, Ohio to a 16-year-old mother, Gloria Marie James. His father, Anthony McClelland, has an extensive criminal record and was not involved in their life. When James was growing up, life was often a struggle for the family, as they moved from apartment",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "12004319",
"text": "more popular in many places around the world, most noticeably China. Further championships in 2009 and 2010 helped raise his popularity. In 2015, he announced the following season would be his last. He would have played in 20 seasons by then. Another player who revolutionized the game of basketball was LeBron James. He was taken as the first overall pick in the 2003 NBA Draft by the Cleveland Cavaliers, and has worked his way to become the face of the NBA and basketball around the world. He left the Cavaliers in 2010 to join the Miami Heat along with fellow",
"title": "History of basketball"
},
{
"id": "1811592",
"text": "unrestricted free agent. On July 11, he revealed via a first-person essay in \"Sports Illustrated\" that he intended to return to the Cavaliers. In contrast to \"The Decision\", his announcement to return to Cleveland was well received. On July 12, he officially signed with the team, who had compiled a league-worst 97–215 record in the four seasons following his departure. A month after James's signing, the Cavaliers acquired Kevin Love from the Minnesota Timberwolves, forming a new star trio along with Kyrie Irving. In January of the 2014–15 season, James missed two weeks due to left knee and lower back",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "13154769",
"text": "was unable to participate due to injury. Kobe Bryant, selected to his 13th straight All-Star game after becoming the leading vote-getter, had 37 points, 14 rebounds, and three steals and won his fourth All-Star Game Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award, tying Hall of Famer Bob Pettit for the most All-Star MVP awards. LeBron James had the second triple-double in All-Star Game history with 29 points, 12 rebounds, and 10 assists. Blake Griffin is the first rookie to play in the All-Star since Yao Ming in 2003. The T-Mobile Rookie Challenge featured a team of standout first-year players ('Rookies') against a",
"title": "2011 NBA All-Star Game"
},
{
"id": "2135192",
"text": "Houston, 4 with Portland). He is second in the NBA in career playoff steals, with 395 (LeBron James 419). On October 5, 2004, Pippen announced his retirement. The Chicago Bulls retired Pippen's jersey number in a ceremony on December 9, 2005. The team played against the Los Angeles Lakers that night and Pippen was reunited with Phil Jackson, Michael Jordan, Dennis Rodman and Horace Grant during the ceremony. Pippen's 33 joined Michael Jordan's 23, Bob Love's 10, and Jerry Sloan's 4 as the only numbers retired by the Bulls. In 2007, Pippen had attempted to make an NBA comeback as",
"title": "Scottie Pippen"
},
{
"id": "4822924",
"text": "all-around ability, Cowens is one of only five players (Scottie Pippen, Kevin Garnett, LeBron James, and Giannis Antetokounmpo are the others) to lead his team in all five major statistical categories for a season: points, rebounds, assists, blocks, and steals. He accomplished the feat in the 1977–78 season. He began his coaching career by serving as a player-coach for the Boston Celtics during the 1978–79 season, but he quit coaching after the season and returned as a full-time player before retiring in 1980. On February 8, 1981, the Celtics retired Cowens' uniform number. Cowens' uniform number (#18) had previously been",
"title": "Dave Cowens"
},
{
"id": "20167376",
"text": "to come back from a 3–1 deficit. LeBron James became only the third player in NBA history to have a triple double in a Finals Game 7 and became the first unanimous Finals MVP after leading in all five categories of points, rebounds, assists, steals and blocks. On July 4, 2016, Oklahoma City Thunder superstar Kevin Durant signed with the Warriors in free agency. He averaged 25.1 PPG, 8.3 RPG, 4.8 APG, 1.1 SPG, and 1.6 BPG. After finishing 67–15, the first team in NBA history to win at least 67 games in three straight seasons, the Warriors went 12–0",
"title": "Cavaliers–Warriors rivalry"
},
{
"id": "2015515",
"text": "at age 39, in a playoff game against the Dallas Mavericks on April 28, 2001. He scored 12 points, pulled down 11 rebounds and had 10 assists. On defense, Stockton holds the NBA record for career steals with 3,265. In second place is Jason Kidd, with 2,684. Stockton was known for his unassuming, no-nonsense approach to the game, hard-nosed defense, and fanatical work-ethic in preparation, which resulted in his extreme durability. He played 1,504 of 1,526 possible games in his 19-season career. In his first 13 seasons, he missed only four games (all in the 1989–90 season) until he missed",
"title": "John Stockton"
},
{
"id": "2135159",
"text": "in Barcelona. Michael Jordan retired before the 1993–94 season and in his absence Pippen emerged from Jordan's shadow. That year, he earned All-Star Game MVP honors and led the Bulls in scoring, assists, and blocks, and was second in the NBA in steals per game, averaging 22.0 points, 8.7 rebounds, 5.6 assists, 2.9 steals, and 0.8 blocks per game, while shooting 49.1% from the field and a career-best 32% from the 3-point line. For his efforts, he earned the first of three straight All-NBA First Team selections, and he finished third in MVP voting. The Bulls (with key additions of",
"title": "Scottie Pippen"
},
{
"id": "2135201",
"text": "described him as a \"one-man wrecking crew\", capable of guarding anyone from the point guard to the center position. Pippen is one of three NBA players to record 200 steals and 100 blocks in a season and he has the record for second most career steals in the playoffs (395) behind LeBron James. He was skilled at staying in front of his man on defense, and particularly effective as a help defender, with his long arms in traps. He was also capable of chasing down an opposing player in transition to block shots from behind. On offense, Pippen relied primarily",
"title": "Scottie Pippen"
},
{
"id": "1811599",
"text": "start of the 2017–18 season season, the Cavaliers overhauled their roster by moving Kyrie Irving to the Celtics, who requested a trade in part because he no longer wanted to play with James. After a slow start to the year, Cleveland rebounded by winning 18 of 19 games in December. Their turnaround began with a victory over the Wizards where James scored 57 points, which represented the second-highest point total of his career and tied a franchise record. In January, the Cavaliers had a losing record, and James was criticized for his lackluster effort. Following another round of trades in",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "11560266",
"text": "game in a season Most steals in a game Highest career steals per game Highest steals per game in a season Most field goals made in a game Highest field goal percentage in a game Most three-point field goals in a game Most free throws made in a game Lowest turnovers per game Lowest turnovers per game in a season Highest assist-to-turnover ratio Highest assist-to-turnover ratio in a season Most double doubles Career triple doubles <br> Unless otherwise stated, statistics/records are correct as at the end of the 2012–13 season. Most games played Most minutes played Most points Most field",
"title": "Los Angeles Lakers accomplishments and records"
},
{
"id": "17016893",
"text": "steals in 18 games during the month. On April 10, he recorded his third triple-double of the season with 10 points, 11 rebounds and 10 assists in an 89–79 win over Charlotte, tying Kareem Abdul-Jabbar's career Bucks record of eight. Antetokounmpo led the Bucks in every one of the five major statistical categories (points, rebounds, assists, steals and blocks) in the 2016–17 regular season, becoming only the fifth NBA player to do so after Dave Cowens, Scottie Pippen, Kevin Garnett and LeBron James. He also became the first player in NBA history to finish in the top 20 in the",
"title": "Giannis Antetokounmpo"
},
{
"id": "1811624",
"text": "and Chris Bosh, to bring James to Miami in 2010. James left CAA for Paul in 2012. James, Paul, Maverick Carter, and Randy Mims—all childhood friends—formed agent and sports-marketing company LRMR after James left Goodwin. LRMR handles James's marketing, including the marketing of \"The Decision\", for which it was criticized. Throughout his career, James has taken a unique approach to his NBA contracts, usually opting to sign shorter-term deals in order to maximize his earnings potential and flexibility; for example, in 2006, he and the Cavaliers negotiated a three-year, $60 million contract extension instead of the four-year maximum as it",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811561",
"text": "Athletic Association (NCAA) eligibility and making it official that he would enter the 2003 NBA draft. Also during his senior year, James was the centerpiece of several controversies. For his 18th birthday, he skirted state amateur bylaws by accepting a Hummer H2 from his mother, who had secured a loan for the vehicle by utilizing James's future earning power as an NBA superstar. This prompted an investigation by the Ohio High School Athletic Association (OHSAA) because its guidelines stated that no amateur may accept any gift valued over $100 as a reward for athletic performance. James was cleared of any",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811611",
"text": "Miami, Heat coach Erik Spoelstra changed James's role to a more unconventional one. James spent more time in the post and improved his shot selection and accuracy on jump shots. He also learned how to work as an off-ball cutter in the Heat's \"pass-happy\" offense. Behind these improvements, James's overall scoring efficiency rose to historically-great levels. During this period, ESPN's Tom Haberstroh called James's free-throw shooting his biggest weakness, describing it as \"average\". Upon returning to the Cavaliers, James began to experience subtle age-related declines in productivity, posting his lowest scoring averages since his rookie season in 2015 and 2016.",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "2015505",
"text": "his college career, his stock rose significantly in the months before the draft. The announcement of his selection to the thousands of Jazz fans gathered at the Salt Palace on draft day was met with a stunned silence. Stockton averaged a career double-double, with 13.1 points and 10.5 assists per game. He holds the NBA's record for most career assists (15,806) by a margin of more than 3,000, as well as the record for most career steals (3,265). He had five of the top six assists seasons in NBA history (the other belonging to Isiah Thomas). He held the NBA",
"title": "John Stockton"
},
{
"id": "9776972",
"text": "just his fourth NBA game, Chalmers set a franchise record for steals in a game with nine. After having not missed a game up until the January 30 game against the Milwaukee Bucks, it was the first game he had missed in his two-year career. The next day, he was ruled out indefinitely with a torn ligament in his left thumb. Chalmers returned to action on February 19 against Memphis, and played out the remainder of the season and the playoffs. Upon the Heat's acquisition of LeBron James in July 2010, Chalmers handed over No. 6 to James, after wearing",
"title": "Mario Chalmers"
},
{
"id": "20827385",
"text": "John Lucas All-Star Weekend championship with NBA star Chris Paul in attendance. On April 2, 2018, he helped the Blue Chips finish undefeated and claim the under-13 title at the NY2LA Swish 'N Dish Tournament in Wisconsin, drawing attention for a crossover during the event. In June, James took part in the Jr. NBA Midwest Championships against 9th grade opponents. After advancing out of pool play, his North Coast Blue Chips team lost in the quarterfinals, 57–38, despite James' 8 points and 6 assists. At the USBA National Championship in Charlotte, North Carolina in mid-July, after a verbal exchange with",
"title": "LeBron James Jr."
},
{
"id": "2127757",
"text": "why the accuser made this story up. Robertson was found not guilty of all charges on November 30, 2015. Alvin Robertson Alvin Cyrrale Robertson (born July 22, 1962) is an American retired basketball player who played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1984 to 1993, and for one final season in 1995–96. Robertson holds the record for the most steals per game played, averaging 2.71 steals per game for his career. He is also one of four players in NBA history to have recorded a quadruple-double. Best known for his defense, the 6'3\" Robertson played for ten years after",
"title": "Alvin Robertson"
},
{
"id": "3028164",
"text": "at least 40% from three-point range, at least 50% from the field and at least 90% from the free throw line in a single season, and is still one of only seven players to have ever done this while also achieving the NBA league minimum number of makes in each category. Price ranked consistently among the assist leaders (as of March 11, 2015, LeBron James surpassed Price's Cavs record of 4,206 assists, taking over 1st place), twice won the Three Point Contest, and was a four-time All-Star. Price was named to the All-NBA First Team after the 1992–93 season. Price",
"title": "Mark Price"
},
{
"id": "2628339",
"text": "a career total of 107 and third in playoff triple-doubles with a career total of 11. He ranks second on the NBA all-time lists in career assists and steals and ninth on the 3-point field goals made category. Kidd was born in San Francisco, and raised in an upper middle class section of Oakland. His father, Steve, was African-American, and his mother, Anne, is Irish-American. As a youth, Kidd was highly scouted for AAU teams and tourneys, garnering various all-star and MVP awards. He attended the East Oakland Youth Development Center and frequented the city courts of Oakland, where he",
"title": "Jason Kidd"
},
{
"id": "1811605",
"text": "Before naming James to the 2008 Olympic team, Team USA managing director Jerry Colangelo and coach Mike Krzyzewski gave James an ultimatum to improve his attitude, and he heeded their advice. At the FIBA Americas Championship 2007, he averaged 18.1 points, 3.6 rebounds, and 4.7 assists per game, including a 31-point performance against Argentina in the championship game, the most ever by an American in an Olympic qualifier. Team USA went 10–0, winning the gold medal and qualifying for the 2008 Olympics in Beijing, China. James credited the team's attitude and experience for their improvement, saying: \"I don't think we",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "1811620",
"text": "Grove, where he bought a $9 million three-story mansion overlooking Biscayne Bay. In November 2015, James bought a 9,350 square-foot (870 m) East Coast–style mansion in Brentwood, Los Angeles for about $21 million. James is considered by many people, including his fellow NBA players, to be the \"face of the NBA\". His opinions have yielded significant influence on people who make important league decisions; for example, in 2014 he asked commissioner Adam Silver to increase the duration of the All-Star break, and the request was granted the following season. On February 13, 2015, James was elected the first vice president",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "3065995",
"text": "the award a record six times. He is also the only player to win the award despite his team not making the playoffs back in the season. Both Bill Russell and Michael Jordan won the award five times, while Wilt Chamberlain and LeBron James won the award four times. Russell and James are the only players to have won the award four times in five seasons. Moses Malone, Larry Bird and Magic Johnson each won the award three times, while Bob Pettit, Karl Malone, Tim Duncan, Steve Nash and Stephen Curry have each won it twice. Only two rookies have",
"title": "NBA Most Valuable Player Award"
},
{
"id": "20718982",
"text": "Drew, who would become permanent coach on November 5. The Cavaliers entered the 2018 NBA draft with the rights to the eighth overall pick, which originally belonged to the Brooklyn Nets. Cleveland acquired the pick from the Boston Celtics in the Kyrie Irving trade during the summer of 2017. The Cavaliers used the pick to acquire point guard Collin Sexton, a freshman out of the University of Alabama. On July 1, 2018, LeBron James confirmed that he would be leaving the Cavaliers and signing a four-year, $154 million contract with the Los Angeles Lakers. This marked the second time in",
"title": "2018–19 Cleveland Cavaliers season"
},
{
"id": "10021917",
"text": "of the ESPY Awards, ceremonies were conducted in February of each year to honor achievements over the previous calendar year; awards presented thereafter are conferred in June and reflect performance from the June previous. Six players have won the award more than once; Michael Jordan won the inaugural award and a total of four across his career. LeBron James has won the award a total of seven times, the most by any player, while Kobe Bryant, Tim Duncan, Hakeem Olajuwon, and Shaquille O'Neal have claimed two each. Player was a member of the winning team in the NBA Finals. <br>",
"title": "Best NBA Player ESPY Award"
},
{
"id": "1811562",
"text": "wrongdoing because he had accepted the gift from a family member and not from an agent or any outside source. Later in the season, James accepted two throwback jerseys worth $845 from an urban clothing store in exchange for posing for pictures, officially violating OHSAA rules and resulting in him being stripped of his high school sports eligibility. James appealed the ruling and his penalty was eventually dropped to a two-game suspension, allowing him to play the remainder of the year. The Irish were also forced to forfeit one of their wins, their only official loss that season. In his",
"title": "LeBron James"
},
{
"id": "6342216",
"text": "goals made list (734), 65th on the all-time three-point field goal attempts list (2,213), 4th on the all-time assists list (10,323) and 23rd on the all-time steals list (1,608). Jackson never achieved great individual success; despite winning Rookie of the Year in 1988, he only made one All-Star appearance in his career (1989). Jackson is also notable for prompting an NBA rule change. In response to Jackson's penchant for backing down opposing point guards in the post for 15 or more seconds at a time, the league instituted the five-second back-to-the-basket violation, sometimes referred to as the \"Mark Jackson Rule\",",
"title": "Mark Jackson (basketball)"
},
{
"id": "18191438",
"text": "contract for LeBron James, which made him the highest paid player in the NBA for the first time in his career. They also finalized a four-year, $57 million deal for Klutch Sports Group client J.R. Smith just before the start of the 2016-17 season. Termini is often quoted in the media on issues related to sports economics and sports law. He has written on these topics as well. A former basketball standout in high school and college, Termini scored 1,161 career points when he played for Case Western Reserve University from 1974 through 1978. He averaged 21.7 points per game",
"title": "Mark Termini"
},
{
"id": "20827386",
"text": "members of the Alabama Hoopers, James made 4 three-pointers in a 84–59 win. On July 29, he reportedly made his first slam dunk during warm-ups for the Bigfoot Hoops Las Vegas Classic. On August 6, 2018, it was announced that James would attend Crossroads School in Santa Monica, California. However, he will not be able to play with the varsity basketball team in the 2018–19 season under California Interscholastic Federation (CIF) rules. James wears the number 0 jersey as inspiration from his favorite NBA player Russell Westbrook, who plays point guard for the Oklahoma City Thunder. His godfather is Houston",
"title": "LeBron James Jr."
},
{
"id": "4126583",
"text": "had been ailing him for over 2 years. He underwent surgery on March 31, 2009 to remove multiple bone spurs above the nerve tissue under his big toe. His per-game season averages were 20.7 points, 5.1 rebounds, 6.5 assists (2nd only to LeBron James for forwards), 1.5 steals, and 39.6 minutes (2nd in the league, trailing only Joe Johnson of the Atlanta Hawks). On November 16, 2009, Jackson was traded to the Charlotte Bobcats along with Acie Law in exchange for Raja Bell and Vladimir Radmanović. Jackson set a Bobcats franchise record with 43 points scored versus the Houston Rockets,",
"title": "Stephen Jackson"
},
{
"id": "17103967",
"text": "prior team record of 163. Stephen Curry added 26 points for the West, and teammates Anthony Davis scored 24 on 12-of-13 shooting and Kevin Durant tallied 23. The East's Paul George scored 41, which tied Westbrook's total from 2015 and was one short of Wilt Chamberlain's record. LeBron James totaled 13 points for a career record of 291 to pass Bryant, who retired with 290. Westbrook became the first player in All-Star history to win consecutive MVPs outright. Bob Pettit is the other player to have won back-to-back awards, winning in 1958 and sharing it with Elgin Baylor in 1959.",
"title": "2016 NBA All-Star Game"
},
{
"id": "19704384",
"text": "helping the team to reach the semifinals of the playoffs for the title. In January 2014 he joined the Cáceres 2016 Basket. In the 2015/16 season, he played for Fundación CB Granada, where he averaged 12.5 points, 6.3 rebounds, 1.2 assists and 1.1 steals per game. Duane James Duane Anthony James (born January 20, 1983 in New York City) is a professional basketball player. He's known for being LeBron James' cousin. He played at Miami Dade Junior College. He completed his last two years of college at Binghamton University (NCAA), averaging 7.6 points and 4.7 rebounds in 20.7 minutes per",
"title": "Duane James"
},
{
"id": "14718623",
"text": "The Decision (TV special) The Decision was a television special in which National Basketball Association (NBA) player LeBron James announced that he would be signing with the Miami Heat instead of returning to his hometown Cleveland Cavaliers. It was broadcast live on ESPN on July 8, 2010. James was an unrestricted free agent after playing seven seasons in Cleveland, where he was a two-time NBA Most Valuable Player and a six-time All-Star. He grew up in nearby Akron, Ohio, where he received national attention as a high school basketball star. James was born and raised in Akron, Ohio, where he",
"title": "The Decision (TV special)"
},
{
"id": "11560267",
"text": "goals made Most field goals attempted Most three-point field goals made Most three-point field goals attempted Most free throws made Most free throws attempted Most rebounds Most offensive rebounds (since 1973–74) Most defensive rebounds (since 1973–74) Most assists Most steals Most blocks Most personal fouls General Specific Los Angeles Lakers accomplishments and records This page details the all-time statistics, records, and other achievements pertaining to the Los Angeles Lakers. The Los Angeles Lakers are an American professional basketball team currently playing in the National Basketball Association. NBA MVP NBA Finals MVP NBA Defensive Player of the Year NBA Coach of",
"title": "Los Angeles Lakers accomplishments and records"
},
{
"id": "5790113",
"text": "Smith tied a franchise record with 52 points in December 1990. Williams was subsequently named Western Conference Player of the Week for games played Monday, January 8 through Sunday, January 14. On January 20, 2018, he recorded 31 points, a franchise-record 10 steals, and seven assists in a 125–113 loss to the Utah Jazz. He became the first player in league history to reach 30 points, 10 steals and seven assists in a game since steals became a recorded stat. On January 26, 2018, he had 40 points and matched his season high with 10 assists in the Clippers' 109–100",
"title": "Lou Williams"
}
] | how many steals does lebron james have in his career |
[
"low cost"
] | [
{
"id": "89987",
"text": "person receiving it. The standard method of determining chemotherapy dosage is based on calculated body surface area (BSA). The BSA is usually calculated with a mathematical formula or a nomogram, using the recipient's weight and height, rather than by direct measurement of body area. This formula was originally derived in a 1916 study and attempted to translate medicinal doses established with laboratory animals to equivalent doses for humans. The study only included 9 human subjects. When chemotherapy was introduced in the 1950s, the BSA formula was adopted as the official standard for chemotherapy dosing for lack of a better option.",
"title": "Chemotherapy"
},
{
"id": "6960569",
"text": "the digestion of DNA and to prevent adhesion of the enzyme to reaction tubes, pipette tips, and other vessels. This protein does not affect other enzymes that do not need it for stabilization. BSA is also commonly used to determine the quantity of other proteins, by comparing an unknown quantity of protein to known amounts of BSA (see Bradford protein assay). BSA is used because of its ability to increase signal in assays, its lack of effect in many biochemical reactions, and its low cost, since large quantities of it can be readily purified from bovine blood, a byproduct of",
"title": "Bovine serum albumin"
},
{
"id": "3208395",
"text": "Body surface area In physiology and medicine, the body surface area (BSA) is the measured or calculated surface area of a human body. For many clinical purposes BSA is a better indicator of metabolic mass than body weight because it is less affected by abnormal adipose mass. Nevertheless, there have been several important critiques of the use of BSA in determining the dosage of medications with a narrow therapeutic index, such as chemotherapy. Typically there is a 4–10 fold variation in drug clearance between individuals due to differing the activity of drug elimination processes related to genetic and environmental factors.",
"title": "Body surface area"
},
{
"id": "3208399",
"text": "was . Body surface area In physiology and medicine, the body surface area (BSA) is the measured or calculated surface area of a human body. For many clinical purposes BSA is a better indicator of metabolic mass than body weight because it is less affected by abnormal adipose mass. Nevertheless, there have been several important critiques of the use of BSA in determining the dosage of medications with a narrow therapeutic index, such as chemotherapy. Typically there is a 4–10 fold variation in drug clearance between individuals due to differing the activity of drug elimination processes related to genetic and",
"title": "Body surface area"
},
{
"id": "13830551",
"text": "Behavioral systems analysis Behavioral systems analysis (BSA), or performance systems analysis, applies behavior analysis and systems analysis to human performance in organizations. BSA is directly related to performance management and organizational behavior management. Behavioral systems analysis is an approach to organizational design and management. It is based on the premise that organizations are complex systems. As such, changes in one aspect of performance in an organization necessarily affects performance in another parts of an organization. A primary goal of BSA is to create a balanced applications in which areas of poor performance are improved, areas of high performance are maintained,",
"title": "Behavioral systems analysis"
},
{
"id": "5185484",
"text": "is maximal potential of quality and not a true estimate of quality at requirement level. Nevertheless, BV can be used to assess requirements of protein derived from foods with known quality differences and measure the proportion of absorbed nitrogen which is retained and presumably used for protein synthesis as an accurate indicator for protein measurement. The FDA gave two reasons for adopting the PDCAAS in 1993: 1) PDCAAS is based on human amino acid requirements, which makes it more appropriate for humans than a method based on the amino acid needs of animals. 2) The Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health",
"title": "Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score"
},
{
"id": "6960570",
"text": "the cattle industry. Another use for BSA is that it can be used to temporarily isolate substances that are blocking the activity of the enzyme that is needed, thus impeding polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Bovine serum albumin Bovine serum albumin (also known as BSA or \"Fraction V\") is a serum albumin protein derived from cows. It is often used as a protein concentration standard in lab experiments. The nickname \"Fraction V\" refers to albumin being the fifth fraction of the original Edwin Cohn purification methodology that made use of differential solubility characteristics of plasma proteins. By manipulating solvent concentrations, pH,",
"title": "Bovine serum albumin"
},
{
"id": "740296",
"text": "laboratories and standards vary according to funding, the age of the laboratory, and is dependent on the size and whether it is SA approved. High-containment labs that are registered with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Select Agent Program must adhere to Department of Defense standards. No single federal agency, according to 12 agencies' responses to a GSA survey, has the mission to track the overall number of BSL-3 and BSL-4 labs in the United States. This means no agency is responsible for determining the risks associated with the proliferation of",
"title": "Biosafety level"
},
{
"id": "6435456",
"text": "Bicinchoninic acid assay The bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA assay), also known as the Smith assay, after its inventor, Paul K. Smith at the Pierce Chemical Company, is a biochemical assay for determining the total concentration of protein in a solution (0.5 μg/mL to 1.5 mg/mL), similar to Lowry protein assay, Bradford protein assay or biuret reagent. The total protein concentration is exhibited by a color change of the sample solution from green to purple in proportion to protein concentration, which can then be measured using colorimetric techniques. A stock BCA solution contains the following ingredients in a highly alkaline solution",
"title": "Bicinchoninic acid assay"
},
{
"id": "20741719",
"text": "in baby bottles and infant formula packaging, based on market abandonment, not safety. The European Union and Canada have banned BPA use in baby bottles. The U.S. FDA states \"BPA is safe at the current levels occurring in foods\" based on extensive research, including two more studies issued by the agency in early 2014. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reviewed new scientific information on BPA in 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2015: EFSA's experts concluded on each occasion that they could not identify any new evidence which would lead them to revise their opinion that the known level of",
"title": "BPA controversy"
},
{
"id": "3208397",
"text": "following formulae, BSA is in m, W is mass in kg, and H is height in cm. The most widely used is the Du Bois, Du Bois formula, which has been shown to be equally as effective in estimating body fat in obese and non-obese patients, something the Body mass index fails to do. A commonly used and simple one is the Mosteller formula: Other formulas for BSA in m include: A weight-based formula was proposed by Costeff and recently validated for the pediatric age group that does not include a square root, making it easier to use. It is",
"title": "Body surface area"
},
{
"id": "6960567",
"text": "full-length BSA precursor protein is 607 amino acids (AAs) in length. An N-terminal 18-residue signal peptide is cut off from the precursor protein upon secretion, hence the initial protein product contains 589 amino acid residues. An additional four amino acids are cleaved to yield the mature BSA protein that contains 583 amino acids. Physical properties of BSA: BSA has numerous biochemical applications including ELISAs (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay), immunoblots, and immunohistochemistry. Because BSA is a small, stable, moderately non-reactive protein, it is often used as a blocker in immunohistochemistry. During immunohistochemistry, which is the process that uses antibodies to identify antigens",
"title": "Bovine serum albumin"
},
{
"id": "740282",
"text": "regarding the creation of a formal organization. The American Biological Safety Association (ABSA) was officially established in 1984 and a constitution and bylaws were drafted the same year. As of 2008, ABSA includes some 1,600 members in its professional association. Biosafety level 1 (BSL-1) is suitable for work with well-characterized agents which do not cause disease in healthy humans. In general, these agents should pose minimal potential hazard to laboratory personnel and the environment. At this level, precautions are limited relative to other levels. Laboratory personnel must wash their hands upon entering and exiting the lab. Research with these agents",
"title": "Biosafety level"
},
{
"id": "8548571",
"text": "some systems, the digestibility of the protein source. They include biological value, net protein utilization, and PDCAAS (Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acids Score) which was developed by the FDA as a modification of the Protein efficiency ratio (PER) method. The PDCAAS rating was adopted by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) in 1993 as \"the preferred 'best'\" method to determine protein quality. These organizations have suggested that other methods for evaluating the quality of protein are inferior. In 2013 FAO proposed changing to Digestible Indispensable Amino",
"title": "Protein (nutrient)"
},
{
"id": "7612295",
"text": "mass and, by difference with body weight, body fat. Many of the early research studies showed that BIA was quite variable and it was not regarded by many as providing an accurate measure of body composition. In recent years technological improvements have made BIA a more reliable and therefore more acceptable way of measuring body composition. Nevertheless, it is not a \"gold standard\" or reference method. Although the instruments are straightforward to use, careful attention to the method of use (as described by the manufacturer) should be given. Simple devices to estimate body fat, often using BIA, are available to",
"title": "Bioelectrical impedance analysis"
},
{
"id": "8539059",
"text": "of sulphur-containing amino acids (methionine and cysteine). As a result, the analytical method that is universally recognized by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Health Organization (WHO), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), United Nations University (UNU) and the United States National Academy of Sciences when judging the quality of protein in the human is not PER or BV but the Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS), as it is viewed as accurately measuring the correct relative nutritional value of animal and vegetable sources of protein in the diet. Biological",
"title": "Biological value"
},
{
"id": "19501735",
"text": "amino acid (BCAA) Protein quality Protein quality is the digestibility and quantity of essential amino acids for providing the proteins in correct ratios for human consumption. There are various methods that rank the quality of different types of protein, some of which are outdated and no longer in use, or not considered as useful as they once were thought to be. The Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS), which was recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), became the industry standard in 1993. FAO has recently recommended the newer Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score",
"title": "Protein quality"
},
{
"id": "5185481",
"text": "Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score Protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) is a method of evaluating the quality of a protein based on both the amino acid requirements of humans and their ability to digest it. The PDCAAS rating was adopted by the US FDA and the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) in 1993 as \"the preferred 'best'\" method to determine protein quality. In 2013 FAO proposed changing to Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score. Using the PDCAAS method, the protein quality rankings are determined by comparing the amino acid profile of the specific",
"title": "Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score"
},
{
"id": "14414129",
"text": "Billing and settlement plan A billing and settlement plan (BSP) (also known as \"Bank Settlement Plan\") is an electronic billing system designed to facilitate the flow of data and funds between travel agencies and airlines. The advantage of such an intermediary organization is that instead of each travel agency having an individual relationship with each airline, all of the information is consolidated through the BSP. BSP's are organized on a local basis, usually one per country. However, there are some BSP's which cover more than one country (for example the Nordics). The International Air Transport Association states that at the",
"title": "Billing and settlement plan"
},
{
"id": "14048562",
"text": "Bharat Stage emission standards Bharat stage emission standards (BSES) are emission standards instituted by the Government of India to regulate the output of air pollutants from internal combustion engines and Spark-ignition engines equipment, including motor vehicles. The standards and the timeline for implementation are set by the Central Pollution Control Board under the Ministry of Environment & Forests and climate change. The standards, based on European regulations were first introduced in 2000. Progressively stringent norms have been rolled out since then. All new vehicles manufactured after the implementation of the norms have to be compliant with the regulations. Since October",
"title": "Bharat Stage emission standards"
},
{
"id": "6672468",
"text": "BAPP The acronyms BAPP (or B.A.P.P.) and BAMP (or B.A.M.P.) refer to a set of open-source software programs commonly used together to run dynamic web sites or servers. This set is a solution stack, and an open source web platform. \"BAPP\" refers to: \"BAMP\" refers to: The two acronyms have three major uses: As an operating system, FreeBSD (a BSD descendant) is generally regarded as reliable and robust, and of the operating systems that accurately report uptime remotely, FreeBSD (and other BSD descendants) are the most common free operating system listed in Netcraft's list of the 50 web servers with",
"title": "BAPP"
},
{
"id": "3208396",
"text": "This can lead to significant overdosing and underdosing (and increased risk of disease recurrence). It is also thought to be a distorting factor in Phase I and II trials that may result in potentially helpful medications being prematurely rejected. The trend to personalized medicine is one approach to counter this weakness. Examples of uses of the BSA: There is some evidence that BSA values are less accurate at extremes of height and weight, where Body Mass Index may be a better estimate (for hemodynamic parameters). Various calculations have been published to arrive at the BSA without direct measurement. In the",
"title": "Body surface area"
},
{
"id": "9033039",
"text": "Business valuation standard Business Valuation Standards (BVS) are codes of practice that are used in business valuation. The major business appraisal standards are these: In addition, each of the three major United States valuation societies — the American Society of Appraisers (ASA), American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (CPA/ABV), and the National Association of Certified Valuation Analysts (NACVA) — has its own set of Business Valuation Guidelines, which it requires all of its accredited members to adhere to. The AICPA's standards are published as Statement on Standards for Valuation Services No.1 and the ASA's guidelines are published as the \"ASA",
"title": "Business valuation standard"
},
{
"id": "11978022",
"text": "vertebrae, and the wings of the sacrum) is removed to be certain the dorsal root ganglia is extracted in its entirety. Specified risk material Specified risk material (SRM) is the general term designated for tissues of ruminant animals that cannot be inspected and passed for human food because scientists have determined that BSE-causing prions concentrate there. The term was referred to in the United Kingdom's \"Specified Risk Material Order 1997\" (S.I. 1997/2964), in the United States Department of Agriculture's, and in the Canadian Food Inspection Agency's regulatory response to the first confirmed U.S. BSE case in December 2003. These can",
"title": "Specified risk material"
},
{
"id": "7323058",
"text": "Biological terrain assessment The biological terrain assessment or BTA is a set of tests used to measure the pH, resistivity, and redox of a person's urine, blood, and saliva. The usefulness of the test is debatable. It is often associated with homeopathy and holistic health. Proponents of the BTA claim that comparing the pH, resistivity, and redox of the blood, urine, and saliva provides a health practitioner an indication of the metabolic processes taking place inside the body. There is no scientific evidence that these measurements provide a medically relevant indication of metabolic processes. Multiple manufacturers of BTA equipment have",
"title": "Biological terrain assessment"
},
{
"id": "740295",
"text": "(GAO) report published on October 4, 2007, a total of 1,356 CDC/USDA registered BSL-3 facilities were identified throughout the United States. Approximately 36% of these laboratories are located in academia. 15 BSL-4 facilities were identified in the U.S. in 2007, including nine at federal labs. The following is a list of existing BSL-4 facilities worldwide. A North Carolina Mosquito & Vector Control Association (NCMVCA) study highlighted safety concerns. In the United States, laboratories can be funded by federal, state, private, non-profit, or academically. The last accounts for 72% of the funding. There is no central monitoring agency accountable for monitoring",
"title": "Biosafety level"
},
{
"id": "8539057",
"text": "maximize existing differences in quality as inadequate energy intake lowers the efficiency of protein utilization and in most N balance studies, calorie adequacy is ensured. And because no population derives all of its protein exclusively from a single food, the determination of BV of a single protein is of limited use for application to human protein requirements. Another limitation of the use of Biological Value as a measure of protein quality is that proteins which are completely devoid of one essential amino acid (EAA) can still have a BV of up to 40. This is because of the ability of",
"title": "Biological value"
},
{
"id": "8037056",
"text": "BLOSUM In bioinformatics, the BLOSUM (BLOcks SUbstitution Matrix) matrix is a substitution matrix used for sequence alignment of proteins. BLOSUM matrices are used to score alignments between evolutionarily divergent protein sequences. They are based on local alignments. BLOSUM matrices were first introduced in a paper by Steven Henikoff and Jorja Henikoff. They scanned the BLOCKS database for very conserved regions of protein families (that do not have gaps in the sequence alignment) and then counted the relative frequencies of amino acids and their substitution probabilities. Then, they calculated a log-odds score for each of the 210 possible substitution pairs of",
"title": "BLOSUM"
},
{
"id": "20741782",
"text": "content of a single can of food could exceed the FDA \"Cumulative Exposure Daily Intake\" limit. The CDC had found bisphenol A in the urine of 95% of adults sampled in 1988–1994 and in 93% of children and adults tested in 2003–04. The USEPA Reference Dose (RfD) for BPA is 50 µg/kg/day which is not enforceable but is the recommended safe level of exposure. The most sensitive animal studies show effects at much lower doses, and several studies of children, who tend to have the highest levels, have found levels over the EPA's suggested safe limit figure. A 2009 Health",
"title": "BPA controversy"
},
{
"id": "826006",
"text": "containment products. It is used in the labeling of biological materials that carry a significant health risk, including viral samples and used hypodermic needles. In Unicode, the biohazard symbol is U+2623 (☣). Bio hazardous agents are classified for transportation by UN number: The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) categorizes various diseases in levels of biohazard, Level 1 being minimum risk and Level 4 being extreme risk. Laboratories and other facilities are categorized as BSL (Biosafety Level) 1–4 or as \"P1\" through \"P4\" for short (Pathogen or Protection Level). The biohazard symbol was developed by the Dow",
"title": "Biological hazard"
},
{
"id": "8539055",
"text": "led to better nitrogen retention and growth than the other proteins studied. However the study's flaw is in the BV method used, as starvation affects how well the body will store incoming protein (as does a very high caloric intake), leading to falsely elevated BV measures. So, the BV of a protein is related to the amount of protein given. BV is measured at levels below the maintenance level. This means that as protein intake goes up, the BV of that protein goes down. For example, milk protein shows a BV near 100 at intakes of 0.2 g/kg. As protein",
"title": "Biological value"
},
{
"id": "2391667",
"text": "European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. AI and UL defined the same as in United States, but values may differ. DRIs are used by both the United States and Canada, and are intended for the general public and health professionals. Applications include: The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) was developed during World War II by Lydia J. Roberts, Hazel Stiebeling, and Helen S. Mitchell, all part of a committee established by the United States National Academy of",
"title": "Dietary Reference Intake"
},
{
"id": "8037074",
"text": "the two can be compared but due to the very different method of obtaining this score, a PAM100 does not equal a BLOSUM100. BLOSUM In bioinformatics, the BLOSUM (BLOcks SUbstitution Matrix) matrix is a substitution matrix used for sequence alignment of proteins. BLOSUM matrices are used to score alignments between evolutionarily divergent protein sequences. They are based on local alignments. BLOSUM matrices were first introduced in a paper by Steven Henikoff and Jorja Henikoff. They scanned the BLOCKS database for very conserved regions of protein families (that do not have gaps in the sequence alignment) and then counted the relative",
"title": "BLOSUM"
},
{
"id": "8539042",
"text": "efficiency the individual can take up protein, the BV is then provided as a percentage taking this as the maximum. Providing it is known which protein measurements were made relative to it is simple to convert from relative BV to percentage BV: Where: While this conversion is simple it is not strictly valid due to the differences between the experimental methods. It is, however, suitable for use as a guideline. The determination of BV is carefully designed to accurately measure some aspects of protein usage whilst eliminating variation from other aspects. When using the test (or considering BV values) care",
"title": "Biological value"
},
{
"id": "19501731",
"text": "Protein quality Protein quality is the digestibility and quantity of essential amino acids for providing the proteins in correct ratios for human consumption. There are various methods that rank the quality of different types of protein, some of which are outdated and no longer in use, or not considered as useful as they once were thought to be. The Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS), which was recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), became the industry standard in 1993. FAO has recently recommended the newer Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS) to supersede",
"title": "Protein quality"
},
{
"id": "11978018",
"text": "Specified risk material Specified risk material (SRM) is the general term designated for tissues of ruminant animals that cannot be inspected and passed for human food because scientists have determined that BSE-causing prions concentrate there. The term was referred to in the United Kingdom's \"Specified Risk Material Order 1997\" (S.I. 1997/2964), in the United States Department of Agriculture's, and in the Canadian Food Inspection Agency's regulatory response to the first confirmed U.S. BSE case in December 2003. These can include brains, eyes, spinal cord, and other organs; the exact definition varies by jurisdiction. Under the new regulations (69 FR 1862,",
"title": "Specified risk material"
},
{
"id": "10676506",
"text": "British Social Attitudes Survey The British Social Attitudes Survey (BSA) is an annual statistical survey conducted in Great Britain by National Centre for Social Research since 1983. The BSA involves in-depth interviews with over 3,300 respondents, selected using random probability sampling, focused on topics including newspaper readership, political parties and trust, public expenditure, welfare benefits, health care, childcare, poverty, the labour market and the workplace, education, charitable giving, the countryside, transport and the environment, the European Union, economic prospects, race, religion, civil liberties, immigration, sentencing and prisons, fear of crime and the portrayal of sex and violence in the media.",
"title": "British Social Attitudes Survey"
},
{
"id": "8539049",
"text": "a high or low BV BV provides a good measure of the usability of proteins in a diet and also plays a valuable role in detection of some metabolic diseases. BV is, however, a scientific variable determined under very strict and unnatural conditions. It is not a test designed to evaluate the usability of proteins whilst an organism is in everyday life — indeed the BV of a diet will vary greatly depending on age, weight, health, sex, recent diet, current metabolism, etc. of the organism. In addition BV of the same food varies significantly species to species. Given these",
"title": "Biological value"
},
{
"id": "6757258",
"text": "Broadcasting Standards Authority The Broadcasting Standards Authority (BSA; ) is a New Zealand Crown entity created by the Broadcasting Act 1989 to develop and uphold standards of broadcasting for radio, free-to-air and pay television. The main functions of the BSA are: The BSA is made up of a board appointed for a fixed term by the Governor General on the advice of the Minister of Broadcasting meaning that practically the Minister of Broadcasting (and Cabinet) appoint the board. The chair is always a barrister. One member is appointed after consultation with broadcasters and one after consultation with public interest groups.",
"title": "Broadcasting Standards Authority"
},
{
"id": "6538467",
"text": "an sbss segment for \"small data\". Typically, these data items can be accessed using shorter instructions that may only be able to access a certain range of addresses. Historically, BSS (from Block Started by Symbol) is a pseudo-operation in UA-SAP (United Aircraft Symbolic Assembly Program), the assembler developed in the mid-1950s for the IBM 704 by Roy Nutt, Walter Ramshaw, and others at United Aircraft Corporation. The BSS keyword was later incorporated into FAP (FORTRAN Assembly Program), IBM's standard assembler for its 709 and 7090/94 computers. It defined a label (i.e. symbol) and reserved a block of uninitialized space for",
"title": ".bss"
},
{
"id": "6435458",
"text": "and tryptophan side chains. At higher temperatures (37 to 60 °C), peptide bonds assist in the formation of the reaction complex. Incubating the BCA assay at higher temperatures is recommended as a way to increase assay sensitivity while minimizing the variances caused by unequal amino acid composition. The amount of protein present in a solution can be quantified by measuring the absorption spectra and comparing with protein solutions of known concentration. Bicinchoninic acid assay The bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA assay), also known as the Smith assay, after its inventor, Paul K. Smith at the Pierce Chemical Company, is a biochemical",
"title": "Bicinchoninic acid assay"
},
{
"id": "2276573",
"text": "APA style APA style is a writing style and format for academic documents such as scholarly journal articles and books. It is commonly used for citing sources within the field of social sciences. It is described in the style guide of the American Psychological Association (APA), which is titled the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. The guidelines were developed to aid reading comprehension in the social and behavioral sciences, for clarity of communication, and for \"word choice that best reduces bias in language\". APA style is widely used, either entirely or with modifications, by hundreds of other scientific",
"title": "APA style"
},
{
"id": "7323060",
"text": "misdiagnosis risk of morbidity or mortality as outlined in the Congressional Record when the CLIA law was passed. The FDA can make/modify their own laws. The test provides a window into background body chemistry for digestion and toxicity for the purposes of lifestyle and dietary improvement progress. No diagnosis for a disease or condition is made by the instrument. Insurance will not pay for this test. Biological terrain assessment The biological terrain assessment or BTA is a set of tests used to measure the pH, resistivity, and redox of a person's urine, blood, and saliva. The usefulness of the test",
"title": "Biological terrain assessment"
},
{
"id": "6960566",
"text": "Bovine serum albumin Bovine serum albumin (also known as BSA or \"Fraction V\") is a serum albumin protein derived from cows. It is often used as a protein concentration standard in lab experiments. The nickname \"Fraction V\" refers to albumin being the fifth fraction of the original Edwin Cohn purification methodology that made use of differential solubility characteristics of plasma proteins. By manipulating solvent concentrations, pH, salt levels, and temperature, Cohn was able to pull out successive \"fractions\" of blood plasma. The process was first commercialized with human albumin for medical use and later adopted for production of BSA. The",
"title": "Bovine serum albumin"
},
{
"id": "355300",
"text": "in Europe as the E number E101. The National Academy of Medicine (then the U.S. Institute of Medicine [IOM]) updated Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for riboflavin in 1998. The current EARs for riboflavin for women and men ages 14 and up are 0.9 mg/day and 1.1 mg/day, respectively; the RDAs are 1.1 and 1.3 mg/day, respectively. RDAs are higher than EARs so as to identify amounts that will cover people with higher than average requirements. RDA for pregnancy is 1.4 mg/day. RDA for lactation is 1.6 mg/day. For infants up to 12 months the Adequate",
"title": "Riboflavin"
},
{
"id": "4286946",
"text": "quality of the egg (fresher, higher quality eggs have thicker whites). Although the measurement determines the protein content and freshness of the egg, it does not measure other important nutrient contents such as the micronutrient or vitamins present in the egg. The formula for calculating the Haugh unit is: Where: Haugh Index : AA : 72 or more A : 71 - 60 B : 59 - 31 C : 30 or less Below are the USDA's terms describing egg white and its corresponding Haugh unit: (b) Firm (AA quality). A white that is sufficiently thick or viscous to prevent",
"title": "Haugh unit"
},
{
"id": "7612294",
"text": "Bioelectrical impedance analysis Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a commonly used method for estimating body composition, and in particular body fat. Since the advent of the first commercially available devices in the mid-1980s the method has become popular owing to its ease of use, portability of the equipment. It is familiar in the consumer market as a simple instrument for estimating body fat. BIA actually determines the electrical impedance, or opposition to the flow of an electric current through body tissues which can then be used to estimate total body water (TBW), which can be used to estimate fat-free body",
"title": "Bioelectrical impedance analysis"
},
{
"id": "5185483",
"text": "was based upon the amino acid requirements of growing rats, which noticeably differ from those of humans. The PDCAAS allows evaluation of food protein quality based on the needs of humans as it measures the quality of a protein based on the amino acid requirements (adjusted for digestibility) of a 2- to 5-year-old child (considered the most nutritionally demanding age group). The BV method uses nitrogen absorption as a basis. However, it does not take into account certain factors influencing the digestion of the protein and is of limited use for application to human protein requirements because what is measured",
"title": "Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score"
},
{
"id": "8539050",
"text": "limitations BV is still relevant to everyday diet to some extent. No matter the individual or their conditions a protein source with high BV, such as egg, will always be more easily used than a protein source with low BV. There are many other major methods of determining how readily used a protein is, including: These all hold specific advantages and disadvantages over BV, although in the past BV has been held in high regard. The Biological Value method is also used for analysis in animals such as cattle, poultry, and various laboratory animals such as rats. It was used",
"title": "Biological value"
},
{
"id": "1486666",
"text": "Western blot The western blot (sometimes called the protein immunoblot) is a widely used analytical technique used in molecular biology, immunogenetics and other molecular biology disciplines to detect specific proteins in a sample of tissue homogenate or extract. In brief, the sample undergoes protein denaturation, followed by gel electrophoresis. A synthetic or animal-derived antibody (known as the primary antibody) is created that recognises and binds to a specific target protein. The electrophoresis membrane is washed in a solution containing the primary antibody, before excess antibody is washed off. A secondary antibody is added which recognises and binds to the primary",
"title": "Western blot"
},
{
"id": "20741805",
"text": "BPA in the food supply. However, the FDA was not recommending that families change the use of infant formula or foods, as it saw the benefit of a stable source of good nutrition as outweighing the potential risk from BPA exposure. On the same date, the Department of Health and Human Services released information to help parents to reduce children's BPA exposure. As of 2010 many U.S. states were considering some sort of BPA ban. In June 2010 the 2008–2009 Annual Report of the President's Cancer Panel was released and recommended: \"Because of the long latency period of many cancers,",
"title": "BPA controversy"
},
{
"id": "7188023",
"text": "to a detection molecule (commonly HRP or alkaline phosphatase). After antibody binding, the membrane is incubated with a chemiluminescent substrate and imaged. Quantitative dot blot analysis is a method for quantifying specific DNA, RNA, or protein molecules using a dot blot apparatus. Measured amount of samples are applied to a blot, and the luminescence is quantified to calculate the protein concentration. Dot blot A dot blot (or slot blot) is a technique in molecular biology used to detect proteins. It represents a simplification of the western blot method, with the exception that the proteins to be detected are not first",
"title": "Dot blot"
},
{
"id": "7795171",
"text": "or animals or the release of high-consequence pathogenic agents into the environment (air, soil, or water). In the agricultural setting, worker protection and public health are always considerations; however, emphasis is placed on reducing the risk that agents under study could escape into the environment. A \"biosafety level\" (BSL) is the level of the biocontainment precautions required to isolate dangerous biological agents in an enclosed laboratory facility. The levels of containment range from the lowest biosafety level 1 (BSL-1) to the highest at level 4 (BSL-4). In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have specified",
"title": "Biocontainment"
},
{
"id": "3153236",
"text": "Biba Model The Biba Model or Biba Integrity Model developed by Kenneth J. Biba in 1975, is a formal state transition system of computer security policy that describes a set of access control rules designed to ensure data integrity. Data and subjects are grouped into ordered levels of integrity. The model is designed so that subjects may not corrupt data in a level ranked higher than the subject, or be corrupted by data from a lower level than the subject. In general the model was developed to address integrity as the core principle, which is the direct inverse of the",
"title": "Biba Model"
},
{
"id": "786553",
"text": "NUREG–0492, and mandatory use of PRA under the NRC's regulatory authority. Following process industry disasters such as the 1984 Bhopal disaster and 1988 Piper Alpha explosion, in 1992 the United States Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) published in the Federal Register at 57 FR 6356 (1992-02-24) its Process Safety Management (PSM) standard in 19 CFR 1910.119. OSHA PSM recognizes FTA as an acceptable method for process hazard analysis (PHA). Today FTA is widely used in system safety and reliability engineering, and in all major fields of engineering. FTA methodology is described in several industry and government",
"title": "Fault tree analysis"
},
{
"id": "6899055",
"text": "Bernard–Soulier syndrome Bernard–Soulier syndrome (BSS), also called hemorrhagiparous thrombocytic dystrophy, is a rare autosomal recessive bleeding disorder that causes a deficiency of \"glycoprotein Ib\" (GpIb), the receptor for von Willebrand factor. The incidence of BSS is estimated to be less than 1 case per million persons, based on cases reported from Europe, North America, and Japan. BSS is a giant platelet disorder, meaning that it is characterized by abnormally large platelets. Bernard–Soulier syndrome often presents as a bleeding disorder with symptoms of: In regards to mechanism, there are three genes: GP1BA, GP1BB and GP9 that are involved (due to mutations).",
"title": "Bernard–Soulier syndrome"
},
{
"id": "14870093",
"text": "extends its capability to perform in crude samples used in applications for protein-protein interactions, quantitation, affinity, and kinetics. Bio-layer interferometry was pioneered by the founders of ForteBio, an instrument manufacturer based in Fremont, California which is now part of Molecular Devices. Bio-layer interferometry Bio-layer interferometry (BLI) is a label-free technology for measuring biomolecular interactions. It is an optical analytical technique that analyzes the interference pattern of white light reflected from two surfaces: a layer of immobilized protein on the biosensor tip, and an internal reference layer (Figure 1). Any change in the number of molecules bound to the biosensor tip",
"title": "Bio-layer interferometry"
},
{
"id": "20364314",
"text": "sensitive proteins in a native state as wells as intact protein complexes, respectively. The technology was patented by the Max Planck Society (former “Garching Innovations”) and later assigned to IBA. Recently, the method was further developed to be used for cell selection from whole blood or other single cell suspensions. IBA has developed an affinity chromatography system for non-magnetic isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, T cells, B cells and other cells of interest. This technology is known as Fab-TACS (Traceless Affinity Cell Selection) and is based on Strep-tagged Fab fragments, which reversibly capture and release the target cells. This",
"title": "IBA Lifesciences"
},
{
"id": "20741762",
"text": "web site: \"Is BPA safe? Yes. Based on FDA's ongoing safety review of scientific evidence, the available information continues to support the safety of BPA for the approved uses in food containers and packaging. People are exposed to low levels of BPA because, like many packaging components, very small amounts of BPA may migrate from the food packaging into foods or beverages.\" FDA issued a statement on the basis of three previous reviews by a group of assembled Agency experts in 2014 in its \"Final report for the review of literature and data on BPA\" that said in part, \"The",
"title": "BPA controversy"
},
{
"id": "6689226",
"text": "ASA style ASA style is a widely accepted format for writing university research papers in the field of sociology. It specifies the arrangement and punctuation of footnotes and bibliographies. Standards for ASA style are specified in the ASA Style Guide, which is published by the American Sociological Association, the main scholarly organization for academic sociologists in the United States. The \"ASA Style Guide\", published by the American Sociological Association, is designed to aid authors preparing manuscripts for ASA journals and publications. ASA style is closely related in appearance and function to APA (American Psychological Association) style. As with APA style,",
"title": "ASA style"
},
{
"id": "9726349",
"text": "considered ~1.8 but has been argued to translate - due to numeric errors in the original Warburg paper - into a mix of 60% protein and 40% DNA. The ratio for pure RNA A is ~2.0. These ratios are commonly used to assess the amount of protein contamination that is left from the nucleic acid isolation process since proteins absorb at 280 nm. The ratio of absorbance at 260 nm vs 280 nm is commonly used to assess DNA contamination of protein solutions, since proteins (in particular, the aromatic amino acids) absorb light at 280 nm. The reverse, however, is",
"title": "Nucleic acid quantitation"
},
{
"id": "20741730",
"text": "poses no health risk to consumers of any age group (including unborn children, infants and adolescents) at current exposure levels\". But in 2017 the European Chemicals Agency concluded that BPA should be listed as a substance of very high concern due to its properties as an endocrine disruptor. In 2012, the United States' Food and Drug Administration (FDA) banned the use of BPA in baby bottles intended for children under 12 months. The Natural Resources Defense Council called the move inadequate, saying the FDA needed to ban BPA from all food packaging. The FDA maintains that the agency continues to",
"title": "BPA controversy"
},
{
"id": "18061982",
"text": "(ABSA) was founded in 1984 to promote biosafety as a scientific discipline and to serve the growing needs of biosafety professionals throughout the world. Biosafety concerns the safe handling of biological materials, particularly infectious agents that cause risk to humans working with them. Although ABSA was officially founded in 1984, almost 30 years earlier, on April 18, 1955, 14 representatives from Camp Detrick, Maryland; Pine Bluff Arsenal, Arkansas; and Dugway Proving Grounds, Utah met at Camp Detrick in Frederick, Maryland. The purpose of the meeting was to share knowledge and experiences regarding chemical, biological, radiological, and industrial safety issues that",
"title": "American Biological Safety Association"
},
{
"id": "14414130",
"text": "close of 2009, there were 86 BSP's covering more than 160 countries worldwide, while at the close of 2011, there were 88 BSPs, covering 176 countries and territories serving about 400 airlines, with gross sales processed amounting to USD 249 billion. Travel agents are usually required to be accredited by either Airlines Reporting Corporation (ARC), when they are located in the US, or BSP outside of the US, in order to issue airline reservations through GDS. Billing and settlement plan A billing and settlement plan (BSP) (also known as \"Bank Settlement Plan\") is an electronic billing system designed to facilitate",
"title": "Billing and settlement plan"
},
{
"id": "13594355",
"text": "USDA has viewed them as less reliable because they can deliver more false positive and/or false negative results than the IHC. However, in June 2004 USDA embarked on a greatly expanded BSE testing program to test more than 200,000 cattle over a 12-18 month period (compared with 20,000 in each of 2002 and 2003). It is now using rapid test kits at regional laboratories to conduct initial screening; any samples that test “positive” for BSE (which USDA terms “inconclusive”) must be subjected to an IHC test for confirmation. Immunohistochemistry test The immunohistochemistry (IHC) test is a laboratory method that detects",
"title": "Immunohistochemistry test"
},
{
"id": "12680165",
"text": "cow was found due to random sampling and is considered the fourth cow in the U.S. to be infected with BSE. This has caused the controversy to arise once again and speculation on whether the VSTA regulates testing for BSE in cows is still a hot topic to be discussed. Virus-Serum-Toxin Act The Virus-Serum-Toxin Act or VSTA (P.L. 430 of 1913, as amended; 21 U.S.C. 151-158) was United States Federal legislation designed to protect farmers and livestock raisers by regulating the quality of vaccines and point-of-care diagnostics for animals. Initially, the Virus-Serum-Toxin Act was created due to significant losses from",
"title": "Virus-Serum-Toxin Act"
},
{
"id": "20741761",
"text": "Society with a focus on aquatic and terrestrial annelids, molluscs, crustaceans, insects, fish and amphibians concluded that BPA affects reproduction in all studied animal groups, impairs development in crustaceans and amphibians and induces genetic aberrations. In November 2009, the WHO announced to organize an expert consultation in 2010 to assess low-dose BPA exposure health effects, focusing on the nervous and behavioral system and exposure to young children. The 2010 WHO expert panel recommended no new regulations limiting or banning the use of bisphenol-A, stating that \"initiation of public health measures would be premature.\" In 2013, the FDA posted on its",
"title": "BPA controversy"
},
{
"id": "2890229",
"text": "Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale The Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS), also known as the Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale (BNAS), was developed in 1973 by Dr. T. Berry Brazelton and his colleagues. This test purports to provide an index of a newborn's abilities, and is usually given to an infant somewhere between the age of 3 days to 4 weeks old. This approach was innovative for recognizing that a baby is a highly developed organism, even when just newly born. The profile describes the baby's strengths, adaptive responses and possible vulnerabilities. This knowledge may help parents develop appropriate strategies for caring",
"title": "Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale"
},
{
"id": "3962574",
"text": "concentration plotted on the x-axis and absorbance plotted on the y-axis. Only a narrow concentration of BSA is used (2-10 ug/mL) in order to create an accurate standard curve. Using a broad range of protein concentration will make it harder to determine the concentration of the unknown protein. This standard curve is then used to determine the concentration of the unknown protein. The following elaborates on how one goes from the standard curve to the concentration of the unknown. First, add a line of best fit, or Linear regression and display the equation on the chart. Ideally, the R value",
"title": "Bradford protein assay"
},
{
"id": "14263850",
"text": "used to measure flu-specific antibody levels in blood serum. In this variation, serum antibodies to the influenza virus will interfere with the virus attachment to red blood cells. Therefore hemagglutination is inhibited when antibodies are present at a sufficient concentration. The bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA) is based on a simple colorimetric measurement and is the most common protein quantification assay. BCA is similar to the Lowry or Bradford protein assays and was first made commercially available by Pierce, which is now owned by Thermo Fisher Scientific. In the BCA assay, a protein’s peptide bonds quantitatively reduce Cu to Cu, which",
"title": "Virus quantification"
},
{
"id": "8539041",
"text": "and one with a reference protein (egg protein). Where: This is not restricted to values of less than 100. The percentage BV of egg protein is only 93.7% which allows other proteins with true percentage BV between 93.7% and 100% to take a relative BV of over 100. For example, whey protein takes a relative BV of 104, while its percentage BV is under 100%. The principal advantage of measuring BV relative to another protein diet is accuracy; it helps account for some of the metabolic variability between individuals. In a simplistic sense the egg diet is testing the maximum",
"title": "Biological value"
},
{
"id": "20741802",
"text": "In the same month, Rochelle Tyl, author of two studies used by FDA to assert BPA safety in August 2008, said those studies did not claim that BPA is safe, because they were not designed to cover all aspects of the chemical's effects. In May 2009, Minnesota and Chicago were the first U.S. jurisdictions to pass regulations limiting or banning BPA. In June 2009, the FDA announced its decision to reconsider the BPA safety levels. Grassroots political action led Connecticut to become the first U.S. state to ban bisphenol A not only from infant formula and baby food containers, but",
"title": "BPA controversy"
},
{
"id": "3962573",
"text": "This is a disadvantage because the preference of the dye to bind to these amino acids can result in a varied response of the assay between different proteins. Changes to the original method, such as increasing the pH by adding NaOH or adding more dye have been made to correct this variation. Although these modifications result in a less sensitive assay, a modified method becomes sensitive to detergents that can interfere with sample. In summary, in order to find a standard curve, one must use varying concentrations of BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin) in order to create a standard curve with",
"title": "Bradford protein assay"
},
{
"id": "10893932",
"text": "Business Transformation Agency The Business Transformation Agency (BTA) was an organization of the United States Department of Defense responsible for guiding the Department’s business operations modernization. The BTA was active from 2005 until its closure in 2011. The agency aimed to foster business operations support for the American warfighter and seeks to provide accountability to the American taxpayer by systematically improving DoD’s business processes, ERP systems and investment governance. Aiming to provide consistency, consolidation and coordination across the Department of Defense, the BTA produces the Enterprise Transition Plan (ETP)—an integrated and executable roadmap that observes the standards laid out in",
"title": "Business Transformation Agency"
},
{
"id": "20741718",
"text": "BPA controversy Bisphenol A controversy centers on concerns and debates about the biomedical significance of bisphenol A (BPA), which is a precursor to polymers that are used in some consumer products, including some food containers. The concerns began with the hypothesis that BPA is an endocrine disruptor, i.e. it mimics endocrine hormones and thus has the unintended and possibly far-reaching effects on people in physical contact with the chemical. Since 2008, several governments have investigated its safety, which prompted some retailers to withdraw polycarbonate products. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ended its authorization of the use of BPA",
"title": "BPA controversy"
},
{
"id": "16831068",
"text": "built asset is in service. In December 2011, it was approved by the US-based National Institute of Building Sciences as part of its National Building Information Model (NBIMS-US) standard. COBie has been incorporated into software for planning, design, construction, commissioning, operations, maintenance, and asset management. COBie may take several approved formats include spreadsheet, STEP-Part 21 (also called IFC file format), and ifcXML. In early 2013 BuildingSMART was working on a lightweight XML format for COBie, COBieLite, which became available for review in April 2013. In September 2014, a code of practice regarding COBie was issued as a British Standard: \"BS",
"title": "COBie"
},
{
"id": "648018",
"text": "of vitamin B include: The U.S. Institute of Medicine (renamed National Academy of Medicine in 2015) updated Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for vitamin B in 1998. EARs for vitamin B for women and men ages 14 and up increase with age from 1.0 to 1.3 mg/day and from 1.1 to 1.4 mg/day, respectively; the RDAs increase with age from 1.2 to 1.5 and from 1.3 to 1.7 mg/day, respectively. RDAs are higher than EARs so as to identify amounts that will cover people with higher than average requirements. RDA for pregnancy is 1.9 mg/day. RDA",
"title": "Vitamin B6"
},
{
"id": "13182389",
"text": "British Board of Agrément The British Board of Agrément (BBA) is a UK body issuing certificates for construction products and systems and providing inspection services in support of their designers and installers. This is an authoritative document proving the fitness for the purpose of a construction product and its compliance or contribution to compliance with the various Building Regulations applying in the United Kingdom. It is commonly referred to as a 'BBA Agrément Certificate'. The forerunner of the BBA, the Agrément Board, was modelled on an arrangement operating in France, hence the French word \"agrément\", which translates literally as 'approval'.",
"title": "British Board of Agrément"
},
{
"id": "355293",
"text": "Riboflavin Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B, is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement. Food sources include eggs, green vegetables, milk and other dairy product, meat, mushrooms, and almonds. Some countries require its addition to grains. As a supplement it is used to prevent and treat riboflavin deficiency and prevent migraines. It may be given by mouth or injection. It is nearly always well tolerated. Normal doses are safe during pregnancy. Riboflavin is in the vitamin B group. It is required by the body for cellular respiration. Riboflavin was discovered in 1920, isolated in 1933,",
"title": "Riboflavin"
},
{
"id": "20741720",
"text": "exposure to BPA is safe; however, the EFSA does recognize some uncertainties, and will continue to investigate them. In February 2016, France announced that it intends to propose BPA as a REACH Regulation candidate substance of very high concern (SVHC). The European Chemicals Agency agreed to the proposal in June 2017. The BPA controversy has gained momentum because of the quantity of BPA produced by the chemical industry. World production capacity of BPA was 1 million tons in the 1980s, and more than 2.2 million tons in 2009. It is a high production volume chemical. In 2003, U.S. consumption was",
"title": "BPA controversy"
},
{
"id": "4975431",
"text": "it is also used in a broad range of other situations. Recent notable areas of research in JABA include autism, classroom instruction with typically developing students, pediatric feeding therapy, and substance-use disorders. Other applications of ABA include applied animal behavior, behavioral economics, behavioral medicine, behavioral neuroscience, clinical behavior analysis, forensic behavior analysis, increasing job safety and performance, schoolwide positive behavior support, and systematic desensitization for phobias. Baer, Wolf, and Risley's 1968 article is still used as the standard description of ABA. It lists the following the seven characteristics of ABA. In 2005, Heward et al. suggested that the following five",
"title": "Applied behavior analysis"
},
{
"id": "10676507",
"text": "The survey is funded by the Gatsby Charitable Foundation, government departments, quasi-governmental bodies and other grant-giving organisations. The BSA was not conducted in 1988 and 1992, when funding was devoted instead to studies of voting behaviour and political attitudes in the British Election Study. British Social Attitudes Survey The British Social Attitudes Survey (BSA) is an annual statistical survey conducted in Great Britain by National Centre for Social Research since 1983. The BSA involves in-depth interviews with over 3,300 respondents, selected using random probability sampling, focused on topics including newspaper readership, political parties and trust, public expenditure, welfare benefits, health",
"title": "British Social Attitudes Survey"
},
{
"id": "3367555",
"text": "Blot (biology) A blot, in molecular biology and genetics, is a method of transferring proteins, DNA or RNA, onto a carrier (for example, a nitrocellulose, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) or nylon membrane). In many instances, this is done after a gel electrophoresis, transferring the molecules from the gel onto the blotting membrane, and other times adding the samples directly onto the membrane. After the blotting, the transferred proteins, DNA or RNA are then visualized by colorant staining (for example, silver staining of proteins), autoradiographic visualization of radioactive labelled molecules (performed before the blot), or specific labelling of some proteins or nucleic",
"title": "Blot (biology)"
},
{
"id": "12425946",
"text": "and standardized. The two major defects associated with the Gerber method include: Gerber method The Gerber Method is a primary and historic chemical test to determine the fat content of substances, most commonly milk and cream. The Gerber Method is the primary testing method in Europe and much of the world. The fairly similar Babcock test is used primarily in the United States, although the Gerber Method also enjoys significant use in the U.S. as well. The Gerber Method was developed and patented by Dr. Niklaus Gerber of Switzerland in 1891. Milk fat is separated from proteins by adding sulfuric",
"title": "Gerber method"
},
{
"id": "11256012",
"text": "Broad Agency Announcement The Broad Agency Announcement (BAA) is a technique for United States government agencies to solicit proposals from outside groups for certain research and development. The agency will then select proposals to fund as contracts or grants. BAAs are broad in their subject matter and focus on advancing science rather than acquiring specific products, which are instead covered under a Request for proposals. BAAs pertains to basic and applied research, and certain early-stage development work. They are not intended for acquisition \"related to the development of a specific system or hardware procurement.\" It may only be used \"when",
"title": "Broad Agency Announcement"
},
{
"id": "20741800",
"text": "current ADI [acceptable daily intake] for BPA is based on experiments conducted in the early 1980s using outdated methods (only very high doses were tested) and insensitive assays. More recent findings from independent scientists were rejected by the FDA, apparently because those investigators did not follow the outdated testing guidelines for environmental chemicals, whereas studies using the outdated, insensitive assays (predominantly involving studies funded by the chemical industry) are given more weight in arriving at the conclusion that BPA is not harmful at current exposure levels.\" The FDA was criticized that it was \"basing its conclusion on two studies while",
"title": "BPA controversy"
},
{
"id": "20741731",
"text": "support the safety of BPA for use in products that hold food. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) also holds the position that BPA is not a health concern. In 2011, Andrew Wadge, the chief scientist of the United Kingdom's Food Standards Agency, commented on a 2011 U.S. study on dietary exposure of adult humans to BPA, saying, \"This corroborates other independent studies and adds to the evidence that BPA is rapidly absorbed, detoxified, and eliminated from humans – therefore is not a health concern.\" The Endocrine Society said in 2015 that the results of ongoing laboratory research gave grounds",
"title": "BPA controversy"
},
{
"id": "2373003",
"text": "for business or Calculus 101, and business- or general-statistics. The B.S.B.A., Bachelor of Science in Business Administration, is a quantitative variant on the BBA. General educational requirements are relatively mathematics intensive; further, the general focus may also be more analytic, often allowing additional quantitative optional coursework. Particularly in the United States, undergraduate Business Administration programs may be accredited, thus indicating that the school's educational curriculum meets specific quality standards. Bachelor of Business Administration The Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA or B.B.A.) is a bachelor's degree in commerce and business administration. In the United States, the degree is conferred after four",
"title": "Bachelor of Business Administration"
},
{
"id": "6953427",
"text": "BLEU BLEU (bilingual evaluation understudy) is an algorithm for evaluating the quality of text which has been machine-translated from one natural language to another. Quality is considered to be the correspondence between a machine's output and that of a human: \"the closer a machine translation is to a professional human translation, the better it is\" – this is the central idea behind BLEU. BLEU was one of the first metrics to claim a high correlation with human judgements of quality, and remains one of the most popular automated and inexpensive metrics. Scores are calculated for individual translated segments—generally sentences—by comparing",
"title": "BLEU"
},
{
"id": "8037060",
"text": "than replacement with an amino acid from a different category. Sequence alignment is a fundamental research method for modern biology. The most common sequence alignment for protein is to look for similarity between different sequences in order to infer function or establish evolutionary relationships. This helps researchers better understand the origin and function of genes through the nature of homology and conservation. Substitution matrices are utilized in algorithms to calculate the similarity of different sequences of proteins; however, the utility of Dayhoff Matrix has decreased over time due to the requirement of sequences with a similarity more than 85%. In",
"title": "BLOSUM"
},
{
"id": "8907595",
"text": "BS 25999 BS 25999 was BSI's standard in the field of Business Continuity Management (BCM). It was withdrawn in 2012 (part 2) and 2013 (part 1) following the publication of the international standards ISO 22301 - ″Societal Security — Business continuity management systems — Requirements″ and ISO 22313 - ″Societal Security — Business continuity management systems — Guidance″ Upon its publication in 2007 BS 25999 replaced PAS 56, a Publicly Available Specification, published in 2003 on the same subject. BS 25999 was a Business Continuity Management (BCM) standard published by the British Standards Institution (BSI). It had two parts; The",
"title": "BS 25999"
},
{
"id": "14507204",
"text": "Structure-based assignment Structure-Based Assignment (SBA) is a technique to accelerate the resonance assignment which is a key bottleneck of NMR (Nuclear magnetic resonance) structural biology. A homologous (similar) protein is used as a template to the target protein in SBA. This template protein provides prior structural information about the target protein and leads to faster resonance assignment . By analogy, in X-ray Crystallography, the molecular replacement technique allows solution of the crystallographic phase problem when a homologous structural model is known, thereby facilitating rapid structure determination. Some of the SBA algorithms are CAP which is an RNA assignment algorithm which",
"title": "Structure-based assignment"
},
{
"id": "2465828",
"text": "it first accepted foreign banks. In 1975 responsibility for money transmission services moved to Association for Payment Clearing Services (APACS) (which became UK Payments Administration (UKPA) in 2009). British Bankers' Association The British Bankers' Association (BBA) was a trade association for the UK banking and financial services sector. From 1st July 2017, it was merged into UK Finance. It represented members from a wide range of banking and financial services. The Association lobbied for its members and gave its view on the legislative and regulatory system for banking in the UK. The BBA described itself as the leading trade association",
"title": "British Bankers' Association"
},
{
"id": "12744275",
"text": "five years (2009–13) were observed to include the outcomes of the three previous World Cups, therefore providing \"an extensive results record and a solid criteria\" for its basis; the results of over 1400 matches from ~100 events were integrated into the ranking. The weight of a team's points was reduced by 20% going back year on year. The finalised version was subsequently released on 6 February 2014; for succeeding updates, the current calculation method immediately superseded the method use to create the initial ranking. \"As of October 2016\" The teams are ranked using a \"points-per-event system\"; in each event they",
"title": "BSWW World Ranking"
},
{
"id": "648167",
"text": "Biotin Biotin is a water-soluble B vitamin, also called vitamin B and formerly known as vitamin H or coenzyme R. It is involved in a wide range of metabolic processes, both in humans and in other organisms, primarily related to the utilization of fats, carbohydrates, and amino acids. Biotin deficiency can be caused by inadequate dietary intake or inheritance of one or more inborn genetic disorders that affect biotin metabolism. Subclinical deficiency can cause mild symptoms, such as hair thinning or skin rash typically on the face. Neonatal screening for biotinidase deficiency began in the United States in 1984, with",
"title": "Biotin"
},
{
"id": "2541578",
"text": "risk for transmitting BSE to humans. As a result, in 1989, the United Kingdom tightened restrictions to help ensure pieces of the spinal cord would not be present in mechanically separated meat taken from bovines. In the mid-1990s, the UK government banned MRM from cattle backbone, in 1998 MRM from any ruminant backbone and in August 2001 from any ruminant bone. In 2001, the government prohibited the sale of MRM beef for human consumption to prevent the spread of bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Similar United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) rules became effective November 4, 1996, and were later updated, stressing:",
"title": "Mechanically separated meat"
},
{
"id": "20741793",
"text": "day (μg/kg/day; see table below). In the U.S. and Canada, BPA has been found in infant liquid formula in concentrations varying from 0.48 to 11 ng/g. BPA has been rarely found in infant powder formula (only 1 of 14). The U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (HHS) states that \"the benefit of a stable source of good nutrition from infant formula and food outweighs the potential risk of BPA exposure\". BPA is present in human breast milk, having been found by several studies in 62–75% of breast milk samples. This is presumably due to the mothers being exposed to",
"title": "BPA controversy"
},
{
"id": "18706793",
"text": "has a fast detection speed and low protein-to-protein variability in comparison to the BCA or Coomassie (Bradford) Assays. This method has a stable end point. This method has greater protein-to-protein variability than the BCA Assay. Pierce Protein Assay The Pierce Protein Assay is a method of protein quantification. It provides quick estimation of the protein amount in a given sample. The assay is separated into three main parts: preparation of the Diluted Albumin (BSA) Standards, preparation of the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) working reagent, and quantification of proteins (using either test tube or microplate procedure). This method is able to detect",
"title": "Pierce Protein Assay"
},
{
"id": "1486668",
"text": "blot\" was given to the technique by W. Neal Burnette, although the method itself originated in the laboratory of Harry Towbin at the Friedrich Miescher Institute. The western blot is extensively used in biochemistry for the qualitative detection of single proteins and protein-modifications (such as post-translational modifications). It is used as a general method to identify the presence of a specific single protein within a complex mixture of proteins. A semi-quantitative estimation of a protein can be derived from the size and color intensity of a protein band on the blot membrane. In addition, applying a dilution series of a",
"title": "Western blot"
},
{
"id": "10447297",
"text": "Piracy Act (SOPA). This has led to calls from various online communities that BSA members should be boycotted as a result of their perceived attack on the Internet's underlying structure. Kaspersky Lab has left the BSA over this. BSA has been heavily criticized about the yearly study it publishes about copyright infringement of software. This study, produced in collaboration with the International Data Corporation, tries to estimate the level of copyright infringement of software in different countries, as well as the resulting losses for the software industry. The methodology consists in estimating the number of computers shipped in a given",
"title": "BSA (The Software Alliance)"
}
] | why we use bsa as standard for protein estimation |
[
"Maharishi Dayanand Saraswati"
] | [
{
"id": "561206",
"text": "Dayananda Saraswati Dayanand Saraswati (12 February 1824 – 30 October 1883) was an Indian religious leader and founder of the Arya Samaj, a Hindu reform movement of the Vedic dharma. He was also a renowned scholar of the Vedic lore and Sanskrit language. He was the first to give the call for \"Swaraj\" as \"India for Indians\" in 1876, a call later taken up by Lokmanya Tilak. Denouncing the idolatry and ritualistic worship prevalent in Hinduism at the time, he worked towards reviving Vedic ideologies. Subsequently, the philosopher and President of India, S. Radhakrishnan called him one of the \"makers",
"title": "Dayananda Saraswati"
},
{
"id": "14722276",
"text": "Hindavi Swarajya Hindavi Swarajya (हिन्दवी स्वराज्य; IPA: Hindavī Svarājya) (\"self-rule of Hindu/Indian people\", meaning independence from foreign rule) is a term for socio-political movements seeking to remove foreign military and political influences from India. The term was first used in a 1645 CE letter by Shivaji, founder of the Maratha Empire when fighting back Mughal rule. The term \"Swarajya\" was later adopted by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, one of the early leaders of the Indian independence movement against the British Empire. Early modern Maratha warrior Shivaji is believed to have used the phrase \"Hindavi Swarajya\" in a letter to Dadaji Naras",
"title": "Hindavi Swarajya"
},
{
"id": "5777211",
"text": "Swaraj Party The Swaraj Party as established as the Congress-Khilafat Swaraj Party. It was a political party formed in India in January 1923 after the Gaya annual conference in December 1922 of the National Congress, that sought greater self-government and political freedom for the Indian people from the British Raj. It was inspired by the concept of Swaraj. In Hindi and many other languages of India, \"swaraj\" means \"independence\" or \"self-rule.\" The two most important leaders were Chittaranjan Das, who was its president and Motilal Nehru, who was its secretary. Das and Nehru thought of contesting elections to enter the",
"title": "Swaraj Party"
},
{
"id": "5591770",
"text": "Swaraj Swarāj ( \"swa-\" \"self\", \"raj\" \"rule\") can mean generally self-governance or \"self-rule\", and was used synonymously with \"home-rule\" by Maharishi Dayanand Saraswati and later on by Mohandas Gandhi, but the word usually refers to Gandhi's concept for Indian independence from foreign domination. Swaraj lays stress on governance, not by a hierarchical government, but by self governance through individuals and community building. The focus is on political decentralisation. Since this is against the political and social systems followed by Britain, Gandhi's concept of Swaraj advocated India's discarding British political, economic, bureaucratic, legal, military, and educational institutions. S. Satyamurti, Chittaranjan Das",
"title": "Swaraj"
},
{
"id": "5591781",
"text": "swaraj enunciated by Gandhi, in the present day context by changing the system of governance. Swaraj Swarāj ( \"swa-\" \"self\", \"raj\" \"rule\") can mean generally self-governance or \"self-rule\", and was used synonymously with \"home-rule\" by Maharishi Dayanand Saraswati and later on by Mohandas Gandhi, but the word usually refers to Gandhi's concept for Indian independence from foreign domination. Swaraj lays stress on governance, not by a hierarchical government, but by self governance through individuals and community building. The focus is on political decentralisation. Since this is against the political and social systems followed by Britain, Gandhi's concept of Swaraj advocated",
"title": "Swaraj"
},
{
"id": "183728",
"text": "the senior officers all British and many of the troops from small minority groups such as Gurkhas from Nepal and Sikhs. The civil service was increasingly filled with natives at the lower levels, with the British holding the more senior positions. Bal Gangadhar Tilak, an Indian nationalist leader, declared Swaraj as the destiny of the nation. His popular sentence \"Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it\" became the source of inspiration for Indians. Tilak was backed by rising public leaders like Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai, who held the same point of view, notably they advocated",
"title": "History of India"
},
{
"id": "564432",
"text": "Bal Gangadhar Tilak Bal Gangadhar Tilak (or Lokmanya Tilak, ; 23 July 1856 – 1 August 1920), born as Keshav Gangadhar Tilak, was an Indian nationalist, teacher, lawyer and an independence activist. He was the first leader of the Indian Independence Movement. The British colonial authorities called him \"The father of the Indian unrest.\" He was also conferred with the title of \"Lokmanya\", which means \"accepted by the people (as their leader)\". Tilak was one of the first and strongest advocates of Swaraj (\"self-rule\") and a strong radical in Indian consciousness. He is known for his quote in Marathi: \"Swarajya",
"title": "Bal Gangadhar Tilak"
},
{
"id": "5591772",
"text": "led to India's discarding of the Zamindari system of land tenure and social organisation, were also inspired by the ideas of Swaraj. Swami Dayanand Saraswati, founder of the Arya Samaj and a Hindu reformer, defined \"swaraj\" as the \"administration of self\" or \"democracy\". Swami Dayanand Saraswati, beginning with the premise that God had created people free to perform any work they were inclined to choose, then questioned the legitimacy of the foreign British occupation to make the Indian nation slaves on their own land? In the Swami's view, \"swaraj\" was the basis for freedom fighting. Dadabhai Navroji said that he",
"title": "Swaraj"
},
{
"id": "561232",
"text": "works include the Satyarth Prakash, Satyarth Bhumika, Sanskarvidhi, RigvedadiBhashyaBhumika, Rigved Bhashyam (up to 7/61/2)and Yajurved Bhashyam. The Paropakarini Sabha located in the Indian city of Ajmer was founded by the Swami himself to publish and preach his works and Vedic texts. Dayananda Saraswati Dayanand Saraswati (12 February 1824 – 30 October 1883) was an Indian religious leader and founder of the Arya Samaj, a Hindu reform movement of the Vedic dharma. He was also a renowned scholar of the Vedic lore and Sanskrit language. He was the first to give the call for \"Swaraj\" as \"India for Indians\" in 1876,",
"title": "Dayananda Saraswati"
},
{
"id": "9494559",
"text": "development of Swaraj Tractor based on indigenous know how. That is how the idea for development of what was to become Swaraj was initiated. The first prototype was ready in May 1967 and by April 1970, field experience of over 1,500 hours had been gained. At that point, it was decided to christen a name for the product – signifying Indian, easy to pronounce and signifying power and grace. The name `Swaraj', was approved by the then Prime Minister, Mrs Indira Gandhi. In 1970, the Government of Punjab acquired the Swaraj tractor's design and established Punjab Tractors Limited (PTL). The",
"title": "Tractors in India"
},
{
"id": "12562860",
"text": "influenced Tilak and the two became close associates. He assisted Tilak by launching the \"Sarvajanik Ganpati\" (public Ganpati celebrations) to raise nationalistic feelings. In addition, Baptista coined the phrase \"Swaraj is my Birthright\", that was later made popular by Tilak. In 1916, along with Tilak, Annie Besant founded the Home Rule Movement, with Baptista opening the Belgaum unit. He was also the legal advisor to Lokmanya Tilak. Later he interviewed British Prime Minister David Lloyd George for the British government's views on the Home Rule. In the interview, Baptista gained the impression \"that the Cabinet had decided to give India",
"title": "Joseph Baptista"
},
{
"id": "5591775",
"text": "on more than one occasion only to be persuaded back each time) and his study of the British parliamentary systems convinced him that representative democracy was incapable of meting out justice to people. Gandhi thought it necessary to evolve a mechanism to achieve the twin objectives of empowering the people and 'empowering' the state. It was for this that he developed the two pronged strategy of resistance (to the state) and reconstruction (through voluntary and participatory social action). Although the word \"Swaraj\" means self-rule, Gandhi gave it the content of an integral revolution that encompasses all spheres of life: \"At",
"title": "Swaraj"
},
{
"id": "12562858",
"text": "Joseph Baptista Joseph \"Kaka\" Baptista (17 March 1864 – 1930) was an Indian politician and activist from Bombay (today known as Mumbai), closely associated with the Lokmanya Tilak and the Home Rule Movement. He is credited with the coining of the popular phrase \"Swaraj is my Birthright and I shall have it\". He was elected as the Mayor of Bombay in 1925. He was given the title \"Kaka\" that means \"uncle\". Joseph Baptista was born on 17 March 1864 in Matharpacady in Mazagaon, Bombay. His father, John Baptista hailed from Uttan, near Bassein (now Vasai). The Baptistas belonged to the",
"title": "Joseph Baptista"
},
{
"id": "7327336",
"text": "weakened India's links with the British Empire. The Indian National Congress, the largest Indian political party of the time, was at the head of the national debate. Congress leader and famous poet Hasrat Mohani was the first activist to demand complete independence (Poorna Swaraj) from the British in 1921 from an All-India Congress Forum. Veteran Congress leaders such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Aurobindo and Bipin Chandra Pal had also advocated explicit Indian independence from the Empire. Following the 1919 Amritsar Massacre, there was considerable public outrage against British rule. Europeans, (civilians and officials) were targets and victims of violence across",
"title": "Purna Swaraj"
},
{
"id": "12562863",
"text": "book, the author hoped that Baptista would be a role model for modern-day youths. Joseph Baptista Joseph \"Kaka\" Baptista (17 March 1864 – 1930) was an Indian politician and activist from Bombay (today known as Mumbai), closely associated with the Lokmanya Tilak and the Home Rule Movement. He is credited with the coining of the popular phrase \"Swaraj is my Birthright and I shall have it\". He was elected as the Mayor of Bombay in 1925. He was given the title \"Kaka\" that means \"uncle\". Joseph Baptista was born on 17 March 1864 in Matharpacady in Mazagaon, Bombay. His father,",
"title": "Joseph Baptista"
},
{
"id": "1400997",
"text": "Indian nationalist to embrace \"Swaraj\" as the destiny of the nation. Tilak deeply opposed the then British education system that ignored and defamed India's culture, history and values. He resented the denial of freedom of expression for nationalists, and the lack of any voice or role for ordinary Indians in the affairs of their nation. For these reasons, he considered Swaraj as the natural and only solution. His popular sentence \"Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it\" became the source of inspiration for Indians. In 1907, the Congress was split into two factions: The \"radicals\", led by Tilak,",
"title": "Indian independence movement"
},
{
"id": "6679814",
"text": "in the affairs of their own country – a precursor to \"Swaraj\". The All India Home Rule League was formed to demand dominion status within the Empire. But another Indian man with another way was destined to lead the Congress and the Indian struggle. Mohandas Gandhi was a lawyer who had successfully led the struggle of Indians in South Africa against British discriminatory laws. Returning to India in 1915, Gandhi looked to Indian culture and history, the values and lifestyle of its people to empower a new revolution, with the concept of non-violence, civil disobedience, he coined a term, \"Satyagraha\".",
"title": "History of the Indian National Congress"
},
{
"id": "8847324",
"text": "by Mahatma Gandhi, photographs of the Indian freedom movement, personal belongings of the Nehru family and an underground room that is said to have been used occasionally for meetings. The building at 1 Church road that is today called Swaraj Bhavan was originally called Mahmud Manzil. It was built in 1871 for Syed Ahmad Khan, the 19th century Indian Muslim leader and educationist, at the behest of the then Lieutenant Governor of the NWP (North West provinces) William Muir. The latter often took the advice of Syed Ahmad Khan in administrative matters which necessitated Khan's presence in Allahabad. However, since",
"title": "Swaraj Bhavan"
},
{
"id": "6679811",
"text": "India culture. He resented the denial of freedom of expression for nationalists, and the lack of any voice or role for ordinary Indians in the affairs of their nation. For these reasons, he considered \"swaraj\" as the natural and only solution: the abandonment of all the British things and to protect the Indian economy from the exploitation of the British, and their biased and discriminatory policies. He was backed by rising public leaders like Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai, Aurobindo Ghose, V. O. Chidambaram Pillai who held the same point of view. Under them, India's four great states",
"title": "History of the Indian National Congress"
},
{
"id": "18304715",
"text": "Maharashtra Swaraj Party Maharashtra Swaraj Party (MSP) is a regional political party formed by the christian community in Mumbai, India.T. The party's name draws inspiration from the phrase \"Swaraj is my Birthright\", coined by East Indian freedom fighter and Mumbai's first mayor of Indian origin, Joseph 'Kaka' Baptista. Kaka Baptista was a close associate of Lokmanya Tilak who made the phrase popular. The organisation, aimed at representing the East Indian community, was initiated by various local NGO's like Watchdog Foundation, Mobai Gaothan Panchayat, Bombay East India Association, Vakola Advanced Locality Management, Kalina Civic Forum and the Kolovery Welfare Association. MSP",
"title": "Maharashtra Swaraj Party"
},
{
"id": "5591771",
"text": "and Motilal Nehru were among a contrasting group of Swarajists who laid the foundation for parliamentary democracy in India. Although Gandhi's aim of totally implementing the concepts of Swaraj in India was not achieved, the voluntary work organisations which he founded for this purpose did serve as precursors and role models for people's movements, voluntary organisations, and some of the non-governmental organisations that were subsequently launched in various parts of India. The student movement against oppressive local and central governments, led by Jayaprakash Narayan, and the Bhoodan movement, which presaged demands for land reform legislation throughout India, and which ultimately",
"title": "Swaraj"
},
{
"id": "14722279",
"text": "employed to mean \"Indian\", spanning both Hindus and Muslims. According to Pagadi, \"Hindavi\" had the sense of \"the sons of the soil\" in this context. \"Swarajya\" (IAST: svarājya) is a Sanskrit term, whose meaning is \"independent dominion or sovereignty\" according to the Monier Williams dictionary. Pagadi notes that Shivaji had referred to his jagir in Pune as a \"rajya\". He takes \"Swarajya\" to have meant a \"homeland\", and \"Hindavi Swarajya\" a \"state of the sons of the soil\". Hindavi Swarajya Hindavi Swarajya (हिन्दवी स्वराज्य; IPA: Hindavī Svarājya) (\"self-rule of Hindu/Indian people\", meaning independence from foreign rule) is a term for",
"title": "Hindavi Swarajya"
},
{
"id": "5777215",
"text": "the councils were rigged with un-elected allies of the British, and too un-democratic and simply \"rubber stamps\" of the Viceroy. In December 1922, Chittaranjan Das, Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar and Motilal Nehru formed the Congress-Khilafat Swarajaya Party with Das as the president and Nehru as one of the secretaries. Other prominent leaders included Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy and Subhas Chandra Bose of Bengal, Vithalbhai Patel and other Congress leaders who were becoming dissatisfied with the Congress. The other group was the 'No-Changers', who had accepted Gandhi's decision to withdraw the movement. Now both the Swarajists and the No-Changers were engaged in a",
"title": "Swaraj Party"
},
{
"id": "13153436",
"text": "were protests against economic exploitation and a growing call for \"swadeshi\", i.e. Indian-made goods, in particular, cotton cloth to replace foreign imports. This was linked to the concept of boycott (\"bahishkar\") of foreign goods and culminated in the demand for \"swaraj\" (self-rule). This demand was formulated by Lokmanya Tilak and agreed upon by Lala Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo Ghose in 1905 and proclaimed by Dadabhai Naoroji in his presidential address at the Calcutta Congress in 1906. It remained the principal aim of the movement until Independence in 1947. In the post-Independence period the focus of the movement",
"title": "Hindu revolution"
},
{
"id": "18110456",
"text": "the Editorial Director. The website was launched in September 2014, and the first edition of the print magazine was launched in January 2015. Currently R. Jagannathan and Sandipan Deb are Editorial Directors of \"Swarajya\". \"Swarajya\" was launched as a weekly magazine in 1956 by journalist Khasa Subba Rao, with the patronage of C. Rajagopalachari, one of the founders of the Swatantra Party, and a regular contributor to the magazine in the form of his \"Dear Reader\" column. The magazine strongly advocated individual freedom and freedom of enterprise as against Nehru's socialist policies. \"Swarajya\" enjoyed a reputation of being one of",
"title": "Swarajya (magazine)"
},
{
"id": "3742071",
"text": "and based on directives from England, the British Indian government threatened to withdraw funds from municipalities and local governments that did not prevent the display of the \"Swaraj\" flag. The \"Swaraj\" flag became the official flag of Congress at the 1931 meeting. However, by then, the flag had already become the symbol of the independence movement. A few days before India gained its independence in August 1947, the Constituent Assembly was formed. To select a flag for independent India, on 23 June 1947, the assembly set up an \"ad hoc\" committee headed by Rajendra Prasad and including Maulana Abul Kalam",
"title": "Flag of India"
},
{
"id": "5591780",
"text": "India were not able to unleash the kind of revolution that was aimed at. Gandhi's model of Swaraj was almost entirely discarded by the Indian government. He had wanted a system of a classless, stateless direct democracy. Additionally, modern India has kept in place many aspects of British (and Western) influence, including widespread use of the English language, the common law, industrialisation, liberal democracy, military organisation, and bureaucracy. The Aam Aadmi Party was founded in late 2012, by Arvind Kejriwal and some erstwhile activists of India Against Corruption movement, with the aim of empowering people by applying the concept of",
"title": "Swaraj"
},
{
"id": "16845856",
"text": "reach as many people as possible. Anti-corruption activist and Gandhian Anna Hazare wrote the foreword for the book. The book has been translated to other Indian languages, such as Oriya. Swaraj (book) Swaraj is a 2012 book by the Indian social activist-turned-politician Arvind Kejriwal, who credits several people with writing it. Published in several languages, including English, Hindi and Malayalam, the book questions the existing democratic framework in India and proposes a way how the people of India can achieve true Swaraj (self-rule). \"Swaraj\" presents a model of governance based on Gandhi's concept of Swaraj or \"Home-Rule\". Its central point",
"title": "Swaraj (book)"
},
{
"id": "5753121",
"text": "robbers\" amidst opposition from nationalists including members of his own party as A. P. Patro. The then Justice Party government headed by the Raja of Panagal banned the publication and distribution of poems written by Indian nationalist Subramanya Bharathy. However, by the mid-1920s, the party adopted more nationalist policies. It discarded its earlier disdain of spinning thread by hand and Swadeshi economics. In 1925, the party's annual confederation passed a resolution supporting \"indigenous industries\" and \"swadeshi enterprise\". This shift enabled Justice to better compete against Swaraj to whom Justice was slowly losing ground. The term \"Swaraj\" (or self-rule) itself was",
"title": "Justice Party (India)"
},
{
"id": "6679810",
"text": "This trend was personified by Dadabhai Naoroji, considered by many as the eldest Indian statesman. Naoroji went as far as contesting, successfully, an election to the British House of Commons, becoming its first Indian member. That he was aided in his campaign by young, aspiring Indian student activists like Muhammad Ali Jinnah, describes where the imagination of the new Indian generation lay. Bal Gangadhar Tilak was among the first Indian nationalists to embrace \"swaraj\" as the destiny of the nation. Tilak deeply opposed the British education system that ignored and defamed India's culture, history, and values, defying and disgracing the",
"title": "History of the Indian National Congress"
},
{
"id": "5753122",
"text": "included in the constitution. Madras branch president C. R. Reddy led this change. To Justicites, \"Swaraj\" meant partial self-government under British rule, not independence. The constitution stated: \".. to obtain \"Swaraj\" for India as a component of the British Empire at as early a date as possible by all peaceful and legitimate and constitutional means..\" The historical record does not clearly indicate whether Justice condemned the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. The party's shift toward nationalist policies was reversed in the 1930s, during the terms of Munusamy Naidu and Raja of Bobbili. During the civil disobedience campaign, the Justice governments did not",
"title": "Justice Party (India)"
},
{
"id": "5591773",
"text": "had learnt the word \"swaraj\" from the \"Satyarth Prakash\" of Saraswati. Swaraj warrants a stateless society. According to Mahatma Gandhi, the overall impact of the state on the people is harmful. He called the state a \"soulless machine\" which, ultimately, does the greatest harm to mankind. The \"raison d'etre\" of the state is that it is an instrument of serving the people. But Gandhi feared that in the name of moulding the state into a suitable instrument of serving people, the state would abrogate the rights of the citizens and arrogate to itself the role of grand protector and demand",
"title": "Swaraj"
},
{
"id": "7327334",
"text": "Purna Swaraj The Purna Swaraj declaration, or Declaration of the Independence of India, was promulgated by the Indian National Congress on 19 December 1929, resolving the Congress and Indian nationalists to fight for Purna Swaraj, or \"complete self-rule\" independent of the British Empire (literally in Sanskrit, \"purna\" (), \"complete\", \"swa\" (), \"self,\" \"raj\" (), \"rule,\" thus \"complete self-rule\"). The flag of India was hoisted by Jawaharlal Nehru on 31 December 1929 on the banks of Ravi river, in Lahore, modern-day Pakistan. The Congress asked the people of India to observe 26th of January as Independence Day. The flag of India",
"title": "Purna Swaraj"
},
{
"id": "5777218",
"text": "spin khadi cloth and do social service as a prerequisite for office. This was opposed by Gandhi's supporters, men like Vallabhbhai Patel, Jawaharlal Nehru and Rajendra Prasad, who became known as the \"No Changers\" as opposed to the Swarajist \"Changers\". Gandhi relaxed the rules on spinning and named some Swarajists to important positions in the Congress Party. He also encouraged the Congress to support those Swarajists elected to the councils, so as not to embarrass them and leave them rudderless before the British authorities. When the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, millions of Indians were infuriated with the",
"title": "Swaraj Party"
},
{
"id": "5777213",
"text": "The party disintegrated after the death of C. R. Das. The Swaraj Party was formed on 9 January 1923 by Indian politicians and members of the Indian National Congress who had opposed Mahatma's suspension of all civil resistance on 5 February 1922 in response to the Chauri Chaura tragedy, where policemen were killed by a mob of protestors. Gandhi felt responsible for the killings, reproached himself for not emphasizing non-violence more firmly, and feared that the entire Non-Cooperation Movement could degenerate into an orgy of violence between the British-controlled army and police and mobs of freedom-fighters, alienating and hurting millions",
"title": "Swaraj Party"
},
{
"id": "381840",
"text": "the more radical groups associated with the Colombo Youth League, Labour movement of Goonasinghe, and the Jaffna Youth Congress. These organizations were the first to raise the cry of \"Swaraj\" (\"outright independence\") following the Indian example when Jawaharlal Nehru, Sarojini Naidu and other Indian leaders visited Ceylon in 1926. The efforts of the constitutionalists led to the arrival of the Donoughmore Commission reforms in 1931 and the Soulbury Commission recommendations, which essentially upheld the 1944 draft constitution of the Board of ministers headed by D. S. Senanayake. The Marxist Lanka Sama Samaja Party (LSSP), which grew out of the Youth",
"title": "History of Sri Lanka"
},
{
"id": "7240682",
"text": "brought Gandhi back into the fold of active politics. At its annual session in Lahore, the Indian National Congress, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, issued a demand for \"Purna Swaraj\" (Hindustani language: \"complete independence\"), or Purna Swarajya. The declaration was drafted by the Congress Working Committee, which included Gandhi, Nehru, Patel, and Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari. Gandhi subsequently led an expanded movement of civil disobedience, culminating in 1930 with the Salt Satyagraha, in which thousands of Indians defied the tax on salt, by marching to the sea and making their own salt by evaporating seawater. Although, many, including Gandhi, were arrested,",
"title": "British Raj"
},
{
"id": "14722278",
"text": "rule\". Religious studies scholar William Jackson, while agreeing that it means independence from foreign rule, thinks its literal meaning is \"self-rule of Hindu people\". The term \"Hindavi\" (or \"Hindawi\", as also \"Hindui\" and \"Hindi\") has been in use since the 14th century with the meaning of \"Indian\". Poet Amir Khusro listed various \"\"Hindavi\" languages\" in use in his time. These were distinguished from \"Farsi\" (Persian), the court language in most Muslim states. Historian Irfan Habib states that, as the term \"Hindu\" had acquired a religious sense by this time, other terms such as \"Hindi\", \"Hindustani\" and \"Hindavi\" began to be",
"title": "Hindavi Swarajya"
},
{
"id": "7327337",
"text": "India. In 1920, Gandhi and the Congress committed themselves to \"Swaraj\", described as political and spiritual independence. At the time, Gandhi described this as the basic demand of all Indians; he specifically said that the question of whether India would remain within the Empire or leave it completely would be answered by the behaviour and response of the British. Between 1920 and 1922, Mahatma Gandhi led the Non-Cooperation movement: nationwide civil disobedience to oppose the Rowlatt Acts and the exclusion of Indians from the government, and the denial of political and civil freedoms. In 1928, the British government further outraged",
"title": "Purna Swaraj"
},
{
"id": "4993427",
"text": "successful of the pre-Gandhian movement. Its chief architects were Aurobindo Ghosh, Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai, V. O. Chidambaram Pillai, Babu Genu. Swadeshi, as a strategy, was a key focus of Mahatma Gandhi, who described it as the soul of \"Swaraj\" (self rule). It was strongest in Bengal and was also called vandemataram movement. Gandhi, at the time of the actual movement, remained loyal to the British Crown. Credit to starting the Swadeshi movement goes to Baba Ram Singh of the Sikh Namdhari sect, whose revolutionary movements which heightened around 1871 and 1872. Naamdharis",
"title": "Swadeshi movement"
},
{
"id": "18110455",
"text": "Swarajya (magazine) Swarajya is an Indian monthly print magazine and online daily. It was a weekly magazine founded in 1956 by Khasa Subba Rao with the patronage of C. Rajagopalachari, one of the founders of the Swatantra Party, and a regular contributor to the magazine in the form of his \"Dear Reader\" column. Minoo Masani, R.Venkatraman, R.K. Laxman are some notable personalities who contributed to the magazine. After Rajaji's death in 1972, the magazine began to decline and eventually closed in 1980. The magazine was relaunched as a monthly print magazine and online daily in 2014, with Sandipan Deb as",
"title": "Swarajya (magazine)"
},
{
"id": "16415930",
"text": "of economic adjustments. It was proposed by Tilak that the practical implementation of \"swaraj\" would be achieved by adopting a four-point programme (\"chatuhsutri\") of boycott, \"swadeshi\" (purchase of local goods rather than produce from abroad), education and passive resistance. Adi Hormusji Doctor has noted of the last of these, which Tilak first proposed at the Benares Congress, that although it was Mahatma Gandhi who later popularised the idea, \"to Tilak goes the credit of being the first to conceive its enormous potentialities.\" Tilak toned down his rhetoric from 1916, emphasising that his concern was the bureaucracy rather than the British",
"title": "Responsive Cooperation Party"
},
{
"id": "14722277",
"text": "Prabhu Deshpande of Rohidkhore on 17 April 1645. The letter, in Marathi, states: Scholars do not agree on the authenticitiy of the letter. Historian Setumadhavarao Pagadi states that a lot of the historical source material on Shivaji is spurious, contributed by various influential families of Maharashtra to show how close their ancestors were to Shivaji. J. V. Naik states that, irrespective of the authenticity of the letter, Shivaji's career itself amply demonstrates his conception of \"Swarajya\". Scholar Wilfred Cantwell Smith interprets Shivaji's \"Hindavi Swarajya\" to mean \"Indian independence from foreign rule\". Marathi historian Setumadhavrao Pagadi also interpets it as \"Indian",
"title": "Hindavi Swarajya"
},
{
"id": "7327340",
"text": "explicit break from all ties with the British. Jawaharlal Nehru had been influenced by the idea of Bhagat Singh (\"total independence\"), which Singh had introduced a resolution demanding in 1927, which was rejected because of Gandhi's opposition. Now Bose and Nehru opposed dominion status, which would retain the Monarch of the United Kingdom as the constitutional head of state of India (although in the separate capacity as King of India), and preserve political powers for the British Parliament in Indian constitutional affairs. They were supported in their stand by a large number of rank-and-file Congressmen. In December 1928, Congress session",
"title": "Purna Swaraj"
},
{
"id": "13144613",
"text": "As the founder of the Indian National Congress and three times its party President, his most notable contribution was to publicly voice the demand for swaraj (Independence of India), in 1906. History books on India have recorded his achievements and contributions to India's freedom movement. Concerned by the economic consequences of the British rule in India, he propagated a theory that India's unfortunate economic condition and poverty then was the result of the British Colonial government ‘draining’ resources out of this country, a unilateral transfer of resources from India to Britain. He also expanded on this theory through lectures and",
"title": "Dadabhai Naoroji Road"
},
{
"id": "5441202",
"text": "Indian Home Rule movement The Indian Home Rule movement was a movement in British India on the lines of Irish Home Rule movement and other home rule movements. The movement lasted around two years between 1916–1918 and is believed to have set the stage for the independence movement under the leadership of Annie Besant all over India whereas B. G. Tilak participation was limited to the educated English speaking upper class Indians. In 1921 All India Home Rule League changed its name to Swarajya Sabha. The first important work was written by Gandhi entitle \"Hind Swaraj\" or \"Indian home rule\",",
"title": "Indian Home Rule movement"
},
{
"id": "7327347",
"text": "short 750-word document; it does not have a legal/constitutional structure – instead, it reads more like a manifesto. The document called for severing ties with the British and claimed ‘Purna Swaraj’ or completes independence. It indicted British rule and succinctly articulated the resulting economic, political and cultural injustice inflicted on Indians. The document spoke on behalf of Indians and made its intention of launching the civil disobedience movement clear. There is some dispute as to who drafted the text of the declaration. Gandhi directly claimed authorship in 1940, while other sources either cite Nehru as a major editor or attribute",
"title": "Purna Swaraj"
},
{
"id": "5777219",
"text": "idea of an all-British committee writing proposals for Indian constitutional reforms without any Indian member or consultations with the Indian people. The Congress created a committee to write Indian proposals for constitutional reforms, headed by now Congress President Motilal Nehru. The death of Lala Lajpat Rai, beaten by police in Punjab further infuriated India. People rallied around the Nehru Report and old political divisions and wounds were forgotten, and Vithalbhai Patel and all Swarajist councillors resigned in protest. Between 1929 and 1937, the Indian National Congress would declare the independence of India and launch the Salt Satyagraha. In this tumultuous",
"title": "Swaraj Party"
},
{
"id": "386833",
"text": "Swahili are letters written in Kilwa in 1711 in the Arabic script that were sent to the Portuguese of Mozambique and their local allies. The original letters are preserved in the Historical Archives of Goa, India. Its name came from Arabic: سَاحِل \"sāħil\" = \"coast\", broken plural سَوَاحِل \"sawāħil\" = \"coasts\", سَوَاحِلِىّ \"sawāħilï\" = \"of coasts\". Since Swahili was the language of commerce in East Africa, the colonial administrators wanted to standardize it. In June 1928, an interterritorial conference attended by representatives of Kenya, Tanganyika, Uganda, and Zanzibar took place in Mombasa. The Zanzibar dialect was chosen as standard Swahili",
"title": "Swahili language"
},
{
"id": "18110457",
"text": "few magazines that argued against collectivist and statist policies of the ruling Indian National Congress. Minoo Masani, R.Venkatraman, R.K. Laxman are some notable personalities who contributed to the magazine. After Rajagopalachari's death in 1972, the magazine began to decline and eventually closed in 1980. The magazine was relaunched as a monthly print magazine and online daily in 2014, with Sandipan Deb as the Editorial Director. The website was launched in September 2014 by Ravi Shankar and the first edition of the print magazine was launched in January 2015. Coimbatore-based Kovai Media Private Limited purchased the rights to the magazine from",
"title": "Swarajya (magazine)"
},
{
"id": "18304716",
"text": "plans expand to the rest of Maharashtra. The party fielded five candidates from Mumbai's suburbs in the 13th Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election. Since the organisation is not registered as a political party, the candidates were fielded as independents. Names of candidates announced by the party include: Maharashtra Swaraj Party Maharashtra Swaraj Party (MSP) is a regional political party formed by the christian community in Mumbai, India.T. The party's name draws inspiration from the phrase \"Swaraj is my Birthright\", coined by East Indian freedom fighter and Mumbai's first mayor of Indian origin, Joseph 'Kaka' Baptista. Kaka Baptista was a close associate",
"title": "Maharashtra Swaraj Party"
},
{
"id": "12274716",
"text": "the beginning of the experiment in 1938 caused concern among the British rulers, who reprimanded him for being a friend of Gandhi, who they called \"the rebel against the Raj.\" In response, Jawaharlal Nehru and the Indian National Congress offered their support to the Raja. Swaraj, or self-rule, was the foundation of Gandhi's movement for independence from British domination, and included the principles of self-governance and community building. At the inauguration of the constitution, Raja Bhavanrao affirmed Gandhi's ideals of Swaraj, declaring that: We have to urge the people of Aundh to remember always that government being control, self government",
"title": "Aundh Experiment"
},
{
"id": "15192188",
"text": "been firmly ingrained into the minds of people, and nineteen years later, it became the official raison d'être of the Congress. This change was affected by the advent of the aggressive nationalist thought of Lokmanya Tilak who declared that swaraj was his birthright and Bipin Chandra Pal who demanded \"complete autonomy\" from Britain. However none went as far as Aurobindo in articulating the legitimacy and necessity of complete independence. He \"based his claim for freedom for India on the inherent right to freedom, not on any charge of misgovernment or oppression\". He wrote : Sri Aurobindo had become contemptuous of",
"title": "Political history of Sri Aurobindo"
},
{
"id": "7327339",
"text": "India. Members of other Indian political parties joined the commission led by Congress President Motilal Nehru. The Nehru Report demanded that India be granted self-government under the dominion status within the Empire. While most other Indian political parties supported the Nehru commission's work, it was opposed by the Indian Liberal Party and the All India Muslim League. The British ignored the commission, its report and refused to introduce political reform. But the Nehru Report was also controversial within the Congress. Younger nationalist leaders like Subhas Chandra Bose and Jawaharlal Nehru demanded that the Congress resolve to make a complete and",
"title": "Purna Swaraj"
},
{
"id": "3742070",
"text": "component of the independence struggle. While Muslims were still wary of the \"Swaraj\" flag, it gained acceptance among Muslim leaders of the Congress and the Khilafat Movement as the national flag. Detractors of the flag movement, including Motilal Nehru, soon hailed the \"Swaraj\" flag as a symbol of national unity. Thus, the flag became a significant structural component of the institution of India. In contrast to the subdued responses of the past, the British Indian government took greater cognisance of the new flag, and began to define a policy of response. The British parliament discussed public use of the flag,",
"title": "Flag of India"
},
{
"id": "12274713",
"text": "Aundh Experiment The Aundh Experiment was an early test of village-level self-government in British India which began in 1938. Mohandas Gandhi, and Maurice Frydman helped to draft the November Declaration, which handed over rule of Aundh State from the Raja to the residents, and became law in the Swaraj Constitution of Aundh in 1939. The Aundh Experiment was an unusual idea in pre-independence India, where the rulers of princely states were loath to hand over their power. At the time, Aundh was a princely state in British India, ruled by generations of Rajas since 1699. Unlike the Provinces of India,",
"title": "Aundh Experiment"
},
{
"id": "11966704",
"text": "Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule is a book written by Mohandas K. Gandhi in 1909. In it he expresses his views on Swaraj, modern civilization, mechanisation etc. Mohandas Gandhi wrote this book in his native language, Gujarati, while traveling from London to South Africa on board SS \"Kildonan Castle\" between November 13 and November 22, 1909. In the book Gandhi gives a diagnosis for the problems of humanity in modern times, the causes, and his remedy. The Gujarati edition was banned by the British on its publication in India. Gandhi then translated it",
"title": "Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule"
},
{
"id": "15326675",
"text": "was \"un-British\" to the forthright claim of Tilak that \"Swaraj is my birthright and I will have it\". Bipin Chandra Pal of Bengal was another prominent figure of the Indian nationalist movement, who is considered a modern Hindu reformer, who stood for Hindu cultural nationalism and was opposed to sectarian communalism and Hindu majoritism. He joined the Indian National Congress in 1886 and was also one of the key members of revolutionary India House. Though Mahatma Gandhi never called himself a \"Hindu nationalist\"; he believed in and propagated concepts like Dharma and \"Rama Rajya” (Rule of Lord Rama) as part",
"title": "Hindu nationalism"
},
{
"id": "259690",
"text": "going from one rural corner of the Indian subcontinent to another. He used terminology and phrases such as \"Rama-rajya\" from \"Ramayana\", Prahlada as a paradigmatic icon, and such cultural symbols as another facet of \"swaraj\" and \"satyagraha\". These ideas sounded strange outside India, during his lifetime, but they readily and deeply resonated with the culture and historic values of his people. The government, represented by Lord Irwin, decided to negotiate with Gandhi. The Gandhi–Irwin Pact was signed in March 1931. The British Government agreed to free all political prisoners, in return for the suspension of the civil disobedience movement. According",
"title": "Mahatma Gandhi"
},
{
"id": "6432278",
"text": "been credited with overseeing Shivaji's education and training. Kondadeo died in 1647, and Shivaji became his father's deputy. Many of Shivaji's comrades (and, later, a number of his soldiers) came from the Maval region in the district's western mountains, including Yesaji Kank, Suryaji Kakade, Baji Pasalkar, Baji Prabhu Deshpande and Tanaji Malusare. Shivaji traveled the hills and forests of the Sahyadri range with his Maval friends, acquiring skills and familiarity with the land which would be useful in his military career. Around 1645, the teenaged Shivaji first expressed his concept of Hindavi Swarajya (Indian self-rule) in a letter. According to",
"title": "Pune district"
},
{
"id": "2315951",
"text": "lived in the world. And the daily became even more popular when Subramania Bharati joined it in 1904. The next year, when Lala Lajpat Rai was arrested and agitation followed in the Punjab, Subramania Aiyer's attitude to the British changed and he became a trenchant political critic of the Raj. His whole political mantra can be summed up in these words: `Peaceful but tireless and unceasing effort.' Let us sweat ourselves into Swaraj, he would seem to say.\" Swadesamitran is credited for coining new Tamil words to deal with science, politics and administration. It had the most comprehensive budget of",
"title": "Tamil literature"
},
{
"id": "8847329",
"text": "large palatial home in Civil Lines of Allahabad would become the cement holding together the British Empire in India. Paradoxically, the house was bought by Motilal Nehru in 1900, and went on to become a cradle to the Indian Freedom Struggle which was to destroy British rule in India. Motilal Nehru was a prominent member of the Indian National Congress Party. Due to this, lot of noted leaders and party activists would visit the \"Nehru House\". Following the rise of Motilal's son, Jawaharlal Nehru, the mansion virtually became the center of the Indian independence movement. It was informally the headquarters",
"title": "Swaraj Bhavan"
},
{
"id": "8327167",
"text": "parents hailed from Dharampura area of Lahore, Pakistan. She was educated at Sanatan Dharma College in Ambala Cantonment and earned a bachelor's degree with majors in Sanskrit and Political Science. She studied law at Punjab University, Chandigarh. A state-level competition held by the Language Department of Haryana saw her winning the best Hindi Speaker award for three consecutive years. In 1973, Swaraj started practice as an advocate in the Supreme Court of India. Swaraj began her political career with Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad in the 1970s. Her husband, Swaraj Kaushal, was closely associated with the socialist leader George Fernandes and",
"title": "Sushma Swaraj"
},
{
"id": "5777216",
"text": "fierce political struggle, but both were determined to avoid the disastrous experience of the 1907 split at Surat. On the advice of Gandhi, the two groups decided to remain in the Congress but to work in their separate ways. There was no basic difference between the two. Swarajist members were elected to the councils. Vithalbhai Patel became the president of the Central Legislative Assembly. However, the legislatures had very limited powers, and apart from some heated parliamentary debates, and procedural stand-offs with the British authorities, the core mission of obstructing British rule failed. With the death of Chittaranjan Das in",
"title": "Swaraj Party"
},
{
"id": "4391913",
"text": "(Kelappaji). Sarvodaya Sarvodaya (Devanagari: सर्वोदय, Gujarati: સર્વોદય) is a Sanskrit term meaning 'universal uplift' or 'progress of all'. The term was used by Mahatma Gandhi as the title of his 1908 translation of John Ruskin's tract on political economy, \"Unto This Last\", and Gandhi came to use the term for the ideal of his own political philosophy. Later Gandhians, like the Indian nonviolence activist Vinoba Bhave, embraced the term as a name for the social movement in post-independence India which strove to ensure that self-determination and equality reached all strata of Indian society. Samantabhadra, an illustrious Digambara monk, as early",
"title": "Sarvodaya"
},
{
"id": "7327338",
"text": "people across India by appointing a seven-man committee led by Sir John Simon, it was an all - European commission Simon Commission to deliberate on constitutional and political reforms for India. Indian political parties were neither consulted nor asked to involve themselves in the process. Upon arrival in India, Chairman Sir John Simon and other commission members were met with angry public demonstrations, which followed them everywhere. The death of a prominent Indian leader, Lala Lajpat Rai, from severe beatings by British police officials further outraged the Indian public. The Congress appointed an all-Indian commission to propose constitutional reforms for",
"title": "Purna Swaraj"
},
{
"id": "5777221",
"text": "existing dyarchy system. In 1934, the Madras Province Swarajya Party merged with the All India Swarajya Party which subsequently merged with the Indian National Congress when it contested the 1935 elections to the Imperial Legislative Council under the Government of India Act 1935. From 1935 onward, the Swarajya Party ceased to exist and was succeeded by the Indian National Congress in the elections to the Imperial Legislative Council as well as the Madras Legislative Council. Swaraj Party The Swaraj Party as established as the Congress-Khilafat Swaraj Party. It was a political party formed in India in January 1923 after the",
"title": "Swaraj Party"
},
{
"id": "543302",
"text": "Zoroastrians. The first reference to the Parsis in a European language is from 1322, when a French monk, Jordanus, briefly refers to their presence in Thane and Bharuch. Subsequently, the term appears in the journals of many European travelers, first French and Portuguese, later English, all of whom used a Europeanized version of an apparently local language term. For example, Portuguese physician Garcia de Orta observed in 1563 that \"there are merchants ... in the kingdom of Cambaia ... known as Esparcis. We Portuguese call them Jews, but they are not so. They are Gentios.\" In an early 20th-century legal",
"title": "Parsi"
},
{
"id": "5840459",
"text": "subcontinent into India and Pakistan. At the 1929 Lahore session of the Indian National Congress, the \"Purna Swaraj\" declaration, or \"Declaration of the Independence of India\" was promulgated, and 15 August was declared as Independence Day. The Congress called on people to pledge themselves to civil disobedience and \"to carry out the Congress instructions issued from time to time\" until India attained complete independence. Celebration of such an Independence Day was envisioned to stoke nationalistic fervour among Indian citizens, and to force the British government to consider granting independence. The Congress observed 26 January as the Independence Day between 1930",
"title": "Independence Day (India)"
},
{
"id": "16415932",
"text": "to one of non-cooperation. In 1920, shortly before his death, Tilak proposed to contest elections through the vehicle of his newly formed Congress Democratic Party and this, too, had aims consistent with his previously stated philosophy. In 1921 the British authorities tired of dealing with the demands of Congress and the \"satyagrahas\": they classified Congress as an illegal body and imprisoned leaders such as Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru and Lajpat Rai, as well as arresting numerous other activists within the nationalist movement. Amid the subsequent internal dissension within Congress, Motilal Nehru and Chittaranjan Das formed a Swaraj group that, between 1923",
"title": "Responsive Cooperation Party"
},
{
"id": "7121966",
"text": "Maulana Hasrat Mohani and got the most debated proposal of \"Poorna Swaraj\" passed in the General Body meeting of Congress. Mohandas K. Gandhi, who was not in the favour of this proposal became quite helpless before the overwhelming demand of youths. He returned to Shahjahanpur and mobilised the youths of United Province for non-co-operation with the Government. The people of U.P. were so much influenced by the furious speeches and verses of Bismil that they became hostile against British Raj. As per statement of Banarsi Lal (approver) made in the court – \"Ram Prasad used to say that independence would",
"title": "Ram Prasad Bismil"
},
{
"id": "6804593",
"text": "Dharasana Satyagraha Dharasana Satyagraha was a protest against the British salt tax in colonial India in May, 1930. Following the conclusion of the Salt March to Dandi, Mahatma Gandhi chose a non-violent raid of the Dharasana Salt Works in Gujarat as the next protest against British rule. Hundreds of satyagrahis were beaten by soldiers under British command at Dharasana. The ensuing publicity attracted world attention to the Indian independence movement and brought into question the legitimacy of British rule in India. The Indian National Congress, led by Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, publicly issued the Declaration of Independence, or \"Purna Swaraj\",",
"title": "Dharasana Satyagraha"
},
{
"id": "14105166",
"text": "Motilal Nehru and few others encouraged Congress participation in election. The party passed a resolution on 7 September 1922 to allow its members to stand as candidates and participate in the elections. C. R. Das's attempt to move a resolution advocating active participation in elections, at the Congress meeting held in Gaya in December 1922 after the imprisonment of Gandhi failed. Soon afterwards, C. R. Das and his followers formed Swaraj Party on January 1, 1923. Their platform included fighting the elections and participating in the elections and continue non-cooperation from within the diarchy. However, they did not secede from",
"title": "1923 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election"
},
{
"id": "5591779",
"text": "what we want before we can have something approaching it.\" After Gandhi's assassination Vinoba Bhave formed the Sarva Seva Sangh at the national level and Sarvodya Mandals at the regional level to the carry on integrated village service — with the end purpose of achieving the goal of Swaraj. Two major nonviolent movements for socio-economic and political revolution in India: the Bhoodan movement led by Vinoba Bhave and the Total Revolution movement led by Jayaprakash Narayan were actually formed under the aegis of the ideas of Swaraj. These movements had some success, but due to the socialist tendencies of Nehruvian",
"title": "Swaraj"
},
{
"id": "12701246",
"text": "the Indian National Congress. Once within the Congress, he rose to serve as its president in 1920. He played a key role in framing the Swaraj Constitution. He was part of the Propaganda Committee of the Congress and thus served in spreading the ideologies of the party to the masses. He also served as the president of Hindu Mahasabha, a Hindu nationalist party, in 1931. Vijayaraghavachariar was born on 18 June 1852 into a Vaishnavite Brahmin family in the village of Pon Vilaindha Kalathur, in the district of Chengalpattu in the state of Madras Presidency, in what was then the",
"title": "C. Vijayaraghavachariar"
},
{
"id": "11056335",
"text": "workers when he undertook voluntary work in the textile mill areas of Mumbai. Dange was drawn into active politics by the fervour of nationalist movement against the British rule in India. Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a veteran leader of Indian National Congress from Maharashtra, the earliest proponent of swaraj (complete independence) greatly inspired young Dange. Later, when Mahatma Gandhi launched the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920, Dange gave up his studies and joined the Independence movement. He became interested in Marxism, while following the Russian Revolution of 1917. He grew increasingly skeptical about Gandhism, especially about Gandhi's promotion of cottage industries as",
"title": "Shripad Amrit Dange"
},
{
"id": "12274720",
"text": "of the Aundh State Constitution, declaring that he and his band of freedom fighters were \"\"Prati Sakar\"\"—\"self-governing and independent of the Central Authority.\" The Aundh Experiment in village-level self-rule endured until Indian independence in 1947, when all of the princely states were merged into the new Republic of India. Aundh Experiment The Aundh Experiment was an early test of village-level self-government in British India which began in 1938. Mohandas Gandhi, and Maurice Frydman helped to draft the November Declaration, which handed over rule of Aundh State from the Raja to the residents, and became law in the Swaraj Constitution of",
"title": "Aundh Experiment"
},
{
"id": "7327346",
"text": "approval. One hundred seventy two Indian members of central and provincial legislatures resigned in support of the resolution and in accordance with Indian public sentiment. The Declaration of Independence was officially promulgated on 26 January 1930. Gandhi and other Indian leaders would immediately begin the planning of a massive national non-violence would encourage the common people not to attack Britishers even if they attacked them. Subsequently, the \"Salt Satyagraha\" was initiated by Mahatma Gandhi on 12 March 1930 and what followed gave impetus to the Indian independence movement and sparked off the nationwide Non Cooperation Movement. The resolution was a",
"title": "Purna Swaraj"
},
{
"id": "5777214",
"text": "of common Indians. He went on a fast-unto-death to convince all Indians to stop civil resistance. The Congress and other nationalist groups disavowed all activities of disobedience. But many Indians felt that the Non-Cooperation Movement should not have been suspended over an isolated incident of violence, and that its astonishing success was actually close to breaking the back of British rule in India. These people became disillusioned with Gandhi's political judgments and instincts. Gandhi and most of the Congress party rejected the provincial and central legislative councils created by the British to offer some participation for Indians. They argued that",
"title": "Swaraj Party"
},
{
"id": "6685798",
"text": "Congress in Madras for about ten years. Srinivasa Iyengar presided over the Guwahati session of the Congress in 1926. Iyengar worked hard to deliver a resolution upholding Hindu-Muslim unity, bringing about a temporary political agreement between the political leaders of the two communities. He published \"Swaraj Constitution\", in 1927, outlining a federal scheme of government for future India. When the Congress split in 1923 between the Gandhians and those in support of Council entry, Srinivasa Iyengar was in the non-Gandhian camp and founded the Madras Province Swarajya Party. The Madras Province Swarajya Party contested in the elections to the provincial",
"title": "S. Srinivasa Iyengar"
},
{
"id": "11966706",
"text": "arguments. As 'The Editor' Gandhi puts it, \"it is my duty patiently to try to remove your prejudice.\" In the dialogue that follows, Gandhi outlines four themes that structure his arguments. In September 1938, the philosophical magazine \"The Aryan Path\" published a symposium on \"Hind Swaraj\". The contributors were several noted writers: Frederick Soddy, Claude Houghton, G. D. H. Cole, C. Delisle Burns, John Middleton Murry, J. D. Beresford, Hugh Fausset, Gerald Heard and Irene Rathbone. Their responses to \"Hind Swaraj\" varied from \"enthusiasm to respectful criticism\". Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule is",
"title": "Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule"
},
{
"id": "8847327",
"text": "his children were minors. Syed Khan continued to live here as a tenant. Subsequently the house changed hands and was sold in 1888. In a commemorative essay by Indira Gandhi, the latter recollects that the house was sold to Rai Bahadur Permanand Pathak, the Judge of Shahjahanpur during this period. However, the house gradually fell into a state of disrepair as it lay unoccupied for long periods of time. In 1900, the house and the estate attached to it were bought for Rs. 20,000 by Pandit Motilal Nehru, then a prominent lawyer. Motilal Nehru named the house Anand Bhavan (meaning",
"title": "Swaraj Bhavan"
},
{
"id": "19183706",
"text": "Swaraj Party (Burma) The Swaraj Party () was a political party in Burma in the 1920s. The party was formed by former members of the General Council of Burmese Associations prior to the 1925 elections, and was named after the Indian Swaraj Party. Its leadership included Ba Maw, N. C. Bannerjee and U Tok Kyi, who was head of the party. After his death he was succeeded by U Paw Tun. In the 1925 elections the party won nine seats. In 1926 or 1927 it merged with the Nationalist Party and the Home Rule Party to form the People's Party.",
"title": "Swaraj Party (Burma)"
},
{
"id": "11107049",
"text": "to Mesopotamia. Jatin Mukherjee and Satyen Bhushan Sen were seen interviewing these Sikhs. It may be remembered that since 1900, the Extremist leaders under Lokamanya Tilak’s inspiration, turned Benares into a centre for sedition. Sundar Lal (b. 1885, son of Tota Ram, Muzaffarnagar) had given a very objectionable speech in 1907 on Shivaji Festival in Benares. Follower of Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai and Sri Aurobindo, in 1908 this man had accompanied Lala in his UP lecture tour. His organ, the \"Swarajya\" of Allahabad, was warned in April 1908 against sedition. On 22 August 1909, Sundar Lal and Sri Aurobindo delivered",
"title": "Vishnu Ganesh Pingle"
},
{
"id": "7327342",
"text": "open session of Congress that sought a complete break with the British, Gandhi admonished the move: You may take the name of independence on your lips but all your muttering will be an empty formula if there is no honour behind it. If you are not prepared to stand by your words, where will independence be? The amendment was rejected, by 1350 to 973, and the resolution was fully adopted. On 31 October 1929, the Viceroy of India, Lord Irwin announced that the government would meet with Indian representatives in London for a Round Table Conference. To facilitate Indian participation,",
"title": "Purna Swaraj"
},
{
"id": "564440",
"text": "Thomas R. Metcalf, Tilak \"almost surely concealed the identities of the perpetrators\". Tilak was charged with incitement to murder and sentenced to 18 months imprisonment. When he emerged from prison in present-day Mumbai, he was revered as a martyr and a national hero. He adopted a new slogan coined by his associate Kaka Baptista: \"Swaraj (self-rule) is my birthright and I shall have it.\" Following the Partition of Bengal, which was a strategy set out by Lord Curzon to weaken the nationalist movement, Tilak encouraged the Swadeshi movement and the Boycott movement. The movement consisted of the boycott of foreign",
"title": "Bal Gangadhar Tilak"
},
{
"id": "5591778",
"text": "that he is never a hindrance to his neighbour.\" He summarised the core principle like this: \"It is Swaraj when we learn to rule ourselves.\" Gandhi explained his vision in 1946: Gandhi was undaunted by the task of implementing such a utopian vision in India. He believed that by transforming enough individuals and communities, society at large would change. He said: \"It may be taunted with the retort that this is all Utopian and, therefore not worth a single thought... Let India live for the true picture, though never realisable in its completeness. We must have a proper picture of",
"title": "Swaraj"
},
{
"id": "5777220",
"text": "period, the Swaraj Party was defunct as its members quietly dissolved into the Congress fold. The Madras Province Swarajya Party was established in 1923. S. Satyamurti and S. Srinivasa Iyengar led the party. The party contested in all provincial elections between 1923 and 1934 with the exception of the 1930 election which it did not participate officially due to the Civil Disobedience Movement, though some of the members of the party contested for office as independents. The party emerged as the single largest party in the 1926 and 1934 Assembly elections but refused to form the provincial government under the",
"title": "Swaraj Party"
},
{
"id": "11919510",
"text": "Table Conferences of 1930–32 were a series of conferences organised by the British Government to discuss constitutional reforms in India. They were conducted according to the recommendation of Muslim leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah to the Viceroy Lord Irwin and the Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald, and by the report submitted by the Simon Commission in May 1930. Demands for swaraj, or self-rule, in India had been growing increasingly strong. By the 1930s, many British politicians believed that India needed to move towards dominion status. However, there were significant disagreements between the Indian and the British leaders that the Conferences could not",
"title": "History of the British Raj"
},
{
"id": "14234964",
"text": "an independent young prince of a small kingdom on a mission. However, Shivaji used the title of \"Raja\" (king) only after Shahaji's death. The Chitnis Bakhar (1810), described by later authors as of questionable accuracy, mentions that Shivaji defeated and killed Krishnaji Nayak Bandal, the deshmukh of Hirdas Maval, who had refused to accept Dadoji Konddeo's orders. However, Jadunath Sarkar believes this to be incorrect, and states that this subjugation was completed by Dadoji Konddeo himself. Shivaji along with his Mavala friends and soldiers took an oath to fight for the Swarajya (self-governance) at Rohideshwara temple. Per Jadunath Sarkar, young",
"title": "Early life of Shivaji"
},
{
"id": "18110459",
"text": "acquired news and current affairs website OpIndia.com which is now run by Rahul Roushan. Swarajya (magazine) Swarajya is an Indian monthly print magazine and online daily. It was a weekly magazine founded in 1956 by Khasa Subba Rao with the patronage of C. Rajagopalachari, one of the founders of the Swatantra Party, and a regular contributor to the magazine in the form of his \"Dear Reader\" column. Minoo Masani, R.Venkatraman, R.K. Laxman are some notable personalities who contributed to the magazine. After Rajaji's death in 1972, the magazine began to decline and eventually closed in 1980. The magazine was relaunched",
"title": "Swarajya (magazine)"
},
{
"id": "7877152",
"text": "the elderly leaders, dissident factions from both these parties united together as the Revolt Group, otherwise baptised by the Police as the New (or Advanced) Violence Party under younger revolutionaries like the Chittagong-famous Ananta Singh, Ganesh Ghosh and Panchanan Chakraborty. Released in 1928, Panchanan Chakraborty Chakraborty learnt that the \"swarajya\" (\"self-rule\") that Gandhi had been claiming since 1919 was merely a Dominion status and not a complete independence from the British, contrary to what Sri Aurobindo had demanded since the beginning; he and several other revolutionaries were disappointed by this bluff. Gandhi and Nehru obtained from Subhas Bose the promise",
"title": "Panchanan Chakraborty"
},
{
"id": "16198234",
"text": "outside the Congress Camp. The police raided the camp but the unsold books were removed from the camp by Bismil immediately and nobody was arrested. Likewise, Khanna also participated in the 1921 Ahmedabad Congress where the proposal of \"Poorn Swaraj\" was placed before the delegates. When Maulana Hasrat Mohani spoke in favour of this proposal and Mohandas K. Gandhi opposed it, Khanna, Ashfaq and Bismil stood up in favour of Mohani and the audience became totally against Gandhi. The proposal was accepted and Non Cooperation Movement was announced to be moved throughout the country under the leadership of Gandhi. When",
"title": "Prem Krishna Khanna"
},
{
"id": "7121968",
"text": "party formed a new Swaraj Party under the joint leadership of Moti Lal Nehru and Chittranjan Das, and the youth group formed a revolutionary party under the leadership of Bismil. With the consent of Lala Har Dayal, Bismil went to Allahabad where he drafted the constitution of the party in 1923 with the help of Sachindra Nath Sanyal and another revolutionary of Bengal, Dr. Jadugopal Mukherjee. The basic name and aims of the organisation were typed on a \"Yellow Paper\" and later on a subsequent Constitutional Committee Meeting was conducted on 3 October 1924 at Kanpur in U.P. under the",
"title": "Ram Prasad Bismil"
},
{
"id": "710528",
"text": "during the Yugoslav Wars and cited in this context as a euphemism akin to that of Nazi Germany's \"Final Solution\", by the 1990s, the term gained widespread acceptance due to journalism and the media's heightened use of the term in its generic meaning. An antecedent to the term is the Greek word \"andrapodismos\" (; lit. \"enslavement\"), which was used in ancient texts to describe atrocities that accompanied Alexander the Great's conquest of Thebes in 335 BC. In the early 1900s, regional variants of the term could be found among the Czechs \"(očista)\", the Poles \"(oczyszczanie)\", the French \"(épuration)\" and the",
"title": "Ethnic cleansing"
},
{
"id": "11700982",
"text": "Nilakantha Das demanded the repeal of the salt tax in the Imperial Legislature but his pleas fell on deaf ears. In 1930, Orissa was close to open rebellion. Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi had written his first article on the salt tax in 1891 in the periodical \"The Vegetarian\". While in South Africa, he wrote in \"The Indian Opinion\": In 1909, Mahatma Gandhi wrote in his \"Hind Swaraj\" from South Africa, urging the British administration to abolish the salt tax. At the historic Lahore session of the Indian National Congress on 26 December 1929 in which \"Purna Swaraj\" was declared, a passing",
"title": "History of the British salt tax in India"
},
{
"id": "4199944",
"text": "Chittaranjan Das Chittaranjan Das (C. R. Das) ( \"Chittorônjon Dash\"), popularly called Deshbandhu (Friend of the Nation), (5 November 1869 – 16 June 1925), was a leading Indian politician, a prominent lawyer, an activist of the Indian National Movement and founder-leader of the Swaraj (Independence) Party in Bengal during British occupation in India. Chittaranjan Das was born near Vikrampur in Dhaka on 5 November 1870 in a well-known Baidya-Brahmin , Bikrampur, Dhaka in Bengal, now part of Munshiganj District of Bangladesh. Bikrampur has a long historical and cultural trail since many centuries. In 12th Century it was the capital of",
"title": "Chittaranjan Das"
},
{
"id": "4391908",
"text": "Sarvodaya Sarvodaya (Devanagari: सर्वोदय, Gujarati: સર્વોદય) is a Sanskrit term meaning 'universal uplift' or 'progress of all'. The term was used by Mahatma Gandhi as the title of his 1908 translation of John Ruskin's tract on political economy, \"Unto This Last\", and Gandhi came to use the term for the ideal of his own political philosophy. Later Gandhians, like the Indian nonviolence activist Vinoba Bhave, embraced the term as a name for the social movement in post-independence India which strove to ensure that self-determination and equality reached all strata of Indian society. Samantabhadra, an illustrious Digambara monk, as early as",
"title": "Sarvodaya"
},
{
"id": "17244248",
"text": "the Council, Sarkar was one of the most intellectually gifted members. Sarkar's speech during the Budget debate of 1924 was greeted as 'the speech of the season' by The Statesman. Later he left the Congress over differences with the leadership and engaged himself in workers movement. Sarkar began to fight for the rights of the peasants and the workers and came to be known as the leader of the proletariat. On 1 November 1925, he along with Muzaffar Ahmed, Kazi Nazrul Islam, Qutubuddin Ahmad and Shamsuddin Hussain founded the Labour Swaraj Party in Bengal. At the All Bengal Praja Conference",
"title": "Hemanta Kumar Sarkar"
},
{
"id": "7240660",
"text": "Gandhi tested the technique of \"Satyagraha\" in a number of protests on behalf of the Indian community in South Africa against the unjust racial laws. Also, during his time in South Africa, in his essay, \"Hind Swaraj\", (1909), Gandhi formulated his vision of \"Swaraj\", or \"self-rule\" for India based on three vital ingredients: solidarity between Indians of different faiths, but most of all between Hindus and Muslims; the removal of untouchability from Indian society; and the exercise of \"swadeshi\"the boycott of manufactured foreign goods and the revival of Indian cottage industry. The first two, he felt, were essential for India",
"title": "British Raj"
}
] | who used the word 'swaraj' firstly |
[
"June and July 2017"
] | [
{
"id": "17469332",
"text": "2017 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand The British and Irish Lions toured New Zealand during June and July 2017. The Lions, a rugby union team selected from players eligible to represent England, Ireland, Scotland or Wales, played ten matches: against all five New Zealand Super Rugby franchises, the NZ Provincial Barbarians, the Māori All Blacks and three test matches against New Zealand. The test series was drawn 1–1 – one victory each and a draw in the third match. Of the other tour matches, the Lions won four, lost two and drew one. Wales coach Warren Gatland",
"title": "2017 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand"
},
{
"id": "17469348",
"text": "in South Africa, Sky Sport in Italy, Eir Sport in Asia and ESPN in the USA. Land Rover and Ernst & Young (EY) were principal partners of the Lions while Standard Life was the main sponsor for the Lions, sponsoring their shirts on tour. 2017 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand The British and Irish Lions toured New Zealand during June and July 2017. The Lions, a rugby union team selected from players eligible to represent England, Ireland, Scotland or Wales, played ten matches: against all five New Zealand Super Rugby franchises, the NZ Provincial Barbarians, the Māori",
"title": "2017 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand"
},
{
"id": "17469333",
"text": "was head coach of the Lions, having also led the Lions to victory in the 2013 series against Australia. Former Wales captain Sam Warburton was appointed as tour captain, a role he also held on the 2013 tour. The Lions squad voted Jonathan Davies their player of the series. The ten-match schedule was announced on 9 July 2015, and included matches against New Zealand Super Rugby teams for the first time. Previously in New Zealand, the Lions had played provincial sides or combined provincial selections. However this was the first tour to New Zealand where the visit fell in the",
"title": "2017 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand"
},
{
"id": "42428",
"text": "restoring his captaincy. In Wellington Regional Stadium, the Lions beat New Zealand 24–21 to tie the series going into the final game, ending the side's 47-game winning run at home. In the final test at Eden Park the following week, the teams played out a draw, ending the Test match series in a tie for the first time in the history of competition between the sides. Overall test matches Updated after the 2017 Tour Overall tour results The Lions tour three Southern Hemisphere nations; Australia, South Africa and New Zealand. They also routinely toured in Argentina before the Second World",
"title": "British and Irish Lions"
},
{
"id": "17469339",
"text": "the British and Irish Lions. Liam Coltman, Vaea Fifita, Jack Goodhue, Akira Ioane and Matt Todd were also named in the squad as injury cover. Following concussion to Ben Smith in the first test, Damian McKenzie was added to the squad as cover for Ben Smith. On 3 July, Malakai Fekitoa was called up as a replacement for Sonny Bill Williams who was suspended after a red card in the second test. All squad members play rugby in New Zealand. Coaching team: In preparation for the test series, the Lions played a series of warm-up matches against New Zealand provincial",
"title": "2017 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand"
},
{
"id": "17469335",
"text": "Māori All Blacks. In New Zealand, there was criticism that there were too many matches in the North Island with only two matches being played in the South Island. Christchurch was initially planned to host a test match but, due to the 2011 Christchurch earthquake which damaged Lancaster Park beyond repair, it was deemed that the remaining stadiums in the South Island were too small to host a test match. Tour manager John Spencer announced an initial squad of 41 on 19 April 2017, made up of 16 players from England, 12 from Wales, 11 from Ireland and 2 from",
"title": "2017 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand"
},
{
"id": "42429",
"text": "War. Tours currently take place every four years. The most recent tour was to New Zealand in 2017, and before that the Lions toured visited Australia in June–July 2013. In a break with tradition, a \"home\" fixture against Argentina took place at Millennium Stadium in Cardiff on 23 May 2005, before the Lions went to New Zealand. It finished in a draw, 25–25. On tour, games take place against local provinces, clubs or representative sides as well as the full tests against the host's national team. The Lions, and their predecessor teams, have often played games against other nearby countries",
"title": "British and Irish Lions"
},
{
"id": "17469334",
"text": "middle of the Super Rugby season. Initially, the Lions proposed a match in the United States against the U.S. national team to open the tour, much like the Barbarians match in Hong Kong in 2013. However, on 6 July 2015, the idea was dropped because of the unavailability of key American players due to club commitments. Also, a match versus the Pacific Islanders was proposed in 2014. The opening match of the tour was originally planned to be against a Provincial Union XV; however, in March 2016, this was changed to the New Zealand Barbarians following their win over the",
"title": "2017 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand"
},
{
"id": "42426",
"text": "1989. Following his winning tour of Australia in 2013, Warren Gatland was reappointed as Lions Head Coach for the tour to New Zealand in June and July 2017. In April 2016, it was announced that the side would again be captained again by Sam Warburton. The touring schedule included 10 games: an opening game against the Provincial Barbarians, challenge matches against all five of New Zealand's Super Rugby sides, a match against the Māori All Blacks and three tests against . The Lions defeated the Barbarians in the first game of the tour, before being beaten by the Blues three",
"title": "British and Irish Lions"
},
{
"id": "17469337",
"text": "against the New Zealand Provincial Barbarians. On 29 June, Robbie Henshaw and George North were ruled out of the remaining games on tour after sustaining injuries against the Hurricanes. Jared Payne, initially still in contention for test match selection, was ruled out of the final game on tour after he failed to recover from concussion. Notes: Ages listed are as of the first tour match on 3 June. Player positions are per the Lions' website. Bold denotes that the player was selected for a previous Lions squad. \"Italic\" denotes a player that withdrew from the squad following selection. On 30",
"title": "2017 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand"
},
{
"id": "17469336",
"text": "Scotland. Ben Youngs was initially selected in the squad but withdrew on 6 May for personal reasons. Billy Vunipola withdrew from the squad on 21 May after suffering a shoulder injury while playing for his club Saracens. On 17 June, six players – Kristian Dacey, Gareth Davies, Allan Dell, Tomas Francis, Cory Hill and Finn Russell – were called up to the squad to provide cover during mid-week games in their respective positions ahead of the test series. On 17 June, Ross Moriarty was ruled out of the remaining games on tour after failing to recover from an injury sustained",
"title": "2017 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand"
},
{
"id": "15651639",
"text": "tour during the game. Murray came off the bench during the second test against Australia to win his first cap for the Lions on 29 June 2013. He also came off the bench during the Lions third test victory, a win which secured the series win for the Lions. In April 2017, Murray was selected in the British and Irish Lions squad for the 2017 tour to New Zealand, his second Lions call-up. On 10 June 2017, Murray made his first appearance and start for the Lions on the tour, doing so in the match against the Crusaders in AMI",
"title": "Conor Murray"
},
{
"id": "20931412",
"text": "tests against New Zealand and Papua New Guinea, Tonga, Fiji and Samoa; the exact locations and dates are subject to ratification by the various national league and player organisations. 2019 Great Britain Lions tour The 2019 Great Britain Lions tour is a forthcoming tour by the Great Britain national rugby league team to the Southern Hemisphere in 2019. The tour will be the first matches played by the Lions since 2007 when they defeated New Zealand 3–0 during the New Zealand tour that year. The last time the Lions travelled to Australasia was for the 2006 Tri-Nations tournament and the",
"title": "2019 Great Britain Lions tour"
},
{
"id": "17469343",
"text": "Hurricanes came from behind to secure a 31–31 draw in Wellington. <div id=\"Barbarians\"> <div id=\"Blues\"> <div id=\"Crusaders\"> <div id=\"Highlanders\"> <div id=\"Māori\"> <div id=\"Chiefs\"> <div id=\"Hurricanes\"> In April, New Zealand head coach Steve Hansen had expressed his desire for the All Blacks to play a warm-up match as preparation ahead of the Lions. On 9 May, New Zealand Rugby announced a test match against Samoa in Auckland a week before the first test. The All Blacks ran in 12 tries and kept Samoa scoreless in a one-sided display. New Zealand were favourites, coming into the first test match having won 46",
"title": "2017 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand"
},
{
"id": "13135983",
"text": "Rugby League Four Nations. New Zealand won the match 14-12. On 3 June 2017, the 2017 British and Irish Lions began their tour here with a 13-7 win against New Zealand Barbarians. Okara Park Okara Park, currently known as the Northland Events Centre (previouslyknown as Toll Stadium due to a sponsorship agreement) is a multi-purpose stadium in Whangarei, New Zealand. It is currently used mostly for rugby union matches and is the home stadium of Northland Rugby Union. The stadium is able to hold 18,500 people and was built in 1965. The park has recently had a $16m redevelpoment with",
"title": "Okara Park"
},
{
"id": "17469341",
"text": "visitors to give them the lead with 30 minutes to go. They held on to open the tour with an unconvincing 13–7 victory. The next match was four days later against the Blues, an Auckland-based Super Rugby franchise. The Lions led 16–15 with 10 minutes remaining before a Sonny Bill Williams break and offload to Ihaia West led to the match-winning try. A try-less 12–3 victory over the Crusaders in Christchurch followed, this was the first time the Crusaders had lost in 2017. It was another close game against the Highlanders as Marty Banks from the Otago-based side kicked the",
"title": "2017 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand"
},
{
"id": "17469342",
"text": "winning penalty with six minutes remaining. The next match was against the Māori All Blacks, a team made up of players with Maori ancestry. A strong squad was named, with nine players with All Black caps selected. The Lions beat the Maori team with ease in what was predicted to be the toughest match before meeting the All Blacks. The convincing 32–10 victory was followed up three days later as they put another dominant display in against the Chiefs in Hamilton, winning 34–6. The final mid-week game against the Hurricanes was played after the first All Black test match. The",
"title": "2017 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand"
},
{
"id": "16410514",
"text": "November, and in their 16–9 win against New Zealand on 17 November, a victory that was Ireland's first ever in Dublin against New Zealand. In April 2017, Stander was selected in Warren Gatland's 41-man squad for the 2017 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand. On 7 June, Stander made his non-test debut for the Lions when he started at Number 8 against the Blues in Eden Park, scoring the Lions only try in their 22–16 defeat. On 10 June, Stander made his second appearance of the tour when he replaced Ireland teammate Seán O'Brien in the match against",
"title": "CJ Stander"
},
{
"id": "12783963",
"text": "second game against Western Force, Farrell started on the bench, came on in the 66th minute and scored a try with his first touch, helping the Lions towards a 69–17 win. He gained his first Lions test cap, coming off the bench to replace Jonathan Sexton, in the 16–41 series decider. In April 2017, Farrell was named again as part of the Lions squad for the tour to New Zealand. He played a pivotal role in the series, starting in all three tests against the All Blacks. The first test, which was a 30-15 loss to the Lions had Farrell",
"title": "Owen Farrell"
},
{
"id": "5464602",
"text": "1993 British Lions tour to New Zealand In 1993 the British Lions rugby union team toured New Zealand. This tour followed the Lions' 1989 tour to Australia and preceded their 1997 tour to South Africa. It was the last Lions tour in the sport's amateur era. The Lions lost the first test match, but won the second to level the series, with New Zealand winning the deciding third test (with the Lions traveling support controversially dispersed around Eden Park at the request of NZRFU). The tour was managed by Geoff Cooke, coached by Ian McGeechan and Dick Best and captained",
"title": "1993 British Lions tour to New Zealand"
},
{
"id": "19726608",
"text": "Scotland played each other in Singapore, which was the first ever Tier 1 v Tier 1 match played in the country. For Argentina, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, the matches acted as warm-ups ahead of the 2017 Rugby Championship. It was also a historic match when Kenya hosted Germany as the teams had never played each other before. The international window coincided with the 2017 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand, consisting of a three-test series between the Lions and New Zealand, plus seven non-test matches. Before the Lions series, New Zealand hosted Samoa for the first",
"title": "2017 June rugby union tests"
},
{
"id": "17469340",
"text": "teams; for the first time, this included playing all five of the New Zealand Super Rugby franchises. The current form of the Super Rugby teams made this tour arguably one of the toughest undertaken by a British and Irish Lions team. The Lions arrived in New Zealand just two days before their first match against a Provincial Barbarians team. The Barbarian team was made up of players on the fringe of New Zealand Super Rugby teams, and included Bryn Gatland, son of Lions coach Warren Gatland. Surprisingly the Barbarians led 7–3 at half time, before Anthony Watson scored for the",
"title": "2017 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand"
},
{
"id": "42427",
"text": "days later. The team recovered to beat the Crusaders but this was followed up with another midweek loss, this time against the Highlanders. The Lions then faced the Māori All Blacks, winning comfortably to restore optimism and followed up with their first midweek victory of the tour against the Chiefs. On 24 June, the Lions, captained by Peter O'Mahony, faced New Zealand in Eden Park in the first Test and were beaten 30–15. This was followed by the final midweek game of the tour, a draw against the Hurricanes. For the second Test, Gatland recalled Warburton to his starting team,",
"title": "British and Irish Lions"
},
{
"id": "5464603",
"text": "by Gavin Hastings. 1993 British Lions tour to New Zealand In 1993 the British Lions rugby union team toured New Zealand. This tour followed the Lions' 1989 tour to Australia and preceded their 1997 tour to South Africa. It was the last Lions tour in the sport's amateur era. The Lions lost the first test match, but won the second to level the series, with New Zealand winning the deciding third test (with the Lions traveling support controversially dispersed around Eden Park at the request of NZRFU). The tour was managed by Geoff Cooke, coached by Ian McGeechan and Dick",
"title": "1993 British Lions tour to New Zealand"
},
{
"id": "16876698",
"text": "against Ireland, so was cited and suspended for the final test match of the year. Fekitoa was not initially selected for the All Blacks in 2017 for the British and Irish Lions Tour but was called up for the third test match after Sonny Bill Williams was issued a red card for a shoulder block hit on Anthony Watson of the Lions in the second test match. Fekitoa played his final test match for New Zealand on 8 July 2017 in the final test against the Lions, coming off the bench to replace Ngani Laumape. Malakai Fekitoa Malakai Fonokalafi Fekitoa",
"title": "Malakai Fekitoa"
},
{
"id": "3378705",
"text": "2005 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand In 2005, the British and Irish Lions rugby union team toured New Zealand for the first time since 1993, playing seven matches against first and second division teams from the National Provincial Championship, one match against the New Zealand Maori team, and three test matches against New Zealand (the All Blacks). The Lions lost the test series 3-0, the first time in 22 years that they lost every test match on tour. The team was managed by former England and Lions player Bill Beaumont, coached by former England coach Sir Clive",
"title": "2005 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand"
},
{
"id": "17469338",
"text": "July 2014, former English international player John Spencer was named tour manager. On 7 September 2016, Warren Gatland retained his coaching duties from 2013 and named his assistants on 7 December 2016 - Steve Borthwick, Andy Farrell and Rob Howley. Howley was on his fifth tour, having previously toured as a player (1997 and 2001) and coach (2009 and 2013). Borthwick was making first tour as a Lions coach and Farrell was on his second after being part of the 2013 tour coaching staff. New Zealand's 33-man squad for their Pasifika Challenge match against Samoa and their 3-test series against",
"title": "2017 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand"
},
{
"id": "1362517",
"text": "17 test victories. This was also the longest test winning streak by any nation at the time; it would be equalled by the Springboks in 1998, and surpassed by Lithuania in 2010. Although the 1966 Lions were defeated 0–4 in their New Zealand tour, there was a reversal of fortune five years later when the 1971 Lions, under the captaincy of Welshman John Dawes, beat New Zealand in a test series, which remains the Lions' only series victory in New Zealand. The 1972–3 tourists narrowly missed a Grand Slam with a draw against Ireland. The tour was notable for the",
"title": "New Zealand national rugby union team"
},
{
"id": "17469347",
"text": "handled the ball in an offside position after Liam Williams tried to claim a high kick under pressure from Kieran Read; with the scores level, referee Poite initially awarded a penalty in kicking range before overturning it to a scrum after discussion with the video officials. <div id=\"New Zealand 3\"> Notes: Key Key Sky Sport was the host broadcaster. Sky Sports televised the tour in the UK and Ireland and S4C showed highlights throughout the UK in the Welsh language. In addition to Sky Sports, Talksport provided exclusive live UK radio commentary. Other broadcasters included Fox Sports in Australia, SuperSport",
"title": "2017 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand"
},
{
"id": "20931410",
"text": "2019 Great Britain Lions tour The 2019 Great Britain Lions tour is a forthcoming tour by the Great Britain national rugby league team to the Southern Hemisphere in 2019. The tour will be the first matches played by the Lions since 2007 when they defeated New Zealand 3–0 during the New Zealand tour that year. The last time the Lions travelled to Australasia was for the 2006 Tri-Nations tournament and the last full Lions tour was in 1996. After the 2007 New Zealand tour to Great Britain the Great Britain Lions were disbanded and more emphasis was placed on the",
"title": "2019 Great Britain Lions tour"
},
{
"id": "15651640",
"text": "Stadium. On 17 June, Murray made his second appearance of the tour, starting in the Lions record 32–10 victory against the Māori All Blacks in Rotorua International Stadium. On 24 June, Murray started for the Lions in their 30–15 first test defeat against New Zealand in Eden Park, making his first test start for the side. On 1 July, Murray started the second test against the All Blacks, scoring a try in the Lions 24–21 victory in Westpac Stadium. It was the Lions' first test win against New Zealand since 1993 and the first time New Zealand had lost a",
"title": "Conor Murray"
},
{
"id": "14701495",
"text": "in Ireland's 28–17 win against Argentina on 10 November, and was Man-of-the-Match in Ireland's 16–9 win against New Zealand on 17 November, a win that was O'Mahony's first against the All Blacks and Ireland's first ever win in Dublin against New Zealand. In April 2017, O'Mahony was selected in Warren Gatland's 41-man squad for the 2017 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand. On 7 June 2017, O'Mahony made his non-test debut for the Lions when he came off the bench against the Blues in Eden Park. On 10 June, O'Mahony made his first start for the Lions, doing",
"title": "Peter O'Mahony"
},
{
"id": "42390",
"text": "the tour. The 1950s tours saw high win rates in provincial games, but the Test series were typically lost or drawn. The winning series in 1971 (New Zealand) and 1974 (South Africa) changed this pattern. The last tour of the amateur age took place in 1993. The Lions have also played occasional matches in the Northern Hemisphere either as one-off exhibitions or as an element of a tour which mostly took place in the Southern Hemisphere. The multi-nation team that is today named the British and Irish Lions first came into existence in 1888 as the Shaw and Shrewsbury Team.",
"title": "British and Irish Lions"
},
{
"id": "42402",
"text": "Provident (1997), (2001), Zurich (2005), HSBC (2009 and 2013) and Standard Life Investments (2017). The earliest tours date back to 1888, when a 21-man squad visited Australia and New Zealand. The squad drew players from England, Scotland and Wales, though English players predominated. The 35-match tour of two host nations included no tests, but the side played provincial, city and academic sides, winning 27 matches. They played 19 games of Australian rules football, against prominent clubs in Victoria and South Australia, winning six and drawing one of these (see Australian rules football in England). The first tour, although unsanctioned by",
"title": "British and Irish Lions"
},
{
"id": "42430",
"text": "on tour. For example, they played Rhodesia (the future Zimbabwe) in 1910, 1924, 1938, 1955, 1962, 1968 & 1974 during their tours to South Africa. They also were beaten by Fiji on their 1977 tour to New Zealand. In addition, they toured pre-independence Namibia (then South West Africa), in 1955, 1962, 1968, and 1974. There have also been games in other countries on the way home. These include games in in 1959 and 1966, East Africa (then mostly Kenya, and held in Nairobi), and an unofficial game against Ceylon (future Sri Lanka) in 1950. Previous tours have seen some non-Test",
"title": "British and Irish Lions"
},
{
"id": "17469346",
"text": "Zealand into an 18–9 lead before Taulupe Faletau and Conor Murray tries levelled the game at 21–21. On 76 minutes, Charlie Faumuina was penalised for tackling Kyle Sinckler in the air, and Owen Farrell kicked the winning penalty. <div id=\"New Zealand 2\"> New Zealand led 12–6 at the break, with tries from Laumape and Jordie Barrett, but the Lions fought their way back into the game, and eventually five penalties (four from Owen Farrell and one from Elliot Daly) were enough to draw the game. There was controversy with two minutes left when Ken Owens was initially adjudged to have",
"title": "2017 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand"
},
{
"id": "42388",
"text": "British and Irish Lions The British & Irish Lions is a rugby union team selected from players eligible for any of the Home Nations – the national teams of England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. The Lions are a Test side, and generally select international players, but they can pick uncapped players available to any one of the four unions. The team currently tours every four years, with these rotating among Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. The 2009 Test series was lost to South Africa, while the 2013 Test series was won over Australia. The most recent series, the 2017",
"title": "British and Irish Lions"
},
{
"id": "11426186",
"text": "Youngs. He also made uncapped appearances against 5 provincial sides, scoring 2 tries. Youngs was again selected as one of the three scrum halves in April 2017 for the 2017 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand, alongside previous tourist Conor Murray and newcomer Rhys Webb, with Leicester Tigers teammate Dan Cole also being selected again. However, on 6 May 2017, Youngs withdrew himself from the tour party due to family reasons and was replaced by Scotland international Greig Laidlaw. Ben Youngs Benjamin Ryder Youngs (born 5 September 1989) is an English professional rugby union player who plays as",
"title": "Ben Youngs"
},
{
"id": "11007979",
"text": "tests, scoring one try. Sexton was then selected for the 2017 Lions tour of New Zealand. Sexton came off the bench for the first test against New Zealand and started in the second and third, despite being seriously injured with a broken wrist and ruptured ankle before the third test. Sexton played the majority of the third test before being replaced by Ben Te'o. On the 25th of November 2018, at the World Rugby Awards which were hosted in Monaco, Sexton was awarded the World Rugby Player of the Year. He is only the second Irish Rugby Football Union player",
"title": "Jonathan Sexton"
},
{
"id": "6160191",
"text": "1971 British Lions tour to New Zealand and Australia In 1971 the British Lions toured New Zealand, also playing two matches in Australia. Despite losing the first match to Queensland the tour was a great success, the Lions winning the Test series against the All Blacks. They are still the only Lions side to have won a Test series in New Zealand. The side was captained by John Dawes, coached by Carwyn James and managed by Doug Smith. Although the Lions had done poorly when touring New Zealand in 1966 (they lost all four Tests to the All Blacks), the",
"title": "1971 British Lions tour to New Zealand and Australia"
},
{
"id": "1362540",
"text": "8, Kieran Read and vice-captain and fullback Ben Smith. Smith and wing Israel Dagg were also the joint highest try scorers in the competition with 5 each, while first-five-eighth Beauden Barrett was the highest points scorer of the competition with 81 in total. 2016 did hold a historic loss with the All Blacks losing their first ever game to Ireland for the first time after 111 years of success, losing 40 - 29. However, in the test following New Zealand redeemed themselves by defeating Ireland for the 28th time, out of 30 tests, 21-9. In 2017 British & Irish Lions",
"title": "New Zealand national rugby union team"
},
{
"id": "42431",
"text": "players become demotivated, but more recently this issue has reduced because of high injury rates, increased use of replacements and greater selection flexibility. In recent tours a common issue has been weak opposition in many non-Test games, partly as opposition countries have their top players in national training camps, partly as sides protect top players for domestic games which are seen as more commercially important than Lions games, and possibly partly to prevent the Lions having high standard preparatory games. However, quite a few New Zealand internationals lined out in non-Test matches in 2017. The Lions have played a number",
"title": "British and Irish Lions"
},
{
"id": "13678590",
"text": "at Twickenham in the 2013 Six Nations, and was substituted after 55 minutes. Ahead of England's summer tour to Australia later that year, Marler publicly ruled himself out following recent disciplinary issues. England went on to win this landmark series 3-0. On 26 September 2018 Marler announced his retirement from international rugby. On 19 April 2017, Marler was named as one of the 41 players selected for the British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand in June and July of that year. Joe Marler Joseph \"Joe\" St. John Marler (born 7 July 1990) is an English professional rugby union",
"title": "Joe Marler"
},
{
"id": "42432",
"text": "of \"home matches\" against international opposition. With the exception of the 2005 home match against Argentina (which was played as a warm-up to the 2005 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand), these matches have been one-offs to mark special occasions: \"Players in bold are still active at club level.\" \"Updated 03 July 2017\" \"Updated 03 July 2017\" \"Updated 03 July 2017\" a. Names of the Lions in the languages of Britain and Ireland: British and Irish Lions The British & Irish Lions is a rugby union team selected from players eligible for any of the Home Nations –",
"title": "British and Irish Lions"
},
{
"id": "3378726",
"text": "winning 109–6. They led 38–6 at half time and scored 71 unanswered points in the second. Welshman Shane Williams scored five tries to help the Lions post their all-time record score in New Zealand, surpassing their 64–5 victory over Marlborough/Nelson 46 years ago. Tries were shared by Williams (5), Ronan O'Gara (2), Mark Cueto (2), Geordan Murphy, Charlie Hodgson, Jason Robinson, Martin Corry, Neil Back, Gareth Cooper, Gordon D'Arcy and Ollie Smith, with Manawatu restricted to two Jonathan Hargreaves penalties. Lock Donncha O'Callaghan and flanker Martyn Williams both retired at half-time but had impressed enough to secure Test selection for",
"title": "2005 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand"
},
{
"id": "19743363",
"text": "two rounds of byes for a total of 135 matches. Due to the British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand in June and July, Rounds 15 and 16 were split; Round 15 of the Australian and New Zealand Conferences were played on the weekend of 3 June, with Round 16 of the New Zealand Conference scheduled for the following week. The South African Conference Round 15 matches were played on the weekend of 1 July, with the Round 16 matches for the Australian and South African conferences scheduled for a week later. Teams played six intra-conference matches; in the",
"title": "2017 Super Rugby season"
},
{
"id": "11110595",
"text": "1977 British Lions tour to New Zealand In 1977 the British Lions rugby union team toured New Zealand. The Lions played 26 matches, including four internationals against the All Blacks. They lost the series against the All Blacks by three matches to one. The team played as the British Isles in their internationals against the All Blacks and the British Lions for the non-international games. One game was also played at Buckhurst Park, Suva, against Fiji. The Lions tourists left London on 10 May 1977 and returned on 19 August. Of their 26 matches on tour, they won 21 and",
"title": "1977 British Lions tour to New Zealand"
},
{
"id": "11071936",
"text": "the 2017 Lions Tour to New Zealand. He started the 1st test at inside centre. Te'o returned from injury to start his second test for England against Italy in the opening round of the Six Nations and went on to feature in all of England's 2018 Six Nations matches. in 2013, Te'o was cleared of assault after an altercation at a home in Brisbane. He claimed a woman attacked him with a stiletto and he acted in self-defence. The woman was left unconscious. Ben Te'o Ben Te'o (born 27 January 1987) is a rugby union footballer who plays outside centre",
"title": "Ben Te'o"
},
{
"id": "17469345",
"text": "test was a close match during the first half, Codie Taylor's try for the All Blacks being matched by one from the Lions' Seán O'Brien, and the home side led 13–8 at the break; however in the second half Rieko Ioane's two tries took the game away from the Lions, with Rhys Webb's try bringing the score back to 30–15. <div id=\"New Zealand 1\"> The second test was notable for the sending off of Sonny Bill Williams, leaving the All Blacks 65 minutes to play with 14 men. At half time, the score remained 9–9, but Beauden Barrett kicked New",
"title": "2017 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand"
},
{
"id": "15428487",
"text": "1910 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand The 1910 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand was the first international tour of the Great Britain national rugby league team, \"The Lions\". They played the second ever Ashes series against Australia, and first as visiting team, before travelling to Auckland to take on New Zealand. The tour was a huge promotional and financial success for what was then known as the \"Northern Union\" game and helped set the pattern for regular, alternating test match series between Britain and Australia. It is regarded as one of the",
"title": "1910 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand"
},
{
"id": "42412",
"text": "half of their normal matches. Despite having lost the test series to South Africa by game three, they won the final test. This is when they were named THE LIONS by their then Captain Sam Walker. The first post-war tour went to New Zealand and Australia in 1950. The Lions, sporting newly redesigned jerseys and displaying a fresh style of play, managed to win 22 and draw one of 29 matches over the two nations. The Lions won the opening four fixtures before losing to Otago and Southland, but succeeded in holding the All Blacks to a 9–9 draw. The",
"title": "British and Irish Lions"
},
{
"id": "17227938",
"text": "2005 June rugby union tests The 2005 mid-year rugby union tests (also known as the Summer Internationals in the Northern Hemisphere) refers to the Rugby union Test matches played during between May and July in 2005. It will coincide with the 2005 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand, playing a 3-test tour against New Zealand. Wales toured North America, playing against Canada and the United States, while Ireland played two tests against Japan. Scotland played one test against Romania due to the Lions tour, while Italy played two tests against Argentina and a single test against Australia. France",
"title": "2005 June rugby union tests"
},
{
"id": "42417",
"text": "tour, and won the test series against New Zealand, winning and drawing the last two games, to take the series two wins to one. One of the best-known and most successful Lions team toured South Africa in 1974 under the esteemed Irish forward Willie John McBride. It went through 22 games unbeaten, and triumphed 3–0 (with one drawn) in the test open series. The test series featured a lot of violence. The management of the Lions concluded that the Springboks dominated their opponents with physical aggression. At that time, test match referees came from the home nation, substitutions took place",
"title": "British and Irish Lions"
},
{
"id": "3378707",
"text": "The Lions' campaign involved a warm-up match against Argentina (which was retroactively awarded Test status by the International Rugby Board in March 2008) before the departure for New Zealand, three Tests against the All Blacks, and several tour matches, where the quality of the opposition was expected to be high. This proved to be the case against New Zealand Māori and Auckland, and most of the other tour matches were close for at least the first half. But the match against Manawatu (the Lions' only opponent from the second division of New Zealand's domestic league, the National Provincial Championship) was",
"title": "2005 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand"
},
{
"id": "11493518",
"text": "O'Brien was later cited by World Rugby, and received a one-game ban (reduced from the recommended minimum of two for mitigating factors including an \"exemplary disciplinary record\"), meaning he will be unable to play in the quarter-final, but will be available for any further games. On the 19th April 2017 O'Brien was announced on the British and Irish Lions squad. During the tour against New Zealand O'Brien scored in the Lions 15-30 defeat to the All Blacks. The tour ended a draw with 1 win and a draw to both sides. On 25 May 2011, O'Brien was named ERC European",
"title": "Seán O'Brien (rugby player, born 1987)"
},
{
"id": "19834675",
"text": "English cricket team in New Zealand in 2017–18 The England cricket team toured New Zealand between February and April 2018 to play two Test and five One Day International (ODI) matches. Fixtures in round 7 of New Zealand's 2016–17 Plunket Shield season were played as day/night matches, in preparation for a day/night Test match, which took place at Eden Park. In August 2017, New Zealand Cricket confirmed that the Test at Eden Park would be played as a day/night game. In September 2017, the second ODI fixture was moved from McLean Park, Napier to the Bay Oval in Mount Maunganui,",
"title": "English cricket team in New Zealand in 2017–18"
},
{
"id": "2241824",
"text": "operated by First Gas. First Gas also operates the gas distribution network within the city. Whangarei is home to the Northland rugby union team, a professional side competing in the ITM Cup, the highest level of provincial rugby in New Zealand. They play out of Okara Park (currently known as \"Toll Stadium\" due to a sponsorship agreement), the largest stadium in the region, which also hosted two matches during Rugby World Cup 2011. The city also hosted a match on 3 June between a Provincial XV team (NZ Provincial Barbarians) and the British and Irish Lions during their 2017 tour.",
"title": "Whangarei"
},
{
"id": "13551957",
"text": "part of the French Republic's bicentennial celebrations of the revolution. France lost the match 29-27. <br>see: <br>1989 (vs France) The most recent officially sanctioned Lions home match was played against at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff on 23 May 2005. Although six test matches have been played against Argentina on three tours (one in 1910, four in 1927 and one in 1936), they have only faced the Lions this one time on foreign soil. The match was designed to be a warm-up match for the impending tour to New Zealand. The Pumas were underdogs going into the match, never having",
"title": "History of rugby union matches between the British and Irish Lions and other countries"
},
{
"id": "19151010",
"text": "U-20 World Cup in Turkey. Gulley made his World Cup debut in New Zealand 0–3 lost to Uzbekistan, coming on as a sub in the 69th minute. He got his first start in the next match again Uruguay before again coming off the bench in their last game against Croatia. On the 19 March 2018, Gulley was called up for the New Zealand national football team for their friendly against Canada after initially being placed on the standby list, after Storm Roux withdrew from the team due to personal reasons. Justin Gulley Justin Gulley (born 15 January 1993) is a",
"title": "Justin Gulley"
},
{
"id": "7921605",
"text": "Zoo keepers who have previously starred on the show. The premiere season of \"The Zoo\". This season premiered on TV2 on Sunday 5 September. This series aired on TV2. Premiered on Sunday 29 July 2012. Currently airs on TV One at 7pm on Sundays. This 1-hour \"The Zoo\" special takes a look at pregnancy, birth and infancy at Auckland Zoo. Explores the successes and failures of trying to breed giraffes, lions, orang-utans, tigers, pink flamingos and the native New Zealand tuatara. The story of Baby Iwani, the siamang gibbon, who was rejected by his mother and 'adopted' by zookeeper Christine",
"title": "The Zoo (New Zealand TV series)"
},
{
"id": "3244663",
"text": "for their first final since the current Super Rugby competition began in 1996. On 6 August they played in the final against The Hurricanes away from home with cold, wet and windy conditions that would favor the home team, as they lost 20-3. In the 2017 season the Lions would get an easier draw, which meant they only had to face Australian teams and no New Zealand teams. With this advantage they would win 14 out of 15 matches, only losing one game away from home to the Jaguares due to sending another weaker team to Argentina. The Lions would",
"title": "Lions (Super Rugby)"
},
{
"id": "19494022",
"text": "for maintaining a slow over-rate in the third ODI between Sri Lanka and Bangladesh in April 2017. Shakib Al Hasan captained Bangladesh for the first match. New Zealand won the tournament, after they beat Ireland by 190 runs in the fifth ODI of the competition. New Zealand Cricket (NZC) announced their ODI squad in early April 2017, with ten international players being unavailable because of their commitments to the 2017 Indian Premier League (IPL). Jeetan Patel joined New Zealand's squad for their fourth ODI and players involved in the IPL joined the squad on a case-by-case basis. Adam Milne, Corey",
"title": "2017 Ireland Tri-Nation Series"
},
{
"id": "6160196",
"text": "the President's Overseas XV on 17 April 1971 three weeks prior to the squad's departure for Australia. J.B.G. Thomas (1971) \"The Roaring Lions\" (Pelham Books) 1971 British Lions tour to New Zealand and Australia In 1971 the British Lions toured New Zealand, also playing two matches in Australia. Despite losing the first match to Queensland the tour was a great success, the Lions winning the Test series against the All Blacks. They are still the only Lions side to have won a Test series in New Zealand. The side was captained by John Dawes, coached by Carwyn James and managed",
"title": "1971 British Lions tour to New Zealand and Australia"
},
{
"id": "16466463",
"text": "as captain of the All Blacks for the final 20 minutes of the 78-0 thrashing of Samoa, following captain Ben Smith being subbed off for debutant Jordie Barrett. Retallick was arguably the best performing New Zealander in the Lions series, dominating the Lions in all three tests of the drawn series, which finished on 8th July, with a 15-15 stalemate. Prior to being rested for a test against Argentina in Buenos Aires for the 2017 Rugby Championship, Retallick had played every minute of every single All Blacks test in 2017. Retallick did not play in 2017 again, following the previous",
"title": "Brodie Retallick"
},
{
"id": "42422",
"text": "a success for the Lions, who completed the tour with only two losses, and won the test series 2–1. In 2001, the ten-game tour to Australia saw the Wallabies win the test series 2–1. This series saw the first award of the Tom Richards Trophy. In the Lions' 2005 tour to New Zealand, coached by Clive Woodward, the Lions won seven games against provincial teams, were defeated by the New Zealand Maori team, and suffered heavy defeats in all three tests. The Lions faced the World Cup winners South Africa, with Ian McGeechan leading a coaching team including Warren Gatland,",
"title": "British and Irish Lions"
},
{
"id": "1362541",
"text": "toured New Zealand drawing with the All Blacks 1-1, the All Blacks had won the first test 30 - 15, while the British and Irish Lions won the second test 24 - 21, the final test was drawn 15-15. However they went on to go undefeated in the Rugby Championship 2017 season and also securing the Bledisloe Cup against rivals Australia after defeating the Aussies twice in the Rugby Championship. In October, New Zealand suffered a massive upset losing to Australia 23-18 at Suncorp Stadium in Brisbane. The All Blacks later played France, Scotland and Wales defeating all of them",
"title": "New Zealand national rugby union team"
},
{
"id": "19834678",
"text": "the second Test and was replaced by Ish Sodhi in New Zealand's squad. English cricket team in New Zealand in 2017–18 The England cricket team toured New Zealand between February and April 2018 to play two Test and five One Day International (ODI) matches. Fixtures in round 7 of New Zealand's 2016–17 Plunket Shield season were played as day/night matches, in preparation for a day/night Test match, which took place at Eden Park. In August 2017, New Zealand Cricket confirmed that the Test at Eden Park would be played as a day/night game. In September 2017, the second ODI fixture",
"title": "English cricket team in New Zealand in 2017–18"
},
{
"id": "17469344",
"text": "tests in a row at home and undefeated at Eden Park in 23 years. Peter O'Mahony was named Lions captain by Warren Gatland for the first test. Sam Warburton lost his position to Sean O'Brien, making him the first tour captain not to play in the first test in 87 years. Apart from a new-look back three of Anthony Watson, Liam Williams and Elliot Daly, Gatland picked a predictable squad. So too did All Blacks coach Steve Hansen, his only surprise being the elevation of 20-year-old Rieko Ioane for his first start over the veteran winger Julian Savea. The first",
"title": "2017 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand"
},
{
"id": "7275016",
"text": "1996 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, See: NZ Internet History Various Tours, New Zealand cricket team, Chappell–Hadlee Trophy, Cricket World Cup The 1996 Great Britain Lions tour saw the three Tet matches played in New Zealand: , Super 14, Rugby Union World Cup, National Provincial Championship, , Bledisloe Cup, Tri Nations Series, Ranfurly Shield 1996 in New Zealand The following lists events that happened during 1996 in New Zealand. The 44th New Zealand Parliament continued. Government was The National Party, led by Jim Bolger. In the New Zealand general election, 1996 National was",
"title": "1996 in New Zealand"
},
{
"id": "3244664",
"text": "not regret the decision as they would top the overall log to gain home advantage throughout the playoffs. The Lions would go on to beat the Sharks in the quarter final and were tasked to face their first New Zealand opposition in the semi final, the Hurricanes, whom they would defeat. The Lions became only the second South African franchise since the Bulls (2009, 2010) to qualify for back-to-back finals. They hosted the final at Emirates Airline Park against the Crusaders (setting the record for attendance at a Super Rugby final in the process), but lost 25-17 as they were",
"title": "Lions (Super Rugby)"
},
{
"id": "14249710",
"text": "Cruden. Cruden came off the bench in all three tests against the British and Irish Lions in the 2017 series, playing his 50th and final test for New Zealand in the drawn 15-15 series decider against the Lions. Correct as of 24 June 2014 Aaron Cruden Aaron Wiremu Cruden (born 8 January 1989) is a New Zealand rugby union player, who plays for Montpellier, and formerly Manawatu, Chiefs, and the New Zealand internationally. Cruden's usual position is first five-eighth (fly half). Cruden of Māori descent was born in Palmerston North and attended Palmerston North Boys' High School. He captained the",
"title": "Aaron Cruden"
},
{
"id": "3378723",
"text": "kicked a penalty in the second half, followed by a converted try from Sitiveni Sivivatu to end the All Blacks' scoring, and Jonny Wilkinson kicked a penalty in the 56th minute to provide the Lions with their only points of the night. The 21–3 win was considered by almost every commentator to be even more one-sided than the score indicated. The Lions' sloppy set-piece play included ten losses of their own line-outs. It was announced post-match that three injured Lions were out for the rest of the tour—O'Driscoll and Hill from incidents in the match, and Tom Shanklin for inflammation",
"title": "2005 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand"
},
{
"id": "20953591",
"text": "try-line three times in the fixture, but two of the potential tries were ruled out so Ioane contributed only five points to a 22-16 win. Ioane was named in the All Blacks squad for the 3-test Lions series the following day. Ioane was the youngest player selected for New Zealand in the All Blacks squad to face the British and Irish Lions in 2017, the day after terrorising the Lions' defence in the Blues' 22-16 win. For the first test, Ioane was chosen over 53-test veteran Julian Savea to start as the left wing. Ioane scored two tries in the",
"title": "Rieko Ioane"
},
{
"id": "16869006",
"text": "team beat South Africa, England and France. Henderson received a call up for the Ireland national rugby union team on 28 October 2012. On 10 November 2012, he made his senior debut for Ireland in the defeat to South Africa in Dublin. Henderson was called up for the Lions in the 2017 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand. Iain Henderson William Iain Henderson (born 21 February 1992), more commonly known as Iain Henderson is an Irish professional rugby union player who plays for Ulster and for Ireland. Henderson started his rugby career at Belfast Royal Academy where he",
"title": "Iain Henderson"
},
{
"id": "5610296",
"text": "Currie Cup the Lions lost a lot players due to the Lions franchise being relegated from the Super Rugby competition in 2013. The team had to rebuild again with new players and new head coach Johan Ackermann. New CEO Rudolf Straeuli and President Kevin De Klerk. With their new style of rugby that was mostly used by New Zealand teams being implemented by Johan Ackermann, they reached the Currie Cup final twice in a row, losing to Western Province in 2014 at Newlands and winning in 2015 against Western Province at Ellis Park after going undefeated the season. After being",
"title": "Golden Lions"
},
{
"id": "12157047",
"text": "1966 British Lions tour to Australia and New Zealand In 1966 the British Lions toured Australia and New Zealand. The Lions won the two test matches against but lost all four internationals against the All Blacks. Overall the tourists played thirty-five matches, winning twenty-three, losing nine and drawing three. In Australia the Lions played eight matches, winning seven and drawing the other. In New Zealand they played twenty-five matches, winning fifteen, drawing two and losing eight – in addition to their four test defeats they also lost to Southland, Otago, Wellington and Wanganui-King Country. They also played two matches in",
"title": "1966 British Lions tour to Australia and New Zealand"
},
{
"id": "7319404",
"text": "participants had increased to 35,000. 2016 Four team national competition created. The national team is the Falcons. The Falcons were Silver medallists in the Arafura Games in 1995 and 1997, runners up in the Australian Football International Cup in 2002, then became International Cup champions in 2005. AFL club signed an historic agreement with, the AFL and Wellington City Council, the Saints will play in New Zealand on Anzac Day each year from 2013 through 2015. They play for the Simpson-Henderson Trophy. Source: Footy Wire Australian rules football in New Zealand Australian rules football in New Zealand is a sport",
"title": "Australian rules football in New Zealand"
},
{
"id": "42419",
"text": "only one non-test out of 21 games, a loss to a Universities side. The team did not win the test series though, winning one game but losing the other three. In August 1977 the British Lions made a stopover in Fiji on the way home from their tour of New Zealand. Fiji beat them 25–21 at Buckhurst Park, Suva. The Lions toured South Africa in 1980, and completed a flawless non-test record, winning 14 out of 14 matches. The Lions however lost the first three tests to South Africa, winning the last one, with the series already won by the",
"title": "British and Irish Lions"
},
{
"id": "16797167",
"text": "required to be released by their clubs for international matches. Australia hosted a tour by Scotland and won 2-0, while New Zealand won their home series against England by the same score. Ireland made a tour of South Africa, losing their 2-0. The Pacific Islanders (made up of Fiji, Tonga and Samoa players) played Australia, New Zealand and South Africa once each, losing all 3 matches. Wales toured Argentina, drawing 1-1. France visited the US and Canada, playing one test against each, and winning both. 2005 saw the British and Irish Lions undertake their first tour of New Zealand since",
"title": "June rugby union Tests"
},
{
"id": "15611509",
"text": "New Zealand Winter Games The New Zealand Winter Games (NZWG) is an international multi-sport event held every two years in New Zealand. The event is organised by the Winter Games New Zealand Trust. The Games are organised by the Winter Games New Zealand Trust with the support of the Government of New Zealand, Sport and Recreation New Zealand and the New Zealand Olympic Committee. The inaugural New Zealand Winter Games was held in August 2009 in the New Zealand city of Dunedin, and the towns of Queenstown, Wanaka, and Naseby, which are all situated in the Otago region of New",
"title": "New Zealand Winter Games"
},
{
"id": "11299406",
"text": "through the ranks of quality Welsh centres. Davies was selected to play for the 2013 British and Irish Lions tour to Australia. He was controversially selected in the third test ahead of Brian O'Driscoll in what would have been O'Driscoll's last appearance for the British and Irish Lions. The Lions won the third test convincingly. Davies was again selected to play on the 2017 Lions tour of New Zealand. He was voted player of the series by his Lions team-mates. Jonathan Davies (rugby union, born 1988) Jonathan Davies (born 5 April 1988) is a Welsh professional rugby union player who",
"title": "Jonathan Davies (rugby union, born 1988)"
},
{
"id": "11982132",
"text": "He was replaced by Gareth Davies. Recalled during the 2016 Six Nations Championship after a remarkable recovery producing Man of the Match performances for the Ospreys, Webb replaced Gareth Davies as scrum-half during the match against England. He was then back at first choice for his position, starting for Wales' last match of the tournament against Italy. Webb was selected for the 2017 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand. He appeared as a replacement in two of the Test Matches on the tour, and scored one try. On 10 October 2017, it was announced that Webb would leave",
"title": "Rhys Webb"
},
{
"id": "3378718",
"text": "almost as many questions as answers. In post-match comments, O'Driscoll said \"The ball was like a bar of soap out there and both sides made a lot of unforced errors,\" and Wellington Lions coach John Plumtree remarked, \"The All Blacks would have put 50 or 60 points on us.\" In their first appearance in the South Island the Lions played Otago on 18 June at Carisbrook Stadium. The stadium is known to visiting teams as the \"House of Pain\", particularly for the Lions who lost games to the Otago side on four previous tours. Otago began strongly and the Lions",
"title": "2005 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand"
},
{
"id": "10468098",
"text": "1983 British Lions tour to New Zealand In 1983 the British and Irish Lions toured New Zealand for the first time since 1977. The Lions went down to a 4–0 whitewash for only the second time in history – the previous was also inflicted by the All Blacks on the 1966 Lions. Overall the Lions played eighteen matches, winning twelve and losing six. In addition to their four test defeats they also lost to the Auckland and Canterbury provincial unions. The tour was captained by Ciaran Fitzgerald, coached by Jim Telfer and managed by Willie John McBride. The tour lasted",
"title": "1983 British Lions tour to New Zealand"
},
{
"id": "3378713",
"text": "set up their first try, converted it, and kicked six penalties. His last penalty saved the Lions from defeat, salvaging a 25–25 draw in the eighth minute of stoppage time. The match was granted full test status by the IRB in 2006. The first tour match was against the Bay of Plenty Steamers on 4 June in Rotorua. The Lions started the match strongly, with Josh Lewsey scoring a try after two minutes and then a second four minutes later. The Lions were up 17–0 after 11 minutes but the Steamers recovered for a 17–17 half-time score. The Lions controlled",
"title": "2005 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand"
},
{
"id": "8168245",
"text": "Air New Zealand Cup. The Lions have won the provincial competition five times since its inception in 1976. The titles came in 1978, 1981, 1986, 2000 and most recently the second tier competition, the Championship, in 2017. Their colours are gold and black as shown on the Lions jersey. The Lions play their home games at the Westpac Stadium, previously playing at Athletic Park until 1999. Even with an All-Star backline in the late 1990s including Christian Cullen, Tana Umaga, Jonah Lomu and Alama Ieremia what was a superb team on paper never lived up to expectations and Wellington became",
"title": "Wellington Rugby Football Union"
},
{
"id": "20953592",
"text": "second half of the match, the first, finishing off a set-move as the All Blacks shifted the ball to the left from a scrum. The second, a sublime run from the Lions' 10m line after picking the ball following the ball being dropped by Liam Williams attempting to catch a high kick, helping New Zealand to win 30-15. Ioane started in the second test, where the All Blacks were defeated 24-21. Ioane was ruled out of the third after falling ill with influenza. Ioane confirmed his spot as a regular starter throughout the 2017 Rugby Championship and displaced Savea in",
"title": "Rieko Ioane"
},
{
"id": "10648108",
"text": "five games as Wales claimed the Grand Slam. Owens was selected for the 2015 Rugby World Cup in Wales' 31-man squad and came off the bench in the 23–19 quarter final loss against South Africa. Owens' 50th test was a 20–18 loss to France in the 2017 Six Nations Championship, in which he played the entire game, including the 20 minutes of injury time at the end of the second half. Owens was subsequently selected for the British and Irish Lions' tour to New Zealand. Owens played six matches on the tour, captaining the side in their 22–16 defeat to",
"title": "Ken Owens"
},
{
"id": "17249775",
"text": "Rugby Challenge 2 Rugby Challenge 2: The Lions Tour Edition is a Rugby video game, developed by Sidhe and published by Tru Blu Entertainment. This game is the sequel to Rugby Challenge. The game is titled \"All Blacks Rugby Challenge 2: The Lions Tour Edition\" in New Zealand, \"Wallabies Rugby Challenge 2: The Lions Tour Edition\" in Australia, \"Jonah Lomu Rugby Challenge 2\" in France, and \"Rugby Challenge 2: The Lions Tour Edition\" for the rest of the world. It was announced via the games official Facebook account, and confirmed on the game website, that Rugby Challenge 2 will be",
"title": "Rugby Challenge 2"
},
{
"id": "11031774",
"text": "high-altitude training camp, but on 27 April he announced that it had been cancelled because of problems over player availability. The Lions flew to South Africa on 24 May, arriving the following day. The format was similar to that of the Lions' 2005 tour of New Zealand. As in 2005, six games were played before the first Test, and a mid-week game between the first and second Tests; unlike 2005, there was no mid-week game between the second and third Tests. Due to its unpopularity, The Power of Four anthem was not used on the 2009 tour. South Africa won",
"title": "2009 British and Irish Lions tour to South Africa"
},
{
"id": "20222302",
"text": "at the end of the game, by Bassett to win 20–7. The sole test match in New Zealand was played at a rain-soaked Carlaw Park in Auckland on 10 August 1946. England gave test debuts to three players; Joe Jones, Trevor Foster and Bryn Knowelden while the entire New Zealand team were previously uncapped. On a very heavy pitch the first half was played with many stoppages by the referee and no ties were scored. Instead New Zealand led 6–0 at half-time through three penalties kicked by fullback Warwick Clarke. The second half coincided with more rain that hampered ball-handling",
"title": "1946 Great Britain Lions tour"
},
{
"id": "11083570",
"text": "United Kingdom on Sky3 (now Pick) but no longer does. Series One aired in 2004. Series Two aired in 2005. Series Three aired in 2007. These are the animals that were at the park at some point while filming was taking place. Most appeared in the series. The Lion Man The Lion Man is a New Zealand television documentary series about a New Zealand big cat park called Zion Wildlife Gardens. The series was named after Craig Busch, the park's founder, who had styled himself as \"the Lion Man\". The series followed Busch and the park's employees as they managed",
"title": "The Lion Man"
},
{
"id": "20665842",
"text": "All matches were originally organised to be played on the weekend 14-15 July 2018 however the match between Manukau United and Mt Albert Ponsonby was played on the 21 July 2018 after originally being postponed due to weather conditions. The quarter-finals were played between 4–5 August. The semi-finals were played on the weekend of 25–26 August 2018. The final was played on 9 September 2018. 2018 Chatham Cup The 2018 Chatham Cup (known as the ISPS Handa Chatham Cup for sponsorship reasons) is New Zealand's 91st annual knockout football competition. The 2018 competition will have a preliminary round and four",
"title": "2018 Chatham Cup"
},
{
"id": "20665841",
"text": "2018 Chatham Cup The 2018 Chatham Cup (known as the ISPS Handa Chatham Cup for sponsorship reasons) is New Zealand's 91st annual knockout football competition. The 2018 competition will have a preliminary round and four rounds proper before quarter-finals, semi-finals, and a final. The final will be played on 10 September 2018. All matches were played on Anzac Day, Wednesday 25 April or Saturday 28 April 2018. Round 1 matches took place between 12–13 May 2018. All matches will be played on Queen's Birthday weekend Monday 4 June 2018. All matches were played on the weekend of 23–24 June 2018.",
"title": "2018 Chatham Cup"
},
{
"id": "16466462",
"text": "Ireland on the end of year tour that year. The first test against Ireland in Chicago was the only test Retallick missed that year. Retallick returned to test rugby with a solid performance off the bench in the 68-10 win against Italy and returned to his starting position in the second test against Ireland in Dublin, on 19 November 2016. New Zealand beat Ireland in the second test, with a 21-9 win. Retallick was selected as one of the 33 players for the All Blacks to face Samoa and the touring British and Irish Lions in 2017. Retallick took over",
"title": "Brodie Retallick"
},
{
"id": "15715095",
"text": "to injuries so were reduced to ten men. 'Chick' Johnson, playing out of position on the wing, then used the unorthodox method of dribbling the ball ahead with his feet to score a try. This lifted his teammates in defence and the British managed to win 14–6. This game was played on the return leg from New Zealand Originally scheduled to take place during the Ashes series, the New Zealand leg was postponed until afterwards. Northern Union defeated Auckland 34–12 in front of 13,000 fans. The gate earned the Auckland Rugby League NZ₤650. New Zealand lost the sole Test match",
"title": "1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand"
},
{
"id": "3780897",
"text": "1965, and when Ireland defeated Australia in Sydney — the first time a Home Nations team had defeated a major southern hemisphere team in their own country. He was again selected for the Lions in 1966, this time touring New Zealand and Australia. He toured South Africa with the Lions again in 1968. He was selected to play for the Lions in their 1971 tour of New Zealand. Despite being criticized by some as being \"over the hill\", McBride was made pack leader and helped the Lions to a Test series win over New Zealand; their first and last series",
"title": "Willie John McBride"
},
{
"id": "10468099",
"text": "18 matches and almost 3 months, between May and July 1983. In addition to the players originally selected, six players subsequently joined as replacements or cover for injured players; 1983 British Lions tour to New Zealand In 1983 the British and Irish Lions toured New Zealand for the first time since 1977. The Lions went down to a 4–0 whitewash for only the second time in history – the previous was also inflicted by the All Blacks on the 1966 Lions. Overall the Lions played eighteen matches, winning twelve and losing six. In addition to their four test defeats they",
"title": "1983 British Lions tour to New Zealand"
},
{
"id": "42420",
"text": "Springboks. The 1983 tour to New Zealand saw the team successful in the non-test games, winning all but two games, but being whitewashed in the test series against the All Blacks. A tour to South Africa by the Lions was anticipated in 1986. However, the invitation for the Lions to tour South Africa was never accepted because of controversy surrounding Apartheid, and the tour did not go ahead. The Lions did not return to South Africa until 1997, after the Apartheid era. A Lions team was selected in April 1986 for the International Rugby Board centenary match against a 'The",
"title": "British and Irish Lions"
},
{
"id": "11110598",
"text": "first time and suffered their fifth defeat of the tour, Fiji winning 25–21. A team selected from the Lions touring party played one further match, against the Barbarians at Twickenham on 10 September 1977, to mark the Silver Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II. The Lions won by 23-14 in front of a capacity crowd, having led 15–0 at half-time. The touring party as originally announced contained 17 players from Wales (including the as-yet uncapped Elgan Rees and Brynmor Williams), 5 from England, 5 from Scotland and 3 from Ireland. Geoff Wheel had to withdraw on medical advice before the touring",
"title": "1977 British Lions tour to New Zealand"
}
] | when are the lions playing in new zealand |
[
"15 May 2004"
] | [
{
"id": "2423200",
"text": "Come Dancing Come Dancing was a British ballroom dancing competition show that ran on and off on the BBC from 1950 to 1998, becoming one of television's longest-running shows. Unlike its follow-up show, \"Strictly Come Dancing\", contestants were not celebrities. The show was created by Eric Morley, the founder of Miss World, and began in 1950 by broadcasting from regional ballroom studios, with professional dancers Syd Perkin and Edna Duffield on hand to offer teaching. In 1953, the format changed to become a competition, with later series seeing regions of the United Kingdom going head to head for the coveted",
"title": "Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "2423202",
"text": "show has been successfully exported to other countries as \"Dancing with the Stars\" or similar names in local languages. Come Dancing Come Dancing was a British ballroom dancing competition show that ran on and off on the BBC from 1950 to 1998, becoming one of television's longest-running shows. Unlike its follow-up show, \"Strictly Come Dancing\", contestants were not celebrities. The show was created by Eric Morley, the founder of Miss World, and began in 1950 by broadcasting from regional ballroom studios, with professional dancers Syd Perkin and Edna Duffield on hand to offer teaching. In 1953, the format changed to",
"title": "Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "3734212",
"text": "to air alongside each following series, now hosted by Zoë Ball on BBC Two. In 2005, the third series commenced. Brendan, Anton, Erin, Camilla, Darren, Ian and Lilia returned from last series. Nicole, Paul and Hazel did not return. They were replaced by Karen, Hanna, Izabela, Andrew and Matthew. The celebrities that took part in this series were as follows: The show ran from 7 October to 23 December 2006. Over 12 million votes were cast, raising £1.5 million for Children in Need. A peak of 13 million viewers tuned into the final show of series four to see Mark",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "3734191",
"text": "Strictly Come Dancing Strictly Come Dancing (informally known as Strictly) is a British television dance contest in which celebrities partner with professional dancers to compete in mainly ballroom and Latin dance. Each couple is scored out of 10 by a panel of judges. The format has been exported to over 40 other countries, and has also inspired a modern dance-themed spin-off \"Strictly Dance Fever\". The show is currently presented by Tess Daly and Claudia Winkleman. The show has run on BBC One since 15 May 2004, primarily on Saturday evenings with a following Sunday night results show (with certain exceptions)",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "3734199",
"text": "on the Sunday. The singers on the show are Tommy Blaize, Hayley Sanderson, Lance Ellington, Andrea Grant and formerly the well known UK dance music vocalist Tara McDonald. The music director is David Arch. Tommy Blaize has been part of \"Strictly\" since its beginning. David Arch joined in the fourth series and Hayley Sanderson in the fifth. The show was broadcast from a specially constructed set at the BBC Television Centre, moving to the Elstree Studios in 2013. However, in the first two series, shows were also filmed at the Tower Ballroom in Blackpool, where the original \"Come Dancing\" series",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "5325634",
"text": "Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series) Dancing with the Stars is an American dance competition television series that premiered on June 1, 2005, on ABC. It is the US version of the UK series \"Strictly Come Dancing\". The show is hosted by Tom Bergeron, alongside Erin Andrews, who became co-host in season eighteen. Lisa Canning was co-host in the first season, Samantha Harris co-hosted seasons two through nine and Brooke Burke-Charvet in seasons ten through seventeen. The twenty-seventh season premiered on September 24, 2018, and its spin-off \"\" premiered on October 7, 2018. \"Dancing with the Stars\" will not",
"title": "Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)"
},
{
"id": "3734264",
"text": "2013, 2014, 2016 and 2017 In the Guinness Book of World Records 2010 edition, the format of \"Strictly Come Dancing\" was named the most successful television show with the format being sold to more than 38 countries worldwide. Strictly Come Dancing Strictly Come Dancing (informally known as Strictly) is a British television dance contest in which celebrities partner with professional dancers to compete in mainly ballroom and Latin dance. Each couple is scored out of 10 by a panel of judges. The format has been exported to over 40 other countries, and has also inspired a modern dance-themed spin-off \"Strictly",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "3734210",
"text": "the next show. The judges and other celebrities also provide their opinions on how the couples are doing. \"It Takes Two\" replaced \"Strictly Come Dancing on Three\", hosted by Justin Lee Collins, which ran on BBC Three during the first series. Prior to 2010, BBC Two Scotland aired the programme on four nights only, running their own Gaelic-language programming on Thursdays instead. In Spring 2004, \"Strictly Come Dancing\" commenced its first series. The professional dancers were: Brendan, Hanna, Anton, Erin, John, Paul, Camilla and Kylie. This is the only series that took place in the Spring/Summer months. From the second",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "3734211",
"text": "series onwards, the show takes place from September/October to December each year. Natasha Kaplinsky & Brendan Cole were crowned the first winners of Strictly Come Dancing. This was the shortest series, with 8 weeks. In Autumn 2004, the second series commenced. 5 of the 8 professionals returned. These professionals were: Brendan, Anton, Erin, Paul and Camilla. There were 5 new professionals who are: Darren, Ian, Lilia, Nicole and Hazel. Hazel only participated in this series while the other professionals competed in following series. A new spin-off show called \"\" presented by Claudia Winkleman was created this series and has continued",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "3734194",
"text": "BBC Entertainment, put Hopkins and Vardanis together to develop the show. Hopkins then called in Karen Smith, who had just produced \"Comic Relief Does Fame Academy\" for BBC One and \"The Games\" for Channel 4, to help lead the development of the show and launch the series. Smith was the show running Executive Producer of the first three series, and of sister show \"\". She then took the role of Creative Director of BBC Entertainment whilst still overseeing series 4 and 5. Hopkins later took the format to America himself when the BBC dismissed the idea of selling it abroad,",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "3734214",
"text": "was unchanged from the previous series. The first programme was a catch-up show and preview to the new series, before the start of the competition on 6 October, which ran for 12 weeks. The show featured 14 new celebrities, who were paired with 14 professional dancers. In a change to the previous format, the results show was recorded on Saturday and broadcast on Sunday, rather than shown live later on Saturday. In addition to this, the two couples who were at the bottom of the table after the viewers' vote were subject to a dance-off, where they reprised their routine,",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "3734218",
"text": "been replaced. The BBC received over 5,000 complaints. Dixon's fans were also unhappy as she had to cancel a number of dates on her autumn tour to do the programme. The official line-up was revealed on 25 August 2009 and the winner was \"BBC Breakfast\" presenter Chris Hollins: The eighth series of \"Strictly Come Dancing\" began with a launch show on 11 September 2010, then three weeks later the live shows started on 1 October 2010. Three new professional dancers were announced, The celebrities were revealed on 8 September 2010 and the professional partners were revealed during the launch show.",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "3734198",
"text": "led retired ballerina Dame Darcey Bussell to replace her; Bussell remains a judge alongside Tonioli and Revel Horwood. Tonioli commutes weekly between Hollywood and London to judge both the American and British versions of the show simultaneously. Each judge gives the performance a mark out of ten, giving an overall total out of forty. The voice-over announcer is Alan Dedicoat. During series four, an hour-long highlights show was shown on Sundays at 19:00 on BBC Two, and during series five and six, the results show moved to Sunday evenings, although it was filmed on Saturday and then broadcast \"as live\"",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "3734222",
"text": "Lukosiute. Strictly Come Dancing returned with the launch show on 7 September 2013 and its live shows on 27 September 2013 for its eleventh series. Rod Stewart and Jessie J performed on the premiere show. On 1 June 2013, it was announced that Aliona Vilani, Vincent Simone, Flavia Cacace, and Erin Boag would all leave this series. Aljaž Skorjanec, Emma Slater, Janette Manrara and Iveta Lukosiute, who partnered Johnny Ball in the first few weeks of series 10, would all join the cast. However, it was confirmed on 22 August 2013 that Anya Garnis and Kevin Clifton joined the series,",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "3734223",
"text": "replacing Slater. On 2 September 2013, it was announced that a foot fracture injury meant Natalie Lowe would not be able to participate this series, and she was replaced by returning professional Vilani. The series started on 7 September 2014 with a launch show, followed by the live shows starting on 26 and 27 September. This series was the first not to be presented by Sir Bruce Forsyth after announcing his departure from the live shows on 4 April (He made his final regular appearance in this series' launch show). However, Forsyth would continue to present special editions of the",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "3734219",
"text": "Strictly returned with a launch show on 10 September 2011, with the final in December at the Tower Ballroom, Blackpool. Bruce Forsyth and Tess Daly returned to front the main show, and Claudia Winkleman presented the Sunday night results show along with Daly. For \"\", a new presenter joined the team. Winkleman had to pull out of the 2011 series as it would be difficult to do a daily programme so soon after giving birth and was replaced by Zoë Ball. All of series eight's judges returned to the show. Jennifer Grey served as a cover judge for Len Goodman",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "3734232",
"text": "This meant that there were 18 professional dancers, the largest in the show's history. Since the inception of Stricly Come Dancing in 2004, several special editions of the show have been transmitted by the BBC each year. These have included seasonal specials, charity specials, and variations of the \"Strictly Come Dancing\" format. \"Strictly Come Dancing\" went on tour at the beginning of 2008 for the first time. The tour was hosted by Kate Thornton, and judged by Craig Revel Horwood, Arlene Phillips, and Len Goodman. Bruno Tonioli was not a judge in this competition due to him being in Los",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "4512861",
"text": "Dancing with the Stars Dancing with the Stars is the name of several international television series based on the format of the British TV series \"Strictly Come Dancing\", which is distributed by BBC Worldwide, the commercial arm of the BBC. Currently the format has been licensed to over 42 territories. Versions have also been produced in dozens of countries across the world. As a result, the series became the world's most popular television program among all genres in 2006 and 2007, according to the magazine \"Television Business International\", reaching the Top 10 in 17 countries. The show pairs a number",
"title": "Dancing with the Stars"
},
{
"id": "3734215",
"text": "for the judges to decide who left. Head Judge Len Goodman had the casting vote in case of a tie. The series raised just over a million pounds for Children in Need. A sixth series of the show was confirmed after the dancers' pay dispute was called off in late June 2008. The series lasted for 14 weeks, which is the longest series so far. The series involved three new professional dancers, Brian Fortuna, Hayley Holt and Kristina Rihanoff. Nicole Cutler did not return to the series. In July 2008 it was reported that current EastEnders cast members were banned",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "14563932",
"text": "Strictly Come Dancing (South African TV series) Strictly Come Dancing is a South African reality dance competition television series produced for SABC2 by Rapid Blue, based on the British show of the same name. It is broadcast live from the Carlton Centre Ballroom, Johannesburg, and it is hosted by Siphiwe Nhlapo. The show premiered in South Africa on SABC2 on Saturday 4 February 2006, at 20:00. South African celebrities are partnered with professional Latin and Ballroom dancers and must work each week on perfecting a dance routine. Each week during a live show viewers are asked to vote for their",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing (South African TV series)"
},
{
"id": "2423201",
"text": "trophy. The many presenters over the years included Peter West, McDonald Hobley, Charles Nove, Terry Wogan, Brian Johnston, Angela Rippon, Michael Aspel, Noel Edmonds, David Jacobs, Judith Chalmers, Pete Murray and Rosemarie Ford. Commentators included Ray Moore and Bruce Hammal. In 2004, a re-launched celebrity version entitled \"Strictly Come Dancing\", hosted by Bruce Forsyth (2004–13), Tess Daly, Zoe Ball (2011–) and Claudia Winkleman (2014–) debuted on BBC One, and became a popular hit on Saturday evenings. The title is an amalgamation of the titles of both the 1992 Australian film \"Strictly Ballroom\" and \"Come Dancing\". The format of the newer",
"title": "Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "6918936",
"text": "Dancing with the Stars (Australian TV series) Dancing with the Stars is a Logie Award-winning, Australian light entertainment reality show airing on the Seven Network and next year (in 2019) it will air on Network 10. The show, when it was on Seven Network was filmed live from the HSV-7 studios (now Global Television studios). The show is based on the United Kingdom BBC Television series \"Strictly Come Dancing\" and is part of BBC Worldwide's international \"Dancing with the Stars\" franchise. The show debuted in a short run from October to November 2004, then returned the following February. The show",
"title": "Dancing with the Stars (Australian TV series)"
},
{
"id": "6234371",
"text": "Strictly Dancing Strictly Dancing is an Australian television show that aired between 2004 and 2005 on ABC TV. Hosted by Paul McDermott, the show is a form of dance competition, with each episode featuring four dance couples from around Australia and New Zealand. The competition has three rounds, each consisting of two similar dance types. The styles range from basic traditionals, such as Cha-Cha and Rumba, to modern styles of Hip-Hop, to strange hybrids. Competitors are picked via auditioning, which is done around Australia before each season. Chosen competitors are alerted three weeks in advance of their appearance of their",
"title": "Strictly Dancing"
},
{
"id": "3734192",
"text": "and with its high viewing figures \"Strictly Come Dancing\" has become a significant programme in British popular culture. The sixteenth series ended on 15 December 2018. A further eleven stand-alone Christmas specials have also been produced, in consecutive years from 2004 onwards. Nine charity specials have also been produced since 2008. Since the fourth series, the show has also been aired in high definition on BBC HD, and BBC One HD from series 8. On 7 November 2013, it was announced that Sir Bruce Forsyth would be retiring from presenting the main series. While intending to return as host for",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "3734200",
"text": "was filmed in the 1970s. In the second series, two shows were filmed at the Tower Ballroom, show five and the Grand Final which was broadcast live on 11 December 2004. In 2005 though the BBC announced that they would not be returning to the venue for the third series due to \"logistical problems\". In October 2008, Craig Revel Horwood called for the series to return to the Tower Ballroom, saying, \"the atmosphere was electric. It's huge and has so much history. The Tower Ballroom puts a lot of pressure on the professionals and the celebrities to perform to the",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "14563936",
"text": "date format. Instead of being on Saturday nights between 20:00 and 21:30 as previous seasons were, the show was on Thursday nights at 19:30 for an initial hour episode in which each couple performed their dance for the week. There was an hour break from 20:30 to give viewers time to vote and the show resumed for a half an hour results episode at 21:30. It was the first season of the show that the winning couple had won a cash prize. The R40,000 was sponsored by the SABC. The celebrity contestants included an Olympic medallist, a journalist, a rapper,",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing (South African TV series)"
},
{
"id": "6234375",
"text": "music to which the dancers perform, with a variety of music being used. Voice-over commentary is provided during the dancing by two commentators, as in sports broadcasting, with a selected highlight being repeated at the end of the round. At the end of each show, the live studio audience is invited to come onto the floor and dance. The show had three seasons, two in 2004 and one 2005. Strictly Dancing Strictly Dancing is an Australian television show that aired between 2004 and 2005 on ABC TV. Hosted by Paul McDermott, the show is a form of dance competition, with",
"title": "Strictly Dancing"
},
{
"id": "14563934",
"text": "make the final score. The first season of \"Strictly Come Dancing\" aired from 4 February to 25 March 2006. A second season was ordered immediately based on the success of the first, and began just four months later, in August. The judging panel consists of: Each judge gives the performance a mark out of ten, giving an overall total out of 40. The eight celebrities to compete the first season were: The second season of \"Strictly Come Dancing\" premiered on SABC2 on Saturday 5 August 2006 at 20:00. In the second season, eight new South African celebrities coupled up with",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing (South African TV series)"
},
{
"id": "3734263",
"text": "know when closing credits begin so they can prepare for the surge. All ratings are from BARB. Series averages exclude Christmas special and launch show. The show has won a highly prestigious Rose D'Or award for 'Best Variety Show', beating off competition from reality shows from twelve other different countries. It has also won two awards for 'Best Reality Show' at the TRIC Awards and two at the TV Quick Awards for 'Best Talent Show'. It has also received four BAFTA Award nominations. The show won the award of 'Most Popular Talent Show' at the National Television Awards in 2008,",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "19907403",
"text": "from left to right: Craig Revel Horwood, Darcey Bussell, Shirley Ballas.\" \"For the Dance Off, Mollie & AJ chose to dance their Waltz, while Gemma & Aljaž chose to dance their Tango.\" Weekly ratings for each show on BBC One. All ratings are provided by BARB. The series 15 first live show with 11.04 million viewers is the most watched series debut for the show in its history. Strictly Come Dancing (series 15) Strictly Come Dancing returned for its fifteenth series with a launch show on 9 September on BBC One, with the live shows starting on 23 September 2017.",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing (series 15)"
},
{
"id": "14635810",
"text": "Strictly Come Dancing (series 8) Strictly Come Dancing returned for its eighth series on BBC One with a red carpet launch show on 11 September 2010, and the competitive live shows began on 1 October. The series concluded on 18 December when Kara Tointon and Artem Chigvintsev won the competition. According to BARB data, this series was the consistently highest rated of the show to date, peaking at 14.28 million viewers. Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli, Craig Revel Horwood and Alesha Dixon returned as judges. There are 14 couples in this series and three new male professionals, Artem Chigvintsev, Robin Windsor",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing (series 8)"
},
{
"id": "3734216",
"text": "from taking part in the competition due to the length of the series. The sixth series began on 13 September with a behind-the-scenes look at the new series, followed by the first live show on 20 September. On 19 November 2008, John Sergeant announced that he would be leaving the show because he believed he may \"win it\". The seventh series of \"Strictly Come Dancing\" ran from 18 September until 19 December 2009. Tess Daly signed a two-year deal to continue presenting the programme for at least the 2009 and 2010 series'. On 9 July 2009, former competitor Alesha Dixon",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "3734225",
"text": "show's professional line-up. It was then announced in August that Robin Windsor had pulled out of the competition due to a back injury. Windsor will be replaced by new professional Trent Whiddon. In the third week entertainer Donny Osmond joined the four regular judges, making the maximum score that week 50 points. Due to Winkleman's absence in weeks 6, 7, and 8, \"\" presenter Zoë Ball co-presented with Daly. \"Strictly Come Dancing\" returned for the thirteenth series with a launch show on 5 September 2015, followed by the live shows starting on 25 and 26 September. On 23 April 2015,",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "12938487",
"text": "(given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Craig Revel Horwood, Darcey Bussell, Len Goodman, Alesha Dixon, Bruno Tonioli.\" Weekly ratings for each show on BBC1. Figures exclude the BBC HD Channel. All numbers are in millions and provided by BARB In September 2009 \"Strictly Come Dancing\" earned a place in Guinness World Records as \"most successful reality television format\", with licensing rights sold to broadcasters in 38 countries. Nonetheless, the sixth series' audiences had suffered as a result of direct clashes with ITV rival \"The X Factor\". The BBC's decision in August 2009 to screen",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing (series 7)"
},
{
"id": "16520560",
"text": "Goodman, Bruno Tonioli.\" Broadcast live from Wembley Arena Weekly ratings for each show on BBC One. All numbers are in millions and provided by BARB. Series average excludes the launch show. Strictly Come Dancing (series 10) Strictly Come Dancing returned for its tenth series and began with the launch show on 15 September 2012. The live shows commenced on 5 October. Fourteen celebrities took part - the same number as the previous year. Sir Bruce Forsyth and Tess Daly returned to present the main show on BBC One and Claudia Winkleman returned to present the results show with Daly. Zoë",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing (series 10)"
},
{
"id": "14125067",
"text": "Strictly Come Dancing (series 1) Strictly Come Dancing aired its first series on BBC One from 15 May 2004. The series was presented by Bruce Forsyth and Tess Daly. The judging panel was Craig Revel Horwood, Arlene Phillips, Len Goodman and Bruno Tonioli. On 3 July 2004, Natasha Kaplinsky and her partner, Brendan Cole were crowned series champions. In the first series, there were eight celebrity contestants and in order of elimination, they were: This table only counts for dances scored on a traditional 40-points scale. The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges' scores are",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing (series 1)"
},
{
"id": "14635814",
"text": "Dance Troupe have performed: Each week various celebrities perform on the results show, often accompanied by some of the professional couples. Strictly Come Dancing (series 8) Strictly Come Dancing returned for its eighth series on BBC One with a red carpet launch show on 11 September 2010, and the competitive live shows began on 1 October. The series concluded on 18 December when Kara Tointon and Artem Chigvintsev won the competition. According to BARB data, this series was the consistently highest rated of the show to date, peaking at 14.28 million viewers. Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli, Craig Revel Horwood and",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing (series 8)"
},
{
"id": "3734221",
"text": "September 2012 with a launch show to reveal the celebrity/professional partnerships, and the live shows began on 5 October. On 25 April 2012, it was confirmed that Darcey Bussell would be joining the judging panel, replacing Alesha Dixon who left the show to be a judge on \"Britain's Got Talent\". Katya Virshilas was the only professional dancer not returning to this series, and she was replaced by \"Burn the Floor\" Karen Hauer. The full line-up was revealed on 10 September during \"The One Show\". Aliona Vilani was originally Johnny Ball's partner, but injury resulted in her being replaced by Iveta",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "19907398",
"text": "Strictly Come Dancing (series 15) Strictly Come Dancing returned for its fifteenth series with a launch show on 9 September on BBC One, with the live shows starting on 23 September 2017. Tess Daly and Claudia Winkleman returned as hosts, while Zoë Ball returned to host \"\" on BBC Two. Bruno Tonioli, Craig Revel Horwood, and Darcey Bussell returned as judges. On 9 May 2017, it was announced that Len Goodman would be replaced by Shirley Ballas when he retired from the show. This is the first series to have two female and two male judges on the panel. Tonioli",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing (series 15)"
},
{
"id": "18740314",
"text": "each show on BBC One. All numbers are in millions and provided by BARB. Strictly Come Dancing (series 13) Strictly Come Dancing returned for its thirteenth series on BBC One with a launch show on 5 September 2015, with the live shows starting on 25 September 2015. Tess Daly and Claudia Winkleman returned to present the launch show and the live shows while Zoë Ball returned to present \"\" on BBC Two. Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli and Craig Revel Horwood returned as judges for their thirteenth series, along with Darcey Bussell who returned for her fourth series as a judge.",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing (series 13)"
},
{
"id": "19596442",
"text": "AJ chose to dance their Quickstep.\" Weekly ratings for each show on BBC One. All ratings are provided by BARB. Strictly Come Dancing (series 14) Strictly Come Dancing returned for its fourteenth series with a launch show on 3 September on BBC One, with the live shows starting on 23 September 2016. Tess Daly and Claudia Winkleman returned as hosts, while Zoë Ball returned to host \"\" on BBC Two. Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli, Craig Revel Horwood and Darcey Bussell returned as judges. This was Goodman's final series as a judge. The series was won by BBC Sport presenter Ore",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing (series 14)"
},
{
"id": "3734206",
"text": "main show, due to the timing of the Sunday programme, and Tess Daly, Claudia Winkleman's and the judges' outfits are changed to present an illusion of a second live broadcast. For Series 7, the Sunday results show was axed and put back to Saturday nights as a result of a revamp of the show. It was then put back on Sundays in Series 8. A new system called the dance-off was introduced in series 5. It continued on the program through series 7, was not used for series 8 and 9, but was reinstated as of series 10 and has",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "3186478",
"text": "Previews started August 26 and the official opening night was on September 2. \"Dirty Dancing\" has appeared in other forms than the stage version. In 1988, a music tour named \"Dirty Dancing: Live in Concert\", featuring Bill Medley and Eric Carmen, played 90 cities in three months. Also in 1988, the CBS network launched a \"Dirty Dancing\" television series, however with none of the original cast or crew. The series was canceled after only a few episodes. In 2004, a prequel of the film was released, entitled \"\". It tells the story of a sheltered American teenager learning about life",
"title": "Dirty Dancing"
},
{
"id": "2721263",
"text": "\"Strictly Come Dancing\", was also launched. The following year, a number of new programmes premiered, from the United States network ABC, including \"Desperate Housewives\" and \"Lost\". At the same time, Seven's news and public affairs ratings began to increase in viewers, with \"Today Tonight\" beginning to challenge rival \"A Current Affair\", with the new format of \"Sunrise\" leading to increased competition with its rival, the Nine Network's \"Today\". Seven's evening news bulletins also started to take the lead with successes in most cities. The network launched a number of new series in 2006, including \"Heroes\", \"Prison Break\", \"Dancing with the",
"title": "Seven Network"
},
{
"id": "3734228",
"text": "the show, however, she did do the 2016 live tour. Savchenko announced he was leaving the show on 28 June 2016. For series 14, Katya Jones, Gorka Márquez, Oksana Platero, and Joanne Clifton replaced them. \"Strictly Come Dancing\" returned for its fourteenth series with a launch show on 3 September 2016 on BBC One. This was Len Goodman's final series as head judge. On 28 June 2016, the list of professionals who were returning for the fourteenth series was revealed. Professionals from the last series who would not return included last series' champion and two-time professional winner of the show",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "3734205",
"text": "Roll and The Charleston. The Argentine Tango coaches in series three were Flavia Cacace and Vincent Simone, both of whom have subsequently competed in the show. From Series 1-4, the results show was shown live, later on the Saturday 1 hour after the performances. From Series 5 onwards, the results show is recorded on the Saturday night directly after the live show and incorporates the result of the viewers' votes which are completed by 21:30. This was confirmed by the official BBC website in 2008: Throughout the Sunday results show the presenters refer to 'last night' in reference to the",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "17510000",
"text": "Strictly Come Dancing (series 11) Strictly Come Dancing returned for its eleventh series beginning with a launch show on 7 September 2013, with the live shows starting on 27 and 28 September 2013. Sir Bruce Forsyth returned for his final series as host with Tess Daly, who continued to co-present the main show on BBC One, with Claudia Winkleman returning to present the results show alongside Daly. Zoë Ball returned as presenter of \"\" on BBC Two. Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli, Craig Revel Horwood and Darcey Bussell also returned as judges. The shows on 5 October, 9 November and 7",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing (series 11)"
},
{
"id": "16520557",
"text": "Bussell, who replaced Alesha Dixon. On 20 June 2012, it was announced that Katya Virshilas would not be returning to the show as a professional. On 23 June 2012, it was announced that Karen Hauer of \"Burn the Floor\" fame would replace Virshilas. The show was broadcast from Wembley Arena on 17 November with all proceeds going to the BBC charity, Children in Need. The show on 10 November was hosted by Daly and Winkleman while Forsyth took a break before the Wembley Arena show. Olympic gymnast Louis Smith and professional partner Flavia Cacace won the series on 22 December",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing (series 10)"
},
{
"id": "4512875",
"text": "Quien Baila\" (\"Look Who's Dancing\"), which airs on Sunday nights with the fifth season returning in 2017. The Mirror Ball trophy is manufactured by the New York firm Society Awards. In addition, ABC debuted the Juniors version of the show on October 7, 2018 with Jordan Fisher and Frankie Muniz as hosts. Dancing with the Stars Dancing with the Stars is the name of several international television series based on the format of the British TV series \"Strictly Come Dancing\", which is distributed by BBC Worldwide, the commercial arm of the BBC. Currently the format has been licensed to over",
"title": "Dancing with the Stars"
},
{
"id": "15749820",
"text": "Channel. All numbers are in millions and provided by BARB Strictly Come Dancing (series 9) Strictly Come Dancing returned for its ninth series on 10 September 2011 with a launch show, with the live shows starting on 30 September and 1 October 2011. The show was broadcast from Wembley Arena on 19 November with all proceeds going to the BBC charity, Children in Need. The final took place at the Blackpool Tower Ballroom and was the first episode in 3D, and was shown on BBC HD and 18 cinemas around the country. As in series 8 there are 14 couples",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing (series 9)"
},
{
"id": "498057",
"text": "elimination shows). \"Changing Rooms\", a program that began in 1996, showed couples redecorating each other's houses, and was the first reality show with a self-improvement or makeover theme. The dating reality show \"Streetmate\" premiered in the UK in 1998. Originally created by Gabe Sachs as \"Street Match\", it was a flop in the United States; however, the show was revamped in the UK by Tiger Aspect Productions and became a cult hit. The production team from the original series went on to create popular reality shows \"Strictly Come Dancing\", \"Location, Location, Location\", and the revamped \"MasterChef\", amongst others. The 1980s",
"title": "Reality television"
},
{
"id": "9366930",
"text": "Strictly Come Dancing: It Takes Two Strictly Come Dancing: It Takes Two (also known as Strictly: It Takes Two or simply It Takes Two) is a British television programme, the companion show to the popular BBC One programme \"Strictly Come Dancing\". It is broadcast on weeknights during the run of the main show on BBC Two at 6:30 pm. Claudia Winkleman originally presented the show, however she left at the end of the 2010 series and now presents the main show. Since October 2011, Zoë Ball has presented the show. Before 2010, BBC Two Scotland did not broadcast the show",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing: It Takes Two"
},
{
"id": "1307718",
"text": "Bruce Forsyth Sir Bruce Joseph Forsyth-Johnson (22 February 1928 – 18 August 2017) was a British presenter, actor, comedian, singer, dancer, and screenwriter whose career spanned more than 75 years. In 2012, \"Guinness World Records\" recognised Forsyth as having the longest television career for a male entertainer. Forsyth came to national attention from the mid-1950s through the ITV series \"Sunday Night at the London Palladium\". He went on to host several game shows, including \"The Generation Game\", \"Play Your Cards Right\", \"The Price Is Right\" and \"You Bet!\". He co-presented \"Strictly Come Dancing\" from 2004 to 2013. Forsyth was born",
"title": "Bruce Forsyth"
},
{
"id": "3734196",
"text": "being combined with the ranking of the judges. For example, with ten contestants left, the judges' favourite would receive ten points, second favourite nine points, and so on, and similarly with the viewers' rankings. The bottom ranked couple gets one point. The profits from the telephone lines were donated to Sport Relief in series 1, and to Children in Need from series 2 to 5. The show is broadcast live on BBC One on Saturday evenings, and is currently presented by Tess Daly and Claudia Winkleman (however Zoë Ball covered for Winkleman for a number of weeks in 2014). Sir",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "3734239",
"text": "in Birmingham and concluded at The O2 Arena on 8 February 2015. The tour was hosted by former contestant and host Zoë Ball for the second time. Craig Revel Horwood returned as judge, but Len Goodman and Bruno Tonioli did not take part due to other commitments including \"Dancing with the Stars\" in the United States, so they were replaced by Series 6 champion Tom Chambers and his professional partner Camilla Dallerup. Anton du Beke was also a judge in the Echo Arena, Liverpool and Wembley Arena, London. Len Goodman was a judge just for the O2 show on 8",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "9366932",
"text": "previous Saturday show and the training footage for the next, and interviews with celebrities who have been watching the show. The show features half-hour episodes each Monday to Thursday, with an extended one-hour episode on Friday in front of a live studio audience. In 2016, Zoë Ball has been joined each week by regular dance experts, Ian Waite, Karen Hardy, Neil Jones and Chloe Hewitt, with former \"Strictly\" contestant Gethin Jones appearing on each Friday episode. For the new series in the autumn of 2017, the programme returned to the newly refurbished Studio TC2 at the Television Centre complex in",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing: It Takes Two"
},
{
"id": "18740309",
"text": "Strictly Come Dancing (series 13) Strictly Come Dancing returned for its thirteenth series on BBC One with a launch show on 5 September 2015, with the live shows starting on 25 September 2015. Tess Daly and Claudia Winkleman returned to present the launch show and the live shows while Zoë Ball returned to present \"\" on BBC Two. Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli and Craig Revel Horwood returned as judges for their thirteenth series, along with Darcey Bussell who returned for her fourth series as a judge. The series was won by The Wanted band member Jay McGuiness and Aliona Vilani",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing (series 13)"
},
{
"id": "14563935",
"text": "their own professional dancers and attempted to win the ballroom dancing showdown. Celebrities for the season included soapie actors, a kwaito muso, a handyman, a beauty queen, a radio jock and a soccer star. The judging panel consists of: Each judge gives the performance a mark out of ten, giving an overall total out of 40. The third season of \"Strictly Come Dancing\" aired on SABC2 from 24 May to 12 July 2007, on Thursdays at 19h30. Featuring eight new celebrity dancers who stutted their stuff with their professional dance partners, the show was broadcast in a new time and",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing (South African TV series)"
},
{
"id": "3734197",
"text": "Bruce Forsyth presented the live shows alongside Daly from 2004 to 2013, announcing his departure in 2014. He was to continue to present special editions of the show. For some of the second series, Natasha Kaplinsky stood in temporarily for Daly while she took maternity leave; Claudia Winkleman hosted the results show and editions that Forsyth had missed between 2010 and 2013. The judging panel initially consisted of Bruno Tonioli, Arlene Phillips, Len Goodman and Craig Revel Horwood. Alesha Dixon took Phillips' place from series 7 to 9, after which she left the programme to judge \"Britain's Got Talent\" which",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "3734209",
"text": "series 14, due to an injury sustained earlier by one of the contestants, Anastacia. She was unable to perform the dance-off, and the couple with the lowest total was eliminated. During the run of \"Strictly Come Dancing\", \"Strictly: It Takes Two\" is broadcast each weeknight on BBC Two. The series was previously hosted by Claudia Winkleman; but, due to her pregnancy in 2011, she had to leave the series, and Zoë Ball took over from Series 9. The show features reviews of the performances during the previous Saturday's show, and interviews with, and training footage of, the couples preparing for",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "3734231",
"text": "taking part this series. This is the first series to be broadcast since Sir Bruce Forsyth's death in August that year. In a change to the format of previous five years, there was no elimination in the final, hence there were three runner-up couples this series. On 30 January 2018, it was announced that Brendan Cole would no longer perform in the show. On 30 May 2018, the full line-up for professional dancers was announced. Chloe Hewitt left the series, and three new professional dancers, Graziano Di Prima, Johannes Radebe and Luba Mushtuk were announced to be joining the show.",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "3734195",
"text": "as they felt it was too British. From series 1 to 11, Sir Bruce Forsyth and Tess Daly presented the pro-celebrity ballroom dancing competition. From series 8 to 11, Forsyth only presented the main show and was replaced for the results show by Claudia Winkleman, at which point Daly assumed Forsyth's role as main presenter and Winkleman assumed Daly's role as co-presenter. Winkleman has joined Daly as full-time co-presenter for series 12 following Forsyth's departure after the 2013 series. Through telephone voting, viewers vote for who they would like to be in the next round, the results of the poll",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "5310685",
"text": "2. Collins was heard performing a Tom Jones impersonation on BBC Radio 1's Chris Moyles Show in January 2008. In 2014, Collins returned to radio with his own weekly show on Fubar Radio, an uncensored station featuring Andy Parsons and Mark Dolan. Collins' show currently runs Tuesday and Thursday evenings at 8.00pm - 10.00pm with co-host Sam Hutt. The show is also available via iTunes in podcast form. In 2002, Collins made shows for Bravo and MTV and became the host of the companion show for the first series of \"Strictly Come Dancing\". He was replaced by Claudia Winkleman the",
"title": "Justin Lee Collins"
},
{
"id": "2287352",
"text": "I Like It\" along with Phill Jupitus and Jonathan Ross. In 2003, he presented the first series of the Japanese TV clip show, \"Sushi TV\" for Challenge. In 2004, he took part in the BBC series \"Strictly Come Dancing\", finishing third with his partner Erin Boag. In 2005, he hosted \"Come and Have A Go\" for the National Lottery. On 1 February 2006, he appeared on the BBC programme \"Who Do You Think You Are?\", a genealogy series which traced his ancestors to a World War I flight engineer and German immigrants among both his mother's and father's forebears. In",
"title": "Julian Clary"
},
{
"id": "14125205",
"text": "Strictly Come Dancing (series 2) Strictly Come Dancing returned for its second series on 23 October 2004 on BBC One. Bruce Forsyth and Tess Daly returned to present the main show on BBC One, while Claudia Winkleman presented a new spin-off show called \"\" on BBC Two. Series 1 winner Natasha Kaplinsky filled in for Daly during the first five weeks due to maternity leave. Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli, Craig Revel Horwood and Arlene Phillips returned to the judging panel. The winner was actress Jill Halfpenny along with her dancing partner Darren Bennett. The ten professionals and celebrities that competed",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing (series 2)"
},
{
"id": "20825311",
"text": "Strictly Come Dancing (series 16) Strictly Come Dancing returned for its sixteenth series with a launch show on 8 September 2018 on BBC One, with the live shows starting on 22 September 2018. Tess Daly and Claudia Winkleman returned as hosts, while Zoë Ball will return to host \"\" on BBC Two. Bruno Tonioli, Craig Revel Horwood, Darcey Bussell and Shirley Ballas returned as judges. On 20 October, actor Alfonso Ribeiro stood in as a guest judge to cover for Tonioli. In this series three new dance styles were introduced (contemporary, jazz and street) as part of a new category",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing (series 16)"
},
{
"id": "15749815",
"text": "Strictly Come Dancing (series 9) Strictly Come Dancing returned for its ninth series on 10 September 2011 with a launch show, with the live shows starting on 30 September and 1 October 2011. The show was broadcast from Wembley Arena on 19 November with all proceeds going to the BBC charity, Children in Need. The final took place at the Blackpool Tower Ballroom and was the first episode in 3D, and was shown on BBC HD and 18 cinemas around the country. As in series 8 there are 14 couples with one new male professional, Pasha Kovalev, replacing Jared Murillo.",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing (series 9)"
},
{
"id": "3734220",
"text": "during week six due to his break from the show. This was the last series to feature Alesha Dixon as a judge after she left the show after the final to become a judge on \"Britain's Got Talent\" The professional line-up was announced on 15 June 2011 with most of the Series 8 professionals returning, except for Jared Murillo who was replaced by Siberian dancer Pasha Kovalev. The celebrity line-up was announced on 6 September 2011 on \"The One Show\" and the couples were paired up for the first time on the launch show. The tenth series began on 15",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "16520556",
"text": "Strictly Come Dancing (series 10) Strictly Come Dancing returned for its tenth series and began with the launch show on 15 September 2012. The live shows commenced on 5 October. Fourteen celebrities took part - the same number as the previous year. Sir Bruce Forsyth and Tess Daly returned to present the main show on BBC One and Claudia Winkleman returned to present the results show with Daly. Zoë Ball returned to present spin-off show \"\". Judges Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli and Craig Revel Horwood all returned and were joined on the judging panel by series 7 guest judge Darcey",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing (series 10)"
},
{
"id": "2614180",
"text": "decision despite it not being hers, claiming that \"Panorama\"'s ratings would have \"dwindled\" in its previous slot. Heggessey and the BBC's Controller of Drama Commissioning, Jane Tranter, took advantage of the weekday 9pm slot opened up by the moving of the news to commission new popular drama output, such as the successful \"Waking the Dead\" (2000–2011) and \"Spooks\" (2002–2011). Celebrity dancing show \"Strictly Come Dancing\" (2004–present) was also a popular success on Saturday nights, although another Saturday night entertainment series, \"Fame Academy\", faced accusations of being too derivative of the output of commercial rivals, and during Heggessey's era the channel",
"title": "Lorraine Heggessey"
},
{
"id": "14563939",
"text": "mark out of ten, giving an overall total out of 40. The celebrity contestants and their partners for this season were: Season 5 premiered on SABC2 on Thursday 2 October 2008, at 19:30. There are 10 episodes in the fifth season. It was preceded by a one-hour special, \"Strictly Come Dancing: The Story So Far\", on Thursday 25 September, which took a retroactive look at past seasons and previewed the fifth season. The first part (19:30–20:30) was where the contestants showed off their various dancing talents and the second part (21:30) where the results were revealed.Shot live from the Carlton",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing (South African TV series)"
},
{
"id": "14563942",
"text": "day at 19:00. The results show is recorded directly after the live show. The judging panel consists of: Each judge gives the performance a mark out of ten, giving an overall total out of 30. The celebrity contestants and their partners for this season were: Strictly Come Dancing (South African TV series) Strictly Come Dancing is a South African reality dance competition television series produced for SABC2 by Rapid Blue, based on the British show of the same name. It is broadcast live from the Carlton Centre Ballroom, Johannesburg, and it is hosted by Siphiwe Nhlapo. The show premiered in",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing (South African TV series)"
},
{
"id": "18073340",
"text": "spin-off show \"\" on BBC Two. Judges Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli, Craig Revel Horwood and Darcey Bussell also returned. In the third week entertainer Donny Osmond joined the four regular judges, making the maximum score that week 50 points. The shows from 1 to 16 November were hosted by Daly and Zoë Ball, after one of Winkleman's children was involved in an accident. Winkleman returned to co-host the show on 22 November. The series was won by Caroline Flack and Pasha Kovalev on 20 December. She became the first celebrity to score the maximum 40 from the judges in all",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing (series 12)"
},
{
"id": "14125068",
"text": "as follows: Unless indicated otherwise, individual judges scores are given (in parenthesis) in this order from left to right: \"Craig Revel Horwood, Arlene Phillips, Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli.\" Individual judges' scores in the chart below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Bruno Tonioli, Arlene Phillips, Len Goodman, Craig Revel Horwood Running order Running order This week's show is filmed in the Blackpool Tower Ballroom. Running order Running order Running order Running order The dances performed during Series 1 were as follows: Strictly Come Dancing (series 1) Strictly Come Dancing aired its first series on",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing (series 1)"
},
{
"id": "3734213",
"text": "and Karen crowned 2006 \"Strictly Come Dancing\" champions. This series introduced four new professional dancers – Flavia Cacace, James Jordan, Ola Jordan and Vincent Simone. Andrew Cuerden, Hanna Haarala and Izabela Hannah did not return to the series. This series also saw the return of Nicole Cutler, who had taken part in Series 2 but not in Series 3. The couples in order of elimination: The fifth series of \"Strictly Come Dancing\" began on BBC One on 29 September 2007, with Bruce Forsyth and Tess Daly returning as presenters. For the first and only time, the line up of professionals",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "6483734",
"text": "in which he appeared was nominated for the Emmy Award in the \"Outstanding Reality/Competition Program\" category. Since \"Strictly Come Dancing\" began in the UK in 2004, Goodman has appeared as head judge on the dance competition for BBC One, in all series of the show and until the 2016 series, Goodman appeared on the panel with Darcey Bussell, Bruno Tonioli, and Craig Revel Horwood. However, in July 2016, Goodman announced he would be leaving the show at the end of that year's series. His final appearance was on the Christmas Day Special. On 9 May 2017, it was announced that",
"title": "Len Goodman"
},
{
"id": "11214509",
"text": "Danny Mac Danny Mac (born Danny Mac Greene on 26 February 1988) is an English actor and singer best known for playing Mark \"Dodger\" Savage in the Channel 4 soap opera \"Hollyoaks\" from 2011 to 2015. In 2016, he reached the final in the fourteenth series of BBC One's \"Strictly Come Dancing\". He is the highest scoring (by average) male celebrity to ever appear on the show. Mac was born in Bromley, Greater London, but then grew up in the seaside town of Bognor Regis. He wanted to act from a young age, and enjoyed watching \"Grease\", Michael Jackson and",
"title": "Danny Mac"
},
{
"id": "18073339",
"text": "Strictly Come Dancing (series 12) Strictly Come Dancing returned for its twelfth series beginning from 7 September 2014 with a launch show, with the live shows starting on 26 and 27 September. Tess Daly returned to present the main show on BBC One alongside Claudia Winkleman, who has been promoted to co-presenter in addition to the results show after Sir Bruce Forsyth decided to leave the show (He made his final regular appearance on this series' launch show) after the eleventh series; however, Forsyth continued to host the Christmas and Children in Need specials. Zoë Ball returned as presenter of",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing (series 12)"
},
{
"id": "6494439",
"text": "Kara Tointon Kara Louise Tointon (born 5 August 1983) is an English actress, best known for playing Dawn Swann in BBC soap opera \"EastEnders\", as the 2010 winner of BBC television series \"Strictly Come Dancing\" and as Maria in the ITV live production of \"The Sound of Music Live\" in December 2015 alongside Julian Ovenden as Captain von Trapp. Tointon was born to parents Ken and Carol Tointon. Together with her actress sister, Hannah (born 1987), Tointon was brought up in Leigh-on-Sea. Both sisters attended St Michael's School, Leigh, and St Hilda's School, Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex. Tointon was diagnosed with dyslexia",
"title": "Kara Tointon"
},
{
"id": "3734256",
"text": "received\", and that they were \"satisfied that appropriate steps were taken by the BBC and the disadvantage to viewers minimised.\" Ofcom also opined that: \"the BBC had been open and transparent with viewers about the mistake it made and the solution adopted.\" In June 2008, tabloid newspaper \"The Sun\" reported that the then 66-year-old judge Arlene Phillips, who had judged the show since its inception in 2004, was to replaced by series five winner Alesha Dixon, then aged 30. This was later confirmed by the BBC in July of that year. Subsequently, the BBC was accused of ageism and sexism",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "9366938",
"text": "between two and three million viewers each evening and is regularly the most watched show of the day on BBC Two. Strictly Come Dancing: It Takes Two Strictly Come Dancing: It Takes Two (also known as Strictly: It Takes Two or simply It Takes Two) is a British television programme, the companion show to the popular BBC One programme \"Strictly Come Dancing\". It is broadcast on weeknights during the run of the main show on BBC Two at 6:30 pm. Claudia Winkleman originally presented the show, however she left at the end of the 2010 series and now presents the",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing: It Takes Two"
},
{
"id": "20252870",
"text": "throughout Australia on the ABC television network. Filmed in Melbourne’s San Remo Ballroom, it was co-produced by FMTV’s Brian Finch and Peter Regan. Each episode showcased dance couples in a competitive format, judged by a panel of professional experts. \"That’s Dancin’\" preceded many similar shows worldwide, such as \"Dancing with the Stars\", \"Strictly Come Dancing\". In 1989, \"The Age\" newspaper reported that the show was the ABC’s highest rating series ever in the Sunday 7.30pm timeslot. In 1991, it achieved the national broadcaster’s largest ever audience against Channel Nine’s perennial hit, \"Hey Hey, it’s Saturday\". In 1991, a live version",
"title": "Leslie P. Newman"
},
{
"id": "13460943",
"text": "Strictly Come Dancing (series 3) Strictly Come Dancing returned for its third series on 15 October 2005 and ended on 17 December 2005. Bruce Forsyth and Tess Daly returned to co-present the main show on BBC One, while Claudia Winkleman returned to present spin-off show \"\". Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli, Craig Revel Horwood and Arlene Phillips returned as judges. The winners were Darren Gough along with his dancing partner Lilia Kopylova. In the third series there were 12 celebrity dancers, 6 men and 6 women. In order of elimination they were: This table only counts for dances scored on a",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing (series 3)"
},
{
"id": "949179",
"text": "in TV comedy by \"Radio Times\". In the summer of 2004, Norton ventured into American television. \"The Graham Norton Effect\" debuted on 24 June 2004 on Comedy Central, and was also broadcast in the UK on BBC Three. In the midst of controversy surrounding Justin Timberlake and Janet Jackson's Super Bowl performance, Norton was wary of moving into the market. In 2005, Norton moved to the BBC and began hosting the Saturday evening reality TV series \"Strictly Dance Fever\" on BBC One, as well as a new comedy chat show, \"Graham Norton's Bigger Picture\". He also read stories some nights",
"title": "Graham Norton"
},
{
"id": "4474973",
"text": "Fern Britton Fern Britton (born 17 July 1957) is an English television presenter and author, best known for her television work with ITV and the BBC. Britton came to national attention when she presented \"Ready Steady Cook\" between 1994 and 2000 on BBC One. Britton was presenter of ITV's \"This Morning\" programme from 1999 to 2009. In 2012, Britton participated in \"Strictly Come Dancing\", where she was paired with professional dancer Artem Chigvintsev. Since 2010 she has also published a number of novels and books of short stories and non-fiction. Britton was born in Ealing, London, to English actor Tony",
"title": "Fern Britton"
},
{
"id": "19596437",
"text": "Strictly Come Dancing (series 14) Strictly Come Dancing returned for its fourteenth series with a launch show on 3 September on BBC One, with the live shows starting on 23 September 2016. Tess Daly and Claudia Winkleman returned as hosts, while Zoë Ball returned to host \"\" on BBC Two. Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli, Craig Revel Horwood and Darcey Bussell returned as judges. This was Goodman's final series as a judge. The series was won by BBC Sport presenter Ore Oduba and Joanne Clifton. Oduba becomes the first champion to have ever landed in the bottom two more than once.",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing (series 14)"
},
{
"id": "3734224",
"text": "show, such as Children in Need and Christmas specials. It was announced on 9 May that Claudia Winkleman would join the main show as co-presenter and the duties would mirror the existing result show format, with Tess Daly taking over Forsyth's role as main presenter and Winkleman taking Daly's role as co-presenter. It was announced on 1 June 2014 that professional dancers Artem Chigvintsev, James Jordan and Anya Garnis would not be returning for the new series, although Garnis would remain on the show's choreography team. It was also announced that Tristan MacManus and Joanne Clifton would be joining the",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "3734238",
"text": "Tour begun on 17 January 2014 at the National Indoor Arena in Birmingham and ended at The O2 Arena on 7 February. The tour was hosted by former contestant Lisa Riley, and Bruno Tonioli, Craig Revel Horwood and Len Goodman returned as judges. The following celebrities and professionals took part: Natalie Lowe also featured on the tour, but did not partner a celebrity. This is the first series of \"The Live Tour!\" in which all of the celebrities danced with their original partners. The \"Strictly Come Dancing 2015\" UK Tour began on 16 January 2015 at the National Indoor Arena",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "3734193",
"text": "each Children in Need and Christmas special, he only did so for the Christmas special in 2014 and the Children in Need special in 2015. He sent a video message for the 2015 Christmas special as he was unable to appear due to illness. Forsyth died on 18 August 2017. Producer Richard Hopkins, who had produced the first UK series of \"Big Brother\", unsuccessfully pitched the idea of a modern \"Come Dancing\" to the BBC under the title of Pro-Celebrity Dancing in 2003. Later, entertainment executive Fenia Vardanis also suggested reviving \"Come Dancing\", so Jane Lush, the then head of",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "3734125",
"text": "Tess Daly Helen Elizabeth \"Tess\" Daly (born 27 April 1969) is an English model and television presenter, best known for co-presenting the BBC One celebrity dancing show \"Strictly Come Dancing\" since 2004. She has been married to television and radio presenter Vernon Kay. Daly was born on 27 April 1969 in Stockport, Cheshire, to Vivian (1932–2003), who died of emphysema, and Sylvia Daly, and grew up in Birch Vale near New Mills, Derbyshire. She attended Hayfield Primary School and New Mills Secondary School, where she gained 9 O-levels. She has a younger sister, Karen. Daly is of Irish descent. Scouted",
"title": "Tess Daly"
},
{
"id": "13489487",
"text": "in a fur coat like he was Orson Welles, even though he was only doing a promo video.\" Local fans of the band appeared as the audience. The video was first broadcast in Britain in December 1982 on \"The Tube\", a show on Channel 4, making its American debut on MTV on 25 March 1983. In the video, the lyrics of \"Come Dancing\" are used as the storyline. Calling back to his youth, Ray starred as the \"spiv\" character who took the sister out to dance. Ray's character, according to author Johnny Rogan, was inspired by the Davies brothers' uncle,",
"title": "Come Dancing (song)"
},
{
"id": "6831968",
"text": "new backstage host, Jordan Banjo. It was confirmed on 25 January 2018, that \"Dancing on Ice\" had been recommissioned for an eleventh series to air in 2019. The series was announced in November 2004 and originally titled \"Stars on Thin Ice\", the show was renamed following the failure of ITV's celebrity oriented 2005 summer schedule. \"Dancing on Ice\" is frequently compared to the BBC's \"Strictly Come Dancing\". In 2004, the BBC aired a \"Strictly\" special entitled \"Strictly Ice Dancing at Christmas\", which was won by England goalkeeper David Seaman (who was a contestant in series 1 of \"Dancing on Ice\").",
"title": "Dancing on Ice"
},
{
"id": "6483735",
"text": "Shirley Ballas would succeed Goodman as head judge. Goodman has been the head judge on \"Strictly Come Dancing's\" American adaptation, \"Dancing with the Stars\", appearing in all seasons of the program since 2005 with Carrie Ann Inaba, Bruno Tonioli, and, since 2014, Julianne Hough. He left the show for season 21, but returned the following season. From 30 March to 9 April 2012, Goodman hosted a three-part BBC One documentary that was broadcast in the United States by PBS for the 100th anniversary of the voyage and sinking of the RMS \"Titanic\". It capitalised on his experience as a welder",
"title": "Len Goodman"
},
{
"id": "9281318",
"text": "estimated audience of 20 million viewers in Britain and 227 million globally. She later became involved in teaching the Queen the broadcasting skills necessary for her Royal Christmas Message broadcasts, by recording a training film for the monarch. The film demonstrated various techniques such as reading a script and using an autocue, the latter of which the Queen chose for her broadcasts. Peters was chosen in 1954 to host \"Come Dancing\" (the predecessor of \"Strictly Come Dancing\"), In 1956, she presented the children's programme \"For Deaf Children\", and she was a compere for \"Television Dancing Club\", which featured the bandleader",
"title": "Sylvia Peters"
},
{
"id": "12281357",
"text": "So You Think You Can Dance (U.S. TV series) So You Think You Can Dance is an American televised dance competition show that airs on Fox in the United States and is the flagship series of the international \"So You Think You Can Dance\" television franchise. It was created by \"American Idol\" producers Simon Fuller and Nigel Lythgoe and is produced by 19 Entertainment, Dick Clark Productions, and Conrad Sewell Productions. The series premiered on July 20, 2005 with over ten million viewers and ended the summer season as the top-rated show on television. The first season was hosted by",
"title": "So You Think You Can Dance (U.S. TV series)"
},
{
"id": "13772506",
"text": "VIP Dance VIP Dance was the first season of the reality show \"Strictly Come Dancing\" in Bulgaria. It launched on 8 September 2009 on Nova Television. The show was a co-production between Nova Television and Old School Productions. \"VIP Dance\" airs on Mondays, Tuesdays and Fridays (eliminations) at 20:00. It had been announced that the season finale was on 30 November. The show was aired under the license of Endemol. It has been broadcast in a number of other countries, including Australia, Brazil, Chile, France, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, and Turkey. Its first season was produced by Old School Productions",
"title": "VIP Dance"
},
{
"id": "3734250",
"text": "the most perfect scores as a celebrity with five. With thirteen perfect scores, Pasha Kovalev holds the record for most perfect scores by a professional dancer. Television presenter Johnny Ball, who was 74 when he competed in 2012, is the oldest contestant; he was older than magician Paul Daniels and actress Lesley Joseph, who were 72 & 71 when they competed in 2010 & 2016 respectively. Actress Louisa Lytton, who was 17 when she competed in 2006, remains the youngest contestant. Actor Joe McFadden, who was 42 when he competed in 2017, is the oldest series winner and gymnast Louis",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing"
},
{
"id": "19086523",
"text": "The Strictly The Strictly is a signature dance routine from the BBC show \"Strictly Come Dancing\", which launched in the 13th series of the popular entertainment show. The dance was devised by \"Strictly Come Dancing\"'s Director of Choreography, Jason Gilkison and draws inspiration from some of the show's most iconic moves, as well as celebrating some of the show's stars. A fragment of the dance first appeared in the professional's opening Strictly Express group number in the season premiere on 5 September 2015. It was referred to explicitly for the first time by Tess Daly on 3 October 2015 after",
"title": "The Strictly"
},
{
"id": "9149171",
"text": "Strictly Come Dancing (series 4) Strictly Come Dancing returned for its fourth series on 7 October 2006 and ended on 23 December. Bruce Forsyth and Tess Daly returned to co-present the main show on BBC One, whilst Claudia Winkleman returned to present spin-off show \"\" on BBC Two for the third series in a row. Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli, Craig Revel Horwood and Arlene Phillips returned as judges. The winner was Mark Ramprakash and his dancing partner Karen Hardy. This year there were 14 couples: 7 male celebrities and 7 female celebrities. They were: The best and worst performances in",
"title": "Strictly Come Dancing (series 4)"
},
{
"id": "2207211",
"text": "Toby the Kangaroo in the environmental animated film \"Animals United\". In February 2011, Donovan appeared on the BBC series \"Ready, Steady, Cook\". Later in 2011, he performed on the Here and Now Tour, and also toured in a production of \"The Sound of Music\" playing Captain Von Trapp. The production co-starred Verity Rushworth as Maria. From September 2011, Donovan took part in the ninth series of the BBC's \"Strictly Come Dancing\". He was partnered with dancer Kristina Rihanoff and finished third in the competition. Donovan presented a voice-tracked radio show on Heart each Sunday from 10am to 12noon. Donovan temporarily",
"title": "Jason Donovan"
}
] | when did strictly come dancing start on tv |
[
"2004"
] | [
{
"id": "2068364",
"text": "Championship before he was released in 2001 due to addiction issues. After being rehired in 2002, he formed Los Guerreros with his nephew Chavo, winning the WWE Tag Team Championship, and established himself on the SmackDown brand. He climbed to main event status and won the WWE Championship, his sole world championship at No Way Out 2004. He lost the title later that year but remained a popular main eventer until his untimely death on November 13, 2005. Guerrero left an impact and legacy on the professional wrestling industry as one of the most beloved performers of his generation and",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2068404",
"text": "and began feuding with the WWE Champion Brock Lesnar. At No Way Out, Guerrero defeated Lesnar in a shocking upset victory in the main event to win the WWE Championship. The victory made him a Triple Crown and Grand Slam Champion in the process. His next feud was with Kurt Angle, whom he defeated at WrestleMania XX to retain his title in his first big defense. At the end of this event, Guerrero celebrated in the ring with longtime friend Chris Benoit, who had just won the World Heavyweight Championship. In March, he started a feud with fellow Texan John",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2068401",
"text": "Guerrero pinned Benoit and won the United States Championship. At SummerSlam, Guerrero retained his title by defeating Rhyno, Benoit, and Tajiri in a fatal four-way match. He turned face again by engaging in a rivalry with John Cena. On the September 11 episode of \"SmackDown!\", Guerrero challenged Cena to a \"Latino Heat\" Parking Lot Brawl match for the United States Championship, which Guerrero won with help from his returning nephew, Chavo. The next week on \"SmackDown!\", Los Guerreros defeated The World's Greatest Tag Team (previously Team Angle) to win the WWE Tag Team Championship, making Guerrero a double champion. Guerrero",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2068420",
"text": "was also his theme song in the early 2000s. He has also been featured in WWE's Best Smackdown matches video of its 15-year Friday Night span, upon the show being moved to Thursday nights on Thursday January 15, 2015, he features in 5 of the top 15 matches including the number 1 spot where his No Disqualification bout with Edge topped the list of best Smackdown matches. Guerrero was survived by his widow Vickie Guerrero. They were married on April 24, 1990, and had two daughters: Shaul Marie Guerrero and Sherilyn Amber Guerrero. Guerrero also has a third daughter named",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2068398",
"text": "Los Guerreros lost to Team Angle in a rematch. Five days prior to Judgment Day, Chavo tore his biceps, forcing Guerrero to look for another partner. He chose Tajiri, and they won the WWE Tag Team Championship, Guerrero's second and Tajiri's first at Judgment Day by defeating Team Angle in a ladder match. The following week, Guerrero and Tajiri managed to retain their title by cheating. They also defeated Roddy Piper and his protégé Sean O'Haire in Madison Square Garden. After Guerrero and Tajiri lost the titles to Team Angle on the July 3 episode of \"SmackDown!\", Guerrero turned on",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2068363",
"text": "the death of Barr, Guerrero received his first mainstream exposure in the United States in 1995 by joining ECW and winning the ECW World Television Championship. Later that year, Guerrero moved to WCW, where he became WCW United States Champion, WCW Crusierweight Champion and led the Latino World Order. He left WCW in 2000 after the company failed to elevate him to a main event spot. He moved to WWF with his WCW colleagues Chris Benoit, Dean Malenko and Perry Saturn, who formed a group called The Radicalz. Guerrero went on to win the WWF European Championship and WWF Intercontinental",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2068396",
"text": "Guerrero was assaulted by his tag team partner Angle. Benoit ran to make the save, only to have himself locked inside a room. Guerrero then appeared in the room and assaulted Benoit with a steel chair. Benoit and Angle managed to overcome their differences and eventually defeated Los Guerreros in the tournament semi-finals. Later on, Benoit and Angle won the title. Benoit and Angle then fought for a trophy for being the first WWE Tag Team Champions. Much to Benoit's surprise, Los Guerreros helped him win the match. At Survivor Series, Los Guerreros faced the new champions Edge and Rey",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2068403",
"text": "then attacked and turned on Guerrero after he suffered a beating from The Bashams. Guerrero feuded with Chavo and defeated him at the Royal Rumble to settle their feud. After the match Eddie attacked Chavo causing him to bleed. When Chris Benoit jumped to the Raw brand after winning the Royal Rumble, using his title shot to go for Triple H's World Heavyweight Championship, Guerrero won a 15-man Royal Rumble match on the January 29, 2004 episode of \"SmackDown!\" to earn a shot at the WWE Championship. After becoming the number one contender, Guerrero elevated himself to main event status",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2068410",
"text": "defeated The Basham Brothers to win his final title, the WWE Tag Team Championship for a fourth time, with it being Mysterio's third reign. Many expected the new champions to defend their title at WrestleMania 21, but after encouragement from Chavo, Guerrero challenged Mysterio to a one-on-one match instead so they could \"bring the house down\". The two wrestled a match at WrestleMania with Mysterio getting the win. Although visibly frustrated, Guerrero congratulated his partner. After several mishaps in the weeks following WrestleMania, the growing tension between Guerrero and Mysterio finally erupted when they lost their tag team championship to",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2068391",
"text": "To explain his absence, a storyline was created where Guerrero was \"injured\" by Albert in a match. On November 9, 2001, he was arrested for drunk driving and was subsequently released by the WWF three days later. Guerrero started wrestling on the independent circuit after his release from WWF. On February 23, 2002 he faced Super Crazy on the debut show of Ring of Honor known as \"The Era of Honor Begins\" to crown the first-ever IWA Intercontinental Champion. Guerrero lost the match. On February 24, he debuted in the Australian promotion World Wrestling All-Stars (WWA) at The Revolution beating",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "11239581",
"text": "No Way Out (2004) No Way Out (2004) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), which took place on February 15, 2004, at the Cow Palace in Daly City, California. It was presented by THQ's \"MX Unleashed\". It was the sixth event produced under the No Way Out name and starred wrestlers from the SmackDown! brand. In the main event, Eddie Guerrero defeated WWE Champion Brock Lesnar to win the title - his sole World Championship before his death in 2005. On the undercard Kurt Angle defeated The Big Show and John Cena in",
"title": "No Way Out (2004)"
},
{
"id": "2068365",
"text": "an inspiration to many future professional wrestlers. He was posthumously inducted into the WWE, AAA, \"Wrestling Observer Newsletter\" and Hardcore halls of fame. Guerrero was born and raised in El Paso, Texas, where he graduated from Thomas Jefferson High School (La Jeff) in 1985. He attended the University of New Mexico, and then New Mexico Highlands University on an athletic scholarship. It was there that Guerrero entered collegiate wrestling before moving to Mexico to train as a professional wrestler. He followed in the footsteps of his brothers and father, who also wrestled in Mexico. As a boy, he would attend",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2068405",
"text": "\"Bradshaw\" Layfield (JBL) after JBL interrupted Guerrero's match with Booker T. The rivalry would soon turn personal when at a non-televised live event, JBL caused Guerrero's mother to suffer a (kayfabe) heart attack. At Judgment Day, Guerrero defended his WWE title against JBL and retained the title after getting himself disqualified, hitting JBL with the championship belt. The match witnessed Guerrero bleed heavily mid-way in the match, and later cause him to go into shock after the event had ended. A few days after Judgement Day, Guerrero, Rey Mysterio and Rob Van Dam faced JBL and The Dudley Boyz in",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2068395",
"text": "new tag team, vignettes were produced, which included things such as the two finagling their way into a rich lady's house and throwing a pool party. These segments marked the beginning of the rise of popularity for the team, especially Eddie, who continued to use the mannerisms. The duo entered the eight-team tournament for the new WWE Tag Team Championship, sneaking past Rikishi and Mark Henry in the opening round, before starting a feud with the newly formed tag team of Kurt Angle and Chris Benoit. In one of the team's definitive moments, Chavo told Benoit that his former friend",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "11239599",
"text": "DVD received a rating of 8.5 out of 10 points by IGN. No Way Out (2004) No Way Out (2004) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), which took place on February 15, 2004, at the Cow Palace in Daly City, California. It was presented by THQ's \"MX Unleashed\". It was the sixth event produced under the No Way Out name and starred wrestlers from the SmackDown! brand. In the main event, Eddie Guerrero defeated WWE Champion Brock Lesnar to win the title - his sole World Championship before his death in 2005. On",
"title": "No Way Out (2004)"
},
{
"id": "2068392",
"text": "the champion Juventud Guerrera and Psicosis in a Triple Threat match for the WWA International Cruiserweight Championship. On March 1, he defeated the champion CM Punk and Rey Mysterio in a Triple Threat match for the IWA Mid-South Heavyweight Championship. He dropped the title back to Punk one day later on March 2. He vacated the WWA Cruiserweight title in April 2002 after returning to WWF. Guerrero returned to the WWF on the April 1, 2002 episode of \"Raw\", attacking Rob Van Dam, establishing himself as a heel. He feuded with Van Dam, defeating him for his second Intercontinental Championship",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2068427",
"text": "named Guerrero one of the best technical wrestlers ever, and the fifth greatest performer in the history of the company's SmackDown brand. After the death of his friend Art Barr, Guerrero started to use the frog splash as a finisher. He also used to perform 3 sequential suplexes, calling the triad the \"Three Amigos.” Eddie Guerrero Eduardo Gory Guerrero Llanes (October 9, 1967 – November 13, 2005) was an American professional wrestler with Mexican descent and a prominent member of the Guerrero wrestling family. Guerrero performed in Mexico and Japan for several major professional wrestling promotions, and in the United",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2068370",
"text": "Guerrero lost the ECW Television Championship to Malenko on July 21 of that year, but Guerrero regained the title on July 28. Guerrero lost the ECW Television Championship back to 2 Cold Scorpio on August 25. The next day, they had their last match which ended in a draw in a two out of three falls match at the ECW Arena. After the match, the locker room emptied and the two were carried around the ring by their fellow wrestlers while the crowd chanted \"please don't go\". Guerrero debuted in WCW in 1989 as a jobber, most notably wrestling Terry",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2068361",
"text": "Eddie Guerrero Eduardo Gory Guerrero Llanes (October 9, 1967 – November 13, 2005) was an American professional wrestler with Mexican descent and a prominent member of the Guerrero wrestling family. Guerrero performed in Mexico and Japan for several major professional wrestling promotions, and in the United States performed for Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), World Championship Wrestling (WCW), and most notably World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (WWF/WWE). Guerrero's gimmick was that of \"Latino Heat,\" a crafty, resourceful wrestler who would do anything to win a match. His catchphrase became \"I Lie! I Cheat! I Steal!\" and was used in one of his entrance",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2068406",
"text": "a tag-team match. During the match, Guerrero suffered an illness collapsing to the ring. JBL, smart and worried in that situation, pinned Guerrero forcing the referee count to allow reliefs. WWE, within fan's incertitude and concern, formalized what happened as a way to emphasize Guerrero's bladejob at Judgement Day. At The Great American Bash, Guerrero defended the title against JBL in a Texas bullrope match. JBL won after Angle (who was General Manager of \"SmackDown!\" at the time) reversed the decision after Guerrero appeared to have retained the title. On the July 8 episode of \"SmackDown!\", Guerrero pulled a switcharoo",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "12044387",
"text": "Judgment Day (2004) Judgment Day (2004) was the sixth Judgment Day pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), SmackDown brand. This event was presented by PlayStation and took place on May 16, 2004, at Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. The main event was for the WWE Championship between Eddie Guerrero and John \"Bradshaw\" Layfield (JBL), which JBL won by disqualification after Guerrero hit JBL with the WWE Championship belt. Due to WWE regulations, a title can not change hands via a disqualification or countout, so, as a result, Guerrero retained the title. Featured matches on undercard were",
"title": "Judgment Day (2004)"
},
{
"id": "2068373",
"text": "with Ric Flair and the Four Horsemen during 1996 after Guerrero's partner Arn Anderson turned on him during a tag team match against Ric Flair and Randy Savage. In late 1996, he feuded with Diamond Dallas Page after defeating him in a match at the \"Clash of the Champions XXXIII\". He started feuding with DDP to steal his nickname of \"Lord of the Ring\", but lost. Guerrero participated in a tournament for the vacant WCW United States Heavyweight Championship and defeated DDP in the final round at Starrcade to win the United States title in December 1996. In 1997, Guerrero",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2068422",
"text": "the scene. He was 38 years old. An autopsy revealed that Guerrero died as a result of acute heart failure due to underlying atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Guerrero's wife Vickie Guerrero claimed that he had been unwell in the week leading up to his death. The episodes of \"Raw\" on November 14 and \"SmackDown!\" on November 18 (both filmed November 13) each aired as tributes to Guerrero. All storylines were put on hold, and no WWE employees were forced to perform, although several matches took place, including one featuring Chavo, who finished the match with his uncle's finishing maneuver the frog",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2419064",
"text": "first time the main event of a WrestleMania ended in submission. After the match, Benoit celebrated his win with then-reigning WWE Champion Eddie Guerrero. The rematch was held at Backlash in Benoit's hometown of Edmonton. It was Michaels who ended up submitting to Benoit's Sharpshooter, allowing Benoit to retain his title. The next night in Calgary, he and Edge won the World Tag Team title from Batista and Ric Flair, making Benoit a double champion. The three months following his victory at Backlash, Benoit and Edge engaged in a rivalry with La Résistance for the World Tag Team Championship, which",
"title": "Chris Benoit"
},
{
"id": "2074530",
"text": "the WWE Championship. He won, thanks to the then-SmackDown! heel general manager Kurt Angle, and immediately challenged Eddie Guerrero for the title. The storyline leading up to the match was that JBL caused Guerrero's mother to have a heart attack at a house show when he threatened her and grabbed her by the shoulder. At Judgment Day, JBL defeated Guerrero via disqualification in a match for the WWE title. A title cannot change hands by disqualification, so Guerrero retained the title. JBL controversially won his sole world championship, the WWE Championship from Guerrero in a Texas Bull Rope match at",
"title": "John Layfield"
},
{
"id": "2068411",
"text": "the new team MNM (Johnny Nitro and Joey Mercury) on the April 21 episode of \"SmackDown!\". Although the next week they received a rematch to regain the title, Guerrero began a slow heel turn by abandoning his partner, whom he had considered \"his family\" earlier in the show. At the end of the May 5, 2005 episode of \"SmackDown!\", he attacked his former tag team partner, Mysterio, leaving him bruised and bloody after suplexing him onto a set of steel steps thus completing his heel turn. Guerrero then adopted a new, brooding gimmick. During this time, he also stopped driving",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2068384",
"text": "as his \"Mamacita\". At the time, Chyna was allies with Chris Jericho and initially rejected his advances. The night after WrestleMania 2000, on the April 3, 2000 episode of \"Raw Is War\", Guerrero faced off against Jericho for the European Championship. During the match, Chyna turned on Jericho and helped Guerrero win, and later explained her actions by declaring that she could not resist his \"Latino Heat\". After Chyna abandoned Lita to be attacked by The Dudley Boyz, he and Chyna began a feud with Essa Rios and Lita, ending in a European title defense at Backlash, which was also",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2068385",
"text": "billed as the night of Guerrero's prom (he was said to have just earned a GED). Guerrero defeated Rios after arriving at ringside in a 1957 Chevrolet, even wrestling in his tuxedo pants and a bow tie. Guerrero turned face and successfully retained the title against former Radicalz friends Saturn and Malenko in a triple threat match at Judgment Day, before losing the title to Saturn at Fully Loaded. The two slowly began to become popular with the fans, but over the next few months friction began to build between Guerrero and Chyna. Chyna was upset when Guerrero pinned her",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "7520992",
"text": "his nephew Chavo. On-screen, this led to Rey Mysterio, Eddie's real-life friend, getting more screen time and higher profile matches, including defeating Kurt Angle and Randy Orton at WrestleMania 22 for the World Heavyweight Championship. The night before WrestleMania, Eddie was posthumously inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame, and Vickie accepted the honor on his behalf. In 2006, approximately seven or eight months after Eddie's death, Vickie started appearing more prominently in more controversial storylines. She first asserted herself during a feud between Mysterio and Chavo Guerrero when Chavo accused Mysterio of being \"nothing but a leech living off",
"title": "Vickie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2068387",
"text": "WWF Commissioner Mick Foley and asked to be inserted into Chyna's title defense against Kurt Angle claiming that he did not want Angle to hurt his \"mamacita\". During the course of the match, Angle knocked down Chyna with the title belt and Guerrero laid on top of her to try to revive her. However, this resulted in Guerrero \"accidentally\" pinning Chyna as her shoulders were still on the mat, and thus Guerrero won the match and his first Intercontinental Championship. Chyna became visibly uncomfortable as Guerrero began to cheat in order to retain his title, while Guerrero was upset that",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2974344",
"text": "one dark match taking place before the event went live. The event had an attendance of 18,722 and grossed $813,000 through ticket sales and received 235,000 pay-per-view buys. The main event was a Singles match between John \"Bradshaw\" Layfield and Eddie Guerrero for the WWE Championship, which Layfield won via disqualification when Guerrero was caught hitting Bradshaw with the WWE Championship belt. However, since the title could not switch hands due to a disqualification, Eddie Guerrero retained the title. Featured matches on the undercard included a Singles match between The Undertaker and Booker T, which Taker won. Also on the",
"title": "WWE Judgment Day"
},
{
"id": "2068397",
"text": "Mysterio and the team of Angle and Benoit for the title. Guerrero made Mysterio submit to the \"Lasso from El Paso\" to win their first WWE Tag Team Championship. They turned face due to their popularity. They were defeated by Team Angle (Charlie Haas and Shelton Benjamin) on the February 6, 2003 episode of \"SmackDown!\". Los Guerreros and Team Angle began feuding with each other. Los Guerreros participated at WrestleMania XIX as contenders for the Tag Team Title, along with the team of Benoit and Rhyno. Both teams lost to Haas and Benjamin in a triple threat match. At Backlash,",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2068426",
"text": "of his top 10 opponents, while Chris Jericho said he was the best performer in the world when he was \"on\". Kurt Angle named Guerrero as the second greatest professional wrestler of all time, behind Shawn Michaels, stating: \"[Eddie] could have been the absolute greatest of all time because when I wrestled, he was still in that top three we were talking about, so Eddie had it all. He was so entertaining, but he also had all the technique. He was such a great wrestler and he got it. He got finishes. He knew how to structure them.\" WWE.com staff",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2068418",
"text": "from an injured back, but that was later denied by Batista in his book. Orton was given Guerrero's spot in the traditional Survivor Series elimination match between the Raw and SmackDown! brands, which SmackDown! would win, with Orton being the sole survivor. On March 13, 2004, Guerrero (WWE Champion), along with Big Show, Trish Stratus and Chris Jericho, made a guest appearance on \"MADtv\" as he and the other wrestlers \"beat up\" Frank Caliendo (portraying Jay Leno) while Aries Spears (portraying \"The Tonight Show\" Band leader Kevin Eubanks) watched on. There have also been several DVDs and books released about",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2068382",
"text": "lost to Revolution in a mixed tag team elimination match. When Vince Russo was fired as WCW booker and replaced by Kevin Sullivan, Guerrero asked for and received a release from his contract on January 19. He signed with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 2000 along with fellow WCW stars Benoit, Malenko, and Saturn. Guerrero, Chris Benoit, Dean Malenko and Perry Saturn debuted in the WWF on the January 31, 2000 episode of \"Raw Is War\" as The Radicalz, interfering in a match involving The New Age Outlaws, establishing themselves as faces. During his first match with the WWF,",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2068394",
"text": "brand. Guerrero feuded with Edge, to whom he lost at SummerSlam. Guerrero continued his feud with Edge, whom he defeated at Unforgiven; they then had a no disqualification match two weeks after Unforgiven on \"SmackDown!\" which Edge won thus ending the rivalry. With Benoit focusing on Kurt Angle, Guerrero aligned himself with his nephew Chavo, forming the tag team Los Guerreros. In contrast to a previous WCW storyline with his nephew, Chavo fully agreed with his uncle as their slogan stated: \"We lie, we cheat, and we steal, but at least we're honest about it\". In order to push the",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2068376",
"text": "Booker T in a match. After the match, Guerrero suplexed Chavo to teach him a lesson. On the March 12 episode of \"Thunder\", he defeated his nephew Chavo in a match and forced him to become his \"slave\". At Uncensored, Chavo was forced to support Guerrero when he faced Booker T for Booker's WCW World Television Championship. Guerrero lost the match after receiving a missile dropkick. Guerrero and Chavo feuded with Último Dragón. Chavo lost to Dragón at Spring Stampede. At Slamboree, Guerrero defeated Dragón despite interference from Chavo. After the match, Chavo kissed Eddie and began to display insane",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "8086629",
"text": "his hotel room and Chavo found his uncle unconscious. Chavo attempted CPR, but 38-year-old Eddie was declared dead at the scene. Vickie Guerrero, Eddie's wife, later announced that an autopsy ruled the cause of death to be massive heart failure. Guerrero's death fell on the day that he had been scheduled to compete in a match for the World Heavyweight Championship versus Batista and Randy Orton. The company held tributes to Guerrero on both \"Raw\" and \"SmackDown\" during the week following his death. On April 1, 2006 at the WWE Hall of Fame induction ceremonies during WrestleMania 22 weekend, Guerrero's",
"title": "History of WWE"
},
{
"id": "2068407",
"text": "with Shannon Moore, who was wrestling as \"El Gran Luchadore\" and wore the costume. The next week on \"SmackDown!\", Guerrero faced JBL in a steel cage match for the WWE title where El Gran Luchadore appeared again and cost Guerrero the match; he later revealed himself as Kurt Angle. Guerrero continued his feud with Angle again. At SummerSlam, Guerrero lost to Angle after submitting to his ankle lock. Guerrero then allied himself with Big Show. Each week Angle and his new allies Luther Reigns and Mark Jindrak began targeting Guerrero and Big Show. Guerrero defeated Reigns in a singles match",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "4225817",
"text": "Eruption PPV was held at the Rod Laver Arena in Melbourne, Australia. The show started with Jeff Jarrett being escorted away from the building proclaiming he would be back (Jarrett never appeared after this). It presumed this was prerecorded earlier in the week. A new Cruiserweight Champion was crowned at the show after Eddie Guerrero had returned to the WWF. A.J. Styles defeated Jerry Lynn in the tournament final to win the title. Another match of note was a cage match between Sabu and Devon Storm. Sabu won the match after leaping from the top of the cage onto Devon",
"title": "World Wrestling All-Stars"
},
{
"id": "11239594",
"text": "WWE title belt to hit Guerrero. Meanwhile, Goldberg came down into the ring and delivered a spear to Lesnar. Because the referee was incapacitated, Guerrero could not be disqualified for Goldberg's interference. As Goldberg retreated, Guerrero countered Lesnar's 2nd F5 into a DDT on the title belt while the referee regained consciousness. Guerrero kicked the belt out of the ring to prevent the referee from seeing it and performed his Frog splash to pin Lesnar and win the WWE Championship from him. At WrestleMania XX, WWE Champion Eddie Guerrero defeated challenger Kurt Angle via pinfall and retained his title. John",
"title": "No Way Out (2004)"
},
{
"id": "3759083",
"text": "United States Championship by then-SmackDown! General Manager Stephanie McMahon, and was commissioned to be a secondary championship for the SmackDown! brand. Eddie Guerrero became the first champion after its reactivation by winning a tournament at Vengeance, defeating Chris Benoit in the final match. This was done shortly after the Intercontinental Championship was recommissioned by the Raw brand, making the title its equal counterpart. The first brand extension ended on August 29, 2011, and the United States Championship could be defended on both \"Raw\" and \"SmackDown\". In August 2014, the United States Championship belt, along with all other pre-existing championship belts",
"title": "WWE United States Championship"
},
{
"id": "2068412",
"text": "his low-riders down the ring and walked to the ring slowly with a frown on his face, gained a new theme which was a darker remix of \"Lie, Cheat, And Steal\" and started using his other finishing move, the \"Lasso from El Paso\", more often. At Judgment Day, Guerrero lost to Mysterio by disqualification after hitting Mysterio with a chair. On the June 30 episode of \"SmackDown!\", Guerrero threatened to reveal a secret about Mysterio and his son Dominick. The storyline grew to involve the families of both men, with both sides pleading for Guerrero not to reveal the secret.",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2068374",
"text": "defended the United States Heavyweight Championship against Scott Norton at the \"Clash of the Champions XXXIV\", Syxx in a ladder match at Souled Out, and Chris Jericho at SuperBrawl VII. His reign came to an end at Uncensored when Dean Malenko defeated him for the title. After losing the United States Heavyweight Championship, Guerrero feuded with Jericho focusing on Jericho's Cruiserweight Championship. He challenged Jericho for the title at Clash of the Champions XXXV but lost. Guerrero demanded a rematch for the title. In the opening match of Fall Brawl, Guerrero defeated Jericho to win the WCW World Cruiserweight Championship.",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2068371",
"text": "Funk. In 1991, he would return for WrestleWar, wrestling a dark match, teaming with Ultraman to defeat Huichol and Rudy Boy Gonzalez. Guerrero returned to WCW in late 1995 along with Dean Malenko and Chris Benoit with whom he had worked with in NJPW and ECW. During his first few pay-per-view events, he competed in dark matches against Alex Wright. His first televised pay-per-view appearance was at World War 3 where he competed in the 3-ring, 60-man World War 3 battle royal for the vacant WCW World Heavyweight Championship. Guerrero was one of the final nine men in the battle",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2068928",
"text": "by his father Chavo Sr. who sided with his son instead of his brother. Guerrero and his father teamed together to defeat Eddie and Kurt Angle on the 22 January 2004 episode of \"SmackDown!\" Eddie, however, defeated Guerrero at the 2004 Royal Rumble to end their feud. At No Way Out, Guerrero defeated Rey Mysterio to win the WWE Cruiserweight Championship, following interference from his father (now known as Chavo Classic). At WrestleMania XX, Guerrero successfully defended his title in a 10-man Cruiserweight Open by last eliminating Mysterio. In the following weeks, Guerrero defeated Mysterio, Funaki, Ultimo Dragon, Spike Dudley,",
"title": "Chavo Guerrero Jr."
},
{
"id": "21009840",
"text": "WWA Revolution The Revolution was the second professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by World Wrestling All-Stars (WWA), which took place on February 24, 2002 from the Aladdin Casino Center in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States. Eight professional wrestling matches were contested on the card. Jeff Jarrett defended the World Heavyweight Championship against Brian Christopher in the main event. Jarrett was originally scheduled to defend the title against Randy Savage, but Savage no-showed the event and was replaced by Christopher. Jarrett retained the title. Also at the event, Eddie Guerrero defeated defending champion Psicosis and Juventud Guerrera in a triple threat",
"title": "WWA Revolution"
},
{
"id": "2068421",
"text": "Kaylie Marie Guerrero. During his two-year separation from Vickie, he had a relationship with a woman named Tara Mahoney. After the two broke up, he reconciled with Vickie. Eddie and Tara remained close friends until his death in 2005. Guerrero was close friends with fellow wrestlers Chris Benoit, Kurt Angle, Dean Malenko, Rey Mysterio, Chris Jericho, JBL, and Batista. Guerrero was a born-again Christian. On November 13, 2005, Guerrero was found unconscious in his hotel room at The Marriott City Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota, by his nephew, Chavo, who attempted CPR. However, Guerrero was pronounced dead when paramedics arrived at",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "4225816",
"text": "saying that he stole Zbyszko's \"Living Legend\" moniker. He mocked Jericho by accusing him of \"being too short to be a world champion\", despite Zbyszko actually being shorter in height than Jericho himself. Jarrett defeated Christopher in the main event to retain the title. Eddie Guerrero became the WWA International Cruiserweight Champion by defeating Juventud Guerrera and Psicosis. In April the WWA returned to Australia for a tour and to film its third PPV, The Eruption. During this tour Nathan Jones won the WWA title after winning a 4 corners match against Jeff Jarrett, Scott Steiner and Brian Christopher. The",
"title": "World Wrestling All-Stars"
},
{
"id": "2068413",
"text": "Mysterio defeated Guerrero again at The Great American Bash, a match with a stipulation that if Guerrero lost, he would not tell the secret. Yet Guerrero revealed the secret anyway on the following episode of \"SmackDown!\" – telling Dominick and the audience that Guerrero was his real father. In the following weeks, Guerrero revealed the details of the secret in a series of what he called \"Eddie's Bedtime Stories\". During that time he now had a dark comical gimmick. He claimed that he had a child out of wedlock (Dominick) while his marriage was going through hard times. He claimed",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2068393",
"text": "at Backlash. After retaining the title against Van Dam at Insurrextion and Judgment Day, he finally lost the belt to Van Dam on the May 27 episode of \"Raw\" in a ladder match. Guerrero then feuded with Stone Cold Steve Austin, but Austin left the WWE before a match could take place. Chris Benoit returned to WWE the night Guerrero lost the title and reunited with him. Guerrero and Benoit feuded with Ric Flair for a while and Guerrero lost a match to Flair at King of the Ring. On August 1, 2002, Guerrero and Benoit switched to WWE's \"SmackDown!\"",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2068362",
"text": "themes; he partly used this phrase in the title of his 2005 autobiography, \"Cheating Death, Stealing Life\". Despite being a heel for most of his career, he was popular in and out of the ring and was at the peak of his career as a face during 2003–2005, becoming the top wrestler on the SmackDown brand in 2004. He experienced various substance abuse problems, including alcoholism and an addiction to painkillers; these real-life issues were sometimes incorporated into his storylines. Guerrero spent his early career while wrestling in Mexican promotions and forming a popular tag team with Art Barr. After",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "20039186",
"text": "he has the most reigns at two, his first reign is the longest reign at 504 days (beginning on April 2, 2017 and ending on August 19, 2018), and he has the longest combined reign at + days. Kevin Owens is the youngest champion when he won it at 32 years old, while Goldberg is the oldest when he won it at 50. Brock Lesnar is the current champion in his record-setting second reign. He defeated Braun Strowman to win vacant title at Crown Jewel on November 2, 2018 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The championship had been vacated by Roman",
"title": "WWE Universal Championship"
},
{
"id": "2068381",
"text": "a car accident on New Year's Day 1999 that cut short the LWO storyline. After his return on the May 31, 1999 episode of \"Monday Nitro\", Guerrero became a founding member of The Filthy Animals alongside Rey Mysterio Jr. and Konnan. They feuded with the Dead Pool (Insane Clown Posse and Vampiro). They received two straight victories over the Dead Pool at Road Wild and Fall Brawl. They next feuded with The Revolution (Shane Douglas, Chris Benoit, Dean Malenko, and Perry Saturn). Guerrero was victorious over Saturn by disqualification in a singles match at Halloween Havoc. At Mayhem, the Animals",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2068377",
"text": "behavior. At The Great American Bash, Chavo got an upset victory over Guerrero. They faced each other in a hair vs. hair match at Bash at the Beach which Guerrero won. Continuing to show his crazy behavior Chavo would shave his own head while Guerrero looked on in disbelief. Guerrero saved Chavo from beatings by Stevie Ray, seeming that he would align with Chavo but he wanted his release. Despite his success and popularity, Guerrero had been one of many wrestlers who were frustrated at never being given a chance to be main event stars in WCW. These frustrations came",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "4710496",
"text": "his brothers Mando and Eddie in 1989 in the Mexican World Wrestling Association (WWA). They won the WWA World Trios Championship on April 30, defeating American Mercenaries (Bill Anderson, Louie Spicolli and Tim Patterson) before losing the titles back to American Mercenaries on July 28. Hector and Eddie formed a tag team in May 1998 in Carolinas based-Pro Wrestling Federation (PWF). On May 22, 1998, they defeated Super Ninja and Black Angel for the titles. In World Championship Wrestling (WCW), Chavo and Eddie were not really a tag team as they were later on in WWE. Chavo had only a",
"title": "Los Guerreros"
},
{
"id": "2068414",
"text": "he then allowed Mysterio and his wife, who were \"having trouble conceiving\", to adopt the child as their own. At SummerSlam, Guerrero lost a ladder match over Dominick's custody to Mysterio. On the September 9 episode of \"SmackDown!\", their feud ended when Guerrero gained a victory over Mysterio in a steel cage match. Following his feud with Mysterio, Guerrero was named number one contender to the World Heavyweight Championship and given a title match with Batista. Despite this, Guerrero quickly proclaimed himself to be Batista's friend. Batista was well aware of Guerrero's sneaky reputation, and despite eventually accepting his friendship",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2068399",
"text": "Tajiri, slamming his partner through the windshield of his low-rider truck, turning heel once again. The next \"Smackdown!\" Guerrero said he did it because during the match Tajiri had accidentally hit his low-rider. Despite being portrayed as the heel, when Guerrero asked the audience if they blamed him for doing it, the audience responded by yelling \"No!\". In July 2003, Guerrero competed in a tournament for the United States Championship. He managed to advance to the final round, defeating Último Dragón and Billy Gunn in the process, where he would meet Chris Benoit. At Vengeance, Guerrero turned to his cheating",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2068416",
"text": "a steel chair to secure the victory, eventually opting not to use it and losing as a result. Though the two demonstrated mutual respect after the match, Guerrero seemed displeased by the loss. Guerrero told Batista that he realized how low he had sunk since losing the WWE Championship in 2004, having attacked his best friend Rey Mysterio. Guerrero told Batista that shaking his hand at No Mercy had returned his respect to him. After the match, Batista called Guerrero back out and sang \"Happy Birthday\" and, along with the crowd, celebrated Guerrero's 38th birthday. He would make his entrance",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "8102121",
"text": "his championship. In the other main event, defending WWE Champion Kurt Angle defeated Brock Lesnar in a standard wrestling match. The undercard included Kane defeating Rob Van Dam in a No Holds Barred match, and Eddie Guerrero defending his United States Championship against Chris Benoit, Rhyno and Tajiri. The event marked the second time the Elimination Chamber format was used by WWE; the first was at Survivor Series 2002. SummerSlam (2003) grossed over $715,000 ticket sales from an attendance of 16,113 and received about 415,000 pay-per-view buys, more than the following year's event. This event helped WWE increase its pay-per-view",
"title": "SummerSlam (2003)"
},
{
"id": "2068917",
"text": "Chavo Guerrero Jr. Salvador Guerrero IV (born 20 October 1970) better known by ring names Chavo Guerrero and Chavo Guerrero Jr., is an American professional wrestler and actor. He is currently signed to Lucha Underground. He previously worked for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). As a singles wrestler, he is a former ECW World Champion in WWE, and a six-time Cruiserweight Champion between both WWE and WCW. He has also achieved success in tag team wrestling, being a five-time world tag team champion – winning the WWE Tag Team Championship twice with Eddie Guerrero as",
"title": "Chavo Guerrero Jr."
},
{
"id": "2068369",
"text": "New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW), where he was known as the second incarnation of Black Tiger. He became more successful upon his return when he won the Best of the Super Juniors 1996 tournament of junior heavyweights. He received a shot at the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Champion The Great Sasuke at Skydiving J, but lost the match. Guerrero won the ECW World Television Championship from 2 Cold Scorpio in his debut match for Extreme Championship Wrestling, and went on to have a series of acclaimed matches with Dean Malenko before they both signed with World Championship Wrestling later that year.",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "4710503",
"text": "a month later, leading to a storyline spanning several months in which Chavo eventually turned on Eddie, breaking up the team. Eddie then ascended to the main event by becoming a WWE Champion. Eddie and Chavo were last seen at together at Judgment Day 2005 when Chavo tried to interfere in the match between Rey Mysterio and Eddie Guerrero. Following the breakup of the prior Los Guerreros, Chavo Guerrero Jr. was soon joined by his father Chavo Guerrero Sr. who was later to be known as \"Chavo Classic\", and was primarily his son's manager throughout the run. Following Chavo's loss",
"title": "Los Guerreros"
},
{
"id": "2419051",
"text": "to protest the promotion of Kevin Sullivan to head booker, Benoit left the company the next day alongside his friends Eddie Guerrero, Dean Malenko, and Perry Saturn, forfeiting his title in the process. WCW then refused to acknowledge Benoit's victory as an official title reign, and Benoit's title reign was not listed in the title lineage at WCW.com. However, the WWF recognized Benoit's title win, and Benoit's title reign is still listed in the title lineage at WWE.com. Benoit spent the next few weeks in Japan before heading to the WWF, who acknowledged his WCW World Heavyweight Championship win and",
"title": "Chris Benoit"
},
{
"id": "2068417",
"text": "the following \"SmackDown!\" using his signature low rider and old entrance theme with Batista, turning face again. He wrestled his last match on \"SmackDown!\", airing November 11, defeating Mr. Kennedy using his signature lie, cheat, and steal tactics, which allowed him to advance to the Survivor Series team. On the date of his death, a triple threat match between himself, Batista, and Randy Orton was supposed to take place to air on the following episode of \"SmackDown!\" for the World Heavyweight Championship, in which Guerrero had been booked to win the title so Batista could take time off to heal",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2068415",
"text": "(initially to keep an eye on him), Batista would continually play mind games with Guerrero to expose his true intentions. A series of matches with MNM only supported Batista's suspicions that Guerrero was up to no good, as Guerrero appeared to have reverted to his cheating ways. In response to Batista's suspicions, Guerrero helped Batista win a match against his tag team partners, JBL and Christian. Batista defeated Guerrero at No Mercy to retain the World Heavyweight Championship in what would be Guerrero's last pay-per-view match. During the match, Guerrero struggled with a decision about whether or not to use",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "12300712",
"text": "before, during, and after the event were planned by WWE's script writers. The event starred wrestlers from the SmackDown brand: storyline expansions of the promotion where employees are assigned to wrestling brands under the WWE banner. All 4 championships exclusive to the SmackDown! brand were contested for; one was lost while the other three were retained. The main event was a Fatal-Four Way match for the WWE Championship involving Eddie Guerrero, champion John \"Bradshaw\" Layfield (JBL), Booker T and The Undertaker, which JBL won after pinning Booker. One of the predominant matches on the undercard was The Big Show versus",
"title": "Armageddon (2004)"
},
{
"id": "2068390",
"text": "Jericho, Benoit, and X-Pac over Jericho's Intercontinental Championship. At No Way Out, the four men faced each other in a fatal four-way match, which Jericho won. Guerrero focused on the European Championship, feuding with the champion Test defeating him at WrestleMania X-Seven to win his second European Championship with help from Saturn and Malenko. In April, The Radicalz feuded with Test and his partners. Guerrero eventually left the Radicalz, siding with The Hardy Boyz and Lita. At this point, Guerrero developed an addiction to pain medication stemming from his 1999 car accident and in May 2001 was sent to rehab.",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "7520991",
"text": "Eddie revealed that Dominick was really his (kayfabe) biological son. Vickie later reappeared at SummerSlam to convince Eddie to put a stop to his war with Mysterio and not to go through with the \"Custody of Dominick\" ladder match that night. When that failed, she cost him the match by pushing over the ladder he was on as he was about to win. After that she held down Eddie on the ground afterwards so he couldn't get up and attack Mysterio. On November 13, 2005, Eddie Guerrero died of heart failure in his Minneapolis hotel room and was found by",
"title": "Vickie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2068380",
"text": "World Order. The group was an answer to Bischoff's \"refusal\" to push Latino wrestlers in ways they felt they deserved. The LWO was formed in October when Guerrero returned to WCW, with Héctor Garza and Damien. The group eventually grew to encompass almost all the Mexican wrestlers working for WCW at the time. They mainly feuded with Rey Mysterio Jr. and Billy Kidman because they wanted Mysterio to join the group. He faced Kidman in a match for the WCW Cruiserweight Championship but Mysterio interfered and helped Kidman win the match and keep the title. However, Guerrero was involved in",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2791161",
"text": "the Crippler Crossface, and Triple H submitted making it the first time ever that a WrestleMania main event ended in a submission. As a result, Benoit won the match and the World Heavyweight Championship. After the match, Eddie Guerrero came to the ring and the two embraced while confetti dropped as the event ended. Despite the effort from WWE to promote the Brock Lesnar versus Goldberg contest, some critics expressed disappointment with the match, with many in Madison Square Garden booing both competitors and only cheering for Steve Austin because of the fact that both participants were set to leave",
"title": "WrestleMania XX"
},
{
"id": "2068409",
"text": "Afterwards, Guerrero and Booker briefly and unsuccessfully attempted to win the WWE Tag Team Championship. At the Royal Rumble, Guerrero entered at No. 1 and lasted 28:11 before being eliminated. In a skit before the Rumble, he drew his number the same time Ric Flair drew his. In an attempt to get a better draw, Guerrero switched his number with Flair's (and stole Flair's wallet in the process). Theodore Long made him return both items before the match. Flair would enter at No. 30. At No Way Out, Guerrero teamed up with longtime friend and sometimes rival, Rey Mysterio and",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "4618634",
"text": "match. He would hold the championship for 37 days and would successfully retain over former champions Crash Holly, Taka Michinoku, Dean Malenko and Essa Rios, as well as Christopher Daniels, Grandmaster Sexay and others. He eventually lost the title to Jeff Hardy and had a notable match with Rob Van Dam for the WWF Hardcore Championship on an episode of \"Sunday Night Heat\" before being released in February 2002, following a knee injury. After leaving the WWF, he joined the World Wrestling All-Stars promotion and debuted on the Revolution PPV, confronting Eddie Guerrero, who had just won the WWA International",
"title": "Jerry Lynn"
},
{
"id": "2068920",
"text": "beat Guerrero via submission to retain his championship. Guerrero's first pay-per-view (PPV) appearance was in a dark match loss to Konnan on WCW Hog Wild. Then at WCW WorldWide, on 11 August 1996, he and Eddie Guerrero defeated High Voltage. After a series of singles wins, Guerrero faced Diamond Dallas Page after a short feud on Fall Brawl in a losing effort on 15 September. While in WCW, Guerrero shared the limelight with his uncle Eddie, becoming a reluctant ally of his uncle's. As part of their storyline, Eddie continually tried to make Guerrero adopt Eddie's cheating tactics, but he",
"title": "Chavo Guerrero Jr."
},
{
"id": "4809594",
"text": "WWE Tag Team Champions Eddie Guerrero and Tajiri in a non-title match. In June, the Bashams debuted Shaniqua as their valet. In October, they began feuding with The APA (Bradshaw and Ron Simmons), defeating them in three consecutive matches, including at No Mercy. On the October 23 episode of \"SmackDown!\", The Basham Brothers defeated Los Guerreros (Eddie and Chavo Guerrero) to win the WWE Tag Team Championship. They retained the title in a rematch at Survivor Series, and successfully defended the championship in a four-way match against Los Guerreros, Rikishi and Scotty 2 Hotty, and The World's Greatest Tag Team",
"title": "The Basham Brothers"
},
{
"id": "17129562",
"text": "Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Robert Guerrero Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Robert Guerrero, billed as May Day, was a boxing welterweight championship superfight for Mayweather's World Boxing Council (WBC) Welterweight title and vacant \"Ring\" Welterweight title. The bout was held on May 4, 2013, in the MGM Grand Garden Arena at the MGM Grand Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States on Showtime PPV. The bout was the first major televised fight of Mayweather's career to not be aired on HBO PPV. The card featured some of the rising stars of Mayweather Promotions: J'Leon Love, Badou Jack, Luis Arias,",
"title": "Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Robert Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2419057",
"text": "turned heel again and aligned himself with Eddie Guerrero, and he feuded with Stone Cold Steve Austin briefly. He and Guerrero were then moved to SmackDown during a storyline \"open season\" on wrestler contracts, with Benoit taking his newly won Intercontinental championship with him. Rob Van Dam defeated Benoit at SummerSlam and returned the title to \"Raw\". After returning to \"SmackDown!\", he embarked on a feud with Kurt Angle in which he defeated him at Unforgiven. On October 20, 2002, at No Mercy, he teamed with Angle to win a tournament to crown the first-ever WWE Tag Team Champions. They",
"title": "Chris Benoit"
},
{
"id": "2068926",
"text": "on numerous occasions. Soon after returning to the active roster, Guerrero was aligned with his uncle Eddie, forming the tag team Los Guerreros. In contrast to his previous WCW storyline with his uncle, Guerrero fully adopted his uncle's policy of \"Lie, Cheat and Steal\" to win matches as part of the gimmick. Los Guerreros won the tag team championships at Survivor Series, when they defeated Kurt Angle and Chris Benoit and Edge and Rey Mysterio in a Triple threat tag team elimination match. The duo turned face due to their popularity. On the February 6, 2003 episode of \"SmackDown!\", Los",
"title": "Chavo Guerrero Jr."
},
{
"id": "2068375",
"text": "He dropped the Cruiserweight title to Rey Mysterio Jr. at Halloween Havoc in a title vs. mask match where Mysterio's mask was also on the line. On the November 10 episode of \"Monday Nitro\", he regained the Cruiserweight title from Mysterio, and made a successful title defense against Mysterio at World War 3. After retaining the title against Dean Malenko in the opening bout of Starrcade in December 1997, Guerrero dropped the title to Último Dragón the following day on the December 29 episode of \"Nitro\". On the March 9, 1998 episode of \"Nitro\", Guerrero's nephew Chavo Guerrero lost to",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2068372",
"text": "royal (notably being one of only two men in the group to be under the age of 35, the other being The Giant) until he was tossed out of the ring by Four Horsemen members. At Starrcade: World Cup of Wrestling in December 1995, Guerrero represented WCW in a WCW vs. NJPW World Cup tournament, which saw him losing to Shinjiro Otani in the match, but WCW would go on to win the series at 4–3. In 1996, Guerrero received several shots at the United States Heavyweight Championship against Konnan at Uncensored and Ric Flair at Hog Wild. He feuded",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "7521024",
"text": "the line, after interference by Alicia Fox, Layla and Rosa Mendes. Vickie ultimately lost the match and was fired, however she got her retribution over McMahon by throwing her into the mud pool and mouthed, \"I love you\"; a tribute to her late husband, Eddie Guerrero, and performed his signature taunt while leaving the stage, turning face for the first time since 2007. This was done to write her off television, as she had requested her release a few months before. She later revealed her plans to start a new career in medical administration. On the July 4, 2016 episode",
"title": "Vickie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "8102143",
"text": "McMahon was unable to respond to a ten count. After SummerSlam, Eddie Guerrero began a rivalry with John Cena over the WWE United States Championship. Guerrero retained the championship in two title defenses that took place on \"SmackDown!\". Guerrero then engaged in a feud with Big Show. At No Mercy, Big Show defeated Guerrero via pinfall to win the WWE United States Championship. The America West Arena has a maximum capacity of 19,000, but that was reduced for SummerSlam 2003. The event grossed over US$715,000 in ticket sales from an attendance of 16,113, the maximum allowed. This was later confirmed",
"title": "SummerSlam (2003)"
},
{
"id": "5705427",
"text": "rival Steve Corino. On March 28, 2015, Jacobs lost to Whitmer at Supercard of Honor IX, and was attacked by Whitmer and The Decade following the match. Jacobs was saved by Lacey, making her first appearance for the company since 2008, and the two embraced as the \"Ballad of Lacey\" played. Jacobs also gave a farewell speech. Throughout 2003 and 2004, Jacobs worked for Combat Zone Wrestling, where he was managed by then-girlfriend Becky Bayless. Jacobs made his first appearance for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) in May 2005, when he won a match against Eddie Guerrero via disqualification on \"SmackDown!\".",
"title": "Jimmy Jacobs"
},
{
"id": "2974343",
"text": "World Heavyweight Championship featuring Kevin Nash defeating Triple H by disqualification, although Triple H retained the Championship. Other primary matches on the card were a Battle royal for the vacant Intercontinental Championship and a Tag team ladder match for the WWE Tag Team Championship between Eddie Guerrero and Tajiri facing Team Angle (Shelton Benjamin and Charlie Haas). Guerrero and Tajiri won the match to win the championship. The 2004 event was held on May 16, 2004 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles and was a SmackDown! brand-exclusive event. Eight professional wrestling matches were scheduled on the event card with",
"title": "WWE Judgment Day"
},
{
"id": "8102149",
"text": "Undertaker. The real Undertaker came out shortly afterwards and attacked JBL, until Orlando Jordan came out to help him. The next week, Undertaker defeated Jordan by disqualification after JBL interfered and executed a Clothesline from Hell on Undertaker. The secondary feud on SmackDown! featured Kurt Angle and Eddie Guerrero. The feud first started at WrestleMania XX, when Guerrero defeated Angle to successfully retain the WWE Championship. Guerrero lost the title to John \"Bradshaw\" Layfield (JBL) in June, when Angle, then-SmackDown! General Manager, screwed Guerrero and declared JBL the winner. Three weeks later, on the July 15 episode of \"SmackDown!\", JBL",
"title": "SummerSlam (2004)"
},
{
"id": "11531110",
"text": "after the defeat. On November 24, 2015, it was announced that García would be facing Robert Guerrero on January 23, 2016 at Staples Center in Los Angeles in a PBC fight broadcast on FOX which was the first ever major PBC event to be broadcast on the network. García won by unanimous decision 116-112 scored by all judges becoming the new WBC welterweight champion. The attendance was announced 12,052 at the Staples Center. García celebrated in the ring after the fight with his daughter Philly and praised Guererro, \"I'm excited. Guerrero is tough. No one has ever stopped him. He",
"title": "Danny García"
},
{
"id": "2068388",
"text": "Chyna was posing for \"Playboy\" magazine, even trying to invade the Playboy Mansion to stop the photo shoot. Just when it appeared that Chyna would leave Guerrero, he proposed to her and she accepted. At Unforgiven, Chyna helped Guerrero in retaining his title against Rikishi. The engagement was called off when Guerrero was caught showering with two of The Godfather's hos (one was Victoria) claiming that \"two Mamacitas are better than one\". Guerrero turned heel again as a result of the incident. Then, The Radicalz reunited and feuded with the reformed D-Generation X (Chyna, Billy Gunn, Road Dogg, and K-Kwik).",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "8086592",
"text": "He gained a large fanbase in 2003 on \"SmackDown!\", which lead to a rapid increase in his popularity, promoting him to main event status and he ultimately won his first world championship, the WWE Championship at No Way Out in 2004 defeating Brock Lesnar in a highly acclaimed match. He remained the top wrestler of the company after winning the WWE title, until his untimely death on November 13, 2005. He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame, the following year in 2006. Guerrero's death due to his drug addictions caused WWE to implement WWE Wellness Policy to prevent",
"title": "History of WWE"
},
{
"id": "2068941",
"text": "January episode of \"ECW\", Guerrero defeated Punk in a No Disqualification match to win the ECW title following interference from Edge. In the process he proclaimed Edge and company as his \"familia\". He then successfully defended his title against Punk at No Way Out and on the 4 March episode of \"ECW\". At WrestleMania XXIV, Guerrero lost the ECW Championship to Kane in a record eleven seconds. Shortly afterward, Bam Neely debuted to act as his bodyguard. Guerrero lost a rematch against Kane at Backlash and also failed to become the number one contender at One Night Stand. After Edge",
"title": "Chavo Guerrero Jr."
},
{
"id": "2068425",
"text": "professional athletes in several sports. This article mentioned several current and former WWE wrestlers, including Guerrero, who was alleged to have obtained HCG and the steroid stanozolol in early 2005. At the time of the alleged steroid usage, the WWE had not yet instituted its Wellness Policy in which wrestlers are tested for substances, which was stated by WWE.com on the day the article was released. Guerrero was regarded as one of the great in-ring performers. In a poll of the WWE roster, he was ranked the 11th greatest professional wrestler of all time. Ric Flair ranked Guerrero as one",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "5568620",
"text": "called him P.C. when Canon came to do ringside commentary. His character also consisted of booking matches behind the back of Theodore Long (e.g. he made Eddie Guerrero the number one contender, despite Long's wishes to have that right go to Rey Mysterio). He also introduced Marty Wright as \"The Boogeyman\" as a decision by the network for ratings, added \"The Juniors\", a midget wrestling division and the tag team \"The Dicks\" (John Toland and Chad Wicks), though all were later released. Wright's release only lasted two weeks, however. On the February 3, 2006 edition of \"SmackDown!\", William Regal and",
"title": "Brian Mailhot"
},
{
"id": "2068927",
"text": "Guerreros lost their tag team championships to Team Angle. At WrestleMania XIX, they were again defeated by Team Angle in a triple threat match for the tag team titles, also involving the team of Benoit and Rhyno. They continued to feud with Team Angle and won the championships back on the September 18 episode of \"SmackDown!\". One month later, they lost the titles to The Basham Brothers. After losing their tag team championships, Guerrero became jealous of his uncle's growing popularity and WWE Championship ambitions, turned on Eddie, broke from the team, and turned heel again. He was soon joined",
"title": "Chavo Guerrero Jr."
},
{
"id": "7520990",
"text": "persona. She is the widow of professional wrestler Eddie Guerrero, which has been occasionally incorporated into WWE storylines. In 2005, Vickie Guerrero made her debut with her husband Eddie Guerrero and Rey Mysterio, when a storyline escalated in which Eddie promised to reveal a secret concerning Mysterio's son, Dominick. Vickie was on the July 14 \"SmackDown!\" with two of Eddie's three daughters to stop Eddie from revealing Mysterio's secret. Eddie promised not to reveal the secret should he lose to Mysterio at The Great American Bash, though that turned out to be another one of his character's trademark lies, as",
"title": "Vickie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "7521000",
"text": "off the air. On July 18, at the wedding reception (the wedding had occurred off-screen before the show) Triple H came out and showed a video of Edge cheating on Vickie the day before with Alicia Fox, the wedding planner. The storyline continued at The Great American Bash when Fox attempted to hand Edge the WWE Championship belt to use as weapon, but was stopped with a clothesline by Vickie. Edge attempted to spear the referee to delay the match, but hit Vickie instead. Triple H used this distraction to recover and hit a Pedigree to retain his title. On",
"title": "Vickie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2068378",
"text": "to a head when Guerrero requested that WCW President Eric Bischoff either push his character or give him a raise for family reasons. Bischoff responded by allegedly throwing coffee at Guerrero (however, in his autobiography, Guerrero states that Bischoff accidentally knocked his coffee off the table and that it was a complete accident that he was hit). Furious, Guerrero demanded Bischoff release him from his contract on a live episode of \"Nitro\". Guerrero then left the company for a period of months, angry at Bischoff for what he had done. Guerrero later returned to WCW, leading to the belief that",
"title": "Eddie Guerrero"
},
{
"id": "2074532",
"text": "his limo. JBL wore a halo complete with his cowboy hat on top for the next few weeks to sell his \"injuries\". SmackDown! General Manager Theodore Long then booked a Last Ride match for the title at No Mercy. JBL retained the title with some help from Heidenreich. Though JBL held the title for many months, most title matches were won controversially. At Survivor Series, JBL defeated Booker T to retain his WWE Championship by hitting Booker in the face with the title belt when the referee was knocked out. JBL defeated Eddie Guerrero, The Undertaker, and Booker T in",
"title": "John Layfield"
},
{
"id": "2068940",
"text": "Mysterio, after Mysterio assaulted his left knee with a steel chair. This allowed Guerrero to have time off to serve his suspension for violating the WWE Wellness Policy. Guerrero remained inactive until the 18 December 2007 episode of \"ECW\", where he appeared after the main event between WWE United States Champion Montel Vontavious Porter and ECW Champion CM Punk and attacked the vulnerable Punk, sending a message that he wanted a title shot. Guerrero challenged Punk to several matches until he finally won the third after interference from World Heavyweight Champion Edge to earn a championship match. On the 22",
"title": "Chavo Guerrero Jr."
},
{
"id": "2068918",
"text": "Los Guerreros, the WCW World Tag Team Championship once with Corporal Cajun as the Misfits in Action, and the TNA World Tag Team Championship twice with Hernandez. Between WCW, WWE, and TNA, Guerrero has held a dozen total championships. Salvador was born and raised in El Paso, Texas. Guerrero grew up watching wrestling and going to wrestling promotions where he watched his family wrestle. There was also a wrestling ring in the Guerreros' back garden. Chavo played with his uncle Eddie Guerrero constantly in the wrestling ring, practicing moves on each other. Guerrero made his professional wrestling debut in May",
"title": "Chavo Guerrero Jr."
},
{
"id": "12044389",
"text": "a heel by attacking Guerrero with a Clothesline from Hell. On the April 8 episode of \"SmackDown!\", Angle announced that the winner of the Great American Award would become the number one contender for the WWE Championship. He gave the award to JBL, however, Guerrero came out, stole the trophy and broke it. On the April 22 episode of \"SmackDown\", Guerrero lost to D-Von Dudley in a non-title match after another interference by JBL. The next week, JBL cut a promo about Eddie Guerrero's ancestors, saying they were illegal immigrants. On the May 6, 2004 edition of Smackdown, it was",
"title": "Judgment Day (2004)"
},
{
"id": "12561095",
"text": "that his match with Lesnar at No Mercy would be a Biker Chain Match rather than a standard match. One of the featured bouts on the undercard saw the WWE United States Champion Eddie Guerrero defending the championship against the Big Show. The events leading up to this match began on the October 9 episode of \"SmackDown\", when it was announced that Guerrero would face the Big Show at No Mercy for the title. Later in the night, Chavo Guerrero (Salvador Guerrero IV) brought the Big Show out to the ring, followed by Eddie Guerrero bringing a sewage truck into",
"title": "No Mercy (2003)"
}
] | when did eddie guerrero win the wwe championship |
[
"tropical",
"subtropical",
"desert like"
] | [
{
"id": "390599",
"text": "region of the Papua and West Papua, which shares the island of New Guinea with Papua New Guinea. The climate in Southeast Asia is mainly tropical–hot and humid all year round with plentiful rainfall. Northern Vietnam and the Myanmar Himalayas are the only regions in Southeast Asia that feature a subtropical climate, which has a cold winter with snow. The majority of Southeast Asia has a wet and dry season caused by seasonal shift in winds or monsoon. The tropical rain belt causes additional rainfall during the monsoon season. The rain forest is the second largest on earth (with the",
"title": "Southeast Asia"
},
{
"id": "15364888",
"text": "Climate of Asia The Climate of Asia is wet across southeast sections, and dry across much of the interior. Some of the largest daily temperature ranges on Earth occur in western sections of Asia. The monsoon circulation dominates across southern and eastern sections, due to the presence of the Himalayas forcing the formation of a thermal low which draws in moisture during the summer. Southwestern sections of the continent experience low relief as a result of the subtropical high pressure belt; they are hot in the summer, warm to cool in winter, and may snow at higher altitudes. Siberia is",
"title": "Climate of Asia"
},
{
"id": "390600",
"text": "Amazon being the largest). An exception to this type of climate and vegetation is the mountain areas in the northern region, where high altitudes lead to milder temperatures and drier landscape. Other parts fall out of this climate because they are desert like. Climate change will have a big effect on agriculture in Southeast Asia such as irrigation systems will be affected by changes in rainfall and runoff, and subsequently, water quality and supply. The vast majority of Southeast Asia falls within the warm, humid tropics, and its climate generally can be characterised as monsoonal. The animals of Southeast Asia",
"title": "Southeast Asia"
},
{
"id": "2604847",
"text": "season or at most two dry months. All 12 months have average precipitation of at least . These climates usually occur within 15° latitude of the equator. This climate is dominated by the doldrums low-pressure system all year round, so has no natural seasons in terms of thermal and moisture changes. The Amazon Basin of South America, the Congo Basin of equatorial Africa and oceanic margins of parts of tropical West Africa have tropical rainforests climates. The insular and peninsular area of Southeast Asia (Thailand, Philippines, New Guinea. Indonesia, etc.) comprise the most extensive region with tropical rainforest climate. Eastern",
"title": "Tropical climate"
},
{
"id": "9687",
"text": "Caucasus Mountains (or the Kuma–Manych Depression) and the Caspian and Black Seas. It is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Indian Ocean and on the north by the Arctic Ocean. Asia is subdivided into 48 countries, three of them (Russia, Kazakhstan and Turkey) having part of their land in Europe. Asia has extremely diverse climates and geographic features. Climates range from arctic and subarctic in Siberia to tropical in southern India and Southeast Asia. It is moist across southeast sections, and dry across much of the interior. Some of the largest daily temperature",
"title": "Asia"
},
{
"id": "13041674",
"text": "in the plains down below. For most part, the climate of the region is called the Monsoon climate, which keeps the region humid during summer and dry during winter, and favours the cultivation of jute, tea, rice, and various vegetables in this region. South Asia is largely divided into four broad climate zones: Maximum relative humidity of over 80% has been recorded in Khasi and Jaintia Hills and Sri Lanka, while the area adjustment to Pakistan and western India records lower than 20%–30%. Climate of South Asia is largely characterized by monsoons. South Asia depends critically on monsoon rainfall. Two",
"title": "South Asia"
},
{
"id": "13041668",
"text": "West Bengal. East Pakistan became Bangladesh in 1971. According to Saul Cohen, early colonial era strategists treated South Asia with East Asia, but in reality the South Asia region excluding Afghanistan is a distinct geopolitical region separated from other nearby geostrategic realms, one that is geographically diverse. The region is home to a variety of geographical features, such as glaciers, rainforests, valleys, deserts, and grasslands that are typical of much larger continents. It is surrounded by three water bodiesthe Bay of Bengal, the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Seaand has acutely varied climate zones. The tip of the Indian Peninsula",
"title": "South Asia"
},
{
"id": "15364890",
"text": "Asia experiences some of the largest diurnal temperature ranges on Earth. The lowest temperature measured was at Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon, both in Sakha Republic of Russia on February 7, 1892 and February 6, 1933 respectively. A large annual rainfall minimum, composed primarily of deserts, stretches from the Gobi Desert in Mongolia west-southwest through the Taklamakan Desert in Western China, the Thar Desert in Western India and Iranian Plateau into the Arabian Desert in the Arabian Peninsula. Rainfall around the continent is across its southern portion from Eastern India and Northeast India across the Philippines, Indochina, Malay Peninsula, Malay Archipelago and",
"title": "Climate of Asia"
},
{
"id": "15364906",
"text": "westward across the western Pacific Ocean, which increases the landfall threat to China. Climate of Asia The Climate of Asia is wet across southeast sections, and dry across much of the interior. Some of the largest daily temperature ranges on Earth occur in western sections of Asia. The monsoon circulation dominates across southern and eastern sections, due to the presence of the Himalayas forcing the formation of a thermal low which draws in moisture during the summer. Southwestern sections of the continent experience low relief as a result of the subtropical high pressure belt; they are hot in the summer,",
"title": "Climate of Asia"
},
{
"id": "74814",
"text": "which lasts for several months, ushering in a region's rainy season. Regions within North America, South America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Australia and East Asia are monsoon regimes. A tropical savanna is a grassland biome located in semiarid to semi-humid climate regions of subtropical and tropical latitudes, with average temperatures remain at or above year round and rainfall between and a year. They are widespread on Africa, and are found in India, the northern parts of South America, Malaysia, and Australia. The humid subtropical climate zone where winter rainfall (and sometimes snowfall) is associated with large storms that the westerlies steer from",
"title": "Climate"
},
{
"id": "15364901",
"text": "this region splits into the southern subtropical jet and the polar jet. The subtropical flow directs northeasterly winds to blow across southern Asia, creating dry air streams which produce clear skies over India. Meanwhile, a low pressure system develops over South-East Asia and Australasia and winds are directed toward Australia known as a monsoon trough. The East Asian monsoon affects large parts of Indochina, Philippines, China, Korea and Japan. It is characterised by a warm, rainy summer monsoon and a cold, dry winter monsoon. The rain occurs in a concentrated belt that stretches east-west except in East China where it",
"title": "Climate of Asia"
},
{
"id": "13041673",
"text": "varies considerably from area to area from tropical monsoon in the south to temperate in the north. The variety is influenced by not only the altitude, but also by factors such as proximity to the sea coast and the seasonal impact of the monsoons. Southern parts are mostly hot in summers and receive rain during monsoon periods. The northern belt of Indo-Gangetic plains also is hot in summer, but cooler in winter. The mountainous north is colder and receives snowfall at higher altitudes of Himalayan ranges. As the Himalayas block the north-Asian bitter cold winds, the temperatures are considerably moderate",
"title": "South Asia"
},
{
"id": "13685049",
"text": "Asia. During the high-sun season, the Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) induces rain. During the low-sun season, the subtropical high creates dry conditions. The monsoon climates of Africa, and the Americas for that matter, are typically located along tradewind coasts. Tropical monsoon climate A tropical monsoon climate (occasionally known as a tropical wet climate or a tropical monsoon and trade-wind littoral climate) is a type of climate that corresponds to the Köppen climate classification category \"Am\". Tropical monsoon climates have monthly mean temperatures above 18 °C (64.4 °F) in every month of the year. Tropical monsoon climates is the intermediate climate",
"title": "Tropical monsoon climate"
},
{
"id": "15364889",
"text": "one of the coldest places in the Northern Hemisphere, and can act as a source of arctic air masses for North America. The most active place on Earth for tropical cyclone activity lies northeast of the Philippines and south of Japan, and the phase of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation modulates where in Asia landfall is more likely to occur. The Southern sections of Asia are mild to hot, while far northeastern areas such as Siberia are very cold. East Asia has a temperate climate. The highest temperature recorded in Asia was at Tirat Zvi, Israel on June 21, 1942. West-central",
"title": "Climate of Asia"
},
{
"id": "603480",
"text": "Highlands at the southern and southeastern portions of the country, and some mountainous areas across Southern Asia. The continental climates occur in middle latitudes, between 40° and 65° north or south. These climates are normally inland or on leeward sides of landmasses. They feature warm to hot summers and cold winters, with a large interseasonal temperature variation. Regions with this climate include northern temperate Asia, the northern United States, southern Canada, and parts of northeastern Europe. Boreal climate or subarctic climate is a climate characterised by long, usually very cold winters, and short, cool to mild summers. It is found",
"title": "Temperate climate"
},
{
"id": "4186627",
"text": "Eurasia, east-central Asia, and parts of India. Within Europe, the \"Dfa\" climate type is present near the Black Sea in southern Ukraine, the Southern Federal District of Russia, southern Moldova, Serbia, parts of southern Romania, and Bulgaria, but tends to be drier and can be even semi-arid in these places. In East Asia, this climate exhibits a monsoonal tendency with much higher precipitation in summer than in winter, and due the effects of the strong Siberian High much colder winter temperatures than similar latitudes around the world, however with lower snowfall, the exception being western Japan with its heavy snowfall.",
"title": "Humid continental climate"
},
{
"id": "13685047",
"text": "that side of the equator. There are generally two versions of a tropical monsoon climate: Tropical monsoon climates are most commonly found in South and Central America. However, there are sections of South Asia, Southeast Asia, Africa (particularly West and Central Africa), the Caribbean and North America that also feature this climate. The major controlling factor over a tropical monsoon climate is its relationship to the monsoon circulation. The monsoon is a seasonal change in wind direction. In Asia, during the summer (or high-sun season) there is an onshore flow of air (air moving from ocean towards land). In the",
"title": "Tropical monsoon climate"
},
{
"id": "15364892",
"text": "of 11,430 mm (450 in). The highest recorded rainfall in a single year was 22,987 mm (904.9 in) in 1861. The 38-year average at Mawsynram, Meghalaya, India is 11,873 mm (467.4 in). Lower rainfall maxima are found around Turkey and central Russia. In March 2008, El Niño caused a drop in sea surface temperatures around Southeast Asia by an amount of 2 °C. It also caused heavy rains over Malaysia, Philippines and Indonesia. The Asian monsoons may be classified into a few sub-systems, such as the South Asian Monsoon which affects the Indian subcontinent and surrounding regions, and the East",
"title": "Climate of Asia"
},
{
"id": "15364900",
"text": "peninsula. This is known as the Northeast Monsoon or Retreating Monsoon. While traveling towards the Indian Ocean, the dry cold wind picks up some moisture from the Bay of Bengal and pours it over peninsular India and parts of Sri Lanka. Cities like Madras, which get less rain from the Southwest Monsoon, receives rain from this Monsoon. About 50% to 60% of the rain received by the state of Tamil Nadu is from the Northeast Monsoon. In Southern Asia, the northeastern monsoons take place from December to early March when the surface high-pressure system is strongest. The jet stream in",
"title": "Climate of Asia"
},
{
"id": "603476",
"text": "north or south on the eastern or leeward sides of landmasses. This climate has long hot summers, and short, mild winters, with annual rainfall often concentrated in the warmest part of the year. These climates may occur in southern Asia, the southeastern United States, parts of eastern Australia, and in eastern coastal South America. This is a variant of the Subtropical climate that experiences a much drier winter. Similar in characteristic to the Mediterranean Climate which is also a Subtropical Climate with a dry season, in this case a dry summer. The drier season is usally due to proximity towards",
"title": "Temperate climate"
},
{
"id": "14155201",
"text": "at the south of the Sahara Desert knows an extremely intense and a nearly permanent dry season and only receives minimum summer rainfall. Across Asia, a large annual rainfall minimum, composed primarily of deserts, stretches from the Gobi Desert in Mongolia west-southwest through Pakistan and Iran into the Arabian Desert in Saudi Arabia. In Asia, rainfall is favored across its southern portion from India east and northeast across the Philippines and southern China into Japan due to the monsoon advecting moisture primarily from the Indian Ocean into the region. Similar, but weaker, monsoon circulations are present over North America and",
"title": "Earth rainfall climatology"
},
{
"id": "1980848",
"text": "to semi-humid climate regions of subtropical and tropical latitudes, with rainfall between a year. They are widespread on Africa, and are also found in India, the northern parts of South America, Malaysia, and Australia. The humid subtropical climate zone is where winter rainfall (and sometimes snowfall) is associated with large storms that the westerlies steer from west to east. Most summer rainfall occurs during thunderstorms and from occasional tropical cyclones. Humid subtropical climates lie on the east side continents, roughly between latitudes 20° and 40° degrees away from the equator. An oceanic (or maritime) climate is typically found along the",
"title": "Precipitation"
},
{
"id": "15364895",
"text": "the monsoon moves northwards along the Western Ghats with precipitation on coastal areas, west of the Western Ghats. The eastern areas of the Western Ghats do not receive much rain from this monsoon as the wind does not cross the Western Ghats. The \"Bay of Bengal Branch\" of Southwest Monsoon flows over the Bay of Bengal heading towards northeast India and Bengal, picking up more moisture from the Bay of Bengal. The winds arrive at the Eastern Himalayas with large amounts of rain. Mawsynram, situated on the southern slopes of the Eastern Himalayas in Shillong, India, is one of the",
"title": "Climate of Asia"
},
{
"id": "361899",
"text": "The average annual temperatures in the Amazon basin oscillate around 27 °C, with low thermal amplitudes and high rainfall indices. Between the Maracaibo Lake and the mouth of the Orinoco, predominates an equatorial climate of the type Congolese, that also includes parts of the Brazilian territory. The east-central Brazilian plateau has a humid and warm tropical climate. The northern and eastern parts of the Argentine pampas have a humid subtropical climate with dry winters and humid summers of the Chinese type, while the western and eastern ranges have a subtropical climate of the dinaric type. At the highest points of",
"title": "South America"
},
{
"id": "12580253",
"text": "the Siberian high. Summer rainfall comes from the East Asian Monsoon and from frequent typhoons. Annual rainfall is generally over , and in areas below the Himalayas can be much higher still. Humid subtropical climates can also be found in South Asia, primarily along the Ganges River. However, the humid subtropical climates exhibited here differ markedly from those in East Asia (and for that matter a good portion of the globe). Winters here are typically mild, dry and relatively short. They also tend to be foggy. Summers tend to be long and very hot, starting from mid-April and peaking in",
"title": "Humid subtropical climate"
},
{
"id": "15364891",
"text": "Southern China into Korean Peninsula Taiwan and Japan due to the Monsoon advecting moisture primarily from the Indian Ocean into the region. The monsoon trough can reach as far north as the 40th parallel in East Asia during August before moving southward thereafter. Its poleward progression is accelerated by the onset of the summer monsoon which is characterized by the development of lower air pressure (a thermal low) over the warmest part of Asia. Cherrapunji, situated on the southern slopes of the Eastern Himalaya in Shillong, India is one of the wettest places on Earth, with an average annual rainfall",
"title": "Climate of Asia"
},
{
"id": "15364902",
"text": "is tilted east-northeast over Korea and Japan. The seasonal rain is known as \"Meiyu\" in China, \"Changma\" in Korea, and \"Bai-u\" in Japan, with the latter two resembling frontal rain. The onset of the summer monsoon is marked by a period of premonsoonal rain over South China and Taiwan in early May. From May through August, the summer monsoon shifts through a series of dry and rainy phases as the rain belt moves northward, beginning over Indochina and the South China Sea (May), to the Yangtze River Basin and Japan (June) and finally to North China and Korea (July). When",
"title": "Climate of Asia"
},
{
"id": "2909509",
"text": "to be located in the 20s and 30s latitudes of the (tropics and subtropics), typically in proximity to regions with a tropical savanna or a humid subtropical climate. These climates tend to have hot, sometimes extremely hot, summers and warm to cool winters, with some to minimal precipitation. Hot semi-arid climates are most commonly found around the fringes of subtropical deserts. Hot semi-arid climates are most commonly found in Africa, Australia and South Asia. In Australia, a large portion of the Outback surrounding the central desert regions lies within the hot semi-arid climate region. In South Asia, both India and",
"title": "Semi-arid climate"
},
{
"id": "20259285",
"text": "sea level to over above mean sea level. The region's high rainfall, averaging around and above, creates problems of ecosystem, high seismic activity, and floods. The states of Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim have a montane climate with cold, snowy winters and mild summers. Nepal is the world's 93rd largest country. Nepal is commonly divided into three physiographic areas: mountain, hill, and southern lowland plains (the \"Terai\"). These ecological belts run east–west and are vertically intersected by Nepal's major, north to south-flowing river system. The southern lowland plains bordering India are part of the northern rim of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The",
"title": "Eastern South Asia"
},
{
"id": "20259286",
"text": "Hill Region (Pahad) abuts the mountains and varies from in altitude with progression from subtropical climates below to alpine climates above . The Lower Himalayan Range reaching is the southern limit of this region, with subtropical river valleys and \"hills\" alternating to the north of this range. The Mountain Region (Himal), situated in the Great Himalayan Range, makes up the northern part of Nepal. It contains the highest elevations in the world, including eight of the ten highest mountains. The climate of Nepal includes subtropical, temperate, subalpine and alpine zones. Bangladesh is the world's eighth most populous country, with a",
"title": "Eastern South Asia"
},
{
"id": "15422570",
"text": "Monsoon of South Asia The monsoon of South Asia is among several geographically distributed global monsoons. It affects the Indian subcontinent, where it is one of the oldest and most anticipated weather phenomena and an economically important pattern every year from June through September, but it is only partly understood and notoriously difficult to predict. Several theories have been proposed to explain the origin, process, strength, variability, distribution, and general vagaries of the monsoon, but understanding and predictability are still evolving. The unique geographical features of the Indian subcontinent, along with associated atmospheric, oceanic, and geophysical factors, influence the behavior",
"title": "Monsoon of South Asia"
},
{
"id": "2887854",
"text": "of eastern Africa as far north as Mozambique and of western Africa up to the southwestern Angola highlands also share this climate type. The exposed areas of High Atlas, some mountainous areas across southern Europe, mountainous sections of North, Central and South America and in the highest parts of the states of Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná and São Paulo, in Brazil, some mountainous areas across Southeast Asia, parts of the Himalayas and parts of Sri Lanka. Temperate oceanic climates, also known as \"marine mild winter\" climates or simply oceanic climates, are found either at middle",
"title": "Oceanic climate"
},
{
"id": "9461694",
"text": "Sun is never directly overhead, and the climate is mild, generally ranging from warm to cool. The four annual seasons, spring, summer, autumn and winter, occur in these areas. The North Temperate Zone includes Europe, Northern Asia, and North and Central America. The South Temperate Zone includes Southern Australasia, southern South America, and Southern Africa. The two frigid zones, or polar regions, experience the midnight sun and the polar night for part of the year - at the edge of the zone there is one day at the winter solstice when the Sun is invisible, and one day at the",
"title": "Geographical zone"
},
{
"id": "20259284",
"text": "Nagaland, and Tripura. It has land borders with China, Myanmar, Bhutan, and Bangladesh. The region is usually categorised into the Eastern Himalaya and the Brahmaputra and the Barak valley plains. Northeast India has a predominantly humid sub-tropical climate with hot, humid summers, severe monsoons, and mild winters. The region is covered by the mighty Brahmaputra–Barak river systems and their tributaries. Geographically, apart from the Brahmaputra, Barak, and Imphal valleys and some flat lands in between the hills of Meghalaya and Tripura, the remaining two-thirds of the area is hilly terrain interspersed with valleys and plains; the altitude varies from almost",
"title": "Eastern South Asia"
},
{
"id": "13041672",
"text": "at the outside of the border of the regional structure, while the Pamir Mountains in Tajikistan are situated inside that border. It was once a small continent before colliding with the Eurasian Plate about 50–55 million years ago and giving birth to the Himalayan range and the Tibetan plateau. It is the peninsular region south of the Himalayas and Kuen Lun mountain ranges and east of the Indus River and the Iranian Plateau, extending southward into the Indian Ocean between the Arabian Sea (to the southwest) and the Bay of Bengal (to the southeast). The climate of this vast region",
"title": "South Asia"
},
{
"id": "20259264",
"text": "Eastern South Asia Eastern South Asia is a subregion of South Asia. It includes the countries of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India (specifically east India and northeast India), and Nepal. Geographically, it lies between the Eastern Himalayas and the Bay of Bengal. Two of the world's largest rivers, the Ganges and the Brahmaputra, flow into the sea through Eastern South Asia. The region includes the world's highest mountainous terrain and the world's largest delta, and has a climate ranging from alpine and subalpine to subtropical and tropical. Since Nepal, Bhutan, and northeast India are landlocked, the coastlines of Bangladesh and East India",
"title": "Eastern South Asia"
},
{
"id": "2181463",
"text": "Asia, is dominated by monsoons, which are known as tropical wet and dry because of the distinctly marked seasonal differences. Cambodia has a temperature range from and experiences tropical monsoons. Southwest monsoons blow inland bringing moisture-laden winds from the Gulf of Thailand and Indian Ocean from May to October. The northeast monsoon ushers in the dry season, which lasts from November to April. The country experiences the heaviest precipitation from September to October with the driest period occurring from January to February. According to the International Development Research Center and The United Nations, Cambodia is considered Southeast Asia's most vulnerable",
"title": "Cambodia"
},
{
"id": "12580250",
"text": "in many other regions within the humid subtropical category. In East and Southeast Asia, this climate type is found in the southeastern quarter of mainland China from Hong Kong north to Nanjing, the northern half of Taiwan, northern Myanmar, northern Vietnam, north through southern and central Japan (Kyushu, Shikoku and half of Honshu), and the extreme southern tip of South Korea around Busan. Cities near the equatorward boundary of this zone include Hong Kong, Hanoi and Taipei; while Qingdao and Tokyo are near the northern boundary. The influence of the strong Siberian anticyclone in East Asia brings colder winter temperatures",
"title": "Humid subtropical climate"
},
{
"id": "390561",
"text": "Hemisphere. In contemporary definition, Southeast Asia consists of two geographic regions: The region lies near the intersection of geological plates, with heavy seismic and volcanic activity. The Sunda Plate is the main plate of the region, featuring almost all Southeast Asian countries except Myanmar, northern Thailand, northern Vietnam, and northern Luzon of the Philippines. The mountain ranges in Myanmar, Thailand, and peninsular Malaysia are part of the Alpide belt, while the islands of the Philippines are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. Both seismic belts meet in Indonesia, causing the region to have relatively high occurrences of earthquakes and",
"title": "Southeast Asia"
},
{
"id": "2417073",
"text": "Arid subtropical climates are characterized by an annual average temperature above , the absence of regular rainfall and high humidity. Mild climate variants are generally located in areas adjacent to powerful cold ocean currents. Examples of this climate, the coastal areas of southern Africa (Namibia, South Africa), south of the Canary Islands and the coasts of Peru and Chile. Subtropics The subtropics are geographic and climate zones located roughly between the tropics at latitude 23.5° (the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn) and temperate zones (normally referring to latitudes 35–66.5°) north and south of the Equator. Subtropical climates are",
"title": "Subtropics"
},
{
"id": "140291",
"text": "forests of Southeast Asia; and the high forests of the Congo Basin. Seasonal tropical forests, perhaps the best description for the colloquial term \"jungle\", typically range from the rainforest zone 10 degrees north or south of the equator, to the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. Forests located on mountains are also included in this category, divided largely into upper and lower montane formations on the basis of the variation of physiognomy corresponding to changes in altitude. Tropical dry forests are characteristic of areas in the tropics affected by seasonal drought. The seasonality of rainfall is usually reflected in",
"title": "Forest"
},
{
"id": "15364899",
"text": "Shan Mountains falls during the three summer months, when the region is under the monsoon influence; about 70% of that is directly of \"cyclonic\" (i.e., monsoon-driven) origin (as opposed to \"local convection\"). Around September, with the sun fast retreating south, the northern land mass of the Indian subcontinent begins to cool off rapidly. With this air pressure begins to build over northern India, the Indian Ocean and its surrounding atmosphere still holds its heat. This causes the cold wind to sweep down from the Himalayas and Indo-Gangetic Plain towards the vast spans of the Indian Ocean south of the Deccan",
"title": "Climate of Asia"
},
{
"id": "603479",
"text": "and southwestern South America, southeastern Australia and parts of New Zealand. The subtropical highland variety of the oceanic climate exists in elevated portions of the world that are within either the tropics or subtropics, though it is typically found in mountainous locations in some tropical countries. Despite the latitude, the higher altitudes of these regions mean that the climate tends to share characteristics with oceanic climates, though it also tends to experience noticeably drier weather during the lower-sun \"winter\" season. It mainly occurs in elevated areas of Sub-Saharan Africa and South America, on the Andes Mountains and on the Brazilian",
"title": "Temperate climate"
},
{
"id": "15364898",
"text": "loss including damage to property and loss of lives, as evidenced in the Bombay floods of 2005. Bangladesh and certain regions of India like Assam and West Bengal, also frequently experience heavy floods during this season. And in the recent past, areas in India that used to receive scanty rainfall throughout the year, like the Thar Desert, have surprisingly ended up receiving floods due to the prolonged monsoon season. The influence of the Southwest Monsoon is felt as far north as in China's Xinjiang. It is estimated that about 70% of all precipitation in the central part of the Tian",
"title": "Climate of Asia"
},
{
"id": "9688",
"text": "ranges on Earth occur in western sections of Asia. The monsoon circulation dominates across southern and eastern sections, due to the presence of the Himalayas forcing the formation of a thermal low which draws in moisture during the summer. Southwestern sections of the continent are hot. Siberia is one of the coldest places in the Northern Hemisphere, and can act as a source of arctic air masses for North America. The most active place on Earth for tropical cyclone activity lies northeast of the Philippines and south of Japan. The Gobi Desert is in Mongolia and the Arabian Desert stretches",
"title": "Asia"
},
{
"id": "681860",
"text": "monsoon). The North American monsoon is known to many as the \"Summer\", \"Southwest\", \"Mexican\" or \"Arizona\" monsoon. It is also sometimes called the \"Desert monsoon\" as a large part of the affected area are the Mojave and Sonoran deserts. However, it is debatable whether the North and South American weather patterns with incomplete wind reversal should be counted as true monsoons. The Asian monsoons may be classified into a few sub-systems, such as the Indian Subcontinental Monsoon which affects the Indian subcontinent and surrounding regions including Nepal, and the East Asian Monsoon which affects southern China, Taiwan, Korea and parts",
"title": "Monsoon"
},
{
"id": "390560",
"text": "Southeast Asia Southeast Asia or Southeastern Asia is a subregion of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of Japan and China, east of India, west of Papua New Guinea, and north of Australia. Southeast Asia is bordered to the north by East Asia, to the west by South Asia and the Bay of Bengal, to the east by Oceania and the Pacific Ocean, and to the south by Australia and the Indian Ocean. The region is the only part of Asia that lies partly within the Southern Hemisphere, although the majority of it is in the Northern",
"title": "Southeast Asia"
},
{
"id": "15364622",
"text": "the middle of Africa, as do the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, making Africa the most tropical continent. The climate of Africa is a range of climates such as the equatorial climate, the tropical wet and dry climate, the tropical monsoon climate, the semi-desert climate (semi-arid), the desert climate (hyper-arid and arid), the subtropical highland climate etc. Temperate climates are rare across the continent except at very high elevations and along the fringes. In fact, the climate of Africa is more variable by rainfall amount than by temperatures, which are consistently high. African deserts are the sunniest",
"title": "Climate of Africa"
},
{
"id": "4186127",
"text": "as Ghana, Burkina Faso, Darfur, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Botswana have a distinct rainy season. Also within the savanna climate regime, Florida and South Texas have a rainy season. Monsoon regions include the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia (including Indonesia and Philippines), northern sections of Australia's North, Polynesia, Central America, western and southern Mexico, the Desert Southwest of the United States, southern Guyana, portions of northeast Brazil. Northern Guyana has two wet seasons: one in early spring and the other in early winter. In western Africa, there are two rainy seasons across southern sections, but only one across the north. Within the",
"title": "Wet season"
},
{
"id": "15364893",
"text": "Asian Monsoon which affects southern China, Korea and parts of Japan. The southwestern summer monsoons occur from June through September. The Thar Desert and adjoining areas of the northern and central Indian subcontinent heats up considerably during the hot summers, which causes a low pressure area over the northern and central Indian subcontinent. To fill this void, the moisture-laden winds from the Indian Ocean rush into the subcontinent. These winds, rich in moisture, are drawn towards the Himalayas, creating winds blowing storm clouds towards the subcontinent. The Himalayas act like a high wall, blocking the winds from passing into Central",
"title": "Climate of Asia"
},
{
"id": "15364903",
"text": "the monsoon ends in August, the rain belt moves back to South China. Tropical cyclones form in any month of the year across the northwest Pacific Ocean, and concentrate around June and November in the northern Indian Ocean. The area just northeast of the Philippines is the most active place on Earth for tropical cyclones to exist. Across the Philippines themselves, activity reaches a minimum in February, before increasing steadily through June, and spiking from July through October, with September being the most active month for tropical cyclones across the archipelago. Activity falls off significantly in November. The most active",
"title": "Climate of Asia"
},
{
"id": "681869",
"text": "splits into the southern subtropical jet and the polar jet. The subtropical flow directs northeasterly winds to blow across southern Asia, creating dry air streams which produce clear skies over India. Meanwhile, a low pressure system known as a monsoon trough develops over South-East Asia and Australasia and winds are directed toward Australia. The East Asian monsoon affects large parts of Indo-China, Philippines, China, Taiwan, Korea and Japan. It is characterised by a warm, rainy summer monsoon and a cold, dry winter monsoon. The rain occurs in a concentrated belt that stretches east-west except in East China where it is",
"title": "Monsoon"
},
{
"id": "12381898",
"text": "or monsoon trough, is the wettest portion of the world's continents. Annually, the rain belt within the tropics marches northward by August, then moves back southward into the Southern Hemisphere by February and March. Within Asia, rainfall is favored across its southern portion from India east and northeast across the Philippines and southern China into Japan due to the monsoon advecting moisture primarily from the Indian Ocean into the region. The monsoon trough can reach as far north as the 40th parallel in East Asia during August before moving southward thereafter. Its poleward progression is accelerated by the onset of",
"title": "Rain"
},
{
"id": "87324",
"text": "continental, with hot summers and cool to cold winters, with occasional snowfall. Outside high-elevation areas, the climate is mostly semi-arid to arid. In lower elevations, summers are hot with blazing sunshine. Winters feature occasional rain and/or snow from low-pressure systems that cross the area from the Mediterranean Sea. Average monthly precipitation is extremely low from July to September, rises in autumn (October and November) and is highest in March or April, followed by swift drying in May and June. Winds can be strong, producing dust storms sometimes, especially toward the end of the dry season in September and October. Specific",
"title": "Central Asia"
},
{
"id": "9883036",
"text": "Tropical Asia Tropical Asia is a region in Asia that experiences tropical climate. It is physiogeographically and economically rich in natural resources and biodiversity, including many species of agricultural value. There are 16 countries of tropical Asia ranging in size from around 610 km² (Singapore) to 3,000,000 km² (India). Its population, is dominantly rural—however, in 1995, a census showed a region with 6 out of 25 of the large cities. The population is 1.6 billion, likely to reach 2.4 billion in 2025. Climate in tropical Asia is subject to seasonal weather patterns with the two monsoons and the amount of",
"title": "Tropical Asia"
},
{
"id": "603399",
"text": "the equatorial zone between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. Tropical rainforests exist in Southeast Asia (from Myanmar (Burma)) to the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Sri Lanka; also in Sub-Saharan Africa from the Cameroon to the Congo (Congo Rainforest), South America (e.g. the Amazon rainforest), Central America (e.g. Bosawás, the southern Yucatán Peninsula-El Peten-Belize-Calakmul), Australia, and on Pacific Islands (such as Hawaii). Tropical forests have been called the \"Earth's lungs\", although it is now known that rainforests contribute little net oxygen addition to the atmosphere through photosynthesis. Tropical forests cover a large part of the",
"title": "Rainforest"
},
{
"id": "67350",
"text": "within the Tropical savanna climate zone, as the coastal areas in the South and West receive noticeably more and steady rain before and during the wet season. These areas constitute the easternmost fringes of the south-west monsoon, determined to be inside the Tropical monsoon climate. Countrywide there are two seasons of relatively equal length, defined by varying precipitation as temperatures and humidity are generally high and steady throughout the entire year. Southeast Asia consists of allochthonous continental blocks from Gondwanaland. These include the South China, Indochina, Sibumasu, and West Burma blocks, which amalgamated to form the Southeast Asian continent during",
"title": "Geography of Cambodia"
},
{
"id": "12270749",
"text": "year. One day in an equatorial climate can be very similar to the next, while the change in temperature between day and night may be larger than the average change in temperature during the year. A tropical rainforest climate is usually found at latitudes within 15 degrees North and South of the equator, which are dominated by the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The climate is most commonly found in South America, Central Africa, Southeast Asia and Oceania. These rainforests are uniformly and monotonously wet throughout the year. Locations in Oceania, areas along the coast of South and Central America, from Ecuador",
"title": "Tropical rainforest climate"
},
{
"id": "13041637",
"text": "South Asia South Asia or Southern Asia, is a term used to represent the southern region of the Asian continent, which comprises the sub-Himalayan SAARC countries and, for some authorities, adjoining countries to the west and east. Topographically, it is dominated by the Indian Plate, which rises above sea level as Nepal and northern parts of India situated south of the Himalayas and the Hindu Kush. South Asia is bounded on the south by the Indian Ocean and on land (clockwise, from west) by West Asia, Central Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia. The current territories of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan,",
"title": "South Asia"
},
{
"id": "15422578",
"text": "Bengal, and collect moisture on the way. These monsoon winds reach the southern states of India by October, and are responsible for a second round of rainfall. These are called the winter monsoons. The winter monsoon is experienced in the states of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh in the first week of January. Although the southwest and northeast monsoon winds are seasonally reversible, they do not cause precipitation on their own. Two factors are essential for rain formation: Additionally, one of the causes of rain must happen. In the case of the monsoon, the cause is primarily orographic,",
"title": "Monsoon of South Asia"
},
{
"id": "20259282",
"text": "the Indian plains. Elevation rises from in the southern foothills to more than . The highest peak in Bhutan is Gangkhar Puensum at . The climate in Bhutan varies with elevation, from subtropical in the south to temperate in central areas and alpine in the north, with year-round snow in the north. Western Bhutan has the heavier monsoon rains; southern Bhutan has hot humid summers and cool winters. The bulk of the East India region lies on the Indo-Gangetic plain, with a coastline on the Bay of Bengal. It includes the states of West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, and Odisha. The",
"title": "Eastern South Asia"
},
{
"id": "2417067",
"text": "coasts of Peru and Chile. The humid subtropical climate is often located on the western side of the subtropical high. Here, unstable tropical airmasses in summer bring convective overturning and frequent tropical downpours, and summer is normally the season of peak annual rainfall. In the winter (dry season) the monsoon retreats, and the drier trade winds bring more stable airmass and often dry weather, and frequent sunny skies. Areas that have this type of subtropical climate include Australia, Southeast Asia, parts of South America, and the deep south of the United States. In areas bounded by warm ocean like the",
"title": "Subtropics"
},
{
"id": "390604",
"text": "the Wallace Line. This line runs along what is now known to be a tectonic plate boundary, and separates Asian (Western) species from Australasian (Eastern) species. The islands between Java/Borneo and Papua form a mixed zone, where both types occur, known as Wallacea. As the pace of development accelerates and populations continue to expand in Southeast Asia, concern has increased regarding the impact of human activity on the region's environment. A significant portion of Southeast Asia, however, has not changed greatly and remains an unaltered home to wildlife. The nations of the region, with only few exceptions, have become aware",
"title": "Southeast Asia"
},
{
"id": "2887853",
"text": "in some instances, some snowfall. In the tropics, a subtropical highland climate tends to feature spring-like weather year-round. Temperatures there remain relatively constant throughout the year and snowfall is seldom seen. Areas with this climate feature monthly averages below but above (or using American standards). At least one month's average temperature is below . Without their elevation, many of these regions would likely feature either tropical or humid subtropical climates. These regions are usually designated \"Cwb\" (or even \"Cfb\" \"temperate highland\"). This type of climate exists in parts of east, south and southeastern Africa, interior southern Africa and elevated portions",
"title": "Oceanic climate"
},
{
"id": "15422587",
"text": "factors rather than the only one. The prevailing winds of the atmospheric circulation arise because of the difference in pressure at various latitudes and act as means for distribution of thermal energy on the planet. This pressure difference is because of the differences in solar insolation received at different latitudes and the resulting uneven heating of the planet. Alternating belts of high pressure and low pressure develop along the equator, the two tropics, the Arctic and Antarctic circles, and the two polar regions, giving rise to the trade winds, the westerlies, and the polar easterlies. However, geophysical factors like Earth's",
"title": "Monsoon of South Asia"
},
{
"id": "390597",
"text": "of the Philippines and rejected China's claims. Indonesia is the largest country in Southeast Asia and it also the largest archipelago in the world by size (according to the CIA World Factbook). Geologically. the Indonesian archipelago is one of the most volcanically active regions in the world. Geological uplifts in the region have also produced some impressive mountains, culminating in Puncak Jaya in Papua, Indonesia at , on the island of New Guinea; it is the only place where ice glaciers can be found in Southeast Asia. The highest mountain in Southeast Asia is Hkakabo Razi at 5,967 meters and",
"title": "Southeast Asia"
},
{
"id": "7368744",
"text": "East Asian Monsoon The East Asian monsoon is a monsoonal flow that carries moist air from the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean to East Asia. It affects approximately one-third of the global population, influencing the climate of Japan (including Okinawa), the Koreas, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, and much of Mainland China. It is driven by temperature differences between the East Asian continent and the Pacific Ocean. The East Asian monsoon is divided into a warm and wet summer monsoon and a cold and dry winter monsoon. This cold and dry winter monsoon is responsible for the aeolian dust deposition and",
"title": "East Asian Monsoon"
},
{
"id": "15422585",
"text": "up at a different rate than the surrounding seas, resulting in a pressure gradient from south to north. This causes the flow of moisture-laden winds from sea to land. On reaching land, these winds rise because of the geographical relief, cooling adiabatically and leading to orographic rains. This is the \"southwest monsoon\". The reverse happens during the winter, when the land is colder than the sea, establishing a pressure gradient from land to sea. This causes the winds to blow over the Indian subcontinent toward the Indian Ocean in a northeasterly direction, causing the \"northeast monsoon\". Because the southwest monsoon",
"title": "Monsoon of South Asia"
},
{
"id": "11717603",
"text": "and include the temperate rain forests of the Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests ecoregion. Central Asia and the Iranian plateau are home to dry steppe grasslands and desert basins, with montane forests, woodlands, and grasslands in the region's high mountains and plateaux. In southern Asia the boundary of the Palearctic is largely altitudinal. The middle altitude foothills of the Himalaya between about 2000–2500 m form the boundary between the Palearctic and Indomalaya ecoregions. China and Japan are more humid and temperate than adjacent Siberia and Central Asia, and are home to rich temperate coniferous, broadleaf, and mixed forests, which are now mostly",
"title": "Fauna of Asia"
},
{
"id": "12580251",
"text": "than the humid subtropical zones in North America, South America, and Australia. The 0 °C isotherm reaches as far south as the valleys of the Yellow and Wei, roughly latitude 34° N. At Hainan Island and in Taiwan, the climate transitions from subtropical into tropical. In most of this region, the winter monsoon is very well developed, as such eastern Asian humid subtropical zones have a strong winter dry season and heavy summer rainfall. Only in inland areas below the Yangtze River and coastal areas between approximately the Huai River and the beginning of the coast of Guangdong is there",
"title": "Humid subtropical climate"
},
{
"id": "12367717",
"text": "Climate of Vietnam Vietnam's climate, being located in the tropics and strongly influenced by the South China Sea has a monsoon-influenced tropical climate typical of that of mainland Southeast Asia. In the north, the climate is monsoonal with four distinct seasons (Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter) while in the south (areas south of the Hải Vân Pass), the climate is tropical monsoon with two seasons (rainy and dry). In addition temperate climate exists in mountainous areas, which are found in Sa Pa, Da Lat while a more continental climate exists in Lai Chau Province and Son La Province. The diverse",
"title": "Climate of Vietnam"
},
{
"id": "12580245",
"text": "Humid subtropical climate A humid subtropical climate is a zone of climate characterized by hot and humid summers, and mild winters. These climates normally lie on the southeast side of all continents, generally between latitudes 25° and 35° and are located poleward from adjacent tropical climates. While many subtropical climates tend to be located at or near coastal locations, in some cases they extend inland, most notably in China and the United States. Under the Köppen climate classification, Cfa and Cwa climates are either described as humid subtropical climates or mild temperate climates. This climate features mean temperatures in the",
"title": "Humid subtropical climate"
},
{
"id": "14155204",
"text": "continental, oceanic climate, Mediterranean climate, steppe, subarctic climate, tundra, polar ice cap, and desert. Rain forests are characterized by high rainfall, with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between and . A tropical savanna is a grassland biome located in semi-arid to semi-humid climate regions of subtropical and tropical latitudes, with rainfall between and a year. They are widespread on Africa, and are also found in India, the northern parts of South America, Malaysia, and Australia. The humid subtropical climate zone where winter rainfall (and sometimes snowfall) is associated with large storms that the westerlies steer from west to east.",
"title": "Earth rainfall climatology"
},
{
"id": "13041675",
"text": "monsoon systems exist in the region: The warmest period of the year precedes the monsoon season (March to mid June). In the summer the low pressures are centered over the Indus-Gangetic Plain and high wind from the Indian Ocean blows towards the center. The monsoons are second coolest season of the year because of high humidity and cloud covering. But, at the beginning of June the jetstreams vanish above the Tibetan Plateau, low pressure over the Indus Valley deepens and the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) moves in. The change is violent. Moderately vigorous monsoon depressions form in the Bay of",
"title": "South Asia"
},
{
"id": "11026621",
"text": "pure savannas, without trees, are the exception rather than the rule. There are generally four types of tropical savanna climates: Tropical savanna climates are most commonly found in Africa, Asia and northern South America. The climate is also prevalent in sections of Central America, northern Australia, the Pacific Islands and southern North America, specifically in sections of Mexico and the state of Florida in the United States, and some islands in the Caribbean. Most places that have this climate are found at the outer margins of the tropical zone, but occasionally an inner-tropical location (e.g., San Marcos, Antioquia, Colombia) also",
"title": "Tropical savanna climate"
},
{
"id": "15422571",
"text": "of the monsoon. Because of its effect on agriculture, on flora and fauna, and on the climates of nations such as India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka — among other economic, social, and environmental effects — the monsoon is one of the most anticipated, tracked, and studied weather phenomena in the region. It has a significant effect on the overall well-being of residents and has even been dubbed the \"real finance minister of India\". The word \"monsoon\" (derived from the Arabic \"mausam,\" meaning \"season\"), although generally defined as a system of winds characterized by a seasonal reversal of",
"title": "Monsoon of South Asia"
},
{
"id": "12580247",
"text": "air temperatures higher than 10 °C (50 °F) for eight or more months a year and at least one month with mean temperature below 18 °C (64.4 °F). Under the Trewartha system, humid subtropical climates typically occupy the southernmost portions of the temperate zone from 23.5 to 35.0 north and south latitude. Rainfall often shows a summer peak, especially where monsoons are well developed, as in Southeast Asia and Florida. Other areas have a more uniform or varying rainfall cycles, but consistently lack any predictably dry summer months. Most summer rainfall occurs during thunderstorms that build up due to the",
"title": "Humid subtropical climate"
},
{
"id": "4411755",
"text": "humid, semiarid or arid. Most of the Turkestan-Gobi desert system has an arid microthermal climate, while the best-known example of the semiarid microthermal climate can be found in the \"steppes of Central Asia\" immortalized by Russian classical music composer Alexander Borodin. Unasylva - Vol.9, No. 2 - Climatic classification in forestry Microthermal In climatology, the term microthermal is used to denote the continental climates of Eurasia and North America. The word \"microthermal\" is derived from two Greek words meaning \"small\" and \"heat\". This is misleading, however, since the term is intended to describe only the temperature conditions that prevail during",
"title": "Microthermal"
},
{
"id": "15422601",
"text": "April to May and peaks in October. With a positive IOD, winds over the Indian Ocean blow from east to west. This makes the Arabian Sea (the western Indian Ocean near the African coast) much warmer and the eastern Indian Ocean around Indonesia colder and drier. In negative dipole years, the reverse happens, making Indonesia much warmer and rainier. A positive IOD index often negates the effect of ENSO, resulting in increased monsoon rains in years such as 1983, 1994, and 1997. Further, the two poles of the IOD — the eastern pole (around Indonesia) and the western pole (off",
"title": "Monsoon of South Asia"
},
{
"id": "484514",
"text": "History of Southeast Asia The term \"Southeast Asia\" has been in use since World War II. The region has been further divided into two distinct sub-regions: Mainland Southeast Asia (or Indochina), which comprises the modern states of Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar (Burma) and West Malaysia, and Maritime Southeast Asia (or Insular Southeast Asia), which comprises the modern states of Indonesia, East Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, East Timor, Brunei, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Christmas Island. The earliest \"Homo sapiens\" presence in Mainland Southeast Asia can be traced back to 50,000 years ago and to at least 40,000 years ago in Maritime",
"title": "History of Southeast Asia"
},
{
"id": "12580256",
"text": "in Asia are mostly confined to the southeastern quarter of the continent, there are two narrow areas along the coast of the Caspian Sea and Black Sea with humid subtropical climates. Summers in these locations are cooler than typical humid subtropical climates and snowfall in winter is relatively common, but is usually of a short duration. In Western Asia, the climate is prevalent in the Gilan and Māzandarān Provinces of Iran, in parts of the Caucasus, in Azerbaijan and in Georgia wedged between the Caspian and Black seas and coastal (Black Sea) Turkey, albeit having more oceanic influence. Annual rainfall",
"title": "Humid subtropical climate"
},
{
"id": "9883037",
"text": "tropical cyclones in the three core areas of cyclogenesis (the Bay of Bengal, north Pacific Ocean and South China Sea). The climate varies over several environmental factors such as: growing urbanization, land industrialization and economic development or the opposite land degradation, environmental issues, and increased pollution. In tropical Asia, the distribution and character of the rainforest changes with elevation in the mountains. In Thailand, for instance, the area of tropical forests could increase from 45% to 80% of the total forest cover, while in Sri Lanka, a substantial change in dry forest and decrease in wet forest might occur. With",
"title": "Tropical Asia"
},
{
"id": "390598",
"text": "can be found in northern Burma sharing the same range of its parent peak, Mount Everest. The South China Sea is the major body of water within Southeast Asia. The Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, and Singapore, have integral rivers that flow into the South China Sea. Mayon Volcano, despite being dangerously active, holds the record of the world's most perfect cone which is built from past and continuous eruption. Southeast Asia is bounded to the southeast by the Australian continent, a boundary which runs through Indonesia. But a cultural touch point lies between Papua New Guinea and the Indonesian",
"title": "Southeast Asia"
},
{
"id": "1458806",
"text": "desert climates are typically found at higher altitudes than hot desert climates and are usually drier than hot desert climates. Cold desert climates are typically located in temperate zones, usually in the rain shadow of high mountains, which restrict precipitation from the westerly winds. An example of this is the Patagonian Desert in Argentina bounded by the Andes to its west. In the case of Central Asia, mountains restrict precipitation from the monsoon. The Kyzyl Kum, Taklamakan and Katpana Desert deserts of Central Asia and the drier portions of the Great Basin Desert of the western United States are other",
"title": "Desert climate"
},
{
"id": "15422613",
"text": "The monsoon is the primary bearer of fresh water to the area. The peninsular/Deccan rivers of India are mostly rain-fed and non-perennial in nature, depending primarily on the monsoon for water supply. Most of the coastal rivers of Western India are also rain-fed and monsoon-dependent. As such, the flora, fauna, and entire ecosystems of these areas rely heavily on the monsoon. Monsoon of South Asia The monsoon of South Asia is among several geographically distributed global monsoons. It affects the Indian subcontinent, where it is one of the oldest and most anticipated weather phenomena and an economically important pattern every",
"title": "Monsoon of South Asia"
},
{
"id": "603432",
"text": "all but the hardiest of crops. (Despite the short season, the long summer days at such latitudes do permit some agriculture.) In some areas, ice has scoured rock surfaces bare, entirely stripping off the overburden. Elsewhere rock basins have been formed and stream courses dammed, creating countless lakes. The \"Dfc\" climate, by far the most common subarctic type, is found in the following areas: In parts of East Asia, like China, the Siberian High makes the winters colder than places like Scandinavia or Alaska interior but extremely dry (typically with around of rainfall equivalent per month) that snow cover is",
"title": "Subarctic climate"
},
{
"id": "15422586",
"text": "flows from sea to land, it carries more moisture, and therefore causes more rain, than the northeast monsoon. Only part of the northeast monsoon passing over the Bay of Bengal picks up moisture, causing rain in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu during the winter months. However, many meteorologists argue that the monsoon is not a local phenomenon as explained by the traditional theory, but a general weather phenomenon along the entire tropical zone of Earth. This criticism does not deny the role of differential heating of sea and land in generating monsoon winds, but casts it as one of several",
"title": "Monsoon of South Asia"
},
{
"id": "9689",
"text": "across much of the Middle East. The Yangtze River in China is the longest river in the continent. The Himalayas between Nepal and China is the tallest mountain range in the world. Tropical rainforests stretch across much of southern Asia and coniferous and deciduous forests lie farther north. A survey carried out in 2010 by global risk analysis farm Maplecroft identified 16 countries that are extremely vulnerable to climate change. Each nation's vulnerability was calculated using 42 socio, economic and environmental indicators, which identified the likely climate change impacts during the next 30 years. The Asian countries of Bangladesh, India,",
"title": "Asia"
},
{
"id": "15422573",
"text": "of the accompanying precipitation. These are the most monitored components of the monsoon, and they determine the water availability in India for any given year. Monsoons typically occur in tropical areas. One area that monsoons impact greatly is India. In India monsoons create an entire season in which the winds reverse completely. Various atmospheric conditions influence the monsoon winds. The first condition is the differential heating and cooling of land and water. This creates low pressure on the landmass, while high pressure is created over the seas during daytime, but is reversed during the night time. The second condition is",
"title": "Monsoon of South Asia"
},
{
"id": "15364894",
"text": "Asia, thus forcing them to rise. With the gain in altitude of the clouds, the temperature drops and precipitation occurs. Some areas of the subcontinent receive up to of rain. The moisture-laden winds on reaching the southernmost point of the Indian subcontinent, due to its topography, become divided into two parts: the \"Arabian Sea Branch\" and the \"Bay of Bengal Branch\". The \"Arabian Sea Branch\" of the Southwest Monsoon first hits the Western Ghats of the coastal state of Kerala, India, thus making the area the first state in India to receive rain from the Southwest Monsoon. This branch of",
"title": "Climate of Asia"
},
{
"id": "15364621",
"text": "Climate of Africa Owing to Africa's position across equatorial and subtropical latitudes in both the northern and southern hemisphere, several different climate types can be found within it. The continent mainly lies within the intertropical zone between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. Hence, it’s interesting density of humidity intensity is always high, and it is a hot continent. Warm and hot climates prevail all over Africa, but the northern part is that most marked by aridity and high temperatures. Only the northernmost and the southernmost fringes of the continent have a Mediterranean climate.The equator runs through",
"title": "Climate of Africa"
},
{
"id": "2887851",
"text": "steppe-like (\"BSk\") or even desert-like (\"BWk\") scarcity of precipitation. This climate is found on the Asian mainland in mountainous areas of the tropics, such as the foothills of the Himalayas and south-west China. Within Japan, the port city of Muroran is the only part of Hokkaido with an oceanic climate. Parts of the northeastern coast of Honshu, from Mutsu, Aomori towards Miyako, Iwate, also feature this climate. Île Amsterdam and Île Saint-Paul, both part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands, are located in the subtropics and have an oceanic climate (akin to Tristan da Cunha; see above). The subtropical",
"title": "Oceanic climate"
},
{
"id": "4186621",
"text": "addition, the location in question must not be semi-arid or arid. The \"Dfb\", \"Dwb\" and \"Dsb\" subtypes are also known as hemiboreal. Humid continental climates are generally found roughly between latitudes 40° N and 60° N, within the central and northeastern portions of North America, Europe, and Asia. They are much less commonly found in the Southern Hemisphere due to the larger ocean area at that latitude and the consequent greater maritime moderation. In the Northern Hemisphere some of the humid continental climates, typically in Scandinavia, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland are heavily maritime-influenced, with relatively cool summers and winters being",
"title": "Humid continental climate"
},
{
"id": "603478",
"text": "of North America, in southwestern South America, and in the western areas of South Africa. The Oceanic climates occur in the higher middle latitudes, between 45° and 60° north and south. They are created by the onshore flow from the cool high latitude oceans to their west. This causes the climate to have cool summers and cool (but not cold) winters. These climates are frequently cloudy, and are fairly milder both in winter and summer in comparison to other temperate climates. Annual rainfall is spread throughout the entire year. Regions with this climate include Western Europe, northwestern North America, southeastern",
"title": "Temperate climate"
},
{
"id": "2693481",
"text": "almost complete absence of land at 40–60°S, existing only in some highland locations. \"Dfa\" climates usually occur in the high 30s and low 40s latitudes, with a qualifying average temperature in the warmest month of greater than 22 °C/72 °F. In Europe, these climates tend to be much drier than in North America. In eastern Asia, \"Dwa\" climates extend further south due to the influence of the Siberian high pressure system, which also causes winters there to be dry, and summers can be very wet because of monsoon circulation. \"Dsa\" exists at higher elevations adjacent to areas with hot summer",
"title": "Köppen climate classification"
},
{
"id": "4186632",
"text": "summer subtype is marked by mild summers, long cold winters and less precipitation than the hot summer subtype; however, short periods of extreme heat are not uncommon. Northern Japan has a similar climate. In the Southern Hemisphere it exists in well-defined areas only in the Southern Alps of New Zealand, the Snowy Mountains of Australia, Kiandra, New South Wales, and as isolated microclimates of the southern Andes of Chile and Argentina. Since climate regimes tend to be dominated by vegetation of one region with relatively homogenous ecology, those that project climate change remap their results in the form of climate",
"title": "Humid continental climate"
},
{
"id": "442989",
"text": "where the river floods the surrounding fields each year to a level of one to two meters. Vietnam's climate, being located in the tropics and strongly influenced by the South China Sea has a monsoon-influenced tropical climate typical of that of mainland Southeast Asia. In the north, the climate is monsoonal with four distinct seasons (Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter) while in the south (areas south of the Hải Vân Pass), the climate is tropical monsoon with two seasons (rainy and dry). In addition temperate climate exists in mountainous areas, which are found in Sa Pa, Da Lat while a",
"title": "Geography of Vietnam"
},
{
"id": "9664",
"text": "religions including Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, Jainism, Sikhism, Zoroastrianism, as well as many other religions. Given its size and diversity, the concept of Asia—a name dating back to classical antiquity—may actually have more to do with human geography than physical geography. Asia varies greatly across and within its regions with regard to ethnic groups, cultures, environments, economics, historical ties and government systems. It also has a mix of many different climates ranging from the equatorial south via the hot desert in the Middle East, temperate areas in the east and the continental centre to vast subarctic and",
"title": "Asia"
},
{
"id": "37617",
"text": "Geography of Brunei Brunei is a country in Southeastern Asia, bordering the South China Sea and East Malaysia. Its geographical coordinates are . Brunei shares a border with Malaysia and has a coastline. The climate in Brunei is tropical equatorial and humid subtropical at higher altitudes with heavy rainfall. Bandar Seri Begawan's climate is tropical equatorial with two seasons. Dry season is extremely hot (). Wet or rainy season is generally warm and wet (). Most of the country is a flat coastal plain with mountains in the east and hilly lowland in the west. The lowest point is at",
"title": "Geography of Brunei"
},
{
"id": "14155209",
"text": "cyclones lead to excessive rainfall across the region. A large annual rainfall minimum, composed primarily of deserts, stretches from the Gobi Desert in Mongolia west-southwest through Pakistan and Iran into the Arabian Desert in Saudi Arabia. Rainfall around the continent is favored across its southern portion from India east and northeast across the Philippines and southern China into Japan due to the monsoon advecting moisture primarily from the Indian Ocean into the region. The monsoon trough can reach as far north as the 40th parallel in East Asia during August before moving southward thereafter. Its poleward progression is accelerated by",
"title": "Earth rainfall climatology"
}
] | what type of climates are found in southeast asia |
[
"Thomas Babington Macaulay"
] | [
{
"id": "10349709",
"text": "phrase \"how can man die better\", from \"Horatius\", was used by Benjamin Pogrund as the title of his biography of anti-apartheid activist Robert Sobukwe. The same portion of the poem was recited in an episode of \"Doctor Who\", used as a plot device in the 2013 science fiction film \"Oblivion\", and appears in the final book of Kevin J Anderson's \"The Saga of Seven Suns\". Verses 32 and 50 of \"Horatius\" are used as epigraphs in Diane Duane's \"Star Trek\" novels, \"My Enemy, My Ally\" and \"The Empty Chair\". These words are on the epitaph at the Chushul war memorial",
"title": "Lays of Ancient Rome"
},
{
"id": "2508819",
"text": "other members of the \"United Trinity\", Bobby Charlton and Denis Law. On 20 November, the British tabloid \"News of the World\" published a picture of Best (at his own request) showing him in his hospital bed with jaundice, along with a warning about the dangers of alcohol with his message: \"Don't die like me\". In the early hours of 25 November 2005, treatment was stopped; later that day he died, aged 59, as a result of a lung infection and multiple organ failure. Tributes were paid to Best from around the world, including from arguably three of the greatest football",
"title": "George Best"
},
{
"id": "1639654",
"text": "about the issue. He paid one hell of a price, and that is one of the hallmarks of true heroism.\" The epitaph on Kevorkian's tombstone reads, \"He sacrificed himself for everyone's rights.\" Books Selected journal articles Jack Kevorkian Jack Kevorkian (; May 26, 1928 – June 3, 2011) was an American pathologist and euthanasia proponent. He is best known for publicly championing a terminal patient's right to die via physician-assisted suicide; he claimed to have assisted at least 130 patients to that end. He was often portrayed in the media with the name of \"Dr. Death\". There was support for",
"title": "Jack Kevorkian"
},
{
"id": "10942940",
"text": "Acesias Acesias (Greek ) was an ancient Greek physician whose age and country are both unknown. It is ascertained however that he lived at least as early as 4th century BC, as the proverb , \"Acesias cured him\", is quoted on the authority of Aristophanes. This saying (by which only Acesias is known to us) was used when any person's disease became worse instead of better under medical treatment, and is mentioned in the Suda, Zenobius, Diogenianus, Michael Apostolius, and Plutarch. It is possible that an author bearing this name, and mentioned by Athenaeus as having written a treatise on",
"title": "Acesias"
},
{
"id": "3170975",
"text": "a drawer in his study and shot himself. He died within a week of his 70th birthday. Berman and Wallace suggest that this may have been a 'copycat suicide'; on hearing of his friend Hemingway's suicide in 1961, Belmonte is said to have answered 'Well done.' The circumstances surrounding his death are the source of some controversy. A popular version, seen for example in Life, describes events substantially as follows: when Belmonte's doctor told him that, because of his lifelong injuries and trauma, he could no longer smoke cigars, ride his horses, drink wine or perform sexual acts with women,",
"title": "Juan Belmonte"
},
{
"id": "12249",
"text": "commentator of the same period, explained the verse, \"Let Reuben live and not die ...\" (Deuteronomy 33:6) to mean that Reuben should merit the World to Come directly, and not have to die again as a result of being reincarnated. Torah scholar, commentator and kabbalist, Nachmanides (Ramban 1195–1270), attributed Job's suffering to reincarnation, as hinted in Job's saying \"God does all these things twice or three times with a man, to bring back his soul from the pit to ... the light of the living' (Job 33:29, 30).\" Reincarnation, called \"gilgul\", became popular in folk belief, and is found in",
"title": "Afterlife"
},
{
"id": "10039273",
"text": "Research and Quality to indicate a change in focus. The bill also funded projects through that organization. The report was followed in 2001 by another widely cited Institute of Medicine report, \"Crossing the Quality Chasm,\" which furthers many points from the original study. Both are widely referenced. \"To Err Is Human\" was the inspiration for the Institute for Healthcare Improvement's 100,000 Lives Campaign , which in 2006 claimed to have prevented an estimated 124,000 deaths in a period of 18 months through patient-safety initiatives in over 3,000 hospitals. To Err Is Human (report) To Err Is Human: Building a Safer",
"title": "To Err Is Human (report)"
},
{
"id": "1639621",
"text": "Jack Kevorkian Jack Kevorkian (; May 26, 1928 – June 3, 2011) was an American pathologist and euthanasia proponent. He is best known for publicly championing a terminal patient's right to die via physician-assisted suicide; he claimed to have assisted at least 130 patients to that end. He was often portrayed in the media with the name of \"Dr. Death\". There was support for his cause, and he helped set the platform for reform. He said, \"Dying is not a crime\". In 1999, Kevorkian was arrested and tried for his direct role in a case of voluntary euthanasia. He was",
"title": "Jack Kevorkian"
},
{
"id": "13306173",
"text": "I Can Love You Better \"I Can Love You Better\" is a debut song written by Pamela Brown Hayes and Kostas, and recorded by American country music group Dixie Chicks. It was released in October 1997 as the first single from their 1998 album \"Wide Open Spaces\", and was the first hit of the Natalie Maines era of the group. The song reached number 7 on the \"Billboard magazine\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks, and represented the group's first real commercial success. The song was included in the set list on the Chicks' 2000 Fly Tour, but was not performed",
"title": "I Can Love You Better"
},
{
"id": "13306175",
"text": "belt, in a bakery, and on a crowded sidewalk. Also, part of the video is filmed in Nashville at A tattoo shop owned by Steve Heusohn, who also appears in the video. I Can Love You Better \"I Can Love You Better\" is a debut song written by Pamela Brown Hayes and Kostas, and recorded by American country music group Dixie Chicks. It was released in October 1997 as the first single from their 1998 album \"Wide Open Spaces\", and was the first hit of the Natalie Maines era of the group. The song reached number 7 on the \"Billboard",
"title": "I Can Love You Better"
},
{
"id": "15361584",
"text": "live a moderately happy life are shown to have a glamorous death. It also shows that \"it was better for a man to die than to live\". The meaning of this legend showcases the Greek's culture in valuing a \"beautiful death,\" since in Greek society the afterlife was seen to be far superior to the living world, which can seem odd to western ears. However, if one was to die from wounds inflicted in battle, than that person would forever have that scar or wound as they traveled to the underworld. Croesus, expecting for the happiest of a human to",
"title": "Kleobis and Biton"
},
{
"id": "3731651",
"text": "human race, the former alternative is the lesser of two evils\", and the slogan was adopted by the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, which he helped found. The first known English-language use of either term came in 1930, long before their widespread popularity. In an editorial criticizing John E. Edgerton, a Tennessee businessman who had mandated morning prayers in his factories to help keep out \"dangerous ideas\", \"The Nation\" sarcastically wrote: The first known use of \"better red than dead\" came in August 1958, when \"The Oakland Tribune\" wrote: \"The popular phrase 'better red than dead' has lost what appeal it",
"title": "Better red than dead"
},
{
"id": "8746571",
"text": "in 1968, he completed a doctoral degree in criminology at the University of California (Berkeley). According to his obituary in \"The New York Times\", Mr. Murton's ideas on prison reform included treating prisoners with respect, abolishing corporal punishment, providing better food and rooting out extortion and other rackets among the inmates. Vehemently opposed to the death penalty, he dismantled the electric chair at Cummins. He also opposed life sentences. \"When you sentence a man to life in prison, with no chance of getting out, he's going to die one day at a time because he knows he's doomed to walk",
"title": "Tom Murton"
},
{
"id": "5631451",
"text": "Anything You Can Do (I Can Do Better) \"Anything You Can Do\" is a song composed by Irving Berlin for the 1946 Broadway musical \"Annie Get Your Gun\". The song is a duet, with one male singer and one female singer attempting to outdo each other in increasingly complex tasks. In the musical, the song sets the scene for the climactic sharpshooting contest between Annie Oakley and Frank Butler. Its most memorable lines are, \"Anything you can do I can do better; I can do anything better than you.\" The song was first performed in \"Annie Get Your Gun\" by",
"title": "Anything You Can Do (I Can Do Better)"
},
{
"id": "19803810",
"text": "Better Man (Little Big Town song) \"Better Man\" is a song performed by American country group Little Big Town, released on October 20, 2016. It served as the lead single from the group's eighth studio album, \"The Breaker\", which was released on February 24, 2017. The song was written by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift and produced by American producer Jay Joyce. \"Better Man\" was first performed live at the 50th CMA Awards on November 2, 2016. The song won Song of the Year and was nominated for Single of the Year, and Music Video of the Year at the 2017",
"title": "Better Man (Little Big Town song)"
},
{
"id": "20605601",
"text": "peaked at No. 38 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, and it spent a total of seven weeks on the chart. It also peaked at No. 6 on \"Billboard\"s Easy Listening chart. I'm a Better Man \"I'm a Better Man\" was written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David. It was a hit for Engelbert Humperdinck in 1969. It was a follow up to the previous release, \"The Way It Used To Be\". The record was released in the United States on Parrot 40040. In the 1980s, the song ended up on an Engelbert compilation \"Release Me\" which included other songs such",
"title": "I'm a Better Man"
},
{
"id": "6054019",
"text": "Cyril J. Mockridge Cyril J. Mockridge (August 6, 1896 – January 18, 1979) was an English film and television composer who scored such films as \"Cheaper by the Dozen\", \"River of No Return\" and \"The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance\". He was nominated for an Academy Award for the 1955 film \"Guys and Dolls\", and composed the theme music for the television Western series \"Laramie\". Mockridge spent years as a staff composer for Twentieth Century-Fox, frequently working with Alfred Newman and Alfred's brother Lionel. He is buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Hollywood Hills, Los Angeles. Find a Grave",
"title": "Cyril J. Mockridge"
},
{
"id": "6054020",
"text": "Cyril J. Mockridge Cyril J. Mockridge (August 6, 1896 – January 18, 1979) was an English film and television composer who scored such films as \"Cheaper by the Dozen\", \"River of No Return\" and \"The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance\". He was nominated for an Academy Award for the 1955 film \"Guys and Dolls\", and composed the theme music for the television Western series \"Laramie\". Mockridge spent years as a staff composer for Twentieth Century-Fox, frequently working with Alfred Newman and Alfred's brother Lionel. He is buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Hollywood Hills, Los Angeles. Find a Grave",
"title": "Cyril J. Mockridge"
},
{
"id": "8054900",
"text": "Theory of Deadly Initials The Theory of Deadly Initials was an hypothesis published in the \"Journal of Psychosomatic Research\" in 1999, which proposed that there is a link between the lifespan of human males and their initials. The research, carried out by psychologists Nicholas Christenfeld, David Phillips and Laura Glynn, and published in the paper \"What's in a Name: Mortality and the Power of Symbols\", suggested that men with \"negative\" sets of initials (e.g. DIE or PIG) have, on average, a shorter lifespan than those with \"positive\" initials (e.g. ACE, VIP). The average increase in life expectancy for a set",
"title": "Theory of Deadly Initials"
},
{
"id": "812185",
"text": "Gunga Din \"Gunga Din\" is an 1890 poem by Rudyard Kipling, set in British India. The poem is much-remembered by its final line: \"You're a better man than I am, Gunga Din\", often quoted in the UK in reaction to self-praise. The poem is a rhyming narrative from the point of view of an English soldier in India, about an Indian water-bearer (a \"bhishti\") who saves the soldier's life but is soon shot and killed. In the final three lines, the soldier regrets the abuse he dealt to Din and admits that Din is the better man of the two.",
"title": "Gunga Din"
},
{
"id": "2181333",
"text": "one day Death and Hades themselves will be destroyed and all immortal souls will be reconciled to Him. It was traditionally claimed by some western scholars such as the Universalist historian George T. Knight (1911) and Pierre Batiffol (English translation 1914) that a form of universal salvation could be found among some theologians in early Christianity. Origen interpreted the New Testament's reference (Acts 3:21) to a \"restoration of all things\", (Greek: apocatastasis of all things), as meaning that sinners \"might\" be restored to God and released from Hell, returning the universe to a state identical to its pure beginnings. This",
"title": "Problem of Hell"
},
{
"id": "15345446",
"text": "under the pseudonym Alfred Erich. According to Michael Burleigh's book \"Death and Deliverance\", he was married to a Jewish woman and left his post in Freiburg after National Socialists came to power. He was privately critical of Nazi euthanasia program after it claimed one of his relatives despite its rationale being based on his own ideas. After losing his only son in 1915 he became increasingly taciturn and depressed and his death in 1943 was probably due to suicide. Allowing the destruction of life unworthy of living (life unworthy of life) In Binding and Hoche's book, Hoche calls for the",
"title": "Alfred Hoche"
},
{
"id": "2167007",
"text": "was heavily influenced by French philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment, such as Voltaire, Rousseau and Montesquieu. In their often censored writings, those philosophers advocated that men were born free and equal. This later led to the French Revolution of 1789 and the concept of Human Rights (Droits de l'Homme in French). At the age of 33, Jefferson may have also borrowed the expression from an Italian friend and neighbor, Philip Mazzei, as noted by Joint Resolution 175 of the 103rd Congress as well as by John F. Kennedy in \"A Nation of Immigrants\". In 1776 the Second Continental Congress",
"title": "All men are created equal"
},
{
"id": "1066775",
"text": "by James Wong. Jackie Chan sang the song in Mandarin in the second film. The version \"A Man Should Better Himself\" is the best known rendition of the song to date. A rearranged version was rewritten and sung by Dayo Wong as the theme song of \"Men Don't Cry\". Wong Fei-hung Wong Fei-hung (9 July 1847 – 17 April 1925), born Wong Sek-cheung with the courtesy name Tat-wun, was a Chinese martial artist, physician, and folk hero. He has become the subject of numerous martial arts films and television series. He was considered an expert in the Hung Ga style",
"title": "Wong Fei-hung"
},
{
"id": "14087326",
"text": "a bench, and slowly went around the park, once, on his own. He then sat back next to her and said, in Arabic, his last words, which were: \"\"Do you know how a man transcends his end?\"\". Scarcely had he finished that phrase, he suffered from a heart attack and fell from the bench. He was declared Dead Upon Arrival to the hospital. This article is mostly a translation of and is based on . Hassan Kobeissi Dr. Hassan Kobeissi (, April 15, 1941 - July 5, 2006) was a prominent Lebanese writer, thinker and translator. He was born in",
"title": "Hassan Kobeissi"
},
{
"id": "1578610",
"text": "Michael Servetus Michael Servetus (; as real name, ), also known as \"Miguel Servet\", \"Miguel de Villanueva\", \"Michel Servet\", \"Revés\", or \"Michel de Villeneuve\" (Villanueva de Sigena, Aragón, Spain, 29 September 1509 or 1511 – 27 October 1553), was a Spanish theologian, physician, cartographer, and Renaissance humanist. He was the first European to correctly describe the function of pulmonary circulation, as discussed in \"Christianismi Restitutio\" (1553). He was a polymath versed in many sciences: mathematics, astronomy and meteorology, geography, human anatomy, medicine and pharmacology, as well as jurisprudence, translation, poetry and the scholarly study of the Bible in its original",
"title": "Michael Servetus"
},
{
"id": "2804606",
"text": "Ettinger summarized the idea of cryonics in a few pages, with the emphasis on life insurance, and sent this to approximately 200 people whom he selected from \"Who's Who in America\". The response was very small, and it was clear that a much longer exposition was needed — mostly to counter cultural bias. Ettinger correctly saw that people, even the intellectually, financially and socially distinguished, would have to be educated into understanding his belief that dying is usually gradual and could be a reversible process, and that freezing damage is so limited (even though fatal by present criteria) that its",
"title": "Robert Ettinger"
},
{
"id": "2105596",
"text": "his place.\" Hillel’s awareness of his own insufficiency is expressed in the maxim, \"Don't trust yourself until the day you die.\" \"As Hillel the Elder had stated, whosoever destroys a soul, it is considered as if he destroyed an entire world. And whosoever that saves a life, it is considered as if he saved an entire world.\" The many anecdotes according to which Hillel made proselytes, correspond to the third part of his maxim: \"Bring men to the Law.\" A later source (\"Avot de Rabbi Nathan\") gives the following explanation of the sentence: Hillel stood in the gate of Jerusalem",
"title": "Hillel the Elder"
},
{
"id": "3731650",
"text": "Better red than dead \"Better red than dead\" and \"better dead than red\" were dueling Cold War slogans which first gained currency in the United States during the late 1950s, amid debates about anti-communism and nuclear disarmament (red being the emblematic color of communism). The first phrase, \"better red than dead\", is often credited to British philosopher Bertrand Russell, but in his 1961 \"Has Man a Future?\" he attributes it to \"West German friends of peace.\" In any event, Russell agreed with the sentiment, having written in 1958 that if \"no alternatives remain except Communist domination or extinction of the",
"title": "Better red than dead"
},
{
"id": "3380207",
"text": "in its teaching.\" He asked that her invitation be privately removed, and resigned from the board on April 25, 2007, when Crow's performance was confirmed. Burke said that Donald Trump's victory in the 2016 presidential election was a win for pro-life causes. At a July 23, 2011, conference on end-of-life care sponsored by the St. Gianna Physician's Guild, Burke said that suffering does not cause a person to have less meaning in his life, nor does it give the government the right to decide if that person should live or die: \"No matter how much a life is diminished, no",
"title": "Raymond Leo Burke"
},
{
"id": "7963589",
"text": "of their relationship in June 2016, the two co-wrote his song \"This Is What You Came For\" (featuring Rihanna), for which she was initially credited under the pseudonym Nils Sjöberg. In October, she penned Little Big Town's \"Better Man\" for their seventh album, \"The Breaker\". The song earned Swift an award for Song of the Year at the 51st CMA Awards. Two months later, Swift and Zayn Malik released a single together called \"I Don't Wanna Live Forever\", for the of the film \"Fifty Shades Darker\" (2017). The song reached number one in Sweden and peaked at number two in",
"title": "Taylor Swift"
},
{
"id": "838068",
"text": "Metacritic, while reviewer Josh Modell called the album \"Wilco’s most musically simple and emotionally resonant record in a decade.\" On Monday, August 14, 2017, Wilco released a single, \"All Lives You Say\" on their Bandcamp page to benefit the SPLC in memory of Jeff's father Robert L. Tweedy who passed away on August 4. Upon sharing this news, Tweedy stated, \"My dad was named after a Civil War general, and he voted for Barack Obama twice. He used to say 'If you know better, you can do better.' America - we know better, we can do better.\" Wilco's music is",
"title": "Wilco"
},
{
"id": "3894619",
"text": "follows you until the end. The statement that \"Dog is man's best friend\" was first recorded as being made by Frederick, King of Prussia (1740-1786). Frederick referred to one of his Italian Greyhounds as his best friend. The earliest citation in the U.S. is traced to a poem printed in \"The New-York Literary Journal, Volume 4\", 1821: In 1870 Warrensburg, Missouri, George Graham Vest represented a farmer suing for damages after his dog, Old Drum, had been shot and killed. Vest’s closing speech included this quote, “The one absolutely unselfish friend that a man can have in this selfish world,",
"title": "Man's best friend (phrase)"
},
{
"id": "20605600",
"text": "I'm a Better Man \"I'm a Better Man\" was written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David. It was a hit for Engelbert Humperdinck in 1969. It was a follow up to the previous release, \"The Way It Used To Be\". The record was released in the United States on Parrot 40040. In the 1980s, the song ended up on an Engelbert compilation \"Release Me\" which included other songs such as \"Release Me\", \"There Goes My Everything\" and \"The Last Waltz\". On August 9, 1969, the record reached No. 15 on the UK Singles Chart. On September 27, 1969, the record",
"title": "I'm a Better Man"
},
{
"id": "19450389",
"text": "Better (Haley Reinhart song) \"Better\" is the lead single from American singer Haley Reinhart's sophomore album, \"Better\". It was written by Reinhart in collaboration with Alex Reid and Anders Grahn and produced by Grahn. The single was released on April 8, 2016 through music publishers ole and red dot. The single received positive reviews from critics upon release, notably for its production and Reinhart's vocal performance. Reinhart wrote the song in collaboration with Alex Reid and Anders Grahn and recorded at Westlake Recording Studios on February 23, 2015. Grahn also served as the track's producer. Of the song, Reinhart states",
"title": "Better (Haley Reinhart song)"
},
{
"id": "12727794",
"text": "Better (Tom Baxter song) \"Better\" is a 2007 single by British singer-songwriter, Tom Baxter, co-written with Sam Semple. It was released on 3 December 2007, reaching a peak of #10 in the Irish singles chart and #67 in the UK singles chart. \"Better\" is a song originally recorded and released as part of the album \"Skybound\", released by independent British singer-songwriter Tom Baxter in January 2008. Baxter's version was also used on the soundtrack for the motion picture \"Run Fatboy Run\". The first version of the song to chart was a cover by Boyzone, released in December 2008 as the",
"title": "Better (Tom Baxter song)"
},
{
"id": "13694249",
"text": "subjective idea on somebody's level of productivity in life—somebody is going to call the shots as to whether your loved one will be able to receive health care or not. To me, death panel. I called it like I saw it, and people didn't like it. Palin used the term jokingly while speaking at the 2009 Gridiron Club dinner for journalists, saying it was like being in front of a \"death panel\". After Palin's statement, conservative commentators including Glenn Beck, Rush Limbaugh and Michelle Malkin agreed that death panels were mandated by the proposed legislation. On August 9, former House",
"title": "Death panel"
},
{
"id": "17648874",
"text": "Mann Rubin Mann Rubin (December 11, 1927 – October 12, 2013) was an American film and television screenwriter, whose credits included \"The Best of Everything\" in 1959, \"Brainstorm\" in 1965, \"Warning Shot\" in 1967, \"The First Deadly Sin\" in 1980, and \"The Human Shield\" in 1991. He also taught screenwriting within the cinema and TV department at the University of Southern California for more than ten years. Rubin was born in Brooklyn, New York. He served in the United States Army from 1945 until 1947 before completing his Bachelor of Arts degree at New York University in 1952. He initially",
"title": "Mann Rubin"
},
{
"id": "19803811",
"text": "CMA Awards. The song won Best Country Duo/Group Performance for Little Big Town and was also nominated for Best Country Song for Swift, at the 60th annual Grammy Awards. The song was written about the breakup of a relationship by Taylor Swift. According to group member Karen Fairchild, Swift thought of the group because of the harmonies, and sent the song to them. \"Better Man\" has a play length of 4 minutes and 21 seconds. The song is in a slow tempo of 72 beats per minute, written with a 4/4 time signature. It is in the key of F",
"title": "Better Man (Little Big Town song)"
},
{
"id": "13694224",
"text": "Death panel \"Death panel\" is a political term that originated during the 2009 debate about federal health care legislation to cover the uninsured in the United States. Sarah Palin, former Republican Governor of Alaska, coined the term when she charged that proposed legislation would create a \"death panel\" of bureaucrats who would decide whether Americans—such as her elderly parents, or children with Down syndrome—were \"worthy of medical care\". Palin's claim has been referred to as the \"death panel myth\", as nothing in any proposed legislation would have led to individuals being judged to see if they were worthy of health",
"title": "Death panel"
},
{
"id": "2196269",
"text": "individual cases he generally argued for moderation and against the death penalty. He wrote, \"It is better to cure a sick man than to kill him.\" Saint Thomas More (1478–1535), Catholic Lord Chancellor of King Henry VIII and author, described a world of almost complete religious toleration in Utopia (1516), in which the Utopians \"can hold various religious beliefs without persecution from the authorities.\" However, More's work is subject to various interpretations, and it is not clear that he felt that earthly society should be conducted the same way as in Utopia. Thus, in his three years as Lord Chancellor,",
"title": "Toleration"
},
{
"id": "12727796",
"text": "singing to a woman he is holding - with the exception of Stephen Gately, who is shown singing to a man - the only time a Boyzone video has depicted a same-sex love interest. The video marks the last appearance for Gately in a Boyzone video, due to his death in October 2009. Better (Tom Baxter song) \"Better\" is a 2007 single by British singer-songwriter, Tom Baxter, co-written with Sam Semple. It was released on 3 December 2007, reaching a peak of #10 in the Irish singles chart and #67 in the UK singles chart. \"Better\" is a song originally",
"title": "Better (Tom Baxter song)"
},
{
"id": "2579320",
"text": "at his home in Washington, D.C., at the age of 93. His funeral was held at the Washington National Cathedral on October 29. He was buried at the Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington, D.C. \"The Daily Beast\" paid tribute to Bradlee by posting his quote, \"Today Our Best, Tomorrow Better\" on the wall of their office. Bradlee has drawn criticism from several quarters for his perjury at the 1965 trial of the man accused of murdering Bradlee's sister-in-law Mary Pinchot Meyer, who was shot to death on October 12, 1964, while walking on the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal towpath in",
"title": "Ben Bradlee"
},
{
"id": "10605650",
"text": "by Bill Young and premiered in early 1989. Much of the video is of Black driving down a little-used country road in a late-1950s Ford F-100 pickup truck, reflecting on his now-failed relationship. Interspersed are clips of Black performing the song before people dancing to the song. A Better Man \"A Better Man\" is a debut song co-written and performed by American country music artist Clint Black. It was released in February 1989 as his debut single, and was served as the first single from his debut album, \"Killin' Time\". It was written by Black and Hayden Nicholas. When \"A",
"title": "A Better Man"
},
{
"id": "20586658",
"text": "been getting better for most people. He sets out 15 different measures of human wellbeing to support this argument, with the most obvious being the uncontroversial fact that, statistically, people live longer and healthier lives on average than ever before. As another example, while fears of terrorism are often voiced in U.S. opinion polls, Pinker shows that an American is 3,000 times more likely to die in an accident than in a terrorist attack. As in Pinker's previous \"The Better Angels of Our Nature\", Pinker ascribes modern improvements to trends of liberal humanism and scientific rationality that first took root",
"title": "Enlightenment Now"
},
{
"id": "17170787",
"text": "she does not need him. After dinner that night, the men dance and lip-sync to \"Can You Stand the Rain\" for the ladies to great response. All the couples in the house have sex that night, while Lance gives Mia a back-rub and Q sends risque photographs of himself to Shelby. Harper goes down to the kitchen, and as he heads back to bed, he finds Mia throwing up blood. Mia reveals to Harper that she was diagnosed with cancer more than a year ago and is dying. After Lance walks in on the two talking, Mia explains to Lance",
"title": "The Best Man Holiday"
},
{
"id": "19803816",
"text": "version of the song, which changed the grammatical narrative from second person to first. Bryant's rendition was described favorably by both \"Billboard\" and \"Rolling Stone\" for the change in the song's perspective, as well as the harmonies provided by Runaway June. Better Man (Little Big Town song) \"Better Man\" is a song performed by American country group Little Big Town, released on October 20, 2016. It served as the lead single from the group's eighth studio album, \"The Breaker\", which was released on February 24, 2017. The song was written by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift and produced by American producer",
"title": "Better Man (Little Big Town song)"
},
{
"id": "5494658",
"text": "E. S. Gosney Ezra Seymour Gosney (November 6, 1855 – September 14, 1942) was an American philanthropist and eugenicist. In 1928 he founded the Human Betterment Foundation (HBF) in Pasadena, California, with the stated aim \"to foster and aid constructive and educational forces for the protection and betterment of the human family in body, mind, character, and citizenship,\" primarily through the advocacy of compulsory sterilization of the mentally ill and mentally retarded. Gosney was born in Kenton County, Kentucky in 1855, and received a degree in law from the Saint Louis University School of Law in 1880. He settled in",
"title": "E. S. Gosney"
},
{
"id": "20096587",
"text": "Lauv Ari Staprans Leff (born August 8, 1994), known by his stage name Lauv, is an American singer, songwriter and record producer. His debut EP, titled \"Lost in the Light\", was released in 2015. He is best known for his singles \"I Like Me Better\" and \"The Other\", and his single with DJ Snake, “A Different Way”. Leff was born on August 8, 1994, in San Francisco, California to a mother of Latvian descent and a father of Russian Jewish and Polish Jewish descent. As a child, he was interested in music and took piano and viola lessons before learning",
"title": "Lauv"
},
{
"id": "11994637",
"text": "disfigured face. He died three years later after a suicidal overdose of painkillers. Vance's parents and their legal team, headed by Nevada attorney Ken McKenna, subsequently alleged that a subliminal message of \"do it\" had been included in the song. They alleged the command in the song triggered the suicide attempt. The three-week trial was watched closely by the music industry and constitutional lawyers. In a pre-trial motion, the judge ruled that subliminal messages were incapable of being protected speech under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, since they were by definition not noticeable and thus could not",
"title": "Better by You, Better than Me"
},
{
"id": "9605463",
"text": "opposition in one quote, Van den Haag contends, “I’d rather execute a man convicted of having murdered others than put the lives of innocents at risk. I find it hard to understand the opposite choice.” Van den Haag recognized that innocent people would sometimes be executed. Throughout his life, Ernest van den Haag wrote many books and articles about society, and more specifically about capital punishment. His works include: Ernest van den Haag Ernest van den Haag (September 15, 1914 – March 21, 2002) was a Dutch-born American sociologist, social critic, and author. He was John M. Olin Professor of",
"title": "Ernest van den Haag"
},
{
"id": "1362846",
"text": "in determining the best readings of a text. One of the earliest was Johann Albrecht Bengel (1687–1752), who in 1734 produced an edition of the Greek New Testament. In his commentary, he established the rule \"Proclivi scriptioni praestat ardua\", (\"the harder reading is to be preferred\"). Johann Jakob Griesbach (1745–1812) published several editions of the New Testament. In his 1796 edition, he established fifteen critical rules. Among them was a variant of Bengel's rule, \"Lectio difficilior potior\", \"the harder reading is better.\" Another was \"Lectio brevior praeferenda\", \"the shorter reading is better\", based on the idea that scribes were more",
"title": "Textual criticism"
},
{
"id": "4440547",
"text": "\"Hugh Young, a surgeon's autobiography\" (published by Harcourt, Brace and company in 1940) as well as several urological texts. He died on August 23, 1945 and is buried in Druid Ridge Cemetery, in Baltimore, Maryland. The American Urological Association presents an annual award called the Hugh Hampton Young Award named in his honor. Notable recipients include John K. Lattimer, pioneer of pediatric urology and physician investigator of the JFK assassination, and Larry I. Lipshultz, founder of Society for the Study of Male Reproduction. Hugh H. Young Hugh Hampton Young, M.D. (September 18, 1870 – August 23, 1945) was an American",
"title": "Hugh H. Young"
},
{
"id": "10279458",
"text": "would buy, even cracking the window as they peeked in. Some can handle that sort of attention, some can't. Kurt couldn't. He joked about naming their new album \"I Hate Myself And I Want To Die\" (instead it would be called \"In Utero\"). Five months after Nirvana's famous unplugged session, in April 1994, he killed himself, despite efforts by R.E.M.'s Michael Stipe to get him back on his feet again. Cobain's suicide note read the words of Neil Young \"It's better to burn out than to fade away\". In the VH1 version of this episode, It's the End of the",
"title": "Seven Ages of Rock"
},
{
"id": "5598116",
"text": "In point of fact, however, the motto was created by Forest Long, of the advertising agency Young & Rubicam, in partnership with the Ad Council. Fletcher was a United States Army veteran during World War II and upon his death in 2005 was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. Arthur Fletcher Arthur Allen Fletcher (December 22, 1924 – July 12, 2005) was an American government official, widely referred to as the \"father of affirmative action\" as he was largely responsible for the Revised Philadelphia Plan. Arthur Fletcher, a Republican, graduated from Washburn University and obtained a degree from distance learning school",
"title": "Arthur Fletcher"
},
{
"id": "8738291",
"text": "July 25, 2017. \"Love U Better\" has been described as an electro-R&B track by \"Rolling Stone\". It contains a sample from 1997 song \"I Can Love You\" by singer Mary J. Blige. The music video for the song, directed by Ryan Hope, was shot in the Hollywood Hills and premiered via Ty Dolla Sign's YouTube channel on August 3, 2017. It features cameo appearances from YG, Sevyn Streeter, Jeremih and Trae tha Truth. It also features Jhene Aiko and Big Sean with Wizkid (musician) \"Love U Better\" peaked at number 12 on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100, performing modestly",
"title": "Love U Better"
},
{
"id": "5631452",
"text": "Ethel Merman and Ray Middleton. During the song, they argue playfully about who can, for example, sing softer, sing higher, sing sweeter, and hold a note for longer, and boast of their abilities and accomplishments, such as opening safes and living on bread and cheese, although Annie always seems to counter Frank's argument. Neither can \"bake a pie,\" though. Anything You Can Do (I Can Do Better) \"Anything You Can Do\" is a song composed by Irving Berlin for the 1946 Broadway musical \"Annie Get Your Gun\". The song is a duet, with one male singer and one female singer",
"title": "Anything You Can Do (I Can Do Better)"
},
{
"id": "14274157",
"text": "Samuel Gibson Dixon Samuel Gibson Dixon (March 28, 1851 - February 26, 1918) was an American bacteriologist who made important contributions to the treatment and prevention of tuberculosis in the late 19th century and early 20th century. He was the Commissioner of the State Department of Health in Pennsylvania from 1905 until his death., during which time he introduced sanitary and hygienic reforms that set new standards for government public health programs and saved thousands of lives. Dixon was born in Philadelphia, attended private schooling, and went on to graduate with honors from the University of Pennsylvania in 1866. He",
"title": "Samuel Gibson Dixon"
},
{
"id": "7352038",
"text": "the Top\" Porter pays tribute to his colleague Irving Berlin by including the item \"You're the top! You're a Berlin ballad.\" Irving Berlin would likewise often write songs in the genre, notable examples include \"My Beautiful Rhinestone Girl\" from \"Face the Music\" (1932), a list song that starts of with a sequence of similes, \"Outside of That I Love You\" from \"Louisiana Purchase\", and \"Anything You Can Do (I Can Do Better)\" a challenge-duet, and Berlin's starkest antithesis-driven list song, \"You Can't Get a Man with a Gun\", and \"Doin' What Comes Natur'lly\", all three from the 1946 musical \"Annie",
"title": "List song"
},
{
"id": "15277",
"text": "election. Anticipating the war's conclusion, Lincoln pushed a moderate view of Reconstruction, seeking to reunite the nation speedily through a policy of generous reconciliation in the face of lingering and bitter divisiveness. A few days after victory was complete he was assassinated, and ever since Lincoln has been remembered as the martyr hero of the reunited nation. Lincoln has been consistently ranked both by scholars and the public as among the greatest U.S. presidents. Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, as the second child of Thomas and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in a one-room log cabin on the Sinking",
"title": "Abraham Lincoln"
},
{
"id": "13306174",
"text": "again until the 2013 Long Time Gone Tour. The Dixie Chicks performed a parody of the song, \"No Letter Better Than B\", on Sesame Street. The song's narrator is assuring a man that she can love him better and make him forget his previous love. Stephen Thomas Erlewine cited the track as \"convincing\" in his review of the album for Allmusic. The music video for \"I Can Love You Better\" was directed by Chris Rogers. In it, the Dixie Chicks are shown performing the song while in an airport lobby. They are also shown sitting on an airport baggage claim",
"title": "I Can Love You Better"
},
{
"id": "2296698",
"text": "Adult Contemporary chart and No. 3 on the Hot 100, selling nearly 2 million copies in the U.S. alone. He had great success in 1973, winning two Academy Awards for the title song and the score for the motion picture \"The Way We Were\" and an Academy Award for the adaptation score for \"The Sting\". He won four Grammy Awards in 1974, two for \"The Way We Were\". In 1975, he wrote what, for its first 12 years, would be the original theme music for \"Good Morning America\"—it was built around four notes. He co-wrote \"Nobody Does It Better\" for",
"title": "Marvin Hamlisch"
},
{
"id": "12691061",
"text": "In 2016 \"Spin\" ranked it as the 6th best Guns N' Roses song out of 79. Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes. Better (Guns N' Roses song) \"Better\" is a song by American rock band Guns N' Roses, featured on their 2008 sixth studio album \"Chinese Democracy\". It was sent out as the second radio promo from the album, after \"Chinese Democracy\", but was not commercially released as a single eligible for international sales charts. \"Better\" was written by lead vocalist Axl Rose and former Guns N' Roses guitarist Robin Finck between 2001–2007, before the band headed out",
"title": "Better (Guns N' Roses song)"
},
{
"id": "18215588",
"text": "De bono mortis De bono mortis (\"Death as a good\") is a sermon by St. Ambrose (340–397), a Doctor of the Church. The text, which argues that death is not a bad thing to be feared, was written between 387 and 391. A companion piece or supplement to his \"De Iacob\", it was composed \"as two sermons, perhaps for the catechumens awaiting baptism at Easter\". Profoundly informed by neoplatonism, it is one of the texts through which Augustine of Hippo, Ambrose's pupil in Milan, came under the influence of that philosophy. Ambrose argues that death is a good thing feared",
"title": "De bono mortis"
},
{
"id": "18215592",
"text": "sake of clarity\". Recent editions of the text are by Felicita Portalupi (University of Turin, 1961) and William Theodore Wiesner (Catholic University of America, 1970). Both those editions are based on the 1896 Latin text by Karl Schenkl for the \"Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum\", as is the Catholic University's translation of seven of Ambrose's works, including \"De bono mortis\". De bono mortis De bono mortis (\"Death as a good\") is a sermon by St. Ambrose (340–397), a Doctor of the Church. The text, which argues that death is not a bad thing to be feared, was written between 387 and",
"title": "De bono mortis"
},
{
"id": "4724393",
"text": "Tech team. the first to be called \"Yellow Jackets\", went 6–0–1 and Heisman gained a reputation as a coaching \"wizard\". Heisman also drew much acclaim as a sportswriter, and was regularly published in the sports section of the Atlanta Constitution, and later in Collier's Weekly. After the bloody 1905 football season—the \"Chicago Tribune\" reported 18 players had been killed and 159 seriously injured, United States President Theodore Roosevelt intervened and demanded the rules be reformed to make the sport safer. The rules committee then legalized the forward pass, for which Heisman was instrumental, enlisting the support of Henry L. Williams",
"title": "John Heisman"
},
{
"id": "7347365",
"text": "for the episode was \"What It Takes\"; however, the writers deemed the title \"lame.\" In writing Jack's flashback scenes, Grillo-Marxuach drew his inspiration on his own background as the son of a doctor. Two new minor characters, named Arthur and Sullivan, were originally created to accompany Locke. The idea was later scrapped in favor of including series regular Boone Carlyle; this development would serve as a genesis for the character's upcoming death in a later episode, \"Do No Harm\". The idea behind the metal surface, which would be known as the hatch for the rest of the season, came when",
"title": "All the Best Cowboys Have Daddy Issues"
},
{
"id": "1724854",
"text": "curly wig, holding a copy of \"Commentaries\". It is placed on a tall granite base and stands on Constitution Avenue & 3rd Street NW. The town of Blackstone, Virginia is named after him. Among the most well-known of Blackstone's contributions to judicial theory is his own statement of the principle that it \"is better that ten guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffer\". While this argument originates at least as far back as Genesis 18:23–32 in the Bible, as well as versions by Maimonides and Sir John Fortescue, Blackstone's analysis is the one picked up by Benjamin Franklin and",
"title": "William Blackstone"
},
{
"id": "14311861",
"text": "again refusing food, claiming he never drinks after only two glasses. The German officers, awed by his drinking prowess, applaud him, and the commander gives a third a third, which he manages to drink as well, now having put away a whole bottle, to everyone's amazement. The commander, who speaks good Russian, tells Andrei he is a brave soldier, spares his life, and gives him a loaf of bread and some butter or cheese. Andrei manages to stagger back to the barracks, says: \"Everyone gets an equal share\" and collapses. We see the prisoners carefully dividing up the precious food.",
"title": "Fate of a Man"
},
{
"id": "19957767",
"text": "a series of strokes. He died from stroke complications at his home in Northfield, Illinois, on December 21, 2016, at the age of 84. He was survived by nine children and 30 grandchildren. His wife, Sheila, whom he had been married to for 60 years, died in August 2015 and one of his children, Jean Hulseman Kloos, died in August 2016. Country singer Toby Keith paid tribute to Hulseman on Twitter, writing, \"Raise one for this good man today.\" Robert Leo Hulseman Robert Leo \"Bob\" Hulseman (April 5, 1932 – December 21, 2016) was an American businessman and entrepreneur who",
"title": "Robert Leo Hulseman"
},
{
"id": "13517358",
"text": "that a doctor had said it was safe. Lee said she received a telephone call from an aide to Jackson on June 21 to say that Jackson was ill, although she no longer worked for him. She reported overhearing Jackson complain that one side of his body was hot, the other side cold. She advised the aide to send Jackson to a hospital. Arnold Klein said that Jackson used an anesthesiologist to administer propofol to help him sleep while he was on tour in Germany. The anesthesiologist would \"take him down\" at night and \"bring him back up\" in the",
"title": "Death of Michael Jackson"
},
{
"id": "11001488",
"text": "the son after vowing to take what he learned in childhood from his parents and applying it to his new marriage repeats a line he has at the previous two points of his life: \"I'm the luckiest man alive, this is the best day of my life\" — in this final verse, replacing \"boy\" with \"man.\" The song is in the key of A major with a 4/4 time signature and a slow tempo of about 66 beats per minute. Its intro uses the pattern A-Aaug-D-E7, and the verses use a pattern of A-D-E-A. Larry Flick, of \"Billboard\" magazine reviewed",
"title": "The Best Day (song)"
},
{
"id": "7944704",
"text": "Quentin Young Quentin David Young (September 5, 1923 – March 7, 2016) was an American physician who was recognized for his efforts in advocating for single-payer health care in the United States. An activist who opposed the Vietnam War and worked on the Civil Rights Movement, Young was best known for speaking out about social justice in the realm of health policy. Dr. Young died on March 7, 2016, in California. Young was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Sarah Wolf and Abraham Young, a real estate salesman. His parents were Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe. He attended Hyde",
"title": "Quentin Young"
},
{
"id": "3938623",
"text": "avid student of Geoffrey Chaucer's writings. The collected papers were donated to Rush Medical College after his death. A portion of his collected papers had also been donated to the University of Chicago before his death. He is commemorated by an annual award and a memorial lecture. James B. Herrick James Bryan Herrick (11 August 1861 in Oak Park, Illinois – 7 March 1954 in Chicago, Illinois) was an American physician who practiced and taught in Chicago, Illinois during a long and productive life. He is credited with the description of sickle-cell disease and was one of the first physicians",
"title": "James B. Herrick"
},
{
"id": "1347011",
"text": "natural part of the healing process. He advocated for cleanliness and protection of wounds, as well as the regulation of diet. Popular ideas of the time opposed these theories and suggested sewing or plastering wounds. Historians of syphilitic disease credit Paracelsus with the recognition of the inherited character of syphilis. In his first medical publication, a short pamphlet on syphilis treatment that was also the most comprehensive clinical description the period ever produced, he wrote a clinical description of syphilis in which he maintained that it could be treated by carefully measured doses of mercury. Similarly, he was the first",
"title": "Paracelsus"
},
{
"id": "10605649",
"text": "1 song of 1989 on the Hot Country Singles chart. The success of \"A Better Man,\" along with the follow-up \"Killin' Time,\" were instrumental in Black winning the Country Music Association's Horizon Award in 1989. The song is a reflection on a relationship co-writer Black had recently ended with a girlfriend of seven years. He shared his dying romance story with friend Hayden Nicholas, who - after sharing an idea for the melody - came up with the hook line (\"\"I'm leaving here a better man/For knowing you this way.\"\"). This was Clint Black's first music video; it was directed",
"title": "A Better Man"
},
{
"id": "5295397",
"text": "Garrett Hardin Garrett James Hardin (April 21, 1915 – September 14, 2003) was an American ecologist and philosopher who warned of the dangers of human overpopulation. His exposition of the tragedy of the commons, in a famous 1968 paper in \"Science\", called attention to \"the damage that innocent actions by individuals can inflict on the environment\". He is also known for Hardin's First Law of Human Ecology: \"We can never do merely one thing. Any intrusion into nature has numerous effects, many of which are unpredictable.\" Hardin received a B.S. in zoology from the University of Chicago in 1936 and",
"title": "Garrett Hardin"
},
{
"id": "6333947",
"text": "Hegesias of Cyrene Hegesias (; fl. 290 BC) of Cyrene was a Cyrenaic philosopher, the Cyrenaics forming one of the earliest Socratic schools of philosophy. He argued that happiness is impossible to achieve, and that the goal of life was the avoidance of pain and sorrow. Conventional values such as wealth, poverty, freedom, and slavery are all indifferent and produce no more pleasure than pain. Cicero claims that Hegesias wrote a book called \"Death by Starvation\", which persuaded so many people that death is more desirable than life, that Hegesias was banned from teaching in Alexandria. It has been thought",
"title": "Hegesias of Cyrene"
},
{
"id": "15899755",
"text": "second coming of Jesus, at which time they will be restored to life and taken to reside in Heaven. Jehovah's Witnesses believe the word soul (\"nephesh\" or \"psykhe\") as used in the Bible is a person, an animal, or the life a person or animal enjoys. Hence, the soul is not part of man, but is the whole man—man as a living being. Hence, when a person or animal dies, the soul dies, and death is a state of non-existence, based on Psalms 146:4, Ezekiel 18:4, and other passages. Hell (Hades) is not a place of fiery torment, but rather",
"title": "Eternal life (Christianity)"
},
{
"id": "3443248",
"text": "Lieber Code The Lieber Code of April 24, 1863, also known as General Order No. 100, was an instruction signed by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln to the Union Forces of the United States during the American Civil War that dictated how soldiers should conduct themselves in wartime. Its name reflects its author, the German–American legal scholar and political philosopher Franz Lieber. Lieber had fought for Prussia in the Napoleonic Wars and had been wounded at the Battle of Waterloo. He had lived and taught for two decades in South Carolina, where he was exposed to the horrors of slavery. Beginning",
"title": "Lieber Code"
},
{
"id": "13178132",
"text": "he returned to Southwold to convalesce and was supported by his parents for several months. He did not return to teaching. In 1937 Orwell spent some months on the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War. He was twice hospitalized during the war. Once with an infection of his hand, and again after he was shot in the throat by a sniper. It is not known precisely when the article was written. Peter Davison, editor of Orwell's \"Collected Works\", has suggested a possible history for its composition that places its writing between 1931 and 1936 – a time when Orwell's",
"title": "How the Poor Die"
},
{
"id": "16127767",
"text": "Hugh D. Riordan Hugh Desiax Riordan M.D. (May 7, 1932 – January 7, 2005) was an American psychiatrist and researcher. He was the co-founder and, until his death, the director of the Olive W. Garvey Center for the Improvement of Human Functioning (now called the Riordan Clinic). He was best known for his belief that nutrition and vitamins are effective treatments for diseases such as cancer. This approach to patient care is known as orthomolecular medicine and is dismissed by the mainstream medical community. Dr. Hugh Riordan was born in Milwaukee, WI on May 7, 1932. He received his Bachelor",
"title": "Hugh D. Riordan"
},
{
"id": "13095889",
"text": "unconscious, Denethor believed him to be fatally injured. That blow, coupled with a vision in the \"palantír\" of the forces arrayed against him, drove him insane. He ordered his servants to build a funeral pyre in the House of Stewards for him and his son. Denethor's temporary servant, the Hobbit Peregrin Took, went to alert Gandalf and Beregond, one of the Tower Guards he had befriended. Gandalf and Beregond stopped the impending sacrifice just in time. Mad with grief, Denethor jumped onto the lit pyre, burning himself alive. Two days later, the battle over, Aragorn came and revived Faramir with",
"title": "Faramir"
},
{
"id": "19803815",
"text": "third leader. It spent two weeks at No. 1 before being dethroned by \"Body Like A Back Road\" by Sam Hunt. The song was certified platinum in the United States by the RIAA on August 23, 2017. The song has sold 772,000 copies in the United States as of February 2018. On February 4, 2017, Taylor Swift performed it at Club Nomadic in Houston as part of the DirecTV Special, Super Saturday Night. She also performed on August 25, 2018 at her Reputation Tour stop at Nissan Stadium in Nashville, TN. On February 15, 2017, Chase Bryant recorded a cover",
"title": "Better Man (Little Big Town song)"
},
{
"id": "4220770",
"text": "writing, Alda diagnoses the \"ailment\" of masculinity and offers methods for its \"cure\". He writes: Ten years later, that same sentence from Alda's article was quoted in the 1985 book \"A Feminist Dictionary\". Carl Sagan gave the phrase more publicity when he praised Moondance magazine writer Daniela Gioseffi's American Book Award winner \"Women on War\": Some took offense at this phrase. A \"Los Angeles Times\" op-ed piece referred to Professor Sagan's use directly: Bruce Tremper used the term in \"The Avalanche Review\", stating that being \"a man\" is best proven by dying \"a stupendously violent death\". Elaine Weiss writes in",
"title": "Testosterone poisoning"
},
{
"id": "9814954",
"text": "premarital sex, and rape. Rape survivors have been published criticizing parts of the book including the phrase \"It is better to die in defending one's [virginity] than to live having lost it without a struggle\" as victim blaming and shaming rhetoric that contributes to rape culture. Allen Bergin, a retired psychologist from Brigham Young University and past president of the Association of Mormon Counselors and Psychotherapists (AMCAP), felt the useful parts were \"overshadowed by a host of negatives and also outdated policies that the church itself doesn't even endorse any more.\" Years after publication, Kimball reportedly remarked that its tone",
"title": "The Miracle of Forgiveness"
},
{
"id": "10039270",
"text": "To Err Is Human (report) To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System is a report issued in November 1999 by the U.S. Institute of Medicine that may have resulted in increased awareness of U.S. medical errors. The push for patient safety that followed its release continues. The report was based upon analysis of multiple studies by a variety of organizations and concluded that between 44,000 to 98,000 people die each year as a result of preventable medical errors. For comparison, fewer than 50,000 people died of Alzheimer's disease and 17,000 died of illicit drug use in the same",
"title": "To Err Is Human (report)"
},
{
"id": "19446392",
"text": "Better (Meghan Trainor song) \"Better\" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Meghan Trainor for her second major-label studio album \"Thank You\" (2016). It features American rapper Yo Gotti. It was written by Trainor, Eric Frederic, Tommy Brown, Steven Franks, Mario Mims, Taylor Parks, and Travis Sayles, and produced by Ricky Reed, Brown, and Mr. Franks. Initially released as a promotional single, the track was released on August 29, 2016, as the third single from the album. Lyrically, the dancehall, reggae, and pop song is an empowering breakup anthem. \"Better\" peaked at number 35 on the US \"Billboard\" Adult Top",
"title": "Better (Meghan Trainor song)"
},
{
"id": "644802",
"text": "despite a request to include his equal partner, Brown. Subsequently, a group of women architects attempted to get her name added retroactively to the prize, but the Pritzker Prize jury declined to do so. Venturi is also known for having coined the maxim \"Less is a bore\", a postmodern antidote to Mies van der Rohe's famous modernist dictum \"Less is more\". Venturi lived in Philadelphia with Denise Scott Brown. He was the father of James Venturi, founder and principal of ReThink Studio. Venturi was born in Philadelphia to Robert Venturi Sr. and Vanna (née Luizi) Venturi and was raised as",
"title": "Robert Venturi"
},
{
"id": "2508771",
"text": "In 2004, he was voted 19th in the public UEFA Golden Jubilee Poll and was named in the FIFA 100 list of the world's greatest living players. On what would have been his 60th birthday, Belfast City Airport was renamed the George Best Belfast City Airport. According to the BBC, Best was remembered by mourners at his public funeral held in Belfast as \"the beautiful boy\" [with a] \"beautiful game\". George Best was the first child of Richard \"Dickie\" Best (1919–2008) and Anne Best (née Withers; 1922–1978). He was born on 22 May 1946 and grew up in Cregagh, east",
"title": "George Best"
},
{
"id": "3280359",
"text": "The primary purpose of its development was to allow physicians to evaluate a patient's ability to survive chemotherapy for cancer. The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score (published by Oken \"et al.\" in 1982), also called the WHO or Zubrod score (after C. Gordon Zubrod), runs from 0 to 5, with 0 denoting perfect health and 5 death: Its advantage over the Karnofsky scale lies in its simplicity. Children, who might have more trouble expressing their experienced quality of life, require a somewhat more observational scoring system suggested and validated by Lansky \"et al.\" in 1987: A translation between the",
"title": "Performance status"
},
{
"id": "1346984",
"text": "Paracelsus Paracelsus (; 1493/4 – 24 September 1541), born Theophrastus von Hohenheim (full name Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim), was a Swiss physician, alchemist, and astrologer of the German Renaissance. He was a pioneer in several aspects of the \"medical revolution\" of the Renaissance, emphasizing the value of observation in combination with received wisdom. He is credited as the \"father of toxicology\". He also had a substantial impact as a prophet or diviner, his \"Prognostications\" being studied by Rosicrucians in the 1700s. Paracelsianism is the early modern medical movement inspired by the study of his works. Paracelsus was born",
"title": "Paracelsus"
},
{
"id": "5751853",
"text": "silver cord breaks, making a complete and irreversible separation of the two bodies. In this situation, the idea of death and dying is interpreted as a \"permanent astral projection\" that cannot be undone. The term is derived from Ecclesiastes 12:6-7 in the Jewish Bible or Christian Old Testament. As translated from the original Hebrew in \"The Complete Tanakh\": As rendered in the Authorised Version: Or from the New International Version: These verses, Ecclesiastes 12:6-7, are variously translated, and there is a lack of consensus among Bible commentators as to its meaning. Matthew Henry's commentary, for example, states that the silver",
"title": "Silver cord"
},
{
"id": "14229454",
"text": "I Seen a Man Die \"I Seen a Man Die\", also known as \"I Never Seen a Man Cry\", is the first single released from Scarface's third album, \"The Diary\". Produced by N.O. Joe, Mike Dean and Scarface himself, \"I Seen a Man Die\" became a top 40 hit on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, the first of two that Scarface had in his career. It peaked at 37 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song is a tale of a young male released from prison after seven years looking for a better life only to get caught up on the",
"title": "I Seen a Man Die"
},
{
"id": "6191233",
"text": "the principle of mercy\". The law code contains some laws that may seem bizarre by modern standards, such as: \"If a man unintentionally kills another man by letting a tree fall on him, the tree shall be given to the kinsmen of the slain.\" Doom book The Doom Book, Code of Alfred or Legal Code of Ælfred the Great was the code of laws (\"dooms\" being laws or judgments) compiled by Alfred the Great ( 893 AD). Alfred codified three prior Saxon codes - those of Æthelberht of Kent ( 602 AD), Ine of Wessex ( 694 AD) and Offa",
"title": "Doom book"
},
{
"id": "5490277",
"text": "Justin Miller (dean of the college of law at the University of Southern California), Otis Castle (a Los Angeles attorney), Joe G. Crick (a Pasadena horticulturist), and biologist/eugenicist Paul Popenoe. Later members included Lewis Terman (a Stanford psychologist best known for creating the Stanford-Binet test of IQ), Robert Millikan (Chair of the Executive Council of Caltech), William B. Munro (a Harvard professor of political science), and University of California, Berkeley professors Herbert M. Evans (anatomy) and Samuel J. Holmes (zoology). After Gosney's death in 1942, Gosney's daughter Lois Castle and the HBF's board liquidated HBF with its funds going to",
"title": "Human Betterment Foundation"
},
{
"id": "8024089",
"text": "main contribution to surgical practice was his adage 'save skin', which led to improved rates of wound healing in operations like mastectomy and limb amputation. He was also an early advocate of routine pain relief in surgery. Benjamin Bell was born in Dumfries on 6 September 1749, the eldest surviving child in a family of 15 children. His father George Bell (1722–1813) farmed at Woodhouselees, a mile south of the village of Canonbie in Dumfriesshire. In addition to farming, George Bell was involved in a series of business ventures which met with mixed success. This background of modest wealth was",
"title": "Benjamin Bell"
},
{
"id": "8235753",
"text": "about all of the people that tried to reach out to the boy but were unsuccessful. As Slade says in an interview, the boy's friends and family approached him by saying, \"Quit taking drugs and cutting yourself or I won't talk to you again,\" but all he needed was some support. The boy was losing friends and going through depression. He lost his best friend and could not deal with it. The verses of the song describe an attempt by an adult to confront a troubled teen. In the chorus, the singer laments that he himself was unable to save",
"title": "How to Save a Life"
},
{
"id": "8738262",
"text": "Luv U Better \"Luv U Better\" is a song by LL Cool J, released as the lead single from his ninth studio album, \"10\" (2002). Released on August 13, 2002 by Def Jam Recordings, it was produced by The Neptunes and features additional vocals from Marc Dorsey. \"Luv U Better\" was a huge success in the United States, reaching the top five of three major \"Billboard\" charts: it peaked at number four on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, number two on the Hot Rap Tracks, and number-one the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The video (directed by Benny Boom) was shot on Veteran",
"title": "Luv U Better"
},
{
"id": "3902748",
"text": "it well.\" Some authors mention that he had a son called Tyrrhaeus. The legend says that his son was killed and when the murderer was brought before Pittacus, he dismissed the man and said, \"Pardon is better than repentance.\" Of this matter, Heraclitus says that he had the murderer into his power and then released him, saying, \"Pardon is better than punishment.\" Pittacus said that \"[I]t is a hard thing to be a good man.\" In Plato's \"Protagoras\", Socrates discusses this saying at length with Protagoras, and Prodicus of Ceos calls \"barbarian\" the Aeolic dialect that Pittacus spoke: \"He didn't",
"title": "Pittacus of Mytilene"
}
] | who said how can a man die better |
[
"October 28, 1886"
] | [
{
"id": "388698",
"text": "Statue of Liberty The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World; ) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City, in the United States. The copper statue, a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States, was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and built by Gustave Eiffel. The statue was dedicated on October 28, 1886. The Statue of Liberty is a figure of Libertas, a robed Roman liberty goddess. She holds a torch above her head with her right hand, and in her left hand",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "388701",
"text": "the pedestal was threatened by lack of funds. Publisher Joseph Pulitzer, of the \"New York World\", started a drive for donations to finish the project and attracted more than 120,000 contributors, most of whom gave less than a dollar. The statue was built in France, shipped overseas in crates, and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe's Island. The statue's completion was marked by New York's first ticker-tape parade and a dedication ceremony presided over by President Grover Cleveland. The statue was administered by the United States Lighthouse Board until 1901 and then by the Department",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "388731",
"text": "Suez Canal. The completed statue was formally presented to Ambassador Morton at a ceremony in Paris on July 4, 1884, and de Lesseps announced that the French government had agreed to pay for its transport to New York. The statue remained intact in Paris pending sufficient progress on the pedestal; by January 1885, this had occurred and the statue was disassembled and crated for its ocean voyage. The committees in the United States faced great difficulties in obtaining funds for the construction of the pedestal. The Panic of 1873 had led to an economic depression that persisted through much of",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "388724",
"text": "pay for the foundation and pedestal were formed in New York, Boston, and Philadelphia. The New York group eventually took on most of the responsibility for American fundraising and is often referred to as the \"American Committee\". One of its members was 19-year-old Theodore Roosevelt, the future governor of New York and president of the United States. On March 3, 1877, on his final full day in office, President Grant signed a joint resolution that authorized the President to accept the statue when it was presented by France and to select a site for it. President Rutherford B. Hayes, who",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "2495104",
"text": "was a gift from the people of France to mark the American Centennial. It was agreed that the Congress would authorize the acceptance of the statue by the President of the United States, and that the War Department would facilitate its construction and presentation. The construction of the statue was completed in France in July 1884. The cornerstone was laid on August 5, 1884, and after some funding delays, construction of the pedestal was finished on April 22, 1886. The statue arrived in New York Harbor on June 17, 1885, on board the French frigate \"Isère\", was stored for eleven",
"title": "Liberty Island"
},
{
"id": "388755",
"text": "After the United States entered World War I in 1917, images of the statue were heavily used in both recruitment posters and the Liberty Bond drives that urged American citizens to support the war financially. This impressed upon the public the war's stated purpose—to secure liberty—and served as a reminder that embattled France had given the United States the statue. In 1924, President Calvin Coolidge used his authority under the Antiquities Act to declare the statue a National Monument. The only successful suicide in the statue's history occurred five years later, when a man climbed out of one of the",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "388700",
"text": "U.S. peoples. Because of the post-war instability in France, work on the statue did not commence until the early 1870s. In 1875, Laboulaye proposed that the French finance the statue and the U.S. provide the site and build the pedestal. Bartholdi completed the head and the torch-bearing arm before the statue was fully designed, and these pieces were exhibited for publicity at international expositions. The torch-bearing arm was displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876, and in Madison Square Park in Manhattan from 1876 to 1882. Fundraising proved difficult, especially for the Americans, and by 1885 work on",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "560999",
"text": "its origins to a trading post founded by colonists from the Dutch Republic in 1624 on Lower Manhattan; the post was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The territory and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed \"New York\" after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, the Duke of York. New York, based in present-day Manhattan, served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries",
"title": "Manhattan"
},
{
"id": "388742",
"text": "in, the committee resumed work on the pedestal. On June 17, 1885, the French steamer \"Isère\", arrived in New York with the crates holding the disassembled statue on board. New Yorkers displayed their new-found enthusiasm for the statue. Two hundred thousand people lined the docks and hundreds of boats put to sea to welcome the ship. After five months of daily calls to donate to the statue fund, on August 11, 1885, the \"World\" announced that $102,000 had been raised from 120,000 donors, and that 80 percent of the total had been received in sums of less than one dollar.",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "388770",
"text": "Anthony Weiner made the statue's reopening a personal crusade. On May 17, 2009, President Barack Obama's Secretary of the Interior, Ken Salazar, announced that as a \"special gift\" to America, the statue would be reopened to the public as of July 4, but that only a limited number of people would be permitted to ascend to the crown each day. The statue, including the pedestal and base, closed on October 29, 2011, for installation of new elevators and staircases and to bring other facilities, such as restrooms, up to code. The statue was reopened on October 28, 2012, only to",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "388750",
"text": "United States in 1893, he made additional suggestions, all of which proved ineffective. He did successfully lobby for improved lighting within the statue, allowing visitors to better appreciate Eiffel's design. In 1901, President Theodore Roosevelt, once a member of the New York committee, ordered the statue's transfer to the War Department, as it had proved useless as a lighthouse. A unit of the Army Signal Corps was stationed on Bedloe's Island until 1923, after which military police remained there while the island was under military jurisdiction. The statue rapidly became a landmark. Many immigrants who entered through New York saw",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "388699",
"text": "carries a \"tabula ansata\" inscribed in Roman numerals with \"JULY IV MDCCLXXVI\" (July 4, 1776), the date of the U.S. Declaration of Independence. A broken chain lies at her feet as she walks forward. The statue became an icon of freedom and of the United States, a national park tourism destination, and is a welcoming sight to immigrants arriving from abroad. Bartholdi was inspired by a French law professor and politician, Édouard René de Laboulaye, who is said to have commented in 1865 that any monument raised to U.S. independence would properly be a joint project of the French and",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "388744",
"text": "of Engineers vetoed the proposal, fearing that ships' pilots passing the statue would be blinded. Instead, Bartholdi cut portholes in the torch—which was covered with gold leaf—and placed the lights inside them. A power plant was installed on the island to light the torch and for other electrical needs. After the skin was completed, renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, co-designer of New York's Central Park and Brooklyn's Prospect Park, supervised a cleanup of Bedloe's Island in anticipation of the dedication. A ceremony of dedication was held on the afternoon of October 28, 1886. President Grover Cleveland, the former New",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "388754",
"text": "for an exterior lighting system to illuminate the statue at night. He claimed over 80,000 contributors, but failed to reach the goal. The difference was quietly made up by a gift from a wealthy donor—a fact that was not revealed until 1936. An underwater power cable brought electricity from the mainland and floodlights were placed along the walls of Fort Wood. Gutzon Borglum, who later sculpted Mount Rushmore, redesigned the torch, replacing much of the original copper with stained glass. On December 2, 1916, President Woodrow Wilson pressed the telegraph key that turned on the lights, successfully illuminating the statue.",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "388704",
"text": "the Union's victory in the Civil War in 1865, Laboulaye's wishes of freedom and democracy were turning into a reality in the United States. In order to honor these achievements, Laboulaye proposed that a gift be built for the United States on behalf of France. Laboulaye hoped that by calling attention to the recent achievements of the United States, the French people would be inspired to call for their own democracy in the face of a repressive monarchy.\" According to sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, who later recounted the story, Laboulaye's comment was not intended as a proposal, but it inspired",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "388756",
"text": "windows in the crown and jumped to his death, glancing off the statue's breast and landing on the base. In 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt ordered the statue to be transferred to the National Park Service (NPS). In 1937, the NPS gained jurisdiction over the rest of Bedloe's Island. With the Army's departure, the NPS began to transform the island into a park. The Works Progress Administration (WPA) demolished most of the old buildings, regraded and reseeded the eastern end of the island, and built granite steps for a new public entrance to the statue from its rear. The WPA also",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "388729",
"text": "the Eiffel factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois-Perret. The change in structural material from masonry to iron allowed Bartholdi to change his plans for the statue's assembly. He had originally expected to assemble the skin on-site as the masonry pier was built; instead he decided to build the statue in France and have it disassembled and transported to the United States for reassembly in place on Bedloe's Island. In a symbolic act, the first rivet placed into the skin, fixing a copper plate onto the statue's big toe, was driven by United States Ambassador to France Levi P.",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "2357279",
"text": "The painting inspired Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi's \"Liberty Enlightening the World\", known as the Statue of Liberty in New York City, which was given to the United States as a gift from the French a half-century after \"Liberty Leading the People\" was painted. The statue, which holds a torch in its hand, takes a more stable, immovable stance than that of the woman in the painting. An engraved version of part of the painting, along with a depiction of Delacroix, was featured on the 100 franc note from 1978 to 1995. The painting has had an influence on classical music. George",
"title": "Liberty Leading the People"
},
{
"id": "18000158",
"text": "\"to free the oppressed\", is the motto of the Green Berets, who inspired the monument. A piece of steel from the original World Trade Center is embedded in the base. It is the first public monument to honor United States special forces. The $750,000 cost of statue was donated by hundreds of private citizens, including some survivors of the September 11 attacks. The statue was temporarily located in the West Street Lobby inside One World Financial Center in New York City opposite Ground Zero. On September 13, 2016, the statue was rededicated once again on an elevated space on the",
"title": "Liberty Park"
},
{
"id": "18000157",
"text": "the War in Afghanistan, was unveiled to the public during the Veteran's Day Parade in New York City on November 11, 2011. The statue was dedicated in a ceremony led by Vice President Joe Biden and Lieutenant-General John Mulholland, commander of U.S. Army Special Operations Command and formerly commander of Task Force Dagger during the initial days of the War in Afghanistan. Soldiers representing the United States Army Special Operations Command attended the dedication ceremony. The inscription at base of the sculpture bears its name, \"America's Response Monument\", and the Latin subtitle \"De Oppresso Liber\". The subtitle, traditionally translated as",
"title": "Liberty Park"
},
{
"id": "388703",
"text": "the American Civil War, is supposed to have said: \"If a monument should rise in the United States, as a memorial to their independence, I should think it only natural if it were built by united effort—a common work of both our nations.\" The National Park Service, in a 2000 report, however, deemed this a legend traced to an 1885 fundraising pamphlet, and that the statue was most likely conceived in 1870. In another essay on their website, the Park Service suggested that Laboulaye was minded to honor the Union victory and its consequences, \"With the abolition of slavery and",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "2495095",
"text": "Liberty Island Liberty Island is a federally owned island in Upper New York Bay in the United States, best known as the location of the Statue of Liberty (\"Liberty Enlightening the World\"). The island is an exclave of the New York City borough of Manhattan, surrounded by the waters of Jersey City, New Jersey. Long known as Bedloe's Island, it was renamed by an act of the United States Congress in 1956. Liberty Island became part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument in 1937 through Presidential Proclamation 2250, signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 1966, it was listed",
"title": "Liberty Island"
},
{
"id": "7941785",
"text": "of the great epics in the struggle for human freedom–the liberation of the Philippines.” Fast forward to 1950, the Boy Scouts of America was celebrating its 40th anniversary. Jack P. Whitaker, then Scout Commissioner of the Kansas City Area Council, had earlier suggested the creation and distribution of several Statue of Liberty replicas to all American states and territories, including the Philippines. The eight-foot statues, which were cast in bronze, were distributed all over the U.S. and the world from 1949 to 1951. Almost 200 replicas were delivered to the 39 states of the U.S. and countries such as Panama",
"title": "Replicas of the Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "388779",
"text": "of the statue, made of stamped copper and in height, to states and municipalities across the United States. Though not a true replica, the statue known as the Goddess of Democracy temporarily erected during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 was similarly inspired by French democratic traditions—the sculptors took care to avoid a direct imitation of the Statue of Liberty. Among other recreations of New York City structures, a replica of the statue is part of the exterior of the New York-New York Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas. As an American icon, the Statue of Liberty has been depicted",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "388719",
"text": "of the Franco-American Union as its fundraising arm. With the announcement, the statue was given a name, \"Liberty Enlightening the World\". The French would finance the statue; Americans would be expected to pay for the pedestal. The announcement provoked a generally favorable reaction in France, though many Frenchmen resented the United States for not coming to their aid during the war with Prussia. French monarchists opposed the statue, if for no other reason than it was proposed by the liberal Laboulaye, who had recently been elected a senator for life. Laboulaye arranged events designed to appeal to the rich and",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "388723",
"text": "an outsized fountain designed by Bartholdi. Nevertheless, the arm proved popular in the exhibition's waning days, and visitors would climb up to the balcony of the torch to view the fairgrounds. After the exhibition closed, the arm was transported to New York, where it remained on display in Madison Square Park for several years before it was returned to France to join the rest of the statue. During his second trip to the United States, Bartholdi addressed a number of groups about the project, and urged the formation of American committees of the Franco-American Union. Committees to raise money to",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "388741",
"text": "donated \"60 cents, the result of self denial.\" One donor gave \"five cents as a poor office boy's mite toward the Pedestal Fund.\" A group of children sent a dollar as \"the money we saved to go to the circus with.\" Another dollar was given by a \"lonely and very aged woman.\" Residents of a home for alcoholics in New York's rival city of Brooklyn—the cities would not merge until 1898—donated $15; other drinkers helped out through donation boxes in bars and saloons. A kindergarten class in Davenport, Iowa, mailed the \"World\" a gift of $1.35. As the donations flooded",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "2109497",
"text": "which was hoisted by former slaves in sections and assembled atop the cast-iron pedestal. The final section, the figure's head and shoulders, was raised on December 2, 1863, to a salute of 35 guns answered by the guns of the 12 forts around Washington, D.C. On May 9, 1993, after being in place almost 130 years, the statue was brought down from its pedestal by helicopter for restoration, giving tourists a chance to see the statue up close. The work was needed because of extensive pitting and corrosion on the surface of the bronze and because of a crack and",
"title": "Statue of Freedom"
},
{
"id": "388746",
"text": "the parade could pass in front of the \"World\" building on Park Row. As the parade passed the New York Stock Exchange, traders threw ticker tape from the windows, beginning the New York tradition of the ticker-tape parade. A nautical parade began at 12:45 p.m., and President Cleveland embarked on a yacht that took him across the harbor to Bedloe's Island for the dedication. De Lesseps made the first speech, on behalf of the French committee, followed by the chairman of the New York committee, Senator William M. Evarts. A French flag draped across the statue's face was to be",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "388711",
"text": "as an embodiment of the United States in the manner that Britannia was identified with the United Kingdom and Marianne came to represent France. Columbia had supplanted the earlier figure of an Indian princess, which had come to be regarded as uncivilized and derogatory toward Americans. The other significant female icon in American culture was a representation of Liberty, derived from Libertas, the goddess of freedom widely worshipped in ancient Rome, especially among emancipated slaves. A Liberty figure adorned most American coins of the time, and representations of Liberty appeared in popular and civic art, including Thomas Crawford's \"Statue of",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "2109495",
"text": "the voyage, the ship began to leak and stopped in Gibraltar for repairs. After leaving Gibraltar, the ship began leaking again to the point that it could go no farther than Bermuda, where the model was stored until other transportation could be arranged. Half of the crates finally arrived in New York City in December, but all sections were not in Washington, D.C. until late March 1859. Beginning in 1860, the statue was cast in five main sections by Clark Mills, whose bronze foundry was located on the outskirts of Washington. Work was halted in 1861 because of the Civil",
"title": "Statue of Freedom"
},
{
"id": "388708",
"text": "past it. He was delighted to learn that the island was owned by the United States government—it had been ceded by the New York State Legislature in 1800 for harbor defense. It was thus, as he put it in a letter to Laboulaye: \"land common to all the states.\" As well as meeting many influential New Yorkers, Bartholdi visited President Ulysses S. Grant, who assured him that it would not be difficult to obtain the site for the statue. Bartholdi crossed the United States twice by rail, and met many Americans who he thought would be sympathetic to the project.",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "10114045",
"text": "Medal of Liberty The Medal of Liberty was awarded in 1986 by President Ronald Reagan to twelve outstanding individuals chosen as representative of the most distinguished naturalized citizens of the United States of America. David L. Wolper, producer of ABC's television's 1986 Independence Day Weekend media event, came up with the idea to have the President present awards to a select group of naturalized citizens as an essential part of the ceremonial festivities commemorating the 100th anniversary of the dedication of the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor. The awarding of this medal took place only once by design,",
"title": "Medal of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "388707",
"text": "the war, Napoleon III was captured and deposed. Bartholdi's home province of Alsace was lost to the Prussians, and a more liberal republic was installed in France. As Bartholdi had been planning a trip to the United States, he and Laboulaye decided the time was right to discuss the idea with influential Americans. In June 1871, Bartholdi crossed the Atlantic, with letters of introduction signed by Laboulaye. Arriving at New York Harbor, Bartholdi focused on Bedloe's Island (now named Liberty Island) as a site for the statue, struck by the fact that vessels arriving in New York had to sail",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "7385978",
"text": "national monument in 1924. In 1937, by proclamation 2250, President Franklin D. Roosevelt expanded the monument to include all of Bedloe's Island, and in 1956, an act of Congress officially renamed it Liberty Island. Ellis Island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument by proclamation of President Lyndon Johnson in 1965. The United States historic district, a single listing on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places, was designated in 1966. The islands were closed during Hurricane Sandy in October 2012 and suffered severe damage. Liberty Island reopened July 4, 2013; Ellis Island re-opened October 24, 2013.",
"title": "Statue of Liberty National Monument"
},
{
"id": "388778",
"text": "and opportunity.\" Hundreds of replicas of the Statue of Liberty are displayed worldwide. A smaller version of the statue, one-fourth the height of the original, was given by the American community in Paris to that city. It now stands on the Île aux Cygnes, facing west toward her larger sister. A replica tall stood atop the Liberty Warehouse on West 64th Street in Manhattan for many years; it now resides at the Brooklyn Museum. In a patriotic tribute, the Boy Scouts of America, as part of their Strengthen the Arm of Liberty campaign in 1949–1952, donated about two hundred replicas",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "13762568",
"text": "Bartholdi Fountain The Bartholdi Fountain is a monumental public fountain, designed by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, who later created the Statue of Liberty. The fountain was originally made for the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and is now located at the corner of Independence Avenue and First Street, SW, in the United States Botanic Garden, on the grounds of the United States Capitol, in Washington D.C.. The Fountain of Light and Water, commonly called the Bartholdi fountain, was created for the 1876 Philadelphia Exposition which celebrated the 100th birthday of the United States. It was designed by French sculptor Frédéric",
"title": "Bartholdi Fountain"
},
{
"id": "13762563",
"text": "Bartholdi Fountain The Bartholdi Fountain is a monumental public fountain, designed by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, who later created the Statue of Liberty. The fountain was originally made for the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and is now located at the corner of Independence Avenue and First Street, SW, in the United States Botanic Garden, on the grounds of the United States Capitol, in Washington D.C.. The Fountain of Light and Water, commonly called the Bartholdi fountain, was created for the 1876 Philadelphia Exposition which celebrated the 100th birthday of the United States. It was designed by French sculptor Frédéric",
"title": "Bartholdi Fountain"
},
{
"id": "388761",
"text": "Puerto Rican independence, opposition to abortion, and opposition to US intervention in Grenada. Demonstrations with the permission of the Park Service included a Gay Pride Parade rally and the annual Captive Baltic Nations rally. A powerful new lighting system was installed in advance of the American Bicentennial in 1976. The statue was the focal point for Operation Sail, a regatta of tall ships from all over the world that entered New York Harbor on July 4, 1976, and sailed around Liberty Island. The day concluded with a spectacular display of fireworks near the statue. The statue was examined in great",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "7385977",
"text": "Statue of Liberty National Monument The Statue of Liberty National Monument is a United States National Monument located in the U.S. states of New Jersey and New York comprising Liberty Island and Ellis Island. It includes \"Liberty Enlightening the World\", commonly known as the Statue of Liberty, situated on Liberty Island, and the former immigration station at Ellis Island, including the Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital. The monument is managed by the National Park Service as part of the National Parks of New York Harbor office. President Calvin Coolidge used his authority under the Antiquities Act to declare the statue a",
"title": "Statue of Liberty National Monument"
},
{
"id": "6017783",
"text": "Édouard René de Laboulaye Édouard René Lefèbvre de Laboulaye () (18 January 1811 – 25 May 1883) was a French jurist, poet, author and anti-slavery activist. In 1865 he originated the idea of a monument presented by the French people to the United States that resulted in the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor. He got the idea thinking that this would help strengthen their relationship with the United States. Laboulaye was received at the bar in 1842, and was chosen professor of comparative law at the Collège de France in 1849. Following the Paris Commune of 1870, he",
"title": "Édouard René de Laboulaye"
},
{
"id": "388783",
"text": "it is seen half-buried in sand. It is knocked over in the science-fiction film \"Independence Day\" and in \"Cloverfield\" the head is ripped off. In Jack Finney's time-travel novel \"Time and Again\", the right arm of the statue, on display in the early 1880s in Madison Square Park, plays a crucial role. Robert Holdstock, consulting editor of \"The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction\", wondered in 1979: Statue of Liberty The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World; ) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City, in the United States. The copper statue,",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "2109500",
"text": "\"Statue of Freedom\" has appeared on several official designs, akin to the Statue of Liberty. The head of the statue is depicted on a postage stamp (1923, USA Scott No. 573), which was re-issued in 2006. The entire statue is depicted on a stamp commemorating the 150th anniversary of Washington, D.C. (1950, USA Scott No. 989). It can also be found on the reverse side of the Iraq Campaign Medal decoration that was authorized to be awarded to members of the U.S. military who deployed to Iraq in direct support of the Iraq War. The Global War on Terrorism Civilian",
"title": "Statue of Freedom"
},
{
"id": "816028",
"text": "Rochambeau, Oscar Gilbert Lafayette, François Charles Lorraine, and Louis François Lorraine. Bartholdi broached the idea of a massive statue. Bartholdi's design approved on, the Union Franco-Americaine raised more than 1 million francs throughout France for the building of the statue. In 1879, Bartholdi was awarded design patent for the Statue of Liberty. On 4 July 1880, the statue was formally delivered to the American minister in Paris, the event being celebrated by a great banquet. In October 1886, the structure was officially presented as the joint gift of the French and American people, and installed on Bedloe's Island in New",
"title": "Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi"
},
{
"id": "5992414",
"text": "a celebration as Remembrance Day. This statue, in New York City's harbor, occupies the place of our timeline's Statue of Liberty. The Statue of Liberty was not built in this timeline because relations between the United States and France are poor due to France's support of the Confederate States. Rather than the Statue of Liberty, Liberty Island (still under the name of Bedloe's Island) is taken up by a similar but more grim German-influenced statue known as the Statue of Remembrance holding the \"Sword of Vengeance\". Whenever either Germany gave the statue to the United States or the USA building",
"title": "Institutions in the Southern Victory Series"
},
{
"id": "388769",
"text": "he stated, \"We are the keepers of the flame of liberty; we hold it high for the world to see.\" Following the September 11 attacks, the statue and Liberty Island were immediately closed to the public. The island reopened at the end of 2001, while the pedestal and statue remained off-limits. The pedestal reopened in August 2004, but the National Park Service announced that visitors could not safely be given access to the statue due to the difficulty of evacuation in an emergency. The Park Service adhered to that position through the remainder of the Bush administration. New York Congressman",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "388702",
"text": "of War; since 1933 it has been maintained by the National Park Service. Public access to the balcony around the torch has been barred for safety since 1916. According to the National Park Service, the idea for the Statue of Liberty was first proposed by Édouard René de Laboulaye, president of the French Anti-Slavery Society and a prominent and important political thinker of his time. The project is traced to a mid-1865 conversation between de Laboulaye, a staunch abolitionist, and Frédéric Bartholdi, a sculptor. In after-dinner conversation at his home near Versailles, Laboulaye, an ardent supporter of the Union in",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "2098479",
"text": "was the daughter of Gustave Adolphe Autard de Bragard, a former Magistrate of Mauritius, and wife Marie-Louise Carcenac (1817–1857), daughter of Pierre Carcenac (1771–1819) and wife Marie Françoise Dessachis. Eleven of her twelve children with de Lesseps survived their father: On 11 June 1884, Levi P. Morton, the Minister of the United States to France, gave a banquet in honor of the Franco-American Union and in celebration of the completion of the Statue of Liberty. Ferdinand de Lesseps, as head of the Franco-American Union, formally presented the statue to the United States, saying: This is the result of the devoted",
"title": "Ferdinand de Lesseps"
},
{
"id": "3105166",
"text": "the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the country's largest city since 1790. The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a world symbol of the United States and its ideals of liberty and peace. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a global node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance, and environmental sustainability, and as a symbol of freedom and cultural diversity. Many districts and landmarks in New York City are well known, with the city",
"title": "New York City"
},
{
"id": "388713",
"text": "be fully dressed in flowing robes. Instead of the impression of violence in the Delacroix work, Bartholdi wished to give the statue a peaceful appearance and chose a torch, representing progress, for the figure to hold. Crawford's statue was designed in the early 1850s. It was originally to be crowned with a \"pileus\", the cap given to emancipated slaves in ancient Rome. Secretary of War Jefferson Davis, a Southerner who would later serve as President of the Confederate States of America, was concerned that the \"pileus\" would be taken as an abolitionist symbol. He ordered that it be changed to",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "17012148",
"text": "arguably the more famous statue, at least until Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi completed \"Lady Liberty\" in Paris in 1884, and it was shipped to the United States in 1885. Despite one major mishap – the upper half of the soldier fell into the Potomac River while being unloaded at Washington, D.C. – the statue was transported by canal barge to Sharpsburg, and carried on rollers to the National Cemetery. Installed on a new and taller pedestal (attributed to architect George Keller), the monument was dedicated on September 17, 1880 – the eighteenth anniversary of the battle. George Hess, the first superintendent",
"title": "The American Volunteer (statue)"
},
{
"id": "2079987",
"text": "States from 1785 until 1790, after which the capital moved to Philadelphia. New York City has been the country's largest city since 1790. In 1792, the Buttonwood Agreement, made by a group of merchants, created what is now the New York Stock Exchange in Lower Manhattan. Today, many people in the metropolitan area work in this important stock exchange. The Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor greeted millions of immigrants as they came to America by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a globally recognized symbol of the United States and its democracy. Large-scale",
"title": "New York metropolitan area"
},
{
"id": "6017785",
"text": "work on the political history of the United States, and published it in Paris during the height of the politically repressed Second Empire. During the American Civil War, he was a zealous advocate of the Union cause and the abolition of slavery, publishing histories of the cultural connections of the two nations. At the war's conclusion in 1865, he became president of the French Emancipation Committee that aided newly freed slaves in the U.S. The same year he had the idea of presenting a statue representing liberty as a gift to the United States, a symbol for ideas suppressed by",
"title": "Édouard René de Laboulaye"
},
{
"id": "388738",
"text": "by Gustave Eiffel. Fundraising for the statue had begun in 1882. The committee organized a large number of money-raising events. As part of one such effort, an auction of art and manuscripts, poet Emma Lazarus was asked to donate an original work. She initially declined, stating she could not write a poem about a statue. At the time, she was also involved in aiding refugees to New York who had fled anti-Semitic pogroms in eastern Europe. These refugees were forced to live in conditions that the wealthy Lazarus had never experienced. She saw a way to express her empathy for",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "2098480",
"text": "enthusiasm, the intelligence and the noblest sentiments which can inspire man. It is great in its conception, great in its execution, great in its proportions; let us hope that it will add, by its moral value, to the memories and sympathies that it is intended to perpetuate. We now transfer to you, Mr. Minister, this great statue and trust that it may forever stand the pledge of friendship between France and the Great Republic of the United States. In October 1886, de Lesseps traveled to the United States to speak at the dedication ceremony of the Statue of Liberty, attended",
"title": "Ferdinand de Lesseps"
},
{
"id": "7941765",
"text": "This statue was given in 1889 to France by U.S. citizens living in Paris to celebrate the French Revolution three years after the main statue in New York was inaugurated. In 1937, the statue was turned from looking east to looking west straight to the direction of the New York's statue. The statue is near the Grenelle Bridge on the Île aux Cygnes, a man-made island in the Seine (). It is high and weighs 14 tons. Inaugurated on July 4, 1889, it looks southwest, downriver along the Seine. Its tablet bears two dates: \"IV JUILLET 1776\" (July 4, 1776:",
"title": "Replicas of the Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "388759",
"text": "Congress officially renamed Bedloe's Island as Liberty Island, a change advocated by Bartholdi generations earlier. The act also mentioned the efforts to found an American Museum of Immigration on the island, which backers took as federal approval of the project, though the government was slow to grant funds for it. Nearby Ellis Island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument by proclamation of President Lyndon Johnson in 1965. In 1972, the immigration museum, in the statue's base, was finally opened in a ceremony led by President Richard Nixon. The museum's backers never provided it with an endowment",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "388749",
"text": "the United States became a free nation \"in reality\": When the torch was illuminated on the evening of the statue's dedication, it produced only a faint gleam, barely visible from Manhattan. The \"World\" characterized it as \"more like a glowworm than a beacon.\" Bartholdi suggested gilding the statue to increase its ability to reflect light, but this proved too expensive. The United States Lighthouse Board took over the Statue of Liberty in 1887 and pledged to install equipment to enhance the torch's effect; in spite of its efforts, the statue remained virtually invisible at night. When Bartholdi returned to the",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "16165296",
"text": "The right panel shows the Statue of Liberty imposed in front of the New York 1930s skyline. In 1937 the Second Spanish Republic commemorated the 150th anniversary of the signing of the U.S. Constitution, under the government of Prime Minister Juan Negrín of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE). The Statue of Liberty is the central focus, flanked by flags of Spain and the United States. The Spanish Republic Flag of red, yellow and purple, as battle flag or civil ensign, lacks the coat of arms. United States Constitution and worldwide influence The United States Constitution has had influence internationally",
"title": "United States Constitution and worldwide influence"
},
{
"id": "3196219",
"text": "period the relationship remained friendly—as symbolized by the Statue of Liberty, presented in 1884 as a gift to the United States from the French people. From 1870 until 1918, France was the only major republic in Europe, which endeared it to the United States. Many French people held the United States in high esteem, as a land of opportunity and as a source of modern ideas. Few French people emigrated to the United States. Intellectuals, however, saw the United States as a land built on crass materialism, lacking in a significant culture, and boasting of its distrust of intellectuals. Very",
"title": "France–United States relations"
},
{
"id": "388768",
"text": "a wide opening framed by a set of monumental bronze doors with designs symbolic of the renovation. A modern elevator was installed, allowing handicapped access to the observation area of the pedestal. An emergency elevator was installed within the statue, reaching up to the level of the shoulder. July 3–6, 1986, was designated \"Liberty Weekend\", marking the centennial of the statue and its reopening. President Reagan presided over the rededication, with French President François Mitterrand in attendance. July 4 saw a reprise of Operation Sail, and the statue was reopened to the public on July 5. In Reagan's dedication speech,",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "388732",
"text": "the decade. The Liberty statue project was not the only such undertaking that had difficulty raising money: construction of the obelisk later known as the Washington Monument sometimes stalled for years; it would ultimately take over three-and-a-half decades to complete. There was criticism both of Bartholdi's statue and of the fact that the gift required Americans to foot the bill for the pedestal. In the years following the Civil War, most Americans preferred realistic artworks depicting heroes and events from the nation's history, rather than allegorical works like the Liberty statue. There was also a feeling that Americans should design",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "388722",
"text": "Gauthier & Co. workshop. In May 1876, Bartholdi traveled to the United States as a member of a French delegation to the Centennial Exhibition, and arranged for a huge painting of the statue to be shown in New York as part of the Centennial festivities. The arm did not arrive in Philadelphia until August; because of its late arrival, it was not listed in the exhibition catalogue, and while some reports correctly identified the work, others called it the \"Colossal Arm\" or \"Bartholdi Electric Light\". The exhibition grounds contained a number of monumental artworks to compete for fairgoers' interest, including",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "388734",
"text": "inside Fort Wood, a disused army base on Bedloe's Island constructed between 1807 and 1811. Since 1823, it had rarely been used, though during the Civil War, it had served as a recruiting station. The fortifications of the structure were in the shape of an eleven-point star. The statue's foundation and pedestal were aligned so that it would face southeast, greeting ships entering the harbor from the Atlantic Ocean. In 1881, the New York committee commissioned Richard Morris Hunt to design the pedestal. Within months, Hunt submitted a detailed plan, indicating that he expected construction to take about nine months.",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "156624",
"text": "engineer to help him to realise the Statue of Liberty. Some work had already been carried out by Eugène Viollet-Le-Duc, but he had died in 1879. Eiffel was selected because of his experience with wind stresses. Eiffel devised a structure consisting of a four-legged pylon to support the copper sheeting which made up the body of the statue. The entire statue was erected at the Eiffel works in Paris before being dismantled and shipped to the United States. In 1886 Eiffel also designed the dome for the Astronomical Observatory in Nice. This was the most important building in a complex",
"title": "Gustave Eiffel"
},
{
"id": "897168",
"text": "in France. He helped commercial relations between the two countries run smoothly during his term, and, in Paris on October 24, 1881, he placed the first rivet in the construction of the Statue of Liberty. (It was driven into the big toe of Lady Liberty's left foot.) After completion of the statue, he accepted Liberty on behalf of the United States in a ceremony on July 4, 1884 by signing the Union Franco Americaine contract with that date. Morton was elected Vice President of the United States, on the Republican ticket with President Benjamin Harrison, in which capacity he served",
"title": "Levi P. Morton"
},
{
"id": "388758",
"text": "It was lit briefly on December 31, 1943, and on D-Day, June 6, 1944, when its lights flashed \"dot-dot-dot-dash\", the Morse code for V, for victory. New, powerful lighting was installed in 1944–1945, and beginning on V-E Day, the statue was once again illuminated after sunset. The lighting was for only a few hours each evening, and it was not until 1957 that the statue was illuminated every night, all night. In 1946, the interior of the statue within reach of visitors was coated with a special plastic so that graffiti could be washed away. In 1956, an Act of",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "18974247",
"text": "Statua della Libertà Statua della Libertà () is a statue in Piazza della Libertà, City of San Marino in Italy. Translated this means \"Statue of Liberty\", not to be confused with the statue in New York City, United States. The Statua della Libertà, made in the neoclassical style of white Carrara marble and is located between Parva Domus and the Palazzo Pubblico. It is a work of the sculptor Stefano Galletti and was donated by Countess Otilia Heyroth Wagener from Berlin to the Republic in 1876, because she had become Countess of Acquaviva. The statue symbolizes freedom. Freedom is represented",
"title": "Statua della Libertà"
},
{
"id": "2495115",
"text": "Utility services, including electricity, water, and sewage, to Liberty and Ellis Islands are provided from the New Jersey side. Mail is delivered from Battery Park. Liberty Island Liberty Island is a federally owned island in Upper New York Bay in the United States, best known as the location of the Statue of Liberty (\"Liberty Enlightening the World\"). The island is an exclave of the New York City borough of Manhattan, surrounded by the waters of Jersey City, New Jersey. Long known as Bedloe's Island, it was renamed by an act of the United States Congress in 1956. Liberty Island became",
"title": "Liberty Island"
},
{
"id": "388733",
"text": "American public works—the selection of Italian-born Constantino Brumidi to decorate the Capitol had provoked intense criticism, even though he was a naturalized U.S. citizen. \"Harper's Weekly\" declared its wish that \"M. Bartholdi and our French cousins had 'gone the whole figure' while they were about it, and given us statue and pedestal at once.\" \"The New York Times\" stated that \"no true patriot can countenance any such expenditures for bronze females in the present state of our finances.\" Faced with these criticisms, the American committees took little action for several years. The foundation of Bartholdi's statue was to be laid",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "388760",
"text": "to secure its future and it closed in 1991 after the opening of an immigration museum on Ellis Island. In 1970, Ivy Bottini led a demonstration at the statue where she and others from the National Organization for Women's New York chapter draped an enormous banner over a railing which read \"WOMEN OF THE WORLD UNITE!\" Beginning December 26, 1971, 15 anti-Vietnam War veterans occupied the statue, flying a US flag upside down from her crown. They left December 28 following a Federal Court order. The statue was also several times taken over briefly by demonstrators publicizing causes such as",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "388774",
"text": "Upper New York Bay on Liberty Island south of Ellis Island, which together comprise the Statue of Liberty National Monument. Both islands were ceded by New York to the federal government in 1800. As agreed in an 1834 compact between New York and New Jersey that set the state border at the bay's midpoint, the original islands remain New York territory though located on the New Jersey side of the state line. Liberty Island is one of the islands that are part of the borough of Manhattan in New York. Land created by reclamation added to the original island at",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "2196841",
"text": "and Lorraine. In this timeline's New York City, there is no Statue of Liberty on Bedloe's Island, nor does the name get changed to Liberty Island – as relations between the United States and France are poor, due to France's support for the Confederacy, and there is no question of the French donating such a statue to the Americans. Instead, the island is taken up by a similar but more grim German-influenced statue known as the Statue of Remembrance holding the \"Sword of Vengeance\". Whenever either Germany gave the statue to the United States or the USA built it itself",
"title": "How Few Remain"
},
{
"id": "7385982",
"text": "have variously been the subject of a colonial land grant, a provincial governor's directive, and an interstate compact, as well as several court cases and U.S. Supreme Court decisions. Liberty Island and the acreage on Ellis Island are part of New York City which are completely surrounded by the municipal borders of Jersey City, including created by land reclamation at Ellis Island and riparian areas. Jurisdiction not superseded by the federal government falls to the appropriate state. Statue of Liberty: Ellis Island: Jurisdiction: Ellis Island: Statue of Liberty National Monument The Statue of Liberty National Monument is a United States",
"title": "Statue of Liberty National Monument"
},
{
"id": "388780",
"text": "on the country's coinage and stamps. It appeared on commemorative coins issued to mark its 1986 centennial, and on New York's 2001 entry in the state quarters series. An image of the statue was chosen for the American Eagle platinum bullion coins in 1997, and it was placed on the reverse, or tails, side of the Presidential Dollar series of circulating coins. Two images of the statue's torch appear on the current ten-dollar bill. The statue's intended photographic depiction on a 2010 forever stamp proved instead to be of the replica at the Las Vegas casino. Depictions of the statue",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "388745",
"text": "York governor, presided over the event. On the morning of the dedication, a parade was held in New York City; estimates of the number of people who watched it ranged from several hundred thousand to a million. President Cleveland headed the procession, then stood in the reviewing stand to see bands and marchers from across America. General Stone was the grand marshal of the parade. The route began at Madison Square, once the venue for the arm, and proceeded to the Battery at the southern tip of Manhattan by way of Fifth Avenue and Broadway, with a slight detour so",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "388753",
"text": "Park, close to Bedloe's Island. Carloads of dynamite and other explosives that were being sent to Britain and France for their war efforts were detonated, and seven people were killed. The statue sustained minor damage, mostly to the torch-bearing right arm, and was closed for ten days. The cost to repair the statue and buildings on the island was about . The narrow ascent to the torch was closed for public-safety reasons, and it has remained closed ever since. That same year, Ralph Pulitzer, who had succeeded his father Joseph as publisher of the \"World\", began a drive to raise",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "388748",
"text": "entirely for dignitaries. The only females granted access were Bartholdi's wife and de Lesseps's granddaughter; officials stated that they feared women might be injured in the crush of people. The restriction offended area suffragists, who chartered a boat and got as close as they could to the island. The group's leaders made speeches applauding the embodiment of Liberty as a woman and advocating women's right to vote. A scheduled fireworks display was postponed until November 1 because of poor weather. Shortly after the dedication, \"The Cleveland Gazette\", an African American newspaper, suggested that the statue's torch not be lit until",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "11409488",
"text": "The Statue of Liberty (film) The Statue of Liberty is a 1985 American documentary film on the history of the Statue of Liberty (\"Liberty Enlightening the World\"). It was produced and directed by Ken Burns. The film first aired on October 28, 1985. It was narrated by historian David McCullough. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. The film included readings by Jeremy Irons and Arthur Miller, among others. Also features Paul Simon's \"American Tune\" at the beginning and end of the film. McCullough, then-New York Gov. Mario Cuomo, former congresswoman Barbara Jordan, director Miloš Forman,",
"title": "The Statue of Liberty (film)"
},
{
"id": "12650418",
"text": "on the move. This symbol of Liberty and Freedom is not standing still or at attention in the harbor, it is moving forward, as her left foot tramples broken shackles at her feet, in symbolism of the United States' wish to be free from oppression and tyranny. Between 1949 and 1952, approximately two hundred 100-inch (2.5 m) replicas of the statue, made of stamped copper, were purchased by Boy Scout troops and donated in 39 states in the U.S. and several of its possessions and territories. The project was the brainchild of Kansas City businessman, J.P. Whitaker, who was then",
"title": "Strengthen the Arm of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "2109499",
"text": "was returned to its pedestal by helicopter on October 23, 1993, amid the celebration of the bicentennial of the U.S. Capitol. Since then, every 2–3 years, the statue undergoes two weeks of cleaning and recoating as necessary. The plaster model of the statue, in storage for 25 years, was reassembled and restored in the basement rotunda of the Russell Senate Office Building, where it was returned to permanent public display in January 1993. The plaster model was relocated to the Emancipation Hall of the Capitol Visitor Center, which provides more visitors access to look at the statue's details. The well-known",
"title": "Statue of Freedom"
},
{
"id": "388718",
"text": "then struck with wooden hammers. An advantage of this choice was that the entire statue would be light for its volume, as the copper need be only thick. Bartholdi had decided on a height of just over for the statue, double that of Italy's Sancarlone and the German statue of Arminius, both made with the same method. By 1875, France was enjoying improved political stability and a recovering postwar economy. Growing interest in the upcoming Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia led Laboulaye to decide it was time to seek public support. In September 1875, he announced the project and the formation",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "10192938",
"text": "Liberty Weekend Liberty Weekend was a four-day celebration of the 1984 restoration and the centenary of the Statue of Liberty (\"Liberty Enlightening the World\") in New York City. It began on July 3, 1986 and ended on July 6. The Opening Ceremonies of Liberty Weekend were held on July 3, 1986 at Governor's Island in New York Harbor. French President François Mitterrand was on hand to give his well wishes to the American people. Secretary of the Interior Donald Hodel, Executive Producer David Wolper, and the Chairman of the Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation Lee Iacocca joined to introduce the",
"title": "Liberty Weekend"
},
{
"id": "388720",
"text": "powerful, including a special performance at the Paris Opera on April 25, 1876, that featured a new cantata by composer Charles Gounod. The piece was titled \"La Liberté éclairant le monde\", the French version of the statue's announced name. Initially focused on the elites, the Union was successful in raising funds from across French society. Schoolchildren and ordinary citizens gave, as did 181 French municipalities. Laboulaye's political allies supported the call, as did descendants of the French contingent in the American Revolutionary War. Less idealistically, contributions came from those who hoped for American support in the French attempt to build",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "2109494",
"text": "his aide, Captain Montgomery Meigs, with orders to remove the cap, saying that \"its history renders it inappropriate to a people who were born free and would not be enslaved\". A military helmet, with an American eagle head and crest of feathers, replaced the cap in the sculpture's final version. (Today many casual observers take the statue, with its eagle and feathers, to be a Native American.) Crawford died in 1857 before the full-size plaster model left his studio. The model, packed into six crates, was shipped from Italy in a small sailing vessel in the spring of 1858. During",
"title": "Statue of Freedom"
},
{
"id": "2495103",
"text": "outmoded and obsolete, disused and its substantial stone walls were then used as the distinctive base for the Statue of Liberty given by the Third French Republic for the American 1876 centenary celebrations. It had become a part of the base for the Statue of Liberty after the island was first seen by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, the statue's sculptor. The National Park Service (which had been created in 1916) took over operations of the island in two stages: in 1933, and the remainder in 1937. The military installation was completely removed by 1944. The statue, entitled \"Liberty Enlightening the World\",",
"title": "Liberty Island"
},
{
"id": "2199518",
"text": "Liberty (goddess) Liberty is a loose term in English for the goddess or personification of the concept of liberty, and is represented by the Roman Goddess Libertas, by Marianne, the national symbol of France, and by many others. The Statue of Liberty (\"Liberty Enlightening the World\") by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi is a well-known example in art, a gift from France to the United States. The ancient Roman goddess Libertas was honored during the second Punic War by a temple erected on the Aventine Hill in Rome by the father of Tiberius Gracchus. A statue in her honor also was raised",
"title": "Liberty (goddess)"
},
{
"id": "2055119",
"text": "d'Or, which in later years he represented in the Senate. He was minister of education, religion and the fine arts in Maurice Rouvier's cabinet of 1887; minister of foreign affairs under Pierre Tirard (1889–1890), and minister of education in 1894 in the Casimir-Perier cabinet. His published works include some volumes of speeches and well-known studies of Ignatius of Loyola (1876) and of Jules Michelet (1876). On 4 July 1884 Spuller and other members of the French Cabinet formally presented the Statue of Liberty to the United States. Following the ceremony, the statue was dismantled into numbered sections and packed in",
"title": "Eugène Spuller"
},
{
"id": "5022755",
"text": "Statue of Liberty in popular culture After its unveiling in 1886, the Statue of Liberty (\"Liberty Enlightening the World\") quickly became iconic, and began to be featured on countless posters, and in pictures and books. The statue's likeness has also appeared in motion pictures, television programs, music videos, and video games, and its likeness has been used in logos, on commemorative coins, and in theatrical productions. It remains a popular local, national, and international political symbol of freedom. As a famous landmark, damage and destruction of the statue has been used to symbolize the end of mankind or the destruction",
"title": "Statue of Liberty in popular culture"
},
{
"id": "388721",
"text": "the Panama Canal. The copper may have come from multiple sources and some of it is said to have come from a mine in Visnes, Norway, though this has not been conclusively determined after testing samples. According to Cara Sutherland in her book on the statue for the Museum of the City of New York, was needed to build the statue, and the French copper industrialist Eugène Secrétan donated of copper. Although plans for the statue had not been finalized, Bartholdi moved forward with fabrication of the right arm, bearing the torch, and the head. Work began at the Gaget,",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "388725",
"text": "took office the following day, selected the Bedloe's Island site that Bartholdi had proposed. On his return to Paris in 1877, Bartholdi concentrated on completing the head, which was exhibited at the 1878 Paris World's Fair. Fundraising continued, with models of the statue put on sale. Tickets to view the construction activity at the Gaget, Gauthier & Co. workshop were also offered. The French government authorized a lottery; among the prizes were valuable silver plate and a terracotta model of the statue. By the end of 1879, about 250,000 francs had been raised. The head and arm had been built",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "4553046",
"text": "newspaper, the \"Flame of Liberty\", more broadly, is a lasting symbol of the friendship uniting the two countries, just as the statue itself was when it was given to the United States by France. This project was overseen by the director of the French craft unions at that time, Jacques Graindorge. He foresaw an installation of the \"Flame of Liberty\" in a public square called Place des États-Unis (United States Square) in the 16th arrondissement, but the mayor of Paris at the time, Jacques Chirac, was opposed to it. After a protracted period of negotiations, it was decided that the",
"title": "Flame of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "388764",
"text": "$350 million in donations. The Statue of Liberty was one of the earliest beneficiaries of a cause marketing campaign. A 1983 promotion advertised that for each purchase made with an American Express card, the company would contribute one cent to the renovation of the statue. The campaign generated contributions of $1.7 million to the restoration project. In 1984, the statue was closed to the public for the duration of the renovation. Workers erected the world's largest free-standing scaffold, which obscured the statue from view. Liquid nitrogen was used to remove layers of paint that had been applied to the interior",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "2171520",
"text": "most immigrants came from Ireland and Germany. Ellis Island opened in 1892, and between 1880 and 1920, most immigrants were German and Eastern European Jews, Poles, and other eastern and southern Europeans, including many Italians. By 1925, New York City's population outnumbered that of London, making it the most populous city in the world. Arguably New York's most identifiable symbol, \"Liberty Enlightening the World\" (the Statue of Liberty), a gift from France for the American centennial, was completed in 1886. By the early 20th century, the statue was regarded as the \"Mother of Exiles\"—a symbol of hope to immigrants. New",
"title": "History of New York (state)"
},
{
"id": "12983951",
"text": "for varied ceremonial duties. One of the most important of these ceremonial events occurred on 28 October 1886 when she transported President Grover Cleveland, his private secretary, and three members of his cabinet, to and from Bedloe's Island in New York Harbor for the dedication and unveiling of the Statue of Liberty on 28 October 1886. Over the years, she also carried despatches and men to the fleet and along the U.S. East Coast, towed into port or destroyed damaged ships and wrecks, and escorted new ships during their sea trials. From 12 December 1881 to 3 June 1882, \"Despatch\"",
"title": "USS Despatch (1873)"
},
{
"id": "7385981",
"text": "a year in advance. Ten people per group, three groups per hour, are permitted to ascend, allowing for a total of 240 per day. After an obligatory second security screening, they may bring only medication and cameras, leaving all other items in lockers provided. Liberty Island and Ellis Island have been the property of the United States government since 1800 and 1808, respectively. Historical circumstances have led to the unusual situation of Liberty Island and of Ellis Island being exclaves of one state, New York, located completely within another state, New Jersey. The dominion, jurisdiction, and sovereignty of the islands",
"title": "Statue of Liberty National Monument"
},
{
"id": "816024",
"text": "1871, not finishing the massive sandstone statue until 1880. In 1871, he made his first trip to the United States, where he pitched the idea of a massive statue gifted from the French to the Americans in honor of the centennial of American independence. The idea, which had first been broached to him in 1865 by his friend Édouard René de Laboulaye, resulted in the Statue of Liberty in New York harbor. After years of work and fundraising, the statue was inaugurated in 1886. During this period, Bartholdi also sculpted a number of monuments for American cities, such as a",
"title": "Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi"
},
{
"id": "2325635",
"text": "Japan's government constructed and furnished the 513-seat Terrace Theatre of Kennedy Center in Washington. Fifty-three bonsai trees from the Nippon Bonsai Association were donated to the U. S. National Arboretum. King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofía of Spain presented sculptures of \"Bernardo de Gálvez\", a hero of the American Revolutionary War period and later Viceroy of New Spain; and \"Don Quixote\", Cervantes' fictional hero, on June 3, 1976, on behalf of their nation. The United Kingdom loaned one of the four existing copies of the Magna Carta for display in the US Capitol. The document was displayed in a",
"title": "United States Bicentennial"
},
{
"id": "388752",
"text": "public protest against the proposed exterior painting. The Army Corps of Engineers studied the patina for any ill effects to the statue and concluded that it protected the skin, \"softened the outlines of the Statue and made it beautiful.\" The statue was painted only on the inside. The Corps of Engineers also installed an elevator to take visitors from the base to the top of the pedestal. On July 30, 1916, during World War I, German saboteurs set off a disastrous explosion on the Black Tom peninsula in Jersey City, New Jersey, in what is now part of Liberty State",
"title": "Statue of Liberty"
},
{
"id": "561016",
"text": "policies and fomenting paranoia about free Blacks taking the poor immigrants' jobs, culminating in the three-day-long New York Draft Riots of July 1863. These intense war-time riots are counted among the worst incidents of civil disorder in American history, with an estimated 119 participants and passersby massacred. The rate of immigration from Europe grew steeply after the Civil War, and Manhattan became the first stop for millions seeking a new life in the United States, a role acknowledged by the dedication of the Statue of Liberty on October 28, 1886, a gift from the people of France. The new European",
"title": "Manhattan"
}
] | when was the statue of liberty given to the united states |
[
"102"
] | [
{
"id": "122659",
"text": "Empire State Building The Empire State Building is a 102-story Art Deco skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Designed by Shreve, Lamb & Harmon and completed in 1931, the building has a roof height of and stands a total of tall, including its antenna. Its name is derived from \"Empire State\", the nickname of New York, which is of unknown origin. the building is the 5th-tallest completed skyscraper in the United States and the 28th-tallest in the world. It is also the 6th-tallest freestanding structure in the Americas. The site of the Empire State Building, located on the west",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "122780",
"text": "ESRT began trading publicly on the New York Stock Exchange on October 2, 2013. Empire State Building The Empire State Building is a 102-story Art Deco skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Designed by Shreve, Lamb & Harmon and completed in 1931, the building has a roof height of and stands a total of tall, including its antenna. Its name is derived from \"Empire State\", the nickname of New York, which is of unknown origin. the building is the 5th-tallest completed skyscraper in the United States and the 28th-tallest in the world. It is also the 6th-tallest freestanding structure",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "20395779",
"text": "Empire State Building in popular culture The Empire State Building is a 102-story skyscraper on Fifth Avenue between West 33rd and 34th Streets in Midtown, Manhattan, New York City. It has a roof height of 1,250 feet (381 m), and with its antenna included, it stands a total of tall. The Empire State Building stood as the world's tallest building for nearly 40 years, from its completion in early 1931 until the topping out of the original World Trade Center's North Tower in late 1970. It has been featured in numerous films, TV shows, songs, video games, books, photographs, and",
"title": "Empire State Building in popular culture"
},
{
"id": "122762",
"text": "Mast) in 1954, and the tallest freestanding structure in the world until the completion of the Ostankino Tower in 1967. An early-1970s proposal to dismantle the spire and replace it with an additional 11 floors, which would have brought the building's height to 1,494 feet (455 m) and made it once again the world's tallest at the time, was considered but ultimately rejected. With the destruction of the World Trade Center in the September 11 attacks, the Empire State Building again became the tallest building in New York City, and the second-tallest building in the Americas, surpassed only by the",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "20395780",
"text": "artwork. Empire State Building in popular culture The Empire State Building is a 102-story skyscraper on Fifth Avenue between West 33rd and 34th Streets in Midtown, Manhattan, New York City. It has a roof height of 1,250 feet (381 m), and with its antenna included, it stands a total of tall. The Empire State Building stood as the world's tallest building for nearly 40 years, from its completion in early 1931 until the topping out of the original World Trade Center's North Tower in late 1970. It has been featured in numerous films, TV shows, songs, video games, books, photographs,",
"title": "Empire State Building in popular culture"
},
{
"id": "122664",
"text": "Building stood as the world's tallest building for nearly 40 years until the completion of the World Trade Center's North Tower in Lower Manhattan in late 1970. Following the September 11 attacks in 2001, it was again the tallest building in New York until the new One World Trade Center was completed in April 2012. The Empire State Building is an American cultural icon and has been featured in more than 250 TV shows and movies since the film \"King Kong\" was released in 1933. A symbol of New York City, the tower has been named as one of the",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "7175119",
"text": "Building, currently the tallest building in NYC outside Manhattan), and the Queens West development of several residential towers along the East River waterfront. The 1916 Zoning Resolution required setback in new buildings, and restricted towers to a percentage of the lot size, to allow sunlight to reach the streets below. The Empire State Building, a 102-story contemporary Art Deco style building, was designed by Shreve, Lamb and Harmon and finished in 1931. It was the world's tallest building for a record 42 years. The tower takes its name from the nickname of New York State and is currently the third",
"title": "Architecture of New York City"
},
{
"id": "122661",
"text": "executive, John J. Raskob, members of the du Pont family, and former New York governor Al Smith, who was tasked with heading the corporation. The original design of the Empire State Building was for a 50-story office building. However, after fifteen revisions, the final design was for an 86-story 1,250-foot building, with an airship mast on top. This ensured it would be the world's tallest building, beating the Chrysler Building and 40 Wall Street, two other Manhattan skyscrapers under construction at the time that were also vying for that distinction. Demolition of the Waldorf–Astoria began in October 1929, and the",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "122763",
"text": "Willis Tower in Chicago. The Empire State Building remained the tallest building in New York until the new One World Trade Center reached a greater height in April 2012. , it is the fourth-tallest building in New York City after One World Trade Center, 432 Park Avenue, and 30 Hudson Yards. It is the fifth-tallest completed skyscraper in the United States behind the two other tallest buildings in New York City, as well as the Willis Tower and Trump International Hotel and Tower in Chicago. The Empire State Building is the 28th-tallest in the world , the tallest being Burj",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "122674",
"text": "\"pencil\"-like shape. The original plan of the building was 50 stories, but was later increased to 60 and then 80 stories. Height restrictions were placed on nearby buildings to ensure that the top fifty floors of the planned 80-story, building would have unobstructed views of the city. \"The New York Times\" lauded the site's proximity to transportation, with the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit's 34th Street station and the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad's 33rd Street terminal one block away, as well as Penn Station two blocks away and the Grand Central Terminal nine blocks away at its closest. It also praised the of",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "122724",
"text": "the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, and confirmed by the New York City Board of Estimate. It was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1986. In 2007, it was ranked number one on the AIA's List of America's Favorite Architecture. The Empire State Building's art deco design is typical of pre–World War II architecture in New York. The modernistic, stainless steel canopies of the entrances on 33rd and 34th Streets lead to two-story-high corridors around the elevator core, crossed by stainless steel and glass-enclosed bridges at the second-floor level. The riveted steel frame of the building was originally",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "122698",
"text": "ending the great New York City skyscraper rivalry. At the time, most engineers agreed that it would be difficult to build a building taller than , even with the hardy Manhattan bedrock as a foundation. (Technically, it was believed possible to build a tower of up to , but it was deemed uneconomical to do so, especially during the Great Depression.) As the tallest building in the world, at that time, and the first one to exceed 100 floors, the Empire State Building became an icon of the city and, ultimately, of the nation. The Empire State Building's opening coincided",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "122665",
"text": "Seven Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers. The Empire State Building and its ground-floor interior have been designated as a city landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, and were confirmed as such by the New York City Board of Estimate. It was also designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986, and was ranked number one on the American Institute of Architects' List of America's Favorite Architecture in 2007. The Empire State Building is located on the west side of Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, between 33rd and 34th Streets. The tenants' main",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "85076",
"text": "Chrysler Building The Chrysler Building is an Art Deco–style skyscraper located on the East Side of Midtown Manhattan in New York City, at the intersection of 42nd Street and Lexington Avenue in the Turtle Bay neighborhood of Manhattan. At , the structure was the world's tallest building for 11 months before it was surpassed by the Empire State Building in 1931. It is the tallest brick building in the world with a steel framework. , the Chrysler is the eighth-tallest building in the city, tied with The New York Times Building. Originally a project of real estate developer and former",
"title": "Chrysler Building"
},
{
"id": "122671",
"text": "New York had moved much farther north than 34th Street. The Astor family decided to build a replacement hotel further uptown, and sold the hotel to Bethlehem Engineering Corporation in 1928 for $14–16 million. They closed the hotel on May 3, 1929. Bethlehem Engineering Corporation originally intended to build a 25-story office building on the Waldorf–Astoria site. The company's president, Floyd De L. Brown, paid $100,000 of the $1 million down payment required to start construction on the tower, with the promise that the difference would be paid later. Brown borrowed $900,000 from a bank, but then defaulted on the",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "85158",
"text": "modern tenants include: Chrysler Building The Chrysler Building is an Art Deco–style skyscraper located on the East Side of Midtown Manhattan in New York City, at the intersection of 42nd Street and Lexington Avenue in the Turtle Bay neighborhood of Manhattan. At , the structure was the world's tallest building for 11 months before it was surpassed by the Empire State Building in 1931. It is the tallest brick building in the world with a steel framework. , the Chrysler is the eighth-tallest building in the city, tied with The New York Times Building. Originally a project of real estate",
"title": "Chrysler Building"
},
{
"id": "6470809",
"text": "buildings are set around a row of three reflecting pools. On the west side are the four 23-story, Agency towers. On the east side is the Egg (Meeting Center) and the 44-floor () Erastus Corning Tower, which has an observation deck on the 42nd floor. On the south end is the Cultural Education Center, set on a higher platform; and on the north end is the New York State Capitol. While the Capitol predates the plaza, it is connected to the Concourse by an escalator which allows underground access to the rest of the plaza, most notably (to the New",
"title": "Empire State Plaza"
},
{
"id": "122718",
"text": "master lease by taking it from Empire State Building Associates. Upon Harry Helmsley's death in 1997, the Malkins sued Helmsley's widow, Leona Helmsley, for ownership of the building. With the destruction of the World Trade Center in the September 11 attacks in 2001, the Empire State Building again became the tallest building in New York City, but was only the second-tallest building in the Americas after the Willis Tower in Chicago. As a result of the attacks, transmissions from nearly all of the city's commercial television and FM radio stations were again broadcast from the Empire State Building. The attacks",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "14926345",
"text": "can be seen throughout the state. Manhattan's Empire State Building opened in 1931 and was the world's tallest building until the completion of the north tower of the World Trade Center in 1970. Following the September 11 attacks, the Empire State Building once again became the tallest building in Manhattan until One World Trade Center claimed the title in April 2012. 1939 New York World's Fair dubbed the span between the Trylon and N.Y. State Exhibit as The Empire State Bridge. The main offices of state government are located at the Empire State Plaza (ESP) in Albany, the state capital.",
"title": "Empire State"
},
{
"id": "16790306",
"text": "foyer gave way to red marble and a mural ceiling. The design of each part of the building was individualist and distinct, with even each elevator different in design. A Chrysler showroom was placed on the first floor of the building and an observation deck and the exclusive \"Cloud Club\" on the upper levels. The Empire State Building originated from a 1928 project to redevelop the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel into a 50-story mixed-use development; the purchase of the site for $14 million ($2.1 billion) set a record in New York for the year. John Raskob and Pierre du Pont entered into",
"title": "Early skyscrapers"
},
{
"id": "122722",
"text": "its 102nd floor, is , including its pinnacle. The building has 85 stories of commercial and office space representing a total of of rentable space. It has an indoor and outdoor observation deck on the 86th floor, the highest floor within the actual tower. The remaining 16 stories are part of the Art Deco spire, which is capped by an observatory on the 102nd-floor. The spire is hollow with no floors between levels 86 and 102. Atop the tower is the pinnacle, much of which is covered by broadcast antennas, and surmounted with a lightning rod. According to the official",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "122715",
"text": "Landmarks Preservation Commission voted to make the lobby a city landmark on May 19, 1981, citing the historic nature of the first and second floors, as well as \"the fixtures and interior components\" of the upper floors. The building became a National Historic Landmark in 1986 in close alignment to the New York City Landmarks report. That year, the Plaza Hotel and Metropolitan Museum of Art further uptown were also designated as National Historic Landmarks. The Empire State Building was added to the National Register of Historic Places the following year due to its architectural significance. From the early to",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "122666",
"text": "entrance is located at 350 Fifth Avenue, though in August 2018, a new visitor's entrance opened at 20 West 34th Street. Although physically located in South Midtown, a mixed residential and commercial area, the building is so large that it was assigned its own ZIP Code, 10118; it is one of 43 buildings in New York City that has its own ZIP Code. The area to the south and west features other major Manhattan landmarks as well, including Macy's at Herald Square on Sixth Avenue and 34th Street, Koreatown on 32nd Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues, Penn Station and",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "122723",
"text": "fact sheets the building rises 1,860 steps from the first to the 102nd floor, weighs , has an internal volume of , and an exterior with of limestone and granite. Construction of the tower's exterior required ten million bricks and of aluminum and stainless steel, and the interior required of elevator cable and of electrical wires. The building has a capacity for 20,000 tenants and 15,000 visitors. The building has been named as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers. The building and its street floor interior are designated landmarks of",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "14926340",
"text": "Empire State The U.S. state of New York has been known by many nicknames, most notably as the Empire State, adopted as late as the 19th century. This nickname has been incorporated into the names of several state buildings and events, and is commonly believed to refer to the state's wealth and resources. However, the origin of the term remains unclear. There are several theories on the origin of the name. Two of them involve George Washington, one credits aggressive trade routes, and another associates the nickname with New York exceeding Virginia in population. None has been proven. One commonly",
"title": "Empire State"
},
{
"id": "122729",
"text": "54 local elevators), and eight were for freight deliveries. The elevators were designed to move at . At the time of the skyscraper's construction, their practical speed was limited to as per city law, but this limit was removed shortly after the building opened. Additional elevators connect the 80th floor to the six floors above it, as the six extra floors were built after the original 80 stories were approved. The elevators were mechanically operated until 2011, when they were replaced with digital elevators during the $550 million renovation of the building. The Empire State Building has 73 elevators in",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "11719830",
"text": "the current time and temperature. Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York built the structure in 1950 for its corporate headquarters. The architect Shreve, Lamb and Harmon also designed the Empire State Building. It left the building after being acquired by AXA. Mutual Insurance had been renamed MONY Life Insurance Company in 1998. The building was completely renovated in 2007. 1740 Broadway 1740 Broadway (formerly the MONY Building or Mutual of New York Building) is a 26-story building in Midtown Manhattan in New York City which is owned by Equity Office Properties. Located on the east side of Broadway between",
"title": "1740 Broadway"
},
{
"id": "17374219",
"text": "Lafayette Park. Above it Alfred E. Smith Building's 34 stories tower over the New York State Capitol, also an NHL, across Washington Avenue (New York State Route 5) to the west. The taller towers of the modernist Empire State Plaza are to the southeast. East of the Court of Appeals building, across Lodge Street, is St. Mary's Church, home to the city's oldest Roman Catholic congregation and another listed property that contributes to the Downtown Albany Historic District. The building itself is a three-story, 11-by-7-bay structure with a wing on the north, two small wings on the east and a",
"title": "New York Court of Appeals Building"
},
{
"id": "6470805",
"text": "aspect of the Albany skyline. The Corning Tower is the tallest building in New York State outside of New York City; the Swan Street Building is more than a quarter of a mile long (400 meters), and modeled partly on Pharaoh Hatshepsut's Temple at Deir el-Bahri, Egypt. The Main Platform of the plaza itself is one of the largest buildings in the world. The complex incorporates of concrete, clad with of stone imported from many locations on three continents. A detailed walking tour guide can be downloaded, describing the many varieties of stone and concrete used in construction. At least",
"title": "Empire State Plaza"
},
{
"id": "122774",
"text": "with\". The historian John Tauranac calls the tower \"'the' twentieth-century New York building\", despite the existence of taller and more modernist buildings. Early in the building's history, travel companies such as Short Line Motor Coach Service and New York Central Railroad used the building as an icon to symbolize the city. After the construction of the first World Trade Center, architect Paul Goldberger noted that the Empire State Building \"is famous for being tall, but it is good enough to be famous for being good.\" As an icon of the United States, it is also very popular among Americans. In",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "561054",
"text": "plans to build the structure's trademark spire in secret, pushing the Chrysler Building to and making it the tallest in the world when it was completed in 1929. Both buildings were soon surpassed with the May 1931 completion of the 102-story Empire State Building with its Art Deco tower reaching at the top of the building. The high pinnacle was later added bringing the total height of the building to . The former Twin Towers of the World Trade Center were located in Lower Manhattan. At , the 110-story buildings were the world's tallest from 1972 until they were surpassed",
"title": "Manhattan"
},
{
"id": "16789674",
"text": "It is also said to prevent quarrels among family members in the houses which are painted with these symbols. The 102-story Empire State Building, located in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, at the intersection of Fifth Avenue and West 34th Street, is one of the world's most famous landmarks, and is generally thought of as an American cultural icon. Cited by Valerie Briginshaw as a symbol of American pride and \"the ultimate sign of American phallic power\", it was inaugurated on 31 May 1931. Designed in the Art Deco style, it has a roof height of 1,250 feet (381 meters),",
"title": "Phallic architecture"
},
{
"id": "7730656",
"text": "based on standard measurements, the 94th floor was numbered \"floor 100\", because the extra space was occupied by the high-ceilinged 91st floor, which was used for mechanical purposes. The still-incomplete tower became New York City's tallest building by roof height in April 2012, passing the roof height of the Empire State Building. President Barack Obama visited the construction site two months later and wrote, on a steel beam that would be hoisted to the top of the tower, the sentence \"We remember, we rebuild, we come back stronger!\" That same month, with the tower's structure nearing completion, the owners of",
"title": "One World Trade Center"
},
{
"id": "17708304",
"text": "collapsed at 9:59 a.m. after burning for 56 minutes in the fire caused by the impact of United Airlines Flight 175 and the explosion of its fuel. The new 81-story building, if erected, will have a total height of . In comparison, the Empire State Building's roof at the 102nd floor is tall, with its antenna, and the original 2 World Trade Center (referred to as the South Tower) was . The tower was originally designed by Foster and Partners, based in London, but has since been redesigned by the Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG). In Foster and Partners' design, the",
"title": "2 World Trade Center"
},
{
"id": "122680",
"text": "who had also constructed other New York City buildings such as the original Stuyvesant Town, Starrett City and Trump Tower. The project was financed primarily by Raskob and Pierre du Pont, while James Farley's General Builders Supply Corporation supplied the building materials. John W. Bowser was the construction superintendent of the proejct, and the structural engineer of the building was Homer G. Balcom. The tight completion schedule necessitated the commencement of construction even though the design had yet to be finalized. Demolition of the old Waldorf–Astoria began on October 1, 1929. Stripping the building down was an arduous process, as",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "13570326",
"text": "Khalifa. In this chart, time progresses from right to left. Note the early buildings that lost the title as their spires collapsed. After the construction of the Home Insurance Building in Chicago in the 19th century, the incrementation in the height of skyscrapers began with the construction of the Chrysler Building, followed by the Empire State Building, in New York City. The Chrysler Building was the first building in the world to break the barrier, and the Empire State Building was the first building to have more than 100 floors. It stands at and has 102 floors. The next tallest",
"title": "History of the world's tallest buildings"
},
{
"id": "6842164",
"text": "cut by state prisoners at Sing Sing. The granite structure is 220 feet (67 m) tall at its highest point, and it is one of eleven U.S. state capitols that does not have a domed roof. Underground tunnels connect it to the Empire State Plaza and Alfred E. Smith Building. The building's exterior underwent restoration from 2000 until fall 2014. The Assembly Chamber was built with the world's largest open arched span. However, this produced very inconvenient acoustic results. A more serious problem was the structure's shifting foundations that made the vaults unstable. A lower false ceiling was introduced to",
"title": "New York State Capitol"
},
{
"id": "8048513",
"text": "Erastus Corning Tower The Erastus Corning Tower, also known as the Mayor Erastus Corning 2nd Tower or simply the Corning Tower, is a skyscraper located in downtown Albany, New York. Completed in 1966 and sided with Vermont Pearl marble and glass, the state office building is part of the Empire State Plaza. At 589 feet (180 m) and 44 stories in height, it is the tallest skyscraper in the state of New York outside of the city of New York. Erastus Corning 2nd, the building's namesake, was the mayor of Albany for over 40 years from 1941 to 1983. The",
"title": "Erastus Corning Tower"
},
{
"id": "626453",
"text": "constructed in 1929 as the Albany Municipal Golf Course, later renamed the Capital Hills at Albany, and remodeled in 1991. The Empire State Plaza, a collection of state agency office buildings, dominates almost any view of Albany. Built between 1965 and 1978 at the hand of Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller and architect Wallace Harrison, the complex is a powerful example of late American modern architecture and remains a controversial building project both for displacing city residents and for its architectural style. The most recognizable aspect of the complex is the Erastus Corning Tower, the tallest building in New York outside",
"title": "Albany, New York"
},
{
"id": "16223427",
"text": "Its footprint became one of New York's most valuable development sites due to its location between East 56th and 57th Streets on the west side of Park Avenue. As completed, 432 Park Avenue is the third-tallest building in the United States and the tallest residential building in the world. It is the second-tallest building in New York City, behind One World Trade Center, and ahead of the Empire State Building. It is also the first, and so far only, building in New York City outside the World Trade Center Complex to be taller than the original twin towers. 432 Park",
"title": "432 Park Avenue"
},
{
"id": "6470817",
"text": "Tower, the observation deck is free and open to the public on weekdays. However, it does not feature a 360-degree view because it has no windows on the west side. The tower is the tallest building in New York State outside of New York City. The complex was the subject of significant controversy around the time of its construction. About 7,000 people were evicted under eminent domain, mostly from working-class and poorer sections of older Albany. The construction of the plaza occurred during the decline of Albany's downtown shopping district, and the massive displacement of population allegedly hastened the process.",
"title": "Empire State Plaza"
},
{
"id": "122745",
"text": "top of the building until 1950 when the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ordered the exclusive deal be terminated. The FCC directive was based on consumer complaints that a common location was necessary for the seven extant New York-area television stations to transmit from so that receiving antennas would not have to be constantly adjusted. Other television broadcasters would later join RCA at the building on the 81st through 83rd floors, often along with sister FM stations. Construction of a dedicated broadcast tower began on July 27, 1950, with TV, and FM, transmissions starting in 1951. The broadcast tower was completed",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "122719",
"text": "also led to an increase in security due to persistent terror threats against New York City landmarks. In 2002, Trump and Yokoi sold their land claim to the Empire State Building Associates, now headed by Malkin, in a $57.5 million sale. This action merged the building's title and lease for the first time in half a century. Despite the lingering threat posed by the 9/11 attacks, the Empire State Building remained popular with 3.5 million visitors to the observatories in 2004, compared to about 2.8 million in 2003. Leona Helmsley's remaining share in the building was bought by Peter Malkin's",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "5437007",
"text": "Bank of America Tower (Manhattan) The Bank of America Tower (BOAT) at One Bryant Park is a skyscraper in the Midtown area of Manhattan in New York City. It is located on Avenue of the Americas, between 42nd and 43rd Streets, opposite Bryant Park. The project was designed by COOKFOX Architects, and advertised to be one of the most efficient and ecologically friendly buildings in the world. It is the fifth tallest building in New York City, after One World Trade Center, 432 Park Avenue, 30 Hudson Yards, and the Empire State Building, and the seventh tallest building in the",
"title": "Bank of America Tower (Manhattan)"
},
{
"id": "122662",
"text": "foundation of the Empire State Building was excavated before demolition was even complete. Construction on the building itself started on March 17, 1930, with an average construction rate of four and a half floors per week. A well-coordinated schedule meant that the 86 stories were topped out on September 19, six months after construction started, and the mast was completed by November 21. From that point, interior work proceeded at a quick pace, and it was opened on May 1, 1931, thirteen and a half months after the first steel beam was erected. In a ceremony held in Washington D.C.,",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "7175115",
"text": "the need for excessively high water pressures at lower elevations, which could burst municipal water pipes. Garden apartments became popular during the 1920s in outlying areas, including Jackson Heights in Queens, which became more accessible with expansion of the subway. New York has two main concentrations of high-rise buildings: Midtown Manhattan and Lower Manhattan, each with its own uniquely recognizable skyline. Midtown Manhattan, the largest central business district in the world, is home to such notable buildings as the Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building, Citigroup Center and Rockefeller Center. Lower Manhattan comprises the third largest central business district in",
"title": "Architecture of New York City"
},
{
"id": "122741",
"text": "including large LED panels, digital ticket kiosks in nine languages, and a two-story architectural model of the building surrounded by two metal staircases. The first phase of the renovation, to be completed by 2019, would feature an updated exterior lighting system and digital hosts. The final stage of the building was the installation of a hollow mast, a steel shaft fitted with elevators and utilities, above the 86th floor. At the top would be a conical roof and the 102nd-floor docking station. The elevators would ascend from the 86th floor ticket offices to a 101st-floor waiting room. From there, stairs",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "14681242",
"text": "the Empire State Building in New York City, which became the tallest building in the city. With its 135 meters, it has become a notable landmark in the city's skyline. In 2001, the Mondriaan Tower and Breitner Tower were completed. The Breitner Tower became the headquarters of Philips Electronics and is therefore also known as the Philips Tower. The Mondriaan currently houses the headquarters of Delta Lloyd Insurance Group and Rabobank Amsterdam. Next to the Rembrandt Tower, on the site of the headquarters of the former Postbank, is the \"Leeuwenburg\" building of the Hogeschool van Amsterdam (HvA), the city's university",
"title": "Omval"
},
{
"id": "14926347",
"text": "on New York State license plates from 1951 through 1963 and since 2001. In 2009, Jay-Z and Alicia Keys released the 5x-platinum single \"Empire State of Mind.\" Empire State The U.S. state of New York has been known by many nicknames, most notably as the Empire State, adopted as late as the 19th century. This nickname has been incorporated into the names of several state buildings and events, and is commonly believed to refer to the state's wealth and resources. However, the origin of the term remains unclear. There are several theories on the origin of the name. Two of",
"title": "Empire State"
},
{
"id": "11995538",
"text": "15 Penn Plaza 15 Penn Plaza, also known as the Vornado Tower, is a 68-story tower proposed by Vornado Realty Trust to be located in Midtown Manhattan on Seventh Avenue between 32nd and 33rd Streets, on the site of present-day Hotel Pennsylvania. The Hiller Group is the designer. Despite only having 68 floors, it would be just shorter than the Empire State Building, which has 102 floors. The building would have 430 units on 68 floors and 2,050,000 square feet (190,451 m²) of floor space. It would be in height, in addition to being away from, and shorter than, the",
"title": "15 Penn Plaza"
},
{
"id": "3818666",
"text": "for him, as is the \"Corning Preserve\", a nature trail and fishing site on the western banks of the Hudson River in Albany. The tower is part of the Empire State Plaza, a , 11-building state government office and cultural complex. Some believe that the building was named after Corning because it has 42 floors (which is the same as the number of years he served as mayor), but the building actually has 44 floors with an observation deck on Floor 42. Completed in 1973, the skyscraper was dedicated to Corning upon his death in 1983. Queen Wilhelmina of the",
"title": "Erastus Corning 2nd"
},
{
"id": "6470791",
"text": "Empire State Plaza The Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza (known commonly as the Empire State Plaza, and also as the South Mall) is a complex of several state government buildings in downtown Albany, New York. The complex was built between 1965 and 1976 at an estimated total cost of $2 billion. It houses several departments of the New York State administration and is integrated with the New York State Capitol, completed in 1899, which houses the state legislature. Among the offices at the plaza are the Department of Health and the Biggs Laboratory of the Wadsworth Center. The",
"title": "Empire State Plaza"
},
{
"id": "14555331",
"text": "Hill Building The Hill Building is a 17-story modernistic skyscraper located in Durham, North Carolina. Built in 1935-1937, the Hill Building was designed by New York City architecture firm Shreve, Lamb & Harmon, best known for the design of the Empire State Building. Named for John Sprunt Hill, and built to house the Durham Bank & Trust Company, the building is outfitted with Art Deco ornamentation, interior fluted doors and an exquisitely crafted letter box. The building is in the heart of downtown Durham, located at the intersection of Main and Corcoran Streets. The Hill building was home to Durham-based",
"title": "Hill Building"
},
{
"id": "122689",
"text": "steel structure had risen to the 26th floor, and by July 27, half of the steel structure had been completed. Starrett Bros. and Eken endeavored to build one floor a day in order to speed up construction, a goal that they almost reached with their pace of stories per week; prior to this, the fastest pace of construction for a building of similar height had been stories per week. While construction progressed, the final designs for the floors were being designed from the ground up (as opposed to the general design, which had been from the roof down). Some of",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "122716",
"text": "mid 1990s, the building underwent a $55 million series of upgrades with the alarm systems, elevators, windows, and air conditioning being replaced, the 86th floor observation deck made accessible to disabled visitors, and the facade again refurbished. Prudential sold the land under the building in 1991 for $42 million to a buyer representing hotelier Hideki Yokoi, who was imprisoned at the time in connection with a deadly fire at the Hotel New Japan hotel in Tokyo. The land was bought jointly by Donald Trump and Hideki Yokoi in 1994. Having secured a half-ownership of the land, Trump devised plans to",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "14926346",
"text": "Its most iconic structure is the Erastus Corning Tower, the tallest building in New York outside of New York City. The nickname has also been used for train routes. The Empire State Express of the New York Central Railroad was established in 1891, and Amtrak currently offers its Empire Service from New York City to Buffalo via Albany. SUNY Empire State College was established in 1971 in Saratoga Springs and makes use of the name. The Empire State Games were established in 1978 as an Olympic-style competition for amateur athletes from New York. Additionally, the term \"Empire State\" was included",
"title": "Empire State"
},
{
"id": "11995545",
"text": "Penn was put on hold indefinitely. Still, as of February 2015, Vornado Chairman & CEO Steve Roth was non-committal to the project: 15 Penn Plaza 15 Penn Plaza, also known as the Vornado Tower, is a 68-story tower proposed by Vornado Realty Trust to be located in Midtown Manhattan on Seventh Avenue between 32nd and 33rd Streets, on the site of present-day Hotel Pennsylvania. The Hiller Group is the designer. Despite only having 68 floors, it would be just shorter than the Empire State Building, which has 102 floors. The building would have 430 units on 68 floors and 2,050,000",
"title": "15 Penn Plaza"
},
{
"id": "122727",
"text": "to allow sunlight to reach the streets as well. Normally, a building of the Empire State's dimensions would be permitted to build up to 12 stories on the Fifth Avenue side, and up to 17 stories on the 33rd/34th Streets side, before it would have to utilize setbacks. However, the setbacks were arranged such that the largest setback was on the sixth floor, above the five-floor \"base\", so the rest of the building above the sixth floor would have a facade of uniform shape. The Empire State Building was the first building to have more than 100 floors. It has",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "8412698",
"text": "Education Center upon the Empire State Plaza's completion. The current location opened on July 4, 1976, and 15,000 people took part in the ceremony. With Don Mclean performing at the opening ceremony. In June 2015, the museum announced the largest renovation in its history. Over three to four years, of exhibition space will be modernized. The large majority of the museum’s permanent exhibits are located in the voluminous first floor. Several galleries and halls on the first floor house various temporary art exhibitions, as well as temporary scientific, historical and cultural exhibits. Presentations and lectures (such as the weekly Lecture",
"title": "New York State Museum"
},
{
"id": "122677",
"text": "reviewed the plans and had five floors added as well as a spire; however, the new floors would need to be set back because of projected wind pressure on the extension. On November 18, 1929, Smith acquired a lot at 27–31 West 33rd Street, adding to the width of the proposed office building's site. Two days later, Smith announced the updated plans for the skyscraper that included an observation deck on the 86th-floor roof at a height of , higher than the Chrysler's 71st-floor observation deck. The 1,050-foot Empire State Building would only be taller than the Chrysler Building, and",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "122675",
"text": "proposed floor space near \"one of the busiest sections in the world\". While plans for the Empire State Building were being finalized, an intense competition in New York for the title of \"world's tallest building\" was underway. 40 Wall Street (then the Bank of Manhattan Building) and the Chrysler Building in Manhattan both vied for this distinction and were already under construction when work began on the Empire State Building. The \"Race into the Sky\", as popular media called it at the time, was representative of the country's optimism in the 1920s, fueled by the building boom in major cities.",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "7455915",
"text": "and since 2014, it has been part of the Wyndham Hotels & Resorts chain. Due to its noticeable marquee and proximity to the Empire State Building, it makes appearances in many films and is the backdrop for TV-studio reports and interviews broadcast worldwide from New York by BBC News. The New Yorker Hotel was built by Garment Center developer Mack Kanner. When the project was announced in 1928, the Sugarman and Berger designed building was planned to be 38 stories, at an estimated cost of $8 million. However, when it was completed in 1929, the building had grown to 43",
"title": "Wyndham New Yorker Hotel"
},
{
"id": "122740",
"text": "partially funding some of the other retrofits. The Empire State Building won a gold Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating in September 2011, as well as the World Federation of Great Towers' Excellence in Environment Award for 2010. The building started undergoing a 10-year renovation in the 2010s to further improve energy efficiency, public areas, and amenities. In August 2018, in a move to improve the flow of visitor traffic, the main visitor's entrance was shifted to 20 West 34th Street as part of a major renovation of the observatory lobby. The new lobby includes several technological features,",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "5625235",
"text": "Deutsche Bank Building The Deutsche Bank Building (formerly Bankers Trust Plaza) was a 39-story office skyscraper located at 130 Liberty Street in New York City, adjacent to the World Trade Center site. The building opened in 1974 and closed following the September 11 attacks, due to contamination that spread from the collapse of the South Tower. The structure existed from 1974 to 2007, and was designed by Shreve, Lamb and Harmon, which also designed the famous Empire State Building. The building was purchased by Deutsche Bank when it acquired Bankers Trust in 1998. It was part of the skyline of",
"title": "Deutsche Bank Building"
},
{
"id": "11581013",
"text": "Empire Building (Manhattan) The Empire Building located at 71 Broadway on the corner of Rector Street in the Financial District of Manhattan, New York City is a 21-story (69.3 m) steel framed curtain-wall skyscraper designed by Kimball & Thompson in the Classical Revival style and built by Marc Eidlitz & Son from 1895 to 1898. It is one of the earliest skyscrapers built on pneumatic caissons and one of the oldest still standing today. The building was the home of United States Steel Corporation from its founding in 1901 to 1976. Since 1997, it has served as an apartment building.",
"title": "Empire Building (Manhattan)"
},
{
"id": "122732",
"text": "floor, which leads from the entrance on the east to the aluminum relief on the west. The chapel-like three-story-high lobby, which runs parallel to 33rd and 34th Streets, contains storefronts on both its northern and southern sides. These storefronts are framed on each side by tubes of dark \"modernistically rounded marble\", according to the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, and above by a vertical band of grooves set into the marble. Immediately inside the lobby is an airport-style security checkpoint. The walls on both the northern and southern sides of the lobby house storefronts and escalators to a mezzanine",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "14897963",
"text": "the city spread out to its current boundaries, although there have been some large government building complexes in the modernist style, such as Empire State Plaza, which includes the Erastus Corning Tower, the tallest building in New York outside of New York City. Owing to Albany's status as New York's state capital, many of its most architecturally notable buildings are government buildings, such as the state capitol and city hall. The city also boasts many prominent churches, such as All Saints and Immaculate Conception cathedrals, the diocesan seats of the Episcopal and Roman Catholic churches respectively. Downtown has some prominent",
"title": "Architecture of Albany, New York"
},
{
"id": "403175",
"text": "example the Empire State Building in New York City, United States completed in 1931 and is still in active use. Skyscrapers have considerable mass, which means that they must be built on a sturdier foundation than would be required for shorter, lighter buildings. Building materials must also be lifted to the top of a skyscraper during construction, requiring more energy than would be necessary at lower heights. Furthermore, a skyscraper consumes a lot of electricity because potable and non-potable water has to be pumped to the highest occupied floors, skyscrapers are usually designed to be mechanically ventilated, elevators are generally",
"title": "Skyscraper"
},
{
"id": "15123560",
"text": "carry fully loaded 20 ton trucks. Because of the warehouse mission of the building it was able to avoid some of the setback rules that greatly reduced the buildable space available for the skyscrapers that mark the Manhattan skyline. As a result, the 15-story building with its football field size floors has more available rentable square footage than the 102-story Empire State Building which has 2.2 million square feet. The construction occurred at a time of a massive projects built to deal with what at the time was street level freight railroad traffic on Manhattan's west side. Other projects in",
"title": "111 Eighth Avenue"
},
{
"id": "2690398",
"text": "floor interior were designated New York City Landmarks in June 2011. As of 2016, the building is a luxury rental residential property. The Cities Service Building was constructed during the New York skyscraper race, which accounts for its gothic-like spire-topped appearance, a popular architectural style at that time. When completed it was the third-tallest building in the world, after the Empire State Building and the Chrysler Building. It was the last skyscraper to be built in Lower Manhattan prior to World War II, and was the tallest building in Lower Manhattan until the 1970s when the World Trade Center was",
"title": "70 Pine Street"
},
{
"id": "122668",
"text": "New York Public Library's Science, Industry and Business Library, which is located on the same block as the City University of New York's Graduate Center. The tract was originally part of Mary and John Murray's farm on Murray Hill. The earliest recorded major action on the site was during the American Revolutionary War, when General George Washington's troops were retreating from the British following the Battle of Kip's Bay. In 1799, John Thompson (or Thomson; accounts vary) bought a tract of land roughly bounded by Madison Avenue, 36th Street, Sixth Avenue, and 33rd Street, immediately north of the Caspar Samler",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "122721",
"text": "the legitimate owners, who at that time were Empire State Land Associates. The building's public areas received a $550 million renovation in 2009 (see ). The building received new air conditioning, waterproofing, a renovated observation deck and lobby, and a relocated 80th-floor gift shop. This included $120 million of energy efficient upgrades, which allowed the building to receive a gold Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating in September 2011. The new One World Trade Center surpassed the Empire State Building as the tallest LEED-certified building when it opened in 2014. The height of the Empire State Building, to",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "10670983",
"text": "New York Life Building The New York Life Insurance Building, New York, located at 51 Madison Avenue, Manhattan, New York City, across from Madison Square Park, is the headquarters of the New York Life Insurance Company. Designed in 1926 by Cass Gilbert, who also designed the landmark Woolworth Building, the massive building rises forty stories to its pyramidal gilded roof while occupying the full block between 26th Street, 27th Street, Madison Avenue and Park Avenue South, a rarity in Manhattan. The New York Life Building stands tall and contains 40 floors. Inspired by Salisbury Cathedral, it was the last significant",
"title": "New York Life Building"
},
{
"id": "12739066",
"text": "Pizitz Building. Construction began on February 12, 2015. As of May 2015, the \"Leer Tower\" signage as well as the ground floor sliding have been removed. On August 6, 2016, the top portion of the rooftop mooring mast was replaced to return it to its original appearance. The structure will feature LED lighting that can be remotely changed in color and intensity to mark specific occasions, much like is done at the Empire State Building in New York. It reopened in 2017. Thomas Jefferson Hotel The Thomas Jefferson Tower is a 19-story building, completed in 1929 as the 350-room Thomas",
"title": "Thomas Jefferson Hotel"
},
{
"id": "122678",
"text": "Raskob was afraid that Chrysler might try to \"pull a trick like hiding a rod in the spire and then sticking it up at the last minute.\" The plans were revised one last time in December 1929, to include a 16-story, metal \"crown\" and an additional mooring mast intended for dirigibles. The roof height was now , making it the tallest building in the world by far, even without the antenna. The addition of the dirigible station meant that another floor, the now-enclosed 86th floor, would have to be built below the crown; however, unlike the Chrysler's spire, the Empire",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "122711",
"text": "1961, the same year that Helmsley, Wien, and Malkin had purchased the Empire State Building, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey formally backed plans for a new World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan. The plan originally included 66-story twin towers with column-free open spaces. The Empire State's owners and real estate speculators were worried that the twin towers' of office space would create a glut of rentable space in Manhattan as well as take away the Empire State Building's profits from lessees. A revision in the World Trade Center's plan brought the twin towers to each or",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "6470804",
"text": "clay deposits underlying the site. The placement of starkly abstract geometric building forms on a monolithic plaza is said to represent Rockefeller's concept of architecture as similar to sculpture. The exterior columns and narrow windows of the buildings resemble the style of the former World Trade Center towers in New York City, which were completed around the same time. Wallace Harrison served as supervising architect for the entire project, with other associated firms as listed below. The buildings constituting the plaza include: The scale of the buildings in the plaza is imposing, and the complex is the most easily recognizable",
"title": "Empire State Plaza"
},
{
"id": "6470818",
"text": "Numerous restaurants, specialty shops, two major department stores, and downtown's last movie theater had shuttered by the end of construction. The majority of the displaced residents had not owned cars, and they had shopped locally. The construction of the elevated plaza separated the largely residential neighborhoods surrounding Washington Park and points west, from the largely commercial streets between the State Capitol and the Hudson River. The plaza has also been criticized for the cost of its lavish architecture (marble and other imported stone are used throughout), its sheer size, and its period architecture. In a sharply critical 1976 \"New York",
"title": "Empire State Plaza"
},
{
"id": "2780007",
"text": "the 1990 TV movie \"Leona Helmsley: The Queen of Mean\", which starred Lloyd Bridges as Harry and Suzanne Pleshette as Leona. Pleshette was nominated for an Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award for the portrayal. Harry Helmsley Harry Brakmann Helmsley (March 4, 1909 – January 4, 1997) was an American real estate billionaire whose company, Helmsley-Spear, became one of the country's biggest property holders, owning the Empire State Building and many of New York's most prestigious hotels. From humble beginnings, Helmsley moved up in property through natural salesmanship, a willingness to delegate, and shrewd acquisition policies that were ahead",
"title": "Harry Helmsley"
},
{
"id": "2041486",
"text": "Midtown Manhattan Midtown Manhattan is the central portion of the borough of Manhattan in New York City. Midtown is home to some of the city's most iconic buildings, including the Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building, the headquarters of the United Nations, Grand Central Terminal, and Rockefeller Center, as well as Broadway and Times Square. Midtown Manhattan is the largest central business district in the world and ranks among the most expensive pieces of real estate; Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan commands the world's highest retail rents, with average annual rents at US in 2017. Midtown is the country's largest",
"title": "Midtown Manhattan"
},
{
"id": "18361922",
"text": "income property accessible to groups of individual investors for the first time. Malkin helped to expand Wien's already substantial portfolio which included many of New York City's most prominent landmarks including the Empire State Building (which they bought in 1961 partnering with Harry Helmsley from Henry Crown), the Equitable Building, the Graybar Building, the Fisk Building, the Garment Centre Capitol Building, the Fifth Avenue Building, the Lincoln Building as well as many prominent hotels including the Plaza Hotel, the Taft Hotel, Hotel St. Moritz, the Lexington Hotel, and the Hotel Governor Clinton. Malkin also helped to expand the firm's activities",
"title": "Peter L. Malkin"
},
{
"id": "122752",
"text": "floor observatory was closed to the public from the late 1990s to 2005. The observation decks were redesigned in mid-1979. According to a 2010 report by Concierge.com, the five lines to enter the observation decks are \"as legendary as the building itself\". Concierge.com stated that there are five lines: the sidewalk line, the lobby elevator line, the ticket purchase line, the second elevator line, and the line to get off the elevator and onto the observation deck. However, in 2016, New York City's official tourism website, NYCgo.com, made note of only three lines: the security check line, the ticket purchase",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "11581014",
"text": "It was designated a New York City landmark in 1996 and placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. In 1884, Orlando B. Potter purchased a six-story 1859 brownstone office building at 71 Broadway. It was the site of an assassination attempt on Russell Sage in 1891. After Potter died suddenly in 1894, his estate, managed by his children, commissioned the current building. On April 23, 1919, the United States Steel Corporation, a major tenant since its formation in 1901, bought the building from the Potter trust for approximately US$5 million in cash. It was their world headquarters",
"title": "Empire Building (Manhattan)"
},
{
"id": "2630478",
"text": "22nd tallest in New York City and the 47th tallest in the United States. It stands 400 feet (122 m) shorter than the Empire State Building. 30 Rockefeller Center underwent a $170 million floor-by-floor interior renovation in 2014. The construction of Rockefeller Center occurred between 1932 and 1940 on land that John D. Rockefeller Jr. leased from Columbia University. The Rockefeller Center site was originally supposed to be occupied by a new opera house for the Metropolitan Opera. By 1928, Benjamin Wistar Morris and designer Joseph Urban were hired to come up with blueprints for the house. However, the new",
"title": "30 Rockefeller Plaza"
},
{
"id": "122697",
"text": "floor including Jimmy Walker, Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Al Smith. An account from that day stated that the view from the luncheon was obscured by a fog, with other landmarks such as the Statue of Liberty being \"lost in the mist\". The building officially opened the next day. Advertisements for the observatories were placed in local newspapers, while nearby hotels also released advertisements that lauded their proximity to the newly opened tower. According to \"The New York Times\", builders and real estate speculators predicted that the Empire State Building would be the world's tallest building \"for many years\", thus",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "2711579",
"text": "Waldorf Astoria New York The Waldorf Astoria New York is a luxury hotel in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. The hotel has been housed in two historic landmark buildings in New York. The first, bearing the same name, was built in two stages, as the Waldorf Hotel and the Astoria Hotel, which accounts for its dual name. That original site was situated on Astor family properties along Fifth Avenue, opened in 1893, and designed by Henry J. Hardenbergh. It was demolished in 1929 to make way for the construction of the Empire State Building. The present building, at 301 Park",
"title": "Waldorf Astoria New York"
},
{
"id": "2041501",
"text": "operates 12 firehouses, organized into three battalions in Midtown Manhattan. Several countries, including Argentina, The Bahamas, People's Republic of China, Costa Rica, Germany, Ireland, Israel, Jamaica, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, United Kingdom, and Ukraine, have consulates-general in Midtown Manhattan accredited to the United States. In addition, the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office of the Republic of China (Taiwan) is in Midtown Manhattan. Midtown Manhattan Midtown Manhattan is the central portion of the borough of Manhattan in New York City. Midtown is home to some of the city's most iconic buildings, including the Empire State Building,",
"title": "Midtown Manhattan"
},
{
"id": "6470810",
"text": "York State Legislature, at least), the Legislative Office Building. The plaza is connected to the Times Union Center (a covered sports arena, known formerly as the Pepsi Arena, and originally named the Knickerbocker Arena) by a pedestrian bridge and to the New York State Capitol by an underground tunnel. Additionally a tunnel that runs under the West Capitol Park connects the Capitol building with the Alfred E. Smith Building at 80 South Swan Street. The entire complex is wheelchair-accessible, except the State Street Capitol entrance and the Concourse tunnel to the Swan Street Building. An access map is available onsite",
"title": "Empire State Plaza"
},
{
"id": "122766",
"text": "as well as the insertion of retroactive provisions into the law, allowing people to sue the government for the incident. Also as a result of the crash, the Civil Aeronautics Administration enacted strict regulations regarding flying over New York City, setting a minimum flying altitude of above sea level regardless of the weather conditions. A year later, on July 24, 1946, another aircraft narrowly missed striking the building. The unidentified twin-engine plane scraped past the observation deck, scaring the tourists there. On January 24, 2000, an elevator in the building suddenly descended 40 stories after a cable that controlled the",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "7985993",
"text": "Alfred E. Smith Building The Alfred E. Smith Building, known officially as the Alfred E. Smith State Office Building and sometimes called simply the Smith Building, is a structure located in downtown Albany, New York across the street from the New York State Capitol and One Commerce Plaza. The building's namesake, Alfred Emmanuel Smith, was a four-term governor of New York and the Democratic Party's nomination for the 1928 presidential election. The Art Deco skyscraper has 34 stories and at 388 feet (118 m) is Albany's second tallest structure (after the Erastus Corning Tower). Completed in 1928, it houses offices",
"title": "Alfred E. Smith Building"
},
{
"id": "122748",
"text": "Building. The September 11 attacks in 2001 destroyed the World Trade Center and the broadcast centers atop it, leaving most of the city's stations without a station for ten days until a temporary tower was built in Alpine, New Jersey. By October 2001, nearly all of the city's commercial broadcast stations (both television and FM radio) were again transmitting from the top of the Empire State Building. In a report that Congress commissioned about the transition from analog television to digital television, it was stated that the placement of broadcast stations in the Empire State Building was considered \"problematic\" due",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "3581162",
"text": "120 Collins Street 120 Collins Street is a skyscraper in Collins Street, Melbourne central business district, Victoria, Australia. It was built from 1989 to 1991 and it comprises 50 levels of office accommodation and four levels of plant. The building was designed by architectural firm Hassell, in association with Daryl Jackson. Structural engineers were Connell Wagner, and mechanical, electrical and fire services engineers were Lincolne Scott. 120 Collins Street is a postmodern style building, paying homage to New York City's grand Art Deco buildings, such as the Empire State Building and the Chrysler Building. This influence can be seen in",
"title": "120 Collins Street"
},
{
"id": "5039795",
"text": "of buildings, most notably the Chrysler Building located across the street, the observatory has been long closed. The self-supporting tower atop the building was the original transmission site for WQXR-FM from 1941 to 1965, when it moved to the Empire State Building. Notes Chanin Building The Chanin Building is a brick and terra-cotta skyscraper located at 122 East 42nd Street, at the corner of Lexington Avenue, in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Built by Irwin S. Chanin in 1927–1929, it is 56 stories high, reaching excluding the spire and including it. It was designed by Sloan & Robertson in the",
"title": "Chanin Building"
},
{
"id": "122743",
"text": "be given permission to take pictures there. Above the 103rd floor, there is a set of stairs and a ladder to reach the spire for maintenance work. The mast's 480 windows were all replaced in 2015. Broadcasting began at the Empire State Building on December 22, 1931, when NBC and RCA began transmitting experimental television broadcasts from a small antenna erected atop the spire, with two separate transmitters for the visual and audio data. They leased the 85th floor and built a laboratory there. In 1934, RCA was joined by Edwin Howard Armstrong in a cooperative venture to test his",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "5437014",
"text": "to the large energy usage in the Bank of America Tower and the comparatively small occupancy rate of the Empire State Building. In summer 2013, the Durst Organization employed Brooklyn Grange Rooftop Farm to install and maintain two honeybee hives on the building. With the architectural spire included, the structural height of the Bank of America Tower is , making it the fifth tallest building in New York City (after One World Trade Center, 432 Park Avenue, 30 Hudson Yards, and the Empire State Building). A formal ruling by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat confirmed this. In",
"title": "Bank of America Tower (Manhattan)"
},
{
"id": "7642151",
"text": "Trust Building, which was a vacant seventy-one story skyscraper on Wall Street. After an extensive renovation, the high-rise was renamed the Trump Building at 40 Wall Street. In 1997, he began construction on Riverside South, which he dubbed Trump Place, a multi-building development along the Hudson River. He and the other investors in the project ultimately sold their interest for $1.8 billion in 2005 in what was then the biggest residential sale in the history of New York City. From 1994 to 2002, Trump owned a 50 percent share of the Empire State Building. He intended to rename it \"Trump",
"title": "Donald Trump"
},
{
"id": "5134952",
"text": "the Empire State Building—during the late 1920s. These two skyscrapers were not topped off until their soaring heights seemed rather overoptimistic. The construction of the Rockefeller Center also occurred during this time, becoming one of the largest-ever private development projects at the time. The city grew outward, too, with residential development replacing most of the farmland of eastern Brooklyn, eastern Bronx, and much of Queens. The Great Depression, which was to affect the rest of the world, began with the Stock Market Crash of 1929. The recently completed Empire State Building would be known as the \"Empty State Building\" for",
"title": "History of New York City (1898–1945)"
},
{
"id": "122672",
"text": "loan. The land was then resold to Empire State Inc., a group of wealthy investors that included Louis G. Kaufman, Ellis P. Earle, John J. Raskob, Coleman du Pont, and Pierre S. du Pont. The name came from the state nickname for New York. Alfred E. Smith, a former Governor of New York and U.S. presidential candidate whose 1928 campaign had been managed by Raskob, was appointed head of the company. The group also purchased nearby land so they would have the needed for the tower's base, with the combined plot measuring wide by long. The Empire State Inc. consortium",
"title": "Empire State Building"
},
{
"id": "2780000",
"text": "early stages of his career, his portfolio consisted mainly of smaller properties in less-affluent parts of New York City, though it was extensive and highly profitable. In 1954, Helmsley bought the Lincoln Building, a major office skyscraper on Forty-second Street. A year later, he bought a real estate management company owned by Leon Spear, and the firm became known as Helmsley-Spear. In 1961, he bought the Empire State Building—then the tallest building in the world—against warnings that the maintenance costs would be too high. Other notable New York office properties that Helmsley owned during his career included the Helmsley Building",
"title": "Harry Helmsley"
},
{
"id": "122708",
"text": "was brokered by the Charles F. Noyes Company, a prominent real estate firm in upper Manhattan, for $51 million, the highest price paid for a single structure at the time. By this time, the Empire State had been fully leased for several years with a waiting list of parties looking to lease space in the building, according to the \"Cortland Standard\". That year, six news companies formed a partnership to pay a combined annual fee of $600,000 to use the tower's antenna, which was completed in 1953. Crown bought out his partners' ownership stakes in 1954, becoming the sole owner.",
"title": "Empire State Building"
}
] | how many stories is the empire state building in new york |
[
"Kevin Kline"
] | [
{
"id": "18366415",
"text": "Avengers: Infinity War Avengers: Infinity War is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to 2012's \"The Avengers\" and 2015's \"\", and the nineteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film is directed by Anthony and Joe Russo, written by Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely, and features an ensemble cast including Robert Downey Jr., Chris Hemsworth, Mark Ruffalo, Chris Evans, Scarlett Johansson, Benedict Cumberbatch, Don Cheadle, Tom Holland, Chadwick Boseman, Paul Bettany, Elizabeth Olsen, Anthony",
"title": "Avengers: Infinity War"
},
{
"id": "18293477",
"text": "Star Wars: The Last Jedi Star Wars: The Last Jedi (also known as Star Wars: Episode VIII – The Last Jedi) is a 2017 American space opera film written and directed by Rian Johnson. It is the second installment of the \"Star Wars\" sequel trilogy and the eighth installment of the main \"Star Wars\" film franchise, following \"\" (2015). It was produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. The film's ensemble cast includes Daisy Ridley, John Boyega, Oscar Isaac, Adam Driver, Mark Hamill, Carrie Fisher, Andy Serkis, Lupita Nyong'o, Domhnall Gleeson, Anthony Daniels, Gwendoline Christie, and",
"title": "Star Wars: The Last Jedi"
},
{
"id": "16659559",
"text": "Avengers: Age of Ultron Avengers: Age of Ultron is a 2015 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to 2012's \"The Avengers\" and the eleventh film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film was written and directed by Joss Whedon and features an ensemble cast that includes Robert Downey Jr., Chris Hemsworth, Mark Ruffalo, Chris Evans, Scarlett Johansson, Jeremy Renner, Don Cheadle, Aaron Taylor-Johnson, Elizabeth Olsen, Paul Bettany, Cobie Smulders, Anthony Mackie, Hayley Atwell, Idris Elba, Stellan Skarsgård,",
"title": "Avengers: Age of Ultron"
},
{
"id": "18363795",
"text": "Justice League (film) Justice League is a 2017 American superhero film based on the DC Comics superhero team of the same name, distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. It is the follow-up to 2016's \"\" and the fifth installment in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU). The film is directed by Zack Snyder, written by Chris Terrio and Joss Whedon, and features an ensemble cast that includes Ben Affleck, Henry Cavill, Gal Gadot, Ezra Miller, Jason Momoa, and Ray Fisher as the title team, with Amy Adams, Jeremy Irons, Diane Lane, Connie Nielsen, and J. K. Simmons in supporting roles. In the",
"title": "Justice League (film)"
},
{
"id": "18342993",
"text": "A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film) A Wrinkle in Time is a 2018 American science fantasy adventure film directed by Ava DuVernay and written by Jennifer Lee and Jeff Stockwell, based on Madeleine L'Engle's 1962 novel of the same name. Produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Whitaker Entertainment, the story follows a young girl who, with the help of three astral travelers, sets off on a quest to find her missing father. The film stars Oprah Winfrey, Reese Witherspoon, Mindy Kaling, Storm Reid, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Michael Peña, Zach Galifianakis, and Chris Pine. It is Disney's second film adaptation of L'Engle's",
"title": "A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film)"
},
{
"id": "19906623",
"text": "The Star (2017 film) The Star is a 2017 American computer-animated Christian comedy film directed by Timothy Reckart. Based on the Nativity of Jesus, an original idea by Tom Sheridan, the screenplay was written by Carlos Kotkin and Simon Moore. It is produced by Sony Pictures Animation, with partnership from Walden Media, Affirm Films and The Jim Henson Company. It stars the voices of Steven Yeun, Gina Rodriguez, Zachary Levi, Keegan-Michael Key, Kelly Clarkson, Patricia Heaton, Kristin Chenoweth, Tracy Morgan, Tyler Perry, and Oprah Winfrey. The film was released by Columbia Pictures through its parental label Sony Pictures Entertainment on",
"title": "The Star (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "18553276",
"text": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film) Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill Condon from a screenplay written by Stephen Chbosky and Evan Spiliotopoulos, and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films. The film is a live-action reimagining of Disney's 1991 animated film of the same name, itself an adaptation of Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont's 18th-century fairy tale. The film features an ensemble cast that includes Emma Watson and Dan Stevens as the eponymous characters with Luke Evans, Kevin Kline, Josh Gad, Ewan McGregor, Stanley Tucci, Audra McDonald, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Ian",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "20348212",
"text": "Overlord (2018 film) Overlord is a 2018 American war horror film directed by Julius Avery and written by Billy Ray and Mark L. Smith. It stars Jovan Adepo, Wyatt Russell, Mathilde Ollivier, John Magaro, Gianny Taufer, Pilou Asbæk, and Bokeem Woodbine. The film was produced by J. J. Abrams, through his Bad Robot Productions banner, and Lindsey Weber. The plot follows several American soldiers who are dropped behind enemy lines the day before D-Day and discover secret Nazi experiments. \"Overlord\" was released in the United States on November 9, 2018, by Paramount Pictures. The film grossed over $41 million worldwide",
"title": "Overlord (2018 film)"
},
{
"id": "18363853",
"text": "after a reshuffling of film production staff at Warner Bros. due to the film's mixed critical reception and disappointing financial performance. Justice League (film) Justice League is a 2017 American superhero film based on the DC Comics superhero team of the same name, distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. It is the follow-up to 2016's \"\" and the fifth installment in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU). The film is directed by Zack Snyder, written by Chris Terrio and Joss Whedon, and features an ensemble cast that includes Ben Affleck, Henry Cavill, Gal Gadot, Ezra Miller, Jason Momoa, and Ray Fisher as",
"title": "Justice League (film)"
},
{
"id": "19758808",
"text": "weighted average of 4.4/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 42 out of 100, based on 10 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". The Current War The Current War is a 2017 American epic historical drama film directed by Alfonso Gomez-Rejon and written by Michael Mitnick. The film stars Benedict Cumberbatch, Michael Shannon, Nicholas Hoult, Tom Holland, Katherine Waterston, and Tuppence Middleton, and depicts the so-called \"war of the currents\" between Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse. The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 9, 2017. Originally slated for release in the United",
"title": "The Current War"
},
{
"id": "18863060",
"text": "The Circle (2017 film) The Circle is a 2017 American techno-thriller film directed by James Ponsoldt with a screenplay by Ponsoldt and Dave Eggers, based on Eggers' 2013 novel of the same name. The film stars Emma Watson and Tom Hanks, with John Boyega, Karen Gillan, Ellar Coltrane, Patton Oswalt, Glenne Headly, and Bill Paxton in supporting roles. It is the final performance of Paxton's career, and was released just after his death in February 2017. The film premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 26, 2017, and was theatrically released on April 28, 2017, by STXfilms and EuropaCorp.",
"title": "The Circle (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "17868049",
"text": "Captain America: Civil War Captain America: Civil War is a 2016 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Captain America, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to 2011's \"\" and 2014's \"\", and the thirteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film is directed by Anthony and Joe Russo, with a screenplay by the writing team of Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely, and stars Chris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America, alongside an ensemble cast including Robert Downey Jr., Scarlett Johansson, Sebastian Stan, Anthony Mackie,",
"title": "Captain America: Civil War"
},
{
"id": "18878302",
"text": "Mother's Day (2016 film) Mother's Day is a 2016 American romantic comedy film directed by Garry Marshall and written by Marshall, Tom Hines, Lily Hollander, Anya Kochoff-Romano and Matt Walker. It features an ensemble cast, led by Jennifer Aniston, Kate Hudson, Shay Mitchell, Julia Roberts, Jason Sudeikis, Timothy Olyphant, Britt Robertson, Jack Whitehall, Héctor Elizondo, and Margo Martindale. Filming began on August 18, 2015, in Atlanta, Georgia. It was released in the United States on April 29, 2016 by Open Road Films and grossed $48 million worldwide. The film is similar in format to Marshall's previous two ensemble romantic comedies",
"title": "Mother's Day (2016 film)"
},
{
"id": "19112080",
"text": "based on the script by Eric Kirsten, which would star Patrick Schwarzenegger as Charlie and Bella Thorne as Katie. The film is based on the 2006 Japanese film of same name. It was financed by Boies / Schiller Film Group, and produced by John Rickard and Zack Schiller. On October 9, 2015, Rob Riggle joined the film to play Katie's father, Jack. Principal photography on the film began on October 12, 2015, in Vancouver, British Columbia. In October 2016, Open Road Films acquired distribution rights to the film. They initially scheduled it for July 14, 2017, before setting it for",
"title": "Midnight Sun (2018 film)"
},
{
"id": "11305773",
"text": "Star Wars: The Force Awakens Star Wars: The Force Awakens (also known as Star Wars: Episode VII – The Force Awakens) is a 2015 American epic space opera film produced, co-written and directed by J. J. Abrams. It is the first installment of the \"Star Wars\" sequel trilogy and the seventh installment of the main \"Star Wars\" film franchise, following \"Return of the Jedi\" (1983). The film stars Harrison Ford, Mark Hamill, Carrie Fisher, Adam Driver, Daisy Ridley, John Boyega, Oscar Isaac, Lupita Nyong'o, Andy Serkis, Domhnall Gleeson, Anthony Daniels, Peter Mayhew, and Max von Sydow, and was produced by",
"title": "Star Wars: The Force Awakens"
},
{
"id": "19487578",
"text": "Boundaries (2018 film) Boundaries is a 2018 road trip comedy-drama film written and directed by Shana Feste. It stars Vera Farmiga, Christopher Plummer, Lewis MacDougall, Bobby Cannavale, Kristen Schaal, Christopher Lloyd, and Peter Fonda. The film had its world premiere at South by Southwest on March 12, 2018 and was released in the United States on June 22, 2018 by Sony Pictures Classics, and in Canada on July 6, 2018, by Mongrel Media. Laura (Farmiga), along with her teenaged son Henry (MacDougall), is forced to drive her pot-dealing father Jack (Plummer) from Portland to her sister's house in Los Angeles",
"title": "Boundaries (2018 film)"
},
{
"id": "4755008",
"text": "Choice Award for Best Dramatic Movie. Chbosky re-wrote Evan Spiliotopoulos's original script for the 2017 live action reboot of Disney's \"Beauty and the Beast\", directed by Bill Condon and starring Emma Watson as Belle. Chbosky and Watson developed a close relationship during the production of \"The Perks of Being a Wallflower.\" The adaptation was faithful to the original 1991 animated film \"Beauty and the Beast\", with all the original musical numbers included. The film was released on March 17, 2017. Chbosky directed the 2017 film \"Wonder\", co-written by Chbosky, Jack Thorne, and Steve Conrad and based on the 2012 novel",
"title": "Stephen Chbosky"
},
{
"id": "19673810",
"text": "Wonder (film) Wonder is a 2017 American comedy-drama film, directed by Stephen Chbosky, written by Jack Thorne, Steve Conrad, and Chbosky, based on the 2012 novel of the same name by R. J. Palacio, and starring Julia Roberts, Owen Wilson, Jacob Tremblay, Mandy Patinkin, and Daveed Diggs. The film, which follows a boy with Treacher Collins syndrome trying to fit in, was released in the United States on November 17, 2017, by Lionsgate. It received positive reviews from critics and audiences, and grossed $305 million worldwide on a $20 million budget. At the 90th Academy Awards, the film was nominated",
"title": "Wonder (film)"
},
{
"id": "20089246",
"text": "film has a weighted average score of 59 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". Director John Waters named the film as one of the best of 2018, placing it on fourth place on his personal top list. Mom and Dad (2017 film) Mom & Dad is a 2017 horror comedy film written and directed by Brian Taylor. The film stars Nicolas Cage and Selma Blair. It premiered in the Midnight Madness section at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival. The film was released on January 19, 2018, by Momentum Pictures. The film received generally positive",
"title": "Mom and Dad (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "20539202",
"text": "Leave No Trace (film) Leave No Trace is a 2018 American drama film directed by Debra Granik and written by Granik and Anne Rosellini, based on the book \"My Abandonment\" by Peter Rock. The plot follows a veteran father with PTSD (Ben Foster) who lives in the forest with his young daughter (Thomasin McKenzie). It premiered at the 2018 Sundance Film Festival, and was theatrically released by Bleecker Street in the United States, on June 29, 2018. The film received universal critical acclaim, with praise for the performances of Foster and McKenzie, and, after \"Paddington 2\", it is the second-most",
"title": "Leave No Trace (film)"
},
{
"id": "19875025",
"text": "world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 22, 2017. \"Lemon\" received mixed reviews from film critics. It holds a 56% approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 39 reviews, with a weighted average of 4.8 out of 10. Lemon (2017 film) Lemon is an American comedy-drama film directed by Janicza Bravo, from a screenplay by Bravo and Brett Gelman. It stars Gelman, Judy Greer, Michael Cera, Shiri Appleby, Fred Melamed, Rhea Perlman, David Paymer, Gillian Jacobs, Jon Daly, Martin Starr, Megan Mullally, Jeff Garlin, Elizabeth De Razzo, Marla Gibbs and Nia Long. The film had",
"title": "Lemon (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "19936623",
"text": "of 100, based on 14 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". Come Sunday (film) Come Sunday is a 2018 American drama film based on Carlton Pearson's excommunication directed by Joshua Marston, from a screenplay by Marcus Hinchey. It stars Chiwetel Ejiofor, Martin Sheen, Condola Rashad, Jason Segel, Danny Glover and Lakeith Stanfield. The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 21, 2018 and was released in the United States on April 13, 2018, by Netflix. In July 2010, it was announced Marc Forster would produce and direct the film, with James D. Stern producing the film",
"title": "Come Sunday (film)"
},
{
"id": "18669899",
"text": "\"Dumbo\" would be released on March 29, 2019. In January 2017, it was announced that Will Smith was \"in talks\" to play the father of the children who develop a friendship with the lovable elephant after seeing him at the circus. However, Smith later passed on the role due to \"scheduling conflicts\" among other reasons. Chris Pine and Casey Affleck were also offered the role but passed on it before Colin Farrell was cast. In March 2017, Eva Green and Danny DeVito joined the cast. In April 2017, Michael Keaton joined the cast, rounding out the few prominent adult live-action",
"title": "Dumbo (2019 film)"
},
{
"id": "19499093",
"text": "Tully (2018 film) Tully is a 2018 American comedy-drama film directed by Jason Reitman and written by Diablo Cody. The film stars Charlize Theron, Mackenzie Davis, Mark Duplass, and Ron Livingston, and follows the friendship between a mother of three and her nanny. It is the fourth collaboration between Reitman and Cody, following \"Juno\" (2007), \"Jennifer's Body\" (2009), and \"Young Adult\" (2011), the last of which also starred Theron. The film premiered at the 2018 Sundance Film Festival, and was released in the United States on May 4, 2018, by Focus Features. It received mostly positive reviews from critics, praising",
"title": "Tully (2018 film)"
},
{
"id": "12671096",
"text": "at the 2017 Berlin Film Festival, with WME Global dealing with distribution rights for its North American release. Two-time Academy Award winner Jodie Foster starred in the film, alongside a strong ensemble cast, including Sterling K. Brown, Dave Bautista, Sofia Boutella, Jeff Goldblum, Jenny Slate, Charlie Day, Zachary Quinto, Brian Tyree Henry and Kenneth Choi. Filming began in Los Angeles in May 2017, and \"Hotel Artemis\" was released on June 8, 2018 in North America, by Global Road Entertainment. In March 2012, Pearce directed the music video for the song \"Rearrange\" by Miles Kane. By March 2018, it had received",
"title": "Drew Pearce"
},
{
"id": "18553291",
"text": "were revealed to be in talks to play Gaston and the Beast respectively, and Watson confirmed their casting the following day through tweets. The rest of the principal cast, including Josh Gad, Emma Thompson, Kevin Kline, Audra McDonald, Ian McKellen, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Ewan McGregor and Stanley Tucci were announced between March and April to play LeFou, Mrs. Potts, Maurice, Madame de Garderobe, Cogsworth, Plumette, Lumière and Cadenza, respectively. Susan Egan, who originated the role of Belle on Broadway, commented on the casting of Watson as \"perfect\". Paige O'Hara, who voiced Belle in the original animated film and its sequels, offered",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "18967423",
"text": "Coco (2017 film) Coco is a 2017 American 3D computer-animated fantasy film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. Based on an original idea by Lee Unkrich, it is directed by him and co-directed by Adrian Molina. The film's voice cast stars Anthony Gonzalez, Gael García Bernal, Benjamin Bratt, Alanna Ubach, Renée Victor, Ana Ofelia Murguía, and Edward James Olmos. The story follows a 12-year-old boy named Miguel who is accidentally transported to the Land of the Dead, where he seeks the help of his deceased musician great-great-grandfather to return him to his family among the",
"title": "Coco (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "18881301",
"text": "Lights Out (2016 film) Lights Out is a 2016 American supernatural horror film directed by David F. Sandberg in his directorial debut, produced by Lawrence Grey, James Wan, and Eric Heisserer and written by Heisserer. It stars Teresa Palmer, Gabriel Bateman, Billy Burke, and Maria Bello. It is based on Sandberg's 2013 short film of the same name and features Lotta Losten, who starred in the short. The film had its world premiere at the Los Angeles Film Festival on June 8, 2016, and was released in the United States and Canada on July 22, 2016, by Warner Bros. The",
"title": "Lights Out (2016 film)"
},
{
"id": "20768946",
"text": "The film was released on July 20, 2018. It had previously been scheduled for June 29, 2018. Rotten Tomatoes gives \"Father of The Year\" an approval rating of 0%, the third time a film from Happy Madison Productions has received 0%, after \"The Ridiculous 6\" and \"\". Father of the Year (film) Father of the Year is an American comedy film directed by Tyler Spindel. The film stars David Spade, Nat Faxon, Bridgit Mendler, Joey Bragg, Matt Shively, and Jared Sandler. The film was released on July 20, 2018 by Netflix. In July 2017, it was announced that David Spade,",
"title": "Father of the Year (film)"
},
{
"id": "20022195",
"text": "Entertainment and Industry Entertainment banners, respectively. In February 2017, Rahul Kohli joined the cast of the film. Joshua Moshier composed the film's score. Production began on January 31, 2017 in Los Angeles, California. The film was released on March 30, 2018. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 80%, based on 5 reviews, and an average rating of 6.5/10. Happy Anniversary (2018 film) Happy Anniversary is a 2018 romance comedy film, written and directed by Jared Stern. It stars Noël Wells, Ben Schwartz, Jeff Grace, Rahul Kohli, Kristin Bauer van Straten, Kate Berlant, Leonardo",
"title": "Happy Anniversary (2018 film)"
},
{
"id": "19936620",
"text": "Come Sunday (film) Come Sunday is a 2018 American drama film based on Carlton Pearson's excommunication directed by Joshua Marston, from a screenplay by Marcus Hinchey. It stars Chiwetel Ejiofor, Martin Sheen, Condola Rashad, Jason Segel, Danny Glover and Lakeith Stanfield. The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 21, 2018 and was released in the United States on April 13, 2018, by Netflix. In July 2010, it was announced Marc Forster would produce and direct the film, with James D. Stern producing the film under his Endgame Entertainment banner. while Ira Glass will also",
"title": "Come Sunday (film)"
},
{
"id": "18667441",
"text": "Rings (2017 film) Rings (known in Japan as The Ring: Rebirth) is a 2017 American supernatural psychological horror film directed by F. Javier Gutiérrez, written by David Loucka, Jacob Aaron Estes and Akiva Goldsman and starring Matilda Lutz, Alex Roe, Johnny Galecki, Aimee Teegarden, Bonnie Morgan and Vincent D'Onofrio. It is the third installment in \"The Ring\" (franchise), following the previous installments \"The Ring\" (2002) and \"The Ring Two\" (2005), and is based on elements of \"Spiral\" by Kôji Suzuki. Principal photography began on March 23, 2015, in Atlanta. The film was released in the United States on February 3,",
"title": "Rings (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "20441045",
"text": "filled out with the additions of Beau Knapp, Jade Pettyjohn, Toby Huss, Zach Villa, and James Jordan. Annapurna Pictures will distribute the film for its United States release. It had its world premiere at the Telluride Film Festival on August 31, 2018. It was also screened at the 2018 Toronto International Film Festival, in the Platform program. It was also screened at AFI Fest on November 13, 2018. It is scheduled to be released on December 25, 2018. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 78% based on 64 reviews, with an average rating of",
"title": "Destroyer (2018 film)"
},
{
"id": "20084381",
"text": "Days in the Sun \"Days in the Sun\" is a song written by composer Alan Menken and lyricist Tim Rice for the musical fantasy film \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017), a live-action adaptation of Disney's 1991 animated film of the same name. Rice and Menken developed the concept in 2007 during the first discussions about a remake. Performed by Adam Mitchell, Stanley Tucci, Ewan McGregor, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Ian McKellen, Emma Thompson, Emma Watson, Audra McDonald, and Clive Rowe, \"Days in the Sun\" is one of four songs added to the 2017 film. It was released on March 10, 2017, as",
"title": "Days in the Sun"
},
{
"id": "18833909",
"text": "The Shack (2017 film) The Shack is a 2017 American Christian drama film directed by Stuart Hazeldine and written by John Fusco, Andrew Lanham and Destin Cretton, based on the 2007 novel of the same name by William P. Young. The film stars Sam Worthington, Octavia Spencer, Graham Greene, Radha Mitchell, Alice Braga, Sumire Matsubara, Aviv Alush, and Tim McGraw. Filming began on June 8, 2015, in Vancouver, British Columbia. The film was released in the United States on March 3, 2017, and grossed over $96 million worldwide. Mackenzie \"Mack\" Phillips suffered physical and emotional abuse as a child at",
"title": "The Shack (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "18285214",
"text": "The Magnificent Seven (2016 film) The Magnificent Seven is a 2016 American western action film directed by Antoine Fuqua and written by Nic Pizzolatto and Richard Wenk. It is a remake of the 1960 film of the same name, which in turn is a reimagining of the 1954 film \"Seven Samurai\". The film stars Denzel Washington, Chris Pratt, Ethan Hawke, Vincent D'Onofrio, Lee Byung-hun, Manuel Garcia-Rulfo, Martin Sensmeier, Haley Bennett, and Peter Sarsgaard. It is the final film of composer James Horner, who died the previous year after composing part of the score; his friend Simon Franglen completed the music.",
"title": "The Magnificent Seven (2016 film)"
},
{
"id": "18199189",
"text": "Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016 film) Alice Through the Looking Glass is a 2016 American fantasy adventure film directed by James Bobin, written by Linda Woolverton and produced by Tim Burton, Joe Roth, Suzanne Todd, and Jennifer Todd. It is based on the characters created by Lewis Carroll and is the sequel to the 2010 film \"Alice in Wonderland\". The film stars Johnny Depp, Anne Hathaway, Mia Wasikowska, Matt Lucas, Rhys Ifans, Helena Bonham Carter, and Sacha Baron Cohen and features the voices of Stephen Fry, Michael Sheen, Timothy Spall, and Alan Rickman. In the film, Alice comes across",
"title": "Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016 film)"
},
{
"id": "19673824",
"text": "the disease as Auggie as undermining the film's message. Wonder (film) Wonder is a 2017 American comedy-drama film, directed by Stephen Chbosky, written by Jack Thorne, Steve Conrad, and Chbosky, based on the 2012 novel of the same name by R. J. Palacio, and starring Julia Roberts, Owen Wilson, Jacob Tremblay, Mandy Patinkin, and Daveed Diggs. The film, which follows a boy with Treacher Collins syndrome trying to fit in, was released in the United States on November 17, 2017, by Lionsgate. It received positive reviews from critics and audiences, and grossed $305 million worldwide on a $20 million budget.",
"title": "Wonder (film)"
},
{
"id": "19031242",
"text": "Charlie's Angels (2019 film) Charlie's Angels is an upcoming American action comedy film directed by Elizabeth Banks and written by Banks, Jay Basu, Craig Mazin, and Semi Chellas. The film stars Kristen Stewart, Naomi Scott, Ella Balinska, Banks, Patrick Stewart, and Djimon Hounsou. The film is based on the television series of the same name and a reboot of the \"Charlie's Angels\" franchise. It will be released on November 1, 2019 by Sony Pictures Releasing. Jonathan Tucker, Sam Claflin, Noah Centineo, Chris Pang and Nat Faxon have been cast in undisclosed roles. On September 15, 2015, it was announced that",
"title": "Charlie's Angels (2019 film)"
},
{
"id": "17222778",
"text": "Belle (2013 film) Belle is a 2013 British period drama film directed by Amma Asante, written by Misan Sagay and produced by Damian Jones. It stars Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Tom Wilkinson, Miranda Richardson, Penelope Wilton, Sam Reid, Matthew Goode, Emily Watson, Sarah Gadon, Tom Felton and James Norton. The film is inspired by the 1779 painting of Dido Elizabeth Belle beside her cousin Lady Elizabeth Murray, at Kenwood House, which was commissioned by their great-uncle, William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield, then Lord Chief Justice of England. Very little is known about the life of Dido Belle, who was born in",
"title": "Belle (2013 film)"
},
{
"id": "20664904",
"text": "month, Mike Colter was cast as Daryle Lamont Jenkins, founder of the One People's Project. Shortly thereafter, actors Ari Barkan, Scott Thomas, Daniel Henshall, Michael Villar, Justin Wilson, and Russel Posner joined the cast. Principal photography began in January 2018 in Kingston, New York, and was completed in March 2018. It had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 8, 2018. Shortly after, A24 and DirecTV Cinema acquired distribution rights to the film. Skin (2018 film) Skin is an American biographical drama film written and directed by Guy Nattiv, based on his short film of the",
"title": "Skin (2018 film)"
},
{
"id": "18533516",
"text": "Smurfs: The Lost Village Smurfs: The Lost Village is a 2017 American 3D computer-animated adventure fantasy film based on \"The Smurfs\" comic book series by Peyo, produced by Columbia Pictures, Sony Pictures Animation and The Kerner Entertainment Company, and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing. A reboot of Sony's previous live-action/animated hybrid films, the film was directed by Kelly Asbury from a screenplay by Stacey Harman and Pamela Ribon, and stars the voices of Demi Lovato, Rainn Wilson, Joe Manganiello, Mandy Patinkin, Jack McBrayer, Danny Pudi, Michelle Rodriguez, Ellie Kemper, Ariel Winter, Meghan Trainor, and Julia Roberts. In the film, a",
"title": "Smurfs: The Lost Village"
},
{
"id": "19175237",
"text": "8, 2019, with Branagh officially signed to direct and star. However, in June 2018, the film was pushed back to December 20, 2019. On October 16, 2018 the film was pushed back to October 2, 2020. Murder on the Orient Express (2017 film) Murder on the Orient Express is a 2017 mystery thriller film directed by Kenneth Branagh with a screenplay by Michael Green, based on the 1934 novel of the same name by Agatha Christie. The film stars Branagh as Hercule Poirot, with Tom Bateman, Penélope Cruz, Willem Dafoe, Judi Dench, Johnny Depp, Josh Gad, Derek Jacobi, Leslie Odom",
"title": "Murder on the Orient Express (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "12469370",
"text": "XXX: Return of Xander Cage XXX: Return of Xander Cage (released as XXX: Reactivated in some countries and styled as xXx: Return of Xander Cage in promotional materials) is a 2017 American action film directed by D. J. Caruso and written by F. Scott Frazier. The film stars Vin Diesel, Donnie Yen, Deepika Padukone, Kris Wu, Ruby Rose, Tony Jaa, Nina Dobrev, Toni Collette, Ariadna Gutiérrez, Hermione Corfield, and Samuel L. Jackson. It is the third installment in the \"XXX\" franchise and a sequel to both \"XXX\" (2002) and \"\" (2005). Unlike the previous films, which were distributed by Columbia",
"title": "XXX: Return of Xander Cage"
},
{
"id": "20596480",
"text": "in January 2018 that Sony reported cost $14 million to make but other sources listed at as high as $30 million. The soundtrack for the film was curated by American rapper Future, who also acted as a producer on the film. It features 13 new and previously released songs, as well as guest appearances from Miguel, Lil Wayne, Khalid, Ty Dolla Sign, Young Thug, PartyNextDoor, H.E.R., Gunna, Sleepy Brown, and Yung Bans, among others. \"Superfly\" was initially scheduled to be released on June 15, 2018. Three weeks prior, it was moved up two days to June 13, 2018, in order",
"title": "Superfly (2018 film)"
},
{
"id": "19112374",
"text": "A Dog's Purpose (film) A Dog's Purpose is a 2017 American comedy-drama film directed by Lasse Hallström and written by W. Bruce Cameron, Cathryn Michon, Audrey Wells, Maya Forbes and Wally Wolodarsky, based on the 2010 novel of the same name by W. Bruce Cameron. The film stars Britt Robertson, KJ Apa, Juliet Rylance, John Ortiz, Kirby Howell-Baptiste, Peggy Lipton, Dennis Quaid and Josh Gad. The film is a co-production between Amblin Entertainment, Reliance Entertainment, Walden Media and Pariah Entertainment Group. It was released by Universal Pictures on January 27, 2017, and grossed over $204 million worldwide. A week prior",
"title": "A Dog's Purpose (film)"
},
{
"id": "897585",
"text": "arts film directed by John Stockwell. It is a reboot of the original where Van Damme was the lead. Only this time he plays the master and Alain Moussi plays the students on quest to avenge his brother. It co-stars Dave Bautista, Gina Carano, Georges St-Pierre and Darren Shahlavi. He starred in \"Kill 'Em All\" (2017) an action film directed by Peter Malota, and co-starring Autumn Reeser and Peter Stormare. In 2018 he returned to his role in \"\" a sequel to the reboot. Many of the same cast returned as well as new ones such as Christopher Lambert, Ronaldinho,",
"title": "Jean-Claude Van Damme"
},
{
"id": "20403332",
"text": "lulu in the worst way — preposterously coincidental, outrageously contrived.\" Second Act (film) Second Act is a 2018 American romantic comedy film directed by Peter Segal and written by Elaine Goldsmith-Thomas and Justin Zackham. It stars Jennifer Lopez, Vanessa Hudgens, Leah Remini, Annaleigh Ashford, Dan Bucatinsky, Freddie Stroma, Milo Ventimiglia, Treat Williams and Larry Miller, and follows an under-achieving 40-year-old mother who gets a second chance at a corporate career after creating a fake resume. It is scheduled to be released in the United States on December 21, 2018. A woman stuck in a low-paying job gets a chance to",
"title": "Second Act (film)"
},
{
"id": "20596471",
"text": "Superfly (2018 film) Superfly is a 2018 American crime film directed by Director X and written by Alex Tse. A remake of the 1972 blaxploitation film \"Super Fly\", it stars Trevor Jackson, Jason Mitchell, Michael K. Williams, Lex Scott Davis, and Jennifer Morrison, and follows a career criminal who tries to get out of the Atlanta drug scene, only to have one bad deal put him in harm's way. Rapper Future produced alongside Joel Silver, as well as wrote the film's original songs. \"Superfly\" was released in the United States on June 13, 2018 and received mixed reviews from critics,",
"title": "Superfly (2018 film)"
},
{
"id": "20614429",
"text": "Metacritic the film scored 67 out of 100, based on 11 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". After Everything After Everything (originally titled Shotgun) is an 2018 American comedy drama film, written and directed by Hannah Marks and Joey Power. It stars Jeremy Allen White, Maika Monroe, DeRon Horton, Sasha Lane, Dean Winters, Gina Gershon and Marisa Tomei. It had its world premiere on South by Southwest on March 9, 2018. It was released on October 12, 2018, by Good Deed Entertainment, to positive critical reception. In March 2017, it was announced Jeremy Allen White and Maika Monroe, had been cast",
"title": "After Everything"
},
{
"id": "20187744",
"text": "video on demand on March 30, 2018. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 48% based on 21 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10. The film, as \"Dog Years\", received the \"Chairman's Award\" at the 2017 San Diego International Film Festival. The Last Movie Star The Last Movie Star is a 2017 American drama film written and directed by Adam Rifkin. The film stars Burt Reynolds, Ariel Winter, Clark Duke, Ellar Coltrane and Chevy Chase. The film had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 22, 2017. It was released",
"title": "The Last Movie Star"
},
{
"id": "20705787",
"text": "Nyong'o, Winston Duke, and Elisabeth Moss would star in the film. In July 2018, Tim Heidecker, Yahya Abdul-Mateen II and Anna Diop joined the cast. Additionally, at the start of principal production, the rest of the cast was announced. In September 2018, Duke Nicholson, grandson of Jack Nicholson, joined the cast in his film debut. Principal production commenced on July 30, 2018, in California. The film is scheduled to be released on March 15, 2019. Us (2019 film) Us is an upcoming American horror film written, co-produced and directed by Jordan Peele. It stars Lupita Nyong'o, Winston Duke, Elisabeth Moss,",
"title": "Us (2019 film)"
},
{
"id": "17194291",
"text": "Ralph Breaks the Internet Ralph Breaks the Internet is a 2018 American 3D computer-animated comedy film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures. It is the sequel to the 2012 film \"Wreck-It Ralph\" as well as Disney's 57th feature-length film. The film was directed by Rich Moore and Phil Johnston, written by Johnston and Pamela Ribon, and executive-produced by John Lasseter, Chris Williams, and Jennifer Lee. It features John C. Reilly, Sarah Silverman, Jack McBrayer, Jane Lynch, and Ed O'Neill reprising their roles from the first film, with Alan Tudyk returning to voice a new",
"title": "Ralph Breaks the Internet"
},
{
"id": "18696148",
"text": "Christopher Robin (film) Christopher Robin is a 2018 American fantasy comedy-drama film directed by Marc Forster and written by Alex Ross Perry, Tom McCarthy, and Allison Schroeder, from a story by Greg Brooker and Mark Steven Johnson. The film is inspired by A. A. Milne and E. H. Shepard's book \"Winnie-the-Pooh\" and is a live-action/CGI adaptation of the Disney franchise of the same name. The film stars Ewan McGregor as the title character alongside Hayley Atwell and the voices of Jim Cummings, Brad Garrett, Nick Mohammed, Peter Capaldi, Sophie Okonedo, Sara Sheen, and Toby Jones. The story follows an adult",
"title": "Christopher Robin (film)"
},
{
"id": "20013800",
"text": "\"Love, Simon\" premiered at the Mardi Gras Film Festival on February 27, 2018, and also screened at the Glasgow Film Festival and the Melbourne Queer Film Festival. The film was released by 20th Century Fox in the United States and Canada on March 16, 2018, and has been or is scheduled to be released in other countries on various dates throughout 2018. Following the film's release, several celebrities — including Jennifer Garner, Kristen Bell, Neil Patrick Harris, Joey Graceffa, Matt Bomer, Robbie Rogers, Benj Pasek, Tyler Oakley, Martin Gero, Andrew Rannells, and Jesse Tyler Ferguson — bought out theaters and",
"title": "Love, Simon"
},
{
"id": "19955601",
"text": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack) Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the 2017 film \"Beauty and the Beast\". The album, largely based on material from Disney's 1991 animated version, features songs and instrumental score composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Howard Ashman and three new songs composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Tim Rice. The soundtrack album was released by Walt Disney Records on March 10, 2017. The songs feature vocal performances by the film's ensemble cast including Emma Watson, Dan Stevens, Luke Evans, Kevin Kline, Josh Gad, Ewan McGregor,",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack)"
},
{
"id": "19758804",
"text": "The Current War The Current War is a 2017 American epic historical drama film directed by Alfonso Gomez-Rejon and written by Michael Mitnick. The film stars Benedict Cumberbatch, Michael Shannon, Nicholas Hoult, Tom Holland, Katherine Waterston, and Tuppence Middleton, and depicts the so-called \"war of the currents\" between Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse. The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 9, 2017. Originally slated for release in the United States on November 24, 2017, the current release date is unknown. The film presents the story of the \"war of the currents\" between electricity titans Thomas Edison",
"title": "The Current War"
},
{
"id": "19329763",
"text": "Bumblebee (film) Bumblebee is a 2018 American science fiction action film centered around the \"Transformers\" character of the same name. It is the sixth installment of the live-action \"Transformers\" film series and a reboot of it. Directed by Travis Knight in his first live action film and written by Christina Hodson, the film stars Hailee Steinfeld, John Cena, Jorge Lendeborg Jr., John Ortiz, Jason Drucker, and Pamela Adlon, with Dylan O'Brien, Peter Cullen, Angela Bassett, and Justin Theroux in voice roles. It is the first live-action \"Transformers\" film to not be directed by Michael Bay, though he still acts as",
"title": "Bumblebee (film)"
},
{
"id": "18366485",
"text": "to be released on April 26, 2019, with the Russos returning to direct, and Markus and McFeely once again writing the screenplay. Avengers: Infinity War Avengers: Infinity War is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to 2012's \"The Avengers\" and 2015's \"\", and the nineteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film is directed by Anthony and Joe Russo, written by Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely, and features an ensemble cast including Robert Downey",
"title": "Avengers: Infinity War"
},
{
"id": "20614389",
"text": "and Erica Oyama, with Mickey Liddell, Jennifer Monroe and Pete Shilaimon producing under their LD Entertainment banner. In September 2017, Finn Wolfhard, Vanessa Hudgens, Tone Bell, Adam Pally, Eva Longoria, and Jon Bass joined the cast of the film. In October 2017, Tig Notaro, Rob Corddry, Michael Cassidy, Jasmine Cephas Jones, Ron Cephas Jones, John Gemberling, Ryan Hansen, Thomas Lennon, Lauren Lapkus, Jessica Lowe, Toks Olagundoye, Jessica St. Clair and David Wain joined the cast of the film. Principal photography began in October 2017, in Los Angeles, California. The film is scheduled to be released on August 8, 2018, by",
"title": "Dog Days (2018 film)"
},
{
"id": "19229276",
"text": "The Emoji Movie The Emoji Movie is a 2017 American computer animated film directed by Tony Leondis, and written by Leondis, Eric Siegel and Mike White, based on emoji graphics used in electronic messages. It stars the voices of T.J. Miller, James Corden, Anna Faris, Maya Rudolph, Steven Wright, Rob Riggle, Jennifer Coolidge, Christina Aguilera, Sofía Vergara, Sean Hayes and Patrick Stewart. The film centers on Gene, a multi-expressional emoji who lives in a teenager's smartphone and sets out on a journey to become a normal meh emoji like his parents. Produced by Sony Pictures Animation and distributed by Columbia",
"title": "The Emoji Movie"
},
{
"id": "19153586",
"text": "the script, after the Netflix Chief Content Officer Ted Sarandos called the film a \"sizable\" success. Death Note (2017 film) Death Note is a 2017 American neo-noir supernatural thriller film loosely adapted from the Japanese manga of the same name created by Tsugumi Ohba and Takeshi Obata. The film is directed by Adam Wingard and written by Charles Parlapanides, Vlas Parlapanides and Jeremy Slater. The film stars Nat Wolff, Lakeith Stanfield, Margaret Qualley, Shea Whigham, Paul Nakauchi, Jason Liles and Willem Dafoe, and follows the story of an introverted Seattle high school student named Light Turner, who finds a mysterious",
"title": "Death Note (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "11305876",
"text": "February 2016 at Pinewood Studios. Hamill, Fisher, Driver, Ridley, Boyega, Isaac, Serkis, Nyong'o, Gleeson, Daniels, Christie, Vee, and Suotamo reprised their roles in the film, and are joined by Kelly Marie Tran, Laura Dern, and Benicio del Toro. \"Episode IX\" is scheduled for release on December 20, 2019. Abrams will direct the film and co-write it with Chris Terrio. Footnote Citations Star Wars: The Force Awakens Star Wars: The Force Awakens (also known as Star Wars: Episode VII – The Force Awakens) is a 2015 American epic space opera film produced, co-written and directed by J. J. Abrams. It is",
"title": "Star Wars: The Force Awakens"
},
{
"id": "18351188",
"text": "Moana (2016 film) Moana (), also known as Vaiana or Oceania in some markets, is a 2016 American 3D computer-animated musical adventure film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. It is the 56th Disney animated feature film. Directed by Ron Clements and John Musker, co-directed by Don Hall and Chris Williams, the film introduces Auliʻi Cravalho as Moana and features the voices of Dwayne Johnson, Rachel House, Temuera Morrison, Jemaine Clement, Nicole Scherzinger, and Alan Tudyk. The film features songs written by Lin-Manuel Miranda and Opetaia Foa'i and orchestral score composed by Mark Mancina.",
"title": "Moana (2016 film)"
},
{
"id": "19112391",
"text": "their roles, the cast will also include Marg Helgenberger, Betty Gilpin, Kathryn Prescott and Henry Lau. A Dog's Purpose (film) A Dog's Purpose is a 2017 American comedy-drama film directed by Lasse Hallström and written by W. Bruce Cameron, Cathryn Michon, Audrey Wells, Maya Forbes and Wally Wolodarsky, based on the 2010 novel of the same name by W. Bruce Cameron. The film stars Britt Robertson, KJ Apa, Juliet Rylance, John Ortiz, Kirby Howell-Baptiste, Peggy Lipton, Dennis Quaid and Josh Gad. The film is a co-production between Amblin Entertainment, Reliance Entertainment, Walden Media and Pariah Entertainment Group. It was released",
"title": "A Dog's Purpose (film)"
},
{
"id": "19185145",
"text": "Freak Show (film) Freak Show is a 2017 American comedy-drama film directed by Trudie Styler and written by Patrick J. Clifton and Beth Rigazio, based on the novel of the same name by James St. James. The film stars Alex Lawther, Abigail Breslin, AnnaSophia Robb, Ian Nelson, Celia Weston, Laverne Cox and Bette Midler. The film had its world premiere at the Berlin International Film Festival on February 13, 2017. It was released on January 12, 2018, by IFC Films. On October 2, 2015, it was announced that Trudie Styler would make her directorial debut with the young adult LGBT",
"title": "Freak Show (film)"
},
{
"id": "20432150",
"text": "limited series \"Ask For Jane\" was one of three finalists in the New York Television Festival Works 4 Progress Initiative. Filming was completed in New York City in 2017 and the film is set to be released in 2018. Ask for Jane Ask for Jane is a 2018 American historical drama film created and produced by Cait Cortelyou, an advocate for Planned Parenthood, and written and directed by Rachel Carey. The film stars Cait Cortelyou, Judith Arcana, Cody Horn, Alison Wright, Sarah Ramos, Chloe Levine, Danny Flaherty, Sarah Steele, Lilly Englert, Ben Rappaport, and Sophie von Haselberg. The film is",
"title": "Ask for Jane"
},
{
"id": "19689987",
"text": "Between Us (2016 film) Between Us is a 2016 American drama film written and directed by Rafael Palacio Illingworth. The film stars Olivia Thirlby, Ben Feldman, Adam Goldberg, Analeigh Tipton, Scott Haze, Peter Bogdanovich and Lesley Ann Warren. The film had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 18, 2016. It received a limited release and through video on demand on January 6, 2017, by IFC Films. In June 2015, Olivia Thirlby, Ben Feldman, Adam Goldberg, Betsy Brandt, Lesley Ann Warren, Alison Sudol, Scott Haze, John Ross Bowie, Peter Bogdanovich, were all cast in the film, with",
"title": "Between Us (2016 film)"
},
{
"id": "19955050",
"text": "a score of 61 out of 100, based on 28 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". The Hero (2017 film) The Hero is a 2017 American comedy-drama film directed and edited by Brett Haley and written by Haley and Marc Basch. It stars Sam Elliott, Laura Prepon, Krysten Ritter, Nick Offerman and Katharine Ross and follows an aging movie star who deals with his terminal illness. The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 21, 2017 and was released on June 9, 2017, by The Orchard. Lee Hayden (Sam Elliott) is an aging Western icon with a golden voice,",
"title": "The Hero (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "19822927",
"text": "Spider-Man: Far From Home Spider-Man: Far From Home is an upcoming American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man, produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Studios, and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing. It is set to be the sequel to \"\" (2017) and the twenty-third film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film is directed by Jon Watts, written by Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers, and stars Tom Holland as Peter Parker / Spider-Man, alongside Michael Keaton, Jon Favreau, Zendaya, Marisa Tomei, Jake Gyllenhaal, Cobie Smulders, and Samuel L. Jackson. It follows Parker and his friends as",
"title": "Spider-Man: Far From Home"
},
{
"id": "17222789",
"text": "The film was shot on location in the Isle of Man, Oxford and London. It is the first major British motion picture to be shot in true-4K, using Sony’s F65 CineAlta digital production camera. The film was produced by DJ Films, Isle of Man Film, and Pinewood Pictures with support from the BFI. Production designer Simon Bowles created the 18th-century Bristol Docks on the Isle of Man and created Kenwood House, based on a number of stately homes in the London area. Original music for the film was composed by Rachel Portman. The film is a work of historical fiction,",
"title": "Belle (2013 film)"
},
{
"id": "20686660",
"text": "Finn. In March 2018, it was announced Joe Wright would direct the film, from a screenplay by Tracy Letts. Scott Rudin and Eli Bush will serve as producers on the film. In April 2018, Amy Adams joined the cast of the film. In July 2018, Julianne Moore, Wyatt Russell, Gary Oldman and Brian Tyree Henry joined the cast. In August 2018, Fred Hechinger and Anthony Mackie joined the cast of the film. Principal photography began on August 6, 2018, in New York City. Production concluded on October 30, 2018. The film is scheduled to be released on October 4, 2019,",
"title": "The Woman in the Window (2019 film)"
},
{
"id": "19720238",
"text": "Death Wish (2018 film) Death Wish is a 2018 American vigilante action thriller film directed by Eli Roth and written by Joe Carnahan. It is the sixth installment of the \"Death Wish\" series and a remake of the 1974 film of the same name starring Charles Bronson, based on Brian Garfield's 1972 novel. The film stars Bruce Willis as Paul Kersey, a Chicago doctor who sets out to get revenge on the men who attacked his family. Vincent D'Onofrio, Elisabeth Shue, Dean Norris, and Kimberly Elise also star. The film was released in the United States by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and in",
"title": "Death Wish (2018 film)"
},
{
"id": "20348224",
"text": "the lurid colors of opening scenes (the cinematic equivalent of a gory, pre-code war comic book) setting the stage for heightened action to come.\" Overlord (2018 film) Overlord is a 2018 American war horror film directed by Julius Avery and written by Billy Ray and Mark L. Smith. It stars Jovan Adepo, Wyatt Russell, Mathilde Ollivier, John Magaro, Gianny Taufer, Pilou Asbæk, and Bokeem Woodbine. The film was produced by J. J. Abrams, through his Bad Robot Productions banner, and Lindsey Weber. The plot follows several American soldiers who are dropped behind enemy lines the day before D-Day and discover",
"title": "Overlord (2018 film)"
},
{
"id": "17055097",
"text": "Rivets\" in the animated series of the same name for Nick Jr. He played the role of Miles in the 2017 drama film \"Wonder\", which stars Julia Roberts, Jacob Tremblay, and Owen Wilson. Kyle starred in the international film \"Beyond the Sun\", featuring Pope Francis. He is also starring alongside Stanley Tucci and Kiernan Shipka in the thriller \"The Silence\" which is set to hit theatres in 2018. Kyle Harrison Breitkopf Kyle Harrison Breitkopf (born July 13, 2005) is a Canadian actor who portrayed Barker Simmons in the 2012 comedy film \"Parental Guidance\". In 2015, Breitkopf starred as Henry Bennigan",
"title": "Kyle Harrison Breitkopf"
},
{
"id": "20326958",
"text": "Breaking In (2018 film) Breaking In is a 2018 American thriller film directed by James McTeigue and starring Gabrielle Union, who also produced the film alongside Will Packer, James Lopez, Craig Perry, and Sheila Taylor. The film follows a mother who must protect her children after the mansion of her recently deceased father is invaded by burglars. Principal photography began in July 2017 in Southern California. The film was released in the United States on May 11, 2018. It grossed over $51 million and received mixed reviews, with critics praising Union's performance but describing the film as having \"thinly sketched",
"title": "Breaking In (2018 film)"
},
{
"id": "20403328",
"text": "Second Act (film) Second Act is a 2018 American romantic comedy film directed by Peter Segal and written by Elaine Goldsmith-Thomas and Justin Zackham. It stars Jennifer Lopez, Vanessa Hudgens, Leah Remini, Annaleigh Ashford, Dan Bucatinsky, Freddie Stroma, Milo Ventimiglia, Treat Williams and Larry Miller, and follows an under-achieving 40-year-old mother who gets a second chance at a corporate career after creating a fake resume. It is scheduled to be released in the United States on December 21, 2018. A woman stuck in a low-paying job gets a chance to fulfill her career ambitions when a private finance firm is",
"title": "Second Act (film)"
},
{
"id": "19936164",
"text": "on 5 May 2017. The songs and background score for the film are composed by Raghu Dixit. The audio was launched on 20 February 2017 at the KSC Stadium in Bangalore. Actor Sudeep officially launched the album. Happy New Year (2017 film) Happy New Year is a 2017 Indian Kannada anthology drama film directed by Pannaga Bharana, produced by Vanaja Patil under the banner Soumya Films to be released on May 5, 2017. The film features an ensemble cast consisting of B. C. Patil, Saikumar, Vijaya Raghavendra, Diganth, Dhananjay, Sudharani, Shruthi Hariharan, Sonu Gowda, Margarita and Srushti Patil in the",
"title": "Happy New Year (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "18199210",
"text": "effects to be \"stupidly expensive\" and the story familiar, he called it, \"a solid kids’ movie in the old style\". Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016 film) Alice Through the Looking Glass is a 2016 American fantasy adventure film directed by James Bobin, written by Linda Woolverton and produced by Tim Burton, Joe Roth, Suzanne Todd, and Jennifer Todd. It is based on the characters created by Lewis Carroll and is the sequel to the 2010 film \"Alice in Wonderland\". The film stars Johnny Depp, Anne Hathaway, Mia Wasikowska, Matt Lucas, Rhys Ifans, Helena Bonham Carter, and Sacha Baron Cohen",
"title": "Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016 film)"
},
{
"id": "20665099",
"text": "The Lighthouse (upcoming film) The Lighthouse is an upcoming American black-and-white dark fantasy horror film directed by Robert Eggers and written by him and Max Eggers. It stars Willem Dafoe and Robert Pattinson. In February 2018, it was announced Willem Dafoe had been cast in the film, with Robert Eggers writing and directing from a screenplay he wrote with his brother, Max Eggers. Youree Henley, Lourenço Sant'Anna, Rodrigo Teixeira and Jay Van Hoy will serve as producers on the film, under their RT Features, New Regency and Parts & Labor banners, respectively. A24 will distribute the film. That same month,",
"title": "The Lighthouse (upcoming film)"
},
{
"id": "19966983",
"text": "9/11 (2017 film) 9/11 is a 2017 American drama film directed by Martin Guigui and written by Guigui and Steven Golebiowski. Like the other films, it is based on the true story and the stage play \"Elevator\" by Patrick Carson, which takes place during the September 11 attacks at the World Trade Center in New York City. The film stars Charlie Sheen, Whoopi Goldberg, Gina Gershon, Luis Guzmán and Jacqueline Bisset, and was released in the United States on September 8, 2017. Based on Patrick James Carson's award-winning play \"Elevator\", which premiered in October 2011 at the Red Barn Theater",
"title": "9/11 (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "18967470",
"text": "won the Best Animated Feature and Best Original Song. \"Coco\" was chosen by the National Board of Review as the Best Animated Film of 2017. Coco (2017 film) Coco is a 2017 American 3D computer-animated fantasy film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. Based on an original idea by Lee Unkrich, it is directed by him and co-directed by Adrian Molina. The film's voice cast stars Anthony Gonzalez, Gael García Bernal, Benjamin Bratt, Alanna Ubach, Renée Victor, Ana Ofelia Murguía, and Edward James Olmos. The story follows a 12-year-old boy named Miguel who is accidentally",
"title": "Coco (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "20761908",
"text": "and 24/34 Pictures banners, respectively. In December 2017, Tiffany Haddish, John Cho, Carrie Brownstein, Billy Magnussen, Meredith Hagner, Jon Barinholtz, Nora Dunn and Chris Ellis joined the cast of the film. Haddish will also serve as an executive producer. Principal photography began in December 2017. In June 2018, Roadside Attractions and Topic Studios acquired distribution rights to the film. It had its world premiere at the Los Angeles Film Festival on September 25, 2018. The film was released on October 12, 2018. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 60% based on 78 reviews, with",
"title": "The Oath (2018 film)"
},
{
"id": "20403329",
"text": "misled into believing that she's an accomplished consultant and hires her to handle a major business deal. In June 2017, Jennifer Lopez signed on to star. In October 2017, Leah Remini, Annaleigh Ashford, Vanessa Hudgens, Dan Bucatinsky and Freddie Stroma joined the cast of the film. In November 2017, Milo Ventimiglia, Treat Williams, Larry Miller, Dave Foley, Charlyne Yi and Alan Aisenberg joined the cast of the film. Principal photography began on October 23, 2017, at Food Bazaar Supermarket in Queens, New York and has continued in The Bronx and Manhattan, including Michael Jordan's Steakhouse in Grand Central Terminal. Filming",
"title": "Second Act (film)"
},
{
"id": "11656220",
"text": "Cell (film) Cell is a 2016 American science fiction horror film based on the 2006 novel of the same name by Stephen King. The film is directed by Tod Williams, produced by John Cusack, with a screenplay by King and Adam Alleca. The film stars John Cusack, Samuel L. Jackson, and Isabelle Fuhrman. The film was released on June 10, 2016 to video on demand, prior to a limited release scheduled for July 8, 2016. \"Cell\" is the second film adaptation of a King story to co-star Cusack and Jackson, after \"1408\" (2007). The film was panned by critics upon",
"title": "Cell (film)"
},
{
"id": "19899839",
"text": "Arsenal (2017 film) Arsenal (also known as Southern Fury) is a 2017 American thriller film directed by Steven C. Miller and written by Jason Mosberg. The film stars Nicolas Cage, John Cusack, Adrian Grenier, Johnathon Schaech, Christopher Coppola and Lydia Hull. The film was released on January 6, 2017, by Lionsgate Premiere. The film was released on January 6, 2017, by Lionsgate Premiere. \"Arsenal\" received negative reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 4%, based on 28 reviews, with a rating of 3.1/10. On Metacritic, the film has a score of 25 out of 100,",
"title": "Arsenal (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "18845905",
"text": "Pitch Perfect 3 Pitch Perfect 3 is a 2017 American musical comedy film directed by Trish Sie and written by Kay Cannon and Mike White. A sequel to \"Pitch Perfect 2\" (2015), and the third installment in the \"Pitch Perfect\" series, the film stars Anna Kendrick, Anna Camp, Rebel Wilson, Brittany Snow, Hailee Steinfeld, Hana Mae Lee, Ester Dean, Chrissie Fit, Alexis Knapp, John Lithgow, Matt Lanter, Ruby Rose, Kelley Jakle, Shelley Regner, Elizabeth Banks, and John Michael Higgins. The film follows the Bellas, now graduated from college, reuniting for one final performance together during an overseas USO tour. Principal",
"title": "Pitch Perfect 3"
},
{
"id": "2833737",
"text": "both di Bonaventura and the studio were in talks with Juan Carlos Fresnadillo in talks to direct the remake. In October 2017, Paramount announced that Dennis Widmyer and Kevin Kolsch, the team that wrote and directed the 2014 thriller \"Starry Eyes,\" would helm the new adaptation. A readaptation of the novel is set for release on April 5, 2019. The film stars Jason Clarke as Louis Creed, Amy Seimetz as Rachel Creed, John Lithgow as Jud Crandall, Jeté Laurence as Ellie Creed, and twins Hugo and Lucas Lavoie as Gage Creed. On October 10, 2018, the film's first trailer was",
"title": "Pet Sematary"
},
{
"id": "19175215",
"text": "Murder on the Orient Express (2017 film) Murder on the Orient Express is a 2017 mystery thriller film directed by Kenneth Branagh with a screenplay by Michael Green, based on the 1934 novel of the same name by Agatha Christie. The film stars Branagh as Hercule Poirot, with Tom Bateman, Penélope Cruz, Willem Dafoe, Judi Dench, Johnny Depp, Josh Gad, Derek Jacobi, Leslie Odom Jr., Michelle Pfeiffer, and Daisy Ridley in supporting roles. The film is the fourth screen adaptation of Christie's novel, following the 1974 film, a 2001 TV film version, and a 2010 episode of the television series",
"title": "Murder on the Orient Express (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "17222798",
"text": "his fourth-favourite film of 2014. Belle (2013 film) Belle is a 2013 British period drama film directed by Amma Asante, written by Misan Sagay and produced by Damian Jones. It stars Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Tom Wilkinson, Miranda Richardson, Penelope Wilton, Sam Reid, Matthew Goode, Emily Watson, Sarah Gadon, Tom Felton and James Norton. The film is inspired by the 1779 painting of Dido Elizabeth Belle beside her cousin Lady Elizabeth Murray, at Kenwood House, which was commissioned by their great-uncle, William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield, then Lord Chief Justice of England. Very little is known about the life of Dido",
"title": "Belle (2013 film)"
},
{
"id": "19936163",
"text": "Happy New Year (2017 film) Happy New Year is a 2017 Indian Kannada anthology drama film directed by Pannaga Bharana, produced by Vanaja Patil under the banner Soumya Films to be released on May 5, 2017. The film features an ensemble cast consisting of B. C. Patil, Saikumar, Vijaya Raghavendra, Diganth, Dhananjay, Sudharani, Shruthi Hariharan, Sonu Gowda, Margarita and Srushti Patil in the lead roles. Music is composed by Raghu Dixit and art direction done by Esmile for the film. Stunt sequences are choreographed by Thriller Manju. The principal photography commenced on 22 August 2016 and the film was released",
"title": "Happy New Year (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "18343009",
"text": "crew treated to a traditional Māori powhiri and karakia. Filming wrapped in New Zealand's South Island after two weeks, and DuVernay declared the cast and crew's love for New Zealand in an Instagram post. On September 28, 2017, Ramin Djawadi was announced as the composer for the film, replacing Jonny Greenwood, who was initially chosen to compose, and scored the film. On February 20, 2018, it was announced that the soundtrack would feature appearances from Sade, Sia, Kehlani, Chloe x Halle, Freestyle Fellowship, DJ Khaled, and Demi Lovato. The film was released in the United States on March 9, 2018.",
"title": "A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film)"
},
{
"id": "19241250",
"text": "and Jerry McKinnon joined the cast of the film. Principal photography on the film began on November 30, 2015 in Los Angeles. In May 2017, Netflix acquired distribution rights to the film. It was released on April 20, 2018. Dude (film) Dude is a 2018 American comedy-drama film directed by Olivia Milch and written by Milch and Kendall McKinnon. The film stars Lucy Hale, Kathryn Prescott, Alexandra Shipp, Awkwafina, Austin Butler and Michaela Watkins. It was released on April 20, 2018, by Netflix. Lily (Lucy Hale), Chloe (Kathryn Prescott), Amelia (Alexandra Shipp) and Rebecca (Awkwafina) are in their second last",
"title": "Dude (film)"
},
{
"id": "20803096",
"text": "the film. Owens and Hayward will produce the film under their Monunmental Pictures banner, while Film4 Productions will produce the film. In May 2018, Beanie Feldstein joined the cast of the film, with Tango Entertainment producing and financing the film. In June 2018, Alfie Allen joined the cast of the film. In July 2018, Paddy Considine, Sarah Solemani, Laurie Kynaston, Joanna Scanlan, Arinze Kene, Frank Dillane, Tadhg Murphy and Ziggy Heath joined the cast of the film. Daniel Battsek, Ollie Madden, Sue Bruce-Smith, Tim Headington, Lisa Buman, Zygi Kamasa, Emma Berkofsky and Caitlin Moran will executive produce the film under",
"title": "How to Build a Girl"
},
{
"id": "18845922",
"text": "in the next 12 months\". Pitch Perfect 3 Pitch Perfect 3 is a 2017 American musical comedy film directed by Trish Sie and written by Kay Cannon and Mike White. A sequel to \"Pitch Perfect 2\" (2015), and the third installment in the \"Pitch Perfect\" series, the film stars Anna Kendrick, Anna Camp, Rebel Wilson, Brittany Snow, Hailee Steinfeld, Hana Mae Lee, Ester Dean, Chrissie Fit, Alexis Knapp, John Lithgow, Matt Lanter, Ruby Rose, Kelley Jakle, Shelley Regner, Elizabeth Banks, and John Michael Higgins. The film follows the Bellas, now graduated from college, reuniting for one final performance together during",
"title": "Pitch Perfect 3"
},
{
"id": "19440508",
"text": "Kingsman: The Golden Circle Kingsman: The Golden Circle is a 2017 action spy comedy film produced and directed by Matthew Vaughn and written by Vaughn and Jane Goldman. It is a sequel to \"\" (2014) which is based on the comic book series \"Kingsman\", created by Dave Gibbons and Mark Millar. The film features Colin Firth, Taron Egerton, Mark Strong, Edward Holcroft, Hanna Alström and Sophie Cookson reprising their roles from the first film with Julianne Moore, Halle Berry, Pedro Pascal, Elton John, Channing Tatum and Jeff Bridges joining the cast. The plot follows the members of Kingsman needing to",
"title": "Kingsman: The Golden Circle"
},
{
"id": "16659634",
"text": "of the cast returns for \"Infinity War\" with additional cast and characters joining from other MCU films. Avengers: Age of Ultron Avengers: Age of Ultron is a 2015 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to 2012's \"The Avengers\" and the eleventh film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film was written and directed by Joss Whedon and features an ensemble cast that includes Robert Downey Jr., Chris Hemsworth, Mark Ruffalo, Chris Evans, Scarlett Johansson, Jeremy Renner, Don",
"title": "Avengers: Age of Ultron"
},
{
"id": "20403402",
"text": "Venom (2018 film) Venom is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, produced by Columbia Pictures in association with Marvel and Tencent Pictures. Distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing, it is the first film in Sony's Marvel Universe, adjunct to the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Directed by Ruben Fleischer from a screenplay by Scott Rosenberg, Jeff Pinkner, and Kelly Marcel, it stars Tom Hardy as Eddie Brock / Venom, alongside Michelle Williams, Riz Ahmed, Scott Haze, and Reid Scott. In \"Venom\", journalist Brock gains superpowers after being bound to an alien symbiote whose",
"title": "Venom (2018 film)"
},
{
"id": "20614427",
"text": "After Everything After Everything (originally titled Shotgun) is an 2018 American comedy drama film, written and directed by Hannah Marks and Joey Power. It stars Jeremy Allen White, Maika Monroe, DeRon Horton, Sasha Lane, Dean Winters, Gina Gershon and Marisa Tomei. It had its world premiere on South by Southwest on March 9, 2018. It was released on October 12, 2018, by Good Deed Entertainment, to positive critical reception. In March 2017, it was announced Jeremy Allen White and Maika Monroe, had been cast in the film, with Hannah Marks and Joey Power directing from a screenplay they wrote. Jordan",
"title": "After Everything"
},
{
"id": "20264148",
"text": "from a screenplay by David Arata with Netflix releasing the film. The film began production in early July 2017 in London, England and also shot in the United Kingdom, Bulgaria, and Morocco. The rest of the cast was confirmed on July 25, 2017 with the film in principal production. The film was released on September 14, 2018, although originally it was scheduled for June 15, 2018. The Angel (2018 American film) The Angel is an Israeli-American spythriller film directed by Ariel Vromen and starring Marwan Kenzari and Toby Kebbell among others. It is an adaptation of the non-fiction book titled",
"title": "The Angel (2018 American film)"
}
] | who plays belle's dad in the new movie |
[
"Troy Edward Baker"
] | [
{
"id": "16120842",
"text": "players engage in cooperative and competitive gameplay. Development of \"The Last of Us\" began in 2009, soon after the release of Naughty Dog's previous game, \"\". The relationship between Joel and Ellie became the central focus of the game, with all other elements developed around it. Actors Troy Baker and Ashley Johnson portrayed Joel and Ellie respectively through voice and motion capture, and assisted creative director Neil Druckmann with the development of the characters and story. The original score was composed and performed by Gustavo Santaolalla. Following its announcement in December 2011, \"The Last of Us\" was widely anticipated. Upon",
"title": "The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "8443151",
"text": "voice actor Nolan North host the weekly YouTube series \"Retro Replay\". Baker and his wife, Pamela Walworth, have a son, Traveller Hyde, born in 2018. Studio albums Singles Video game songs Troy Baker Troy Edward Baker (born April 1, 1976) is an American actor and musician known for portraying the lead characters in various video game titles. His most noteable voice performances are as Joel in \"The Last of Us\", Kanji Tatsumi in \"Persona 4\", Booker DeWitt in \"BioShock Infinite\", the Joker in \"\", Batman in other titles, Delsin Rowe in \"Infamous Second Son\", Sam Drake in \"\" and \"\",",
"title": "Troy Baker"
},
{
"id": "8443145",
"text": "Troy Baker Troy Edward Baker (born April 1, 1976) is an American actor and musician known for portraying the lead characters in various video game titles. His most noteable voice performances are as Joel in \"The Last of Us\", Kanji Tatsumi in \"Persona 4\", Booker DeWitt in \"BioShock Infinite\", the Joker in \"\", Batman in other titles, Delsin Rowe in \"Infamous Second Son\", Sam Drake in \"\" and \"\", Revolver Ocelot in \"\", Pagan Min in \"Far Cry 4\", Rhys in \"Tales from the Borderlands\", Logan Thackeray in \"Guild Wars 2\" and Yuri Lowell in \"Tales of Vesperia\". He has",
"title": "Troy Baker"
},
{
"id": "8443150",
"text": "a rating of 9.3 on IGN. He also voiced Ace (Experiment 262) in the English dub of the anime \"Stitch!\". \"Entertainment Weekly\" has listed him in their Best of 2013 issue for best breakout actor in the video game industry for his performance as Joel in \"The Last of Us\", Booker DeWitt in \"BioShock Infinite\" and the Joker in \"\". He is one of the few actors to have portrayed Batman (\"\", \"\", \"Lego Dimensions\", \"\" and \"\"), the Joker (\"\") and the three major iterations of Robin (\", \" and \"\"). As of May 6, 2018, Baker and fellow",
"title": "Troy Baker"
},
{
"id": "18550326",
"text": "game's animations were recorded using motion capture, with remaining audio elements recorded later in a studio. Though the team quickly felt that Johnson fit the role of Ellie, they spent more time selecting the actor of Joel, as the chemistry between the two characters was imperative to the game. After Baker and Johnson played alongside each other, the team realised that the former perfectly fit the role of Joel, despite the actor's young age. Druckmann attributed Baker's voice and movement to the team's choice of casting him. Baker and Johnson contributed greatly to the development of the characters. For example,",
"title": "Development of The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "16120860",
"text": "concept of the fungus evolving and infecting humans, and the direct results of an outbreak of this infection. The relationship between Joel and Ellie was the central focus of the game; all other elements were developed around it. Troy Baker and Ashley Johnson were cast as Joel and Ellie, respectively, and provided voice and motion capture performances. Baker and Johnson contributed to the development of the characters; for example, Baker convinced Druckmann that Joel would care for Tess due to his loneliness, and Johnson convinced Druckmann that Ellie should be stronger and more defensive. Ellie's physical appearance was also redesigned",
"title": "The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "16120841",
"text": "The Last of Us The Last of Us is an action-adventure survival horror video game developed by Naughty Dog and published by Sony Computer Entertainment. It was released for the PlayStation 3 worldwide on June 14, 2013. Players control Joel, a smuggler tasked with escorting a teenage girl, Ellie, across a post-apocalyptic United States. \"The Last of Us\" is played from a third-person perspective. Players use firearms and improvised weapons, and can use stealth to defend against hostile humans and cannibalistic creatures infected by a mutated strain of the \"Cordyceps\" fungus. In the game's online multiplayer mode, up to eight",
"title": "The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "18550312",
"text": "Infected as a main feature of the game after discovering the \"Cordyceps\" fungi. His story, set twenty years after the outbreak starts and much of civilization is destroyed, explored the possibility of the fungi infecting humans. Though Ellie was initially intended to be Joel's daughter, the team found this to be too limiting in terms of further character development. The team chose Troy Baker and Ashley Johnson to portray Joel and Ellie, respectively. Providing both the voice and motion capture of the characters, Baker and Johnson assisted the team to develop the characters and help refine the story. The relationship",
"title": "Development of The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "18550311",
"text": "Development of The Last of Us The development of \"The Last of Us\", an action-adventure survival horror video game, began after \"\" release in October 2009. Sony Computer Entertainment published \"The Last of Us\" on June 14, 2013, for PlayStation 3. The three-year development, led by studio Naughty Dog, was kept secret for the majority of development. In the game, players assume control of Joel, tasked with escorting the young Ellie across a post-apocalyptic United States, in an attempt to create a potential cure against an infection to which Ellie is immune. Creative director Neil Druckmann was inspired to include",
"title": "Development of The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "18550376",
"text": "References Development of The Last of Us The development of \"The Last of Us\", an action-adventure survival horror video game, began after \"\" release in October 2009. Sony Computer Entertainment published \"The Last of Us\" on June 14, 2013, for PlayStation 3. The three-year development, led by studio Naughty Dog, was kept secret for the majority of development. In the game, players assume control of Joel, tasked with escorting the young Ellie across a post-apocalyptic United States, in an attempt to create a potential cure against an infection to which Ellie is immune. Creative director Neil Druckmann was inspired to",
"title": "Development of The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "16120890",
"text": "at the PlayStation Experience event on December 3, 2016. The story takes place about five years after the first game; Ellie and Joel return, with players controlling Ellie. Santaolalla will return to compose the music, and Druckmann will return to write the story alongside Halley Gross. Straley will not return as game director. The Last of Us The Last of Us is an action-adventure survival horror video game developed by Naughty Dog and published by Sony Computer Entertainment. It was released for the PlayStation 3 worldwide on June 14, 2013. Players control Joel, a smuggler tasked with escorting a teenage",
"title": "The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "19873544",
"text": "The Last of Us Part II The Last of Us Part II is an upcoming action-adventure game developed by Naughty Dog and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment for PlayStation 4. It is the sequel to 2013's \"The Last of Us\" (2013). It was announced at the PlayStation Experience event in December 2016. Set five years after \"The Last of Us\", players control an older Ellie, who comes into conflict with a mysterious cult in a post-apocalyptic United States. Development of \"The Last of Us Part II\" began in 2014. Troy Baker and Ashley Johnson reprise their roles as Joel and",
"title": "The Last of Us Part II"
},
{
"id": "19873546",
"text": "on hate. Motion capture began in 2017. The second trailer was released on October 30, 2017, as part of Paris Games Week. It revealed four new characters: Yara (played by Victoria Grace), Lev (Ian Alexander), Emily (Emily Swallow), and an unnamed character played by Laura Bailey. Druckmann stated that the characters \"are integral to [Ellie and Joel's] next journey\". The game was featured at Sony's E3 event on June 11, 2018. In January 2017, PlayStation Blog awarded \"The Last of Us Part II\" Most Anticipated Game of the Year. Later that year, it won Most Wanted Game at the 2017",
"title": "The Last of Us Part II"
},
{
"id": "944492",
"text": "Lightning), Tatsuhisa Suzuki (the voice of Noctis Lucis Caelum in \"Final Fantasy XV\"), Miyu Irino (the Japanese voice of Sora in the \" Kingdom Hearts \" series), Troy Baker (English Snow Villiers, Joel in \"The Last of Us\"), David Hayter (Solid Snake and Big Boss of the \"Metal Gear\" series), Steve Downes and Jen Taylor (Master Chief and Cortana from the \"Halo\" series), Nolan North (Nathan Drake from the \"Uncharted\" games and Desmond Miles from the \"Assassin's Creed\" game series), Charles Martinet (the voice of Mario, Luigi, Baby Mario, Baby Luigi, Wario, and Waluigi in Nintendo's \"Mario\" franchise), Liam O'Brien",
"title": "Voice acting"
},
{
"id": "8443149",
"text": "Joel in Naughty Dog's \"The Last of Us\". Both games earned critical acclaim, earning scores over 90% in GameRankings and Metacritic, and commercial success. Baker got nominated for both of these roles in the VGX 2013 and ended up winning for \"The Last of Us\". Baker again worked with Naughty Dog on \"\" opposite Nolan North playing Nathan Drake's older brother Sam. He reprised the role again in \"\". In 2011 he became the voice of Siris, the hero from Chair Entertainment's blockbuster mobile series \"Infinity Blade\", and in 2014 the voice of Talion, the protagonist of \"\" which earned",
"title": "Troy Baker"
},
{
"id": "18550325",
"text": "While the game's focus testers hated the ending, suggesting alternative methods, Druckmann continued with it; when the game's music and gameplay became closer to completion, the focus testers began appreciating the ending more. When discussing the ending, VentureBeat writer Dean Takahashi referenced the quote \"Whoever saves one life saves the world entire\", from \"Schindler's List\" (1993), highlighting its inaccuracy: \"You save a life and doom the whole world,\" he wrote. Joel is voiced by veteran voice actor Troy Baker, while Ellie is voiced by actress Ashley Johnson. Their performances were mostly recorded using motion capture technology; approximately 85% of the",
"title": "Development of The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "18756528",
"text": "Annual D.I.C.E. Awards, Lead Performance in a Drama at the 13th Annual National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards, Best Voice Actress at the Spike VGX 2013, and Best Performer from \"The Daily Telegraph\". Ellie (The Last of Us) Ellie is a fictional character in the 2013 video game \"The Last of Us\", and the main protagonist of the upcoming video game \"The Last of Us Part II\". In the first game, the character Joel is tasked with escorting Ellie across a post-apocalyptic United States in an attempt to create a potential cure for an infection to which Ellie",
"title": "Ellie (The Last of Us)"
},
{
"id": "18756507",
"text": "Ellie (The Last of Us) Ellie is a fictional character in the 2013 video game \"The Last of Us\", and the main protagonist of the upcoming video game \"The Last of Us Part II\". In the first game, the character Joel is tasked with escorting Ellie across a post-apocalyptic United States in an attempt to create a potential cure for an infection to which Ellie is immune. She is voiced by Ashley Johnson, who also provided motion capture for the character. While players briefly assume control of Ellie for a portion of the game, the computer's artificial intelligence primarily controls",
"title": "Ellie (The Last of Us)"
},
{
"id": "16120850",
"text": "their clan's supplies grow. Players can connect the game to their Facebook account, which alters clan members' names and faces to match the players' Facebook friends. Players have the ability to customize their characters with hats, helmets, masks, and emblems. In September 2013, an outbreak of a mutant \"Cordyceps\" fungus ravages the United States, transforming its human hosts into aggressive creatures known as the Infected. In the suburbs of Austin, Texas, Joel (Troy Baker) flees the chaos with his brother Tommy (Jeffrey Pierce) and daughter Sarah (Hana Hayes). As they flee, Sarah is shot by a soldier and dies in",
"title": "The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "16120851",
"text": "Joel's arms. Twenty years later, civilization has been destroyed by the infection. Survivors live in heavily policed quarantine zones, independent settlements, and nomadic groups. Joel works as a smuggler with his partner Tess (Annie Wersching) in the quarantine zone in the North End of Boston, Massachusetts. They hunt down Robert (Robin Atkin Downes), a black-market dealer, to recover a stolen weapons cache. Before Tess kills him, Robert reveals that he traded the cache with the Fireflies, a rebel militia opposing the quarantine zone authorities. The leader of the Fireflies, Marlene (Merle Dandridge), promises to double their cache in return for",
"title": "The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "19873545",
"text": "Ellie, respectively. The story is written by Neil Druckmann and Halley Gross. Gustavo Santaolalla returns to compose and perform the score. Anthony Newman and Kurt Margenau are game directors; Bruce Straley, game director on \"The Last of Us\", left Naughty Dog in 2017. The game will feature multiplayer. \"The Last of Us Part II\" was announced at the PlayStation Experience event on December 3, 2016. The first trailer revealed the return of Ellie and Joel, whose story takes place five years after the first game. Players control Ellie. Whereas the first game centers on love, Druckmann stated \"Part II\" centers",
"title": "The Last of Us Part II"
},
{
"id": "16120854",
"text": "hold, Sam attacks Ellie, but Henry shoots him dead and commits suicide out of grief. In the fall, Joel and Ellie finally find Tommy in Jackson, Wyoming, where he has assembled a fortified settlement near a hydroelectric dam with his wife Maria (Ashley Scott). Joel decides to leave Ellie with Tommy, but after she confronts him about Sarah, he decides to let her stay with him. Tommy directs them to a Fireflies enclave at the University of Eastern Colorado. They find the university abandoned, but learn that the Fireflies have moved to a hospital in Salt Lake City, Utah. Afterward,",
"title": "The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "16120858",
"text": "true. Naughty Dog began developing \"The Last of Us\" in 2009, following the release of \"\". For the first time in the company's history, Naughty Dog split into two teams; while one team developed \"\" (2011), the other began work on \"The Last of Us\". Director Bruce Straley and creative director Neil Druckmann led the team responsible for developing \"The Last of Us\". Druckmann views \"The Last of Us\" as a coming of age story, in which Ellie adapts to survival after spending time with Joel, as well as an exploration of how willing a father is to save his",
"title": "The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "17973367",
"text": "audio recordings found in the game world can be heard through the controller's speaker; the original version forced players to remain in a menu while the recordings were played. The game's Photo Mode allows players to capture images of the game by pausing gameplay and adjusting the camera freely. In the menu, players have the ability to watch all cutscenes with audio commentary featuring creative director Neil Druckmann, Troy Baker and Ashley Johnson, who portrayed Joel and Ellie, respectively. In March 2014, information concerning a release of \"The Last of Us\" on PlayStation 4 was leaked. This was followed by",
"title": "The Last of Us Remastered"
},
{
"id": "18550330",
"text": "saw these qualities overlapping, with Joel become more lively, and Ellie learning more survival skills. Though Druckmann initially wrote the character of Joel using inspiration from Josh Brolin's portrayal of Llewelyn Moss in \"No Country for Old Men\" (2007), which he saw as \"very quiet, very cool under pressure\", Baker's interpretation of Joel as a more emotional person evolved the character in a different way. Ultimately, the narrative became an exploration of how willing a father is to save a child; initially, Joel is willing to sacrifice himself, before evolving where he is willing to sacrifice his friends, until finally",
"title": "Development of The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "18550371",
"text": "trailing the focus away from the characters. For the final design of the trailer, the team attempted to incorporate as many gameplay features as possible, including human antagonism, melee implementation, stealth, and character relationships. The first game cinematic was released on May 15, 2012, depicting a scene in which Joel and Ellie are ambushed by hunters. This was followed by a second trailer titled \"The Sky has Turned Grey\", released on May 16. The trailer revealed a redesign of the character of Ellie; Druckmann revealed that this was to make her look more similar to actress Ashley Johnson. A game",
"title": "Development of The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "16120855",
"text": "the two are attacked by bandits and Joel is severely wounded while escaping. During the winter, Ellie and Joel shelter in the mountains. Joel is on the brink of death and relies on Ellie to care for him. Hunting for food, Ellie encounters David (Nolan North) and James (Reuben Langdon), scavengers willing to trade medicine for food; despite initially appearing friendly and cooperative, David turns hostile after revealing the university bandits were part of his group. Ellie manages to lead David's group away from Joel, but is eventually captured; David intends to recruit her into his cannibal group. Refusing the",
"title": "The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "16120853",
"text": "Ellie's importance, sacrifices herself against pursuing soldiers so Joel and Ellie can escape. Joel decides to find Tommy, a former Firefly, in the hope that he can locate the remaining Fireflies. With the help of Bill (W. Earl Brown), a smuggler who owes Joel a favor, they acquire a working vehicle. Driving into Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Joel and Ellie are ambushed by bandits and their car is wrecked. They ally with two brothers, Henry (Brandon Scott) and Sam (Nadji Jeter). After they escape the city, Sam is bitten by an infected but hides it from the group. As his infection takes",
"title": "The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "18550332",
"text": "features scenes with Joel and his daughter Sarah, portrayed by Hana Hayes. Upon later viewing of the first day of footage from the scene, Druckmann felt that it could still be improved. When filming the scene again, Druckmann explained to Baker how to perform it, and felt that it was the best take upon doing so. Though Baker initially found the take too \"mechanical\", he retroactively realised that he had been previously trying to impress audiences by his acting, and that it was \"not what the scene needed\". When portraying Ellie, Johnson faced challenges in performing scenes that made her",
"title": "Development of The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "16120872",
"text": "patience and skill\", appreciating their emotional value, and Joystiq's Mitchell found the relationship \"genuine\" and emotional. \"PlayStation Official Magazine\"s Meikleham named Joel and Ellie the best characters of any PlayStation 3 game, while IGN's Moriarty identified it as a highlight of the game. Kelly of \"Computer and Video Games\" named the characters \"richly painted\", feeling invested in their stories. Philip Kollar of \"Polygon\" felt that Ellie was believable, making it easier to develop a connection to her, and that the relationship between the characters was assisted by the game's optional conversations. The character performances also received praise, with \"Edge\" and",
"title": "The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "18550329",
"text": "by the relationship between Nathan Drake and Tenzin in \"Uncharted 2: Among Thieves\", in turn inspired by the video game \"Ico\". The game's protagonists represent the two eras that are shown in the game; Joel represents the world before the outbreak, having spent most of his life during this period, while Ellie represents the world after the outbreak, as she was born in the post-apocalyptic world. While the former is emotionally damaged due to the loss that he has experienced, the latter maintains an optimistic view of life, having become familiar to the damaged world; spending time with each other",
"title": "Development of The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "18550331",
"text": "feeling that he would sacrifice all of humanity in order to save Ellie. Druckmann felt that players, specifically parents, would be able to relate to Joel's character and his bonding with Ellie. Baker believes that Joel discovers morality throughout the game's narrative, working out the difference between loss and sacrifice, and his true personality begins to show. When auditioning for the role, Baker read a phrase on the character sheet that stated Joel had \"few moral lines left to cross\", which became the \"anchor point\" to the character for him. Baker found great difficulty in filming the game's prologue, which",
"title": "Development of The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "16120845",
"text": "a mutated strain of the \"Cordyceps\" fungus. For most of the game, the player takes control of Joel, a man tasked with escorting a young girl, Ellie, across the United States; Ellie and other companions are controlled by the artificial intelligence. The player also controls Ellie throughout the game's winter segment. In combat, the player can use long-range weapons, such as rifles, shotguns, and bows, and short-range weapons such as handguns and short-barreled shotgun. The player is able to scavenge limited-use melee weapons, such as pipes and baseball bats, and throw bottles and bricks to distract, stun, or attack enemies.",
"title": "The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "18756512",
"text": "she was excited to play the role, which she felt was a rare example of a strong female video game character. The development team felt that establishing Ellie's physical appearance was \"critical\". They felt that she needed to appear young enough to make her relationship with Joel—who is in his 40s—believable, but old enough to be credible as a resourceful teenager capable of surviving. A redesign of Ellie's physical appearance was publicized in May 2012; Druckmann stated that the change was to make her look more like Johnson. Prior to the redesign, comparisons were made between Ellie and actress Ellen",
"title": "Ellie (The Last of Us)"
},
{
"id": "16120871",
"text": "Moriarty named it one of the game's standout features. \"PlayStation Official Magazine\"s David Meikleham wrote that the pacing contributed to the improvement of the story, stating that there is \"a real sense of time elapsed and journey traveled along every step of the way\", and Destructoid's Jim Sterling lauded the game's suspenseful moments. Richard Mitchell of Joystiq found that the narrative improved the character relationships. The characters—particularly the relationship between Joel and Ellie—received acclaim. Matt Helgeson of \"Game Informer\" wrote that the relationship felt identifiable, naming it \"poignant\" and \"well-drawn\". \"Eurogamer\"s Welsh wrote that the characters were developed with \"real",
"title": "The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "16120880",
"text": "in distress\", but that this concept is subverted. GameSpot's Carolyn Petit praised the female characters as morally conflicted and sympathetic, but wrote that gender in video games should be evaluated \"based on their actual merits, not in relation to other games\". Chris Suellentrop of \"The New York Times\" acknowledged that Ellie was a likable and \"sometimes powerful\" character, but argued that \"The Last of Us\" is \"actually the story of Joel\", stating that it's \"another video game by men, for men and about men\". \"The Last of Us\" was also praised for its depiction of LGBT characters. Sam Einhorn of",
"title": "The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "18550313",
"text": "between Joel and Ellie was the central focus of the game, and all other elements were developed around it. Various other characters were influenced by the story progression, ultimately becoming completely different from the initial vision. \"The Last of Us\" features an original score, composed by musician Gustavo Santaolalla. Known for his minimalist approach to composing, Santaolalla was contacted early in development. Naughty Dog took a similar minimalist approach to other elements of the game, including the action, sound design and art design. The sound department began working early on the sound of the Infected, in order to achieve the",
"title": "Development of The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "16120885",
"text": "named the Best PlayStation Game by GameSpot, GameTrailers, \"Hardcore Gamer\", and IGN. Naughty Dog won Studio of the Year and Best Developer from \"The Daily Telegraph\", \"Edge\", the Golden Joystick Awards, \"Hardcore Gamer\", and the 2013 Spike VGX. Baker and Johnson received multiple nominations for their performances; Baker won awards from \"Hardcore Gamer\" and the 2013 Spike VGX, while Johnson won awards at the British Academy Video Games Awards, DICE Awards, VGX 2013, and from \"The Daily Telegraph\". The game's story also received awards at the British Academy Video Games Awards, the DICE Awards, the Game Developers Choice Awards, the",
"title": "The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "18756511",
"text": "Johnson was chosen to portray Ellie in \"The Last of Us\" shortly after her auditions; the development team felt that she fit the role, particularly when acting alongside Troy Baker, who portrayed Joel. Johnson made important contributions to Ellie's character development. She convinced Druckmann to give Ellie a more independent personality, and to make her more successful in combat. As Ellie, Johnson's performances were mostly recorded using motion capture technology which produced approximately 85% of the game's animations. The remaining audio elements were recorded later in a studio. When portraying Ellie, Johnson was sometimes uncomfortable while performing \"disturbing\" scenes. But,",
"title": "Ellie (The Last of Us)"
},
{
"id": "18550336",
"text": "few lines to further reflect Bill's sexuality. To make Bill interesting, Druckmann explored the concept of contradictory statements; while Bill states that becoming attached to people will lower chances of survival, it is revealed that he had a partner that he really cared for. Bill's role in the game was also to voice Joel's concerns about escorting Ellie, as Joel does not voice them. \"[T]he reason to have Bill there is that Bill can actually say that to Joel, and warn Joel about that stuff,\" Druckmann said. Veteran voice actor Nolan North, who portrays protagonist Nathan Drake in Naughty Dog's",
"title": "Development of The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "16120888",
"text": "younger Ellie and Riley. On July 28, 2014, the cast of the game performed a live reading of selected scenes in Santa Monica, California, with live music by Santaolalla. The performance was hosted and directed by Druckmann, with graphics by Alex Hobbs. On March 6, 2014, Sony announced that Screen Gems will distribute a film adaptation of \"The Last of Us\", written by Druckmann and produced by Sam Raimi. By January 2015, Druckmann had written the script's second draft, and performed a read-through with some actors. Very little work occurred following this, as Druckmann stated in April 2016 that the",
"title": "The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "16120864",
"text": "created to coordinate with players; the addition of Ellie as artificial intelligence was a major contributor to the engine. The lighting engine was also re-created to incorporate soft light, in which the sunlight seeps in through spaces and reflects off surfaces. The gameplay introduced difficulty to the team, as they felt that every mechanic required thorough analysis. The game's user interface design also underwent various iterations throughout development. \"The Last of Us\" was announced on December 10, 2011, at the Spike Video Game Awards, alongside its debut trailer and an official press release acknowledging some of the game's features. The",
"title": "The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "16120887",
"text": "It received Best Overall Sound, Best PlayStation 3 Multiplayer, and Best Action-Adventure Game on PlayStation 3, and overall at IGN's Best of 2013 Awards. It also won Best Action-Adventure Game at the British Academy Video Games Awards, and \"The Escapist\", as well as Best Action Game from \"Hardcore Gamer\" and Adventure Game of the Year at the DICE Awards. A four-issue comic book miniseries, titled \"\", was published by Dark Horse Comics from April to July 2013. Written by Druckmann and illustrated by Faith Erin Hicks, the comics serve as a prequel to the game, chronicling the journey of a",
"title": "The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "16120879",
"text": "\"designed to be uncomfortable\", stating that it contributes to Joel's character. Prior to the release of the game, Keith Stuart of \"The Guardian\" wrote that the acceptability of the violence would depend on its context within the game. Many critics discussed the game's depiction of female characters. Jason Killingsworth of \"Edge\" praised its lack of sexualized female characters, writing that it \"offers a refreshing antidote to the sexism and regressive gender attitudes of most blockbuster videogames\". \"Eurogamer\"s Ellie Gibson praised Ellie as \"sometimes strong, sometimes vulnerable, but never a cliché\". She felt that Ellie is initially established as a \"damsel",
"title": "The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "16120869",
"text": "audio options, an audio commentary, and a Photo Mode. It includes the previously released downloadable content, including \"Left Behind\" and some multiplayer maps. The development team aimed to create a \"true\" remaster, maintaining the \"core experience\" and major story and gameplay elements. \"The Last of Us\" received critical acclaim. Review aggregator website Metacritic calculated an average score of 95 out of 100, indicating \"universal acclaim\", based on 98 reviews. It is the fifth-highest rated PlayStation 3 game on Metacritic. Reviewers praised the character development, story and subtext, visual and sound design, and depiction of female and LGBT characters. The game",
"title": "The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "18550327",
"text": "Baker convinced Druckmann that Joel would care for Tess due to his loneliness, and Johnson convinced Druckmann to re-write the character of Ellie in a stronger and more defensive manner. Some of the dialogue between the duo was improvised by the actors; Druckmann attributed this to the fact that the script included an unnecessary number of lines during gameplay sections, and he allowed the actors to choose what they felt was necessary. The characters of Joel and Ellie were the basis of the game; the development between the characters was established first, and the game's other concepts followed. From the",
"title": "Development of The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "17381842",
"text": "however, due to the lead character's heart condition, players would often assume control of the young girl, reversing the roles. He based \"The Last of Us\" on this concept, replacing the police officer with Joel, and naming the young girl Ellie. Druckmann wrote \"The Last of Us\" with the intention of having the story \"rooted firmly within reality\", a stark departure from Naughty Dog's previous \"light and loose\" feeling. \"It needed to go a little darker [than \"Uncharted\"] to explore a sadder theme,\" he explained. Prior to directing the game, Druckmann took acting classes in order to \"talk to [the",
"title": "Neil Druckmann"
},
{
"id": "18756510",
"text": "been commended. Ellie's role in \"Left Behind\"s plot has prompted some social commentary within the industry, with coverage focusing on a scene depicting LGBT themes. Both the character and Johnson's performance received numerous awards and nominations, and have regularly been placed favorably in polls and lists. Creative director Neil Druckmann designed Ellie as a counterpart to Joel, the game's main playable character. She was also intended to demonstrate that a character bond could be created entirely through gameplay. Druckmann described the game as a coming of age story for Ellie, in which she adopts the qualities of a survivor. Ashley",
"title": "Ellie (The Last of Us)"
},
{
"id": "4332975",
"text": "to realistic worlds and characters, in contrast to their \"Crash Bandicoot\" and \"Jak and Daxter\" series, which featured fantastical worlds set in a fictional setting. The \"Uncharted\" franchise has been praised for its cinematic quality and technical proficiency, and has sold nearly 17 million copies worldwide as of April 2012. During the 2011 Spike TV Video Game Awards, Naughty Dog unveiled a new intellectual property, \"The Last of Us\", described as a \"post-apocalyptic third-person action-adventure game\", following the plight of a teenage girl, Ellie, and her adult protector, Joel, in a post-apocalyptic United States overrun with humans infected with a",
"title": "Naughty Dog"
},
{
"id": "16120844",
"text": "downloadable content additions. \"\" adds a single-player campaign following Ellie and her best friend Riley. An enhanced edition of the original game, \"The Last of Us Remastered\", was released for the PlayStation 4 in July 2014. A sequel, \"The Last of Us Part II\", was announced in December 2016. \"The Last of Us\" is an action-adventure survival horror game played from a third-person perspective. The player traverses across post-apocalyptic environments such as towns, buildings, forest and sewers to advance the story. The player can use firearms, improvised weapons, and stealth to defend against hostile humans and cannibalistic creatures infected by",
"title": "The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "5254629",
"text": "and \"\". He played Will on \"The Secret Life of Us\", for which he won an AACTA Award in 2002. In 2005, he lent his voice to the title character of \"The Mysterious Geographic Explorations of Jasper Morello\", an Academy Award-nominated animated short film. The same year, he appeared as the son of a deceased shoemaker in the British comedy \"Kinky Boots\". He also appeared in \"Smokin' Aces\" (2006). Edgerton appeared in the film \"Whisper\" (2007), \"The Square\" (which he co-wrote and was directed by his brother), \"Acolytes\", and \"Separation City\". In 2009, he starred alongside as Stanley in the",
"title": "Joel Edgerton"
},
{
"id": "16120857",
"text": "brain, which will kill her. Unwilling to let Ellie die, Joel battles his way to the operating room and carries the unconscious Ellie to the parking garage. He is confronted by Marlene, whom he shoots and kills to prevent the Fireflies from pursuing them. On the drive out of the city, Joel claims that the Fireflies had found many other immune people but were unable to create a cure, and that they have stopped trying. On the outskirts of Tommy's settlement, Ellie reveals that and expresses her survivor guilt. At her insistence, Joel swears his story about the Fireflies is",
"title": "The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "18756522",
"text": "her survivor's guilt and demanding to know the truth, Joel reassures her that he is telling the truth; she replies \"Okay\". At the December 2016 PlayStation Experience event, a sequel titled \"The Last of Us Part II\" was announced as being in early development. The game's first trailer reveals the return of Ellie and Joel. Events take place about five years after the first game; Ellie, who will be 19 during \"Part II\", has been confirmed as the main playable character. Ellie's character received generally positive feedback. Jason Killingsworth of \"Edge\" praised Ellie's complexity and commended Naughty Dog for not",
"title": "Ellie (The Last of Us)"
},
{
"id": "18550340",
"text": "to the engine. The team intentionally added a feature in which Ellie remains close to Joel, in order to avoid being conceived as a \"burden\". Programmer Max Dyckhoff stated that, when working on Ellie as AI, he tried to imagine her experiences throughout the game's events, in an attempt to achieve realism. The enemy AI, considered one of the most important features of the game, was developed to make random choices; they study their surroundings, finding tactics to attack the player. This uniqueness to gameplay was a factor into the attempt at making players feel emotions towards the enemies. The",
"title": "Development of The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "18756524",
"text": "former was a \"much more rounded out, full-fledged\" character. Conversely, \"Game Informer\"s Kimberley Wallace felt that the game focused too much on Joel, \"hardly capitalizing on Ellie's importance\", and Chris Suellentrop of \"The New York Times\" judged that Ellie is cast \"in a secondary, more subordinate role\". Critics praised the relationship between Ellie and Joel. Matt Helgeson of \"Game Informer\" wrote that the relationship was \"poignant\" and \"well-drawn\", \"Joystiq\"s Richard Mitchell found it \"genuine\" and emotional, and IGN's Colin Moriarty identified it as a highlight of the game. \"Eurogamer\"s Oli Welsh felt the characters were developed with \"real patience and",
"title": "Ellie (The Last of Us)"
},
{
"id": "16120843",
"text": "release, it received critical acclaim, with praise directed at its narrative, gameplay, visual and sound design, characterization, and depiction of female characters. \"The Last of Us\" became one of the best-selling games on the PlayStation 3, selling over 1.3 million units in its first week and 17 million by April 2018. It won year-end accolades, including multiple Game of the Year awards from several gaming publications, critics, and game award ceremonies, making it one of the most awarded games in history, and is considered one of the greatest video games ever made. After the game's release, Naughty Dog released several",
"title": "The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "16120884",
"text": "its previews at E3. It was review aggregators Metacritic and GameRankings' second-highest rated for the year 2013, behind \"Grand Theft Auto V\". The game appeared on several year-end lists of the best games of 2013, receiving wins from the 41st Annie Awards, \"The A.V. Club\", the British Academy Video Games Awards, Canada.com, \"Daily Mirror\", \"The Daily Telegraph\", Destructoid, the 17th Annual DICE Awards, \"The Escapist\", GamesRadar, GameTrailers, the 14th Annual Developers Choice Awards, Game Revolution, Giant Bomb, \"Good Game\", \"Hardcore Gamer\", IGN, IGN Australia, \"International Business Times\", \"Kotaku\", National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers, VG247, VideoGamer.com. It was also",
"title": "The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "18550383",
"text": "in the film \"No Country for Old Men\" (2007), the team used music judiciously and tried to find other ways to \"make your palms sweaty\". The orchestral portions of the score were recorded at Ocean Way Studios in Nashville by the Nashville Scoring Orchestra. Aside from the official soundtracks, licensed tracks also appear in the game. In the main game, during the section titled \"Alone and Forsaken\", Joel and Ellie listen to the songs \"I'll Never Get Out of This World Alive\" and \"Alone and Forsaken\", both by Hank Williams. In the downloadable expansion pack \"\", Ellie and Riley dance",
"title": "Music of The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "16120886",
"text": "Golden Joystick Awards, and the Writers Guild of America Awards, and from GameTrailers, Giant Bomb, \"Hardcore Gamer\", and IGN. The sound design and music received awards at the DICE Awards, the Inside Gaming Awards, and from IGN. The game's graphical and artistic design also won awards from Destructoid, the DICE Awards, the Golden Joystick Awards, and IGN. \"The Last of Us\" was awarded Outstanding Innovation in Gaming at the DICE Awards, and Best Third Person Shooter from GameTrailers. The game received Best New IP from \"Hardcore Gamer\", Best Newcomer at the Golden Joystick Awards, and Best Debut from Giant Bomb.",
"title": "The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "18550328",
"text": "beginning of development, the team intended for \"The Last of Us\" to feature dual protagonists with strong individual story arcs. During the Winter segment of the game, players assume control of Ellie. The developers ensured that this change was kept secretive prior to the game's release, to surprise players; they did the same with Ellie's immunity, as well as with the game's prologue, where players assume control of Joel's daughter Sarah. The change of control from Joel to Ellie signifies a change in the role of the protector, echoing Druckmann's previous ideas as a student. The character interactions were inspired",
"title": "Development of The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "3180376",
"text": "Go!\" and Gwen Tennyson on \"\" and in future variations of the \"Ben 10\" franchise. Four of her roles have love interests who are voiced by Greg Cipes (Chiro in \"Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go!\", Kevin in \"Ben 10\", Beast Boy in \"Teen Titans\", and Michelangelo in \"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\"). She co-starred in the PlayStation exclusive \"The Last of Us\" as the character Ellie, which was released to critical acclaim and commercial success. She subsequently won a video game BAFTA for Best Performer and a VGX Award for Best Voice Actress for her role in the game. On",
"title": "Ashley Johnson"
},
{
"id": "18550377",
"text": "Music of The Last of Us The music for the 2013 action-adventure survival horror video game \"The Last of Us\", developed by Naughty Dog and published by Sony Computer Entertainment, was composed by musician Gustavo Santaolalla. Supplementary music for the game's downloadable content \"\" was composed by Santaolalla, Andrew Buresh, Anthony Caruso and Jonathan Mayer. Both soundtracks were produced by Santaolalla, Mayer, and Aníbal Kerpel, with separate segments recorded in both Los Angeles and Nashville. Santaolalla, known for his minimalist approach to composing, was excited to work on the soundtrack due to the game's focus on the characters and story.",
"title": "Music of The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "18756509",
"text": "the game's development, the relationship between Ellie and Joel was the central focus, with all other elements developed around it. Johnson inspired aspects of Ellie's personality, prompting Druckmann to make her more active in fighting hostile enemies. Naughty Dog also redesigned her appearance during the game's development to more closely resemble Johnson. Her appearance has also been compared to that of actress Ellen Page. The character has been well-received by critics, with Ellie's relationship with Joel most frequently the subject of praise. The strength and complexity of her character, and its subversion of the damsel in distress stereotype, have also",
"title": "Ellie (The Last of Us)"
},
{
"id": "18550390",
"text": "2012 Spike Video Game Awards in Culver City, California on December 7, 2012. Music from \"The Last of Us\" was also performed live at \"The Last of Us: One Night Live\" in Santa Monica, California on July 28, 2014. The event featured scenes from the game performed live by the actors, accompanied by the game's score, performed by Santaolalla and his band. The popularity of the game has led to numerous cover versions of the music being released by various artists, such as violinist Taylor Davis, guitarist Igor Presnyakov and musician Ben \"Squid Physics\" Morfitt. Music of The Last of",
"title": "Music of The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "18550335",
"text": "dispute with Joel and pursue him for a year; this was solved by significantly adjusting the story. Actress Annie Wersching was impressed by the script, and Druckmann's ability to write unique female characters. When writing the game's female characters, particularly Tess and Ellie, Druckmann avoided external influences, such as the media's portrayal of women, as he wished to write his own story. The character of Bill, portrayed by W. Earl Brown, is revealed to be homosexual at one point in the game. Druckmann initially left this vague in the script, but was inspired at the script read-through to alter a",
"title": "Development of The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "5254626",
"text": "Joel Edgerton Joel Edgerton (born 23 June 1974) is an Australian actor, director, writer, producer and filmmaker. He has appeared in numerous Hollywood films, such as \"\" (2002), \"\" (2005), \"Warrior\" (2011), \"Zero Dark Thirty\" (2012), \"The Great Gatsby\" (2013), \"\" (2014), \"Black Mass\" (2015), \"Midnight Special\" (2016), \"Bright\" (2017), \"It Comes at Night\" (2017), and \"Red Sparrow\" (2018). In Australia, Edgerton portrayed Will McGill in the drama series \"The Secret Life of Us\" (2001–02), for which he won the AACTA Award for Best Lead Actor in a Television Drama. He has also appeared in several Australian films, such as",
"title": "Joel Edgerton"
},
{
"id": "17973365",
"text": "single-player story follows Joel, tasked with escorting the young Ellie across a post-apocalyptic United States, in an attempt to create a potential cure against the infection to which Ellie is immune. Players make their way through various locations, fighting against the Infected and hostile human survivors. The multiplayer lets up to eight players engage in cooperative or competitive game matches. To accommodate \"Remastered\"s technical enhancements, Naughty Dog spent months developing the game, beginning upon the release of \"The Last of Us\". The game received critical acclaim. Reviewers were impressed with the graphics upgrades, praising all of the enhancements and additions.",
"title": "The Last of Us Remastered"
},
{
"id": "17866119",
"text": "PS3 Game of the Year. It also received Most Valuable Add-On Content at the SXSW Gaming Awards, and Best DLC from \"Hardcore Gamer\". The game's story received awards at the 11th British Academy Video Games Awards, IGN AU Black Beta Select Awards 2014, and the 67th Writers Guild of America Awards; the game's ending also won Best Memorable Moment from IGN Australia. The character of Ellie received Most Valuable Character at the SXSW Gaming Awards, while Ashley Johnson's performance as the character won an award at the British Academy Video Games Awards. The game was also recognized as being innovative;",
"title": "The Last of Us: Left Behind"
},
{
"id": "18550334",
"text": "the final game, the idea was raised when the team were discussing a new project, ultimately inspiring Ellie. Druckmann also felt inspired by the wars that took place in Syria and Afghanistan when creating Ellie; he felt that conflict was a familiarity to the children in those countries, which is similar to Ellie's view. The character of Tess was originally intended to be featured as the main antagonist of \"The Last of Us\", pursuing Joel for a year before a final confrontation in which she is killed by Ellie. However, the team found it difficult to believe that Tess would",
"title": "Development of The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "16120861",
"text": "throughout development to make her look more similar to Johnson. The game's other characters also underwent changes. The character Tess was originally intended to be the main antagonist of \"The Last of Us\", but the team found it difficult to believe her motives. The sexuality of the character Bill was originally left vague in the script, but later altered to further reflect his homosexuality. \"The Last of Us\" features an original score composed primarily by Gustavo Santaolalla, along with compositions by Andrew Buresh, Anthony Caruso, and Jonathan Mayer. Known for his minimalist compositions, Santaolalla was contacted early in development. He",
"title": "The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "12956062",
"text": "Scott Eastwood Scott Eastwood (born Scott Clinton Reeves; March 21, 1986) is an American actor and model. He has appeared in the films \"Flags of Our Fathers\" (2006), \"Gran Torino\" (2008), \"Invictus\" (2009), \"The Forger\" (2012), \"Trouble with the Curve\" (2012), \"Texas Chainsaw\" (2013), \"Fury\" (2014), \"The Perfect Wave\" (2014), \"The Longest Ride\" (2015), \"Mercury Plains\" (2016), \"Suicide Squad\" (2016), \"Snowden\" (2016), \"Walk of Fame\" (2017), \"The Fate of the Furious\" (2017), \"Overdrive\" (2017), and \"Pacific Rim Uprising\" (2018). He has also been the model for the fragrance Cool Water by Davidoff. He is the youngest son of Academy Award-winning",
"title": "Scott Eastwood"
},
{
"id": "16120873",
"text": "\"Eurogamer\"s Welsh noting that the script improved as a result. Many reviewers found the game's combat a refreshing difference from other games. \"Game Informer\"s Helgeson appreciated the vulnerability during fights, while Kelly of \"Computer and Video Games\" enjoyed the variety in approaching the combat. IGN's Moriarty felt that the crafting system assisted the combat, and that the latter contributed to the narrative's emotional value, adding that enemies feel \"human\". Joystiq's Mitchell reiterated similar comments, stating that the combat \"piles death upon death on Joel's hands\". Welsh of \"Eurogamer\" found the suspenseful and threatening encounters added positively to the gameplay. Tom",
"title": "The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "17866114",
"text": "game's ability to portray realistic female characters, noting that they \"aren't easy stereotypes\", while GameSpot's Mc Shea felt new appreciation for Ellie by seeing her actions around Riley. Helgeson of \"Game Informer\" welcomed the addition of Riley, noting that she is \"played with the same level of emotional depth and subtlety\" as other characters. \"The Daily Telegraph\"s Tim Martin praised the \"interplay\" between the Ellie and Riley, and Eurogamer's Stace Harman felt that the game improves the understanding of Joel and Ellie's relationship. The character performances also received praise, with IGN's Moriarty and Kotaku's Kirk Hamilton noting that the game",
"title": "The Last of Us: Left Behind"
},
{
"id": "5986215",
"text": "W. Earl Brown William Earl Brown (born September 7, 1963) is an American actor, writer, producer, and musician. He is perhaps best known for his role as Dan Dority on the HBO series \"Deadwood\". He also played Kenny in the 1996 film \"Scream\" and Warren in the 1998 film \"There's Something About Mary\". More recently, he voiced and filmed performance capture for the character Bill in Naughty Dog's 2013 survival horror action video game \"The Last of Us\". He also appeared in the series \"American Crime\" and \"Preacher\", and in the Johnny Depp true-crime film \"Black Mass\" (2015). Brown received",
"title": "W. Earl Brown"
},
{
"id": "18550324",
"text": "be open to interpretation. Straley has stated that it's \"not your typical ending, but it’s still a nice resolution\". Both he and Druckmann stated their frustration when players told them they wanted a choice at the game's ending; Straley said that most of these players told him they would have chosen the same ending as the game anyway. Early in the game's development, the team envisioned an ending in which Ellie was forced to kill someone in order to save the incapacitated Joel; this ending was scrapped, as the team felt that it was not conforming to the character arcs.",
"title": "Development of The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "16120856",
"text": "offer, she escapes after killing James, but David corners her in a burning restaurant. Meanwhile, Joel recovers from his wounds and sets out to find Ellie. He reaches Ellie as she kills David and breaks down crying; Joel comforts her before they flee. In the spring, Joel and Ellie arrive in Salt Lake City. Ellie is rendered unconscious after almost drowning, before they are captured by a Firefly patrol. In the hospital, Marlene tells Joel that Ellie is being prepared for surgery: in hope of producing a vaccine for the infection, the Fireflies must remove the infected portion of Ellie's",
"title": "The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "8166630",
"text": "Nolan North Nolan Ramsey North (born October 31, 1970) is an American actor and voice actor. His voice work includes characters such as Nathan Drake from the \"Uncharted\" series, Desmond Miles from the \"Assassin's Creed\" series, Ghost from Bungie's titles \"Destiny\" and \"Destiny 2\", the Penguin in the \"\" franchise, Palawa Joko from \"Guild Wars Nightfall and \"\", Meepo the Geomancer in \"Dota 2\", David in \"The Last of Us\", Cpt. Martin Walker in \"\", Deadpool in various media, Superboy in \"Young Justice\", himself as one of the voices for the Boss in \"Saints Row IV\" and Edward Richtofen in",
"title": "Nolan North"
},
{
"id": "18550388",
"text": "on February 7, 2014, one week prior to the release of \"Left Behind\". The recording and mastering of the soundtrack took place in the same locations as the first album. The orchestral score, performed by the Nashville Scoring Orchestra, was recorded at Ocean Way Studios in Nashville, while the soundtrack's drums and percussion, performed by M.B. Gordy, Santaolalla and Mayer, was recorded at EastWest Studios in Hollywood. All recording and mixing was completed by Aníbal Kerpel, with additional mixing by Mark Senasac, Joel Yarger, Mayer and Caruso. The soundtrack was mastered by Marc Senasac at PlayStation Recording Studios. In the",
"title": "Music of The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "18550373",
"text": "\"The Last of Us\" was broadcast following the third season finale of AMC's \"The Walking Dead\" on March 31, 2013. A trailer for the game's online multiplayer mode was released on June 4, showcasing the factions elements to the mode. The final pre-launch trailer was released on June 11, during E3 2013. A demo for \"The Last of Us\" was included with all copies of \"\", and was available from May 31, 2013 until the game's launch. To encourage pre-order sales, Naughty Dog collaborated with several retail outlets to provide special edition versions of the game. The \"Post-Pandemic Edition\" includes",
"title": "Development of The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "19689987",
"text": "Between Us (2016 film) Between Us is a 2016 American drama film written and directed by Rafael Palacio Illingworth. The film stars Olivia Thirlby, Ben Feldman, Adam Goldberg, Analeigh Tipton, Scott Haze, Peter Bogdanovich and Lesley Ann Warren. The film had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 18, 2016. It received a limited release and through video on demand on January 6, 2017, by IFC Films. In June 2015, Olivia Thirlby, Ben Feldman, Adam Goldberg, Betsy Brandt, Lesley Ann Warren, Alison Sudol, Scott Haze, John Ross Bowie, Peter Bogdanovich, were all cast in the film, with",
"title": "Between Us (2016 film)"
},
{
"id": "18550322",
"text": "pressure in extreme situations, which is represented through the violence and combat. The team felt interested in the story's dark themes juxtaposed against the \"beautiful\" settings. A major motif present throughout the game is that \"life goes on\". A scene near the end of the game, in which Joel and Ellie discover a herd of giraffes, is referenced by many journalists as the denouement of this motif. Concept artist John Sweeney wrote that the scene was designed to \"reignite [Ellie's] lust for life\", triggering her curiosity and forgetting the surrounding struggle and death. He explained that the scene originally involved",
"title": "Development of The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "9809258",
"text": "the science-fiction adventure film, \"\". He appeared in the 2010 film \"The Last Song\" as Jonah Miller, the younger brother of Miley Cyrus's character. Bobby Coleman Robert Moorhouse \"Bobby\" Coleman III (born May 5, 1997) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles in the films \"Martian Child\", as the title character, and \"The Last Song\". Robert Coleman was born in Los Angeles, California, the son of Doris Berg and Robert Moorhouse Coleman Jr. He is the younger brother of actress Holliston Coleman, and lives with his family in the Los Angeles area. Coleman began acting at",
"title": "Bobby Coleman"
},
{
"id": "12956067",
"text": "2016. Scott Eastwood Scott Eastwood (born Scott Clinton Reeves; March 21, 1986) is an American actor and model. He has appeared in the films \"Flags of Our Fathers\" (2006), \"Gran Torino\" (2008), \"Invictus\" (2009), \"The Forger\" (2012), \"Trouble with the Curve\" (2012), \"Texas Chainsaw\" (2013), \"Fury\" (2014), \"The Perfect Wave\" (2014), \"The Longest Ride\" (2015), \"Mercury Plains\" (2016), \"Suicide Squad\" (2016), \"Snowden\" (2016), \"Walk of Fame\" (2017), \"The Fate of the Furious\" (2017), \"Overdrive\" (2017), and \"Pacific Rim Uprising\" (2018). He has also been the model for the fragrance Cool Water by Davidoff. He is the youngest son of Academy",
"title": "Scott Eastwood"
},
{
"id": "18550389",
"text": "context of the game, the soundtrack was generally well received. Mike Futter of \"Game Informer\" felt that the soundtrack improves the game. Adnan Riaz of \"Nouse\" echoed similar remarks, stating that the soundtrack accompanies some of the game's \"crucial moments\", and that it \"builds the atmosphere for the exchanges\" between the characters. \"The Last of Us\" won Excellence in Musical Score at the 2014 SXSW Gaming Awards, and the soundtrack received nominations at the 10th British Academy Video Games Awards and Spike VGX 2013, and from \"Hardcore Gamer\", IGN and GameTrailers. The game's main theme was performed live at the",
"title": "Music of The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "16120859",
"text": "child. A major motif of the game is that \"life goes on\"; this is presented in a scene in which Joel and Ellie discover a herd of giraffes, which concept artist John Sweeney explained was designed to \"reignite [Ellie's] lust for life\", after her suffering following her encounter with David. The Infected, a core concept of the game, were inspired by a segment of the BBC nature documentary \"Planet Earth\" (2006), which featured the \"Cordyceps\" fungi. Though the fungi mainly infect insects, taking control of their motor functions and forcing them to help cultivate the fungus, the game explores the",
"title": "The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "3180371",
"text": "Ashley Johnson Ashley Suzanne Johnson (born August 9, 1983) is an American actress, voice actress and singer. She is best known for her roles as Chrissie Seaver in \"Growing Pains\", Ellie in \"The Last of Us,\" Annie Warbucks in \"\", Alex Marshall in \"What Women Want\", Terra in \"Teen Titans\" and its spin-off \"Teen Titans Go!\", Gwen Tennyson in the \"Ben 10\" franchise and Gretchen Priscilla Grundler in Disney's \"Recess\". She currently stars in the NBC drama \"Blindspot\" as FBI forensic specialist Patterson, and is a recurring cast member of Geek and Sundry's show \"Critical Role\". In 2013 and 2014",
"title": "Ashley Johnson"
},
{
"id": "16120874",
"text": "Mc Shea of GameSpot wrote that the artificial intelligence negatively affected the combat, with enemies often ignoring players' companions. \"Polygon\"s Kollar felt that the combat was unfair, especially when fighting the Infected. The game's visual features were commended by many reviewers. The art design was lauded as \"outstanding\" by \"Computer and Video Games\" Kelly, and \"jaw-dropping\" by \"Eurogamer\"s Welsh. In contrast, Mc Shea of GameSpot identified the visual representation of the post-apocalyptic world was \"mundane\", having been portrayed various times previously. The game's graphics have been frequently named by critics as the best for a PlayStation 3 game, with Helgeson",
"title": "The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "16120883",
"text": "all time. In the United Kingdom, the game remained atop the charts for six consecutive weeks, matching records set by multi-platform titles. Within 48 hours of its release, \"The Last of Us\" generated more than the £3 million earned by \"Man of Steel\" in the same period. The game also topped the charts in the United States, France, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, Finland, Norway, Denmark, Spain, and Japan. \"The Last of Us\" is one of the most awarded games of all time, winning over 240 Game of the Year awards. Prior to its release, it received numerous awards for",
"title": "The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "16120889",
"text": "film had entered development hell. In November 2016, Raimi stated that the film was at a standstill after Sony had a disagreement with Druckmann. Actress Maisie Williams expressed enthusiasm in playing Ellie, and was in talks with both Druckmann and Raimi to take the role. In February 2014, Druckmann said Naughty Dog were considering a sequel but needed to find a story \"really worth telling, and that's not repeating itself\". In September 2015, Druckmann stated that a small team had begun building prototypes, but shifted development to \"\", released in May 2016. Sony announced \"The Last of Us Part II\"",
"title": "The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "18550337",
"text": "\"Uncharted\" series, was chosen to play the role of David in the game. When approached by Druckmann about the role, North immediately accepted the part, appreciating its diversity from his previous acting roles. To portray the character, North approached his personality from multiple perspectives, viewing David as a \"survivor\". North empathized with David, stating that most of David's actions were understandable when considering the apocalyptic situation. He felt that David was initially attempting to protect Ellie, who was viewed as a \"glimmer of hope\". The team felt that the post-apocalyptic world and the survival horror genre gave them the opportunity",
"title": "Development of The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "18756514",
"text": "briefly accompany him throughout the sequence; Druckmann felt this created a \"beautiful\" relationship through gameplay alone. Though this concept was scrapped for \"Uncharted 2\", the idea was raised again when discussing a new project, ultimately inspiring the character of Ellie. The addition of Ellie as an artificial intelligence (AI) required significant overhauling of the game engine. The team intentionally added a feature where Ellie remains close to Joel, to avoid being viewed by players as a \"burden\". Programmer Max Dyckhoff stated that, when working on Ellie as an AI, he imagined her experiences throughout the game's events in an attempt",
"title": "Ellie (The Last of Us)"
},
{
"id": "17866101",
"text": "enemies to encounter, giving players a tactical advantage. Throughout the game, players encounter locations and activities around the mall, such as a carousel, photo booth, video arcade, mask store and water guns. All of these locations and activities have some level of interactivity, allowing players to use them in different ways; for example, the photo booth allows players to select different mannerisms in which to pose for a picture, while using the water guns prompts players to soak Riley. In the aftermath of a fight that leaves Joel (Troy Baker) severely injured, Ellie (Ashley Johnson) searches an abandoned mall for",
"title": "The Last of Us: Left Behind"
},
{
"id": "18756517",
"text": "as demonstrated by her ability to look after both herself and Joel when he is severely injured. She constantly perseveres in the face of the many often dire situations that her travels put her through. There is a scene in \"Left Behind\" where Ellie kisses her friend Riley. After the game was released, Druckmann said that he wrote Ellie as a gay character, though he preferred to leave the subject of her sexuality up to players to decide. Ellie lost her mother at birth and grew up in an orphanage. She later attends a military boarding school in the Boston",
"title": "Ellie (The Last of Us)"
},
{
"id": "5986219",
"text": "from 2005 to 2009, including having been on the bill for Stagecoach 2009, Southern California's premiere country music festival. W. Earl Brown William Earl Brown (born September 7, 1963) is an American actor, writer, producer, and musician. He is perhaps best known for his role as Dan Dority on the HBO series \"Deadwood\". He also played Kenny in the 1996 film \"Scream\" and Warren in the 1998 film \"There's Something About Mary\". More recently, he voiced and filmed performance capture for the character Bill in Naughty Dog's 2013 survival horror action video game \"The Last of Us\". He also appeared",
"title": "W. Earl Brown"
},
{
"id": "18550374",
"text": "a unique case packaging, a statue of Joel and Ellie and unlock codes for additional content in the single-player and multiplayer modes. The \"Joel Edition\" and \"Ellie Edition\" include similar contents, but contain some features that are often differentiated by the characters. A four-issue comic book miniseries, titled \"\", was published by Dark Horse Comics. Written by Druckmann and illustrated by Faith Erin Hicks, the comics serve as a prequel to the game, chronicling the journey of a younger Ellie and another young survivor Riley. The first issue was published on April 3, 2013, and a reprint became available on",
"title": "Development of The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "12182623",
"text": "in his career. The features appearances by George H. W. Bush, Barbara Bush, Pat Buchanan, Bill Clinton, Patti Davis, Spike Lee, Jerry Brown, Roger Clinton, Oliver Stone, Al Sharpton, Dave Mustaine, G. Gordon Liddy, Marc Levin, Sean Penn, John Kerry, Peter Jennings, Jerry Falwell, Oliver North, Chelsea Clinton, Hillary Clinton, Mario Cuomo, John Dean, John Ehrlichman, Betty Friedan, Al Gore, Tipper Gore, H. R. Haldeman, Tom Hayden, Jesse Jackson, Ted Kennedy, Ross Perot, Dan Quayle, Dan Rather, Ronald Reagan, Ann Richards, Arnold Schwarzenegger, and Christian Slater. Two sequel films were made following \"The Last Party\", \"The Party's Over\" and \"\".",
"title": "The Last Party (film)"
},
{
"id": "17866102",
"text": "supplies to heal him. She discovers a medical kit in a derelict military helicopter. Making her way back to Joel, Ellie is impeded by the Infected and members of a hostile human group. She fights her way back to the unconscious Joel, treats his open wound, and takes him to find a hideout for the coming winter. Months earlier, before Ellie meets Joel, Ellie's friend Riley (Yaani King) surprises Ellie at their boarding school after weeks away. She reveals that she has joined the Fireflies, a revolutionary militia group, and takes Ellie to explore an abandoned shopping mall. Riley reveals",
"title": "The Last of Us: Left Behind"
},
{
"id": "20953027",
"text": "for a day. On October 2017, Naughty Dog announced Alexander had join the voice cast for \"The Last of Us Part II\", the sequel to their popular video game. Ian Alexander (actor) Ian Alexander (born April 20, 2001) is an American actor best known for his role as Buck Vu on \"The OA\". Alexander was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Due to his father's work in the Department of Defense, his family often moved and has lived in places such as Hawaii, Japan and Washington, DC. During elementary school, he would participate in community theater and chorus. He initially",
"title": "Ian Alexander (actor)"
},
{
"id": "18550375",
"text": "May 29, 2013; the second issue was published on the same day, followed by the third issue on June 26, and the fourth issue on July 31. All four issues were republished as a single package on October 30. The game's cover art was unveiled on December 9, 2012, featuring Ellie and Joel; the team fought to feature Ellie on the front cover, despite attempts from external influences to move the image to the back. \"I've been in discussions where we've been asked to push Ellie to the back and everyone at Naughty Dog just flat-out refused,\" said Druckmann. Notes",
"title": "Development of The Last of Us"
},
{
"id": "18550385",
"text": "downloadable content in the \"Sights and Sounds Pack\". The orchestral score, performed by the Nashville Scoring Orchestra, was recorded at Ocean Way Studios in Nashville, while the soundtrack's drums and percussion, performed by Santaolalla, M.B. Gordy and Jonathan Mayer, was recorded at EastWest Studios in Hollywood. All recording was done by Mark Senasac and Aníbal Kerpel. The soundtrack was mastered by Tom Baker at Precision Mastering in Los Angeles. In the context of the game, the soundtrack was well received. Andy Kelly of \"Computer and Video Games\" felt that the score is \"sparse and delicate\"; Eurogamer's Oli Welsh echoed these",
"title": "Music of The Last of Us"
}
] | who played joel in the last of us |
[
"John Lennon and Paul McCartney"
] | [
{
"id": "1279296",
"text": "With a Little Help from My Friends \"With a Little Help from My Friends\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1967 album \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\". It was written by Paul McCartney and John Lennon, and intended as the album's featured vocal for drummer Ringo Starr. The group recorded the song towards the end of the sessions for \"Sgt. Pepper\", with Starr singing as the character \"Billy Shears\". A subsequent recording of the track by Joe Cocker became a hit single in 1968 and an anthem for the Woodstock era. In 1978,",
"title": "With a Little Help from My Friends"
},
{
"id": "1279306",
"text": "at the end of the song. In 2001, Cocker's version of the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. With a Little Help from My Friends \"With a Little Help from My Friends\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1967 album \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\". It was written by Paul McCartney and John Lennon, and intended as the album's featured vocal for drummer Ringo Starr. The group recorded the song towards the end of the sessions for \"Sgt. Pepper\", with Starr singing as the character \"Billy Shears\". A subsequent recording",
"title": "With a Little Help from My Friends"
},
{
"id": "1279297",
"text": "the Beatles' recording, paired with \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\", was reissued as a single, and peaked at number 63 in Britain and number 71 in the United States. Starr has regularly performed the song in concert as a solo artist. \"With a Little Help from My Friends\" was ranked number 311 on \"Rolling Stone\"s list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. Lennon and McCartney finished writing this song in mid-March 1967, written specifically as Starr's track for the album. McCartney said: \"It was pretty much co-written, John and I doing a work song for Ringo, a",
"title": "With a Little Help from My Friends"
},
{
"id": "1279300",
"text": "after George Harrison made a passing comment that he liked jelly babies, the group was showered with them at all of their live performances.) The song's composition is unusually well documented, as Hunter Davies was present and described the writing process in the Beatles' official biography. The song is partly in the form of a conversation in which the other two Beatles sing a question — e.g. \"Would you believe in a love at first sight?\" where Starr answers, \"Yes, I'm certain that it happens all the time.\" The Beatles began recording the song on 29 March 1967, the day",
"title": "With a Little Help from My Friends"
},
{
"id": "1279305",
"text": "B.J. Wilson, guitar lines from Jimmy Page, and organ by Tommy Eyre). Cocker performed the song at Woodstock in 1969 and that performance was included in the documentary film, \"Woodstock\". This version gained even more fame when it was used as the opening theme song for the television series \"The Wonder Years\". Cocker's cover was ranked number two in UpVenue's top 10 best music covers of all time in 2009. In 2014, a BBC poll saw it voted the seventh best cover version ever. The version heard in the film \"Across the Universe\" segues from the original to Cocker's arrangement",
"title": "With a Little Help from My Friends"
},
{
"id": "1279299",
"text": "after having hurt his forefinger. The song begins with the applause from the end of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. Lennon and McCartney deliberately wrote a tune with a limited range – except for the last note, which McCartney worked closely with Starr to achieve. Speaking in the \"Anthology\", Starr explained that he insisted on changing the first line — which originally was \"What would you think if I sang out of tune? Would you throw ripe tomatoes at me?\" — so that fans would not throw tomatoes at him should he perform it live. (In the early days,",
"title": "With a Little Help from My Friends"
},
{
"id": "349682",
"text": "Ringo Starr Sir Richard Starkey (born 7 July 1940), known professionally as Ringo Starr, is an English musician, singer, songwriter and actor who gained worldwide fame as the drummer for the Beatles. He occasionally sang lead vocals, usually for one song on an album, including \"With a Little Help from My Friends\", \"Yellow Submarine\", \"Good Night\", and their cover of \"Act Naturally\". He also wrote the Beatles' songs \"Don't Pass Me By\" and \"Octopus's Garden\", and is credited as a co-writer of others, including \"What Goes On\" and \"Flying\". Starr was afflicted by life-threatening illnesses during childhood, and he fell",
"title": "Ringo Starr"
},
{
"id": "1279298",
"text": "little craft job.\" In 1970 Lennon stated: \"Paul had the line about 'a little help from my friends.' He had some kind of structure for it, and we wrote it pretty well fifty-fifty from his original idea.\", but in 1980 Lennon said: \"This is Paul, with a little help from me. 'What do you see when you turn out the light/ I can't tell you, but I know it's mine...' is mine.\" It was briefly called \"Bad Finger Boogie\" (later the inspiration for the band name Badfinger), supposedly because Lennon composed the melody on a piano using his middle finger",
"title": "With a Little Help from My Friends"
},
{
"id": "8359038",
"text": "Nobody's Child: Romanian Angel Appeal Nobody's Child: Romanian Angel Appeal is a charity album released in 1990 to benefit Romanian orphans, under the auspices of the Romanian Angel Appeal Foundation. Artists donating tracks include the Traveling Wilburys, Stevie Wonder, Paul Simon and George Harrison, Eric Clapton, Duane Eddy, Van Morrison, Guns N' Roses, Ringo Starr, Ric Ocasek and Elton John. All songs were previously unreleased, and \"Nobody's Child\" (backed with \"This Week\") and \"With a Little Help from my Friends\" were released as singles. The project was organized by Olivia Harrison, who created the Romanian Angel Appeal Foundation with the",
"title": "Nobody's Child: Romanian Angel Appeal"
},
{
"id": "6615100",
"text": "With a Little Help from My Friends (Joe Cocker album) With a Little Help from My Friends is the debut album by singer Joe Cocker, released in 1969. It was certified gold in the US and peaked at number 35 on the \"Billboard\" 200. In the UK, the album charted in May 1972 at number 29 when it was re-released as a double pack with Cocker's second LP \"Joe Cocker!\". The title track was written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney and originally performed by the Beatles on the album \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\"; it has been inducted",
"title": "With a Little Help from My Friends (Joe Cocker album)"
},
{
"id": "1279304",
"text": "three times: by Joe Cocker in 1968, Wet Wet Wet in 1988, and by Sam & Mark in 2004. In March 2017, Broadway and Hollywood artists including Liz Callaway, FORTE, Annie Golden, Telly Leung and Chris Mann performed a gospel-flavored version of the song for a single and video to benefit Americans for the Arts. | writer = Lennon–McCartney English singer Joe Cocker's version of \"With a Little Help from My Friends\" was a radical re-arrangement of the original, in a slower, meter, using different chords in the middle eight, and a lengthy instrumental introduction (featuring drums by Procol Harum's",
"title": "With a Little Help from My Friends"
},
{
"id": "349769",
"text": "appeared in interview segments with fellow drummer Keith Moon. Since the breakup of the Beatles, Starr has released 19 solo studio albums: Ringo Starr Sir Richard Starkey (born 7 July 1940), known professionally as Ringo Starr, is an English musician, singer, songwriter and actor who gained worldwide fame as the drummer for the Beatles. He occasionally sang lead vocals, usually for one song on an album, including \"With a Little Help from My Friends\", \"Yellow Submarine\", \"Good Night\", and their cover of \"Act Naturally\". He also wrote the Beatles' songs \"Don't Pass Me By\" and \"Octopus's Garden\", and is credited",
"title": "Ringo Starr"
},
{
"id": "1181743",
"text": "Life\" were sold by the Evans estate for £56,600 at Sotheby's in London. In 2010, a double-sided sheet of paper containing the hand-written lyrics and notes to \"A Day in the Life\" were sold at auction at Sotheby's in New York to an anonymous American buyer for $1.2m (£810,000). Other lyrics collected by Evans have been subject to legal action over the years: In 1996, McCartney went to the High Court in England and prevented the sale of the original lyrics to \"With a Little Help from My Friends\" that Evans' ex-wife had tried to sell, by claiming that the",
"title": "Mal Evans"
},
{
"id": "19267979",
"text": "Show. Along with Elliott, Johnny Mann and his Orchestra and The Collage appeared. Also in 1968, her \"With a Little Help from My Friends\" album was released on ABC Records. The album included the Lennon & McCartney composition \"With a Little Help from My Friends\", the Willie Cooper & Marshall Boxley composition \"Our Love Will Last Forever\" and the Frank Loesser composition \"If I Were A Bell. It received a positive review in \"Billboard\", with, on \"If I Were a Bell\", her voice being powerful, yet comfortable and her great choice of material commented on. December 1970 saw her with",
"title": "Lu Elliott"
},
{
"id": "5558436",
"text": "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (song) \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\" is a song written by Paul McCartney (credited to Lennon–McCartney), and first recorded and released in 1967, on the album of the same name by the Beatles. The song appears twice on the album: as the opening track (segueing into \"With a Little Help from My Friends\"), and as \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (Reprise)\", the penultimate track (segueing into \"A Day in the Life\"). As the title song, the lyrics introduce the fictional band that performs on the album. Since its original album release, \"Sgt.",
"title": "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (song)"
},
{
"id": "1279301",
"text": "before they posed for the \"Sgt. Pepper\" album cover. They recorded 10 takes of the song, wrapping up sessions at 5:45 in the morning. The backing track consisted of Starr on drums, McCartney playing piano, Harrison playing lead guitar and Lennon beating a cowbell. At dawn, Starr trudged up the stairs to head home – but the other Beatles cajoled him into doing his lead vocal then and there, standing around the microphone for moral support. The following day they added tambourine, backing vocals, bass and more electric guitar. According to Ian MacDonald, except where noted: To date, Starr has",
"title": "With a Little Help from My Friends"
},
{
"id": "14487469",
"text": "\"The Adventures of Bobby Ray\". Paramore's Hayley Williams was also featured on the track. The song climbed to the number 2 spot on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. A second version of \"Airplanes\" featuring Eminem was also included on B.o.B's album and was nominated for a Grammy for Best Pop Collaboration. After the release of \"Airplanes,\" Kinetics & One Love moved to New York City and began writing and producing for various pop and indie artists, managed by Nullah Sarker of Hourglass Entertainment. In the summer of 2012, Kinetics released a hip-hop mixtape entitled \"With A Little Help From My Friends\",",
"title": "Kinetics & One Love"
},
{
"id": "5558451",
"text": "to the Beatles. Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (song) \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\" is a song written by Paul McCartney (credited to Lennon–McCartney), and first recorded and released in 1967, on the album of the same name by the Beatles. The song appears twice on the album: as the opening track (segueing into \"With a Little Help from My Friends\"), and as \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (Reprise)\", the penultimate track (segueing into \"A Day in the Life\"). As the title song, the lyrics introduce the fictional band that performs on the album. Since its original",
"title": "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (song)"
},
{
"id": "20499142",
"text": "a box set by EMI's World Records division, this collection also included three Beatles singles that had been released after March 1976: \"Back in the U.S.S.R.\", \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\"/\"With a Little Help from My Friends\" and \"The Beatles' Movie Medley\". Catalogue numbers and release dates per Harry Castleman and Walter J. Podrazik's \"All Together Now\", Nicholas Schaffner's \"The Beatles Forever\", and Keith Badman's \"The Beatles Diary Volume 2\". The Singles Collection 1962–1970 The Singles Collection 1962–1970 is a series of reissued singles by the English rock band the Beatles. It was released in Britain on 5 March",
"title": "The Singles Collection 1962–1970"
},
{
"id": "1279303",
"text": "together at the David Lynch Foundation Benefit Concert in the Radio City Music Hall, New York on 4 April 2009. McCartney and Starr also performed the song together on \"The Night That Changed America: A Grammy Salute to The Beatles\", a commemorative show on 27 January 2014, that marked 50 years since the band's first appearance on \"The Ed Sullivan Show\", then again in 2015 at Ringo Starr's induction in the Rock'n Roll Hall of Fame. There have been at least 50 cover versions of the song and it has achieved the number one position on the British singles charts",
"title": "With a Little Help from My Friends"
},
{
"id": "19956054",
"text": "subdominant, and dominant chords... 'Hey Love' presents a hint of what was to come in his compositions and performances in the 1970s.\" \"Hey Love\" has been included on several Stevie Wonder greatest hits compilations, including \"Greatest Hits\" (1968), \"Looking Back\" (1977), \"Love Songs: 20 Classic Hits\" (1985), \"At the Close of a Century\" (1999), and \"The Definitive Collection\" (2002). Bettye LaVette recorded a version of \"Hey Love\" that was released as a B-side to \"With a Little Help from My Friends\" in April 1969 on the Karen label. R. Kelly and Public Announcement covered the song as \"Hey Love (Can",
"title": "Hey Love (Stevie Wonder song)"
},
{
"id": "8359039",
"text": "other wives of The Beatles (Barbara Bach, Yoko Ono and Linda McCartney) in April 1990. Nobody's Child: Romanian Angel Appeal Nobody's Child: Romanian Angel Appeal is a charity album released in 1990 to benefit Romanian orphans, under the auspices of the Romanian Angel Appeal Foundation. Artists donating tracks include the Traveling Wilburys, Stevie Wonder, Paul Simon and George Harrison, Eric Clapton, Duane Eddy, Van Morrison, Guns N' Roses, Ringo Starr, Ric Ocasek and Elton John. All songs were previously unreleased, and \"Nobody's Child\" (backed with \"This Week\") and \"With a Little Help from my Friends\" were released as singles. The",
"title": "Nobody's Child: Romanian Angel Appeal"
},
{
"id": "4687773",
"text": "Sammy Davis, Jr., Paulinho Da Costa, the Fifth Dimension, Herb Alpert, Christopher Cross, Dolly Parton, Andy Williams, and the Partridge Family. In 1982 he appeared on \"The Nightfly\" by Donald Fagen, lead singer for Steely Dan. His guitar work on Steely Dan's \"Kid Charlemagne\" from their 1976 LP \"The Royal Scam\" was ranked No. 80 on a list of the best guitar songs by \"Rolling Stone\" magazine. Carlton recorded his debut solo album, \"With a Little Help from My Friends\", in 1968. In the mid-'70s he built a home studio and called it Room 335 after the Gibson ES-335, an",
"title": "Larry Carlton"
},
{
"id": "6646619",
"text": "approach. Gold also considers the song to be one of Lennon's \"best, most sarcastic creations ever\". In the 2005 publication \"NME Originals: Beatles – The Solo Years 1970–1980\", Paul Moody included \"I'm the Greatest\" among the \"ten solo gems\" from Starr's career, describing it as a \"Lennon-penned tribute to self-love\" on which Harrison \"weighs in with an electrifying lead guitar break\". Music critic Tim Riley pairs the track with the Beatles' \"With a Little Help from My Friends\" as Starr's signature songs, while Ben Urish and Kenneth Bielen describe it as \"a sequel of sorts\" to \"With a Little Help",
"title": "I'm the Greatest"
},
{
"id": "3281639",
"text": "Story of Stax Records\", quoted Booker T. Jones as saying: Along with influential work with Booker T & The MG's, Cropper co-wrote \"Knock on Wood\" with Eddie Floyd, \"In the Midnight Hour\" with Wilson Pickett and \"(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay\" with Otis Redding. In 1969, Cropper released his first solo album, \"With a Little Help From My Friends\". When Cropper left Stax in the fall of 1970, the label lost one of its most successful producers and songwriters. Cropper then set up TMI Studios with Jerry Williams and former Mar-Key Ronnie Stoots. There he played guitar and",
"title": "Steve Cropper"
},
{
"id": "6646603",
"text": "time throughout. The musical key over the verses and two middle eight (or bridge) sections is B major, with frequent use of seventh chords. In the second bridge, the line \"Yes, my name is Billy Shears\" recalls Starr's alter-ego from the Beatles' 1967 album \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\" – specifically, the character named at the end of the album's title song and under which Starr sings the ensuing track, \"With a Little Help from My Friends\". In \"I'm the Greatest\", this section ends with a reference to Starr's age in early 1973: \"Now I'm only thirty-two / And",
"title": "I'm the Greatest"
},
{
"id": "5558443",
"text": "applause sample segues into the final track of the album, \"A Day in the Life\". It was originally released in the UK on 26 May 1967, and in the US on 2 June 1967 on the \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\" LP. When the Beatles' recording contract with EMI expired in 1976, EMI were free to re-release music from the Beatles' catalogue, and in 1978 issued \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\"/\"With a Little Help from My Friends\" as the A-side of a single, with \"A Day in the Life\" as the B-side. The single was released on Capitol",
"title": "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (song)"
},
{
"id": "6928223",
"text": "albums. Among his song writing credits with INXS (mostly collaborations with Michael Hutchence) are \"Red Red Sun,\" \"The Gift,\" \"Deepest Red\", \"Faith in Each Other,\" \"Back on Line,\" \"Never Let You Go\" (with Fortune) and the hit \"Disappear\". He wrote and performed the song \"You Never Used to Cry\" on the soundtrack for the 1984 film No Small Affair. Jon appeared on stage with Ringo Starr in February 2013, during Ringo’s All Starr Band performance in Sydney. With Ringo singing, Jon played Ringo’s drums to The Beatles’ song \"With a Little Help from My Friends.\" He was also invited and",
"title": "Jon Farriss"
},
{
"id": "4518363",
"text": "track of an EP release in Mexico. Part of a series of Beatles releases sequenced by Lennon, the EP also included the Harrison-written tracks \"Love You To\", \"The Inner Light\" and \"I Want to Tell You\". In 1978 \"Within You Without You\" appeared as the B-side to the \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\"/\"With a Little Help from My Friends\" medley, on singles released in West Germany and some other European countries. An instrumental version of the track, at the original speed and in the key of C, appeared on the Beatles' 1996 outtakes compilation \"Anthology 2\". Recalling the song's",
"title": "Within You Without You"
},
{
"id": "8227991",
"text": "double pack with Cocker's first LP \"With A Little Help From My Friends\". On its release, the album also charted at #11 on the Billboard 200 in America, propelled by Cocker's well-received appearance with the Grease Band at Woodstock earlier in the year. Joe Cocker! Joe Cocker! is Joe Cocker's second studio album, released in November 1969. Following the template of his first LP, this album features numerous covers of songs originally performed by Bob Dylan (\"Dear Landlord\"), The Beatles (\"She Came in Through the Bathroom Window\" and \"Something\" - both released almost simultaneously with original versions; \"Let It Be\"",
"title": "Joe Cocker!"
},
{
"id": "7932832",
"text": "became 'The Cadillacs', before Stainton joined Joe Cocker in The Grease Band during 1966. Stainton co-wrote \"Marjorine\", Cocker's first UK Singles Chart hit in 1968. Chris played bass guitar on Joe Cocker's subsequent number 1 hit With a Little Help from My Friends. His time as a Cocker backing musician came to a zenith on the \"Mad Dogs & Englishmen\" tour, in the United States and Canada in 1970. His initial involvement with Cocker lasted until the end of 1972. Throughout that decade Chris Stainton appeared with musicians such as Spooky Tooth (1970), The Chris Stainton Band (1972–73), Tundra (1974),",
"title": "Chris Stainton"
},
{
"id": "13042277",
"text": "of original songs and covers, \"Clockwork\" on Greene Bottle Records, a division of Famous Music. \"Clockwork\" was re-released in 2010, on Rick Cassidy's Homespun Records label. Their vocals and musicianship have kept them a regional favorite for many years. In 2002, a new album, \"It's About Time\", was released. A mixture of Motown hits with a few lesser known soul tunes, it also featured the Soul Blazers' longtime cover of \"Goin' Out of My Head\" a Little Anthony tune, \"With A Little Help From My Friends\", a Joe Cocker cover, and a cover of \"Grazin' In The Grass.\" They also",
"title": "Jimmy and the Soulblazers"
},
{
"id": "17211252",
"text": "investigated for allegedly committing numerous war crimes, including the one described by the comic, and were found guilty. Despite this, the Army decided not to pursue any prosecutions. The slogan borrows from the first line of Mark Antony's oft-quoted funeral oration from Act III, scene II of William Shakespeare's play, \"Julius Caesar\". As WSJ.com editor Christopher John Farley notes: \"Antony’s speech features lines that speak directly to some of the themes of 'Mad Men.'\" Farley further observes: the phrase also pops up in The Beatles’ 1967 song “With a Little Help from My Friends\". Roger alludes to \"From Here to",
"title": "The Doorway"
},
{
"id": "6615101",
"text": "into both the Grammy Award Hall of Fame and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Cocker's version was the theme song to the television series \"The Wonder Years\" during the 1980s and 1990s. In 2015, the Audio Fidelity company released a limited reissue of the album in hybrid SACD format as a tribute to Cocker. \"With a Little Help from My Friends\" met with a favourable review from \"Rolling Stone\"'s John Mendelsohn. Mendelsohn stated that \"Cocker has assimilated the [Ray] Charles influence to the point where his feeling for what he is singing cannot really be questioned. And, in",
"title": "With a Little Help from My Friends (Joe Cocker album)"
},
{
"id": "3930685",
"text": "as well. Her nephew, Gerald Alston is the lead singer of The Manhattans. Reeves enjoyed a string of hits with the Shirelles throughout the 1960s. She left the Shirelles in 1975 to begin a solo career, initially recording under the name \"Lady Rose\". That same year, she recorded an album entitled \"With A Little Help From My Friends\", after the hit song by the Beatles, which featured members of the Flamingos, the Drifters, Shep and the Limelites, the Five Satins, the Belmonts, Danny & the Juniors, Herman's Hermits and La La Brooks of the Crystals. The Shirelles were inducted into",
"title": "Shirley Owens"
},
{
"id": "6646618",
"text": "Beatle sound, Simon Leng cites \"I'm the Greatest\" as \"the most compelling example\" of the transformative effect that Harrison's contributions had on a Lennon or McCartney song. \"I'm the Greatest\" is featured in Andrew Grant Jackson's book \"Still the Greatest: The Essential Solo Beatles Songs\", where the author deems it to be the track that signalled the end of Starr's self-styled \"album block\". Writing in \"MusicHound Rock\", Gary Pig Gold identifies it as Starr's \"theme song\" as a solo artist, typifying both his propensity for nostalgia and the all-star collaborations suggested by his \"with a little help from his friends\"",
"title": "I'm the Greatest"
},
{
"id": "8879422",
"text": "\"Sweet Surrender\"). Marti Pellow recorded his own version of the song for inclusion on his 2002 album \"Marti Pellow Sings the Hits of Wet Wet Wet & Smile\". Writer Graeme Clark was inspired to write the song for his then girlfriend, but has never publicly named her. Goodnight Girl \"Goodnight Girl\" is the third single from Wet Wet Wet's fourth studio album, \"High on the Happy Side\". It was released on 23 December 1991, and was the second of the band's three UK number-one singles (the first being a cover of The Beatles' \"With a Little Help from My Friends\"),",
"title": "Goodnight Girl"
},
{
"id": "15270179",
"text": "Tony Cox (record producer) Tony Cox is a British record producer and arranger. As such he was influential in late 1960s and 1970s folk rock developments and the fledgling progressive rock scene, and has since worked primarily as a composer and orchestrator. He entered the music business as a performer in 1966, and as a duo with Douglas MacRae-Brown released \"The Young Idea\" LP in 1967, and had a UK top ten hit single with a cover version of the Lennon-McCartney song \"With a Little Help from My Friends\". (The album was re-issued on CD in 2009 with previously unreleased",
"title": "Tony Cox (record producer)"
},
{
"id": "15270176",
"text": "Tony Cox (record producer) Tony Cox is a British record producer and arranger. As such he was influential in late 1960s and 1970s folk rock developments and the fledgling progressive rock scene, and has since worked primarily as a composer and orchestrator. He entered the music business as a performer in 1966, and as a duo with Douglas MacRae-Brown released \"The Young Idea\" LP in 1967, and had a UK top ten hit single with a cover version of the Lennon-McCartney song \"With a Little Help from My Friends\". (The album was re-issued on CD in 2009 with previously unreleased",
"title": "Tony Cox (record producer)"
},
{
"id": "12731428",
"text": "US Rap) and \"Move It Like This\" (#54 US, #26 US Rap). Come Baby Come Hi De Ho Zunga Zeng A Little Help from My Friends\" Swing Batta Swing Swing Batta Swing is the debut album by K7. It was released on November 9, 1993 for Tommy Boy Records and was produced by Frankie Cutlass, K7, Joey Gardner and Mike Lorello. The album did fairly well on the charts, peaking at #96 on the \"Billboard\" 200, #54 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and #1 on the Top Heatseekers. The album featured three hit singles, including his most popular song, \"Come",
"title": "Swing Batta Swing"
},
{
"id": "11732227",
"text": "Tommy Eyre Tommy Eyre (5 July 1949 – 23 May 2001) was a session keyboardist from Sheffield, England, who appeared on records by Joe Cocker, John Martyn, Gary Moore, Michael Schenker, Alex Harvey, Greg Lake, B.B. King, John Mayall, Ian Gillan, Gerry Rafferty, Tracy Chapman and Wham!. He is perhaps most famous for playing on Joe Cocker's UK chart-topper \"With A Little Help From My Friends\", on which he arranged the distinctive organ introduction, and Gerry Rafferty's \"Baker Street\" and \"Right Down the Line\". Eyre began piano lessons at the age of four and started playing guitar when he was",
"title": "Tommy Eyre"
},
{
"id": "8879421",
"text": "Goodnight Girl \"Goodnight Girl\" is the third single from Wet Wet Wet's fourth studio album, \"High on the Happy Side\". It was released on 23 December 1991, and was the second of the band's three UK number-one singles (the first being a cover of The Beatles' \"With a Little Help from My Friends\"), but the only one to be self-penned. A lush, string-laden ballad, it spent four weeks at number one in the UK Singles Chart in January 1992. \"Goodnight Girl\" also gave Wet Wet Wet their third Irish number-one single (after \"With a Little Help from My Friends\" and",
"title": "Goodnight Girl"
},
{
"id": "8301161",
"text": "In Your Care \"In Your Care\" is the second single released by singer-songwriter Tasmin Archer. It was released in early 1993 but failed to pick up as much airplay and media support as \"Sleeping Satellite\", stalling at number 16 on the UK Singles Chart. The money made from this release was donated to the charity Child Line, just like the 1988 UK number-one single, \"With a Little Help from My Friends\"/\"She's Leaving Home\", by Wet Wet Wet & Billy Bragg. The song also managed to chart in New Zealand at number 36, but only stayed in the top 50 for",
"title": "In Your Care"
},
{
"id": "349756",
"text": "band. According to Ken Micallef and Donnie Marshall, co-authors of \"Classic Rock Drummers\": \"Ringo's fat tom sounds and delicate cymbal work were imitated by thousands of drummers.\" Starr sang lead vocals for a song on most of the Beatles' studio albums as part of an attempt to establish a vocal personality for each band member. In many cases, Lennon or McCartney wrote the lyrics and melody especially for him, as they did for \"Yellow Submarine\" from \"Revolver\" and \"With a Little Help from My Friends\" on \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\". These melodies were tailored to Starr's limited baritone",
"title": "Ringo Starr"
},
{
"id": "13592307",
"text": "Stewart; spoken word artists Taylor Mali, Trace DePass, Shanelle Gabriel; cabaret stars Natalie Douglas and KT Sullivan, and a pop chorus of 50 accompanied by full orchestra. 100% of net proceeds from the single went to support Americans For The Arts and their efforts in Arts Advocacy, funding and education in order to protect the National Endowment for the Arts. These Miles Independent (CD: April 8, 2014, ASIN: B00IT4YEFQ) With A Little Help From My Friends - Single Broadway Records (Single: March 2017, ASIN: B06XQ7GHYC) Jonathan Estabrooks Jonathan Estabrooks (born 1983) is a Canadian baritone, record producer, executive producer and",
"title": "Jonathan Estabrooks"
},
{
"id": "1594814",
"text": "album, \"Popped In Souled Out\", also became a hit and produced three more hit singles, namely \"Sweet Little Mystery\", \"Temptation\", and \"Angel Eyes\". They supported Lionel Richie on his UK tour. In 1988, Wet Wet Wet scored their first Number 1 hit with a cover version of the Beatles' \"With a Little Help from My Friends\", recorded for the charity ChildLine. Another Beatles song, \"She's Leaving Home\", was equally-billed on the flip side, performed by Billy Bragg. In the same year, an album - entitled \"The Memphis Sessions\" - was released from their spell in the United States prior to",
"title": "Wet Wet Wet"
},
{
"id": "12748837",
"text": "The Beatles tracks, \"The Long and Winding Road\" and \"With a Little Help from My Friends\". \"All for a Song\" was released twice in the Netherlands under different titles, first as \"I Believe in You\" and shortly after as \"Run Like the Wind\". The latter reached No.42 in the Dutch album charts. To date, the album has never been released on Compact disc, although many of the tracks have appeared on compilations. Side One Side Two Producers: All for a Song All for a Song is a 1982 album by Barbara Dickson. The album was made up of mostly new",
"title": "All for a Song"
},
{
"id": "12337620",
"text": "Girl recruited the three members of Go Dizzy to be the core musicians for their 1986 album \"Baby the Stars Shine Bright\". In 1988, she started working with Billy Bragg on the \"Workers Playtime\" album. She shared the bill with Bragg on the song \"She's Leaving Home\", which they recorded for the Beatles tribute \"Sgt. Pepper Knew My Father\" compilation. The song eventually reached number one in the UK Singles Chart as part of the double A side single along with Wet Wet Wet's \"With a Little Help from My Friends\". Tivey performed on Bragg's 1990 album \"The Internationale\" and",
"title": "Cara Tivey"
},
{
"id": "8149923",
"text": "1968 cover of the Beatles' \"You Can't Do That\", the remake incorporates lyrics from a number of the band's songs – in this case, \"With a Little Help from My Friends\", \"Help!\", \"Lady Madonna\", \"Good Day Sunshine\" and \"Baby, You're a Rich Man\", as well as Starr's \"It Don't Come Easy\". In a further reference to his past, the 1981 version of \"Back Off Boogaloo\" opens with the same guitar riff that Harrison had played on \"It Don't Come Easy\" ten years before. Starr taped the basic track at Evergreen Recording Studios in Los Angeles on 4 November 1980, with",
"title": "Back Off Boogaloo"
},
{
"id": "6615104",
"text": "organ above a lean textured acoustic and light electric accompaniment, and the guitar-dominated rendition of \"Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood\" [...] all help make this an exceptional listening experience.\" With a Little Help from My Friends (Joe Cocker album) With a Little Help from My Friends is the debut album by singer Joe Cocker, released in 1969. It was certified gold in the US and peaked at number 35 on the \"Billboard\" 200. In the UK, the album charted in May 1972 at number 29 when it was re-released as a double pack with Cocker's second LP \"Joe Cocker!\". The",
"title": "With a Little Help from My Friends (Joe Cocker album)"
},
{
"id": "349715",
"text": "don't record, I don't play.\" For the Beatles' seminal 1967 album, \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\", Starr sang lead vocals on the Lennon–McCartney composition \"With a Little Help from My Friends\". Although the Beatles had enjoyed widespread commercial and critical success with \"Sgt. Pepper\", the long hours they spent recording the LP contributed to Starr's increased feeling of alienation within the band; he commented: \"[It] wasn't our best album. That was the peak for everyone else, but for me it was a bit like being a session musician ... They more or less direct me in the style I",
"title": "Ringo Starr"
},
{
"id": "13592306",
"text": "video to benefit Americans For The Arts. Their gospel-tinged cover of The Beatles' \"With a Little Help From My Friends\" was released on March 23, 2017, just a week after the National Endowment for the Arts and other arts organizations came under fire in President Trump's proposed budget. Participating artists included television star Annie Golden, Chris Mann and Peter Hollens; Broadway stars Telly Leung, Lexi Lawson, Liz Callaway, Ektor Rivera, Bryan Terrell Clark (Hamilton), Lillias White (Fela!, The Life), Aaron Lazar (The Last Ship, The Light In the Piazza), Ashley Brown, Carmen Cusack, Cass Dillon, Lauren Jelencovich (Yanni Vocalist), Noah",
"title": "Jonathan Estabrooks"
},
{
"id": "892433",
"text": "Joe Cocker John Robert \"Joe\" Cocker (20 May 1944 – 22 December 2014) was an English singer. He was known for his gritty voice, spasmodic body movement in performance, and distinctive versions of popular songs of varying genres. Cocker's cover of the Beatles' \"With a Little Help from My Friends\" reached number one in the UK in 1968. He performed the song live at Woodstock in 1969 and performed the same year at the Isle of Wight Festival, and at the Party at the Palace concert in 2002 for the Golden Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II. His version also became",
"title": "Joe Cocker"
},
{
"id": "13058073",
"text": "singles to their biggest hit, \"Mr. Bojangles\". The following year, the Dirt Band backed Earl Scruggs in a cover version on \"I Saw the Light with Some Help from My Friends\", an album on which Ronstadt also appears; and it also appears on their 1982 live album \"The Dirt Band Tonite\". Mary McCaslin recorded two \"Vol. III\" songs, including \"Some of Shelly's Blues\" for her 1981 album \"A Life and Time\". Several other now-familiar songs also appear on this album. \"Let's Get Together\" – also known as \"Get Together\" and sometimes credited to its writer's stage name, Dino Valenti –",
"title": "Linda Ronstadt, Stone Poneys and Friends, Vol. III"
},
{
"id": "1279302",
"text": "closed every concert performed by each version of his All-Starr Band with this song. After he is done singing, Starr tells the audience \"Peace and love...peace and love is the only way...and good night\", then walks off the stage. Since 2008, the band segued right into \"Give Peace a Chance\", during which Starr comes back onstage, then walks off again. Starr performed the song with George Harrison, Eric Clapton, Bruce Springsteen, George Michael, Phil Collins, Elton John, and many others at the 1987 Prince's Trust Concert at Wembley Arena, London. McCartney and Starr performed this song for the first time",
"title": "With a Little Help from My Friends"
},
{
"id": "6722921",
"text": "Mark Rhodes Mark Thomas Rhodes (born 11 September 1981) is an English singer and television presenter. Born in Darlaston, Metropolitan Borough of Walsall, England, Rhodes finished in second place in the second series of \"Pop Idol\" in the United Kingdom, runner-up to Michelle McManus. After \"Pop Idol\", he teamed up with third-place Sam Nixon, releasing two singles under the name Sam & Mark. In February 2004, their cover of the song \"With a Little Help from My Friends\" reached #1 in the UK singles chart, remaining there for one week. Their second single 'The Sun Has Come Your Way\" reached",
"title": "Mark Rhodes"
},
{
"id": "11732233",
"text": "who has worked with artists such as Paul Weller, the Lighthouse Family, Robert Palmer, Sister Sledge and Randy Crawford. Tommy Eyre Tommy Eyre (5 July 1949 – 23 May 2001) was a session keyboardist from Sheffield, England, who appeared on records by Joe Cocker, John Martyn, Gary Moore, Michael Schenker, Alex Harvey, Greg Lake, B.B. King, John Mayall, Ian Gillan, Gerry Rafferty, Tracy Chapman and Wham!. He is perhaps most famous for playing on Joe Cocker's UK chart-topper \"With A Little Help From My Friends\", on which he arranged the distinctive organ introduction, and Gerry Rafferty's \"Baker Street\" and \"Right",
"title": "Tommy Eyre"
},
{
"id": "19438261",
"text": "With a Little Help from My Friends (Lu Elliott album) With a Little Help from My Friends is the second ABC album for Jazz singer Lu Elliott. It was released in 1968 and featured the songs \"With A Little Help From My Friends\", \"The Very Thought Of You\" and \"If I Were A Bell\". This album which was Elliott's second album for ABC was released a short time after her first which was \"Sings Way Out from Down Under\". It was released in 1968 on ABC ABCS 637. It came out the same time as Della Reese's \"I Gotta Be",
"title": "With a Little Help from My Friends (Lu Elliott album)"
},
{
"id": "6646609",
"text": "included contributions from keyboardist Billy Preston, who was often referred to as a \"Fifth Beatle\" due to his close association with the band. In addition, Perry overdubbed the sound of an audience applauding Starr's mention of Billy Shears, providing a further quote from the Beatles' \"Sgt. Pepper\"/\"With a Little Help from My Friends\" medley. Harrison added more lead guitar parts, creating a guitar arrangement that author Simon Leng views as a \"summary\" of some his best-known contributions to the Beatles' work. These include, in Leng's description, \"stabbing 'Get Back' rhythms\" and \"Help!\"-style arpeggios, as well as a slide guitar solo",
"title": "I'm the Greatest"
},
{
"id": "1276382",
"text": "All 115 episodes (including the clip show) became available to Prime members starting October 6, 2011. On both digital streaming services, portions of the soundtrack have been replaced. The show's opening theme, Joe Cocker's rendition of The Beatles' \"With a Little Help from My Friends,\" has been replaced on Netflix and Amazon with the version of the song that played in the UK and other overseas airings. The majority of the show's soundtrack remains unchanged. Songs such as \"Light My Fire\" by The Doors and \"Foxy Lady\" by Jimi Hendrix have been replaced by generic sound-alikes with different lyrics. On",
"title": "The Wonder Years"
},
{
"id": "14175441",
"text": "Vic Coppersmith-Heaven Vic Coppersmith-Heaven (born Victor Smith, August 1945, England) is an English sound engineer and record producer, best known for his production work with The Jam. Smith worked in the recording studios at Polydor after leaving school in 1961. By 1967 he worked as the engineer on Cat Stevens' album \"Matthew and Son\", and on The Rolling Stones', \"Let It Bleed\". Smith then engineered other hits such as \"Honky Tonk Women\" and Joe Cocker's \"With a Little Help from My Friends\". In early 1968 he produced the Nashville Teens' recording of \"All Along the Watchtower\", the earliest cover version",
"title": "Vic Coppersmith-Heaven"
},
{
"id": "5558310",
"text": "not understood by others, but is actually wise. McCartney said the song relates to someone like Maharishi Mahesh Yogi: Alistair Taylor, in the book \"Yesterday\", reports a mysterious incident involving a man who inexplicably appeared near him and McCartney during a walk on Primrose Hill and then disappeared again, soon after McCartney and Taylor had conversed about the existence of God; this allegedly prompted the writing of the song. McCartney played the song for John Lennon during a writing session for \"With a Little Help from My Friends\", and Lennon told him to write it down. McCartney did not; he",
"title": "The Fool on the Hill"
},
{
"id": "892461",
"text": "the original Woodstock Festival in 1969 and was well received. On 3 June 2002, Cocker performed \"With A Little Help From My Friends\" accompanied by Phil Collins on drums and Queen guitarist Brian May at the Party at the Palace concert in the grounds of Buckingham Palace, an event in commemoration of the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II. In 2007, Cocker appeared playing minor characters in the film \"Across the Universe\", as the lead singer on another Beatles' hit, \"Come Together\", Cocker was awarded an OBE in the Queen's 2007 Birthday Honours list for services to music. To celebrate receiving",
"title": "Joe Cocker"
},
{
"id": "826311",
"text": "1979, Martin published a memoir, \"All You Need is Ears\" (co-written with Jeremy Hornsby), that described his work with the Beatles and other artists (including Peter Sellers, Sophia Loren, Shirley Bassey, Flanders and Swann, Matt Monro, and Dudley Moore), and gave an informal introduction to the art and science of sound recording. In 1993 he published \"Summer of Love: The Making of Sgt Pepper\" (published in the U.S. as \"With a Little Help from My Friends: The Making of Sgt Pepper\", co-authored with William Pearson), which also included interview quotations from a 1992 \"South Bank Show\" episode discussing the album.",
"title": "George Martin"
},
{
"id": "1276391",
"text": "over 100 are completely unaffected by the soundtrack changes. The UK DVD release from Fabulous Films was intended to have no replaced music, but reviews on online retailers and fan websites show that this is not the case. The official soundtrack was released in 1988 by Atlantic/WEA and contains a total of 13 tracks, featuring Joe Cocker's cover of The Beatles' \"With a Little Help from My Friends\", which is the show's theme song. After the series' original run was over, Laserlight Digital released a 5-disc compilation box set under the title \"Music from 'The Wonder Years\" in 1994. This",
"title": "The Wonder Years"
},
{
"id": "6836208",
"text": "Baadasssss Song\" was also included in \"The Simpsons\" season five DVD set, which was released on December 21, 2004. The episode's title is a reference to the 1971 Melvin Van Peebles film \"Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song\". Skinner's quote \"We'll always have the laundromat\" is a reference to a famous quote by Humphrey Bogart in \"Casablanca\". The beginning scene of the episode, in which Marge, Lisa, and Bart watch a home video, is a parody of the television series \"The Wonder Years\"; the Joe Cocker version of the song \"With a Little Help from My Friends\" from that series is also",
"title": "Sweet Seymour Skinner's Baadasssss Song"
},
{
"id": "8219516",
"text": "leisurely rendition of \"The Trolley Song\" was in deliberate contrast to the well-known energetic version originally sung by Judy Garland in the film \"Meet Me in St. Louis\". Other old songs include the Cole Porter standard \"My Heart Belongs to Daddy\" made famous by Mary Martin; and \"The Love Nest\", best known as the radio and TV theme of the George Burns and Gracie Allen programs. Juxtaposed with those oldies was a rendition of the Beatles' \"With a Little Help From My Friends\", its instrumentation emphasizing the monotonal aspects of Ringo Starr's song hit. The album also featured an unusual",
"title": "Herb Alpert's Ninth"
},
{
"id": "8574587",
"text": "many popular recording artists, including Steely Dan, B.B. King, Barbra Streisand, Quincy Jones, Rita Coolidge & Kris Kristofferson, Burt Bacharach, Linda Ronstadt, Cher, The Rolling Stones, Lionel Richie, Ike & Tina Turner, Bill Cosby, Paul McCartney & Wings, Ella Fitzgerald, Billy Eckstine (\"Senior Soul\", 1972), Steppenwolf, Neil Diamond, Bob Seger, The Temptations, Humble Pie, The Beach Boys, Seals and Crofts, Richard Harris, Crosby, Stills & Nash, Dickey Betts, Bob Dylan, Chuck Girard, Elton John and Keith Moon. Several of the hundreds of recordings she appeared on are: \"Stayin' Alive\" with the Bee Gees, \"With a Little Help from My Friends\"",
"title": "Sherlie Matthews"
},
{
"id": "748648",
"text": "parallel sevenths, which Everett describes as \"the song's strength\". The five-bar bridge is filled by an Edwardian horn quartet that Martin arranged from a McCartney vocal melody. The track turns to the pentatonic scale for the chorus, where its blues rock progression is augmented by the use of electric guitar power chords played in consecutive fifths. McCartney acts as the master of ceremonies near the end of the \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\" track, introducing Starr as an alter ego named Billy Shears. The song then segues into \"With a Little Help from My Friends\" amid a moment of",
"title": "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band"
},
{
"id": "11850172",
"text": "debut album \"With a Little Help from My Friends\" in 1969. He also amended the title of the original from \"Feelin' Alright?\" to \"Feeling Alright\". The song was the opening track on the album. In its first release in 1969, it reached #69 on the US Billboard Hot 100. In a 1972 re-release, it reached even higher to #33 on the same chart. Cocker performed a 'duet' of this song with John Belushi on episode 3 of \"Saturday Night Live\"'s second season which aired on October 2, 1976. Cocker also performed the song with Huey Lewis on \"Jimmy Kimmel Live!\",",
"title": "Feelin' Alright?"
},
{
"id": "19107972",
"text": "it\", although he denied rumors which said that the song had crippled him emotionally. In 2015, he highlighted \"With a Little Help from My Friends\" as a favorite. He views \"Let It Be\" as an intensely comforting song, likening it to valium. British rock critic Nick Kent wrote that, sometime in the mid-1960s: \"Wilson began getting wrapped up in big complicated ideas like 'Art' and 'Civilization'. People would tell him the most commonplace facts about such-and-such a composer or painter and Brian would just flip right out ... A visitor would read a fragment from a volume of Omar Khayyam",
"title": "Musicianship of Brian Wilson"
},
{
"id": "8457371",
"text": "Kick Axe Kick Axe is a Canadian heavy metal band from Regina, Saskatchewan. Influenced by rambunctious arena rock from the 70s and early 80s, the group is perhaps best known for their 1984 album \"Vices\", praised by publications such as Allmusic for its \"down-and-dirty guitar riffs\" and notably managing to crack the American market. The band achieved moderate commercial success in the mid-1980s on the strength of the singles \"Heavy Metal Shuffle\", \"On the Road to Rock\", \"With a Little Help from My Friends\" and \"Rock The World\". Following the release of their 1986 album \"Rock the World\", Kick Axe",
"title": "Kick Axe"
},
{
"id": "14867988",
"text": "and Gov't Mule (\"Live... With a Little Help from Our Friends\" 1999), and Schenker – Pattison Summit (\"The Endless Jam Continues\" 2005). The Hunter (Albert King song) \"The Hunter\" is a blues song first recorded by Albert King in 1967 for his landmark album \"Born Under a Bad Sign\". It was written by Stax Records' house band, Booker T. and the MGs, and Carl Wells. Along with \"Born Under a Bad Sign\" and \"Crosscut Saw\", \"The Hunter\" is one of King's best-known and most recorded songs. In 1969, Ike and Tina Turner had hit with the tune in the R&B",
"title": "The Hunter (Albert King song)"
},
{
"id": "19639170",
"text": "A live musical stage show, \"Beat Bugs: A Musical Adventure\", began playing in theaters in the United States in October 2018. The show, running 60 minutes, was written by Sean Cercone and David Abbinanti. The show's plot involves the characters seeking to save Strawberry Fields from a stinkbug with other plans for them. The show includes the songs \"All You Need Is Love,\" \"Come Together,\" \"Yellow Submarine,\" \"Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds,\" \"Strawberry Fields Forever,\" \"Eleanor Rigby,\" and \"With A Little Help From My Friends.\" It is a production of Pantochino Productions. Beat Bugs Beat Bugs is an Australian-Canadian",
"title": "Beat Bugs"
},
{
"id": "5558450",
"text": "(Melissa Benoist), Jake Puckerman (Jacob Artist), and Wade \"Unique\" Adams (Alex Newell) in the \"Glee\" episode \"Tina in the Sky with Diamonds\". On 9 February 2014, during a tribute show commemorating the Beatles' first appearance on \"The Ed Sullivan Show\", 50 years earlier, McCartney again sang \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\" and Starr sang \"With a Little Help from My Friends\". The Flaming Lips recorded the song on their track-for-track tribute album With a Little Help from My Fwends, released on 27 October 2014. Glim Spanky recorded a cover of the song for \"Hello Goodbye\", a 2016 tribute album",
"title": "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (song)"
},
{
"id": "10878222",
"text": "Teddy Randazzo Alessandro Carmelo \"Teddy\" Randazzo (May 13, 1935 – November 21, 2003) was an American pop songwriter, singer, arranger and producer, who composed hit songs such as \"Goin' Out of My Head\", \"It's Gonna Take a Miracle\", \"Pretty Blue Eyes\", and \"Hurt So Bad\" in the 1960s. He was born in Brooklyn, New York City. In the early years of rock and roll, Randazzo played accordion with a group called The Three Chuckles and appeared on \"The Ed Sullivan Show\" numerous times. Their first hit \"Runaround\", was a top 20 hit in 1954. The following year, he became the",
"title": "Teddy Randazzo"
},
{
"id": "7612311",
"text": "You've Got a Friend in Me \"You've Got a Friend in Me\" is a song by Randy Newman. Used as the theme song for the 1995 Disney/Pixar animated film \"Toy Story\", it has since become a major musical component for its sequels, \"Toy Story 2\" (1999) and \"Toy Story 3\" (2010) as well as a musical leitmotif throughout the whole \"Toy Story\" franchise. The song was nominated for both the Academy Award for Best Original Song and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, but lost both to \"Colors of the Wind\" from Disney's \"Pocahontas\". Like many other Disney",
"title": "You've Got a Friend in Me"
},
{
"id": "11169407",
"text": "Ringo Starr: Live at Soundstage Ringo Starr: Live at Soundstage is a 2007 live album by English rock musician Ringo Starr. It was recorded at the Genesee Theatre in Waukegan, Illinois on 24 June 2005 as part of the PBS concert series \"Soundstage\". The Roundheads for this performance were: Steve Dudas (lead guitar), Gary Burr (guitar), Mark Hudson (guitar), Matt Bissonette (bass guitar), Mark Hart (keyboards) and Gregg Bissonette (drums). Colin Hay and his wife Cecilia Noel joined in on the \"With a Little Help From My Friends\" finale. \"Ringo Starr: Live at Soundstage\" features many of Starr's best-known songs,",
"title": "Ringo Starr: Live at Soundstage"
},
{
"id": "4048621",
"text": "2004 in British music This article gives details on 2004 in music in the United Kingdom. Michelle McManus, the winner of the second British series of \"Pop Idol\", enjoyed success with her first single release, which topped the charts. Second and third place contestants Mark Rhodes and Sam Nixon formed a duo, whose debut single was a cover of \"With a Little Help from My Friends\", which also reached No.1. On 9 March Westlife became a four-piece after Brian McFadden decided to leave the band. Numerous acts released greatest hits albums, with Robbie Williams' being most successful, selling over one",
"title": "2004 in British music"
},
{
"id": "15731092",
"text": "Friends (Bette Midler song) \"Friends\" (also titled \"(You Got to Have) Friends\") is a 1973 hit single by Bette Midler. It was written by Buzzy Linhart and Mark \"Moogy\" Klingman. In the United States, the song reached #9 on the Adult Contemporary chart and reached #40 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. A version of \"Friends\" was recorded by one of the song's co-writers, Buzzy Linhart. More of a rock sound than a pop sound, Linhart's version had an alternative title, \"(You Got to Have) Friends\". Bette Midler was one of Linhart's close friends during the early 1970s. While rehearsing",
"title": "Friends (Bette Midler song)"
},
{
"id": "4048625",
"text": "\"Thunderbirds\" by Busted. 2004 in British music This article gives details on 2004 in music in the United Kingdom. Michelle McManus, the winner of the second British series of \"Pop Idol\", enjoyed success with her first single release, which topped the charts. Second and third place contestants Mark Rhodes and Sam Nixon formed a duo, whose debut single was a cover of \"With a Little Help from My Friends\", which also reached No.1. On 9 March Westlife became a four-piece after Brian McFadden decided to leave the band. Numerous acts released greatest hits albums, with Robbie Williams' being most successful,",
"title": "2004 in British music"
},
{
"id": "20372644",
"text": "Help Me Out \"Help Me Out\" is a song by American band Maroon 5 and American singer-songwriter Julia Michaels. The song was released to digital download on October 6, 2017, as the first promotional single off their sixth studio album, \"Red Pill Blues\" (2017). An audio video was uploaded on the band's official YouTube channel on the same day. \"Help Me Out\" is a length of 3 minutes and 13 seconds. It was written and composed by Maroon 5 frontman Adam Levine, Julia Michaels, Thomas Wesley Pentz, King Henry and Justin Tranter. It was produced by Diplo and King Henry",
"title": "Help Me Out"
},
{
"id": "11028495",
"text": "on another track from the album \"You're Sixteen\". Starr appeared (as a fictional version of himself) in McCartney's 1984 film \"Give My Regards to Broad Street\", and played drums on most tracks of the soundtrack album, which includes re-recordings of several McCartney-penned Beatles songs. Starr played drums and sang backing vocals on \"Beautiful Night\" from McCartney's 1997 album \"Flaming Pie\". The pair collaborated again in 1998, on Starr's \"Vertical Man\", which featured McCartney's backing vocals on three songs, and instrumentation on one. In 2009, the pair performed \"With a Little Help from My Friends\" at a benefit concert for the",
"title": "Paul McCartney"
},
{
"id": "8149904",
"text": "Harry Nilsson, the 1981 version incorporates lyrics from Beatles songs such as \"With a Little Help from My Friends\", \"Good Day Sunshine\" and \"Baby, You're a Rich Man\". The original recording has appeared on Starr's compilation albums \"Blast from Your Past\" and \"\", and as a bonus track on his remastered 1974 studio album \"Goodnight Vienna\". Since his return to touring in 1989, Starr has performed \"Back Off Boogaloo\" regularly in concert with the various incarnations of his All-Starr Band. Ringo Starr identified his initial inspiration for \"Back Off Boogaloo\" as having come from Marc Bolan, the singer and guitarist",
"title": "Back Off Boogaloo"
},
{
"id": "2335720",
"text": "on \"Boomerang\", \"Killing Time\", was later covered live by Jeff Buckley. In the US, \"Standing There\" was popular on alternative radio stations, reaching No. 4 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart, staying in the top 10 for 14 weeks. When Siouxsie and the Banshees ended in 1996, the Creatures had already begun composing new material. At the same time, the long-out-of-print \"Wild Things\" EP and \"Feast\" album were remastered and re-released through the compilation \"A Bestiary Of\". In February 1998, former Velvet Underground member John Cale, then organizing the \"With a Little Help from My Friends\" festival at the Paradiso",
"title": "The Creatures"
},
{
"id": "15608571",
"text": "Somewhere in the Stratosphere Somewhere in the Stratosphere is a 2CD/2DVD package released by the American rock band Shinedown. It contains two full recordings of the \"Live from Washington State\" performance from the \"Carnival of Madness\" tour, and the Kansas City performance from the \"Anything and Everything\" Acoustic tour. The 2 DVDs contain the same tracks as the CDs. The album debuted at #83 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" 200. The album title is derived from a lyric in the song \"Second Chance\". Also Will Hoge joins the band for the song \"With a Little Help from My Friends\", with a",
"title": "Somewhere in the Stratosphere"
},
{
"id": "5558449",
"text": "\"With a Little Help From My Friends\", sung by Starr. In 2009, Cheap Trick released a live album and DVD called \"Sgt. Pepper Live\", which is a live performance of the entire original album, including the title song and reprise. In 2011, Robbie Williams performed the song on Take That's Progress tour, replacing \"Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\" with \"Robbie Williams and the Take That Band\", and \"Mr Martin told the Band to play\" – a reference to Take That's manager in the 1990s, Nigel Martin-Smith. In 2013, the song was performed by Ryder Lynn (Blake Jenner), Marley Rose",
"title": "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (song)"
},
{
"id": "8550494",
"text": "Australia and in Dorset. Starting professional work as a child, he has been modelling since the age of four and appeared in four episodes of \"Casualty\" (airing in 2005). Law attended Chancellor's School in Brookmans Park, which fellow actor Vinnie Jones also attended. In terms of sports, Law is a supporter of Leicester City. His hobbies include golf, football and cricket, as well as soprano singing and running. In 2007 and 2008, Law took part in \"Children In Need\". With the cast of \"EastEnders\", he recorded The Beatles song \"A Little Help from My Friends\" (2007), \"Songs From West End",
"title": "Thomas Law"
},
{
"id": "16813869",
"text": "The Essential Beatles The Essential Beatles is a greatest hits compilation album by The Beatles which was exclusive to Australia and New Zealand on the Apple Records label.. All of the songs featured on the album (with the exception of \"With a Little Help from My Friends\") reached the top 3 in the Australian charts as singles and EP tracks. Most of the songs on the album are in presented in true stereo. \"Love Me Do\", \"P.S. I Love You\" and \"Baby You're A Rich Man\" are in \"fake stereo\". Two notable mastering glitches appear on the album: \"Penny Lane\"",
"title": "The Essential Beatles"
},
{
"id": "980297",
"text": "Williams) album \"The Maureeny Wishful Album\" with Big Jim Sullivan. Page worked as session musician on Donovan Leitch's \"Sunshine Superman\" and the Johnny Hallyday albums \"Jeune Homme\" and \"Je Suis Né Dans La Rue\", the Al Stewart album \"Love Chronicles\" and played guitar on five tracks of Joe Cocker's debut album, \"With a Little Help from My Friends\". Over the years since 1970, Page played lead guitar on 10 Roy Harper tracks, comprising 81 minutes of music. When questioned about which songs he played on, especially ones where there exists some controversy as to what his exact role was, Page",
"title": "Jimmy Page"
},
{
"id": "5889517",
"text": "Time\", he mostly centered on his Beatles' standards on this occasion, namely \"Yellow Submarine\", \"With A Little Help From My Friends\" and his cover of The Shirelles' \"Boys\", which had been appeared on The Beatles' first album, \"Please Please Me\", in 1963. The members of his All-Starr Band also had solo moments during the live recording. Following up on the 1990 album \"Ringo Starr and His All-Starr Band\", this new collection was a recording of a performance in Montreux in 1992, shortly after the release of Starr's studio album \"Time Takes Time\". \"Ringo Starr and His All Starr Band Volume",
"title": "Ringo Starr and His All Starr Band Volume 2: Live from Montreux"
},
{
"id": "748689",
"text": "record, unique, clever, and stunning\". In \"The Times\", William Mann described \"Sgt. Pepper\" as a \"pop music master-class\" and wrote admiringly of its use of \"vivid\" bass lines that partly recalled the Alberti tradition in classical music. He also commented that, so considerable were the album's musical advances, \"the only track that would have been conceivable in pop songs five years ago\" was \"With a Little Help from My Friends\". Having been among the first British critics to fully appreciate \"Revolver\", Peter Clayton of \"Gramophone\" magazine said that the new album was \"like nearly everything the Beatles do, bizarre, wonderful,",
"title": "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band"
},
{
"id": "1342895",
"text": "Badfinger Badfinger were a Welsh rock band formed in Swansea that were active from the 1960s to the 1980s. Often called \"Beatlesque\", their best-known lineup consisted of Pete Ham, Mike Gibbins, Tom Evans, and Joey Molland. They are recognised for their influence on the 1970s power pop genre. The band evolved from an earlier group called the Iveys, formed in 1961, which became the first group signed by the Beatles' Apple label in 1968. The band renamed themselves Badfinger, after the working title for the Beatles' 1967 song \"With a Little Help from My Friends\" (\"Bad Finger Boogie\"). From 1968",
"title": "Badfinger"
},
{
"id": "1369115",
"text": "with the Taxman About Poetry\", which became his first Top 10 album. Its title is taken from a poem by Vladimir Mayakovsky and a translated version of the poem was printed on the record's inner sleeve. \"Back to Basics\" is a 1987 collection of his first three releases: \"Life's a Riot with Spy vs Spy\", \"Brewing Up with Billy Bragg\", and \"Between the Wars\". He enjoyed his only Number 1 hit single in May 1988, a cover of the Beatles' \"She's Leaving Home\", a shared A-side with Wet Wet Wet's \"With a Little Help from My Friends\". Both were taken",
"title": "Billy Bragg"
},
{
"id": "1462733",
"text": "in 1998, with the score released as \"Dance Music\". That same year, Cale organised the \"With a Little Help from My Friends\" festival that took place at the Paradiso in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The concert was shown on Dutch national television and featured a song specially composed for the event and still unreleased, \"Murdering Mouth\", sung in duet with Siouxsie Sioux of Siouxsie and the Banshees. Cale has written a number of film soundtracks, often using more classically influenced instrumentation. His autobiography, \"What's Welsh for Zen?\", was written in collaboration with Victor Bockris and published in 1999 by Bloomsbury. Signing to",
"title": "John Cale"
},
{
"id": "3032650",
"text": "of \"Dancing on Ice\". He was voted out of the show on 26 February 2012. In 2015, he participated in \"Celebrity MasterChef\" on BBC One. Sam & Mark had a No. 1 UK chart hit with their cover of The Beatles tune \"With a Little Help from My Friends\". Their second single \"The Sun Has Come Your Way\" debuted in the UK top 40 at No. 19, but they were dropped from their record deal after this release. Nixon also performs in a band called Mason. Mason performed their first gig on 2 June 2007 at the \"Burn down the",
"title": "Sam Nixon"
},
{
"id": "892442",
"text": "briefly play with McCartney's Wings. After touring the UK with the Who in autumn 1968 and Gene Pitney and Marmalade in early winter 1969, the Grease Band embarked on their first tour of the United States in spring 1969. Cocker's album \"With a Little Help from My Friends\" was released soon after their arrival and made number 35 on the American charts, eventually going gold. During his United States tour, Cocker played at several large festivals, including the Newport Rock Festival and the Denver Pop Festival. In August, Denny Cordell heard about the planned concert in Woodstock, New York and",
"title": "Joe Cocker"
},
{
"id": "5566401",
"text": "Help! (song) \"Help!\" is a song by the Beatles that served as the title song for both the 1965 film and its soundtrack album. It was released as a single in July 1965, and was number one for three weeks in both the United States and the United Kingdom. Credited to Lennon–McCartney, \"Help!\" was written by John Lennon with some assistance from Paul McCartney. During an interview with \"Playboy\" in 1980, Lennon recounted: \"The whole Beatles thing was just beyond comprehension. I was subconsciously crying out for help\". It was ranked at number 29 on \"Rolling Stone\"'s 500 Greatest Songs",
"title": "Help! (song)"
},
{
"id": "8041571",
"text": "addition to its appearance on the \"Turn! Turn! Turn!\" album, the song also appears on several Byrds' compilations, including \"The Byrds' Greatest Hits\", \"History of The Byrds\", \"\", \"The Byrds\", \"\", \"The Very Best of The Byrds\", \"The Essential Byrds\" and \"There Is a Season\". The recording has been featured in numerous movies and TV shows, including 1983's \"Heart Like a Wheel\", 1994's \"Forrest Gump\", and 2002's \"In America\". Following Joe Cocker's cover of \"With a Little Help from My Friends\", the song was the first to play on the first episode of the television series \"The Wonder Years\". It",
"title": "Turn! Turn! Turn!"
},
{
"id": "6557873",
"text": "the Spice Girls' fame. They quickly released as a single a cover of The Beatles' song \"With a Little Help from My Friends\", released on Fuller's label 'S'. The song entered the UK Singles Chart at No. 1. The follow-up single \"The Sun Has Come Your Way\" released by UMTV, only reached Number 19 in the charts. Consequently, the pair were dropped from their record label. Despite this reversal, the two have managed to carve a successful television career for themselves, hosting various programmes on the BBC, most notably Saturday morning children's shows \"TMi\" and \"Top of the Pops Reloaded\".",
"title": "Sam & Mark"
}
] | who wrote have a little help from my friends |
[
"5"
] | [
{
"id": "145484",
"text": "(2002–2014) is the all-time top scorer at the finals, with 16 goals. He broke Ronaldo of Brazil's record of 15 goals (1998–2006) during the 2014 semi-final match against Brazil. West Germany's Gerd Müller (1970–1974) is third, with 14 goals. The fourth placed goalscorer, France's Just Fontaine, holds the record for the most goals scored in a single World Cup; all his 13 goals were scored in the 1958 tournament. In November 2007, FIFA announced that all members of World Cup-winning squads between 1930 and 1974 were to be retroactively awarded winners' medals. This made Brazil's Pelé the only player to",
"title": "FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "18150594",
"text": "Germany or West Germany. In total, 64 footballers came from UEFA (Europe), 29 from CONMEBOL (South America), and only four from elsewhere: Cameroon, Ghana, Australia, and the United States. Fontaine holds the record for the most goals scored at a single tournament, with 13 goals in 1958. The players that came closest to this record were Kocsis in 1954, Müller in 1970 and Portugal's Eusébio in 1966, with 11, 10 and 9, respectively. The lowest scoring tournament's top scorer was in 1962, when six players tied at only four goals each. Across the 21 editions of the World Cup, 30",
"title": "FIFA World Cup top goalscorers"
},
{
"id": "7571013",
"text": "hosts in a first-round match that eliminated Colombia. The total attendance for the tournament of nearly 3.6 million remains the biggest in World Cup history. Oleg Salenko of Russia became the first player to score five goals in a single World Cup finals game in his country's 6–1 group stage win over Cameroon. In the same match, 42-year-old Roger Milla scored the only goal for Cameroon, becoming the oldest player ever to score in a World Cup match. Hristo Stoichkov shared the Golden Boot as the joint top goal scorer in the tournament with Oleg Salenko (six goals), as well",
"title": "History of the FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "7570990",
"text": "for the second time. This game also held the record for the highest attendance at any sporting match, at roughly 200,000. The 1954 World Cup, held in Switzerland, was the first to be televised. The Soviet Union did not participate because of their dismal performance at the 1952 Summer Olympics. Scotland made their first appearance in the tournament, but were unable to register a win, going out after the group stage. This tournament set a number of all-time goal-scoring records, including highest average goals per game and highest-scoring team (Hungary), and most goals in a single match (Austria's 7–5 quarter-final",
"title": "History of the FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "1310204",
"text": "proved to be far stronger than Cameroon and Russia in every department. The game between the latter two broke two World Cup records. Oleg Salenko of Russia became the first – and remains the only – man to score five goals in a single World Cup game as Russia ran out 6–1 winners against their African opponents. The goals also ensured that Salenko finished the tournament joint-top scorer with six goals, having previously bagged one against Sweden. Cameroon left a mark too as Roger Milla, at the age of 42, became the oldest World Cup goalscorer of all time as",
"title": "1994 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "3122157",
"text": "has an even more impressive record. On his debut on 17 December 1953, Fontaine scored a hat trick as France defeated Luxembourg 8–0. In seven years, he scored 30 goals in 21 matches. However, he will best be remembered for his 1958 FIFA World Cup performance, where he scored 13 goals in just six matches — a feat that included putting four past defending champions West Germany. It was also the highest number of goals ever scored by one player at a single World Cup tournament – a record that stands today. This tally secured him the Golden Boot. As",
"title": "Just Fontaine"
},
{
"id": "18150595",
"text": "footballers have been credited with the most tournament goals, and no one has achieved this feat twice. Nine of them scored at least seven goals in a tournament, while Brazil's Jairzinho became the only footballer to score at least seven goals without being the top goalscorer of that tournament in 1970. These 30 top goalscorers played for 19 nations, the most (five) for Brazil. Another five came from other South American countries, with the remaining 20 coming from Europe. Excluding the 2010 edition, all the top tournament scorers won the Golden Boot. FIFA World Cup top goalscorers More than 2,000",
"title": "FIFA World Cup top goalscorers"
},
{
"id": "145487",
"text": "played the most World Cup matches (109), Germany appeared in the most finals (8), semi-finals (13), quarter-finals (16), while Brazil has appeared in the most World Cups (21), has the most wins (73) and has scored the most goals (229). The two teams have played each other twice in the World Cup, in the 2002 final and in the 2014 semi-final. FIFA World Cup The FIFA World Cup, often simply called the World Cup, is an international association football competition contested by the senior men's national teams of the members of the \"\" (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The",
"title": "FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "17235150",
"text": "was top scorer in the pre-FIFA era in 1995 and 1996). Notably Madjer (who holds the record for the highest number of goals scored at a single World Cup (21 in 2006) and the highest tally of goals overall in the FIFA era at 87) failed to score even a single goal at a World Cup finals for the very first time. Former Golden Boot winner, Dejan Stankovic, scored his highest number of goals (seven) since winning the award with 16 in 2009. The winner of the Golden Boot in the last edition, Pedro Moran (who won the award with",
"title": "2017 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup"
},
{
"id": "3122160",
"text": "2010 World Cup in South Africa, particularly on the lackluster playing by the forwards. France were eliminated after group stage, with a draw against Uruguay and losses to Mexico and South Africa. Just Fontaine Just Fontaine (; born 18 August 1933) is a retired French professional footballer. A prolific forward, he is best known for scoring the most goals in a single edition of the FIFA World Cup, with 13 in six matches in 1958. In 2004, Pelé named him one of the 125 Greatest Living Footballers at a FIFA Awards Ceremony. Born in Marrakech to a French father and",
"title": "Just Fontaine"
},
{
"id": "13562876",
"text": "(subsequently equalled by Croatia in 1998). In addition to winning the Golden Boot (with nine goals) for the 1966 World Cup, Eusébio also set a record that year for the most penalties scored (shoot-out not included), with four. Eusébio's four goals against North Korea in the quarter-final match also helped Portugal tie the record for largest deficit overcome in a win (three goals, equaling Austria in 1954) and he became the fifth player to score as many goals in a FIFA World Cup match, a record he jointly held until Oleg Salenko scored five in the 1994 World Cup. The",
"title": "Eusébio"
},
{
"id": "5903419",
"text": "Italy v West Germany (1970 FIFA World Cup) The semi-final of the 1970 FIFA World Cup between Italy and West Germany is known as the \"Game of the Century\" (; ; ). It was played on 17 June 1970 at the \"Estadio Azteca\" in Mexico City. Italy won 4–3 after five goals were scored in extra time, a record number of scored goals during any 2x15 minute extra time during a FIFA World Cup game. The record is still standing after the 2018 World Cup. Four goals in extra time were scored in the 1982 semifinal between West Germany and",
"title": "Italy v West Germany (1970 FIFA World Cup)"
},
{
"id": "3122155",
"text": "Just Fontaine Just Fontaine (; born 18 August 1933) is a retired French professional footballer. A prolific forward, he is best known for scoring the most goals in a single edition of the FIFA World Cup, with 13 in six matches in 1958. In 2004, Pelé named him one of the 125 Greatest Living Footballers at a FIFA Awards Ceremony. Born in Marrakech to a French father and a Spanish mother, Fontaine moved to Casablanca, where he attended the Lycée Lyautey. Fontaine began his amateur career at , where he played from 1950 to 1953. Nice recruited him in 1953,",
"title": "Just Fontaine"
},
{
"id": "17626470",
"text": "have reached that number is England's Peter Shilton. Just Fontaine scored all his 13 World Cup goals in 1958, where France reached third place. This makes him record holder for most goals scored in a single FIFA World Cup. At the time, it also made him the most successful World Cup scorer of all time until the record was broken by West Germany's Gerd Müller in the World Cup final of 1974. France at the FIFA World Cup This is a record of France's results at the FIFA World Cup. France was one of the four European teams that participated",
"title": "France at the FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "1853085",
"text": "minute, his 16th World Cup goal, gave him sole possession of the record for most goals scored during World Cup Finals, dethroning former Brazilian national Ronaldo. In the second half of the game, substitute André Schürrle scored twice for Germany to lead 7–0, the highest score against Brazil in a single game. Germany did, however, concede a late goal to Brazil's Oscar. It was Brazil's worst ever World Cup defeat, whilst Germany broke multiple World Cup records with the win, including the record broken by Klose, the first team to reach four consecutive World Cup semi-finals, the first team to",
"title": "Germany national football team"
},
{
"id": "714164",
"text": "French captain and most experienced defender Robert Jonquet suffered broken leg in a clash with Vavá, and France was down to ten men for the rest of the game (substitutions were not allowed back then). Brazil dominated the rest of the match, as a Pelé hat-trick gave them a 5–2 victory. Fontaine of France added one goal to his impressive tally. The third place match saw Fontaine score four more goals as France defeated West Germany 6–3. This brought his total to 13 goals in one competition, a record that still stands. The final was played in Solna, in the",
"title": "1958 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "18150593",
"text": "Only two other players have surpassed 10 goals at the World Cup: Pelé with 12 between 1958 and 1970 for Brazil, and Jürgen Klinsmann with 11 between 1990 and 1998 for Germany. Of all the players who have played at the World Cup, only six have scored, on average, at least two goals per game played: Kocsis, Fontaine, Stábile, Russia's Oleg Salenko, Switzerland's Josef Hügi, and Poland's Ernst Wilimowski — the latter scored four in his single World Cup game in 1938. The top 97 goalscorers have represented 28 nations, with 14 players scoring for Brazil, and another 14 for",
"title": "FIFA World Cup top goalscorers"
},
{
"id": "1853086",
"text": "score seven goals in a World Cup Finals knockout phase game, the fastest five consecutive goals in World Cup history (four of which in just 400 seconds), the first team to score five goals in the first half in a World Cup semi-final as well as being the topic of the most tweets ever on Twitter about a certain subject when the previous social media record was smashed after Germany scored their fourth goal. Also, Germany's seven goals took their total tally in World Cup history to 223, surpassing Brazil's 221 goals to first place overall. The World Cup Final",
"title": "Germany national football team"
},
{
"id": "631553",
"text": "was introduced in 1986. Brazil also became the first team to win every match at a World Cup Finals since 1970 and set a new record for highest aggregate goal difference (+14) for a World Cup winner. Brazil's captain Cafu, who became the first player to appear in three successive World Cup finals, accepted the trophy on behalf of the team. Ronaldo won the Golden Shoe after scoring eight goals. In total, 161 goals were scored by 109 players, with three of them credited as own goals. Two of those own goals were in the same match, marking the first",
"title": "2002 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "3698211",
"text": "wide a margin of victory as possible. This method resulted in the world record for the number of goals scored in a single game, in the 2001 FIFA World Cup qualifier between Australia and American Samoa, in which the Australian team scored a record 31 goals. In 2002, a club team from Madagascar called SO l'Emyrne ran up the score on themselves while protesting what they believed to be unfair officiating during an end of season round-robin series. They kicked the ball into their own goal 149 times in a row during a game against local rival AS Adema. There",
"title": "Running up the score"
},
{
"id": "18149359",
"text": "Cup semi-final. The game saw Germany overtake Brazil as the highest scoring team in World Cup tournament history and become the first team to reach eight World Cup Finals. Miroslav Klose scored his 16th career World Cup goal and surpassed Brazil's own Ronaldo as the tournament's all-time record goalscorer. Brazil's loss broke their 62-match home unbeaten streak in competitive matches going back to the 1975 Copa América (over Peru 1–3), equalled their biggest ever margin of defeat in a match alongside a 6–0 loss to Uruguay in 1920, and broke the record for the most goals ever conceded by Brazil",
"title": "Brazil v Germany (2014 FIFA World Cup)"
},
{
"id": "20441563",
"text": "found Cuadrado in space through the middle and he took a touch before finishing it into the bottom-right corner of the net. Poland were the first European nation to be eliminated from the 2018 World Cup. Including Colombia's victory against Poland, there were 14 World Cup goals scored on 24 June 2018 - the most on a single day of action in the competition (maximum 3 games) since 10 June 1990 (also 14). <section begin=h4 /><section end=h4 /> The two teams had met twice, most recently in a friendly game in 2002, won by Japan 2–0. Yoshinori Muto's drive forced",
"title": "2018 FIFA World Cup Group H"
},
{
"id": "714179",
"text": "ever scored more goals in a single FIFA World Cup Final stage. In total, 126 goals were scored by 60 players, with none of them credited as own goal. In 1986, FIFA published a report that ranked all teams in each World Cup up to and including 1986, based on progress in the competition, overall results and quality of the opposition. The rankings for the 1958 tournament were as follows: 1958 FIFA World Cup The 1958 FIFA World Cup, the sixth staging of the World Cup, was hosted by Sweden from 8 to 29 June. The tournament was won by",
"title": "1958 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "718518",
"text": "the game. The match ended 3–1 to Brazil, a successful defence of the title for only the second time in the history of the competition in spite of the absence of one of their star players of 1958, Pelé, who was replaced by Amarildo. With four goals each, Flórián Albert, Garrincha, Valentin Ivanov, Dražan Jerković, Leonel Sánchez and Vavá are the top scorers in the tournament. In total, 89 goals were scored by 54 players, with none of them credited as own goal. In 1986, FIFA published a report that ranked all teams in each World Cup up to and",
"title": "1962 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "13406474",
"text": "seven substitutions during the match instead of the permitted six which are not in accordance to the Laws of the Game. On 6 June 2018, Lukaku officially became the Belgium's all-time leading scorer with 31 goals after scoring a goal in a 3–0 win over Egypt. He also broke a three-way tie with the previous record goalscorers, Bernard Voorhoof and Paul Van Himst. On 18 June 2018, Lukaku scored twice in a 3–0 win over Panama in their opening group game at the 2018 FIFA World Cup. In the next group game on 23 June 2018, he scored twice again",
"title": "Romelu Lukaku"
},
{
"id": "18149371",
"text": "by a host country in World Cup history, as the six-goal difference doubled the previous record margin. By the end of the game, a total of 167 goals had been scored at the 2014 World Cup, the 2nd-most at a single World Cup, after 1998 with 171 goals. With 18 total shots on target, the match had the joint-most shots on target of any match in 90 minutes at the 2014 World Cup. The match also had the fastest four goals scored in World Cup history, with Germany scoring in the span of six minutes (from 23' to 29'); in",
"title": "Brazil v Germany (2014 FIFA World Cup)"
},
{
"id": "341833",
"text": "is 8, held by Matt Burke, Gonzalo Quesada, Gavin Hastings and Thierry Lacroix, and the record for most penalties in a tournament, 31, is held by Gonzalo Quesada. South Africa's Jannie de Beer kicked five drop-goals against England in 1999 – an individual record for a single World Cup match. The most points scored in a game is 145 — by the All Blacks against Japan in 1995, while the widest winning margin is 142, held by Australia in a match against Namibia in 2003. A total of 16 players have been sent off (red carded) in the tournament. Welsh",
"title": "Rugby World Cup"
},
{
"id": "20441551",
"text": "their 3–1 victory over Mexico in 1978. Panama became the first nation since Serbia & Montenegro and Togo in 2006 to lose each of their first three World Cup games. Panama's goal means this is the first World Cup tournament in which every side has scored at least two goals in the competition. Meriah's own goal was the 50th in World Cup history. <section begin=g6 /><section end=g6 /> Fair play points would have been used as tiebreakers if the overall and head-to-head records of teams had been tied. These were calculated based on yellow and red cards received in all",
"title": "2018 FIFA World Cup Group G"
},
{
"id": "7155974",
"text": "corruption scandal. 18 members of the Zambia national team die in a plane crash. Manchester United win the first FA Premier League title. Brian Clough retires from his coaching role in Nottingham Forest after 18 years as coach. The 1994 World Cup held in the United States was the first to be decided on penalties, with Brazil edging out Italy in the final at the Rose Bowl to claim their fourth title. Russia's Oleg Salenko becomes the first player and only to this day to score five goals in a single World Cup game in his country's 6–1 win over",
"title": "Timeline of association football"
},
{
"id": "7614781",
"text": "second place with 108 caps, followed by Lucas Neill with 96 caps and Brett Emerton with 95 caps. Tim Cahill is Australia's highest goalscorer, with 50 goals since his first appearance for Australia in March 2004. Damian Mori (29 goals) and Archie Thompson (28 goals) complete the top three. Australia currently hold the world record for the largest win and the most goals scored by a player in an international match. Both records were achieved during the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification match against American Samoa on 11 April 2001. Australia won 31–0 with Archie Thompson scoring 13 goals and",
"title": "Australia national soccer team"
},
{
"id": "18149378",
"text": "for the most goals scored at the World Cup with 16, overtaking Brazil's Ronaldo's total of 15; Ronaldo was in attendance at the match as a commentator. Thomas Müller's goal was Germany's 2,000th in the history of their national team. Müller became the third player in history to score five or more goals in two different World Cups (after Klose and the Peruvian Teófilo Cubillas) and the second player to score five or more goals in consecutive World Cups (after Klose). Toni Kroos' first-half double scored in 69 seconds was the fastest pair of goals scored in World Cup history",
"title": "Brazil v Germany (2014 FIFA World Cup)"
},
{
"id": "11041449",
"text": "second most goals scored in an international match, after Thompson's 13 goals. In fact, his figure was less than the previous record of 10 goals, which was achieved by Denmark's Sophus Nielsen at the 1908 Olympics and Germany's Gottfried Fuchs at the 1912 Olympics. Nevertheless, this made Zdrilic's total the second highest in almost 90 years. Thompson also equalled the world record for most goals scored in a recognized senior match, set in 1885 when John Petrie scored 13 goals in Arbroath's 36–0 win over Bon Accord in a Scottish Cup tournament. The previous record in a World Cup qualifying",
"title": "Australia 31–0 American Samoa"
},
{
"id": "18268032",
"text": "home unbeaten streak in competitive matches going back to 1975. The match also broke many World Cup records: It was Brazil's biggest World Cup defeat (eclipsing their 1998 final loss to France), the biggest defeat by a World Cup host nation (previous record was by three goals), and the biggest margin of victory in a World Cup semi-final (three previous semi-finals ended in 6–1 scorelines). Klose's goal was his 16th overall throughout his World Cup appearances, allowing him to beat Ronaldo for the record of all-time top scorer in World Cup finals tournaments. Germany's seven goals took their total tally",
"title": "Brazil at the 2014 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "14660036",
"text": "regular time, but stayed goalless until substitute striker Mario Götze scored during the second half of extra time, in the 113th minute. The fourth title was the first since Germany's reunification in October 1990. Lothar Matthäus is the FIFA World Cup's all-time record player. In addition, along with Antonio Carbajal and Rafael Márquez from Mexico, he is one of the few players to have been fielded in five FIFA World Cups. Miroslav Klose, who is only one match behind, also holds the record for most victories at FIFA World Cups (17). Since 2014, Miroslav Klose is the all-time top goalscorer",
"title": "Germany at the FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "145437",
"text": "two titles each; and England and Spain with one title each. The World Cup is the most prestigious association football tournament in the world, as well as the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world, exceeding even the Olympic Games; the cumulative viewership of all matches of the 2006 World Cup was estimated to be 26.29 billion with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the final match, a ninth of the entire population of the planet. 17 countries have hosted the World Cup. Brazil, France, Italy, Germany and Mexico have each hosted twice, while Uruguay, Switzerland, Sweden,",
"title": "FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "1634947",
"text": "goalscorer in the history of the FIFA World Cup with 16 goals, having scored five goals in his debut World Cup in 2002 and having won the Golden Boot at the 2006 World Cup in Germany by again scoring five times. He also scored four times in the 2010 World Cup and twice at the 2014 World Cup, the latter tournament where he overtook Ronaldo's then-record of 15 goals to top the all-time list. Klose is also the top scorer of all time for Germany, which never lost a game in which Klose scored, and one of the very few",
"title": "Miroslav Klose"
},
{
"id": "10915564",
"text": "the first time since 1982, no African team progressed to the second round. For the first time, the fair play criteria came into use, when Japan qualified over Senegal due to having received fewer yellow cards. Only one match, France v Denmark, was goalless. Until then there were a record 36 straight games in which at least one goal was scored. All times listed below are local time. The ranking of teams in the group stage was determined as follows: In the knockout stages, if a match is level at the end of normal playing time, extra time is played",
"title": "2018 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "7571007",
"text": "to win the World Cup. Italian striker Paolo Rossi, who was making his comeback after a match-fixing scandal and the ensuing ban, was the tournament top-scorer with six goals including a classic hat-trick against Brazil. Because of Colombia's withdrawal to host the tournament, Mexico became the first nation to hold two World Cups by hosting the 1986 World Cup. The format changed again, with the second round being replaced by a pre-quarterfinal, knockout competition, for which 16 teams would qualify. It was also decided that the final two matches in all groups would kick off simultaneously, to ensure complete fairness.",
"title": "History of the FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "5612956",
"text": "of the strongest right-footed shots and scored many fantastic goals against opponents, such as his game-tying goal against South Korea in the quarter finals of the 2000 Asian Cup in Lebanon. On 2 June 1997, he scored seven times against the Maldives, and equalled the record for the most goals scored in a World Cup match, which was held by the Australian Gary Cole since 1981. Their joint record was broken on 11 April 2001 when another Australian, Archie Thompson scored 13 goals against American Samoa. He was named the world's second top goal scorer in official international matches by",
"title": "Karim Bagheri"
},
{
"id": "7924934",
"text": "Iker Casillas hold the record for fewest goals conceded by a winning goalkeeper in a World Cup tournament, only conceding two goals and leading their team to victory, as they were also awarded the Yashin Award for best keeper. Gianluigi Buffon is also the only World Cup winning goalkeeper not to have conceded a goal in open play throughout the whole tournament (one goal coming from an own goal after a free-kick, and the second from a penalty). Fabien Barthez and Peter Shilton hold the record for most clean sheets in World Cup matches, with 10 clean sheets each. Mohamed",
"title": "Goalkeeper (association football)"
},
{
"id": "18150591",
"text": "FIFA World Cup top goalscorers More than 2,000 goals have been scored at the 21 editions of the FIFA World Cup final tournaments, not counting penalties scored during shoot-outs. Since the first goal scored by French player Lucien Laurent at the 1930 FIFA World Cup, more than 1,250 footballers have scored goals at the World Cup, of which just 97 have scored at least five. The top goalscorer of the inaugural competition was Argentina's Guillermo Stábile with eight goals. Since then, only 22 players have scored more at all the games played at the World Cup than Stábile did throughout",
"title": "FIFA World Cup top goalscorers"
},
{
"id": "3718720",
"text": "of them at the World Cup in which he was joint top scorer. His last international appearance was 6–1 win against Cameroon when he scored five times. As of 2017, he is the only player to win the Golden Boot at both the U-20 World Cup and FIFA World Cup. Salenko set a World Cup record by scoring five goals in one game in Russia's 6–1 win against Cameroon on 28 June 1994. He finished the 1994 World Cup with six goals, having scored from the penalty spot against Sweden in the previous match and shared the Golden Boot with",
"title": "Oleg Salenko"
},
{
"id": "701811",
"text": "Durival de Britto stadium in Curitiba and the Eucaliptos stadium in Porto Alegre each hosted two matches, and the Ilha do Retiro stadium in far-away Recife only hosted one match. With eight goals, Brazil's Ademir was the tournament's top scorer. In total, 88 goals were scored by 48 players, with only one of them credited as an own goal. In 1986, FIFA published a report that ranked all teams in each World Cup up to and including 1986, based on progress in the competition, overall results and quality of the opposition. The rankings for the 1950 tournament were as follows:",
"title": "1950 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "704895",
"text": "while Argentina hosted Yugoslavia on 3 August. Uruguay's aggregate goal difference of +12 over four games, at an average of +3 per match, remains the highest average goal difference per match of any World Cup champion, and the second highest of any World Cup Finals participant, after Hungary in 1954. With eight goals, Guillermo Stábile was the top scorer in the tournament. In total, 70 goals were scored by 36 players, with only one of them credited as an own goal. In 1986, FIFA published a report that ranked all teams in each World Cup up to and including 1986,",
"title": "1930 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "7570985",
"text": "2018 tournament). Austria's place was offered to England, but they declined. This left the finals with 15 nations competing. France hosted, but for the first time the hosts did not win the competition, as Italy retained their title, beating Hungary in the final. Polish striker Ernest Willimowski became the first player to score four goals in a World Cup game during Poland's 6–5 loss against Brazil; his record was later equalled by other players, but was bettered only 56 years later in the 1994 World Cup. The FIFA World Cup was planned to take place in 1942. Germany officially applied",
"title": "History of the FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "1375696",
"text": "the Round of 16, and did not score again until the 88th minute of the third place play-off. No player managed to score a hat-trick in this tournament. Italy, Germany, Argentina, Brazil and France were the only teams to score more than one goal in a knockout match. Germany was one of the exceptions, tending to play an attacking style of football throughout the knock-out stage, which was reflected by the fact that they scored the most goals (14), with players from all three outfield positions (defence, midfield and forward) making the scoresheet. Germany's Miroslav Klose scored five goals to",
"title": "2006 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "18098304",
"text": "goal line. In the quarterfinals, Germany defeated Argentina 4–0; this match was also celebrated striker Miroslav Klose's 100th international cap and the match in which he tied German legend Gerd Müller's record of 14 World Cup goals, one behind the all-time record of 15 World Cup goals, which is held by Ronaldo of Brazil. In the semi-final on 7 July, Germany lost 1–0 to Spain, in an almost flashback to the finals of Euro 2008. Germany played Uruguay for Third Place, as in 1970, and won the match 3–2 on 10 July. Germany scored the most with a total of",
"title": "History of the Germany national football team"
},
{
"id": "145475",
"text": "(2010) has been the only host nation to fail to advance beyond the first round. The best-attended single match, shown in the last three columns, has been the final in half of the 20 World Cups . Another match or matches drew more attendance than the final in 1930, 1938, 1958, 1962, 1970–1982, 1990 and 2006. The World Cup was first televised in 1954 and is now the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world. The cumulative viewership of all matches of the 2006 World Cup is estimated to be 26.29 billion. 715.1 million individuals watched the",
"title": "FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "14012323",
"text": "have won a Golden Boot award each. Salenko is the only player who has ever scored five goals in a single World Cup match, and the only player to win the Golden Boot even though his team has been eliminated in the Group stage. Russia at the FIFA World Cup Russia has participated in 4 FIFA World Cups since its independence in December 1991. The Russian Federation played their first international match against Mexico on 16 August 1992 winning 2-0. Their first participation in a World Cup was the United States of America in 1994 and they achieved 18th place.",
"title": "Russia at the FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "15721464",
"text": "to international clearance. The Egyptian Football Association rejected a request for clearance, but FIFA granted a temporary certificate instead in early October. Souleymane Coulibaly began his international career with Côte d'Ivoire national under-17 football team at the 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup where he scored nine goals in four matches: one goal against Australia, a poker against Denmark, and a hat-trick in a draw against Brazil. Coulibaly also scored a goal in a 2–3 loss to France in the Round of 16. He held the competition record for most goals scored in one tournament along with French striker Florent Sinama",
"title": "Souleymane Coulibaly"
},
{
"id": "145444",
"text": "France, Romania, and Yugoslavia to make the trip. In total, 13 nations took part: seven from South America, four from Europe and two from North America. The first two World Cup matches took place simultaneously on 13 July 1930, and were won by France and the USA, who defeated Mexico 4–1 and Belgium 3–0 respectively. The first goal in World Cup history was scored by Lucien Laurent of France. In the final, Uruguay defeated Argentina 4–2 in front of 93,000 people in Montevideo, and became the first nation to win the World Cup. After the creation of the World Cup,",
"title": "FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "18150592",
"text": "the 1930 tournament. The first was Hungary's Sándor Kocsis with eleven in 1954. At the next tournament, France's Just Fontaine improved on this record with 13 goals in only six games. Gerd Müller scored 10 for West Germany in 1970 and broke the overall record when he scored his 14th goal at the World Cup during West Germany's win at the 1974 final. His record stood for more than three decades until Ronaldo's 15 goals between 1998 and 2006 for Brazil. Germany's Miroslav Klose went on to score a record 16 goals across four consecutive tournaments between 2002 and 2014.",
"title": "FIFA World Cup top goalscorers"
},
{
"id": "1321006",
"text": "Brazil won its first two games against Croatia (1–0) and Australia (2–0). In the final group game against Japan, Brazil won 4–1. Ronaldo scored twice and equalled the record for the most goals scored across all World Cups. In the round of 16, Brazil beat Ghana 3–0. Ronaldo's goal was his 15th in World Cup history, breaking the record. Brazil, however, was eliminated in the quarter-finals against France, losing 1–0 to a Thierry Henry goal. Dunga was hired as Brazil's new team manager in 2006. Brazil then won the 2007 Copa América, where forward Robinho was awarded the Golden Boot",
"title": "Brazil national football team"
},
{
"id": "707605",
"text": "1954 FIFA World Cup The 1954 FIFA World Cup, the fifth staging of the FIFA World Cup, was held in Switzerland from 16 June to 4 July. Switzerland was chosen as hosts in July 1946. The tournament set a number of all-time records for goal-scoring, including the highest average number of goals scored per game. The tournament was won by West Germany, who defeated Hungary 3–2 in the final, giving them their first title. Switzerland was awarded the tournament unopposed on 22 July 1946, the same day that Brazil was selected for the 1950 World Cup, in Luxembourg City. The",
"title": "1954 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "4224931",
"text": "Wael Gomaa are the players with most appearances in the competition with eleven matches. Real Madrid and Barcelona shared the record of three times champions of the FIFA Club World Cup. Real Madrid have the record of most wins (6) without losses. Real Madrid also possess the record for most goals scored in the competition (25), while Auckland City claim the record of most goals conceded (23). Auckland City FC has played the most games with 15 in nine different tournaments. Since its inception in 2000, the competition, despite its name and the contestants' achievements, has received differing reception. In",
"title": "FIFA Club World Cup"
},
{
"id": "14726104",
"text": "the World Cup. The rank order of the teams is based on total points as per the \"three points for a win\" system, then on total goal difference, and then on goals scored in all World Cup matches. If two or more teams are still tied after the application of these criteria, they are given equal ranks and are listed alphabetically. As per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws in this table. The table is accurate as of the 2018 World",
"title": "All-time table of the FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "714166",
"text": "and win a World Cup Final. Conversely, Nils Liedholm became the oldest player to score in a World Cup Final at 35 years, 263 Days. This final had the highest number of goals scored by a winning team (5), the highest number of total goals scored (7), and together with the 1970 and 1998 finals shares the highest goal margin of difference (3); Brazil played in all those three finals. The game is also notable for many firsts in FIFA World Cup. With the exception of the 1950 FIFA World Cup final group stage, this marked the first time that",
"title": "1958 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "17218866",
"text": "the ball past Szczęsny with the outside of his right foot to double his side's lead. With 15 minutes left on the clock, James' pass from the left found Cuadrado in space through the middle and he took a touch before finishing it into the bottom-right corner of the net. Poland were the first European nation to be eliminated from the 2018 World Cup. Including Colombia's victory against Poland, there were 14 World Cup goals scored on 24 June 2018 - the most on a single day of action in the competition (maximum 3 games) since 10 June 1990 (also",
"title": "Colombia at the FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "7421705",
"text": "Ernst Wilimowski Ernest Willimowski (born Ernest Otto Prandella, nicknamed \"Ezi\") (23 June 1916 – 30 August 1997) was a German–Polish football player, who played as a forward. He ranks among the best goalscorers in the history of both the Poland national team and Polish club football. After re-taking German citizenship, he also played for the Germany national team. Willimowski was the first player to score four goals in a single FIFA World Cup game. Over the course of his career, he scored a total of 1,175 goals; though this tally is unverified and will include friendly and unofficial matches. Rec.Sport.Soccer",
"title": "Ernst Wilimowski"
},
{
"id": "20441535",
"text": "first Swede to score two or more goals in a single World Cup tournament since Henrik Larsson in 2002. This was Mexico's worst defeat at the World Cup since they were beaten 6–0 by Germany in 1978. Jesús Gallardo was shown a yellow card after just 15 seconds in this game – the quickest anyone has ever been booked in the World Cup. <section begin=f6 /><section end=f6 /> Fair play points would have been used as tiebreakers if the overall and head-to-head records of teams had been tied. These were calculated based on yellow and red cards received in all",
"title": "2018 FIFA World Cup Group F"
},
{
"id": "145483",
"text": "in the tournament. There are currently six awards: An \"All-Star Team\" consisting of the best players of the tournament has also been announced for each tournament since 1998. Three players share the record for playing in the most World Cups; Mexico's Antonio Carbajal (1950–1966) and Rafael Márquez (2002–2018); and Germany's Lothar Matthäus (1982–1998) all played in five tournaments. Matthäus has played the most World Cup matches overall, with 25 appearances. Brazil's Djalma Santos (1954–1962), West Germany's Franz Beckenbauer (1966–1974) and Germany's Philipp Lahm (2006–2014) are the only players to be named to three Finals All-Star Teams. Miroslav Klose of Germany",
"title": "FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "18149372",
"text": "1954, Austria took seven minutes (25' to 32') and in 1982, Hungary also took seven minutes (69' to 76') to score four goals. Germany equalled the record for most goals scored against the host nation of the World Cup, with Austria defeating Switzerland 7–5 in the 1954 World Cup. Germany also overtook Brazil to become the all-time highest-scoring team in FIFA World Cup history, their total of 223 at full-time passing Brazil's 221. Before the match Brazil and Germany were even with seven World Cup finals each, the German victory made them the only squad to reach 8 finals. For",
"title": "Brazil v Germany (2014 FIFA World Cup)"
},
{
"id": "12015270",
"text": "played in Ottawa. Canada and the United States easily dispatched their European rivals to reach the gold medal final, which Canada won by a 5–2 score. James scored the first goal in the tournament's history, and 11 overall. She tied American Cindy Curley for the tournament lead which, along with The USA's Krissy Wendell in 2000, stands as the record for most goals by one player in one tournament, through 2012. James appeared in three additional Women's World Championships, all three of which were won by Canada over the United States. She was named an all-star at forward in the",
"title": "Angela James"
},
{
"id": "145473",
"text": "time a World Cup has been shared by three host nations. The 2026 tournament will be the biggest World Cup ever held, with 48 teams playing 80 matches. Sixty matches will take place in the US, including all matches from the quarter-finals onward, while Canada and Mexico will host 10 games each. Six of the eight champions have won one of their titles while playing in their own homeland, the exceptions being Brazil, who finished as runners-up after losing the deciding match on home soil in 1950 and lost their semi-final against Germany in 2014, and Spain, which reached the",
"title": "FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "145479",
"text": "two gold medals at the 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics and their two World Cup titles in 1930 and 1950). With five titles, Brazil are the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have played in every World Cup (21) to date. Brazil were also the first team to win the World Cup for the third (1970), fourth (1994) and fifth (2002) time. Italy (1934 and 1938) and Brazil (1958 and 1962) are the only nations to have won consecutive titles. West Germany (1982–1990) and Brazil (1994–2002) are the only nations to appear in three consecutive",
"title": "FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "9443071",
"text": "the best overall performance in World Cup history in both proportional and absolute terms with a record of 73 victories in 109 matches played, 124 goal difference, 237 points and only 18 losses. Traditionally, Brazil's greatest rival is Argentina. The two countries have met each other four times in the history of the FIFA World Cup, with two wins for Brazil (West Germany 1974 and Spain 1982), one for Argentina (Italy 1990) and a draw (Argentina 1978). The country that played most against Brazil in the finals is Sweden: 7 times, with five wins for Brazil and two draws. Three",
"title": "Brazil at the FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "6594590",
"text": "Austria v Switzerland (1954 FIFA World Cup) On 26 June 1954, in a quarterfinal match of the 1954 FIFA World Cup, Austria beat Switzerland 7–5 in Lausanne, Switzerland. The 12 goals scored in the match set a World Cup record, unequalled to date, for the highest scoring match ever. The match is known by its German name, Hitzeschlacht von Lausanne (roughly translated to \"The heat battle of Lausanne\"), due to the high temperature that it was played under, 40 °C (104 °F). Switzerland, the tournament hosts, took a notable lead early on. In four minutes, the Swiss scored three goals:",
"title": "Austria v Switzerland (1954 FIFA World Cup)"
},
{
"id": "16974554",
"text": "of the game. Spanish club Barcelona has been the only club to earn every award in one edition, a feat accomplished during the . Barcelona are also the only side to have earned three FIFA Fair Play Trophies. Lionel Messi is also the only player to have won two Golden Balls and two MVP Final awards. Uruguayan player Luis Suárez holds the record for the most goals scored in one edition (five in 2015). There are currently four awards: The winners of the competition also receive the \"FIFA Club World Cup Champions Badge\"; it features an image of the trophy,",
"title": "FIFA Club World Cup awards"
},
{
"id": "20254661",
"text": "time in three consecutive World Cup matches since England in 1990. England scored nine goals from set-pieces at the 2018 World Cup – the most by a team in a single World Cup tournament since 1966. <section begin=sf2 /><section end=sf2 /> The two teams had met in 22 matches, including three matches at the World Cup, one round of 16 game at the 1990 FIFA World Cup which ended in a 1–0 victory for England, one group stage game at the 1954 FIFA World Cup which ended in a 4–4 draw and their most recent encounter in Group G of",
"title": "2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage"
},
{
"id": "10693801",
"text": "At the finals tournament in Spain, he became one of the youngest goalkeepers to participate in the World Cup. In the first round, El Salvador lost to Hungary 10–1, and Guevara became the goalkeeper with the most goals scored against in a single match, a record that stands as of 2014. He played 91 times for his national team in which he earned 50 senior caps. He represented his country in 13 World Cup qualification matches. His final international game was a November 1996 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Panama. Guevara is married to Flor de María and the",
"title": "Luis Guevara Mora"
},
{
"id": "20254650",
"text": "from the right to the back post, Dele Alli was there to double his side's advantage with a header. John Guidetti teed up strike partner Berg in the 71st minute, but Pickford tipped the effort over the crossbar. Alli's goal was England's 11th at Russia 2018, equalling the country's record of most goals at a single World Cup set in 1966. Alli is the second youngest player to score for England at the World Cup (22 years and 87 days), behind only Michael Owen (18 years and 190 days against Romania in 1998). Maguire became the first player to score",
"title": "2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage"
},
{
"id": "11041448",
"text": "in the 2000 Asian Cup qualification. The match also broke the record for the largest win in a World Cup qualification match. The previous record was held by Iran in a 19–0 win over Guam in 2002 World Cup qualification. Apart from team records, individual records were also broken in the match. Australia's Archie Thompson, who only had two international caps and one international goal prior to the match, scored 13 goals in the match and broke the record for most goals scored in an international match. David Zdrilic scored 8 goals and was widely reported as having recorded the",
"title": "Australia 31–0 American Samoa"
},
{
"id": "1310191",
"text": "prestigious trophy; the Brazilian national team dedicated the title to the deceased Formula One motor racing champion and countryman Ayrton Senna, who had died two and a half months prior. The tournament's Golden Boot went jointly to Bulgaria's Stoichkov and Oleg Salenko of Russia, the latter becoming the first player to score five goals in a game, coming in a 6–1 victory against Cameroon. Both players scored six goals in the tournament. Brazilian striker Romário, with five goals, won the Golden Ball as the tournament's best player. The official mascot of this World Cup was \"Striker, the World Cup Pup\",",
"title": "1994 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "7570982",
"text": "and the United States, who beat Mexico 4–1 and Belgium 3–0, respectively. The first goal in World Cup history was scored by Lucien Laurent of France. Four days later, the first World Cup hat-trick was achieved by Bert Patenaude of the U.S. in the Americans' 3–0 win against Paraguay. In the final, Uruguay defeated Argentina 4–2 in front of a crowd of 93,000 people in Montevideo to become the first nation to win a World Cup. The 1934 World Cup was hosted by Italy and was the first World Cup to include a qualification stage. Sixteen teams qualified for the",
"title": "History of the FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "1375478",
"text": "with FIFA's stated wish. The tournament's average of 2.97 goals per game set a level not since bettered. The eventual champions Brazil, led by Carlos Alberto, and featuring Pelé, Clodoaldo, Gérson, Jairzinho, Rivellino, and Tostão, is often cited as the greatest-ever World Cup team. They won all of their six games on the way to the title, and had also won every one of their qualifying fixtures. Jairzinho's feat of scoring in every finals match likewise has yet to be equalled. Coach Mário Zagallo became the first man to win the World Cup as both a player (1958, 1962) and",
"title": "1970 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "1375571",
"text": "only one goal scored against Italy's two), and also the only World Cup winner to draw or lose three matches at the Finals. By winning, Italy equalled Brazil's record of winning the World Cup three times. Italy's total of twelve goals scored in seven matches set a new low for average goals scored per game by a World Cup winning side (subsequently exceeded by Spain in 2010), while Italy's aggregate goal difference of +6 for the tournament remains a record low for a champion, equalled by Spain. Italy's 40-year-old captain-goalkeeper Dino Zoff became the oldest player to win the World",
"title": "1982 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "138045",
"text": "team held a lead at the end of the first period of extra time (\"silver goal\"). Golden goal was used at the World Cup in 1998 and 2002. The first World Cup game decided by a golden goal was France's victory over Paraguay in 1998. Germany was the first nation to score a golden goal in a major competition, beating Czech Republic in the final of Euro 1996. Silver goal was used in Euro 2004. Both these experiments have been discontinued by IFAB. Under the Laws, the two basic states of play during a game are \"ball in play\" and",
"title": "Association football"
},
{
"id": "10455591",
"text": "history to score for both teams in a single match (the first being Ernie Brandts of the Netherlands in a 1978 World Cup match against Italy) and the first to do so in a final. On 14 August 2018, he announced his retirement from international football. At the time of his retirement, he was the second highest goalscorer in the history of the Croatia national team with 33 goals. In his statement, Mandžukić wrote about the 2018 World Cup silver medal: In addition to his goalscoring, pundits have noted Mandžukić for his physical strength, versatility, mobility and fitness, as well",
"title": "Mario Mandžukić"
},
{
"id": "1448645",
"text": "Spain, who played a total of 635 minutes, and the Bronze Boot to Wesley Sneijder of the Netherlands, who played 652 minutes. Diego Forlán of Uruguay had five goals and one assist in 654 minutes. A further three players scored four goals. Only 145 goals were scored at South Africa 2010, the lowest of any FIFA World Cup since the tournament switched to a 64-game format. This continued a downward trend since the first 64-game finals were held 12 years earlier, with 171 goals at France 1998, 161 at Korea/Japan 2002 and 147 at Germany 2006. 28 players were suspended",
"title": "2010 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "11460819",
"text": "10-man shortlist for FIFA's Golden Ball award for the tournament's best player. He won the Bronze Boot as the tournament's third top goalscorer and was named in the World Cup All Star XI. With captain Thiago Silva ruled out through injury, new coach Dunga decided to make Neymar captain and confirmed on 5 September that the forward would stay on as skipper on a permanent basis. On 14 October 2014, Neymar scored four goals in one game for the first time in his international career, scoring all of Brazil's goals in 4–0 friendly win against Japan at the National Stadium,",
"title": "Neymar"
},
{
"id": "12040833",
"text": "various potential offences against Harry Kane, inside the penalty area were ignored by the referee and no VAR checks were carried out. England persevered and scored a second goal in the 91st minute, again by Harry Kane, resulting in a 2–1 victory. In the second group stage match, England surpassed their record for goals scored in a World Cup match by beating Panama 6-1. Jesse Lingard scored the third goal, John Stones scored the first and fourth goals and Harry Kane scored a hat-trick with the second, fifth and sixth goals. In the final group stage match, England narrowly lost",
"title": "England at the FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "14161374",
"text": "and advance to the knockout rounds, a first for France. In the knockout rounds, France beat Northern Ireland 4–0 with Fontaine recording another two goals. In the semi-finals, France were unable to contain the resilient Brazilians, in part due to an injury to the influential defender Robert Jonquet. Brazil, who won the match 5–2, controlled most of the match with Pelé scoring a hat trick. In the third place match, France defeated West Germany 6–2 with Fontaine recording four of the goals, which brought his goal tally to 13, a World Cup record which still stands. Following France's successful World",
"title": "History of the France national football team"
},
{
"id": "736416",
"text": "winning team. That record stood until 1994, when it was surpassed by Brazil's three goals in seven games. France again lowered the record to two goals in seven during the 1998 tournament, a record that has since been equalled by Italy at the 2006 tournament and by Spain's two goals in the group stage conceded during the 2010 tournament. England received the recovered Jules Rimet trophy from Elizabeth II and were crowned World Cup winners for the first time. In this World Cup, the national anthems were played only in the final. They were not played in the earlier matches",
"title": "1966 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "11041438",
"text": "Australia 31–0 American Samoa On 11 April 2001, the Australian and American Samoa national association football teams played each other in a qualifying match for the 2002 FIFA World Cup. The match was played at the International Sports Stadium in Coffs Harbour, Australia. Australia set a world record for the largest victory in an international football match, winning the game 31–0. Australia's Archie Thompson also broke the record for most goals scored by a player in an international match by scoring 13 goals. David Zdrilic, the scorer of eight goals in the match, achieved the second highest number of goals",
"title": "Australia 31–0 American Samoa"
},
{
"id": "4662688",
"text": "Dutch Eredivisie side PSV Eindhoven. Thompson has played over 50 times for Australia, scoring 28 goals. He was in the squad for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, the 2001 and 2005 FIFA Confederations Cups, the 2007 AFC Asian Cup, the 2008 Summer Olympics and the successful 2004 OFC Nations Cup. He holds the all time goal scoring record for a single international match, where he scored 13 goals in a 31–0 victory against American Samoa, in 2001. Archie Thompson began his career as a teenager in Bathurst, breaking into the senior squad in 1995. At the close of the 1996",
"title": "Archie Thompson"
},
{
"id": "736398",
"text": "world champions Brazil after the preliminary round. Notably, all four semi-finalists were European, a situation occurring in only four other world cups (1934, 1982, 2006 and 2018). Portugal's Eusébio was top scorer with nine goals. The final is remembered for being the only one with a hat-trick and for its controversial third goal awarded to England. An incident before the tournament was the theft and refinding of the trophy. The final, held at Wembley Stadium, was the last to be broadcast in black and white. The tournament held a FIFA record for the largest average attendance until it was surpassed",
"title": "1966 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "707615",
"text": "game that saw the most goals in any World Cup match, 7–5. In the first semi-final, West Germany beat Austria 6–1. The other semi-final, one of the most exciting games of the tournament, saw Hungary go into the second half leading Uruguay 1–0, only for the game to be taken to extra time with a score after 90 minutes of 2–2. The deadlock was broken by Sándor Kocsis with two late goals to take Hungary through to the final, with Uruguay finally losing their unbeaten record in World Cup Final matches. Uruguay then went on to be beaten for a",
"title": "1954 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "10915566",
"text": "new system. A player is automatically suspended for the next match for the following offences: The following suspensions were served during the tournament: The following awards were given at the conclusion of the tournament. The Golden Boot (top scorer), Golden Ball (best overall player) and Golden Glove (best goalkeeper) awards were all sponsored by Adidas. Additionally, FIFA.com shortlisted 18 goals for users to vote on as the tournaments' best. The poll closed on 23 July. The award was sponsored by Hyundai. As was the case during the 2010 and 2014 editions, FIFA did not release an official All-Star Team, but",
"title": "2018 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "20441446",
"text": "1934 (7–1); while it is also the second largest victory of any host nation, only behind Italy vs USA at 1934 and Brazil vs Sweden at 1950, both ended 7–1. Russia's Denis Cheryshev became the first substitute to score a goal in the opening match of a World Cup tournament. In this game, Sergei Ignashevich became the oldest player to ever appear in a World Cup match for Russia/USSR (38 years & 335 days old). For Saudi Arabia, this was their second biggest defeat in World Cup, after the 0–8 defeat to Germany in 2002. These losses are also the",
"title": "2018 FIFA World Cup Group A"
},
{
"id": "17309477",
"text": "victory in a World Cup semi-final (three previous semi-finals ended in 6–1 scorelines). Klose's goal was his 16th overall throughout his World Cup appearances, allowing him to beat Ronaldo for the record of all-time top scorer in World Cup finals tournaments. Germany's seven goals took their total tally in World Cup history to 223, surpassing Brazil's 221 goals to first place overall. <section begin=k1 /><section end=k1 /> The two teams had met in eight previous matches, including four times in the FIFA World Cup: Netherlands won 4–0 in the second group stage of the 1974 FIFA World Cup and 2–1",
"title": "2014 FIFA World Cup knockout stage"
},
{
"id": "20254628",
"text": "their four World Cup penalty shootouts (after losing to Belgium in 1986, beating the Republic of Ireland in 2002 and losing to South Korea in 2002), and still have never defeated a host nation at FIFA World Cup, after losing to Italy 0–1 in 1934, Brazil 1–6 in 1950, and South Korea after penalties in 2002. Russia have reached the quarter-final of the World Cup for the first time since the break-up of the Soviet Union. Ignashevich became the oldest player to score an own goal at the World Cup, aged 38 years and 352 days. The match marked the",
"title": "2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage"
},
{
"id": "4014562",
"text": "goal (according to the United States Soccer Federation). A fiftieth-minute goal by Patenaude gave the U.S. a 3-0 win over the South Americans. The dispute and discrepancies over the second goal had led to confusion over the first-ever World Cup hat-trick, as Argentina's Guillermo Stábile scored one against Mexico just two days after the U.S.-Paraguay game. However, FIFA announced on November 10, 2006, that Patenaude is the first person to score a hat-trick in World Cup play, confirming that he scored all three goals. Patenaude was inducted into the U.S. Soccer Hall of Fame in 1971. He died in Fall",
"title": "Bert Patenaude"
},
{
"id": "4260685",
"text": "single game; winning 10–0 against Sri Lanka. In this match, skipper Ali Ashfaq scored a double hat-trick and broke the record of India's IM Vijayan who holds the record of all-time top scorer of the tournament with 12 goals. He also made a new record of scoring the highest number of goals by a single player in a match in the tournament. Remaining goals of this match came from Assadhulla Abdulla, Hassan Adhuham, Ali Fasir and Ali Umar. In their second match, Ali Ashfaq scored four goals and Ali Fasir scored a brace while Mohammad Umair and Ali Umar scored",
"title": "Maldives national football team"
},
{
"id": "20254663",
"text": "his right foot, having been sent clean through by Kevin De Bruyne. Meunier was the 10th player to score for Belgium at Russia 2018. No other team has had more, equalling France in 1982 and Italy in 2006. This is Belgium's best finish at a World Cup, having previously finished fourth in 1986. This was England's 100th match at a major tournament – 69 at the World Cup, 31 at the European Championship. Since 1966, no player has been involved in more World Cup goals for Belgium than Hazard (seven – three goals and four assists), level with Jan Ceulemans",
"title": "2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage"
},
{
"id": "1375710",
"text": "Brazil won 3–0 against Ghana, in a game which included Ronaldo's record 15th World Cup goal. \"Der Spiegel\" reported that the match may have been influenced by an Asian betting syndicate. Portugal defeated the Netherlands 1–0. The only goal came courtesy of a Maniche strike in an acrimonious match, which marked a new World Cup record with 16 yellow cards (Portugal: 9, the Netherlands: 7) and 4 players being sent off for a second bookable offence. France came from behind to defeat Spain 3–1 thanks to goals from Franck Ribéry, Patrick Vieira, and Zinedine Zidane. Germany and Argentina ended 1–1",
"title": "2006 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "18098310",
"text": "1982. Germany prevailed 2–1 after extra time. They then defeated France 1–0 in the quarterfinals. They faced Brazil in the semi-finals where they won a decisive 7–1 victory. Klose scored the second goal of the game, surpassing Ronaldo for the record of most goals in the World Cup. Germany defeated Argentina 1–0 in the final on 13 July and obtained its fourth title. After finishing first in the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying Group D, Germany managed to win their group ahead of Poland, Northern Ireland and Ukraine. In the knock-out stages, they overcome Slovakia with a 3–0 win, then they",
"title": "History of the Germany national football team"
},
{
"id": "336182",
"text": "IFFHS, Pelé is the most successful league goal-scorer in the world, scoring 1281 goals in 1363 games, which included unofficial friendlies and tour games. During his playing days, Pelé was for a period the best-paid athlete in the world. Pelé began playing for Santos at age 15 and the Brazil national team at 16. During his international career, he won three FIFA World Cups: 1958, 1962 and 1970, being the only player ever to do so. Pelé is the all-time leading goalscorer for Brazil with 77 goals in 92 games. At club level he is the record goalscorer for Santos,",
"title": "Pelé"
},
{
"id": "341831",
"text": "the first solo host nation to be eliminated at the pool stages in 2015. Of the twenty-five nations that have ever participated in at least one tournament, eleven of them have never missed a tournament. The record for most points overall is held by English player Jonny Wilkinson, who scored 277 over his World Cup career. Grant Fox of New Zealand holds the record for most points in one competition, with 126 in 1987; Jason Leonard of England holds the record for most World Cup matches: 22 between 1991 and 2003. Simon Culhane holds the record for most points in",
"title": "Rugby World Cup"
},
{
"id": "704865",
"text": "America, four from Europe and two from North America) entered the tournament. Only a few European teams chose to participate because of the difficulty of travelling to South America. The teams were divided into four groups, with the winner of each group progressing to the semi-finals. The first two World Cup matches took place simultaneously, and were won by France and the United States, who defeated Mexico 4–1 and Belgium 3–0, respectively. Lucien Laurent of France scored the first goal in World Cup history, while US goalkeeper Jimmy Douglas posted the first official \"clean sheet\" in the tournament. Argentina, Uruguay,",
"title": "1930 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "1310174",
"text": "final tournament remains the highest in World Cup history, despite the expansion of the competition from 24 to 32 teams (and from 52 to 64 games), which was first introduced at the 1998 World Cup and is the current format. Brazil won the tournament after beating Italy 3–2 in a penalty shoot-out at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California near Los Angeles, after the game had ended 0–0 after extra time. It was the first World Cup final to be decided on penalties. The victory made Brazil the first nation to win four World Cup titles. There were four new",
"title": "1994 FIFA World Cup"
}
] | most goals scored in a single game world cup |
[
"34"
] | [
{
"id": "224065",
"text": "more points is referred to as a \"super raid\". If a team gets all seven players on the opposing team out at once (\"All Out\"), they earn three additional points, and the players are placed back in the game. Additional rules are used in the Pro Kabaddi League; if a team has two empty raids in a row, the next raider must score a point on their next raid or else they will be out (\"do-or-die raid\"). Additionally, when a defending team has fewer than four players left on the field, tackles are worth 2 points (\"super tackle\"). There are",
"title": "Kabaddi"
},
{
"id": "18062971",
"text": "viewers. Star Sports, the PKL's broadcaster, subsequently announced in 2015 that it would acquire a 74% stake in the league's parent company Mashal Sports. For the 2017 season, the PKL added four new teams, and changed its format to split the teams into two divisions known as \"zones\". The PKL's rules are similar to that of the indoor team version of Kabaddi, but with additional rules to encourage more scoring. Playing two \"empty\" raids in a row will trigger a \"do-or-die raid\", where the raider must score a point or they will be declared out. When a defensive side has",
"title": "Pro Kabaddi"
},
{
"id": "18062975",
"text": "Sports Pro Kabaddi wants to make Pro Kabaddi, a 5-week event, happen 10 weeks a year by having two editions a year. The idea is to play the tournament once in January–February 2016 and once in June–July 2016. It also had 8 teams. Patna Pirates beat U Mumba by 3 Points in the final in Delhi to take home the trophy. Puneri Paltan came third this season. The fourth season took place from June 25 to July 31, with the existing eight teams participating. Patna Pirates beat Jaipur Pink Panthers in the men's final. Season 4 also saw the launch",
"title": "Pro Kabaddi"
},
{
"id": "18062978",
"text": "of Rs 93 lakh. Following in second place was Rohit Kumar after the Bengaluru Bulls picked him for a Rs 81 lakhs price. The most expensive foreign player was South Korea's Jang Kun Lee after he was retained by the Bengal Warriors for Rs 80.3 lakhs. The new season was slated to be the biggest league tournament of its kind in the history of Indian sports in terms of geographical coverage and duration. It featured 138 matches spread across a time period of 13 weeks across 11 states. A Children's Kabaddi tournament, known as KBD Juniors, was also organised between",
"title": "Pro Kabaddi"
},
{
"id": "18062974",
"text": "There were 60 matches played with two semifinals, a third place play-off and a final. First game was played on July 18 between U Mumba and Jaipur Pink Panthers and the final was played on August 23 at Mumbai between U Mumba and Bengaluru Bulls. U Mumba beat Bengaluru Bulls by 36-30 to win the 2015 season of Pro Kabaddi League. U Mumba stood first, Bengaluru Bulls stood second and Telugu Titans stood on third position in the league. Star Sports Pro Kabaddi Season 3 will have two editions. The CEO of Star India, Mr. Sanjay Gupta confirmed that Star",
"title": "Pro Kabaddi"
},
{
"id": "224063",
"text": "\"raider\", runs into the opposing team's side of the court and attempts to tag as many of the seven defending players as possible. For a raid to be eligible for points, the raider must cross the bob line in the defending team's territory, and return to their half of the field without being tackled. Whilst doing so, the raider must also loudly chant the word \"kabaddi\", confirming to referees that their raid is done on a single breath without inhaling. A 30-second shot clock is also enforced on each raid. A point is scored for each defender tagged. If the",
"title": "Kabaddi"
},
{
"id": "16492073",
"text": "\"revived\" for each point a team scores from a subsequent tag or tackle (bonus points do not revive players). Players who step out of bounds are also out. A raid where no points are scored by the raider is referred to as an \"empty raid\". By contrast, a play where the raider scores three or more points is referred to as a \"super raid\". If a team gets all seven players on the opposing team out at once, an \"All Out\" is scored for two bonus points, and they are automatically revived. Additional rules are used in the Pro Kabaddi",
"title": "Kabaddi in India"
},
{
"id": "18062973",
"text": "to 31 August 2014. There were double round robin matches along with two semifinals, third place and final games. 56 games were to be played in first round and 4 in play off stage making total of 60 games. 8 teams took part in first edition. First game was played on July 26 between U Mumba and Jaipur Pink Panthers and the final was played on August 31 at Mumbai. Jaipur Pink Panthers beat U Mumba by 35-24 to win the inaugural Pro Kabaddi League. Star Sports Pro Kabaddi season 2 was from 18 July 2015 to 23 August 2015.",
"title": "Pro Kabaddi"
},
{
"id": "224064",
"text": "raider steps beyond the bonus line marked in the defending team's territory, they earn an additional point. If the raider is successfully stopped, the opposing team earns a point instead. All players tagged are taken out of the game, but one is \"revived\" for each point a team scores from a subsequent tag or tackle (bonus points do not revive players). Players who step out of the boundary or lobbies are also out. A raid where no points are scored by the raider is referred to as an \"empty raid\". By contrast, a play where the raider scores three or",
"title": "Kabaddi"
},
{
"id": "224067",
"text": "of the opponent’s side secures a point. The game continues until five or seven such points are secured and has no fixed time duration. Amar style resembles the Sanjeevani form in the time frame rule, but a player who is declared out stays inside the court while play continues. For every player of the opposition touched “out”, a team earns a point. Punjabi kabaddi is a variation that is played on a circular pitch of a diameter of . The following competitions are played in standard format, for that of circle style kabaddi, see Punjabi kabaddi. The standard style Kabaddi",
"title": "Kabaddi"
},
{
"id": "20670175",
"text": "2018–19 Pro Kabaddi League season The 2018-19 Vivo Pro Kabaddi League is the sixth season of Pro Kabaddi League, a professional kabaddi league in India since 2014. The season began on 7th October 2018. Patna Pirates are the defending champions having defeated the Gujarat Fortune Giants in the 2017 Pro Kabaddi League Final. Each team can sign maximum 3 foreign players in the squad. Source: \"prokabaddi.com\"<br> The teams are divided into two zones with each zone having six teams based on their geographical proximity. Each team will play 15 intra-zonal matches and 7 inter-zonal matches. Source:\"prokabaddi.com\" Bengaluru bulls will win",
"title": "2018–19 Pro Kabaddi League season"
},
{
"id": "18062981",
"text": "18.5 times than of last year's 7 lakh unique visitors. The third season which was flagged off on 30 January, recorded a surge in viewership with the opening week ratings 36 per cent higher than the week one viewership for its last season. Two teams, Jaipur Pink Panthers, U Mumba have won the tournament once while Patna Pirates have won the Pro Kabaddi League thrice and the only champions to have defended their title twice. !style=\"width:140px;\"|Team !2014 !2015 !2016 !2016 !2017 Pro Kabaddi The Pro Kabaddi League currently known as Vivo Pro Kabaddi League for sponsorship purpose is a professional-level",
"title": "Pro Kabaddi"
},
{
"id": "18191591",
"text": "raid points in a single match. 2. Team making most overall points in just one match - 69 3. Triple century in one season!!!! 4.8 Raid points in a single raid Patna Pirates beat Gujarat Fortune giants to become champions for the third time . Patna Pirates is the only team to win 3 titles in a row. PKL SEASON 6 (2018) Patna pirates have retained Pardeep Narwal,Vijay,Jawahar Dagar and Manish. Patna Pirates Patna Pirates (PTP) is a kabaddi team based in Patna, Bihar that plays in the Pro Kabaddi League. The team is led by Pardeep Narwal and coached",
"title": "Patna Pirates"
},
{
"id": "16492074",
"text": "League; if a team has two empty raids in a row, the next raider must score a point on his/her raid or else he/she will be out (\"do-or-die raid\"). Additionally, when a defending team has less than four players left on the field, tackles are worth 2 points (\"super tackle\"). Four major forms of kabaddi played in India which are recognised by the amateur federation. In Sanjeevani kabaddi, one player is revived against one player of the opposite team who is out – one out. The game is played over 40 min with a 5 min break between halves. There",
"title": "Kabaddi in India"
},
{
"id": "20170700",
"text": "respective weeks are: 3. Then, each team plays one wild card match which is an additional inter-zone match in the penultimate week, selected by a random mid-season draw, totalling 22 matches in the league stage. The top three teams from each zone qualify for the super playoffs and compete for the title. Source: \"prokabaddi.com\"<br> The teams are divided into two zones with each zone having six teams based on their geographical proximity. Each team will play 15 intra-zonal matches and 7 inter-zonal matches. Source:\"prokabaddi.com\" Source: \"prokabaddi.com\" 2017 Pro Kabaddi League season The 2017 Vivo Pro Kabaddi League season was the",
"title": "2017 Pro Kabaddi League season"
},
{
"id": "18191590",
"text": "close points. This season Patna Pirates successfully defended their title in the presence of Dubki King Pardeep Narwal and became 2-time champions of PKL. This season Patna Pirates retained Pardeep Narwal before the auction. Pardeep Narwal has also scored fastest 50 raid points in the history of pro kabbadi league in just 4 matches.He also became the first player to score 100 points with an average of 12.77 in 9 matches.Now he is the Top Raider of Pro Kabaddi Season 5 with whopping 369 raid points. In his playoff with Haryana Pardeep broke 4 records in one day:- 1. 34",
"title": "Patna Pirates"
},
{
"id": "18062977",
"text": "Thalaivas. The Uttar Pradesh team is named as UP Yoddha owned by GMR group and Gujarat team is named as Gujarat Fortune Giants owned by Gautam Adani. Auctions for the new season were held in May, before which the existing teams were allowed to retain one player each. The auction saw over 400 players go under the hammer and Rs 46.99 crores spent by the 12 teams. The Pro Kabaddi League Season 5 started on July 28, 2017. The most expensive pick of the auction was raider Nitin Tomar, who was bought by the Uttar Pradesh team for a sum",
"title": "Pro Kabaddi"
},
{
"id": "18062972",
"text": "three or fewer players remaining, tackles are scored as a \"Super Tackle\", which is worth two points instead of one. The first signing and auction of players for the 8 teams was held on 20 May 2014 in Mumbai. India's national kabaddi captain Rakesh Kumar was the priciest among the players bought for 12.80 lakh by the Patna Pirates. Sports Authority of India's Deepak Nivas was bought by Telugu Titans franchise for 12.60 lakh. Tae Deok Eom was the highest paid overseas player bought for 7 lakh by Patna franchise. The duration of the season was from 26 July 2014",
"title": "Pro Kabaddi"
},
{
"id": "20670176",
"text": "pkl season 6 Full Charged Maddi Pro Kabaddi 2018 Live Tv Channels 2018–19 Pro Kabaddi League season The 2018-19 Vivo Pro Kabaddi League is the sixth season of Pro Kabaddi League, a professional kabaddi league in India since 2014. The season began on 7th October 2018. Patna Pirates are the defending champions having defeated the Gujarat Fortune Giants in the 2017 Pro Kabaddi League Final. Each team can sign maximum 3 foreign players in the squad. Source: \"prokabaddi.com\"<br> The teams are divided into two zones with each zone having six teams based on their geographical proximity. Each team will play",
"title": "2018–19 Pro Kabaddi League season"
},
{
"id": "18062980",
"text": "Crores for Monu Goyat who became the highest paid player in the history of ProKabaddi league. The most expensive Foreign player this season is Fazel Atrachali from Iran. He was bought by U Mumba for INR 1 Crore. As per the available data of the opening 2 weeks, Star Sports Pro Kabaddi viewership on TV increased by nearly 56% from the 2014 year's viewership. During the inaugural season tournament viewership was 43.5 crore(435 million) viewers, which was the second in India after the 56 crore(560 million) of IPL viewership. The online viewership also increased 1.3 crore unique visitors, which is",
"title": "Pro Kabaddi"
},
{
"id": "224057",
"text": "Kabaddi Kabaddi is a contact team sport. Played between two teams of seven players, the object of the game is for a single player on offence, referred to as a \"raider\", to run into the opposing team's half of a court, tag out as many of their defenders as possible, and return to their own half of the court, all without being tackled by the defenders, and in a single breath. Points are scored for each player tagged by the raider, while the opposing team earns a point for stopping the raider. Players are taken out of the game if",
"title": "Kabaddi"
},
{
"id": "16492075",
"text": "are seven players on each side and the team that outs all the players on the opponent’s side scores four extra points. In Gaminee style, seven players play on either side and a player put out has to remain out until all his team members are out. The team that is successful in ousting all the players of the opponent’s side secures a point. The game continues until five or seven such points are secured and has no fixed time duration. Amar style resembles the Sanjeevani form in the time frame rule. But, a player who is declared out doesn’t",
"title": "Kabaddi in India"
},
{
"id": "18062979",
"text": "schools of the cities in which the matches were held. Patna Pirates Beat Gujarat Fortune Giants by 55-38 in the final with the Man Of The Tournament Pardeep Narwal stealing the show with 19 raid points against a hapless Fortune Giant defense for the first time in the tournament. The award ceremony of the finale was hosted by Pooja Bhamrah. Pardeep Narwal was adjudged the man of the finale. The 2018 season is the sixth edition of the Pro Kabaddi League, and it features 12 teams. Auctions for the new season were held in which Harayana Steelers paid INR 1.51",
"title": "Pro Kabaddi"
},
{
"id": "20170698",
"text": "teams. The most expensive pick of the auction was raider Nitin Tomar, who was bought by the new UP franchise for a sum of Rs 93 lakh. Following in second place was Rohit Kumar after the Bengaluru Bulls picked him for a Rs 81 lakh price. The most expensive foreign player was South Korea's Jang Kun Lee after he was retained by the Bengal Warriors for Rs 80.3 lakhs. The opening ceremony is held on the first match of every leg in each stadium. This is similar to that of IPL 2017. It is done so to highlight the importance",
"title": "2017 Pro Kabaddi League season"
},
{
"id": "16492072",
"text": "team's territory, and return to their half of the field without being tackled. Whilst doing so, the raider must also chant the word \"kabaddi\", confirming to referees that their raid is done on a single rhythm . A 30-second shot clock is also enforced on each raid. A point is scored for each defender tagged, and a point can also be scored if the raider can step into the area past the territory's bonus line. If the raider is successfully stopped, the opposing team earns a point instead. All players tagged are taken out of the game, but one is",
"title": "Kabaddi in India"
},
{
"id": "18062969",
"text": "Pro Kabaddi The Pro Kabaddi League currently known as Vivo Pro Kabaddi League for sponsorship purpose is a professional-level Kabaddi league in India. It was launched in 2014 and is broadcast on Star Sports. The leagues inception was influenced by the popularity of the Kabaddi tournament at the 2006 Asian Games. The format of the competition was influenced by Indian Premier League. The Pro Kabaddi League uses a franchise-based model and its first season was held in 2014 with eight teams each of which having paid fees of up to US$250,000 to join. There were doubts over whether the PKL",
"title": "Pro Kabaddi"
},
{
"id": "18117630",
"text": "Patel Indoor Stadium, Mumbai. Jaipur Pink Panthers beat U Mumba by 35-24 to win the inaugural Pro Kabaddi League. The first signing and auction of players for the 8 teams was held on 20 May 2014 in Mumbai. India's national kabaddi captain Rakesh Kumar was the priciest among the players bought for 12.80 lakh by Patna franchise. Sports Authority of India's Deepak Nivas was bought by Vizag franchise for 12.90 lakh. Mostafa Noudehi was the highest paid overseas player bought for 6.6 lakh by Pune franchise. All matches played at Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Indoor Stadium, Mumbai. 2014 Pro Kabaddi League",
"title": "2014 Pro Kabaddi League season"
},
{
"id": "19278977",
"text": "the league with the caravan then moving to Sawai Mansingh Stadium in Jaipur on 20 February 2016. Moving on from Jaipur, the league will be played in at the Thyagaraj Indoor Stadium in Delhi and move to the home of the reigning champions, U Mumba at National Sports Club of India, Mumbai. The playoffs will return to the national capital for the semi-finals, playoffs and the finals. Star Sports Pro Kabaddi is the only domestic Indian sports league to witness a strong rise in viewership as compared to its inaugural season. The rise in viewership in the second season validates",
"title": "2016 Pro Kabaddi League season (January)"
},
{
"id": "16492078",
"text": "Panthers is owned by Bollywood star Abhishek Bachchan who said he wants to promote kabaddi. The other teams are the U Mumba based at Mumbai, the Bengaluru Bulls, the Delhi Dabbangs, the Puneri Paltans,the Telugu Titans based at Vizag, the Bengal Warriors based at Kolkata and the Patna Pirates based at Patna, Bihar. Among all seasons, Patna Pirates is the most successful team with three times title winner while U Mumba and Jaipur Pink Panthers shares 1-1 title. The organisers have added four new teams in the PKL season 5, 2017: the Haryana Steelers, the Tamil Thalaivas from Tamil Nadu,",
"title": "Kabaddi in India"
},
{
"id": "20170699",
"text": "of the tradition and culture all over the country. The 12 teams are divided into two zones of six each. Each team plays a total of 22 matches in the league stage: 1. Teams from the same zone play each other thrice, totalling 15 matches in the zone. 2. Then, a team will play an additional of 6 matches with the teams from the other zone. (Each team plays other team from the other zone once). These 6 inter-zone matches for each team will be held on three different weeks. These weeks are known as inter-zone challenge weeks and the",
"title": "2017 Pro Kabaddi League season"
},
{
"id": "224069",
"text": "of India to win gold medals in Kabaddi, with India's men's team winning bronze, and India's women's team being beaten by Iran to win silver. The Pro Kabaddi League was established in 2014. The league modeled its business upon that of the Indian Premier League of Twenty20 cricket, with a large focus on marketing, the backing of local broadcaster Star Sports, and changes to the sport’s rules and its presentation to make it more suitable for a television audience. The Pro Kabaddi League quickly became a ratings success on Indian television; the 2014 season was watched by at least 435",
"title": "Kabaddi"
},
{
"id": "19526411",
"text": "2016 Kabaddi World Cup The 2016 Kabaddi World Cup, the third standard-style Kabaddi World Cup, was an international kabaddi tournament governed by the International Kabaddi Federation, contested from 7 to 22 October 2016 in Ahmedabad, India. Twelve countries had competed in the tournament. The tournament was won by India, who defeated Iran 38–29 in the championship game to win their third Kabaddi World Cup. •TOP RAIDERS 1.Ajay Thakur 64 points India 2.Khomsan Thongkham 56 points Thailand 3.Md Aruduzzaman Munshi 54 points Bangladesh 4.Temi Tope Adewalure 51 points UK 5.Pardeep Narwal 47 points India •TOP DEFENDERS 1.Surjeet 23 points India 2.Fazel",
"title": "2016 Kabaddi World Cup"
},
{
"id": "224074",
"text": "the United Kingdom is the England Kabaddi Federation UK. Kabaddi Kabaddi is a contact team sport. Played between two teams of seven players, the object of the game is for a single player on offence, referred to as a \"raider\", to run into the opposing team's half of a court, tag out as many of their defenders as possible, and return to their own half of the court, all without being tackled by the defenders, and in a single breath. Points are scored for each player tagged by the raider, while the opposing team earns a point for stopping the",
"title": "Kabaddi"
},
{
"id": "224058",
"text": "they are tagged or tackled, but can be \"revived\" for each point scored by their team from a tag or tackle. It is popular in the Indian subcontinent and other surrounding and South Asian countries, such as Iran and Pakistan. Although ancient accounts of kabaddi appear in the histories of both modern-day India and Iran, the game was popularized as a competitive sport in the 20th century by India; it is the state game of the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, and Uttar Pradesh. It is also the national sport of",
"title": "Kabaddi"
},
{
"id": "19278979",
"text": "nearly 20 times already and over 13 million unique visitors to date. It has also been among the most talked about events on social media and has generated 5.73 billion potential impressions globally across 310,000 conversations so far. The referee and the umpires shall have the power to warn, declare technical point against, temporarily suspend or to disqualify any player or team from the match who is committing any of the following violations or Foul: Persistently protesting or objecting the official's decision, thereby disrupting the match. Making derogatory remarks about the officials & their actions, thereby trying to influence their",
"title": "2016 Pro Kabaddi League season (January)"
},
{
"id": "19278976",
"text": "at each franchise city for a duration of 4 days, where the home team will play 4 of the visiting franchises. All seven visiting franchises will play a set of away games in each city. After the opening leg in Hyderabad, the caravan will move to the Kanteerava Indoor Stadium, Bengaluru, followed by Netaji Indoor Stadium in Kolkata. This season, the badminton arena in the Balewadi Sports Complex, Pune will be the venue for the culmination to the first half of the league. The indoor stadium at the Patliputra Sports Complex, Patna will play host to the second half of",
"title": "2016 Pro Kabaddi League season (January)"
},
{
"id": "19278974",
"text": "2016 Pro Kabaddi League season (January) The 2016 Pro Kabaddi League season was the third season of Pro Kabaddi League, a professional kabaddi league played in India since 2014. Pro Kabaddi, which saw astounding success in its second season, was all set to make its much awaited return for a third season from 30 January 2016, just five months after completion of the second season. Hyderabad hosted the opening leg of Season 3, with the first match being played between Telugu Titans and U Mumba at the Titan's home turf, Gachibowli Indoor Stadium.The winner is Patna Pirates. Star Sports Pro",
"title": "2016 Pro Kabaddi League season (January)"
},
{
"id": "19600741",
"text": "the season with 146 raid points, the highest in season 4. Rahul holds the record for the most number of raid points (700+),(44) tackle points and total points (797) in the history of Pro Kabaddi.In season 6 again telugu titans team buyed rahul Rs 1,29,00,000 (one crore twentynine lakhs). Rahul Chaudhari Rahul Chaudhari is an Indian professional Kabaddi player. He started playing Kabaddi as a Defender but later on became a Raider. He is a member of the Indian National Kabaddi team that won gold medal in the 2016 South Asian Games. Rahul was the captain of Telugu Titans team",
"title": "Rahul Chaudhari"
},
{
"id": "16492077",
"text": "after beating Pakistan in the finals. The opening match of the tournament was held in Patiala while the closing ceremony took place in Ludhiana. India won the first edition of the Circle Style Kabaddi World Cup, Beating rival Pakistan in a 58–24 victory. The final of this 10-day tournament was played at Guru Nanak Stadium. Pro kabaddi league was introduced in 2014 in India based on Indian premier league.The first edition of the tournament had begun at 26 July 2014 with eight franchises based at eight different cities in India consisting of players from all over the world.The Jaipur Pink",
"title": "Kabaddi in India"
},
{
"id": "19278982",
"text": "two seasons. U Mumba has the least number of green cards per match which indicates they have committed the least number of fouls. All matches played at Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium, New Delhi. \"'Source:\"' Source : 2016 Pro Kabaddi League season (January) The 2016 Pro Kabaddi League season was the third season of Pro Kabaddi League, a professional kabaddi league played in India since 2014. Pro Kabaddi, which saw astounding success in its second season, was all set to make its much awaited return for a third season from 30 January 2016, just five months after completion of the second",
"title": "2016 Pro Kabaddi League season (January)"
},
{
"id": "18183102",
"text": "sports but also in other walks of life. Pro Kabaddi League (PKL) is a caravan styled professional Kabaddi league in India . The first edition of PKL was held in 2014 with eight participating franchises, representing various cities in India. In the 5th edition of the league, 4 new teams were added, taking the total participating teams up to 12. It was touted as the biggest sporting league in India in terms of geography covered and the duration, with 138 matches spread across 13 weeks and 11 states. Logo & Colors The bright vibrant shades of orange and vermillion, which",
"title": "Puneri Paltan"
},
{
"id": "16492071",
"text": "teams of seven members each occupy opposite halves of a field of in case of men and in case of women. Each has three supplementary players held in reserve. The game is played with 20 minute halves, with a 5 minute halftime break during which the teams exchange sides. During each raid, a player from the attacking side—known as the \"raider\"—runs into the opposing team's side of the field and attempts to tag as many of the seven defending players as possible. For a raid to be eligible for points, the raider must cross the baulk line in the defending",
"title": "Kabaddi in India"
},
{
"id": "18062976",
"text": "of first professional woman kabaddi league, Women's Kabaddi Challenge (WKC). First season saw 3 teams namely Ice Divas, Fire Birds and Storm Queens battle it out to be the first ever WKC champions. The final, scheduled along with the men's final in Hyderabad, the Storm Queens defeated the Fire Birds. The 2017 season was the fifth edition of the Pro Kabaddi League, and it featured 12 teams, including new teams from Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Tamil Nadu, and Gujarat. The team from Haryana is known as Haryana Steelers owned by JSW Sports. Sachin Tendulkar co-owns the Tamil Nadu team named Tamil",
"title": "Pro Kabaddi"
},
{
"id": "16492079",
"text": "the Gujarat Fortunegiants, and the UP Yoddha. The opening match was held at Mumbai where Amitabh Bachchan was found cheering for his son's team. Aishwarya Rai was also present with Abhishek Bachchan.Together with them Bollywood stars Shahrukh Khan, Aamir khan, Sunil Shetty, Sonali Bendre, Farah Khan, Boman Irani and producer Ronnie Screwvala cheering for his team Jaipur Pink Panthers were present at the stadium. Indian star cricketer Sachin Tendulkar was present with his wife and daughter who said he enjoyed the speed,agility and strength of the players of the sport very much. Rakesh Kumar the captain of the Indian kabaddi",
"title": "Kabaddi in India"
},
{
"id": "19278981",
"text": "the match or debar from the tournament, a player coach/manager/ team: Green Card: An initial warning for any violation of rules Yellow Card: 2 minute suspension from the game along with 1 technical point to the opposition Red: 1 technical point to the opposition and suspension for the rest of the match. In this case, the team that loses the player shall continue the match with the remaining number of players. No substitution for a red carded player is allowed Note: Green Cards The graph on the right indicates the green cards conceded by all the teams in the first",
"title": "2016 Pro Kabaddi League season (January)"
},
{
"id": "355983",
"text": "de France. However the project was cancelled in December 2016. Bold indicates that the team did not win any matches. Bold indicates that the team did not win any matches. Ronan O'Gara of Ireland holds the career scoring record with 557 points to Wilkinson's 546, having surpassed Wilkinson in Round 3 of the 2011 championship. England's Jonny Wilkinson currently holds the records for individual points in one match (35 points against Italy in 2001) and one season with 89 (scored in 2001). The record for tries in a match is held by Scotsman George Lindsay who scored five tries against",
"title": "Six Nations Championship"
},
{
"id": "11635098",
"text": "League is a professional kabaddi league founded in 2014. It is formulated as an eight-city league played in a \"caravan format,\" traveling together to all 8 venues to play a total of 60 Matches. It is an initiative of Mashal Sports, a company which was co-founded by Mr. Anand Mahindra, Chairman, Mahindra Group and Mr. Charu Sharma, who is also a director of Mashal Sports. Star India acquired a 74% stake in Mashal Sports, and now has control over the entire league as a majority owner of Mashal Sports. Mashal Sports has acquired the rights to organize the league for",
"title": "Charu Sharma"
},
{
"id": "224066",
"text": "four major forms of Indian kabaddi recognised by the amateur federation. In Sanjeevani kabaddi, one player is revived against one player of the opposite team who is out. The game is played over 40 minutes with a five minute break between halves. There are seven players on each side and the team that outs all the players on the opponent’s side scores four extra points. In Gaminee style, seven players play on each side and a player put out has to remain out until all his team members are out. The team that is successful in ousting all the players",
"title": "Kabaddi"
},
{
"id": "19526412",
"text": "Atrachali 22 points Iran 3. Manjeet Chillar 22 points India 4.James Odhiamboobi 22 points Kenya 5.Surendra Nada 21 points India •Awards 1.Best Raider – Ajay Thakur (India) 2.Best Defender – Surjeet (India) 3. Emerging Player – Jang Kun Lee (S Korea) 4.Emerging Team – Kenya 5.Best referee - S.K. Monu (Bangladesh) Twelve teams competed in the tournament. Pakistan was originally scheduled to participate in the tournament, but was removed due to increased tensions between India and Pakistan. The International Kabaddi Federation argued that it was \"not the right time to engage with Pakistan\". The Pakistani team criticized the move, arguing",
"title": "2016 Kabaddi World Cup"
},
{
"id": "16492080",
"text": "team who has received an Arjuna Award and also the captain of Patna Pirates was also present at the inaugural matches who said it is a pleasure to see kabaddi getting recognition through the tournament. Rakesh Kumar was the highest bought player in the auction by patna pirates for 12.80 lakhs held before the tournament. The broadcast rights were won by the star sports network . India national kabaddi team represents India in international kabaddi India national kabaddi team competitions. India won Gold medals Asian Games in 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010.and 2014 India has won all six Kabaddi",
"title": "Kabaddi in India"
},
{
"id": "18191588",
"text": "Patna Pirates Patna Pirates (PTP) is a kabaddi team based in Patna, Bihar that plays in the Pro Kabaddi League. The team is led by Pardeep Narwal and coached by Ram Mehar Singh. They are champions of season 3,4 and season 5. They became the first team to retain their title after defeating Jaipur Pink Panthers in season 4 final and for second time they have retained their title after defeating Gujarat FortuneGiants.The team is owned by Rajesh V. Shah and their home ground is Patliputra Sports Complex, Patna . And Patna is first team to play 100 Vivo pkl",
"title": "Patna Pirates"
},
{
"id": "18247096",
"text": "In season 5, he became the first player in Pro Kabaddi to complete 400 raid points. For the 6th season, Anup Kumar was released by his former franchise U Mumba. In the recently held auctions, Abhishek Bachchan owned franchise Jaipur Pink Panthers brought him in the auction for 30 Lakhs INR. On 19 December 2018, he announced his retirement from kabaddi after completing 15 years in the sport. He made his International debut in 2010 Asian Games. Kumar won gold medals at the 2010 Asian Games and the 2014 Asian Games in kabaddi. He won a gold medal in kabaddi",
"title": "Anup Kumar (kabaddi)"
},
{
"id": "17050458",
"text": "Sport in Bangladesh Sport in Bangladesh is a popular form of entertainment as well as an essential part of Bangladeshi culture. Cricket is the most popular sport in Bangladesh. Kabaddi is the national sport of Bangladesh. Bangladesh is one of the top 10 cricketing nation of the world and have regularly qualified for World cup since 1999, the Country achieved arguably their greatest heights in Cricket when they defeated three of top-rated teams in 2015 Cricket World Cup to qualify for the quarterfinals. In 2015, they white-washed Pakistan and clinched the series by 3-0 and in another major achievement they",
"title": "Sport in Bangladesh"
},
{
"id": "18062970",
"text": "would be successful, noting that there were many leagues attempting to emulate the IPL's business model and success, and that unlike cricket, there were relatively fewer well-known players in Kabaddi. However, it was also noted that kabaddi was widely played in grassroots community settings, and could thus attract a wide variety of rural and metropolitan viewers for advertisers to target if the league gained significant traction. The inaugural season was seen by 435 million viewers, Mashal sports placing it just behind the total-season viewership of the 2014 Indian Premier League season, while the inaugural championship was seen by 86.4 million",
"title": "Pro Kabaddi"
},
{
"id": "19600740",
"text": "Rahul Chaudhari Rahul Chaudhari is an Indian professional Kabaddi player. He started playing Kabaddi as a Defender but later on became a Raider. He is a member of the Indian National Kabaddi team that won gold medal in the 2016 South Asian Games. Rahul was the captain of Telugu Titans team in the Pro Kabaddi League Season 5 (PKL). He had the second most raid points in Season 1 (151) after Anup Kumar (155). Rahul scored 98 raid points in the second season and 87 in the third season. Rahul was adjudged the best raider of season 4 after finishing",
"title": "Rahul Chaudhari"
},
{
"id": "20743592",
"text": "make the defence rock solid. They also roped in one of the best do-or-die raiders, Ajay Thakur, who will also be leading the team onto the pitch as captain. M Thivakaran and Sombir are other important names in attack. Source: \"prokabaddi.com\"<br> The teams are divided into two zones with each zone having six teams based on their geographical proximity. Each team will play 15 intra-zonal matches and 7 inter-zonal matches. Tamil Thalaivas in 2017 Tamil Thalaivas (தமிழ் தலைவாஸ்) is a Kabaddi team based in Chennai, Tamil Nadu that plays in the Pro Kabaddi League. The team is led by Ajay",
"title": "Tamil Thalaivas in 2017"
},
{
"id": "224062",
"text": "played in villages, for legitimate international competition. After being demonstrated again at the 1982 Asian Games in Delhi, kabaddi was added to the Asian Games' programme beginning in 1990. In the international team version of kabaddi, two teams of seven members each occupy opposite halves of a court of in case of men and in case of women. Each has three supplementary players held in reserve. The game is played with 20-minute halves, with a 5-minute half break in which the teams exchange sides. During each play, known as a \"raid\", a player from the attacking side, known as the",
"title": "Kabaddi"
},
{
"id": "18191589",
"text": "match Pro Kabaddi League (PKL) is a professional kabaddi league in India, based on the format of the Indian Premier League T20 cricket tournament. The first edition of the tournament was played in 2014 with eight franchises representing various cities in India. Patna Pirates is a Patna based franchise owned by Rajesh Shah. Patna Pirates got the 3rd spot in the first season. They were led by Rakesh Kumar(currently in Telugu Titans) Patna Pirates got the 4th spot in the second season. This season Patna Pirates finished the league as champions defeating U Mumba in a nail-biting match by 3",
"title": "Patna Pirates"
},
{
"id": "17050479",
"text": "some gold medals at the South Asian games. Sport in Bangladesh Sport in Bangladesh is a popular form of entertainment as well as an essential part of Bangladeshi culture. Cricket is the most popular sport in Bangladesh. Kabaddi is the national sport of Bangladesh. Bangladesh is one of the top 10 cricketing nation of the world and have regularly qualified for World cup since 1999, the Country achieved arguably their greatest heights in Cricket when they defeated three of top-rated teams in 2015 Cricket World Cup to qualify for the quarterfinals. In 2015, they white-washed Pakistan and clinched the series",
"title": "Sport in Bangladesh"
},
{
"id": "12613035",
"text": "competition, during March–April every year and is extremely popular. Kabaddi is a popular national sport in India, played mainly among people in villages. It is regarded as a team-contact sport and as a recreational form of combat training. Two teams occupy opposite halves of a small field and take turns sending a raider into the other half to win points by tagging and wrestling members of the opposing team. The raider then attempts to return to his own half while holding his breath and chanting \"kabaddi, kabaddi, kabaddi\" during the whole raid. India has won gold in all the Asian",
"title": "Sport in India"
},
{
"id": "2400276",
"text": "currently holds the fourth place for most centuries in a career, behind Indian cricketers Sachin Tendulkar (with 49 ODI centuries), Virat Kohli (35 ODI centuries) and Ricky Ponting (30 centuries). His second century, 134 against Pakistan in 1996, was scored at a strike rate of 206.15 and was the fastest century in ODI cricket at the time. This record was later broken by Pakistani cricketer Shahid Afridi. The 189 he made against India in 2000 is the sixth highest ODI score in a single innings. Making his second highest ODI score of 157 against the Netherlands in 2006, Jayasuriya paved",
"title": "Sanath Jayasuriya"
},
{
"id": "20170697",
"text": "2017 Pro Kabaddi League season The 2017 Vivo Pro Kabaddi League season was the fifth season of Pro Kabaddi League, a professional kabaddi league in India since 2014. It is organised by Mashal Sports and Star India. This season includes 12 teams after the inclusion of four new teams: UP Yoddha, Tamil Thalaivas, Haryana Steelers and Gujarat Fortunegiants. Auctions for the new season were held in May, before which the existing teams were allowed to retain one player each. The auction saw over 400 players go under the hammer and a total of Rs 46.99 crore spent by the 12",
"title": "2017 Pro Kabaddi League season"
},
{
"id": "12613036",
"text": "Games in kabaddi excepting 2018 Asian games where they got bronze. The four forms of kabaddi recognised by Kabaddi federation in India are Amar, Sanjeevni, Gaminee and Punjabi rules Kabaddi. India won the Kabaddi World Championship in 2007, beating Iran 29–19. Motorsport is a popular spectator sport in India, although there are relatively few competitors compared to other sports, due to the high costs of competing. Coimbatore is often referred to as the \"Motor sports Capital of India\" and the \"Backyard of Indian Motorsports\". S.Karivardhan, spearheaded motor racing, making Coimbatore the country's motor racing hub when he designed and built",
"title": "Sport in India"
},
{
"id": "10628576",
"text": "Super Bowl, a maelstrom event that is broadcast nearly worldwide. Various hangouts and bars with HDTVs show footage of the Super Bowl throughout Asia. Kabaddi is a contact sport originated in India. The game is popular in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. It is gaining popularity in other countries like South Korea, Iran and Thailand. The national teams of these countries have competed in the Kabaddi World Cup. Pro Kabaddi League of India is broadcast in many Asian countries. Sports in Asia Association Football (also known as Soccer) is the most popular sport in almost all Asian countries. Cricket is the",
"title": "Sports in Asia"
},
{
"id": "18247094",
"text": "at the 2006 South Asian Games in Sri Lanka. He was captain of the U Mumba team in the 2014 Pro Kabaddi League. He won the Most Valuable Player award in the first season of the league, leading his team to the finals where they lost to Jaipur Pink Panthers. He scored 155 raid points in 16 matches, to become one of the most successful raider of Pro Kabaddi. He led U Mumba to their maiden Pro Kabaddi title in 2015 in which he finished the season with 74 raid points. They defeated Bengaluru Bulls in the final. U Mumba",
"title": "Anup Kumar (kabaddi)"
},
{
"id": "19353492",
"text": "the sport of Kabaddi which are the most important positions in the defensive set-up and strategy. In Season 5 of Pro Kabaddi League, he was selected by the new franchise, Haryana Steelers, and offered him the captaincy. He is consistently ranked among the Top Ten Defenders in all seasons of Pro Kabaddi league. The best performance of his came in Season 1, when he top scored with 51 tackle points in 15 games. In the ongoing Season 5, he is current top scorer with 79 tackle points in 22 match. Surender Nada Surender Nada is an Indian Kabaddi athlete. He",
"title": "Surender Nada"
},
{
"id": "19782290",
"text": "Kabaddi team has been the most dominating team in the world so far. All the three world cups has been won by India so far. Neewwttoooo Points are calculated after every match by the formula: Kabaddi World Cup (Standard style) The Kabaddi World Cup, is an indoor international kabaddi competition conducted by the International Kabaddi Federation (IKF) in standard style, contested by men's and women's national teams. The competition has been previously contested in 2004, 2007 and 2016. All the tournaments have been won by India. In 2016, the first Women's Kabaddi World Cup was held for women in India.",
"title": "Kabaddi World Cup (Standard style)"
},
{
"id": "19783955",
"text": "and Zhu Yuling from China won the men singles and the women singles title respectively. The 2017 season of Pro Kabaddi League (PKL) was hosted by The Arena which was the fifth season of one of the largest leagues in India. It is a professional kabaddi league in India established in 2014 with only 8 teams organized by Mashal Sports and Star Sports. But, this season included 12 teams and The Arena acted as the home ground for the Gujarat Fortune Giants. The Mission XI Million Football Festival (MXIM) was held at The Arena by TransStadia which marked participation from",
"title": "The Arena (Ahmedabad)"
},
{
"id": "224068",
"text": "World Cup is an outdoor international kabaddi competition conducted by the International Kabaddi Federation (IKF), contested by men’s and women’s national teams. The competition has been previously contested in 2004, 2007 and 2016. All the tournaments have been won by India. India defeated Iran by 38-29 in the final of the championship game to clinch the title of 2016. Kabaddi has been played at the Asian Games since 1990. The Indian national team had won every men's and women's kabaddi competition in the Asian Games from 1990 through 2014. At the 2018 Asian Games, Iran became the first country outside",
"title": "Kabaddi"
},
{
"id": "9708601",
"text": "Wilt Chamberlain's 100-point game Wilt Chamberlain set the single-game scoring record in the National Basketball Association (NBA) by scoring 100 points for the Philadelphia Warriors in a 169–147 win over the New York Knicks on March 2, 1962, at Hershey Sports Arena in Hershey, Pennsylvania. It is widely considered one of the greatest records in basketball. Chamberlain set five other league records that game including most free throws made, a notable achievement, as he was regarded as a poor free throw shooter. The teams broke the record for most combined points in a game (316). That season, Chamberlain averaged a",
"title": "Wilt Chamberlain's 100-point game"
},
{
"id": "18449663",
"text": "except for 2015 due to the 2015 Guru Granth Sahib desecration controversy. The women’s tournament was introduced in 2012. As of October 2016, every tournament, men’s and women’s, has been won by India. The first Women’s Kabaddi World Cup was held in Patna, India in 2012. India won the championship, defeating Iran in the finals. India retained the title in 2013, defeating debutants New Zealand in the finals. The Asia Kabaddi Cup has been held twice in consecutive years. The inaugural tournament was held in 2011 in Iran. In 2012, the Asia Kabaddi Cup was held in Lahore (Pakistan) from",
"title": "Punjabi kabaddi"
},
{
"id": "16718102",
"text": "Hockey India League Hockey India League (HIL), known as the Coal India Hockey India League for sponsorship reasons, is a professional field hockey league in India. The league is organized by Hockey India, the governing body for the sport in India. HIL, along with the Indian Premier League, Indian Super League, and Pro Kabaddi League, is considered one of the major sports leagues in the country. HIL consists of six teams, with the regular season lasting two months from January to February, with each team playing 10 games. The top four teams at the end of the season move into",
"title": "Hockey India League"
},
{
"id": "16879215",
"text": "be awarded with cash prizes of US$10,526 and US$5,263 respectively. All matches' timings were according to Indian Standard Time (UTC +5:30). Pakistan 46 Vs. Sri. Lanka 26 / India 53 Vs. Iran 35 / Afghanistan 53 Vs. Nepal 32 Iran 72 Vs. Nepal 27 / Sri Lanka 51 Vs. Afghanistan 42 / India 31 Vs Pakistan 40 1- Pakistan 2- India 3- Iran and Sri Lanka 5- Afghanistan 6- Nepal http://www.livekabaddi.com/2012/11/ 2012 Asia Kabaddi Cup (Circle style) The 2012 Asia Kabaddi Cup was the second edition of the circle style Asia Kabaddi Cup. It was played in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan",
"title": "2012 Asia Kabaddi Cup (Circle style)"
},
{
"id": "13294198",
"text": "points, 20+ rebounds, 10+ assists and 5+ blocks in a single game, joining Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Chris Webber and Tim Duncan. In the following game on April 3 against the New Orleans Pelicans, Cousins became the first Kings player to record back-to-back triple doubles since Chris Webber did so in 2005. In just under 42 minutes of action, he recorded 24 points, 20 rebounds and a career-high 13 assists in a 95–101 loss. He joined elite company as one of only three players to have consecutive 20-point, 20-rebound, 10-assist games; the others being Elgin Baylor and Wilt Chamberlain. On October 28,",
"title": "DeMarcus Cousins"
},
{
"id": "16492064",
"text": "Kabaddi in India Kabaddi, a contact sport that originated in ancient India, is one of the most popular sports in India, played mainly among people in villages. India has taken part in four Asian Games in kabaddi, and won gold in all of them. Four forms of kabaddi played in India are Amar, Suranjeevi, huttuttoo, and Gaminee. Amar is generally played in Punjab, Haryana, the United States, Canada, and other parts of the world, mostly by Punjabi sportsmen. Suranjeevi is the most played form of kabaddi in India and the world. This is the form used in international matches generally",
"title": "Kabaddi in India"
},
{
"id": "20684210",
"text": "Super Kabaddi League The Super Kabaddi League (abbreviated as SKL) is a professional kabaddi league in Pakistan. Its inaugural season was played from May 1 to May 10, 2018 in Lahore. This league Follows the same City Based Franchise model as Pro Kabaddi League in India. More than a 100 Kabaddi Players from Pakistan and abroad were presented in the Players' Draft, which took place on 23rd April 2018, in Lahore. International players from Sri Lanka, Iran, Bangladesh and Malaysia participated in inaugural edition. Drafting of the inaugural season took place on 23rd April 2018, with each of the ten",
"title": "Super Kabaddi League"
},
{
"id": "20684212",
"text": "included Bakhshi Brotehrs, who also sang one of the songs for Season 1. The event was hosted by Reema, one of Pakistan's most notable artists and Khalid Malik. SKL was broadcast Live on TV. The broadcast partner was PTV. In addition to Live telecast, the matches were shown on repeat the following day as well. Super Kabaddi League The Super Kabaddi League (abbreviated as SKL) is a professional kabaddi league in Pakistan. Its inaugural season was played from May 1 to May 10, 2018 in Lahore. This league Follows the same City Based Franchise model as Pro Kabaddi League in",
"title": "Super Kabaddi League"
},
{
"id": "20204905",
"text": "Rajesh Narwal Rajesh Narwal is an Indian Kabaddi athlete. Rajesh Narwal played four seasons with Jaipur Pink Panthers and a title in the first season of Pro Kabaddi League. He was an essential part of their title-winning season where he played 60 games for the club.One of the top all-rounders in the league, he averages 4.43 raid points and 1.40 tackle points per match. A great asset defensively, Rajesh has converted 77 of his 183 tackles attempted. In the recent auction, he was sold to Team UP Yoddha for Rs. 69 lakhs. he scored 277 raid points and 100 tackel",
"title": "Rajesh Narwal"
},
{
"id": "18258400",
"text": "tournament, scoring the most raid points. Ajay won the title of highest overall points scorer with 68 points. His best performance came in the final vs. Iran with a game-winning effort, scoring 12 raid points. Ajay Thakur was born in Dabhota, a village in the municipality of Nalagarh, Himachal Pradesh, to Chottu Ram (Father, was a state level wrestler) and Rajinder Kaur (Mother). he was inspired by his cousin brother, Rakesh who had already represented India in Kabaddi at international level. Ajay Thakur has been described as one of the best Indian raiders of all time. He represented his employer",
"title": "Ajay Thakur"
},
{
"id": "224070",
"text": "million viewers over the course of the season, and the inaugural championship match was seen by 86.4 million viewers. In May 2018, the Super Kabaddi League was first held in Pakistan, as part of a larger push to promote renewed interest in the sport in Pakistan (especially after the country began to be increasingly excluded from India-hosted competitions due to security concerns tied to the country's hostile relations with Pakistan). Women’s Kabaddi Challenge is a women's kabaddi league. The first season was played from 28 June to 31 July 2016 and was broadcast by Star Sports in India. Three teams",
"title": "Kabaddi"
},
{
"id": "3341952",
"text": "in bilateral series which saw the Proteas rise to No. 1 in the ICC ODI Championship. They also hold the record of the highest successful run chase and made the highest total (the latter record has been surpassed) in One-Day Internationals (438–9 in 49.5 overs), in an iconic match against Australia on 12 March 2006. This game is considered by many to be the greatest One-Day International ever played. South Africa beat Netherlands by 231 runs in Mohali in Group matches in ICC World Cup 2011, The 231-run win is the fourth largest margin of victory for any team in",
"title": "South Africa national cricket team"
},
{
"id": "18247093",
"text": "his achievements in the sport. He is employed as a Deputy Commissioner of Police in his native State of Haryana. He has 596 points in the Pro Kabaddi League. On 19 December 2018, he announced his retirement from kabbadi. Kumar was born and brought up in Palra, is the son of Ransingh Yadav, and Ballo Devi, in a village Gurgaon district of Haryana. He started playing Kabaddi as a pass-time during his schooldays. In April 2005, he joined CRPF as a constable. His exploits took him to the Indian camp in December 2005. He represented India for the first time",
"title": "Anup Kumar (kabaddi)"
},
{
"id": "14450520",
"text": "Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya, Colombo, New Delhi and Patialla. There were four teams in the women's competition, namely Kuala Lumpur, Patialla, Colombo and Triconmalee. Competition were held as round robin competition with the top teams playing the final. The preliminary results: MEN WOMEN The men's final was played between Patialla and Kuala Lumpur, with Patialla edging out Kuala Lumpur 61-59 in a closely fought competition. Third place was won by Colombo, who received a walkover from Delhi. Kuala Lumpur's K. Siva picked up two individual awards for his efforts – Top Scorer and Best Player of the tournament. Punjab’s Vijay Kumar",
"title": "KL International Inter City Kabaddi Championships"
},
{
"id": "18182231",
"text": "Bengaluru Bulls Bengaluru Bulls (BGB) is a Kabaddi team based in Bengaluru, Karnataka that plays in the Pro Kabaddi League. The team is currently led by Rohit Kumar for Season 5 and coached by Randhir Singh. The team is owned by Kosmik Global Media. Bulls play their home matches at the Kanteerava Indoor Stadium. Bulls lost in the semi finals in 2014. Bulls were the 1st runners-up in 2015. Pro Kabaddi League (PKL) is a professional kabaddi league in India, based on the format of the Indian Premier League T20 cricket tournament. The first edition of the tournament was played",
"title": "Bengaluru Bulls"
},
{
"id": "18177719",
"text": "Bengal Warriors Bengal Warriors (BEN) is a Kabaddi team based in Kolkata, West Bengal that plays in the Pro Kabaddi League. The team is currently led by Surjeet Singh and coached by Jagdish Kumble. The team is owned by Akshay Kumar and play their home matches at the Netaji Indoor Stadium.Lee Jang-kun is the only player in the team who plays all 6 seasons for Bengal Warriors. The name of the captain of the team is Surjeet Singh. Jang Kung Lee, Maninder Singh and Mahesh Goud are the key raiders of the team. Pro Kabaddi League (PKL) is a professional",
"title": "Bengal Warriors"
},
{
"id": "18258404",
"text": "team and the 3rd best of PKL 5. He tried to uplift Tamil Thalaivas with support of K Prapanjan but could not make the playoffs. He was the no.1 raider with most raid points and Ajay was the overall highest point scorer with 68 points. India while playing Iran in the Kabaddi World Cup 2016 final, was in a trailing situation. In this situation, came Ajay scoring a 4-point raid to take India to the lead. He was also the Man of the Tournament in Kabaddi World Cup 2016. He is an attacking player. He tries to draw out his",
"title": "Ajay Thakur"
},
{
"id": "18258401",
"text": "Air India at the Industrial National Championships. He has also captained India team in 2017 and led them to gold. He played for Bengaluru Bulls in the Pro Kabaddi League for the initial 2 seasons. In season 1 he scored a total of 122 raid points of 15 matches with an average of 8.13 raid points per match and with 5 Super 10's, being placed in the 4th place trailing behind the power king Maninder Singh by 8 points. In season 2 he became the 3rd placed raider with 79 raid points from 13 matches trailing behind raid machine Rahul",
"title": "Ajay Thakur"
},
{
"id": "14450521",
"text": "was adjudged as the Best Raider. Colombo’s KS Meegastanne was given the Best Defence award. Punjab won the women's competition ahead of Colombo. Punjab’s Navneet K took the Best Player and Best Defence awards while another Punjab player Parveen K took the Top Scorer Award. Colombo’s Lakmali was adjudged as the Best Raider. The second championships was held from March 5–7 at the Stadium Titiwangsa in Kuala Lumpur. This championships saw an increased number of teams. The men's competition saw a total of eight teams taking part: Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya, Patialla, Chennai, Oslo, Kuala Lumpur Presidents XII, New Delhi and",
"title": "KL International Inter City Kabaddi Championships"
},
{
"id": "223641",
"text": "defeating Boston in 1987, and Detroit in 1988. The Lakers lost to the Pistons in a four-game sweep in his final season. At the time of his retirement, Abdul-Jabbar held the record for most games played by a single player in the NBA; this would later be broken by Robert Parish. He also was the all-time record holder for most points (38,387), most field goals made (15,837), and most minutes played (57,446). Since 2005, Abdul-Jabbar has served as a special assistant coach for the Lakers. He had been interested in coaching since his retirement, and given the influence that he",
"title": "Kareem Abdul-Jabbar"
},
{
"id": "12612971",
"text": "are very popular in the country. Indian Premier League (IPL) is a premier Twenty20 & the most popular cricket league in the world held every year since 2008. The I-League and Indian Super League are premier football league tournaments held since 2007 and 2014 respectively, the Pro Kabaddi league is the most popular indigenous league in the country held since 2014, the Hockey India League is the premier hockey league held since 2013, the Premier Badminton League is the badminton premier league held since 2013, the Pro Wrestling League premier Wrestling league held since 2015 and Ultimate Table Tennis league",
"title": "Sport in India"
},
{
"id": "18449662",
"text": "for 40 minutes with a change in sides after 20 minutes. In the Punjab Circle Style form of Kabaddi, whenever any player is touched (out), he does not go out of the court, but stays inside, and one point is awarded to the team that touched him. This game is also played on a time basis, i.e. the time is 30 sec. The circle style Kabaddi World Cup, is an international kabaddi competition administrated by the government of Punjab (India) contested by men’s and women’s national teams. The competition has been contested every year since the inaugural tournament in 2010,",
"title": "Punjabi kabaddi"
},
{
"id": "5778983",
"text": "becoming just the third Bucks player in franchise history to record at least 25 points and 25 rebounds in a game, after Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (10 times) and Swen Nater (once). The feat had not been achieved for more than 35 years. He subsequently earned the Player of the Week award for his performances from March 5–11. On July 12, 2012, İlyasova re-signed with the Bucks on a multi-year deal. On March 27, 2014, İlyasova was ruled out for the remainder of the 2013–14 season due to a right ankle injury. On March 26, 2015, İlyasova scored a career-high 34 points",
"title": "Ersan İlyasova"
},
{
"id": "5289075",
"text": "(e.g. 6–3 or 7–5). There is usually a tie-break if the set is tied at six games per player. A match is won when a player or a doubles team wins the majority of prescribed sets. Matches employ either a best-of-three or best-of-five set format. The best-of-five set format is typically only played in the men's singles or doubles matches at Grand Slam and Davis Cup matches. A game consists of a sequence of points played with the same player serving, and is won by the first side to have won at least four points with a margin of two",
"title": "Tennis scoring system"
},
{
"id": "16576861",
"text": "England. In England coach takes money from the promotor to lose some of the matches. Shingara reacts strongly to this. But coach and three fake players manages to do enough to lose a few matches resulting of exit of the team from tournament. When the team has to go back, the three fake players refuses to go back. Shingara opposes as he can be then accused of illegal human trafficking and the fight breaks. Police then arrest Shingara, coach and the promotor. The rest of the team is sent to India. Love scene breaks out in the airport while an",
"title": "Kabaddi Once Again"
},
{
"id": "16492083",
"text": "Gautama, a game of kabbadi is depicted. Kabaddi in India Kabaddi, a contact sport that originated in ancient India, is one of the most popular sports in India, played mainly among people in villages. India has taken part in four Asian Games in kabaddi, and won gold in all of them. Four forms of kabaddi played in India are Amar, Suranjeevi, huttuttoo, and Gaminee. Amar is generally played in Punjab, Haryana, the United States, Canada, and other parts of the world, mostly by Punjabi sportsmen. Suranjeevi is the most played form of kabaddi in India and the world. This is",
"title": "Kabaddi in India"
},
{
"id": "19158081",
"text": "usually awarded to the player whose contribution is seen as the most critical in winning the game. However, there have been many instances when the performance of the losing team's player has earned him the award. In Test matches, Jacques Kallis holds the record for the highest number of awards won, with 23 in 166 matches played, which is then followed by Muttiah Muralitharan with 19 awards. In ODI Sachin Tendulkar holds the record for the highest number of man of the match titles, with 62 awards in 463 matches played. In Twenty20 Internationals, Shahid Afridi top ranked with 11",
"title": "Player of the Match awards (cricket)"
},
{
"id": "6177681",
"text": "Playoff format There are a number of formats used in various levels of competition in sports and games to determine an overall champion. Some of the most common are the \"single elimination\", the \"best-of-\" series, the \"total points series\" more commonly known as \"on aggregate\", and the \"round-robin tournament\". A Single elimination (\"knockout\") playoff pits the participants in one-game matches, with the loser being dropped from the competition. Single elimination tournaments are much more common in individual sports like tennis. In most tennis tournaments, the players are seeded against each other, and the winner of each match continues to the",
"title": "Playoff format"
},
{
"id": "16492076",
"text": "leave the court, but instead stays inside, and the play goes along. For every player of the opposition touched “out”, a team earns a point. Punjabi kabaddi is a variation that is played on a circular pitch of a diameter of . Note that all of the following competitions are played in standard style. The second Kabaddi World Cup tournament was held in 2007 with India winning over Iran in the final round. The Punjab government organised a Circle Style 2010 Kabaddi World Cup from 3 to 12 April 2010. On 12 April 2010 Indian team emerged as the winner",
"title": "Kabaddi in India"
},
{
"id": "18117629",
"text": "2014 Pro Kabaddi League season The 2014 Pro Kabaddi League was the first season of Pro Kabaddi League. The duration of the season was from 26 July 2014 to 31 August 2014. There was double round robin matches along with two semi finals, third place and final games. 56 games were to be played in first round and 4 in play off stage making total of 60 games. 8 teams took part in first edition. First game was played on July 26 between U Mumba and Jaipur Pink Panthers and the final was played on August 31 at Sardar Vallabhbhai",
"title": "2014 Pro Kabaddi League season"
},
{
"id": "18864046",
"text": "win the biggest upset in NBA history. On March 7, the Warriors won their 45th-straight regular season home game over the Orlando Magic, eclipsing the 1995–96 Chicago Bulls 44 wins in a row, to claim the NBA record. Stephen Curry became the first player in NBA history to score 300 three-pointers in a single season. In a 128–112 win over the Portland Trail Blazers on March 11, both teams combined for 37 made three-pointers (18 by the Warriors, 19 by the Blazers), an all-time NBA record. With a Los Angeles Clippers' loss to the Cleveland Cavaliers on March 13, the",
"title": "2015–16 Golden State Warriors season"
}
] | pro kabaddi most raid points in single match |
[
"1876"
] | [
{
"id": "18720796",
"text": "text also quickly published at Chatto and Windus of London, in June 1876, but without illustration. Pirate editions appeared very quickly in Canada and Germany. The American Publishing Company finally published its edition in December 1876, which was the first illustrated edition of Tom Sawyer. These two editions differ slightly. After completing his manuscript, Twain had a copy made of it. It is this copy which was read and annotated by his friend William Dean Howells. Twain then made his own corrections based on Howells comments which he later incorporated in the original manuscript, but some corrections escaped him. The",
"title": "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer"
},
{
"id": "18720784",
"text": "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain is an 1876 novel about a young boy growing up along the Mississippi River. It is set in the 1840s in the fictional town of St. Petersburg, inspired by Hannibal, Missouri, where Twain lived as a boy. In the novel Tom Sawyer has several adventures, often with his friend, Huck. One such adventure, Tom's whitewashing of a fence, has been adapted into paintings and referenced in other pieces of popular culture. Originally a commercial failure the book ended up being the best selling of any of Twain's",
"title": "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer"
},
{
"id": "5785208",
"text": "was announced to be \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\", with art by Severine Lefebvre. They published 19 volumes through 2014. \"The Wind in the Willows\" was not among them, and \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" was the 1990 Mike Ploog adaptation from the First Comics series, as were all the others, although published n a different order and emphasizing some of the later, low circulation volumes. In September 2008, Classic Comic Store Ltd., based in the U.K., began publishing both the original Gilberton Classics Illustrated regular and Junior lines for distribution in the U.K., Republic of Ireland, South Africa, Australia",
"title": "Classics Illustrated"
},
{
"id": "18720795",
"text": "Mississippi and corresponded with a boyhood friend, Will Bowen, that had evoked many memories and was used as a source of material. Twain named his fictional character after a San Francisco fireman whom he met in June 1863. The real Tom Sawyer was a local hero, famous for rescuing 90 passengers after a shipwreck. The two remained friendly during Twain's three-year stay in San Francisco, often drinking and gambling together. In November 1875 Twain gave the manuscript to Elisha Bliss of the American Publishing Company, who sent it to True Williams for the illustrations. A little later, Twain had the",
"title": "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer"
},
{
"id": "1359747",
"text": "on the Mississippi River. \"Old Times on the Mississippi\" was a series of sketches published in the \"Atlantic Monthly\" in 1875 featuring his disillusionment with Romanticism. \"Old Times\" eventually became the starting point for \"Life on the Mississippi\". Twain's next major publication was \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\", which draws on his youth in Hannibal. Tom Sawyer was modeled on Twain as a child, with traces of schoolmates John Briggs and Will Bowen. The book also introduces Huckleberry Finn in a supporting role, based on Twain's boyhood friend Tom Blankenship. \"The Prince and the Pauper\" was not as well received,",
"title": "Mark Twain"
},
{
"id": "18720800",
"text": "which is inspired by the book. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain is an 1876 novel about a young boy growing up along the Mississippi River. It is set in the 1840s in the fictional town of St. Petersburg, inspired by Hannibal, Missouri, where Twain lived as a boy. In the novel Tom Sawyer has several adventures, often with his friend, Huck. One such adventure, Tom's whitewashing of a fence, has been adapted into paintings and referenced in other pieces of popular culture. Originally a commercial failure the book ended up being the",
"title": "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer"
},
{
"id": "13830166",
"text": "Charles Belford Charles Belford (April 25, 1837 – December 19, 1880) was a journalist and publisher from County Cork, Ireland. Belford came to Canada with two younger brothers in 1857 and later they formed Belford Brothers publishing. Since there was no international copyright agreement at the time, they took advantage of the Canadian Copyright Act of 1875 to reprint many authors, most notably Mark Twain, when it was legal to do so; the unauthorized editions were then sold in the United States as well as Canada. Twain estimated that Belford Brothers' edition of \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" alone had",
"title": "Charles Belford"
},
{
"id": "18720973",
"text": "Tom Sawyer Thomas Sawyer () is the title character of the Mark Twain novel \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" (1876). He appears in three other novels by Twain: \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" (1884), \"Tom Sawyer Abroad\" (1894), and \"Tom Sawyer, Detective\" (1896). Sawyer also appears in at least three unfinished Twain works, \"Huck and Tom Among the Indians\", \"Schoolhouse Hill\" and \"Tom Sawyer's Conspiracy\". While all three uncompleted works were posthumously published, only \"Tom Sawyer's Conspiracy\" has a complete plot, as Twain abandoned the other two works after finishing only a few chapters. Tom Sawyer is a boy of about",
"title": "Tom Sawyer"
},
{
"id": "193702",
"text": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (or, in more recent editions, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn) is a novel by Mark Twain, first published in the United Kingdom in December 1884 and in the United States in February 1885. Commonly named among the Great American Novels, the work is among the first in major American literature to be written throughout in vernacular English, characterized by local color regionalism. It is told in the first person by Huckleberry \"Huck\" Finn, the narrator of two other Twain novels (\"Tom Sawyer Abroad\" and \"Tom Sawyer, Detective\") and a friend of Tom",
"title": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "15253595",
"text": "1954; Thomas Hardy's \"Under the Greenwood Tree\", 1936 and \"Tess\", 1969; Daniel Defoe's \"Robinson Crusoe\", 1952; Charles and Mary Lamb's \"Tales from Shakespeare\", 1954; Jack London's \"Call of the Wild\", 1955; Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's \"Silver Blaze\", 1958; Mark Twain's \"Adventures of Tom Sawyer\", c. 1959; Rudyard Kipling's \"The Jungle Book\", 1961; Jane Austen's \"Emma\", 1965 and \"Persuasion\", 1968; Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings' \"The Yearling\", 1965; Eleanor Farjeon's \"The Silver Curlew\", 1968; Walter de la Mare's \"Stories from the Bible\", 1970. \"Fuyu no Yado\" (Polish \"Zimowa kwatera\") trans. Ewelina Tchórzewska-Adamowska, Książka i Wiedza. 1973 \"Nichi-Doku Taiko Kyogi\" (\"The Japan-Germany Athletic Games\")",
"title": "Tomoji Abe"
},
{
"id": "18720794",
"text": "but finishes rich and successful. Tom appears as a mixture of these little boys since he is at the same time a scamp and a boy endowed with a certain generosity. By the time he wrote \"Tom Sawyer\", Twain was already a successful author based on the popularity of \"The Innocents Abroad.\" He owned a large house in Hartford, Connecticut but needed another success to support himself, with a wife and two daughters. He had collaborated on a novel with Charles Dudley Warner, \"\" published in 1874. He had earlier written an unpublished memoir of his own life on the",
"title": "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer"
},
{
"id": "1359706",
"text": "Mark Twain Mark Twain (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910), real name Samuel Langhorne Clemens, was an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer. Among his novels are \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" (1876) and its sequel, the \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" (1885), the latter often called \"The Great American Novel\". Twain was raised in Hannibal, Missouri, which later provided the setting for \"Tom Sawyer\" and \"Huckleberry Finn\". He served an apprenticeship with a printer and then worked as a typesetter, contributing articles to the newspaper of his older brother Orion Clemens. He later became a riverboat pilot on",
"title": "Mark Twain"
},
{
"id": "12375211",
"text": "the 1870s with the works of Mark Twain, William Dean Howells, and Henry James. Mark Twain (the pen name used by Samuel Langhorne Clemens, 1835–1910) was the first major American writer to be born away from the East Coast—in the border state of Missouri. His regional masterpieces were the novels \"Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" (1876) and \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" (1884). Twain's style changed the way Americans write their language. His characters speak like real people and sound distinctively American, using local dialects, newly invented words, and regional accents. Henry James (1843–1916) was a major American novelist of the late",
"title": "English literature"
},
{
"id": "18720792",
"text": "scheme of starting a robber band if he returns to the widow. Reluctantly, Huck agrees and goes back to her. See also List of \"Tom Sawyer\" characters. The novel has elements of humour, satire and social criticism; features that later made Mark Twain one of the most important authors of American literature. Mark Twain describes some autobiographical events in the book. The novel is set around Twain's actual boyhood home of Hannibal, near St. Louis, and many of the places in it are real and today support a tourist industry as a result. \"Tom Sawyer\" is Twain's first attempt to",
"title": "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer"
},
{
"id": "4323652",
"text": "Meilhac and Ludovic Halévy, reached the stage. Dostoevsky published \"The Raw Youth\" (or \"The Adolescent\"). In 1876 Lewis Carroll published \"The Hunting of the Snark\". Mark Twain published \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\". In 1877 Leo Tolstoy published \"Anna Karenina\". In 1878 Gilbert and Sullivan's operetta \"HMS Pinafore, or, The Lass That Loved a Sailor\" was staged. In 1879 Octave Crémazie died. Gilbert and Sullivan's operetta \"The Pirates of Penzance\", or, \"The Slave of Duty\" was staged. In 1880 Dostoevsky published \"The Brothers Karamazov\". Norwegian writer Knut Hamsun published \"Hunger\". In 1881 Dostoevsky died. Oscar Wilde published his first book",
"title": "History of modern literature"
},
{
"id": "1621645",
"text": "his epic poem about his New Jersey hometown, \"Paterson\", Marianne Moore, E. E. Cummings, Edna St. Vincent Millay and Langston Hughes, in addition to many others. Mark Twain (the pen name used by Samuel Langhorne Clemens, 1835–1910) was the first major American writer to be born away from the East Coast – in the border state of Missouri. His regional masterpieces were the memoir \"Life on the Mississippi\" and the novels \"Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" and \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\". Twain's style – influenced by journalism, wedded to the vernacular, direct and unadorned but also highly evocative and irreverently humorous",
"title": "American literature"
},
{
"id": "18720797",
"text": "English edition was based on this corrected copy, while the illustrated American edition was based on the original manuscript. To further complicate matters, Twain was personally concerned with the revision of the proofs of the American edition, which he did not do for the English edition. The American edition is therefore considered the authoritative edition. A third person narrator describes the experiences of the boys, interspersed with occasional social commentary. In its sequel, Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain changes to a first person narrative which takes moral conflicts more personally and thus makes greater social criticism possible. Sometimes the book is",
"title": "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer"
},
{
"id": "4323656",
"text": "Melville died. Oscar Wilde published \"Lord Arthur Savile's Crime and Other Stories\", \"Intentions\" and \"House of Pomegranates\". In 1892 Sir Arthur Conan Doyle published \"The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes\". In 1893 Oscar Wilde staged two plays: \"Salomé\" (French version) and \"Lady Windermere's Fan\". His \"A Woman of No Importance\" and the English version of \"Salomé followed in 1894. In 1894 Sir Arthur Conan Doyle published \"The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes\". Robert Louis Stevenson died 3 December. Mark Twain published \"Tom Sawyer Abroad\" and \"Pudd'n'head Wilson\". Oscar Wilde was in prison for \"gross indecency\" from 1895 to 1897. In 1896 Giacomo",
"title": "History of modern literature"
},
{
"id": "16604169",
"text": "worked on many of his most notable books in this home, including \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" (1876) and \"Life on the Mississippi\" (1883). The success of \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" inspired him to renovate the house, and he had Louis Comfort Tiffany supervise the interior decoration in 1881. He also was fascinated with new technologies, leading to the installation of an early telephone. Clemens invested heavily in the typesetting machine invented by James W. Paige. He also formed the firm Charles L. Webster & Company which published his writings, along with Ulysses S. Grant's memoirs. Its first publication",
"title": "Mark Twain House"
},
{
"id": "19473744",
"text": "True Williams Truman W. \"True\" Williams (March 22, 1839 – November 23, 1897) was an American artist known as the most prolific illustrator to Mark Twain's books and novels. He illustrated the first edition of \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" (1876) and was thus the first to visually portray such characters as Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. He was also sole illustrator of Twain's \"Sketches, New and Old\" and primary illustrator of \"Roughing It\" and \"The Innocents Abroad\". Working with a number of publishers he also illustrated works by writers Bill Nye, George W. Peck, Joaquin Miller, and others. He",
"title": "True Williams"
},
{
"id": "193703",
"text": "Sawyer. It is a direct sequel to \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\". The book is noted for its colorful description of people and places along the Mississippi River. Set in a Southern antebellum society that had ceased to exist about 20 years before the work was published, \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" is an often scathing satire on entrenched attitudes, particularly racism. Perennially popular with readers, \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" has also been the continued object of study by literary critics since its publication. The book was widely criticized upon release because of its extensive use of coarse language. Throughout the",
"title": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "633416",
"text": "established the genre of realistic family books in the United States. Mark Twain released \"Tom Sawyer\" in 1876, and in 1880 another bestseller, \"\", a collection of African American folk tales adapted and compiled by Joel Chandler Harris, appeared. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a plethora of children's novels began featuring realistic, non-magical plotlines. Certain titles received international success such as Robert Louis Stevenson's \"Treasure Island\" (1883), L.M. Montgomery's \"Anne of Green Gables\" (1908), and Louisa May Alcott's \"Little Women\" (1869) The Chinese Revolution of 1911 and World War II brought political and social change that revolutionized",
"title": "Children's literature"
},
{
"id": "8230982",
"text": "listed in parentheses. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1980 TV series) The series was broadcast on the World Masterpiece Theater, an animation staple on Fuji TV, that each year showcased an animated version of a classical book or story of Western literature, and was originally titled \"Tom Sawyer no Bōken\". It was the second installment of the series, after \"Rascal the Raccoon\" in 1977, to feature the work of an American author. This series was dubbed into English by Saban International and broadcast on HBO in 1988 under the title \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" at 7:30 am. It alternated",
"title": "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1980 TV series)"
},
{
"id": "8230980",
"text": "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1980 TV series) The series was broadcast on the World Masterpiece Theater, an animation staple on Fuji TV, that each year showcased an animated version of a classical book or story of Western literature, and was originally titled \"Tom Sawyer no Bōken\". It was the second installment of the series, after \"Rascal the Raccoon\" in 1977, to feature the work of an American author. This series was dubbed into English by Saban International and broadcast on HBO in 1988 under the title \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" at 7:30 am. It alternated with the later",
"title": "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1980 TV series)"
},
{
"id": "20138493",
"text": "a plaque with her name. She also successfully campaigned for a memorial to Alexander H. Stephens at his grave at Liberty Hall. Gay reprinted her book \"Prose and Poetry\" (1858) after the war and marketed it \"aggressively\" in order to support her family. The book came to the attention of Mark Twain, who quoted it \"with disdain\" in Chapter 21 of \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" (1876). He wrote that Gay's work was \"after the school-girl pattern.\" In 1892 Gay published her war memoir \"Life in Dixie During the War\" based on her memories, her half-sister Missouria's journal, and letters",
"title": "Mary Ann Harris Gay"
},
{
"id": "633318",
"text": "Tom Swift Tom Swift is the main character of five series of American juvenile science fiction and adventure novels that emphasize science, invention and technology. First published in 1910, the series total more than 100 volumes. The character was created by Edward Stratemeyer, the founder of the Stratemeyer Syndicate, a book-packaging firm. Tom's adventures have been written by various ghostwriters, beginning with Howard Garis. Most of the books are credited to the collective pseudonym \"Victor Appleton\". The 33 volumes of the second series use the pseudonym Victor Appleton II for the author. For this series, and some of the later",
"title": "Tom Swift"
},
{
"id": "15222279",
"text": "Alan Gribben Alan Gribben is a professor of English at Auburn University at Montgomery in Alabama and a Mark Twain scholar. He was distinguished research professor from 1998 to 2001 and the Dr. Guinevera A. Nance Alumni Professor from 2006 to 2009. He engendered widespread controversy in 2011 when he announced the publication of expurgated versions of Twain's works. Gribben published a new combined edition of Twain's \"Tom Sawyer\" (1876) and \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" (1884) with NewSouth Books in February 2011. This edition replaces the word \"nigger\" (which occurs 219 times in the original \"Huckleberry Finn\" novel) with \"slave\",",
"title": "Alan Gribben"
},
{
"id": "19473751",
"text": "in which Williams was sole or contributing artist include: True Williams Truman W. \"True\" Williams (March 22, 1839 – November 23, 1897) was an American artist known as the most prolific illustrator to Mark Twain's books and novels. He illustrated the first edition of \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" (1876) and was thus the first to visually portray such characters as Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. He was also sole illustrator of Twain's \"Sketches, New and Old\" and primary illustrator of \"Roughing It\" and \"The Innocents Abroad\". Working with a number of publishers he also illustrated works by writers Bill",
"title": "True Williams"
},
{
"id": "18720799",
"text": "\"The New York Times\" observed: \"It’s quite likely that this is the first all-new, entirely American three-act ballet: it is based on an American literary classic, has an original score by an American composer and was given its premiere by an American choreographer and company. ... Both the score and the choreography are energetic, robust, warm, deliberately naïve (both ornery and innocent), in ways right for Twain.\" On November 30, 2011, to celebrate Twain’s 176th birthday, the Google Doodle was a scene from \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\". Canadian rock band Rush published a song entitled \"Tom Sawyer\" in 1981,",
"title": "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer"
},
{
"id": "1359735",
"text": "upcoming book \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\", to which he had alluded in his Montreal visit. The reason for the Ottawa visit had been to secure Canadian and British copyrights for \"Life on the Mississippi\". Publishers in Toronto had printed unauthorized editions of his books at the time, before an international copyright agreement was established in 1891. These were sold in the United States as well as in Canada, depriving him of royalties. He estimated that Belford Brothers' edition of \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" alone had cost him ten thousand dollars (). He had unsuccessfully attempted to secure the rights",
"title": "Mark Twain"
},
{
"id": "4922734",
"text": "Tom Sawyer (song) \"Tom Sawyer\" is a song by Canadian rock band Rush, originally released on their 1981 album \"Moving Pictures\" as its opener. Lee has referred to the track as the band's \"defining piece of music ... from the early '80s\". It is one of Rush's best-known songs and a staple of both classic rock radio and Rush's live performances, having been played on every concert tour since its release. It peaked at on the UK Singles chart in October 1981, in Canada, on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, and on the \"Billboard\" Top Tracks chart. In 2009 it",
"title": "Tom Sawyer (song)"
},
{
"id": "5785206",
"text": "size format with accompanying study notes by literary scholars. The Acclaim line included Mark Twain's \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\", with art by Frank Giacoia, and \"The Three Musketeers\", illustrated by George Evans. The series favored Mark Twain with reprints of \"Pudd'nhead Wilson\", \"The Prince and the Pauper\" and \"Tom Sawyer\". Other reprints in this series were Fyodor Dostoyevsky's \"Crime and Punishment\", Herman Melville's \"Moby-Dick\" and Nathaniel Hawthorne's \"The House of the Seven Gables\". In 2003, Toronto's Jack Lake Productions Inc. revived \"Classics Illustrated Junior\", creating new remastered artwork from the original editions. In 2005, Jack Lake Productions published a \"Classics",
"title": "Classics Illustrated"
},
{
"id": "2850926",
"text": "together and published as a book, \"The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes\" on 14 October 1892 by George Newnes, the publisher of \"The Strand Magazine\". The initial print run of the book was for 10,000 copies in the United Kingdom, and a further 4,500 copies in the United States, which were published by Harper Brothers the following day. All of the stories within \"The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes\" are told in a first-person narrative from the point of view of Dr. Watson, as is the case for all but four of the Sherlock Holmes stories. The \"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\"",
"title": "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes"
},
{
"id": "11268898",
"text": "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1938 film) The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is a 1938 American literature adaptation produced by David O. Selznick and directed by Norman Taurog starring Tommy Kelly in the title role, with Jackie Moran and Ann Gillis. The screenplay by John V. A. Weaver was based on the classic 1876 novel of the same name by Mark Twain. The movie was the first film version of the novel to be made in color. It was remade in 1973 as a musical. The United Artists release includes most of the sequences familiar to readers of the book,",
"title": "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1938 film)"
},
{
"id": "18720798",
"text": "described as racist because black people are called \"niggers\" in the text. A cleansed version, which no longer contained the word, aroused indignation among some literary critics. Tom Sawyer, the story's title character, also appears in two other uncompleted sequels: \"Huck and Tom Among the Indians\" and \"Tom Sawyer's Conspiracy\". He is also a character in Twain's unfinished \"Schoolhouse Hill\". \"\" premiered on October 14, 2011, at the Kauffman Center for the Performing Arts in Kansas City, Missouri. The score was by composer Maury Yeston, with choreography by William Whitener, artistic director of the Kansas City Ballet. A review in",
"title": "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer"
},
{
"id": "18720977",
"text": "you between the covers of a book some of these days, Tom.’ ‘Go ahead, Sam,’ I said, ‘but don’t disgrace my name.’\" Twain himself said the character sprang from three people, later identified as: John B. Briggs (who died in 1907), William Bowen (who died in 1893) and Twain; however Twain later changed his story saying Sawyer was fully formed solely from his imagination, but as Robert Graysmith says, \"The great appropriator liked to pretend his characters sprang fully grown from his fertile mind.\" Tom Sawyer Thomas Sawyer () is the title character of the Mark Twain novel \"The Adventures",
"title": "Tom Sawyer"
},
{
"id": "1359722",
"text": "Susan had a study built apart from the main house so that Twain would have a quiet place in which to write. Also, he smoked cigars constantly, and Susan did not want him to do so in her house. Twain wrote many of his classic novels during his 17 years in Hartford (1874–1891) and over 20 summers at Quarry Farm. They include \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" (1876), \"The Prince and the Pauper\" (1881), \"Life on the Mississippi\" (1883), \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" (1885), and \"A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court\" (1889). The couple's marriage lasted 34 years until",
"title": "Mark Twain"
},
{
"id": "193728",
"text": "which he changed to, \"You do not know about me\", before settling on the final version, \"You don't know about me, without you have read a book by the name of 'The Adventures of Tom Sawyer'; but that ain't no matter.\" The revisions also show how Twain reworked his material to strengthen the characters of Huck and Jim, as well as his sensitivity to the then-current debate over literacy and voting. A later version was the first typewritten manuscript delivered to a printer. Demand for the book spread outside of the United States. \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" was eventually published",
"title": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "193704",
"text": "20th century, and despite arguments that the protagonist and the tenor of the book are anti-racist, criticism of the book continued due to both its perceived use of racial stereotypes and its frequent use of the racial slur \"nigger\". In order of appearance: The story begins in fictional St. Petersburg, Missouri (based on the actual town of Hannibal, Missouri), on the shore of the Mississippi River \"forty to fifty years ago\" (the novel having been published in 1884). Huckleberry \"Huck\" Finn (the protagonist and first-person narrator) and his friend, Thomas \"Tom\" Sawyer, have each come into a considerable sum of",
"title": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "633323",
"text": "book-packaging business, although the name \"Tom Swift\" was first used in 1903 by Stratemeyer in \"Shorthand Tom the Reporter; Or, the Exploits of a Bright Boy\". Stratemeyer invented the series to capitalize on the market for children's science adventures. The Syndicate's authors created the Tom Swift stories by first preparing an outline with the plot elements, followed by drafting and editing the detailed manuscript. The books were published using the house pseudonym \"Victor Appleton\". Edward Stratemeyer and Howard Garis wrote most of the volumes of the original series; Stratemeyer's daughter, Harriet Stratemeyer Adams, wrote the last three volumes. The first",
"title": "Tom Swift"
},
{
"id": "5979070",
"text": "Fauntleroy\" first appeared as a \"St. Nicholas\" serial, beginning in the November 1885 issue. Her novella \"Sara Crewe\" appeared in the December 1887 issue. Other novels to be serialized in \"St. Nicholas\" were Louisa May Alcott's \"Eight Cousins\" and Mark Twain's \"Tom Sawyer Abroad\". Dodge asked Rudyard Kipling to do a fiction series, and he sent her the \"Jungle Book\" stories. Within a few years, \"St. Nicholas\" increased in size to 96 pages, and reached a circulation of 70,000 subscribers. In 1881, the Scribner publishing house withdrew from ownership of its two magazines, and they were purchased by The Century",
"title": "St. Nicholas Magazine"
},
{
"id": "262109",
"text": "prominence in recent years under conductor Leonard Slatkin. Branson is well known for its music theaters, most of which bear the name of a star performer or musical group. Missouri is the native state of Mark Twain. His novels \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" and \"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" are set in his boyhood hometown of Hannibal. Authors Kate Chopin, T. S. Eliot and Tennessee Williams were from St. Louis. Kansas City-born writer William Least Heat-Moon resides in Rocheport. He is best known for \"Blue Highways\", a chronicle of his travels to small towns across America, which was on",
"title": "Missouri"
},
{
"id": "2850924",
"text": "of the Speckled Band\" as his overall favourite. Arthur Conan Doyle began writing while studying medicine at university in the late 1870s, and had his first short story, \"The Mystery of Sasassa Valley\", published in September 1879. After eight years, \"A Study in Scarlet\", Doyle's first Sherlock Holmes story, was published by Ward Lock & Co. The novel was well received, but Doyle was paid little for it, and despite a sequel novel, \"The Sign of the Four\", which was published in Lipincott's Monthly Magazine, he shifted his focus to short stories. In early 1891, the first editor of \"The",
"title": "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes"
},
{
"id": "6369155",
"text": "may have influenced Twain's title character in \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\". Twain more explicitly refers to Mrs. Partington in his book \"Roughing It\". He died in Chelsea, Massachusetts. Benjamin Penhallow Shillaber Benjamin Penhallow Shillaber (July 12, 1814 - November 25, 1890) was an American printer, editor, and humorist. He often wrote under the guise of his fictional character Mrs. Partington. Shillaber was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire and began work in a printing office in 1830. He moved to Boston in the 1830s, and then became an editor with the \"Boston Daily Post\" and \"Saturday Evening Gazette\". For the",
"title": "Benjamin Penhallow Shillaber"
},
{
"id": "4393341",
"text": "Tom Sawyer, Detective Tom Sawyer, Detective is an 1896 novel by Mark Twain. It is a sequel to \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" (1876), \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" (1884), and \"Tom Sawyer Abroad\" (1894). Tom Sawyer attempts to solve a mysterious murder in this burlesque of the immensely popular detective novels of the time. Like \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\", the story is told using the first-person narrative voice of Huck Finn. In 1909, Danish schoolmaster Valdemar Thoresen claimed, in an article in the magazine \"Maaneds\", that the plot of the book had been plagiarized from Steen Blicher's story \"The Vicar",
"title": "Tom Sawyer, Detective"
},
{
"id": "633325",
"text": "Swift character, along with the Stratemeyer Syndicate, were sold in 1984 to publishers Simon & Schuster. They hired New York City book packaging business Mega-Books to produce further series. Simon & Schuster produced two other Tom Swift series: one, published from 1991 to 1993, and the \"Tom Swift, Young Inventor\" series, begun in 2006. The longest-running series of books to feature Tom Swift is the first, which consists of forty volumes. Tom's son (Tom Swift, Jr.) was also the name of the protagonist of the 33 volumes of the Tom Swift, Jr. Adventures, the 11 volumes of the third Tom",
"title": "Tom Swift"
},
{
"id": "3788486",
"text": "Press imprint in 1959. By 1964 it had published over 200 titles and was expected to put out another 400 by the end of that year. Books published under the imprint included classic reprints such as \"Lorna Doone\", \"Ivanhoe\", \"Tom Sawyer\", \"Huckleberry Finn\", and \"Robinson Crusoe\". In 1966, Max Schuster retired and sold his half of Simon & Schuster to Leon Shimkin. Shimkin then merged Simon & Schuster with Pocket Books under the name of Simon & Schuster. In 1968, editor-in-chief Robert Gottlieb, who worked at Simon & Schuster since 1955 and edited several bestsellers including Joseph Heller's \"Catch-22\", left",
"title": "Simon & Schuster"
},
{
"id": "193727",
"text": "trip down the Hudson River, Twain returned to his work on the novel. Upon completion, the novel's title closely paralleled its predecessor's: \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Tom Sawyer's Comrade)\". Mark Twain composed the story in pen on notepaper between 1876 and 1883. Paul Needham, who supervised the authentication of the manuscript for Sotheby's books and manuscripts department in New York in 1991, stated, \"What you see is [Clemens'] attempt to move away from pure literary writing to dialect writing\". For example, Twain revised the opening line of \"Huck Finn\" three times. He initially wrote, \"You will not know about me\",",
"title": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "193729",
"text": "on December 10, 1884, in Canada and the United Kingdom, and on February 18, 1885, in the United States. The illustration on page 283 became a point of issue after an engraver, whose identity was never discovered, made a last-minute addition to the printing plate of Kemble's picture of old Silas Phelps, which drew attention to Phelps' groin. Thirty thousand copies of the book had been printed before the obscenity was discovered. A new plate was made to correct the illustration and repair the existing copies. In 1885, the Buffalo Public Library's curator, James Fraser Gluck, approached Twain to donate",
"title": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "12071482",
"text": "American horror comics of the Golden Age, it weathered the public criticism of the early 1950s and survived the aftermath of the Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency hearings of April and June 1954 when the comics industry attempted self-regulation with a highly restrictive Comics Code. Adventures into the Unknown Adventures Into the Unknown was an American comic-book magazine series best known as the medium's first ongoing horror-comics title. Published by the American Comics Group, initially under the imprint B&I Publishing, it ran 174 issues (cover-dated Fall 1948 - Aug. 1967). The first two issues, which included art by Fred Guardineer",
"title": "Adventures into the Unknown"
},
{
"id": "630932",
"text": "later wrote the first \"Star Wars\" expanded universe novel, \"Splinter of the Mind's Eye\" (1978). The book was first published as \"Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker\"; later editions were titled simply \"Star Wars\" (1995) and, later, \"Star Wars: A New Hope\" (1997), to reflect the retitling of the film. Marketing director Charles Lippincott secured the deal with Del Rey Books to publish the novelization in November 1976. By February 1977, a half-million copies had been sold. Marvel Comics also adapted the film as the first six issues of its licensed \"Star Wars\" comic book, with the first",
"title": "Star Wars (film)"
},
{
"id": "14826690",
"text": "Penny into a fantastic land called Dreamwood. After her death, Kissling/Langley's friend Helen Bugbee founded the Traumwald Press—named after the land in \"The Hoogles and Alexander\"—and published two of her works posthumously: \"Fool's Mate\", a sonnet sequence (1970); and \"Tom Sawyer Comes Home\" (1973), a novel sequel to \"Tom Sawyer\". Bugbee also contributed an introduction to the 1982 publication of the original version of \"Swamp Angel\" by Academy Chicago Publishers. Dorothy Langley Dorothy Langley was the pseudonym of Dorothy Selma Richardson Kissling, (February 14, 1904 – April 1, 1969) an American novelist. She won the Friends of American Writers award",
"title": "Dorothy Langley"
},
{
"id": "16316147",
"text": "publication. Half of the states passed similar anti-obscenity statutes that also banned possession and sale of obscene materials. \"Leaves of Grass\", Walt Whitman's famous collection of poetry, was withdrawn in Boston in 1881, after the District Attorney threatened criminal prosecution for the use of explicit language in some poems. The work was later published in Philadelphia. This version went through five editions of 1,000 copies each. Its first printing, released on July 18, 1882 sold out in a day. Mark Twain's notoriously challenged book \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" was first published in the United States in February 1885 and was",
"title": "Book censorship in the United States"
},
{
"id": "193726",
"text": "1899 after Twain lost the copyright. Twain initially conceived of the work as a sequel to \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" that would follow Huckleberry Finn through adulthood. Beginning with a few pages he had removed from the earlier novel, Twain began work on a manuscript he originally titled \"Huckleberry Finn's Autobiography.\" Twain worked on the manuscript off and on for the next several years, ultimately abandoning his original plan of following Huck's development into adulthood. He appeared to have lost interest in the manuscript while it was in progress, and set it aside for several years. After making a",
"title": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "18720793",
"text": "write a novel on his own. He had previously written contemporary autobiographical narratives (\"The Innocents Abroad or The New Pilgrims' Progress\", \"Roughing It\") and two short texts called sketches which parody the youth literature of the time. These are \"The Story of the Good Boy\" and \"The Story of the Wicked Little Boy\" which are satirical texts of a few pages. In the first, a model child is never rewarded and ends up dying before he can declaim his last words which he has carefully prepared. In the second story, an evil little boy steals and lies, like Tom Sawyer,",
"title": "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer"
},
{
"id": "15693059",
"text": "region until 1876, when Twain's landmark novel \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" was published. Soon tourists worldwide were making the journey to see the real-life cave that provided the basis for the novel's fictional \"MacDougal's Cave\", where Tom and Becky Thatcher's lives were endangered by Injun Joe. The first regular tours by paying customers began in 1886 when local farmer John East would charge tourists a dime to see some of the places inside the cave made famous by the novel. At that time the original opening was still being used, but proved impractical for large crowds, so in 1890",
"title": "Mark Twain Cave"
},
{
"id": "9646143",
"text": "Dudley Warner, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Mark Twain, and other reformers and activists. The area became known as Nook Farm, taking its name from the bend‚ or “nook‚” in the Park River‚ which bordered the area. Some houses of this colony still survive. Most notably, the home of Samuel Clemens who wrote under the pseudonym Mark Twain. He created some of his most notable works, including \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" and \"A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court\", while living in Hartford. These houses, along with the Katherine Day House, are preserved as museums open to the public. By the",
"title": "Neighborhoods of Hartford, Connecticut"
},
{
"id": "3378789",
"text": "the publisher of all \"Harry Potter\" books in the United Kingdom, on 30 June 1997. It was released in the United States on 1 September 1998 by Scholastic—the American publisher of the books—as \"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\", after Rowling had received US$105,000 for the American rights—an unprecedented amount for a children's book by a then-unknown author. The second book, \"Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets\" was originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998, and in the US on 2 June 1999. \"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban\" was then published a year later in",
"title": "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows"
},
{
"id": "1054309",
"text": "Grade School contribute daily broadcasts from the school. Chester's newspaper is the Randolph County \"Herald Tribune\", and the local radio station is KSGM. On April 11, 1842, Charles Dickens, the author of \"A Christmas Carol\" and \"Great Expectations\", visited Chester with his wife. Mark Twain, the author of \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\", a pilot on the Mississippi River between 1857 and the Civil War, supposedly on many of his trips stayed at Chester's Cliff House, a fine river hostelry. Twain also mentioned the blue windows of Chester's Cohen Home, visible from the Mississippi, in his book \"Life on the",
"title": "Chester, Illinois"
},
{
"id": "5725232",
"text": "in the US on 2 June 1999. \"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban\" was published a year later in the UK on 8 July 1999 and in the US on 8 September 1999. \"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\" was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic. \"Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\" is the longest book in the series, at 766 pages in the UK version and 870 pages in the US version. It was published worldwide in English on 21 June 2003. \"Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\"",
"title": "Harry Potter"
},
{
"id": "2850925",
"text": "Strand Magazine\", Herbert Greenhough Smith, received two submissions from Doyle for the newly established magazine. He later described his reaction: \"I at once realised that here was the greatest short story writer since Edgar Allan Poe.\" The first of these, \"A Scandal in Bohemia\" was published near the back of \"The Strand Magazine\" in July 1891. The stories proved popular, helping to boost the circulation of the magazine, and Doyle received 30 guineas for each short story in the initial run of twelve. These first twelve stories were published monthly from July 1891 until June 1892, and then were collected",
"title": "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes"
},
{
"id": "633602",
"text": "the generations to come until the language becomes obsolete\". In 1865, Dodgson's tale was published as \"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\" by \"Lewis Carroll\" with illustrations by John Tenniel. The first print run of 2,000 was held back because Tenniel objected to the print quality. A new edition, released in December of the same year, but carrying an 1866 date, was quickly printed. The text blocks of the original edition were removed from the binding and sold with Dodgson's permission to the New York publishing house of D. Appleton & Company. The binding for the Appleton \"Alice\" was virtually identical to",
"title": "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland"
},
{
"id": "11268906",
"text": "Finn\" with a different cast the following year, replacing Jackie Moran with Mickey Rooney. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1938 film) The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is a 1938 American literature adaptation produced by David O. Selznick and directed by Norman Taurog starring Tommy Kelly in the title role, with Jackie Moran and Ann Gillis. The screenplay by John V. A. Weaver was based on the classic 1876 novel of the same name by Mark Twain. The movie was the first film version of the novel to be made in color. It was remade in 1973 as a musical. The",
"title": "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1938 film)"
},
{
"id": "3575081",
"text": "fourteen) and \"Books for Young Persons\" (for those between fourteen and twenty-one), establishing terms of reference for young adult literature that still remains in use. Nineteenth century literature presents several early works, that appealed to young readers, though not necessarily written for them, including \"The Swiss Family Robinson\" (1812), Walter Scott's \"Waverley\" (1814), Charles Dickens' \"Oliver Twist\" (1838), Alexandre Dumas' \"The Count of Monte Cristo\" (1844), \"Tom Brown's Schooldays\" (1857), Dickens' \"Great Expectations\" (1860), \"Alice in Wonderland\" (1865), Mark Twain's \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" (1876), and \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" (1884), Robert Louis Stevenson's \"Kidnapped\" (1886), Rudyard Kipling's \"The",
"title": "Young adult fiction"
},
{
"id": "11659878",
"text": "Adventures of the Little Wooden Horse Adventures of the Little Wooden Horse is a children's novel by Ursula Moray Williams, published by George G. Harrap in 1939 with illustrations by Joyce Lankester Brisley. It was her most successful book, being frequently reprinted. Early editions of the novel were illustrated by Brisley; later illustrators include Peggy Fortnum and Paul Howard. It was most recently published in 2011 by Macmillan Publishers, who also included it in the Kingfisher Modern Classics series. The book contains 19 chapters. The little wooden horse is a toy horse originally intended to be sold by his maker",
"title": "Adventures of the Little Wooden Horse"
},
{
"id": "832129",
"text": "publisher of \"The Adventures of Tintin\", issuing six titles in English translation in 1959 and 1960, before discontinuing further releases because of what were considered disappointing sales. In 1937, Western, at the request of Kay Kamen (who oversaw licensing and marketing at Disney), assumed production of the newsstand version of \"Mickey Mouse Magazine\", which, in October 1940, was succeeded by the comic book \"Walt Disney's Comics and Stories\". 1936-1954 Story Parade, Inc. (a Western subsidiary) published \"Story Parade: A Magazine for Boys and Girls\" with a children's literature orientation. Then in late 1955, Western initiated \"Walt Disney's Mickey Mouse Club",
"title": "Western Publishing"
},
{
"id": "10462957",
"text": "two years). The lithograph and book were published in an edition of 150 signed copies. However, the special edition was then disassembled by the publisher and very few of the original box editions remain intact. The novel was finally printed in 1971 and received a favorable review in the \"New York Times\" by Thomas Lask; this was followed by several other positive reviews and comments by writers, including Iris Murdoch and John Updike. In 1977 Marion Boyers reprinted the novel in England and the U.S, making sure to keep it in print as long as she was alive. The novel",
"title": "The Adventures of Mao on the Long March"
},
{
"id": "10528582",
"text": "Penrod Penrod is a collection of comic sketches by Booth Tarkington that was first published in 1914. The book follows the misadventures of Penrod Schofield, an eleven-year-old boy growing up in the pre-World War I Midwestern United States, in a similar vein to \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\". In \"Penrod\", Tarkington established characters who appeared in two further books, \"Penrod and Sam\" (1916) and \"Penrod Jashber\" (1929). The three books were published together in one volume, \"Penrod: His Complete Story\", in 1931. A \"Revised\" edition of \"Penrod\", \"revising or omitting certain ethnic descriptions from the original \"Penrod\" manuscript that might",
"title": "Penrod"
},
{
"id": "423318",
"text": "within three months of its release. A hardback edition was published by Harmony Books, a division of Random House in the United States in October 1980, and the 1981 US paperback edition was promoted by the give-away of 3,000 free copies in the magazine \"Rolling Stone\" to build word of mouth. In 2005, Del Rey Books rereleased the Hitchhiker series with new covers for the release of the 2005 movie. To date, it has sold over 14 million copies. A photo-illustrated edition of the first novel appeared in 1994. In \"The Restaurant at the End of the Universe\" (published in",
"title": "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy"
},
{
"id": "5587409",
"text": "by Bloomsbury in 1997, with an initial print-run of 500 copies in hardback, 300 of which were distributed to libraries. By the end of 1997, the UK edition won a National Book Award and a gold medal in the 9- to 11-year-olds category of the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize. The second book, \"Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets\", was originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998 and in the US on 2 June 1999. \"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban\" was then published a year later in the UK on 8 July 1999 and in the",
"title": "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince"
},
{
"id": "4323657",
"text": "Puccini's opera \"La Bohème\" was staged, as was Chekov's play \"The Seagull\". H. G. Wells published \"The Time Machine\" and \"The Island of Dr. Moreau\". William Morris died 3 October. Mark Twain published \"Tom Sawyer, Detective\". Alfred Jarry, only 23 years old, wrote his highly influential play \"Ubu Roi\", which is often cited as a forerunner to the Theatre of the Absurd. In 1897 Bram Stoker published \"Dracula\". H.G. Wells published \"The Invisible Man\". In 1898 Henry James published \"The Turn of the Screw\". H.G. Wells publishes \"The War of the Worlds\". Oscar Wilde published \"The Ballad of Reading Gaol\".",
"title": "History of modern literature"
},
{
"id": "4922737",
"text": "newsletter, drummer and lyricist Neil Peart said: Alex Lifeson describes his guitar solo in \"Tom Sawyer\" in a 2007 interview: Tom Sawyer (song) \"Tom Sawyer\" is a song by Canadian rock band Rush, originally released on their 1981 album \"Moving Pictures\" as its opener. Lee has referred to the track as the band's \"defining piece of music ... from the early '80s\". It is one of Rush's best-known songs and a staple of both classic rock radio and Rush's live performances, having been played on every concert tour since its release. It peaked at on the UK Singles chart in",
"title": "Tom Sawyer (song)"
},
{
"id": "19040013",
"text": "Arts and then moved to New York City in the early 2000s to pursue a career in acting and theater. In 2001, Park, who was 23-years-old at the time, was cast as Tom Sawyer, the lead character in Broadway's \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\", a theatrical adaptation of Mark Twain's novel. The original Broadway production also starred Kristen Bell, Linda Purl, Jim Poulos and Kevin Durand. The short-lived show ran for just 21 performances, opening on April 26, 2001 before closing on May 13, 2001. However, Park's performance earned him the Theatre World Award for outstanding Broadway debut in 2001.",
"title": "Joshua Park"
},
{
"id": "12071481",
"text": "Adventures into the Unknown Adventures Into the Unknown was an American comic-book magazine series best known as the medium's first ongoing horror-comics title. Published by the American Comics Group, initially under the imprint B&I Publishing, it ran 174 issues (cover-dated Fall 1948 - Aug. 1967). The first two issues, which included art by Fred Guardineer and others, featured horror stories of ghosts, werewolves, haunted houses, killer puppets, and other supernatural beings and locales. The premiere included a seven-page abridged adaptation of Horace Walpole's seminal gothic novel \"The Castle of Otranto\", by an unknown writer and artist Al Ulmer. Unlike many",
"title": "Adventures into the Unknown"
},
{
"id": "3485113",
"text": "offices were in Burleigh Street off The Strand, London. It was revived in 1998 as a quarterly magazine. It was normally bound as six-monthly volumes, from January to June and July to December, but from the mid-1930s this varied, and the final volumes in the late 1940s ran from October to March and April to September, the final volume CXVIII (118) running from October 1949 to March 1950. The Sherlock Holmes short stories by Arthur Conan Doyle were first published in \"The Strand\" with illustrations by Sidney Paget. With the serialisation of Doyle's \"The Hound of the Baskervilles\", sales reached",
"title": "The Strand Magazine"
},
{
"id": "12002199",
"text": "drawings by W. A. Rogers (1854-1931). A sequel, \"Mr. Stubb’s Brother\", was published in 1883. \"Toby Tyler\" is a \"bad boy\" novel, meant to teach a lesson what happens to boys who do bad things; other examples include George W. Peck's \"Peck's Bad Boy\" (1883), Thomas Bailey Aldrich's \"The Story of a Bad Boy\" (1870), and Mark Twain's \"Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" (1876). As with Mark Twain's \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" (1884), also about a conscience-stricken escaped and wandering orphan boy (written following the success of \"Toby Tyler\"), most readers don't remember \"Toby Tyler\" for its wholesome message, but as",
"title": "Toby Tyler; or, Ten Weeks with a Circus"
},
{
"id": "371732",
"text": "between J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth and the American Wild West as depicted by Clint Eastwood and Sergio Leone in their spaghetti Westerns. The first of these stories, \"\", was initially published in five installments by \"The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction\" under the editorship of Edward L. Ferman, from 1977 to 1981. \"The Gunslinger\" was continued as an eight-book epic series called \"The Dark Tower\", whose books King wrote and published infrequently over four decades. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, King published a handful of short novels—\"Rage\" (1977), \"The Long Walk\" (1979), \"Roadwork\" (1981), \"The Running",
"title": "Stephen King"
},
{
"id": "7353559",
"text": "of Pure Reason\" and a recording of the first 500 digits of pi. The collection also features poetry, plays, religious texts (for example, English versions of the Koran and books from various translations of the Bible) and non-fiction of various kinds. In January 2009, the catalogue contained approximately 55 percent fiction and drama, 25 percent non-fiction and 20 percent poetry (calculated by numbers of recordings). As of November 7, 2018, the most viewed item (6.5M) was \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" in a 2006 solo recording by John Greenman. Around 90 percent of the catalogue is recorded in English, but",
"title": "LibriVox"
},
{
"id": "2850922",
"text": "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes is a collection of twelve short stories by Arthur Conan Doyle, featuring his fictional detective Sherlock Holmes. It was first published on 14 October 1892; the individual stories had been serialised in \"The Strand Magazine\" between July 1891 and June 1892. The stories are not in chronological order, and the only characters common to all twelve are Holmes and Dr. Watson. The stories are related in first-person narrative from Watson's point of view. In general the stories in \"The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes\" identify, and try to correct, social injustices.",
"title": "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes"
},
{
"id": "11789104",
"text": "Tom Swift and His Electric Rifle Tom Swift and His Electric Rifle; or, Daring Adventures in Elephant Land is a young adult novel published in 1911, written by Stratemeyer Syndicate writers using the pen name Victor Appleton. It is Volume 10 in the original Tom Swift novel series published by Grosset & Dunlap. The novel is notable for inspiring the name of the Taser. While Tom Swift is working on his latest new invention, the electric rifle, he meets an African safari master whose stories of elephant hunting sends the group off to deepest, darkest Africa. Hunting for ivory is",
"title": "Tom Swift and His Electric Rifle"
},
{
"id": "1420373",
"text": "not be silent.\" Shortly after in June, 1851, when she was 40, the first installment of her \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\" was published in serial form in the newspaper \"The National Era\". She originally used the subtitle \"The Man That Was A Thing\", but it was soon changed to \"Life Among the Lowly\". Installments were published weekly from June 5, 1851, to April 1, 1852. For the newspaper serialization of her novel, Stowe was paid $400. \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\" was published in book form on March 20, 1852, by John P. Jewett with an initial print run of 5,000 copies. Each",
"title": "Harriet Beecher Stowe"
},
{
"id": "6147958",
"text": "In 1922, Hodder and Stoughton published an edition of Lewis Carroll's \"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", which was likely very controversial at the time given the fantastical nature of the work. The 1920s brought an explosion of commercial fiction at keen prices - Hodder's \"Yellow jackets\" series were the precursors of the first paperbacks, and included bestsellers from John Buchan, Edgar Wallace, Dornford Yates and Sapper's Bulldog Drummond. In 1928, the company became the exclusive British hardback publisher of Leslie Charteris's adventure novel series, The Saint, publishing all 50 UK first editions of the series until 1983. In this decade they",
"title": "Hodder & Stoughton"
},
{
"id": "6880575",
"text": "of the Dance Theater of Dallas. In 2007, his \"Adventures of Tom Sawyer\", which had been commissioned by the John G. Shedd Institute for the Arts, and set by Toni Pimble of the Eugene Ballet, premiered in Eugene, Oregon. In the 1960s, Hyman recorded several pop albums on Enoch Light's Command Records. At first, he used the Lowrey organ, on the albums \"Electrodynamics\" , \"Fabulous\" , \"Keyboard Kaleidoscope\" and \"The Man from O.R.G.A.N.\" He later recorded several albums on the Moog synthesizer which mixed original compositions and cover versions, including \"Moog: The Electric Eclectics of Dick Hyman\", and \"The Age",
"title": "Dick Hyman"
},
{
"id": "12862169",
"text": "Mark Twain Birthplace State Historic Site The Mark Twain Birthplace State Historic Site is a publicly owned property in Florida, Missouri, maintained by the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, that preserves the cabin where the author Samuel Langhorne Clemens was born in 1835. The cabin is protected within a modern museum building that also includes a public reading room, several of Twain's first editions, a handwritten manuscript of \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\", and furnishings from Twain's Connecticut home. The historic site is adjacent to Mark Twain State Park on a peninsula at the western end of man-made Mark Twain",
"title": "Mark Twain Birthplace State Historic Site"
},
{
"id": "6929751",
"text": "Tom Sawyer (1973 film) Tom Sawyer is a 1973 American musical film adaptation of the Mark Twain boyhood adventure story, \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\", directed by Don Taylor and starring Johnny Whitaker as the titular character, Jodie Foster as Becky Thatcher, and Jeff East as Huckleberry Finn. Ho-Chunk tribesman Kunu Hank portrayed Injun Joe. The film was produced by \"Reader's Digest\". The film's screenplay and songs were written by Robert B. Sherman and Richard M. Sherman who would go on to provide more award-winning music for the sequel \"Huckleberry Finn\". It received three nominations at the 46th Academy Awards;",
"title": "Tom Sawyer (1973 film)"
},
{
"id": "795816",
"text": "demand from readers, the episodes were resumed on 16 February 1882. In February 1883, the story was published in a single book. Since then, the spread of Pinocchio on the main markets for children's book of the time was continuous and uninterrupted, and it was met with enthusiastic reviews worldwide. An universal icon and a metaphor of the human condition, the book is considered a canonical piece of children's literature and has had great impact on world culture. Philosopher Benedetto Croce reputed it as one of the greatest works of Italian literature. Since its first publication, it has inspired hundreds",
"title": "The Adventures of Pinocchio"
},
{
"id": "6948628",
"text": "The Adventures of Bob Hope The Adventures of Bob Hope is an American celebrity comics comic book series that was published by National Periodical Publications (an imprint of DC Comics). The series featured stories based on comedian Bob Hope, as well as assorted other humorous stories. The series ran for 109 issues from 1950 through 1968. In the early 1950s, with sales for superhero themed comics on the decline, National Periodical Publications began licensing the right to use celebrity images, including Jerry Lewis, Dean Martin, Alan Ladd, and Bob Hope. Issue #1 (cover dated February–March 1950) set the tone for",
"title": "The Adventures of Bob Hope"
},
{
"id": "9773986",
"text": "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (musical) The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is a musical comedy based on the novel by Mark Twain conceived and written by Ken Ludwig, with music and lyrics by Don Schlitz. The musical is the story of a fourteen-year-old boy growing up in the heartland of America. This Broadway musical version of Mark Twain's novel is set in 1840 in St. Petersburg, Missouri, a bustling town on the banks of the Mississippi River. In the course of the story, Tom matches wits with his stern Aunt Polly, falls in love with the beautiful, feisty Becky Thatcher,",
"title": "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (musical)"
},
{
"id": "791666",
"text": "was not until Ticknor and Fields put the work back in print in November 1862 that demand began again to increase. The book was translated into all major languages, and in the United States it became the second best-selling book after the Bible. A number of the early editions carried an introduction by Rev James Sherman, a Congregational minister in London noted for his abolitionist views. \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\" sold equally well in Britain, with the first London edition appearing in May 1852 and selling 200,000 copies. In a few years over 1.5 million copies of the book were in",
"title": "Uncle Tom's Cabin"
},
{
"id": "13754281",
"text": "Clement Wood Clement Richardson Wood (September 1, 1888 – October 26, 1950) was an American writer, lawyer and political activist. He graduated from the University of Alabama in 1909 and received his law degree from Yale in 1911. Wood mainly wrote poetry. He also wrote \"Tom Sawyer Grows Up\", a sequel to Mark Twain's work. He appeared frequently in pulp magazines, in titles as diverse as \"Telling Tales\", \"Gangster Stories\", \"Flynn's\", and \"Ace-High Magazine\". His story, \"The Coffin,\" was included in \"The Best Short Stories of 1922\". In 1929, he wrote the biography, \"Bernarr Macfadden: A Study in Success\", in",
"title": "Clement Wood"
},
{
"id": "5785207",
"text": "Illustrated\" 50th anniversary edition of \"The War of the Worlds\" in both hard and softcover versions. In November 2007, Jack Lake Productions Inc., published for the first time in North America #170 \"The Aeneid\" (originally published in the UK) along with #1 \"The Three Musketeers\", #4 \"The Last of the Mohicans\" and #5 \"Moby Dick\". In 2007, Papercutz acquired the license and announced that they would begin publishing graphic novels starting with \"The Wind in the Willows\". They were to combine reprints of some of the original titles with new modern adaptations, largely produced in France, the first of which",
"title": "Classics Illustrated"
},
{
"id": "4922735",
"text": "was named the 19th-greatest hard rock song of all time by VH1. \"Tom Sawyer\" was one of five Rush songs inducted into the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame on March 28, 2010. The song has made many appearances in television and is frequently referenced in media. The song was written by Lee, Peart, and guitarist Alex Lifeson in collaboration with lyricist Pye Dubois of the band Max Webster, who also co-wrote the Rush songs \"Force Ten\", \"Between Sun and Moon\", and \"Test for Echo\". According to the US radio show \"In the Studio with Redbeard\" (which devoted an episode to",
"title": "Tom Sawyer (song)"
},
{
"id": "2368446",
"text": "their jackets. Houghton Mifflin Co. of Boston and New York published the first American edition of \"The Hobbit\" in spring of 1938 following its September, 1937 debut in the United Kingdom from George Allen & Unwin LTD. For this first edition Houghton Mifflin printed the sheets in the United States, a practice they abandoned in later printings of \"The Hobbit\" and all printings of \"The Lord of the Rings\" until the mid-1960s. Some consider the first American edition of \"The Hobbit\" to be the most beautifully designed of any edition. Houghton Mifflin chose to print it in a larger size",
"title": "Early American editions of The Hobbit"
},
{
"id": "6683638",
"text": "of its cues from Europe. Writers such as Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, and Henry David Thoreau established a distinctive American literary voice by the middle of the 19th century. Mark Twain and poet Walt Whitman were major figures in the century's second half; Emily Dickinson, virtually unknown during her lifetime, is now recognized as an essential American poet. A work seen as capturing fundamental aspects of the national experience and character—such as Herman Melville's \"Moby-Dick\" (1851), Twain's \"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" (1885), F. Scott Fitzgerald's \"The Great Gatsby\" (1925) and Harper Lee's \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" (1960)—may be",
"title": "United States"
},
{
"id": "8683419",
"text": "animals\". Along with a cash prize of $10,000, the company obtained the publication rights for the novel, releasing it in hardback form on September 11 that year. The novel was published in the United States by Dutton and in Canada by Clarke, Irwin and Company, simultaneously. A reprint by Pocket Books followed in 1971. The novel has been released in twelve other countries, including Finland in 1968 by Otava, and in Germany by Hoffmann und Campe. \"The Fox and the Hound\" was selected as a Reader's Digest Book Club selection in 1967 and an abridged version was printed in the",
"title": "The Fox and the Hound (novel)"
},
{
"id": "4473124",
"text": "Tom Sawyer Abroad Tom Sawyer Abroad is a novel by Mark Twain published in 1894. It features Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn in a parody of adventure stories like those of Jules Verne. In the story, Tom, Huck, and Jim travel to Africa in a futuristic hot air balloon, where they survive encounters with lions, robbers, and fleas to see some of the world's greatest wonders, including the Pyramids and the Sphinx. Like \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" and \"Tom Sawyer, Detective\", the story is told using the first-person narrative voice of Huck Finn. It is a sequel, set in the",
"title": "Tom Sawyer Abroad"
},
{
"id": "1359749",
"text": "the book has become required reading in many schools throughout the United States. \"Huckleberry Finn\" was an offshoot from \"Tom Sawyer\" and had a more serious tone than its predecessor. Four hundred manuscript pages were written in mid-1876, right after the publication of \"Tom Sawyer\". The last fifth of \"Huckleberry Finn\" is subject to much controversy. Some say that Twain experienced a \"failure of nerve,\" as critic Leo Marx puts it. Ernest Hemingway once said of \"Huckleberry Finn\": If you read it, you must stop where the Nigger Jim is stolen from the boys. That is the real end. The",
"title": "Mark Twain"
},
{
"id": "2098181",
"text": "Classic edition of Mark Twain's \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" and \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" features a new Afterword by Ishmael Reed. Two of Reed's books have been nominated for National Book Awards, and a book of poetry, \"Conjure\", was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize. His \"New and Collected Poems, 1964–2007\", received the Commonwealth Club of California's Gold Medal. A poem published in Seattle in 1969, \"beware : do not read this poem\", has been cited by Gale Research Company as one of approximately 20 poems that teachers and librarians have ranked as the most frequently studied in literature courses.",
"title": "Ishmael Reed"
},
{
"id": "380915",
"text": "(1883), \"A Mere Interlude\" (1885) and \"Barbara of the House of Grebe\" (1890). Rudyard Kipling published short story collections for grown-ups, e.g. \"Plain Tales from the Hills\" (1888), as well as for children, e.g. \"The Jungle Book\" (1894). In 1892 Arthur Conan Doyle brought the detective story to a new height with \"The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes\". H.G. Wells wrote his first science fiction stories in the 1880s. One of his best known is \"The Country of the Blind\" (1904). In the United States, Herman Melville published his story collection \"The Piazza Tales\" in 1856. \"The Celebrated Jumping Frog of",
"title": "Short story"
},
{
"id": "4473125",
"text": "time following the title story of the Tom Sawyer series. Tom Sawyer Abroad Tom Sawyer Abroad is a novel by Mark Twain published in 1894. It features Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn in a parody of adventure stories like those of Jules Verne. In the story, Tom, Huck, and Jim travel to Africa in a futuristic hot air balloon, where they survive encounters with lions, robbers, and fleas to see some of the world's greatest wonders, including the Pyramids and the Sphinx. Like \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" and \"Tom Sawyer, Detective\", the story is told using the first-person narrative voice",
"title": "Tom Sawyer Abroad"
}
] | when was the adventures of tom sawyer first published |
[
"Sebastian Stan"
] | [
{
"id": "19685254",
"text": "Tarrant Hightopp Tarrant Hightopp, also known as the Mad Hatter, is a fictional character in the 2010 film \"Alice in Wonderland\" and its 2016 sequel \"Alice Through the Looking Glass\", based upon the Hatter from Lewis Carroll's \"Alice\" novels. He is portrayed by actor Johnny Depp. He serves as one of the films' protagonists. Critical reception of the character for the first film was positive, although Depp was nominated for two Golden Raspberry Awards for his performance in \"Through the Looking Glass\", including Worst Supporting Actor. In the film, Tarrant takes Alice Kingsleigh toward the White Queen's castle and relates",
"title": "Tarrant Hightopp"
},
{
"id": "1508893",
"text": "The Hatter has been featured in nearly every adaptation of \"Alice in Wonderland\" to date; he is usually the male lead. The character has been portrayed in film by Edward Everett Horton, Sir Robert Helpmann, Martin Short, Peter Cook, Anthony Newley, Ed Wynn, Andrew-Lee Potts, and Johnny Depp. In music videos, the Hatter has been portrayed by Tom Petty, Dero Goi, and Steven Tyler. He has also been portrayed on stage by Nikki Snelson and Katherine Shindle, and on television by John Robert Hoffman, Pip Donaghy and Sebastian Stan. In ballet adaptations, Steven McRae also portrayed him as a mad",
"title": "Hatter (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)"
},
{
"id": "9584077",
"text": "film in the franchise, it was not part of his nine-picture contract he has with Marvel Studios. In 2012, he starred in the thriller \"Gone\" and began a recurring role in \"Once Upon a Time\" as the Mad Hatter. \"The A.V. Club\" described his work in \"Hat Trick\", his premiere episode, as \"excellent\" and placed the episode in their list of the 30 best episodes of 2012 from series which did not make their top list. It was initially reported the role would be recast for the spin-off series \"Once Upon a Time in Wonderland\", due to Stan's commitment to",
"title": "Sebastian Stan"
},
{
"id": "16869575",
"text": "was persuaded to take the part of Dr. Whale after discovering his counterpart would be Dr. Frankenstein, though it took the series a year to reveal Whale's fairytale counterpart. Anders drew inspiration from Gene Wilder and the film \"Young Frankenstein\". This episode marks the final appearance by actor Sebastian Stan as the Mad Hatter/Jefferson. He departed the series due to his obligations to the Broadway play \"Picnic\" and the Marvel feature film \"\". For the second week in a row (in spite of fears that Hurricane Sandy would affect the Eastern United States, which would've caused ABC affiliates to preempt",
"title": "The Doctor (Once Upon a Time)"
},
{
"id": "16532966",
"text": "potential to become recurring. \"Caprica\" actor John Pyper-Ferguson guest starred in \"Welcome to Storybrooke\" as Kurt Flynn, a widower who longs to aid his son after experiencing the loss of his mother. Season one co-star Jamie Dornan also reprised his role as Sheriff Graham Humbert in the episode. Since the first season, \"Kings\" actor Sebastian Stan had portrayed Jefferson/The Mad Hatter in a recurring role; he has since departed from the show with obligations to the Broadway play \"Picnic\" and the feature film \"\". It was reported that ABC was set to recast the role with the potential for a",
"title": "Once Upon a Time (season 2)"
},
{
"id": "1822198",
"text": "Golden Globe Award for \"Best Supporting Actor\" and a BAFTA Award for \"Best Foreign Actor\". The following year he received his first (and only) nomination for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Mr. Dussell in \"The Diary of Anne Frank\" (1959). Six years later he appeared in the Bible epic \"The Greatest Story Ever Told\". Wynn provided the voice of the Mad Hatter in Walt Disney's film, \"Alice in Wonderland\" and played The Toymaker alongside Annette Funicello and Tommy Sands in Walt Disney's \"Babes in Toyland\" released in 1961. Possibly his best-remembered film appearance was",
"title": "Ed Wynn"
},
{
"id": "18199198",
"text": "announced via \"Variety\" in December 2012. Bobin was first approached about the project while doing post-production work on \"Muppets Most Wanted\". Of being asked, Bobin has said that \"I just couldn't pass it up\", as he has a passion for the works of Lewis Carroll as well as history in general. In July 2013, it was announced that Johnny Depp would return as the Hatter, with Mia Wasikowska's return confirmed the following November. In January 2014 Sacha Baron Cohen joined the cast to play Time. In May 2014, Rhys Ifans joined the cast to play Zanik Hightopp, the Mad Hatter's",
"title": "Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016 film)"
},
{
"id": "1508906",
"text": "my hat\" and \"I smell like sauerkraut\". A Burton's inspired Mad Hatter appears in \"The Man who became a Rabbit\" Music Video, an Indian version of Alice in Wonderland by Valérian MacRabbit and Lalkrishnan. Mad Hatter becomes Mac Hatter and gives one riddle to the main character : \"Spread blood on the birthday cake\". Hatter (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland) The Hatter is a fictional character in Lewis Carroll's \"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\" and its sequel \"Through the Looking-Glass\". He is very often referred to as the Mad Hatter, though this term was never used by Carroll. The phrase \"mad as",
"title": "Hatter (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)"
},
{
"id": "1508894",
"text": "'Tapper'. The Mad Hatter (also referred to as \"Jervis Tetch\") is a supervillain and enemy of the Batman in DC comic books, making his first appearance in the October 1948 (#49) release of \"Batman\". He is portrayed as a brilliant neurotechnician with considerable knowledge in how to dominate and control the human mind. He has also appeared in the Batman television series, and various video games. In the 1951 Walt Disney animated feature \"Alice in Wonderland\", the Hatter appears as a short, hyperactive man with grey hair, a large nose and a comical voice. He was voiced by Ed Wynn",
"title": "Hatter (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)"
},
{
"id": "16160850",
"text": "also appeared in the short film \"Kiss\". He appeared as Owen, a member of the Wolves gang, in the American post-apocalyptic zombie series \"The Walking Dead\" and as Jacob Harding in the thriller film \"The Stanford Prison Experiment\". In 2016, Samuel was cast as famous Batman villain The Mad Hatter, the main antagonist of the third season of \"Gotham\". He continued to play the character in a recurring capacity during the fourth season. Benedict Samuel Benedict Samuel (born 15 April 1988) is an Australian actor, writer and director best known for playing Jervis Tetch/Mad Hatter in the Fox crime series",
"title": "Benedict Samuel"
},
{
"id": "9951716",
"text": "part of the writing team for the 81st Academy Awards (2009). Hoffman has also contributed, as both a writer and producer, to the HBO series \"Looking\" (2014–2015) and the Netflix series \"Grace and Frankie\" (2016–). As an actor, Hoffman is best recognized as the Mad Hatter in Disney's \"Adventures in Wonderland\" (1992–1995). John Robert Hoffman John Robert Hoffman, most often known simply as John Hoffman, is an American actor, screenwriter, director and producer. He wrote and co-starred in the Disney Channel original film \"Northern Lights\" (1997) and has written many unproduced screenplays, including \"Queen Bess\", \"Indianapolis\", \"In Harm's Way\" and",
"title": "John Robert Hoffman"
},
{
"id": "17205372",
"text": "focusing on Lewis Carroll's Wonderland. It was initially reported that the show would recast Sebastian Stan's Mad Hatter due to his commitment to the Marvel Cinematic Universe, but Edward Kitsis later revealed the next month that due to fan backlash and respect for Stan's performance, the character would not be recast and the series would proceed without the character. The show will include new characters, such as \"Amahl, described as exotic, soulful and optimistic; and The Knave, a sardonic adventurer, a man of action, a loner and a heart-breaker.\" On March 28, 2013, it was announced that Sophie Lowe would",
"title": "Once Upon a Time in Wonderland"
},
{
"id": "1508882",
"text": "Hatter (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland) The Hatter is a fictional character in Lewis Carroll's \"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\" and its sequel \"Through the Looking-Glass\". He is very often referred to as the Mad Hatter, though this term was never used by Carroll. The phrase \"mad as a hatter\" pre-dates Carroll's works. The Hatter and the March Hare are referred to as \"both \"mad\"\" by the Cheshire Cat, in \"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\" in the seventh chapter titled \"A Mad Tea-Party\". The Hatter character, alongside all the other fictional beings, first appears in Lewis Carroll's 1865 novel \"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\".",
"title": "Hatter (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)"
},
{
"id": "1508902",
"text": "inventions, as he plans to do to all of Wonderland's inhabitants. He appears in \"\" in the same appearance, although this time, he requests Alice's help in retrieving his lost limbs from his former compatriots the March Hare and Dormouse. A spin-off of the traditional \"Alice in Wonderland\" story, Frank Beddor's \"The Looking Glass Wars\" features a character named Hatter Madigan, a member of an elite group of bodyguards known in Wonderland as the \"Millinery\" after the business of selling women's hats. He acts as the bodyguard of the rightful Queen, and as guide/guardian to the protagonist, Alyss Heart. The",
"title": "Hatter (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)"
},
{
"id": "16243588",
"text": "Hat Trick (Once Upon a Time) \"Hat Trick\" is the 17th episode of the American fairy tale/drama television series \"Once Upon a Time\", which aired in the United States on ABC on March 25, 2012. The series takes place in the fictional seaside town of Storybrooke, Maine, in which the residents are actually characters from various fairy tales that were transported to the \"real world\" town by a powerful curse. This episode centers on Jefferson (Sebastian Stan) and his fairytale counterpart, the Mad Hatter. It was co-written by David H. Goodman and Vladimir Cvetko, while Ralph Hemecker directed the episode.",
"title": "Hat Trick (Once Upon a Time)"
},
{
"id": "797513",
"text": "which earned him his third nomination for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role. Depp also filmed a cameo appearance for the film \"London Fields\", which remained unreleased until 2018. In 2016, Depp played businessman and United States presidential candidate Donald Trump in a Funny or Die satire film entitled \"\". He earned praise for the role, with a headline from \"The A.V. Club\" declaring \"Who knew Donald Trump was the comeback role Johnny Depp needed?\" The same year, Depp reprised the role of the Mad Hatter in \"Alice Through the",
"title": "Johnny Depp"
},
{
"id": "18565798",
"text": "Breakspear/Bernard Crabtree in \"Crown Court\" (1982–1984), and Brian in \"One by One\" (1984). Donaghy played the lead role in \"The Invisible Man\" (1984), Richard Lister in \"Screen Two\" (1985), Job Trotter in \"The Pickwick Papers\" (1985), Monks in \"Oliver Twist\" (1985), the Mad Hatter in \"Alice in Wonderland\" (1986), Jack Whitly in \"The Campbells\" (1988), Sir Walter Pistol in \"T-Bag and the Rings of Olympus\" (1991), Marcellin in \"Maigret\" (1992), Tom Peterlee in \"The Ruth Rendell Mysteries\" (1992), Neville in \"Boon\" (1992), Don Nicols in \"Between the Lines\" (1992), Geoff Welland in \"Peak Practice\" (1995), Len Sheldon in \"Prime Suspect:",
"title": "Pip Donaghy"
},
{
"id": "841915",
"text": "at a funeral. In 1984, Sykes played the Genie in the children's film \"Gabrielle and the Doodleman\", which also featured Windsor Davies (who would also appear with Sykes in the BBC's \"Gormenghast\" in 2000), Bob Todd, Lynsey de Paul, and Gareth Hunt. In 1985, he played the Mad Hatter in the Anglia Television serial adaptation of \"Alice in Wonderland\", joining an all-star cast that included Michael Bentine, Leslie Crowther, and Leonard Rossiter, and he also had an uncredited role (as an arcade attendant) in the Julien Temple film musical \"Absolute Beginners\" (1986) which stars Patsy Kensit. In 1986, Sykes played",
"title": "Eric Sykes"
},
{
"id": "16528977",
"text": "his roles in \"The Curse of the Black Pearl\", \"Finding Neverland\", and \"Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street\", Depp was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor. In 2010, Depp was cast as the Mad Hatter in the live-action film \"Alice in Wonderland\". The same year, he went on to star in \"The Tourist\" with Angelina Jolie and was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture Comedy. He has starred in \"The Rum Diary\" with Amber Heard (2011), \"Dark Shadows\" with Michelle Pfeiffer (2012), \"The Lone Ranger\" with Armie Hammer (2013),",
"title": "Johnny Depp filmography"
},
{
"id": "3509076",
"text": "get a satisfactory family portrait and lights up a cigar to calm himself down. Johnny Depp based his Glaswegian accent for the role of Tarrant Hightopp, The Mad Hatter in the 2010 film Alice in Wonderland, on that used by Fisher’s Rab C. Nesbitt character. In 1994/95, he played the title role in the BBC series \"The Tales of Para Handy\", in which he was reunited with Rikki Fulton. Fisher had also appeared in the 1999 sitcom \"Brotherly Love\" and in the 2002 sitcom \"Snoddy\". He also appeared with Iain Glenn in the BBC Masterpiece theatre version of \"Kidnapped\". Fisher",
"title": "Gregor Fisher"
},
{
"id": "18209068",
"text": "York City and London on July 26, 1951, and features the voices of Kathryn Beaumont (who later voiced Wendy Darling in the 1953 film \"Peter Pan\") as Alice, and Ed Wynn as the Mad Hatter. The theme song, \"Alice in Wonderland\", has since become a jazz standard. \"Alice in Wonderland\" is a 2010 American fantasy film directed by Tim Burton and written by Linda Woolverton. Released by Walt Disney Pictures, the film stars Mia Wasikowska as Alice Kingsleigh, Johnny Depp, Anne Hathaway and Helena Bonham Carter. The film was shot in the United Kingdom and the United States. \"Alice Through",
"title": "Alice in Wonderland (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "1508900",
"text": "going to stop making nonsense.\" Kenneth Turan of \"Los Angeles Times\" stated that \"there's no denying Depp's gifts and abilities, but this performance feels both indulgent and something we've all seen before.\" Frank Wildhorn composed the music to and co-wrote the music to \"Wonderland\". In this adaption the Hatter is portrayed as the villain of the story, and Alice's alter-ego and is a mad \"woman\" who longs to be Queen. She was played by Nikki Snelson in the original Tampa, Florida production, and then by Kate Shindle in the Tampa/Houston Tour, and the production on Broadway. This Hatter is portrayed",
"title": "Hatter (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)"
},
{
"id": "1508905",
"text": "\"Insane in the Mainframe\" and \"Follow the Reader\" as well as the film \"\". In the Netflix episode \"Spring Unsprung\", the Mad Hatter makes an appearance as Madeline Hatter's father. In the 47-minute special, he runs the Mad Hatter's Tea Shoppe in the town of Bookend, not far from Maddie's school Ever After High. He also runs a shop by the same name in Wonderland, but it was abandoned after the Evil Queen (Raven Queen's mother) cast a curse upon the land. The Mad Hatter plays a small role as a fairytale creature and has two lines including, \"They ridiculed",
"title": "Hatter (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)"
},
{
"id": "20993914",
"text": "was certified double-platinum by Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on February 26, 2018. It was previously, in 2017, certified gold and platinum on January 6 and March 2, respectively. \"You Was Right\" is Uzi Vert's first solo single to be certified platinum in the United States, with his second platinum-certified solo single appearing three weeks later. The official music video was released on October 5, 2016. Based on \"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", it features Uzi Vert and Metro Boomin as Mad Hatters in a tea party, with the latter handling an MPC. It was directed by Spike Jordan, showing",
"title": "You Was Right"
},
{
"id": "19685263",
"text": "some very uncomfortable-looking contact lenses, he can't even be bothered to keep his accent straight (it vacillates between an effete lisp and an angry Scottish brogue) ... he acts like even being on set was a chore. It wouldn't have been a surprise to see him break the fourth wall, take the blue pill and return home to Paris. Frankly, with how much the film drags, you'll probably wish he had.\" Tarrant Hightopp Tarrant Hightopp, also known as the Mad Hatter, is a fictional character in the 2010 film \"Alice in Wonderland\" and its 2016 sequel \"Alice Through the Looking",
"title": "Tarrant Hightopp"
},
{
"id": "20607138",
"text": "in the film. In May 2018, Burt Reynolds, Tim Roth, Kurt Russell, and Michael Madsen joined the cast with the latter three in small roles. Timothy Olyphant was also cast. In June 2018, Damian Lewis, Luke Perry, Emile Hirsch, Dakota Fanning, Clifton Collins Jr., Keith Jefferson, Nicholas Hammond, Pacino, and Scoot McNairy joined the cast. Actress Jameela Jamil used Twitter to condemn the casting of Hirsch, who had been cast as Jay Sebring two days prior, as he had assaulted her friend, studio executive Daniele Bernfeld during the 2015 Sundance Film Festival. Hirsch had been convicted and sentenced to 15",
"title": "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood"
},
{
"id": "2185288",
"text": "Days at Peking\" (1963). After his return to Australia as co-director of The Australian Ballet, he continued to appear in films. Notable productions included one of his most recognized screen roles, the evil and sinister Child Catcher in the family classic \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\" (1968). His performance in the film was later rated by \"Empire\" magazine as among the 100 most frightening ever filmed. Another family film he starred in was \"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\" (1972), in which he portrayed the Mad Hatter. And for The Australian Ballet he co-directed with Rudolf Nureyev the ballet-film \"Don Quixote\" (1973), in",
"title": "Robert Helpmann"
},
{
"id": "6409858",
"text": "and he made a brief appearance with Hope in the \"Wife, Husband and Wolf\" sketch in \"Star Spangled Rhythm.\" In 1956 he performed the featured song \"My Lucky Charm\" in the film \"Meet Me in Las Vegas\", starring Dan Dailey and Cyd Charisse. He provided the voice of the March Hare in the Walt Disney animated film version of \"Alice in Wonderland\" (1951) (another radio legend, Ed Wynn, voiced the Mad Hatter) and also lent his zany narration style to several Disney shorts, including \"Casey at the Bat\" from \"Make Mine Music\" (1946) and \"The Brave Engineer\" (1950). Colonna left",
"title": "Jerry Colonna (entertainer)"
},
{
"id": "9737359",
"text": "Andrew-Lee Potts Andrew Lee Potts (born 29 October 1979) is an English actor and director. He is best known for his role as the quirky Connor Temple on ITV's British science fiction programme \"Primeval\" and Space's Canadian spinoff \"\". He also starred as the Hatter on the SyFy mini-series \"Alice\" and was a series regular on the long-running programme \"Ideal\". Since 2006, Potts has written and directed short films through his production house, Keychain Productions. In 2008, he directed a documentary about the filming of \"Primeval\" called \"Through the Anomaly\". Potts was born and raised in Bradford, West Yorkshire. His",
"title": "Andrew-Lee Potts"
},
{
"id": "20897825",
"text": "Awards. In 2015 and whilst still in \"Wicked\", McQueen played Chrissie Starr in the workshop \"Becoming Nancy\", directed by Jerry Mitchell and based on the book by Terry Ronald. The following year, McQueen was cast as the alternate to the leading role of Sara played by Kerry Ellis in \"Murder Ballad\", in a cast that also included Ramin Karimloo, Victoria Hamilton-Barritt and Norman Bowman. In 2017 McQueen was cast as the Mad Hatter in the European premiere of Frank Wildhorn’s \"Wonderland\" alongside Kerry Ellis, Wendi Peters and Dave Willetts. The show opened at the Edinburgh Playhouse and went on to",
"title": "Natalie McQueen"
},
{
"id": "2247320",
"text": "career on stage and television. In 1985, he was also featured as the Mad Hatter in Irwin Allen's all-star television adaptation of \"Alice in Wonderland\". In his later years as a mature singer Newley recorded songs from \"Fiddler on the Roof\" and \"Scrooge\". He enjoyed his final popular success onstage when he starred in the latter musical which showed in London and toured British cities including Liverpool, Birmingham, Bristol and Manchester, in the 1990s. At the time of his death he had been working on a musical of Shakespeare's \"Richard III\". He died of renal cancer at the age of",
"title": "Anthony Newley"
},
{
"id": "20607139",
"text": "days in jail. Jamil asserted the casting as being a case of . Additional casting which included the additions of Spencer Garrett, James Remar, Brenda Vaccaro and Mike Moh was announced in July. In August 2018, additional castings were made, including Damon Herriman as Charles Manson, and Lena Dunham, Austin Butler, Danny Strong, Rumer Willis, Dreama Walker, and Margaret Qualley cast in supporting roles. Principal photography began on June 18, 2018, in Los Angeles, California and wrapped on November 1, 2018. Reynolds died in September 2018 before filming any of his scenes; Bruce Dern was cast as George Spahn in",
"title": "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood"
},
{
"id": "7693152",
"text": "Theophilus Carter Theophilus Carter (1824–1904) was an eccentric British furniture dealer thought by some to be an inspiration for the illustration by Sir John Tenniel of Lewis Carroll's characters the Mad Hatter in \"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\" and Hatta in \"Through the Looking-Glass\". Some writers claim that Carter was a servitor at Christ Church, one of the University of Oxford's colleges during the 1850s and 1860s, at the same time that Lewis Carroll was there. However, there is no evidence for this claim (see below). It is claimed by some sources that Carter invented The Alarm Clock Bed, exhibited at",
"title": "Theophilus Carter"
},
{
"id": "18334193",
"text": "Breakfast in Hollywood (film) Breakfast in Hollywood, also known as The Mad Hatter, is a 1946 American comedy film directed by Harold D. Schuster and written by Earl Baldwin. The film stars Tom Breneman, Bonita Granville, Beulah Bondi, Edward Ryan, Raymond Walburn, Billie Burke, ZaSu Pitts, Hedda Hopper, Andy Russell, Spike Jones and Nat King Cole. The film was released on February 26, 1946, by United Artists. TBD A woman comes to Hollywood to meet her fiancé, who does not show up. Given a ticket to a radio show, she meets a sailor who was a friend of her fiancé.",
"title": "Breakfast in Hollywood (film)"
},
{
"id": "5213493",
"text": "video, for \"Sister Twisted\", a song by Mexican band Kinky, in which he plays a Mexican cowboy who does a twisted locking and popping performance while a war against aliens occurs in the background. On August 8, 2007, Bernal and his dancing were featured in a segment of the inaugural episode of ABC's new video-clip program, \"i-Caught\". Bernal was collaborating with Michael Jackson for Michael's \"This Is It\" residency at London's O2 Arena prior to Jackson's death. Bernal was the dance double for the Mad Hatter in Tim Burton's \"Alice in Wonderland\" (2010) during the \"Futterwacken\" dance. David Bernal David",
"title": "David Bernal"
},
{
"id": "11238392",
"text": "the Mad Hatter. She is the only one who can slay the Jabberwock, a dragon-like creature that is controlled by the Red Queen and terrorizes Underland's inhabitants. The film was produced by Walt Disney Pictures and shot in the United Kingdom and the United States. The film premiered in London at the Odeon Leicester Square on February 25, 2010, and was released in Australia on March 4, 2010, and the following day in the United Kingdom and the United States through the Disney Digital 3D, RealD 3D, and IMAX 3D formats as well as in conventional theaters. It is also",
"title": "Alice in Wonderland (2010 film)"
},
{
"id": "7563175",
"text": "to wrap up Emma Swan's storyline. Later that week, actress Rebecca Mader announced that she would also be leaving the series after the sixth season wrapped. It was later announced that Ginnifer Goodwin, Josh Dallas, Jared S. Gilmore and Emilie de Ravin would also be leaving the show after the sixth season's finale aired. Along with departures, Andrew J. West and Alison Fernandez were announced to be joining the seventh season of the show as series regulars after guest starring in the previous season's finale. They will portray an older Henry Mills and his daughter Lucy respectively. In July 2017,",
"title": "Once Upon a Time (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "5184916",
"text": "Clause\". He starred as Darius Woodley in two 1961 episodes of NBC's \"The Outlaws\" television series with Barton MacLane. Also in 1961, Wayne appeared in the Bell Telephone Company-produced driver safety film \"Anatomy Of an Accident\", about a family outing tragically cut short by a car accident. He played the Mad Hatter, one of the recurring villains in the 1960s television series \"Batman\". In 1964, he guest-starred in the series finale, \"Pay Now, Die Later\", of CBS's drama, \"Mr. Broadway\", starring Craig Stevens as public relations specialist Mike Bell. In the storyline, Wayne's character, the wealthy John Zeck, hires Bell",
"title": "David Wayne"
},
{
"id": "3514408",
"text": "Mad Hatter (comics) The Mad Hatter (Jervis Tetch) is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, commonly as an adversary of the superhero Batman. He is modeled after the Hatter from Lewis Carroll's novel \"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", a character often called the \"Mad Hatter\" in adaptations of Carroll. The Mad Hatter is depicted as a scientist who invents and uses technological mind-controlling devices to influence and manipulate the minds of his victims. He is one of Batman's most enduring enemies and belongs to the collective of adversaries that make up Batman's rogues gallery. Created",
"title": "Mad Hatter (comics)"
},
{
"id": "18199190",
"text": "a magical looking glass that takes her back to Wonderland, where she finds that the Mad Hatter is acting madder than usual and wants to discover the truth about his family. Alice then travels through time (with the \"Chronosphere\"), comes across friends and enemies at different points of their lives, and embarks on a race to save the Hatter before time runs out. The film premiered in London on May 10, 2016, and was theatrically released by Walt Disney Pictures on May 27, 2016. \"Alice Through the Looking Glass\" received generally unfavorable reviews from critics, and grossed $299 million on",
"title": "Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016 film)"
},
{
"id": "20607133",
"text": "themselves in the film industry. Additionally, Zoë Bell, Tim Roth, Michael Madsen, Kurt Russell, Timothy Olyphant, James Marsden, Michael Vincent McHugh, Julia Butters, James Remar, Martin Kove, Brenda Vaccaro, Nichole Galicia, Craig Stark, Marco Rodríguez, Ramón Franco, Raul Cardona, Danny Strong, Sydney Sweeney, Clu Gulager, Mikey Madison, Inbal Arimav, Natalie Cohen, Rachel Redleaf, Parker Love Bowling, and Rebecca Rittenhouse have all been cast in unspecified roles. On July 11, 2017, it was announced that Quentin Tarantino had written a screenplay for a film about the Manson Family murders, which he would direct as his next project. Harvey and Bob Weinstein",
"title": "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood"
},
{
"id": "1902418",
"text": "the Dixieland band Firehouse Five Plus Two, in which he played trombone. This version of the character was also a semi-regular on \"Bonkers\" and one of the guests in \"House of Mouse\", often seen seated with the Mad Hatter. During these appearances, the March Hare was voiced by Jesse Corti and Maurice LaMarche. The March Hare also appears in the \"Mad T Party\" in Disney's California Adventure park. He is based on the 2010 film's Thackery Earwicket interpretation, and plays bass guitar. He is often found hopping around with Mallymkun the Dormouse on stage. The March Hare appears in the",
"title": "March Hare"
},
{
"id": "11073659",
"text": "the \"hard-boiled\" criminal egg, Humphrey Dumpty. And Hedda Hatter (a new character who pops into the Mad Tea Party at the behest of the Mad Hatter) is voiced by gossip columnist Hedda Hopper. It would be her last \"public appearance\"; she died two months prior to the film's initial broadcast. In the book, Alice goes through a looking glass; in this version, she goes through a TV screen. In the book, Alice has a cat named Dinah, while in this version, she has a dog named Fluff. Rexall and Coca-Cola sponsored this feature, and characters from the movie appeared in",
"title": "Alice in Wonderland or What's a Nice Kid Like You Doing in a Place Like This?"
},
{
"id": "6797055",
"text": "January 2012, and was nominated for a 2013 Carbonell Award. In 2007-08 she appeared in the Broadway musical \"Legally Blonde\" as Vivienne Kensington. She played the Mad Hatter in the Broadway production of \"Wonderland\" in 2011. She appeared in a concert version of \"Jeykll & Hyde\" in September 2004 at the Mohegan Sun Casino's Cabaret Theatre in Uncasville, Connecticut, playing Lucy. She then toured in the United States with the concert version, starting in September 2005, and recorded the role on the \"Jekyll & Hyde: Resurrection\" album. Regional nyt Katherine Shindle Katherine Renee \"Kate\" Shindle (born January 31, 1977), Miss",
"title": "Katherine Shindle"
},
{
"id": "11897044",
"text": "and Richard Hobson. Salkin had worked for UPA (the firm that produced animations for \"Our Mr. Sun\") both as an animator and as the writer for numerous cartoon shorts. The screenplay uses characters from Lewis Carroll's \"Alice in Wonderland\". It was directed by Robert B. Sinclair, who had worked on numerous films and television programs. The cast included Cheryl Callaway (as Judy), Stanley Adams (as the theatrical agent), and Hans Conried (as the Mad Hatter). Daws Butler (uncredited) voiced several characters. The animated sequences were directed by Friz Freleng, who subsequently won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film",
"title": "The Bell System Science Series"
},
{
"id": "1508901",
"text": "as a smuggler who starts off working as a double agent for the Queen of Hearts and the Wonderland Resistance in the story; over the course of the story, he begins to side more and more with the Resistance, and ends up falling in love with Alice as he helps her along the way. In the videogame \"American McGee's Alice\", The Mad Hatter is portrayed as psychotic, literally gone \"mad\" and obsessed with time and clockworks, and considers himself to be a genius. He invents mechanical devices, often evidently using the bodies of living organisms for the base of his",
"title": "Hatter (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)"
},
{
"id": "1388452",
"text": "Joan Sims Irene Joan Marion Sims (9 May 1930 – 27 June 2001) was an English actress remembered for her roles in the \"Carry On\" films, including \"Carry On Nurse\" (1959), \"Carry On Cleo\" (1964) and \"Carry On Camping\" (1969). She played Mrs. Wembley, the cook with a liking for sherry in \"On the Up\" (1990–92), and Madge Hardcastle in \"As Time Goes By\" (1994–98). Sims was born on 9 May 1930, the only child of John Henry Sims (1888-1964), station master of Laindon railway station in Essex, and his wife Gladys Marie Sims, née Ladbrook (1896-1981). Sims's early interest",
"title": "Joan Sims"
},
{
"id": "12308890",
"text": "dubs of Disney films. These include Jiminy Cricket in \"Pinocchio\", The Mad Hatter in \"Alice in Wonderland\" and the Sheriff of Nottingham in \"Robin Hood\". Through his marriage to actress Jone Romano, he was the stepfather of actor Aleardo Ward and the step-grandfather of voice actors Luca, Andrea and Monica Ward. He also had five children from his second marriage. Romano died in Rome on 16 October 1975 at the age of 67. Carlo Romano Carlo Romano (8 May 1908 – 16 October 1975) was an Italian actor, screenwriter and voice actor. Romano was the son of actress Dina Romano",
"title": "Carlo Romano"
},
{
"id": "797510",
"text": "in which he portrayed real-life gangster John Dillinger. The next Depp-Burton collaboration was \"Alice in Wonderland\" (2010), in which he played the Mad Hatter alongside Helena Bonham Carter, Anne Hathaway and Alan Rickman. The following year saw the release of the fourth installment in the \"Pirates\" series, \"\" (2011), which was again a box office success. Depp also voiced the title character, a lizard, in the animated film \"Rango\" (2011). Depp returned to Hunter S. Thompson's work with a film adaptation of the novel \"The Rum Diary\", which also became the first project undertaken by his production company, Infinitum Nihil.",
"title": "Johnny Depp"
},
{
"id": "7563162",
"text": "score of 66 out of 100 based on 26 reviews. The pilot episode was watched by 12.93 million viewers and achieved an adult 18–49 rating/share of 4.0/10. The second season premiered on September 30, 2012, to an audience of 11.36 million viewers, while the third season began on September 29, 2013, opening to 8.52 million viewers. In May 2014, ABC renewed the show for its fourth season, premiering in September 2014 to an audience of 9.47 million viewers. The series was renewed for a fifth season in May 2015 and for a sixth season in March 2016. On May 11,",
"title": "Once Upon a Time (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "427561",
"text": "place in Antony House in Torpoint. 250 local extras were chosen in early August. Other production work took place in London. The film was originally to be released in 2009, but was pushed to March 5, 2010. Johnny Depp plays the Mad Hatter, while Matt Lucas is both Tweedledee and Tweedledum; Helena Bonham Carter portrays the Red Queen; Stephen Fry is the Cheshire Cat; Anne Hathaway stars as the White Queen; Alan Rickman voices Absolem the Caterpillar, Michael Sheen voices McTwisp the White Rabbit and Crispin Glover's head and voice were added onto a CGI body to play the Knave",
"title": "Tim Burton"
},
{
"id": "1879343",
"text": "Buddy Hackett Buddy Hackett (born Leonard Hacker; August 31, 1924 – June 30, 2003) was an American comedian and actor. His best remembered roles include Marcellus Washburn in \"The Music Man\" (1962), Benjy Benjamin in \"It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World\" (1963), Tennessee Steinmetz in \"The Love Bug\" (1968), and Scuttle in \"The Little Mermaid\" (1989). Hackett was born in Brooklyn, New York to Anna (née Geller) and Philip Hacker, an upholsterer and part-time inventor. He grew up on 54th and 14th Ave in Borough Park, Brooklyn, across from Public School 103. He graduated from New Utrecht High School",
"title": "Buddy Hackett"
},
{
"id": "15466507",
"text": "and a half\" (1974). Shefer also dubbed cartoon series, such as \"Maya the Honey Bee\" (as Philip the top-hatted grasshopper), the TV series \"Pippi Longstocking\", and \"Alice in Wonderland\" (as the Mad Hatter). Shefer died at his home in Tel Aviv at the age of 85. Reuven Shefer Reuven Shefer (7 June 1925 – 22 March 2011) was an Israeli theater and film actor. Shefer was born in Tel Aviv in 1925. In 1957 Shefer joined the band \"The Theatre Club Quartet\" (רביעיית מועדון התיאטרון). Shefer played through two decades in the Giora Godik Theater and the Haifa Theatre and",
"title": "Reuven Shefer"
},
{
"id": "16160848",
"text": "Benedict Samuel Benedict Samuel (born 15 April 1988) is an Australian actor, writer and director best known for playing Jervis Tetch/Mad Hatter in the Fox crime series \"Gotham\". Samuel was born in Sydney, Australia, to Maree and Clifford Samuel. The youngest of three siblings, his brother is actor Xavier Samuel and his sister, Bridget Samuel, the eldest, is a stage manager. Benedict is graduate of The National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA). Following his education at NIDA, Samuel began writing and directing a number of short films including \"Sanctuary\" which was released in 2012 and will star his brother Xavier",
"title": "Benedict Samuel"
},
{
"id": "17696340",
"text": "Joyce Reynolds (actress) Joyce Reynolds (born October 7, 1924) is a former American film actress who was under contract with Warner Bros. during the 1940s. Born in Detroit, Michigan, or Texas, Reynolds attended the University of California, Los Angeles. A talent scout who saw her in a play there arranged for a screen test, which led to a film contract. Reynolds made her acting debut with a small part in the 1942 film \"Yankee Doodle Dandy\". Her roles became more substantial throughout the decade, appearing in movies such as \"George Washington Slept Here\" as Madge, \"The Constant Nymph\" as Paula",
"title": "Joyce Reynolds (actress)"
},
{
"id": "12366698",
"text": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World is a 1963 American epic comedy film produced and directed by Stanley Kramer and starring Spencer Tracy with an all-star cast, about the madcap pursuit of $350,000 in stolen cash by a diverse and colorful group of strangers. The ensemble comedy premiered on November 7, 1963. The cast features Edie Adams, Milton Berle, Sid Caesar, Buddy Hackett, Ethel Merman, Mickey Rooney, Phil Silvers, Terry-Thomas, and Jonathan Winters. The film marked the first time that Kramer had directed a comedy, though he had produced the comedy \"So",
"title": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World"
},
{
"id": "13429906",
"text": "in June 2009, as \"Annie\", opposite Robert Cuccioli. Snelson originated the role of the Mad Hatter in the world premiere of the new Frank Wildhorn musical \"\". The musical had its world premiere on November 24, 2009 in previews and officially December 5, 2009 at The David A. Straz Jr. Center for the Performing Arts, Tampa, Florida, and opened at the Alley Theatre, Houston on January 15, 2010. While the plot of the show was reviewed poorly (though the production good), Snelson received great reviews for her portrayal, which featured her performing difficult choreography (by Marguerite Derricks) while singing \"high",
"title": "Nikki Snelson"
},
{
"id": "10923711",
"text": "Mad Hatter (horse) Mad Hatter (foaled 1916 in Kentucky) was an American-bred Thoroughbred racehorse who was named U.S. Champion Older Male Horse in 1921. Bred by August Belmont, Jr., he was sired by the great Fair Play, the sire of Man o' War, out of another Rock Sand mare, Mad Cap. He was foaled one year earlier than Man o'War and was a full brother to Belmont Stakes winner Mad Play. Trained by Sam Hildreth and ridden most of the time by the great jockey Earl Sande, Mad Hatter was known as much for his erratic temperament as for his",
"title": "Mad Hatter (horse)"
},
{
"id": "15794220",
"text": "the Royal Ballet. In 2005, in his first season with the Royal Ballet McRae jumped on the occasion to dance Symphonic Variations by Frederick Ashton, which is an iconic piece of the Royal Ballet. Symphonic Variations was Ashton’s first work after World War II, and one of the Company’s first to be performed on the huge main stage of the Royal Opera House. In 2011 McRae originated the role of the Mad Hatter in Christopher Wheeldon's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland at the Royal Opera House. In 2014 he originated the role of Prince Florizel in Christopher Wheeldon's new full-length ballet",
"title": "Steven McRae"
},
{
"id": "1902417",
"text": "insane.The character Reim himself is also similar to March Hare as his friend Break has the chain Mad hatter mirrors the friendship of the Hatter and the Hare's. Disney's \"Alice in Wonderland\", an animated film, depicted the March Hare at the tea party as being deliriously confused. He repeatedly offers Alice a cup of tea, but distractedly pulls the cup out of her reach or takes it from her hands just as she is about to drink. He was voiced by Jerry Colonna, after whom his appearance and personality were modelled. He was animated by Ward Kimball. Kimball also led",
"title": "March Hare"
},
{
"id": "14128485",
"text": "by Irving Berlin. This version of the classic story does not depict Alice's (Ruth Gilbert) arrival in Wonderland, nor the events of the first four chapters of the book. Immediately after the opening credits, the confused heroine simply discovers herself in a strange forest without explanation or introduction. She soon meets the White Rabbit (Ralph Hertz), the bad-tempered Cook (Lillian Ardell) and the Duchess (Mabel Wright). She joins a mad tea-party with the Mad Hatter (Leslie King), the March Hare (Meyer Berensen) and the Dormouse (Raymond Schultz), while the Cheshire Cat (Tom Corless) leaves his grin behind. The Caterpillar (Jimmy",
"title": "Alice in Wonderland (1931 film)"
},
{
"id": "16869564",
"text": "Regina (Lana Parrilla) everything she needs to know about magic. It is not as easy as it seems, especially after she struggles to take the heart out of a unicorn. She protests over doing this, but he tells Regina, “Nothing is innocent,” before taking the unicorn's heart out himself. He also tells her not even magic will bring her fiancé Daniel (Noah Bean) back to life. The Mad Hatter/Jefferson (Sebastian Stan) later arrives to overhear the two and shows off a crystal ball that Rumplestiltskin has requested. Rumplestiltskin, however, had told the Mad Hatter that he actually needs “the slippers”",
"title": "The Doctor (Once Upon a Time)"
},
{
"id": "12750150",
"text": "The Mad Hatter (film) The Mad Hatter is the 26th animated cartoon short subject in the \"Woody Woodpecker\" series. Released theatrically on February 16, 1948, the film was produced by Walter Lantz Productions and distributed by United Artists. Woody Woodpecker, dreaming of becoming a great screen lover, is awakened by a telegram from the studio telling him to come to work. His screen test starts at 9 a.m., and he must be wearing a top hat. The months have wrecked Woody's hat, so he has to buy a new one. Wally Walrus, proprietor of a hat store, makes a stubborn",
"title": "The Mad Hatter (film)"
},
{
"id": "7039814",
"text": "Dodgson (Ian Holm) in their room, and then, later, the Mad Hatter (voiced by Tony Haygarth) and the March Hare (voiced by Ken Campbell). Joining them for their insane tea party, she is berated for being so old and forgetful. She remembers also the lazy boating party of 4 July 1862, when the young Reverend Charles Dodgson, (Lecturer in Mathematics at Christ Church, Oxford, where her father was the Dean), had attempted to entertain her and her sisters by spinning the nonsense tale that grew to be \"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\". Via flashbacks, it is insinuated that Dodgson had an",
"title": "Dreamchild"
},
{
"id": "20170403",
"text": "Rose Reynolds Rose Alice Reynolds (born 21 February 1991) is a British actress. She is most known for her roles as Sarah Durkin in \"Wasted\", Betty Carkeek in \"Poldark\" and Alice in \"Once Upon a Time\". Reynolds was born in Devon, England, where her family still resides. She graduated from the Guildhall School of music and Drama in 2012. She has also studied performing arts at the Stage by Stage Academy in Exeter. Reynolds has spent many years of her acting career working in stage productions, which include \"Tiger Tail\", \"Candide\", \"Twelfth Night\", and \"My Children! My Africa!\". In 2013,",
"title": "Rose Reynolds"
},
{
"id": "1879359",
"text": "demise. Two days later, on July 2, 2003, he was cremated and his ashes were given to family and friends. Buddy Hackett Buddy Hackett (born Leonard Hacker; August 31, 1924 – June 30, 2003) was an American comedian and actor. His best remembered roles include Marcellus Washburn in \"The Music Man\" (1962), Benjy Benjamin in \"It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World\" (1963), Tennessee Steinmetz in \"The Love Bug\" (1968), and Scuttle in \"The Little Mermaid\" (1989). Hackett was born in Brooklyn, New York to Anna (née Geller) and Philip Hacker, an upholsterer and part-time inventor. He grew up on",
"title": "Buddy Hackett"
},
{
"id": "3564272",
"text": "Geoffrey Palmer (actor) Geoffrey Dyson Palmer, (born 4 June 1927) is an English actor known for his roles in British television sitcoms playing Jimmy Anderson in \"The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin\" (1976–79), Ben Parkinson in \"Butterflies\" (1978–83) and Lionel Hardcastle in \"As Time Goes By\" (1992–2005). His film appearances include \"A Fish Called Wanda\" (1988), \"The Madness of King George\" (1994), \"Mrs. Brown\" (1997), and \"Tomorrow Never Dies\" (1997). Palmer's early television appearances included a variety of roles in Granada Television's \"The Army Game\", two episodes of \"The Baron\" and as a property agent in \"Cathy Come Home\".",
"title": "Geoffrey Palmer (actor)"
},
{
"id": "797523",
"text": "clue about… In some ways, he's a better guitar player than I am.\" He is a friend of The Pogues' Shane MacGowan, and performed on MacGowan's first solo album. He was also a member of P, a group featuring Butthole Surfers singer Gibby Haynes, Red Hot Chili Peppers bassist Flea and Sex Pistols guitarist Steve Jones. He has appeared in music videos for Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers' \"Into the Great Wide Open\", The Lemonheads' \"It's a Shame About Ray\", Avril Lavigne's \"Alice\" (as the Mad Hatter) in 2010, and \"My Valentine\" from \"Kisses on the Bottom\" by Paul McCartney",
"title": "Johnny Depp"
},
{
"id": "1508903",
"text": "Japanese manga \"Alice in the Country of Hearts\" has been translated into English. The Hatter role is played by Blood Dupre, a crime boss and leader of a street gang called The Hatters, which controls one of the four territories of Wonderland. Sir John Tenniel's drawing of the Hatter, combined with a montage of other images from \"Alice in Wonderland\", were used as a logo by Charisma Records from 1972 onwards. The Mad Hatter in Pandora Hearts manga series is a chain (creature from the Abyss) that was contracted by Xerxes Break. The hatter basically looks like a large top",
"title": "Hatter (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)"
},
{
"id": "8444204",
"text": "Raphael Sbarge Raphael Sbarge (born February 12, 1965) is an American actor, director and producer. He is best known for his roles as Archie Hopper/Jiminy Cricket in \"Once Upon a Time\" and Kaidan Alenko in the \"Mass Effect\" trilogy. Between 2014 and 2016, he portrayed Inspector David Molk in the TNT series \"Murder in the First\". He is also known for voicing Carth Onasi in the video game \"\" and its . Sbarge was born into a theater-oriented family in New York City. His mother, Jeanne was a professional costume designer. His father, Stephen Arnold, was an artist, writer and",
"title": "Raphael Sbarge"
},
{
"id": "3514449",
"text": "wing of a hospital in Neo Gotham after Arkham Asylum closed down. By now, he has become harmless. In the \"Justice League Beyond\" story arc \"Flashdrive\", the Mad Hatter is portrayed as having died, presumably from old age. His body is kept in a vault beneath Wayne Manor with the rest of Batman's deceased rogues. The Mad Hatter appears in \"\", terrified of being removed from Arkham Asylum by the Justice League before vanishing thanks to Flash. In Year Five, Mad Hatter meets with Black Mask, Bronze Tiger, Man-Bat, Scarecrow, and Tweedledum and Tweedledee until their meeting is crashed by",
"title": "Mad Hatter (comics)"
},
{
"id": "1361169",
"text": "in roles playing villains. Crawford was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Lester Crawford and Helen Broderick, who were both vaudeville performers, as his grandparents had been. Lester appeared in films in the 1920s and 1930s. Helen Broderick had a career in Hollywood comedies, including a memorable appearance as Madge in the classic musical \"Top Hat\" and as Mabel Anderson in the Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers film \"Swing Time\". Young William joined his parents on the stage, working for producer Max Gordon. After graduating from high school in Franklin, Massachusetts, Crawford was accepted by Harvard College where he enrolled. However,",
"title": "Broderick Crawford"
},
{
"id": "7609539",
"text": "tour ended. In 1974, he acted in the TV show \"Essington\", which was followed by big screen roles in films such as \"Stone\" (1974), \"Mad Dog Morgan\" (1976), \"The Trespassers\" (1976) and \"Snapshot\" (1979). After acting in the TV drama \"The Death Train\" in 1978, Keays-Byrne garnered the role that he is best known for outside Australia: the violent gang leader \"Toecutter\" in the apocalyptic science fiction film \"Mad Max\" (1979). In the 1980s, he acted in films such as \"The Chain Reaction\" (1980), \"Strikebound\" (1984), \"Starship\" (1985) and \"The Blood of Heroes\" (1989). In 1992, he directed and acted",
"title": "Hugh Keays-Byrne"
},
{
"id": "2566056",
"text": "Once Upon a Time in America Once Upon a Time in America is a 1984 epic crime drama film co-written and directed by Italian filmmaker Sergio Leone and starring Robert De Niro and James Woods. The film is an Italian-American venture produced by The Ladd Company, Embassy International Pictures, PSO Enterprises, and Rafran Cinematografica, and distributed by Warner Bros. Based on Harry Grey's novel \"The Hoods\", it chronicles the lives of best friends David \"Noodles\" Aaronson and Maximilian \"Max\" Bercovicz as they lead a group of Jewish ghetto youths who rise to prominence as Jewish gangsters in New York City's",
"title": "Once Upon a Time in America"
},
{
"id": "1881500",
"text": "Christopher Lloyd Christopher Allen Lloyd (born October 22, 1938) is an American actor, voice actor, and comedian. Lloyd came to public attention in Northeastern theater productions during the 1960s and early 1970s, earning an Obie Award and a Drama Desk Award for his work. He made his screen debut in \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" (1975), and gained widespread recognition as Jim Ignatowski in the comedy series \"Taxi\" (1978–1983), for which he won two Emmy Awards. Lloyd also starred as Emmett \"Doc\" Brown in the \"Back to the Future\" trilogy, Judge Doom in \"Who Framed Roger Rabbit\" (1988), and",
"title": "Christopher Lloyd"
},
{
"id": "4243853",
"text": "1996, at the Broadhurst Theatre and ran for 188 performances. It starred starring Sarah Jessica Parker as Winnifred, David Aaron Baker as Dauntless, Lewis Cleale as Sir Harry, Heath Lamberts as the King, Tom Alan Robbins as the Wizard, David Hibbard as the Jester, Tom Alan Robbins as Master Merton and Jane Krakowski as Lady Larken. The production was nominated for the 1997 Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical. The musical opened Off-Broadway, produced by the Transport Group, at the Abrons Arts Center on December 13, 2015 for a limited run which ended on January 3, 2016. Directed",
"title": "Once Upon a Mattress"
},
{
"id": "11366875",
"text": "\"Illusionarium with Ellis & Webster\" and \"Something About Needles & Razorblades\". Later that year he performed \"The Wizards of Aus\" at The Melbourne Magic Festival. The 2009 Festival saw his new shows \"AspyCadabra\", and \"Ellis in Wonderland\" performed with Sue-Anne Webster. The 2010 Festival saw two new shows \"Escape From Reality\" and \"Illusionarium 2010\" and in 2011 they premiered \"Once Upon A Time...\" 2012 his solo shows \"The Mad Hatter's Magical Tea Party\" and \"Timeless Magic\" followed by three new shows in 2013 \"The Mad Hatter's History of Hattery\", \"As Seen on TV\" and \"In Dreams\". In 2014 he presented",
"title": "Tim Ellis"
},
{
"id": "17999484",
"text": "Jurgen, had been given to Nils Hognestad and Marcus Rosner respectively. Returning recurring cast members include Sean Maguire as Robin Hood, Christie Laing as Maid Marian, Giancarlo Esposito as the Magic Mirror / Sidney Glass, Beverley Elliott as Granny, Lee Arenberg as Dreamy / Grumpy / Leroy, Raphael Sbarge as Jiminy Cricket / Dr. Archie Hopper and Keegan Connor Tracy as the Blue Fairy / Mother Superior. Faustino Di Bauda also returned as Sleepy / Walter and so did Kristin Bauer van Straten as Maleficent. On September 4, it was revealed that Frances O’Connor was cast as Belle's mother, Colette",
"title": "Once Upon a Time (season 4)"
},
{
"id": "7758807",
"text": "Foster (another Hitchcock alumnus) was cast in the same role for the British TV series. He did much work on German TV, including the first episode of \"Derrick\" (\"Waldweg\", 1974). The best of his later roles was in the film \"Out of Order\" (1984), originally titled \"Abwärts\". In the German-language version of Disneys \"Alice in Wonderland\" he dubbed the Mad Hatter. Early on, Kieling also became a dubbing actor for German dubs of foreign films, being the standard dubbing voice of Glenn Ford, Frank Sinatra (in his 1950s films), and he also dubbed Charlton Heston in the first part of",
"title": "Wolfgang Kieling"
},
{
"id": "18209072",
"text": "May 24, 2016, Alice, the Mad Hatter, and Time from \"Alice Through the Looking Glass\" were added to \"Disney Infinity 3.0\". The three \"Alice\" characters were the penultimate additions to the series as Disney cancelled the \"Disney Infinity\" franchise earlier that month, with the \"Finding Dory\" playset and Dory and Nemo figures that were released the following month of June being the final releases. Alice's Curious Labyrinth is a hedge maze attraction at the Disneyland Park within Disneyland Paris. It opened in 1992 with the Park, and belongs to the British part of Fantasyland. Mad Tea Party is a spinning",
"title": "Alice in Wonderland (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "14128484",
"text": "Alice in Wonderland (1931 film) Alice in Wonderland (1931) is an independently made black-and-white Pre-Code American film based on Lewis Carroll's 1865 novel \"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", directed by Bud Pollard, produced by Hugo Maienthau, and filmed at Metropolitan Studios in Fort Lee, New Jersey. This was the first sound version of the story, and therefore the first film in which Carroll's original dialogue was heard. The film starred Ruth Gilbert as Alice and Leslie King as the Mad Hatter. The film opened at the Warner Theatre in New York City. The movie begins with a jazzy theme song written",
"title": "Alice in Wonderland (1931 film)"
},
{
"id": "4166315",
"text": "Joshua Leonard Joshua Granville Leonard (born June 17, 1975) is an American actor, writer, and director, known for his role in \"The Blair Witch Project\" (1999). He has since starred in films such as \"Madhouse\" (2004), \"The Shaggy Dog\" (2006), \"Higher Ground\" (2011), \"The Motel Life\" (2012), \"Snake and Mongoose\" (2013), \"If I Stay\" (2014), \"The Town That Dreaded Sundown\" (2014), \"6 Years\" (2015), and \"Unsane\" (2018). Leonard was born in Houston, Texas, the son of Joann, an author, and Robert Leonard, a theater professor at Pennsylvania State University. He was raised in State College, Pennsylvania. Leonard obtained his GED",
"title": "Joshua Leonard"
},
{
"id": "7192230",
"text": "Keegan Connor Tracy Keegan Connor Tracy (born December 3, 1971) is a Canadian actress. She is best known for her roles as Audrey Malone in the Showtime comedy-drama series \"Beggars and Choosers\" (1999–2000), the Blue Fairy in the ABC fantasy series \"Once Upon a Time\" (2011–18), Miss Blaire Watson in the A&E drama series \"Bates Motel\" (2013–16), and Professor Lipson in the Syfy fantasy series \"The Magicians\" (2016–18). Tracy's other notable work includes roles on the television series \"Stargate SG-1\", \"Jake 2.0\", \"The 4400\", \"Psych\", \"Battlestar Galactica\", and \"Supernatural\". In film, she is best known for her roles as Kat",
"title": "Keegan Connor Tracy"
},
{
"id": "3617020",
"text": "to what he perceived as the essence of the story: \"Once you take the animal heads off, you begin to see what it's all about. A small child, surrounded by hurrying, worried people, thinking 'Is that what being grown up is like?'\" The play featured a number of prominent British actors including Michael Redgrave (as the Caterpillar), John Gielgud (as the Mock Turtle), and Peter Sellers (as the King of Hearts), as well as two of Miller's fellow cast members from \"Beyond the Fringe\", Peter Cook and Alan Bennett as the Mad Hatter and the Mouse, respectively. The title role",
"title": "Alice in Wonderland (1966 TV play)"
},
{
"id": "12419762",
"text": "Mad as a hatter \"Mad as a hatter\" is a colloquial English phrase used in conversation to suggest (lightheartedly) that a person is suffering from insanity. It is believed to emanate from Denton, Tameside in the North of England where men in the area predominantly worked in the hattery business which used mercury in the hat making process. Mercury poisoning causes symptoms similar to madness and death often occurred with the accumulation of mercury in the body.The earliest known appearance of the phrase in print is in an 1829 issue of \"Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine\". The origin of the saying may",
"title": "Mad as a hatter"
},
{
"id": "9969130",
"text": "won a Golden Globe Award for this role, and won an Emmy for Outstanding Guest Actor In A Drama Series. He guest starred on \"How I Met Your Mother\" in the role of Barney Stinson's father, Jerry. John voiced The White Rabbit in the ABC mini-series, \"Once Upon a Time in Wonderland\". Lithgow portrays Winston Churchill in the 2016 Netflix drama series \"The Crown\" for which he won a Screen Actors Guild Award and an Emmy. He also starred as a professor of poetry who becomes implicated in the murder of his wife in the first season (spring 2017) of",
"title": "John Lithgow"
},
{
"id": "14128489",
"text": "even some doubt as to whether prints of it still existed. It has never been shown on television. Alice in Wonderland (1931 film) Alice in Wonderland (1931) is an independently made black-and-white Pre-Code American film based on Lewis Carroll's 1865 novel \"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", directed by Bud Pollard, produced by Hugo Maienthau, and filmed at Metropolitan Studios in Fort Lee, New Jersey. This was the first sound version of the story, and therefore the first film in which Carroll's original dialogue was heard. The film starred Ruth Gilbert as Alice and Leslie King as the Mad Hatter. The film",
"title": "Alice in Wonderland (1931 film)"
},
{
"id": "5676227",
"text": "Kimberly Elise Kimberly Elise Trammel (born April 17, 1967), professionally known as Kimberly Elise, is an American film and television actress. She made her feature film debut in \"Set It Off\" (1996), and later received critical acclaim for her performance in \"Beloved\" (1998). During her career, Elise has appeared in films such as \"John Q.\" (2002), \"The Manchurian Candidate\" (2004), \"Diary of a Mad Black Woman\" (2005), \"The Great Debaters\" (2007), \"For Colored Girls\" (2010), \"Dope\" (2015), \"Almost Christmas\" (2016) and \"Death Wish\" (2018). She received a nomination for Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead for her performance in",
"title": "Kimberly Elise"
},
{
"id": "1508885",
"text": "Hatta as sipping from a teacup as he did in the original novel. Alice does not comment on whether Hatta is the Hatter of her earlier dream. Mercury was used in the manufacturing of felt hats during the 19th century, causing a high rate of mercury poisoning among those working in the hat industry. Mercury poisoning causes neurological damage, including slurred speech, memory loss, and tremors, which led to the phrase \"mad as a hatter\". In the Victorian age, many workers in the textile industry, including hatters, often suffered from starvation and overwork, and were particularly prone to develop illnesses",
"title": "Hatter (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)"
},
{
"id": "8929369",
"text": "Brennan rented a house from their other roommate, Al. During the summer, Brennan, Jobs, and Steve Wozniak found an advertisement posted on the De Anza College bulletin board for a job that required people to dress up as characters from \"Alice in Wonderland.\" Brennan portrayed Alice while Wozniak, Jobs, and Al portrayed the White Rabbit and the Mad Hatter. Later in the year, Jobs enrolled at Reed College in Portland, Oregon. Reed was an expensive school that Paul and Clara could ill afford, and they were spending much of their life savings on their son's higher education. Brennan remained involved",
"title": "Steve Jobs"
},
{
"id": "9784050",
"text": "episode, based on the \"Alice in Wonderland\" story, Lelouch is narrating the story and appears in the role as the Mad Hatter. Lelouch vi Britannia is the son of the Emperor of Britannia, Charles zi Britannia, and the late Imperial Consort Marianne, making Lelouch the Eleventh Prince of the Holy Britannian Empire. He was seventeenth in line to the Imperial throne prior to his mother's assassination, an event which also left his sister blind and crippled. His father banished him and his sister Nunnally to Japan, where they were used as political tools. It was during his stay at the",
"title": "Lelouch Lamperouge"
},
{
"id": "13551374",
"text": "Amy Manson Amy Manson (born 9 September 1985) is a Scottish actress, known for portraying Alice Guppy in \"Torchwood\", Abby Evans in \"Casualty\", Lizzie Siddal in \"Desperate Romantics\", Daisy Hannigan-Spiteri in \"Being Human\", Medea in \"Atlantis\", and Merida in the fifth season of the ABC fairy tale drama series \"Once Upon a Time\". Born and brought up in Aberdeenshire, Manson has a sister, Ailsa and a brother, James. She attended Stage Coach, a Saturday drama school, before leaving home for London at the age of seventeen. She trained at the Central School of Speech and Drama, leaving early to film",
"title": "Amy Manson"
},
{
"id": "7609537",
"text": "Hugh Keays-Byrne Hugh Keays-Byrne (born 18 May 1947) is an English Australian character actor. He moved to Australia in 1973 and is well-known there as a television and film actor. Outside Australia, he is best known for his role as Toad in the 1974 film \"Stone\", the main antagonist Toecutter in the 1979 film \"Mad Max\", the main antagonist \"Immortan Joe\" in the 2015 film \"\", and Grunchlk on the science fiction television series \"Farscape\". Keays-Byrne was born in Srinagar, in the state Jammu and Kashmir in India, to British parents. His family moved to Britain when he was a",
"title": "Hugh Keays-Byrne"
},
{
"id": "9240044",
"text": "Stanley Lebor Stanley Harvey Lebor (24 September 1934 – 22 November 2014) was an English actor, best known for his role as Howard Hughes in the 1980s BBC TV comedy-drama series, \"Ever Decreasing Circles\" and the Mongon Doctor in \"Flash Gordon\" (1980) and as RSM Lord in \"A Bridge Too Far\" (1977). Before this, he was better known for villainous roles in series such as \"Jason King\" and \"The Tomorrow People\". Lebor was born in East Ham, London. In 1961 he joined the Radio Drama Company by winning the Carlton Hobbs Bursary. He has appeared in \"Minder\" in the Series",
"title": "Stanley Lebor"
},
{
"id": "16843081",
"text": "that they will find a way to get Emma and Snow/Mary Margaret back, together. Later that day, the Mad Hatter is finally reunited with his daughter, Paige/Grace, and Henry watches this from a distance. He is soon joined by Charming, who buys a pair of wooden swords to teach Henry how to defend himself. As they are sword-playing, King George/Albert Spencer secretly watches them in his car from a distance. \"Lady of the Lake\" was co-written by producers Andrew Chambliss & Ian Goldberg, while being directed by \"24\" veteran Milan Cheylov. The pit that Emma, Snow White/Mary Margaret, and Cora",
"title": "Lady of the Lake (Once Upon a Time)"
},
{
"id": "8444208",
"text": "Jim McCourt, an Internal Affairs Agent. He had a recurring role as Howard Aucker on \"The Young and the Restless\". He played Brian McGuire on \"Better Days\", which lasted for five weeks before being canceled. In 2011, he first appeared in \"Once Upon a Time\", playing the dual roles of Archie Hopper, a therapist, and his fairy tale counterpart, Jiminy Cricket from \"Pinocchio\". In 2013, he played Larry Hermann on \"Chicago Fire\". He played Inspector David Molk, a philosophizing SFPD homicide inspector, on TNT's 2014 series, \"Murder in the First\". In 2016, he made a cameo appearance as the deceased",
"title": "Raphael Sbarge"
},
{
"id": "9061609",
"text": "Gayle Moran Gayle Moran is a vocalist, keyboard player (piano, organ, and synthesizer), and songwriter born in 1943. She was a member of the Mahavishnu Orchestra during the mid-1970s, appearing on \"Apocalypse\" (1974) and \"Visions of the Emerald Beyond\" (1975). She later appeared on recordings by Return to Forever's 1977 album \"Musicmagic\" and the Chick Corea solo albums \"The Leprechaun\" (1975), \"My Spanish Heart\" (1976), \"The Mad Hatter\" (1978), \"Secret Agent\" (1978) and \"Touchstone\" (1982). She also had a part in the making of a song titled \"Afterlife\" in the 2007 film \"War\" starring Jet Li and Jason Statham. Other",
"title": "Gayle Moran"
},
{
"id": "3234727",
"text": "Martin Balsam Martin Henry Balsam (November 4, 1919 – February 13, 1996) was an American character actor. He is best known for a number of renowned film roles, including detective Milton Arbogast in Alfred Hitchcock's \"Psycho\" (1960), Arnold Burns in \"A Thousand Clowns\" (1965) (for which he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor), Juror #1 in \"12 Angry Men\" (1957), and Mr. Green in \"The Taking of Pelham One Two Three\" (1974), as well as for his role as Murray Klein in the television sitcom \"Archie Bunker's Place\" (1979–1983). Martin Henry Balsam was born in the Bronx borough",
"title": "Martin Balsam"
},
{
"id": "7563148",
"text": "and popular Western literature, folklore, and fairy tales. \"Once Upon a Time\" was created by \"Lost\" and \"\" writers Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz. A spin-off series, \"Once Upon a Time in Wonderland\", consisting of 13 episodes which followed the titular character from \"Alice in Wonderland\", premiered on October 10, 2013 and concluded on April 3, 2014. For the first six seasons, the series originally took place in the fictional seaside town of Storybrooke, Maine, in which the residents are actually characters from various fairy tales and other stories that were transported to the real world town and robbed of",
"title": "Once Upon a Time (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "5676239",
"text": "CableACE Award Chicago Film Critics Association Awards Golden Satellite Awards NAACP Image Awards Independent Spirit Awards Kimberly Elise Kimberly Elise Trammel (born April 17, 1967), professionally known as Kimberly Elise, is an American film and television actress. She made her feature film debut in \"Set It Off\" (1996), and later received critical acclaim for her performance in \"Beloved\" (1998). During her career, Elise has appeared in films such as \"John Q.\" (2002), \"The Manchurian Candidate\" (2004), \"Diary of a Mad Black Woman\" (2005), \"The Great Debaters\" (2007), \"For Colored Girls\" (2010), \"Dope\" (2015), \"Almost Christmas\" (2016) and \"Death Wish\" (2018).",
"title": "Kimberly Elise"
}
] | who played mad hatter in once upon a time |
[
"Johannes Kepler"
] | [
{
"id": "10552472",
"text": "the best astronomical observations of his era. To explain the epicycles, Ptolemy adopted the geocentric cosmology of Aristotle, according to which planets were confined to concentric rotating spheres. This model of the universe was authoritative for nearly 1500 years. The modern understanding of planetary motion arose from the combined efforts of astronomer Tycho Brahe and physicist Johannes Kepler in the 16th century. Tycho is credited with extremely accurate measurements of planetary motions, from which Kepler was able to derive his laws of planetary motion. According to these laws, planets move on ellipses (not epicycles) about the Sun (not the Earth).",
"title": "Newton's theorem of revolving orbits"
},
{
"id": "231915",
"text": "Kepler's laws of planetary motion In astronomy, Kepler's laws of planetary motion are three scientific laws describing the motion of planets around the Sun. Most planetary orbits are nearly circular, and careful observation and calculation are required in order to establish that they are not perfectly circular. Calculations of the orbit of Mars, whose published values are somewhat suspect, indicated an elliptical orbit. From this, Johannes Kepler inferred that other bodies in the Solar System, including those farther away from the Sun, also have elliptical orbits. Kepler's work (published between 1609 and 1619) improved the heliocentric theory of Nicolaus Copernicus,",
"title": "Kepler's laws of planetary motion"
},
{
"id": "10386263",
"text": "The Kepler problem derives its name from Johannes Kepler, who worked as an assistant to the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe. Brahe took extraordinarily accurate measurements of the motion of the planets of the Solar System. From these measurements, Kepler was able to formulate Kepler's laws, the first modern description of planetary motion: Kepler published the first two laws in 1609 and the third law in 1619. They supplanted earlier models of the Solar System, such as those of Ptolemy and Copernicus. Kepler's laws apply only in the limited case of the two-body problem. Voltaire and Émilie du Châtelet were the",
"title": "Two-body problem in general relativity"
},
{
"id": "1868330",
"text": "BC by Aristarchus of Samos, but received no support from most other ancient astronomers. \"De revolutionibus orbium coelestium\" by Nicolaus Copernicus, published in 1543, was the first mathematically predictive heliocentric model of a planetary system. 17th-century successors Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, and Isaac Newton developed an understanding of physics which led to the gradual acceptance of the idea that the Earth moves round the Sun and that the planets are governed by the same physical laws that governed the Earth. In the 16th century the Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno, an early supporter of the Copernican theory that the Earth and",
"title": "Planetary system"
},
{
"id": "210169",
"text": "Johannes Kepler Johannes Kepler (; ; December 27, 1571 – November 15, 1630) was a German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer. Kepler is a key figure in the 17th-century scientific revolution. He is best known for his laws of planetary motion, based on his works \"Astronomia nova\", \"Harmonices Mundi\", and \"Epitome of Copernican Astronomy\". These works also provided one of the foundations for Isaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation. Kepler was a mathematics teacher at a seminary school in Graz, where he became an associate of Prince Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg. Later he became an assistant to the astronomer Tycho Brahe",
"title": "Johannes Kepler"
},
{
"id": "173843",
"text": "Celestial Spheres\") was published just before his death in 1543 and, as it is now generally considered to mark the beginning of modern astronomy, is also considered to mark the beginning of the Scientific revolution. Copernicus' new perspective, along with the accurate observations made by Tycho Brahe, enabled German astronomer Johannes Kepler (1571–1630) to formulate his laws regarding planetary motion that remain in use today. The Italian mathematician, astronomer, and physicist Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) was the central figure in the Scientific revolution and famous for his support for Copernicanism, his astronomical discoveries, empirical experiments and his improvement of the telescope.",
"title": "History of physics"
},
{
"id": "984029",
"text": "planetary positions, using geometrical or arithmetical techniques, and contemporary discussions of the physical causes of the planets' motion. Johannes Kepler (1571–1630) was the first to closely integrate the predictive geometrical astronomy, which had been dominant from Ptolemy in the 2nd century to Copernicus, with physical concepts to produce a \"New Astronomy, Based upon Causes, or Celestial Physics\" in 1609. His work led to the modern laws of planetary orbits, which he developed using his physical principles and the planetary observations made by Tycho Brahe. Kepler's model greatly improved the accuracy of predictions of planetary motion, years before Isaac Newton developed",
"title": "Celestial mechanics"
},
{
"id": "7373719",
"text": "so, reluctantly, did John Buridan and Nicole Oresme in the fourteenth century. Not until Nicolaus Copernicus in 1543 adopted a heliocentric world system did the contemporary understanding of earth's rotation begin to be established. Copernicus pointed out that if the movement of the earth is violent, then the movement of the stars must be very much more so. He acknowledged the contribution of the Pythagoreans and pointed to examples of relative motion. For Copernicus this was the first step in establishing the simpler pattern of planets circling a central sun. Tycho Brahe, who produced accurate observations on which Kepler based",
"title": "Earth's rotation"
},
{
"id": "231918",
"text": "Earth is approximately which is close to the correct value (0.016710219) (see Earth's orbit). The calculation is correct when perihelion, the date the Earth is closest to the Sun, falls on a solstice. The current perihelion, near January 3, is fairly close to the solstice of December 21 or 22. It took nearly two centuries for the current formulation of Kepler's work to take on its settled form. Voltaire's \"Eléments de la philosophie de Newton\" (Elements of Newton's Philosophy) of 1738 was the first publication to use the terminology of \"laws\". The \"Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers\" in its article on",
"title": "Kepler's laws of planetary motion"
},
{
"id": "5986863",
"text": "supernova (SN 1572 - thought, at the time, to be a comet) is observed by Tycho Brahe, who proves that it is traveling beyond Earth's atmosphere and therefore provides the first evidence that the heavens can change. Dutch eyeglass maker Hans Lippershey tries to patent a refracting telescope (the first historical record of one). The invention spreads rapidly across Europe, as scientists make their own instruments. Their discoveries begin a revolution in astronomy. Johannes Kepler publishes his \"New Astronomy\". In this and later works, he announces his three laws of planetary motion, replacing the circular orbits of Plato with elliptical",
"title": "Timeline of astronomy"
},
{
"id": "307177",
"text": "motions. Although the idea that the planets orbited the Sun had been suggested many times, it was not until the 17th century that this view was supported by evidence from the first telescopic astronomical observations, performed by Galileo Galilei. At about the same time, by careful analysis of pre-telescopic observational data collected by Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler found the planets' orbits were elliptical rather than circular. As observational tools improved, astronomers saw that, like Earth, each of the planets rotated around an axis tilted with respect to its orbital pole, and some shared such features as ice caps and seasons.",
"title": "Planet"
},
{
"id": "307182",
"text": "of the Universe and that all the \"planets\" circled Earth. The reasons for this perception were that stars and planets appeared to revolve around Earth each day and the apparently common-sense perceptions that Earth was solid and stable and that it was not moving but at rest. The first civilization known to have a functional theory of the planets were the Babylonians, who lived in Mesopotamia in the first and second millennia BC. The oldest surviving planetary astronomical text is the Babylonian Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa, a 7th-century BC copy of a list of observations of the motions of the",
"title": "Planet"
},
{
"id": "16394954",
"text": "begin a paradigm shift away from the Ptolemaic geocentric model to a heliocentric model. The Copernican revolution, as this paradigm shift would come to be called, would last until Isaac Newton’s work over a century later. Johannes Kepler published his first two laws about planetary motion in 1609, having found them by analyzing the astronomical observations of Tycho Brahe. Kepler's third law was published in 1619. The first law was \"The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the two foci.\" On 7 January 1610 Galileo used his telescope, with optics superior to what",
"title": "History of the center of the Universe"
},
{
"id": "173837",
"text": "have convinced a Sufi theologian that the world turns on an axis. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274), a Persian astronomer and mathematician who died in Baghdad, authored the \"Treasury of Astronomy\", a remarkably accurate table of planetary movements that reformed the existing planetary model of Roman astronomer Ptolemy by describing a uniform circular motion of all planets in their orbits. This work led to the later discovery, by one of his students, that planets actually have an elliptical orbit. Copernicus later drew heavily on the work of al-Din al-Tusi and his students, but without acknowledgment. The gradual chipping away of the",
"title": "History of physics"
},
{
"id": "307186",
"text": "for most of the astronomical movements observed from Earth with the naked eye. These theories would reach their fullest expression in the \"Almagest\" written by Ptolemy in the 2nd century CE. So complete was the domination of Ptolemy's model that it superseded all previous works on astronomy and remained the definitive astronomical text in the Western world for 13 centuries. To the Greeks and Romans there were seven known planets, each presumed to be circling Earth according to the complex laws laid out by Ptolemy. They were, in increasing order from Earth (in Ptolemy's order and using modern names): the",
"title": "Planet"
},
{
"id": "12527264",
"text": "we know it. These later became decisive factors in forming modern science, and their early application came to be known as classical mechanics. In his \"Elementa super demonstrationem ponderum\", medieval mathematician Jordanus de Nemore introduced the concept of \"positional gravity\" and the use of component forces. The first published causal explanation of the motions of planets was Johannes Kepler's \"Astronomia nova,\" published in 1609. He concluded, based on Tycho Brahe's observations on the orbit of Mars, that the planet's orbits were ellipses. This break with ancient thought was happening around the same time that Galileo was proposing abstract mathematical laws",
"title": "Classical mechanics"
},
{
"id": "231940",
"text": "\"θ\" by Kepler's first law: Using the relation above between \"θ\" and \"E\" the final equation for the distance \"r\" is: Kepler's laws of planetary motion In astronomy, Kepler's laws of planetary motion are three scientific laws describing the motion of planets around the Sun. Most planetary orbits are nearly circular, and careful observation and calculation are required in order to establish that they are not perfectly circular. Calculations of the orbit of Mars, whose published values are somewhat suspect, indicated an elliptical orbit. From this, Johannes Kepler inferred that other bodies in the Solar System, including those farther away",
"title": "Kepler's laws of planetary motion"
},
{
"id": "252836",
"text": "observations of the planet Mars, Kepler spent the next five years developing his own method for characterizing planetary motion. In 1609, Johannes Kepler published his three laws of planetary motion, explaining how the planets orbit the Sun. In Kepler's final planetary model, he described planetary orbits as following elliptical paths with the Sun at a focal point of the ellipse. Kepler discovered that the square of the orbital period of each planet is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit, or equivalently, that the ratio of these two values is constant for all planets in",
"title": "Mass"
},
{
"id": "12870",
"text": "comparable figures ( and Earth radii), and so Ptolemy's approximate Earth–Sun distance survived through the 16th century. Johannes Kepler was the first to realize that Ptolemy's estimate must be significantly too low (according to Kepler, at least by a factor of three) in his \"Rudolphine Tables\" (1627). Kepler's laws of planetary motion allowed astronomers to calculate the relative distances of the planets from the Sun, and rekindled interest in measuring the absolute value for Earth (which could then be applied to the other planets). The invention of the telescope allowed far more accurate measurements of angles than is possible with",
"title": "Astronomical unit"
},
{
"id": "188883",
"text": "became incorporated with many aspects of the functioning of nation-states. The scientific revolution is a convenient boundary between ancient thought and classical physics. Nicolaus Copernicus revived the heliocentric model of the solar system described by Aristarchus of Samos. This was followed by the first known model of planetary motion given by Johannes Kepler in the early 17th century, which proposed that the planets follow elliptical orbits, with the Sun at one focus of the ellipse. Galileo (\"\"Father of Modern Physics\"\") also made use of experiments to validate physical theories, a key element of the scientific method. William Gilbert did some",
"title": "History of science"
},
{
"id": "2174947",
"text": "polyhedra and the sizes of the planets' orbits. His search failed in its original objective, but out of this research came Kepler's discoveries of the Kepler solids as regular polytopes, the realisation that the orbits of planets are not circles, and the laws of planetary motion for which he is now famous. In Kepler's time only five planets (excluding the earth) were known, nicely matching the number of Platonic solids. Kepler's work, and the discovery since that time of Uranus and Neptune, have invalidated the Pythagorean idea. Around the same time as the Pythagoreans, Plato described a theory of matter",
"title": "Regular polyhedron"
},
{
"id": "820121",
"text": "the Earth from its central position. Pliny and Seneca referred to the retrograde motion of some planets as an apparent (and not real) phenomenon, which is an implication of heliocentrism rather than geocentrism. Still, no stellar parallax was observed, and Plato, Aristotle, and Ptolemy preferred the geocentric model, which was held as true throughout the Middle Ages. The heliocentric theory was revived by Copernicus, after which Johannes Kepler described planetary motions with greater accuracy with his three laws. Isaac Newton later gave a theoretical explanation based on laws of gravitational attraction and dynamics. The only known surviving work usually attributed",
"title": "Aristarchus of Samos"
},
{
"id": "191867",
"text": "and universal gravitation that formed the dominant scientific viewpoint until it was superseded by the theory of relativity. Newton used his mathematical description of gravity to prove Kepler's laws of planetary motion, account for tides, the trajectories of comets, the precession of the equinoxes and other phenomena, eradicating doubt about the Solar System's heliocentricity. He demonstrated that the motion of objects on Earth and celestial bodies could be accounted for by the same principles. Newton's inference that the Earth is an oblate spheroid was later confirmed by the geodetic measurements of Maupertuis, La Condamine, and others, convincing most European scientists",
"title": "Isaac Newton"
},
{
"id": "12469657",
"text": "that moved through the sky. Although the Greek philosopher Aristarchus of Samos had speculated on a heliocentric reordering of the cosmos, Nicolaus Copernicus in the 16th century developed a mathematically predictive heliocentric system. His 17th-century successors, Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, and Isaac Newton, developed a modern understanding of physics that led to the gradual acceptance of the idea that Earth moves around the Sun and that the planets are governed by the same physical laws that govern Earth. In more recent times, this led to the investigation of geological phenomena such as mountains and craters and seasonal meteorological phenomena such",
"title": "Discovery and exploration of the Solar System"
},
{
"id": "231928",
"text": "The full corresponding formula is: where formula_26 is the mass of the sun, formula_30 is the mass of the planet, and formula_31 is the gravitational constant, formula_32 is the orbital period and formula_25 is the elliptical semi-major axis. The following table shows the data used by Kepler to empirically derive his law: Upon finding this pattern Kepler wrote: For comparison, here are modern estimates: Isaac Newton computed in his \"Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica\" the acceleration of a planet moving according to Kepler's first and second law. This implies that the Sun may be the physical cause of the acceleration of",
"title": "Kepler's laws of planetary motion"
},
{
"id": "231919",
"text": "Kepler (p. 620) states that the terminology of scientific laws for these discoveries was current at least from the time of Joseph de Lalande. It was the exposition of Robert Small, in \"An account of the astronomical discoveries of Kepler\" (1814) that made up the set of three laws, by adding in the third. Small also claimed, against the history, that these were empirical laws, based on inductive reasoning. Further, the current usage of \"Kepler's Second Law\" is something of a misnomer. Kepler had two versions, related in a qualitative sense: the \"distance law\" and the \"area law\". The \"area",
"title": "Kepler's laws of planetary motion"
},
{
"id": "231921",
"text": "Kepler in 1621 and Godefroy Wendelin in 1643 noted that Kepler's third law applies to the four brightest moons of Jupiter. The second law, in the \"area law\" form, was contested by Nicolaus Mercator in a book from 1664, but by 1670 his \"Philosophical Transactions\" were in its favour. As the century proceeded it became more widely accepted. The reception in Germany changed noticeably between 1688, the year in which Newton's \"Principia\" was published and was taken to be basically Copernican, and 1690, by which time work of Gottfried Leibniz on Kepler had been published. Newton was credited with understanding",
"title": "Kepler's laws of planetary motion"
},
{
"id": "664650",
"text": "Newton in his \"Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica\" (\"Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy\"), first published in 1687. Newton used them to explain and investigate the motion of many physical objects and systems. For example, in the third volume of the text, Newton showed that these laws of motion, combined with his law of universal gravitation, explained Kepler's laws of planetary motion. A fourth law is often also described in the bibliography, which states that forces add up like vectors, that is, that forces obey the principle of superposition. Newton's laws are applied to objects which are idealised as single point masses,",
"title": "Newton's laws of motion"
},
{
"id": "165066",
"text": "better known inside the German community. Astronomer Johannes Kepler from Weil am Stadt was one of the leaders in the 17th-century scientific revolution. He is best known for his laws of planetary motion. His ideas influenced contemporary Italian scientist Galileo Galilei and provided one of the foundations for Englishman Isaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation. From 1640, Brandenburg-Prussia had started to rise under the \"Great Elector,\" Frederick William. The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 strengthened it even further, through the acquisition of East Pomerania. From 1713 to 1740, King Frederick William I, also known as the \"Soldier King\", established a",
"title": "History of Germany"
},
{
"id": "231920",
"text": "law\" is what became the Second Law in the set of three; but Kepler did himself not privilege it in that way. Johannes Kepler published his first two laws about planetary motion in 1609, having found them by analyzing the astronomical observations of Tycho Brahe. Kepler's third law was published in 1619. Kepler had believed in the Copernican model of the solar system, which called for circular orbits, but he could not reconcile Brahe's highly precise observations with a circular fit to Mars' orbit—Mars coincidentally having the highest eccentricity of all planets except Mercury. His first law reflected this discovery.",
"title": "Kepler's laws of planetary motion"
},
{
"id": "269188",
"text": "to astronomy was adopted and further developed in Greek and Hellenistic astronomy. In Seleucid and Parthian times, the astronomical reports were thoroughly scientific; how much earlier their advanced knowledge and methods were developed is uncertain. The Babylonian development of methods for predicting the motions of the planets is considered to be a major episode in the history of astronomy. The only Greek-Babylonian astronomer known to have supported a heliocentric model of planetary motion was Seleucus of Seleucia (b. 190 BC). Seleucus is known from the writings of Plutarch. He supported Aristarchus of Samos' heliocentric theory where the Earth rotated around",
"title": "Mesopotamia"
},
{
"id": "210204",
"text": "previously assumed to be too simple a solution for earlier astronomers to have overlooked. Finding that an elliptical orbit fit the Mars data, he immediately concluded that \"all planets move in ellipses, with the sun at one focus\"—Kepler's first law of planetary motion. Because he employed no calculating assistants, however, he did not extend the mathematical analysis beyond Mars. By the end of the year, he completed the manuscript for \"Astronomia nova\", though it would not be published until 1609 due to legal disputes over the use of Tycho's observations, the property of his heirs. In the years following the",
"title": "Johannes Kepler"
},
{
"id": "3813158",
"text": "about the nature and substance of the stars and planets. Astronomers such as Eudoxus (contemporary with Plato) observed planetary motions and cycles, and created a geocentric cosmological model that would be accepted by Aristotle. This model generally lasted until Ptolemy, who added epicycles to explain the retrograde motion of Mars. (Around 250 BC, Aristarchus of Samos postulated a proto-heliocentric theory, which would not be reconsidered for nearly two millennia (Copernicus), as Aristotle's geocentric model continued to be favored.) The Platonic school promoted the study of astronomy as a part of philosophy because the motions of the heavens demonstrate an orderly",
"title": "Astrology and astronomy"
},
{
"id": "210232",
"text": "Alfonso Borelli and Robert Hooke—began to incorporate attractive forces (though not the quasi-spiritual motive species postulated by Kepler) and the Cartesian concept of inertia. This culminated in Isaac Newton's \"Principia Mathematica\" (1687), in which Newton derived Kepler's laws of planetary motion from a force-based theory of universal gravitation. Beyond his role in the historical development of astronomy and natural philosophy, Kepler has loomed large in the philosophy and historiography of science. Kepler and his laws of motion were central to early histories of astronomy such as Jean-Étienne Montucla's 1758 \"Histoire des mathématiques\" and Jean-Baptiste Delambre's 1821 \"Histoire de l'astronomie moderne\".",
"title": "Johannes Kepler"
},
{
"id": "186121",
"text": "in orbit about that planet, using a telescope based on a toy imported from Holland. Tycho Brahe had gathered an enormous quantity of mathematical data describing the positions of the planets in the sky. By his position as Brahe's assistant, Johannes Kepler was first exposed to and seriously interacted with the topic of planetary motion. Kepler's calculations were made simpler by the contemporaneous invention of logarithms by John Napier and Jost Bürgi. Kepler succeeded in formulating mathematical laws of planetary motion. The analytic geometry developed by René Descartes (1596–1650) allowed those orbits to be plotted on a graph, in Cartesian",
"title": "History of mathematics"
},
{
"id": "4411193",
"text": "Jule Gregory Charney Jule Gregory Charney (January 1, 1917 – June 16, 1981) was an American meteorologist who played an important role in developing weather prediction. He developed a set of equations (The Quasi-Geostrophic Vorticity Equation) for calculating the large-scale motions of planetary-scale waves. He gave the first convincing physical explanation for the development of mid-latitude cyclones known as the Baroclinic Instability theory. He is considered the father of modern dynamical meteorology. Charney studied physics at UCLA where he completed his masters in 1940 and Ph.D. in 1946. In the 1950s, he was involved in early research on numerical weather",
"title": "Jule Gregory Charney"
},
{
"id": "1829023",
"text": "the relativity of motion. Schneerson's followers in Chabad continue to deny the heliocentric model. Kepler's laws of planetary motion were used as arguments in favor of the heliocentric hypothesis. Three apparent proofs of the heliocentric hypothesis were provided in 1727 by James Bradley, in 1838 by Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel and in 1851 by Foucault. Bradley discovered the stellar aberration, proving the relative motion of the earth. Bessel proved that the parallax of a star was greater than zero by measuring the parallax of 0.314 arcseconds of a star named 61 Cygni. In the same year Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve and",
"title": "Heliocentrism"
},
{
"id": "1482419",
"text": "physics, the circle was the perfect form of motion, and was the intrinsic motion of Aristotle's fifth element—the quintessence or universal essence known in Greek as \"aether\" for the English \"pure air\"—that was the pure substance beyond the sublunary sphere, and thus was celestial entities' pure composition. The German Johannes Kepler [1571–1630], Tycho Brahe's assistant, modified Copernican orbits to \"ellipses\", formalized in the equations of Kepler's laws of planetary motion. An enthusiastic atomist, Galileo Galilei in his 1623 book \"The Assayer\" asserted that the \"book of nature\" is written in mathematics. His 1632 book, about his telescopic observations, supported heliocentrism.",
"title": "Mathematical physics"
},
{
"id": "14956719",
"text": "meter per second (the speed of a walking man). Vogt and his team are credited with detecting a majority of the 100 planets now known. Vogt received his bachelor's degrees in Physics and Astronomy from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1972, his Master of Science degree in Astronomy from UT Austin in 1976, and Ph.D in Astronomy from UT Austin in 1978. He's been a member of the University of California Observatories (UCO) at Lick Observatory since 1978. Steven S. Vogt Steven Scott Vogt (born December 20, 1949) is an American astronomer of German descent whose main interest is",
"title": "Steven S. Vogt"
},
{
"id": "6175272",
"text": "is known, except that his name probably derives from Los Pedroches (al-Biṭrawsh), a region near Cordoba. He was a disciple of Ibn Tufail (Abubacer) and was a contemporary of Averroes. Al-Bitruji proposed a theory on planetary motion in which he wished to avoid both epicycles and eccentrics, and to account for the phenomena peculiar to the wandering stars, by compounding rotations of homocentric spheres. This was a modification of the system of planetary motion proposed by his predecessors, Ibn Bajjah (Avempace) and Ibn Tufail (Abubacer). He was unsuccessful in replacing Ptolemy's planetary model, as the numerical predictions of the planetary",
"title": "Nur ad-Din al-Bitruji"
},
{
"id": "181094",
"text": "After the death of Brahe, Kepler was deemed his successor and was given the job of complete Brahe’s uncompleted works, like the Rudolphine Tables. He completed the Rudolphine Tables in 1624, although it was not published for several years. Like many other figures of this era, he was subject to religious and political troubles, like the thirty-year war, which led to chaos that almost destroyed some of his works. Kepler was, however, the first to attempt to derive mathematical predictions of celestial motions from assumed physical causes. Kepler discovered the three laws of planetary motion that now carry his name.",
"title": "History of astronomy"
},
{
"id": "173841",
"text": "had begun earlier and had produced other changes in society, such as the Protestant Reformation, but the revolution in science began when natural philosophers began to mount a sustained attack on the Scholastic philosophical programme and supposed that mathematical descriptive schemes adopted from such fields as mechanics and astronomy could actually yield universally valid characterizations of motion and other concepts. A breakthrough in astronomy was made by Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) when, in 1543, he gave strong arguments for the heliocentric model of the Solar system, ostensibly as a means to render tables charting planetary motion more accurate and",
"title": "History of physics"
},
{
"id": "577438",
"text": "astronomy was adopted and further developed in Greek and Hellenistic astronomy. In Seleucid and Parthian times, the astronomical reports were of a thoroughly scientific character; how much earlier their advanced knowledge and methods were developed is uncertain. The Babylonian development of methods for predicting the motions of the planets is considered to be a major episode in the history of astronomy. The only Babylonian astronomer known to have supported a heliocentric model of planetary motion was Seleucus of Seleucia (b. 190 BC). Seleucus is known from the writings of Plutarch. He supported the heliocentric theory where the Earth rotated around",
"title": "Babylonia"
},
{
"id": "16604135",
"text": "Planetary science Planetary science or, more rarely, planetology, is the scientific study of planets (including Earth), moons, and planetary systems (in particular those of the Solar System) and the processes that form them. It studies objects ranging in size from micrometeoroids to gas giants, aiming to determine their composition, dynamics, formation, interrelations and history. It is a strongly interdisciplinary field, originally growing from astronomy and earth science, but which now incorporates many disciplines, including planetary geology (together with geochemistry and geophysics), cosmochemistry, atmospheric science, oceanography, hydrology, theoretical planetary science, glaciology, and exoplanetology. Allied disciplines include space physics, when concerned with",
"title": "Planetary science"
},
{
"id": "16604116",
"text": "Planetary science Planetary science or, more rarely, planetology, is the scientific study of planets (including Earth), moons, and planetary systems (in particular those of the Solar System) and the processes that form them. It studies objects ranging in size from micrometeoroids to gas giants, aiming to determine their composition, dynamics, formation, interrelations and history. It is a strongly interdisciplinary field, originally growing from astronomy and earth science, but which now incorporates many disciplines, including planetary geology (together with geochemistry and geophysics), cosmochemistry, atmospheric science, oceanography, hydrology, theoretical planetary science, glaciology, and exoplanetology. Allied disciplines include space physics, when concerned with",
"title": "Planetary science"
},
{
"id": "12134976",
"text": "a modified version of the usual ephemerides and fitting such a new dynamical theory of planetary motions to the usual, well-established observational data set. In 2008, Standish received the NASA Distinguished Service Medal; in 2015, he was given Wesleyan University's Distinguished Alumnus Award. According to the NASA ADS database, Standish's h-index is 21, with a total number of citations, self-citations being excluded, equal to 2003. E. Myles Standish Erland Myles Standish, Jr. (born March 5, 1939) is a mathematical astronomer and a former professor at Yale University. He worked for Caltech's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. He has published over 300 articles,",
"title": "E. Myles Standish"
},
{
"id": "5526763",
"text": "the most important works of the scientific revolution. Prior to Kepler, Nicolaus Copernicus proposed in 1543 that the Earth and other planets orbit the Sun. The Copernican model of the solar system was regarded as a device to explain the observed positions of the planets rather than a physical description. Kepler sought for and proposed physical causes for planetary motion. His work is primarily based on the research of his mentor, Tycho Brahe. The two, though close in their work, had a tumultuous relationship. Regardless, on his deathbed, Brahe asked Kepler to make sure that he did not “die in",
"title": "Astronomia nova"
},
{
"id": "210241",
"text": "Hindemith wrote an opera about Kepler entitled \"Die Harmonie der Welt\", and a symphony of the same name was derived from music for the opera. Philip Glass wrote an opera called \"Kepler\" based on Kepler's life (2009). Kepler is honored together with Nicolaus Copernicus with a feast day on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (USA) on May 23. Directly named for Kepler's contribution to science are Kepler's laws of planetary motion, Kepler's Supernova (Supernova 1604, which he observed and described) and the Kepler Solids, a set of geometrical constructions, two of which were described by him, and the",
"title": "Johannes Kepler"
},
{
"id": "5526762",
"text": "Astronomia nova Astronomia nova (English: \"New Astronomy\", full title in original Latin: ) is a book, published in 1609, that contains the results of the astronomer Johannes Kepler's ten-year-long investigation of the motion of Mars. One of the most significant books in the history of astronomy, the \"Astronomia nova\" provided strong arguments for heliocentrism and contributed valuable insight into the movement of the planets. This included the first mention of the planets' elliptical paths and the change of their movement to the movement of free floating bodies as opposed to objects on rotating spheres. It is recognized as one of",
"title": "Astronomia nova"
},
{
"id": "173860",
"text": "nor malevolent. By demonstrating the consistency between Kepler's laws of planetary motion and his own theory of gravitation, Newton also removed the last doubts about heliocentrism. By bringing together all the ideas set forth during the Scientific revolution, Newton effectively established the foundation for modern society in mathematics and science. Other branches of physics also received attention during the period of the Scientific revolution. William Gilbert, court physician to Queen Elizabeth I, published an important work on magnetism in 1600, describing how the earth itself behaves like a giant magnet. Robert Boyle (1627–91) studied the behavior of gases enclosed in",
"title": "History of physics"
},
{
"id": "611580",
"text": "61 Cygni was measured by Friedrich Bessel. During the 18–19th centuries, the study of the three-body problem by Leonhard Euler, Alexis Claude Clairaut, and Jean le Rond d'Alembert led to more accurate predictions about the motions of the Moon and planets. This work was further refined by Joseph Louis Lagrange and Pierre Simon Laplace, allowing the masses of the planets and moons to be estimated from their perturbations. Significant advances in astronomy came about with the introduction of new technology, including the spectroscope and photography. Joseph von Fraunhofer discovered about 600 bands in the spectrum of the Sun in 1814–15,",
"title": "Astronomy"
},
{
"id": "369879",
"text": "motion are at the foundation of the Scientific Revolution, which is understood to have culminated with the publication of Newton's \"Principia\" in 1687. Newton's theories about space and time helped him explain the movement of objects. While his theory of space is considered the most influential in Physics, it emerged from his predecessors' ideas about the same. As one of the pioneers of modern science, Galilei revised the established Aristotelian and Ptolemaic ideas about a geocentric cosmos. He backed the Copernican theory that the universe was heliocentric, with a stationary sun at the center and the planets—including the Earth—revolving around",
"title": "Space"
},
{
"id": "173854",
"text": "late 17th and early 18th centuries saw the achievements of the greatest figure of the Scientific revolution: Cambridge University physicist and mathematician Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727), considered by many to be the greatest and most influential scientist who ever lived. Newton, a fellow of the Royal Society of England, combined his own discoveries in mechanics and astronomy to earlier ones to create a single system for describing the workings of the universe. Newton formulated three laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation, the latter of which could be used to explain the behavior not only of falling bodies",
"title": "History of physics"
},
{
"id": "210219",
"text": "two laws of planetary motion (applied to Mars in \"Astronomia nova\") to all the planets as well as the Moon and the Medicean satellites of Jupiter, it did not explain how elliptical orbits could be derived from observational data. As a spin-off from the \"Rudolphine Tables\" and the related \"Ephemerides\", Kepler published astrological calendars, which were very popular and helped offset the costs of producing his other work—especially when support from the Imperial treasury was withheld. In his calendars—six between 1617 and 1624—Kepler forecast planetary positions and weather as well as political events; the latter were often cannily accurate, thanks",
"title": "Johannes Kepler"
},
{
"id": "5180402",
"text": "of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity\". The scientific revolution \"nurtured a growing awareness\" that \"there were universal laws of nature at work that ordered the movement of the world and its parts.\" James K. A. Smith and Amos Yong write that in \"astronomy, the Copernican revolution regarding the heliocentrism of the solar system, Johannes Kepler's (1571–1630) three laws of planetary motion, and Isaac Newton's (1642–1727) law of universal gravitation—laws of gravitation and of motion, and notions of absolute space and time—all combined to establish the regularities of heavenly and earthly bodies.\" With such a backdrop, \"deists suggested the",
"title": "Watchmaker analogy"
},
{
"id": "16448618",
"text": "motion and mathematical modeling of orbits began with the first attempts to predict planetary motions in the sky, although in ancient times the causes remained a mystery. Newton, at the time he formulated his laws of motion and of gravitation, applied them to the first analysis of perturbations, recognizing the complex difficulties of their calculation. Many of the great mathematicians since then have given attention to the various problems involved; throughout the 18th and 19th centuries there was demand for accurate tables of the position of the Moon and planets for purposes of navigation at sea. The complex motions of",
"title": "Orbit modeling"
},
{
"id": "307187",
"text": "Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Cicero, in his \"De Natura Deorum\", enumerated the planets known during the 1st century BCE using the names for them in use at the time: In 499 CE, the Indian astronomer Aryabhata propounded a planetary model that explicitly incorporated Earth's rotation about its axis, which he explains as the cause of what appears to be an apparent westward motion of the stars. He also believed that the orbits of planets are elliptical. Aryabhata's followers were particularly strong in South India, where his principles of the diurnal rotation of Earth, among others,",
"title": "Planet"
},
{
"id": "20416163",
"text": "Erik Hauri Erik Harold Hauri (April 25, 1966 – September 5, 2018) was an American geochemist at the Carnegie Institution for Science. He researched the movement of matter inside planets and how volatile compounds such as water originated on Earth and other planetary bodies, and their effects on volcanic systems. Hauri was born on April 25, 1966, in Waukegan, Illinois, and was raised in Richmond, Illinois. His mother, Karen, was a homemaker and his father, Lawrence, was an automotive mechanic. Lawrence was an enthusiastic fisherman who took Hauri on fishing trips, sparking a lifelong interest in the outdoors. Hauri had",
"title": "Erik Hauri"
},
{
"id": "310849",
"text": "of Aristarchus of Samos, a non-Pythagorean astronomer who had developed a fully heliocentric model in the fourth century BC, in effort to portray his model as fundamentally Pythagorean. Johannes Kepler considered himself to be a Pythagorean. He believed in the Pythagorean doctrine of \"musica universalis\" and it was his search for the mathematical equations behind this doctrine that led to his discovery of the laws of planetary motion. Kepler titled his book on the subject \"Harmonices Mundi\" (\"Harmonics of the World\"), after the Pythagorean teaching that had inspired him. Near the conclusion of the book, Kepler describes himself falling asleep",
"title": "Pythagoras"
},
{
"id": "231916",
"text": "explaining how the planets' speeds varied, and using elliptical orbits rather than circular orbits with epicycles. Isaac Newton showed in 1687 that relationships like Kepler's would apply in the Solar System to a good approximation, as a consequence of his own laws of motion and law of universal gravitation. Kepler's laws improved the model of Copernicus. If the eccentricities of the planetary orbits are taken as zero, then Kepler basically agreed with Copernicus: The eccentricities of the orbits of those planets known to Copernicus and Kepler are small, so the foregoing rules give fair approximations of planetary motion, but Kepler's",
"title": "Kepler's laws of planetary motion"
},
{
"id": "12182894",
"text": "noted that the position of Mars had a lot of error and created problems for a lot of models. This led Kepler to configure 3 Laws of Planetary Motion. First Law: Planets move in ellipses with the Sun at one focus The law would change an eccentricity of 0.0. and focus more of an eccentricity of 0.8. which show that Circular and Elliptical orbits have the same period and focus, but different sweeps of area defined by the Sun. This gives us The Second Law: The radius vector describes equal areas in equal times. These two laws were published in",
"title": "Kepler orbit"
},
{
"id": "6090260",
"text": "Although Tycho appreciated the advantages of Copernicus's system, he could not accept the movement of the Earth and settled on geoheliocentrism, meaning the Sun moved around the Earth while the planets orbited the Sun. Kepler found employment as an assistant to Tycho Brahe and, upon Brahe's unexpected death, replaced him as imperial mathematician of Emperor Rudolph II. He was then able to use Brahe's extensive observations to make remarkable breakthroughs in astronomy, such as the three laws of planetary motion. Kepler would not have been able to produce his laws without the observations of Tycho, because they allowed Kepler to",
"title": "Copernican Revolution"
},
{
"id": "12196414",
"text": "is unlikely any of the planets will collide with each other or be ejected from the system in the next few billion years, and the Earth's orbit will be relatively stable. Since Newton's law of gravitation (1687), mathematicians and astronomers (such as Laplace, Lagrange, Gauss, Poincaré, Kolmogorov, Vladimir Arnold and Jürgen Moser) have searched for evidence for the stability of the planetary motions, and this quest led to many mathematical developments, and several successive 'proofs' of stability of the Solar System. The orbits of the planets are open to long-term variations. Modeling the Solar System is a case of the",
"title": "Stability of the Solar System"
},
{
"id": "4617708",
"text": "over a period of five successive years, an intensive work that even would rival the later work of Tycho Brahe in Europe. Shen Kuo and Wei Pu charted the exact coordinates of the planets on a star map for this project and created theories of planetary motion, including retrograde motion. Buddhism first reached China during the Eastern Han Dynasty, and translation of Indian works on astronomy came to China by the Three Kingdoms era (220–265 CE). However, the most detailed incorporation of Indian astronomy occurred only during the Tang Dynasty (618-907), when a number of Chinese scholars—such as Yi Xing—were",
"title": "Chinese astronomy"
},
{
"id": "611579",
"text": "down. It was Isaac Newton, with his invention of celestial dynamics and his law of gravitation, who finally explained the motions of the planets. Newton also developed the reflecting telescope. Improvements in the size and quality of the telescope led to further discoveries. The English astronomer John Flamsteed catalogued over 3000 stars, More extensive star catalogues were produced by Nicolas Louis de Lacaille. The astronomer William Herschel made a detailed catalog of nebulosity and clusters, and in 1781 discovered the planet Uranus, the first new planet found. The distance to a star was announced in 1838 when the parallax of",
"title": "Astronomy"
},
{
"id": "5145248",
"text": "at the forefront of one revolutionary movement...you could be at the forefront of another\". Condon said he replied: \"I believe in Archimedes' Principle, formulated in the third century B.C. I believe in Kepler's laws of planetary motion, discovered in the seventeenth century. I believe in Newton's laws...\" and continued with a catalog of scientists from earlier centuries, including the Bernoulli, Fourier, Ampère, Boltzmann, and Maxwell. He once said privately: \"I join every organization that seems to have noble goals. I don't ask whether it contains Communists\". Condon was professor of physics at Washington University in St. Louis from 1956 to",
"title": "Edward Condon"
},
{
"id": "405401",
"text": "the reception of his empirical astronomical work. The first biography of Tycho Brahe, which was also the first full-length biography of any scientist, was written by Pierre Gassendi in 1654. In 1779, Tycho de Hoffmann wrote of Brahe's life in his history of the Brahe family. In 1913, Dreyer published Tycho Brahe's collected works, facilitating further research. Early modern scholarship on Tycho Brahe tended to see the shortcomings of his astronomical model, painting him as a mysticist recalcitrant in accepting the Copernican revolution, and valuing mostly his observations that allowed Kepler to formulate his laws of planetary movement. Especially in",
"title": "Tycho Brahe"
},
{
"id": "301200",
"text": "is usually calculated from Newton's laws of motion and Newton's law of universal gravitation. It is a core discipline within space mission design and control. Celestial mechanics treats more broadly the orbital dynamics of systems under the influence of gravity, including spacecraft and natural astronomical bodies such as star systems, planets, moons, and comets. Orbital mechanics focuses on spacecraft trajectories, including orbital maneuvers, orbit plane changes, and interplanetary transfers, and is used by mission planners to predict the results of propulsive maneuvers. General relativity is a more exact theory than Newton's laws for calculating orbits, and is sometimes necessary for",
"title": "Orbit"
},
{
"id": "14249531",
"text": "ellipse and the Sun was located at one of the foci. His model became the basis for Kepler's laws of planetary motion, which were published in his multi-volume work \"Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae\" (Epitome of Copernican Astronomy) between 1615 and 1621. At its closest approach, the angular size of Mars is 25 arcseconds (a unit of degree); this is much too small for the naked eye to resolve. Hence, prior to the invention of the telescope, nothing was known about the planet besides its position on the sky. The Italian scientist Galileo Galilei was the first person known to use a",
"title": "History of Mars observation"
},
{
"id": "12182896",
"text": "led to Johannes Kepler working on his celestial mechanics. He later became known as the father of calculus. In 1601, Johannes Kepler acquired the extensive, meticulous observations of the planets made by Tycho Brahe. Kepler would spend the next five years trying to fit the observations of the planet Mars to various curves. In 1609, Kepler published the first two of his three laws of planetary motion. The first law states: More generally, the path of an object undergoing Keplerian motion may also follow a parabola or a hyperbola, which, along with ellipses, belong to a group of curves known",
"title": "Kepler orbit"
},
{
"id": "370811",
"text": "the case of the four giant planets, by planetary rings, thin bands of tiny particles that orbit them in unison. Most of the largest natural satellites are in synchronous rotation, with one face permanently turned toward their parent. Kepler's laws of planetary motion describe the orbits of objects about the Sun. Following Kepler's laws, each object travels along an ellipse with the Sun at one focus. Objects closer to the Sun (with smaller semi-major axes) travel more quickly because they are more affected by the Sun's gravity. On an elliptical orbit, a body's distance from the Sun varies over the",
"title": "Solar System"
},
{
"id": "181099",
"text": "Kepler's laws from first principles. Those first principles are as follows: Thus while Kepler explained how the planets moved, Newton accurately managed to explain why the planets moved the way they do. Newton's theoretical developments laid many of the foundations of modern physics. Outside of England, Newton's theory took some time to become established. Descartes' theory of vortices held sway in France, and Huygens, Leibniz and Cassini accepted only parts of Newton's system, preferring their own philosophies. Voltaire published a popular account in 1738. In 1748, the French Academy of Sciences offered a reward for solving the perturbations of Jupiter",
"title": "History of astronomy"
},
{
"id": "14249516",
"text": "History of Mars observation The recorded history of observation of the planet Mars dates back to the era of the ancient Egyptian astronomers in the 2nd millennium BCE. Chinese records about the motions of Mars appeared before the founding of the Zhou Dynasty (1045 BCE). Detailed observations of the position of Mars were made by Babylonian astronomers who developed arithmetic techniques to predict the future position of the planet. The ancient Greek philosophers and Hellenistic astronomers developed a geocentric model to explain the planet's motions. Measurements of Mars' angular diameter can be found in ancient Greek and Indian texts. In",
"title": "History of Mars observation"
},
{
"id": "3542852",
"text": "actual orbit is less eccentric than pictured. Because of the axial tilt of the Earth in its orbit, the maximal intensity of Sun rays hits the Earth 23.4 degrees north of equator at the June Solstice (at the Tropic of Cancer), and 23.4 degrees south of equator at the December Solstice (at the Tropic of Capricorn). Mathematicians and astronomers (such as Laplace, Lagrange, Gauss, Poincaré, Kolmogorov, Vladimir Arnold, and Jürgen Moser) have searched for evidence for the stability of the planetary motions, and this quest led to many mathematical developments and several successive \"proofs\" of stability for the Solar System.",
"title": "Earth's orbit"
},
{
"id": "405393",
"text": "latitude. Tycho's lunar theory doubled the number of distinct lunar inequalities, relative to those anciently known, and reduced the discrepancies of lunar theory to about a fifth of their previous amounts. It was published posthumously by Kepler in 1602, and Kepler's own derivative form appears in Kepler's \"Rudolphine Tables\" of 1627. Kepler used Tycho's records of the motion of Mars to deduce laws of planetary motion, enabling calculation of astronomical tables with unprecedented accuracy (the \"Rudolphine Tables\") and providing powerful support for a heliocentric model of the solar system. Galileo's 1610 telescopic discovery that Venus shows a full set of",
"title": "Tycho Brahe"
},
{
"id": "983913",
"text": "which describe the motion of a planet around the Sun are \"perturbed\", as it were, by the motion of other planets and vary as a function of time; hence the name \"perturbation theory\". Perturbation theory was investigated by the classical scholars—Laplace, Poisson, Gauss—as a result of which the computations could be performed with a very high accuracy. The discovery of the planet Neptune in 1848 by Urbain Le Verrier, based on the deviations in motion of the planet Uranus (he sent the coordinates to Johann Gottfried Galle who successfully observed Neptune through his telescope), represented a triumph of perturbation theory.",
"title": "Perturbation theory"
},
{
"id": "1280096",
"text": "of Jupiter on January 7, 1610, and the phases of Venus in September 1610 that the heliocentric model began to receive broad support among astronomers, who also came to accept the notion that the planets are individual worlds orbiting the Sun (that is, that the Earth is a planet and is one among several). Johannes Kepler was able to formulate his three laws of planetary motion, which described the orbits of the planets in our solar system to a remarkable degree of accuracy; Kepler's three laws are still taught today in university physics and astronomy classes, and the wording of",
"title": "Deferent and epicycle"
},
{
"id": "210228",
"text": "govern the natural world, most profoundly in astronomy. The phrase \"I am merely thinking God's thoughts after Him\" has been attributed to him, although this is probably a capsulized version of a writing from his hand: Those laws [of nature] are within the grasp of the human mind; God wanted us to recognize them by creating us after his own image so that we could share in his own thoughts. Kepler's laws of planetary motion were not immediately accepted. Several major figures such as Galileo and René Descartes completely ignored Kepler's \"Astronomia nova.\" Many astronomers, including Kepler's teacher, Michael Maestlin,",
"title": "Johannes Kepler"
},
{
"id": "864306",
"text": "it (רקיע- rāqîa'). However, the ancient Greeks believed that the motions of the planets were circular and not elliptical, a view that was not challenged in Western culture until the 17th century, when Johannes Kepler postulated that orbits were heliocentric and elliptical (Kepler's first law of planetary motion). In 1687, Newton showed that elliptical orbits could be derived from his laws of gravitation. The astronomical predictions of Ptolemy's geocentric model were used to prepare astrological and astronomical charts for over 1500 years. The geocentric model held sway into the early modern age, but from the late 16th century onward, it",
"title": "Geocentric model"
},
{
"id": "307185",
"text": "same (Aphrodite, Greek corresponding to Latin Venus), though this had long been known by the Babylonians. In the 3rd century BC, Aristarchus of Samos proposed a heliocentric system, according to which Earth and the planets revolved around the Sun. The geocentric system remained dominant until the Scientific Revolution. By the 1st century BC, during the Hellenistic period, the Greeks had begun to develop their own mathematical schemes for predicting the positions of the planets. These schemes, which were based on geometry rather than the arithmetic of the Babylonians, would eventually eclipse the Babylonians' theories in complexity and comprehensiveness, and account",
"title": "Planet"
},
{
"id": "633786",
"text": "Gerard Kuiper Gerard Peter Kuiper (; ; born Gerrit Pieter Kuiper; December 7, 1905 – December 23, 1973) was a Dutch–American astronomer, planetary scientist, selenographer, author and professor. He is the eponymous namesake of the Kuiper belt. Kuiper is considered by many to be the father of modern planetary science. As professor at the University of Chicago, he was dissertation advisor to Carl Sagan. In 1958, the two worked on the classified military Project A119, the secret Air Force plan to detonate a nuclear warhead on the Moon. Kuiper, the son of a tailor in the village of Harenkarspel in",
"title": "Gerard Kuiper"
},
{
"id": "1912789",
"text": "John Stapp Colonel John Paul Stapp (July 11, 1910 – November 13, 1999), M.D., Ph.D., was an American career U.S. Air Force officer, flight surgeon, physician, biophysicist, and pioneer in studying the effects of acceleration and deceleration forces on humans. He was a colleague and contemporary of Chuck Yeager, and became known as \"the fastest man on earth\". His work on Project Manhigh pioneered many developments for the US space program. Born in Salvador de Bahia, Brazil, Stapp was the eldest of four sons of Reverend and Mrs. Charles F. Stapp, Baptist missionaries. He studied in Texas at Brownwood High",
"title": "John Stapp"
},
{
"id": "1828985",
"text": "12th century, non-heliocentric alternatives to the Ptolemaic system were developed by some Islamic astronomers, such as Nur ad-Din al-Bitruji, who considered the Ptolemaic model mathematical, and not physical. His system spread throughout most of Europe in the 13th century, with debates and refutations of his ideas continued to the 16th century. The Maragha school of astronomy in Ilkhanid-era Persia further developed \"non-Ptolemaic\" planetary models involving Earth's rotation. Notable astronomers of this school are Al-Urdi (d. 1266) Al-Katibi (d. 1277), and Al-Tusi (d. 1274). The arguments and evidence used resemble those used by Copernicus to support the Earth's motion. The criticism",
"title": "Heliocentrism"
},
{
"id": "364402",
"text": "them to track the motions of the planets and the inferred position of the Sun. The motion of the Sun against the background stars (and the horizon) was used to create calendars, which could be used to regulate agricultural practices. The Gregorian calendar, currently used nearly everywhere in the world, is a solar calendar based on the angle of the Earth's rotational axis relative to its local star, the Sun. The oldest accurately dated star chart was the result of ancient Egyptian astronomy in 1534 BC. The earliest known star catalogues were compiled by the ancient Babylonian astronomers of Mesopotamia",
"title": "Star"
},
{
"id": "403744",
"text": "inertia, Galileo could explain why rocks dropped from a tower fall straight down even if the earth rotates. His observations of the moons of Jupiter, the phases of Venus, the spots on the sun, and mountains on the moon all helped to discredit the Aristotelian philosophy and the Ptolemaic theory of the solar system. Through their combined discoveries, the heliocentric system gained support, and at the end of the 17th century it was generally accepted by astronomers. This work culminated in the work of Isaac Newton. Newton's \"Principia\" formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation, which dominated scientists' view",
"title": "Scientific Revolution"
},
{
"id": "301155",
"text": "three laws of planetary motion. First, he found that the orbits of the planets in our solar system are elliptical, not circular (or epicyclic), as had previously been believed, and that the Sun is not located at the center of the orbits, but rather at one focus. Second, he found that the orbital speed of each planet is not constant, as had previously been thought, but rather that the speed depends on the planet's distance from the Sun. Third, Kepler found a universal relationship between the orbital properties of all the planets orbiting the Sun. For the planets, the cubes",
"title": "Orbit"
},
{
"id": "16604129",
"text": "its interaction with the solar wind forms a magnetosphere around a planet. Early space probes discovered the gross dimensions of the terrestrial magnetic field, which extends about 10 Earth radii towards the Sun. The solar wind, a stream of charged particles, streams out and around the terrestrial magnetic field, and continues behind the magnetic tail, hundreds of Earth radii downstream. Inside the magnetosphere, there are relatively dense regions of solar wind particles, the Van Allen radiation belts. Geophysics includes seismology and tectonophysics, geophysical fluid dynamics, mineral physics, geodynamics, mathematical geophysics, and geophysical surveying. Planetary geodesy, (also known as planetary geodetics)",
"title": "Planetary science"
},
{
"id": "633792",
"text": "society of professional planetary scientists. The prize recognizes outstanding contributors to planetary science, and is awarded annually to scientists whose lifetime achievements have most advanced our understanding of planetary systems. Winners of this award include Carl Sagan, James Van Allen, and Eugene Shoemaker. Gerard Kuiper Gerard Peter Kuiper (; ; born Gerrit Pieter Kuiper; December 7, 1905 – December 23, 1973) was a Dutch–American astronomer, planetary scientist, selenographer, author and professor. He is the eponymous namesake of the Kuiper belt. Kuiper is considered by many to be the father of modern planetary science. As professor at the University of Chicago,",
"title": "Gerard Kuiper"
},
{
"id": "360703",
"text": "the propagation of light. Kepler modelled the eye as a water-filled glass sphere with an aperture in front of it to model the entrance pupil. He found that all the light from a single point of the scene was imaged at a single point at the back of the glass sphere. The optical chain ends on the retina at the back of the eye. Kepler is best known, however, for improving Copernicus' heliocentric model through the discovery of Kepler's laws of planetary motion. Kepler did not reject Aristotelian metaphysics, and described his work as a search for the Harmony of",
"title": "Science"
},
{
"id": "2102438",
"text": "very difficult to find the formula describing the rate of change of the planet's angular velocity. After many years of calculations, Kepler arrived at what we now know as the law of equal areas. Galileo's conjecture was merely that — a conjecture. So was Kepler's cosmology. But each conjecture increased the credibility of the other, and together, they changed the prevailing perceptions of the scientific community. Later, Newton showed that Kepler's three laws could all be derived from a single theory of motion and planetary motion. Newton solidified and unified the paradigm shift that Galileo and Kepler had initiated. One",
"title": "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions"
},
{
"id": "9481124",
"text": "hypothesis was believed to contradict the Old Testament account of the Sun's movement around the Earth (Joshua 10:12-13), this was apparently written to soften any religious backlash against the book. However, there is no evidence that Copernicus himself considered the heliocentric model as merely mathematically convenient, separate from reality. Mathematical techniques developed in the 13th to 14th centuries by the Arab and Persian astronomers Mo'ayyeduddin al-Urdi, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, and Ibn al-Shatir for geocentric models of planetary motions closely resemble some of those used later by Copernicus in his heliocentric models. Copernicus used what is now known as the Urdi",
"title": "Copernican heliocentrism"
},
{
"id": "181066",
"text": "accepted his planetary model. The Ancient Greeks developed astronomy, which they treated as a branch of mathematics, to a highly sophisticated level. The first geometrical, three-dimensional models to explain the apparent motion of the planets were developed in the 4th century BC by Eudoxus of Cnidus and Callippus of Cyzicus. Their models were based on nested homocentric spheres centered upon the Earth. Their younger contemporary Heraclides Ponticus proposed that the Earth rotates around its axis. A different approach to celestial phenomena was taken by natural philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle. They were less concerned with developing mathematical predictive models",
"title": "History of astronomy"
},
{
"id": "13625699",
"text": "Kepler used a physical cause to explain planetary motion, and called on math and science to support his theory, Bullialdus offered an entirely new cosmology, the \"Conical Hypothesis\". Bullialdus' Philolaic Astronomy consists of 14 main assumptions: Ismaël Bullialdus Ismaël Boulliau, ; Latin: Bullialdus (28 September 1605 – 25 November 1694) was a 17th-century French astronomer and mathematician who was also interested in history, theology, classical studies, and philology. He was an active member of the Republic of Letters, an intellectual community that exchanged ideas. An early defender of the ideas of Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo, Ismael Bullialdus has been called",
"title": "Ismaël Bullialdus"
},
{
"id": "403743",
"text": "Johannes Kepler and Galileo gave the theory credibility. Kepler was an astronomer who, using the accurate observations of Tycho Brahe, proposed that the planets move around the sun not in circular orbits, but in elliptical ones. Together with his other laws of planetary motion, this allowed him to create a model of the solar system that was an improvement over Copernicus' original system. Galileo's main contributions to the acceptance of the heliocentric system were his mechanics, the observations he made with his telescope, as well as his detailed presentation of the case for the system. Using an early theory of",
"title": "Scientific Revolution"
},
{
"id": "5746876",
"text": "proposed Kepler's laws of planetary motion (which are part of classical mechanics and solve the problem for the orbits of the planets) and investigated the types of forces that would result in orbits obeying those laws (called \"Kepler's inverse problem\"). For a discussion of the Kepler problem specific to radial orbits, see: Radial trajectory. The Kepler problem in general relativity produces more accurate predictions, especially in strong gravitational fields. The Kepler problem arises in many contexts, some beyond the physics studied by Kepler himself. The Kepler problem is important in celestial mechanics, since Newtonian gravity obeys an inverse square law.",
"title": "Kepler problem"
},
{
"id": "5986852",
"text": "with Earth as just one planet orbiting it. However, there were only a few people who took the theory seriously. The earliest recorded sighting of Halley's Comet is made by Chinese astronomers. Their records of the comet's movement allow astronomers today to predict accurately how the comet's orbit changes over the centuries. The astronomer Shi Shen is believed to have cataloged 809 stars in 122 constellations, and he also made the earliest known observation of sunspots. Ptolemy publishes his star catalogue, listing 48 constellations and endorses the geocentric (Earth-centered) view of the universe. His views go unquestioned for nearly 1500",
"title": "Timeline of astronomy"
},
{
"id": "1534911",
"text": "fields. Furthermore, the history of the fields are almost entirely shared. Johannes Kepler was the first to successfully model planetary orbits to a high degree of accuracy, publishing his laws in 1605. Isaac Newton published more general laws of celestial motion in the first edition of \"Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica\" (1687), which gave a method for finding the orbit of a body following a parabolic path from three observations. This was used by Edmund Halley to establish the orbits of various comets, including that which bears his name. Newton's method of successive approximation was formalised into an analytic method by",
"title": "Orbital mechanics"
},
{
"id": "605873",
"text": "of small particles separated by relatively large distances. He performed pioneering work in the field of surveying and map-making and was involved in the work that led to the first modern plan-form map, though his plan for London on a grid system was rejected in favour of rebuilding along the existing routes. He also came near to an experimental proof that gravity follows an inverse square law, and hypothesised that such a relation governs the motions of the planets, an idea which was independently developed by Isaac Newton. Much of Hooke's scientific work was conducted in his capacity as curator",
"title": "Robert Hooke"
},
{
"id": "405327",
"text": "built an observatory at Benátky nad Jizerou. There, from 1600 until his death in 1601, he was assisted by Johannes Kepler, who later used Tycho's astronomical data to develop his three laws of planetary motion. Tycho's body has been exhumed twice, in 1901 and 2010, to examine the circumstances of his death and to identify the material from which his artificial nose was made. The conclusion was that his death was likely caused by a burst bladder, and not by poisoning as had been suggested, and that the artificial nose was more likely made of brass than silver or gold,",
"title": "Tycho Brahe"
},
{
"id": "3115984",
"text": "Equant Equant (or punctum aequans) is a mathematical concept developed by Claudius Ptolemy in the 2nd century AD to account for the observed motion of the planets. The equant is used to explain the observed speed change in planetary orbit during different stages of the orbit. This planetary concept allowed Ptolemy to keep the theory of uniform circular motion alive by stating that the path of heavenly bodies was uniform around one point and circular around another point. The equant point (shown in the diagram by the large • ), is placed so that it is directly opposite to Earth",
"title": "Equant"
}
] | who developed most of our current understanding of planetary motion |
[
"a robot"
] | [
{
"id": "10318506",
"text": "following principles: Direct Purchase – ALC works with landowners who wish to sell or donate their exceptional land for conservation by finding a public agency or conservation buyer to own and manage the land permanently. Funding for acquisition can come from state or federal appropriations, philanthropic foundations or individuals. Sample projects: BK Leach Memorial Conservation Area #MO#, Crow Creek Falls #MT#, High Meadows #NV#. Conservation Easement – A conservation easement is a legal agreement between a landowner and a land trust or government agency that permanently limits uses of the land in order to protect its conservation values. It allows",
"title": "American Land Conservancy"
},
{
"id": "17792434",
"text": "Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818 1822 1823 1826 1827 1829 1831 1834 1834 1837 1839 1841 1842 1843 1844 1847 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870: 1871 1872: 1873: 1874: 1875: 1876: 1877: 1878: 1878: 1879: 1880: 1881: 1882: 1883: 1885: 1886: 1887: 1889: 1890: 1891: 1892: 1893: 1894: 1895: 1896: 1898: 1900: 1901: 1902: 1903: 1904: 1905: 1906:",
"title": "Timeline of women's education"
},
{
"id": "17792435",
"text": "1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818",
"title": "Timeline of women's education"
},
{
"id": "10411020",
"text": "Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd",
"title": "2007 Nashville Kats season"
},
{
"id": "10970657",
"text": "the prestigious Oregon Governor's Award for the Arts, in 1989. Her work is also part of many public and private collections, including the Tacoma Art Museum, Washington; The Hallie Ford Museum of Art at Willamette University, Salem, Oregon; the American Telephone and Telegraph Company of New York, the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, California; and Kaiser Foundation and Portland Civic Auditorium in Oregon. Haley was one of the muralists involved in painting post office murals as part of the Federal Art Project. She completed the twelve-foot-long mural, \"Mail-The Connecting Link\", in McConnelsville, Ohio in 1938. While her largest work,",
"title": "Sally Haley"
},
{
"id": "10416126",
"text": "Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance:",
"title": "2007 Utah Blaze season"
},
{
"id": "10409720",
"text": "participate in their first ever ArenaBowl XXI. Doug Kay started his second season as head coach of the Destroyers. Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring",
"title": "2007 Columbus Destroyers season"
},
{
"id": "10409773",
"text": "Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd",
"title": "2007 Dallas Desperados season"
},
{
"id": "7550669",
"text": "of the island. Statistics Canada defines the island as Vancouver CMA Census Tract 0251.00 of British Columbia. In 2004, a group of landowners applied to the provincial Agricultural Land Commission to have approximately 85% of the land outside the Indian reserve removed from the Agricultural Land Reserve. On July 19, 2006 the Commission rejected the application. The island was named for George Barnston, a Hudson's Bay Company clerk, who travelled with Chief Factor James McMillan to found Fort Langley in 1827. Barnston Island first received electricity in 1938, following the laying of an underwater cable between Port Kells and the",
"title": "Barnston Island (British Columbia)"
},
{
"id": "4467918",
"text": "Polyphonic Spree. In the book, Hornby describes the people who run \"The Believer\" as being \"all dressed in white robes and smiling maniacally, sort of like a literary equivalent of the Polyphonic Spree.\" (pg. 30) There are three follow-up books, \"Housekeeping vs. The Dirt\" (2006), \"Shakespeare Wrote for Money\" (2008) and \"More Baths Less Talking\" (2012). Books bought: Books read: Books bought: Books read: Books bought: Books read: Books bought: Books read: Books bought: Books read: Books bought: Books read: Books bought: Books read: Books bought: Books read: Books bought: Books read: Books bought: Books read: Books bought: Books read:",
"title": "The Polysyllabic Spree"
},
{
"id": "10409878",
"text": "Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th",
"title": "2007 New York Dragons season"
},
{
"id": "20991436",
"text": "Williams-Cole House The Williams-Cole House is a single family home located at 6810 Newburg Road near Durand, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. In 1836, Levi Frost and Daniel Tuttle purchased the land on which this house now stands. Two years later, Benjamin O. Williams (the founder of nearby Owosso) purchased the land from them. Daniel Williams, Benjamin's son, was also involved in developing Owosso, and in 1854 he purchased the farmland from his father. Although records are uncertain, it is quite likely that Daniel Williams built this home on his land as",
"title": "Williams-Cole House"
},
{
"id": "18381884",
"text": "council, distinct from Laidley Shire Council, in 1902. The land on which the bakery was constructed was subject to some very rapid land transactions in 1885. On 3 July the original 1860 land grant to James Fletcher was seized to Isabella Fletcher. On the same day a portion of that land was sold to Charles Nathan Schureck who subsequently purchased several other blocks of land in the subdivision. One month later, on 4 August 1885 the land was sold to Charles James Whitehouse. Charles James Whitehouse came to Laidley by a circuitous route from his birthplace in London in 1840.",
"title": "Whitehouse's Bakery"
},
{
"id": "13975086",
"text": "honored. As required by the Land Act of 1851, a claim for Rancho Los Ojitos was filed with the Public Land Commission in 1853, and the grant was patented to Mariano Soberanes in 1871. By 1880, the James Brown Cattle Company owned and operated Rancho Los Ojitos. In 1940, in preparation for involvement in World War II, the U.S. War Department purchased the land to create a troop training facility known as the Hunter Liggett Military Reservation. Rancho Los Ojitos Rancho Los Ojitos was a Mexican land grant in present day Monterey County, California given in 1842 by Governor Juan",
"title": "Rancho Los Ojitos"
},
{
"id": "12780778",
"text": "of decorated tile. The area had been considerably successful until 1591 when the owner of the land, Robert Devereux decided to sell large amounts of land to raise funds. Large amounts of land in Cotesbach came into ownership of John Quarles. Quarles raised rent for tenant farmers, purchased other sections of land and began to enclose the common land for farm animals. This upset many local people, who relied on the common land. A petition was taken to King James, who started an enquiry into the events, however the enquiry resulted in Quarles being given permission to enclose land in",
"title": "Cotesbach"
},
{
"id": "13583550",
"text": "Unregistered land in English law Unregistered land in English law is land that has not been registered with HM Land Registry. Under the residual principles of English land law, for unregistered land proof of title is based upon historical title deeds and a registry for certain charges under the Land Charges Act 1972. In 2013, because registration of title was never made compulsory \"per se\", 13 per cent of land in England and Wales remained unregistered. Only if a transaction identified in the Land Registration Act 2002 section 4 took place, as under the Land Registration Act 1925, would the",
"title": "Unregistered land in English law"
},
{
"id": "14304123",
"text": "an L.A. Syndicate, which opened a Union Stock Yard in Los Angeles on Oct. 15 of 1922. It also dealt in development and manufacturing of railways. Broome also served as a director of Peoples National Bank and Trust Company of Chicago. When William Richard Broome died, he gave his son, Thornhill Francis Broome, the land. Despite this fact, as previously mentioned, a legal battle occurred in which Thornhill's mother tried to gain control of the land. Thornhill had three children of his own and eventually the land was passed on to his eldest son John Spoor Broome. John Spoor Broome",
"title": "Thornhill Francis Broome"
},
{
"id": "16954332",
"text": "companies to acquire land. After the Second World War, Karelians evacuated from areas ceded to Russia were given land in remaining Finnish areas, taken from public and private holdings with less than full compensation to the previous owners. Also the war veterans, and their widows benefited from these allotments. As a result of post-WWII land reform, 30,000 new farms were established, 33,000 small farms received more land and 67,000 families received either a plot for a single-family home or a homestead with some arable land. At the 19th century, most of the land in Ireland belonged to large landowners, most",
"title": "Land reforms by country"
},
{
"id": "15295339",
"text": "from a working barn to a place for celebration during prohibition. Whiterock Conservancy Whiterock Conservancy is a 501(c)(3) land trust located in west-central Iowa that stewards over 4,000 acres of contiguous land located in the Middle Raccoon River watershed, and an additional 1,000 non-contiguous land located in the Brushy and Middle Raccoon River watersheds. The Whiterock landscape almost exclusively made possible by an extraordinary planned land gift from the Garst family to Whiterock Conservancy. The landscape is a mosaic of agricultural land, wetlands, preserved prairie and oak savanna, riverine woodlands, and upland forest. The land is also home to the",
"title": "Whiterock Conservancy"
},
{
"id": "20039481",
"text": "their head office. Fernwood House was then sold to Lowes Financial Management in 2016, who are part of the Lowes Group. The history of the building dates back to when Jesmond was a township in the 1800s. It also had Jesmond Colliery nearby, but was fields and woodland until the land was developed and properties were built in the 1850s. The land on which it was built, was formerly owned by the Warwick family, who also owned Warwick Hall. The land was sold to the Archbold family in 1821, following the bankruptcy of Robert Warwick, the owner of the Warwick",
"title": "Fernwood House"
},
{
"id": "15265296",
"text": "still held the freehold of the common land, his rights to exploit it were very restricted; for example, only the commoners now had the right to graze livestock there. Today, Ashdown Forest's common land, to which the public have been given open access (subject to bye-laws administered by the Conservators), mainly consists of the land that was set aside in 1693. To it have been added some tracts of land more recently acquired by the Conservators. In addition, there have been small-scale changes in the geographical distribution of the common land, for example, after small compensating exchanges of land have",
"title": "The common land and commoners of Ashdown Forest"
},
{
"id": "19770856",
"text": "arrangements with The James Foundation to secure a future for the goals she still wanted to reach while continuing to fight the disease. In 1938, at the age of 58, James died in New York City. Before Jame's death, she bought three land sections, over thirteen hundred acres, in Phelps and Crawford counties. This included the Maramec Spring area that was once the site of Maramec Iron Works. She did not allow or accept any proposals from companies that wanted to run a state highway or power transmission line through the land. Her reasoning behind purchasing the land, was that",
"title": "Lucy Wortham James"
},
{
"id": "20039482",
"text": "estate. The sale to the Archbold family came as the Warwick estate was broken up and sold off to different buyers. A number of Archbolds owned the land, before James Archbold Pears began to develop the land. Pears was the son of the noble family who owned Fenham Hall near Newcastle Upon Tyne at the time. After James Archbold Pears inherited the estate, he disposed of some of the land so that it could be developed. This included the land where Fernwood House is now situated. The construction of the building took place in 1864, when a number of properties",
"title": "Fernwood House"
},
{
"id": "3575238",
"text": "residents' idleness. Early life in the colony was spartan with some residents using a barn as shelter - piped water did not arrive until 1949 and electricity not until 1954. The site was originally open land surrounding Whiteway House but is now heavily wooded and home to a collection of mainly wooden buildings - as no one owns the land, mortgages could not be obtained so people had to build their own houses. A court ruling in 1955 established that nobody owns the legal title for the land. A communal hall was built by residents in 1924 to house social",
"title": "Whiteway Colony"
},
{
"id": "3612668",
"text": "the 1800s. Earlier, the land of a village was divided into narrow stripes of farmland for each to own, with the remainder commonly owned, and work on the land was collective. In the Great Partition, villages were organized as corporations termed partition units (Swedish: , Finnish: ), and land was divided into large chunks that were divided among the households (commoners) for individual cultivation and habitation. Land or waterways that remained undivided was kept by the partition unit as commons, owned by the partition unit. Later, Gustaf III claimed the yet unclaimed forest for the Crown – this was the",
"title": "Common land"
},
{
"id": "6874603",
"text": "Crichel Down affair The Crichel Down affair was a British political scandal of 1954, with a subsequent effect and notoriety. The \"Crichel Down Rules\" are guidelines applying to compulsory purchase drawn up in the light of the affair. The case centred on of agricultural land at Crichel Down, near Long Crichel, Dorset. Much of the land in question was part of the estate of Crichel House, owned by the 3rd Baron Alington. The land was purchased compulsorily in 1938 by the Air Ministry for use for bombing practice by the Royal Air Force. The purchase price when it was requisitioned",
"title": "Crichel Down affair"
},
{
"id": "13696965",
"text": "and the land area was 6711 dunams, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, the land ownership census the Land Ownership (Dunums) was as follows: The use of village land in 1945: The population rose to 267 in 1948 with 61 houses. The Wadi al-Maddu' runs near where the village was located. In March, 1948, Yosef Weitz had started pressing the Haganah to expel Arab tenant farmers, and kibbutz leaders in the Baysan valley had demanded new settlements in their area, as \"a means of freeing our land [from Arabs] and preventing the return of the beduins",
"title": "Al-Ashrafiyya"
},
{
"id": "9646455",
"text": "Communal land \"(see also Common land)\" Communal land is a (mostly rural) territory in possession of a community, rather than an individual or company . This sort of arrangement existed in almost all Europe until the 18th century, by which the king or the church officially owned the land, but allowed the peasants to work in them in exchange for a levy. These institutions still survive today in Switzerland and Sardinia. This system has also existed in Africa, Asia and America, and in some parts has persisted until today. A group or culture historically owns a piece of land and",
"title": "Communal land"
},
{
"id": "18861529",
"text": "a small area is in West Pittston. There are approximately of streams in the watershed. The largest land use in the watershed of Hicks Creek is forested land, which makes up 57.0 percent of the total land area. Most of it is in the northern part of the watershed. The second-largest land use is residential land, which makes up 19.6 percent of the total land area. 6.7 percent each is devoted to open space and meadows, while 5.5 percent is commercial land. A total of 2.2 percent is abandoned mining land, 1.8 percent is agricultural land, and 0.5 percent is",
"title": "Hicks Creek (Susquehanna River tributary)"
},
{
"id": "3854273",
"text": "opened during World War II on farm land, acquired by compulsory purchase order. It was situated on the western side of the railway line running through Bishopton. Over of land from up to seven farms was used to build the factory. The land included Dargavel House. The southern end of the site included the majority of the land formerly used by the World War I National Filling Factory, Georgetown. The ROF was privatised in 1984, being sold to British Aerospace (now BAE Systems), which has since scaled down and shut most of the site. The factory was in use from",
"title": "Bishopton, Renfrewshire"
},
{
"id": "1233378",
"text": "The land, measuring approximately , was the basis for a town that would be called Kemah. This land was granted to one of the first colonists who was a farmer and stockraiser, Michael Gouldrich, on August 24, 1824. Gouldrich's land was located near Clear Creek and Galveston Bay. However, after Gouldrich disappeared, William Vince from Harris County acquired Gouldrich's Clear Creek land. Afterwards John Flanders, an Alamo fighter who was not supposed to have taken any land, bought the property from William Vince and it was renamed \"Flanders Grove\" or \"Flanders Labor\". When Flanders died at the age of 36,",
"title": "Kemah, Texas"
},
{
"id": "20214140",
"text": "Education: Marcie Wolfe, Mt. Ogden Middle School Government: Industry: Academia: Education: Industry: Academia: Education: Government: Industry: Academia: Education: Government: Industry: Academia: Education: Government: Industry: Academia: Education: Government: Industry: Academia Education: Industry: Academia: Education: Government: Industry: Academia: Government: Industry: Academia: Education: Government: Industry: Academia: Education: Government: Industry: Academia: Industry: Education: Special: Academia: Education: Government: Industry: Academia: Education: Government: Industry: Special: Academia: Education Government: Industry: Special: Academia: Education: Government: Industry: Academia: Education: Government: Industry: Special: Academia: Education: Industry: Government: Special: Academia: Education: Industry: Government: Academia: Education: Industry: Government: Academia: Education: Industry: Government: Special: Academia: Education: Industry: Government: Special: Academia: Education: Industry: Government:",
"title": "Utah Governor's Medal for Science and Technology"
},
{
"id": "18813536",
"text": "magnate, purchased the land in 1936. He attempted to change zoning rules for the property so that of it could be divided into parcels. He also wanted to erect office buildings on the land. After a legal battle, Rosenstiel decided to leave the land mostly untouched. In 1980, businessman Peter M. Brant purchased Conyers Farm for $18 million. At the time, it represented one of the largest plots of undeveloped land near a large city. A devoted polo player, Brant said that he hoped to develop a community of people who were polo enthusiasts. The land at Conyers Farm was",
"title": "Conyers Farm"
},
{
"id": "6262976",
"text": "Originally authorized in May 1959, WANL officially became a Westinghouse division on July 26, 1959 under the leadership of John Wistar Simpson. Cornell University physicist Sidney Krasik served as the first technical director and Frank Cotter was the first marketing director. Born in 1914, Simpson graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1937 and earned an MS from the University of Pittsburgh in 1941. Working in the switchgear division of Westinghouse's East Pittsburgh plant, Simpson helped develop the electric switchboards that could survive the extreme impacts experienced by naval vessels in the Pacific Theater during World War II. In",
"title": "Westinghouse Astronuclear Laboratory"
},
{
"id": "1161305",
"text": "of the names of the bridges were those of the neighboring farm owners. In 1938 the first large scale Federal Housing Administration multiple housing project in Upstate New York was conceived by Harry D. Yates on of land in Menands. The land was purchased for $20,000, from the Van Rensselaer family who had owned it since 1639. Original plans called for 30 buildings, but cost overruns trimmed it to 13. All thirteen were named for historic people and locations in the Capital District; subsequent additions have kept to that tradition with the exception of Tremaine House, named for a former",
"title": "Menands, New York"
},
{
"id": "18481236",
"text": "the district was made available in the 1850s, and most of the remaining land was taken up in the 1860s and 1870s. In 1855 Thomas Grenier purchased from the New South Wales Government , much of which is now part of Archerfield Aerodrome. The land on which the igloo structures are located was granted by Deed of Grant in July 1856 to John and Isaac Markwell. The land was transferred in December 1878 to George and Samuel Grimes, and later to Annie and Martin Finucane in March 1901 who subdivided the property. The land surrounding the igloos was transferred to",
"title": "Archerfield Second World War Igloos Complex"
},
{
"id": "10520",
"text": "protection against the cold outside and to provide light in cloudy areas. This process is often extremely expensive. An alternative is the Seawater Greenhouse which desalinates water through evaporation and condensation using solar energy as the only energy input. This technology is optimized to grow crops on desert land close to the sea. Some examples of infertile non-arable land being turned into fertile arable land are: Some examples of fertile arable land being turned into infertile land are: Arable land Arable land (from Latin \"arabilis\", \"able to be plowed\") is, according to one definition, land capable of being ploughed and",
"title": "Arable land"
},
{
"id": "7728427",
"text": "protection to the occupation of land or a building unless the land or building is the occupier's \"home\". If a traveller with his caravan enters as a trespasser upon a piece of land, by what process does the small area of land on which he happens to station his caravan and, presumably, a few square yards surrounding that small area of land, become identified as his \"home\"? If a homeless person enters an unoccupied building, places his few possessions in one of the rooms and spends the next night or two there, does the room become his \"home\" in relation",
"title": "Kay v Lambeth LBC"
},
{
"id": "13552672",
"text": "Rancho Guenoc Rancho Guenoc was a Mexican land grant in present-day Lake County, California given in 1845 by Governor Pio Pico to George Rock. Rancho Guenoc was one of three land grants (along with Rancho Lupyomi and Rancho Collayomi) in Lake County. Lake County was formed in 1861 of land taken mainly from Napa County and the northwest portion taken from Mendocino County. Rancho Guenoc encompassed essentially all of Coyote Valley including Guenoc, stretching from the range of low mountains just north of Middletown to what is now the southern end of Spruce Grove Road, and from the most westerly",
"title": "Rancho Guenoc"
},
{
"id": "6839029",
"text": "Charles Stillman, having a deed to the land, offered to lease it to the government to build a fort on. This land was part of the Espiritu Santo land grant, but due to a complication involving the owners not listing the land with the Mexican or Texas government a land dispute ensued which reached the Supreme Court. Charles Stillman founded Brownsville, Texas, on January 13, 1849, around the same time as the establishment of Fort Brown. The land, which was less than a mile from the fort, was also disputed. Stillman had bought large pieces of land north and northeast",
"title": "Charles Stillman"
},
{
"id": "17441382",
"text": "of protection to those communities, in 1916 land in Native Reserves, which then amounted to about a quarter of the land in the protectorate, was designated as Native Trust Land, to be held in trust for the benefit of African communities. Later, in 1936, all Crown Land except game or forest reserves or that used for public purposes became Native Trust Land, and Native Authorities were authorised to allocate Trust Land to their communities in accordance with customary law. After 1936, Native Trust Land constituted over 80% of the land in Nyasaland and most African farmers farmed Native Trust Land",
"title": "Native Trust Land"
},
{
"id": "8440574",
"text": "group of students to its executives. The group, entitled the 'Central Students' Committee' (CSC for short) produces formal responses to the consultations proposed by the Council of Commissioners. This school board oversees 39 elementary schools, 12 secondary schools, 2 adult education centres and 4 vocational training centres, in which more than 20,000 students are enrolled. Elementary School: Vocational Education: Adult Education: High school: Elementary School: Elementary School: Elementary School: High school: Elementary School: Elementary School: Vocational Education: High school: Elementary School: Vocational Education: Adult Education: High schools: Elementary School: Vocational Education: High schools: Elementary School: Elementary School: High schools: Elementary",
"title": "Lester B. Pearson School Board"
},
{
"id": "3065099",
"text": "Austria in 1962 to marry his fiancée, Marcia, whom he had met at college. From 1959, Morton worked as a columnist for several American periodicals including \"The New York Times\", \"Esquire\", and \"Playboy\". He died at the Hilton hotel in Vienna at the age of 90 on April 20, 2015. Frederic Morton Frederic Morton (October 5, 1924 – April 20, 2015) was an Austrian-born American writer. Born Fritz Mandelbaum in Vienna, Morton was the son of a blacksmith who specialized in forging (manufacturing) imperial medals. In the wake of the \"Anschluss\" of 1938, his father was arrested, but later released.",
"title": "Frederic Morton"
},
{
"id": "15980115",
"text": "Coos Bay Wagon Road Lands The Coos Bay Wagon Road Lands is land managed by the United States Bureau of Land Management. The land was originally granted to the Oregon & California Railroad to create a road between Coos Bay, Oregon and Roseburg, Oregon. The land was reconveyed to the United States in 1937. The Coos Bay Wagon Road Lands (CBWR) were originally granted to the Oregon & California Railroad in 1866. They include odd-numbered sections in a six-mile swath between Coos Bay and Roseburg. The grant, which was intended to finance construction of a military road between the two",
"title": "Coos Bay Wagon Road Lands"
},
{
"id": "15234312",
"text": "The people living on the land of the lake are concerned about losing their land. Land title concerns related to the lease of Boeung Kak Lake are a result of a long history of land title issues in Cambodia. In 1930, during the long period of colonialism of Cambodia by the French most of the land had been registered as private property. However, the French system was upheld after Cambodia gained independence in 1953. In the years thereafter more land was distributed to the population and in 1962, 84 percent of agriculture households owned land. The trend shifted during the",
"title": "Boeung Kak"
},
{
"id": "3277166",
"text": "Pacific was given over a third of the land in the Bear River Valley through land grants. Alexander Toponce purchased of this land in 1883 for $65,000. He and John W. Kerr created the Corinne Mill, Canal and Stock Company and ultimately owned of land in the area. John R. Bothwell purchased much of this land in 1888. Bothwell created the Jarvis-Conklin Mortgage and Trust Company with Samuel M. Jarvis and Roland R. Conklin, with $2 million on mortgage bonds. The majority of these bonds were bought by Quaker societies in Scotland, England, and Ireland. This money was used to",
"title": "Bear River (Great Salt Lake)"
},
{
"id": "1993845",
"text": "four times larger than the Land Rush of 1889. The Cherokee Strip Regional Heritage Center museum at the eastern edge of Enid, Oklahoma commemorates this event. The final land run in Oklahoma was the Land Run of 1895 to settle the Kickapoo lands. Each run had exhibited many problems and the Federal Government deemed the run to be an inefficient way to distribute land to would-be settlers. After 1895, the government distributed land by sealed-bid auctions. Major openings by this method included Kiowa-Comanche-Apache Reservation (1901), the Wichita-Caddo Reservation (1901), and the Big Pasture (1906). There was one land run in",
"title": "Land run"
},
{
"id": "15465572",
"text": "Elwha Ranger Station The Elwha Ranger Station is a historic district in Olympic National Park, originally built in the 1930s for the U.S. Forest Service. The complex of fourteen buildings is divided in two by Olympic Hotsprings Road. To the east lie the ranger station and three residences, with nine maintenance buildings on the west side of the road. The complex was turned over to the National Park Service in 1940 when the land was added to Olympic National Park from Olympic National Forest. Construction is typical of USFS practice, and reflects the Forest Service's preference of the time for",
"title": "Elwha Ranger Station"
},
{
"id": "1031425",
"text": "moved to Harrington, but the grandstand and the races remained until 1943, when the property was converted to land for residential housing. In 1950, a 336-bed Veteran's Administration hospital opened on the western edge of town. This was the ninth VA hospital built after the conclusion of World War II. Elsmere is located at (39.7392796, -75.5979812). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , all land. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Elsmere has a",
"title": "Elsmere, Delaware"
},
{
"id": "3612632",
"text": "century, a considerable amount of common land still exists, particularly in upland areas, and there are over 7,000 registered commons in England alone. Common land or former common land is usually referred to as a common; for instance, Clapham Common or Mungrisdale Common. Originally in medieval England the common was an integral part of the manor, and was thus part of the estate held by the lord of the manor under a feudal grant from the Crown or a superior peer, who in turn held his land from the Crown which owned all land. This manorial system, founded on feudalism,",
"title": "Common land"
},
{
"id": "7561609",
"text": "government expropriated 12,300 dunams of land to build Ring Neighborhoods around Jerusalem on land conquered in the Six-Day War. Gilo was established in 1973. According to an Israeli municipal planner, most Gilo land had been legally purchased by Jews before World War II, much of it during the 1930s, and that Jewish landowners had not relinquished their ownership of their land when the area was captured by the Jordanians in the 1948 War. According to other sources, the land belonged to the Palestinian villages of Sharafat, Beit Jala and Beit Safafa. With its expansion over the years, Gilo has formed",
"title": "Gilo"
},
{
"id": "13371758",
"text": "of the two-mile limit, the Stratford selectmen stopped recording outlivers altogether. In 1670, the \"three mile\" or \"woods division\" was made. This divided common land located from the Stratford meeting house and included land up to away from it. The common land grants were laid out in a fashion so that each tract had a share of a run of water, woods, natural meadow, plains, swamp and ledge. The grants were often a quarter of a mile north to south and one mile in length east to west, about of land. Each freeman received division land according to his right",
"title": "History of Trumbull, Connecticut"
},
{
"id": "20623168",
"text": "land to builders at small premium. Once the land is acquired by the builders, government cancels the acquisition process and releases the land to new build owners, along with the change in land use (CLU) permisison to build residential and industrial building on the farm land. This results in steep rise in the land prices, resulting in massive gains for the builders, opportunity cost loss to the farmers and land tax revenue loss to the government. In 2004, Hooda government issued the notification to acquire the 688 acre land for the IMT Manesar. By the time the government retracted the",
"title": "Manesar land scam"
},
{
"id": "2662687",
"text": "by July. On 26 July 2012 at 1200 the RAF Ensign was lowered for the last time, and replaced by the flag of 39 Engineer Regiment (Air Support), Royal Engineers, to become Kinloss Barracks. The area around Kinloss was surveyed in 1937 for the purposes of identifying land to establishing a new flying training school for the Royal Air Force. In January 1938, of agricultural land was compulsorily purchased at Kinloss Home Farm, Easter Langcot, Wester Langcot, Doon Park and Muirton. Contractor Mowlem began work in March 1938, with several farm buildings being demolished and land cleared. By August 1938",
"title": "RAF Kinloss"
},
{
"id": "9562780",
"text": "White Highlands' in Kenya. Lord Delamere originally applied for a land grant from the British Crown in May 1903, but was denied because the Governor of the Protectorate, Sir Charles Eliot, thought the land was too far from any population centre. His next request for , near what is now Naivasha, was denied because the government felt that settlement by a colonising farmer might ignite conflicts with the Maasai tribesman who lived on the land. Delamere's third attempt at land acquisition was successful. He received a 99-year lease on of land that would be named 'Equator Ranch', requiring him to",
"title": "Hugh Cholmondeley, 3rd Baron Delamere"
},
{
"id": "4522995",
"text": "before it reached the coast. Storm Two made landfall near Cameron, Louisiana, as a minimal hurricane with winds of , causing moderate flooding of lowlands and $250,000 in damage (1938 dollars, $3.4 million in 2006 dollars). The storm dissipated over east Texas. The fourth storm of the season was discovered as a strengthening tropical storm in the central Caribbean Sea on August 23. The storm became a hurricane the next day and maintained a northwest track, steadily strengthening. Storm Three became a major hurricane, with winds equivalent to Category 3 intensity, a day later and maintained that intensity until landfall",
"title": "1938 Atlantic hurricane season"
},
{
"id": "10262700",
"text": "the site and settling in tents. The moshav was built next to Ayn Ghazal, a Palestinian village depopulated during Operation Shoter in July 1948. Walid Khalidi writes that it is not on Ayn Ghazal land, but that Ein Ayala was founded on land belonging to Kafr Lam, and cultivated land adjacent to Khirbat al-Sawamir. In April 1951 the moshav was incorporated in the newly established Hof HaCarmel Regional Council and granted municipal status. In the early years, the 92 pioneer families found it difficult to earn a livelihood due to lack of agricultural equipment and logistical problems. Although the land",
"title": "Ein Ayala"
},
{
"id": "17441405",
"text": "Crown. Reserved lands covered land occupied under Certificates of Claim (previously classified as private land) and any land subsequently granted or leased out of Crown lands. Reserved lands also included forest reserves and land in township areas. All other land became Native Trust Land. This was vested in the Secretary of State for the Colonies, but administered by the governor for the use and common benefit of the natives. The 1936 Order recognised that Africans could occupy and use Native Trust Land as a matter of right, but no other racial group in the protectorate was similarly entitled. The Governor",
"title": "Native Trust Land"
},
{
"id": "8528666",
"text": "1924, he began purchasing land around Upper Harker Lake for the use of a private shooting club. Slade invested a considerable sum into improving the land with the aim of making it more attractive for waterfowl. Improvements included planting and harvesting a limited amount of organically-grown grain to provide bird feed, and a well capable of pumping 60,500 liters (16,000 gallons) of water per hour to keep the lake level from falling during drought. In 1940, Slade donated the land to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, which used the land to establish the Slade National Wildlife Refuge. Upper",
"title": "Upper Harker Lake"
},
{
"id": "17441406",
"text": "could, however, grant a right of occupancy of Native Trust land to a member of any racial group, normally as a lessee. Subsequently, the 1950 Order-in-Council restyled Native Trust Land as African Trust Land (as the word \"native\" had pejorative connotations), Crown Land as Public Land, and Reserved lands as Private Land. This structure remained in place until independence in 1964. African Trust Land was now vested in the governor for the use and common benefit of the Africans. The authorities controlling land use and occupation were African chiefs and headmen, and African customs and laws were recognised as the",
"title": "Native Trust Land"
},
{
"id": "3612667",
"text": "movement of flocks and herds of animals. A partition unit is a corporation that owns common land. In this case, the land is not state-owned or in joint-ownership under a trust, but is owned by a definite partition unit, a legal partnership whose partners are the participating individual landowners. Common lands and waterways owned by a partition unit were created by an agreement where certain land was reserved for the common use of all adjacent landowners. For the most part, this was due to the Great Partition (Swedish: , Finnish: ), which started in 1757 and was largely complete by",
"title": "Common land"
},
{
"id": "16070885",
"text": "Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 103 Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 103 (P. Oxy. 103 or P. Oxy. I 103) is a lease of some land, written in Greek and discovered in Oxyrhynchus. The manuscript was written on papyrus in the form of a sheet. The document was written on 13 October 316. Currently it is housed in the British Museum (767) in London. The document is a contract to lease one \"aroura\" of land near the village of Isionpanga. The owner of the land was Aurelius Themistocles, \"gymnasiarch\" and \"prytanis\" of Oxyrhynchus. The lessees were Aurelius Leonidas and Aurelius Dioscorus. The land was to be",
"title": "Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 103"
},
{
"id": "7713090",
"text": "continues to be the primary land use in the watershed. About half of the land is owned by Mendocino Redwood Company and Hawthorne Timber Company, which bought its land from Georgia Pacific in 1999. Jackson Demonstration State Forest, owned by the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, makes up about one fifth of the watershed. The rest of the land is split into smaller parcels, such as ranches and private residences. Public land is largely limited to the state forest. Aside from use for navigation, recreation and municipal and industrial water supply for the city of Fort Bragg, the",
"title": "Noyo River"
},
{
"id": "18304649",
"text": "Gideon Hart House The Gideon Hart House is the oldest home in Westerville, Ohio, United States. Built in 1820, the home is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Located at 636 S. Hempstead Road, it was originally built by Gideon Hart on land awarded to his father for service in the Revolutionary War. Gideon Hart and family moved from Connecticut to Ohio in 1816 to take advantage of the land tract of 380 acres. The original tract went from the current land east as far as the current Hoover Reservoir. Hart was a prominent man who built multiple",
"title": "Gideon Hart House"
},
{
"id": "6750562",
"text": "newspapers. Names in [ ] are clarification comments for titles that are not clear. May 1937: June 1937: July 1937: August 1937: September 1937: October 1937: November 1937: December 1937: January 1938: February 1938: The World Museum The World Museum was a full-page illustrated feature in some American Sunday newspapers, starting in June 1937 until January 1938. Devised and drawn by Holling Clancy Holling (1900–1973), it was also known as The World Museum Dioramas. The Evening Star in Washington and the Baltimore American both published the dioramas. Publication in the Evening Star abruptly stops in February 1938 in spite of",
"title": "The World Museum"
},
{
"id": "19092142",
"text": "and 20,000 acres of land, to the U.S. National Forest Service. The U.S. National Forest Service has incorporated the land into the Sequoia National Forest. On January 9, 1946, 320 acres of land adjacent to Hume Lake was sold for $140,000 to Walter Warkentin and partners. The sale included the Hume Lake Hotel, store, service station, post office, 22 cottages, 22 boats, a saloon and a brothel. The land was converted into Hume Lake Christian Camps and serves as a summer camp and conference center for worship and religious studies. Hume-Bennett Lumber Company The Hume-Bennett Lumber Company was a logging",
"title": "Hume-Bennett Lumber Company"
},
{
"id": "6813325",
"text": "Benson neighborhood (Omaha, Nebraska) Benson is a historic neighborhood in Omaha, Nebraska. Now a pocket within North Omaha, Benson Place was originally platted in 1887 and was annexed into the City of Omaha in 1917. Erastus Benson was a land speculator, investor and philanthropist who unsuccessfully ran for Mayor of Omaha in 1906. He was an early investor in marketing Thomas Edison's inventions, including the phonograph and the Kinetoscope. In 1887, he purchased approximately of farm land from Edward Creighton, an Omaha businessman. On March 4, 1887, Benson platted the land on the Creighton farm and called it Benson Place,",
"title": "Benson neighborhood (Omaha, Nebraska)"
},
{
"id": "6813328",
"text": "Benson neighborhood (Omaha, Nebraska) Benson is a historic neighborhood in Omaha, Nebraska. Now a pocket within North Omaha, Benson Place was originally platted in 1887 and was annexed into the City of Omaha in 1917. Erastus Benson was a land speculator, investor and philanthropist who unsuccessfully ran for Mayor of Omaha in 1906. He was an early investor in marketing Thomas Edison's inventions, including the phonograph and the Kinetoscope. In 1887, he purchased approximately of farm land from Edward Creighton, an Omaha businessman. On March 4, 1887, Benson platted the land on the Creighton farm and called it Benson Place,",
"title": "Benson neighborhood (Omaha, Nebraska)"
},
{
"id": "10503677",
"text": "time, it is more likely that he did go with his parents and family to Woodbury. He returned to Trumbull between 1696 and 1700. Walter Nicholls' description of the Nichols homestead follows: According to Stratford land records, Abraham Nichols purchased several old farms and large parcels of land in 1696. Nichols exchanged his land for of \"Lt. Joseph Judsons old farm\" which had a barn on it, or half the land owned by Jeremiah Judson, and of land from Benjamin Curtiss. These transactions are described in the land records as being located at or near the \"Old farm\", \"Judson's farm's\"",
"title": "Nichols Farms Historic District"
},
{
"id": "10409701",
"text": "3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter:",
"title": "2007 Orlando Predators season"
},
{
"id": "10760505",
"text": "Lane's End Farm Lane's End Farm is a Thoroughbred horse breeding farm in Versailles, Kentucky established in 1979. The original land was part of Bosque Bonita Farm and was originally owned by Abraham Buford, a Confederate Army General. The land was later bought by horseman John H. Morris. Now owned and operated by the Farish family, Lane's End Farm has become one of the major breeding farms in North America. The original land was part of Bosque Bonita Farm, a name that means \"beautiful woods\" in Spanish, and was originally owned by Abraham Buford, a Confederate Army General. The land",
"title": "Lane's End Farm"
},
{
"id": "12244870",
"text": "Josephine M. Hagerty House The Josephine M. Hagerty House is a historic house at 357 Atlantic Avenue in Cohasset, Massachusetts. Built in 1938, it was the first building in the United States commissioned from Bauhaus architect Walter Gropius, who collaborated with Marcel Breuer on its design. It is one of the nation's early examples of International Style architecture, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997. The Hagerty House is set on a point of land overlooking Massachusetts Bay on the north shore of Cohasset, west of Sandy Beach. The house is set near the rocky",
"title": "Josephine M. Hagerty House"
},
{
"id": "1051122",
"text": "and his brother-in-law Daniel Pearce moved to the area now known as Oswego. The land belonged by the local Potowatomi, Ottawa, and Chippewa tribes, but the United States government removed the Native Americans when the government started surveying the land along the Fox River in Kendall County. In 1842, the federal government placed the land for sale at an established price of $1.25 an acre. After the sale of the land, Lewis Brinsmaid Judson and Levi F. Arnold from New York laid out the village and named it Hudson. However, when a post office was established, its location was given",
"title": "Oswego, Illinois"
},
{
"id": "11567876",
"text": "1949. After the Six Day War, most of the villages land, roughly 667 acres, was redefined as lying in Area C under complete Israeli control, and military administration. Obtaining building permits from that authority are, according to residents, all but impossible. In late August 2014 Israel declared 1,000 acres near Wadi Fukin was state land. Many of Wadi Fukin's villagers with plots on that land have, according to their attorney, a kushan testifying to their legal ownership, around two-thirds, of areas within this expropriated land. Wadi Fukin has a total land area of 434.7 hectares (4,347 dunams), 20.1 hectares of",
"title": "Wadi Fukin"
},
{
"id": "15295332",
"text": "Whiterock Conservancy Whiterock Conservancy is a 501(c)(3) land trust located in west-central Iowa that stewards over 4,000 acres of contiguous land located in the Middle Raccoon River watershed, and an additional 1,000 non-contiguous land located in the Brushy and Middle Raccoon River watersheds. The Whiterock landscape almost exclusively made possible by an extraordinary planned land gift from the Garst family to Whiterock Conservancy. The landscape is a mosaic of agricultural land, wetlands, preserved prairie and oak savanna, riverine woodlands, and upland forest. The land is also home to the historic Roswell and Elizabeth Garst Farmstead, which hosted Soviet Premier Nikita",
"title": "Whiterock Conservancy"
},
{
"id": "10829318",
"text": "Pierce, owned a large portion of land in [[Oscoda, Michigan]] on Lake Van Etten, which is located beside [[Wurtsmith Air Force Base]]. During the [[Great Depression]], Barnard and Virginia Pierce sold most of the land which they owned, including Loud Island, to several developers and private landowners. What land the Pierce family kept and built cottages and homes on resides on a point of land jutting into the waters of Lake Van Etten, giving it the name \"Pierce's Point.\" Davey was one of four siblings— older brother John Leo II, younger brother Berten Edward, and sister Margaret. While Davey spent",
"title": "Charles Pierce Davey"
},
{
"id": "14195443",
"text": "Sly Park Ranch. There was also a timber mill, Sly Park Mill, located near the second dam on Sly Park Creek. Current land use in the watershed is predominately Forest/Recreational use. Most of the land is publicly owned. The major land owners are El Dorado Irrigation District, the US Bureau of Reclamation, and the USDA Forest Service. Private landowners include the timber companies Sierra Pacific Industries and Georgia Pacific, which have had a large influence on timber management in the region. Smaller logging operations are authorized on the Forest Service lands as well as recreational uses. Recreational use includes off",
"title": "Sly Park Dam"
},
{
"id": "9596259",
"text": "folded into New Line's parent company Warner Bros. Entertainment Film Distributors have released many BAFTA- and Oscar-winning films including \"The Departed\", \"Million Dollar Baby\", \"Gosford Park\", \"Brokeback Mountain\" and \"The Artist\". List of films distributed include: 1974: 1975: 1976: 1978: 1979: 1981: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1985: 1986: 1987: 1988: 1989: 1990: 1991: 1992: 1993: 1994: 1995: 1996: 1997: 1998: 1999: 2000: 2001: 2002: 2003: 2004: 2005: 2006: 2007: 2008: 2009: 2010: 2011: 2012: 2013: 2014: 2015: 2016: 2017: 2018: Entertainment Film Distributors Entertainment Film Distributors is a British distributor of independent films in the UK and Ireland for various production",
"title": "Entertainment Film Distributors"
},
{
"id": "6478861",
"text": "1992, and re-branded AIP as West Side Studios. This was acknowledged as a nod to his 30-year association with \"West Side Story\", as well as to de-emphasize action films. Prior would continue to direct for the company he sold. Nine years after initial release in 1988, \"Space Mutiny\" was lampooned on \"Mystery Science Theater 3000\" and featured on the home video release of that show. Action International Pictures Action International Pictures (AIP) also known as West Side Studios, is a film production and distribution company founded in 1986. AIP was founded by David Winters, David A. Prior and Peter Yuval.",
"title": "Action International Pictures"
},
{
"id": "12556556",
"text": "Elcot Park Hotel The Mercure Newbury Elcot Park Hotel is a four star country hotel belonging to Jupiter Hotels and franchised as part of the Mercure hotel chain, situated within of land in the locality of Elcot near Kintbury in the English county of Berkshire. Elcot Park estate was purchased by Anthony Bushby Bacon (1772? - 1827), the son of a wealthy Welsh industrialist, from Charles Dundas, 1st Baron Amesbury, a prominent landowner from the neighbouring village of Kintbury. He then proceeded to create a small estate, and built the house probably between 1815 and 1825. There are gaps in",
"title": "Elcot Park Hotel"
},
{
"id": "17891842",
"text": "a landowner, in 1863 and later to Major Herbert Gordon, an officer in the 93rd Highlanders, who was still living there in 1925. It is possible that the house was used as a prisoner of war camp during World War II. It was the UK head office of Lexmark who vacated the house in 2004. In March 2014 it was still being marketed as a potential company head office. Westhorpe House Westhorpe House is a Grade II listed building near Little Marlow which is believed to have once been the home of Field marshal Sir George Nugent. The Main House",
"title": "Westhorpe House"
},
{
"id": "1811202",
"text": "present day Jolon and land to the west. When Pastor obtained title from the Public Land Commission in 1875, Faxon Atherton immediately purchased the land. By 1880, the James Brown Cattle Company owned and operated Rancho Milpitas and neighboring Rancho Los Ojitos. William Randolph Hearst's Piedmont Land and Cattle Company acquired the rancho in 1925. In 1940, in anticipation of the increased forces required in World War II, the U.S. War Department purchased the land from Hearst to create a troop training facility known as the Hunter Liggett Military Reservation. On July 30, 1834, Figueroa granted Rancho El Sur, two",
"title": "Big Sur"
},
{
"id": "3695370",
"text": "1938 in Norwegian football Results from Norwegian football (soccer) from 1938. Pl: Place |G: Games played| W: Games won| D: Games draw| L: Games lost| P: Points| Pl: Place |G: Games played| W: Games won| D: Games draw| L: Games lost| P: Points| Pl: Place |G: Games played| W: Games won| D: Games draw| L: Games lost| P: Points| Pl: Place |G: Games played| W: Games won| D: Games draw| L: Games lost| P: Points| Pl: Place |G: Games played| W: Games won| D: Games draw| L: Games lost| P: Points| Pl: Place |G: Games played| W: Games won| D:",
"title": "1938 in Norwegian football"
},
{
"id": "13466307",
"text": "1872, H. W. Mills purchased one-half of the Conejo grant from the heirs of Captain Jose de la Guerra, which he called the Triunfo Ranch. Mills went bankrupt and Andrew D. Russell purchased his Triunfo Ranch in 1881. In 1882, of the Newbury tract were sold. In 1910, Harold and Edwin Janss of the Janss Investment Company purchased about of land of what is now Thousand Oaks from the heir of John Edwards, who had purchased the land from the de la Guerra heirs. Rancho El Conejo Rancho El Conejo was a Spanish land grant in California given in 1803",
"title": "Rancho El Conejo"
},
{
"id": "16391330",
"text": "and Jains were big land owners who would rent land to others and collect about one third of crop as rent for land. All property owners overnight lost all their land and houses and became poor with a stroke of pen for Land Ceiling Act. This caused land to become highly fragmented to 2-5 vingha lots. Even today, people are reluctant to rent land and houses in India due to this draconian law. In whole Karchelia, there are hardly any agricultural land lots larger than 25 bingha. Most agricultural land lots are 2-5 bingha. Smaller and fragmented land makes use",
"title": "Karchelia"
},
{
"id": "8949471",
"text": "0 Country Code: +61 8 9162 – part of the Australian numbering system International Call Prefix: 0011 Trunk Prefix: 0 Country Code: +672 3 International Call Prefix: 00 Trunk Prefix: Country Code: +56 32 International Call Prefix: 00 Trunk Prefix: Country Code: +670 International Call Prefix: 00 Trunk Prefix: Country Code: +691 International Call Prefix: 00 Trunk Prefix: Country Code: +679 International Call Prefix: 00 Trunk Prefix: Country Code: +689 International Call Prefix: 00 Trunk Prefix: Country Code: +686 International Call Prefix: 00 Trunk Prefix: Country Code: +692 International Call Prefix: 00 Trunk Prefix: Country Code: +674 International Call Prefix:",
"title": "Telephone numbers in Oceania"
},
{
"id": "9646458",
"text": "lands are at a lower elevation than the richer commercial farms, and consequently experience higher average temperatures, and lower rainfall levels. Since independence, in communal lands, schools have been established and expanded, roads tarred, and electrification has spread. In recent years though, this development has slowed. In Mexico communal land is known as the ejido. (see also the Chiapas conflict) Communal land \"(see also Common land)\" Communal land is a (mostly rural) territory in possession of a community, rather than an individual or company . This sort of arrangement existed in almost all Europe until the 18th century, by which",
"title": "Communal land"
},
{
"id": "2451872",
"text": "the transcontinental railway. The Hudson's Bay Company, which had once owned the entire prairies, had kept 5 per cent of the land as part of the terms of its surrender of its charter. These two companies sold land to land companies and to farmers on the open market. Additional areas were set aside for schools and government buildings. Overall, about of land were given away by the government under the Dominion Lands Act. Some historians argue that the Dominion Lands Act encouraged premature settlement of the West since many of the farms settled under the act later failed. From 1930",
"title": "Dominion Lands Act"
},
{
"id": "17182857",
"text": "Axel Collett Axel Collett (6 August 1880 in Kolvereid – 17 January 1968) was a Norwegian landowner, timber merchant and sawmill owner. He was a co-owner and actively involved in the management of Firma Albert Collett, a firm established by his father, which was and is one of the largest private land owners of Norway. The company owned of land in Namdalen, and built Salsbruket Tresliperi, a sawmill, of which he also served as director. A member of the English-origined Collett family, he was the son of land-owner Albert Collett, the grandson of land-owner John Collett of Buskerud Manor and",
"title": "Axel Collett"
},
{
"id": "17562470",
"text": "President Franklin D. Roosevelt named Connors as the industrial member of the New England Labor Relations Board. In 1938 he chaired a large testimonial dinner for Postmaster James A. Farley at the Copley Plaza Hotel. Connors died on July 11, 1941 at his home in Newton, Massachusetts. The cause of death was Coronary thrombosis. Narragansett Park's Old Colony Stakes was renamed the James H. Connors Memorial Stakes in his honor. James H. Connors James H. Connors was an American horse racing executive and businessman who served as president of Suffolk Downs. Connors was born and raised in Boston's Roxbury neighborhood.",
"title": "James H. Connors"
},
{
"id": "15403407",
"text": "at various pieces of land that were for sale, and then repeatedly throughout construction. Cecelia and Robert contracted with a leading national construction company to do the building, and arranged for Pittsburgh architect Dahlen Ritchey, who had been a promising student of Gropius at Harvard, to supervise the construction. The project was completed in 1940. It became, as one scholar describes it, “a machine for living,” especially for healthy, comfortable living. Its sunlit rooms, outdoor terraces and indoor pool provided a warm and friendly environment in which to raise a young family. In addition to its advanced architecture and furnishings,",
"title": "The Alan I W Frank House"
},
{
"id": "19812213",
"text": "foreigners that purchased Hungarian land in pocket contracts, tried to sell them to Hungarian customers. Pocket contract A pocket contract is a land-purchase deal that abuses a loophole in the legal restrictions regulating land deals. The term is mostly used in Hungary. Until May 2014, Hungarian laws did not allow foreigners to purchase Hungarian land. The term originally referred to land deals that omitted the date of the purchase, and the contract was kept ‘in the pocket’ until the land law is changed. The term is now used in a more general sense, and it refers to any contract that",
"title": "Pocket contract"
},
{
"id": "18918909",
"text": "In 1893 on this agricultural land immediately east of Erpingham Road was built an athletic track and concrete cycling velodrome, the first of its type in the United Kingdom. In 1904 houses were built on the land, and the streets within this part of the estate now include: Pettiward Estate The Pettiward Estate is a privately owned historic estate in west London, England, now owned by a family trust of the Pettiward family, formerly of Finborough Hall, Suffolk. The Pettiward Estate's main landholdings are in Putney and West Brompton, London. Most of the houses were originally let by the estate",
"title": "Pettiward Estate"
},
{
"id": "8528600",
"text": "area. In 1924, he began purchasing land around Harker Lake for the use of a private shooting club. Slade invested a considerable sum into improving the land with the aim of making it more attractive for waterfowl. Improvements included planting and harvesting a limited amount of organically-grown grain to provide bird feed, and a well capable of pumping 60,500 liters (16,000 gallons) of water per hour to keep the lake level from falling during drought. In 1940, Slade donated the land to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, which used the land to establish the Slade National Wildlife Refuge.",
"title": "Harker Lake"
},
{
"id": "1051816",
"text": "North American headquarters in Mettawa in 2008. Although no longer corporate headquarters, the building remains partially occupied by HSBC. This building achieved LEED Gold Certification and in March 2009 was named Green Development of the Year by the National Association of Industrial and Office Properties (NAIOP). The W. W. Grainger company's headquarters is located on unincorporated land enclosed within Mettawa's borders. In 2008 this building was updated to achieve its 2009 Gold LEED certification. Grainger purchased of land in Mettawa (1993–1998), then disconnected from the village to become part of unincorporated Lake County. In 1996 (jobs), all of this land",
"title": "Mettawa, Illinois"
},
{
"id": "17441404",
"text": "review of pre-1891 land claims following the Report of the Natives Reserve Commission, 1929, the Colonial Office believed that the Crown had a very uncertain title to land comprised in any treaty where sovereignty had not been ceded expressly. It did not propose to return any land to African ownership but wished to hold it and other former Crown land in Trust for Africans. The 1936 Native Trust Land Order classified land as Crown, Reserved, and Native Trust lands. Crown Land was defined as including all lands and interests in land acquired or occupied by or on behalf of the",
"title": "Native Trust Land"
},
{
"id": "32563",
"text": "Arthur Laurents Arthur Laurents (July 14, 1917 – May 5, 2011) was an American playwright, stage director and screenwriter. After writing scripts for radio shows after college and then training films for the U.S. Army during World War II, Laurents turned to writing for Broadway, producing a body of work that includes \"West Side Story\" (1957), \"\" (1959), and \"Hallelujah, Baby!\" (1967), and directing some of his own shows and other Broadway productions. His early film scripts include \"Rope\" (1948) for Alfred Hitchcock, followed by \"Anastasia\" (1956), \"Bonjour Tristesse\" (1958), \"The Way We Were\" (1973), and \"The Turning Point\" (1977).",
"title": "Arthur Laurents"
},
{
"id": "1193983",
"text": "members were registered with records known as the Dawes Rolls established for each tribe. The government declared that tribal land in excess of what was allocated to member households was \"surplus\" and available for settlement by non-Native Americans. It allocated that surplus land through land runs, essentially races by which people staked claims on land. Some tribes lost parts of their communal lands, disrupting traditional governments and practices. The first Land Run took place in the central area of Oklahoma Territory in 1889 known as the Unassigned Land. Then in the Land Run of 1891 onto surplus land of the",
"title": "Shawnee, Oklahoma"
},
{
"id": "7134253",
"text": "state park with a celebration on Earth Day, April 22, 1992. In 1903, Ezra G. Valentine developed that land into a summer retreat called Valentine's Camp. In 1905 the park was left to Valentine's children, John Alden and Miss Blanche, who later sold the land to Fred A. Everts. Everts sold the Valentine camp to F.E. Murphy who owned and operated the Minneapolis Tribune. Murphy renamed the land Glendalough, after a monastery in Ireland. With the depression in the 1930s and land becoming available for purchase, Murphy expanded the camp and started a game farm. In 1941, Glendalough, along with",
"title": "Glendalough State Park"
},
{
"id": "624363",
"text": "National Lab), AEC-HASL (Health and Safety Laboratory), AEC-HW (Hanford Works), AEC-IDO (Idaho Operations Office), AEC-LA (Los Alamos), AEC-MDCC (Manhattan District), AEC-TID, and others. Today, these reports can be found in library collections that received government documents, through the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), and through public domain digitization projects such as HathiTrust. United States Atomic Energy Commission The United States Atomic Energy Commission, commonly known as the AEC, was an agency of the United States government established after World War II by U.S. Congress to foster and control the peacetime development of atomic science and technology. President Harry S. Truman",
"title": "United States Atomic Energy Commission"
}
] | in 1938 westinghouse created elektro. what was elektro |
[
"Lollywood"
] | [
{
"id": "3115814",
"text": "refers to Pakistan's film industry. Most of the feature films shot in Pakistan are in Urdu, the national language, but may also include films in English, the official language, and regional languages such as Punjabi, Pashto, Balochi, and Sindhi. Lahore has been described as the epicentre of Pakistani cinema, giving rise to the term \"Lollywood.\" Before the separation of Bangladesh, Pakistan had three main film production centres: Lahore, Karachi and Dhaka. The regime of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, VCRs, film piracy, the introduction of entertainment taxes, strict laws based upon ultra-conservative jurisprudence, was an obstacle to the industry's growth. Once thriving, the",
"title": "Film industry"
},
{
"id": "7831439",
"text": "Cinema of Pakistan The Cinema of Pakistan or Pakistani cinema () refers to the filmmaking industry in Pakistan. Pakistan is home to several film studios centres, primarily located in its two largest cities - Karachi and Lahore. Pakistani cinema has played an important part in Pakistani culture, and in recent years has begun flourishing again after years of decline, delivering entertainment to audiences in Pakistan and expatriates abroad. Several film industries are based in Pakistan, which tend to be regional and niche in nature. Over 10,000 Urdu feature-films have been produced in Pakistan since 1948, as well as over 8000",
"title": "Cinema of Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "7831440",
"text": "Punjabi, 6000 Pashto and 2000 Sindhi feature-length films. The first film ever produced was \"Husn Ka Daku\" in 1930, directed by Abdur Rashid Kardar in Lahore. The first Pakistani-film produced was \"Teri Yaad\", directed by Daud Chand in 1948. Between 1947 and 2007, Pakistani cinema was based in Lahore, home to the nation's largest film industry (nicknamed Lollywood). Pakistani films during this period attracted large audiences and had a strong cult following, was part of the cultural mainstream, widely available and imitated by the masses. During the early 1970s, Pakistan was the world's fourth largest producer of feature films. However,",
"title": "Cinema of Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "7831490",
"text": "films are stated for released which one is coming out in October and the other is supposed to come out in December. Drama Thriller Romance Cinema of Pakistan The Cinema of Pakistan or Pakistani cinema () refers to the filmmaking industry in Pakistan. Pakistan is home to several film studios centres, primarily located in its two largest cities - Karachi and Lahore. Pakistani cinema has played an important part in Pakistani culture, and in recent years has begun flourishing again after years of decline, delivering entertainment to audiences in Pakistan and expatriates abroad. Several film industries are based in Pakistan,",
"title": "Cinema of Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "309954",
"text": "in South Asia\". Pakistani media has also played a vital role in exposing corruption. The Lollywood, Kariwood, Punjabi, and Pashto film industry is based in Karachi, Lahore, and Peshawar. While Bollywood films were banned from public cinemas from 1965 until 2008, they have remained an important part of popular culture. In contrast to the ailing Pakistani film industry, Urdu televised dramas and theatrical performances continue to be popular, as many entertainment media outlets air them regularly. Urdu dramas dominate the television entertainment industry, which has launched critically acclaimed miniseries and featured popular actors and actresses since the 1990s. In the",
"title": "Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "18258392",
"text": "India Pakistan India Pakistan is a 2015 Indian Tamil-language romantic comedy film written and directed by N. Anand. It features Vijay Antony and Sushma Raj in the leading roles, while Pasupathy plays a pivotal supporting role. The film, produced by Vijay Antony himself, was filmed by N. Om, director Anand's younger brother and features music scored by Deena Devarajan, Antony's former associate. \"India Pakistan\" released on 8 May 2015. India Pakistan is a story of how two young advocates Karthik (Vijay Antony) and Melina (Sushma Raj) counter lots of fights and fun together. Living in rented rooms, in the same",
"title": "India Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "7831456",
"text": "a distinct symbolic break between the so-called liberal Zulfikar Ali Bhutto years and the increasingly conservative cum revolutionary Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq regime. The film stayed in cinemas for over 400 weeks, with its last screening at 'Scala' in Karachi where it ran for more than four years. It is considered the most popular film ever. Films dropped from a total output of 98 in 1979, of which 42 were in Urdu, to only 58 films of which 26 were in Urdu in 1980.. The film industry by now was on the verge of collapse as people began turning away from cinema.",
"title": "Cinema of Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "18258398",
"text": "being enjoyable most of the time\", rating it 3 out of 5. India Pakistan India Pakistan is a 2015 Indian Tamil-language romantic comedy film written and directed by N. Anand. It features Vijay Antony and Sushma Raj in the leading roles, while Pasupathy plays a pivotal supporting role. The film, produced by Vijay Antony himself, was filmed by N. Om, director Anand's younger brother and features music scored by Deena Devarajan, Antony's former associate. \"India Pakistan\" released on 8 May 2015. India Pakistan is a story of how two young advocates Karthik (Vijay Antony) and Melina (Sushma Raj) counter lots",
"title": "India Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "17961243",
"text": "ARY Film Awards The ARY Film Awards (), commonly known as The AFA's, is an annual Pakistani awards ceremony honoring the cinematic achievements of film industry. Winners are awarded the golden statue, officially the ARY Film Award of Merit, that is much often known as an AFA trophy. The awards, first presented in 2014 at Golf Club, Karachi, are overseen and organized by ARY Digital Network and Entertainment Channel. ARY Film Awards became an electoral race to the trophy to best film in any category, as per being the first awarding ceremony of reboot era of Pakistani Film Industry. ARY",
"title": "ARY Film Awards"
},
{
"id": "12623968",
"text": "Central Board of Film Censors The Central Board of Film Censors (, \"Pakistan Markazi Filmi Sensor\", abbreviated as CBFC) is a film censorship board and rating system body under the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting for the Government of Pakistan. It is tasked with regulating the public screening of films under the provisions of the \"Motion Picture Ordinance, 1979\". The head offices are located in Islamabad, while two regional offices are located in Karachi and Lahore. The \"Motion Pictures Ordinance, 1979\" focuses upon a broad policy framework and administrative procedures for the certification of films for public screening. The film",
"title": "Central Board of Film Censors"
},
{
"id": "7831445",
"text": "Shori, who was a resident of Brandreth Road in Lahore, upon hearing of Lahore's growing film industry, returned to his hometown and produced \"Qismat Ke Haer Pher\" (\"Life After Death\") in 1932, which would firmly ground the film industry in Lahore. In 1946, Sajjad Gul set up Evernew Studios in on Multan Road. The following year, Eveready Pictures was established by J.C. Anand, which would go on to become the largest film production and distribution company in Pakistan. In 1947, after Pakistan was created out of India; Lahore became the hub of cinema in Pakistan. Upon independence, there was a",
"title": "Cinema of Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "14802024",
"text": "Son of Pakistan Son of Pakistan (, ) is a 2011 Lollywood Urdu film written and directed by Jarrar Rizvi and released in summer 2011. It stars Sana Nawaz, Meera, Shamil Khan and Ghulam Mohiuddin, Baber Ali and Shafqat Cheema in the lead roles & Amna Zaheer (Daughter of Syed Zaheer Rizvi) as a Child Star daughter of Meera in the film. The film is shot in several cities of Pakistan, while special shots made in Royal Park, Lahore. The story is set in Pakistan against the backdrop of the War on Terror and the prevalent consequences of the war",
"title": "Son of Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "7831441",
"text": "between 1977 and 2007, the film industry of Pakistan went into decline due to Islamization, strengthening of censorship laws and an overall lack of quality. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, the film industry went through several periods of ups and downs, a reflection of its dependency on state funding and incentives. By 2000, the film industry in Lahore had collapsed and saw a gradual shift of Pakistani actors, actresses, producers and filmmakers from Lahore to Karachi. By 2007, the wounds of Pakistan's collapsed film industry began to heal and Karachi had cemented itself as the centre of Pakistani cinema. Quality",
"title": "Cinema of Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "9400067",
"text": "Train to Pakistan (film) Train to Pakistan is a 1998 Indian Hindi film adapted from Khushwant Singh's 1956 classic novel by the same name set in the Partition of India of 1947 and directed by Pamela Rooks. The film stars Nirmal Pandey, Rajit Kapur, Mohan Agashe, Smriti Mishra, Mangal Dhillon and Divya Dutta. The film is set in Mano Majra, which is a quiet village on the border of India and Pakistan, close to where the railway line crosses the Sutlej River. The film develops around the love affair of small-time dacoit Juggut Singh (Nirmal Pandey), with a local Muslim",
"title": "Train to Pakistan (film)"
},
{
"id": "18462825",
"text": "the four films. The PASC choose one film as Pakistan’s official submission for the, \"Foreign Language Film Award.\" A foreign language film is defined as a feature-length motion picture produced outside the United States of America with a predominantly non-English dialogue track. The criteria for eligibility is as follows: Before 2013, as no committee was formed, films were sent by directors by themselves. The 1958 Urdu film \"Jago Hua Savera\" was Pakistan's first submission, but the film was not selected from the selection process to shortlist and to final five nominations. In 1963 second film \"Ghunghat\" was also fail to",
"title": "Pakistani Academy Selection Committee"
},
{
"id": "7831472",
"text": "The film collected over ₨2.65 crore (US$260,000) at the box office. The following month \"Chambaili\", an Urdu-language political thriller film directed by Ismail Jilani, was released starring Salmaan Peerzada, Khalid Ahmed, Mohammed Ehteshamuddin, Maira Khan, Shafqat Cheema and Ghulam Mohiuddin also made a special appearance. The film was a political drama exploring the subject of political corruption in Pakistan. Since the flower 'Chambaili' (lily flower) is the national flower of Pakistan, the film-makers' intentions were to encourage patriotism and nationalism in Pakistan. The film made at the box office. Waar (<nowiki>;</nowiki> , meaning \"The Strike\") was the winner of 2013.",
"title": "Cinema of Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "7831460",
"text": "\"Shaani\", in 1989, directed by Saeed Rizvi employing elaborate special effects, could save the industry. It received an award at the Moscow Film Festival and even in Egypt and Korea, but sadly was shelved in Pakistan. At the start of the 1990s, Pakistan's film industry was gripped with certain doom. Of the several dozen studios across the country, only 11 were operational producing around 100 films annually. By now the annual output dropped to around 40 films, all produced by a single studio. Other productions would be independent of any studio usually financed by the filmmakers themselves. This number would",
"title": "Cinema of Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "18172179",
"text": "Pakistani dramas Pakistani dramas () refers to televised serials produced in Pakistan, with distinctive features that set it apart from regular Western television series or soap operas. Pakistani dramas can be set in contemporary times or in historical settings. Different genres apply to these two types, from romantic comedies and action series to fusion science fiction dramas. A majority of Pakistani dramas are produced in Urdu; however, over the past 10 years an increasing number of them are being produced in other Pakistani languages such as Sindhi, Punjabi, Balochi, Kashmiri and Pashto. The shorter-form serial format has been a trademark",
"title": "Pakistani dramas"
},
{
"id": "7831486",
"text": "The film Arth was bashed by the critics and emerged as a flop at the box office earning around only 1.5 crores whereas the film Chupan Chupai was criticised for copying an Indian Film but fared well at the box office earning 7 crores. The year 2018 started with Parchi a film directed by the famous director of Janaan and Siyaah. The film struggled at the box office for weeks and emerged as a hit earning 9.35 crores locally and 17.10 crores in total. Its released was followed by a highly successful animated film named Allahyar and the Legend of",
"title": "Cinema of Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "14802028",
"text": "good business. The critics are rating it as a \"Below Average\" movie. Son of Pakistan Son of Pakistan (, ) is a 2011 Lollywood Urdu film written and directed by Jarrar Rizvi and released in summer 2011. It stars Sana Nawaz, Meera, Shamil Khan and Ghulam Mohiuddin, Baber Ali and Shafqat Cheema in the lead roles & Amna Zaheer (Daughter of Syed Zaheer Rizvi) as a Child Star daughter of Meera in the film. The film is shot in several cities of Pakistan, while special shots made in Royal Park, Lahore. The story is set in Pakistan against the backdrop",
"title": "Son of Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "7831462",
"text": "inclusion of Indian Shashi Kapoor as archangel Gabriel in the cast combined with the experimental nature of the script. Imran Aslam, editor of The News International, said the author wrote the script in a \"haze of hashish\". By 1999, a surge of new films began releasing. \"Haathi Meray Saathi\" produced and distributed by Eveready Pictures celebrated its Golden Jubilee bringing audience back to the cinema for 66 weeks. Other hits were Syed Noor's 1995 film \"Jeeva\", Saeed Rizvi's \"Sarkata Insaan\" and his 1997 film \"Tilismih Jazira\". 1998 saw the release of Noor's \"Choorian\", a Punjabi film that grossed Rs180 million",
"title": "Cinema of Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "7831455",
"text": "into a decline during the regime of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, who began to Islamicise the country. One of the first victims of this sociopolitical change was Pakistani cinema. Imposition of new registration laws for film producers requiring filmmakers to be degree holders, where not many were, led to a steep decline in the workings of the industry. The government forcibly closed most of the cinemas in Lahore. New tax rates were introduced, further decreasing cinema attendances. Other factors such as VCRs and film piracy had a negative affect on the growth of the industry. \"Aina\", released on 18 March 1977, marked",
"title": "Cinema of Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "11362486",
"text": "choice. The press is much more restricted in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), where independent radio is allowed only with permission from the government. The indigenous movie industry, based in Lahore and known as \"Lollywood\", produces roughly forty feature-length films a year. In 2008 the Pakistani government partially lifted its 42-year ban on screening Indian movies in Pakistan. On April 27, 2016 Maalik became the first Pakistani film to be banned by the Federal Government after being cleared with Universal rating by all three Censor Boards and running in Cinemas for 18 days. The film has been banned under",
"title": "Media of Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "7831449",
"text": "released on 23 April 1964, and \"Mala\" (first coloured cinema scope film). In 1962 \"Shaheed\" was released which introduced the Palestine conflict to Pakistanis in cinemas and became an instant hit. In 1962, Pakistan's most versatile actor Mohammad Ali debuted in \"Charagh Jalta Raha\". It was premiered by Fatima Jinnah on 9 March 1962 at Nishat Cinema in Karachi. In September 1965, following the war between Pakistan and India, all Indian films were completely banned. A light ban had existed since 1952 in West Pakistan and since 1962 in East Pakistan, but was exercised rigorously after the War of 1965.",
"title": "Cinema of Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "18462824",
"text": "Pakistani Academy Selection Committee The Pakistani Academy Selection Committee (PASC) is a non-governmental selection committee of Pakistani film director, producers, writers, actors, distributors and exhibitors, headquartered in Karachi and Lahore. The PASC selects the Pakistani Official entry for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film each year. However, submission is not bound to Foreign Language category, if meets with the eligibility requirements of Academy's rules, it is permissible for every competitive award. Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy is a chairman and head of committee who overseen the final selection for Oscars and is a lifetime member of PASC. In 2013, committee shortlisted",
"title": "Pakistani Academy Selection Committee"
},
{
"id": "19299691",
"text": "2nd ARY Film Awards The 2nd ARY Film Awards or AFA'16 ceremony, presented by the ARY Digital Network and Entertainment Channel, sponsored by Tang and L'Oréal, honored the best Pakistani films of 2015 and took place on April 16, 2016, at the Madinat Jumeirah, in Dubai, UAE, beginning at 7:30 UAE Standard Time. The ceremony was held recorded and televised on May 7, 2016. During the ceremony, the ARY Digital Network and Entertainment Channel presented ARY Film Awards (commonly referred to as AFAs) in 28 categories. The ceremony was televised in the Pakistan by ARY Digital, and produced by Salma",
"title": "2nd ARY Film Awards"
},
{
"id": "4758606",
"text": "followed by new radio stations at Hyderabad (1951), Quetta (1956), the second station at Rawalpindi (1960), and a receiving center at Peshawar (1960). During the 1980s and 1990s, the corporation expanded its network to many cities and towns of Pakistan to provide greater service to the local people. Today, there are over a hundred radio stations due to more liberal media regulations. Pakistan's movie industry is known as Lollywood, named after the city of Lahore. Film production centers also exist in Karachi and Peshawar. The Pakistani film industry produces over forty feature-length films a year. Bollywood films are also popular",
"title": "Culture of Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "7716858",
"text": "radio stations to stop carrying British Broadcasting Corporation programs for \"violation of the terms and conditions of their license\". During 2010 journalists were killed and subjected to physical attack, harassment, intimidation, and other forms of pressure, including: In August 2018, Pakistan Thareek-E-Insaf (PTI) led government made Pakistan Television (PTV) and Radio Pakistan independent and free from government control. On April 27, 2016 Maalik (Urdu مالک) became the first Pakistani film to be banned by the Federal Government after being cleared with Universal rating by all three Censor Boards and running in Cinemas for 18 days. Maalik is a 2016 Pakistani",
"title": "Censorship in Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "5122152",
"text": "was awarded the title of Mr. Pakistan World in 2013, and has finished the filming of his first feature film Na Band Na Baarati, in Toronto, Canada on October 17, 2016. Many Pakistani Americans follow the residence pattern set by other immigrants to the United States that when they increase their wealth, they are able to own or franchise small businesses; including restaurants, groceries and convenience stores, clothing and appliance stores, petrol and gas stations, newspaper booths, and travel agencies. It is common to include members of the extended and immediate family in the business. Members of the Pakistani community",
"title": "Pakistani Americans"
},
{
"id": "7831446",
"text": "shortage of funds, filming equipment which initially paralysed the film industry. With hardships faced, the first Pakistani feature film, \"Teri Yaad\" released on 7 August 1948, premiering at the Parbhat Theatre in Lahore. Over the next few years, films that were released reached mediocre success until the release of \"Do Ansoo\" on 7 April 1950. \"Do Ansoo\" became the first film to attain a 25-week viewing making it the first film to reach silver jubilee status. Recovery was evident with Noor Jehan's directorial debut \"Chanwey\" releasing on 29 April 1951. The film became the first to be directed by a",
"title": "Cinema of Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "7625616",
"text": "The Indus Valley was known as Meluhha in Mesopotamia when the Harappan civilization was thriving here. When the Aryan tribes came and settled down in the upper Indus valley in the middle of the second millennium BC they called it Sapta-Sindhu (the land of seven rivers). Now this Indus land is called Pakistan which is an acronym composed from the initial letters of the name of its provinces namely, Punjab, \"Khybar Pakhtoon Khwa, Kashmir, Indus, Sindh and the last three letters of Balochistan. October 16 – Liaquat Ali Khan assassinated in Rawalpindi. October 17 – Finance Minister Ghulam Mohammad (1895–1956)",
"title": "Timeline of Pakistani history"
},
{
"id": "18172188",
"text": "various countries such as the United Kingdom (where it is very popular), Norway, United States, and Canada. Pakistani dramas Pakistani dramas () refers to televised serials produced in Pakistan, with distinctive features that set it apart from regular Western television series or soap operas. Pakistani dramas can be set in contemporary times or in historical settings. Different genres apply to these two types, from romantic comedies and action series to fusion science fiction dramas. A majority of Pakistani dramas are produced in Urdu; however, over the past 10 years an increasing number of them are being produced in other Pakistani",
"title": "Pakistani dramas"
},
{
"id": "7831480",
"text": "was the first instalment in the franchise 3 Bahadur (film series) and was co-produced by Waadi Animations (a joint-venture of SOC films) and ARY Films. 3 Bahadur became Pakistan's first computer-animated feature-length film. The film focuses on three eleven-year-old friends, who rise from the unlikeliest of places to save their community from the evils that plague it. The film is set in a fictional town called \"Roshan Basti\" (town of light). Equipped with courage and super powers, they battle against the odds and stand up to injustice to restore peace and harmony in their once thriving community and live a",
"title": "Cinema of Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "10931181",
"text": "Festival Amsterdam (IDFA) from 18 to 29 November 2015. The film had its Middle Eastern premiere at the 12th Annual Dubai International Film Festival in December 2015. On the 20th of May, 2016 \"Song of Lahore\" was released in select cinemas across New York City and Los Angeles. The cinematic release was accompanied by the release of the official soundtrack which features collaborations with artists such as Wynton Marsalis and Meryl Streep. On May 22, 2015, Pakistan's first animated movie, \"3 Bahadur\", directed by Obaid-Chinoy, a film dedicated to inculcating bravery in the youth of Pakistan, was released by Waadi",
"title": "Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy"
},
{
"id": "7831484",
"text": "with 24 and 17.5 crores at the local box office and 30 crores at the international box office. This year also saw a controversial film Maalik which was banned by the Pakistan Censor Board which claimed that it shows the politics of Pakistan in an entirely bad light. The year 2017 saw a little dropout from the previous year as most of the films emerged as a flop at the box office but it also experienced a major boost after the release of Punjab Nahi Jaungi which broke all the previous records and stole the title of the highest grossing",
"title": "Cinema of Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "7831452",
"text": "Impishly\" which the sub-editor Asif Noorani took inspiration for from I. S. Johar's page in India's \"Filmfare\" magazine. Tabloids like these got their first controversial covers with the release of \"Neela Parbat\" on 3 January 1969, which became Pakistan's first feature-film with an adults-only tag. It ran for only three-to-four days at the box office. More controversial yet would be the offering of distribution rights in the Middle East to the Palestinian guerrilla organisation, Al Fatah, by the writer, producer, and director Riaz Shahid for his film \"Zarqa\" released on 17 October 1969. It depicted the activities of the organisation.",
"title": "Cinema of Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "7831467",
"text": "as the Pakistani film and showbiz capital. Despite optimism of a solid revival, progress continued to be slow. Alongside Geo Films, the \"Pakistan New Cinema Movement\" was launched in 2009 with around 1400 members which facilitated networking to stimulate newer film productions. Several films were released after Khuda Kay Liye which saw limited success including Shaan Shahid's directorial project \"Chup\", Syed Noor's \"Price of Honor\", Iqbal Kashmiri's \"Devdas\", \"Son of Pakistan\", Syed Faisal Bukhari's \"Saltanat\", Reema Khan's \"Love Mein Ghum\"., \"Bhai Log' and Mehreen Jabbar's Ramchand Pakistani. However it was Shoaib Mansoor to the rescue again with this 2011 film",
"title": "Cinema of Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "7831482",
"text": "on the original novel \"Bin Roye Ansoo\" by Farhat Ishtiaq and released worldwide on 18 July 18, 2015, the day of Eid-ul-Fitr. Bin Roye was praised by the critics. It broke all records on international markets becoming one of the highest grossing Pakistani films. The film Bin Roye was later adapted into a television series with the same name, that premiered on Hum TV on October 2, 2016. Its success was followed by Jawani Phir Nahi Ani which became the highest grossing film of 2015 and breaking all box office records on domestic markets. The year saw some of the",
"title": "Cinema of Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "13566966",
"text": "office with a lifetime collection of Rs5.05 crore, however it was critically praised and also earned her a nomination at the ARY Films Awards for Best Supporting Actress. Later she played a rockstar Tara in the travel comedy \"Lahore Se Aagey\" (2016). The film was the second installment in Karachi Lahore (film series) and ranks among the highest-grossing Pakistani films of all time with a gross of Rs21.60 crore. In the same year, she made a special appearance in the psycho–thriller \"8969\". She made her debut in the Hindi film industry, in Saket Chaudhary's film \"Hindi Medium\" (2017), opposite Irrfan",
"title": "Saba Qamar"
},
{
"id": "17116850",
"text": "award ceremony held annually in Pakistan since 2002. The awards celebrate \"style\" in the Pakistani entertainment industry, and honour the country's best talents in film, television, music, and fashion. Around 30 awards are given annually. Winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface. Ahmed Rushdi Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy Sanam Chaudhry Umair Tabani 11th Lux Style Awards The 2012 Lux Style Awards, officially known as the 1st Lux Style Awards ceremony, presented by the Lux Style Awards honors the best films of 2011 and took place between February 14–16, 2012. This year, the city of Pakistan played host to the Pakistani Film",
"title": "11th Lux Style Awards"
},
{
"id": "7831465",
"text": "airing old Pakistani films as well as newer low budget productions. During this period Mahesh Bhatt, a celebrated Indian director, visited Pakistan looking for talent - particularly singers who could lend their voices to his upcoming films in India. His visit to Pakistan was to coincide with the third Kara Film Festival where he screened his film \"Paap\" in Karachi. Bhatt would later hire Atif Aslam for the soundtrack of his film \"Zeher\" and Pakistani actress Meera to play a lead-role in one of his films. By 2005, a gradual shift had begun whereby Karachi was replacing Lahore as the",
"title": "Cinema of Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "9720102",
"text": "Lux Style Awards The Lux Style Awards is the largest award ceremony held annually in Pakistan since 2002. The awards celebrate \"style\" in the Pakistani entertainment industry. Around 30 awards are given annually. The ceremony is the oldest and the most prominent film event dedicated to Pakistani television, fashion and film industry in Pakistan. The awards are voted on by both the public and a committee of experts. As one of the nation's premiere award shows, it is held in high regard\" and described as \"the awards ceremony in Pakistan\". The Lux Style Awards were created as the \"Oscars of",
"title": "Lux Style Awards"
},
{
"id": "9400071",
"text": "Award for Best First Film of a Director. For her adaptation, Rooks chose a slightly different narrative from the original novel. Thus the film begins with Hukum Chand, the District Magistrate, reminiscing about the partition period. However, she has visually translated most of the lines from Khushwant Singh's narrative directly on to the screen. The film was produced by Channel Four Films and National Film Development Corporation of India (NFDC), and the production company was Kaleidoscope Entertainment The shooting began nearly fifty years after the actual partition of India in 1947. Though many villages of Punjab resembled the Punjab of",
"title": "Train to Pakistan (film)"
},
{
"id": "7831483",
"text": "most critical acclaimed Pakistani films including Moor and Manto. Thes film raised the standards for Pakistani films. 2016 continued the momentum of new age Pakistani cinema - Ho Mann Jahaan was released on 1 January starring Adeel Hussain, Mahira Khan, Sheheryar Munawar and Sonya Jehan, along with veterans Bushra Ansari. The film opened to a highly successful box office weekend and went on to run for several weeks, making it the third highest-grossing films of 2016 earning 22.50 crores in total. Janaan and Actor In Law both opened on Eid weekend, becoming the first and second highest-grossing films of 2016.",
"title": "Cinema of Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "12405619",
"text": "Nickelodeon (Pakistan) Nickelodeon Pakistan or Nick Pakistan is the Pakistani feed of Nickelodeon, which is operated by domestic media company ARY Group's Digital Network subsidiary under a brand licensing and programming agreement with Viacom International Media Networks. The network transmits over the AsiaSat 7 satellite to cable and satellite viewers in Pakistan, and features some portions of the schedule dubbed or subtitled in Urdu, along with some content directly imported from its Indian sister network (owned by Viacom 18). It also occasionally licenses Western market children's films. In 2005, the Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority issued an order regarding the",
"title": "Nickelodeon (Pakistan)"
},
{
"id": "18166129",
"text": "Yalghaar Yalghaar (; previously known as Delta Echo Foxtrot) is a 2017 Pakistani war-epic film directed by Hassan Rana. The film is produced by MindWorks Media and is based on the true story of Pakistan Army's Swat Operation. The film \"explores what happens in the lives of those involved, including the militants and how all of them are affected at a personal level because of the ongoing operation\". It stars Shaan Shahid in the lead role, along with Humayun Saeed, Adnan Siddiqui, Armeena Khan, Aleeze Nasser, Ayesha Omer, Sana Bucha, Bilal Ashraf. It is the most expensive Pakistani movie to",
"title": "Yalghaar"
},
{
"id": "19436053",
"text": "Studios on Vimeo. It will have its world premiere on 15 December 2017, in HBO's South Asian International Film Festival. The music of the film is composed by Taimoor Mirza and the background score is given by Abbas Ali Khan. The film was released in cinemas across Pakistan on 9 February 2018. On 15 December 2017, the film along with 2017's Na Maloom Afraad 2 had its screened at the South Asian International Film Festival 2017 Azad (2017 film) Azad (lit. Independent) is a 2017 Pakistani, Comedy Melodrama film directed and written by Rehan Sheikh, who co-produced with Hassan Naeem",
"title": "Azad (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "7831489",
"text": "club. Following its release 3 big films are currently running in the cinemas one marks the return of MD Productions (the makers of Bin Roye) titled as Parwaaz Hai Junoon which has crossed the 35 crore mark, the other marks the return of Famous duo Nabeel and Fizza (makers of Na Maloom Afraad (film series) and Actor In Law) titled Load Wedding which has approximately grossed 15 crores, and third marks the return of the biggest film series Jawani Phir Nahi Ani 2 which has already grossed 53.45 crores and has become the highest grossing Pakistani film ever. Two animated",
"title": "Cinema of Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "20295175",
"text": "Pari (2018 Pakistani film) Pari is a 2018 Pakistani horror film directed by Syed Atif Ali, who also co-wrote the script with Muhammad Ahsan. The film features Pakistani television actors Qavi Khan, Rasheed Naz and Saleem Mairaj. The film was originally scheduled to be released on 31 October 2017; however, it was released after a delay on 2 February 2018. The movie was shot on location at Ayubia National Park. The house where the movie was shot is said to be haunted. Rahul Aijaz of \"The Express Tribune\" rated 0 stars and said, \"The film, in all honesty, is a",
"title": "Pari (2018 Pakistani film)"
},
{
"id": "7831466",
"text": "film hub of the country. Many film makers, producers, directors shifted to Karachi to avail new opportunities. In August 2007, Shoaib Mansoor directed and released \"Khuda Ke Liye\" - it became a surprise instant success at the box office and brought the middle class back to the cinemas due to its controversial theme of addressing Pakistan's social problems. The film was also released internationally, including India, where it became the first Pakistani film released there after four decades. The release of Khuda Kay Liye is seen by many as the revival of cinema in Pakistan and the cementing of Karachi",
"title": "Cinema of Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "6759224",
"text": "Syed Ishrat Abbas Syed Ishrat Abbas (), better known by his stage name Darpan (), was one of the original romantic heroes of the \"golden age\" of Pakistan's film industry (also commonly known as Lollywood). He was born into a middle-class Shia Muslim family originally from the United Provinces of India, where he was born in 1928. His brother, Santosh Kumar, was also a film actor. Another brother, S. Sulaiman, is a film director. Darpan was introduced in the film \"Amanat\" in 1950 and went on to feature in the Pakistani Punjabi film \"Billo\" in 1951. After starring in a",
"title": "Syed Ishrat Abbas"
},
{
"id": "309875",
"text": "the Taliban. Pakistan is an influential and founding member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). Maintaining cultural, political, social, and economic relations with the Arab world and other countries in the Muslim world is a vital factor in Pakistan's foreign policy. A federal parliamentary republic state, Pakistan is a federation that comprises four provinces: Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh, and Balochistan and three territories: Islamabad Capital Territory, Gilgit–Baltistan, and Azad Kashmir. The Government of Pakistan exercises the \"de facto\" jurisdiction over the Frontier Regions and the western parts of the Kashmir Regions, which are organised into the separate political entities",
"title": "Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "3115816",
"text": "Pakistani cinema when expanding from providing news and entertainment on TV channels, the lifting of strict regulations on production of films and reduction of taxes on cinemas helped to fuel an expansion across the industry from which the film industry has seen a revival. The cinema of Bangladesh is the Bengali language film industry based in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The industry often has been a significant film industry since the early 1970s. The word \"Dhallywood\" is a portmanteau of the words Dhaka and Hollywood. The dominant style of Bangladeshi cinema is Melodramatic cinema, which developed from 1947 to 1990 and characterizes",
"title": "Film industry"
},
{
"id": "7831454",
"text": "to \"Misr\", Urdu for Egypt, that might prove detrimental to diplomatic relations of Egypt and Pakistan. So vulnerable was the film industry to the changing political landscape that in 1976, an angry mob set fire to cinema in Quetta just before the release of the first Balochi film, \"Hamalo Mah Gunj\". Javed Jabbar's \"Beyond the Last Mountain\", released on 2 December 1976, was Pakistan's first venture into English film-making. The Urdu version \"Musafir\" did not do well at the box office. Signs of trouble slowly began in the cinema industry as VCRs and piracy became an issue. Pakistani cinema entered",
"title": "Cinema of Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "17205341",
"text": "the 17th PTV Awards were announced on May 12, 2012. Viewer’s Choice Awards were also there and were officially open for Polling by PTV for the categories of 'Best Actor' and 'Best Actress'. The Drama receiving the most nominations was Payal with nine, followed by tera Pyar nahi bhoole and Aurat Ka Ghar Koun SA by seven. The Winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface. The PTV Awards are the longest-running award ceremony in Pakistan which has honored the new talents in every field consistently for 43 years since the first ceremony in 1970, and is the main television",
"title": "17th PTV Awards"
},
{
"id": "7831488",
"text": "who travelled on motorbike from Lahore to Hunza on Motorcycle, but the film couldnot earn much and drowned at the box office earning 2-3 crores in total. Lollywood saw 4 release together on Eid-ul-Fitr 2018 which as a result tanked at the box office without the film of critically acclaimed Directors Meenu and Farjad named 7 Din Mohabbat In. In july 2018, film Teefa In Trouble directed by Ahsan Rahim and Ali Zafar's Pakistani Debut was released which broke all the opening records and becoming one of the few films which crossed 30 crore mark domestically and joined 40 crore",
"title": "Cinema of Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "20770440",
"text": "Jackpot (2018 film) Jackpot is a 2018 Pakistani romantic comedy film which is directed by Shoaib Khan, and produced by Khurram Riaz. The script has been written by Babar Kashmiri, and the cinematography has been done by Anubhay Bansal. The film's leading cast includes Sanam Chaudhry, Noor Hassan, Sana Fakhar, Adnan Shah Tipu, and Javed Sheikh. Celebrities, including Mehmood Aslam, Afzal Khan Rambo, Zara Sheikh, Ismail Tara and Meera made cameo appearances in the film. The film was released across Pakistan on 6 July, 2018 but then re-released on January 11, 2019 due to unsubstantial promotions and cinema shows giving",
"title": "Jackpot (2018 film)"
},
{
"id": "12623970",
"text": "violence, no sexual scenes and no abusive language. Any film with \"A certification\" is restricted to adults or needs parental guidance for viewing. These films contain significant violence, sexual scenes and abusive language and can include controversial adult themes considered unsuitable for young viewers. Central Board of Film Censors The Central Board of Film Censors (, \"Pakistan Markazi Filmi Sensor\", abbreviated as CBFC) is a film censorship board and rating system body under the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting for the Government of Pakistan. It is tasked with regulating the public screening of films under the provisions of the \"Motion",
"title": "Central Board of Film Censors"
},
{
"id": "18258394",
"text": "other. The film was announced by Vijay Antony in September 2013, when he revealed that he would work on the project alongside his commitment to another venture, \"Thirudan\". Production works began soon after, though Vijay Antony concentrated on the release of his other production \"Salim\" (2014), before beginning his portions. the shoot subsequently began in April 2014 and was shot straight for sixty days. The satellite rights of the film were sold to Zee Thamizh. The Hindu's Baradwaj Rangan wrote, \"\"India Pakistan\" is one of those not-so-bad films, thanks to solid contributions by M.S. Baskar...and Manobala...I wished we’d seen more",
"title": "India Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "8164512",
"text": "Love You too\". Shama cinema in Peshawar is popular. Reham Khan's movie \"Janaan\" has won awards for its screenplay. Pashto cinema Pashto cinema (, ), also known by its sobriquet Pollywood (), refers to the Pashto language film industry of Pakistani cinema based in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Yousuf Khan Sher Bano was the first ever Pashto film produced in Pakistan and released in theaters on 1 December 1970. It was directed by Aziz Tabassum, with debut stars Yasmin Khan and Badar Munir. The story is based on the Pashto folk story \"Yousuf Khan and Sher Bano\" and completed 50",
"title": "Pashto cinema"
},
{
"id": "19371749",
"text": "Raasta (2017 film) Raasta (Urdu: راستہ) is a 2017 Pakistani Action Thriller Film starring Sahir Lodhi, Abeer Rizvi, Aijaz Aslam and Shamoon Abbasi in Lead Roles, alongside Saima Azhar, Mathira and Saeeda Imtiaz in Cameo Appearances. The film is directed by Sahir Lodhi himself and was Released on 31 March 2017. The Story revolves around Two Brothers who tries to Bond and Take Revenge for the failed Political System in Pakistan. The shooting of the film began in November 2015 and it was shot in Karachi. The details about the film were revealed in November 2015. The film stars Naveed",
"title": "Raasta (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "309817",
"text": "periods of military rule, political instability and conflicts with India. The country continues to face challenging problems, including overpopulation, terrorism, poverty, illiteracy, and corruption. Pakistan is a member of the UN, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, the OIC, the Commonwealth of Nations, the SAARC and the Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition. The name \"Pakistan\" literally means \"land of the pure\" in Urdu and Persian. It alludes to the word \"pāk\" meaning \"pure\" in Persian and Pashto. The suffix (\"-stān\") is a Persian word meaning \"the place of\", and also recalls the synonymous (and cognate) Sanskrit word \"sthāna\" . The name of",
"title": "Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "19483945",
"text": "contention as one of the dark horse contenders but didn't receive a nomination. He shared the screen with established actors Hameed Sheikh and Samiyah Mumtaz. It was his debut in the Pakistani film industry. In 2016 he appeared in the romantic drama \"Dobara Phir Se\" directed by Mehreen Jabbar and produced by ARY Films followed by Haseeb Hassan's \"Parwaaz Hai Junoon\" in 2018, both being critical as well as commercial successes, in-between having a substantial role in the 2017 Hum TV drama \"Yaqeen Ka Safar\". He returned to the channel in 2018, with the leading role in the drama \"Lamhay\".",
"title": "Shaz Khan"
},
{
"id": "18834588",
"text": "Shah (film) Shah is a 2015 Pakistani biographical sports film directed and written by Adnan Sarwar. The film, produced under the Logos Films & Media banner, is based on the life of boxer Hussain Shah, who won the bronze medal at the 1988 Summer Olympics and became the only boxer in Pakistan's history to secure an Olympic medal. Adnan Sarwar underwent one year of boxing training to portray Hussain Shah. Other roles are portrayed by Kiran Chaudhary, Sardar Baloch, Adeel Raees, and Gulab Chandio. The film was released nationwide by Footprint Entertainment and ARY Films on 13 August 2015. The",
"title": "Shah (film)"
},
{
"id": "18880244",
"text": "Patna Se Pakistan Patna Se Pakistan (Hindi: पटना से पाकिस्तान) is a 2015 Indian, Bhojpuri language action film written and directed by Santosh Mishra and produced by Ananjay Raghuraj. The film was released on 23 January 2015 in Bihar and on 6 March 2015 in the rest of India. The production companies involved are \"Ananya Craft & Visions\" and Trimurti Entertainment Media. The film stars Dinesh Lal Yadav \"Nirahua\" in lead role and Amrapali Dubey and Kajal Raghwani in opposite role. While Sushil Singh, Ashok Samarth, Brijesh Tripathi and others in supporting roles. Kabir (Dinesh Lal Yadav \"Nirhua\") is a",
"title": "Patna Se Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "17547024",
"text": "Pakistan Idol Pakistan Idol is a Pakistani reality singing competition that is part of the \"Idols\" franchise created by Simon Fuller and owned by 19 Entertainment and FremantleMedia. It is the 50th adaptation of the familiar reality competition format introduced in the British series \"Pop Idol\" in 2001. It is developed for the Pakistani entertainment market by Geo TV. Geo TV acquired the production rights for \"Pakistan Idol\" as early as 2007 but could not begin production due to the security conditions in the country and abstruse quandaries of production. The production officially began in September 2013 when three prominent",
"title": "Pakistan Idol"
},
{
"id": "7831447",
"text": "female director. Syed Faqir ahmad Shah produced his first production 1952. Though \"Jagga Daku\" Saqlain Rizvi was the director, the film could not get much appreciation due to violence shown in it. As cinema viewership increased, \"Sassi\" released on 3 June 1954 by Eveready Pictures reached golden jubilee status staying on screens for 50-weeks. Legendary playback singer Ahmed Rushdi started his career in April 1955 after singing his first song in Pakistan \"Bander Road Se Kemari\".\"Umar Marvi\" released on 12 March 1956 became the first Pakistani film made in the Sindhi language. To celebrate the success of these endeavours, film",
"title": "Cinema of Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "2120172",
"text": "Pakistan began in the 1980s when cassettes first came into Pakistan bringing in a wave of Western rock music, particularly groups such as [[Pink Floyd|Pink]] [[Pink Floyd|Floyd]]. Since then, the nation's music industry has witnessed groups such as [[Junoon (band)|Junoon]], [[Vital Signs (band)|Vital]] [[Vital Signs (band)|Signs]], and [[Noori]]. The nation has also since then seen the rise of talented and internationally renowned musicians such as [[Faraz Anwar]]. Pakistani hip hop is a blend of [[Hindustani classical music|traditional Pakistani]] musical elements with modern [[hip hop]] music. Pakistan's film industry known as \"[[Lollywood]]\" is based in [[Lahore]] and has now extended to",
"title": "Music of Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "309813",
"text": "Pakistan Pakistan (), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (), is a country in South Asia. It is the world’s sixth-most populous country with a population exceeding 212,742,631 people. In area, it is the 33rd-largest country, spanning . Pakistan has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west, Iran to the southwest, and China in the far northeast. It is separated narrowly from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor in the northwest, and also shares a maritime border with Oman. The territory that now",
"title": "Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "309970",
"text": "Games; the 1984, 1993, 1996 and 2003 World Squash Championships; the 1987 and 1996 Cricket World Cup; and the 1990 Hockey World Cup. Pakistan Pakistan (), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (), is a country in South Asia. It is the world’s sixth-most populous country with a population exceeding 212,742,631 people. In area, it is the 33rd-largest country, spanning . Pakistan has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west, Iran to the southwest, and China in the far northeast. It is",
"title": "Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "14977422",
"text": "Association Award\" and an appreciation letter for his outstanding work from US Ambassador Joseph S. McFarland. Jan Muhammad introduced many stars like Moammar Rana, Sahiba and Saima Noor etc. His son, Jamshaid Jan Muhammad is also a famous \"Ad Film Maker\", his 2016 released debut film as a director \"Sawaal 700 Crore Dollars Ka\" (2016) aka \"Question of 7 Million Dollars\" was a hit in Pakistan. Jan Mohammad Jan Muhammad (1943–2002) Urdu: جان محمد was an internationally renowned Pakistani film director, born and brought up in Karachi. Jan Muhammad had created more than 30 feature films. He got his early",
"title": "Jan Mohammad"
},
{
"id": "17116637",
"text": "award ceremony held annually in Pakistan since 2002. The awards celebrate \"style\" in the Pakistani entertainment industry, and honour the country's best talents in film, television, music, and fashion. Around 30 awards are given annually. Winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface. Babra Sharif Asma Jehangir Nadeem Baig Fuzön 2nd Lux Style Awards The 2003 Lux Style Awards, officially known as the 2nd Lux Style Awards ceremony, presented by the Lux Style Awards honours the best films of 2002 and took place between February 22–24, 2003. This year, the city of Pakistan played host to the Pakistani Film Industry.",
"title": "2nd Lux Style Awards"
},
{
"id": "7831442",
"text": "and new technology led to an explosion of alternative form of Pakistani cinema. The shift has been seen by many as the leading cause for the \"resurgence of Pakistani cinema\". Despite the industry crisis starting in the mid-1980s, Pakistani films have retained much of their distinctive identity. Since the shift to Karachi, Pakistani films have once again began attracting a strong cult following. The history of cinema in Pakistan began in 1929, when Abdur Rashid Kardar set up a studio and production company under the name of United Players Corporation (later renamed Playart Phototone), which would become the foundation stone",
"title": "Cinema of Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "11362488",
"text": "by the feudal elites after the departure of the British from the subcontinent and who continues to rule and mismanage an impoverished nation, while amassing huge personal fortunes for themselves. The film was banned in Pakistan by the Federal Government on April 27, 2016 for endangering democracy. In 1947, only four major Muslim-owned newspapers existed in the area now called Pakistan: \"Pakistan Times\", \"Zamindar\", \"Nawa-i-Waqt\", and \"Civil-Military Gazette\". A number of Muslim papers and their publishers moved to Pakistan, including \"Dawn\", which began publishing daily in Karachi in 1947, the \"Morning News\", and the Urdu-language dailies \"Jang\" and \"Anjam\". By",
"title": "Media of Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "17961250",
"text": "reportedly on the floor. ARY Digital Network and Entertainment Channel joins hand with many film ventures and give birth to the new subsidiary to entire Group \"ARY Films\", which mark the new milestone in Pakistani cinema foundation. ARY Films release thirty five films including 11 Urdu, 6 Punjabi and 17 Pashto films. Among them \"Waar\", \"Main Hoon Shahid Afridi\", \"\", \"Chambaili\", \"Zinda Bhaag\", \"Siyaah\" and \"Lamha\" tops the charts in industry and collects splendid box office performances on domestically and internationally. To celebrate the success of Pakistani cinema, ARY Films inaugurated First Film Awarding Ceremony after the demolishing of \"Nigar",
"title": "ARY Film Awards"
},
{
"id": "5304648",
"text": "online streaming and also as DVDs. Notable films in the series, include \"Mirch Masala\" (1987), \"Ek Din Achanak\" (1989), \"Train to Pakistan\" (1998), \"Mammo\" (1994), \"Uski Roti\" (1969), \"Kamla Ki Maut\" (1989) and \"27 Down\" (1974). In capacity as the producer of various films, NFDC has received various awards. National Film Development Corporation of India The National Film Development Corporation of India (NFDC) based in Mumbai is the central agency established in 1975, to encourage high quality Indian cinema. It functions in areas of film financing, production and distribution and under Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. The",
"title": "National Film Development Corporation of India"
},
{
"id": "7831448",
"text": "journalist Ilyas Rashidi launched an annual awarding event on 17 July 1958. Named \"Nigar Awards\", the event is since then considered Pakistan's premier awarding event celebrating outstanding performance in various categories of filmmaking. The 1960s is often cited as being the golden age of Pakistani cinema. Many stars were introduced during this period who would go on to become cinema legends on the silver screen. As black-and-white became obsolete, Pakistan saw the introduction of first colour films. Some that share the status of being firsts are Munshi Dil's \"Azra\" in the early 1960s, Zahir Raihan's Sangam (first full-length coloured film)",
"title": "Cinema of Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "19993170",
"text": "Pakka (film) Pakka (\"Awesome\") is a 2018 Tamil language romantic comedy film directed by debutant S. S. Surya. Produced by Benn Consortium Studios (P) Ltd, starring Vikram Prabhu in dual role alongside Nikki Galrani and Bindu Madhavi. Production for the film began in February 2017. The movie was released on April 27 2018. It received largely negative reviews from audience as well as critics. The movie bombed at box office. A heartbroken girl Nadhiya (Bindu Madhavi), who decides to commit suicide, is saved by Dhoni Kumar (Vikram Prabhu). The Soundtrack was composed by C. Sathya and Released by Lahari Music.",
"title": "Pakka (film)"
},
{
"id": "19202881",
"text": "Feroze Khan Feroze Khan (Urdu: فیروز خان) (born 11 July 1990) is a Pakistani actor, model and former video jockey. Born in Quetta, he began his career as a VJ on ARY Musik and then became a model. He made his debut as a television actor in the 2014 television series, \"Chup Raho\". He made his Lollywood debut in Anjum Shahzad's film \"Zindagi Kitni Haseen Hay\" with Sajal Ali. The film was released on 13 September 2016. Actresses Humaima Malick and Dua Malik are his sisters, and, being married to the latter, singer and music composer Sohail Haider is his",
"title": "Feroze Khan"
},
{
"id": "7831464",
"text": "an average of 80 films annually was now struggling to even churn out more than two films a year\". Partial successes were recorded with \"Larki Panjaban\" and Javed Sheikh's \"Yeh Dil Aap Ka Huwa\" grossing over Rs200 million rupees. By 2003, young filmmakers in Karachi began experimenting with film and released low budget films to demonstrate that high quality content could be produced in Pakistan using limited resources. Cinema houses were declining in all major cities and a revival of cinema was being echoed throughout the media. With privatization of television stations in full swing, a new channel \"Filmazia\" began",
"title": "Cinema of Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "8164510",
"text": "Pashto cinema Pashto cinema (, ), also known by its sobriquet Pollywood (), refers to the Pashto language film industry of Pakistani cinema based in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Yousuf Khan Sher Bano was the first ever Pashto film produced in Pakistan and released in theaters on 1 December 1970. It was directed by Aziz Tabassum, with debut stars Yasmin Khan and Badar Munir. The story is based on the Pashto folk story \"Yousuf Khan and Sher Bano\" and completed 50 weeks at number 1 in Peshawar. In 2001, Pashto films began to be released in Afghanistan. In 2015, Sanober",
"title": "Pashto cinema"
},
{
"id": "19700583",
"text": "in Quetta and a few in Makran, Sibi, Kalat and Zhob. Quetta's 3D Weplex Pak Force Cinema, opened in 2016, currently features the largest curved screen in Pakistan. Other popular single-screen cinemas in the city are Paradise, Imdad and Delight. In Iran, Balochi theatre is in its infancy stage and is concentrated mainly in Zahedan, Iranshahr, and Khash. As of 2008, Zahedan-based Honorkadeh Saba was the sole cultural institution promoting Balochi cinema and theatre. \"Sangat\" by Sami Sarang was Pakistan's first Balochi film released after decades in August 2017. Balochi cinema Balochi cinema refers to the Balochi-language film industry in",
"title": "Balochi cinema"
},
{
"id": "20223944",
"text": "Chain Aye Na Chain Aye Na ( meaning \"State of Restlessness\") is a 2017 Pakistani Romantic-Drama Film which is written and directed by Syed Noor. The Film is produced by Jawed Siddiqi and Naim Haroon Sakhia. The film has young stars such as Shehroz Sabzwari and the debutantes Sarish Khan and Adil Murad, as well as veterans such as Nadeem Baig, Behroze Sabzwari, Mustafa Qureshi and Atiqa Odho in major roles. The film received negative reviews from critics and was not a critically and commercially successful at Box Office. The film turned out to be one of the biggest Box",
"title": "Chain Aye Na"
},
{
"id": "43902",
"text": "feature until the late 1950s. At this time, lavish romantic musicals and melodramas were the staple fare at the cinema. Prior to the 1947 partition of India, which was divided into the Republic of India and Pakistan, the Bombay film industry (now called Bollywood) was closely to the Lahore film industry (now the Lollywood industry of Pakistani cinema), as both produced films in Hindi-Urdu, or Hindustani, the \"lingua franca\" across northern and central India. In the 1940s, many actors, filmmakers and musicians in the Lahore industry migrated to the Bombay industry, including actors such as K.L. Saigal, Prithviraj Kapoor, Dilip",
"title": "Bollywood"
},
{
"id": "12405624",
"text": "network against any further violations. Nickelodeon (Pakistan) Nickelodeon Pakistan or Nick Pakistan is the Pakistani feed of Nickelodeon, which is operated by domestic media company ARY Group's Digital Network subsidiary under a brand licensing and programming agreement with Viacom International Media Networks. The network transmits over the AsiaSat 7 satellite to cable and satellite viewers in Pakistan, and features some portions of the schedule dubbed or subtitled in Urdu, along with some content directly imported from its Indian sister network (owned by Viacom 18). It also occasionally licenses Western market children's films. In 2005, the Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority",
"title": "Nickelodeon (Pakistan)"
},
{
"id": "18462828",
"text": "from four chosen films, however was not nominated like its predecessors. In 2014, committee selected \"Dukhtar\", for submission at 87th Academy Awards, which did not get nomination. In 2015 selection \"Moor\" was submitted on September 10, 2015 with the initial deadline of August 25, 2015 given by Academy, it failed to reach the December shortlist and did not get the nomination. On September 22, 2016 committee announced \"Mah e Mir\" as its official submission at 89th Academy Awards, which was previously scheduled to be announced on September 16, 2016. Pakistani Academy Selection Committee The Pakistani Academy Selection Committee (PASC) is",
"title": "Pakistani Academy Selection Committee"
},
{
"id": "17113319",
"text": "award ceremony held annually in Pakistan since 2002. The awards celebrate \"style\" in the Pakistani entertainment industry, and honour the country's best talents in film, television, music, and fashion. Around 30 awards are given annually. Winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface. Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan Noor Jehan 1st Lux Style Awards The 2002 Lux Style Awards, officially known as the 1st Lux Style Awards ceremony, presented by the Lux Style Awards honors the best films of 2001 and took place between February 18–20, 2002. This year, the city of Pakistan played host to the Pakistani Film Industry. The",
"title": "1st Lux Style Awards"
},
{
"id": "19937727",
"text": "10.30 crores. It became the first Pakistani film to be premiered in Hollywood. After the success of the first film the spin-off sequel titled Lahore Se Aagey was released in 2016. With Yasir playing as a lead, alongside Saba Qamar, the film did well at the box office, earning more than Rs. 21 crores at the box office and became the 4th highest-grossing film of 2016. After the success of first two films, director Wajahat Rauf announced that a third film titled, \"Karachi Se Lahore 3\" would release on Eid al-Fitr in 2019. Zaheem, the protagonist has been mistreated his",
"title": "Karachi Lahore (film series)"
},
{
"id": "7831444",
"text": "work and in 1930 he produced the first silent film in Lahore \"Husn Ka Daku\" (\"Mysterious Eagle\"), under his studio's banner. The film had mild success at cinemas, but prominently established Lahore as a functioning film industry. Kardar vowed on not acting in any other film and instead focusing on direction. Immediately afterwards, the studio released the film \"Sarfarosh\" (\"Brave Heart\") in 1931, with Gul Hamid playing the lead role with more or less the same cast as in the previous film. This production proved equally appealing, but was able to stir noise about the Lahore film industry. Roop Lal",
"title": "Cinema of Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "7831477",
"text": "Pakistani comedy thriller film was co-written and directed by Nabeel Qureshi as his directorial debut. The film starred Javed Sheikh, Fahad Mustafa, Mohsin Abbas Haider with supporting cast of Urwa Hocane, Kubra Khan and Salman Shahid. The story follows Shakeel (Sheikh), Farhaan (Mustafa) and Moon (Haider), three poor struggling individuals who chase every possible means of becoming rich, all getting into trouble as they struggle to fulfill their desires and ambitions through questionably moral ways. Other films released in 2014 included \"Tamanna\" directed by Steven Moore, \"Sultanat\" directed by Syed Faisal Bukhari, \"Dukhtar\" directed by Afia Nathaniel, and \"O21\" directed",
"title": "Cinema of Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "18834595",
"text": "Pakistan's Wajiha Jawaid was full of praise in her final verdict and wrote,\"Shah is a must watch and will make you fall in love with Pakistan once again with its flawlessly executed script, the many patriotic moments, and fabulous performances by the entire cast.\" The film has been uploaded on YouTube by the Filmmaker on 21 May 2016. The reasons were stated to avoid piracy and increase the longevity of the film. Shah (film) Shah is a 2015 Pakistani biographical sports film directed and written by Adnan Sarwar. The film, produced under the Logos Films & Media banner, is based",
"title": "Shah (film)"
},
{
"id": "17665495",
"text": "Saya e Khuda e Zuljalal Saya e Khuda e Zuljalal (a.k.a. SKZ, meaning \"Protection of Magnificent God\") is 2016 Pakistani action war film/historical film which explores Pakistan's history, beginning from its Independence in 1947 up to the present day. The film is directed by Umair Fazli & produced by Jehan Films and AR Productions. It is written by Tauseef Razaque and Inam Qadri. The cast includes Javed Sheikh, Firdous Jamal, Moammar Rana, Rachel Gill, Sohail Sameer, Arbaaz Khan, Kamran Mujahid, Asad Malik, Rambo, Nayyar Ejaz, Shafqat Cheema, Noor Bukhari, Umar Cheema and Nimra Khan in lead roles. An earlier working",
"title": "Saya e Khuda e Zuljalal"
},
{
"id": "15221692",
"text": "the UN, which is currently headed by Ambassador Maliha Lodhi in New York. There is a second mission based at the UNO office in Geneva, Switzerland. Pakistan participates in all of the UN’s specialized agencies. These include: United Nations Development program (UNDP), the World Food Programme (WFP), the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), UN International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the United Nations High Commission for refugees (UNHCR) , and UN Habitat. The Pakistani military has played a key role in the UN's peacekeeping",
"title": "Pakistan and the United Nations"
},
{
"id": "8258489",
"text": "MTV (Pakistan) Music Television Pakistan (MTV Pakistan) was the Pakistani subsidiary of MTV, a cable television network owned by Viacom Inc. headquartered in New York City. The Pakistan franchise has been set up in collaboration with Pakistan's first satellite channel media group known as \"Indus Media Group\" (\"\"Indus TV\"\"). \"Indus TV\" was Pakistan's first private television broadcaster. MTV Pakistan was launched with a vision to bridge global cultural gaps through music and to promote the burgeoning Pakistani music industry. It was moulded to match both local taste & global recognition. MTV Pakistan combined local and international music & was the",
"title": "MTV (Pakistan)"
},
{
"id": "7831463",
"text": "rupees. In 1999, a Russian-Pakistani joint venture was produced and Samina Peerzada's \"Inteha\". Other notable productions of the late 90s included \"Deewane Tere Pyar Ke\", \"Mujhe Chand Chahiye\", \"Sangam\", \"Tere Pyar Mein\", and \"Ghar Kab Aao Gay\", which attempted to get away from formulaic and violent story lines. It was predicted that Pakistani cinema would have a revival. However, the public did not respond and low attendance at cinemas were recorded as the lower middle class shunned these films. The industry was pronounced dead by the start of the new millennium. By the early 2000s \"an industry that once produced",
"title": "Cinema of Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "8969171",
"text": "he falls in love with Babra Sharif. The alien who landed on Earth came in search of a planet where his people are able to survive but after falling in love, will he be able to return to his people and his land after the hate against humanity that they have seen? \"Shanee\" is the highest recipient of Nigar film awards for 1989, tied with \"Barood ki chahoon\", which also won four awards. Shaani Shanee is Pakistan's first ever successful science fiction film , released in 1989, starring Babra Sharif, Sheri Malik, Ghulam Mohiuddin, Asif Khan, Saeed Rizvi and Mohammad",
"title": "Shaani"
},
{
"id": "12470791",
"text": "spindles and textile exports hit $15.5 billion. Other major industries include cement, fertilizer, edible oil, sugar, steel, tobacco, chemicals, machinery and food processing. The government is privatizing large-scale parastatal units, and the public sector accounts for a shrinking proportion of industrial output, while growth in overall industrial output (including the private sector) has accelerated. Government policies aim to diversify the country's industrial base and bolster export industries. The country has immense reserves of various minerals and natural resources. Important minerals found in Pakistan are gypsum, limestone, chromites, iron ore, rock salt, silver, gold, precious stones, gems, marble, copper, coal, graphite,",
"title": "Industry of Pakistan"
},
{
"id": "6147898",
"text": "Hussain Rizvi and Anwar Kamal Pasha. Sajjad Gul owns the film production house Evernew Studios in Lahore. He now is the CEO of one of the media houses in Pakistan, Evernew Group. Currently he is managing 8 companies: Evernew Concept (advertising agency), Evernew Entertainment (production company), Evernew Pictures, Evernew Studios, Evernew Carat, Evernew Solutions, Evernew Films and Evernew Music, which will launch soon. Apart from overseeing and managing the studio, Sajjad Gul has closely been linked to the development and growth of Pakistani cinema. Sajjad Gul Agha Sajjad Gul () is a producer, director and one of the biggest media",
"title": "Sajjad Gul"
},
{
"id": "20642449",
"text": "Karachi Film Society Karachi Film Society (KFS), is a non-profit film presentation organization based in Karachi, Pakistan. Founded in 2017 by Hum TV Network Limited president Sultana Siddiqui - the film society spotlights Pakistani cinema, world cinema and recognizes and supports new filmmakers by providing access through its workshops, seminars and festivals. The Karachi Film Society also hosts the inaugural and would be annual Pakistan International Film Festival (PIFF). The society later started a film festival known as Pakistan International Film Festival in March 2018. The Pakistan International Film Festival (PIFF) aims to be the largest film festival in Pakistan.",
"title": "Karachi Film Society"
},
{
"id": "7831470",
"text": "imports in years to come\". Zinda Bhaag went on to be Pakistan's official submission to the Oscars (Foreign Film Category), the first after a gap of fifty years but did not make the final shortlist nominees. The resurgence of new Pakistani film productions centres around the use of digital equipment and makes use of cheaper distribution with DCP compliant cinemas which started to convert around 2011, increasing rapidly to 2014 with around 30 cinemas nationwide. Shoaib Mansoor's \"Khuda Kay Liye\" (2007) and \"Bol\" (2011) seemed to have ushered in the \"revival of Pakistani cinema\". By 2013, several Pakistani films were",
"title": "Cinema of Pakistan"
}
] | what is the name of pakistan film industry |
[
"white",
"sea-blue",
"grey",
"brown"
] | [
{
"id": "11142564",
"text": "(As Merry points out, not even the Wizards had thought of that.) Popular Hobbit-grown varieties include Longbottom Leaf, Old Toby, and Southern Star; its cultivation became an established industry in the Southfarthing. The Wizard Gandalf learned to smoke pipe-weed from the Hobbits. On occasions he applied his magic powers to animate his smoke-rings and turn them into different colours. Gandalf's colored smoke-rings were portrayed in the 1978 animated film of \"The Lord of the Rings\"; other works of its director Ralph Bakshi feature both tobacco and cannabis smoke turning different colours. One palpable description of the weed's effects is given",
"title": "Middle-earth plants"
},
{
"id": "246801",
"text": "of restricting the range of tactics available to the player. Most spells come in one of five colors. The colors can be seen on the back of the cards, in a pentagonal design, called the \"Color Wheel\" or \"Color Pie\". Clockwise from the top, they are: white (W), blue (U), black (B), red (R), and green (G). To play a spell of a given color, at least one mana of that color is required. This mana is normally generated by a basic land: plains for white, island for blue, swamp for black, mountain for red, and forest for green. The",
"title": "Magic: The Gathering"
},
{
"id": "13456397",
"text": "the Rings series as Saruman \"man of skill\" (Rohirric), Gandalf \"elf of the staff\" (northern Men), and Radagast \"tender of beasts\" (possibly Westron). Tolkien never provided non-Elvish names for the other two; one tradition gives their names in Valinor as Alatar and Pallando, and another as Morinehtar and Rómestámo in Middle-earth. Each wizard in the series had robes of a characteristic colour: white for Saruman (the chief and the most powerful of the five), grey for Gandalf, brown for Radagast, and sea-blue for Alatar and Pallando (known consequently as the Blue Wizards or \"Ithryn Luin\"). Gandalf and Saruman both play",
"title": "Wizard (Middle-earth)"
},
{
"id": "730627",
"text": "characters introduced in 1954]] [[pl:Majar#Aiwendil]] Radagast Radagast the Brown is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium. He is one of the Istari, also known as \"Wizards\", who were sent by the angelic Valar to aid the Elves and Men of Middle-earth in their struggle against the Dark Lord Sauron. Radagast appears in \"The Lord of the Rings\" and \"[[ and \"[[The Silmarillion]]\". \"Unfinished Tales\" explains that Radagast, like the other Wizards, came from [[Valinor]] around the year 1000 of the [[Third Age]] of Middle-earth and was one of the [[Maia (Middle-earth)|Maiar]]. His original name was Aiwendil,",
"title": "Radagast"
},
{
"id": "730612",
"text": "Radagast Radagast the Brown is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium. He is one of the Istari, also known as \"Wizards\", who were sent by the angelic Valar to aid the Elves and Men of Middle-earth in their struggle against the Dark Lord Sauron. Radagast appears in \"The Lord of the Rings\" and \"[[ and \"[[The Silmarillion]]\". \"Unfinished Tales\" explains that Radagast, like the other Wizards, came from [[Valinor]] around the year 1000 of the [[Third Age]] of Middle-earth and was one of the [[Maia (Middle-earth)|Maiar]]. His original name was Aiwendil, meaning \"bird-friend\" in Tolkien's invented",
"title": "Radagast"
},
{
"id": "13456410",
"text": "trilogies, three of the Istari are featured as characters: Saruman (portrayed by Christopher Lee), Gandalf (played by Ian McKellen), and Radagast (portrayed by Sylvester McCoy). Gandalf mentions the two Blue Wizards in \"\", but comments that he cannot recall their names; this is a reference to the fact that they went unnamed in both \"The Hobbit\" and \"The Lord of the Rings\". In \"The Hobbit\" films, it is Radagast who first discovers the presence of the Necromancer at Dol Guldur, and alerts Gandalf who in turn informs the White Council, including Saruman. Gandalf is quick to deduce the Necromancer's true",
"title": "Wizard (Middle-earth)"
},
{
"id": "4154592",
"text": "Vaughn Bodē Vaughn Bodē (; July 22, 1941 – July 18, 1975) was an American underground cartoonist and illustrator known for his character Cheech Wizard and his artwork depicting voluptuous women. A contemporary of Ralph Bakshi, Bodē has been credited as an influence on Bakshi's animated films \"Wizards\" and \"The Lord of the Rings\". Bodē has a huge following among graffiti artists, with his characters remaining a popular subject. Bodē was inducted into the Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame for comics artists in 2006. In 1963, at age 21, and while living in Utica, New York, Bodē self-published \"Das",
"title": "Vaughn Bodē"
},
{
"id": "2393159",
"text": "The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) The Lord of the Rings is a 1978 animated high fantasy film directed by Ralph Bakshi. It is an adaptation of J. R. R. Tolkien's high fantasy epic \"The Lord of the Rings\", comprising \"The Fellowship of the Ring\" and the first half of \"The Two Towers\". Set in Middle-earth, the film follows a group of hobbits, elves, men, dwarves, and wizards who form a fellowship. They embark on a quest to destroy the One Ring made by the Dark Lord Sauron, and ensure his destruction. Ralph Bakshi encountered Tolkien's writing early in",
"title": "The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)"
},
{
"id": "13456398",
"text": "important roles in \"The Lord of the Rings\", while Radagast appears only briefly. Alatar and Pallando do not feature in the story, as they are said to have journeyed far into the east after their arrival in Middle-earth. Tolkien gives multiple names for all of them. In Quenya, Saruman was \"Curumo\" (\"skillful one\"); Gandalf was \"Olórin\" (\"dreaming\" or \"dreamer\"); and Radagast was \"Aiwendil\" (\"friend of birds\"). The Quenya names \"Morinehtar\" (\"darkness-slayer\") and \"Rómestámo\" (\"east-helper\") are given for Alatar and Pallando, though it is not clear which name goes with which wizard. Other names are noted in individual articles. As the",
"title": "Wizard (Middle-earth)"
},
{
"id": "13164044",
"text": "or Wizards, and included Gandalf the Grey (Olórin or Mithrandir; later Gandalf the White), Saruman the White (Curumo or Curunír; he later called himself Saruman of Many Colours), Radagast the Brown (Aiwendil), and two Blue Wizards (Alatar and Pallando) who are mentioned in passing but do not appear in Tolkien's narratives. Maia (Middle-earth) The Maiar (singular: Maia) are among a class of divine beings from J. R. R. Tolkien's high fantasy legendarium. Supernatural and angelic, they are \"lesser Ainur\" who entered \"Eä\" in the beginning of time. The name \"Maiar\" is in the Quenya tongue (one of several constructed languages)",
"title": "Maia (Middle-earth)"
},
{
"id": "639617",
"text": "Gandalf Gandalf is a fictional character and one of the protagonists in J. R. R. Tolkien's novels \"The Hobbit\" and \"The Lord of the Rings\". He is a wizard, member of the \"Istari\" order, as well as leader of the Fellowship of the Ring and the army of the West. In \"The Lord of the Rings\", he is initially known as Gandalf the Grey, but returns from death as Gandalf the White. Although mainly known as \"Gandalf\", the character has a number of names in Tolkien's writings. Gandalf himself says, \"Many are my names in many countries. Mithrandir among the",
"title": "Gandalf"
},
{
"id": "740316",
"text": "of \"Glorfindel\" was portrayed as a dark-haired elf-woman, played by Alma Ferovic. Glorfindel, as depicted by Jarl Benzon, appears on a trading card in The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game, based on the Jackson films. Glorfindel is also playable in the older Middle-earth Collectible Card Game. Here he is one of the most powerful characters outside the circle of the Wizards and Haven-elves (Elrond, Galadriel and Círdan). He also is a playable hero unit in the real-time strategy game, \"\", also based on the Jackson films, where his hair is silver-blond (as opposed to his eponymous colour golden-blond)",
"title": "Glorfindel"
},
{
"id": "17897363",
"text": "Ian McKellen, roles and awards Ian McKellen (born 25 May 1939) is an English stage and screen actor. He is the recipient of six Laurence Olivier Awards, a Tony Award, a Golden Globe Award, two Academy Award nominations, four BAFTA nominations and five Emmy Award nominations. McKellen's work spans genres ranging from Shakespearean and modern theatre to popular fantasy and science fiction. His notable film roles include Gandalf in \"The Lord of the Rings\" and \"The Hobbit\" trilogies, Magneto in the \"X-Men\" films, Sir Leigh Teabing in \"The Da Vinci Code\" (2006), Sherlock Holmes in \"Mr. Holmes\" (2015) and Cogsworth",
"title": "Ian McKellen, roles and awards"
},
{
"id": "2161549",
"text": "the graphic novel the women wear chain-mail chestpieces as well as the clothing described in the book. It has been published in hardcover, along with the graphic novel of \"The Light Fantastic\", as \"The Discworld Graphic Novels\" (). The Mob Film Company and Sky One have produced a two-part adaptation, combining both \"The Colour of Magic\" and \"The Light Fantastic\", directed by Vadim Jean and broadcast over Easter of 2008. David Jason starred in the role of Rincewind. Sean Astin, best known for his role as Samwise Gamgee in \"The Lord of the Rings\" film series, took the role of",
"title": "The Colour of Magic"
},
{
"id": "1485913",
"text": "Best Costume Design and Best Adapted Screenplay. , it is the 31st highest-grossing film worldwide, with US$871,530,324 in worldwide theatrical box office receipts. The film won the 2002 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation. It also won \"Empire\" readers' Best Film award, as well as five BAFTAs, including Best Film, the David Lean Award for Best Direction, the Audience Award (voted for by the public), Best Special Effects, and Best Make-up. The film was nominated for an MTV Movie Award for Best Fight between Gandalf and Saruman. In June 2008, AFI revealed its \"10 Top 10\"—the ten best films in",
"title": "The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring"
},
{
"id": "11933930",
"text": "of the Rings license, and that was just the center for us on making this game.\" Howard Shore's music, composed for the film trilogy, was used in the game. The film actors reprise their roles in cutscenes, which are archived footage from the film. In-game likenesses are based on their film counterparts. Hugo Weaving reprises his role as Elrond and serves as the game's narrator. All other cast members were replaced by voice doubles. Chris Edgerly voices Aragorn, Crispin Freeman voices Legolas, Martin Jarvis voices the white wizard Gandalf, and Yuri Lowenthal stands in for Elijah Wood as Frodo Baggins.",
"title": "The Lord of the Rings: Conquest"
},
{
"id": "1466170",
"text": "Hugo Weaving Hugo Wallace Weaving (born 4 April 1960) is an Australian-English film and stage actor. He is best known for playing Agent Smith in \"The Matrix\" trilogy (1999–2003), Elrond in \"The Lord of the Rings\" (2001–2003) and \"The Hobbit\" (2012–2014) film trilogies, V in \"V for Vendetta\" (2006), Red Skull in \"\" and Tom Doss in \"Hacksaw Ridge\". Weaving's first television role was in the 1984 Australian television series \"Bodyline\", where he portrayed English cricket captain Douglas Jardine. In film, he first rose to prominence for his performance as Martin in the Australian drama \"Proof\" (1991). Weaving played Anthony",
"title": "Hugo Weaving"
},
{
"id": "3625536",
"text": "For example, light blue, indigo, and cyan blue. Complementary colors are colors across from each other on a color wheel. For example, blue and orange. Triadic colors are colors that are evenly across from each other, in a triangle over the color wheel. For example, the primary colors red, yellow, and blue are triadic colors. For a list of ways to construct color schemes, regarding properties such as warmness/achromiticness/complementariness, see color theory. Analogous color schemes use colors that are next to each other on the color wheel. They usually match well and create serene and comfortable designs. Analogous color schemes",
"title": "Color wheel"
},
{
"id": "13456412",
"text": "rise again, while Gandalf and Radagast later took part in The Battle of the Five Armies. As in the novels, Saruman later joined forces with Sauron, though he retained his white robes and was not shown to be seeking the One Ring for his own use. He and Gandalf are the only wizards featured or mentioned in the Lord of the Rings films, and for the most part go through the same experiences as in the novels. However, as seen in the extended edition of \"The Return of the King\", Saruman is killed by Wormtongue atop Orthanc rather than in",
"title": "Wizard (Middle-earth)"
},
{
"id": "8547502",
"text": "Cadash The game setting is a medieval fantasy world similar to that of the high fantasy seen in \"The Lord of the Rings\". The demons and abominations of nature who reside in the underground kingdom of Cadash have not forgotten that, thousands of years previously, they once shared the light with humans. Then one rose among them who was especially powerful, a demonic wizard born of a human woman – the Balrog (Baarogue or Baalogue in the arcade version, and Barlog in the TurboGrafx version). The Balrog promised his followers they could, in time, emerge from their subterranean prison and",
"title": "Cadash"
},
{
"id": "402232",
"text": "Treebeard, the oldest of the tree-like Ents. Aragorn, Gimli and Legolas track the hobbits to Fangorn. There they unexpectedly meet Gandalf. Gandalf explains that he slew the Balrog; darkness took him, but he was sent back to Middle-earth to complete his mission. He is clothed in white and is now Gandalf the White, for he has taken Saruman's place as the chief of the wizards. Gandalf assures his friends that Merry and Pippin are safe. Together they ride to Edoras, capital of Rohan. Gandalf frees Théoden, King of Rohan, from the influence of Saruman's spy Gríma Wormtongue. Théoden musters his",
"title": "The Lord of the Rings"
},
{
"id": "20858217",
"text": "as well his voice to animated characters such as Tigger from Winnie the Pooh since \"The Tigger Movie\", Sebastian St. Clair in \"BoJack Horseman\", Jake from \"The Rescuers Down Under\" and the Rat from \"Fantastic Mr. Fox\". Luca Biagini Luca Biagini (born October 3, 1949) is an Italian actor and voice actor. Biagini is best known for dubbing over the voices of actors like Hugo Weaving in \"The Lord of the Rings\" film series, Michael Keaton in \"Batman\" and \"Spotlight\", Arliss Howard in \"Full Metal Jacket\", J.K. Simmons in \"Whiplash\", Bruce Willis in \"12 Monkeys\", Ed Harris in \"The Hours\",",
"title": "Luca Biagini"
},
{
"id": "12258827",
"text": "of the Rings\", first published in \"The Return of the King\", and in the posthumously published \"The Silmarillion\" (1977) and \"Unfinished Tales\" (1980). All were written in the mid-1950s. Saruman, like Gandalf and Radagast the Brown, is one of five 'wizards', known as the Istari, who begin to arrive in Middle-earth circa two thousand years before the beginning of \"The Lord of the Rings\". They are Maiar, envoys of the godlike Valar sent to challenge Sauron by inspiring the people of Middle-earth rather than by direct conflict. Tolkien regarded them as being somewhat like incarnate angels. Saruman initially travels in",
"title": "Saruman"
},
{
"id": "16121591",
"text": "Analogous colors Analogous colors are groups of three colors that are next to each other on the color wheel, sharing a common color, with one being the dominant color, which tends to be a primary or secondary color, and a tertiary. Red, orange, and red-orange are examples. The term \"analogous\" refers to having analogy, or corresponding to something in particular. An analogous color scheme creates a rich, monochromatic look. It is best used with either warm or cool colors, creating a look that has a certain temperature as well as proper color harmony. While this is true, the scheme also",
"title": "Analogous colors"
},
{
"id": "19540007",
"text": "239 m to 1647 m, shallower than other bythograeid crabs. This species was named by Colin McLay. The genus name references Gandalf, the wizard character in \"The Lord of the Rings\", the novel written by J. R. R. Tolkien and later filmed in New Zealand. The species name comes from the Māori term for thermal spring or volcano. Gandalfus puia Gandalfus puia is the only known New Zealand species of crab in the family Bythograeidae, commonly known as the blind vent crabs. Like other blind vent crabs, it only lives in hydrothermal vent waters. This species was first described in",
"title": "Gandalfus puia"
},
{
"id": "2393163",
"text": "Ring twists his body and mind, and he becomes the creature Gollum (Peter Woodthorpe). Hundreds of years later, Bilbo Baggins (Norman Bird) finds the Ring in Gollum's cave and takes it back to the Shire. Decades later, during Bilbo's birthday celebration, the wizard Gandalf (William Squire) tells him to leave the Ring for his relative Frodo (Christopher Guard). Bilbo reluctantly agrees, and leaves the Shire. Seventeen years pass, during which Gandalf learns that evil forces have discovered that the Ring is in the possession of a Baggins. Gandalf meets with Frodo to explain the Ring's history and the danger it",
"title": "The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)"
},
{
"id": "1485912",
"text": "at all\". In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of \"A−\" on an A+ to F scale. In 2002, the film won four Academy Awards from thirteen nominations. The winning categories were for Best Cinematography, Best Visual Effects, Best Makeup, and Best Original Score. It was also nominated for Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Ian McKellen), Best Art Direction, Best Director, Best Film Editing, Best Original Song (Enya, Nicky Ryan and Roma Ryan for \"May It Be\"), Best Picture, Best Sound (Christopher Boyes, Michael Semanick, Gethin Creagh and Hammond Peek),",
"title": "The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring"
},
{
"id": "8547513",
"text": "bosses. Cadash The game setting is a medieval fantasy world similar to that of the high fantasy seen in \"The Lord of the Rings\". The demons and abominations of nature who reside in the underground kingdom of Cadash have not forgotten that, thousands of years previously, they once shared the light with humans. Then one rose among them who was especially powerful, a demonic wizard born of a human woman – the Balrog (Baarogue or Baalogue in the arcade version, and Barlog in the TurboGrafx version). The Balrog promised his followers they could, in time, emerge from their subterranean prison",
"title": "Cadash"
},
{
"id": "2214523",
"text": "Jack Black Thomas Jacob Black (born August 28, 1969) is an American actor, comedian, musician, and songwriter. His acting career has been extensive, starring primarily in comedy films. Black is known for his roles in \"High Fidelity\" (2000), \"Shallow Hal\" (2001), \"School of Rock\" (2003), \"King Kong\" (2005), \"The Holiday\" (2006), the \"Kung Fu Panda\" franchise (2008–2016), \"Tropic Thunder\" (2008), \"Gulliver's Travels\" (2010), \"Bernie\" (2011), \"Goosebumps\" (2015), and \"\" (2017). He has been nominated for two Golden Globe Awards. Black is the lead vocalist of the comedic rock duo Tenacious D which he formed in 1994 with friend Kyle Gass.",
"title": "Jack Black"
},
{
"id": "246802",
"text": "balances and distinctions among the five colors form one of the defining aspects of the game. Each color has strengths and weaknesses based on the \"style\" of magic it represents. The colors adjacent to each other on the pentagon are \"allied\" and often have similar, complementary abilities. For example, Blue has a relatively large number of flying creatures, as do White and Black, which are next to it. The two non-adjacent colors to a particular color are \"enemy\" colors, and are thematically opposed. For instance, Red tends to be very aggressive, while White and Blue are often more defensive in",
"title": "Magic: The Gathering"
},
{
"id": "402223",
"text": "inspired, and continues to inspire, artwork, music, films and television, video games, board games, and subsequent literature. Award-winning adaptations of \"The Lord of the Rings\" have been made for radio, theatre, and film. In 2003, it was named Britain's best novel of all time in the BBC's The Big Read. Thousands of years before the events of the novel, the Dark Lord Sauron had forged the One Ring to rule the other Rings of Power and corrupt those who wore them: the nine leaders of Men, the three of Elves and the seven of Dwarves. Sauron was defeated by an",
"title": "The Lord of the Rings"
},
{
"id": "3418422",
"text": "are represented by 7 colors (new age) and more 5 colors (new age gold or solar rays). The colors of new age and solar rays are (in order): 1 blue (power of faith); 2 yellow (obedience); 3 pink (beauty; geniality); 4 white (ascension; peace; light); 5 green (nature); 6 red (true resurrection); 7 violet (New Age of Master Saint Germain); 8 turquoise (lucidity); 9 magenta (divine wonder; justiciars); 10 gold (materialization of wealth); 11 orange (sunshine); 12 Opaline (renewal). Students of Ascended Master Teachings organizations (also known as Ascended Master Activities) believe that the Presence of Life — God —",
"title": "Ascended master"
},
{
"id": "12436604",
"text": "Peter Jackson Sir Peter Robert Jackson (born 31 October 1961) is a New Zealand film director, screenwriter and film producer. He is best known as the director, writer, and producer of the \"Lord of the Rings\" trilogy (2001–03) and the \"Hobbit\" trilogy (2012–14), both of which are adapted from the novels of the same name by J. R. R. Tolkien. Other films include the critically lauded drama \"Heavenly Creatures\" (1994), the mockumentary film \"Forgotten Silver\" (1995), the horror comedy \"The Frighteners\" (1996), the epic monster remake film \"King Kong\" (2005), the supernatural drama film \"The Lovely Bones\" (2009), and the",
"title": "Peter Jackson"
},
{
"id": "3223825",
"text": "Brite merchandise could start. In Gen 1 continuity, and most of the franchise's backstory, a young girl named Wisp is brought to a gray, desolate land with the mission to bring color to this fictional world by locating the Sphere of Light. Along the way, she befriends a furry creature (called a sprite) named Twink and a magnificent horse named Starlite and finds a mysterious baby who turns out to be the key to her mission. With the help of her new friends, Wisp locates the legendary Color Belt and rescues the seven Color Kids, who had been trapped by",
"title": "Rainbow Brite"
},
{
"id": "2393186",
"text": "a Golden Gryphon award for the film at the Giffoni Film Festival. Critics were generally mixed in their responses to the film, but generally considered it to be a \"flawed but inspired interpretation\". Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, which compiles reviews from a wide range of critics, gives the film a score of 50% based on reviews from 30 critics. Frank Barrow of \"The Hollywood Reporter\" wrote that the film was \"daring and unusual in concept.\" Joseph Gelmis of \"Newsday\" wrote that \"the film's principal reward is a visual experience unlike anything that other animated features are doing at the",
"title": "The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)"
},
{
"id": "4882397",
"text": "Fireball, then Lightning, and finally Meteor) accordingly. Sufficiently large crabs can even lay eggs to hatch new crabs. The consumed mana can be released by killing the crab. There are seven computer-controlled wizards with an associated color to be found along the journey: Vodor, Gryshnak, Mahmoud, Syed, Raschid, Alhabbal, and Scheherazade. The player character is called Zanzamar by default, and his flags are a white color. The enemy wizard AI has limitations. Enemy wizards only use a subset of spells on any given level; most commonly this includes at most Accelerate, Fireball and Rapid Fireball, Lightning Bolts, Meteor, Rebound, and",
"title": "Magic Carpet (video game)"
},
{
"id": "12258818",
"text": "Saruman Saruman the White is a fictional character and a major antagonist in J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy novel \"The Lord of the Rings\". He is leader of the Istari, wizards sent to Middle-earth in human form by the godlike Valar to challenge Sauron, the main antagonist of the novel, but eventually he desires Sauron's power for himself and tries to take over Middle-earth by force. His schemes feature prominently in the second volume, \"The Two Towers\", and at the end of the third volume, \"The Return of the King\". His earlier history is given briefly in the posthumously published",
"title": "Saruman"
},
{
"id": "4547257",
"text": "released, with new books added with each free content update. Tolkien's Middle-earth as represented in \"The Lord of the Rings Online\" implements magic in a different manner than other MMORPGs such as \"World of Warcraft\". There are only five \"wizards\" in the fictional world, none of which are player-controlled. Instead, there are active skills which require \"power\" (the equivalent of magic points). Some skills behave like magic (like healing or throwing a burning ember at an enemy), but are based on \"lore\". In addition, objects and artifacts are used to create effects similar to magic. As opposed to other role-playing",
"title": "The Lord of the Rings Online"
},
{
"id": "1485876",
"text": "ever made, . The film earned over $871 million worldwide and became the second highest-grossing film of 2001 in the US and worldwide (behind \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\"). It was nominated for thirteen Oscars at the 74th Academy Awards ceremony, including Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Supporting Actor for McKellen, winning four for Best Cinematography, Best Makeup, Best Original Score, and Best Visual Effects. It also won four British Academy Film Awards, including Best Film and Best Director BAFTA awards. The \"Special Extended Edition\" was released to DVD on 12 November 2002 and to Blu-ray Disc on",
"title": "The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring"
},
{
"id": "2720623",
"text": "nominated for a Saturn Award. One of his most prominent film roles was Boromir in \"The Lord of the Rings\" trilogy (2001–03). Other roles include Alec Trevelyan in the James Bond film \"GoldenEye\" (1995) and Odysseus in \"Troy\" (2004), as well as roles in \"Patriot Games\" (1992), \"Ronin\" (1998), \"Equilibrium\" (2002), \"National Treasure\" (2004), \"North Country\" (2005), \"The Island\" (2005), \"Silent Hill\" (2006), \"Black Death\" (2010), \"Jupiter Ascending\" (2015) and \"The Martian\" (2015). Other TV roles include the BBC anthology series \"Accused\" and the ITV historical drama series \"Henry VIII\". As a voice actor, Bean has been featured in the",
"title": "Sean Bean"
},
{
"id": "12007886",
"text": "in the earlier films.\" McCoy, the former \"Doctor Who\" star, who appeared alongside McKellen in a Royal Shakespeare Company's King Lear, was confirmed to be in negotiations to play a major role as a \"wizard\" in October 2010, leading to speculation he could appear as Radagast the Brown. During the production of \"The Lord of the Rings\" film trilogy, McCoy had been contacted about playing the role of Bilbo and was kept in place as a potential Bilbo for six months before Jackson went with Ian Holm. On the casting of Persbrandt, Jackson was quoted as saying, \"The role of",
"title": "The Hobbit (film series)"
},
{
"id": "11707385",
"text": "programming at Sky One, also appears as the Alchemist. A teaser trailer, released in late February 2008, featured principal cast members, including Rincewind, Twoflower, Trymon and the Arch-Astronomer of Krull, attempting to describe octarine, the 'colour of magic'. The teaser concludes with the film's tagline: \"a pigment of your imagination\". Two more trailers were released in March 2008, containing a more complete synopsis, with narration by Brian Cox. The trailers formed part of a multimillion-dollar advertising campaign in partnership with Amazon.com and Borders Books. In addition to conventional adverts in national newspapers and banner ads on sites including MSN.com and",
"title": "Terry Pratchett's The Colour of Magic"
},
{
"id": "201218",
"text": "Theatre of Great Britain. He achieved worldwide fame for his film roles, including the titular King in \"Richard III\" (1995), James Whale in \"Gods and Monsters\" (1998), Magneto in the \"X-Men\" films, and Gandalf in \"The Lord of the Rings\" and \"The Hobbit\" trilogies. McKellen was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1979 Birthday Honours, was knighted in the 1991 New Year Honours for services to the performing arts, and made a Companion of Honour for services to drama and to equality in the 2008 New Year Honours. He has been openly gay since 1988,",
"title": "Ian McKellen"
},
{
"id": "12007885",
"text": "several other cast members had joined the project, including Cate Blanchett as Galadriel, Sylvester McCoy as Radagast the Brown, Mikael Persbrandt as Beorn, William Kircher as Bifur, Ken Stott as Balin and Jed Brophy as Nori. Blanchett was the first returning cast member from \"The Lord of the Rings\" film trilogy to be cast in the films, even though her character does not appear in the novel. On her casting, Jackson said, \"Cate is one of my favorite actors to work with and I couldn't be more thrilled to have her reprise the role she so beautifully brought to life",
"title": "The Hobbit (film series)"
},
{
"id": "2460977",
"text": "November 2002, containing 30 minutes more footage, an Alan Lee painting of the Fellowship entering Moria, and the Moria Gate on the back of the sleeve; an Argonath-styled bookend was included with the Collector's Edition. \"The Two Towers\", released on 18 November 2003, contained 44 minutes extra footage and a Lee painting of Gandalf the White's entrance; the Collector's Edition contained a Sméagol statue, with a crueller-looking statue of his Gollum persona available by order for a limited time. \"The Return of the King\" was released on 14 December 2004, having 51 minutes more footage, a Lee painting of the",
"title": "The Lord of the Rings (film series)"
},
{
"id": "6881763",
"text": "Kong\" and \"The Lord of the Rings\") designed the sets. Also, the actors were replaced, except for Elf. Harmony, who was the Golden Fairy, and Rhapsody, the Rainbow, were also changed into more 'girly' colours, pink and purple. Elf and Barnaby's costumes' were also changed. Elf looked more 'Elfy' and Barnaby lost four of his legs. The tots costumes and actors were also revamped, making them more cheeky, and dressing them to look more sophisticated. Wizzy, the Wizzard, also debuted in the first TV series (along with his actual debut on the album \"A Magical Fairy Party\", which was released",
"title": "The Fairies"
},
{
"id": "19003325",
"text": "On September 9, 2015, Hank Azaria joined the film as Frank DiPascali. On September 10, 2015, Nathan Darrow, Kristen Connolly, Kathrine Narducci, and Steve Coulter were cast as Andrew Madoff, Stephanie Madoff, Eleanor Squillari, and Martin London, respectively. Diana B. Henriques was also cast as herself. On September 11, 2015, Lily Rabe was cast as Catherine Hooper. Principal photography on the film began on August 31, 2015, in New York City. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 72% based on 39 reviews, with a weighted average rating of 6.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"\"The Wizard of",
"title": "The Wizard of Lies"
},
{
"id": "3481836",
"text": "Shugenja Shugenja (修験者) are practitioners of the Japanese religion of Shugendō. They are sometimes known as \"yamabushi\". In \"Bushido\", a role-playing game published in 1981 by Fantasy Games Unlimited, Shugenja are portrayed as wizards. In the \"Legend of the Five Rings\" collectible card game, \"shugenja\" are magic-users, similar to wizards. Their spells are given power by the five different varieties of kami that can be found in Rokugan. Their magic is referred to as Elemental Magic, as opposed to Bloodspeakers who use Blood Magic. In the role-playing game, being a \"shugenja\" is one of the main alternatives in character creation.",
"title": "Shugenja"
},
{
"id": "4680895",
"text": "all colored diamonds, red diamonds are the rarest. The Aurora Pyramid of Hope displays a spectacular array of naturally colored diamonds, including red diamonds. Diamonds occur in a variety of colors—steel gray, white, blue, yellow, orange, red, green, pink to purple, brown, and black. Colored diamonds contain interstitial impurities or structural defects that cause the coloration, pure diamonds are perfectly transparent and colorless. Diamonds are scientifically classed into two main \"types\" and several subtypes, according to the nature of impurities present and how these impurities affect light absorption: Type I diamonds have nitrogen atoms as the main impurity, commonly at",
"title": "Diamond color"
},
{
"id": "3481837",
"text": "The shugenja (with the alternate spelling \"shukenja\") was introduced in the original first edition \"Oriental Adventures\" book as a subclass of cleric. A version of this class (also called shugenja) was incorporated into \"Dungeons & Dragons\" in the third edition \"Oriental Adventures\" sourcebook, and revised in the 3.5 edition sourcebook \"Complete Divine\". Shugenja Shugenja (修験者) are practitioners of the Japanese religion of Shugendō. They are sometimes known as \"yamabushi\". In \"Bushido\", a role-playing game published in 1981 by Fantasy Games Unlimited, Shugenja are portrayed as wizards. In the \"Legend of the Five Rings\" collectible card game, \"shugenja\" are magic-users, similar",
"title": "Shugenja"
},
{
"id": "201234",
"text": "as the wizard Gandalf in Peter Jackson's three-film adaptation of \"The Lord of the Rings\" (consisting of \"\" (2001), \"\" (2002), and \"\" (2003) ). He received honors from the Screen Actors Guild for Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture for his work in \"The Fellowship of the Ring\" and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the same role. He provided the voice of Gandalf for several video game adaptations of the \"Lord of the Rings\" films, then reprised the role on screen in Jackson's film adaptation of \"The Hobbit\", which was released in",
"title": "Ian McKellen"
},
{
"id": "639660",
"text": "Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor, and an Academy Award nomination under the same category (making him the only individual cast member of the films to be nominated for an Oscar). In addition, \"Empire\" named Gandalf, as portrayed by McKellen, the 30th greatest film character of all time. Meaning \"Grey Pilgrim\" Gandalf Gandalf is a fictional character and one of the protagonists in J. R. R. Tolkien's novels \"The Hobbit\" and \"The Lord of the Rings\". He is a wizard, member of the \"Istari\" order, as well as leader of the Fellowship of the Ring and the army of the",
"title": "Gandalf"
},
{
"id": "12806722",
"text": "Gerard Murphy (Irish actor) Eamon Gerard Murphy (14 October 1948 – 26 August 2013) was a Northern Irish film, television and theatre actor. Born in 1948 in Newry, County Down, Northern Ireland, Murphy began his career on stage with the Glasgow Citizens Theatre. He branched out into television work with roles in \"Z-Cars\", \"Doctor Who\", \"Minder\", \"Heartbeat\", \"Father Ted\", \"Dalziel and Pascoe\" and \"The Bill\". He narrated the BBC Radio version of Tolkien's \"The Lord of the Rings\". His film roles include the pirate and spy \"The Nord\" in \"Waterworld\", and as the corrupt High Court Judge Faden in \"Batman",
"title": "Gerard Murphy (Irish actor)"
},
{
"id": "17897364",
"text": "in the live-action adaptation of \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017). Ian McKellen, roles and awards Ian McKellen (born 25 May 1939) is an English stage and screen actor. He is the recipient of six Laurence Olivier Awards, a Tony Award, a Golden Globe Award, two Academy Award nominations, four BAFTA nominations and five Emmy Award nominations. McKellen's work spans genres ranging from Shakespearean and modern theatre to popular fantasy and science fiction. His notable film roles include Gandalf in \"The Lord of the Rings\" and \"The Hobbit\" trilogies, Magneto in the \"X-Men\" films, Sir Leigh Teabing in \"The Da Vinci",
"title": "Ian McKellen, roles and awards"
},
{
"id": "769190",
"text": "code, in numeric order. Here are two that includes tolerance codes gold, silver, and none: The colors are sorted in the order of the visible light spectrum: red (2), orange (3), yellow (4), green (5), blue (6), violet (7). Black (0) has no energy, brown (1) has a little more, white (9) has everything and grey (8) is like white, but less intense. From top to bottom: The physical size of a resistor is indicative of the power it can dissipate. There is an important difference between the use of three and of four bands to indicate resistance. The same",
"title": "Electronic color code"
},
{
"id": "8608910",
"text": "Vanessa Stacey Vanessa Stacey (born 7 August 1979) is a New Zealand film, television and stage actress as well as a musician, director, producer playwright and comedian. Well known as Alice in the New Zealand cult science fiction series \"The Tribe\" and as Brenda Blue in the British children's television show \"Jay Jay the Jet Plane\", she also had roles in the first and third parts of \"The Lord of the Rings\" (\"\" and \"\"), \"Outrageous Fortune\", \"Out of the Blue\", \"Woodville\", and \"How to Murder Wife\". Vanessa Stacey was born in Invercargill, New Zealand. At the age of 7,",
"title": "Vanessa Stacey"
},
{
"id": "12258853",
"text": "the number of the letter before the page number. Page numbers are for the editions given below, and will differ from other editions. Saruman Saruman the White is a fictional character and a major antagonist in J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy novel \"The Lord of the Rings\". He is leader of the Istari, wizards sent to Middle-earth in human form by the godlike Valar to challenge Sauron, the main antagonist of the novel, but eventually he desires Sauron's power for himself and tries to take over Middle-earth by force. His schemes feature prominently in the second volume, \"The Two Towers\",",
"title": "Saruman"
},
{
"id": "1527990",
"text": "1970s and constitutes an important component of the Standard Model of particle physics. In quantum chromodynamics, a quark's color can take one of three values or charges: red, green, and blue. An antiquark can take one of three anticolors: called antired, antigreen, and antiblue (represented as cyan, magenta and yellow, respectively). Gluons are mixtures of two colors, such as red and antigreen, which constitutes their color charge. QCD considers eight gluons of the possible nine color–anticolor combinations to be unique; see \"eight gluon colors\" for an explanation. The following illustrates the coupling constants for color-charged particles: Analogous to an electric",
"title": "Color charge"
},
{
"id": "1485877",
"text": "28 June 2011. In 2007, \"The Fellowship of the Ring\" was voted 50 on the American Film Institute's list of 100 greatest American films. The AFI also voted it the second greatest fantasy film of all time during their 10 Top 10 special. The film ranks #24 on \"Empire\"'s 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time. In the Second Age of Middle-earth, the lords of Elves, Dwarves, and Men are given Rings of Power. Unbeknownst to them, the Dark Lord Sauron forges the One Ring in Mount Doom, infusing into it a great part of his power",
"title": "The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring"
},
{
"id": "639620",
"text": "\"Mithrandir\". At times in \"The Lord of the Rings\", other characters address Gandalf by nicknames, usually disparaging: hence Stormcrow, Láthspell, and Grey Fool. \"Láthspell\" means 'Ill-news' in Old English. Tolkien discusses Gandalf in his essay on the Istari, which appears in the work \"Unfinished Tales\". He describes Gandalf as the last of the wizards to appear in Middle-earth, one who: \"seemed the least, less tall than the others, and in looks more aged, grey-haired and grey-clad, and leaning on a staff\". Yet the Elf Círdan who met him on arrival nevertheless considered him \"the greatest spirit and the wisest\" and",
"title": "Gandalf"
},
{
"id": "2888794",
"text": "different color\" scene, Jell-O powder was used to color the white horses. Asbestos was used to achieve some of the special effects like the witch's burning broomstick and the fake snow that covers Dorothy as she sleeps in the field of poppies. The film is widely noted for its musical selections and soundtrack. The music was composed by Harold Arlen, and the lyrics were written by Yip Harburg, both of whom won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for \"Over the Rainbow\". The song was ranked first in two lists: the AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs and the Recording Industry",
"title": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)"
},
{
"id": "9473704",
"text": "Simon Chandler Simon Chandler (born 1953) is a British film, television and theatre actor. He often plays senior establishment figures such as Members of Parliament and senior civil servants. Born in 1953 and educated at Bedford School, Chandler's acting career began in 1976. His first film role was as Private Simmonds in Richard Attenborough's 1977 film \"A Bridge Too Far\" and he provided the voice of Merry in Ralph Bakshi's 1978 animated film adaptation of \"The Lord of the Rings\". His most prominent recent film work includes roles in \"Vera Drake\" (2004), \"\" (2006), \"The King's Speech\" (2010) and \"The",
"title": "Simon Chandler"
},
{
"id": "769192",
"text": "blue for the finishing lead of the primary, red for the B+ lead of the primary, brown for a primary center tap, green for the finishing lead of the secondary, black for grid lead of the secondary, and yellow for a tapped secondary. Each lead had a different color since relative polarity or phase was more important for these transformers. Intermediate-frequency tuned transformers were coded blue and red for the primary and green and black for the secondary. Wires may be color-coded to identify their function, voltage class, polarity, phase or to identify the circuit in which they are used.",
"title": "Electronic color code"
},
{
"id": "2460940",
"text": "The Lord of the Rings (film series) The Lord of the Rings is a film series consisting of three epic fantasy adventure films directed by Peter Jackson. They are based on the novel \"The Lord of the Rings\" by J. R. R. Tolkien. The films are subtitled \"\" (2001), \"\" (2002) and \"\" (2003). They are a New Zealand-American venture produced by WingNut Films and The Saul Zaentz Company and distributed by New Line Cinema. The trilogy was one of the biggest and most ambitious film projects ever undertaken. It had a budget of $281 to $330 million depending on",
"title": "The Lord of the Rings (film series)"
},
{
"id": "9194829",
"text": "acid etching and some overdyeing of colours. Dickson decided to give the Hobbits shorts due to their bare feet, and specifically worked on long sleeves for the Elves for a gliding impression. Dickson also took great pains to distinguish the Gondorians (silvers and black) and the Rohirrim (brown and green). Production design of The Lord of the Rings film series The Lord of the Rings film series began its production design in August 1997. Peter Jackson required complete realism and plausibility in his vision of Middle-earth, and hired Weta Workshop to create the various pieces of armour, weapons, prosthetics and",
"title": "Production design of The Lord of the Rings film series"
},
{
"id": "1508276",
"text": "John Rhys-Davies John Rhys-Davies (born 5 May 1944) is a British actor, voice actor and producer, known for his portrayal of Gimli in the \"Lord of the Rings\" trilogy and the charismatic excavator Sallah in the \"Indiana Jones\" films. He also played Agent Michael Malone in the 1993 remake of the 1950s television series \"The Untouchables\", Pilot Vasco Rodrigues in the mini-series \"Shōgun\", Professor Maximillian Arturo in \"Sliders\", King Richard I in \"Robin of Sherwood\", General Leonid Pushkin in the James Bond film \"The Living Daylights\", and Macro in \"I, Claudius\". Additionally, he provided the voices of Cassim in Disney's",
"title": "John Rhys-Davies"
},
{
"id": "11231257",
"text": "the film, including Betamax, VHS, Laserdisc, CED, DVD, HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc, usually printed and shown in black-and-white, not technicolor. Cassette copies are usually at slow speeds, and often overexposed and poorly framed, while disc copies are all at faster speeds, and underexposed and correctly framed. The first known commercial release was in Canada in 1985, on Betamax, VHS and Laserdisc, through the efforts of Fred M. Meyer, longtime Secretary of The International Wizard of Oz Club. This is not an original color print, but has been colored to match the original intent of the filmmakers, which, as in",
"title": "The Wizard of Oz (1933 film)"
},
{
"id": "3721540",
"text": "Craig Parker Craig Parker (born 12 November 1970) is a New Zealand actor, known for his roles as Haldir in the films \"\" (2001) and \"\" (2002), Darken Rahl in the television series \"Legend of the Seeker\", Stéphane Narcisse in the CW television series \"Reign\", and Gaius Claudius Glaber in the television series \"Spartacus\". Parker is known for his role as Haldir of Lórien in \"The Lord of the Rings\" film trilogy, his performance of Bellerophon in \"\", Stéphane Narcisse in the CW television series \"Reign\", and for playing Darken Rahl in \"Legend of the Seeker\". He also serves as",
"title": "Craig Parker"
},
{
"id": "2259309",
"text": "Lord of the Rings\". Consequently, little is known about them. It is not clear from which of Tolkien's invented languages the names Alatar and Pallando are derived. A possible translation from Quenya for \"Alatar\" is \"after-comer\" and could be a reference to his being selected as the second Wizard, after Curunír (Saruman). Alatar could also mean \"Noble, great one\". \"Pallando\" can be translated from Quenya as \"far one\" from \"palan\", meaning \"far\" or \"distant\". An alternate set of names in Quenya for both wizards is given in the 1996 \"The Peoples of Middle-earth\" as Morinehtar (\"Darkness-slayer\") and Rómestámo (\"East-helper\"). Like",
"title": "Blue Wizards"
},
{
"id": "1357898",
"text": "the \"Harry Potter\" series by J. K. Rowling. A similar sort of garment is worn by the members of the Fellowship of the Ring in \"The Lord of the Rings\" by J. R. R. Tolkien, although instead of granting complete invisibility, the Elf-made cloaks simply appear to shift between any natural color (e.g. green, gray, brown) to help the wearer to blend in with his or her surroundings. Alternatively, they may nullify magical projectiles, as the \"cloak of magic resistance\" in NetHack. In addition, the magical hide armor that Hercules made for himself from the skin of the Nemean Lion,",
"title": "Cloak"
},
{
"id": "1485907",
"text": "of the Ring\" was acclaimed by film critics and was one of 2001's best reviewed films. The film holds a 91% approval rating on aggregate review site Rotten Tomatoes based on 227 reviews and an average score of 8.2/10. The site's main consensus reads \"Full of eye-popping special effects, and featuring a pitch-perfect cast, \"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring\" brings J.R.R. Tolkien's classic to vivid life\". The film holds a score of 92 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 34 reviews, indicating \"universal acclaim\", with the film gaining the site's seal of \"Must See\".",
"title": "The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring"
},
{
"id": "405515",
"text": "Ankh-Morpork grocers never using punctuation correctly, and Golems Capitalising Each Word In Everything They Say. Also, common spelling mistakes were used to indicate a persons level of literacy. Pratchett made up a new colour, octarine, a 'fluorescent greenish-yellow-purple', which is the eighth colour in the \"Discworld\" spectrum—the colour of magic. Indeed, the number eight itself is regarded in the Discworld as being a magical number; for example, the eighth son of an eighth son will be a wizard, and his eighth son will be a \"sourcerer\", extremely powerful users of magic with abilities far beyond what most wizards usually achieve",
"title": "Terry Pratchett"
},
{
"id": "339182",
"text": "equivalent weak interaction matrix for leptons (right side of the W boson on the above beta decay diagram), called the Pontecorvo–Maki–Nakagawa–Sakata matrix (PMNS matrix). Together, the CKM and PMNS matrices describe all flavor transformations, but the links between the two are not yet clear. According to quantum chromodynamics (QCD), quarks possess a property called \"color charge\". There are three types of color charge, arbitrarily labeled \"blue\", \"green\", and \"red\". Each of them is complemented by an anticolor – \"antiblue\", \"antigreen\", and \"antired\". Every quark carries a color, while every antiquark carries an anticolor. The system of attraction and repulsion between",
"title": "Quark"
},
{
"id": "5887010",
"text": "each other on the color wheel, with one being the dominant color, which tends to be a primary or secondary color, and two on either side complementing, which tend to be tertiary. The term analogous refers to the having analogy, or corresponding to something in particular. An analogous color scheme creates a rich, monochromatic look. It’s best used with either warm or cool colors, creating a look that has a certain temperature as well as proper color harmony. While this is true, the scheme also lacks contrast and is less vibrant than complementary schemes. Red, reddish-orange, orange, yellow-orange is one",
"title": "Color scheme"
},
{
"id": "148698",
"text": "afflictions of inferior production values, over-the-top acting, and decidedly poor special effects was a significant factor in fantasy film's low regard. Since the early 2000s, however, the genre has gained new respectability in a way, driven principally by the successful adaptations of J.R.R. Tolkien's \"The Lord of the Rings\" and J.K. Rowling's \"Harry Potter\" series. Jackson's \"The Lord of the Rings\" trilogy is notable due to its ambitious scope, serious tone, and thematic complexity. These pictures achieved phenomenal commercial and critical success, and the of the trilogy became the first fantasy film ever to win the Academy Award for Best",
"title": "Fantasy film"
},
{
"id": "20677182",
"text": "secondary characters, thanks to the television series could be made with leading roles, highlighting his series dubbed as \"Extraños\", \"Coraje\" (both in 1985), \"Loco de remate\" (1989) and \"The passion of Gabriel\" (1991). From the 1990s, Mediavilla acquired a great popularity in the middle thanks to becoming the most common dubber in Madrid and Barcelona of the actor Morgan Freeman and the role of wizard Gandalf in the film trilogy of \"The Lord of the Rings\". His serious voice is also requested in the world of advertising for spots and radio spots. One of his most prominent roles in animation",
"title": "Pepe Mediavilla"
},
{
"id": "2460984",
"text": "compiled by \"Empire\", with Viggo Mortensen's portrayal of Aragorn ranking No. 15, Ian McKellen's portrayal of Gandalf ranking No. 30, Ian Holm's portrayal of Bilbo Baggins (shared with Martin Freeman for his portrayal of the same character in \"The Hobbit\" films) ranking No. 61, Andy Serkis' portrayal of Gollum ranking No. 66, Sean Astin's portrayal of Samwise Gamgee ranking No. 77, and Orlando Bloom's portrayal of Legolas ranking No. 94. The three films together were nominated for a total of 30 Academy Awards, of which they won 17, a record for any movie trilogy (the three nominations for \"\" and",
"title": "The Lord of the Rings (film series)"
},
{
"id": "12007839",
"text": "other source material, such as Gandalf's investigation at Dol Guldur, and the pursuit of Azog and Bolg, who seek vengeance against Thorin and his kindred. The films feature an ensemble cast that also includes James Nesbitt, Ken Stott, Evangeline Lilly, Lee Pace and Luke Evans, with several actors reprising their roles from \"The Lord of the Rings\", including Cate Blanchett, Orlando Bloom, Ian Holm, Christopher Lee, Hugo Weaving, Elijah Wood, and Andy Serkis. The films also feature Manu Bennett, Sylvester McCoy, Stephen Fry, Mikael Persbrandt, Barry Humphries, and Lawrence Makoare. Also returning for production, among others, were illustrators John Howe",
"title": "The Hobbit (film series)"
},
{
"id": "9038457",
"text": "the Rings\" and Albus Dumbledore from \"Harry Potter\" are also featured as mentors, and Merlin remains prominent as both an educative force and mentor in modern works of Arthuriana. Other magicians, such as Saruman, from \"The Lord of the Rings\" or Lord Voldemort from \"Harry Potter\" can appear as hostile villains. Villainous sorcerers were so crucial to pulp fantasy that the genre in which they appeared was dubbed \"sword and sorcery\". Ursula K. Le Guin's \"A Wizard of Earthsea\" explored the question of how wizards learned their art, introducing to modern fantasy the role of the wizard as protagonist. This",
"title": "Magician (fantasy)"
},
{
"id": "7071851",
"text": "can transform the Mages into Sages. Mages and Sages have higher magic-resistance growths and caps, as well as above average speed. However, they almost always have poor growth in defense which makes them vulnerable to magic-resistant melee units. The wizards of the \"Final Fantasy\" series are usually known as simply mages, often with an associated color. There are multiple types of mages: In the original \"Final Fantasy\", the Black, Red and White Mages would be converted to more powerful Black, Red, and White Wizards, respectively. Additionally, in the MMORPG \"Final Fantasy XI\", \"wizard\" is synonymous for Black Mage. Also, in",
"title": "Wizard (character class)"
},
{
"id": "15286104",
"text": "Technicolor Technicolor is a series of color motion picture processes, the first version dating from 1916, and followed by improved versions over several decades. It was the second major color process, after Britain's Kinemacolor, and the most widely used color process in Hollywood from 1922 to 1952. Technicolor became known and celebrated for its highly saturated color, and was initially most commonly used for filming musicals such as \"The Wizard of Oz\" (1939) and \"Down Argentine Way\" (1940), costume pictures such as \"The Adventures of Robin Hood\" (1938) and \"Gone with the Wind\" (1939), and animated films such as \"Snow",
"title": "Technicolor"
},
{
"id": "2461000",
"text": "games were released to supplement the film series. They include: \",\" Pinball, \"\", \"\", , \"\", \"\", \"\", \"\", \"The Lord of the Rings Online\", \"\", \"\", \"\", \"Lego The Lord of the Rings\", \"Guardians of Middle-earth\", \"Lego The Hobbit (video game)\", \"\", and \"\". The Lord of the Rings (film series) The Lord of the Rings is a film series consisting of three epic fantasy adventure films directed by Peter Jackson. They are based on the novel \"The Lord of the Rings\" by J. R. R. Tolkien. The films are subtitled \"\" (2001), \"\" (2002) and \"\" (2003). They",
"title": "The Lord of the Rings (film series)"
},
{
"id": "160925",
"text": "colors and limited editions. The Game Boy Advance was initially available in Arctic, Black, Orange, Fuchsia, Glacier (translucent blue/purple) and Indigo. Later in the system's availability, additional colours and special editions were released. These editions include: Red, Clear Orange/Black, Platinum, White, Gold, Hello Kitty edition (pink with Hello Kitty and logo on bezel), King of Fighters edition (black with images on bezel and buttons), Chobits edition (translucent light blue, with images on bezel and buttons), Battle Network Rockman EXE 2 (light blue with images on bezel), Mario Bros. edition (Glacier with Mario and Luigi on bezel) and Yumiuri Giant edition",
"title": "Game Boy Advance"
},
{
"id": "8685219",
"text": "Ben Nye Benjamin Emmet \"Ben\" Nye, Sr. (January 12, 1907 – February 9, 1986) was an American makeup artist for the Hollywood film industry for over four decades, from the 1930s to the early 1980s. He worked on over five hundred 20th Century Fox films both in and out of Hollywood. Including \"Gone with the Wind\" (1939), \"Miracle on 34th Street\" (1947), \"Gentlemen Prefer Blondes\" (1953), \"The King and I\" (1956), \"The Fly\" (1958), \"Valley of the Dolls\" (1967), and \"Planet of the Apes\" (1968). His brother was actor Carroll Nye, best remembered today as Frank Kennedy, Scarlett O'Hara's second",
"title": "Ben Nye"
},
{
"id": "1818533",
"text": "1997, recording new audio for the video game \"\". McCoy began filming for \"The Hobbit\", A three-part adaptation of the book, in 2011. He portrays the wizard Radagast, alongside fellow \"King Lear\" actor Ian McKellen who reprises his role as Gandalf. Although the character of Radagast is only alluded to in \"The Hobbit\", and only a minor character in \"The Lord of the Rings\", the part was expanded for the films. Sylvester has two sons one of whom is Sam Kent-Smith, who was a 3D artist on the \"Doctor Who\" video game \"\". Sylvester McCoy Sylvester McCoy (born Percy James",
"title": "Sylvester McCoy"
},
{
"id": "2393181",
"text": "a guide. Mike Ploog (co-creator of Werewolf by Night) was one of numerous staff taking a role in animation on this film. Ploog also was involved in other Ralph Bakshi animations, notably \"Wizards\" and \"Hey Good Lookin\"'. The film score was composed by Leonard Rosenman. Bakshi wanted to include music by Led Zeppelin but producer Saul Zaentz insisted upon an orchestral score because he would not be able to release the band's music on his Fantasy Records label. Bakshi later stated that he hated Rosenman's score, which he found to be too cliché. In \"Lord of the Rings: Popular Culture",
"title": "The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)"
},
{
"id": "15732882",
"text": "in the following color tiers (lowest to highest): purple, gold, cyan, blue, orange, red, and white. These bags are will only drop for players who have delivered a certain percentage of the damage to a monster and can be seen and picked up only by the player it dropped for. Un-tiered (UT) items are \"soulbound\" as well, meaning it is unable to get picked up by any other player or traded to another player. The game features guilds each allowing for a maximum of 50 players. A guild costs the founding player 1000 fame to name and create, and has",
"title": "Realm of the Mad God"
},
{
"id": "6528905",
"text": "mode includes several variations like Razing and Survival. The game features two factions to choose from: The Free People of Middle-earth (the good side), and The Minions of Sauron (the evil). The Free People include Men – such as those of Gondor and Rohan, the Rangers of the North, and the Beornings – as well as the Elves and the Dwarves. Allied creatures include the Ents and Huorns. Playable heroes on this side include the Fellowship of the Ring, as well as leaders such as Faramir and Erkenbrand. The Minions of Sauron include the various kinds of Orcs and Goblins,",
"title": "The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring"
},
{
"id": "2720634",
"text": "by an Inuit woman and her daughter, whom he later pits against one another. Bean's most prominent role was as Boromir in Peter Jackson's \"The Lord of the Rings\" trilogy. His major screen time occurs in the first installment, \"\". He appears briefly in flashbacks in \"\" and \"\", as well as in a scene from the extended edition of \"The Two Towers\". Before casting finished, rumours circulated that Jackson had considered Bean for the role of Aragorn, but neither Bean nor Jackson confirmed this in subsequent interviews. Bean's fear of flying in helicopters caused him difficulties in mountainous New",
"title": "Sean Bean"
},
{
"id": "17724658",
"text": "content has been produced using ACES including: The Lego Batman Movie (2017) Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017) King Arthur: Legend of the Sword (2017) The Grand Tour (2016 TV Series) Cafe Society (2016) Bad Santa 2 (2016) The Legend of Tarzan (2016) Chef's Table (2016 TV Series) Chappie (2015) The Wedding Ringer (2015) Baahubali: The Beginning (2015) The Wave (2015) For a more complete list, visit the IMDb link here: http://acescentral.com/t/list-of-aces-productions/23 The ACES project began its development in 2004 in collaboration with 50 industry technologists. The project began due to the recent incursion of digital technologies into the",
"title": "Academy Color Encoding System"
},
{
"id": "919129",
"text": "Bakshi Productions, in 1968. Through producer Steve Krantz, Bakshi made his debut feature film, \"Fritz the Cat\", released in 1972. It was the first animated film to receive an X rating from the Motion Picture Association of America, and the most successful independent animated feature of all time. Over the next eleven years, Bakshi directed seven additional animated features. He is well known for such films as \"Wizards\" (1977), \"The Lord of the Rings\" (1978), \"American Pop\" (1981) and \"Fire and Ice\" (1983). In 1987, Bakshi returned to television work, producing the series \"\", which ran for two years. After",
"title": "Ralph Bakshi"
},
{
"id": "19353619",
"text": "Nicholas Blane Nicholas Blane is an English actor. He is best known for his role as the Spice King in HBO series Game of Thrones. He is best known for his roles in stage productions such as \"Year of the Rat\", \"See How They Run\" and \"Democracy\". He has appeared in numerous British television and film projects, including \"Coronation Street\" (1993–2010), \"Heartbeat\" (1993–1998), \"Trial & Retribution\" (1997–2002), \"Dalziel and Pascoe\" (1997), \"Sharpe's Challenge\" (2006) and \"The Great Fire\" (2014). He played the role of Wopsle in the BBC adaptation of \"Great Expectations\" (1999) and he appeared in minor roles in",
"title": "Nicholas Blane"
},
{
"id": "2259311",
"text": "was allowed to invent their own material to cover such areas. The only reference to the Blue Wizards in \"The Lord of the Rings\" is Saruman's accusation that Gandalf wants to take the staves of all five wizards for himself. However, other Tolkien writings have more to say. In \"Unfinished Tales\" the tale of the five's choosing is told: The tale ends with the statement that Curunír was obliged to take Aiwendil [Radagast] with him to please Yavanna, Aulë's wife, and that Alatar took Pallando as a friend. So Alatar was the second wizard to be chosen, at the suggestion",
"title": "Blue Wizards"
},
{
"id": "2730351",
"text": "\"The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers\" (2nd), \"My Big Fat Greek Wedding\" (5th), \"Ice Age\" (9th), \"Catch Me If You Can\" (11th), \"Lilo & Stitch\" (13th), \"Road to Perdition\" (23rd), \"Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron\" (35th), \"Gangs of New York\" (37th), and \"Chicago\" (41st) were nominated for Best Picture, Best Animated Feature, or any of the directing, acting, or screenwriting awards. The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations were \"Spider-Man\" (1st), \"Star Wars: Episode II: Attack of the Clones\" (3rd), \"Minority Report\" (16th), \"8 Mile\" (22nd), and \"The Time Machine\" (44th). Shortly after winning the",
"title": "75th Academy Awards"
},
{
"id": "12436650",
"text": "categories; all three \"Lord of the Rings\" pictures as well as \"King Kong\" won the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects in their respective years. In total Jackson's directed efforts have been the most awarded films at three separate Academy Award ceremonies, the 74th, 76th and 78th. Peter Jackson Sir Peter Robert Jackson (born 31 October 1961) is a New Zealand film director, screenwriter and film producer. He is best known as the director, writer, and producer of the \"Lord of the Rings\" trilogy (2001–03) and the \"Hobbit\" trilogy (2012–14), both of which are adapted from the novels of the",
"title": "Peter Jackson"
},
{
"id": "1419378",
"text": "the Moon\", \"American Yakuza\", Charles Robert Carner's remake \"Vanishing Point\", Philip Ridley's films \"The Reflecting Skin\" and \"The Passion of Darkly Noon\", the remake films \"A Perfect Murder\" and Gus Van Sant's \"Psycho\" (the 1998 remakes of two Alfred Hitchcock's movies \"Dial M for Murder\" and \"Psycho\"), \"28 Days\", and \"The Prophecy\", with Christopher Walken. Of these roles, Mortensen was probably best known for playing Master Chief John Urgayle in \"G.I. Jane\". Another major mainstream breakthrough came in 1999, when Peter Jackson cast him as Aragorn in \"The Lord of the Rings\" film trilogy. According to the Special Extended Edition",
"title": "Viggo Mortensen"
},
{
"id": "1394123",
"text": "Iñárritu, Peter Jackson, Jim Jarmusch, Barry Levinson, Richard Linklater, Terrence Malick, Anthony Minghella, Hayao Miyazaki, Mike Newell, Sam Raimi, Martin Scorsese, Steven Soderbergh, Steven Spielberg, Ridley Scott, Taika Waititi, and Joe Wright. , Blanchett's films have grossed more than $10 billion at the worldwide box-office. Blanchett has featured in seven films that were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture: \"Elizabeth\" (1998), \"The Lord of the Rings\" trilogy (2001, 2002 and 2003), \"The Aviator\" (2004), \"Babel\" (2006), and \"The Curious Case of Benjamin Button\" (2008). Among her numerous accolades for her performances, Blanchett has received two Academy Awards, three",
"title": "Cate Blanchett"
},
{
"id": "10442885",
"text": "Magic: The Gathering (1997 video game) Magic: The Gathering is a video game published by MicroProse in April 1997 based on the collectible card game \"\". It is often referred to as \"Shandalar\" after the of , where the game takes place. The player must travel the land and fight random enemies to gain cards, and defeat five wizards representing the five colors. The player must prevent one color from gaining too much power, and defeat the planeswalker Arzakon, who has a deck of all five colors. Adventure game and role-playing game elements are present, including inventory, gold, towns, dungeons,",
"title": "Magic: The Gathering (1997 video game)"
},
{
"id": "18001383",
"text": "Milne, and colored by Joana Lafuente. The series has been met with acclaim, and has been nominated for several awards. The series ended at issue #57, to be relaunched as \"\" Optimus prime/orion pax Bumblebee/goldbug Ratchet Ironhide Jazz Blurr Metalhawk Prowl Sideswipe Rodimus Ultra magnus Whirl Drift Swerve Tailgate Pipes Wheeljack Chromedome Brainstorm Skids First aid Blaster Atomiser Huffer Sunstreaker Red alert Roller Grapple Rung Preceptor Bluestreak Getaway Ambulon Hound Gears Trailcutter Dipstick Hoist Dai Altas Star Saber Pharma Grimlock Fortress Maximus Thunderclash Paddox(traitor) Nautica Windblade Firestar Ironfist Impactor Orion pax Roadbuster Springer Skystriker Velocity Crosscut Riptide Froid Nightbeat Quark",
"title": "The Transformers: More than Meets the Eye"
},
{
"id": "1979285",
"text": "see is the complementary color, made up of the other visible wavelengths remaining. For example, beta-carotene has maximum absorption at 454 nm (blue light), consequently what visible light remains appears orange . Below is a rough table of wavelengths, colors and complementary colors. This utilizes the scientific CMY and RGB color wheels rather than the traditional RYB color wheel. This can only be used as a very rough guide, for instance if a narrow range of wavelengths within the band 647-700 is absorbed, then the blue and green receptors will be fully stimulated, making cyan, and the red receptor will",
"title": "Color of chemicals"
}
] | what color wizards are in lord of the rings |
[
"Ashley Crow"
] | [
{
"id": "1605738",
"text": "Everybody Loves Raymond Everybody Loves Raymond is an American sitcom television series created by Philip Rosenthal that aired on CBS from September 13, 1996, to May 16, 2005, with a total of 210 episodes spanning over nine seasons. It was produced by Where's Lunch and Worldwide Pants, in association with HBO Independent Productions. The cast members are Ray Romano, Patricia Heaton, Brad Garrett, Doris Roberts, Peter Boyle, Madylin Sweeten, and Monica Horan. Most episodes of the nine season series were filmed in front of a live studio audience, with a few exceptions. The show is centered on the life of",
"title": "Everybody Loves Raymond"
},
{
"id": "1605754",
"text": "six seasons of the show, \"Everybody Loves Raymond\" maintained its position on the top ten rankings. The highest average rating for the series is in \"italic text\". Everybody Loves Raymond Everybody Loves Raymond is an American sitcom television series created by Philip Rosenthal that aired on CBS from September 13, 1996, to May 16, 2005, with a total of 210 episodes spanning over nine seasons. It was produced by Where's Lunch and Worldwide Pants, in association with HBO Independent Productions. The cast members are Ray Romano, Patricia Heaton, Brad Garrett, Doris Roberts, Peter Boyle, Madylin Sweeten, and Monica Horan. Most",
"title": "Everybody Loves Raymond"
},
{
"id": "4278947",
"text": "in shorts and independent films. Madylin Sweeten Madylin Anne-Michele Sweeten (born June 27, 1991) is an American actress and comedian, best known as a child star for playing the role of Ally Barone, the daughter of Ray and Debra on the CBS television sitcom \"Everybody Loves Raymond\" from 1996–2005. Sweeten was born in Brownwood, Texas, to Timothy Lynn Sweeten and Elizabeth Anne Millsap. Sweeten has younger, twin brothers, Sullivan and the late Sawyer (19952015), who played (respectively) her twin brothers Michael and Geoffrey Barone on the sitcom. Sweeten comes from a family of nine children. The names of her younger",
"title": "Madylin Sweeten"
},
{
"id": "2531303",
"text": "Katherine Helmond Katherine Marie Helmond (born July 5, 1929) is an American film, theater and television actress and director. Over her five decades of television acting, she is known for her starring role as ditzy matriarch Jessica Tate on the ABC prime time soap opera sitcom \"Soap\" (1977–1981) and her co-starring role as feisty mother Mona Robinson on \"Who's the Boss?\" (1984–1992). She also played Doris Sherman on \"Coach\" and Lois Whelan, the mother of Debra Barone on \"Everybody Loves Raymond\". She has also appeared as a guest on several talk and variety shows. Helmond has had many supporting roles",
"title": "Katherine Helmond"
},
{
"id": "3119752",
"text": "Patricia Heaton Patricia Helen Heaton (born March 4, 1958) is an American actress. She is best known for her starring role as Debra Barone in the CBS sitcom \"Everybody Loves Raymond\" (1996–2005) and as Frances \"Frankie\" Heck on the ABC sitcom \"The Middle\" (2009–2018). Heaton is a three-time Emmy Award winner – twice winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for \"Everybody Loves Raymond\", and a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Culinary Program as host of \"Patricia Heaton Parties\" (2015–16). Patricia Heaton was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the daughter of Patricia (née Hurd) and",
"title": "Patricia Heaton"
},
{
"id": "3119740",
"text": "Patricia Heaton Patricia Helen Heaton (born March 4, 1958) is an American actress. She is best known for her starring role as Debra Barone in the CBS sitcom \"Everybody Loves Raymond\" (1996–2005) and as Frances \"Frankie\" Heck on the ABC sitcom \"The Middle\" (2009–2018). Heaton is a three-time Emmy Award winner – twice winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for \"Everybody Loves Raymond\", and a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Culinary Program as host of \"Patricia Heaton Parties\" (2015–16). Patricia Heaton was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the daughter of Patricia (née Hurd) and",
"title": "Patricia Heaton"
},
{
"id": "4278944",
"text": "Madylin Sweeten Madylin Anne-Michele Sweeten (born June 27, 1991) is an American actress and comedian, best known as a child star for playing the role of Ally Barone, the daughter of Ray and Debra on the CBS television sitcom \"Everybody Loves Raymond\" from 1996–2005. Sweeten was born in Brownwood, Texas, to Timothy Lynn Sweeten and Elizabeth Anne Millsap. Sweeten has younger, twin brothers, Sullivan and the late Sawyer (19952015), who played (respectively) her twin brothers Michael and Geoffrey Barone on the sitcom. Sweeten comes from a family of nine children. The names of her younger siblings are Maysa Sweeten,Emma, Guiliana,",
"title": "Madylin Sweeten"
},
{
"id": "3119743",
"text": "of an Invisible Man\" (1992), \"Beethoven\" (1992), \"The New Age\" (1994), and \"Space Jam\" (1996). Heaton was featured in three short-lived sitcoms—\"Room for Two\", \"Someone Like Me\" and \"Women of the House\"—before landing the role of Debra Barone on \"Everybody Loves Raymond\". She was nominated in each of the series' last seven seasons for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series, winning in 2000 and 2001. With her win in 2000, she became the first of the cast members on the show to win an Emmy. She has also collected two Viewers for Quality Television",
"title": "Patricia Heaton"
},
{
"id": "4999383",
"text": "Monica Horan Monica Louise Horan (born January 29, 1963) is an American actress best known for her role as Amy MacDougall-Barone on the television sitcom \"Everybody Loves Raymond\". Horan was born in Darby, Pennsylvania, the daughter of Selma (née Spencer), a clerk, and Robert J. Horan, a courthouse officer. She graduated from Archbishop Prendergast Catholic High School for Girls in Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania in 1980. She attended Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York, graduating with a degree in Theater Performance in 1984. She then moved to New York City where she performed in off-off Broadway theatre while working as a",
"title": "Monica Horan"
},
{
"id": "3563562",
"text": "In 2005, Wheeler starred opposite David DeLuise on the NBC pilot \"The Sperm Donor\". Wheeler provided the voice of Odile in \"Barbie of Swan Lake\", and in 2010 she voiced Trinette in four episodes of \"Archer\" on FX. In 2011 she guest starred in the Disney Channel Original Series \"Shake It Up\" as Dina's Mom. Maggie Wheeler Margaret Emily Wheeler (née Jakobson; born August 7, 1961) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Janice on the sitcom \"Friends. \"She was also a recurring character on \"Everybody Loves Raymond\" as Linda as well as Anita Warrell",
"title": "Maggie Wheeler"
},
{
"id": "3563560",
"text": "each season; her 19 episodes tie her with Christina Pickles for \"Friends\"’ third most frequent guest actor, behind only Elliott Gould's 20 episodes, and James Michael Tyler's 150 episodes. She also auditioned for the role of Debra Barone, on the American sitcom \"Everybody Loves Raymond\". Although she was the producers' choice, CBS ended up selecting Patricia Heaton. Instead, Wheeler played the recurring role of Debra's friend, Linda. According to Kathy Griffin's autobiography, \"Official Book Club Selection\", Wheeler was cast in the role of Vicki for the pilot episode of \"Suddenly Susan\" and was eventually replaced by Griffin. She had a",
"title": "Maggie Wheeler"
},
{
"id": "6717233",
"text": "to 2015. She had received two nominations for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series in 2005 and 2007, but lost to Doris Roberts for \"Everybody Loves Raymond\" and Jaime Pressly for \"My Name is Earl\". In 2012, she had her first film voice role as Bob's Mom in \"Frankenweenie\" which was directed by Tim Burton. She married Arnie Anderson in about 1986. She has a daughter, Samantha, (born c. 1982) and two stepdaughters (born in c. 1976 and c. 1979). Conchata Ferrell Conchata Galen Ferrell (born March 28, 1943) is an American actress. Although",
"title": "Conchata Ferrell"
},
{
"id": "1605739",
"text": "an Italian-American everyman named Raymond Barone, a sportswriter for \"Newsday\" living with his family in Long Island. Beleaguered, diffident and dryly sarcastic, Raymond takes few things seriously, making jokes in nearly every situation, no matter how troubling or serious. He often avoids responsibilities around the house and with his kids, leaving this to wife Debra. Raymond and Debra have a daughter Ally (Alexandra) and twin sons Michael and Geoffrey (originally Matthew and Gregory in the pilot). The Barone children are regular characters but not a major focus. Raymond's parents, Marie and Frank, live across the street with older son Robert",
"title": "Everybody Loves Raymond"
},
{
"id": "1605753",
"text": "All Time\". During its nine seasons, \"Everybody Loves Raymond\" was nominated for 69 Primetime Emmy Awards, winning 15 of them, including 10 for acting. The series was also nominated for 21 Screen Actors Guild Awards (1 win) and won the Writers Guild of America Award for for \"Italy\" in 2002. The series finale scored a 20.2 household rating, 32.94 million viewers (29% of all viewers at the time) and an 11.2 rating among adults 18–49. At 8pm, \"Everybody Loves Raymond: The Last Laugh\" averaged a 15.3 household rating, 24.52 million viewers and a 7.5 among adults 18–49. Throughout the latter",
"title": "Everybody Loves Raymond"
},
{
"id": "9432358",
"text": "a guest star in a 1976 \"All in the Family\" episode, and Stapleton later appeared with Roberts as Marie Barone's estranged sister on a single episode of \"Everybody Loves Raymond\". The film debuted on December 23, 1961, and received an uneven critical response. Jonas Mekas wrote in \"Film Quarterly\" that the film was the \"most interesting American film of the quarter; it may become the most underestimated film of the year.\" However, \"The New York Times\" critic Bosley Crowther said that it was \"quite exhausting to sit through that ordeal in the apartment.\" and that \"it is not too satisfying,",
"title": "Something Wild (1961 film)"
},
{
"id": "3563558",
"text": "Maggie Wheeler Margaret Emily Wheeler (née Jakobson; born August 7, 1961) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Janice on the sitcom \"Friends. \"She was also a recurring character on \"Everybody Loves Raymond\" as Linda as well as Anita Warrell on the sitcom \"Ellen\". Wheeler was born in Manhattan, the daughter of Barbara, a writer, and John Jakobson, who began his career on Wall Street as one of youngest members of the New York Stock Exchange and left an estate worth $100 million. She was raised in a secular Jewish household. She married Daniel Borden",
"title": "Maggie Wheeler"
},
{
"id": "1901269",
"text": "Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio (born November 17, 1958) is an American actress and singer. She made her Broadway debut in the 1980 revival of \"West Side Story\", and went on to appear in the 1983 film \"Scarface\" as Al Pacino's character's sister, Gina Montana. For her role as Carmen in the 1986 film \"The Color of Money\", she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Her other film roles include \"The Abyss\" (1989), \"\" (1991), and \"The Perfect Storm\" (2000). In 2003, she was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical",
"title": "Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio"
},
{
"id": "6140114",
"text": "old. She starred in an episode of \"The Amanda Show\" again two years later, playing Becky. Brass has appeared on \"Everybody Loves Raymond\", \"ER\", \"Malcolm in the Middle\", \"Friends\" and \"That 70's Show\", amongst other TV programs. She has also starred in several films, with the last one being \"Target\" in 2004. From May 2006 to May 2007 she starred in her own web show, \"GirlTalkTV\", with fellow actress Abigail Mavity. She has two older sisters named Tammi and Amanda, a brother named Bryan, and a nephew named Kevin. She is close friends with Spencer Locke, Dyllan Christopher and Abigail",
"title": "Steffani Brass"
},
{
"id": "9499317",
"text": "Linda Kash Linda Kash (born January 17, 1961) is a Canadian actress. An alumna of Second City, she played Trudy Weissman in the 1998 Jean Smart sitcom, \"Style & Substance\". She has also played various roles in popular television series such as \"Seinfeld\" and \"Everybody Loves Raymond\". She appears as the Kraft Philadelphia Cream Cheese Angel, appearing in various commercials advertising the product. In May 2011, she was announced as the morning show host on CJWV-FM, a new radio station in Peterborough, Ontario. Her cohost will be Dan Duran. She and her husband Paul O'Sullivan also operated the Peterborough Academy",
"title": "Linda Kash"
},
{
"id": "10033413",
"text": "\"Any Day Now\", \"\", \"NCIS\", \"Psych\", and \"The Goldbergs\". Meneses has also appeared in numerous Los Angeles stage productions. She had a recurring role in the CBS sitcom, \"Everybody Loves Raymond\" as Robert Barone's Italian girlfriend, Stefania. In 2015, Meneses was cast as aging telenovela star Isabela Santamaria in the NBC comedy series, \"Telenovela\". Alex Meneses Alexandra \"Alex\" Meneses (born February 12, 1965) is an American actress, and former model, known for her work on television. Meneses was born in Chicago, Illinois. She is of Mexican descent on her father's side and Ukrainian descent on her mother's. Meneses studied acting",
"title": "Alex Meneses"
},
{
"id": "5934744",
"text": "Jennifer Carpenter Jennifer Leann Carpenter (born December 7, 1979) is an American actress. She is best known for playing Debra Morgan, the adoptive sister of the title character of the Showtime series \"Dexter\". Her performance on the show earned her a Saturn Award in 2009. Carpenter was born on December 7, 1979 in Louisville, Kentucky, the daughter of Catherine (née Mitchell) and Robert Carpenter. She attended St. Raphael the Archangel and then Sacred Heart Academy. She trained at the Walden Theatre Conservatory program, and later at New York City's Juilliard School (Drama Division \"Group 31\": 1998–2002). Before graduation, she was",
"title": "Jennifer Carpenter"
},
{
"id": "4278946",
"text": "by producers of \"Everybody Loves Raymond\". Sweeten played Ally Barone, the eldest child and only daughter of Raymond and Debra Barone for nine seasons, starting in 1996, until the show's end in 2005. While building her television career, Sweeten has also been involved in several feature films. These include, \"The Christmas Path\", \"A Dog of Flanders\", a voice-over on \"Toy Story 2\" and the critically acclaimed film and winner of the 2003 Sundance Film Festival Grand Jury Prize, \"American Splendor\". In 2008, she played a small role as a co-worker of Jerry's in \"Eagle Eye\". Since 2013, she made appearances",
"title": "Madylin Sweeten"
},
{
"id": "7401557",
"text": "own on Lifetime, \"Sherri\", which was cancelled after one season, and also published the novel \"Permission Slips: Every Woman's Guide to Giving Herself a Break\". In 2012, she appeared as a celebrity contestant on the fourteenth season of \"Dancing with the Stars\". Shepherd was born in Chicago, Illinois, the daughter of LaVerne (d. 1991) and Lawrence A. Shepherd (born c. 1947), a church deacon. She is the eldest of three sisters. Shepherd first became recognized for recurring roles on the sitcoms \"Suddenly Susan\", \"Everybody Loves Raymond\" and \"The Jamie Foxx Show\" in the late 1990s, before starring in the show",
"title": "Sherri Shepherd"
},
{
"id": "1901270",
"text": "for the Broadway revival of \"Man of La Mancha\". Mastrantonio was born in Lombard, Illinois, to Frank A. Mastrantonio and Mary Dominica (née Pagone), both of Italian descent. Her father operated a bronze foundry. She was raised in Oak Park, Illinois, and attended the University of Illinois. Mastrantonio first appeared on screen in Brian De Palma's \"Scarface\" (1983) as Gina, sister of Al Pacino's Tony Montana. She achieved prominence for her Oscar and Golden Globe-nominated role in \"The Color of Money\" (1986) opposite Paul Newman and Tom Cruise. Other featured roles include \"Slam Dance\" (1987), opposite Tom Hulce and \"The",
"title": "Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio"
},
{
"id": "3700396",
"text": "good witch in a 2007 recurring role of Esmeralda on the now-defunct NBC soap opera \"Passions\". Engel received consecutive Emmy Award nominations as outstanding guest actress in a comedy series in 2003, 2004 and 2005 for her role on \"Everybody Loves Raymond\" as Robert Barone's mother-in-law, Pat MacDougall. While her movie appearances have been sporadic, Engel made her film debut in Miloš Forman's first English-language movie \"Taking Off\" for which she was nominated for a British Academy Award for best supporting actress. Other film appearances include \"The Outside Man\" (1973), \"Signs of Life\" (1989), She lent her distinctive voice to",
"title": "Georgia Engel"
},
{
"id": "3558647",
"text": "a recurring role on \"Everybody Loves Raymond\" as Warren Whelan, the father of Debra Barone and father-in-law of Ray Barone. He appeared on episodes of other television programs, including a 1961 season-three episode of \"Bonanza\" titled \"Broken Ballad\", as well as \"The Golden Girls\", \"The Nanny\", \"The Girls Next Door\", and \"Wings\". He was the voice of the character Halcyon Renard in the Disney adventure cartoon \"Gargoyles\". In \"I Spy Returns\" (1994), a nostalgic television movie, Culp and Cosby reprised their roles as Robinson and Scott for the first time since 1968. Culp and Cosby reunited one last time on",
"title": "Robert Culp"
},
{
"id": "5934749",
"text": "pilot episode of \"Limitless\". Carpenter and Avett married in May 2016. In 2010, she ran the New York City Marathon, completing it in 3:34:28. Jennifer Carpenter Jennifer Leann Carpenter (born December 7, 1979) is an American actress. She is best known for playing Debra Morgan, the adoptive sister of the title character of the Showtime series \"Dexter\". Her performance on the show earned her a Saturn Award in 2009. Carpenter was born on December 7, 1979 in Louisville, Kentucky, the daughter of Catherine (née Mitchell) and Robert Carpenter. She attended St. Raphael the Archangel and then Sacred Heart Academy. She",
"title": "Jennifer Carpenter"
},
{
"id": "1605748",
"text": "Bros. Television (WBIT distributes the series outside the US in conjunction with HBO; while HBO Home Entertainment and Warner Home Video own DVD rights worldwide). The show airs every morning on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom. \"Everybody Loves Raymond\" has aired in Australia on Seven Network (seasons 1-3), on Network Ten (season 4-9), on Eleven (a sub-channel of Network Ten) and on Foxtel's Pay TV network TVH!TS previously called TV1 (formerly aired on FOX Classics). The show reruns in India on the channel Romedy Now. HBO released the Complete Series of \"Everybody Loves Raymond\" on DVD in Regions 1,",
"title": "Everybody Loves Raymond"
},
{
"id": "7535494",
"text": "she has primarily been in television roles, including \"ER\" and \"Everybody Loves Raymond\". In 1995, Aquino was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award for portraying Dr Joanna \"Joey\" Diamond in \"Picket Fences\". She appeared in another play of Wasserstein's, \"Third\", in the off-Broadway production at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in 2005. Aquino also appeared off-Broadway at the 59E59 Theaters in \"Secrets of the Trade\" by Jonathan Tolins. In 2013, Aquino was cast as the witch Donna in the second series of \"Being Human\". Later that year, Aquino was cast in the ABC Television pilot \"Divorce: A",
"title": "Amy Aquino"
},
{
"id": "18738648",
"text": "Sawyer Sweeten Sawyer Storm Sweeten (May 12, 1995 – April 23, 2015) was an American child actor. He was best known for playing Geoffrey Barone on the sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond. Sweeten was born in Brownwood, Texas, to parents Timothy Sweeten and Elizabeth Millsap. He had a sister Madylin, and a twin brother, Sullivan - all three starring on the CBS sitcom \"Everybody Loves Raymond\" for 9 seasons. The Sweeten family moved to California when the twins were 6 months old; the siblings were cast less than a year later. Later, Sawyer and Sullivan owned a house together in Riverside,",
"title": "Sawyer Sweeten"
},
{
"id": "3699110",
"text": "X-Files\", \"Everybody Loves Raymond\", and \"ER\", and had supporting roles in the feature films \"Soulmates\" and \"Jerry Maguire\". Cavanaugh retired from voice acting in 2001, wanting to spend time with her family. After her retirement, she was replaced by Candi Milo as the voice of Dexter and by Nancy Cartwright, her co-star in \"The Critic\", as the voice of Chuckie in \"Rugrats\". On December 22, 2014, Cavanaugh died at her home in Cedar City, Utah, from undisclosed causes. She was 51 years old. Christine Cavanaugh Christine Josephine Cavanaugh (née Sandberg; August 16, 1963 – December 22, 2014) was an American",
"title": "Christine Cavanaugh"
},
{
"id": "7149710",
"text": "School and Smith College. Cleveland wrote a children's book, \"The Lion Is Busy\", which was published in 1963. She made appearances in many television shows, including \"Seinfeld\", \"Everybody Loves Raymond\", \"That's Life\", \"The Drew Carey Show\", \"Angel\", \"ER\", along with voice acting in other shows such as \"Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law\", as well as many television commercials. She acted in several feature films, including playing the reclusive Roberta Sparrow, also known as \"Grandma Death\", in the 2001 cult film \"Donnie Darko\". Cleveland married Peter S. Hobbs on October 24, 1965 in Los Angeles, California. The union was apparently childless",
"title": "Patience Cleveland"
},
{
"id": "1605747",
"text": "on August 31, 2015 on STAR Plus. A Czech remake called \"Rudyho Má Každý Rád\" (Everybody Loves Rudy) premiered on ČT1 on 31.08.2015, comprising 12 episodes. The show reruns in syndication on various channels, such as TBS, TV Land, and in most TV markets on local stations. The show is still broadcast regularly in the UK. From 2000 to 2007, King World distributed the show for off-network syndication and Warner Bros. International Television handled international distribution. In 2007, CBS Television Distribution took over King World's distribution. CBS only owns American syndication rights; ancillary rights are controlled by HBO and Warner",
"title": "Everybody Loves Raymond"
},
{
"id": "6778366",
"text": "Jennifer Crittenden Jennifer Crittenden (born August 29, 1969) is an American screenwriter and producer. She started her writing career on the animated television series \"The Simpsons\", and has since written for several other television sitcoms including \"Everybody Loves Raymond\" and \"Seinfeld\". Her work has earned her several Emmy Award nominations. Crittenden was born on August 29, 1969. She was educated at The Thacher School in Ojai, California. She graduated from Wesleyan University in 1992. Crittenden was married to fellow writer Jace Richdale for three years; they separated in 1998. Crittenden has written five episodes for \"The Simpsons\", the first being",
"title": "Jennifer Crittenden"
},
{
"id": "4999385",
"text": "Horan has guest-starred on the \"Hot in Cleveland\" series (Season 2) playing an Amish woman, and in 2017 was reunited with her \"Everybody Loves Raymond\" co-star Patricia Heaton when she guest-starred on a Season 8 episode of \"The Middle\". Her maternal grandfather was Jewish. Horan is also a Democrat. Monica Horan Monica Louise Horan (born January 29, 1963) is an American actress best known for her role as Amy MacDougall-Barone on the television sitcom \"Everybody Loves Raymond\". Horan was born in Darby, Pennsylvania, the daughter of Selma (née Spencer), a clerk, and Robert J. Horan, a courthouse officer. She graduated",
"title": "Monica Horan"
},
{
"id": "1605752",
"text": "center stage,\" as well as the show's mild language. Plugged In said in their review, \"Seven years and a mantle full of Emmys later, Raymond is still smartly scripted, now with new characters added to a maturing, expanding family.\" In 2013, \"Complex\" ranked the show as 49th of \"The 50 Funniest TV Comedies of All Time\", with writer Matt Barone saying that \"You'd want to pat Ray on the shoulder and say, 'We feel for you, man,' if you weren't laughing so hard.\" Also in 2013, \"TV Guide\" ranked it #60 on its list of the \"60 Best Series of",
"title": "Everybody Loves Raymond"
},
{
"id": "12012344",
"text": "Gale Storm (star of the 1950s television series \"My Little Margie\" and \"The Gale Storm Show\" and singer of the hit song \"Dark Moon\"), Evelyn Keyes (Scarlet O'Hara's younger sister in \"Gone with the Wind\" and real-life spouse of Charles Vidor, John Huston and Artie Shaw), Ann B. Davis (two-time Emmy Award winner as \"Schultzy\" in \"The Bob Cummings Show\" and housekeeper Alice in \"The Brady Bunch\"), and Sally Struthers (Gloria from \"All in the Family\"). The Hollywood Studio Club has been recognized as a building of significant historic importance at both the local and national level. In 1977, the",
"title": "Hollywood Studio Club"
},
{
"id": "11554371",
"text": "light comedies, laced with bathroom humor, and action films. Neither of these genres offers substantial roles for women, especially older women. Arquette's other subjects include her sister Patricia Arquette, Emmanuelle Béart, Katrin Cartlidge, Laura Dern, Jane Fonda, Teri Garr, Whoopi Goldberg, Melanie Griffith, Daryl Hannah, Salma Hayek, Holly Hunter, Diane Lane, Kelly Lynch, Julianna Margulies, Chiara Mastroianni, Samantha Mathis, Frances McDormand, Catherine O'Hara, Julia Ormond, Gwyneth Paltrow, Martha Plimpton, Charlotte Rampling, Vanessa Redgrave, Theresa Russell, Meg Ryan, Ally Sheedy, Adrienne Shelly, Sharon Stone, Tracey Ullman, JoBeth Williams, Alfre Woodard, and Robin Wright Penn. The film was screened out of competition",
"title": "Searching for Debra Winger"
},
{
"id": "1605750",
"text": "standard keep cases. It is also unknown whether or not the remaining seasons will be reissued in the slimmer packaging. As of September 2012, all episodes are available on Netflix for streaming. Also on September 14, 2004 The Complete 1st Season was released on VHS. The sixth-season DVD set contained the episode \"Marie's Sculpture\", which previously had not aired in the United Kingdom and was not released until almost five years after the end of the 6th season. Two \"Entertainment Weekly\" reviews of the show have been posted. Ken Tucker's review shortly after the show's debut awarded it a B+;",
"title": "Everybody Loves Raymond"
},
{
"id": "4751351",
"text": "Alex Solowitz Alexander Joshua \"Alex\" Solowitz (born December 15, 1979) is an American actor, composer, singer, dancer, and producer. Solowitz was born in the San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles, California to a large Jewish family. He has a younger sister Aleeza Solowitz, a columnist who also works in the film industry and lives between Los Angeles and New York. He was in the fictional boy band 2ge+her portrayed in an MTV movie, as well as on the TV series of the same name. Later, he appeared on a number of television shows, including \"Everybody Loves Raymond\", \"Just Shoot Me!\", \"ER\",",
"title": "Alex Solowitz"
},
{
"id": "9467870",
"text": "with Jon Beckerman. The show earned the two People's Choice Awards and an Emmy nomination for writing. In 2008, Burnett received the P.T. Barnum Award from Tufts University for his exceptional work in the field of media and entertainment. Burnett grew up in North Caldwell, New Jersey, where he attended West Essex High School. He has three children. Charlie Lucy and Sydney Burnett started his television career as an intern for David Letterman in 1985, and later became the head writer for the show in 1992. While acting as head writer he also helped develop \"Everybody Loves Raymond\". Burnett and",
"title": "Rob Burnett (producer)"
},
{
"id": "1605751",
"text": "he stated the show's writing wasn't \"top-notch\", but \"Romano manages to communicate something distinctive.\" A 1997 review by Bruce Fretts, which gave the show the same score, said that the show \"may now be the best sitcom on the air.\" Common Sense Media's Betsy Wallace, who awarded the show four out of five stars, wrote: \"the cast is stellar and plotlines shed light on universal human insecurities, such as doubting that your spouse still finds you attractive as you grow older.\" However, she warned that the show's \"intimacy issues of married couples -- including (in)frequency of sex -- often take",
"title": "Everybody Loves Raymond"
},
{
"id": "10139612",
"text": "Maia Brewton Maia Luisa Brewton (born September 30, 1977) is an American actress who enjoyed success in the late 1980s and early 1990s. She is best known for her role as the Mighty Thor-obsessed Sara Anderson in the 1987 film \"Adventures in Babysitting\", and as Shelly Lewis, the antagonistic sister of the title character on the Fox Network show \"Parker Lewis Can't Lose\", from 1990 to 1993. In 1985, she appeared in \"Back to the Future\" as Sally Baines, the younger sister of Marty McFly's mother Lorraine Baines. She then played Margaret Ann Culver in the short-lived 1985 television series",
"title": "Maia Brewton"
},
{
"id": "7488380",
"text": "David Hunt (actor) David Hunt (born December 10, 1953) is an English actor, producer and director who has worked in both Britain and the United States. His best known U.S. film role is Harlan Rook, in the 1988 action film \"The Dead Pool\", the fifth installment in the \"Dirty Harry\" series. He has also had guest roles on the television sitcom \"Everybody Loves Raymond\" as Ray's nemesis neighbor, Bill Parker. He also appeared in the recurring role of Darren McCarthy during Season 6 of \"24\". Back in the UK, Hunt was in the 1991 award winning period drama, \"The Black",
"title": "David Hunt (actor)"
},
{
"id": "16843772",
"text": "Meeghan Holaway Meeghan Holaway is an American actress/singer working in theatre, film and television. She originated the role of Florence Greenberg in the Broadway musical \"Baby It's You!\". Her first television appearance was on \"Everybody Loves Raymond\". She is best known for guest and recurring roles on a number of notable TV series. Holaway was born in Seattle. She has a B.A. from Pomona College in Claremont, CA, where she graduated with honors and became a Rhodes Scholarship finalist and a member of Phi Beta Kappa. After graduation, Holaway worked in New England and New York, doing regional theatre, singing",
"title": "Meeghan Holaway"
},
{
"id": "5129745",
"text": "$1 million. The episode, according to the Nielsen ratings, averaged 33 million viewers, the largest audience in the show's nine-year run. The Finale (Everybody Loves Raymond) \"The Finale\" is the 210th episode of the CBS sitcom \"Everybody Loves Raymond\". It is episode sixteen of season nine, and the final episode of the series. It originally aired on May 16, 2005, and was preceded by an hour-long special looking back on the whole series. The episode starts with Ray walking into the kitchen having just seen his doctor. He tells Debra that the doctor told him his adenoids have to come",
"title": "The Finale (Everybody Loves Raymond)"
},
{
"id": "12305388",
"text": "Sally Insul Sally Insul (October 3, 1916 – August 4, 2008) was an American actress who appeared in over fifty different television and film roles during her career. Insul was born and raised in Chicago, Illinois. She wrote and directed her first play when she was 16 years old. She received her degree from Wilbur Wright College, but also trained at the Goodman Theatre, one of Chicago's oldest theatrical institutions. Insul's television credits included roles in well known series including \"The X-Files\", \"Wings\", \"Baywatch\", \"Golden Girls\", \"Gilmore Girls\", \"Frasier\", \"Everybody Loves Raymond\", \"My Name is Earl\", \"Beverly Hills, 90210\" and",
"title": "Sally Insul"
},
{
"id": "10668113",
"text": "Diana-Maria Riva Diana-Maria Riva (born Diana-Maria Uhlenbrock; July 22, 1969) is an American actress. Diana-Maria Uhlenbrock was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, the daughter of Maria (née Riva) and Chris B. Uhlenbrock, a dentist. Riva made her acting debut in the short-lived 1996 television series \"Common Law\". Additional television credits include guest appearances in \"Murder One\", \"Party of Five\", \"The X Files\", \"NYPD Blue\", \"The Drew Carey Show\", \"Everybody Loves Raymond\", \"\", \"Less Than Perfect\" and \"Castle\". She has also appeared as a celebrity guest on the Donny Osmond version of the game show \"Pyramid\". Riva had recurring roles in \"Sabrina",
"title": "Diana-Maria Riva"
},
{
"id": "10460924",
"text": "known for her performance as Eliza Jane Wilder on the TV series \"Little House on the Prairie\". She also played Fran Castleberry, the younger sister of Polly Holliday's character on the show \"Flo\". Since \"Little House on the Prairie\" stopped production, she has appeared in many different television shows and movies, and has performed onstage at Geffen Playhouse in Los Angeles. In 1988, she appeared in one episode of \"The Golden Girls\". Lucy Lee Flippin Lucy Lee Flippin (born July 23, 1943) is an American film and television actress. Flippin was raised in Douglassville, Pennsylvania. She attended Northwestern University and",
"title": "Lucy Lee Flippin"
},
{
"id": "11051583",
"text": "Comedians Special Changed the Lives of 1989’s Funniest Comics\", in 2017. Fred Stoller Frederick \"Fred\" Stoller (born March 19, 1958) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, author, writer, and voice artist. He is best known for portraying Gerard on \"Everybody Loves Raymond\". He is also the voice of Stanley in the \"Open Season\" franchise, Fred the Squirrel in \"The Penguins of Madagascar\", Chuck the Evil Sandwich Making Guy in \"WordGirl\", and Rusty the monkey wrench on Disney Jr.'s \"Handy Manny\". Stoller was born to a Jewish family in Brooklyn, New York on March 19, 1958. He has one older sister.",
"title": "Fred Stoller"
},
{
"id": "18738651",
"text": "His on-screen/real life sister Madylin released a statement regarding her brother's death and pleaded for everyone \"to reach out to the ones you love\". Sawyer Sweeten Sawyer Storm Sweeten (May 12, 1995 – April 23, 2015) was an American child actor. He was best known for playing Geoffrey Barone on the sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond. Sweeten was born in Brownwood, Texas, to parents Timothy Sweeten and Elizabeth Millsap. He had a sister Madylin, and a twin brother, Sullivan - all three starring on the CBS sitcom \"Everybody Loves Raymond\" for 9 seasons. The Sweeten family moved to California when the",
"title": "Sawyer Sweeten"
},
{
"id": "8986143",
"text": "Arabia, We'd All Be Kings\", which also co-starred Puerto Rican actress Liza Colón-Zayas and was directed by Academy Award-winning actor Philip Seymour Hoffman and named one of the 10-best plays of 1999 by the magazine \"Time Out New York\". Ortiz appeared in several television shows including \"NYPD Blue\", \"Everybody Loves Raymond\", \"Commander In Chief\", \"ER\", and \"The New Adventures of Old Christine\". She had her first series regular role in short-lived NBC comedy series \"Kristin\" (2001), opposite Kristin Chenoweth. She later starred in another short-lived sitcom, called \"A.U.S.A.\" in 2003, and later had recurring roles in the FX drama \"Over",
"title": "Ana Ortiz"
},
{
"id": "2655577",
"text": "Peter Boyle Peter Lawrence Boyle (October 18, 1935 – December 12, 2006) was an American actor. Known as a character actor, he played Frank Barone on the sitcom \"Everybody Loves Raymond\" and the comical monster in Mel Brooks' film spoof \"Young Frankenstein\" (1974). He also starred in \"The Candidate\". Boyle, who won an Emmy Award in 1996 for a guest-starring role on the science-fiction drama \"The X-Files\", won praise in both comedic and dramatic parts following his breakthrough performance in the 1970 film \"Joe\". Peter Lawrence Boyle was born on October 18, 1935 in Norristown, Pennsylvania, the son of Alice",
"title": "Peter Boyle"
},
{
"id": "10158217",
"text": "Dena Dietrich Dena Dietrich (born December 4, 1928) is an American actress. Born in Pittsburgh, her television credits include recurring roles on \"The Practice\" (a 1976-1977 sitcom starring Danny Thomas), \"The Ropers\", \"Life with Lucy\", \"Santa Barbara\", \"All My Children\" and \"Philly\". She made guest appearances on \"Emergency!\", \"Paul Sand in Friends and Lovers\", \"Life Goes On\", \"NYPD Blue\", \"Murphy Brown\", and \"The Golden Girls\" (as Dorothy's sister Gloria). She appeared in such films as \"The Wild Party\" (1975), Disney's \"The North Avenue Irregulars\" (1979) and the Mel Brooks film \"History of the World, Part I\" (1981). She appeared on",
"title": "Dena Dietrich"
},
{
"id": "2531305",
"text": "productions include \"Private Lives\", \"Don Juan\" and \"Mixed Emotions\". Helmond appeared in such feature films as \"Family Plot\" (1976) and \"Brazil\" (1985), in which she played the mother of Jonathan Pryce's character. In 1983, she studied at the American Film Institute's Directing Workshop. She went on to direct four episodes of the television series \"Benson\" as well as one episode of \"Who's the Boss?\" (1984). She picked up Emmy nominations for her role as Mona Robinson in \"Who's the Boss\" and as Lois Whelan in \"Everybody Loves Raymond\". She has continued working, receiving acclaim for her stage performance in Eve",
"title": "Katherine Helmond"
},
{
"id": "1605746",
"text": "second season started airing in March 2012. An Israeli remake called \"Mishpacah Lo Bochrim\" (משפחה לא בוחרים) (\"You Can't Choose Your Family\") premiered in October 2012, and was cancelled after 10 episodes aired. A pilot for a British remake, titled \"The Smiths\", has been commissioned to be produced for BBC One and was filmed in May 2013 at Elstree Studios. Lee Mack wrote and starred in the pilot, as Michael Smith. The pilot also starred Catherine Tate, Tom Davis, Gwen Taylor and David Troughton. An Indian remake, titled \"Sumit Sambhal Lega\" (\"सुमित संभाल लेगा\" – \"Sumit Will Handle Everything\"), premiered",
"title": "Everybody Loves Raymond"
},
{
"id": "10910741",
"text": "Earl Jones. However, she was too ill to accept the role and it went to her friend Diahann Carroll. She was twice nominated for a Tony Award, and twice nominated for an Emmy Award as well. She died of leiomyosarcoma at age 39. Junior High School 147, located in the Bronx, New York, was named in Sands' honor. Diana Sands Diana Sands (August 22, 1934September 21, 1973) was an American actress, perhaps most famous for her portrayal of Beneatha Younger, the sister of Sidney Poitier's character in the original stage and film versions of Lorraine Hansberry's \"A Raisin in the",
"title": "Diana Sands"
},
{
"id": "13373268",
"text": "The Middle (TV series) The Middle is an American sitcom about a lower middle class family living in Indiana facing the day-to-day struggles of home life, work, and raising children. The series premiered on September 30, 2009, on the ABC network and concluded on May 22, 2018. The series features \"Everybody Loves Raymond\" actress Patricia Heaton and \"Scrubs\" actor Neil Flynn. \"The Middle\" was created by former \"Roseanne\" and \"Murphy Brown\" writers Eileen Heisler and DeAnn Heline of Blackie and Blondie Productions. The show is produced by Warner Bros. Television and Blackie and Blondie Productions. \"The Middle\" was praised by",
"title": "The Middle (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "20903352",
"text": "in the role of Phyllis, the sister of the deceased bar owner Phil from the series' original run. On August 5, 2018, it was announced during the Television Critics Association's annual summer press tour that Charles Kimbrough would reprise his role from the series' original run in a three episode story arc. On September 13, 2018, it was reported that Adan Rocha had been cast in a series regular role. In October 2018, it was announced that Merle Dandridge had joined the cast in a recurring capacity and that Bette Midler, Brooke Shields, John Larroquette, Katie Couric, and Peter Gallagher",
"title": "Murphy Brown (season 11)"
},
{
"id": "7014016",
"text": "in \"M*A*S*H\" and \"The Edge of Night\" and directed episodes of \"Everybody Loves Raymond\", \"Frasier\", \"Hope and Faith\", and \"Two and a Half Men\", among others. He also directed the feature films \"Marvin's Room\" and \"Who Do You Love?\" \"Marvin's Room\" won the Golden St. George at the 20th Moscow International Film Festival. Zaks received the George Abbott Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theater in 1994 and an honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts from Dartmouth College in 1999. He was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 2013. Zaks married Jill Rose, an actress, on January 14,",
"title": "Jerry Zaks"
},
{
"id": "5129743",
"text": "again!\" Amy says that Robert had to pull the car over on the way home from the hospital because he was crying after \"You Are the Sunshine of My Life\" came on the radio (though Robert claims he pulled over because he thought he hit a cat). Everyone leaves and Debra and Ray are alone again. While one of the themes in the show has centered on Debra's constant annoyance at Ray, they both express how much they love one another. Also, Robert's jealousy of Ray is shown to hide a deeper love for his younger brother. The final scene",
"title": "The Finale (Everybody Loves Raymond)"
},
{
"id": "20016717",
"text": "There's No Business Like Mr. Business Business \"There's No Business Like Mr. Business Business\" is the 10th episode of the seventh season of the American animated comedy series \"Bob's Burgers\" and the 117th episode overall. It was written by Lizzie Molyneux & Wendy Molyneux and directed by Tyree Dillihay. Its guest stars are Megan Mullaly as Linda's sister Gayle and John Oliver as Ian Amberson. It originally aired in the US on FOX Network at February 19, 2017. In this episode Bob finds out that Linda has secured a pet agent to fund the showbiz career of Gayle's cat, Mr.",
"title": "There's No Business Like Mr. Business Business"
},
{
"id": "2278248",
"text": "on \"Step by Step\". Roberts achieved much of her fame for her role as Marie Barone on \"Everybody Loves Raymond\". She was reportedly one of 100 actresses considered for the role. For her work on the series, she was nominated for seven Emmy Awards (and won four times) for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series. She had previously won an Emmy for a guest appearance on \"St. Elsewhere\", playing a homeless woman, and was also once nominated for her role on \"Remington Steele\". She was nominated for appearances on \"Perfect Strangers\" and a PBS special called \"The Sunset Gang\".",
"title": "Doris Roberts"
},
{
"id": "5129744",
"text": "of the series shows the entire family eating breakfast together after Frank breaks Marie's stove in an attempt to \"work on it.\" Each character seems to emote an amalgam of their signature qualities as they sit and eat together, and with Ray at the center of the table, Debra tells Ray, \"It's getting a little crowded in here,\" to which Ray responds, \"Yeah, you know what? We need a bigger table.\" Filming of the episode began on January 20, 2005 (Actual film was used for this series). The top price for a 30-second commercial during the U.S. broadcast was approximately",
"title": "The Finale (Everybody Loves Raymond)"
},
{
"id": "5139755",
"text": "in 1981. In the early 1980s, Rosenthal was an actor based out of New York City before shifting his focus to production work, becoming a writer and producer of such shows as \"Coach\" with Craig T. Nelson and the short-lived \"Baby Talk\". Rosenthal's largest commercial success and longest-running project was the sitcom \"Everybody Loves Raymond\". The show was co-produced by Ray Romano, and was based in part on Romano's comedy material. Rosenthal's wife, actress Monica Horan, played the role of Amy MacDougall-Barone, the off-and-on girlfriend (wife after season 7) of Robert Barone (Brad Garrett) in the series. It was Rosenthal",
"title": "Philip Rosenthal"
},
{
"id": "11737307",
"text": "he's a writer\", then they leave. \"Entertainment Weekly\" rated the episode as an 'A' calling it \"No small feat, considering the fate of this season's other most promising pilots\". TV.com rated the episode 8.5 out of 10 with 92 ratings. Pilot (Everybody Loves Raymond) \"The Pilot\" is the first episode of the American television situation comedy \"Everybody Loves Raymond\". The episode was directed by Michael Lembeck and written by Philip Rosenthal. Debra is at home feeding the kids when Ray returns from a road trip. They start to discuss Debra's birthday plans before being interrupted by Marie. Debra then leaves",
"title": "Pilot (Everybody Loves Raymond)"
},
{
"id": "4740598",
"text": "Kristy Thomas in \"The Baby-Sitters Club\". Her next appearance came in the 2000 film \"Snow Day\" as Lane Leonard. She is perhaps most well known for her supporting role as Ashley in the 2002 teen comedy \"Orange County\", starring opposite Colin Hanks and Jack Black. Her notable TV appearances include an appearance on \"One Tree Hill\" as Daytona in the 2005 episode \"I'm Wide Awake, It's Morning\", and an appearance on \"\" as Ella Christiansen in the 2006 episode \"Taboo.\" She played the overbearing and protective sister in the 2011 film \"Restless\". Fisk plays the guitar, which she learned from",
"title": "Schuyler Fisk"
},
{
"id": "1605740",
"text": "(who, later in the series, has his own apartment). All Barone relatives frequently make their presence known to the annoyance of Raymond and Debra; Debra's justifiable complaints about Raymond's overbearing family serve as one of the show's comedic elements. Out of the three unwanted visitors, Debra is particularly intimidated by Marie, an insulting, controlling, manipulative (though ultimately caring) woman who criticizes Debra passive-aggressively and praises Ray, clearly favoring him over other son \"Robbie,\" whose birth necessitated her marriage (a fact revealed in the episode \"Good Girls\"). Raymond typically falls in the middle of family arguments, incapable of taking any decisive",
"title": "Everybody Loves Raymond"
},
{
"id": "19837622",
"text": "Francesca Reale Francesca Luisa Reale (born August 23, 1994) is an American actress known for her roles on television. Reale was born and grew up in Los Angeles and received a BFA in Acting at New York University. She also studied at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute and Stonestreet Studios. She received a 2012 National Youth Arts Award for Outstanding Youth Choreography for \"Bordan vi Haller\", Winter Dance Concert, Hamilton Academy of Music. Reale appeared for two seasons in the Netflix original series \"Haters Back Off\", where she played the supporting role of Emily, Miranda's sister. She also",
"title": "Francesca Reale"
},
{
"id": "9063022",
"text": "Angela Goethals Angela Bethany Goethals (born May 20, 1977) is an American film, television and stage actress. Goethals made her acting debut in the Broadway production of \"Coastal Disturbances\" in 1987, and later became known for her role in \"Home Alone\" (1990) playing the sister of Macaulay Culkin's character in the film. Throughout the 1990s, Goethals went on to star in several independent films and television shows, including a leading role on the sitcom \"Phenom\" (1993), as well as a small role in \"Jerry Maguire\" (1996). In 1999, Goethals graduated from Vassar college with a B.A. in French before returning",
"title": "Angela Goethals"
},
{
"id": "8002045",
"text": "Nikki Blonsky Nicole Margaret \"Nikki\" Blonsky (born November 9, 1988) is an American actress, singer, and dancer. She is best known for her role as Tracy Turnblad in the 2007 film \"Hairspray\" and as Maggie Baker in the 2008 film \"Queen Sized.\" She is also known for her starring role in the ABC Family original series \"Huge.\" Blonsky was born and raised in Great Neck, New York. She and her brother Joey are the children of Karen, a school aide, and Carl Blonsky, a municipal worker for the village water pollution control district. She is of Czech and Irish descent",
"title": "Nikki Blonsky"
},
{
"id": "18738650",
"text": "family for those nine years on Raymond. My deepest condolences and love go out to them during this unimaginable time.\" Sweeten's on-screen grandmother Doris Roberts remembered Sawyer as \"a very sweet young man\" and reminded fans to \"make sure your loved ones know how much you care about them. It's very important to keep in touch.\" Phil Rosenthal, creator of \"Everybody Loves Raymond\" and husband of co-star Monica Horan, remembers Sawyer, his twin brother Sullivan, and their older sister Madylin as \"children that never failed to make us laugh, or remind us of how we feel about our own children\".",
"title": "Sawyer Sweeten"
},
{
"id": "10979060",
"text": "Brian K. Roberts Brian K. Roberts is an American television director. He is credited with directing over 350 programs for US television and over 200 episodes of Canadian television and films. Roberts has directed some of television's most popular sitcoms on both sides of the border. While in Los Angeles, he directed episodes of the CBS series \"Everybody Loves Raymond\" and \"The King of Queens\", ABC's \"The Drew Carey Show\", \"Sabrina the Teenage Witch\", \"Two Guys, a Girl and a Pizza Place\", \"The Hughleys\", \"According To Jim\" which starred Jim Belushi, and the ABC/WB series \"Clueless\", NBC's \"Boston Common\", Fox's",
"title": "Brian K. Roberts"
},
{
"id": "2531307",
"text": "of the British version of \"Who's the Boss?\", \"The Upper Hand\". From 1995 to 1997, she starred in the ABC sitcom \"Coach\" as Doris Sherman, eccentric owner of the fictional Orlando Breakers professional football team. From 1996 to 2004, she had a recurring role on \"Everybody Loves Raymond\" as Lois Whelan (Ray Barone's mother-in-law). On July 25, 2010, she guest-starred on A&E's \"The Glades\". She also guest starred as Caroline Bellefleur on HBO's \"True Blood\". Helmond was born on July 5, 1929, in Galveston, Texas, the only child of Thelma (née Malone; May 13, 1910 – October 10, 1981) and",
"title": "Katherine Helmond"
},
{
"id": "7115885",
"text": "and episodes of \"It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia\", \"Grounded for Life\", \"Maybe It's Me\", \"Special Unit 2\", \"3rd Rock from the Sun\", \"House\" and \"Odd Man Out\". Most recently, she has made guest appearances on the shows \"Supernatural\" and \"Veronica Mars\", and on \"One Tree Hill\" as Taylor James, the sister of Haley James Scott played by fellow \"Guiding Light\" alumnus Bethany Joy Galeotti. Her film credits include \"Shredder\" and \"Class Warfare\". Lindsey McKeon Lindsey Johnson McKeon (born March 11, 1982) is an American actress. She is known for her roles as Marah Lewis on \"Guiding Light\" and Taylor James",
"title": "Lindsey McKeon"
},
{
"id": "1956732",
"text": "Fred Willard Frederick Charles Willard (born September 18, 1939) is an American actor, comedian, voice actor and writer, best known for his improvisational comedy. He is known for his roles in the Rob Reiner mockumentary film \"This Is Spinal Tap\", the Christopher Guest mockumentary films, \"Waiting for Guffman\", \"Best in Show\", \"A Mighty Wind\", \"For Your Consideration\", \"Mascots\" and the \"\" films. He is an alumnus of The Second City. He received three Emmy nominations for his recurring role on the TV series \"Everybody Loves Raymond\". In 2010, he was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor",
"title": "Fred Willard"
},
{
"id": "5357733",
"text": "She is the mother of Darva Conger, best known as the winner of the reality television show \"Who Wants to Marry a Multi-Millionaire?\". She has four other children. Susan Harrison Susan Harrison (born August 26, 1938) is an American actress. She is most famous for her appearance in the 1957 film noir classic \"Sweet Smell of Success\" as the sister for whom Burt Lancaster has an unhealthy affection as well as in \"The Twilight Zone\" episode \"Five Characters in Search of an Exit\". Harrison is a graduate of the High School of Performing Arts in New York City, where she",
"title": "Susan Harrison"
},
{
"id": "8344411",
"text": "Larry Romano Lawrence John Romano (born July 31, 1963) better known as Larry Romano, is an American film and television actor. Contrary to popular belief, he is neither the brother nor the cousin of Ray Romano – star of \"Everybody Loves Raymond\". Born on July 31, 1963, in Mount Vernon, New York, he was a regular on \"NYPD Blue\" and the sitcom \"The King of Queens\", on which he played Richie Iannucci. He also played First Base in the motion picture \"Lock Up\" with Sylvester Stallone. He had a lead role in the short-lived NBC sitcom \"Kristin\" as Aldo Bonnadonna",
"title": "Larry Romano"
},
{
"id": "12942834",
"text": "Shannen Doherty Shannen Maria Doherty (; born April 12, 1971) is an American actress, producer, and television director. She is known for her roles as Maggie Malene in \"Girls Just Want to Have Fun\" (1985), Heather Duke in \"Heathers\" (1988), Brenda Walsh in \"Beverly Hills, 90210\" (1990–1994), and as Prue Halliwell in \"Charmed\" (1998–2001). Doherty was born in Memphis, Tennessee, the daughter of Rosa, a beauty parlor owner, and Tom Doherty, a mortgage consultant. Doherty has Irish ancestry on her father's side and English, Scottish, and Scots-Irish ancestry on her mother's side. She was raised in her mother's Southern Baptist",
"title": "Shannen Doherty"
},
{
"id": "10139614",
"text": "Santa Monica, California. Brewton was born in Los Angeles, California. She graduated from Yale University (where she was a member of the Manuscript Society and Just Add Water) in 1998, and became an attorney. Openly lesbian, she married Lara Spotts in 2008. The couple have twin boys, Rizzo and Calder. Maia Brewton Maia Luisa Brewton (born September 30, 1977) is an American actress who enjoyed success in the late 1980s and early 1990s. She is best known for her role as the Mighty Thor-obsessed Sara Anderson in the 1987 film \"Adventures in Babysitting\", and as Shelly Lewis, the antagonistic sister",
"title": "Maia Brewton"
},
{
"id": "17792435",
"text": "1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818",
"title": "Timeline of women's education"
},
{
"id": "6598478",
"text": "surfing on his days off. He currently lives with his family in Los Angeles, California. Aged 4, he took a trip to New York City with his mother, which resulted in numerous commercials and a guest-starring role on \"The Sopranos\". His big break came at age 5 when he landed a series regular role on \"Daddio\". He also had a lead role on the show, Reba. Since then, he has guest-starred on \"Everybody Loves Raymond\" and appeared in the films \"The Animal\" alongside Rob Schneider and \"Bubble Boy\" alongside Jake Gyllenhaal. He also periodically serves as an on-air reporter for",
"title": "Mitch Holleman"
},
{
"id": "18089516",
"text": "and on such television series as \"\", \"Everybody Loves Raymond\" and \"NYPD Blue\". Berger died on May 26, 2014, aged 91, in Manhattan. She was survived by her husband, Robert Malatzky and their two daughters, as well as four siblings. Anna Berger (actress) Anna Berger (July 26, 1922 – May 26, 2014) was an American character actress in film and television, who specialized in playing frazzled housewives and matriarchs. Anna Berger was born on July 26, 1922 in Manhattan, the third of eight children of William and Bella (Heller) Berger. She grew up on the Lower East Side and began",
"title": "Anna Berger (actress)"
},
{
"id": "3087912",
"text": "Mississippi (a character loosely based on the Texas politician and showman W. Lee O'Daniel) in the Coen Brothers' \"O Brother, Where Art Thou?\" (2000). Prior to appearing in the Burt Reynolds's TV series, \"Evening Shade\", as the town doctor Harlan Eldridge (1990-1994), Durning appeared with Reynolds in five films, beginning with 1979's \"Starting Over\", followed by 1981's \"Sharky's Machine\", 1982's \"Best Little Whorehouse in Texas\", 1985's \"Stick\" and 1999's \"Hostage Hotel\". On TV, Durning had a recurring role on \"Everybody Loves Raymond\" as the Barone family's long-suffering parish priest, Father Hubley. He also played the voice of recurring character Francis",
"title": "Charles Durning"
},
{
"id": "8780807",
"text": "be to you<br> As we tread life's pathways in thy radiance true,<br> \"Ut sim fidelis,\" our motto we renew. Cheri Oteri - Comedian and former Saturday Night Live cast member. Class of 1980 Monica Horan - American Actress starred in Everybody Loves Raymond cast member. Class of 1980 Archbishop Prendergast High School Archbishop Prendergast High School was an all-girl Catholic high school in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia. It has been merged with Monsignor Bonner High School and renamed. It is located in Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania. The school is often referred to by its nickname, \"Prendie\". The school operates",
"title": "Archbishop Prendergast High School"
},
{
"id": "16027614",
"text": "Chuck Heaton Charles \"Chuck\" Heaton Jr. (August 22, 1917 – February 14, 2008) was an American sports news columnist, journalist, commentator, and reporter. He worked for 50 years as a sportswriter for \"The Cleveland Plain Dealer\" in Cleveland, Ohio. He was also the father of actress Patricia Heaton of \"Everybody Loves Raymond\" and \"The Middle\". He was also the father of Michael Heaton. Michael is a writer and movie critic for the Cleveland Plain Dealer and has served for 30 years as the newspaper's \"Minister of Culture.\" Michael is also the author of 4 books, and is the screenwriter for",
"title": "Chuck Heaton"
},
{
"id": "11436345",
"text": "Number 23\", \"Unknown\", \"Jeepers Creepers\", \"Heartbreakers\" and \"(500) Days of Summer\". She also has made appearances in television series, including \"Everybody Loves Raymond\", \"Good Luck Charlie\", \"Boston Legal\", \"The Jake Effect\", \"Twins\", \"The Proud Family\", \"Seinfeld\", \"Sister, Sister\", \"In Plain Sight\", \"The Middle\", \"It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia\", \"Still Sitting down\", \"Beverly Hills, 90210\", \"Bones\" and \"How to Get Away with Murder\". She is also one of the most active actors appearing in commercials. Products include GEICO, Staples, Time Warner, American Cancer Society and Wells Fargo. In 2001, Belcher was cast as Jezelle Gay Hartman, a psychic, in the horror",
"title": "Patricia Belcher"
},
{
"id": "18264379",
"text": "he go to Italy, Romano did not accept because he was \"not really interested in other cultures.\" According to Rosenthal, \"After I got up off the floor, I realized: Here's an episode.\" Directed by Gary Halvorson, \"Italy\" guest stars Silvana De Santis as Colletta, Pierrino Mascarino as Giorgio, Alex Meneses as Stefania, David Proval as Signore Fogagnolo, Enzo Vitagliano as the Bocce player, Sergio Sivori, Vanni Bramat, Luca Francucci and Alessandro Francucci. It was filmed in July 2000 in the town Anguillara Sabazia outside of Rome. Romano first hinted of the episode in an interview published that same month in",
"title": "Italy (Everybody Loves Raymond)"
},
{
"id": "17463729",
"text": "Natalie Alyn Lind Natalie Alyn Lind (born June 21, 1999) is an American actress. She is known for her television series appearances, such as her recurring roles as Dana Caldwell in \"The Goldbergs\" and Silver St. Cloud in \"Gotham\", and for her starring role as Lauren Strucker in Fox's \"The Gifted\". Lind is the oldest daughter of producer John Lind and actress Barbara Alyn Woods. She has two younger sisters, Alyvia and Emily, who are also actresses. Lind made her television debut on the series \"One Tree Hill\". She appears in a recurring role as Dana Caldwell in the ABC",
"title": "Natalie Alyn Lind"
},
{
"id": "9094642",
"text": "hospital drama \"Holby City\" (2001–2005). Stage credits include \"Godspell\" (2001), \"Solitary Confinement\", \"The Shagaround\" and playing Lady Anne in \"Richard III\" (1998). In 1997, Bradshaw-White along with fellow \"This Life\" cast member Ramon Tikaram (who played Ferdy) were invited by the singer Elton John to appear in his music video for the song \"Something About the Way You Look Tonight\". On 18 November 2013, Bradshaw-White made her first appearance in the BBC soap opera \"EastEnders\" as the younger sister of established character, Shirley Carter (Linda Henry). On 23 December 2013, Bradshaw-White described her character Tina Carter as \"funny\" and \"sweet\"",
"title": "Luisa Bradshaw-White"
},
{
"id": "3215492",
"text": "appeared in \"Plaza Suite\" (1971), \"Night Gallery\" episode \"Pickman's Model\" (1971), \"B.S. I Love You\" (1971), \"Every Little Crook and Nanny\" (1972), \"The Return of Charlie Chan\" (1973), \"\" (1982), \"Mazes and Monsters\" (1982), \"Where the Boys Are '84\" (1984), and \"Crimes of Passion\" (1984) among others. She has made guest appearances on more than 50 prime time programs and TV movies, making a guest appearance on \"\" (as \"Rayna\" the android, in the episode \"Requiem for Methuselah\", which aired in 1969). She also portrayed Terry Waverly, the sister-in-law of Dr. Richard Kimble in an episode of \"The Fugitive\" in",
"title": "Louise Sorel"
},
{
"id": "20879960",
"text": "opened in Sydney in 2015 and since has toured to Melbourne (2017) and Brisbane (2017 & 2018). As well as developing the original new theatre piece \"Carmen, Live or Dead\" in Melbourne in 2017 and its subsequent premier season at the Hayes Theatre, Sydney in 2018; and her own concert show Dahlesque. Elise McCann Elise McCann is an Australian actress and musical theatre performer most well known for originating the role of Miss Honey in the Australian production of \"Matilda the Musical\" and as Lucille Ball in \"Everybody Loves Lucy\". McCann appeared as Lynne Woolnough, Peter Allen’s Sister, in the",
"title": "Elise McCann"
},
{
"id": "7803112",
"text": "Jay Kogen Jay Steven Kogen (born May 3, 1963) is an American comedy writer, producer, actor and director. Born to a Jewish family, Kogen has co-written several episodes of \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" and \"The Simpsons\" along with former writing partner Wallace Wolodarsky. Since then, he has written for several shows, including an Emmy Award winning stint at \"Frasier\", \"Everybody Loves Raymond\", \"George Lopez\", and \"Malcolm in the Middle\". Kogen also made an appearance in \"The Aristocrats\". He was a consulting producer on \"The Class\", co-writer of the Dave Foley/David Anthony Higgins 1997 film \"The Wrong Guy\", as well as",
"title": "Jay Kogen"
},
{
"id": "7021622",
"text": "season as the ratings have increased with men in the age demographic of 25 to 54. On July 15, 2011, TNT cancelled the series after two seasons. In 2017, \"One Day at a Time\" premiered on Netflix starring Justina Machado and Rita Moreno. A reimagining of the 1975 Norman Lear sitcom, Royce co-created the 2017 version with Gloria Calderon Kellett. He is executive producer and co-showrunner of the series, alongside Ms. Kellett. Royce was nominated for an Emmy Award in 2003 for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series, for the \"Everybody Loves Raymond\" episode \"Counseling\". He and the other \"Raymond\"",
"title": "Mike Royce"
},
{
"id": "11591578",
"text": "Leslie Caveny Leslie Caveny is an American film and television writer and producer. Caveny was a staff writer and producer for \"Everybody Loves Raymond\" for several years in which she shared the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series. She later went on to write the screenplay for \"Penelope\". She co-wrote the screenplay for the 2012 Pixar film Newt. Caveny is also a playwright. Her published play \"\"Love of a Pig\"\" originated at Theatre West in Los Angeles, and moved to Dublin, Ireland and New York City. She also had another, which she also starred in, \"\"The Survival of the",
"title": "Leslie Caveny"
},
{
"id": "11309297",
"text": "Everybody Loves Sunshine Everybody Loves Sunshine (released in the United States as B.U.S.T.E.D.), is a 1999 British independent film written and directed by Andrew Goth and starring Rachel Shelley, David Bowie and Goldie. In the Pepperhill Estate of Manchester, an ongoing battle rages between Triad gangs and street gangs. Gang leaders Ray (Andrew Goth) and Terry (Goldie), who are cousins and lifelong friends, always trusting and relying on each other, have been in prison. Ray doesn't want to be a gangster anymore, having also fallen for Clare (Rachel Shelley). But Terry, driven by an obsession beyond friendship, is determined to",
"title": "Everybody Loves Sunshine"
},
{
"id": "18768926",
"text": "announcement of the production's development, it was reported that Kidman and Witherspoon would also star in the adaptation as well. In December 2015, it announced that Shailene Woodley, Adam Scott, Laura Dern, and Zoë Kravitz had joined the cast in lead roles. On January 5, 2016, it was announced that Alexander Skarsgard and James Tupper had joined the main cast and that Jeffrey Nordling, Santiago Cabrera, P. J. Byrne, Kelen Coleman, Sarah Burns, Darby Camp, Cameron and Nicholas Crovetti, Ivy George, Chloe Coleman, Virginia Kull, Sarah Baker, Kathreen Khavari, Larry Bates, Hong Chau, and Gia Carides had joined the show's",
"title": "Big Little Lies (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "14872172",
"text": "in Manhattan. After graduating from Northwestern University with a BA in Theatre, she went on to pursue her acting career in both New York and Los Angeles. She has appeared on numerous television shows, guest starring on such hits as Law and Order, CSI: Miami, Castle and Criminal Minds. She has also played recurring roles as a love interest to Anthony Edwards on ER and as Holly Hunter’s sister on Saving Grace. Her film work includes the Todd Phillip’s produced Project X, Spike Lee’s \"Oldboy\" and Akiva Goldsman’s directorial debut, \"Winter's Tale\". Caitlin Dulany Caitlin Dulany is an American actress.",
"title": "Caitlin Dulany"
},
{
"id": "1850214",
"text": "Gina Gershon Gina L. Gershon (born June 10, 1962) is an American actress, singer, and author. She had roles in the films \"Cocktail\" (1988), \"Showgirls\" (1995), \"Bound\" (1996), \"Face/Off\" (1997), \"The Insider\" (1999), \"Demonlover\" (2002), \"P.S. I Love You\" (2007), \"Five Minarets in New York\" (2010), \"Killer Joe\" (2011) and \"House of Versace\" (2013). She has also had supporting roles in FX's \"Rescue Me\" and HBO's \"How to Make It in America\". She currently portrays the role of Gladys Jones on The CW teen drama series \"Riverdale\". Gershon was born in Los Angeles, to Mickey Gershon (née Koppel), an interior",
"title": "Gina Gershon"
},
{
"id": "3899304",
"text": "old logos of King World, CBS Paramount Domestic Television, and its predecessors. King World was responsible for the highest rated shows in syndication for over two decades. They also had the television rights to a large library of theatrical films. When it was acquired by CBS Enterprises in 2000, it distributed a number of CBS-produced series for syndication, such as \"Everybody Loves Raymond 1996 Until 2005\" (ancillary rights to this series are owned by HBO), \"\" CSI NY and \"\". King World turned part of its attention to producing in-house newsmagazines including \"American Journal\" and \"Inside Edition. King World Productions",
"title": "King World Productions"
}
] | who played debra sister on everybody loves raymond |
[
"90% and higher"
] | [
{
"id": "10402932",
"text": "properly restrained is a primary offense and brings a much larger fine.) If a driver commits a primary violation (e.g., for speeding) he may additionally be charged for not wearing a seatbelt. In most states the seat belt law was originally a secondary offense; in many it was later changed to a primary offense: California was the first state to do this, in 1993. Of the 30 with primary seat belt laws, all but 8, Connecticut, Hawaii, Iowa, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, and Texas, originally had only secondary enforcement laws. This table contains a brief summary of",
"title": "Seat belt laws in the United States"
},
{
"id": "6346793",
"text": "Seat belt use rates in the United States Seat belt use rates in the United States has been rising steadily since 1983, from 14% to 90% in 2016. Seat belt use in the country in 2016 ranged from a minimum of 70.2% in New Hampshire to a maximum of 96.9% in Georgia. 19 states had use rates above 90%. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's 2008 survey, seat belt use remained lower among 16- to 24-year-olds than other age groups, with a rate of 77%; and also was lower among African Americans than other races, with a use",
"title": "Seat belt use rates in the United States"
},
{
"id": "6346795",
"text": "when usage fell by one percent, and 2017 when usage fell by four tenths of one percent. Seat belt use rates in the United States Seat belt use rates in the United States has been rising steadily since 1983, from 14% to 90% in 2016. Seat belt use in the country in 2016 ranged from a minimum of 70.2% in New Hampshire to a maximum of 96.9% in Georgia. 19 states had use rates above 90%. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's 2008 survey, seat belt use remained lower among 16- to 24-year-olds than other age groups, with",
"title": "Seat belt use rates in the United States"
},
{
"id": "619888",
"text": "accounting for the endogeneity of seatbelt usage, Cohen and Einav found no evidence that the risk compensation effect makes seatbelt wearing drivers more dangerous, a finding at variance with other research. Other statistical analyses have included adjustments for factors such as increased traffic, and other factors such as age, and based on these adjustments, a reduction of morbidity and mortality due to seat belt use has been claimed. However, Smeed's law predicts a fall in accident rate with increasing car ownership and has been demonstrated independently of seat belt legislation. In the US, six states—California, Florida, Louisiana, New Jersey, New",
"title": "Seat belt"
},
{
"id": "10402935",
"text": "damages far greater than if they had been using a seatbelt. However, when in court, most states protect motorists from having their damages reduced in a lawsuit due to the nonuse of a seatbelt, even if they were acting in violation of the law by not wearing the seatbelt. Currently, damages may be reduced for the nonuse of a seatbelt in 16 states: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida (See F.S.A. 316.614(10)), Iowa, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. Seat belt laws are effective in reducing car crash deaths. One study found",
"title": "Seat belt laws in the United States"
},
{
"id": "10402933",
"text": "all seatbelt laws in the United States. This list includes only seatbelt laws, which often do not themselves apply to children; however, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have separate child restraint laws. Keep in mind these fines are the base fines only. In many cases considerable extra fees such as the head injury fund and court security fees can mark up the fine to almost five times as much in some cases. These are also \"first offense\" fines; a subsequent offense may be much higher. 1 Colorado and Missouri's law is Secondary for adults but Primary for",
"title": "Seat belt laws in the United States"
},
{
"id": "402481",
"text": "mortality rate in the developed world, and the rate by which Texas women died from pregnancy related complications doubled from 2010 to 2014, to 23.8 per 100,000. A rate unmatched in any other U.S. state or economically developed country. See Maternal healthcare in Texas. Texas has the seventh highest birth rate in the United States, with nearly 400,000 babies born each year. Over half of all Texas births are paid by Medicaid, totaling over $2.2 billion per year in birth and delivery-related services for mothers and infants. Studies have found that infant mortality is usually caused by birth defects, pre-term",
"title": "Texas"
},
{
"id": "402484",
"text": "3 weeks before the estimated due date. Preterm birth rates in Texas are consistently higher than the nationwide rate. In 2016, 10.4% of live births in Texas were preterm. The rate for Black mothers specifically was elevated - 13.6%. Numerous factors have been associated with premature birth, including lack of prenatal care, race, obesity, smoking, and even air pollution. A low birth weight is less than 2500 grams. The rate of low birth weight in Texas has always been higher than the nationwide rate. In 2016, 8.4% of live births in Texas had a low birth weight. The rate for",
"title": "Texas"
},
{
"id": "6346794",
"text": "rate of 75%. The survey also found that seat belt use continued to be higher among females (86%) than males (79%). According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's 2013 survey, seat belt use in jurisdictions with stronger seatbelt enforcement laws continue to exhibit generally higher use rates than those with weaker laws. The following list shows the national percentage of vehicle occupants using seat belts between 1983 and 2017: The only years in which the rate did not increase over the previous year were 1994 when usage fell by eight percent, 1996 when usage fell by seven percent, 2006",
"title": "Seat belt use rates in the United States"
},
{
"id": "402482",
"text": "birth, low birth weight, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, and pregnancy complications. The average amount spent in the first year of life for a preterm birth with major complications (excluding extreme prematurity) is $19,059, and $4,019 for a preterm birth without major complications compared to $410 for an uncomplicated, term birth. For decades the infant mortality rate in Texas was higher than the nationwide rate but that gap has slowly closed. In 2017, the infant mortality rate in Texas was identical to the nationwide rate: 5.9 deaths per 1,000 live births. This rate is not identical across the state of Texas",
"title": "Texas"
},
{
"id": "619885",
"text": "belt law allows an officer to issue a citation for lack of seatbelt use without any other citation, whereas a secondary seat belt law allows an officer to issue a seat belt citation only in the presence of a different violation. In the United States, fifteen states enforce secondary laws, while 34 states, as well as the District of Columbia, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, enforce primary seat belt laws. New Hampshire lacks both a primary and secondary seat belt law. Some have proposed that the number of deaths was influenced by",
"title": "Seat belt"
},
{
"id": "3641560",
"text": "belt. In the front seat, the driver and each passenger must wear a seat belt, one person per belt. In some states, such as New York, New Hampshire, and Michigan, belts in the rear seats are not mandatory for people over the age of 16, though it is extremely advised. The driver and front-seat passengers aged 16 or older can be fined up to $50 each for failure to buckle up. In California, you must be 15 years or older to accompany the driver in the front seat. Children 14 and younger must sit in the rear seat until they",
"title": "Seat belt legislation"
},
{
"id": "3641568",
"text": "third of the 1970 level, the lowest since records were kept, and far below the per capita rate in jurisdictions such as the United States. This reduction was generally attributed to aggressive road safety campaigns beginning with the seat belt laws. A 2008 study in the \"Journal of Health Economics\" found that mandatory seat belt laws in the U.S. \"significantly increased seatbelt use among high school age youths by 45-80%\" and \"significantly reduced traffic fatalities and serious injuries resulting from fatal crashes by 8 and 9%, respectively.\" The authors note that these \"results suggest that if all states had primary",
"title": "Seat belt legislation"
},
{
"id": "10402931",
"text": "officer may only stop or cite a driver for a seatbelt violation if the driver committed another primary violation (such as speeding, running a stop sign, etc.) at the same time. New Hampshire is the only U.S. state that does not by law require adult drivers to wear safety belts while operating a motor vehicle. In 15 of the 50 states, the seat belt law is considered a secondary offense, which means that a police officer cannot stop and ticket a driver for the sole offense of not wearing a seatbelt. (One exception to this is Colorado, where children not",
"title": "Seat belt laws in the United States"
},
{
"id": "3641574",
"text": "of proper seating position and cannot regain control of the vehicle during slippery conditions. Another notable scenario is of rear-seated passengers being forced forward in a crash and thus inadvertently harming the driver or front passenger. A University of Wisconsin study demonstrated that car accident victims who had not worn seat belts cost the hospital (and the state, in the case of the uninsured) on average 25% more. Neck injuries can be caused by the deceleration from a high speed. The passengers head continues to move forward while the body is restrained, potentially causing paralyzing injuries. A study of such",
"title": "Seat belt legislation"
},
{
"id": "619868",
"text": "73% lower fatality rate, a 53% lower serious injury rate, and a 38% lower injury rate than the occupants that were reported unrestrained. Similarly, users of the three-point safety belt had a 60% lower serious injury rate and a 41% lower rate of all other injuries. Out of the 2% described as wearing a three-point safety belt, no fatalities were reported. This study and others led to the Restraint Systems Evaluation Program (RSEP), started by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in 1975 to increase the reliability and authenticity of past studies. A study as part of this program used",
"title": "Seat belt"
},
{
"id": "11312760",
"text": "requiring seat belt use by at least all occupants of the front seat. New Hampshire is the only state with no such requirement for adults (anyone under eighteen must use a seat belt). Some states also require rear seat occupants to wear seat belts. In 24 states, the seat belt law is considered to be only a \"secondary offense\", meaning that a police officer can only ticket a person for violating the seat belt law if the driver has already been stopped for another reason. The effectiveness of seat belt laws varies considerably throughout the country, with some areas observing",
"title": "Driving in the United States"
},
{
"id": "619881",
"text": "belt use by 5 percentage points. Farmer and Wells found that driver fatality rates were 6% lower for vehicles with ESBR compared with otherwise-identical vehicles without. In 2001, Congress directed NHSTA to study the benefits of technology meant to increase the use of seat belts. NHSTA found that seat belt usage had increased to 73% since the initial introduction of the SBR system. In 2002, Ford demonstrated that seat belts were used more in Fords with seat belt reminders than in those without: 76% and 71% respectively. In 2007, Honda conducted a similar study and found that 90% of people",
"title": "Seat belt"
},
{
"id": "13061890",
"text": "proceed to talk about the specifics of how to drive and the rules of the road. Every manual includes a section that goes into detail about car and driver safety. All states require vehicle inspection, but only some require annual inspection. Driving while intoxicated is illegal in the United States. Almost all states have a “minimum blood alcohol level while driving of .08%” (Kentucky Driver’s Manual). For seat belts, 49 states and the District of Columbia have passed laws requiring seat belt use by at least all occupants of the front seat. New Hampshire is the only state with no",
"title": "Driver's manual"
},
{
"id": "619889",
"text": "York, and Texas—require seat belts on school buses. Pros and cons had been alleged about the use of seatbelts in school buses. School buses which are much bigger in size than the average vehicle allow for the mass transportation of students from place to place. The American School Bus Council states in a brief article saying that, “The children are protected like eggs in an egg carton – compartmentalized, and surrounded with padding and structural integrity to secure the entire container.” (ASBC). Although school buses are considered safe for mass transit of students this will not guarantee that the students",
"title": "Seat belt"
},
{
"id": "3072936",
"text": "2010, with the state reimbursing school districts for the additional costs. However, due to budget cuts, only 36% of the planned funding was allocated for the extra costs As of 2015, they are a requirement in at least five states: California, Florida, New Jersey, New York, and Texas. Of the states that equip buses with two-point lap seat belts (Florida, Louisiana, New Jersey and New York), only New Jersey requires seat belt usage by riders. In other states, it is up to the district or operator whether to require riders to use them or not. In most cases, school bus",
"title": "School bus"
},
{
"id": "3641561",
"text": "reach the age of 15. A primary offense means that a police officer can pull a driver over for the seat belt law violation alone, and secondary offense indicates that one can be punished for a seat belt law violation only if they are already pulled over for another reason. By January 2007 25 states and the District of Columbia had primary seat belt laws, 24 had secondary seat belt laws, and New Hampshire had no laws. In 2009, Public Health Law Research published several evidence briefs summarizing the research assessing the effect of a specific law or policy on",
"title": "Seat belt legislation"
},
{
"id": "402491",
"text": "has evaluated the state's obesity initiatives favorably with a \"B+\". The state is ranked forty-second in the percentage of residents who engage in regular exercise. Notwithstanding the concentration of elite medical centers in the state, The Commonwealth Fund ranks the Texas healthcare system the third worst in the nation. Texas ranks close to last in access to healthcare, quality of care, avoidable hospital spending, and equity among various groups. Causes of the state's poor rankings include politics, a high poverty rate, and the highest rate of illegal immigration in the nation. In May 2006, Texas initiated the program \"code red\"",
"title": "Texas"
},
{
"id": "3641559",
"text": "belts have been mandatory equipment since the 1968 model year per Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 208. New York State passed the first law in the US mandating the use of seat belts in 1984 under the leadership of John D. States, an orthopedic surgeon who dedicated his career to improving automotive safety. Depending on which state a driver is in, not wearing a seat belt in the front seat is either a primary offense or a secondary offense, with the exception of New Hampshire, which does not have a law requiring people over age 18 to wear a seat",
"title": "Seat belt legislation"
},
{
"id": "3641567",
"text": "seat belt are reduced by 48 percent. The same study indicated that in 2007, an estimated 15,147 lives were saved by seat belts in the United States and that if seat belt use were increased to 100 percent, an additional 5024 lives would have been saved. An earlier statistical analysis by the NHTSA claimed that seat belts save over 10,000 lives every year in the US. According to a more recent fact sheet produced by the NHTSA: By 2009, despite large increases in population and the number of vehicles, road deaths in Victoria had fallen below 300, less than a",
"title": "Seat belt legislation"
},
{
"id": "10402930",
"text": "first state to pass a law which required vehicle occupants to wear seat belts, a law that came into effect on December 1, 1984. Officer Nicholas Cimmino of the Westchester County Department of Public Safety wrote the nation's first ticket for such violation. New Hampshire is the only state that has no enforceable laws for the wearing of seat belts in a vehicle. U.S. seatbelt laws may be subject to primary enforcement or secondary enforcement. Primary enforcement allows a police officer to stop and ticket a driver if he or she observes a violation. Secondary enforcement means that a police",
"title": "Seat belt laws in the United States"
},
{
"id": "619835",
"text": "motion, the driver and passengers are travelling at the same speed as the car. If the driver makes the car suddenly stop or crashes it, the driver and passengers continue at the same speed the car was going before it stopped. A seatbelt applies an opposing force to the driver and passengers to prevent them from falling out or making contact with the interior of the car. Seatbelts are considered Primary Restraint Systems (PRS), because of their vital role in occupant safety. An analysis conducted in the United States in 1984 compared a variety of seat belt types alone and",
"title": "Seat belt"
},
{
"id": "15888852",
"text": "pace, or exceeded the influx of new population. According to a March 28, 2011 report by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 9.54% of hourly-paid workers in Texas are paid at or below minimum wage. In comparison, the national percentage is 6.0%. Among the 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia, Texas has the highest percentage of workers paid at or below minimum wage; the state with the second-highest percentage is Mississippi, with 9.50%. As of 2011, 26% of the Texan population does not have health insurance. In comparison, the statistic among the entire U.S. is 17%. Paul Krugman, a",
"title": "Governorship of Rick Perry"
},
{
"id": "3641573",
"text": "argued that seat belt legislation was \"coercive\" and that \"a mandatory-seat-belt law violates the right to bodily privacy and self-control\". A counterpoint to the libertarian view is that by reducing death and serious injury, mandatory seat belt use and enforcement of seat belt laws results in substantial social benefits. For example, an analysis by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that in 2010 non-fatal injuries to motor vehicle occupants cost the United States $48 billion in medical expenses and lost work. An example is an unbelted driver who kills or injures another road user because he/she slides out",
"title": "Seat belt legislation"
},
{
"id": "10402936",
"text": "that mandatory-seatbelt laws reduced traffic fatalities by 8% and serious traffic-related injuries by 9%, respectively. Primary-seatbelt laws seem to be more effective at reducing crash deaths than secondary laws. Seat belt laws in the United States Most seat belt laws in the United States are left to the states. However, the first seat belt law was a federal law, Title 49 of the United States Code, Chapter 301, Motor Vehicle Safety Standard, which took effect on January 1, 1968, that required all vehicles (except buses) to be fitted with seat belts in all designated seating positions. This law has since",
"title": "Seat belt laws in the United States"
},
{
"id": "10402934",
"text": "under the age of 16. • County penalty required by GC 76000(e), $ 7 • Court facilities construction penalty required by GC 70372(a),$ 3 • DNA Identification Fund penalty required by GC 76104.6 and 76104.7,$ 2 • Emergency medical services penalty required by GC 76000.5,$ 2Penal Code § 1465.8 requires imposition of an additional fee of twenty dollars ($20) for court security on every conviction for a criminal offense, including a traffic offense, except parking offenses as defined in Penal Code § 1463,$20 A person involved in a car accident who was not using a seatbelt may be liable for",
"title": "Seat belt laws in the United States"
},
{
"id": "402446",
"text": "make up 0.3 percent of the population, and number over 75,000 individuals. Cherokee made up 0.1 percent of the population, and numbered over 19,400 members. In contrast, only 583 identified as Chippewa. Asian Americans are a sizable minority group in Texas. Americans of Asian descent form 3.8 percent of the population, with those of non-Hispanic descent making up 3.7 percent of the populace. They total more than 808,000 individuals. Non-Hispanic Asians number over 795,000. Just over 200,000 Indian Americans make Texas their home. Texas is also home to over 187,000 Vietnamese and 136,000 Chinese. In addition to 92,000 Filipinos and",
"title": "Texas"
},
{
"id": "402483",
"text": "and studies have found significant disparities between zip codes. For example, the 76164 zip code has an infant mortality rate of 12.3 deaths per 1,000 live births while the neighboring 76107 zip code has a rate of 1.8 deaths per 1,000 live births. Additionally, Black families in Texas are disproportionately burdened by these rates. In 2015, the infant mortality rate for Black babies in Texas was 10.9 deaths per 1,000 births. These disparities can be explained by factors such as socioeconomic status, air pollution, and access to health care. A birth is considered preterm when it takes place more than",
"title": "Texas"
},
{
"id": "19692857",
"text": "integral part of the maternal healthcare system, especially because 61% of all unwanted pregnancies occur for women who have undergone delivery at least once. According to the World Health Organization, maternal mortality is defined as \"the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy.\" The maternal mortality rates in Texas have been a source of concern as well as much discussion. From 2000 to 2010, the maternal mortality rate in Texas increased from 17.7 (for every 100,000 live births) to 18.6. It must be noted that during this period, in 2006, Texas included the",
"title": "Maternal healthcare in Texas"
},
{
"id": "402486",
"text": "their pregnancies, economic hardship due to inability to work during pregnancy, lack of knowledge or access to health services, and difficulty finding transportation are contributing factors to this alarmingly low rate. Texas has also seen significant disparities in who receives prenatal care - 75% of White women and only 55% of Black women received prenatal care during their first trimester. Although women covered by Medicaid are supposed to automatically transition into the Healthy Texas Women program for postpartum coverage, this transition does not always take place. In 2017, 67.8% of children age 35 months in Texas completed the recommended vaccination",
"title": "Texas"
},
{
"id": "402473",
"text": "Presidential Library at Southern Methodist University. In 2017, the United Healthcare Foundation ranked Texas as the 34th healthiest state in the United States. Obesity, excessive drinking, maternal mortality, infant mortality, and vaccinations are among the major public health issues facing Texas. Obesity has quickly become a major health issue in Texas. In 2017, 33.6% of Texas adults were obese as compared to 29.9% of U.S. adults. In 2000 21.7% of adults were obese and in 1990 only 10.7% of adults were obese. In 2016, 33% of 10-17 year olds in Texas were obese. When separated out by gender, 34.6% of",
"title": "Texas"
},
{
"id": "3198173",
"text": "efforts failed to significantly affect usage in large, metropolitan areas, and in by the end of the effort, national seat belt usage had reached only 15%. In 1984, New York became the first state to enact a mandatory seat belt use law, and by 1990 37 other states had followed suit. The vast majority of these laws were \"secondary safety belt laws\", meaning that an officer had to observe another traffic violation before issuing a citation for a seat belt infraction. Despite this, the national usage rate climbed from 15% to 50%. The national television ad [airing] on several major",
"title": "Click It or Ticket"
},
{
"id": "8239678",
"text": "state sales tax rate, 6.25%, is above the national medium, with localities adding up to 2% (8.25% total). Texas does have a \"back to school\" sales tax holiday once a year (generally around the first weekend in August) on clothing and footwear under $100. As for Texas's business tax climate, the state ranks 8th in the nation. Property taxes are exclusively collected at the local level in the state, and are generally at rates above the national average. As a whole, Texas is a \"tax donor state\" with Texans receiving back approximately $0.94 per every dollar of federal income taxes",
"title": "Economy of Texas"
},
{
"id": "402485",
"text": "Black mothers specifically was 13.5%. Babies of mothers who do not get prenatal care are 3 times more likely to have a low birth weight and 5 times more likely to die than those born to mothers who do get care. As for long-term complications, low birth weight babies are at a higher risk for cerebral palsy, blindness, deafness, and developmental delay. Prenatal care is the best way to prevent preterm births and low birth weight babies. Unfortunately, in 2016 only 65% of pregnant women in Texas had access to prenatal care in their first trimester. Women being unaware of",
"title": "Texas"
},
{
"id": "619883",
"text": "of death and serious injury. One large observation studying using US data showed that the odds ratio of crash death is 0.46 with a three-point belt, when compared with no belt. In another study that examined injuries presenting to the ER pre- and post-seat belt law introduction, it was found that 40% more escaped injury and 35% more escaped mild and moderate injuries. The effects of seat belt laws are disputed by those who observe that their passage did not reduce road fatalities. There was also concern that instead of legislating for a general protection standard for vehicle occupants, laws",
"title": "Seat belt"
},
{
"id": "402487",
"text": "schedule. The highest individual vaccine rate was for the polio virus: 93.1% of children age 35 months in Texas received this vaccine. The lowest individual vaccine rate was for hepatitis A: 62.6% of children age 35 months in Texas received this vaccine. Some children are under-vaccinated due to issues with accessing preventative care, vaccine delivery, or parental choice. The state has started to implement ImmTrac, a free vaccination record system. In 2013, Texas passed legislation that requires employees of child-care facilities to have certain vaccinations, unless the employee objects for reasons of conscience. Texas has allowed for parents to exempt",
"title": "Texas"
},
{
"id": "10402929",
"text": "Seat belt laws in the United States Most seat belt laws in the United States are left to the states. However, the first seat belt law was a federal law, Title 49 of the United States Code, Chapter 301, Motor Vehicle Safety Standard, which took effect on January 1, 1968, that required all vehicles (except buses) to be fitted with seat belts in all designated seating positions. This law has since been modified to require three-point seat belts in outboard-seating positions, and finally three-point seat belts in all seating positions. Initially, seat belt use was voluntary. New York was the",
"title": "Seat belt laws in the United States"
},
{
"id": "402468",
"text": "more conservative areas of the state, with 28,569 public school students paddled at least one time, according to government data for the 2011–2012 school year. The rate of school corporal punishment in Texas is surpassed only by Mississippi, Alabama, and Arkansas. The state's two most widely recognized flagship universities are The University of Texas at Austin and Texas A&M University, ranked as the 52nd and 69th best universities in the nation according to the 2014 edition of U.S. News & World Report's \"Best Colleges\", respectively. Some observers also include the University of Houston and Texas Tech University as tier one",
"title": "Texas"
},
{
"id": "619834",
"text": "Seat belt A seat belt (also known as a seatbelt or safety belt) is a vehicle safety device designed to secure the occupant of a vehicle against harmful movement that may result during a collision or a sudden stop. A seat belt functions to reduce the likelihood of death or serious injury in a traffic collision by reducing the force of secondary impacts with interior strike hazards, by keeping occupants positioned correctly for maximum effectiveness of the airbag (if equipped) and by preventing occupants being ejected from the vehicle in a crash or if the vehicle rolls over. When in",
"title": "Seat belt"
},
{
"id": "438179",
"text": "United States, all subject to deterioration in the absence of preventative maintenance. In December 2008, 72,868 bridges in the United States (12.1%) were categorized as \"structurally deficient\", representing an estimated $48 billion in repairs. President Barack Obama proposed $50 billion of spending on road and bridge repair, plus a national infrastructure bank, but as of 2013 Congress has not acted on these proposals. As of 2010, seat belt use is mandatory in all states except New Hampshire. Greyhound Lines is the largest intercity bus company in the United States, with routes in all parts of the contiguous U.S. There are",
"title": "Transportation in the United States"
},
{
"id": "11994214",
"text": "slightly from 2006 to 2007, from 15.3 to 14.8 million, a decrease of 2 percentage points (34.1% to 32.1%). The state with the highest percentage of uninsured was Texas (24.1% average for three years, 2004–2006). New Mexico has the second highest percentage of residents without health insurance at 22%. It has been estimated that nearly one-fifth of the uninsured population is able to afford insurance, almost one quarter is eligible for public coverage, and the remaining 56% need financial assistance (8.9% of all Americans). An estimated 5 million of those without health insurance are considered \"uninsurable\" because of pre-existing conditions.",
"title": "Health insurance coverage in the United States"
},
{
"id": "619892",
"text": "takeoff, turbulence, and landing. The International Civil Aviation Organization recommends the use of child restraints. Seat belt A seat belt (also known as a seatbelt or safety belt) is a vehicle safety device designed to secure the occupant of a vehicle against harmful movement that may result during a collision or a sudden stop. A seat belt functions to reduce the likelihood of death or serious injury in a traffic collision by reducing the force of secondary impacts with interior strike hazards, by keeping occupants positioned correctly for maximum effectiveness of the airbag (if equipped) and by preventing occupants being",
"title": "Seat belt"
},
{
"id": "3641569",
"text": "enforcement seatbelt laws then regular youth seatbelt use would be nearly universal and youth fatalities would fall by about 120 per year.\" A number of groups and individuals are opposed to seat belt legislation. The most common grounds for opposition are: The most common basis for disputing estimates of the benefits of seat belts is risk compensation and risk homeostasis, advanced by researchers John Adams and Gerald Wilde. The idea of this theory is that, if the risk of death or injury from a car crash is reduced by the wearing of seat belts, drivers will respond by reducing the",
"title": "Seat belt legislation"
},
{
"id": "1239676",
"text": "The per capita income for the CDP was $5,142. About 41.6% of families and 43.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 41.2% of those under age 18 and 51.1% of those age 65 or over. Lindsay, Reeves County, Texas Lindsay is a census-designated place (CDP) in Reeves County, Texas, United States. The population was 271 at the 2010 census. Lindsay is located at (31.368075, -103.536789). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.0 square mile (2.7 km²), all land. As of the census of 2000, there were 394 people, 115",
"title": "Lindsay, Reeves County, Texas"
},
{
"id": "938712",
"text": "the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex). According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (4.0%) is water. As of the 2015 Texas population estimate program, the population of the county was 2,541,528: non-Hispanic whites, 713,835 (28.1%); non-Hispanic blacks, 565,020 (22.2%); other non-Hispanics, 197,082 (7.7%); and Hispanics and Latinos (of any race), 1,065,591 (41.9%). As of the census of 2010, there were 2,368,139 people, 807,621 households, and 533,837 families residing in the county. The population density was 2,523 people per square mile (974/km²). There were 854,119 housing units at an average density",
"title": "Dallas County, Texas"
},
{
"id": "6523858",
"text": "by the economist Steven D. Levitt, author of the popular book \"Freakonomics\". Levitt's study and findings have been criticized and refuted by subsequent peer reviewed studies, which found child safety seats offer a considerable safety advantage over seat belts alone. Child safety seat Child Safety Seat is a seat designed specifically to protect children from injury or death during vehicle collisions. Most commonly these seats are purchased and installed by car owners, but car manufacturers may integrate them directly into their vehicle's design and generally are required to provide anchors and to ensure seat belt compatibility. Many jurisdictions require children",
"title": "Child safety seat"
},
{
"id": "402429",
"text": "business-friendly state in the nation, in part because of the state's three-billion-dollar Texas Enterprise Fund. Texas has the joint-highest number of Fortune 500 company headquarters in the United States, along with California. In 2010, there were 346,000 millionaires in Texas, constituting the second-largest population of millionaires in the nation. Texas has a \"low taxes, low services\" reputation. According to the Tax Foundation, Texans' state and local tax burdens rank among the lowest in the nation, 7th lowest nationally; state and local taxes cost $3,580 per capita, or 8.4 percent of resident incomes. Texas is one of seven states that lack",
"title": "Texas"
},
{
"id": "1337875",
"text": "city was $20,263. About 2.5% of families and 4.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.6% of those under age 18 and 3.0% of those age 65 or over. Leander, Texas Leander ( ) is a city in Williamson and Travis counties in the U.S. state of Texas. The population was 26,521 at the 2010 census, and 49,234 at the 2017 census estimate. A suburb just north of Austin, and part of the metropolitan area, it is the fourth-fastest-growing city in the state of Texas. Leander was established in 1882 on land sold by the Austin and",
"title": "Leander, Texas"
},
{
"id": "5665388",
"text": "Atwater v. City of Lago Vista Atwater v. Lago Vista, 532 U.S. 318 (2001), was a United States Supreme Court decision which held that a person's Fourth Amendment rights are not violated when the subject is arrested for driving without a seatbelt. The court ruled that such an arrest for a misdemeanor that is punishable only by a fine does not constitute an unreasonable seizure under the Fourth Amendment. Texas law provides for police officer discretion in arresting any person caught committing a misdemeanor, such as violating its mandatory seat belt laws. Violation of its seat belt law in 1999",
"title": "Atwater v. City of Lago Vista"
},
{
"id": "11813063",
"text": "was $39,718. Males had a median income of $28,631 versus $21,023 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,288. About 9.2% of families and 13.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.6% of those under age 18 and 9.0% of those age 65 or over. La Grange students attend school in the La Grange Independent School District. Students attend Hermes Elementary School, La Grange Intermediate School, La Grange Middle School, and La Grange High School. La Grange, Texas La Grange ( ) is a city in Fayette County, Texas, United States, near the Colorado",
"title": "La Grange, Texas"
},
{
"id": "12529223",
"text": "rates of stroke death and disability in the seven states with the highest rates of stroke (Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee). The term \"stroke belt\" is modeled after similar terms used for U.S. regions such as \"snowbelt\" and \"Sun Belt\", which extend the analogy to the belt as an article of clothing. The coastal plain counties of the Carolinas and Georgia — where the stroke belt phenomenon was first described, and where stroke incidence is highest — are sometimes called the \"buckle of the stroke belt\". Stroke Belt Stroke Belt or Stroke Alley is a",
"title": "Stroke Belt"
},
{
"id": "402490",
"text": "The Southwestern Medical Center ranks \"among the top academic medical centers in the world\". The institution's medical school employs the most medical school Nobel laureates in the world. The Trust for America's Health ranked Texas 15th highest in adult obesity, with 27.2 percent of the state's population measured as obese. The 2008 Men's Health obesity survey ranked four Texas cities among the top 25 fattest cities in America; Houston ranked 6th, Dallas 7th, El Paso 8th, and Arlington 14th. Texas had only one city, Austin, ranked 21st, in the top 25 among the \"fittest cities\" in America. The same survey",
"title": "Texas"
},
{
"id": "619862",
"text": "with this door-mounted system. General Motors began offering automatic seat belts on the Chevrolet Chevette. However, the company reported disappointing sales because of this feature. A study released in 1978 by the United States Department of Transportation claimed that cars with automatic seat belts had a fatality rate of .78 per 100 million miles, compared with 2.34 for cars with regular, manual belts. In 1981, Drew Lewis, the first Transportation Secretary of the Reagan Administration, influenced by studies done by the auto industry, dropped the mandate; the decision was overruled in a federal appeals court the following year, and then",
"title": "Seat belt"
},
{
"id": "402458",
"text": "(3,721,318); the United Methodist Church with (1,035,168); and Islam (421,972). Known as the buckle of the Bible Belt, East Texas is socially conservative. The Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex is home to three major evangelical seminaries and a host of Bible schools. Lakewood Church in Houston, boasts the largest attendance in the nation averaging more than 43,000 weekly. Adherents of many other religions reside predominantly in the urban centers of Texas. In 1990, the Islamic population was about 140,000 with more recent figures putting the current number of Muslims between 350,000 and 400,000. The Jewish population is around 128,000. Around 146,000 adherents",
"title": "Texas"
},
{
"id": "1236983",
"text": "Richland Hills, Texas Richland Hills is a city in Tarrant County, Texas, United States. The population was 7,801 at the 2010 census. Richland Hills is located at (32.810080, -97.226369). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.2 square miles (8.2 km²), all of it land. As of the census of 2000, there were 8,132 people, 3,197 households, and 2,196 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,584.6 people per square mile (996.8/km²). There were 3,334 housing units at an average density of 1,059.6 per square mile (408.7/km²). The racial makeup of",
"title": "Richland Hills, Texas"
},
{
"id": "1337012",
"text": "18-35 will be 21.4%, 35-55 will be 30.74%, and anyone over the age of 55 will make up 19.54% of the residents. Education Est. for residents 25 and over will be. Less than 9th Grade 2.82%, Some High school 4.67%, High school graduate 20.30%, some college 25.21%, associate degree 7.39%, bachelor's degree 27.10%, master's degree 10.21%, professional degree 1.05%, doctorate degree 1.25%. The 2016 Estimated Average household income will be $111,177. Of which 16.42% will be $50,000-75,000, 14.75% $100,000-125,000, and 12.16% $125,000-150,000. Families living below poverty will make up 4.86% (with children 3.75%). The average household size will be 3.18.",
"title": "Mansfield, Texas"
},
{
"id": "1239175",
"text": "income for the city was $24,181. There were 3.7% of families and 5.3% of the population living below the poverty line, including 9.1% of under eighteens and 6.7% of those over 64. The City of Petronila is served by the Bishop Consolidated Independent School District. Petronila, Texas Petronila is a city in Nueces County, Texas, United States. The population of the city was 113 at the 2010 census. Petronila is located at (27.674613, -97.636360). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land. As of the census of 2000, there",
"title": "Petronila, Texas"
},
{
"id": "16359233",
"text": "legality of seat belts varies from state to state, with the first state to pass the law requiring all passengers to wear a seat belt being New York on December 1, 1984. Currently, there are no countries whose automobiles do not offer seat belts and it is a standardized practice worldwide. During the development of the seat belt, the federal legislation created several agencies responsible for automobile and road safety: The National Traffic Safety Agency, the National Highway Safety Agency, and the National Highway Safety Bureau, which were merged by the 1970 Highway Safety Act into the combined National Highway",
"title": "Williamson v. Mazda Motor of America, Inc."
},
{
"id": "619882",
"text": "who drove Hondas with seat belt reminders used a seat belt, while 84% of people who drove Hondas without seat belt reminders used a seat belt. Observational studies of car crash morbidity and mortality, experiments using both crash test dummies and human cadavers indicate that wearing seat belts greatly reduces the risk of death and injury in the majority of car crashes. This has led many countries to adopt mandatory seat belt wearing laws. It is generally accepted that, in comparing like-for-like accidents, a vehicle occupant not wearing a properly fitted seat belt has a significantly and substantially higher chance",
"title": "Seat belt"
},
{
"id": "402477",
"text": "weight loss programs for children in Texas have had limited success in reducing weight. For example, only 20% of children finish the Weigh of Life Program and many of them are likely to gain the weight back later on. For adults, surgery is an effective long-term treatment but it comes with several risks and complications. Environmental factors play a large role in obesity rates. Studies have shown that people who live in the same socioeconomic contexts in Texas, regardless of race, tend to have similar rates of obesity. Generally speaking, encouraging healthy habits, raising awareness, and educating people about portion",
"title": "Texas"
},
{
"id": "2909425",
"text": "near the baby, blankets should be light, a baby's head should never be covered, and other SIDS risk factors should be avoided. Co-sleeping deaths in Texas reached at least 182 in the 2013-2014 fiscal year, which ends on August 31, compared to 169 in the 2012-2013 period. Nearly all of the infants who died were under the age of one year. John Lennan, a spokesman for Webb County child protective services in Laredo, said that each family's situation is examined individually to offer recommendations for a safe environment for the children. The key to such sleeping arrangements is to make",
"title": "Co-sleeping"
},
{
"id": "19274523",
"text": "unpredictable outcome, especially on the Democratic statewide tickets since they lean heavily Democratic. The Hispanic turnout has increased by approximately 200,000 for each and every presidential election since 2000. The following are final 2016 predictions from various organizations for Texas as of Election Day. The voting age population was 19,307,355, of which 15,101,087 were registered to vote. Turnout was 8,969,226, which is 46.45% of the voting age population and 59.39% of registered voters. Thirteen candidates received write-in votes, of which the large majority (42,366) went to Evan McMullin. Trump won 22 of 36 congressional districts While he continued the Republican",
"title": "2016 United States presidential election in Texas"
},
{
"id": "938146",
"text": "the population were below the poverty line, including 24.10% of those under age 18 and 12.60% of those age 65 or over. Hockley County, Texas Hockley County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 22,935. Its county seat is Levelland. The county was created in 1876, but not organized until 1921. It is named for George Washington Hockley, a secretary of war of the Republic of Texas. Hockley County comprises the Levelland Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Lubbock–Levelland Combined Statistical Area. Hockley County was formed in",
"title": "Hockley County, Texas"
},
{
"id": "938958",
"text": "was $29,917, and the median income for a family was $35,326. Males had a median income of $25,854 versus $17,500 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,218. About 11.50% of families and 16.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.00% of those under age 18 and 12.50% of those age 65 or over. Briscoe County, Texas Briscoe County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of 2010 census, the population was 1,637. Its county seat is Silverton. The county was created in 1876 and later organized in 1892. It",
"title": "Briscoe County, Texas"
},
{
"id": "2035688",
"text": "inaccurate or hard to get. Some nations have not significantly reduced the total death rate, which stands at 12,000 in Thailand in 2007, for example. In the United States, twenty-eight states had reductions in the number of automobile crash fatalities between 2005 and 2006. 55% of vehicle occupants 16 years or older in 2006 were not using seat belts when they crashed. Road fatality trends tend to follow Smeed's law, an empirical schema that correlates increased fatality rates per capita with traffic congestion. According to the \"Handbook on estimation of external costs in the transport sector\" made by the Delft",
"title": "Effects of the car on societies"
},
{
"id": "9250838",
"text": "2011-2012 school year, according to government data. The rate of school corporal punishment in Texas is surpassed only by Mississippi, Alabama, and Arkansas. The (STAAR) is a standardized test used in Texas primary and secondary schools to assess students' attainment of reading, writing, math, science, and social studies skills required under Texas education standards. It is developed and scored by Pearson Educational Measurement with close supervision by the Texas Education Agency. Though created before the No Child Left Behind Act was passed, it complies with the law. It replaced the previous test, called the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills",
"title": "Education in Texas"
},
{
"id": "1237571",
"text": "median income of $36,318 versus $18,500 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $10,332. About 16.2% of families and 20.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.8% of those under age 18 and 12.8% of those age 65 or over. Bloomington is served by the Bloomington Independent School District. Bloomington, Texas Bloomington is a census-designated place (CDP) in Victoria County, Texas, United States. The population was 2,459 at the 2010 census. It is included in the Victoria, Texas, Metropolitan Statistical Area. Bloomington is located at (28.646639, -96.896556). According to the United States Census Bureau,",
"title": "Bloomington, Texas"
},
{
"id": "412012",
"text": "most dividends and interest are taxable. The tax rate was 6% from 1937 to 2016, but is 3% for the 2018 tax year and is set to ramp down to zero in 2021. The first $1,250 of individual income and $2,500 of joint income is exempt from this tax. The state's sales and use tax rate for most items is 7%. Food is taxed at a lower rate of 5.25%, but candy, dietary supplements and prepared food are taxed at the full 7% rate. Local sales taxes are collected in most jurisdictions, at rates varying from 1.5% to 2.75%, bringing",
"title": "Tennessee"
},
{
"id": "1226462",
"text": "were 88.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.5 males. The median income for a household in the city was $34,148, and the median income for a family was $39,375. Males had a median income of $30,529 versus $21,607 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,977. About 9.2% of families and 12.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.8% of those under age 18 and 11.8% of those age 65 or over. The Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park, operated by the National Park Service, is west of",
"title": "Johnson City, Texas"
},
{
"id": "1239163",
"text": "$19,750 for females. The per capita income for the city was $11,707. About 14.1% of families and 13.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.1% of those under age 18 and 29.9% of those age 65 or over. Driscoll, Texas Driscoll is a city in Nueces County, Texas, United States. The population was 739 at the 2010 census, down from 825 at the 2000 census. Driscoll is located at (27.672549, -97.751059). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land. As of the census of 2000, there",
"title": "Driscoll, Texas"
},
{
"id": "1336404",
"text": "temperature being in 2000. On average, the coolest month is January, with the lowest recorded temperature was in 1989. The maximum average precipitation occurs in May. As of the 2010 census, 226,876 people, 75,696 households, and 56,272 families resided in the city. The population density was 3,973.3 people per square mile (1,534.1/km²). The 80,834 housing units averaged 1,415.7 per square mile (546.5/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 57.5% White, 14.5% African American, 0.8% Native American, 9.4% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 14.4% some other race, and 3.3% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were",
"title": "Garland, Texas"
},
{
"id": "913434",
"text": "household in the county was $33,713, and the median income for a family was $39,091. Males had a median income of $26,845 versus $20,185 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,806. About 10.50% of families and 19.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.00% of those under age 18 and 7.90% of those age 65 or over. In presidential elections, Oldham County is solidly Republican. Oldham County, Texas Oldham County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 2,052. Its county seat is",
"title": "Oldham County, Texas"
},
{
"id": "3198172",
"text": "campaign. In May 2002, the ten states with the most comprehensive campaigns saw an increase of 8.6 percentage points, from 68.5% to 77.1%, in safety belt usage over a four-week period (Solomon, Ulmer, & Preusser, 2002). Recently, Congress approved $30 million in television and radio advertising at both the national and state levels. Before 1980, usage of seat belts in the United States lingered around 11% despite volunteer and educational campaigns at local, county, and state levels. Between 1980 and 1984, individual organizations, public education programs, incentives and policy changes strove to increase the use of seat belts. However, these",
"title": "Click It or Ticket"
},
{
"id": "1230717",
"text": "the population was spread out with 31.0% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 23.5% from 25 to 44, 21.6% from 45 to 64, and 14.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.2 males. The median income for a household in the city was $25,595, and the median income for a family was $29,688. Males had a median income of $27,396 versus $15,938 for females. The per capita income for the",
"title": "Earth, Texas"
},
{
"id": "1230561",
"text": "and the median income for a family was $29,295. Males had a median income of $20,972 versus $15,000 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $12,687. About 27.1% of families and 29.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 39.2% of those under age 18 and 3.3% of those age 65 or over. Comfort is served by the Comfort Independent School District. Comfort, Texas Comfort is a census-designated place (CDP) in Kendall County, Texas, United States. As of July 1, 2017, the population of Comfort is 3,189. It is part of the San Antonio Metropolitan",
"title": "Comfort, Texas"
},
{
"id": "912801",
"text": "was $38,732, and the median income for a family was $44,443. Males had a median income of $35,484 versus $21,231 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,379. About 10.50% of families and 12.90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.20% of those under age 18 and 11.70% of those age 65 or over. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (0.8%) is water. Victoria County, Texas Victoria County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the",
"title": "Victoria County, Texas"
},
{
"id": "937950",
"text": "for a family was $34,966. Males had a median income of $24,844 versus $20,431 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,127. About 13.40% of families and 18.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.80% of those under age 18 and 14.20% of those age 65 or over. The Junction Independent School District serves most of Kimble County, including the city of Junction as well as the communities of London, Roosevelt, and Telegraph. The southeastern portion of the county is part of the Harper Independent School District, which is headquartered in the Gillespie County",
"title": "Kimble County, Texas"
},
{
"id": "913263",
"text": "$34,836, and for a family was $40,002. Males had a median income of $31,132 versus $20,730 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,425. About 14.60% of families and 18.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.50% of those under age 18 and 16.80% of those age 65 or over. San Patricio County, Texas San Patricio County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 64,804. Its county seat is Sinton. San Patricio County is part of the Corpus Christi, TX Metropolitan Statistical Area. In",
"title": "San Patricio County, Texas"
},
{
"id": "619836",
"text": "in combination with air bags. The range of fatality reduction for front seat passengers was broad, from 20% to 55%, as was the range of major injury, from 25% to 60%. More recently, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has summarized this data by stating \"seat belts reduce serious crash-related injuries and deaths by about half.\" Most seatbelt malfunctions are a result of there being too much slack in the seatbelt at the time of the accident. Seat belts were invented by English engineer George Cayley in the mid-19th century, though Edward J. Claghorn of New York, was granted",
"title": "Seat belt"
},
{
"id": "402428",
"text": "in 2009 was $36,484, ranking 29th in the nation. Texas's large population, abundance of natural resources, thriving cities and leading centers of higher education have contributed to a large and diverse economy. Since oil was discovered, the state's economy has reflected the state of the petroleum industry. In recent times, urban centers of the state have increased in size, containing two-thirds of the population in 2005. The state's economic growth has led to urban sprawl and its associated symptoms. As of April 2013, the state's unemployment rate is 6.4 percent. In 2010, \"Site Selection Magazine\" ranked Texas as the most",
"title": "Texas"
},
{
"id": "1236994",
"text": "was 3.03 and the average family size was 3.38. According to ESRI data in 2017, there were 21,889 people, 6546 households, and 5525 families residing in the city. The Population density was 2,900.0 per square mile. There were 7,315 housing units. The racial makeup of the city was 79.4% White, 5.2% African American, .8% Native American, 2.3% Asian, .1% Pacific Isander, 8.6% some other race alone, 3.5% two or more races. Hispanic were 27.8% of the population. The age distribution was 0-4 7.8%, 5-9 7.8%, 10-14 8.0%, 15-24 13.6%, 18+ 72.0%, 25-34 14.1%, 35-44 14.5%, 45-54 14.0%, 55-64 10.7%, 65-74",
"title": "Saginaw, Texas"
},
{
"id": "402480",
"text": "abuse and alcoholism can lead to a variety of health issues including liver damage, heart problems, cancer, and depression. Further, 61% of high school students in Texas have tried alcohol and 17% of Texas high school students had their first drink before the age of 13. The Texas Ignition Interlock Law went into effect during September 2015. This law requires judges to order ignition interlocks for all drunk-drivers with a Blood Alcohol Level of 0.15% or greater. Since the passing of this law, the drunk driving related death rate in Texas has decreased by 8.5%. Texas has the highest maternal",
"title": "Texas"
},
{
"id": "913439",
"text": "a family was $45,565. Males had a median income of $31,558 versus $19,890 for females, indicating a relatively high level of income inequality based on gender. The per capita income for the county was $16,707. Thirteen percent of the population and 9.8 percent of families were below the poverty line; 17.9 percent of those under the age of 18 and 8.7 percent of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. Those making less than $25,000 per year comprised 32.2 percent of the population, while 1.9 percent made more than $150,000, according to the 2000 census. 17.5 percent",
"title": "Ochiltree County, Texas"
},
{
"id": "8239680",
"text": "1% may be approved by voters for any combination of county sales tax, transportation districts, economic development, and/or crime prevention. The average sales tax in Texas amounts to 8.25 percent. The state determines the items subject to sales tax, which all other entities must follow. Motor vehicle sales are subject only to the 6.25% state sales tax. Food, except for prepared food, and non-prescription medicines are among the major items exempt from sales tax. While property taxes are among the highest in the nation, property costs are also among the lowest in the nation. Property taxes constitute the majority of",
"title": "Economy of Texas"
},
{
"id": "1336417",
"text": "University and previously known as Abilene Christian University at Dallas. The city of Garland has a lower than average percentage of households without a car. In 2015, 4.6 percent of Garland households lacked a car, and that figure was virtually unchanged in 2016 (4.4 percent). The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Garland averaged 2.04 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8. According to the American Community Survey for 2016 (5-year average), 78.8 percent of Garland residents commuted by driving alone, 13.1 carpooled, 2.5 used public transportation, and .9 percent walked. About 1.3 percent",
"title": "Garland, Texas"
},
{
"id": "912937",
"text": "county has an area of , of which is land and (4.3%) is water. As of the 2015 Texas Population Estimate Program, the population of the county was 1,960,741: non-Hispanic whites 916,941 (46.8%); Black Americans 299,637 (15.3%); other non-Hispanic 158,299 (8.1%); Hispanics and Latinos (of any race) 585,864 (29.9%). As of the census of 2010, there were 1,809,034 people. Tarrant County is currently the most populous county in the Dallas-Ft. Worth Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,446,219 people, 533,864 households, and 369,433 families residing in the county. The population density was 1,675 people per",
"title": "Tarrant County, Texas"
},
{
"id": "4960502",
"text": "increased from approximately 11% in 1981 to 68% in 1997 (8). Safety belt use began to increase following enactment of the first state mandatory-use laws in 1984. In 1997, all states except New Hampshire had safety-belt use laws. Primary laws (which allow police to stop vehicles simply because occupants are not wearing safety belts) are more effective than secondary laws (which require that a vehicle be stopped for some other traffic violation). The prevalence of safety belt use after enactment of primary laws increased 1.5-4.3 times, and motor-vehicle-related fatality rates decreased 13%-46%. \"Child-safety and booster seats:\" All states had passed",
"title": "National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act"
},
{
"id": "913408",
"text": "was $20,305. About 5.90% of families and 8.30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.30% of those under age 18 and 9.60% of those age 65 or over. Parker County, like most suburban counties in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metropolitan Area, has been a Republican stronghold for decades. Republicans have held all public offices since 1999 and the county has not voted for a Democratic Presidential candidate since 1976. Parker County, Texas Parker County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 116,927. The county seat is Weatherford.",
"title": "Parker County, Texas"
},
{
"id": "1230700",
"text": "Sun Valley, Texas Sun Valley is a small city in Lamar County, Texas, United States. The population was 51 at the 2000 census. Sun Valley is located at (33.666881, -95.427795). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. As of the census of 2000, there were 51 people, 18 households, and 14 families residing in the city. The population density was 332.0 people per square mile (131.3/km²). There were 31 housing units at an average density of 201.8/sq mi (79.8/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 86.27% White, 13.73% from",
"title": "Sun Valley, Texas"
},
{
"id": "937947",
"text": "in 1940, the population began to decline during the post-war period. Kimble County lost 715 people or 15 percent of its population between 1950 and 1970. A small recovery was registered by 1980 that continued through 2000. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (0.02%) is water. As of census of 2000, there are 4,468 people, 1,866 households, and 1,285 families residing in the county. The population density was 4 people per square mile (1/km²). There were 2,996 housing units at an average density of 2 per square",
"title": "Kimble County, Texas"
},
{
"id": "402427",
"text": "the 4th highest incarceration rate in the US. Texas also has strong self defense laws, allowing citizens to use lethal force to defend themselves, their families, or their property. As of 2017, Texas had a gross state product (GSP) of $1.696 trillion, the second highest in the U.S. Its GSP is greater than the GDPs of Canada, South Korea, Russia and Australia, which are the world's 10th-, 11th-, 12th- and 13th-largest economies, respectively. Texas's economy is the fourth-largest of any country subdivision globally, behind England (as part of the UK), California, and Japan's Kantō region. Its per capita personal income",
"title": "Texas"
},
{
"id": "937873",
"text": "females. The per capita income for the county was $16,398. About 10.20% of families and 13.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.20% of those under age 18 and 18.40% of those age 65 or over. The following school public school districts are located in Lavaca County. Lavaca County Texas is a very conservative County and has been getting more conservative since 1992. The last Democrat to win the county was Jimmy Carter in 1976. Lavaca County, Texas Lavaca County ( ) is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census,",
"title": "Lavaca County, Texas"
},
{
"id": "913474",
"text": "About 15.50% of families and 23.30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.10% of those under age 18 and 13.90% of those age 65 or over. Greyhound Lines operates the Nacogdoches Station at the Kerrville Bus Company station in Nacogdoches. Nacogdoches County, Texas Nacogdoches County ( ) is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 64,524. Its county seat is Nacogdoches. The county was created in 1826 as a municipality of Mexico and organized as a county in 1837. The Nacogdoches, TX Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all",
"title": "Nacogdoches County, Texas"
},
{
"id": "1231460",
"text": "summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Rockdale has a humid subtropical climate, \"Cfa\" on climate maps. As of the census of 2017, there were 5,605people, 2,088 households, and 1,395 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,343.3 people per square mile (670.9/km²). There were 2,379 housing units at an average density of 759.2 per square mile (293.5/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 70.69% White, 14.29% African American, 0.35% Native American, 0.42% Asian, 12.23% from other races, and 2.02% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any",
"title": "Rockdale, Texas"
},
{
"id": "912798",
"text": "Victoria County, Texas Victoria County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 86,793. Its county seat is Victoria. Victoria County is included in the Victoria, TX Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the census of 2000, there were 84,088 people, 30,071 households, and 22,192 families residing in the county. The population density was 95 people per square mile (37/km²). There were 32,945 housing units at an average density of 37 per square mile (14/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 74.22% White, 6.30% Black or African American, 0.53% Native",
"title": "Victoria County, Texas"
}
] | what is the seatbelt compliancy rate in texas |
[
"20 March 2018"
] | [
{
"id": "18848166",
"text": "Electronic Entertainment Expo 2015 (E3). Gameplay was first shown at E3 2016. The game was scheduled to launch on Windows and Xbox One in 2017, but it was delayed until 20 March 2018. The game is part of Microsoft's Xbox Play Anywhere cross-buy program, meaning that purchasers of the downloadable version of the game can play the game on both a Windows 10 computer and an Xbox One. Additionally, the game is playable at launch for those subscribed to Xbox Game Pass. \"Sea of Thieves\" received \"mixed or average\" reviews from critics, according to review aggregator Metacritic. Many noted that",
"title": "Sea of Thieves"
},
{
"id": "18848161",
"text": "Sea of Thieves Sea of Thieves is an action-adventure video game developed by Rare and published by Microsoft Studios for Windows and Xbox One. The game allows players to take the role of a pirate sailing the seas of a fantastical world either solo or as part of a crew of up to four players. The game features both co-operative and player versus player combat. It was released to a limited selection of countries on 20 March 2018 and received mixed reviews from critics. \"Sea of Thieves\" is a pirate-themed action-adventure cooperative multiplayer game played from a first-person perspective. The",
"title": "Sea of Thieves"
},
{
"id": "18848169",
"text": "repetitive grind. Upon release, a large number of players reported having trouble logging into the game. Rare studio head Craig Duncan and executive producer Joe Neate explained that due to a higher-than-expected number of players getting the game on day one, they had to turn some away in order to stop servers from crashing. Sea of Thieves Sea of Thieves is an action-adventure video game developed by Rare and published by Microsoft Studios for Windows and Xbox One. The game allows players to take the role of a pirate sailing the seas of a fantastical world either solo or as",
"title": "Sea of Thieves"
},
{
"id": "18848165",
"text": "at the time. Instead of a regular character creator, the game features an \"infinite pirate generator\", that randomly generates a carousel of eight pirates with various body types and faces; players can pick one to play, look at eight more, or can lock one appearance in place while the others change. In November 2016, Rare launched the Insider Programme to give select members access to an in-development version of the game. Rare used the Insider Programme for testing purposes and to get feedback from players. In June 2015, \"Sea of Thieves\" was announced at Microsoft's Xbox press conference at the",
"title": "Sea of Thieves"
},
{
"id": "20025147",
"text": "make their way onto Game Pass, as well. On January 23, 2018, Microsoft announced an expansion of Game Pass that would see first-party titles arrive on the catalog day-and-date with the retail release of the game. \"Sea of Thieves\" was the first new title to appear on Game Pass on its retail launch date, March 20, 2018. \"Crackdown 3\", \"State of Decay 2\" and \"Forza Horizon 4\" will also be added upon launch, although their launch dates were not announced at the time, and future releases in existing Microsoft franchises, such as \"Halo\" and \"Gears of War\", will also be",
"title": "Xbox Game Pass"
},
{
"id": "11372686",
"text": "Director, respectively. Mayles also donates money for poor children. He started a \"Very Purple Marathon\" in April 2009. The marathon was supported by Rare itself, donating 2,110 euros. Mayles also posted comments on the website The Rare Witch Project as \"Ghouly Boy\". His younger brother is video game artist Steve Mayles, who also worked at Rare from 1992 to 2014. At E3 2015, Gregg Mayles was announced as the lead designer for Rare's upcoming Windows and Xbox One game \"Sea of Thieves\". Gregg Mayles Gregory Ashley \"Gregg\" Mayles (born 29 April 1971) is a British video game designer currently working",
"title": "Gregg Mayles"
},
{
"id": "18848162",
"text": "game features cross-platform play between Windows-based personal computers and Xbox One video game consoles. A group of players travel and explore an open world via a pirate ship and assume different roles such as steering, hoisting sails, navigation, and firing cannons. Players embark on quests, collect loot and engage in combat with other players. \"Sea of Thieves\" is a shared game world, which means groups of players will encounter each other regularly throughout their adventures. The game has a cartoonish art style and an exaggerated physics engine that allow players to perform stunts, like being shot out of ship cannons.",
"title": "Sea of Thieves"
},
{
"id": "19571722",
"text": "Den of Thieves (film) Den of Thieves (released in some countries as Criminal Squad) is a 2018 American heist film written, directed, and produced by Christian Gudegast and starring Gerard Butler, Curtis \"50 Cent\" Jackson, Pablo Schreiber, O'Shea Jackson Jr., Evan Jones, Dawn Olivieri, Mo McRae, and Max Holloway. In the film, an elite group of County Sheriff Deputies look to stop a gang of thieves planning to rob the Federal Reserve in Los Angeles. The film was released in the United States on January 19, 2018, distributed by STXfilms, received mixed reviews and grossed $80 million worldwide. A sequel",
"title": "Den of Thieves (film)"
},
{
"id": "2006234",
"text": "the \"Killer Instinct\" series; racing games, such as \"R.C. Pro-Am\" and \"Diddy Kong Racing\", and beat 'em up-shoot 'em up games such as \"Battletoads\" and \"Captain Skyhawk\". Since Rare has usually been associated with a video-game console manufacturer (such as Nintendo and Microsoft), most of their titles have been developed for a particular platform. Since E3 2015, Rare has been working on \"Sea of Thieves\", a pirate-themed MMO for Xbox One and Windows 10. The company's cancelled projects include \"Dream: Land of Giants\", which became \"Banjo-Kazooie\"; \"Perfect Dark Core\", originally the sequel of the first \"Perfect Dark\"; \"Black Widow\", an",
"title": "Rare (company)"
},
{
"id": "16999144",
"text": "reached over 24 million units sold as of May 2006. Microsoft's second console, the Xbox 360, was released in 2005 and has sold over 77.2 million consoles worldwide as of April 2013. The Xbox One has been released in 21 markets in total, with a Chinese release in September 2014. The head of Xbox is Phil Spencer, who succeeded former head Marc Whitten in late March 2014. The original Xbox was released on November 15, 2001, in North America, February 22, 2002, in Japan, and March 14, 2002, in Australia and Europe. It was Microsoft's first foray into the gaming",
"title": "Xbox"
},
{
"id": "20642197",
"text": "album's lead single, \"Bodak Yellow\", was released on June 16, 2017. It topped the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart and was certified septuple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). \"Bartier Cardi\" was released on December 22, 2017 as the second single and features American rapper 21 Savage. It peaked at number 14 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and was certified double platinum by the RIAA. \"Be Careful\" was released as the third single on March 30, 2018. It peaked at number 11 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and was certified platinum by the RIAA. \"I",
"title": "Invasion of Privacy (album)"
},
{
"id": "4863410",
"text": "to the Electronic Entertainment Expo in June 2017, though Loftis would make the final call on the timing. The game was released on May 16, 2017, which Microsoft confirmed a day prior to that. Microsoft released it as a free-to-play title for Xbox One and Windows 10 users with Xbox Play Anywhere support. It has received generally favorable reviews, which praise its level of graphics and gameplay. The Xbox release was given an 8.5 on IGN. The game was also well received with \"Edge\" magazine giving an 8/10. It has a calculated aggregate score of 81 on Metacritic, and an",
"title": "Phantom Dust"
},
{
"id": "2006192",
"text": "In 2007, founders Tim and Chris Stamper left the company to pursue \"other opportunities\" and, in 2010, the company's focus shifted to the Xbox Live Avatar and Kinect, releasing three different \"Kinect Sports\" games. In 2015, Rare released \"Rare Replay\", a compilation of 30 games produced by the company to celebrate their 30th anniversary which was made exclusively for Xbox One. Rare recently developed \"Sea of Thieves\", a multiplayer adventure game. Several key employees left Rare to form their own companies, such as Free Radical Design and Playtonic Games. Rare is widely recognised by the gaming industry and has received",
"title": "Rare (company)"
},
{
"id": "20199884",
"text": "announcement of the game's final title, the project was codenamed \"Dylan\" internally by BioWare. Drew Karpyshyn worked on the game's writing before leaving in early 2018. The game's soundtrack was composed by Sarah Schachner. BioWare Edmonton teased the game at E3 2014. \"Anthem\" was teased during EA's \"EA Play\" pre-E3 press conference on June 10, 2017. Gameplay was demonstrated for the first time during Microsoft's E3 press conference, the next day running on Xbox One X. At E3 2017, when the game was announced, its intended release date was Q4 2018, but was pushed back in January 2018 to early",
"title": "Anthem (video game)"
},
{
"id": "16948936",
"text": "2015 and in Europe on June 4, 2015. A PlayStation 3 port was developed by Abstraction Games and released in North America on June 23, 2015, as well as in Europe on June 24, 2015. An Xbox One version was released on August 26, 2015. \"Don't Starve: Shipwrecked\", co-developed by \"Super Time Force\" studio Capybara Games, was released on PC on the first day of December 2015 in early access. This expansion includes new characters, biomes, creatures, and seasonal effects. \"Don't Starve: Pocket Edition\" was released on July 9, 2015, for iOS and includes the Reign of Giants DLC. The",
"title": "Don't Starve"
},
{
"id": "17611780",
"text": "provide additional funds for further expansion. The term may also be used in a derogatory way to describe games released to the public at large under the presumption they were completed games, but still required a high degree of patching or updates to resolve large numbers of software bugs or to add features missing at launch, even if this was not the intent of the developer or publisher. Full release games such as \"No Man's Sky\", \"\", and \"Sea of Thieves\" have been negatively labeled by critics as \"early access\" in this manner. For games that expect to be released",
"title": "Early access"
},
{
"id": "19215220",
"text": "10, 2015. It was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows, OS X and Linux through Steam on June 7, 2016, for the PlayStation 4 and the PlayStation Vita via the PlayStation Store on June 7, 2016 in North America and on June 8, 2016 in Europe and Australia. It was released both physically and digitally (through the Nintendo eShop) for the Wii U on September 30, 2016 in Europe and Australia and in North America on October 20, 2016. It was released worldwide on the iOS App store on November 9, 2016. On December 28, 2017, the game was released worldwide",
"title": "SteamWorld Heist"
},
{
"id": "19571733",
"text": "Jackson Jr. were in talks to reprise their roles. Den of Thieves (film) Den of Thieves (released in some countries as Criminal Squad) is a 2018 American heist film written, directed, and produced by Christian Gudegast and starring Gerard Butler, Curtis \"50 Cent\" Jackson, Pablo Schreiber, O'Shea Jackson Jr., Evan Jones, Dawn Olivieri, Mo McRae, and Max Holloway. In the film, an elite group of County Sheriff Deputies look to stop a gang of thieves planning to rob the Federal Reserve in Los Angeles. The film was released in the United States on January 19, 2018, distributed by STXfilms, received",
"title": "Den of Thieves (film)"
},
{
"id": "10409701",
"text": "3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter:",
"title": "2007 Orlando Predators season"
},
{
"id": "19021983",
"text": "10, 2018, a trailer for \"The Raven Remastered\" was released by THQ Nordic. The game was released on March 13, 2018 for PC, Mac, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One, and will be enhanced for the Xbox One X. A Nintendo Switch version will be released in 2019. The game received mixed or average reviews from critics on Metacritic with a score of 74. IGN made a favorable comparison between Legacy of a Master Thief and classic literary works such as \"And Then There Were None\". Joystiq praised the game for its writing and voice acting, praising in particular the nuances",
"title": "The Raven: Legacy of a Master Thief"
},
{
"id": "20159134",
"text": "master\". The game was announced in May 2017 during Ubisoft's earning's call. It was revealed at E3 2017 accompanied with a cinematic trailer and gameplay demonstrations. The game was originally set to be released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on March 16, 2018, however, in early December 2017 Ubisoft announced that the game was postponed towards mid- or late-2018, in order to give developers more time to deliver a quality product. A closed alpha for PC was held from 14 to 19 of March 2018 and a closed beta was held from 31 of May to 4",
"title": "The Crew 2"
},
{
"id": "12858143",
"text": "2013. The 2014 Season Pack was released on 30 June 2014 for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 on 9 July 2014. A mobile port was released on iOS on 28 May 2015 and Android on 26 September, 2015. It was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. It was developed by Wicked Witch Software and was released on May 5 2017 for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, with the Microsoft Windows version released on July 21, 2017 via Steam. The 2018 Season Pack was later released on May 3rd, 2018. It was released for the Nintendo DS on",
"title": "AFL (video game series)"
},
{
"id": "15580813",
"text": "down, which they did on 1 February 2015. Versions for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One were respectively released in September and October 2018. In November 2018, the game added a battle pass feature, known as \"The Syndicate\". \"Warface\" received mixed reviews from critics, according to review aggregator Metacritic. Warface Warface is a free-to-play online first-person shooter developed by Crytek Kiev and co-produced by Crytek Seoul, with Crytek UK developing the Xbox 360 port. The game was developed with Crytek's CryEngine V. The Xbox 360 port was discontinued in February 2015, and then relaunched for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox",
"title": "Warface"
},
{
"id": "20441045",
"text": "filled out with the additions of Beau Knapp, Jade Pettyjohn, Toby Huss, Zach Villa, and James Jordan. Annapurna Pictures will distribute the film for its United States release. It had its world premiere at the Telluride Film Festival on August 31, 2018. It was also screened at the 2018 Toronto International Film Festival, in the Platform program. It was also screened at AFI Fest on November 13, 2018. It is scheduled to be released on December 25, 2018. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 78% based on 64 reviews, with an average rating of",
"title": "Destroyer (2018 film)"
},
{
"id": "16057363",
"text": "original release date was planned for March 25, 2014 for premium members and April 8, 2014 for non-premium members but was delayed several hours before release for Xbox One and PC without a new release date being set. On March 26, 2014, \"Naval Strike\" was released for premium members on PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4 and Xbox 360. The Xbox One version was released for premium members on March 27, 2014, and the PC version was released on March 31, 2014. At Gamescom 2013 DICE unveiled \"Battlefield 4: Dragon's Teeth\". Its maps take place in war-torn cities locked down by the",
"title": "Battlefield 4"
},
{
"id": "2006223",
"text": "new compilation game, \"Rare Replay\" celebrating the studio's 30th anniversary, was introduced; it was released in August. The compilation, with 30 of the studio's published titles, lacked some popular Rare franchises, including \"Donkey Kong\" and \"Goldeneye 007\", due to licensing issues with Nintendo. \"Rare Replay\" became the most pre-ordered game shown at E3 that year and received critical acclaim upon launch. A new game, \"Sea of Thieves\", which was a multiplayer adventure game marketed as \"The Best Game That Rare Has Ever Made\", was introduced at E3 that year. It was delayed at the following year's conference and was released",
"title": "Rare (company)"
},
{
"id": "10409773",
"text": "Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd",
"title": "2007 Dallas Desperados season"
},
{
"id": "18822362",
"text": "received an Early Access release for Linux and OS X on July 1, 2015, and through the Xbox Game Preview Program for Xbox One on December 16, 2015; a PlayStation 4 version was released on December 6, 2016. The final game launched in August 2017; it was originally intended for release in June 2016, but was delayed in April. The game launched with support for Oculus Rift and PlayStation VR, and the Xbox One version was released via the ID@Xbox program. Android and iOS versions were released on June 14, 2018, and a Nintendo Switch version is due on November",
"title": "Ark: Survival Evolved"
},
{
"id": "20394663",
"text": "vicious fight, Rasknitt is at last slain. The lair and the Skittergate collapse, whilst the heroes escape back to the keep. \"Vermintide 2\" was developed by Swedish video game studio Fatshark. \"Vermintide 2\" was announced in August 2017. The game's worldwide reveal occurred on 17 October 2017. The game was released for Windows on 8 March 2018. The game was released for the Xbox One on 11 July 2018 and is available at no cost to Xbox Game Pass subscribers. The game was released on the PlayStation 4 on 18 December 2018. The game sold over 500,000 copies in four",
"title": "Warhammer: Vermintide 2"
},
{
"id": "8574535",
"text": "Battlefield: Bad Company Battlefield: Bad Company is a first-person shooter developed by EA DICE for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, and part of the \"Battlefield\" series. It was released in North America on 23 June 2008, followed by a European release on 26 June. The game was hinted at just before the release of \"Battlefield 2\", and announced sixteen months later. A direct sequel, \"\", was released for the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and PC on 2 March 2010. The player controls protagonist Private Preston Marlowe and his exploits to steal gold from mercenaries along with his squad, in the",
"title": "Battlefield: Bad Company"
},
{
"id": "10409878",
"text": "Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th",
"title": "2007 New York Dragons season"
},
{
"id": "18455747",
"text": "An early access version was instead released on Steam in July 2016, with an Xbox Game Preview version was released for Xbox One in June 2017. As of June 2017, Gallat estimated that the game was 45 percent complete. In February 2018, Gallat announced that the Windows version's final release date would be on March 13, 2018, with the Xbox One and PlayStation 4 versions planned for release by the end of the year. \"Ghost of a Tale\" has received generally favourable reviews, according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. The game's Metacritic score currently stands at 75% based on",
"title": "Ghost of a Tale"
},
{
"id": "18848167",
"text": "the game was lacking in content, and criticised Rare's decision to charge full-price. Writing for \"Polygon\", Russ Frushtick gave the game 6.5/10, saying \"\"Sea of Thieves\" has the foundation of an incredible experience. It is a true pirate game that simulates the experience of piracy perfectly. And yet, after those first few jaw-dropping hours, you’re going to start feeling less like Blackbeard and more like Blackbeard’s accountant.\" Similarly, Kirk McKeand of VG24/7 wrote that the game \"just needs more. It needs more ways to play, more mission variety, more enemy variants than just different coloured skeletons, and more meaningful progression.",
"title": "Sea of Thieves"
},
{
"id": "11421619",
"text": "to obtain. The Cops and Robbers Pack and Big Surf Island were never released for the Microsoft Windows release of the original version, but are now included in the \"Remastered\" release. A remastered version of \"Burnout Paradise\" was released for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One consoles on 16 March 2018; a version for Windows was released for Origin Access subscribers on 16 August and was fully released on 21 August 2018 via Origin platform. The remaster contains all the previously released downloadable content, except for the Time Savers Pack (a DLC pack that unlocks all vehicles in the game without",
"title": "Burnout Paradise"
},
{
"id": "6436381",
"text": "Princess of Thieves Princess of Thieves is a romantic adventure TV movie starring Keira Knightley, produced by Granada Productions in 2001 and first broadcast on \"The Wonderful World of Disney\" on ABC in the United States that same year. Co-starring in the film are Malcolm McDowell as the Sheriff, Jonathan Hyde as Prince John, Stuart Wilson as Robin Hood, Del Synnott as Froderick, and Stephen Moyer as Philip. The movie was directed by Peter Hewitt and filmed in Romania. The film's plotline draws inspiration from the classic Robin Hood legend, which has been adapted many times for screen. Years after",
"title": "Princess of Thieves"
},
{
"id": "8359765",
"text": "version of the musical previewed Off-Broadway on March 23, 2017 at the Lucille Lortel Theatre. It officially opened on April 4, 2017, and ran until May 6 of the same year. On June 20, a cast recording was released on the Broadway Records label. In August 2017, it was announced that the two-hour long production would be going on a national tour beginning in the fall of 2018. \"The Lightning Thief\" is followed by \"The Sea of Monsters\" in which Percy and Annabeth rescue Grover who has been imprisoned by Polyphemus, the Cyclopes, and recover the Golden Fleece to save",
"title": "The Lightning Thief"
},
{
"id": "20021573",
"text": "through December 31, 2019. Warner Brothers was criticized for attempting to cash in on Michael Forgey's death. Following public backlash, on September 27, 2017, the DLC was made free to all who purchased the game and all proceeds were refunded to those who purchased it beforehand, in favor of Warner Bros making a lump sum donation to the Forgey family. \"Shadow of War\" was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One. The Play Anywhere feature extends to Microsoft's premium console, the Xbox One X. The title was originally scheduled to be released in August 2017, but in June",
"title": "Middle-earth: Shadow of War"
},
{
"id": "19966360",
"text": "production. Like its predecessor, Obsidian chose to launch a crowdfunding campaign to raise money for the development of \"Deadfire\". The campaign launched on January 26, 2017 on the Fig platform with a funding goal of million with 2.25 million open for equity. The funding goal was achieved in under 23 hours, and surpassed $4.4 million by the end of the campaign. The game was released for Microsoft Windows, Linux, and macOS on May 8, 2018, and will be released in 2019 for the Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One. A downloadable content pack, \"Critical Role Pack\" was released for",
"title": "Pillars of Eternity II: Deadfire"
},
{
"id": "10416126",
"text": "Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance:",
"title": "2007 Utah Blaze season"
},
{
"id": "18366453",
"text": "having showtimes at either 2 am or 3 am to accommodate demand. In India, the film had the biggest release ever for a Hollywood film, opening on nearly 2,000 screens in four languages. The film also screened in 515 4DX theaters in 59 countries. \"Avengers: Infinity War\" was originally scheduled to be released on May 4, 2018 in the United States. The Chinese release of the film, which opened on May 11, 2018, was originally scheduled to end on June 10, 2018, but was granted a \"rare\" extension of 30 days, to end on July 9, 2018. Select footage from",
"title": "Avengers: Infinity War"
},
{
"id": "17668355",
"text": "player actions and enemy movements); combat music included waterphones and spring drums. In August 2013 an artist mentioned that Monolith Productions was working on a AAA title separate from \"Guardians of Middle-earth\", and on November 12 its title was announced. Although the game was originally scheduled for release on October 7, 2014, according to Warner Bros. its release was moved up to September 30 in North America and October 3 in the United Kingdom due to \"fans' excitement\". The PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions were released on November 18 in North America and November 21 in Europe. On December",
"title": "Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor"
},
{
"id": "17287985",
"text": "at 4:30pm (GMT). The company announced a November 2013 release date for its forthcoming Xbox One console, priced at $499. The software lineup was also revealed, including \"Dead Rising 3\", \"Quantum Break\", \"\" and the next installment of \"Halo\", later revealed to be . Controversy arose during Microsoft's showcase of \"Killer Instinct\" when an apparent reference to rape was made between the on-stage demonstrators. Microsoft later apologized for the incident and stated that the remarks were not scripted. Electronic Arts' press conference took place on June 10, 2013 at 1:00pm (PDT). Among the new titles shown were the racing game",
"title": "Electronic Entertainment Expo 2013"
},
{
"id": "9122651",
"text": "released on November 22, 2004, is also available through the online GameTap video game service. The Xbox version was released on July 11, 2005, and includes some multiplayer capabilities. The Xbox version was re-released on the Xbox Live Marketplace for the Xbox 360 as an Xbox Original on February 11, 2008, as the Xbox version is on the Xbox 360 backward compatibility list in North America and Europe. A version for the PlayStation Portable was released on January 22, 2007; this new version features some modified gameplay mechanisms, and was developed by Full Fat in collaboration with Firaxis Games. The",
"title": "Sid Meier's Pirates! (2004 video game)"
},
{
"id": "10411020",
"text": "Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd",
"title": "2007 Nashville Kats season"
},
{
"id": "18848164",
"text": "rifle, and a cutlass. Two weapons can be carried at once. \"Sea of Thieves\" was developed by Rare. Its pirate theme can be traced back to Project Dream, another pirate-themed video game in the 1990s that eventually became \"Banjo-Kazooie\". \"Sea of Thieves\" was developed using Epic Games' Unreal Engine 4. Development started in 2014 with the idea of \"Group Shaped Narrative\", which Gregg Mayles of Rare described as \"a clumsily titled concept [that] envisaged a different type of multiplayer game where players would create 'experiences that are entertaining to watch'\". The game, codenamed \"Athena\", did not originally focus on pirates",
"title": "Sea of Thieves"
},
{
"id": "18188741",
"text": "active subscription, subscribers were allowed to keep \"Hardline\" Premium features regardless of subscription status. The season pass for \"Star Wars Battlefront\" was made available at no cost for subscribers on July 7, 2017. On February 29, 2016, EA Access expanded to include Xbox 360 titles via the Xbox One's backward compatibility feature, starting with the original \"Plants vs. Zombies\". \"Dead Space\" was added (without any official announcement) on March 31. On January 17, 2018, \"Black\", released for Xbox in 2006, was added to the Vault. EA Access debuted in beta form exclusively on Xbox One on July 29, 2014, and",
"title": "EA Access"
},
{
"id": "19742602",
"text": "game will be 1,200 times larger than \"Ark\" and host 40,000 players in the same game world. \"Atlas\" is set to release as an early access title for Microsoft Windows on December 21, 2018 (originally 12/13 and 12/19), and Xbox One in 2019. Studio Wildcard Wildcard Properties, LLC, doing business as Studio Wildcard, is an American video game developer with offices in Kirkland, Washington, and Gainesville, Florida. The company was founded in 2014 by Doug Kennedy, Jesse Rapczak, Jeremy Stieglitz and Susan Stieglitz, and is best known for its debut game, \"\", which was released in August 2017. The company",
"title": "Studio Wildcard"
},
{
"id": "4653769",
"text": "focus on explosive mayhem. A sequel, \"\", was released in 2008 for the Microsoft Windows, PS2, PS3 and Xbox 360 formats. Following Pandemic Studios' closure in November 2009, Electronic Arts announced Danger Close Games would be developing a second sequel, tentatively titled \"Mercs Inc\". The game was eventually canceled following the closure of Danger Close Games in 2013. Since 2015, the game is available for the PlayStation 3 via European PlayStation Store as a PS2 classic. In 2018, the Xbox version was made available on the Xbox One via backwards compatibility through the physical disc or a digital download on",
"title": "Mercenaries: Playground of Destruction"
},
{
"id": "19571730",
"text": "Thieves\" was primarily filmed in and around Atlanta, Georgia. Aerial shots of Los Angeles included the Vincent Thomas Bridge, the Federal Correctional Institution, Terminal Island and the skyline of Downtown Los Angeles. \"Den of Thieves\" grossed $44.9 million in the United States and Canada, and $35.7 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $80.5 million, against a production budget of $30 million. In the United States and Canada, \"Den of Thieves\" was released on January 19, 2018 alongside \"12 Strong\" and \"Forever My Girl\", as well as the wide expansions of \"Phantom Thread\", \"I, Tonya\" and \"Call Me",
"title": "Den of Thieves (film)"
},
{
"id": "19293074",
"text": "revision of the original Xbox One model with a smaller form factor and 4K video support (released August 2016), and teased \"Project Scorpio\"—later named Xbox One X, a higher-end version of the console scheduled for 2017. New trailers were shown for \"Gears of War 4\", \"Halo Wars 2\", \"Inside\", \"Tekken 7\", \"Killer Instinct\", \"ReCore\", \"Scalebound\" and \"Sea of Thieves\", along with reveals of \"Dead Rising 4\", \"State of Decay 2\" and \"Forza Horizon 3\". Additional announcements were made for new Xbox Live functionality, the Xbox Play Anywhere program that would allow users to play purchased supported Xbox One games on",
"title": "Electronic Entertainment Expo 2016"
},
{
"id": "18848168",
"text": "If these things don’t appear soon, I can see player numbers dropping off substantially after a short while.\" Michael Goroff of \"Electronic Gaming Monthly\" gave the game a 6/10, writing \"\"Sea of Thieves\" world isn't completely lacking in achievement, thanks to its luscious visuals and excellent sailing mechanics, but it feels completely undercooked in terms of actual gameplay. Perhaps ironically, \"Sea of Thieves\" feels like the skeleton of a game rather than a fully realized experience.\" IGN's Brandin Tyrell gave the game 7/10, writing that it had \"a good foundation that's fun with friends\" but was bogged down by a",
"title": "Sea of Thieves"
},
{
"id": "9015931",
"text": "to be coming in July. The PC version was released on the Bethesda.net platform alongside the update on July 14. Bethesda released an Xbox One version of \"Fallout Shelter\" on February 7, 2017; the title will support Xbox Play Anywhere, allowing synchronizing of data and achievements for users with Windows 10. On March 28, 2017, Bethesda released the PC version of the game on Steam. During the Bethesda E3 2018 Showcase on June 10, 2018, the game was announced and later released that day for the PlayStation 4 and Nintendo Switch platforms, making it the very first game in the",
"title": "Fallout Shelter"
},
{
"id": "10148614",
"text": "magazine, \"Famitsu\", exclusively for the PlayStation 3. Released in February 2010 on a single Blu-ray Disc, it contains additional content not found in the Xbox 360 version, such as dual voices (Japanese and English), original illustrated character portraits for dialogues, and multiple new soundtracks. On October 11, 2017, Square Enix announced the remastered version of the game for PlayStation 4 and PC with 4K support (PS4 Pro). It was released worldwide on November 28, 2017 as a digital only download. The music for \"Star Ocean: The Last Hope\" was composed by Motoi Sakuraba, who has worked on the soundtrack for",
"title": "Star Ocean: The Last Hope"
},
{
"id": "20024738",
"text": "directing surviving players into tighter areas to force encounters. The last player or team standing wins the round. The game was first released for Microsoft Windows via Steam's early access beta program in March 2017, with a full release on December 20, 2017. That same month, the game was released by Microsoft Studios for the Xbox One via its Xbox Game Preview program, and officially released in September 2018. The same year, a port for the PlayStation 4 was released, in addition to two different mobile versions for Android and iOS. The game is one of the best-selling of all",
"title": "PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds"
},
{
"id": "19266876",
"text": "for Windows via Steam on 7 July. Ports for other platforms followed: the PlayStation 4 version was released on 23 August, the iOS version on December 15, 2017, and the Nintendo Switch version on June 28, 2018 alongside the release of \"Limbo\". 505 Games published \"Inside\" and \"Limbo\" as a dual-game retail package for Xbox One and PlayStation 4, which was released in September 2017. Martin Stig Andersen, with SØS Gunver Ryberg, composed and designed \"Inside\"s soundtrack, returning from \"Limbo\". Andersen was inspired by 1980s B horror films, often using synthesizers, but did not want to compose an actual soundtrack.",
"title": "Inside (video game)"
},
{
"id": "18466608",
"text": "Japan on April 4, 2017, the U.S. on April 24, 2018, the UK on April 30, 2018, and Australia on August 15, 2018. The fifth film, , was released in Japan on September 30, 2017 and North America on May 10, 2018. It was released on region-free DVD and Blu-ray in Japan on November 2, 2017, the U.S. at Anime Expo on July 5, 2018 through July 8, 2018, ahead of a general release on August 7, 2018, the UK on July 30, 2018, and Australia on November 1, 2018. The last film, , was released in Japan on May",
"title": "Digimon Adventure tri."
},
{
"id": "17148084",
"text": "the game was released for Kickstarter backers on January 17, 2016, and through Steam Early Access on January 26, 2016. On June 9, 2016, inXile announced that the game's beta is available for all Kickstarter backers. On August 4, 2016, inXile announced that the game would additionally be released on Xbox One and PlayStation 4 on the same release date as previous platforms. The game was released on February 28, 2017 on the Windows, Linux, MacOS, Xbox One and PlayStation 4 platforms. \"Torment: Tides of Numenera\" received \"generally favorable\" reviews, according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. \"Destructoid\"s Ray Porreca",
"title": "Torment: Tides of Numenera"
},
{
"id": "19118384",
"text": "Zero Time Dilemma Zero Time Dilemma is an adventure video game developed by Chime. It was released for Nintendo 3DS and PlayStation Vita in June 2016, by Spike Chunsoft in Japan and Aksys Games in North America and Europe. A Microsoft Windows version was released worldwide by Spike Chunsoft in June 2016. A PlayStation 4 version was also released in North America and Japan in August 2017, and in Europe in September 2017. The game is the third entry in the \"Zero Escape\" series, following \"Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors\" (2009) and \"\" (2012). The story is set between",
"title": "Zero Time Dilemma"
},
{
"id": "13430140",
"text": "December 3, 2015, with plans for wider Windows release on other storefronts. The Windows version was released for free during its first month; Mustard said that Chair was financially secure to enable this decision and found that through \"Infinity Blade\" that releasing the title for free to get it to as many players as possible and to see what interest there is for pursuing a sequel. The remastered version was released on Xbox One on March 16, 2016, and a PlayStation 4 version, as well as PC version offered through the Windows 10 Store and Steam on May 3, 2016.",
"title": "Shadow Complex"
},
{
"id": "18099852",
"text": "just the technology stack, it's pretty straightforward\" for Sumo to complete. \"Crackdown 3\" was set to be released worldwide in 2016, which was changed to 7 November 2017 simultaneously with the Xbox One X, but it was delayed on 16 August 2017 to an unspecified Q2/Q3 2018 date, and was confirmed delayed again to February 2019 in June 2018. Crackdown 3 Crackdown 3 is an upcoming action-adventure video game for Microsoft Windows and Xbox One with development being headed by British developer Sumo Digital and published by Microsoft Studios. Continuing the series nine years after the release of 2010's Xbox",
"title": "Crackdown 3"
},
{
"id": "17346884",
"text": "recorded in Los Angeles. \"Titanfall\" was released on Xbox One and Windows PC (via Origin) in North America on March 11, 2014, in Europe and Australia on 13, and in the United Kingdom and New Zealand on 14. The game's South African release was cancelled due to poor connectivity performance during the beta and no nearby Microsoft Azure data center in the region. Australia, in a similar predicament, used Singapore's servers at the time of launch. The delayed Xbox 360 release developed by Bluepoint Games was released on April 8, 2014 in North America, on April 10, 2014 in Australia",
"title": "Titanfall"
},
{
"id": "12415364",
"text": "for the PC versions of the game in March 2014, and was later released for consoles as part of the \"Diablo III: Ultimate Evil Edition\" version in August 2014. The \"\" pack was released for the Windows, macOS, and latest-generation console editions of the game in June 2017. \"Diablo III: Eternal Collection\", combining \"Reaper of Souls\" and \"Rise of the Necromancer\", was released for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in June 2017, and for the Nintendo Switch in November 2018. \"Diablo III\" received critical acclaim, although its always-on DRM feature was criticized. The game set a new record for fastest-selling",
"title": "Diablo III"
},
{
"id": "16659616",
"text": "Ultron\" made its world premiere at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood on April 13, 2015, and held its European premiere on April 21 at the Vue West End in London. The film was released in 11 territories on April 22, with its release jumping to 55% of its international market (44 countries) by the end of its first weekend, before releasing on May 1 in the United States, in 3D and IMAX 3D. In the United States, the film opened in 4,276 theaters, including 2,761 3D theaters, 364 IMAX, 400 premium large format, and 143 D-Box theaters. Many independent theater",
"title": "Avengers: Age of Ultron"
},
{
"id": "14070211",
"text": "announcement during Tokyo Game Show 2010. On February 25, 2011, the Xbox 360 logo was removed from the North American website, leading to rumors that the console's version of the game would be canceled in North America. Currently it is listed as a PlayStation 3 exclusive in that region, with the Xbox 360 version scheduled for a late December 2011 release date but it was canceled. In Japan and Europe, the Xbox 360 version was released, alongside the PlayStation 3 version. The gameplay is heavily influenced by its mother series, \"Dynasty Warriors\". It utilizes the same hack-and-slash gameplay, with several",
"title": "Warriors: Legends of Troy"
},
{
"id": "17310853",
"text": "Xbox One Xbox One is a line of eighth generation home video game consoles developed by Microsoft. Announced in May 2013, it is the successor to Xbox 360 and the third console in the Xbox family. It was first released in North America, parts of Europe, Australia, and South America in November 2013, and in Japan, China, and other European countries in September 2014. It is the first Xbox game console to be released in China, specifically in the Shanghai Free-Trade Zone. Microsoft marketed the device as an \"all-in-one entertainment system\". The Xbox One line mainly competes against consoles such",
"title": "Xbox One"
},
{
"id": "19726134",
"text": "new for the developer, the game retained their signature style. The team teased its reveal in August 2014, when it debuted as a playable demo at the PAX Prime exposition They released its first trailer a year later, and ran a private beta test in September 2016. Steam Early Access and Xbox One Game Preview program versions were launched on January 13, 2017. In a blog post, The Behemoth announced that they are aiming to release the game in the first few months of 2018. On February 21, it was announced that the game would release March 2. In an",
"title": "Pit People"
},
{
"id": "20697274",
"text": "June 12, 2017, Sentai Filmworks announced that they had licensed the film. Azoland Pictures distributed the film theatrically in the United States, and it premiered with an English dub at the Los Angeles Anime Film Festival on September 15, 2016, and with English subtitles on September 16, 2017. It was then released nationwide on October 5, 2017 (English subbed) and October 8, 2017 (dubbed). Sentai will release the film on home video on August 28, 2018. Madman Entertainment licensed the film for release in Australia and New Zealand, screened it with English subtitles at the Madman Anime Festival in Melbourne",
"title": "No Game, No Life Zero"
},
{
"id": "18978297",
"text": "was released on October 5, 2017. In early 2017, Barone stated his intentions for the possibility of a PlayStation Vita port, which was later confirmed and released on May 22, 2018. Retail versions for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One are published and distributed by 505 Games. A collector's edition released at the same time included a physical map of the game's world, a download code for the soundtrack, and a guide book. Mobile versions were developed with help of The Secret Police. The iOS version was released on October 24, 2018 with an Android release planned for a later",
"title": "Stardew Valley"
},
{
"id": "20153708",
"text": "award for \"Best Action Game\" at The Game Awards 2018, whereas its other nomination was for \"Best Independent Game\". The soundtrack by composer Yoann Laulan was released on digital stores on May 10, 2017. A deluxe double vinyl edition was announced by Laced Records on July 5, 2018. Dead Cells Dead Cells is a roguelike-metroidvania video game developed and published by Motion Twin. Following about a year in early access, \"Dead Cells\" was released for Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One on August 7, 2018. In the game, the player takes the role of a",
"title": "Dead Cells"
},
{
"id": "16042398",
"text": "Nine Persons, Nine Doors\" and \"Virtue's Last Reward\". In Japan, the Microsoft Windows version was released on March 25, while the console versions were released on April 13. The European PlayStation Vita version will be released later in 2017. \"Virtue's Last Reward\" received \"generally favorable reviews\" on both platforms, according to the review aggregator Metacritic. Several reviewers found the game's narrative to be complex and engaging: GameSpot's Heidi Kemps enjoyed its mix of horror, drama, and science fiction, and \"Edge\" called it a \"page-turner with flashes of real intelligence\"; \"Edge\" later noted that it lacked the shock value of \"Nine",
"title": "Zero Escape: Virtue's Last Reward"
},
{
"id": "17914573",
"text": "2014. The Android port was released in July 14, 2015, followed by the iOS port on the following day (July 15).<ref name=\"Android/iOS\"></ref> An expansion pack called This War of Mine: The Little Ones was released for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on January 29, 2016,<ref name=\"PS4/XONE\"></ref> and on June 1, 2016 for Windows. A version of the game that includes all the content entitled This War Of Mine: Complete Edition was released for the Nintendo Switch on November 27, 2018. \"This War of Mine\" is a survival-themed strategy game where the player controls a group of civilian survivors in a",
"title": "This War of Mine"
},
{
"id": "14345658",
"text": "2013 release while Blow and his team continued to improve and fine-tune the game. In September 2015, Blow announced that the game's release was set for January 26, 2016, simultaneously for PlayStation 4 and Microsoft Windows, with the iOS version to follow shortly thereafter. Though the ESRB rated the title for the Xbox One just prior to the game's release, Blow clarified that they had no plans for release on that platform at the time and were only acquiring the ESRB rating for that console platform at the same time as the other confirmed versions to avoid having to redo",
"title": "The Witness (2016 video game)"
},
{
"id": "1571218",
"text": "third season premiered on Netflix on August 4, 2017, and consisted of 7 episodes while the fourth season premiered on October 13, 2017, and consisted of 6 episodes. The fifth season premiered on March 2, 2018, and consists of six episodes.[5] The sixth season premiered on June 15, 2018 and consists of seven episodes. The 7th season premiered August 10th 2018 and consists of 13 episodes. The 8th and final season is set to release on December 14th, 2018 and will consist of 13 episodes. The series' success has spawned several comics, action figures, and other toys. In Australia, DVDs",
"title": "Voltron"
},
{
"id": "20001853",
"text": "after. \"Draco\" was released as the first single from the album on February 21, 2017. The song debuted and peaked at number 46 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. \"Mask Off\" was released as the second single on April 18, 2017. The song peaked at number five on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. \"Extra Luv\" was released as the third single on June 30, 2017 after being included as a streaming bonus track on the deluxe edition of the album. The single features a guest appearance from rapper YG. The song \"Used to This\" featuring Drake, which was previously released as a",
"title": "Future (Future album)"
},
{
"id": "19904268",
"text": "the film, with plans for a 2018 release. A trailer was released on September 21, 2017. The film premiered as the opening film of the 68th Berlin International Film Festival on February 15, 2018, and had its North American premiere as the closing film of the SXSW Film Festival in Austin, Texas, on March 17, 2018. \"Isle of Dogs\" began a limited release in the U.S. on March 23, 2018. It was released nationwide in the United States on April 13, 2018. \"Isle of Dogs\" was released on digital on June 26, 2018, and on DVD and Blu-ray on July",
"title": "Isle of Dogs (film)"
},
{
"id": "19966362",
"text": "Year\" at the 2018 Golden Joystick Awards, and for \"Best Role-Playing Game\" at The Game Awards 2018. Pillars of Eternity II: Deadfire Pillars of Eternity II: Deadfire is a role-playing video game developed by Obsidian Entertainment and published by Versus Evil. It is the sequel to the 2015's \"Pillars of Eternity\", and was released for Microsoft Windows, Linux, and macOS in May 2018, and will be released for the Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One in 2019. The game was announced with the launch of a crowdfunding campaign on Fig in January 2017, where the game reached its funding",
"title": "Pillars of Eternity II: Deadfire"
},
{
"id": "14869275",
"text": "Nine Persons, Nine Doors\" and \"Virtue's Last Reward\". In Japan, the Microsoft Windows version launched on March 25, 2017, and the console versions on April 13. The European PlayStation Vita version was released on December 15, 2017. The \"Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors\" remaster retained most of the features from \"The Novel\", but the new ending was not included. \"Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors\" was well received by critics, according to the review aggregator Metacritic. \"Polygon\" included it on a list of the best games of all time, crediting it with popularizing the visual novel genre in America.",
"title": "Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors"
},
{
"id": "15821916",
"text": "sexual assault allegations towards Kevin Spacey. \"House of Cards\" began airing in the United Kingdom on September 19, 2018, on Virgin TV Ultra HD, a newly established UHD/4K entertainment channel. Season 1 was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment in region 1 on June 11, 2013, season 2 was released on June 17, 2014, season 3 was released on July 7, 2015, season 4 was released on July 5, 2016, and season 5 was released on October 3, 2017. The first season received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season holds a",
"title": "House of Cards (U.S. TV series)"
},
{
"id": "18466607",
"text": "November 6, 2017, and Australia on February 21, 2018. The third film, , was released in Japan on September 24, 2016, North America on July 1, 2017, and Germany and Austria on August 13, 2017. It was released on region-free DVD and Blu-ray in Japan on November 2, 2016, Germany on October 30, 2017, the U.S. on December 5, 2017, the UK on December 18, 2017, and Australia on March 7, 2018. The fourth film, , was released in Japan on February 25, 2017 and North America on February 1, 2018. It was released on region-free DVD and Blu-ray in",
"title": "Digimon Adventure tri."
},
{
"id": "3632100",
"text": "the project. On November 10, 2018, it was announced that the studio had been acquired by Microsoft. Following the announcement of the acquisition, a month after, on December 6, 2018, during The Game Awards 2018, Obsidian announced a new IP named \"The Outer Worlds\", a single player action role-playing video game set in an alternate future in which megacorporations began colonizing and terraforming alien planets. The game is set to be released cross-platform in 2019 on Xbox One, Microsoft Windows and Playstation 4. Obsidian built its reputation making sequels in well-established franchises including \"\", \"Neverwinter Nights\", \"Fallout\", and \"Dungeon Siege\".",
"title": "Obsidian Entertainment"
},
{
"id": "12187487",
"text": "by critics following its release, and is often regarded as one of the worst video games of all time. Aggregating review websites GameRankings and Metacritic respectively list the scores for the Xbox 360 version as 15.00% and 19/100, the PC version 12.00% and 16/100 and the PlayStation 3 version 10.00% and 13/100. It has been panned by critics for its very broken and repetitive gameplay, poor controls, dated graphics, poor voice acting, poor artificial intelligence, numerous bugs and glitches, awkward sex scenes with the characters fully clothed, negative portrayal of women, and using a linear structure instead of the originally",
"title": "Ride to Hell: Retribution"
},
{
"id": "8957844",
"text": "2016, a Director's Cut version of the game was announced for Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. Published by Deep Silver, the new version features enhanced controls, new animations, and full 1080p resolution. A new gameplay mode, the \"Survival Arena\", is also included. The Director's Cut was released via Steam, GOG.com, PlayStation Network and Xbox Live on June 21. \"Deadlight\" received mixed reviews, with the much less widely reviewed PC version generally seen as superior to the Xbox 360 version. On Metacritic, the Xbox version has an aggregate score of 68 out of 100, based on seventy-nine reviews, while the",
"title": "Deadlight"
},
{
"id": "16288636",
"text": "includes the third Extinction episodic content, titled \"Awakening\". The final map pack, \"Nemesis\", was released on the Xbox 360 and Xbox One on August 5, 2014, and on Windows, PlayStation 3, and PlayStation 4 on September 4, 2014. It contains an exclusive playlist for owners of the DLC. The pack introduces four new multiplayer maps: \"Goldrush\", \"Subzero\", \"Dynasty\", and a reimagined version of the map \"Shipment\" from , \"Showtime\". It includes the final Extinction episode, titled \"Exodus\". Additional downloadable content includes; Announcer Packs of Snoop Dogg and the Drill Instructor featuring R. Lee Ermey (who starred in \"Full Metal Jacket\"),",
"title": "Call of Duty: Ghosts"
},
{
"id": "16696061",
"text": "page the project was set aside for a while. The effort to bring \"Prison Architect\" to mobile devices was resumed by Paradox Interactive as the publisher and co-developed with Tag Games. The tablet version for iPad and Android tablet was launched on May 25, 2017. Introversion announced on January 20, 2016 that Double Eleven would be bringing the game to Xbox 360, Xbox One and PlayStation 4 platforms. The console versions were released on June 28, 2016. The Xbox edition of the game was released to subscribers to Xbox Live under the Games With Gold program in September 2018. As",
"title": "Prison Architect"
},
{
"id": "17932997",
"text": "of $55 million pesos ($4.5 million USD), it is the most expensive film produced by Ánima Estudios. The film's official Mexican trailer was released on 16 January 2015. The English-language trailer was released on 1 April 2015. The film was later screened at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival. The film was released on DVD in the United Kingdom on February 13, 2017, distributed by eOne. It was originally set to be released between in Q4 2015/Q1 2016 before its delay. Grindstone Entertainment and Lionsgate released this film in the United States on January 24, 2017 in straight-to-video format. On its",
"title": "Guardians of Oz"
},
{
"id": "18939005",
"text": "The first official trailer for season 7 was released on May 24, 2017. The trailer set a world record for being the most viewed show trailer ever, being viewed 61 million times across digital platforms, in the first 24 hours. The second official trailer was released on June 21, 2017. The season premiere was screened at the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles on July 12, 2017. The season was released on Blu-ray and DVD in region 1 on December 12, 2017. The season premiere was pirated 90 million times in the first three days after it aired. On",
"title": "Game of Thrones (season 7)"
},
{
"id": "13610579",
"text": "of Corporal Lee Imlay throughout the game. The Xbox 360 version of the game received generally unfavorable reviews on Metacritic, scoring a 39 out of 100 based on 21 critics. It sold over 60,000 copies on the Xbox 360 as of year-end 2011. The film had its world premiere in the United States on March 11, 2011. The next day, on March 12, it premiered in the Asia Pacific region in Taiwan. Other European markets in Germany and Denmark had the film premiering on April 14. The film made its debut in Sweden on April 20 and Switzerland on April",
"title": "Battle: Los Angeles"
},
{
"id": "17123807",
"text": "America, November 21, 2013 in Australia, November 22, 2013 in Europe and November 28, 2013 in Japan. The Wii U version in Europe was delayed from its original November 1, 2013 release date. It was announced on March 1, 2013 that the game will also come to the PlayStation 4, and on May 21 that it will release on the Xbox One. Both versions were launch titles, with the PlayStation 4 version releasing on November 15 and November 29, 2013 in North America and Europe, respectively, and November 22, 2013 worldwide for Xbox One. Ubisoft partnered with Sony to bring",
"title": "Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag"
},
{
"id": "16042397",
"text": "response, Aksys Games recommended that players avoid saving during Escape sections. By 2013, Aksys Games announced that the glitch had been patched in the Nintendo eShop version, but some players continued to report that the glitch still existed. \"Zero Escape: The Nonary Games\", a bundle that contains remastered versions of \"Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors\" and \"Virtue's Last Reward\", was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita in the West on March 24, 2017. People who purchased the Windows version through Steam in its first week of release received a complimentary soundtrack, with songs from \"Nine Hours,",
"title": "Zero Escape: Virtue's Last Reward"
},
{
"id": "20278968",
"text": "on 21 March 2017. The film had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on 11 September 2017. Prior to that, Shudder acquired distribution rights to the film. It was later revealed Neon would distribute the film theatrically in the United States, before its release on Shudder. The film was released in France on 7 February 2018 by Rézo Films. It was released in the United States on 11 May 2018, in a limited release and through video on demand. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 93% based on 96 reviews,",
"title": "Revenge (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "11336513",
"text": "was announced at E3 2018 for a release in 2019 for Xbox One, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, and Microsoft Windows via Steam. Designed to celebrate the game's tenth anniversary, \"Definitive Edition\" includes upscaled graphics, all content from the Japan-exclusive PS3 version, and English and Japanese voice tracks. The game garnered a generally positive reception, according to review aggregator Metacritic. In IGN's Best of 2008 awards, \"Vesperia\" was nominated for Best RPG and Best Original Score in the Xbox 360 category. In GameSpot's own similar awards, it was nominated for awards in the \"Special Achievement - Best Story\" and \"Special Achievement",
"title": "Tales of Vesperia"
},
{
"id": "9246413",
"text": "PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 on November 7, 2007. Download and retail versions for Mac OS X were released by Aspyr in September 2008. As of May 2009, \"Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare\" has sold over 13 million copies. \"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered\" is a remastered version of \"\" that was released alongside the Legacy Edition, Legacy Pro Edition and Digital Deluxe Edition of \"\" on November 4, 2016, for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and PC. It was later released standalone on June 27, 2017, for PS4, and July 27, 2017, for Xbox One and PC. The",
"title": "Call of Duty"
},
{
"id": "14690283",
"text": "In Canada the song also had good success reaching #2 the Canadian Alternative Chart, number four on the Active Rock Chart and number ninety-seven on the Canadian Hot 100. Released on 13 September 2011, \"The Sea of Memories\" sold 20,000 copies in the United States in its first week of release to land at position number eighteen on The Billboard 200 chart. The album peaked at number eighteen on the \"Billboard\" 200, number twenty on the Top Digital Albums, number five on the Top Independent Albums and the Top Modern Rock/Alternative Albums and number eight on the Top Rock Albums.",
"title": "The Sea of Memories"
},
{
"id": "20199536",
"text": "Jacques Lu Cont Remix was featured in the 2018 video game Forza Horizon 4. Credits adapted from the liner notes of \"Wonderful Wonderful\". The Killers Additional personnel The Man (The Killers song) \"The Man\" is a song by American rock band The Killers from their fifth studio album, \"Wonderful Wonderful\" (2017). It was released on June 14, 2017, as the lead single from the album. A cover by English jazz-pop singer Jamie Cullum was released as the lead single from the soundtrack of the 2018 heist film \"King of Thieves\". Drummer Ronnie Vannucci Jr. stated that the song's lyrics were",
"title": "The Man (The Killers song)"
},
{
"id": "16999153",
"text": "November 7, 2017 for a final retail price of $499. Each console has a variety of games. Most games released on the original Xbox are backwards compatible and can be played directly on its successor, Xbox 360. Backward compatibility with Xbox 360 titles was added to Xbox One in June 2015, although titles requiring Kinect or USB peripherals will not be supported. Xbox Live is an online service with over 40 million users worldwide (as of January 10, 2012). It comprises an online virtual market, the Xbox Live Marketplace, which allows the purchase and download of games and various forms",
"title": "Xbox"
},
{
"id": "19944538",
"text": "in selected theaters across the U.S. on October 7. The film was released for digital download on December 6, 2016. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray on February 7, 2017. The film was released on Netflix in 2017. The film was released on Amazon Prime in 2018. The soundtrack was released on November 29, 2016 in the U.S. by Vetter Brother's Filmworks. The soundtrack features songs whose vocals were provided by the actors themselves. The music was composed by George Pauley. On December 6, 2016, a music video for the song \"My Buddy\" was released. The Matchbreaker The Matchbreaker",
"title": "The Matchbreaker"
},
{
"id": "4447448",
"text": "1998 GameSpot Game of the Year awards, the Nintendo 64 version was awarded Shooting Game of the Year. In a retrospective review, Martin Watts of Nintendo Life stated that \"Seeds of Evil\" \"is quite possibly the best third-party effort ever released for Nintendo 64.\" In 2015, Nightdive Studios announced that they were developing a remastered version of both \"Seeds of Evil\" and its predecessor. The remaster was released for Microsoft Windows on March 16, 2017 and for Xbox One on March 2, 2018. It features enhanced graphics, improved artificial intelligence of enemies, the option to quick-warp to previously visited portals,",
"title": "Turok 2: Seeds of Evil"
},
{
"id": "2927613",
"text": "the multiplayer platform move to Steamworks. In early September 2011, Relic released its second cross platform console title, \"\". It was released for PC, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on September 6, 2011, in North America and September 9, 2011, in Europe. It features the Ultramarines chapter. Its gameplay focuses on a hybrid shooting and melee combat model. In May 2012, Relic Entertainment announced it was developing the highly anticipated sequel \"Company of Heroes 2\" for the PC platform, scheduled for release in early 2013. In this sequel the game moves the battle away from the Western Front of World",
"title": "Relic Entertainment"
},
{
"id": "19571739",
"text": "Styx: Shards of Darkness Styx: Shards of Darkness is a stealth video game developed by French developer Cyanide and published by Focus Home Interactive. The game was released worldwide on 14 March 2017 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One. It is the sequel to the 2014 game \"\", and the third game set in the fictional world of the \"Of Orcs and Men\" series. Like its predecessor, Styx will be able to clone himself and to lay traps for his enemies, and will also be able to temporarily turn invisible. The player will have the option of engaging",
"title": "Styx: Shards of Darkness"
},
{
"id": "16659619",
"text": "of \"Avengers: Age of Ultron\" because despite the film's complexity, he was satisfied with the theatrical version and did not think it needed to be tweaked. Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the film on Ultra HD Blu-ray on August 14, 2018. \"Avengers: Age of Ultron\" grossed $459 million in the United States and Canada and $946.4 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $1.405 billion. It became the fifth-highest-grossing film worldwide and the fourth-highest-grossing 2015 film. \"Avengers: Age of Ultron\"s worldwide opening of $392.5 million was the seventh-largest ever. The film set a worldwide IMAX opening-weekend record",
"title": "Avengers: Age of Ultron"
}
] | when does sea of thieves come out for xbox |
[
"Honeysuckle Rose"
] | [
{
"id": "11019667",
"text": "On the Road Again (Willie Nelson song) \"On the Road Again\" is a song written and made famous by country music singer Willie Nelson. The song, about life on tour, came about when the executive producer of the film \"Honeysuckle Rose\" approached Nelson about writing the song for the film's soundtrack. \"On the Road Again\" became Nelson's 9th Country & Western No. 1 hit overall (6th as a solo recording act) in November 1980, and became one of Nelson's most recognizable tunes. In addition, the song reached No. 20 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, and No. 7 on the Adult",
"title": "On the Road Again (Willie Nelson song)"
},
{
"id": "11019668",
"text": "Contemporary chart. It was his biggest pop hit to that time and won him a Grammy Award for Best Country Song a year later. In 1980 Nelson starred in his first leading role in the film \"Honeysuckle Rose\", about an aging musician who fails to achieve national fame and relationship with his family, who also are part of his band that travels throughout the United States while playing in different venues. Shortly after signing the contract, Nelson was approached during a flight by the executive producer of the movie, who requested him to write a song about life on the",
"title": "On the Road Again (Willie Nelson song)"
},
{
"id": "11019670",
"text": "the Grammy Hall of Fame. The song has also featured in several other films and TV series including \"South Park\", \"Shrek\", \"Shameless\", \"Family Guy\", \"Forrest Gump\", \"The Littlest Hobo\", \"Monk\", \"Open Season 3\" and \"Dumb and Dumber To\" which features Nelson rehearsing the song with his band. A live version of the song is featured in 2008 video game \"Guitar Hero World Tour\", while the studio version was released for \"Rock Band\" via the Rock Band Country Track Pack. The song appears in a 2016 TV commercial for the Volkswagen Passat with Willie making a cameo appearance driving alongside the",
"title": "On the Road Again (Willie Nelson song)"
},
{
"id": "13443378",
"text": "On the Road Again (Bob Dylan song) \"On the Road Again\" is a song written and recorded by Bob Dylan for his album \"Bringing It All Back Home\". The song appears on the album's electric A-side, between \"Outlaw Blues\" and \"Bob Dylan's 115th Dream\". Like the rest of \"Bringing It All Back Home\", \"On the Road Again\" was recorded in January, 1965 and produced by Tom Wilson. Musically, \"On the Road Again\" is a simple rhythm & blues rock number with a twelve-bar structure. The music is untidy, with a thrusting beat, harmonica breaks, and an opposing riff. The song's",
"title": "On the Road Again (Bob Dylan song)"
},
{
"id": "12006652",
"text": "The only question is will his family and friends stand by him? \"Honeysuckle Rose\" opened theatrically in 826 venues on July 18, 1980 and earned $2,189,966 in its first weekend, ranking third in the domestic box office. Ultimately, the film grossed $17,815,212. In 1981, Nelson was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song for \"On the Road Again\". Irving won a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress. Roger Ebert called the film sly and entertaining, but said that the story was predictable and disappointing. The film grossed over $17 million. It was screened out of competition at",
"title": "Honeysuckle Rose (film)"
},
{
"id": "7906990",
"text": "On the Road Again (Canned Heat song) \"On the Road Again\" is a song recorded by the American blues-rock group Canned Heat in 1967. A driving blues-rock boogie, it was adapted from earlier blues songs and includes mid-1960s psychedelic rock elements. Unlike most of Canned Heat's songs from the period, second guitarist and harmonica player Alan Wilson provides the distinctive falsetto vocal. \"On the Road Again\" first appeared on their second album, \"Boogie with Canned Heat\", in January 1968; when an edited version was released as a single in April 1968, \"On the Road Again\" became Canned Heat's first record",
"title": "On the Road Again (Canned Heat song)"
},
{
"id": "1298432",
"text": "with Lin-Manuel Miranda, Dave East and Aloe Blacc on a song called \"Wrote My Way Out\", which appears on \"The Hamilton Mixtape\". On April 12, 2017, Nas released the song \"Angel Dust\" as soundtrack for TV series \"The Getdown\". It contains a sample of the Gil Scott-Heron and Brian Jackson song \"Angel Dust\". In June 2017, Nas appeared in the award-winning 2017 documentary \"The American Epic Sessions\" directed by Bernard MacMahon, where he recorded live direct-to-disc on the restored first electrical sound recording system from the 1920s. He performed \"On the Road Again\", a 1928 song by the Memphis Jug",
"title": "Nas"
},
{
"id": "12006653",
"text": "the 1981 Cannes Film Festival. The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists: Honeysuckle Rose (film) Honeysuckle Rose (also known as On the Road Again) is a 1980 American romantic drama film directed by Jerry Schatzberg, written by John Binder, Gustaf Molander, Carol Sobieski, Gösta Stevens, and William D. Wittliff, and starring Willie Nelson, Dyan Cannon, and Amy Irving. Buck Bonham is a country singer, with a good family, struggling to find national fame. He juggles his music career with his responsibilities to his wife and son. He has everything going his way until the daughter of",
"title": "Honeysuckle Rose (film)"
},
{
"id": "11019669",
"text": "road to use as the theme song. Nelson quickly wrote the song on a barf bag. The tune featured a \"train beat\". The song was released with Nelson's 1980 album \"Honeysuckle Rose\", reaching the first position on \"Billboard's\" top country albums, while it ranked twenty on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Nelson received a Grammy Award for Best Country Song, while he was nominated for Best Original Song during the 53rd Academy Awards. In 2004, \"Rolling Stone\" ranked it No. 471 on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. In 2011, \"On the Road Again\" was inducted to",
"title": "On the Road Again (Willie Nelson song)"
},
{
"id": "12006651",
"text": "Honeysuckle Rose (film) Honeysuckle Rose (also known as On the Road Again) is a 1980 American romantic drama film directed by Jerry Schatzberg, written by John Binder, Gustaf Molander, Carol Sobieski, Gösta Stevens, and William D. Wittliff, and starring Willie Nelson, Dyan Cannon, and Amy Irving. Buck Bonham is a country singer, with a good family, struggling to find national fame. He juggles his music career with his responsibilities to his wife and son. He has everything going his way until the daughter of his former guitarist joins his tour. The road leads to temptation, which leads to his downfall.",
"title": "Honeysuckle Rose (film)"
},
{
"id": "13443381",
"text": "title of Jack Kerouac's novel \"On the Road\", which was a defining work of the Beat Generation. Dylan has acknowledged being influenced by Kerouac. However, it seems more likely that the title, and the song in itself, is a response to the song \"On the Road\", a traditional blues performed by the Memphis Jug Band with more serious lyrical content concerning an unfaithful woman. On the Road Again (Bob Dylan song) \"On the Road Again\" is a song written and recorded by Bob Dylan for his album \"Bringing It All Back Home\". The song appears on the album's electric A-side,",
"title": "On the Road Again (Bob Dylan song)"
},
{
"id": "11019674",
"text": "song on his 2014 album \"A Letter Home\". \"Forever Country\", a promotional single released in 2016, features the song as a medley with \"I Will Always Love You\" and \"Take Me Home, Country Roads\". Jerry Reed sang part of \"On the Road Again\" in his hit \"The Bird\": \"The life I love is makin' money with my friend...\". Phish performed the song during the encore of their show on August 6, 2017, closing out their record-setting 13-night \"Baker's Dozen\" residency and 52nd show played at Madison Square Garden. On the Road Again (Willie Nelson song) \"On the Road Again\" is",
"title": "On the Road Again (Willie Nelson song)"
},
{
"id": "14657119",
"text": "Songwriting Competition and 2007 Great American Songwriting Contest. The Swingtips music is included in film and television in Spain... on the road Again starring Gwyneth Paltrow and Mario Batali, Queen Latifah's \"The Perfect Holiday\" (Sony Pictures), WB \"Roswell\", WB \"Felicity\", HBO's \"\", Cartoon Network, ABC's \"All My Children\", and CMT's \"Greatest Road Trips\". The Swingtips continue to write, perform and record at Ghost Note Studios, which is owned and operated by Kregg Barentine. Barentine is a full-time writer/producer/performer whose credits and clients include: FX Network \"The Shield\", Alice Cooper, Movado, Disney, Hard Rock Casino, ABC, Hollywood \"Wolf\" Yates, Universal Music,",
"title": "Swingtips"
},
{
"id": "19743527",
"text": "Academy of Country Music gave \"Forever Country\" and the CMA their Video of the Year Award at their 2017 ceremony. The song was recorded to honor the 50th Annual Country Music Association (CMA) Awards. It was produced by Shane McAnally and is a medley of three existing songs: \"I Will Always Love You\" by Dolly Parton, \"Take Me Home, Country Roads\" by John Denver, and \"On the Road Again\" by Willie Nelson. Along with Nelson and Parton singing portions of their own songs, the song features 28 other current and veteran country acts who are all previous CMA winners; Denver",
"title": "Forever Country"
},
{
"id": "5240939",
"text": "15428. It first reached the Billboard magazine Best Seller chart on April 8, 1949, and lasted 18 weeks on the chart, peaking at #7. Other sources give the highest chart position as #3. The flip side, \"Blue Moon\", also charted. Again (1949 song) \"Again\" is a popular song with music by Lionel Newman and words by Dorcas Cochran. It first appeared in the movie \"Road House\" (1948), sung by Ida Lupino An instrumental rendition was used in the movie \"Pickup on South Street\" (1953). By 1949, versions by Vic Damone, Doris Day, Tommy Dorsey, Gordon Jenkins, Vera Lynn, Art Mooney,",
"title": "Again (1949 song)"
},
{
"id": "8339785",
"text": "...Upon My Wicked Son ...Upon My Wicked Son is the first solo album by Andy Prieboy, released in 1990 (see 1990 in music). The album cover is \"Fallen Angel\" by David Sandlin. \"On the Road Again\" is a cover of the Canned Heat song, whose lyrics inspired the album's title. The song \"Tomorrow Wendy\", about a friend of Prieboy's dying of AIDS, bears the rare distinction of having a cover version released (on Concrete Blonde's \"Bloodletting,\" 15 May 1990) before the original album was released. Prieboy's version of the song features Concrete Blonde's singer Johnette Napolitano on vocals. Note: \"Maybe",
"title": "...Upon My Wicked Son"
},
{
"id": "10990301",
"text": "3rd and last major hit and it is also the band's 3rd most played and most successful song to date only behind Shimmer and Hemorrhage (In My Hands). The song was released on CD single outside the USA and included the track \"On the Road Again,\" a cover song recorded during the \"Natural Selection\" sessions. All songs written by Carl Bell except where noted. Falls on Me \"Falls on Me\" is the official lead single by Fuel from their 2003 album \"Natural Selection\". It is the second overall single from the album with \"Won't Back Down\" having been originally released",
"title": "Falls on Me"
},
{
"id": "3123448",
"text": "of personal friend and former Bills player Bruce Smith, whose jersey was being retired that night. He sang the national anthem again ahead of the Saints-Dolphins game held at London's Wembley Stadium in October 2017, as part of the NFL International Series. Rucker was selected as one of 30 artists to perform on \"Forever Country\", a mash-up track of \"Take Me Home, Country Roads\", \"On the Road Again\" and \"I Will Always Love You\", which celebrates 50 years of the CMA Awards. On July 24, 2017, Rucker released the second single from his upcoming album, titled \"For the First Time.\"",
"title": "Darius Rucker"
},
{
"id": "7906995",
"text": "song as a single on April 24, 1968. To make the song more Top-40 AM radio-friendly, Liberty edited it from the original length of 4:55 to a 3:33 single version. It became Canned Heat's first single to appear in the record charts. On the singles, Floyd Jones and Alan Wilson are listed as the composers, while the album credits Jim Oden/James Burke Oden (also known as St. Louis Jimmy Oden). \"On the Road Again\" appears on several Canned Heat compilation albums, including \"\" (1989) and \"Uncanned! The Best of Canned Heat\" (1994). Also, it is featured on the soundtrack to",
"title": "On the Road Again (Canned Heat song)"
},
{
"id": "16637112",
"text": "in the video game \"FIFA 16\". In July the EP \"Emergency\" was released. It includes the critically acclaimed \"First Time\" and the smash-hit \"Clap Snap\". The duo was announced as an opening act for the North American leg of One Direction's \"On the Road Again\" tour in 2015. Also in 2015, their song \"We Got The World\" was featured in the movie Pitch Perfect 2. On 23 February 2016, Icona Pop performed a new single, \"Someone Who Can Dance\" at the Grammis in Stockholm. On 20 October 2016, the duo released their new single \"Brightside\". On 16 June 2017, Icona",
"title": "Icona Pop"
},
{
"id": "5240935",
"text": "Again (1949 song) \"Again\" is a popular song with music by Lionel Newman and words by Dorcas Cochran. It first appeared in the movie \"Road House\" (1948), sung by Ida Lupino An instrumental rendition was used in the movie \"Pickup on South Street\" (1953). By 1949, versions by Vic Damone, Doris Day, Tommy Dorsey, Gordon Jenkins, Vera Lynn, Art Mooney, and Mel Tormé all made the Billboard charts. The recording by Doris Day was recorded in February 1949 and released by Columbia Records as catalog number 38467. The flip side was \"Everywhere You Go\". It first reached the Billboard magazine",
"title": "Again (1949 song)"
},
{
"id": "11019672",
"text": "Anne Kihlström on the album \"Förgät mig ej\" in 1984, and also by Paula Jarl on a single and by Bennys on an album in 1987. Graeme Allwright adapted the song in French as \"Comme un vrai gamin\" in his 1992 album \"Lumière\". The Kidsongs kids sang this song in their 1994 video \"Country Sing-Along\". Buckcherry recorded the song for the \"NASCAR On Fox\" compilation \"Crank It Up\". In 2006, the American punk band Me First and the Gimme Gimmes released a cover of this song on their album \"Love Their Country\". In 2007, Deana Carter released a new version",
"title": "On the Road Again (Willie Nelson song)"
},
{
"id": "7906997",
"text": "of \"Boogie Chillen'\", titled \"Boogie Chillen No. 2\", with the group in 1970 for \"Hooker 'n Heat\", it had come full circle. Several other musicians have recorded \"On the Road Again\", including Katie Melua on her album \"Piece by Piece\" (2005) and Canadian band Sloan in a medley with the Stereolab song \"Transona Five\" on \"Recorded Live at a Sloan Party!\" (1997). Footnotes Citations References On the Road Again (Canned Heat song) \"On the Road Again\" is a song recorded by the American blues-rock group Canned Heat in 1967. A driving blues-rock boogie, it was adapted from earlier blues songs",
"title": "On the Road Again (Canned Heat song)"
},
{
"id": "20582909",
"text": "“Mal Hombre” for Ana Gabriel, “On the Road Again” for Nas, “Tomi Tomi” for the Hawaiians and “Nobody's Dirty Business” for Bettye LaVette. Other performers researched the period and selected their own vintage songs; Jack White unearthed “Matrimonial Intentions”, The Avett Brothers chose “Jordan Am a Hard Road” and Rhiannon Giddens covered Ida Cox’s “One Hour Mama”. Most of the performers recorded two songs, although the duration of the film precluded all these performances appearing in the finished film. Some performers wrote songs specifically for the film - Merle Haggard composed “The Only Man Wilder Than Me” as a duet",
"title": "Music from The American Epic Sessions: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack"
},
{
"id": "7906994",
"text": "psychedelic ambience. Although Bob Hite was the group's primary vocalist, \"On the Road\" features Wilson as the singer, \"utilizing his best Skip James-inspired falsetto vocal\". Wilson also provides the harmonica parts. The basic riff is used again by Canned Heat on \"Fried Hockey Boogie\", an eleven-minute boogie by Larry Taylor which showcases the band's musicality with a series of virtuoso solo performances by members. \"On the Road Again\" is included on Canned Heat's second album, \"Boogie with Canned Heat\", released January 21, 1968, by Liberty Records. After receiving strong response from airplay on American \"underground\" FM radio, Liberty issued the",
"title": "On the Road Again (Canned Heat song)"
},
{
"id": "1443711",
"text": "member of Canned Heat, de la Parra played his first gig on December 1, 1967, sharing top billing with the Doors at the Long Beach Auditorium. This began what de la Parra refers to as the classic and perhaps best known Canned Heat lineup, which recorded some of the band's most famous and well-regarded songs. During this \"classic\" period, Skip Taylor and John Hartmann introduced the use of band member nicknames: Their second released album, \"Boogie with Canned Heat\", included \"On the Road Again\", an updated version of a 1950s composition by Floyd Jones. \"On the Road Again\" became the",
"title": "Canned Heat"
},
{
"id": "1322378",
"text": "Bruce. Though observers predicted that \"Stardust\" would ruin his career, it went platinum the same year. Nelson continued to top the charts with hit songs during the late 1970s, including \"Good Hearted Woman\", \"Remember Me\", \"If You've Got the Money I've Got the Time\", and \"Uncloudy Day\". During the 1980s, Nelson recorded a series of hit singles including \"Midnight Rider\", a 1980 cover of the Allman Brothers song which Nelson recorded for \"The Electric Horseman\", the soundtrack \"On the Road Again\" from the movie \"Honeysuckle Rose\", and a duet with Julio Iglesias titled \"To All the Girls I've Loved Before\".",
"title": "Willie Nelson"
},
{
"id": "11019673",
"text": "of the song featuring a duet with Willie Nelson on her album \"The Chain\". It was released as single, but failed to land on the chart. Conan O'Brien performed the song as \"My Own Show Again\" during his 2010 Legally Prohibited from Being Funny on Television Tour, changing the lyrics to reflect how he couldn't wait to return to hosting a television series after leaving \"The Tonight Show\" earlier in the year. Irish singer Lisa McHugh recorded the song as the closing track for her 2014 album \"A Life That's Good\". Canadian musician Neil Young released a cover of this",
"title": "On the Road Again (Willie Nelson song)"
},
{
"id": "3028754",
"text": "in Las Vegas, Nevada with Reba McEntire during throughout mid-late 2015. In 2016, they were selected as one of 30 artists to perform on \"Forever Country\", a mash-up track featuring the artists performing a medley of \"Take Me Home, Country Roads\", \"On the Road Again\", and \"I Will Always Love You\", which was released in celebration of 50 years of the CMA Awards. Brooks & Dunn have also contributed to several soundtracks and compilation albums. In 1994, they recorded \"Ride 'em High, Ride 'em Low\" for the soundtrack to the 1994 film \"8 Seconds\", and a cover of \"Corrine, Corrina\"",
"title": "Brooks & Dunn"
},
{
"id": "8339786",
"text": "That's Not Her Head\" and \"Big Rock Finish\" do not appear on the vinyl release of the album. From CD liner notes From LP liner notes ...Upon My Wicked Son ...Upon My Wicked Son is the first solo album by Andy Prieboy, released in 1990 (see 1990 in music). The album cover is \"Fallen Angel\" by David Sandlin. \"On the Road Again\" is a cover of the Canned Heat song, whose lyrics inspired the album's title. The song \"Tomorrow Wendy\", about a friend of Prieboy's dying of AIDS, bears the rare distinction of having a cover version released (on Concrete",
"title": "...Upon My Wicked Son"
},
{
"id": "11785758",
"text": "The Bird (Jerry Reed song) \"The Bird\" is a song recorded by American country music singer Jerry Reed. Written by Hal Coleman and Barry Etris, this novelty song contains impressions of Willie Nelson's \"Whiskey River\" and \"On the Road Again;\" and George Jones' \"He Stopped Loving Her Today.\" It was released in October 1982 as the lead single from the album, \"The Bird\". The song peaked at No. 2 on the \"Billboard magazine\" Hot Country Singles chart just before Christmas. The song is told in first person from the point of view of a blue-collar worker who stops at a",
"title": "The Bird (Jerry Reed song)"
},
{
"id": "20239917",
"text": "Boogaloo\" is based on Starr's original demo of the song and features Electric Light Orchestra founder Jeff Lynne and Eagles member Joe Walsh on guitar. The re-recording of \"You Can't Fight Lightning\" from \"Stop and Smell the Roses\" features the Swedish band Alberta Cross, and the re-recordings of Starr's song \"Photograph\" and his Beatles song \"Don't Pass Me By\" feature the American band Vandaveer. Starr officially announced the album on 7 July 2017, his 77th birthday, and simultaneously released the title track as a single via streaming services and digital download. \"We're on the Road Again\", featuring McCartney, Lukather, Walsh",
"title": "Give More Love"
},
{
"id": "7906996",
"text": "Wim Wenders 1974 film \"Alice in the Cities\". Although songs inspired by John Lee Hooker's \"Detroit-era boogie\" had been recorded over the years by a variety of blues musicians, Canned Heat's \"On the Road Again\" popularized the guitar-boogie or E/G/A riff in the rock world. As a result, \"it's been a standard rock and roll pattern ever since\". Canned Heat used it frequently as the starting point for several of their extended jam songs, including the 40 minute live opus \"Refried Boogie (Part I & II)\" from their late 1968 \"Living the Blues\" album. When Hooker recorded an updated version",
"title": "On the Road Again (Canned Heat song)"
},
{
"id": "8317926",
"text": "Boogie with Canned Heat Boogie with Canned Heat is the second album by Canned Heat, released in 1968. Unlike their debut, it features mostly original material. It included the top 10 hit \"On the Road Again,\" one of their best known songs. \"Amphetamine Annie,\" a warning about the dangers of amphetamine abuse, also received considerable airplay. \"Fried Hockey Boogie\" was the first example of one of Canned Heat's boogies, or loose jams. When released on CD in 2005, six tracks originally released on singles were included as bonus tracks. In 2012, \"Boogie with Canned Heat\" was remastered and released on",
"title": "Boogie with Canned Heat"
},
{
"id": "11019671",
"text": "car in an older model of Volkswagen. The song was parodied by the comedy musical group Da Yoopers as \"Road to Gwinn\" (a reference to Gwinn, Michigan) on their 1986 album \"Yoopanese\". On the 1983 CBS game show \"Press Your Luck\", Whammy sings a parody of the song on a horse, singing \"Got your bucks again. I can't wait to get your bucks again...\". This Whammy animation was used during the final months of the show's run in 1986. A Swedish version, with lyrics by Keith Almgren, called \"Jag ser mig om\" (Eng. \"I look around\") has been recorded by",
"title": "On the Road Again (Willie Nelson song)"
},
{
"id": "7906991",
"text": "chart hit and one of their best-known songs. With his record company's encouragement, Chicago blues musician Floyd Jones recorded a song titled \"On the Road Again\" in 1953. It was a remake of his successful 1951 song \"Dark Road\". Both songs are based on Mississippi Delta bluesman Tommy Johnson's 1928 song \"Big Road Blues\" (Canned Heat took their name from Johnson's 1928 song \"Canned Heat Blues\"). Johnson's lyrics include: \"Well I ain't goin' down that big road by myself ... If I don't carry you gonna carry somebody else\". Jones \"reshaped Tommy Johnson's verses into an eerie evocation of the",
"title": "On the Road Again (Canned Heat song)"
},
{
"id": "8317927",
"text": "CD by Iconoclassics Records with the original 10 tracks, plus 6 bonus tracks. Boogie with Canned Heat Boogie with Canned Heat is the second album by Canned Heat, released in 1968. Unlike their debut, it features mostly original material. It included the top 10 hit \"On the Road Again,\" one of their best known songs. \"Amphetamine Annie,\" a warning about the dangers of amphetamine abuse, also received considerable airplay. \"Fried Hockey Boogie\" was the first example of one of Canned Heat's boogies, or loose jams. When released on CD in 2005, six tracks originally released on singles were included as",
"title": "Boogie with Canned Heat"
},
{
"id": "12287432",
"text": "Gregson-Williams team up with John Powell to compose the score following \"Antz\" (1998) and \"Chicken Run\" (2000). John Powell was left out to compose scores for later Shrek films with Williams due to a conflict. The score was recorded at Abbey Road Studios by Nick Wollage and Slamm Andrews, with the latter mixing it at Media Ventures and Patricia Sullivan-Fourstar handling mastering. \"Shrek\" introduced a new element to give the film a unique feel. The film used pop music and other Oldies to make the story more forward. Covers of songs like \"On the Road Again\" and \"Try a Little",
"title": "Shrek"
},
{
"id": "17095567",
"text": "include hit singles: \"Lets Work Together\", \"On the Road Again\", \"Going Up the Country\", plus album tracks and lengthy boogie jamming. \"See CD Page UK Tour '75 for more information\" Recorded live at Derby College on their UK tour in November 1975. This official release is fully authorized by the band and taken from the original radio recorded tapes which have been remastered under the band's supervision and presented here with the full complete show comprising fifteen tracks in superb quality. This previously unreleased live recording features the Thin Lizzy classic line up performing songs from both the \"Nightlife\" (1974)",
"title": "Major League Productions"
},
{
"id": "1460475",
"text": "released two more covers albums in 2013 and 2014: \"\", and \"\". In 2016, Travis was selected as one of 30 artists to appear in the music video for \"Forever Country\", a mash-up track of Take Me Home, Country Roads, On the Road Again and I Will Always Love You which celebrates 50 years of the CMA Awards. Travis and Lib Hatcher divorced on October 29, 2010 after a 19-year marriage, and their business relationship ended thereafter. He married Mary Davis on March 21, 2015. Travis was arrested in February 2012, when he was found in a parked car outside",
"title": "Randy Travis"
},
{
"id": "19743525",
"text": "Forever Country \"Forever Country\" is a medley performed by the artists of Then, Now & Forever, a one-time gathering of 30 country music artists. The song, which was recorded to honor the 50th Annual Country Music Association Awards, is a medley of John Denver's \"Take Me Home, Country Roads\", Willie Nelson's \"On the Road Again\", and Dolly Parton's \"I Will Always Love You\". The medley was originally conceived to be just one song until director Joseph Kahn proposed the idea of mashing together the three songs into one. It was recorded in a span of three days in Nashville, Tennessee",
"title": "Forever Country"
},
{
"id": "3470459",
"text": "10 Pop album and fifth album to reach #2 on the \"Billboard\" 200. Paisley released \"Without a Fight\", a duet with Demi Lovato, on May 13, 2016. It was to have served as the lead single to his eleventh studio album, but due to poor chart performance it did not make the album's final cut. He was selected as one of thirty artists to perform on \"\"Forever Country\"\", a mash-up track of \"Take Me Home, Country Roads\", \"On the Road Again\" and \"I Will Always Love You\" which celebrates 50 years of the CMA Awards. The second single \"Today\" was",
"title": "Brad Paisley"
},
{
"id": "3794198",
"text": "\"You'll Never Walk Alone\" and \"Broken\". \"Broken\" became Yearwood's first hit on the Christian charts, peaking at number 47 and also reaching number 17 on the Adult Contemporary charts. Following this, Yearwood was selected as one of 30 artists to perform on the song \"Forever Country\", a mash-up track of the songs \"Take Me Home, Country Roads\", \"On the Road Again\" and \"I Will Always Love You\". The song was created to celebrate 50 years of the CMA Awards. Yearwood and Brooks then performed at the 50th CMA Awards ceremony, singing a medley of country classics including \"Jackson\", \"Golden Ring\",",
"title": "Trisha Yearwood"
},
{
"id": "7906992",
"text": "Delta\". In \"Dark Road\" he added: And in \"On the Road Again\" he added Both songs share a \"hypnotic one-chord drone piece\"-arrangement that one-time Floyd Jones musical partner Howlin' Wolf used for his songs \"Crying at Daybreak\" and the related \"Smokestack Lightning\". \"On the Road Again\" was among the first songs Canned Heat recorded as demos in April 1967 at the RCA Studios in Chicago with original drummer Frank Cook. At over seven minutes in length, it has the basic elements of the later album version, but is two minutes longer with more harmonica and guitar soloing. During the recording",
"title": "On the Road Again (Canned Heat song)"
},
{
"id": "1298433",
"text": "Band, which received universal acclaim with \"The Hollywood Reporter\" describing his performance as \"fantastic\" and the \"Financial Times\" praising his \"superb cover of the Memphis Jug Band's \"On the Road Again\", exposing the hip-hop blueprint within the 1928 stomper.\" \"On the Road Again\", and a performance of \"One Mic\", were released on \"\" on June 9, 2017. In April 2018, Kanye West announced on Twitter that Nas' twelfth' studio album will be released on June 15, also serving as executive producer for the album. The album was announced the day before release, titled \"Nasir\", after Nas' first name. Following the",
"title": "Nas"
},
{
"id": "2717138",
"text": "In 2008, Pride received the Mississippi Arts Commission's lifetime achievement award during the organization's Governor's Awards for Excellence in the Arts. He performed the national anthem at Super Bowl VIII and again at game five of the 2010 World Series, accompanied both years by the Del Rio High School JROTC Color Guard. He performed the national anthem before game six of the 1980 World Series, as well. In 2016, Pride was selected as one of 30 artists to perform on \"Forever Country\", a mash-up track of \"Take Me Home, Country Roads\", \"On the Road Again\", and \"I Will Always Love",
"title": "Charley Pride"
},
{
"id": "21012512",
"text": "and “Whitewash Station Blues”. It includes many compositions that have been covered by numerous musicians over the subsequent decades like “K.C. Moan”, about hearing the whistle of the Kansas City Southern Railway from the confines of a prison, “He’s in The Jailhouse Now” “Stealin’ Stealin’”, and “On the Road Again” which provided a blueprint for hip hop 50 years later. Artists who have covered the songs on this compilation include Nas, Grateful Dead, Janis Joplin, Taj Mahal, The White Stripes, The Flying Burrito Brothers, Raphael Saadiq, Willie Nelson, Woody Guthrie, Arlo Guthrie, Pete Seeger, The Lovin’ Spoonful, Johnny Cash, The",
"title": "American Epic: The Best of the Memphis Jug Band"
},
{
"id": "2046286",
"text": "of Bilbo Baggins\" are widely considered to be comparably camp recordings. Star Trek's Nichelle Nichols, who sang on some episodes of the show and also in \"\", also recorded two musical albums, and Brent Spiner of \"\" has recorded two. Tim Russ (\"\") released four albums. George Takei appeared on the TV series \"Secret Talents of the Stars\" as a country musician; the lone song Takei would perform before the series's cancellation was the Willie Nelson song \"On the Road Again\". In 1996, MCA Records released a single-CD compilation of Shatner and Nimoy's collected music output, under the title \"Spaced",
"title": "William Shatner's musical career"
},
{
"id": "14968582",
"text": "the Country Airplay in January 2017. He was one of the opening acts on Taylor Swift's Red Tour. On Memorial Day 2015, he sang \"Take Me Out to The Ballgame\" during the seventh Inning Stretch at Wrigley Field while the Cubs played host to the Washington Nationals. In 2016, Eldredge was selected as one of 30 artists to perform on \"\"Forever Country\"\", a mash-up track of Take Me Home, Country Roads, On the Road Again and I Will Always Love You which celebrates 50 years of the CMA Awards. Eldredge released his first Christmas album, \"Glow\", in October 2016. In",
"title": "Brett Eldredge"
},
{
"id": "14145237",
"text": "Shelton later retracted his statement, and Price accepted his apology, but once again -– as it has been since the mid-1970s -– the on again, off again debate about what constitutes classic, real country music was on. In September 2016, \"Forever Country,\" a medley of three classic country songs -- \"Take Me Home, Country Roads,\" \"On the Road Again\" and \"I Will Always Love You\"—was recorded to honor the 50th Annual Country Music Association Awards. A celebration of traditional country music and the genre's ongoing popularity, the song blended together 30 stars, ranging from newcomers to veteran to classic stars",
"title": "2010s in music"
},
{
"id": "5440790",
"text": "both the group's full-length debut, 1988's \"What More Can I Say?\" and its 1990 follow-up, \"I Don't Care: The Album\", were titled after lines from the song. However, the duo would never recapture its initial success. The singles of its second album, \"I Get the Papers\" and \"On the Road Again,\" were only moderate hits. It was a time of rapid change in the hip hop market; gangsta rap was rising in popularity, and Audio Two found itself unsuccessfully struggling to maintain recording contracts and a fanbase. A third album, \"First Dead Indian\", due for release in 1992, was canceled",
"title": "Audio Two"
},
{
"id": "5715693",
"text": "James Cotton in 1967 and by Magic Sam as \"I Feel So Good (I Wanna Boogie)\" for his influential 1967 album \"West Side Soul\". A version by Slim Harpo, titled \"Boogie Chillun\", appeared on his 1970 album \"Slim Harpo Knew the Blues\" using a similar arrangement to his 1966 hit \"Shake Your Hips\". Other songs that borrow from \"Boogie Chillen'\" or \"Boogie Chillen' No. 2\", either directly or indirectly, include the radio hits \"On the Road Again\" by Canned Heat in 1968, \"Spirit in the Sky\" by Norman Greenbaum in 1970, and \"La Grange\" by ZZ Top in 1973. In",
"title": "Boogie Chillen'"
},
{
"id": "4924717",
"text": "(who performed guitar on many of the original versions of the covers found on the album). Many of the tracks also featured the original artists as duet partners, such as Dolly Parton (on \"Love Is Like a Butterfly\") and Willie Nelson (on \"On the Road Again\"). The album was unsuccessful; it debuted and peaked at No. 60, and its only single (the duet version of \"On the Road Again\" with Nelson) failed to chart. Carter was ranked No. 81 on the \"100 Greatest Women\" (of Country Music) by Country Universe in 2008. After releasing \"The Chain\", Carter took some time",
"title": "Deana Carter"
},
{
"id": "4884100",
"text": "refused to release the songs commercially because they represented the experiences of the movie's characters and not his own. Director Shebib was introduced to Cockburn, who was then playing in coffee houses in Toronto, by journalist Alison Gordon. Shebib subsequently directed the 1981 film \"Heartaches\", starring Margot Kidder, Annie Potts and Robert Carradine in a thematically similar story about two women. In 2010, Shebib announced that a sequel film was in production. \"Down the Road Again\" was released in October 2011. A digital restoration of the original \"Goin' Down the Road\" was released in 2017. Goin' Down the Road Goin'",
"title": "Goin' Down the Road"
},
{
"id": "1454344",
"text": "second leg of the show ran from October 2013, through to April 2014. The show was met with critical acclaim. During the Billboard Music Awards filmed on May 17, 2015, Hill joined Little Big Town on a performance of their single \"Girl Crush\". Hill was one of 30 artists selected to perform on \"Forever Country\", a mash-up track of the songs \"Take Me Home, Country Roads\", \"On the Road Again\" and \"I Will Always Love You\". The singled was released September 16 and celebrates 50 years of the CMA Awards. On October 4, 2016, during a surprise show at Nashville's",
"title": "Faith Hill"
},
{
"id": "19743547",
"text": "Following the release of the medley, three of the songs from which the mash-up is borrowed saw an upsurge in their respective sales: \"On the Road Again\" increased by 181% to 5,000 downloads and re-entered at #38 on Country Digital Song Sales; \"Take Me Home, Country Roads\" rose 126% and \"I Will Always Love You\" surged 314% (both to approximately 2,000 downloads each). Joseph Kahn directed the song's accompanying music video, which serves as a promotional teaser for the 50th CMA Awards ceremony and features all thirty artists involved performing in front of a green screen on which \"graphics of",
"title": "Forever Country"
},
{
"id": "14791567",
"text": "On the Road (film) On the Road () is a 2012 adventure drama film directed by Walter Salles. It is an adaptation of Jack Kerouac's 1957 novel \"On the Road\" and stars an ensemble cast featuring Garrett Hedlund, Sam Riley, Kristen Stewart, Alice Braga, Amy Adams, Tom Sturridge, Danny Morgan, Elisabeth Moss, Kirsten Dunst, and Viggo Mortensen. The executive producers were Francis Ford Coppola, Patrick Batteux, Jerry Leider, and Tessa Ross. Filming began on August 4, 2010, in Montreal, Quebec, with a $25 million budget. The story is based on the years Kerouac spent travelling the United States in the",
"title": "On the Road (film)"
},
{
"id": "3441731",
"text": "June of that year, the group appeared in an episode of CMT's \"Crossroads\" show with country music legend Ronnie Milsap. Their 2006 album, \"Sacred\", features the song \"Outlaws\". In a \"closing of the circle\", Enrique Garza, Sr., sings the verse about the \"missing outlaws, just like me\". Willie Nelson, who is credited on the 2004 album, also provided a verse which makes reference to his hit \"On the Road Again\". In 2007, Los Lonely Boys participated in Amnesty International's Make Some Noise project. Their cover of John Lennon's \"Whatever Gets You thru the Night\" is the second single from the",
"title": "Los Lonely Boys"
},
{
"id": "20355265",
"text": "Again (Noah Cyrus song) \"Again\" is a song recorded by American actress and singer Noah Cyrus. It features vocals from rapper XXXTentacion, and was released on September 22, 2017. The music video was released on the same day of the single's release and it has over 62 million views (as of September 2018). In the music video, there is an absent appearance from featured artist XXXTentacion (who was incarcerated at the time of filming). It was filmed in Waverley Cemetery on top of the cliffs at Bronte in the eastern suburbs of Sydney, Australia. Tatiana Cirisano from \"Billboard\" states that",
"title": "Again (Noah Cyrus song)"
},
{
"id": "10910909",
"text": "Serenity in Fire Serenity in Fire is the seventh studio album from Canadian death metal band Kataklysm. The spoken passage in the track \"The Ambassador of Pain\" is a quote from Paul Newman's character in the film, Road to Perdition. Peter Tägtgren contributed guest vocals on the album. The song \"As I Slither\" was featured on the soundtrack for the film \"Alone in the Dark\" (2005) via Nuclear Blast, considered to be one of the worst movies ever created, featuring the actress Tara Reid. The song \"The Night They Returned\" was originally composed for the feature film (also titled 'The",
"title": "Serenity in Fire"
},
{
"id": "7510262",
"text": "wraps here with a not-so-subtle moral, being that friendship is more valuable than status or material wealth. \"Ernest Rides Again\" was released on November 12, 1993 in the United States. It grossed $1,433,496 at the box office, which was the lowest gross of the \"Ernest\" films and was consequently the last to be released theatrically. All future movies would be released direct-to-video. Ernest Rides Again Ernest Rides Again is a 1993 American comedy film written and directed by John R. Cherry III and starring Jim Varney. It opens with the song \"There Once Was A Man Named Worrell\". It is",
"title": "Ernest Rides Again"
},
{
"id": "19951479",
"text": "celebrate the 50th anniversary of the awards, the CMA tasked Shane McAnally to produce and compose a special single featuring country stars from the past and present. Joseph Khan was chosen to direct what was described as \"the biggest music video in country music history\". Whilst initially conceived as a single track, Khan had the idea of a mash-up as three songs would cover more of the breadth of country music than a single track. In order to narrow down the options, only CMA song of the year winners were considered, with On the Road Again, Country Roads Take Me",
"title": "50th Annual Country Music Association Awards"
},
{
"id": "7906993",
"text": "for their second album, Canned Heat recorded \"On the Road Again\" with new drummer Adolfo \"Fito\" de la Parra. The session took place September 6, 1967, at the Liberty Records studio in Los Angeles. Alan Wilson used verses from Floyd Jones' \"On the Road Again\" and \"Dark Road\" and added some lines of his own: For the instrumental accompaniment, Canned Heat uses a \"basic E/G/A blues chord pattern\" or \"one-chord boogie riff\" adapted from John Lee Hooker's 1949 hit \"Boogie Chillen'\". Expanding on Jones' hypnotic drone, Wilson used an Eastern string instrument called a tambura to give the song a",
"title": "On the Road Again (Canned Heat song)"
},
{
"id": "6276483",
"text": "Bruce Hall (musician) Bruce William Hall (born May 3, 1953 in Champaign, Illinois) is the current bass guitarist for the rock and roll band REO Speedwagon. He joined the band in 1977, making an appearance on the album, \"You Can Tune a Piano but You Can't Tuna Fish\" released the following year. He replaced Gregg Philbin. Hall wrote and sang lead on a few of the band's songs, including \"Back on the Road Again,\" \"Girl With the Heart of Gold\" (Hall sings the verse; frontman Kevin Cronin sings the refrain), \"Let's Be-Bop,\" \"Someone Tonight,\" \"Hey, Wait a Minute,\" \"After Tonight,\"",
"title": "Bruce Hall (musician)"
},
{
"id": "1322353",
"text": "Records, Nelson turned to outlaw country, including albums such as \"Shotgun Willie\" and \"Phases and Stages\". In 1975, he switched to Columbia Records, where he recorded the critically acclaimed album \"Red Headed Stranger\". The same year, he recorded another outlaw country album, \"Wanted! The Outlaws\", along with Waylon Jennings, Jessi Colter, and Tompall Glaser. During the mid-1980s, while creating hit albums like \"Honeysuckle Rose\" and recording hit songs like \"On the Road Again\", \"To All the Girls I've Loved Before\", and \"Pancho and Lefty\", he joined the country supergroup The Highwaymen, along with fellow singers Johnny Cash, Waylon Jennings, and",
"title": "Willie Nelson"
},
{
"id": "1443714",
"text": "September, Canned Heat left for their first European tour. It entailed a month of concert performances and media engagements that included television appearances on the British show \"Top of the Pops\". They also appeared on the German program \"Beat Club\", where they lip-synched \"On the Road Again\" as it rose to number one in both countries and in practically all of Europe. In October the band released their third album, \"Living the Blues\", which included their best known song, \"Going Up the Country\". Wilson's incarnation of Henry Thomas' \"Bull-Doze Blues\" was almost a note-for-note copy of the original, down to",
"title": "Canned Heat"
},
{
"id": "2741253",
"text": "out and play all these hits for the people who love them as much as I do.\" In 2016, Milsap was selected as one of 30 artists to perform on \"\"Forever Country\"\", a mash-up track of \"Take Me Home, Country Roads\", \"On the Road Again\" and \"I Will Always Love You\" which celebrates 50 years of the CMA Awards. In October 2018, \"Billboard\" announced that Milsap will release a duets album, titled \"Ronnie Milsap: The Duets\" in January 2019. Milsap recorded a song in 2009, titled \"My First Ride,\" as a fundraiser to benefit firefighters and police officers in the",
"title": "Ronnie Milsap"
},
{
"id": "110190",
"text": "mash-up of the songs, \"Take Me Home, Country Roads\", \"On the Road Again\" and her own \"I Will Always Love You\". The song celebrates 50 years of the CMA Awards. At the ceremony itself, Parton was honored with the Willie Nelson Lifetime Achievement Award, which was presented by Lily Tomlin and preceded by a tribute featuring Jennifer Nettles, Pentatonix, Reba McEntire, Kacey Musgraves, Carrie Underwood and Martina McBride. In 2017, Parton appeared on \"Rainbow\", the third studio album by Kesha performing a duet of \"Old Flames Can't Hold a Candle to You\". The track had been written by Kesha's mother",
"title": "Dolly Parton"
},
{
"id": "6415675",
"text": "My Religion\" and \"Country Feedback\" from \"Out of Time\"; \"Everybody Hurts\", \"Find the River\" and \"Man on the Moon\" from \"Automatic For The People\"; \"I Took Your Name\", \"What's the Frequency, Kenneth?\", \"Crush with Eyeliner\", \"Tongue\", \"Star 69\", \"Let Me In\" and \"Strange Currencies\" from the then-new \"Monster\"; and \"Undertow\", \"The Wake-Up Bomb\" and \"Binky the Doormat\" from the then-forthcoming \"New Adventures in Hi-Fi\". \"Revolution\" was eventually released on the \"Batman & Robin\" soundtrack in 1997. All songs written by Bill Berry, Peter Buck, Mike Mills and Michael Stipe. The performances of \"Undertow\", \"The Wake-Up Bomb\" and \"Binky the Doormat\"",
"title": "Road Movie (video)"
},
{
"id": "15998185",
"text": "in late-February. It reached #15 in South Africa in June 1987. It also peaked at #29 in Australia, and #38 in Canada. A music video for this song was filmed and went into heavy rotation in 1987. The video featured a home movie featuring Carly Simon as a baby and as a young child with her parents. The song served as the theme to the 1986 Mike Nichols film \"Heartburn\". The song was also featured in a 1987 episode of the US daytime Soap Opera \"General Hospital\" as well as a 1988 episode of \"The Bold and The Beautiful\". It",
"title": "Coming Around Again (Carly Simon song)"
},
{
"id": "18688065",
"text": "released their first video for the title track of the EP. It was directed by Colin Solal Cardo, who also directed their La Blogotheque session. In April 2016 the band co-wrote an original song with Madsonik and Keith Power called \"Drift And Fall Again\", for the soundtrack of the feature film \"Criminal\" starring: \"Kevin Costner\"\", Gary Oldman,Tommy Lee Jones.\"and more. Their third single, \"She's a Rainbow\", was released in May 2016. In March 2017 Their Single \"Wishing Girl\" was released and was accompanied with a video directed by Gal Muggia. The song hit top 40 German radio charts. The Band's",
"title": "Lola Marsh"
},
{
"id": "17663550",
"text": "The tour lasted from 12 March to 22 April 2015, consisting of 21 shows. McBusted were also the support act for the Australian and European legs of One Direction's On the Road Again Tour in 2015. During the Australian dates, McBusted announced and performed two of their own gigs, one in Sydney and one in Melbourne. A music video was shot for their song \"Get Over It\" in 2014 with the intention of releasing it as a single the next year. However James Bourne confirmed on Twitter that the release was scrapped. A DVD and Blu-ray release of the 2015",
"title": "McBusted"
},
{
"id": "10475759",
"text": "Monde. By this time the band had acquired Paul Wylde on keyboard. By 1970, The 69'ers had become a trio with Butler joined by Brian Bethell on bass guitar, guitar and vocals; and Keith Longman on drums and vocals. In late 1970 they released their debut single, \"On the Road Again\" / \"Cup of Tea Take Three\". \"On the Road Again\" was a cover version of the Even Dozen Jug Band song, not the 1968 Canned Heat song of the same name. During the 1970s The 69'ers became popular on the Sydney club circuit. They had a cult following in",
"title": "The 69'ers"
},
{
"id": "4845490",
"text": "it on the season 9 finale of \"American Idol\". Jackson included the song on her 2015-2016 Unbreakable World Tour. \"Again\" was used as a video interlude on her State of the World Tour in 2017. The song was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song in 1993. It also received a nomination for Best Original Song at the 66th Academy Awards, where Jackson performed the song live. \"Again\" was covered by How to Dress Well and appeared as a bonus track on his 2012 album \"Total Loss\", which was also inspired by Janet's \"The Velvet Rope\". According",
"title": "Again (Janet Jackson song)"
},
{
"id": "9956359",
"text": "Flash\" and \"Supergirl\". Melissa Benoist sang it in \"Supergirl\"'s \"Crisis on Earth-X\" crossover episode. Pasek and Paul wrote the 2016 song \"Get Back Up Again\" for the film \"Trolls\", as well as five original songs for the 2016 animated direct-to-video feature \"\". They wrote the lyrics for the musical romantic comedy-drama film \"La La Land\", which had music written by Justin Hurwitz. The film, in its world premiere, was the opening film at the 73rd Venice International Film Festival on August 31, 2016. The film's track \"City of Stars\", with their lyrics and composition by Justin Hurwitz, won the 2017",
"title": "Pasek and Paul"
},
{
"id": "12845286",
"text": "on several television commercials for GEICO motorcycle insurance. Several musicians have recorded renditions of \"Going Up the Country\", including Luca Prodan, Kitty, Daisy & Lewis, Deerhoof, and the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band. Going Up the Country \"Going Up the Country\" (also Goin' Up the Country) is a song adapted and recorded by American blues rock band Canned Heat. Called a \"rural hippie anthem\", it became one of the band's biggest hits and best-known songs. As with their previous single, \"On the Road Again\", the song was adapted from a 1920s blues song and sung in a countertenor-style by Alan Wilson.",
"title": "Going Up the Country"
},
{
"id": "1443701",
"text": "the Country\" and \"On the Road Again\" became international hits. \"Going Up the Country\" was a remake of the Henry Thomas song \"Bull Doze Blues\", recorded in Louisville, Kentucky, in 1927. \"On the Road Again\" was a remake of the 1953 Floyd Jones song of the same name, which is reportedly based on the Tommy Johnson song \"Big Road Blues\", recorded in 1928. Since the early 1970s, numerous personnel changes have occurred, although the current lineup includes all three surviving members of the classic lineup: de la Parra (who has remained in the band since first joining in 1967), Mandel,",
"title": "Canned Heat"
},
{
"id": "12047579",
"text": "I Don't Care: The Album I Don't Care: The Album is the second studio album by American hip hop duo Audio Two. It was released in 1990 through First Priority Music with distribution by Atlantic Records. Production was handled by its members Milk Dee and DJ Gizmo along with the King of Chill and Terence Dudley. It features guest appearances from MC Lyte and Positive K. \"I Don't Care: The Album\" was not a success, only peaking at number 74 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and spawning two singles: \"On the Road Again\" and \"I Get the Papers\". Its",
"title": "I Don't Care: The Album"
},
{
"id": "7904161",
"text": "\"Going Up The Country\" was featured in the Woodstock film. Wilson also wrote and sang the hit record \"On the Road Again\". In an interview with \"Down Beat\" magazine he remarked, \"... on 'On The Road Again' [second LP] I appear in six different capacities – three tamboura parts, harmonica, vocal, and guitar, all recorded at different times.\" On the double album \"Hooker 'N Heat\" (1970), John Lee Hooker is heard wondering how Wilson is capable of following Hooker's guitar playing so well. Hooker was known to be a difficult performer to accompany, partly because of his disregard of song",
"title": "Alan Wilson (musician)"
},
{
"id": "1446544",
"text": "17. In 2016, Jackson was selected as one of 30 artists to perform on \"\"Forever Country\"\", a mash-up track of Take Me Home, Country Roads, On the Road Again and I Will Always Love You which celebrates 50 years of the CMA Awards. In 2016 and 2017, Jackson extended his \"Keepin' It Country\" tour with American Idol alumni Lauren Alaina. In August 2016, Legacy Recordings released the collection \"\"Genuine: The Alan Jackson Story\"\" digitally and on three CDs with 59 tracks including eight previously unreleased tracks. In October 2017, Alan Jackson released a new song titled \"The Older I Get\"",
"title": "Alan Jackson"
},
{
"id": "15310810",
"text": "100 and number nine Easy Listening in the US. \"Who Was It?\" was a number 23 hit on the UK singles chart for Hurricane Smith, who also took the song to number 49 pop and number 12 Easy Listening. Williams' recording of \"Marmalade, Molasses & Honey\" originated in the 1972 film \"The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean\" and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song. \"If You're Gonna Break Another Heart\" was recorded by Cass Elliot for her 1972 album \"The Road Is No Place for a Lady\" and by Albert Hammond under the title \"If",
"title": "Alone Again (Naturally) (album)"
},
{
"id": "7904155",
"text": "Alan Wilson (musician) Alan Christie Wilson (July 4, 1943 – September 3, 1970) was a co-founder, leader, and primary composer for the American blues band Canned Heat. He played harmonica, guitar, and sang with the group live and on recordings. Wilson was lead singer on Canned Heat's two biggest U.S. hit singles, \"On The Road Again\" and \"Going Up The Country\". His death at age 27 prefigured that of some of the other rock artists of the 1960s. Wilson was born and grew up in the Boston suburb of Arlington, Massachusetts. Some of Wilson's first efforts at performing music publicly",
"title": "Alan Wilson (musician)"
},
{
"id": "20582923",
"text": "The Hawaiians a veneer that resonates across the ages.” Ludovic Hunter-Tilney in the \"Financial Times\" noted that “New York Rapper Nas does a superb cover of the Memphis Jug Band’s “On the Road Again”, exposing the hip-hop blueprint within the 1928 stomper.” Jerobear in \"Review Corner\" wrote that “It’s impressive, and it contains enough of the antique feel to be quaint, and just enough studio engineering to sound good to modern ears. Producers T Bone Burnett and (predictably) Jack White line up a roster of stars in front of the mic to sing the old songs, and it works a",
"title": "Music from The American Epic Sessions: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack"
},
{
"id": "13443380",
"text": "version of dread of dealing with in-laws. The narrator wakes up in the morning and has to face a surreal world where his mother-in-law hides in the refrigerator, his father-in-law wears a mask of Napoleon and the grandfather-in-law's cane turns into a sword, the grandmother-in-law prays to pictures and an uncle-in-law steals from the narrator's pockets, in lyrics such as: <poem>Your mama, she's a-hidin' Inside the icebox Your daddy walks in wearin' Napoleon Bonaparte mask</poem> Frogs live in the narrator's socks, his food is covered in dirt, and deliverymen and servants have a sinister presence. The song's title echoes the",
"title": "On the Road Again (Bob Dylan song)"
},
{
"id": "7755791",
"text": "dedicated on August 1, 2009. Shade's band was the first jug band to receive this honor. The Memphis Jug Band recorded nearly 100 sides between 1927 and 1934, making it the most recorded of the pre-war jug bands. In the first four of these years, it recorded at least 60 songs for Victor Records. Over time, the band's style moved to a jazzier beat, as evidenced by its final recordings, in 1934. Famous singles by the band include \"Lindberg Hop\", \"On the Road Again\", \"Newport News Blues\", \"K.C. Moan\", and \"Stealin' Stealin'\". Will Shade William Shade Jr. (February 5, 1898",
"title": "Will Shade"
},
{
"id": "10603970",
"text": "subsequently purchased by the indie studio A24 in a bidding war. https://a24films.com/films/the-last-movie-star. The movie has since received acclaim from critics and audiences around the world. The movie featured the original song \"To Get Here,\" written by 8 time Oscar Nominee Diane Warren and was performed by country legend Willie Nelson. Later in the spring of 2018 Mandt collected his first Clio Award for the 360° video production of \"The Road to the Super Bowl\", starring the Philadelphia Eagles. The project gave viewers unprecedented access to the NFL's top team through immersive media. On the night before the 2018 midterm elections",
"title": "Neil Mandt"
},
{
"id": "18572361",
"text": "of 21 shows. McBusted were also the support act for the Australian and European legs of One Direction's On the Road Again Tour in 2015. During the Australian dates, McBusted announced and performed two of their own gigs, one in Sydney and one in Melbourne. A music video was shot for their song \"Get Over It\" in 2014 with the intention of releasing it as a single the next year. However James Bourne confirmed on Twitter that the release was scrapped. A DVD and Blu-ray release of the 2015 tour, McBusted's Most Excellent Adventure Tour – Live at the O2,",
"title": "McBusted's Most Excellent Adventure Tour"
},
{
"id": "10548316",
"text": "notes for the CD. \"Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions\" includes several songs that were later played in concert by the Grateful Dead – \"Overseas Stomp\" (also known as \"Lindy\"), \"Ain't It Crazy\" (a.k.a. \"The Rub\"), \"On the Road Again\", \"The Monkey and the Engineer\", and \"Beat It On Down the Line\". Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions (album) Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions is an American folk music album. It was recorded live by the band of the same name at the Top of the Tangent coffee house in Palo Alto, California in July, 1964, and released in 1999. The band",
"title": "Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions (album)"
},
{
"id": "17964613",
"text": "film composer Hans Zimmer, the latter of whom scores the film. On March 31, \"It's On Again\" was uploaded to Keys' official Soundcloud page and impacted mainstream urban radio in the United States. The following day, it was released digitally as a single. The songs was performed for the first time on television on \"The Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon\". The song was also performed at the film's premiere concert in New York City. \"It's On Again\" debuted on the \"Billboard\" Adult R&B Songs and Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay charts at numbers 17 and 40 respectively on the chart week ending",
"title": "It's On Again"
},
{
"id": "9624338",
"text": "he provided the guitar on the Marty Robbins hits \"El Paso\" (1959) and \"Don't Worry\" (1961), on Roy Orbison's \"Oh, Pretty Woman\" (1964) and Lefty Frizzell's \"Saginaw, Michigan\" (1964). His guitar work was also displayed in Johnny Horton's \"The Battle of New Orleans\" (1959) and \"Honky Tonk Man\" (1956), and especially his pure rockabilly sound on \"I'm Coming Home\" (1957). He shaped countless other classics, including Brenda Lee's \"I'm Sorry\", Willie Nelson's \"On the Road Again\", Ray Price's \"For the Good Times\" and Jeanne Pruett's \"Satin Sheets\". Martin is credited with accidentally stumbling onto the electric guitar \"fuzz\" effect during",
"title": "Grady Martin"
},
{
"id": "2472148",
"text": "on the first electrical sound recording system from the 1920s. His performances of \"Matrimonial Intentions\", \"Mama's Angel Child\", \"2 Fingers of Whiskey (with Elton John) and \"On the Road Again' and \"One Mic\" (with Nas) appeared on \".\" He was an executive producer of the film. White founded Third Man Records in 2001. However, it was not until after he moved to Nashville that White purchased a space in 2009 to house his label. He explained, \"For the longest time I did not want to have my own studio gear, mostly because with the White Stripes I wanted to have",
"title": "Jack White"
},
{
"id": "10341206",
"text": "Philip LaZebnik Philip LaZebnik (born 1953 in Ann Arbor, Michigan) is an American screenwriter and producer. LaZebnik has written screenplays for films including \"Pocahontas\", \"Mulan\", \"The Prince of Egypt\", \"The Road to El Dorado\", \"The Lost Treasure of the Knights Templar\", \"Asterix and the Vikings\", \"The Three Investigators and the Secret of Skeleton Island\", \"The Lost Treasure of the Knights Templar II\", \"\", \"The Three Investigators and the Secret of Terror Castle\", Emma and Santa Claus and \"The Ark and the Aardvark\". He wrote the book for the musical \"Fairy Tale\" about Hans Christian Andersen with songs by Stephen Schwartz,",
"title": "Philip LaZebnik"
},
{
"id": "10844710",
"text": "\"The Electric Company\" (2009–2010) and \"Do No Harm\" (2013). He hosted \"Saturday Night Live\" for the first time in 2016 and earned his first Emmy award nomination for acting. Among other film work, Miranda contributed music and vocals for a scene in \"\" (2015), wrote music and songs in the animated musical \"Moana\" (2016), which nabbed him nominations for the Best Original Song Academy Award and Golden Globe for the song \"How Far I'll Go\" and starred as Jack in the musical fantasy \"Mary Poppins Returns\" (2018), for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor",
"title": "Lin-Manuel Miranda"
},
{
"id": "17167580",
"text": "various locations around New York City. The film premiered in September 2013 at the Toronto International Film Festival and was released theatrically on June 27, 2014, in conjunction with the release of the film's soundtrack. It has grossed over $63 million worldwide and received mostly positive reviews from critics. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song for \"Lost Stars\". Dan Mulligan (Mark Ruffalo) is a formerly successful record label executive living in New York City who is estranged from his wife Miriam (Catherine Keener) and struggling to keep up with the changing music industry. After being",
"title": "Begin Again (film)"
},
{
"id": "11922882",
"text": "in Willow Springs, Illinois. Floyd Jones Floyd Jones (July 21, 1917 – December 19, 1989) was an American blues singer, guitarist and songwriter. He was one of the first of the new generation of electric blues artists to record in Chicago after World War II, and a number of his recordings are regarded as classics of the Chicago blues idiom. His song \"On the Road Again\" was a top 10 hit for Canned Heat in 1968. Notably for a blues artist of his era, several of his songs have economic or social themes, such as \"Stockyard Blues\" (which refers to",
"title": "Floyd Jones"
},
{
"id": "4078055",
"text": "has a score of 55 out of 100 based on 32 reviews, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". The film opened up on May 19, 2000 alongside \"Dinosaur\" and \"Small Time Crooks\". And was at #3 at the North American box office making US$15,484,004 in its opening weekend. A direct-to-video sequel entitled \"\" was released on August 11, 2009, this time by Paramount Famous Productions as Paramount Pictures had acquired DreamWorks' back catalog in its 2006 purchase of the company (since undone). Only two of the original cast or crew appear in the sequel film, DJ Qualls as Kyle Edwards and",
"title": "Road Trip (film)"
},
{
"id": "13370617",
"text": "Holiday Road \"Holiday Road\" is a 1983 single written, composed, and recorded by former Fleetwood Mac guitarist Lindsey Buckingham. The song was written for the 1983 film \"National Lampoon's Vacation.\" The song was also used in the sequels \"National Lampoon's European Vacation,\" \"Vegas Vacation,\" and \"Vacation.\" While the song peaked at only No. 82 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, it has since become one of Buckingham's best known songs. Buckingham released a live version of the song on his 2008 album \"Live at the Bass Performance Hall.\" In July of 2015, a remastered edition of \"Holiday Road\" was re-released,",
"title": "Holiday Road"
},
{
"id": "8274654",
"text": "in their covers. Willie Nelson's \"On the Road Again\" uses the intro riff of \"Astro Zombies\" by The Misfits; \"Sunday Morning Coming Down\" adapts its arrangement from The Clash's rendition of \"Police and Thieves,\" while \"East Bound And Down\" includes some of The Damned's \"Love Song.\" Love Their Country Love Their Country is the fifth studio album, and sixth overall by Me First and the Gimme Gimmes. It was released on October 17, 2006 by Fat Wreck Chords. The album consists of cover versions of country and western songs. Prior to its release, a Fat Wreck Chords press release had",
"title": "Love Their Country"
},
{
"id": "11785760",
"text": "asks the salesman to have the bird perform one more song. The bird sings the chorus of Jones' \"He Stopped Loving Her Today.\" Immediately thereafter, the protagonist agrees to buy the bird for $500. The deal is closed, and the salesman exits. Moments later, as the protagonist is dreaming about a lucrative career as novelty act performer, the bird flies out the door, never to be seen again. The protagonist realizes that he has been tricked and can only watch helplessly as the bird flies out into the night, singing modified lyrics to Nelson's \"On the Road Again.\" (The modified",
"title": "The Bird (Jerry Reed song)"
},
{
"id": "16998876",
"text": "of Christmas still exists: New York City. Her other film credits include \"Second Wind\" (1976), \"Murder by Decree\" (1979), \"The Amateur\" (1981), \"Overnight\" (1985), \"Rolling Vengeance\" (1987) and \"Down the Road Again\" (2011). She won the Canadian Film Award for Best Supporting Actress in 1976 for \"Second Wind\". She is the daughter of Darwina (Faessler) and actor and educator Mavor Moore, the granddaughter of Canadian theatre figure Dora Mavor Moore, and the great-granddaughter of Scottish-born economist James Mavor. With director Donald Shebib, she is the mother of music producer, Noah \"40\" Shebib. Tedde Moore Tedde Moore (born October 28, 1945)",
"title": "Tedde Moore"
}
] | what movie has the song on the road again |
[
"novel"
] | [
{
"id": "193702",
"text": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (or, in more recent editions, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn) is a novel by Mark Twain, first published in the United Kingdom in December 1884 and in the United States in February 1885. Commonly named among the Great American Novels, the work is among the first in major American literature to be written throughout in vernacular English, characterized by local color regionalism. It is told in the first person by Huckleberry \"Huck\" Finn, the narrator of two other Twain novels (\"Tom Sawyer Abroad\" and \"Tom Sawyer, Detective\") and a friend of Tom",
"title": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "193703",
"text": "Sawyer. It is a direct sequel to \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\". The book is noted for its colorful description of people and places along the Mississippi River. Set in a Southern antebellum society that had ceased to exist about 20 years before the work was published, \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" is an often scathing satire on entrenched attitudes, particularly racism. Perennially popular with readers, \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" has also been the continued object of study by literary critics since its publication. The book was widely criticized upon release because of its extensive use of coarse language. Throughout the",
"title": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "193704",
"text": "20th century, and despite arguments that the protagonist and the tenor of the book are anti-racist, criticism of the book continued due to both its perceived use of racial stereotypes and its frequent use of the racial slur \"nigger\". In order of appearance: The story begins in fictional St. Petersburg, Missouri (based on the actual town of Hannibal, Missouri), on the shore of the Mississippi River \"forty to fifty years ago\" (the novel having been published in 1884). Huckleberry \"Huck\" Finn (the protagonist and first-person narrator) and his friend, Thomas \"Tom\" Sawyer, have each come into a considerable sum of",
"title": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "12973771",
"text": "Huckleberry Finn Huckleberry \"Huck\" Finn is a fictional character created by Mark Twain who first appeared in the book \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" and is the protagonist and narrator of its sequel, \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\". He is 12 or 13 years old during the former and a year older (\"thirteen or fourteen or along there\", Chapter 17) at the time of the latter. Huck also narrates \"Tom Sawyer Abroad\" and \"Tom Sawyer, Detective\", two shorter sequels to the first two books. Huckleberry \"Huck\" Finn is the son of the town's vagrant drunkard, \"Pap\" Finn. Sleeping on doorsteps when",
"title": "Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "11639525",
"text": "Jim (Huckleberry Finn) Jim is one of two major fictional characters in the classic novel \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" by Mark Twain. The book chronicles his and Huckleberry's raft journey down the Mississippi River in the antebellum Southern United States. Jim is an adult black slave who has fled; \"Huck,\" a 13-year-old white boy, joins him in spite of his own conventional understanding and the law. The character may have been modeled after one or more slaves , or on the \"shrewd, wise, polite, always good-natured ...\" formerly enslaved African-American George Griffin, whom Twain employed as a butler, starting around",
"title": "Jim (Huckleberry Finn)"
},
{
"id": "12973783",
"text": "appeared in a number of novels, plays, comic strips, and stories written by various authors that purport to tell the latter adventures of Huck and his friends. Actors who have portrayed Huckleberry Finn in films and TV: Huckleberry Finn Huckleberry \"Huck\" Finn is a fictional character created by Mark Twain who first appeared in the book \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" and is the protagonist and narrator of its sequel, \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\". He is 12 or 13 years old during the former and a year older (\"thirteen or fourteen or along there\", Chapter 17) at the time of",
"title": "Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "193727",
"text": "trip down the Hudson River, Twain returned to his work on the novel. Upon completion, the novel's title closely paralleled its predecessor's: \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Tom Sawyer's Comrade)\". Mark Twain composed the story in pen on notepaper between 1876 and 1883. Paul Needham, who supervised the authentication of the manuscript for Sotheby's books and manuscripts department in New York in 1991, stated, \"What you see is [Clemens'] attempt to move away from pure literary writing to dialect writing\". For example, Twain revised the opening line of \"Huck Finn\" three times. He initially wrote, \"You will not know about me\",",
"title": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "8969622",
"text": "novel \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\", also produced and written by the same team and starring East in the role of Huckleberry Finn. Huckleberry Finn (Jeff East) is a boy from Missouri living with a kindly widow and her sister who has taken him in. One day his father (Gary Merrill), previously thought dead, shows up because he heard of treasure Huck had found. Huck's pap essentially kidnaps the boy, wanting $1000 for his safe return. Staging his own death, Huck escapes and meets up with the kindly slave Jim (Paul Winfield). Together they travel downriver, in search of Jim's",
"title": "Huckleberry Finn (1974 film)"
},
{
"id": "12973777",
"text": "to head north on the Ohio River, in hopes of finding freedom from slavery for Jim and freedom from Pap for Huck. Their adventures together, along with Huck's solo adventures, comprise the core of the book. In the end, however, Jim gains his freedom through Miss Watson's death, as she freed him in her will. Pap, it is revealed, has died in Huck's absence, and although he could safely return to St. Petersburg, Huck plans to flee west to Indian Territory. In \"Tom Sawyer Abroad\" and \"Tom Sawyer, Detective\", the sequels to \"Huck Finn\", however, Huck is living in St.",
"title": "Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "193721",
"text": "Huckleberry Finn\" explores themes of race and identity. A complexity exists concerning Jim's character. While some scholars point out that Jim is good-hearted, moral, and he is not unintelligent (in contrast to several of the more negatively depicted white characters), others have criticized the novel as racist, citing the use of the word \"nigger\" and emphasizing the stereotypically \"comic\" treatment of Jim's lack of education, superstition and ignorance. Throughout the story, Huck is in moral conflict with the received values of the society in which he lives, and while he is unable to consciously refute those values even in his",
"title": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "16599274",
"text": "in Mark Twain's \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" In 1981, Carkeet was nominated for an Edgar Award in the first-novel category by the Mystery Writers of America for \"Double Negative\", published the year before. He won an O. Henry Award in 1982 for \"The Greatest Slump of All Time,\" a short story originally published in \"Carolina Quarterly\" that he later expanded into the novel of the same title. He received a creative writing fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts in 1983, and he won the Creative Nonfiction Award from the Association of Writers & Writing Programs in 2004. David",
"title": "David Carkeet"
},
{
"id": "4726196",
"text": "period in the South. in 1856 George Tucker completed his final multivolume work in his \"History of the United States, From Their Colonization to the End of the 26th Congress, in 1841\". In 1884, Mark Twain published what is arguably the most influential southern novel of the 19th century, \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\". Ernest Hemingway said of the novel, \"All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called \"Huckleberry Finn\".\" This statement applies even more to Southern literature because of the novel's frank dealings with issues such as race and violence. Kate Chopin was another central figure",
"title": "Southern United States literature"
},
{
"id": "193726",
"text": "1899 after Twain lost the copyright. Twain initially conceived of the work as a sequel to \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" that would follow Huckleberry Finn through adulthood. Beginning with a few pages he had removed from the earlier novel, Twain began work on a manuscript he originally titled \"Huckleberry Finn's Autobiography.\" Twain worked on the manuscript off and on for the next several years, ultimately abandoning his original plan of following Huck's development into adulthood. He appeared to have lost interest in the manuscript while it was in progress, and set it aside for several years. After making a",
"title": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "1359706",
"text": "Mark Twain Mark Twain (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910), real name Samuel Langhorne Clemens, was an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer. Among his novels are \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" (1876) and its sequel, the \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" (1885), the latter often called \"The Great American Novel\". Twain was raised in Hannibal, Missouri, which later provided the setting for \"Tom Sawyer\" and \"Huckleberry Finn\". He served an apprenticeship with a printer and then worked as a typesetter, contributing articles to the newspaper of his older brother Orion Clemens. He later became a riverboat pilot on",
"title": "Mark Twain"
},
{
"id": "1359748",
"text": "despite a storyline that is common in film and literature today. The book tells the story of two boys born on the same day who are physically identical, acting as a social commentary as the prince and pauper switch places. Twain had started \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" (which he consistently had problems completing) and had completed his travel book \"A Tramp Abroad\", which describes his travels through central and southern Europe. Twain's next major published work was the \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\", which confirmed him as a noteworthy American writer. Some have called it the first Great American Novel, and",
"title": "Mark Twain"
},
{
"id": "193720",
"text": "freed Jim in her will, but Tom (who already knew this) chose not to reveal this information to Huck so that he could come up with an artful rescue plan for Jim. Jim tells Huck that Huck's father (Pap Finn) has been dead for some time (he was the dead man they found earlier in the floating house), and so Huck may now return safely to St. Petersburg. Huck declares that he is quite glad to be done writing his story, and despite Sally's plans to adopt and civilize him, he intends to flee west to Indian Territory. \"Adventures of",
"title": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "9760748",
"text": "Jon Clinch Jon Clinch is an American novelist and teacher. Originally from upstate Oneida, New York, he graduated from Syracuse University and went on to teach American literature. Formerly creative director for various advertising agencies in the Philadelphia area, he now lives in Vermont. He has written stories which have been published in \"MSS\" magazine. In February 2007 Random House published his first novel, \"Finn\", a critically acclaimed backstory about \"Pap Finn,\" Huckleberry Finn's father from Mark Twain's \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" (1884). Named an American Library Association Notable Book, \"Finn\" was also named one of the best novels of",
"title": "Jon Clinch"
},
{
"id": "1621645",
"text": "his epic poem about his New Jersey hometown, \"Paterson\", Marianne Moore, E. E. Cummings, Edna St. Vincent Millay and Langston Hughes, in addition to many others. Mark Twain (the pen name used by Samuel Langhorne Clemens, 1835–1910) was the first major American writer to be born away from the East Coast – in the border state of Missouri. His regional masterpieces were the memoir \"Life on the Mississippi\" and the novels \"Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" and \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\". Twain's style – influenced by journalism, wedded to the vernacular, direct and unadorned but also highly evocative and irreverently humorous",
"title": "American literature"
},
{
"id": "9766427",
"text": "Western New York Genealogical Society, the region's oldest and largest genealogy organization. Materials from most Grosvenor Room collections are for in-library use only and cannot be borrowed. Mark Twain Room: This special exhibition room at the Central Library is the home of Twain's original handwritten manuscript, \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\". Twain was a briefly a member of the Buffalo and Erie County Public Library's predecessor, the Young Men's Association, and donated the manuscript of what is considered by many to be the greatest American novel. In 1885, Twain sent the second half of \"Huckleberry Finn\", believing the first half had",
"title": "Buffalo & Erie County Public Library"
},
{
"id": "12973775",
"text": "unconventional childhood, Huck has received almost no education. At the end of \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\", Huck is adopted by the Widow Douglas, who sends him to school in return for his saving her life. In the course of \"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" he learns enough to be literate and even reads books for entertainment when there isn't anything else to do. His knowledge of history as related to Jim is wildly inaccurate, but it is not specified if he is being wrong on purpose as a joke on Jim. In \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\", the sequel to",
"title": "Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "193728",
"text": "which he changed to, \"You do not know about me\", before settling on the final version, \"You don't know about me, without you have read a book by the name of 'The Adventures of Tom Sawyer'; but that ain't no matter.\" The revisions also show how Twain reworked his material to strengthen the characters of Huck and Jim, as well as his sensitivity to the then-current debate over literacy and voting. A later version was the first typewritten manuscript delivered to a printer. Demand for the book spread outside of the United States. \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" was eventually published",
"title": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "10933629",
"text": "release, available exclusively through Warner's online store and Amazon.com. The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is an American live-action and animated television series that originally aired on NBC from September 15, 1968, through February 23, 1969. Produced by Hanna-Barbera and based on the classic Mark Twain characters, the program starred its three live-action heroes, Huck Finn (Michael Shea), Becky Thatcher (LuAnn Haslam), and Tom Sawyer (Kevin Schultz), navigating weekly adventures within an animated world as they attempted to outrun a vengeful \"Injun Joe\" (voiced by Ted Cassidy). After the show's original run, the series",
"title": "The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "12375211",
"text": "the 1870s with the works of Mark Twain, William Dean Howells, and Henry James. Mark Twain (the pen name used by Samuel Langhorne Clemens, 1835–1910) was the first major American writer to be born away from the East Coast—in the border state of Missouri. His regional masterpieces were the novels \"Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" (1876) and \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" (1884). Twain's style changed the way Americans write their language. His characters speak like real people and sound distinctively American, using local dialects, newly invented words, and regional accents. Henry James (1843–1916) was a major American novelist of the late",
"title": "English literature"
},
{
"id": "1359741",
"text": "narrative, and social criticism in \"Huckleberry Finn\". He was a master of rendering colloquial speech and helped to create and popularize a distinctive American literature built on American themes and language. Many of his works have been suppressed at times for various reasons. The \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" has been repeatedly restricted in American high schools, not least for its frequent use of the word \"nigger\", which was in common usage in the pre-Civil War period in which the novel was set. A complete bibliography of Twain's works is nearly impossible to compile because of the vast number of pieces",
"title": "Mark Twain"
},
{
"id": "10933609",
"text": "The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is an American live-action and animated television series that originally aired on NBC from September 15, 1968, through February 23, 1969. Produced by Hanna-Barbera and based on the classic Mark Twain characters, the program starred its three live-action heroes, Huck Finn (Michael Shea), Becky Thatcher (LuAnn Haslam), and Tom Sawyer (Kevin Schultz), navigating weekly adventures within an animated world as they attempted to outrun a vengeful \"Injun Joe\" (voiced by Ted Cassidy). After the show's original run, the series continued to air in reruns as part of \"The",
"title": "The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "12973776",
"text": "\"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\", the Widow attempts to \"sivilize\" [\"sic\"] the newly wealthy Huck. Huck's father takes him from her, but Huck manages to fake his own death and escape to Jackson's Island, where he coincidentally meets up with Jim, a slave who was owned by the Widow Douglas' sister, Miss Watson. Jim is running away because he overheard Miss Watson planning to \"sell him South\" for eight hundred dollars. Jim wants to escape to Cairo, Illinois, where he can find work to eventually buy his family's freedom. Huck and Jim take a raft down the Mississippi River, planning",
"title": "Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "9147264",
"text": "States. His stories of middle and upper class life set in the 1880s and 1890s are highly regarded among scholars of American fiction. His most popular novel, \"The Rise of Silas Lapham\" (1885), depicts a man who, ironically, falls from materialistic fortune by his own mistakes. Other early American realists include Samuel Clemens (1835–1910), better known by his pen name of Mark Twain, author of \"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" (1884), Stephen Crane (1871–1900), and Horatio Alger, Jr. (1832–1899). Twain's style, based on vigorous, realistic, colloquial American speech, gave American writers a new appreciation of their national voice. Twain was",
"title": "Literary realism"
},
{
"id": "8033869",
"text": "Michael Patrick Hearn Michael Patrick Hearn is an American literary scholar as well as a man of letters specializing in children's literature and its illustration. His works include \"The Annotated Wizard of Oz\" (1971/2000), \"The Annotated Christmas Carol\" (1977/2003), and \"The Annotated Huckleberry Finn\" (2001). He considers the three most quintessential American novels to be \"Moby-Dick\" by Herman Melville, \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\" by L. Frank Baum, and \"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" by Mark Twain. He is an expert on L. Frank Baum and is currently writing a biography about him, which sets forth to correct the numerous",
"title": "Michael Patrick Hearn"
},
{
"id": "6635601",
"text": "Huckleberry Finn and His Friends Huckleberry Finn and His Friends was a 1979 television series documenting the exploits of Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer, based on the novels \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" and \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" by American writer Mark Twain. The series was made up of 26 episodes and was a Canadian/West German international co-production. Even though Mark Twain originally wrote the books \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" and \"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" as separate units, this series conjures up both literary works as only one story. Therefore, it places greater importance on Huckleberry's character without",
"title": "Huckleberry Finn and His Friends"
},
{
"id": "193705",
"text": "money as a result of their earlier adventures (detailed in \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\"). Huck explains how he is placed under the guardianship of the Widow Douglas, who, together with her stringent sister, Miss Watson, are attempting to \"sivilize\" him and teach him religion. Finding civilized life confining, his spirits are raised somewhat when Tom Sawyer helps him to escape one night past Miss Watson's slave Jim, to meet up with Tom's gang of self-proclaimed \"robbers.\" Just as the gang's activities begin to bore Huck, he is suddenly interrupted by the reappearance of his shiftless father, \"Pap\", an abusive",
"title": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "11639530",
"text": "as a stereotype, and Tom as an aggressor. According to Professor Stephen Railton of the University of Virginia, Twain was unable to fully rise above the stereotypes of black people that white readers of his era expected and enjoyed. Twain therefore resorted to minstrel show-style comedy to provide humor at Jim's expense, and ended up conforming to rather than challenging late-19th century racist stereotypes. Jim (Huckleberry Finn) Jim is one of two major fictional characters in the classic novel \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" by Mark Twain. The book chronicles his and Huckleberry's raft journey down the Mississippi River in the",
"title": "Jim (Huckleberry Finn)"
},
{
"id": "8667749",
"text": "The Adventures of Huck Finn (1993 film) The Adventures of Huck Finn is a 1993 American adventure film written and directed by Stephen Sommers, distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures and Buena Vista Pictures, and starring Elijah Wood, Courtney B. Vance, Jason Robards and Robbie Coltrane; it is based on Mark Twain's novel \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" and focuses on at least three-fourths of the book. The film follows a boy named Huckleberry Finn and an escaped slave named Jim, who travel the Mississippi River together and overcome various obstacles along the way. The movie received a \"PG\" rating",
"title": "The Adventures of Huck Finn (1993 film)"
},
{
"id": "2983327",
"text": "Author Rick Riordan publishes multiple book series featuring gods of ancient civilizations in the modern day, which have had two crossovers and three references to other series. The first popular crossover in literature was the 1885 Mark Twain novel, \"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\", which had an important guest appearance by Tom Sawyer. Brazilian writer Monteiro Lobato also created solid and imaginative crossovers, using elements and characters from Brazilian folklore such as the Cuca and Saci, from Greek mythology, from the \"Arabian Nights\", from fairy tales such as Grimm's \"Snow White\", Western literature such as Peter Pan, cartoons such as",
"title": "Crossover (fiction)"
},
{
"id": "12973772",
"text": "the weather is fair, in empty hogsheads during storms, and living off of what he receives from others, Huck lives the life of a destitute vagabond. The author metaphorically names him \"the juvenile pariah of the village\" and describes Huck as \"idle, and lawless, and vulgar, and bad\", qualities for which he was admired by all the children in the village, although their mothers \"cordially hated and dreaded\" him. Huck is an archetypal innocent, able to discover the \"right\" thing to do despite the prevailing theology and prejudiced mentality of the South of that era. The best example of this",
"title": "Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "193723",
"text": "him. When Huck escapes, he then immediately encounters Jim \"illegally\" doing the same thing. The treatments both of them receive are radically different, especially with an encounter with Mrs. Judith Loftus who takes pity on who she presumes to be a runaway apprentice, Huck, yet boasts about her husband sending the hounds after a runaway slave, Jim. Some scholars discuss Huck's own character, and the novel itself, in the context of its relation to African-American culture as a whole. John Alberti quotes Shelley Fisher Fishkin, who writes in her 1990s book \"Was Huck Black?: Mark Twain and African-American Voices\", \"by",
"title": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "193736",
"text": "not only permitted but compelled me to read an unexpurgated Bible through before I was 15 years old. None can do that and ever draw a clean sweet breath again on this side of the grave. Many subsequent critics, Ernest Hemingway among them, have deprecated the final chapters, claiming the book \"devolves into little more than minstrel-show satire and broad comedy\" after Jim is detained. Although Hemingway declared, \"All modern American literature comes from\" \"Huck Finn\", and hailed it as \"the best book we've had\", he cautioned, \"If you must read it you must stop where the Nigger Jim is",
"title": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "5785206",
"text": "size format with accompanying study notes by literary scholars. The Acclaim line included Mark Twain's \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\", with art by Frank Giacoia, and \"The Three Musketeers\", illustrated by George Evans. The series favored Mark Twain with reprints of \"Pudd'nhead Wilson\", \"The Prince and the Pauper\" and \"Tom Sawyer\". Other reprints in this series were Fyodor Dostoyevsky's \"Crime and Punishment\", Herman Melville's \"Moby-Dick\" and Nathaniel Hawthorne's \"The House of the Seven Gables\". In 2003, Toronto's Jack Lake Productions Inc. revived \"Classics Illustrated Junior\", creating new remastered artwork from the original editions. In 2005, Jack Lake Productions published a \"Classics",
"title": "Classics Illustrated"
},
{
"id": "12612214",
"text": "instead he calmly talked to the audience or kept whistling the song 'Year of Jubilo'. After Avery left MGM, Hanna and Barbera produced two more shorts with the character. In two of his cartoons (\"Billy Boy\" and \"Blackboard Jumble\") the wolf plays a role that was exactly like a usual Huckleberry Hound short, aside from his frequent use of slang, and the echo-like repetition of words he only had in \"Billy Boy\". While \"Sheep Wrecked\" was the wolf's final appearance, Huckleberry can be considered his reincarnation. Huckleberry's name is a reference to classic American novel \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\", written",
"title": "Huckleberry Hound"
},
{
"id": "18083640",
"text": "Charles L. Webster and Company In 1884, author and journalist Samuel Clemens, popularly known as Mark Twain, founded the subscription publishing firm of Charles L. Webster and Company. The firm was named after Clemens' niece’s husband Charles L. Webster whom Clemens appointed the firm's business director. The formation of the company came out of Clemens' dissatisfaction with his previous publishers including Charles H. Webb, Elisha Bliss, and James R. Osgood. Clemens wanted to earn a dual income as both author and publisher of books. The first two American publications of the firm, \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" (1885) and the \"Personal",
"title": "Charles L. Webster and Company"
},
{
"id": "14072528",
"text": "Mark Twain's \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\", the short stories of Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Henry Miller, Herman Melville, Thomas Pynchon's novel \"Gravity's Rainbow\", Frank Conroy's memoir \"Stop-Time\", James Salter's novel \"Light Years\", and many other contemporary American works and writers. While teaching at the American University in Washington, DC, Moyer met Amy, one of his students who was a senior Literature major. They married in 1972 and are still happily married; they have no children. After his retirement, he and his wife Amy moved to Cape Cod, where they currently live with their dog Zora. Kermit Moyer Kermit Moyer",
"title": "Kermit Moyer"
},
{
"id": "16316162",
"text": "to follow them, meaning they will have no respect for their parents, the law or teachers. \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" (1884) by Mark Twain was listed by the American Library Association as the 5th most commonly banned book in the U.S. due to supposed racism in 2007. NewSouth Books received media attention for publishing an expurgated edition of the work that censored the words \"nigger\" and \"Injun\". A parent in a school district in Arizona attempted to have the novel banned in a case that reached the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in the case \"Monteiro",
"title": "Book censorship in the United States"
},
{
"id": "193743",
"text": "as a sign that Americans \"are ready for a change,\" and that by removing these books from the reading lists, they would be following this change. In 2016, \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" was removed from a public school district in Virginia, along with the novel \"To Kill a Mockingbird\", due to their use of racial slurs. Publishers have made their own attempts at easing the controversy by way of releasing editions of the book with the word \"nigger\" replaced by less controversial words. A 2011 edition of the book, published by NewSouth Books, employed the word \"slave\" (although being incorrectly",
"title": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "476765",
"text": "title of Agatha Christie's 1939 detective novel, named for a children's counting-out game familiar in England at that date; it was renamed first to \"Ten Little Indians\" and then in the early 1980s to \"And Then There Were None\". Flannery O'Connor uses a black lawn jockey as a symbol in her 1955 short story \"The Artificial Nigger\". Labi Siffre, the singer-songwriter best known for \"(Something Inside) So Strong\", entitled his first book of poetry simply \"Nigger\" (Xavier Books 1993). Mark Twain's novel \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" (1885) has long been the subject of controversy for its racial content. \"Huckleberry Finn\"",
"title": "Nigger"
},
{
"id": "193729",
"text": "on December 10, 1884, in Canada and the United Kingdom, and on February 18, 1885, in the United States. The illustration on page 283 became a point of issue after an engraver, whose identity was never discovered, made a last-minute addition to the printing plate of Kemble's picture of old Silas Phelps, which drew attention to Phelps' groin. Thirty thousand copies of the book had been printed before the obscenity was discovered. A new plate was made to correct the illustration and repair the existing copies. In 1885, the Buffalo Public Library's curator, James Fraser Gluck, approached Twain to donate",
"title": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "18620020",
"text": "Tom Sawyer & Huckleberry Finn Tom Sawyer & Huckleberry Finn is a 2014 American comedy-drama/adventure film directed by Jo Kastner and starring Joel Courtney as Tom Sawyer, Jake T. Austin as Huckleberry Finn, Katherine McNamara as Becky Thatcher, Noah Munck as Ben Rogers, and with Val Kilmer as Mark Twain. It is based on Mark Twain's novels \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" and \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\". The film was released by VMI Worldwide. The adventure unfolds as Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn – Tom's friend from the streets – witness a murder in the graveyard. Tom and Huck flee",
"title": "Tom Sawyer & Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "4360065",
"text": "This quote is frequently used as evidence that \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" is The Great American Novel: The good writers are Henry James, Stephen Crane, and Mark Twain. That's not the order they're good in. There is no order for good writers... All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called \"Huckleberry Finn\". If you read it you must stop where the Nigger Jim is stolen from the boys. That is the real end. The rest is just cheating. But it's the best book we've had. All American writing comes from that. There was nothing before. There",
"title": "Green Hills of Africa"
},
{
"id": "193737",
"text": "stolen from the boys . That is the real end. The rest is just cheating.\" Pulitzer Prize winner Ron Powers states in his Twain biography (\"Mark Twain: A Life\") that \"Huckleberry Finn endures as a consensus masterpiece despite these final chapters\", in which Tom Sawyer leads Huck through elaborate machinations to rescue Jim. In his introduction to \"The Annotated Huckleberry Finn\", Michael Patrick Hearn writes that Twain \"could be uninhibitedly vulgar\", and quotes critic William Dean Howells, a Twain contemporary, who wrote that the author's \"humor was not for most women\". However, Hearn continues by explaining that \"the reticent Howells",
"title": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "364178",
"text": "New Poor Laws and was passionate on the subject of Great Britain's botched response to the Irish Famine and its mistreatment of soldiers during the Crimean War. Later in the nineteenth century, in the United States, Mark Twain (1835–1910) grew to become American's greatest satirist: his novel \"Huckleberry Finn\" (1884) is set in the antebellum South, where the moral values Twain wishes to promote are completely turned on their heads. His hero, Huck, is a rather simple but goodhearted lad who is ashamed of the \"sinful temptation\" that leads him to help a runaway slave. In fact his conscience, warped",
"title": "Satire"
},
{
"id": "13504640",
"text": "birds, coyotes, and deer. Only limited research has been applied to define the content of essential nutrients in huckleberries, showing none with high content. Two huckleberry species, \"V. membranaceum\" and \"V. ovatum\", were studied for phytochemical content, showing that \"V. ovatum\" had greater total anthocyanin and polyphenols than did \"V. membranaceum\". Each species contained 15 anthocyanins (galactoside, glucoside, and arabinoside of delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, peonidin, and malvidin) but in different proportions. Huckleberry (\"Huck\") Finn was a fictional character in the books The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), by American author and humorist, Mark Twain.",
"title": "Huckleberry"
},
{
"id": "193741",
"text": "Clark, in Renton, Washington, proposed banning the book from classroom learning in the Renton School District, though not from any public libraries, because of the word \"nigger\". Clark filed a request with the school district in response to the required reading of the book, asking for the novel to be removed from the English curriculum. The two curriculum committees that considered her request eventually decided to keep the novel on the 11th grade curriculum, though they suspended it until a panel had time to review the novel and set a specific teaching procedure for the novel's controversial topics. In 2009,",
"title": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "193740",
"text": "which has since become vulgar and taboo), many have questioned the appropriateness of teaching the book in the U.S. public school system—this questioning of the word \"nigger\" is illustrated by a school administrator of Virginia in 1982 calling the novel the \"most grotesque example of racism I've ever seen in my life\". According to the American Library Association, \"Huckleberry Finn\" was the fifth most frequently challenged book in the United States during the 1990s. There have been several more recent cases involving protests for the banning of the novel. In 2003, high school student Calista Phair and her grandmother, Beatrice",
"title": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "193739",
"text": "his era expected and enjoyed, and, therefore, resorted to minstrel show-style comedy to provide humor at Jim's expense, and ended up confirming rather than challenging late-19th century racist stereotypes. In one instance, the controversy caused a drastically altered interpretation of the text: in 1955, CBS tried to avoid controversial material in a televised version of the book, by deleting all mention of slavery and omitting the character of Jim entirely. Because of this controversy over whether \"Huckleberry Finn\" is racist or anti-racist, and because the word \"nigger\" is frequently used in the novel (a commonly used word in Twain's time",
"title": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "193712",
"text": "branch of the family are shot and killed, including Buck, whose horrific murder Huck witnesses. He is immensely relieved to be reunited with Jim, who has since recovered and repaired the raft. Near the Arkansas-Missouri-Tennessee border, Jim and Huck take two on-the-run grifters aboard the raft. The younger man, who is about thirty, introduces himself as the long-lost son of an English duke (the Duke of Bridgewater). The older one, about seventy, then trumps this outrageous claim by alleging that he himself is the Lost Dauphin, the son of Louis XVI and rightful King of France. The \"duke\" and \"king\"",
"title": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "4393341",
"text": "Tom Sawyer, Detective Tom Sawyer, Detective is an 1896 novel by Mark Twain. It is a sequel to \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" (1876), \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" (1884), and \"Tom Sawyer Abroad\" (1894). Tom Sawyer attempts to solve a mysterious murder in this burlesque of the immensely popular detective novels of the time. Like \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\", the story is told using the first-person narrative voice of Huck Finn. In 1909, Danish schoolmaster Valdemar Thoresen claimed, in an article in the magazine \"Maaneds\", that the plot of the book had been plagiarized from Steen Blicher's story \"The Vicar",
"title": "Tom Sawyer, Detective"
},
{
"id": "10280354",
"text": "writers of the late 19th century, realism was not merely a literary technique: It was a way of speaking truth and exploding worn-out conventions. Twain is best known for his works \"Tom Sawyer\" and \"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\". Sam. R. Watkins (1839–1901) was a 19th-century American writer and humorist best known for his memoir, \"\"Co. Aytch,\"\" which recounts his life as a soldier in the Confederate States Army. He \"talked in a slow humorous drawl\" and demonstrated unusual prowess as a storyteller. One of the book's commendable qualities is its realism. In an age noted for romanticizing \"the war\"",
"title": "American Realism"
},
{
"id": "262109",
"text": "prominence in recent years under conductor Leonard Slatkin. Branson is well known for its music theaters, most of which bear the name of a star performer or musical group. Missouri is the native state of Mark Twain. His novels \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" and \"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" are set in his boyhood hometown of Hannibal. Authors Kate Chopin, T. S. Eliot and Tennessee Williams were from St. Louis. Kansas City-born writer William Least Heat-Moon resides in Rocheport. He is best known for \"Blue Highways\", a chronicle of his travels to small towns across America, which was on",
"title": "Missouri"
},
{
"id": "12973774",
"text": "as charity, and as Twain describes him, \"he was fluttering with rags.\" He has a torn broken hat and his trousers are supported with only one suspender. Even Tom Sawyer, the St. Petersburg hamlet boys' leader sees him as \"the banished Romantic\". Tom's Aunt Polly calls Huck a \"poor motherless thing.\" Huck confesses to Tom in \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" that he remembers his mother and his parents' relentless fighting that stopped only when she died. Huck has a carefree life free from societal norms or rules, stealing watermelons and chickens and \"borrowing\" boats and cigars. Due to his",
"title": "Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "193738",
"text": "found nothing in the proofs of Huckleberry Finn so offensive that it needed to be struck out\". Much of modern scholarship of \"Huckleberry Finn\" has focused on its treatment of race. Many Twain scholars have argued that the book, by humanizing Jim and exposing the fallacies of the racist assumptions of slavery, is an attack on racism. Others have argued that the book falls short on this score, especially in its depiction of Jim. According to Professor Stephen Railton of the University of Virginia, Twain was unable to fully rise above the stereotypes of black people that white readers of",
"title": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "10933625",
"text": "think the TV version is the real Twain, or the real Becky or Tom or Huck.\" As a Sunday evening show, the series garnered a wider audience than Saturday morning cartoons of the time, and launched its three attractive young stars as popular teen idols of the day. The series aired in over 15 countries and its three young leads were routinely in demand to make celebrity appearances to meet with young fans across the United States during the show's original run. During this time, the series also inspired a comic book adaptation. In December 1968, Gold Key Comics published",
"title": "The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "1359722",
"text": "Susan had a study built apart from the main house so that Twain would have a quiet place in which to write. Also, he smoked cigars constantly, and Susan did not want him to do so in her house. Twain wrote many of his classic novels during his 17 years in Hartford (1874–1891) and over 20 summers at Quarry Farm. They include \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" (1876), \"The Prince and the Pauper\" (1881), \"Life on the Mississippi\" (1883), \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" (1885), and \"A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court\" (1889). The couple's marriage lasted 34 years until",
"title": "Mark Twain"
},
{
"id": "16316161",
"text": "and Mark Twain's \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\". All of these stories have main characters who disrespect authority and live not according to societal norms and social rules. Holden Caulfield, Randle McMurphy, and Huck Finn are similar in their use of vulgar language and anti-traditionalist world views. All of these books have themes of characters who are idolized for breaking the rules and living life that is full of pleasures instead of listening and adhering to traditional order. Sova suggests that censors have sought to ban these books because they fear that the rebellious nature of the characters will lead children",
"title": "Book censorship in the United States"
},
{
"id": "12973773",
"text": "is his decision to help Jim escape slavery, even though he believes he will go to hell for it (see Christian views on slavery). He also tells Tom Sawyer when he got full of money marriage doesn+t worth because all girls are alike all make you gray+headed. His favorite words is \"bully\" and \"ornery\". His only regret is that Pap beat him, that being the sole motive he left home, not the 6000 $ he \"sold\" to the Judge. His appearance is described in \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\". He wears the clothes of full-grown men which he probably received",
"title": "Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "193733",
"text": "shelves. The early criticism focused on what was perceived as the book's crudeness. One incident was recounted in the newspaper the \"Boston Transcript\": The Concord (Mass.) Public Library committee has decided to exclude Mark Twain's latest book from the library. One member of the committee says that, while he does not wish to call it immoral, he thinks it contains but little humor, and that of a very coarse type. He regards it as the veriest trash. The library and the other members of the committee entertain similar views, characterizing it as rough, coarse, and inelegant, dealing with a series",
"title": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "10933626",
"text": "a one-issue \"The New Adventures Of Huck Finn\" comic book, based on the episode \"The Curse Of Thut\" which aired around the same time. Although popular with child and teenage audiences, the series struggled in the ratings against its Sunday night competition and, by the end of 1968, news sources were already reporting that a second season appeared unlikely. The final original episode aired on February 23, 1969, with NBC continuing to air the show in reruns through the fall of that year, ultimately replacing it with \"Wild Kingdom\" on September 14, 1969. After the show's cancellation, the series was",
"title": "The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "6461548",
"text": "Shohola Falls Shohola Falls is a 2003 novel written by Michael Pearson. The novel imagines the true story of Thomas Blankenship, the young man that Mark Twain reputedly based the character of Huck Finn upon in his novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. In \"Shohola Falls\", Mark Twain is set as an important character, the fictional reality aligned to the historical one. Michael Pearson (born 1949) is the author of five books—besides \"Shohola Falls,\" he has written four works of nonfiction -- \"Imagined Places: Journeys into Literary America\"(a NY Times Notable Book of 1991), \"A Place That's Known: Essays\" (1994), \"John",
"title": "Shohola Falls"
},
{
"id": "193707",
"text": "Watson planning to sell him \"down the river\" to presumably more brutal owners. Jim plans to make his way to the town of Cairo in Illinois, a free state, so that he can later buy the rest of his enslaved family's freedom. At first, Huck is conflicted about the sin and crime of supporting a runaway slave, but as the two talk in depth and bond over their mutually held superstitions, Huck emotionally connects with Jim, who increasingly becomes Huck's close friend and guardian. After heavy flooding on the river, the two find a raft (which they keep) as well",
"title": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "371764",
"text": "working somewhere. He's gonna produce another book, and I'll have another book to read. Because when he's gone, there's nobody else.\" King partly dedicated his book \"Cell\" to film director George Romero, and wrote an essay for the Elite DVD version of \"Night of the Living Dead\". His favorite books are (in order): \"The Golden Argosy\"; \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\"; \"The Satanic Verses\"; \"McTeague\"; \"Lord of the Flies\"; \"Bleak House\"; \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\"; \"The Raj Quartet\"; \"Light in August\"; and \"Blood Meridian\". Although critical reaction to King's work has been mostly positive, he has occasionally come under fire from academic writers.",
"title": "Stephen King"
},
{
"id": "193744",
"text": "addressed to a freed man), and did not use the term \"Injun.\" Mark Twain scholar Alan Gribben said he hoped the edition would be more friendly for use in classrooms, rather than have the work banned outright from classroom reading lists due to its language.. According to publisher Suzanne La Rosa \"At NewSouth, we saw the value in an edition that would help the works find new readers. If the publication sparks good debate about how language impacts learning or about the nature of censorship or the way in which racial slurs exercise their baneful influence, then our mission in",
"title": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "1359749",
"text": "the book has become required reading in many schools throughout the United States. \"Huckleberry Finn\" was an offshoot from \"Tom Sawyer\" and had a more serious tone than its predecessor. Four hundred manuscript pages were written in mid-1876, right after the publication of \"Tom Sawyer\". The last fifth of \"Huckleberry Finn\" is subject to much controversy. Some say that Twain experienced a \"failure of nerve,\" as critic Leo Marx puts it. Ernest Hemingway once said of \"Huckleberry Finn\": If you read it, you must stop where the Nigger Jim is stolen from the boys. That is the real end. The",
"title": "Mark Twain"
},
{
"id": "6683638",
"text": "of its cues from Europe. Writers such as Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, and Henry David Thoreau established a distinctive American literary voice by the middle of the 19th century. Mark Twain and poet Walt Whitman were major figures in the century's second half; Emily Dickinson, virtually unknown during her lifetime, is now recognized as an essential American poet. A work seen as capturing fundamental aspects of the national experience and character—such as Herman Melville's \"Moby-Dick\" (1851), Twain's \"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" (1885), F. Scott Fitzgerald's \"The Great Gatsby\" (1925) and Harper Lee's \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" (1960)—may be",
"title": "United States"
},
{
"id": "193745",
"text": "publishing this new edition of Twain's works will be more emphatically fulfilled.\" Another scholar, Thomas Wortham, criticized the changes, saying the new edition \"doesn't challenge children to ask, 'Why would a child like Huck use such reprehensible language?'\" Two similarly expurged editions of the book were published in 2011. The Hipster Huckleberry Finn employed the word \"hipster\". The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: Robotic Edition employed the word \"robot\" , and included modified illustrations in which Jim was replaced with a robot character. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (or, in more recent editions, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn)",
"title": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "12973778",
"text": "Petersburg again after the events of his eponymous novel. In \"Abroad\", Huck joins Tom and Jim for a wild, fanciful balloon ride that takes them overseas. In \"Detective\", which occurs about a year after the events of \"Huck Finn\", Huck helps Tom solve a murder mystery. Huck is Tom Sawyer's closest friend. Their friendship is partially rooted in Sawyer's emulation of Huck's freedom and ability to do what he wants, like swearing and smoking when he feels like it. In one moment in the novel, he openly brags to his teacher that he was late for school because he stopped",
"title": "Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "18720973",
"text": "Tom Sawyer Thomas Sawyer () is the title character of the Mark Twain novel \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" (1876). He appears in three other novels by Twain: \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" (1884), \"Tom Sawyer Abroad\" (1894), and \"Tom Sawyer, Detective\" (1896). Sawyer also appears in at least three unfinished Twain works, \"Huck and Tom Among the Indians\", \"Schoolhouse Hill\" and \"Tom Sawyer's Conspiracy\". While all three uncompleted works were posthumously published, only \"Tom Sawyer's Conspiracy\" has a complete plot, as Twain abandoned the other two works after finishing only a few chapters. Tom Sawyer is a boy of about",
"title": "Tom Sawyer"
},
{
"id": "193730",
"text": "the manuscript to the library. Twain did so. Later it was believed that half of the pages had been misplaced by the printer. In 1991, the missing first half turned up in a steamer trunk owned by descendants of Gluck's. The library successfully claimed possession and, in 1994, opened the Mark Twain Room to showcase the treasure. In relation to the literary climate at the time of the book's publication in 1885, Henry Nash Smith describes the importance of Mark Twain's already established reputation as a \"professional humorist\", having already published over a dozen other works. Smith suggests that while",
"title": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "193735",
"text": "Huck's having \"not only itched but scratched\" within the novel, which was considered obscene. When asked by a Brooklyn librarian about the situation, Twain sardonically replied: I am greatly troubled by what you say. I wrote 'Tom Sawyer' & 'Huck Finn' for adults exclusively, & it always distressed me when I find that boys and girls have been allowed access to them. The mind that becomes soiled in youth can never again be washed clean. I know this by my own experience, & to this day I cherish an unappeased bitterness against the unfaithful guardians of my young life, who",
"title": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "12973781",
"text": "would try to amount to more, and live in better conditions than he did. Despite this, early in the novel Huck uses his father's method of \"borrowing\" though he later feels sorry and stops. The character of Huck Finn is based on Tom Blankenship, the real-life son of a sawmill laborer and sometime drunkard named Woodson Blankenship, who lived in a \"ramshackle\" house near the Mississippi River behind the house where the author grew up in Hannibal, Missouri. Twain mentions his childhood friend Tom Blankenship as the inspiration for creating Huckleberry Finn in his autobiography: \"In Huckleberry Finn I have",
"title": "Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "18720975",
"text": "Tom has another aunt, Sally Phelps, who lives very much farther down the Mississippi. In \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\", Tom is only a minor character and is used as a foil for Huck, particularly in the later chapters of the novel after Huck makes his way to Uncle Phelps's plantation. Tom's immaturity, imagination, and obsession with stories put Huck's planned rescue of the runaway slave Jim in great jeopardy — and ultimately make it unnecessary since he knows Jim's owner has died and freed him in her will. Throughout the novel, Huck's intellectual and emotional development is a central theme,",
"title": "Tom Sawyer"
},
{
"id": "4323653",
"text": "of poems . Gilbert and Sullivan's operetta \"Patience, or, Bunthorne's Bride\" was staged. Mark Twain published \"The Prince and the Pauper\". In 1882 Gilbert and Sullivan's operetta \"Iolanthe, or, The Peer and the Peri\" was staged. Ralph Waldo Emerson died. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow died. In 1883 Wilhelm Richard Wagner died 13 February. Franz Kafka was born 3 July. Ivan Turgenev died 3 September. In 1884 Mark Twain published \"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\". Gilbert and Sullivan's operettas \"Princess Ida\", or, Castle Adamant (1884) and \"The Mikado, or, The Town of Titipu\" (1885) arrive on the London stage. In 1885 H.",
"title": "History of modern literature"
},
{
"id": "12973779",
"text": "to talk with Huck Finn and enjoyed it, something for which he knew he would (and did) receive a whipping. Nonetheless, Tom remains a devoted friend to Huck in all of the novels they appear in. In Huckleberry Finn, it's revealed that Huck also considers Tom to be his best friend. At various times in the novel, Huck mentions that Tom would put more \"style\" in Jim and his adventure. Jim, a runaway slave whom Huck befriends, is another dominant force in Huck's life. He is the symbol for the moral awakening Huck undergoes throughout \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\". This",
"title": "Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "2098181",
"text": "Classic edition of Mark Twain's \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" and \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" features a new Afterword by Ishmael Reed. Two of Reed's books have been nominated for National Book Awards, and a book of poetry, \"Conjure\", was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize. His \"New and Collected Poems, 1964–2007\", received the Commonwealth Club of California's Gold Medal. A poem published in Seattle in 1969, \"beware : do not read this poem\", has been cited by Gale Research Company as one of approximately 20 poems that teachers and librarians have ranked as the most frequently studied in literature courses.",
"title": "Ishmael Reed"
},
{
"id": "18720797",
"text": "English edition was based on this corrected copy, while the illustrated American edition was based on the original manuscript. To further complicate matters, Twain was personally concerned with the revision of the proofs of the American edition, which he did not do for the English edition. The American edition is therefore considered the authoritative edition. A third person narrator describes the experiences of the boys, interspersed with occasional social commentary. In its sequel, Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain changes to a first person narrative which takes moral conflicts more personally and thus makes greater social criticism possible. Sometimes the book is",
"title": "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer"
},
{
"id": "193731",
"text": "the \"dismantling of the decadent Romanticism of the later nineteenth century was a necessary operation,\" \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" illustrated \"previously inaccessible resources of imaginative power, but also made vernacular language, with its new sources of pleasure and new energy, available for American prose and poetry in the twentieth century.\" While it was clear that the publication of \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" was controversial from the outset, Norman Mailer, writing in \"The New York Times\" in 1984, concluded that Twain's novel was not initially \"too unpleasantly regarded.\" In fact, Mailer writes: \"the critical climate could hardly anticipate T. S. Eliot",
"title": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "193734",
"text": "of experiences not elevating, the whole book being more suited to the slums than to intelligent, respectable people. Writer Louisa May Alcott criticized the book's publication as well, saying that if Twain \"[could not] think of something better to tell our pure-minded lads and lasses he had best stop writing for them\". Twain later remarked to his editor, \"Apparently, the Concord library has condemned Huck as 'trash and only suitable for the slums.' This will sell us another twenty-five thousand copies for sure!\" In 1905, New York's Brooklyn Public Library also banned the book due to \"bad word choice\" and",
"title": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "193719",
"text": "adventure books he has read, including an anonymous note to the Phelps warning them of the whole scheme. During the actual escape and resulting pursuit, Tom is shot in the leg, while Jim remains by his side, risking recapture rather than completing his escape alone. Although a local doctor admires Jim's decency, he has Jim arrested in his sleep and returned to the Phelps. After this, events quickly resolve themselves. Tom's Aunt Polly arrives and reveals Huck and Tom's true identities to the Phelps family. Jim is revealed to be a free man: Miss Watson died two months earlier and",
"title": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "16316147",
"text": "publication. Half of the states passed similar anti-obscenity statutes that also banned possession and sale of obscene materials. \"Leaves of Grass\", Walt Whitman's famous collection of poetry, was withdrawn in Boston in 1881, after the District Attorney threatened criminal prosecution for the use of explicit language in some poems. The work was later published in Philadelphia. This version went through five editions of 1,000 copies each. Its first printing, released on July 18, 1882 sold out in a day. Mark Twain's notoriously challenged book \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" was first published in the United States in February 1885 and was",
"title": "Book censorship in the United States"
},
{
"id": "9215070",
"text": "in a segment regarding the censored version of \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\". David Bradley (novelist) David Henry Bradley, Jr. (born 1950, in Bedford, Pennsylvania) is the author of \"South Street\" and \"The Chaneysville Incident\", which won the PEN/Faulkner Award in 1982. Both novels have been recently released in electronic editions by Open Road Media. \"The Chaneysville Incident\", inspired in part by the real-life discovery of the graves of a group of runaway slaves on a farm near Chaneysville in Bedford County, PA, where Bradley was born, also earned Bradley a 1982 Academy Award from the American Academy and Institute of",
"title": "David Bradley (novelist)"
},
{
"id": "193724",
"text": "limiting their field of inquiry to the periphery,\" white scholars \"have missed the ways in which African-American voices shaped Twain's creative imagination at its core.\" It is suggested that the character of Huckleberry Finn illustrates the correlation, and even interrelatedness, between white and black culture in the United States. The original illustrations were done by E.W. Kemble, at the time a young artist working for \"Life\" magazine. Kemble was hand-picked by Twain, who admired his work. Hearn suggests that Twain and Kemble had a similar skill, writing that: Whatever he may have lacked in technical grace ... Kemble shared with",
"title": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "14322097",
"text": "category. He was also nominated for a Chesley Award for Best Art Director in 2008. However, DNA publications failed suddenly in 2007, collapsing due to market changes that led to unfulfilled subscriptions and business debts. Lapine also operates a book program focusing on public domain releases, Wilder Publications, which continues to publish after the collapse of DNA Publications. Because of the dated nature of some of these books, Wilder included a caveat warning parents about discussing societal changes with their children before allowing them to read classic books like \"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\". However, including this caveat on the",
"title": "Warren Lapine"
},
{
"id": "8110354",
"text": "life shunned by his parents, locked in a basement. His only escape from this is a book he finds, written by Mark Twain, \"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\". He reads this novel over and over, entranced by Huck's adventures, his willingness to do good deeds and his friendship with Jim, the escaped slave. Unfortunately this leads to Boomboy not quite understanding the difference between reality and the book, though he always tries to help out no matter what the situation. Boomboy ends up creating the codenames for most of his teammates. Plug (Michael) grew up with a mother and father",
"title": "Freex"
},
{
"id": "12373004",
"text": "Dickinson, virtually unknown during her lifetime, would be recognized as America's other essential poet. Eleven U.S. citizens have won the Nobel Prize in Literature, including John Steinbeck, William Faulkner, Eugene O'Neill, Pearl S. Buck, T. S. Eliot and Sinclair Lewis. Ernest Hemingway, the 1954 Nobel laureate, is often named as one of the most influential writers of the twentieth century. A work seen as capturing fundamental aspects of the national experience and character—such as Herman Melville's \"Moby-Dick\" (1851), Twain's \"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" (1885), F. Scott Fitzgerald's \"The Great Gatsby\" (1925), and Harper Lee's \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" (1960)—",
"title": "Culture of the United States"
},
{
"id": "193742",
"text": "a Washington state high school teacher called for the removal of the novel from a school curriculum. The teacher, John Foley, called for replacing \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" with a more modern novel. In an opinion column that Foley wrote in the \"Seattle Post Intelligencer\", he states that all \"novels that use the ‘N-word' repeatedly need to go.\" He states that teaching the novel is not only unnecessary, but difficult due to the offensive language within the novel with many students becoming uncomfortable at \"just hear[ing] the N-word.\" He views this change as \"common sense,\" with Obama's election into office",
"title": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "8969621",
"text": "Huckleberry Finn (1974 film) Huckleberry Finn is a 1974 musical film version of Mark Twain's \"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\". The movie was produced by \"Reader's Digest\" and Arthur P. Jacobs (known for his role in the production of the \"Planet of the Apes\" films) and directed by J. Lee Thompson. It stars Jeff East as Huckleberry Finn and Paul Winfield as Jim. The film contains original music and songs, such as \"Freedom\" and \"Cairo, Illinois\", by the Sherman Brothers: Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman. This film followed the previous year's highly successful \"Tom Sawyer\", based on Twain's",
"title": "Huckleberry Finn (1974 film)"
},
{
"id": "12002199",
"text": "drawings by W. A. Rogers (1854-1931). A sequel, \"Mr. Stubb’s Brother\", was published in 1883. \"Toby Tyler\" is a \"bad boy\" novel, meant to teach a lesson what happens to boys who do bad things; other examples include George W. Peck's \"Peck's Bad Boy\" (1883), Thomas Bailey Aldrich's \"The Story of a Bad Boy\" (1870), and Mark Twain's \"Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" (1876). As with Mark Twain's \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" (1884), also about a conscience-stricken escaped and wandering orphan boy (written following the success of \"Toby Tyler\"), most readers don't remember \"Toby Tyler\" for its wholesome message, but as",
"title": "Toby Tyler; or, Ten Weeks with a Circus"
},
{
"id": "6265600",
"text": "identity,\" it has been compared to novels as diverse as \"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\", \"Moby Dick\", and \"The Catcher in the Rye.\" The Adventures of Augie March The Adventures of Augie March is a picaresque novel by Saul Bellow, published in 1953 by Viking Press. It features the eponymous Augie March who grows up during the Great Depression and it is an example of \"bildungsroman\", tracing the development of an individual through a series of encounters, occupations and relationships from boyhood to manhood. \"The Adventures of Augie March\" won the 1954 U.S. National Book Award for Fiction. Both \"Time\"",
"title": "The Adventures of Augie March"
},
{
"id": "11639529",
"text": "that would free Jim easily, but without the drama Tom sought. When the plans do not work, Tom admits that he knew Jim was free the whole time, and the trio departs from the plantation. As a study of two slaves escaping, \"Huckleberry Finn\" is largely sympathetic to the plight of escaped slaves and critical of the institution of slavery, According to Cliff Notes: \"Jim’s logic, compassion, intelligence, and above all, his loyalty toward Huck, Tom, and his own family, establish him as a heroic figure.\" However, beginning in the 20th century the novel was frequently criticized for depicting Jim",
"title": "Jim (Huckleberry Finn)"
},
{
"id": "16623003",
"text": "\"In Treatment\" (Debra Winger’s costumes); \"Law & Order\" (eighteen seasons); \"Conviction;\" \"Carry Me Home;\" \"The Dreamer of Oz;\" \"Women & Wallace;\" \"Perfect Witness;\" \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,\" starring Lillian Gish, Sada Thompson, Butterfly McQueen and Geraldine Page; \"New York Undercover;\" \"Feds;\" \"The Days and Nights of Molly Dodd;\" \"For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide When the Rainbow Is Enuf;\" and \"Kiss Kiss, Darlings,\" written by Wendy Wasserstein, and starring Blythe Danner. Von Mayrhauser was nominated for the American Theatre Wing Hewes Design Award for \"The Pain and the Itch\". She received an Obie Award for “Sustained Excellence in Costume",
"title": "Jennifer von Mayrhauser"
},
{
"id": "15317708",
"text": "Huckleberry Finn (1931 film) Huckleberry Finn (1931) is an American pre-Code comedy film directed by Norman Taurog and starring Jackie Coogan as Tom Sawyer and Junior Durkin as Huckleberry Finn. The picture was based upon the novel \"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" by Mark Twain. This is an adaptation of the classic novel \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" by Mark Twain and is a follow-up to \"Tom Sawyer\" (1930). Omitting the entire issue of whether or not Huck ought to turn the slave Jim back in after Jim escapes his owners, it concentrated mostly on the comedy in the novel, and",
"title": "Huckleberry Finn (1931 film)"
},
{
"id": "193706",
"text": "alcoholic. Knowing that Pap would only spend the money on alcohol, Huck is successful in preventing Pap from acquiring his fortune; however, Pap kidnaps Huck and leaves town with him. Pap forcibly moves Huck to his isolated cabin in the woods along the Illinois shoreline. Because of Pap's drunken violence and imprisonment of Huck inside the cabin, Huck, during one of his father's absences, elaborately fakes his own death, escapes from the cabin, and sets off downriver. He settles comfortably, on Jackson's Island. Here, Huck reunites with Jim, Miss Watson's slave. Jim has also run away after he overheard Miss",
"title": "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
},
{
"id": "8667757",
"text": "doesn't dwell on the film's humane message, but doesn't avoid it, either.\" Bill Conti's score to \"The Adventures of Huck Finn\" was released in 1993 by Varèse Sarabande. Track listing The Adventures of Huck Finn (1993 film) The Adventures of Huck Finn is a 1993 American adventure film written and directed by Stephen Sommers, distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures and Buena Vista Pictures, and starring Elijah Wood, Courtney B. Vance, Jason Robards and Robbie Coltrane; it is based on Mark Twain's novel \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" and focuses on at least three-fourths of the book. The film follows",
"title": "The Adventures of Huck Finn (1993 film)"
},
{
"id": "168659",
"text": "included in the Library's list. Librarian of Congress, James H. Billington said: This list is a starting point. It is not a register of the 'best' American books – although many of them fit that description. Rather, the list is intended to spark a national conversation on books written by Americans that have influenced our lives, whether they appear on this initial list or not. Among books on the list considered to be the Great American Novel were \"Moby-Dick\", \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\", \"The Great Gatsby\", \"The Grapes of Wrath\", \"The Catcher in the Rye\", \"Invisible Man\", and \"To Kill",
"title": "Gone with the Wind (novel)"
}
] | what type of book is the adventures of huckleberry finn |
[
"2,190 acres"
] | [
{
"id": "19588726",
"text": "and Park require the use of watercraft to travel to and from the mainland. The ten largest lakes in Oakland County are: 1. Cass Lake (Waterford Twp.) 1,280 acres 2. Kent Lake (Milford Twp.) 1,200 acres 3. Orchard Lake (West Bloomfield Twp.) 795 acres 4. Walled Lake (Commerce Twp.) 670 acres 5. Pontiac Lake (Waterford Twp) 640 acres 6. White Lake (White Lake Twp.) 540 acres 7. Sylvan Lake (Waterford Twp.) 532 acres 8. Lake Orion (Orion Twp.) 506 acres 9. Lake Angelus (Auburn Hills) 477 acres 10. Union Lake (Commerce Twp.) 465 acres Lake Orion (Michigan) Lake Orion is",
"title": "Lake Orion (Michigan)"
},
{
"id": "1097968",
"text": "the south by the city of Fenton, and to the east by Holly Township in Oakland County. All but the southern end of Lake Fenton, the water body, is located within the Lake Fenton CDP; the southern end of the lake is in the city of Fenton. Other lakes in the CDP include Petts Lake, Crooked Lake, McCully Lake, Dollar Lake, Little Long Lake, and Barnum Lake. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which is land and , or 23.51%, is water. From the center of the Lake Fenton CDP,",
"title": "Lake Fenton, Michigan"
},
{
"id": "1097972",
"text": "population, 1.1% of those under the age of 18 and 4.7% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. Lake Fenton, Michigan Lake Fenton is a census-designated place (CDP) in Fenton Charter Township, Genesee County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census the population was 5,559, up from 4,876 at the 2000 census. The CDP includes the unincorporated communities of Bayport Park and Lakeside. The Lake Fenton Community Schools district overlaps a portion of this and adjacent areas. The school district and community are named after Lake Fenton, formerly known as Long Lake.",
"title": "Lake Fenton, Michigan"
},
{
"id": "4092992",
"text": "Hubbard Lake Hubbard Lake is a lake in Alcona County in Northern Michigan. The lake covers 8,850 acres (36 km²) and is seven miles (11 km) long (north-south) and two miles (3 km) wide. It has a maximum depth of 85 feet (26 m) with an average depth of 32.6 feet (9.9 m). The lake spans three townships: Caledonia, Alcona, and Hawes. The lake is part of the a large tract of land (more than six million acres (24,000 km²)) that was ceded by the Ojibwa, Ottawa and Potawatomi to the United States in the 1819 Treaty of Saginaw. Permanent",
"title": "Hubbard Lake"
},
{
"id": "1097966",
"text": "Lake Fenton, Michigan Lake Fenton is a census-designated place (CDP) in Fenton Charter Township, Genesee County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census the population was 5,559, up from 4,876 at the 2000 census. The CDP includes the unincorporated communities of Bayport Park and Lakeside. The Lake Fenton Community Schools district overlaps a portion of this and adjacent areas. The school district and community are named after Lake Fenton, formerly known as Long Lake. A community was platted as \"Mount Pleasant\" by John Cook in 1840, with a second plat added in 1845. The name was",
"title": "Lake Fenton, Michigan"
},
{
"id": "5060435",
"text": "Lake of the Isles Lake of the Isles is a lake in Minneapolis, Minnesota, connected to Cedar Lake and Lake Calhoun. In winter it is used for ice skating and hockey is the location of a New Year's Eve celebration featuring roasted marshmallows and hot chocolate. The lake has an area of , of shoreline with a little under three miles of paved walking and biking paths, and a maximum depth of . Lake of the Isles is known for its two wooded islands, its long north arm, and the surrounding stately houses of the Kenwood, Lowry Hill, and East",
"title": "Lake of the Isles"
},
{
"id": "1097969",
"text": "it is south to the center of Fenton city, and north to downtown Flint, via Fenton Road. As of the census of 2000, there were 4,876 people, 1,886 households, and 1,433 families residing in the CDP. The population density is 884.3 per square mile (341.7/km²). There are 2,076 housing units at an average density of 376.5 per square mile (145.5/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP is 97.09% White, 0.25% Black or African American, 0.45% Native American, 0.66% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.27% from other races, and 1.27% from two or more races. 1.39% of the population are Hispanic or",
"title": "Lake Fenton, Michigan"
},
{
"id": "18249495",
"text": "acres 10. Union Lake (Commerce Twp.) 465 acres Walled Lake (Michigan) Walled Lake is the fourth largest lake in Oakland County, Michigan, United States, and is located in Walled Lake and Novi, Michigan in southeastern Michigan. The ten largest lakes in Oakland County are: 1. Cass Lake (Waterford Twp.) 1,280 acres 2. Kent Lake (Milford Twp.) 1,200 acres 3. Orchard Lake (West Bloomfield Twp.) 788 acres 4. Walled Lake (Commerce Twp.) 670 acres 5. Pontiac Lake (Waterford Twp) 640 acres 6. White Lake (White Lake Twp.) 540 acres 7. Sylvan Lake (Waterford Twp.) 532 acres 8. Lake Orion (Orion Twp.)",
"title": "Walled Lake (Michigan)"
},
{
"id": "3966092",
"text": "Bde Maka Ska Bde Maka Ska (), (also known as Lake Calhoun, its former official name) is the largest lake in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and part of the city's Chain of Lakes. Surrounded by city park land and circled by bike and walking trails, it is popular for many outdoor activities. The lake has an area of and a maximum depth of . The lake is part of the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway, connecting with Lake of the Isles on the northeast, Cedar Lake on the northwest, and Lake Harriet on the south. The Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board trail",
"title": "Bde Maka Ska"
},
{
"id": "18249494",
"text": "Walled Lake (Michigan) Walled Lake is the fourth largest lake in Oakland County, Michigan, United States, and is located in Walled Lake and Novi, Michigan in southeastern Michigan. The ten largest lakes in Oakland County are: 1. Cass Lake (Waterford Twp.) 1,280 acres 2. Kent Lake (Milford Twp.) 1,200 acres 3. Orchard Lake (West Bloomfield Twp.) 788 acres 4. Walled Lake (Commerce Twp.) 670 acres 5. Pontiac Lake (Waterford Twp) 640 acres 6. White Lake (White Lake Twp.) 540 acres 7. Sylvan Lake (Waterford Twp.) 532 acres 8. Lake Orion (Orion Twp.) 506 acres 9. Lake Angelus (Auburn Hills) 477",
"title": "Walled Lake (Michigan)"
},
{
"id": "20214140",
"text": "Education: Marcie Wolfe, Mt. Ogden Middle School Government: Industry: Academia: Education: Industry: Academia: Education: Government: Industry: Academia: Education: Government: Industry: Academia: Education: Government: Industry: Academia: Education: Government: Industry: Academia Education: Industry: Academia: Education: Government: Industry: Academia: Government: Industry: Academia: Education: Government: Industry: Academia: Education: Government: Industry: Academia: Industry: Education: Special: Academia: Education: Government: Industry: Academia: Education: Government: Industry: Special: Academia: Education Government: Industry: Special: Academia: Education: Government: Industry: Academia: Education: Government: Industry: Special: Academia: Education: Industry: Government: Special: Academia: Education: Industry: Government: Academia: Education: Industry: Government: Academia: Education: Industry: Government: Special: Academia: Education: Industry: Government: Special: Academia: Education: Industry: Government:",
"title": "Utah Governor's Medal for Science and Technology"
},
{
"id": "939912",
"text": "(Commerce Twp.) Woodbridge Lake (Commerce Twp.) Woodhull Lake (Waterford Twp.) Woodpecker Lake (Commerce Twp.) Woodruff Lake (Highland Twp.) Wormer Lake (Waterford Twp.) There are no lakes in Oakland County beginning with the letter X, Y or Z. The ten largest lakes in Oakland County are: 1. Cass Lake 1,280 acres 2. Kent Lake 1,200 acres 3. Orchard Lake 795 acres 4. Walled Lake 670 acres 5. Pontiac Lake 640 acres 6. White Lake 540 acres 7. Sylvan Lake 532 acres 8. Lake Orion 506 acres 9. Lake Angelus 477 acres 10. Union Lake 465 acres The ten deepest lakes in",
"title": "Oakland County, Michigan"
},
{
"id": "1330750",
"text": "Dean Lake, Minnesota Dean Lake is an unorganized territory in Crow Wing County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 89 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Brainerd Micropolitan Statistical Area. This territory took its name from Dean Lake. According to the United States Census Bureau, the unorganized territory has a total area of 18.2 square miles (47.1 km²), of which 16.8 square miles (43.6 km²) of it is land and 1.3 square miles (3.5 km²) of it (7.37%) is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 89 people, 36 households, and 24 families residing in",
"title": "Dean Lake, Minnesota"
},
{
"id": "1097971",
"text": "to 44, 29.2% from 45 to 64, and 11.1% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 40 years. For every 100 females there are 102.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 102.0 males. The median income for a household in the CDP is $67,885, and the median income for a family is $82,366. Males have a median income of $54,559 versus $32,804 for females. The per capita income for the CDP is $32,717. 3.2% of the population and 1.0% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total",
"title": "Lake Fenton, Michigan"
},
{
"id": "1053166",
"text": "also endeavoring to diversify its tax base and provide more commercial and industrial businesses. Lake in the Hills is located at (42.186729, -88.347429). According to the 2010 census, Lake in the Hills has a total area of , of which (or 97.8%) is land and (or 2.2%) is water. Lake in the Hills was started in 1923 by Federal Judge Walter J. La Buy around Woods Creek Lake, which is the main lake in Lake in the Hills. By the year 1926, La Buy bought of land which is currently Indian Trail. On this land, he built five stucco homes;",
"title": "Lake in the Hills, Illinois"
},
{
"id": "1331202",
"text": "Picket Lake, Minnesota Picket Lake is an unorganized territory located in Saint Louis County, Minnesota, United States. As of the 2000 census, its population was zero. According to the United States Census Bureau, the unorganized territory has a total area of or 95.8 km², of which about 95% is land and the rest is water. The United States Forest Service describes Picket Lake as an area comprising 383 lake acres and 4097 acres of National Forest land. The closest town to the lake is Orr, Minnesota. The Forest Service provides three backcountry campsites around the lake, and the parking lot",
"title": "Picket Lake, Minnesota"
},
{
"id": "996760",
"text": "The Wrangell, Talkeetna, Chugach and Alaska Ranges. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which, of it is land and of it (35.53%) is water. There are many small islands at the south end of the lake, most of which have homes built on them. There are also several private resorts and marinas, and a state recreation area with campgrounds and a boat launch. Lake Louise first appeared on the 2000 U.S. Census as a census-designated place (CDP). As of the census of 2000, there were 88 people, 41 households, and",
"title": "Lake Louise, Alaska"
},
{
"id": "947407",
"text": "residents had been born in other countries. Mount Saint Francis, a multi-purpose complex owned and administered by the Conventual Franciscan Friars of the Province of Our Lady of Consolation, is located in Floyds Knobs along Highway 150. The property includes 400 acres of woods and Mount Saint Francis Lake, both which are open to the public. Numerous hiking trails meander through the woods and fields containing native prairie grasses. No hunting is allowed on the property. According to the 2010 census, the county has a total area of , of which (or 99.32%) is land and (or 0.68%) is water.",
"title": "Floyd County, Indiana"
},
{
"id": "6943015",
"text": "Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge is a remote refuge located in the high altitude of the Centennial Valley, in the southwestern region of the U.S. state of Montana. Adjacent to Gallatin National Forest and near Yellowstone National Park, the refuge is an integral part of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Red Rock Lakes is best known for being the primary location for the efforts saving the trumpeter swan from extinction, which by 1932 had fewer than 200 known specimens in the United States and Canada. By the year 2002, an estimated 3,000 trumpeters were",
"title": "Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge"
},
{
"id": "239958",
"text": "Michigan is the sole Great Lake wholly within the borders of the United States; the others are shared with Canada. It lies in the region known as the American Midwest. Lake Michigan has a surface area of 22,404 sq.mi (58,026 km); (13,237 square miles, 34,284 km lying in Michigan state, 7,358 square miles, 19,056 km in Wisconsin, 234 square miles, 606 km in Indiana, & 1,576 square miles, 4,079 km in Illinois) making it the largest lake entirely within one country by surface area (Lake Baikal, in Russia, is larger by water volume), and the fifth-largest lake in the world.",
"title": "Lake Michigan"
},
{
"id": "1097853",
"text": "formerly used as the city dump. The Tipsico Lake Project is a brownfield redevelopment project to restore the land and surrounding area. Small portions of the city also extend into Oakland County and Livingston County. As of the census of 2010, there were 11,756 people, 5,067 households, and 2,953 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 5,572 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 95.1% White, 1.3% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 0.5% from other races, and 2.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or",
"title": "Fenton, Michigan"
},
{
"id": "3150010",
"text": "some widely scattered properties in northwest Minnesota. Most of the Reservation is located around Lower and Upper Red Lake, which is one of the largest lakes in the United States. The land area of the Reservation is located mainly around Lower Red Lake and west of that and Upper Red Lake. The land is covered by prime forest. Elevation across the Red Lake Reservation is uniform. It ranges in elevation from 1,100 feet above sea level to 1,300 feet above sea level. Besides Lower and Upper Red Lakes, many smaller lakes are scattered across the reservation, especially south of Lower",
"title": "Red Lake Indian Reservation"
},
{
"id": "1095816",
"text": "China Lake Acres, California China Lake Acres is a census-designated place (CDP) in Kern County, California, United States. The population was 1,876 at the 2010 census, up from 1,761 at the 2000 census. China Lake Acres is located at . According to the United States Census Bureau, this CDP (census-designated place), commonly referred to by local residents as The Acres, has a total area of , over 99% land. The 2010 United States Census reported that China Lake Acres had a population of 1,876. The population density was 360.0 people per square mile (139.0/km²). The racial makeup of China Lake",
"title": "China Lake Acres, California"
},
{
"id": "15621955",
"text": "on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). In 2012, an event was held at the park to set the Guinness World Record for the \"most people roasting marshmallows at once\". The official count was 1,272 people. Marion County Lake Marion County Lake is a body of water, south-east of Marion, on the western edge of the Flint Hills region of Kansas in the United States. This smaller lake is often confused with the similar named yet larger Marion Reservoir, which is north-west of Marion. Most locals refer to the larger body of water using the term 'Reservoir', and the",
"title": "Marion County Lake"
},
{
"id": "1330924",
"text": "Bowstring Lake, Minnesota Bowstring Lake is an unorganized territory in Itasca County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 1,166 at the 2010 census. According to the United States Census Bureau, the unorganized territory has a total area of 284.1 square miles (735.9 km²), of which 215.4 square miles (557.8 km²) is land and 68.8 square miles (178.2 km²), or 24.21%, is water. Roughly half the land area is part of the Leech Lake Indian Reservation. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,203 people, 378 households, and 286 families residing in the unorganized territory. The population density was 5.6",
"title": "Bowstring Lake, Minnesota"
},
{
"id": "3677623",
"text": "lake's western shore. The campus of the old Michigan Military Academy is on the northeast shore of the lake. The campus is now home to SS. Cyril and Methodius Seminary and St. Mary's Preparatory. The ten largest lakes in Oakland County are: 1. Cass Lake (Waterford Twp. and West Bloomfield Twp.) 1,280 acres 2. Kent Lake (Milford Twp.) 1,200 acres 3. Orchard Lake (West Bloomfield Twp.) 795 acres 4. Walled Lake (Commerce Twp.) 670 acres 5. Pontiac Lake (Waterford Twp) 640 acres 6. White Lake (White Lake Twp.) 540 acres 7. Sylvan Lake (Waterford Twp.) 532 acres 8. Lake Orion",
"title": "Orchard Lake (Michigan)"
},
{
"id": "20653525",
"text": "Sand Lake, Iosco County, Michigan Sand Lake is an unincorporated community in Iosco County in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is located near the center of Iosco County. Sand Lake is a census-designated place (CDP) for statistical purposes and has no legal status as an incorporated municipality. As of the 2010 census, the CDP population was 1,412. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which, of it is land and of it is water. The CDP encompasses multiple lakes, including Bass Lake, Chappell Lake, Floyd Lake, Indian Lake, Island Lake,",
"title": "Sand Lake, Iosco County, Michigan"
},
{
"id": "1097967",
"text": "changed to \"Long Lake\" in 1850, and a post office with that name opened on March 6, 1851. The lake was subsequently renamed \"Lake Fenton\", and the platted settlement became extinct. In 1932, the United States Board on Geographic Names decided on \"Lake Fenton\" as the official name of the lake. Astronaut Michael J. Bloomfield grew up in Lake Fenton (his address was officially Linden, Michigan, and he was born in Flint). The Lake Fenton CDP occupies the northeast corner of Fenton Township, bordered to the north by Mundy Township, to the west by the rest of Fenton Township, to",
"title": "Lake Fenton, Michigan"
},
{
"id": "1095823",
"text": "or over. China Lake Acres, California China Lake Acres is a census-designated place (CDP) in Kern County, California, United States. The population was 1,876 at the 2010 census, up from 1,761 at the 2000 census. China Lake Acres is located at . According to the United States Census Bureau, this CDP (census-designated place), commonly referred to by local residents as The Acres, has a total area of , over 99% land. The 2010 United States Census reported that China Lake Acres had a population of 1,876. The population density was 360.0 people per square mile (139.0/km²). The racial makeup of",
"title": "China Lake Acres, California"
},
{
"id": "20653526",
"text": "Little Island Lake, Round Lake, and Sand Lake. Sand Lake, Iosco County, Michigan Sand Lake is an unincorporated community in Iosco County in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is located near the center of Iosco County. Sand Lake is a census-designated place (CDP) for statistical purposes and has no legal status as an incorporated municipality. As of the 2010 census, the CDP population was 1,412. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which, of it is land and of it is water. The CDP encompasses multiple lakes, including Bass Lake,",
"title": "Sand Lake, Iosco County, Michigan"
},
{
"id": "1331203",
"text": "is accessible via Forest Road 477. Picket Lake, Minnesota Picket Lake is an unorganized territory located in Saint Louis County, Minnesota, United States. As of the 2000 census, its population was zero. According to the United States Census Bureau, the unorganized territory has a total area of or 95.8 km², of which about 95% is land and the rest is water. The United States Forest Service describes Picket Lake as an area comprising 383 lake acres and 4097 acres of National Forest land. The closest town to the lake is Orr, Minnesota. The Forest Service provides three backcountry campsites around",
"title": "Picket Lake, Minnesota"
},
{
"id": "15752893",
"text": "Phoenix Lake, California Phoenix Lake is a census-designated place (CDP) in Tuolumne County, California. Phoenix Lake sits at an elevation of . The 2010 United States census reported Phoenix Lake's population was 4,269. Phoenix lake was created a CDP for the 2010 census; previously, it was part of the Phoenix Lake-Cedar Ridge CDP. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP covers an area of 11.1 square miles (28.8 km²), 98.84% of it land and 1.16% of it water. The 2010 United States Census reported that Phoenix Lake had a population of 4,269. The population density was 383.2 people",
"title": "Phoenix Lake, California"
},
{
"id": "1129570",
"text": "trade, purchased a 60 care tract of land. Included in the purchase was this park site. The land was purchased by Fenton in 1979. The park was named after Bud Weil. For more information about Bud Weil and other notable Fenton residents, check out “River City: The Story of Fenton, Missouri” by Della Lang at the St. Louis County Library. Fabick Nature Reserve has 2 lakes at the park. Preslar Lake is the most popular and easiest to get to. Public fishing is made possible by the Fenton in cooperation with the Missouri Conservation Department. All state and Missouri Conservation",
"title": "Fenton, Missouri"
},
{
"id": "20127592",
"text": "Herschel Park Herschel Park is a local nature reserve within Upton Park, a suburb of Slough, Berkshire, England. The nature reserve is owned and managed by Slough Borough Council. It is a Grade II listed park and nature reserve. The reserve is in size. The parkland has two lakes, ponds and a Grade II listed park land. The larger lake features an island planted with mature trees. The park also features a set of mature specimen and ornamental trees. The park has been in existence from at least 1843, when James Bedborough bought the land in the area and used",
"title": "Herschel Park"
},
{
"id": "3149981",
"text": "Red Lake Indian Reservation The Red Lake Indian Reservation (\"Miskwaagamiiwi-zaaga'igan\") covers in parts of nine counties in northwestern Minnesota, United States. It is made up of numerous holdings but the largest section is an area about Red Lake, in north-central Minnesota, the largest lake entirely within that state. This section lies primarily in the counties of Beltrami and Clearwater. Land in seven other counties is also part of the reservation. The second-largest section () is much farther north, in the Northwest Angle of Lake of the Woods County near the Canada–United States border. It has no permanent residents. Between these",
"title": "Red Lake Indian Reservation"
},
{
"id": "12217325",
"text": "plots that are \"permitted\" to be used for agricultural activities, without regard to its present use or even suitability. In some areas, agricultural land is protected so that it can be farmed without any threat of development. The Agricultural Land Reserve in British Columbia in Canada, for instance, requires approval from its Agricultural Land Commission before its lands can be removed or subdivided. Under the FAO's definitions above, agricultural land covers 38.4% of the world's land area as of 2011. Permanent pastures are 68.4% of all agricultural land (26.3% of global land area), arable land (row crops) is 28.4% of",
"title": "Agricultural land"
},
{
"id": "1331159",
"text": "Hush Lake, Minnesota Hush Lake is an unorganized territory in Saint Louis County, Minnesota, United States. As of the 2000 census, the unorganized territory had a total population of three. According to the United States Census Bureau, the unorganized territory has a total area of 125.1 km² (48.3 mi²); 122.8 km² (47.4 mi²) of it is land and 2.3 km² (0.9 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 1.84% water. As of the census of 2000, there were three people, two households, and one families residing in the unorganized territory. The population density was 0.0/km² (0.1/mi²). There were",
"title": "Hush Lake, Minnesota"
},
{
"id": "14705599",
"text": "Lyon Lake Lyon Lake is a small, natural lake in Fredonia Township, Calhoun County, Michigan. The lake is approximately long and wide (). The lake is part of a small cluster of lakes south of the historic village of Marshall, Michigan. The other lakes are Fish Lake, Pine Lake and Long Lake. Lyon Lake is surrounded by predominately modest residential homes that are the primary residences of the homeowners. The southern shore of the lake is adjacent to the Marshall Country Club, which is a private golf course. Lyon Lake is named after Lucius Lyon, who was a prominent land",
"title": "Lyon Lake"
},
{
"id": "5563989",
"text": "Forest Service. Paved roads include the San Juan Skyway, Alpine Loop, the Unaweep-Tabeguache Scenic and Historic Byway and Owl Creek Pass, which is gravel. There are three officially designated wilderness areas lying within Uncompahgre National Forest that are part of the National Wilderness Preservation System. One of them lies mostly in a neighboring National Forest, while another one extends onto land that is managed by the Bureau of Land Management (as indicated). Uncompahgre National Forest Uncompahgre National Forest is a U.S. National Forest covering 955,229 acres (1,492.55 sq mi, or 3,865.68 km²) in (in descending order of land area) parts",
"title": "Uncompahgre National Forest"
},
{
"id": "20018623",
"text": "Vineyard Lake CDP; the highway leads west to Brooklyn and southeast to Hayes State Park at Wamplers Lake. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Vineyard Lake CDP has an area of ; of its area is land, and is water. Vineyard Lake, Michigan Vineyard Lake is a census-designated place (CDP) in Jackson County, Michigan, United States. Its population was 980 as of the 2010 census. The community is in southeastern Jackson County, in the southeast corner of Columbia Township and the southwest corner of Norvell Township. It is bordered to the south by Cambridge Township in Lenawee County. The",
"title": "Vineyard Lake, Michigan"
},
{
"id": "17810707",
"text": "of the land is considered disturbed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This includes abandoned coal mines and quarries. In specific, 6748 acres are forest, 1839 acres are considered \"low-intensity development\" by the Environmental Protection Agency, 1174 acres are considered \"high-intensity development\" by the Environmental Protection Agency 509 acres are devoted to hay or pastureland, and 492 acres are considered \"transition\" by the Environmental Protection Agency. Crops are grown on 336 acres, quarries occupy 215 acres, wetland makes up 77 acres, coal mines make up 64 acres, and grass occupies 22 acres. There are a total of stream miles in",
"title": "Solomon Creek"
},
{
"id": "1101086",
"text": "Whitney Township, Michigan Whitney Township is a civil township of Arenac County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,001 at the 2010 census. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , of which is land and , or 31.12%, is water. The township includes Charity Island, located offshore in Saginaw Bay of Lake Huron. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,033 people, 437 households, and 319 families residing in the township. The population density was 33.0 per square mile (12.7/km²). There were 894 housing units at an average",
"title": "Whitney Township, Michigan"
},
{
"id": "1097852",
"text": "into a restaurant named Fenton Fire Hall in December 2013. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 11,756. The city was incorporated from Fenton Township in Genesee County, and the city and township are administratively autonomous. Fenton includes several historic buildings. It was home to the first aviation school in Michigan and the A.J. Phillips Fenton Museum. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water. Most of the city is in Genesee County. The city has also annexed approximately in Livingston County. Approximately was",
"title": "Fenton, Michigan"
},
{
"id": "18310639",
"text": "L. Bofin, L. Forbes, L. Corry) from the Shannon's freshwater flow of , the Shannon as a freshwater river is only about long. The Shannon River Basin is part of the \"Shannon International River Basin District\" (SHIRBD) administrative area which has an area of in area. In addition to the Shannon Basin, the district also covers coastal parts of Kerry and Clare which drain to the sea. The SHIRBD contains of rivers, of coastline including estuaries, and 113 lakes, including 53 over in size. The main land use throughout the SHIRBD area is agriculture (70.7%). Peatlands (11.1%) and forestry (3.2%)",
"title": "Shannon River Basin"
},
{
"id": "1108743",
"text": "Sylvan Lake, Michigan Sylvan Lake is a city in Oakland County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,720 at the 2010 census. It borders Pontiac, the county seat, northeast. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water. As of the census of 2010, there were 1,720 people, 809 households, and 474 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 864 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 94.5% White, 2.2% African",
"title": "Sylvan Lake, Michigan"
},
{
"id": "15001513",
"text": "Land O'Lakes State Forest The Land O'Lakes State Forest is a state forest located primarily in Cass, Minnesota, with portions extending into adjacent Aitkin and Crow Wing counties. The forest has small shared borders with the Chippewa National Forest to the north, and the Hill River State Forest to east. Over half of the forest's land is managed by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources; the remaining land is managed by Cass County or is privately held. The land of the forest was originally covered in old-growth Eastern White and Red Pine, which was logged between 1800 and 1890 by",
"title": "Land O'Lakes State Forest"
},
{
"id": "6761640",
"text": "online purchase. Throughout the 30 years the sampler raised over $13 million for Minnesota non-profits and charities. Pressings: 10,000 Format: Cassette tape & CD Pressings: 10,000 Format: Cassette tape & CD Pressings: 10,000 Format: Cassette tape & CD Pressings: 12,000 Format: Cassette tape & CD Pressings: 12,000 Format: Cassette tape & CD Format: Cassette tape & CD Format: Cassette tape & CD Format: Cassette tape & CD Format: CD Format: CD Pressings: 27,000 Format: CD Pressings: 27,000 Format: CD Pressings: 30,000 Format: CD Pressings: 30,000 Format: CD Pressings: 30,000 Format: CD Pressings: 35,000 Format: CD Pressings: 35,000 Format: CD Pressings:",
"title": "Cities 97 Sampler"
},
{
"id": "1129558",
"text": "at (38.527953, -90.444195). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water. The topography of the Fenton area is predominantly rolling hills. As of the census of 2010, there were 4,022 people, 1,549 households, and 1,176 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 1,611 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 95.5% White, 0.4% African American, 0.2% Native American, 2.1% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 0.3% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more",
"title": "Fenton, Missouri"
},
{
"id": "1058404",
"text": "Burns Harbor, Indiana Burns Harbor is a town in Westchester Township, Porter County, Indiana, United States on the shores of Lake Michigan in Northwest Indiana. It is part of the Chicago metropolitan area. The population was 1,156 at the 2010 census. Burns Harbor is located adjacent to the Indiana Dunes, an area that conservationists have fought hard to preserve. Burns Harbor is located at (41.614685, -87.124560). According to the 2010 census, Burns Harbor has a total area of , of which (or 98.23%) is land and (or 1.77%) is water. As of the census of 2010, there were 1,156 people,",
"title": "Burns Harbor, Indiana"
},
{
"id": "5060439",
"text": "Rock 'n' roll will never die, like the Minnehaha flow.\" A number of shots in the opening to the Mary Tyler Moore Show were shot around Lake of the Isles. Lake of the Isles Lake of the Isles is a lake in Minneapolis, Minnesota, connected to Cedar Lake and Lake Calhoun. In winter it is used for ice skating and hockey is the location of a New Year's Eve celebration featuring roasted marshmallows and hot chocolate. The lake has an area of , of shoreline with a little under three miles of paved walking and biking paths, and a maximum",
"title": "Lake of the Isles"
},
{
"id": "14667251",
"text": "Burntside State Forest The Burntside State Forest is a state forest located near the town of Ely in Lake and Saint Louis counties, Minnesota. 82% of the forest land falls within the limits of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness to the north which belongs to the Superior National Forest, and thus falls under the federal jurisdiction of the United States Forest Service. There are over 43 lakes in the forest, the rough topography of the area is due to its situation in the Laurentian Upland. There are six public accesses to the Burntside Lake within the forest, which has",
"title": "Burntside State Forest"
},
{
"id": "1161186",
"text": "Meadow Lake, New Mexico Meadow Lake is a census-designated place (CDP) in Valencia County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 4,491 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Albuquerque Metropolitan Statistical Area. Meadow Lake is located at (34.803959, -106.579522). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which, of it is land and 0.10% is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 4,491 people, 1,339 households, and 1,084 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 465.3 people per square mile (179.7/km²). There were 1,543 housing",
"title": "Meadow Lake, New Mexico"
},
{
"id": "16820787",
"text": "Lake Santee, Indiana Lake Santee is an unincorporated town and census-designated place in Decatur and Franklin counties, Indiana, United States. As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 820. Lake Santee was built up in the 1960s as a housing development centered on a reservoir of the same name. Lake Santee is located at in southeastern Indiana. It is situated northeast of Greensburg and northwest of Batesville. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which is land and , or 12.60%, is water. The water area consists entirely of Lake",
"title": "Lake Santee, Indiana"
},
{
"id": "1105877",
"text": "1968 causing one injury but no deaths.Two men drowned in a snowmobile accident during a carnival on the frozen lake in 1980. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which is land and (21.49%) is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 3,749 people, 1,646 households, and 1,030 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 633.6 per square mile (244.5/km²). There were 3,057 housing units at an average density of 516.6 per square mile (199.4/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.95% White, 0.35% African American,",
"title": "Houghton Lake, Michigan"
},
{
"id": "1055194",
"text": "Lake Summerset, Illinois Lake Summerset is a census-designated place (CDP) in Stephenson and Winnebago counties in Illinois. The population was 2,048 at the 2010 census. Lake Summerset is located at (42.449436, -89.396392). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which is land and (17.20%) is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,061 people, 816 households, and 677 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 995.3 people per square mile (384.4/km²). There were 1,050 housing units at an average density of 507.0/sq mi (195.8/km²). The racial makeup",
"title": "Lake Summerset, Illinois"
},
{
"id": "939761",
"text": "a British officer who purchased land on the St. Clair River at the mouth of the Pine River. In 1764, he built Fort Sinclair there, which was in use for nearly 20 years before being abandoned. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (14%) is water. St. Clair County is one of five counties that form the peninsula, known as the Thumb, that projects into Lake Huron. St. Clair County is closely connected in terms of economy with its neighbors, Metropolitan Detroit and Sanilac County in Michigan, and",
"title": "St. Clair County, Michigan"
},
{
"id": "1331019",
"text": "Mud Lake, Minnesota Mud Lake is an unorganized territory located in Marshall County, Minnesota, United States. As of the 2000 census, the unorganized territory had a total population of 0. Mud Lake was organized as Mud Lake Township, and named for a former lake that has since been drained. According to the United States Census Bureau, the unorganized territory has a total area of 36.0 square miles (93.2 km²), of which 31.3 square miles (81.1 km²) of it is land and 4.7 square miles (12.1 km²) of it (13.03%) is water. As of the census of 2000, there are no",
"title": "Mud Lake, Minnesota"
},
{
"id": "1121918",
"text": "Gem Lake, Minnesota Gem Lake is a city in Ramsey County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 393 at the 2010 census. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water. Highway 61 serves as a main route. Nearby places include White Bear Lake, Maplewood, Little Canada, and Vadnais Heights. As of the census of 2010, there were 393 people, 155 households, and 115 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 161 housing units at an average density of . The racial",
"title": "Gem Lake, Minnesota"
},
{
"id": "1097858",
"text": "for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,435. About 4.4% of families and 6.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.9% of those under age 18 and 12.4% of those age 65 or over. The municipality operates its own water system. U.S. 23 runs north and south through the city. Fenton, Michigan Fenton is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan that lies mostly in Genesee County, with small portions in neighboring Oakland County and Livingston County. It was first established in 1834 and was originally named Dibbleville after Clark Dibble, one of",
"title": "Fenton, Michigan"
},
{
"id": "1039073",
"text": "Shannon, Georgia Shannon is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Floyd County, Georgia, United States. It is part of the Rome, Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 1,862 at the 2010 census. The first settlement at Shannon, first called Ridge Valley, then Hermitage, was made in the 1830s. Shannon is located in northeastern Floyd County between Rome and Calhoun, just off Highway 53. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Shannon CDP has a total area of , of which is land and , or 0.86%, is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,682",
"title": "Shannon, Georgia"
},
{
"id": "19588672",
"text": "Pontiac Lake (Michigan) Pontiac Lake is an all-sports, 640-acre Oakland County, Michigan lake along the Huron River. The lake lies primarily in White Lake Township, while a small portion of the lake lies in Waterford Township. It is the fifth largest lake in the county. Pontiac Lake is a public lake with a public boat launch. The Pontiac Lake Recreation Area is located at the lake. Pontiac Lake is a man-made lake created in 1926 when Lime Lake, a small lake in the upper Huron River watershed, was dammed. It lies about seven miles west of Pontiac, Michigan. Since 1999,",
"title": "Pontiac Lake (Michigan)"
},
{
"id": "13554896",
"text": "includes forests, agriculture and open space. Table 1 and Map 2 from the comprehensive plan highlights the acreage and percent of existing land use in the county. Over half (54.4%) of the existing land use in Carroll Co. is designated for agriculture while 16% is described as vacant or open space. Forested areas are the next most abundant land cover type with 11.5% of the existing land used for forestry. Residential development is the single most intensive use of developed land in rural areas, and 11.4% of the existing land in Carroll County is used for either suburban residential, urban",
"title": "Reed Island Creek"
},
{
"id": "5061235",
"text": "the state by number of residents. As the reservation covers 972.517 sq mi (2,518.806 km²) of land and 337.392 sq mi (873.841 km²) of water, about one-fourth of its territory is covered by lakes. The largest lakes on the reservation are Leech Lake, Lake Winnibigoshish, and Cass Lake. The band uses 40 lakes for the production of wild rice, and the community produces more rice than any other reservation in the state. The reservation is the second-largest in Minnesota (after the White Earth Indian Reservation) in terms of land area, and the largest in terms of total area. The core",
"title": "Leech Lake Indian Reservation"
},
{
"id": "3677624",
"text": "(Orion Twp.) 506 acres 9. Lake Angelus (Auburn Hills) 477 acres 10. Union Lake (Commerce Twp.) 465 acres The ten deepest lakes in Oakland County are: 1. Cass Lake (Waterford Twp. and West Bloomfield Twp.) 123 feet 2. Maceday Lake (Waterford Twp.) 117 feet 3t. Orchard Lake (West Bloomfield Twp.) 110 feet 3t. Union Lake (Commerce Twp.) 110 feet 5. Walnut Lake (West Bloomfield Twp.) 101 feet 6t. Van Norman Lake (Independence Twp. and Waterford Twp.) 90 feet 6t. Pine Lake (West Bloomfield Twp.) 90 feet 8. Lake Angelus (Auburn Hills) 88 feet 9t. Loon Lake (Waterford Twp.) 73 feet",
"title": "Orchard Lake (Michigan)"
},
{
"id": "1331163",
"text": "Janette Lake, Minnesota Jeanette Lake is an unorganized territory in Saint Louis County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 249 at the 2000 census. State Highway 73 (MN 73) serves as a main route in the area. The unincorporated communities of Silica and Bengal are located within Janette Lake Unorganized Territory. Janet Lake Wayside Park is located in the area. According to the United States Census Bureau, the unorganized territory has a total area of 36.2 square miles (93.7 km²); 34.7 square miles (89.8 km²) of it is land and 1.5 square miles (3.9 km²) of it (4.12%) is water.",
"title": "Janette Lake, Minnesota"
},
{
"id": "1097970",
"text": "Latino of any race. There are 1,886 households out of which 31.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.8% are married couples living together, 7.2% have a female householder with no husband present, and 24.0% are non-families. 19.5% of all households are made up of individuals and 6.2% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.58 and the average family size is 2.97. In the CDP, the population is spread out with 23.6% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 29.0% from 25",
"title": "Lake Fenton, Michigan"
},
{
"id": "1107373",
"text": "Belleville Lake. Belleville Lake is the largest inland lake in Wayne County, stretching 6 miles and covering 1,200 acres. The traditional downtown is nestled on the southern shore of Belleville Lake. Belleville achieved city status on 14 May 1946. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water. Edison Lake (the proper name of Belleville Lake) was created by damming up the Huron River in two places. The Huron River flows into Lake Erie. As of the census of 2010, there were 3,991 people, 1,755 households, and",
"title": "Belleville, Michigan"
},
{
"id": "1051503",
"text": "Forest Lake, Illinois Forest Lake is a census-designated place (CDP) in the Ela Township of Lake County, Illinois, United States about 40 miles northwest of downtown Chicago. The population was 1,659 at the 2010 census. The community was founded in 1935 as a vacation community for Chicago residents. It is an unincorporated area of Lake County bordered by Lake Zurich, Long Grove, and Hawthorn Woods. Forest Lake is located at (42.207824, -88.053475). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which is land and (8.70%) is water. As of the census of",
"title": "Forest Lake, Illinois"
},
{
"id": "3149982",
"text": "two largest sections are hundreds of mostly small, non-contiguous reservation exclaves in the counties of Beltrami, Clearwater, Lake of the Woods, Koochiching, Roseau, Pennington, Marshall, Red Lake, and Polk. Home to the federally recognized Red Lake Band of Chippewa, it is unique as the only \"closed reservation\" in Minnesota. In a closed reservation, all land is held in common by the tribe and there is no private property. The tribe claims the land by right of conquest and aboriginal title; they were not reassigned to it by the United States government. The Red Lake Band of Chippewa refused to join",
"title": "Red Lake Indian Reservation"
},
{
"id": "939977",
"text": "April 1, 1840. Missaukee County was organized in 1871. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (1.6%) is water. There are 33 natural freshwater lakes in Missaukee County. The largest of these, Lake Missaukee, has a surface area of . The lakes and streams in much of the county drain into the Muskegon River, which flows generally north to south through its eastern tier of townships. The Clam River, a tributary of the Muskegon, flows generally west to east through the county. As of the census of 2000,",
"title": "Missaukee County, Michigan"
},
{
"id": "5528074",
"text": "under a treaty they signed with the United States in 1837, the 1842 Treaty of La Pointe, and the first 1854 Treaty of La Pointe. The tribal reservation has a land area of 107.912 sq mi (279.492 km²), including the trust lands, and a population of 3,013 persons as of the 2000 census. The most populous community is Little Round Lake, at the reservation's northwest corner. It is south of the non-reservation city of Hayward, the county seat of Sawyer County. Lac Courte Oreilles is a land which is almost entirely covered by a forest and several lakes. To the",
"title": "Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians"
},
{
"id": "9005348",
"text": "Hills Creek State Park Hills Creek State Park is a Pennsylvania state park in Charleston Township, Tioga County, Pennsylvania in the United States. Hills Creek Lake, a man-made lake, is the focal point of the park. It is open for year-round recreation. Hills Creek State Park is in the Allegheny Plateau region of Pennsylvania, just north of U.S. Route 6 near the boroughs of Wellsboro and Mansfield. Hills Creek State Park was opened for public use in 1953. The land had previously been used as a pigment mine for the paint industry. The park is named for Hills Creek which",
"title": "Hills Creek State Park"
},
{
"id": "1331131",
"text": "Birch Lake, Minnesota Birch Lake is an unorganized territory in Saint Louis County, Minnesota, United States; located north of Babbitt, and south of Ely and Morse Township. The population was 648 at the 2000 census. According to the United States Census Bureau, the unorganized territory has a total area of 70.4 square miles (182.3 km²); 57.8 square miles (149.7 km²) of it is land and 12.6 square miles (32.6 km²) of it (17.88%) is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 648 people, 236 households, and 175 families residing in the unorganized territory. The population density was 11.2",
"title": "Birch Lake, Minnesota"
},
{
"id": "1003005",
"text": "Kenny Lake, Alaska Kenny Lake is a farming community - one of the last to be homesteaded in America. Kenny Lake is a census-designated place (CDP) in Valdez-Cordova Census Area, Alaska, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 355, down from 410 in 2000. Kenny Lake is located at (61.703384, -144.896546). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which, of it is land and of it (0.12%) is water. Kenny Lake first appeared on the 1990 U.S. Census as a census-designated place (CDP). As of the census of 2000,",
"title": "Kenny Lake, Alaska"
},
{
"id": "18164292",
"text": "Washburn Lake Washburn Lake is a lake located about three miles northwest of Outing, Minnesota in Cass County, Minnesota, USA. It is found at an elevation of . The lake occupies three distinct basins. A public access is co-located at the Clinton Converse DNR Forestry Campground at the south end of the eastern basin. Based on 2009 data, development is considered moderate, with 17.2 homes/cabins per shoreline mile. The maximum depth is and about 48% of the lake is deep or less. Shallow water substrates consist primarily of sand and gravel, although areas of rubble, boulders and muck are also",
"title": "Washburn Lake"
},
{
"id": "19851319",
"text": "of Eubanks Creek, a tributary of the Pearl. Hico is an abbreviation for Hinds County, the county in which the lake is situated. The lake is leased to Entergy, the operator of the Rex Brown Plant, by its owner, the State of Mississippi via its trust for 16th section lands. The lease is overseen by Mississippi's Secretary of State, Entergy pays $258,000 per year for Lake Hico. Lake Hico covers over 500 acres, including a 100+- acre island. The island divides the warmed water coming out of the plant from the cooler main lake. The island has a concrete boat",
"title": "Lake Hico"
},
{
"id": "4976074",
"text": "greatest freshwater recreational complexes in the country. The lakes run parallel courses for more than , with the Land Between The Lakes National Recreation Area located between them. Lake Barkley is long with a shoreline measuring . The lake's level is maintained at different levels throughout the year for flood control purposes. Summer pool, above sea level, is normally reached by May 1. The water level begins dropping gradually on July 1, and winter pool (354 ft/107 m) is reached by December 1. The spring rise starts April 1. The lake's water surface area varies accordingly from 57,920 acres (234",
"title": "Lake Barkley"
},
{
"id": "1330528",
"text": "Brook Lake, Minnesota Brook Lake is an unorganized territory in Beltrami County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 200 at the 2000 census. Brook Lake was named from a lake into which flows a brook. According to the United States Census Bureau, the unorganized territory has a total area of 36.3 square miles (94.0 km²), of which, 25.3 square miles (65.6 km²) of it is land and 11.0 square miles (28.4 km²) of it (30.26%) is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 200 people, 79 households, and 45 families residing in the unorganized territory. The population density",
"title": "Brook Lake, Minnesota"
},
{
"id": "1117760",
"text": "The Lakes, Minnesota The Lakes is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Murray County, Minnesota, United States located just north of Currie, Minnesota. The population was 667 at the 2010 census. The community is centered about Lake Shetek, the largest lake in southwestern Minnesota. The lake and the community are located in parts of four townships in Murray County, which include Lake Sarah, Shetek, Murray, and Mason Townships. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which of it is land and of it (22.22%) is water. U.S. Highway 59",
"title": "The Lakes, Minnesota"
},
{
"id": "10447985",
"text": "a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016. As a designated place in the 2011 Census, Chipewyan Lake had a population of 38 living in 16 of its 35 total dwellings, a -54.2% change from its 2006 population of 83. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2011. Chipewyan Lake Chipewyan Lake is an unincorporated community in northern Alberta within the Municipal District of Opportunity No. 17. It is located on the southern shore of Chipewyan Lake approximately north of Wabasca and west of Fort McMurray. The community is",
"title": "Chipewyan Lake"
},
{
"id": "1177443",
"text": "Shannon, North Carolina Shannon is a census-designated place (CDP) in Robeson County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 197 at the 2000 census. Shannon is located at . According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , all of it land. As of the census of 2000, there were 197 people, 78 households, and 51 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 192.2 people per square mile (74.6/km). There were 86 housing units at an average density of 83.9/sq mi (32.6/km). The racial makeup of the CDP was 22.84% White, 30.46%",
"title": "Shannon, North Carolina"
},
{
"id": "1331135",
"text": "Camp A Lake, Minnesota Camp A Lake is an unorganized territory in Saint Louis County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 16 at the 2000 census. According to the United States Census Bureau, the unorganized territory has a total area of 18.9 square miles (48.8 km²); 18.5 square miles (47.8 km²) is land and 0.4 square miles (1.0 km²; 2.02%) is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 16 people, 6 households, and 4 families residing in the unorganized territory. The population density was 0.9 people per square mile (0.3/km²). There were 6 housing units at an average",
"title": "Camp A Lake, Minnesota"
},
{
"id": "945031",
"text": "most of the land to France, but keeping title to about 7,500 square miles. In 1803, most of the land for modern day Kansas was acquired by the United States from France as part of the 828,000 square mile Louisiana Purchase for 2.83 cents per acre. In 1854, the Kansas Territory was organized, then in 1861 Kansas became the 34th U.S. state. In 1873, Cheyenne County was established. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (0.1%) is water. Sources: National Atlas, U.S. Census Bureau The county is bordered",
"title": "Cheyenne County, Kansas"
},
{
"id": "1103801",
"text": "total of 96. The township is the location of the federally recognized Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa; their land base is the Lac Vieux Desert Indian Reservation. Attractions in Watersmeet include the Lac Vieux Desert resort and casino, owned and operated by the tribe. It includes a golf course. The Lights of Paulding occur nearby and are supported by local legend. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , of which is land and (8.30%) is water. The climate is described as Humid Continental by the Köppen Climate System, abbreviated",
"title": "Watersmeet Township, Michigan"
},
{
"id": "17507948",
"text": "Fort Supply Lake Fort Supply Lake is in Woodward County, Oklahoma, about south of Fort Supply and northwest of Woodward. Managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the lake surface covers . There are about of public hunting land managed by the Corps of Engineers and the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation adjacent to the lake. The lake was created in 1942 by damming Wolf Creek, although the work actually began in 1938. The primary purposes of the lake are for flood control and conservational storage. Its normal elevation is . The maximum volume of water is . The",
"title": "Fort Supply Lake"
},
{
"id": "8734691",
"text": "two thirds of the workers in the municipality were commuters. San Nazzaro has an area, , of . Of this area, or 11.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 75.8% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 12.1% is settled (buildings or roads), or 1.8% is either rivers or lakes and or 4.3% is unproductive land. Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 9.6% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.5%. Out of the forested land, 64.9% of the total land area is heavily forested and 3.8% is covered with orchards or small clusters of",
"title": "San Nazzaro, Switzerland"
},
{
"id": "7841498",
"text": "Chase Lake Prairie Project The Chase Lake Prairie Project is an effort to restore and protect the largest remaining region in the lower 48 states for waterfowl production. Located in U.S. state of North Dakota and consisting of spread across 11 counties, this region is composed of thousands of lakes and ponds and grassland prairie. 97% of the land area is privately owned, with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service working with landowners to protect wetlands and associated prairie regions in a collaborative effort to ensure the region continues to provide habitat for the millions of birds and other wildlife",
"title": "Chase Lake Prairie Project"
},
{
"id": "15752897",
"text": "population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 629 people (14.7%) lived in rental housing units. Phoenix Lake, California Phoenix Lake is a census-designated place (CDP) in Tuolumne County, California. Phoenix Lake sits at an elevation of . The 2010 United States census reported Phoenix Lake's population was 4,269. Phoenix lake was created a CDP for the 2010 census; previously, it was part of the Phoenix Lake-Cedar Ridge CDP. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP covers an area of 11.1 square miles (28.8 km²), 98.84% of it land and 1.16% of it water. The 2010 United States Census",
"title": "Phoenix Lake, California"
},
{
"id": "19884469",
"text": "418 adults living alone: 221 male and 197 female. The CDP contained 2,859 housing units, of which 1,607 were occupied and 1,252 were vacant. Lake of the Woods, Arizona Lake of the Woods is a census-designated place (CDP) in Navajo County, Arizona, United States. The population was 4,094 at the 2010 census. Drysdale is located at (34.154761, −109.993637). According to the United States Geological Survey, the CDP has a total area of , consisting of of land and of water. As of the 2010 census, there were 4,094 people residing in the CDP: 2,078 male and 2,016 female. 1,185 were",
"title": "Lake of the Woods, Arizona"
},
{
"id": "1160749",
"text": "of Torreon Chapter House is \"Serving the Governmental needs of the Torreon/Star Lake Chapter Residents.\" Torreon is located at . According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 14.6 square miles (37.8 km²), all of it land. As of the census of 2000, there were 297 people, 73 households, and 62 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 20.4 people per square mile (7.9/km²). There were 98 housing units at an average density of 6.7 per square mile (2.6/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 91.92% Native American, 6.73% White, and",
"title": "Torreon, Sandoval County, New Mexico"
},
{
"id": "1117681",
"text": "Fenton Township, Murray County, Minnesota Fenton Township is a township in Murray County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 209 at the 2000 census. Fenton Township, was organized in 1886, and named for P. H. Fenton, an early settler. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , of which of it is land and of it (0.17%) is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 209 people, 72 households, and 61 families residing in the township. The population density was 5.8 people per square mile (2.3/km²). There were 76 housing units",
"title": "Fenton Township, Murray County, Minnesota"
},
{
"id": "11497763",
"text": "spring and fall migration of shorebirds. The site qualifies as an Important Bird Area for its globally and nationally significant migratory and breeding populations of more than a dozen species of birds. The lakes were named for bird quills collected near shorelines and shipped to England for use as quill pens. Quill Lakes is Canada's largest saline lake, covering an area of about . Salinity varies within the lakes and with their water levels, but effectively limits the floral diversity of the region. Located directly north of Regina and east of Saskatoon, it is primarily provincial Crown land administered by",
"title": "Quill Lakes"
},
{
"id": "11463473",
"text": "Lake Winfield Scott Lake Winfield Scott is an mountain lake located south of Blairsville, Georgia in Union County. The lake, which is owned and managed by the U.S. Forest Service, is the source of Cooper Creek. It is the centerpiece of the Forest Service's Lake Winfield Scott Recreation Area, a park which features hiking, fishing, boating and other outdoor activities. At elevation it is one of Georgia's highest altitude lakes. The various habitats surrounding the lake support a wide assortment of plants and animals. Completed in early 1942, Lake Winfield Scott is a man-made reservoir created as part of the",
"title": "Lake Winfield Scott"
},
{
"id": "20031896",
"text": "Lake as being a seasonally flooded river and not a lake. The end result is that a change in the definition changes the ownership of the land involved between the low water mark and high water mark around the waterway that would also change the boundaries of the WMA affecting 30,000 acres. Dewey Wills WMA was known as the Saline Wildlife Management Area until changed to the current name and the size was increased from 60,275 acres to the current size in 1978. The WMA is approximately twenty miles northeast of Alexandria, east of Catahoula Lake, in LaSalle Parish, Catahoula",
"title": "Dewey W. Wills Wildlife Management Area"
},
{
"id": "1331162",
"text": "the population and 0.0% of families are below the poverty line. Hush Lake, Minnesota Hush Lake is an unorganized territory in Saint Louis County, Minnesota, United States. As of the 2000 census, the unorganized territory had a total population of three. According to the United States Census Bureau, the unorganized territory has a total area of 125.1 km² (48.3 mi²); 122.8 km² (47.4 mi²) of it is land and 2.3 km² (0.9 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 1.84% water. As of the census of 2000, there were three people, two households, and one families residing in",
"title": "Hush Lake, Minnesota"
},
{
"id": "6943019",
"text": "Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge is located 28 miles (45 km) east of Monida, Montana off Interstate 15. List of largest National Wildlife Refuges Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge is a remote refuge located in the high altitude of the Centennial Valley, in the southwestern region of the U.S. state of Montana. Adjacent to Gallatin National Forest and near Yellowstone National Park, the refuge is an integral part of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Red Rock Lakes is best known for being the primary location for the efforts saving the trumpeter swan from",
"title": "Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge"
},
{
"id": "1246931",
"text": "Lake Stickney, Washington Lake Stickney is a census-designated place (CDP) in Snohomish County, Washington, United States. The population was 7,777 at the 2010 census. The CDP was known as Paine Field-Lake Stickney prior to 2010. The new Lake Stickney CDP no longer contains the Paine Field airport. Lake Stickney is located at (47.871429, -122.257204). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.6 square miles (4.1 km²), of which, 1.5 square miles (4.0 km²) of it is land and 0.04 square miles (0.1 km²) of it (2.43%) is water. As of the census of",
"title": "Lake Stickney, Washington"
},
{
"id": "3677625",
"text": "9t. Silver Lake (Waterford Twp.) 73 feet Orchard Lake (Michigan) Orchard Lake is a 795-acre lake located in West Bloomfield Township, Michigan, United States. It has a maximum depth. Orchard Lake is the second-largest lake, and third-deepest lake, in Oakland County. The lake has a 35-acre island in the middle of it, Apple Island. The island was frequently inhabited by local Native Americans before the coming of Western settlers, who later planted an apple orchard on the island, giving rise to the current name of the lake. Apple Island is now abandoned and has been designated a protected wildlife sanctuary.",
"title": "Orchard Lake (Michigan)"
},
{
"id": "1098207",
"text": "Sand Lake, Michigan Sand Lake is a general law village in Kent County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 500 at the 2010 census. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , of which, of it is land and is water. As of the census of 2010, there were 500 people, 188 households, and 116 families residing in the village. The population density was 625 per square mile. There were 211 housing units at an average density of 263.75 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 94.6%",
"title": "Sand Lake, Michigan"
},
{
"id": "8840296",
"text": "Lac Vieux Desert Indian Reservation Lac Vieux Desert Indian Reservation is an Indian reservation located in Watersmeet Township of southeastern Gogebic County, in the western part of Michigan's Upper Peninsula. It is the landbase for the Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa. The reservation has a total land area of , split into two sections in eastern Watersmeet Township. The 2000 census reported a total population of 135 residents. Most of the population lived in the northern section in the unincorporated community of Watersmeet, near the junction of US routes 45 (US 45) and 2. Only 26 persons",
"title": "Lac Vieux Desert Indian Reservation"
}
] | how many acres is lake shannon fenton mi |
[
"Thirty-four"
] | [
{
"id": "557698",
"text": "Orange County, California Orange County is a county in the Los Angeles metropolitan area in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 3,010,232, making it the third-most populous county in California, the sixth-most populous in the United States, and more populous than 21 U.S. states. Its county seat is Santa Ana. It is the second most densely populated county in the state, behind San Francisco County. The county's four largest cities by population, Anaheim, Santa Ana (county seat), Irvine, and Huntington Beach, each have a population exceeding 200,000. Several of Orange County's cities are",
"title": "Orange County, California"
},
{
"id": "557699",
"text": "on the Pacific Ocean western coast, including Huntington Beach, Newport Beach, Laguna Beach, Dana Point, and San Clemente. Orange County is included in the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, Metropolitan Statistical Area. Thirty-four incorporated towns and cities are in the county; the newest is Aliso Viejo, which was incorporated in 2001. Anaheim was the first city, incorporated in 1870, when the region was still part of neighboring Los Angeles County. Whereas most population centers in the United States tend to be identified by a major city with a large downtown central business district (CBD), Orange County has no single major downtown /",
"title": "Orange County, California"
},
{
"id": "17676068",
"text": "focus to property crime and Orange County cities with a population not much higher than 50,000 dominate the top ten, with seven of the ten places ranking in the top ten being located in Orange County, including (in ascending order of violent crime rate) Aliso Viejo, Laguna Niguel, Lake Forest, Mission Viejo, and Yorba Linda. Of the ten places with populations over 50,000 and the highest violent crime rates, only two had populations under 100,000: they are Santa Cruz (8.26) and Compton (11.49). The other places include (in descending order of violent crime rate) Oakland, Stockton, San Bernardino, Vallejo, and",
"title": "California locations by crime rate"
},
{
"id": "666411",
"text": "Orange County, New York Orange County is a county located in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 372,813. The county seat is Goshen. This county was first created in 1683 and reorganized with its present boundaries in 1798. Orange County is included in the New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is in the state's Mid-Hudson Region of the Hudson Valley. The County Executive is Steve Neuhaus. As of the 2010 census the centre of population of New York state was located in Orange County, approximately three miles west of the",
"title": "Orange County, New York"
},
{
"id": "16085809",
"text": "Orange County LAFCO The Orange County Local Agency Formation Commission, or OC LAFCO, is a government agency that makes decisions regarding boundaries for cities, unincorporated territory (land not located within a city) and special districts (local agencies which provide water, sewer, parks and recreation and other municipal services) within Orange County, California. Orange County LAFCO offices are located in Santa Ana, California. OC LAFCO is funded by Orange County's 34 cities, 27 special districts, and the County. The LAFCO apportionment is a state mandate: Government Code Section 56381(1)(A) requires that the County, cities, and special districts each pay one-third of",
"title": "Orange County LAFCO"
},
{
"id": "1015393",
"text": "is known for its affluence and political conservatism – a 2005 academic study listed Orange among three Orange County cities as being among America's 25 \"most conservative,\" making it one of two counties in the country containing more than one such city (Maricopa County, Arizona also has three cities on the list). According to the City's 2011 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are: Orange is home to parks, lakes, a small zoo, a university, and a wildlife sanctuary. The Outlets at Orange, a large, outdoor shopping and entertainment center, is located on the western edge",
"title": "Orange, California"
},
{
"id": "557734",
"text": "is also an Orange County resident. For the 115th United States Congress in the United States House of Representatives, Orange County is split between seven congressional districts: The 39th, 45th, 46th, and 48th districts are all centered in Orange County. The 38th and 47th have their population centers in Los Angeles County, while the 49th is primarily San Diego County-based. In the California State Senate, Orange County is split into 5 districts: According to the Orange County Registrar of Voters, as of May 21, 2012, Orange County had 1,612,145 registered voters. Of these, 42.17% (679,877) were registered Republicans, and 31.41%",
"title": "Orange County, California"
},
{
"id": "19992346",
"text": "The Real Housewives of Orange County (season 12) The twelfth season of \"The Real Housewives of Orange County\", an American reality television series, is broadcast on Bravo. It premiered on July 10, 2017, and is primarily filmed in Orange County, California. Its executive producers are Adam Karpel, Alex Baskin, Douglas Ross, Gregory Stewart, Scott Dunlop, Stephanie Boyriven and Andy Cohen. The twelfth season of \"The Real Housewives of Orange County\" focuses on the lives of Vicki Gunvalson, Tamra Judge, Lydia McLaughlin, Shannon Beador, Meghan King Edmonds, Kelly Dodd and Peggy Sulahian. In April 2017, the series was officially renewed for",
"title": "The Real Housewives of Orange County (season 12)"
},
{
"id": "3363112",
"text": "Orange Coast The Orange Coast is the string of cities and neighborhoods fronting the Pacific Coast in Orange County, California. The most significant cities from north to south are Seal Beach, Huntington Beach, Newport Beach, Laguna Beach, San Juan Capistrano, Dana Point and San Clemente. The Orange Coast is also known for its beach communities, which are Surfside (Seal Beach), Sunset Beach (Huntington Beach), Balboa Island (Newport Beach), Balboa Peninsula (Newport Beach), Corona del Mar (Newport Beach), Newport Coast (Newport Beach), South Laguna (Laguna Beach), Monarch Beach (Dana Point) and Capistrano Beach (Dana Point). The term South Coast is often",
"title": "Orange Coast"
},
{
"id": "557700",
"text": "CBD or dominant urban center. Santa Ana, Costa Mesa, and Irvine all have smaller high-rise CBDs, and other, older cities like Anaheim, Fullerton, Huntington Beach, and Orange have traditional American downtowns without high-rises. The county's northern and central portions are heavily urbanized and fairly dense, despite the prevalence of the single-family home as a dominant land use. Its southern portion is more suburban, with less density and limited urbanization. There are several \"edge city\"-style developments, such as Irvine Business Center, Newport Center, and South Coast Metro. Orange County is part of the \"Tech Coast\". The county is a tourist center,",
"title": "Orange County, California"
},
{
"id": "557747",
"text": "oversees 28 school districts. Two television stations—KOCE-TV, the main PBS station in the Southland and KDOC-TV, an independent—are located in Orange County. County-wide politics and government coverage is primarily provided by \"The Orange County Register\" and \"Voice of OC\". \"OC Weekly\" is an alternative weekly publication, and \"Excélsior\" is a Spanish-language newspaper. A few communities are served by the \"Los Angeles Times\" publication of the \"Daily Pilot\". \"Orange Coast\" was established in 1974 and is the oldest continuously published lifestyle magazine in the region. \"OC Music Magazine\" is also based out of Orange County, serving local musicians and artists. Orange",
"title": "Orange County, California"
},
{
"id": "557767",
"text": "large planned communities. Nearly 30 percent of the county was created as master planned communities, the most notable being the City of Irvine, Coto de Caza, Anaheim Hills, Tustin Ranch, Tustin Legacy, Ladera Ranch, Talega, Rancho Santa Margarita, and Mission Viejo. Irvine is often referred to as a model master-planned city because its villages of Woodbridge, Northwood, University Park, and Turtle Rock that were laid out by the Irvine Company of the mid-1960s before it was bought by a group of investors that included Donald Bren. Due to Orange County's proximity to Los Angeles, many film and media celebrities have",
"title": "Orange County, California"
},
{
"id": "7752998",
"text": "Orange County Sheriff's Department (California) The Orange County Sheriff's Department (OCSD) is the law enforcement agency serving Orange County, California. It currently serves the unincorporated areas of Orange County and thirteen contract cities in the county: Aliso Viejo, Dana Point, Laguna Hills, Laguna Niguel, Laguna Woods, Lake Forest, Mission Viejo, Rancho Santa Margarita, San Clemente, San Juan Capistrano, Stanton, Villa Park, and Yorba Linda. The agency also provides law enforcement services to the Orange County Transportation Authority (OCTA) system, and John Wayne Airport. OCSD also runs Orange County's Harbor Patrol, which provides law enforcement, marine fire fighting, search and rescue,",
"title": "Orange County Sheriff's Department (California)"
},
{
"id": "1015375",
"text": "Orange, California Orange is a city located in Orange County, California. It is approximately 3 miles (4.8 kilometers) north of the county seat, Santa Ana. Orange is unusual in this region because many of the homes in its Old Town District were built prior to 1920. While many other cities in the region demolished such houses in the 1960s, Orange decided to preserve them. The small city of Villa Park is surrounded by the city of Orange. The population was 139,812 as of 2014. Members of the Tongva and Juaneño/Luiseño ethnic group long inhabited this area. After the 1769 expedition",
"title": "Orange, California"
},
{
"id": "557724",
"text": "of those under age 18 and 6.2% of those age 65 or over. Residents of Orange County are known as \"Orange Countians\". Orange County is the base for several religious organizations: Orange County is a charter county of California; its seat is Santa Ana. The elected offices of the county government consist of the five-member Board of Supervisors, Assessor, Auditor-Controller, Clerk-Recorder, District Attorney-Public Administrator, Sheriff-Coroner, and Treasurer-Tax Collector. Except for the Board of Supervisors, each of these elected officers are elected by the voters of the entire county and oversee their own County departments. , the six countywide elected officers",
"title": "Orange County, California"
},
{
"id": "1015392",
"text": "6.8% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 12.5% of those under the age of 18 and 7.5% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. In the California State Senate, Orange is split between , and . In the California State Assembly, it is split between , and . In the United States House of Representatives, Orange is split between , and . After the 2018 elections, the City Council consists of Mayor Mark A. Murphy and Councilmembers Mike Alvarez, Kim Nichols, and Chip Monaco. Orange as part of Orange County",
"title": "Orange, California"
},
{
"id": "1015403",
"text": "Placentia, California Placentia () is a city in northern Orange County, California. The population was 50,533 during the 2010 census, up from 46,488 in the 2000 census. This includes the community of Atwood, which is included in the city of Placentia, and is located in its southernmost quadrant. Primarily referred to as a bedroom community, Placentia is known for its quiet neighborhoods. In 1971, Placentia was honored with the prestigious \"All America City\" Award, given out annually by the National Civic League to ten cities in the United States. Placentia is located in Orange County at (33.882364, -117.855130). According to",
"title": "Placentia, California"
},
{
"id": "1013096",
"text": "Ambulance. Law enforcement is provided by the Orange County Sheriff's Department. The city is served by Capistrano Unified School District, which includes these schools: Elementary Middle school High school Aliso Viejo, California Aliso Viejo is a city in the San Joaquin Hills of southern Orange County, California. It had a population of 47,823 as of the 2010 census, up from 40,166 as of the 2000 census. It became Orange County's 34th city on July 1, 2001, the only city in Orange County to be incorporated since 2000. It is bordered by the cities of Laguna Beach on the west and",
"title": "Aliso Viejo, California"
},
{
"id": "793585",
"text": "the Santa Ana Police Department from three stations throughout the city. The department includes five canine units, an 11-officer equestrian unit and a 37-member SWAT team. The city shares a helicopter with the cities of Costa Mesa and Newport Beach via the Airborne Law Enforcement (ABLE) program. In March 2012, the city disbanded its municipal fire department, which had provided fire protection for 128 years, and contracted with the Orange County Fire Authority. Santa Ana, California Santa Ana (Spanish for \"Saint Anne\") is the county seat and second most populous city in Orange County, California in the Los Angeles metropolitan",
"title": "Santa Ana, California"
},
{
"id": "557712",
"text": "Angeles County, on the northeast by San Bernardino County and Riverside County, and on the southeast by San Diego County. The northwestern part of the county lies on the coastal plain of the Los Angeles Basin, while the southeastern end rises into the foothills of the Santa Ana Mountains. Most of Orange County's population reside in one of two shallow coastal valleys that lie in the basin, the Santa Ana Valley and the Saddleback Valley. The Santa Ana Mountains lie within the eastern boundaries of the county and of the Cleveland National Forest. The high point is Santiago Peak (),",
"title": "Orange County, California"
},
{
"id": "922062",
"text": "bus system. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (0.9%) is water. The county is drained, in part, by the Eno River. The city of Chapel Hill, is in the southeastern part of Orange County, as is Carrboro. Hillsborough is in the central part of the county and is the county seat. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 133,801 people residing in the county. 74.4% were White, 11.9% Black or African American, 6.7% Asian, 0.4% Native American, 4.0% of some other race and 2.5% of",
"title": "Orange County, North Carolina"
},
{
"id": "831936",
"text": "Anaheim, California Anaheim () is a city in Orange County, California, part of the Los Angeles metropolitan area. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city had a population of 336,265, making it the most populous city in Orange County and the 10th-most populous city in California. Anaheim is the second-largest city in Orange County in terms of land area, and is known for being the home of the Disneyland Resort, convention center, and its two major sports teams: the Anaheim Ducks ice hockey club and the Angels baseball team. Anaheim was founded by fifty German families in 1857",
"title": "Anaheim, California"
},
{
"id": "557711",
"text": "Station was designated by a voter measure in 1994 to be developed into an international airport to complement the existing John Wayne Airport. But subsequent voter initiatives and court actions have caused the airport plan to be permanently shelved. Instead, it became the Orange County Great Park. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (16.6%) is water. It is the smallest county in Southern California. The average annual temperature is about . Orange County is bordered on the southwest by the Pacific Ocean, on the north by Los",
"title": "Orange County, California"
},
{
"id": "66875",
"text": "Orange County had remained largely Republican until the 2016 and 2018 elections, in which a majority of the county's votes were cast for Democratic candidates. One study ranked Berkeley, Oakland, Inglewood and San Francisco in the top 20 most liberal American cities; and Bakersfield, Orange, Escondido, Garden Grove, and Simi Valley in the top 20 most conservative cities. In October 2012, out of the 23,802,577 people eligible to vote, 18,245,970 people were registered to vote. Of the people registered, the three largest registered groups were Democrats (7,966,422), Republicans (5,356,608), and Decline to State (3,820,545). Los Angeles County had the largest",
"title": "California"
},
{
"id": "557717",
"text": "lower median incomes, higher rates of unemployment, and greater proportions of voters registered as Democrats than Republicans. However, certain areas in both North and South Orange County vary from these general trends. The 2010 United States Census reported that Orange County had a population of 3,010,232. The racial makeup of Orange County was 1,830,758 (60.8%) White (44.0% non-Hispanic white), 50,744 (1.7%) African American, 18,132 (0.6%) Native American, 537,804 (17.9%) Asian, 9,354 (0.3%) Pacific Islander, 435,641 (14.5%) from other races, and 127,799 (4.2%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1,012,973 persons (33.7%). The Hispanic and",
"title": "Orange County, California"
},
{
"id": "1015440",
"text": "San Clemente, California San Clemente is a city in Orange County, California, United States. The population was 63,522 at the 2010 census. Located on the California Coast, midway between Los Angeles and San Diego, the southernmost city of Orange County is known for its ocean, hill, and mountain views, a pleasant climate and its Spanish colonial-style architecture. San Clemente's city slogan is \"Spanish Village by the Sea\". The official city flower is the bougainvillea, and the official city tree is the coral. Prior to colonization by Spaniards, the area was inhabited by the Juaneño people. It remained virtually uninhabited until",
"title": "San Clemente, California"
},
{
"id": "557761",
"text": "in the United States; and the Calvary Chapel. Since the fall 2003 premiere of the hit Fox series \"The O.C.,\" and the 2007 Bravo series \"The Real Housewives of Orange County\", tourism has increased with travelers from across the globe hoping to see sights from the shows. Orange County has some of the most exclusive and expensive neighborhoods in the U.S., many along the Orange Coast, and some in north Orange County. Orange County has been the setting for numerous written works and motion pictures, as well as a popular location for shooting motion pictures. The city of San Juan",
"title": "Orange County, California"
},
{
"id": "8608601",
"text": "is located in the western area of Orange County. It covers the communities of Los Alamitos, Seal Beach, and Westminster; and the unincorporated communities of Midway City, Rossmoor, and Sunset Beach. The division is covered by Battalion 1 commanding 7 Fire Stations. II|url=http://www.ocfa.org/Menu/Departments/Operations/OperationsDivI.aspx|website=OCFA|accessdate=17 August 2018}}</ref> Division II is located in the central area of Orange County covering the city of Irvine; along with the John Wayne Airport, Emerald Bay, and University of California, Irvine. It is covered by Battalion 5, commanding 12 Fire Stations. Division IV is located in the northern area of Orange County. It covers cities of Placentia,",
"title": "Orange County Fire Authority"
},
{
"id": "1013079",
"text": "Aliso Viejo, California Aliso Viejo is a city in the San Joaquin Hills of southern Orange County, California. It had a population of 47,823 as of the 2010 census, up from 40,166 as of the 2000 census. It became Orange County's 34th city on July 1, 2001, the only city in Orange County to be incorporated since 2000. It is bordered by the cities of Laguna Beach on the west and southwest, Laguna Hills on the east, Laguna Niguel on the southeast, and Laguna Woods on the north. The planned community of Aliso Viejo's original 6,600 acres were once part",
"title": "Aliso Viejo, California"
},
{
"id": "4829195",
"text": "Santa Ana Valley The Santa Ana Valley is located in Orange County, California and is bisected by the Santa Ana River. The valley is home to most of Orange County's central business districts. The cities of Anaheim, Buena Park, Costa Mesa, Fullerton, Irvine, Orange, Placentia, Santa Ana, and Yorba Linda are located in the Santa Ana Valley. This valley was named Vallejo de Santa Ana in 1769 after the Gaspar de Portolà expedition, of which Friar Junípero Serra was a part, as well as Sargeant José Antonio Yorba, and José Manuel Nieto. The mission located closest to the Santa Ana",
"title": "Santa Ana Valley"
},
{
"id": "557743",
"text": "companies like PC-manufacturer Gateway Inc., router manufacturer Linksys, video/computer game creator Blizzard Entertainment, and in-flight product manufacturer Panasonic Avionics Corporation. Also, the prestigious Mercedes-Benz Classic Center USA is located in the City of Irvine. Many regional headquarters for international businesses reside in Orange County like Mazda, Toshiba, Toyota, Samsung, Kia Motors, in the City of Irvine, Mitsubishi in the City of Cypress, and Hyundai in the City of Fountain Valley. Fashion is another important industry to Orange County. Oakley, Inc. and Del Taco are headquartered in Lake Forest. Hurley International is headquartered in Costa Mesa. Both the network cyber security",
"title": "Orange County, California"
},
{
"id": "610679",
"text": "Orange County, Texas Orange County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 81,837. The county seat is the city of Orange. Orange County is included in the Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is located in the very southeastern corner of Texas, with a boundary with Louisiana, within the Golden Triangle of Texas. Orange County was formed in 1852 from portions of Jefferson County. It was named after the orange fruit, the common citrus fruit grown by the early settlers of this County near the mouth of the Sabine",
"title": "Orange County, Texas"
},
{
"id": "557719",
"text": "According to KPCC in 2014, Orange County has the largest proportion of Asian Americans in Southern California, where one in five residents are Asian American. There is also a significant Muslim population in the county. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,846,289 people, 935,287 households, and 667,794 families residing in the county, making Orange County the second most populous county in California. The population density was 1,392/km (3,606/sq mi). There were 969,484 housing units at an average density of 474/km (1,228/sq mi). The racial makeup of the county was 64.8% White, 13.6% Asian, 1.7% African American, 0.7% Native",
"title": "Orange County, California"
},
{
"id": "806057",
"text": "Orange County, Florida Orange County is a county in the state of Florida, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 1,145,956, making it Florida's fifth-most populous county. The county seat is Orlando. Orange County is the central county of the Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area. The land that is Orange County was part of the first land to come up from below the Early Oligocene sea 33.9–28.4 million years ago and is known as Orange Island. Orange County's Rock Spring location is a Pleistocene fossil-bearing area and has yielded a vast variety of birds and",
"title": "Orange County, Florida"
},
{
"id": "4829196",
"text": "Valley is Mission San Juan Capistrano, which was built east of the San Joaquin Hills, in the present day city of San Juan Capistrano. The historic Ranchos of California in the Santa Ana Valley area: Santa Ana Valley The Santa Ana Valley is located in Orange County, California and is bisected by the Santa Ana River. The valley is home to most of Orange County's central business districts. The cities of Anaheim, Buena Park, Costa Mesa, Fullerton, Irvine, Orange, Placentia, Santa Ana, and Yorba Linda are located in the Santa Ana Valley. This valley was named Vallejo de Santa Ana",
"title": "Santa Ana Valley"
},
{
"id": "557757",
"text": "Post Office. For this reason, SNA was chosen as the IATA Code for the airport. The actual Destination Moniker which appears on most Arrival/Departure Monitors in airports throughout the United States is \"Orange County\", which is the common nickname used for the OMB Metropolitan Designation: Santa Ana-Anaheim-Irvine, California. Its modern Thomas F. Riley Terminal handles over 9 million passengers annually through 14 different airlines. The area's warm Mediterranean climate and of year-round beaches attract millions of tourists annually. Huntington Beach is a hot spot for sunbathing and surfing; nicknamed \"Surf City, U.S.A.\", it is home to many surfing competitions. \"The",
"title": "Orange County, California"
},
{
"id": "15546756",
"text": "Napa, Trinity, and Yuba were added. Benicia was renamed Solano, Coloma to El Dorado, Fremont to Yolo, Mt. Diablo to Contra Costa, San Jose to Santa Clara, Oro to Tuolumne, and Redding to Shasta. One of the first state legislative acts regarding counties was to rename Branciforte County to Santa Cruz, Colusi to Colusa, and Yola to Yolo. The last county in California to be established is Imperial County on August 7, 1907. Since 1911, counties in California have been allowed limited home rule, with the Government of Los Angeles County the first in the nation to be granted home",
"title": "Local government in California"
},
{
"id": "724907",
"text": "Southern California Southern California (colloquially and locally known as SoCal) is a geographic and cultural region that generally comprises California's southernmost counties, and is the second most populous urban agglomeration in the United States. The region is traditionally described as eight counties, based on demographics and economic ties: Imperial, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, Santa Barbara, and Ventura. The more extensive 10-county definition, which includes Kern and San Luis Obispo counties, is also used and is based on historical political divisions. The 8-county and 10-county definitions are not used for the greater Southern California Megaregion, one of",
"title": "Southern California"
},
{
"id": "11137179",
"text": "10-year sentence to a convicted child molester, deviating from the state-determined minimum 25-year sentence. The First Supervisorial District consists of the cities of Garden Grove, Santa Ana, and Westminster, the unincorporated community of Midway City, and the northernmost three square miles of the city of Fountain Valley north of Warner Avenue, including Mile Square Regional Park. The Second Supervisorial District consists of the cities of Costa Mesa, Cypress, Huntington Beach, La Palma, Los Alamitos, Newport Beach, Seal Beach, and Stanton, along with two-thirds of the city of Fountain Valley that are south of Warner Avenue and southwestern portions of the",
"title": "Orange County Board of Supervisors"
},
{
"id": "11137181",
"text": "Buena Park. The Fifth Supervisorial District consists of the cities of Aliso Viejo, Dana Point, Laguna Beach, Laguna Hills, Laguna Niguel, Laguna Woods, Lake Forest, Mission Viejo, Rancho Santa Margarita, San Clemente, and San Juan Capistrano, along with small southwestern portions of the City of Irvine, as well as the unincorporated areas of Coto de Caza, Ladera Ranch, and Las Flores. The First Supervisorial District consisted of the cities of Santa Ana and Westminster, as well as the eastern half of the city of Garden Grove. The Second Supervisorial District consisted of the cities of Costa Mesa, Cypress, Fountain Valley,",
"title": "Orange County Board of Supervisors"
},
{
"id": "7810603",
"text": "Orange Hills Orange Hills is an affluent community located in the eastern portion of the City of Orange in Orange County, California. It is located between Anaheim Hills and Villa Park. Its general developments include single-family dwellings located in smaller subdivisions like Parkridge Estates, Serrano Heights, and Belmont Estates. This small community covers an area of about and houses around 9,000 residents. It is part of the Orange Unified School District and includes the Santiago Canyon College. Some people consider Orange Hills to only include the foothills within the 92867 ZIP code border, while others consider it to include the",
"title": "Orange Hills"
},
{
"id": "7753015",
"text": "Viejo and led by Captain Jim England. Southwest Ops consists of the cities south and west of the I-5 freeway: Aliso Viejo, Laguna Hills, Laguna Woods, Laguna Niguel, San Juan Capistrano, Dana Point, and San Clemente. Southeast Operations is based in Lake Forest and led by Captain Sheryl Dubsky. Southeast Ops consists of the cities north and east of the I-5 freeway: Lake Forest, Mission Viejo, and Rancho Santa Margarita. Southeast Ops also houses the South Patrol Bureau, led by Lieutenant Mitch Wang. South Patrol Bureau provides general law enforcement services to the unincorporated communities of Wagon Wheel, Coto De",
"title": "Orange County Sheriff's Department (California)"
},
{
"id": "1015469",
"text": "San Juan Capistrano, California San Juan Capistrano (; ) is a city in Orange County, California, United States. The current OMB metropolitan designation for San Juan Capistrano and the Orange County area is \"Santa Ana–Anaheim–Irvine, CA\". The population was 34,593 at the 2010 census, up from 33,826 at the 2000 census. The city was created around the Mission San Juan Capistrano, and many of the homes and strip malls resemble the Spanish architecture that composes the building. It is home to the widest variety of homes in Orange County, including those built prior to 1900, in its central district (some",
"title": "San Juan Capistrano, California"
},
{
"id": "11137183",
"text": "of Buena Park, Fullerton, La Habra, Placentia, as well as the portions of the city of Anaheim outside of Anaheim Hills. The Fifth Supervisorial District consisted of the cities of Aliso Viejo, Dana Point, Laguna Beach, Laguna Hills, Laguna Niguel, Laguna Woods, Lake Forest, Mission Viejo, Rancho Santa Margarita, San Clemente, San Juan Capistrano, as well as the unincorporated areas of Coto de Caza, Ladera Ranch, and Las Flores. Since voters adopted Measure V, the creation of the county charter, in March 2002, vacancies on the Board of Supervisors have been filled by special election. The first special election used",
"title": "Orange County Board of Supervisors"
},
{
"id": "7753031",
"text": "the advancement of the Exploring program goes beyond the Department's Post. The Department's Advisors also serve on the County-wide Organization as Ranking Officials, Academy Directors, Tactical Training Officers and Instructors at the Explorer Academy. In addition to Orange County, these Advisors have trained and taught Explorers from Kern, Los Angeles, San Diego, Riverside and Ventura counties. Orange County Sheriff's Department (California) The Orange County Sheriff's Department (OCSD) is the law enforcement agency serving Orange County, California. It currently serves the unincorporated areas of Orange County and thirteen contract cities in the county: Aliso Viejo, Dana Point, Laguna Hills, Laguna Niguel,",
"title": "Orange County Sheriff's Department (California)"
},
{
"id": "557722",
"text": "now comprise only 45 percent of the population, while the numbers of Hispanics grow steadily, along with Vietnamese, Korean and Chinese families. The percentage of foreign-born residents jumped to 30 percent in 2008 from 6 percent in 1970. The mayor of Irvine, Sukhee Kang, was born in Korea, making him the first Korean-American to run a major American city. “We have 35 languages spoken in our city,” Kang observed. The population is diverse age-wise, with 27.0% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 33.2% from 25 to 44, 20.6% from 45 to 64, and 9.9% 65 years",
"title": "Orange County, California"
},
{
"id": "922045",
"text": "Orange County, North Carolina Orange County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 133,801. Its county seat is Hillsborough. Orange County is included in the Durham–Chapel Hill, NC Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Raleigh–Durham–Chapel Hill, NC Combined Statistical Area, which had a 2012 estimated population of 1,998,808. It is home to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, the flagship institution of the University of North Carolina System and the oldest state-supported university in the United States. The county was formed in 1752",
"title": "Orange County, North Carolina"
},
{
"id": "10981261",
"text": "County Health Department is engaged with other health challenges. The local project for tobacco is part of a national effort to help change policies and systems in favor of tobacco use prevention. The local project was known as \"ALL INTO HEALTH\", and its board was chaired by former US Surgeon General, Dr. Antonia Novello, MD, MBA, the Medical Director of the Disney Pavilion for Children of the Florida Hospital Orlando System. Recently, and as a result of this coalition's efforts, the cities of Orlando, Ocoee, Winter Park, Eatonville, Apopka, Belle Isle, Oakland, Maitland, Orange County itself, as well as the",
"title": "Orange County Health Department"
},
{
"id": "8608602",
"text": "Tustin, Villa Park, and Yorba Linda; along with the unincorporated communities of El Modena, Orange Park Acres, Santiago Canyon, Silverado Canyon, and North Tustin. The division is covered by Battalion 2 and Battalion 3, commanding 12 Fire Stations. The fifth division covers the cities of Aliso Viejo, Irvine, Laguna Hills, Laguna Niguel, Laguna Woods, Lake Forest, and Mission Viejo. The division is covered by Battalion 4 commanding 9 Fire Stations. Division VI is located in the center area of Orange County, covers the city of Santa Ana and is covered by Battalion 9 commanding 10 Fire stations. Orange County Fire",
"title": "Orange County Fire Authority"
},
{
"id": "557701",
"text": "with attractions like Disneyland, Knott's Berry Farm, and several popular beaches along its more than of coastline. For much of the 20th century and up until 2016, it was known for its political conservatism; a 2005 academic study listed three Orange County cities as among America's 25 most conservative. But in 2016, Hillary Clinton became the first Democrat to carry Orange County in a presidential election since 1936, and in the 2018 midterm elections, the Democratic Party gained control of every Congressional seat in the county. Members of the Tongva, Juaneño, and Luiseño Native American groups long inhabited the area.",
"title": "Orange County, California"
},
{
"id": "946985",
"text": "Orange County, Indiana Orange County is located in southern Indiana in the United States. As of 2010, its population was 19,840, an increase of 2.8% from 19,306 in 2000. The county seat is Paoli. The county has four incorporated settlements with a total population of about 8,600, as well as several small unincorporated communities. It is divided into 10 townships which provide local services. One U.S. route and five Indiana state roads pass through or into the county. Orange County was formed from parts of Knox County, Gibson County and Washington County by the Indiana Territorial Legislature, on December 26,",
"title": "Orange County, Indiana"
},
{
"id": "15546755",
"text": "California also uses grand juries, with at least one per county. These county-level grand juries are often called \"civil grand juries\" because their primary focus is on oversight of government institutions at the county level and lower. They meet at least once per year. On January 4, 1850, the California constitutional committee recommended the formation of 18 counties. They were Benicia, Butte, Fremont, Los Angeles, Mariposa, Monterey, Mount Diablo, Oro, Redding, Sacramento, San Diego, San Francisco, San Joaquin, San Jose, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Sonoma, and Sutter. On April 22, the counties of Branciforte, Calaveras, Coloma, Colusi, Marin, Mendocino,",
"title": "Local government in California"
},
{
"id": "9265602",
"text": "Santa Barbara, Santa Maria, Stockton, Vallejo and Yuba City. In Santa Ana in Orange County, Latinos comprise 75 percent of the population. Nearby Anaheim is over half Latino, and Orange County's population is 30-35 percent Latino. The Imperial Valley on the U.S.-Mexican border is about 70–75% Latino; communities with many Latinos can also be found in Riverside County, especially at its eastern end, and the Coachella Valley. The Central Valley has many Mexican American migrant farm workers. Latinos are the majority in 14 counties: Colusa, Fresno, Glenn, Imperial, Kern, Kings, Madera, Merced, Monterey, Napa, San Benito, Santa Cruz, Tulare and",
"title": "Demographics of California"
},
{
"id": "610688",
"text": "is James Colbert Jr. The Superintendent is Jamey Harrison. It includes: The Superintendent is Dr. Pauline Hargrove. It includes: Orange County, Texas Orange County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 81,837. The county seat is the city of Orange. Orange County is included in the Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is located in the very southeastern corner of Texas, with a boundary with Louisiana, within the Golden Triangle of Texas. Orange County was formed in 1852 from portions of Jefferson County. It was named after the orange",
"title": "Orange County, Texas"
},
{
"id": "1015210",
"text": "Laguna Niguel, California Laguna Niguel is a suburban city in Orange County, California in the United States. The name Laguna Niguel is derived from the words \"Laguna\" (Spanish for \"lagoon\") and \"Niguili\" (the name of a Native American village once located near Aliso Creek). As of the 2010 census, the population was 62,979. Laguna Niguel is located in the San Joaquin Hills in the southeastern corner of Orange County, close to the Pacific Ocean, and borders the cities of Aliso Viejo, Dana Point, Laguna Beach, Laguna Hills, Mission Viejo and San Juan Capistrano. Laguna Niguel has its origins in the",
"title": "Laguna Niguel, California"
},
{
"id": "1239268",
"text": "Orange, Texas Orange is a city in Orange County, Texas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 18,595. It is the county seat of Orange County, and is the easternmost city in Texas. Located on the Sabine River at the border with Louisiana, Orange is 113 miles from Houston and is part of the Beaumont−Port Arthur Metropolitan Statistical Area. Founded in 1836, it is a deep-water port to the Gulf of Mexico. This community was originally called Greens Bluff after a man named Resin Green, a Sabine River boatman who arrived at this location sometime before",
"title": "Orange, Texas"
},
{
"id": "8063102",
"text": "Mariposa, Merced, Modoc, Mono, Nevada, Placer, Plumas, Sacramento, San Joaquin, Shasta, Sierra, Siskiyou, Stanislaus, Sutter, Tehama, Tulare, Tuolumne, Ventura, Yuba, a portion of Los Angeles, a portion of San Bernardino, and a portion of Santa Barbara. The third Equalization District is made up of the following counties: Imperial, Orange, Riverside, San Diego, a portion of Los Angeles, and a portion of San Bernardino. The fourth Equalization District is made up of 73 of the 88 cities in Los Angeles County: Agoura Hills, Alhambra, Arcadia, Artesia, Avalon, Baldwin Park, Bell, Bell Gardens, Bellflower, Beverly Hills, Burbank, Calabasas, Carson, Cerritos, City of",
"title": "Districts in California"
},
{
"id": "922069",
"text": "constitutional ban on same-sex marriage of any county in the United States, even higher than San Francisco. The county is served by 2 school districts: Orange County, North Carolina Orange County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 133,801. Its county seat is Hillsborough. Orange County is included in the Durham–Chapel Hill, NC Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Raleigh–Durham–Chapel Hill, NC Combined Statistical Area, which had a 2012 estimated population of 1,998,808. It is home to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,",
"title": "Orange County, North Carolina"
},
{
"id": "1015154",
"text": "of . of it is land and of it (1.32%) is water. This makes it the smallest city in Orange County in terms of area. As of the census of 2000, there were 15,408 people, 4,979 households, and 4,227 families residing in the city. The population density was 8,499.3 inhabitants per square mile (3,286.8/km²). There were 5,066 housing units at an average density of 2,794.5 per square mile (1,080.7/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 44.6% Asian, 36.3% White, 10.3% Hispanic, 4.5% Black, .3% Pacific Islander, .2% Native American, .2% from other races, and 3.5% from two or more",
"title": "La Palma, California"
},
{
"id": "1015245",
"text": "at the nearby decommissioned Marine Corps Air Station El Toro. The airport proposal was defeated and the land in question has been tabbed for development as the Orange County Great Park. Laguna Woods is located at (33.609165, -117.732791). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , which is virtually all land. It is bordered by Laguna Hills on the north and east, Aliso Viejo on the south, Laguna Beach on the southwest, the Crystal Cove State Park on the west, and Irvine on the northwest. The 2010 United States Census reported that Laguna",
"title": "Laguna Woods, California"
},
{
"id": "859756",
"text": "The cities of San Luis Obispo, Atascadero and Paso Robles operate their own local bus services; all of these connect with SLORTA routes. Intercity service is provided by Amtrak trains, Greyhound and Orange Belt Stages buses. The \"Five Cities\" as they are known today are: Arroyo Grande, Grover Beach, Oceano and Pismo Beach. Some people think that Shell Beach is separate from Pismo Beach, and while it was originally developed in the County, it was annexed into the City of Pismo Beach and is part of that City. Arroyo Grande, Grover Beach, Pismo Beach are the only incorporated cities. Oceano",
"title": "San Luis Obispo County, California"
},
{
"id": "557754",
"text": "Tustin, and Laguna Niguel/Mission Viejo. Plans for a future station in Placentia are underway and is expected to be completed by 2014. Since 1938, the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad and later Amtrak, has operated the \"Pacific Surfliner\" regional passenger train route (previously named the \"San Diegan\" until 2000) through Orange County. The route includes stops at eight stations in Orange County including San Clemente Pier (selected trips), San Juan Capistrano, Laguna Niguel/Mission Viejo (selected trips), Irvine, Santa Ana, Orange (selected trips), Anaheim Regional Transportation Intermodal Center (ARTIC), and Fullerton Transportation Center. A streetcar line in Anaheim is undergoing",
"title": "Orange County, California"
},
{
"id": "16263745",
"text": "Administrator/Public Guardian; Public Defender; Registrar of Voters; Sheriff-Coroner; Social Services Agency; Treasurer-Tax Collector. City of Anaheim; City of Costa Mesa; City of Fountain Valley; City of Garden Grove; City of Irvine; City of Laguna Niguel; Mesa Consolidated Water District; Moulton Niguel Water District; City of Newport Beach; Orange County Sanitation District; Orange County Water District; City of Placentia; City of San Clemente; City of Seal Beach; City of Tustin; City of Yorba Linda. OCEA is governed by a 19-member Board of Directors, elected by its membership. The Board determines the policies and general direction which guide OCEA and its staff.",
"title": "Orange County Employees Association"
},
{
"id": "557749",
"text": "the county. The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim also own and operate a sports-only radio station from Orange, KLAA. KX 93.5 FM broadcasts out of Laguna Beach and features an eclectic mix of mostly alternative rock. Transit in Orange County is offered primarily by the Orange County Transportation Authority. The American Public Transportation Association (APTA) cited OCTA as the best large public transportation system in the United States for 2005. OCTA manages the county's bus network and funds the construction and maintenance of local streets, highways, and freeways; regulates taxicab services; maintains express toll lanes through the median of California",
"title": "Orange County, California"
},
{
"id": "793546",
"text": "Santa Ana, California Santa Ana (Spanish for \"Saint Anne\") is the county seat and second most populous city in Orange County, California in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. The United States Census Bureau estimated its 2011 population at 329,427, making Santa Ana the 57th most-populous city in the United States. Santa Ana is located in Southern California, adjacent to the Santa Ana River, about away from the California coast. Founded in 1869, the city is part of the Greater Los Angeles Area, the second largest metropolitan area in the United States, with almost 18 million residents in 2010. Santa Ana",
"title": "Santa Ana, California"
},
{
"id": "557720",
"text": "American, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 14.8% from other races, and 4.1% from two or more races. 30.8% are Hispanic or Latino of any race. 8.9% were of German, 6.9% English and 6.0% Irish ancestry according to Census 2000. 58.6% spoke only English at home; 25.3% spoke Spanish, 4.7% Vietnamese, 1.9% Korean, 1.5% Chinese (Cantonese or Mandarin) and 1.2% Tagalog. In 1990, still according to the census there were 2,410,556 people residing in the county. The racial makeup of the county was 78.6% White, 10.3% Asian or Pacific Islander, 1.8% African American, 0.5% Native American, and 8.8% from other races. 23.4% were",
"title": "Orange County, California"
},
{
"id": "666436",
"text": "Galleria at Crystal Run, in Wallkill; the Woodbury Common Premium Outlets in Monroe; and the Orange County Fair in Wallkill. The only state parks include Goosepond Mountain State Park, Harriman State Park and Sterling Forest State Park. It is also the location of Orange County Choppers, the custom motorcycle shop featured on The Discovery Channel television series \"American Chopper\". Orange County, New York Orange County is a county located in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 372,813. The county seat is Goshen. This county was first created in 1683 and reorganized with",
"title": "Orange County, New York"
},
{
"id": "1016316",
"text": "far south as Murrieta. Whether nearby cities such as Norco would have been included in the new county are unknown. The proposed county would have been bordered by San Bernardino County to the northwest, and by Orange County to the west, but it never came to fruition. Corona is located in Riverside County, east of Orange County. Corona is located at (33.8700, −117.5678). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which, of it is land and of it (0.27%) is water. Corona experiences a warm Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification \"CSa\")",
"title": "Corona, California"
},
{
"id": "793549",
"text": "a sergeant of the Spanish army, was granted land that he called Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana. Yorba's rancho included the lands where the cities of Olive, Orange, Irvine, Yorba Linda, Villa Park, Santa Ana, Tustin, Costa Mesa and unincorporated El Modena, and Santa Ana Heights, are today. This rancho was the only land grant in Orange County granted under Spanish Rule. Surrounding land grants in Orange County were granted after Mexican Independence by the new government. After the Mexican-American war ended in 1848, Alta California became part of the United States and American settlers arrived in this area. Claimed",
"title": "Santa Ana, California"
},
{
"id": "557748",
"text": "County is served by radio stations from the Los Angeles area. There are a few radio stations that are actually located in Orange County. KYLA 92.7 FM has a Christian format. KSBR 88.5 FM airs a jazz music format branded as \"Jazz-FM\" along with news programming. KUCI 88.9 FM is a free form college radio station that broadcasts from UC Irvine. KWIZ 96.7 FM, located in Santa Ana, airs a regional Mexican music format branded as \"La Rockola 96.7\". KWVE-FM 107.9 is owned by the Calvary Chapel of Costa Mesa. KWVE-FM is also the primary Emergency Alert System station for",
"title": "Orange County, California"
},
{
"id": "1015243",
"text": "Santa Ana Mountains in the Cleveland National Forest to the Pacific Ocean at Laguna Beach. Laguna Niguel, California Laguna Niguel is a suburban city in Orange County, California in the United States. The name Laguna Niguel is derived from the words \"Laguna\" (Spanish for \"lagoon\") and \"Niguili\" (the name of a Native American village once located near Aliso Creek). As of the 2010 census, the population was 62,979. Laguna Niguel is located in the San Joaquin Hills in the southeastern corner of Orange County, close to the Pacific Ocean, and borders the cities of Aliso Viejo, Dana Point, Laguna Beach,",
"title": "Laguna Niguel, California"
},
{
"id": "557751",
"text": "running east-west, and the Orange Freeway (SR 57), the Costa Mesa Freeway (SR/SR 55), the Laguna Freeway (SR 133), the San Joaquin Transportation Corridor (SR 73), the Eastern Transportation Corridor (SR 261, SR 133, SR 241), and the Foothill Transportation Corridor (SR 241) running north-south. Minor stub freeways include the Richard M. Nixon Freeway (SR 90), also known as Imperial Highway, and the southern terminus of Pacific Coast Highway (SR 1). There are no U.S. Highways in Orange County, though two existed in the county until the mid-1960s: 91 and 101. 91 went through what is now the state route",
"title": "Orange County, California"
},
{
"id": "1015382",
"text": "highest recorded temperature was in June 2016. – On average, the coolest month is December. – The lowest recorded temperature was in December 1990. – The maximum average precipitation occurs in January. The period of April through November is warm to hot and dry with average high temperatures of and lows of . Due to the moderating effect of the ocean, temperatures are cooler than more inland areas of Orange County, where temperatures frequently exceed and occasionally reach . The period of November through March is somewhat rainy, as shown in the table to right. The Orange County area is",
"title": "Orange, California"
},
{
"id": "1015244",
"text": "Laguna Woods, California Laguna Woods is a city in Orange County, California, United States. The population was 16,192 at the 2010 census, down from 16,507 at the 2000 census with a median age of 78. About ninety percent of the city consists of Laguna Woods Village, a private gated retirement community, formerly known as Leisure World. The other ten percent consists of businesses and the city hall, which are available to the public. Incorporation efforts in the late 1990s were largely driven by the need for residents to have a stronger voice against the prospective construction of an international airport",
"title": "Laguna Woods, California"
},
{
"id": "1013084",
"text": "members serving staggered four-year terms. Each year, the Council votes for its next Mayor and Mayor \"pro tem\". The current City Council consists of Mayor David C. Harrington, Mayor Pro-Tem Phillip Tsunoda and Council Members Ross Chun, Mike Munzing, and William Phillips . In the California State Legislature, Aliso Viejo is in , and in . In the United States House of Representatives, Aliso Viejo is in . Aliso Viejo is located at (33.575096, -117.725431) in the San Joaquin Hills of Orange County. According to the Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of which is",
"title": "Aliso Viejo, California"
},
{
"id": "1015463",
"text": "is served by two newspapers, \"The Sun Post News\" (owned by the Orange County Register) and \"The San Clemente Times\". \"The Sun Post\" runs twice weekly on Thursdays and Saturdays and \"The San Clemente Times\" runs once weekly on Thursdays. The city is also served by \"The San Clemente Patch\", an online-only news website. San Clemente is twinned with: San Clemente, California San Clemente is a city in Orange County, California, United States. The population was 63,522 at the 2010 census. Located on the California Coast, midway between Los Angeles and San Diego, the southernmost city of Orange County is",
"title": "San Clemente, California"
},
{
"id": "859613",
"text": "San Joaquin County, California San Joaquin County () is a county in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 685,306. The county seat is Stockton. San Joaquin County comprises the Stockton–Lodi–Tracy metropolitan statistical area within the regional San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland combined statistical area. The county is located in Northern California's Central Valley just east of the very highly populated nine-county San Francisco Bay Area region and is separated from the Bay Area by the Diablo Range of low mountains with its Altamont Pass. One of the smaller counties in area in California, it has",
"title": "San Joaquin County, California"
},
{
"id": "1015381",
"text": "when a second real estate boom spurred development. Inspired by the development of a region-wide freeway system which connected Los Angeles' urban center with outlying areas like Orange, large tracts of housing were developed from the 1950s to the early 1970s, and this continues today, albeit at a much slower pace, at the eastern edge of the city. The city has a total area of , of which is land and of which is water. The total area is 1.75% water. Southern California is well known for year-round pleasant weather: – On average, the warmest month is August. – The",
"title": "Orange, California"
},
{
"id": "969376",
"text": "Orlando, Florida Orlando () is a city in the U.S. state of Florida and the county seat of Orange County. Located in Central Florida, it is the center of the Orlando metropolitan area, which had a population of 280,257, according to U.S. Census Bureau figures released in July 2017. These figures make it the 24th-largest metropolitan area in the United States, the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States, and the third-largest metropolitan area in Florida. As of 2015, Orlando had an estimated city-proper population of , making it the 73rd-largest city in the United States, the fourth-largest city",
"title": "Orlando, Florida"
},
{
"id": "3884695",
"text": "410 stores in 25 states. Tennessee opened one in Knoxville in September 2014. California has 13 West Coast stores, most of them in Orange County: the first opened in late October 2015 in Costa Mesa; the second in early December in Aliso Viejo; the third in early March 2016 in Orange; the fourth had opened in mid-June in Laguna Hills; the fifth opened in mid-February 2018 in La Habra, the state's 8th. There are two Los Angeles County stores: one in Downey (opened August 2016) and another in Lakewood (opened March 2018) which are the state's 4th & 9th, respectively.",
"title": "Raising Cane's Chicken Fingers"
},
{
"id": "11137180",
"text": "City of Buena Park. It also includes the unincorporated area of Rossmoor. The Third Supervisorial District consists of the cities of Orange, Tustin, Villa Park, and Yorba Linda, most of the City of Irvine, as well as the Anaheim Hills area in the city of Anaheim. It also includes the unincorporated areas of El Modena, MCAS El Toro, Modjeska Canyon, Olive, Orange Park Acres, Santiago Canyon, Silverado, Trabuco Canyon, and Tustin Foothills. The Fourth Supervisorial District consists of the cities of Brea, Fullerton, La Habra, Placentia, the portions of the city of Anaheim outside of Anaheim Hills, and most of",
"title": "Orange County Board of Supervisors"
},
{
"id": "1010820",
"text": "Orange Cove, California Orange Cove is a small town in Fresno County, California, United States. The population was at the 2010 census, up from at the 2000 census. Almost all of Orange Cove's residents are Hispanic, many of them farmers, and about 1/3 of whom are not US Citizens from Latin America. Orange Cove is located in the San Joaquin Valley, east-southeast of Reedley, at an elevation of . According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of its land. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Orange Cove has a warm-summer",
"title": "Orange Cove, California"
},
{
"id": "10519593",
"text": "Children's Hospital of Orange County Children's Hospital of Orange County, also known by its acronym CHOC or Children's Hospital OC and branded as CHOC Children's, is a children's hospital located in Orange County, California. Affiliated with the University of California, Irvine, the regional pediatric healthcare network includes a 316-bed main hospital facility in the City of Orange, and a hospital-within-a-hospital in Mission Viejo. CHOC also offers many primary and specialty care clinics, over 100 additional programs and services, a pediatric residency program, and four \"centers of excellence\" - The CHOC Children’s Heart, Cancer, Neuroscience, and Orthopaedic Institutes. CHOC officially traces",
"title": "Children's Hospital of Orange County"
},
{
"id": "5506577",
"text": "Los Angeles County Fire Department The Los Angeles County Fire Department (LACoFD) provides firefighting and emergency medical services for the unincorporated parts of Los Angeles County, California, as well as 59 cities, including the city of La Habra which is located in Orange County and is the first city outside of Los Angeles County to contract with LACoFD. the department is responsible for just over 4 million residents spread out in over 1.2 million housing units across an area of . According to Firehouse Magazine which keeps statistics on fire departments across the United States, the LACoFD is the 6th",
"title": "Los Angeles County Fire Department"
},
{
"id": "1037094",
"text": "Orange City, Florida Orange City is a city in Volusia County, Florida, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city had a population of 10,599. It is a part of the Deltona–Daytona Beach–Ormond Beach metropolitan area, which was home to 590,289 people in 2010. Orange City is located at . According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and or 1.31%, is water. Orange City was incorporated as a city in 1882. The city was named for the thousands of acres of orange groves in and",
"title": "Orange City, Florida"
},
{
"id": "1015253",
"text": "Orange County Sheriff's Department. Security services are provided by Laguna Woods Village Security. Laguna Woods, California Laguna Woods is a city in Orange County, California, United States. The population was 16,192 at the 2010 census, down from 16,507 at the 2000 census with a median age of 78. About ninety percent of the city consists of Laguna Woods Village, a private gated retirement community, formerly known as Leisure World. The other ten percent consists of businesses and the city hall, which are available to the public. Incorporation efforts in the late 1990s were largely driven by the need for residents",
"title": "Laguna Woods, California"
},
{
"id": "16085813",
"text": "County, two city council members representing Orange County cities, two members representing special districts and one public “at-large” member. Current members of Orange County LAFCO include: Regular members Alternate members Each LAFCO in California, although governed by the same set of laws, reflects the unique geography, constituency and issues of its home county. Each LAFCO designs and implements policies, programs and procedures that can best assist their own county to enhance local services. What works in one county may not necessarily work in another county. OC LAFCO has pioneered a “partnering” effort with Orange County’s cities and special districts and",
"title": "Orange County LAFCO"
},
{
"id": "1015285",
"text": "Los Alamitos, California Los Alamitos (\"\"The Little Cottonwoods\"\" in Spanish) is a city in Orange County, California. The city was incorporated in March 1960. The population was 11,449 at the 2010 census, down from 11,536 at the 2000 census. It is often mistakenly thought to include the adjacent but unincorporated community of Rossmoor (population just under 11,000), which uses Los Alamitos as its mailing address. Although bearing the city’s name, the Los Alamitos Race Course actually lies in the neighboring city of Cypress. The USA Water Polo National Aquatic Center is located on the Joint Forces Training Base - Los",
"title": "Los Alamitos, California"
},
{
"id": "20829291",
"text": "Orange County. includes Huntington Beach, most of Fountain Valley, Newport Beach, and neighborhoods in southern Buena Park. Incumbent Michelle Steel is running for reelection. District 4 consists of inland northwestern Orange County. The district includes Fullerton, Brea, western Anaheim, and most of Buena Park. Incumbent Shawn Nelson is retiring to run for California's 39th congressional district. District 5 consists of southern Orange County. The district includes Laguna Beach, San Clemente, and Dana Point. Incumbent Lisa Bartlett is running for reelection. 2018 Orange County Board of Supervisors election The 2018 Orange County Board of Supervisors elections was on June 5, 2018",
"title": "2018 Orange County Board of Supervisors election"
},
{
"id": "15546751",
"text": "all of their supervisors by district except San Mateo and Tehama. (San Francisco had at-large supervisors from 1980 to 2000, but in 2000 the county was once again divided into 11 districts, whose updated borders roughly followed those of the old 1970s-era districts, although the districts themselves were renumbered.) All counties elect their treasurers except Los Angeles, Sacramento, Santa Clara, and Glenn. Forty-seven counties have an appointed county administrative officer, while five counties have a more powerful official such as a county manager, chief executive officer, or county mayor, and five rural counties do not have a full-time county administrative",
"title": "Local government in California"
},
{
"id": "735982",
"text": "Huntington Beach, California Huntington Beach is a seaside city in Orange County in Southern California. The city is named after American businessman Henry E. Huntington. The population was 189,992 during the 2010 census, making it the most populous beach city in Orange County and the seventh most populous city in the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area. Its estimated 2014 population was 200,809. It is bordered by Bolsa Chica Basin State Marine Conservation Area on the west, the Pacific Ocean on the southwest, by Seal Beach on the northwest, by Westminster on the north, by Fountain Valley on the",
"title": "Huntington Beach, California"
},
{
"id": "666434",
"text": "League (O.C.Y.F.L.) is a non-profit organization that allows youth age 6 through 14 to play competitive American football. The League encompasses 15 towns with over 100 teams in Orange County and surrounding areas including Chester, Cornwall, Goshen, Highland Falls, Marlboro, Middletown, Minisink Valley, Monticello, Newburgh, New Windsor, Pine Bush, Port Jervis, Valley Central, Wallkill, Warwick and Washingtonville. It is composed of 4 Divisions, divided by weight restrictions, and a \"Mighty Mite\" Flag Football division for 6 & 7 year olds. In each division, there is additionally a complete cheerleading program for each team. There is a comprehensive annual schedule of",
"title": "Orange County, New York"
},
{
"id": "20808267",
"text": "The Real Housewives of Orange County (season 13) The thirteenth season of \"The Real Housewives of Orange County\", an American reality television series, is broadcast on Bravo. It premiered on July 16, 2018, and is primarily filmed in Orange County, California. Its executive producers are Adam Karpel, Alex Baskin, Douglas Ross, Gregory Stewart, Scott Dunlop, Stephanie Boyriven and Andy Cohen. The thirteenth season of \"The Real Housewives of Orange County\" focuses on the lives of Vicki Gunvalson, Tamra Judge, Shannon Beador, Kelly Dodd, Gina Kirschenheiter and Emily Simpson. Following the conclusion of the twelfth season, Meghan King Edmonds, Lydia McLaughlin",
"title": "The Real Housewives of Orange County (season 13)"
},
{
"id": "4749148",
"text": "Orange County Line The Orange County Line is a commuter rail line run by Metrolink from Los Angeles through Orange County to Oceanside in San Diego County, connecting with the Coaster commuter rail service to San Diego. The Orange County Line carries passengers to the primary Metrolink hub at Union Station in downtown Los Angeles, as well as to many attractions in Orange County including Angel Stadium of Anaheim and the Honda Center, the Disneyland Resort, Old Town Orange, and Mission San Juan Capistrano. The Orange County Line began on April 30, 1990 as the \"Orange County Commuter\", an Amtrak-operated",
"title": "Orange County Line"
},
{
"id": "7810604",
"text": "areas surrounding the unincorporated areas of Orange Park Acres as well, which are in the 92869 ZIP code. Orange Hills Orange Hills is an affluent community located in the eastern portion of the City of Orange in Orange County, California. It is located between Anaheim Hills and Villa Park. Its general developments include single-family dwellings located in smaller subdivisions like Parkridge Estates, Serrano Heights, and Belmont Estates. This small community covers an area of about and houses around 9,000 residents. It is part of the Orange Unified School District and includes the Santiago Canyon College. Some people consider Orange Hills",
"title": "Orange Hills"
},
{
"id": "857579",
"text": "Morongo Valley. The mountains are home to the San Bernardino National Forest, and include the communities of Crestline, Lake Arrowhead, Running Springs, Big Bear City, Forest Falls, and Big Bear Lake. The San Bernardino Valley is at the eastern end of the San Gabriel Valley. The San Bernardino Valley includes the cities of Ontario, Chino, Chino Hills, Upland, Fontana, Rialto, Colton, Grand Terrace, Rancho Cucamonga, San Bernardino, Loma Linda, Highland, Redlands, and Yucaipa. There are at least 35 official wilderness areas in the county that are part of the National Wilderness Preservation System. This is the largest number of any",
"title": "San Bernardino County, California"
},
{
"id": "1015490",
"text": "Seal Beach, California Seal Beach is a city in Orange County, California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 24,168, up from 24,157 at the 2000 census. Seal Beach is located in the westernmost corner of Orange County. To the northwest, just across the border with Los Angeles County, lies the city of Long Beach and the adjacent San Pedro Bay. To the southeast are Huntington Harbour, a neighborhood of Huntington Beach, and Sunset Beach, also part of Huntington Beach. To the east lie the city of Westminster and the neighborhood of West Garden Grove, part of the city",
"title": "Seal Beach, California"
},
{
"id": "11137175",
"text": "Orange County Board of Supervisors The Orange County Board of Supervisors is the five-member governing body of Orange County, California along with being the executive of the county. The Board consists of five Supervisors elected by districts to four-year terms by the citizens of Orange County. The Supervisors represent districts of approximately 600,000 people. Supervisorial elections take place in June, with run-off elections (if necessary) in November. Supervisorial terms begin the first Monday after January 1 after the election. Vacancies on the Board are filled via special election since Orange County voters adopted a county charter in March 2002. Prior",
"title": "Orange County Board of Supervisors"
},
{
"id": "1015198",
"text": "Laguna Hills, California Laguna Hills is a city in Orange County, California, United States. Its name refers to its proximity to Laguna Canyon and the much older Laguna Beach. Other newer cities nearby—Laguna Niguel and Laguna Woods—are similarly named. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of . of it is land and of it (0.37%) is water. Laguna Hills is built on one of the major land grants developed during the \"rancho\" era. Following Mexico's independence from Spain in 1821, those who had served in the government or who had friends in authority,",
"title": "Laguna Hills, California"
},
{
"id": "557770",
"text": "Another less well-known sports figure from a previous era was Clifford C. Cravath, for many years judge of the Laguna Beach Municipal Court. Known as \"Gavvy\" Cravath as a professional baseball player from 1910 to 1920, he was the major league home run king prior to Babe Ruth's emergence as a slugger. Orange County, California Orange County is a county in the Los Angeles metropolitan area in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 3,010,232, making it the third-most populous county in California, the sixth-most populous in the United States, and more populous than",
"title": "Orange County, California"
}
] | how many cities are there in orange county ca |
[
"ASCII"
] | [
{
"id": "706950",
"text": "8-bit clean 8-bit clean describes a computer system that correctly handles 8-bit character encodings, such as the ISO 8859 series and the UTF-8 encoding of Unicode. Up to the early 1990s, many programs and data transmission channels assumed that all characters would be represented as numbers between 0 and 127 (7 bits); for example, the ASCII standard used only 7 bits per character, avoiding an 8-bit representation in order to save on data transmission costs. On computers and data links using 8-bit bytes this left the top bit of each byte free for use as a parity, flag bit, or",
"title": "8-bit clean"
},
{
"id": "63157",
"text": "six-bit encoding scheme used by IBM in as early as 1959 in its 1401 and 1620 computers, and in its 7000 Series (for example, 704, 7040, 709 and 7090 computers), as well as in associated peripherals. BCD extended existing simple four-bit numeric encoding to include alphabetic and special characters, mapping it easily to punch-card encoding which was already in widespread use. It was the precursor to EBCDIC. For the most part, IBMs codes were used primarily with IBM equipment, which was more or less a closed ecosystem, and did not see much adoption outside of IBM \"circles\". IBM's Extended Binary",
"title": "Character encoding"
},
{
"id": "15968",
"text": "the English alphabet, ASCII encodes 128 specified characters into seven-bit integers as shown by the ASCII chart above. Ninety-five of the encoded characters are printable: these include the digits \"0\" to \"9\", lowercase letters \"a\" to \"z\", uppercase letters \"A\" to \"Z\", and punctuation symbols. In addition, the original ASCII specification included 33 non-printing control codes which originated with Teletype machines; most of these are now obsolete, although a few are still commonly used, such as the carriage return, line feed and tab codes. For example, lowercase \"i\" would be represented in the ASCII encoding by binary 1101001 = hexadecimal",
"title": "ASCII"
},
{
"id": "63155",
"text": "\"baudot\" has been erroneously applied to ITA2 and its many variants. ITA2 suffered from many shortcomings and was often \"improved\" by many equipment manufacturers, sometimes creating compatibility issues. In 1959 the U.S. military defined its Fieldata code, a six-or seven-bit code, introduced by the U.S. Army Signal Corps. While Fieldata addressed many of the then-modern issues (eg. letter and digit codes arranged for machine collation), Fieldata fell short of it's goals and was short-lived. In 1963 the first ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) code was released (X3.4-1963) by the ASCII committee (which contained at least one member of",
"title": "Character encoding"
},
{
"id": "63201",
"text": "127 (DEL, a.k.a. \"rubout\") is likewise a special case. Its 7-bit code is \"all-bits-on\" in binary, which essentially erased a character cell on a paper tape when overpunched. Paper tape was a common storage medium when ASCII was developed, with a computing history dating back to WWII code breaking equipment at Biuro Szyfrów. Paper tape became obsolete in the 1970s, so this clever aspect of ASCII rarely saw any use after that. Some systems (such as the original Apples) converted it to a backspace. But because its code is in the range occupied by other printable characters, and because it",
"title": "Control character"
},
{
"id": "6170789",
"text": "HZ (character encoding) The HZ character encoding is an encoding of GB2312 that was formerly commonly used in email and USENET postings. It was designed in 1989 by Fung Fung Lee () of Stanford University, and subsequently codified in 1995 into RFC 1843. The HZ, short for \"Hanzi\" (), encoding was invented to facilitate the use of Chinese characters through e-mail, which at that time only allowed 7-bit characters. Therefore, in lieu of standard ISO 2022 escape sequences (as in the case of ISO-2022-JP) or 8-bit characters (as in the case of EUC), the HZ code uses only printable, 7-bit",
"title": "HZ (character encoding)"
},
{
"id": "706955",
"text": "without performing the conversion to 7-bit MIME (typically quoted-printable, \"Q-P conversion\") required by . This \"just-send-8\" attitude does not in fact cause problems in practice, since virtually all modern email servers are 8-bit clean. 8-bit clean 8-bit clean describes a computer system that correctly handles 8-bit character encodings, such as the ISO 8859 series and the UTF-8 encoding of Unicode. Up to the early 1990s, many programs and data transmission channels assumed that all characters would be represented as numbers between 0 and 127 (7 bits); for example, the ASCII standard used only 7 bits per character, avoiding an 8-bit",
"title": "8-bit clean"
},
{
"id": "9595075",
"text": "Six-bit character code A six-bit character code is a character encoding designed for use on computers with word lengths a multiple of 6. Six bits can only encode 64 distinct characters, so these codes generally include only the upper-case letters, the numerals, some punctuation characters, and sometimes control characters. Such codes with additional parity bit were a natural way of storing data on 7-track magnetic tape. An early six-bit binary code was used for Braille, the reading system for the blind that was developed in the 1820s. The earliest computers dealt with numeric data only, and made no provision for",
"title": "Six-bit character code"
},
{
"id": "12361098",
"text": "\"÷\". C interprets the two-character sequences \"<%\" and \"%>\" as equivalent to \"{\" and \"}\" because \"{\" and \"}\" are not available on all keyboards.) The English alphabet was generally useful on computers around the world for programming, operation, and international communication, so extended character sets that added to the original ASCII set were a good idea. Seven-bit ASCII encodes only 128 characters (including control characters). When computers and peripherals standardized on eight-bit bytes, it became obvious that computers and software could handle text that uses 256-character sets at almost no additional cost in programming, and no additional cost for",
"title": "Extended ASCII"
},
{
"id": "5002021",
"text": "as an (unsigned) binary number, and −170,141,183,460,469,231,731,687,303,715,884,105,728 (−2) through 170,141,183,460,469,231,731,687,303,715,884,105,727 (2 − 1) for representation as two's complement. A 128-bit multicomparator was described by researchers in 1976. A CPU with 128-bit multimedia extensions was designed by researchers in 1999. 128-bit While there are currently no mainstream general-purpose processors built to operate on 128-bit \"integers\" or addresses, a number of processors do have specialized ways to operate on 128-bit chunks of data. The IBM System/370 could be considered the first simple 128-bit computer, as it used 128-bit floating-point registers. Most modern CPUs feature single-instruction multiple-data (SIMD) instruction sets (Streaming SIMD Extensions,",
"title": "128-bit"
},
{
"id": "7443",
"text": "\\/. 1962: ALCOR – This character set included the unusual \"᛭\" (iron/runic cross) character and the \"⏨\" (Decimal Exponent Symbol) for floating point notation. 1964: GOST – The 1964 Soviet standard GOST 10859 allowed the encoding of 4-bit, 5-bit, 6-bit and 7-bit characters in ALGOL. 1968: The \"Algol 68 Report\" – used existing ALGOL characters, and further adopted →, ↓, ↑, □, ⌊, ⌈, ⎩, ⎧, ○, ⊥ and ¢ characters which can be found on the IBM 2741 keyboard with \"golf-ball\" print heads inserted (such as the APL golfball). These became available in the mid-1960s while ALGOL 68 was",
"title": "ALGOL"
},
{
"id": "199207",
"text": "provided a switch on some of their keyboards to select either the AT-style or XT-style protocol for the keyboard. The original IBM PC used the 7-bit ASCII alphabet as its basis, but extended it to 8 bits with nonstandard character codes. This character set was not suitable for some international applications, and soon a veritable cottage industry emerged providing variants of the original character set in various national variants. In IBM tradition, these variants were called code pages. These codings are now obsolete, having been replaced by more systematic and standardized forms of character coding, such as ISO 8859-1, Windows-1251",
"title": "IBM Personal Computer"
},
{
"id": "16010",
"text": "A popular further extension designed by Microsoft, Windows-1252 (often mislabeled as ISO-8859-1), added the typographic punctuation marks needed for traditional text printing. ISO-8859-1, Windows-1252, and the original 7-bit ASCII were the most common character encodings until 2008 when UTF-8 became more common. ISO/IEC 4873 introduced 32 additional control codes defined in the 80–9F hexadecimal range, as part of extending the 7-bit ASCII encoding to become an 8-bit system. Unicode and the ISO/IEC 10646 Universal Character Set (UCS) have a much wider array of characters and their various encoding forms have begun to supplant ISO/IEC 8859 and ASCII rapidly in many",
"title": "ASCII"
},
{
"id": "2130977",
"text": "a native representation within applications as it is very awkward to process. Despite its size advantage over the combination of UTF-8 with either quoted-printable or base64, the now defunct Internet Mail Consortium recommended against its use. 8BITMIME has also been introduced, which reduces the need to encode message bodies in a 7-bit format. A modified form of UTF-7 (sometimes dubbed 'mUTF-7') is currently used in the IMAP e-mail retrieval protocol for mailbox names. UTF-7 was first proposed as an experimental protocol in RFC 1642, \"A Mail-Safe Transformation Format of Unicode\". This RFC has been made obsolete by RFC 2152, an",
"title": "UTF-7"
},
{
"id": "12361093",
"text": "the decades. ASCII was designed in the 1960s for teleprinters and telegraphy, and some computing. Early teleprinters were electromechanical, having no microprocessor and just enough electromechanical memory to function. They fully processed one character at a time, returning to an idle state immediately afterward. They were typewriter-derived impact printers, and could only print a fixed set of glyphs, which were cast into a metal type element or elements. Seven-bit ASCII improved over prior five- and six-bit codes: it added the lowercase letters of the English alphabet and more symbols, for a total of 95 printing characters; it encoded the letters",
"title": "Extended ASCII"
},
{
"id": "2919487",
"text": "Base32 Base32 is one of several base 32 transfer encodings. Base32 uses a 32-character set comprising the twenty-six upper-case letters A–Z, and the digits 2–7. Base32 is primarily used to encode binary data, but Base32 is also able to encode binary text like ASCII. Base32 is a notation for encoding arbitrary byte data using a restricted set of symbols that can be conveniently used by humans and processed by computers. Base32 consists of a symbol set made up of 32 different characters, as well as an algorithm for encoding arbitrary sequences of 8-bit bytes into the Base32 alphabet. Because more",
"title": "Base32"
},
{
"id": "606321",
"text": "character encoding was Baudot, which dates back to the nineteenth century and had five holes. The Baudot code was never used in teleprinters. Instead, modifications such as the Murray code (which added carriage return and line feed), Western Union code, International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2 (ITA 2), and American Teletypewriter code (USTTY), were used. Other standards, such as Teletypesetter (TTS), FIELDATA and Flexowriter, had six holes. In the early 1960s, the American Standards Association led a project to develop a universal code for data processing, which became known as ASCII. This seven-level code was adopted by some teleprinter users, including",
"title": "Punched tape"
},
{
"id": "16012",
"text": "more importantly, forward compatibility is ensured as software that recognizes only 7-bit ASCII characters as special and does not alter bytes with the highest bit set (as is often done to support 8-bit ASCII extensions such as ISO-8859-1) will preserve UTF-8 data unchanged. ASCII ASCII ( ), abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character encoding standard for electronic communication. ASCII codes represent text in computers, telecommunications equipment, and other devices. Most modern character-encoding schemes are based on ASCII, although they support many additional characters. ASCII is the traditional name for the encoding system; the Internet Assigned",
"title": "ASCII"
},
{
"id": "34458",
"text": "while working with Jules Schwartz and Dick Beeler on an air defense system called SAGE at MIT Lincoln Laboratory in ca. 1956/1957, which was jointly developed by Rand, MIT, and IBM. Later on, Schwartz's language JOVIAL actually used the term, but he recalled vaguely that it was derived from AN/FSQ-31. Early computers used a variety of four-bit binary coded decimal (BCD) representations and the six-bit codes for printable graphic patterns common in the U.S. Army (FIELDATA) and Navy. These representations included alphanumeric characters and special graphical symbols. These sets were expanded in 1963 to seven bits of coding, called the",
"title": "Byte"
},
{
"id": "34454",
"text": "Byte The byte is a unit of digital information that most commonly consists of eight bits, representing a binary number. Historically, the byte was the number of bits used to encode a single character of text in a computer and for this reason it is the smallest addressable unit of memory in many computer architectures. The size of the byte has historically been hardware dependent and no definitive standards existed that mandated the size – byte-sizes from 1 to 48 bits are known to have been used in the past. Early character encoding systems often used six bits, and machines",
"title": "Byte"
},
{
"id": "19378718",
"text": "ZX81 character set The ZX81 character set is the character encoding used by the Sinclair Research ZX81 family of microcomputers including the Timex Sinclair 1000 and Timex Sinclair 1500. The encoding uses one byte per character for 256 code points. It has no relationship with previously established ones like ASCII or EBCDIC, but it is related though not identical to the character set of the predecessor ZX80. The character set has 64 unique glyphs present at code points 0–63. With the most significant bit set the character is generated in inverse video; corresponding to code points 128–191. These 128 values",
"title": "ZX81 character set"
},
{
"id": "5494605",
"text": "unavoidable in most of the non-English-speaking world (seven-bit encoding was necessitated by the limitations of early computing networks). There was the ISO 646 group of encodings which replaced some of the symbols in ASCII with local characters, but space was very limited, and some of the symbols replaced were quite common in things like programming languages. Although seven-bit communication was the norm, most computers internally used eight-bit bytes, and they mostly put some form of characters in the 128 higher byte positions. In the early days most of these were system specific, but gradually a few standards were settled on.",
"title": "Western Latin character sets (computing)"
},
{
"id": "8118368",
"text": "was originally derived from the important role played by the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) in the development of the standard. Today it expands as International Standard for Blood and Transplant. The number 128 reflects the 128 characters of the ASCII 7 bit character set that the standard uses. The International Council for Commonality in Blood Banking Automation (ICCBBA) was established in 1995 and given the responsibility for implementation and management of the new standard. Version 1.0 of the ISBT 128 Standard Technical Specification was first published in 1997, and was intended to replace the ABC Codabar and other",
"title": "ISBT 128"
},
{
"id": "4742987",
"text": "was the 36-bit word, which is also a good size for the numeric properties of a floating point format. After the introduction of the IBM System/360 design, which used eight-bit characters and supported lower-case letters, the standard size of a character (or more accurately, a byte) became eight bits. Word sizes thereafter were naturally multiples of eight bits, with 16, 32, and 64 bits being commonly used. Early machine designs included some that used what is often termed a \"variable word length\". In this type of organization, a numeric operand had no fixed length but rather its end was detected",
"title": "Word (computer architecture)"
},
{
"id": "16007",
"text": "to use an 8-bit byte to store each character in memory, providing an opportunity for extended, 8-bit relatives of ASCII. In most cases these developed as true extensions of ASCII, leaving the original character-mapping intact, but adding additional character definitions after the first 128 (i.e., 7-bit) characters. Encodings include ISCII (India), VISCII (Vietnam). Although these encodings are sometimes referred to as ASCII, true ASCII is defined strictly only by the ANSI standard. Most early home computer systems developed their own 8-bit character sets containing line-drawing and game glyphs, and often filled in some or all of the control characters from",
"title": "ASCII"
},
{
"id": "8355484",
"text": "IBM 7 track IBM's first magnetic tape data storage devices, introduced in 1952, use what is now generally known as 7 track tape. The magnetic tape is 1/2\" wide and there are six data tracks plus one parity track for a total of seven parallel tracks that span the length of the tape. Data is stored as six-bit characters, with each bit of the character and the additional parity bit stored in a different track. These tape drives were mechanically sophisticated floor-standing drives that used vacuum columns to buffer long U-shaped loops of tape. Between active control of powerful reel",
"title": "IBM 7 track"
},
{
"id": "18322970",
"text": "ZX80 character set The ZX80 character set is the character encoding used by the Sinclair Research ZX80 microcomputer with its original 4K BASIC ROM. The encoding uses one byte per character for 256 code points. It has no relationship with previously established ones like ASCII or EBCDIC, but it is related though not identical to the character set of the successor ZX81. The character set has 64 unique glyphs present at code points 0–63. With the most significant bit set the character is generated in inverse video; corresponding to code points 128–191. These 128 values are the only displayable ones",
"title": "ZX80 character set"
},
{
"id": "18322975",
"text": "ZX80 character set The ZX80 character set is the character encoding used by the Sinclair Research ZX80 microcomputer with its original 4K BASIC ROM. The encoding uses one byte per character for 256 code points. It has no relationship with previously established ones like ASCII or EBCDIC, but it is related though not identical to the character set of the successor ZX81. The character set has 64 unique glyphs present at code points 0–63. With the most significant bit set the character is generated in inverse video; corresponding to code points 128–191. These 128 values are the only displayable ones",
"title": "ZX80 character set"
},
{
"id": "706951",
"text": "meta data control bit. 7-bit systems and data links are unable to handle more complex character codes which are commonplace in non-English-speaking countries with larger alphabets. Binary files cannot be transmitted through 7-bit data channels directly. To work around this, binary-to-text encodings have been devised which use only 7-bit ASCII characters. Some of these encodings are uuencoding, Ascii85, SREC, BinHex, kermit and MIME's Base64. EBCDIC-based systems cannot handle all characters used in UUencoded data. However, the base64 encoding does not have this problem. Historically, various media were used to transfer messages, some of them only supporting 7-bit data, so an",
"title": "8-bit clean"
},
{
"id": "9595078",
"text": "incorporating two distinct 62-character sets and switching between them. For example, the popular IBM 2741 communications terminal supported a variety of character sets of up to 88 printing characters plus control characters. A UTF-6 encoding was proposed for Unicode but was superseded by Punycode. Six-bit BCD code was the adaptation of the punched card code to binary code. IBM applied the terms \"binary-coded decimal\" and \"BCD\" to the variations of BCD \"alphamerics\" used in most early IBM computers, including the IBM 1620, IBM 1400 series, and non-Decimal Architecture members of the IBM 700/7000 series. A six-bit code was also used",
"title": "Six-bit character code"
},
{
"id": "11747876",
"text": "18-bit 18 binary digits have (1000000 octal, 40000 hexadecimal) distinct combinations. 18 bits was a common word size for smaller computers in the 1960s, when large computers often used 36 bit words and 6-bit character sets were the norm. Possibly the most well-known 18-bit computer architectures are the PDP-1, PDP-4, PDP-7, PDP-9 and PDP-15 minicomputers produced by Digital Equipment Corporation from 1960 to 1975. The UNIVAC produced several 18-bit computers, including the UNIVAC 418 and several military systems. The IBM 7700 Data Acquisition System was announced by IBM on December 2, 1963. The BCL Molecular 18 was a group of",
"title": "18-bit"
},
{
"id": "34455",
"text": "using six-bit and nine-bit bytes were common into the 1960s. These machines most commonly had memory words of 12, 24, 36, 48 or 60 bits, corresponding to two, four, six, eight or 10 six-bit bytes. In this era, bytes in the instruction stream were often referred to as \"syllables\", before the term byte became common. The modern \"de-facto\" standard of eight bits, as documented in ISO/IEC 2382-1:1993, is a convenient power of two permitting the values 0 through 255 for one byte (2 in power of 8 = 256, where zero signifies number as well). The international standard IEC 80000-13",
"title": "Byte"
},
{
"id": "751875",
"text": "the characters; for some programming languages, and for systems that did not use ASCII internally, it was often difficult or impossible to turn a number into the correct character. The ANSI standard attempted to address these problems by making a command set that all terminals would use and requiring all numeric information to be transmitted as ASCII numbers. The first standard in the series was ECMA-48, adopted in 1976. It was a continuation of a series of character coding standards, the first one being ECMA-6 from 1965, a 7-bit standard from which ISO 646 originates. The name \"ANSI escape sequence\"",
"title": "ANSI escape code"
},
{
"id": "9595076",
"text": "character data. Six-bit BCD was used by IBM on early computers such as the IBM 704 in 1954. This encoding was replaced by the 8-bit EBCDIC code when System/360 standardized on 8-bit bytes. There are some variants of this type of code (see below). Six-bit character codes generally succeeded the five-bit Baudot code and preceded seven-bit ASCII. One popular variant was DEC SIXBIT. This is simply the ASCII character codes from 32 to 95 coded as 0 to 63 by subtracting 32 (i.e., columns 2, 3, 4, and 5 of the ASCII table (16 characters to a column), shifted to",
"title": "Six-bit character code"
},
{
"id": "9635388",
"text": "IBM System/7 The IBM System/7 was a computer system, designed in Boca Raton, Florida, and delivered in 1971. It was a 16-bit machine and one of the first made by IBM to use novel semiconductor memory, instead of magnetic core memory conventional at that date. IBM had earlier products in industrial control market, notably the IBM 1800 which appeared in 1964. However, there was minimal resemblance in architecture or software between the 1800 series and the System/7. The processor designation for the system was IBM 5010. There were 8 registers which were mostly general purpose (capable of being used equally",
"title": "IBM System/7"
},
{
"id": "6571440",
"text": "expected to include only ASCII text. For example, if the value of the eighth bit is not preserved, the program might interpret a byte value above 127 as a flag telling it to perform some function. It is often desirable, however, to be able to send non-textual data through text-based systems, such as when one might attach an image file to an e-mail message. To accomplish this, the data is encoded in some way, such that eight-bit data is encoded into seven-bit ASCII characters (generally using only alphanumeric and punctuation characters—the ASCII printable characters). Upon safe arrival at its destination,",
"title": "Binary-to-text encoding"
},
{
"id": "16011",
"text": "environments. While ASCII is limited to 128 characters, Unicode and the UCS support more characters by separating the concepts of unique identification (using natural numbers called \"code points\") and encoding (to 8-, 16- or 32-bit binary formats, called UTF-8, UTF-16 and UTF-32). ASCII was incorporated into the Unicode (1991) character set as the first 128 symbols, so the 7-bit ASCII characters have the same numeric codes in both sets. This allows UTF-8 to be backward compatible with 7-bit ASCII, as a UTF-8 file containing only ASCII characters is identical to an ASCII file containing the same sequence of characters. Even",
"title": "ASCII"
},
{
"id": "123370",
"text": "System/360 line of mainframe computers. It is an eight-bit character encoding, developed separately from the seven-bit ASCII encoding scheme. It was created to extend the existing Binary-Coded Decimal (BCD) Interchange Code, or BCDIC, which itself was devised as an efficient means of encoding the two \"zone\" and \"number\" punches on punched cards into six bits. The distinct encoding of 's' and 'S' (using position 2 instead of 1) was maintained from punched cards where it was desirable not to have hole punches too close to each other to ensure the integrity of the physical card. While IBM was a chief",
"title": "EBCDIC"
},
{
"id": "9980453",
"text": "with the same key presses. This code was originally used to mark deleted characters on [[punched tape]], since any character could be changed to all ones by punching holes everywhere. If a character was punched erroneously, punching out all seven bits caused this position to be ignored or deleted, a computer version of [[correction fluid]]. In [[hexadecimal]], this is 7F to rubout 7 bits, and [[Eight Ones|FF to rubout 8 bits]]. For teleprinters like the [[Teletype Model 33]], lines were commonly ended by the three characters [[carriage return|CR]], [[line feed|LF]], and rubout, with the rubout allowing time for the print",
"title": "Delete character"
},
{
"id": "63158",
"text": "Coded Decimal Interchange Code (usually abbreviated as EBCDIC) is an eight-bit encoding scheme developed in 1963. The limitations of such sets soon became apparent, and a number of \"ad hoc\" methods were developed to extend them. The need to support more writing systems for different languages, including the CJK family of East Asian scripts, required support for a far larger number of characters and demanded a systematic approach to character encoding rather than the previous \"ad hoc\" approaches. In trying to develop universally interchangeable character encodings, researchers in the 1980s faced the dilemma that on the one hand, it seemed",
"title": "Character encoding"
},
{
"id": "13006769",
"text": "ISO basic Latin alphabet The ISO basic Latin alphabet is a Latin-script alphabet and consists of two sets of 26 letters, codified in various national and international standards and used widely in international communication. The two sets contain the following 26 letters each: By the 1960s it became apparent to the computer and telecommunications industries in the First World that a non-proprietary method of encoding characters was needed. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) encapsulated the Latin script in their (ISO/IEC 646) 7-bit character-encoding standard. To achieve widespread acceptance, this encapsulation was based on popular usage. The standard was based",
"title": "ISO basic Latin alphabet"
},
{
"id": "11747877",
"text": "systems designed and manufactured in the UK in the 1970s and 1980s. The NASA Standard Spacecraft Computer NSSC-1 was developed as a standard component for the MultiMission Modular Spacecraft at the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) in 1974. The flying-spot store digital memory in the first experimental electronic switching systems used nine plates of optical memory that were read and written two bits at a time, producing a word size of 18 bits. 18-bit machines use a variety of character encodings. The DEC Radix-50, called Radix 50 format, packs three characters plus two bits in each 18-bit word. The Teletype",
"title": "18-bit"
},
{
"id": "10505773",
"text": "the 1620, these machines used word addressing. When non-numeric characters were used in these machines, they were encoded as two decimal digits. Other early computers were character oriented, providing instructions for performing arithmetic on character strings of decimal numerals. On these machines, the basic data element was an alphanumeric character, typically encoded in six bits. UNIVAC I and UNIVAC II used word addressing, with 12-character words. IBM examples include IBM 702, IBM 705, the IBM 1400 series, IBM 7010, and the IBM 7080. The IBM System/360, introduced in 1964 to unify IBM's product lines, used per character binary addressing, and",
"title": "Decimal computer"
},
{
"id": "15974",
"text": "It allows compact encoding, but is less reliable for data transmission, as an error in transmitting the shift code typically makes a long part of the transmission unreadable. The standards committee decided against shifting, and so ASCII required at least a seven-bit code. The committee considered an eight-bit code, since eight bits (octets) would allow two four-bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with binary-coded decimal. However, it would require all data transmission to send eight bits when seven could suffice. The committee voted to use a seven-bit code to minimize costs associated with data transmission. Since perforated tape at",
"title": "ASCII"
},
{
"id": "3897677",
"text": "Wide character A wide character is a computer character datatype that generally has a size greater than the traditional 8-bit character. The increased datatype size allows for the use of larger coded character sets. During the 1960s, mainframe and mini-computer manufacturers began to standardize around the 8-bit byte as their smallest datatype. The 7-bit ASCII character set became the industry standard method for encoding alphanumeric characters for teletype machines and computer terminals. The extra bit was used for parity, to ensure the integrity of data storage and transmission. As a result, the 8-bit byte became the de facto datatype for",
"title": "Wide character"
},
{
"id": "5854977",
"text": "to assign memory above the 2 GB bar as a RAM disk. 31-bit Linux kernel (not user-space) support was removed in version 4.1. 31-bit In computer architecture, 31-bit integers, memory addresses, or other data units are those that are 31 bits wide. In 1983, IBM introduced 31-bit addressing in the System/370-XA mainframe architecture as an upgrade to the 24-bit physical and virtual, and transitional 24-bit-virtual/26-bit physical, addressing of earlier models. This enhancement allowed address spaces to be 128 times larger, permitting programs to address memory above 16 MB (referred to as \"above the line\"). Support for COBOL, FORTRAN and later",
"title": "31-bit"
},
{
"id": "3148827",
"text": "DEAL In cryptography, DEAL (Data Encryption Algorithm with Larger blocks) is a symmetric block cipher derived from the Data Encryption Standard (DES). The design was proposed in a report by Lars Knudsen in 1998, and was submitted to the AES contest by Richard Outerbridge (who notes that Knudsen had presented the design at the SAC conference in 1997). DEAL is a Feistel network which uses DES as the round function. It has a 128-bit block size and a variable key size of either 128, 192, or 256 bits. For key sizes of 128 and 192 bits, the cipher uses 6",
"title": "DEAL"
},
{
"id": "2130975",
"text": "of headers using byte values above the ASCII range. Although MIME allows encoding the message body in various character sets (broader than ASCII), the underlying transmission infrastructure (SMTP, the main E-mail transfer standard) is still not guaranteed to be 8-bit clean. Therefore, a non-trivial content transfer encoding has to be applied in case of doubt. Unfortunately base64 has a disadvantage of making even US-ASCII characters unreadable in non-MIME clients. On the other hand, UTF-8 combined with quoted-printable produces a very size-inefficient format requiring 6–9 bytes for non-ASCII characters from the BMP and 12 bytes for characters outside the BMP. Provided",
"title": "UTF-7"
},
{
"id": "3021402",
"text": "CAST-256 In cryptography, CAST-256 (or CAST6) is a symmetric-key block cipher published in June 1998. It was submitted as a candidate for the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES); however, it was not among the five AES finalists. It is an extension of an earlier cipher, CAST-128; both were designed according to the \"CAST\" design methodology invented by Carlisle Adams and Stafford Tavares. Howard Heys and Michael Wiener also contributed to the design. CAST-256 uses the same elements as CAST-128, including S-boxes, but is adapted for a block size of 128 bits – twice the size of its 64-bit predecessor. (A similar",
"title": "CAST-256"
},
{
"id": "4785009",
"text": "later became available in 1987 for the Commodore 128 and in for 1988 the Apple II family. A lesser-known version was also released for the Commodore Plus/4. Written by a group of programmers, the GEOS Design Team: Jim DeFrisco, Dave Durran, Michael Farr, Doug Fults, Chris Hawley, Clayton Jung, and Tony Requist, led by Dougherty, who cut their teeth on limited-resource video game machines such as the Atari 2600, GEOS was revered for what it could accomplish on machines with 64–128 kB of RAM memory and 1–2 MHz of 8-bit processing power. Unlike many pieces of proprietary software for the",
"title": "GEOS (8-bit operating system)"
},
{
"id": "9595081",
"text": "email historically supported only 7-bit ASCII codes and would strip the 8th bit, thus corrupting binary data sent directly through any troublesome mail server. Other systems can cause issues by improperly interpreting control characters during storage or transmission. A number of schemes exist to pack 8-bit data into text-only representations which can pass through text mail systems, to be decoded at the destination. Examples of 6-bit character subsets used for packing binary data include Uuencode and Base64. These sets contain no control characters (only printable numbers, letters, some punctuation, and maybe space) and allow data to be transmitted over any",
"title": "Six-bit character code"
},
{
"id": "1594171",
"text": "ISO/IEC 646 ISO/IEC 646 is the name of a set of ISO standards, described as \"Information technology — ISO 7-bit coded character set for information interchange\" and developed in cooperation with ASCII at least since 1964. Since its first edition in 1967 it has specified a 7-bit character code from which several national standards are derived. ISO/IEC 646 was also ratified by ECMA as ECMA-6. The first version of ECMA-6 had been published in 1965, based on work the ECMA's Technical Committee TC1 had carried out since December 1960. Characters in the ISO/IEC 646 Basic Character Set are \"invariant characters\".",
"title": "ISO/IEC 646"
},
{
"id": "163291",
"text": "GIF The Graphics Interchange Format (GIF, or ), is a bitmap image format animation that was developed by a team at the bulletin board service (BBS) provider CompuServe led by American computer scientist Steve Wilhite on June 15, 1987. It has since come into widespread usage on the World Wide Web due to its wide support and portability. The format supports up to 8 bits per pixel for each image, allowing a single image to reference its own palette of up to 256 different colors chosen from the 24-bit RGB color space. It also supports animations and allows a separate",
"title": "GIF"
},
{
"id": "20019950",
"text": "Code for Information Interchange” (ASCII). While ASCII is a 7-bit code, BraSCII is an 8-bit code, where the characters from 160 to 255 were configured to support extended characters. It is nearly identical to ECMA-94 (1985) and ISO 8859-1 (1987) except that the characters × and ÷ are replaced by Œ and œ, as they still were in the Multinational Character Set (MCS, 1983) and Lotus International Character Set (LICS, 1985), whereas these code points were empty in the earliest versions of ECMA-94 (1985) and ISO 8859-1. In some other devices, this character set is simply referred as “ABNT”. This",
"title": "BraSCII"
},
{
"id": "11325494",
"text": "Siren (codec) Siren is a family of patented, transform-based, wideband audio coding formats and their audio codec implementations developed and licensed by PictureTel Corporation (acquired by Polycom, Inc. in 2001). There are three Siren codecs: Siren 7, Siren 14 and Siren 22. Siren 7 (or Siren7 or simply Siren) provides 7 kHz audio, bit rates 16, 24, 32 kbit/s and sampling frequency 16 kHz. Siren is derived from PictureTel's PT716plus algorithm. In 1999, ITU-T approved G.722.1 recommendation, which is based on Siren 7 algorithm. It was approved after a four-year selection process involving extensive testing. G.722.1 provides only bit rates",
"title": "Siren (codec)"
},
{
"id": "440617",
"text": "characters would only represent themselves; all multi-byte sequences would include only bytes where the high bit was set. The name File System Safe UCS Transformation Format (FSS-UTF) and most of the text of this proposal were later preserved in the final specification. In August 1992, this proposal was circulated by an IBM X/Open representative to interested parties. A modification by Ken Thompson of the Plan 9 operating system group at Bell Labs made it somewhat less bit-efficient than the previous proposal but crucially allowed it to be self-synchronizing, letting a reader start anywhere and immediately detect byte sequence boundaries. It",
"title": "UTF-8"
},
{
"id": "6525086",
"text": "JIS X 0201 JIS X 0201, a Japanese Industrial Standard developed in 1969 (then called JIS C 6220 until the JIS category reform), was the first Japanese electronic character set to become widely used. It is either 7-bit encoding or 8-bit encoding, although 8-bit encoding is dominant for modern use. The full name of this standard is \"7-bit and 8-bit coded character sets for information interchange\" (). The first 96 codes comprise an ISO 646 variant, mostly following ASCII with some differences, while the second 96 character codes represent the phonetic Japanese katakana signs. Since the encoding does not provide",
"title": "JIS X 0201"
},
{
"id": "1715826",
"text": "the 64 hexagrams). The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII), uses a 7-bit binary code to represent text and other characters within computers, communications equipment, and other devices. Each letter or symbol is assigned a number from 0 to 127. For example, lowercase \"a\" is represented by 1100001 as a bit string (which is 97 in decimal). Binary-coded decimal, or BCD, is a binary encoded representation of integer values that uses a 4-bit nibble to encode decimal digits. Four binary bits can encode up to 16 distinct values; but, in BCD-encoded numbers, only the first ten values in each",
"title": "Binary code"
},
{
"id": "12361099",
"text": "storage. (Assuming that the unused 8th bit of each byte was not reused in some way, such as error checking, Boolean fields, or packing 8 characters into 7 bytes.) An eight-bit character set (using one byte per character) encodes 256 characters, so it can include ASCII plus 128 more characters. (Variable multi-byte schemes based on ASCII can add many more additional characters. Unmodified code will provide valid results searching for sequences of ASCII and extended characters. But software must be more sophisticated, only accepting or creating valid multi-byte characters, and always treating multi-byte characters as one character whenever counting, copying,",
"title": "Extended ASCII"
},
{
"id": "198902",
"text": "8859 sought to remedy this problem by utilizing the eighth bit in an 8-bit byte to allow positions for another 96 printable characters. Early encodings were limited to 7 bits because of restrictions of some data transmission protocols, and partially for historical reasons. However, more characters were needed than could fit in a single 8-bit character encoding, so several mappings were developed, including at least ten suitable for various Latin alphabets. The ISO/IEC 8859-\"n\" encodings only contain printable characters, and were designed to be used in conjunction with control characters mapped to the unassigned bytes. To this end a series",
"title": "ISO/IEC 8859"
},
{
"id": "5002019",
"text": "numbers that are 128 binary digits in length; only their registers have the size of 128 bits. The DEC VAX supported operations on 128-bit integer ('O' or octaword) and 128-bit floating-point ('H-float' or HFLOAT) datatypes. Support for such operations was an upgrade option rather than being a standard feature. Since the VAX's registers were 32 bits wide, a 128-bit operation used four consecutive registers or four longwords in memory. The ICL 2900 Series provided a 128-bit accumulator, and its instruction set included 128-bit floating-point and packed decimal arithmetic. In the same way that compilers emulate e.g. 64-bit integer arithmetic on",
"title": "128-bit"
},
{
"id": "706952",
"text": "8-bit message had high chances to be garbled during transmission in the 20th century. But some implementations really did not care about formal discouraging of 8-bit data and allowed high bit set bytes to pass through. Many early communications protocol standards, such as , , for SMTP, for NNTP, , , , were designed to work over such \"7-bit\" communication links. They specifically mention the use of ASCII character set \"transmitted as an 8-bit byte with the high-order bit cleared to zero\" and some of these explicitly restrict \"all\" data to 7-bit characters. For the first few decades of email",
"title": "8-bit clean"
},
{
"id": "63154",
"text": "codes are of fixed per-character length or variable-length sequences of fixed-length codes (eg. Unicode). Common examples of character encoding systems include Morse code, the Baudot code, the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) and Unicode. Unicode, a well defined and extensible encoding system, has supplanted most earlier character encodings, but the path of code development to the present is fairly well known. The Baudot code, a five-bit encoding, was created by Émile Baudot in 1870, patented in 1874, modified by Donald Murray in 1901, and standardized by CCITT as International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2 (ITA2) in 1930. The name",
"title": "Character encoding"
},
{
"id": "8496390",
"text": "8th bit (also known as meta bit). However, in older character representations wider than 8 bits, more high bits could be used as bucky bits. In the modern X Window System, bucky bits are bits 18–23 of an event code. The term was invented at Stanford and is based on Niklaus Wirth's nickname \"Bucky\". Niklaus Wirth was first to suggest an EDIT key to set the eighth bit of a 7-bit ASCII character sometime in 1964 or 1965. Bucky bits were used heavily on keyboards designed by Tom Knight at MIT, including space-cadet keyboards used on LISP machines. These could",
"title": "Bucky bit"
},
{
"id": "1560078",
"text": "of seldom-used characters of a more-or-less antiquarian nature. Some of the controversy stems from the fact that the very decision of performing Han unification was made by the initial Unicode Consortium, which at the time was a consortium of North American companies and organizations (most of them in California), but included no East Asian government representatives. The initial design goal was to create a 16-bit standard, and Han unification was therefore a critical step for avoiding tens of thousands of character duplications. This 16-bit requirement was later abandoned, making the size of the character set less an issue today. The",
"title": "Han unification"
},
{
"id": "2224440",
"text": "System 7 System 7 (codenamed \"Big Bang\" and sometimes retrospectively called Mac OS 7) is a graphical user interface-based operating system for Macintosh computers and is part of the classic Mac OS series of operating systems. It was introduced on May 13, 1991, by Apple Computer, Inc. It succeeded System 6, and was the main Macintosh operating system until it was succeeded by Mac OS 8 in 1997. Features added with the System 7 release included virtual memory, personal file sharing, QuickTime, QuickDraw 3D, and an improved user interface. With the release of version 7.6 in 1997, Apple officially renamed",
"title": "System 7"
},
{
"id": "3803370",
"text": "ITU T.50 ITU-T recommendation T.50 specifies the International Reference Alphabet (IRA), formerly International Alphabet No. 5 (IA5), a character encoding. ASCII is the U.S. variant of that character set. The original version from November 1988 corresponds to ISO 646. The current version is from September 1992. At the beginning was the International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2 (ITA2), a five bits code. IA5 is an improvement based on seven bits bytes. This standard is referenced by other standards such as RFC 3966. It is also used by some analog modems such as Cisco ones. This standard is referenced by other standards",
"title": "ITU T.50"
},
{
"id": "692425",
"text": "set. However, although these are widely used due to their ubiquity and convenience, they are deprecated in contexts where proper typography is important. Unicode defines three apostrophe characters: Characters similar to apostrophe: The typewriter apostrophe ( ' ) was inherited by computer keyboards, and is the only apostrophe character available in the (7-bit) ASCII character encoding, at code value 0x27 (39). As such, it is a highly overloaded character. In ASCII, it represents a left single quotation mark, right single quotation mark, apostrophe, vertical line or prime (punctuation marks), or an acute accent (modifier letters). Many earlier (pre-1985) computer displays",
"title": "Apostrophe"
},
{
"id": "4353082",
"text": "FIPS 137 FIPS 137, originally issued as FED-STD-1015, is a secure telephony speech encoding standard for Linear Predictive Coding vocoder developed by the United States Department of Defense and finished on November 28th, 1984. It was based on the earlier STANAG 4198 promulgated by NATO on February 13th, 1984. FED-STD-1015 was re-designated as Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) Publication 137, (FIPS PUB 137) on October 20th, 1988. It is also known as \"LPC-10\". The codec uses a bit rate of 2.4 kbit/s, requiring 20 MIPS of processing power, 2 kilobytes of RAM and features a frame size of 22.5 ms.",
"title": "FIPS 137"
},
{
"id": "10894037",
"text": "codes also supported NRCS. ASCII is a 7-bit standard, allowing a total of 128 characters in the character set. Some of these are reserved as control characters, leaving 96 printable characters. This set of 96 printable characters includes upper and lower case letters, numbers, and basic math and punctuation. ASCII does not have enough room to include other common characters such as multi-national currency symbols or the various accented letters common in European languages. This led to a number of country-specific varieties of 7-bit ASCII with certain characters replaced. For instance, the UK standard simply replaced ASCII's hash mark, codice_1,",
"title": "National Replacement Character Set"
},
{
"id": "819426",
"text": "fixed-sized blocks, and was used to hold a directory and file system. A single hardware instruction could seek and then read or write multiple tape blocks all in one operation. Filenames were six characters long. The file system allowed for two files—a source file and an executable binary file to be stored under the same name. In effect it was a 6.1 filename in which the extension was restricted to \"S\" or \"B\". Since the basic LINC had only 1024 12-bit words of core memory (RAM)--and the big, expanded LINC had only 2048—normal operations depended heavily on swapping to and",
"title": "LINC"
},
{
"id": "5854967",
"text": "31-bit In computer architecture, 31-bit integers, memory addresses, or other data units are those that are 31 bits wide. In 1983, IBM introduced 31-bit addressing in the System/370-XA mainframe architecture as an upgrade to the 24-bit physical and virtual, and transitional 24-bit-virtual/26-bit physical, addressing of earlier models. This enhancement allowed address spaces to be 128 times larger, permitting programs to address memory above 16 MB (referred to as \"above the line\"). Support for COBOL, FORTRAN and later on Linux/390 were included. In the System/360, other than the 360/67, and early System/370 architectures, the general purpose registers were 32 bits wide,",
"title": "31-bit"
},
{
"id": "514935",
"text": "domains such as science, mathematics, and music. The original idea was to replace the typical 256-character encodings requiring 1 byte per character with an encoding using 2 = 65,536 values requiring 2 bytes per character. Two groups worked on this in parallel, the IEEE and the Unicode Consortium, the latter representing mostly manufacturers of computing equipment. The two groups attempted to synchronize their character assignments so that the developing encodings would be mutually compatible. The early 2-byte encoding was usually called \"Unicode\", but is now called \"UCS-2\". UCS-2 differs from UTF-16 by being a constant length encoding and only capable",
"title": "UTF-16"
},
{
"id": "3513442",
"text": "the computer itself) could be programmed by inserting wire jumpers into a plugboard control panel. System architecture was documented in the \"305 RAMAC Manual of Operation\". The 305 was a character-oriented variable \"word\" length decimal (BCD) computer with a drum memory rotating at 6000 RPM that held 3200 alphanumeric characters. A core memory buffer of 100 characters was used for temporary storage during data transfers. Each character was 6 bits plus 1 odd parity bit (\"R\") composed of two zone bits (\"X\" and \"O\") and remaining four binary bits for the value of the digit in the following format: Instructions",
"title": "IBM 305 RAMAC"
},
{
"id": "15967",
"text": "commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services. Work on the ASCII standard began on October 6, 1960, with the first meeting of the American Standards Association's (ASA) (now the American National Standards Institute or ANSI) X3.2 subcommittee. The first edition of the standard was published in 1963, underwent a major revision during 1967, and experienced its most recent update during 1986. Compared to earlier telegraph codes, the proposed Bell code and ASCII were both ordered for more convenient sorting (i.e., alphabetization) of lists, and added features for devices other than teleprinters. Originally based on",
"title": "ASCII"
},
{
"id": "7847634",
"text": "Iran System encoding Iran System encoding was an 8-bit character encoding scheme and was created by Iran System corporation for Persian language support. This encoding was in use in Iran in DOS-based programs and after the introduction of Microsoft code page 1256 this encoding became obsolete. However, some Windows and DOS programs using this encoding are still in use and some Windows fonts with this encoding exist. Now most programs use code page 1256, code page 1259, or Unicode. Only the upper half (128–255) of the table is shown, the lower half (0–127) being plain ASCII. This character set encodes",
"title": "Iran System encoding"
},
{
"id": "1698198",
"text": "of MIME-compliant Base64-encoded binary data is usually about 137% of the original data length, though for very short messages the overhead can be much higher due to the overhead of the headers. Very roughly, the final size of Base64-encoded binary data is equal to 1.37 times the original data size + 814 bytes (for headers). The size of the decoded data can be approximated with this formula: UTF-7, described first in RFC 1642, which was later superseded by RFC 2152, introduced a system called \"modified Base64\". This data encoding scheme is used to encode UTF-16 as ASCII characters for use",
"title": "Base64"
},
{
"id": "11747878",
"text": "packs three characters in each 18-bit word; each character a 5-bit Baudot code and an upper-case bit. The DEC SIXBIT format packs three characters in each 18-bit word, each 6-bit character obtained by stripping the high bits from the 7-bit ASCII code, which folds lowercase to uppercase letters. 18-bit 18 binary digits have (1000000 octal, 40000 hexadecimal) distinct combinations. 18 bits was a common word size for smaller computers in the 1960s, when large computers often used 36 bit words and 6-bit character sets were the norm. Possibly the most well-known 18-bit computer architectures are the PDP-1, PDP-4, PDP-7, PDP-9",
"title": "18-bit"
},
{
"id": "34467",
"text": "consisting of 8 bits and being a signed data type, holding values from −128 to 127. .NET programming languages, such as C#, define both an unsigned codice_1 and a signed codice_3, holding values from 0 to 255, and −128 to 127, respectively. In data transmission systems, the byte is defined as a contiguous sequence of bits in a serial data stream representing the smallest distinguished unit of data. A transmission unit might include start bits, stop bits, or parity bits, and thus could vary from 7 to 12 bits to contain a single 7-bit ASCII code. Byte The byte is",
"title": "Byte"
},
{
"id": "2856254",
"text": "time. A single byte can encode the full state of a 7-segment-display. The most popular bit encodings are \"gfedcba\" and \"abcdefg\", where each letter represents a particular segment in the display. In the \"gfedcba\" representation, a byte value of 0x06 would (in a common anode circuit) turn on segments 'c' and 'b', which would display a '1'. Seven-segment representation of figures can be found in patents as early as 1903 (in ), when Carl Kinsley invented a method of telegraphically transmitting letters and numbers and having them printed on tape in a segmented format. In 1908, F. W. Wood invented",
"title": "Seven-segment display"
},
{
"id": "631974",
"text": "destroying their planet. During the journey, Cloud builds close friendships with his party members, including Aerith Gainsborough, who holds the secret to saving their world. Development began in 1994, originally for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. After delays and technical difficulties from experimenting on several platforms, Square moved production to the PlayStation, largely due to the advantages of the format. Veteran \"Final Fantasy\" staff returned, including series creator and producer Hironobu Sakaguchi, director Yoshinori Kitase, and composer Nobuo Uematsu. The title became the first in the series to use full motion video and 3D computer graphics, which featured 3D character",
"title": "Final Fantasy VII"
},
{
"id": "13524019",
"text": "able to display and create mail using UTF-8. It is also increasingly being used as the default character encoding in operating systems, programming languages, APIs, and software applications. See also Comparison of Unicode encodings. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) set out to compose the universal character set in 1989, and published the draft of ISO 10646 in 1990. Hugh McGregor Ross was one of its principal architects. That standard differed markedly from the current one. It defined: for an apparent total of 2,147,483,648 characters, but actually the standard could code only 679,477,248 characters, as the policy forbade byte values",
"title": "Universal Coded Character Set"
},
{
"id": "559120",
"text": "8-bit The IBM System/360 introduced byte-addressable memory with 8-bit bytes, as opposed to bit-addressable or decimal digit-addressable or word-addressable memory, although its general purpose registers were 32 bits wide, and addresses were contained in the lower 24 bits of those addresses. Different models of System/360 had different internal data path widths; the IBM System/360 Model 30 (1965) implemented the 32-bit System/360 architecture, but had an 8 bit native path width, and performed 32-bit arithmetic 8 bits at a time. The first widely adopted 8-bit microprocessor was the Intel 8080, being used in many hobbyist computers of the late 1970s and",
"title": "8-bit"
},
{
"id": "63153",
"text": "characters for a Chinese telegraph code (Hans Schjellerup, 1869). With the adoption of electrical and electro-mechanical techniques these earliest codes were adapted to the new capabilities and limitations of the early machines. The earliest well-known electrically-transmitted character code, Morse code, introduced in the 1840s, used a system of four \"symbols\" (short signal, long signal, short space, long space) to generate codes of variable length. Though most commercial use of Morse code was via machinery, it was also used as a manual code, generatable by hand on a telegraph key and decipherable by ear, and persists in amateur radio use. Most",
"title": "Character encoding"
},
{
"id": "12800935",
"text": "Game of Thrones Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. It is an adaptation of \"A Song of Ice and Fire\", George R. R. Martin's series of fantasy novels, the first of which is \"A Game of Thrones\". It is filmed in Belfast and elsewhere in Northern Ireland, Canada, Croatia, Iceland, Malta, Morocco, Scotland, Spain, and the United States. The series premiered on HBO in the United States on April 17, 2011, and its seventh season ended on August 27, 2017. The series will conclude with its eighth season",
"title": "Game of Thrones"
},
{
"id": "732362",
"text": "be resistant to liquid spills. Atari originally intended to port Microsoft BASIC to the machine, as had most other vendors, intending to supply it on an 8 KB ROM cartridge. However, the existing 6502 version from Microsoft was around 7900 bytes, leaving no room for extensions for graphics and sound. The company contracted with a local consulting firm, Shepardson Microsystems, to complete the port. They recommended writing a new version from scratch, resulting in Atari BASIC. At the time the machines were being designed, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) mandated that consumer devices had to have extremely low signal leakage",
"title": "Atari 8-bit family"
},
{
"id": "2133371",
"text": "the GNU LGPL and Common Public License, with an additional special exception for linked binaries. In December 2, 2008 the SDK was placed by Igor Pavlov in the public domain. Two command-line versions are provided: 7z.exe, using external libraries; and a standalone executable 7za.exe, containing built-in modules, but with compression/decompression support limited to 7z, ZIP, gzip, bzip2, Z and tar formats. A 64-bit version is available, with support for large memory maps, leading to faster compression. All versions support multi-threading. The 7za.exe version of 7-Zip is available for Unix-like operating systems (including Linux, FreeBSD, and macOS), FreeDOS, OpenVMS, AmigaOS 4,",
"title": "7-Zip"
},
{
"id": "3897683",
"text": "depends on whether codice_1 is \"compatible with the chosen Python Unicode build variant\" on that system. Wide character A wide character is a computer character datatype that generally has a size greater than the traditional 8-bit character. The increased datatype size allows for the use of larger coded character sets. During the 1960s, mainframe and mini-computer manufacturers began to standardize around the 8-bit byte as their smallest datatype. The 7-bit ASCII character set became the industry standard method for encoding alphanumeric characters for teletype machines and computer terminals. The extra bit was used for parity, to ensure the integrity of",
"title": "Wide character"
},
{
"id": "2082252",
"text": "Multinational Character Set The Multinational Character Set (DMCS or MCS) is a character encoding created in 1983 by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) for use in the popular VT220 terminal. It was an 8-bit extension of ASCII that added accented characters, currency symbols, and other character glyphs missing from 7-bit ASCII. It is only one of the code pages implemented for the VT220 National Replacement Character Set (NRCS). MCS is registered as IBM code page 1100 (Multinational Emulation) since 1992. Depending on associated sorting Oracle calls it WE8DEC, N8DEC, DK8DEC, S8DEC, or SF8DEC. Such \"extended ASCII\" sets were common (the National",
"title": "Multinational Character Set"
},
{
"id": "323195",
"text": "\"1\" in a signed numeric column, or an unsigned digit \"1\" in a column where the \"12\" has some other use. The introduction of EBCDIC in 1964 defined columns with as many as six punches (zones [12,11,0,8,9] + digit [1–7]). IBM and other manufacturers used many different 80-column card character encodings. A 1969 American National Standard defined the punches for 128 characters and was named the \"Hollerith Punched Card Code\" (often referred to simply as \"Hollerith Card Code\"), honoring Hollerith. For some computer applications, binary formats were used, where each hole represented a single binary digit (or \"bit\"), every column",
"title": "Punched card"
},
{
"id": "514936",
"text": "of encoding characters of BMP. It is supported by many programs. Early in this process it became increasingly clear that 2 characters would not suffice, and IEEE introduced a larger 31-bit space and an encoding (UCS-4) that would require 4 bytes per character. This was resisted by the Unicode Consortium, both because 4 bytes per character wasted a lot of disk space and memory, and because some manufacturers were already heavily invested in 2-byte-per-character technology. The UTF-16 encoding scheme was developed as a compromise to resolve this impasse in version 2.0 of the Unicode standard in July 1996 and is",
"title": "UTF-16"
},
{
"id": "559121",
"text": "early 1980s, often running the CP/M operating system; it had 8-bit data words and 16-bit addresses. The Zilog Z80 (compatible with the 8080) and the Motorola 6800 were also used in similar computers. The Z80 and the MOS Technology 6502 8-bit CPUs were widely used in home computers and second- and third-generation game consoles of the 1970s and 1980s. Many 8-bit CPUs or microcontrollers are the basis of today's ubiquitous embedded systems. There are 2 (256) different possible values for 8 bits. When unsigned, it has possible values ranging from 0 to 255, when signed, it has -128 to 127.",
"title": "8-bit"
},
{
"id": "2858664",
"text": "Extended Unix Code Extended Unix Code (EUC) is a multibyte character encoding system used primarily for Japanese, Korean, and simplified Chinese. The structure of EUC is based on the ISO-2022 standard, which specifies a way to represent character sets containing a maximum of 94 characters, or 8836 (94) characters, or 830584 (94) characters, as sequences of 7-bit codes. Only ISO-2022 compliant character sets can have EUC forms. Up to four coded character sets (referred to as G0, G1, G2, and G3 or as code sets 0, 1, 2, and 3) can be represented with the EUC scheme. G0 is almost",
"title": "Extended Unix Code"
},
{
"id": "6170793",
"text": "Unicode and back. Use of HZ encoding is thus treated as suspicious by malware protection suites. HZ (character encoding) The HZ character encoding is an encoding of GB2312 that was formerly commonly used in email and USENET postings. It was designed in 1989 by Fung Fung Lee () of Stanford University, and subsequently codified in 1995 into RFC 1843. The HZ, short for \"Hanzi\" (), encoding was invented to facilitate the use of Chinese characters through e-mail, which at that time only allowed 7-bit characters. Therefore, in lieu of standard ISO 2022 escape sequences (as in the case of ISO-2022-JP)",
"title": "HZ (character encoding)"
},
{
"id": "440596",
"text": "the numerical value of the code point. The following table shows the structure of the encoding. The codice_1 characters are replaced by the bits of the code point. If the number of significant bits is no more than seven, the first line applies; if no more than 11 bits, the second line applies, and so on. The first 128 characters (US-ASCII) need one byte. The next 1,920 characters need two bytes to encode, which covers the remainder of almost all Latin-script alphabets, and also Greek, Cyrillic, Coptic, Armenian, Hebrew, Arabic, Syriac, Thaana and N'Ko alphabets, as well as Combining Diacritical",
"title": "UTF-8"
},
{
"id": "2361999",
"text": "Serpent (cipher) Serpent is a symmetric key block cipher that was a finalist in the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) contest, where it was ranked second to Rijndael. Serpent was designed by Ross Anderson, Eli Biham, and Lars Knudsen. Like other AES submissions, Serpent has a block size of 128 bits and supports a key size of 128, 192 or 256 bits. The cipher is a 32-round substitution–permutation network operating on a block of four 32-bit words. Each round applies one of eight 4-bit to 4-bit S-boxes 32 times in parallel. Serpent was designed so that all operations can be executed",
"title": "Serpent (cipher)"
},
{
"id": "15972",
"text": "should be recorded on perforated tape. They proposed a 9-track standard for magnetic tape, and attempted to deal with some punched card formats. The X3.2 subcommittee designed ASCII based on the earlier teleprinter encoding systems. Like other character encodings, ASCII specifies a correspondence between digital bit patterns and character symbols (i.e. graphemes and control characters). This allows digital devices to communicate with each other and to process, store, and communicate character-oriented information such as written language. Before ASCII was developed, the encodings in use included 26 alphabetic characters, 10 numerical digits, and from 11 to 25 special graphic symbols. To",
"title": "ASCII"
},
{
"id": "15898107",
"text": "length were lifted, except for exports to embargoed countries. 56-bit DES encryption is now obsolete, having been replaced as a standard in 2002 by the 128-bit (and stronger) Advanced Encryption Standard. DES continues to be used as a symmetric cipher in combination with Kerberos because older products do not support newer ciphers like AES. 56-bit encryption In computing, 56-bit encryption refers to a key size of fifty-six bits, or seven bytes, for symmetric encryption. While stronger than 40-bit encryption, this still represents a relatively low level of security in the context of a brute force attack. The US government traditionally",
"title": "56-bit encryption"
},
{
"id": "6571439",
"text": "characters. For example, the capital letter \"A\" is ASCII character 65, the numeral \"2\" is ASCII 50, the character \"<nowiki>}</nowiki>\" is ASCII 125, and the metacharacter \"carriage return\" is ASCII 13. Systems based on ASCII use seven bits to represent these values digitally. In contrast, most computers store data in memory organized in eight-bit bytes. Files that contain machine-executable code and non-textual data typically contain all 256 possible eight-bit byte values. Many computer programs came to rely on this distinction between seven-bit \"text\" and eight-bit \"binary\" data, and would not function properly if non-ASCII characters appeared in data that was",
"title": "Binary-to-text encoding"
},
{
"id": "2650562",
"text": "PETSCII PETSCII (\"PET Standard Code of Information Interchange\"), also known as CBM ASCII, is the character set used in Commodore Business Machines (CBM)'s 8-bit home computers, starting with the PET from 1977 and including the C16, C64, C116, C128, CBM-II, Plus/4, and VIC-20. The character set was largely designed by Leonard Tramiel (the son of Commodore CEO Jack Tramiel) and PET designer Chuck Peddle. The graphic characters of PETSCII were one of the extensions Commodore specified for Commodore BASIC when laying out desired changes to Microsoft's existing 6502 BASIC to Microsoft's Ric Weiland in 1977. The VIC-20 used the same",
"title": "PETSCII"
}
] | was originally created with a 7 bit system using 128 characters |
[
"1980"
] | [
{
"id": "2373414",
"text": "the Swedish climate and terrain. In the registration application for Volvo logotype in 1927, they simply made a copy of the entire radiator for ÖV4, viewed from the front. Presented in 1944 the Volvo PV444 passenger car only entered production in 1947. It was the smallest Volvo yet and was to take the lion's share of Volvo production, as well as spearheading their move into the profitable American market. The first Volvos arrived in the United States in 1955, after hardware wholesaler Leo Hirsh began distributing cars in California. Later, Texas was added, and in 1956, Volvo themselves began importing",
"title": "Volvo Cars"
},
{
"id": "5183910",
"text": "became an important product for Autocar. The 1964 AP19 shown in September 2007 at a Golden Age Truck Museum exhibit \"has a GCW of 900,000 lbs, a 30,000lb front axle, planetary rear axles rated at 200,000 lbs, and was originally powered with a 525 HP Cummins V-12 diesel which was later replaced with a 6-cylinder Cummins KT rated at 750 HP.\" The Exton plant ended production in 1980, with production moving to Ogden, Utah. Shortly after the move to Utah in 1980, with White insolvent, AB Volvo acquired the U.S. assets and brands, to become Volvo-White LLC. Volvo produced trucks",
"title": "Autocar Company"
},
{
"id": "443658",
"text": "10 August 1926. After one year of preparations involving the production of ten prototypes, the firm was ready to commence the car-manufacturing business within the SKF group. The Volvo Group itself considers it started in 1927, when the first car, a Volvo ÖV 4, rolled off the production line at the factory in Hisingen, Gothenburg. Only 280 cars were built that year. The first truck, the \"Series 1\", debuted in January 1928, as an immediate success and attracted attention outside the country. In 1930, Volvo sold 639 cars, and the export of trucks to Europe started soon after; the cars",
"title": "Volvo"
},
{
"id": "17472467",
"text": "With global headquarters in Gothenburg, Sweden, Volvo manufactures and assembles its trucks in eight wholly owned assembly plants and nine factories owned by local interests. Volvo Trucks produces and sells over 190,000 units annually. In 2017 Chinese group Geely become first shareholder of Volvo Trucks When Volvo manufactured its first automobiles in 1927, the first truck was already on the drawing table. In early 1928, the \"LV series 1\" was presented to the public. Though by modern standards it was merely a truck, it was an immediate success and 500 units were sold before the summer. It had a 2.0",
"title": "Volvo Trucks"
},
{
"id": "17472474",
"text": "began to relocate the operations of its Mack Trucks subsidiary to Greensboro, where the North American operations of Volvo Trucks have been headquartered. Today, Volvo produces class 8 Volvo trucks at its Dublin, Virginia plant and class 8 Mack truck models in Macungie, Pennsylvania. Affiliate Volvo Powertrain produces engines and transmissions at its Hagerstown, Maryland, facility, for use exclusively in the North American market. Volvo Trucks are exported to and sold by more than 1800 dealers in more than 75 countries. Volvo tried to settle in Argentina on two different occasions: the first, in 1959 would be carried out in",
"title": "Volvo Trucks"
},
{
"id": "443687",
"text": "Saxony. The \"Beetle\" sedan or \"peoples' car\" Volkswagen is the Type 1. Apart from the introduction of the Volkswagen Type 2 commercial vehicle (van, pick-up and camper), and the VW Karmann Ghia sports car, Nordhoff pursued the one-model policy until shortly before his death in 1968. Volkswagens were first exhibited and sold in the United States in 1949, but sold only two units in America that first year. On entry to the U.S. market, the VW was briefly sold as a \"Victory Wagon\". Volkswagen of America was formed in April 1955 to standardise sales and service in the United States.",
"title": "Volkswagen"
},
{
"id": "17472466",
"text": "Volvo Trucks Volvo Trucks () (stylized as VOLVO) is a global truck manufacturer based in Gothenburg, Sweden, owned by AB Volvo. In 2016, it was the world’s second largest manufacturer of heavy-duty trucks. Volvo Group was reorganised on 1 January 2012 and as a part of the process, Volvo Trucks ceased to be a separate company and was instead incorporated into Volvo Group Trucks, with Volvo’s other truck brands, Renault Trucks, Mack Trucks and UD Trucks. The first Volvo truck rolled off the production lines in 1928, and in 2016 Volvo Trucks employed more than 52,000 people around the world.",
"title": "Volvo Trucks"
},
{
"id": "17472470",
"text": "and the Western Star (long-distance conventional and cab-over engine) trucks. During the 1980s, improved versions of these trucks were introduced, including the Integral Sleeper (1982) long-distance truck, the Conventional (1983) upgraded conventional truck, the Autocar DS (1984) successor to the Road Constructor 2, the Integral Tall Sleeper (1985) truck which was the 'Globetrotter' of America, the aerodynamic 'Aero' (1987) truck, the Autocar (1987) construction truck with the option of using an integrated driveline (engine+gearbox+rear axle) designed and produced by Volvo and the short conventional WG (1988) truck. Throughout the 1980s, Volvo produced White and Autocar, as well as distributing European-made",
"title": "Volvo Trucks"
},
{
"id": "426872",
"text": "8 horsepower motors. Trucks of the era mostly used two-cylinder engines and had a carrying capacity of . In 1904, 700 heavy trucks were built in the United States, 1000 in 1907, 6000 in 1910, and 25000 in 1914. After World War I, several advances were made: pneumatic tires replaced the previously common full rubber versions. electric starters, power brakes, 4, 6, and 8 cylinder engines, closed cabs, and electric lighting followed. The first modern semi-trailer trucks also appeared. Touring car builders such as Ford and Renault entered the heavy truck market. Although it had been invented in 1897, the",
"title": "Truck"
},
{
"id": "17472469",
"text": "North, Europe South, Africa/Middle East, and Asia/Oceania. Plants where Volvo trucks are manufactured: The purchase of White Trucks in 1980 turned out to be a very good step for Volvo. Suddenly, Volvo's trucks could be marketed throughout the United States, in parallel with a tailor-made programme of modern American heavy-duty trucks. When Volvo took over the truck assets of White, the White/Autocar/Western Star product programme consisted of the Road Boss (conventional) truck, the Road Commander 2 (cab-over engine) truck, the low-built Road Xpeditor 2 (cab-over engine) truck, the Autocar DC (heavy duty construction) truck, the Road Constructor 2 (construction) truck",
"title": "Volvo Trucks"
},
{
"id": "17472472",
"text": "GMC name was discontinued, and all models were badged either Volvo or Autocar, which that year celebrated its 100th year in operation. In a merger announced April 25, 2000, Volvo acquired Renault Véhicules Industriels, including Mack Trucks in North America. The deal made Volvo Group the second largest truck manufacturer in the world, and the largest in Europe. In order to secure the approval of the authorities to proceed with the merger, Volvo had to agree to divest of its low-cab-over (LCOE) models, known as the Xpeditor range, due to the degree the combination of this product with the Mack",
"title": "Volvo Trucks"
},
{
"id": "2373415",
"text": "cars to the US. North America has consistently provided Volvo with their main outlet since. In 1963, Volvo opened the Volvo Halifax Assembly plant, the first assembly plant in the company's history outside of Sweden, in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. In 1964, Volvo opened its Torslanda plant in Sweden, which currently is one of its largest production sites (chiefly large cars and SUVs). Then in 1965, the Ghent, Belgium plant was opened, which is the company's second largest production site. This was also Volvo's first location producing cars within the European Economic Community. In 1989, the Uddevalla plant in Sweden",
"title": "Volvo Cars"
},
{
"id": "2864662",
"text": "turn, wanted Johnson to respond to Volkswagen's increased shipments to the United States. The Chicken Tax directly curtailed importation of German-built Type 2s in configurations that qualified them as light trucks – that is, commercial vans (panel vans) and pickups. In 1964, U.S. imports of automobile trucks from West Germany declined to a value of $5.7 million – about one-third the value imported in the previous year. After 1971, Volkswagen cargo vans and pickup trucks, the intended targets, \"practically disappeared from the U.S. market\". While post-1971 Type 2 commercial vans and single-cab and double-cab pickups can be found in the",
"title": "Volkswagen Type 2"
},
{
"id": "13672694",
"text": "paved rural roads, and small load capacities limited trucks to mostly short-haul urban routes. Starting in 1910, the development of a number of technologies gave rise to the modern trucking industry. With the advent of the gasoline-powered internal combustion engine, improvements in transmissions, the move away from chain drives to gear drives, and the development of the tractor/semi-trailer combination, shipping by truck gained in popularity. In 1913, the first state weight limits for trucks were introduced. Only four states limited truck weights, from a low of in Maine to a high of in Massachusetts. These laws were enacted to protect",
"title": "History of the trucking industry in the United States"
},
{
"id": "7711411",
"text": "the Volkswagen Atlas. Formed in October 1955 in Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, to standardize dealership service in the United States, it grew to 909 Volkswagen dealers in the US by 1965 under the leadership of Dr. Carl Hahn. Under him and his successor as president of Volkswagen of America, J. Stuart Perkins, VW's U.S. sales grew to 569,696 cars in 1970, an all-time peak, when Volkswagen captured 7 percent of the U.S. car market and had over a thousand American dealerships. The Volkswagen Beetle was the company's best seller in the United States by a wide margin. From then on,",
"title": "Volkswagen Group of America"
},
{
"id": "426871",
"text": "in road tax rules made them uneconomic against the new diesel lorries. In 1895 Karl Benz designed and built the first truck in history using the internal combustion engine. Later that year some of Benz's trucks were modified to become the first bus by the \"Netphener\", the first motorbus company in history. A year later, in 1896, another internal combustion engine truck was built by Gottlieb Daimler. Other companies, such as Peugeot, Renault and Büssing, also built their own versions. The first truck in the United States was built by Autocar in 1899 and was available with optional 5 or",
"title": "Truck"
},
{
"id": "7711413",
"text": "USA. In 1988, the plant was closed. In the early 1980s, the manufacturing division and the sales division were merged, and Volkswagen of America moved to Troy, Michigan, as a result, settling in Auburn Hills, Michigan, in 1991 (). Volkswagen of America's sales hit rock bottom in 1993, with fewer than 50,000 cars sold that year. Sales began to recover the following year with the introduction of the third generation of the Golf and Jetta. By the end of the decade, thanks to effective advertising and the launch of more competitive new products, including the New Beetle in 1998, the",
"title": "Volkswagen Group of America"
},
{
"id": "584109",
"text": "followed with a crew cab in 1963, Ford in 1965, and General Motors in 1973. In 1963, the U.S. chicken tax directly curtailed the import of the Volkswagen Type 2, distorting the market in favor of American manufacturers. The tariff directly affected any country seeking to bring light trucks into the U.S. and effectively \"squeezed smaller Asian truck companies out of the American pickup market.\" Over the intervening years, Detroit lobbied to protect the light-truck tariff, thereby reducing pressure on Detroit to introduce vehicles that polluted less and that offered increased fuel economy. The US government's 1973 Corporate Average Fuel",
"title": "Pickup truck"
},
{
"id": "2373412",
"text": "of production of nearly a century of Volvo vehicles powered solely by the internal combustion engine. Volvo company was founded in 1927, in Gothenburg, Sweden, The company was created as a subsidiary company 100% owned by SKF. Assar Gabrielsson was appointed the managing director and Gustav Larson as the technical manager. The trademark Volvo (which is Latin for I roll) was first registered by SKF on 11 May 1915 with the intention to use it for a special series of ball bearing for the American market but it was never used for this purpose (however in the application for the",
"title": "Volvo Cars"
},
{
"id": "16748572",
"text": "Volvo Titan The Volvo Titan was a heavy duty truck produced by Swedish automaker Volvo between 1951 and 1973. In the autumn of 1951 Volvo introduced its largest truck L395 Titan, with a payload capacity of up to 10 tonnes. The large VDF engine was replaced in 1953 with the further developed D96 engine. The following year, the Titan became the first Volvo truck to be offered with a turbodiesel. In 1956 the truck was equipped with air brakes. 1959 saw the introduction of the refined L495 Titan. In 1964 Volvo introduced the forward control L4951 Titan Tiptop with a",
"title": "Volvo Titan"
},
{
"id": "426873",
"text": "diesel engine did not appear in production trucks until Benz introduced it in 1923. The diesel engine was not common in trucks in Europe until the 1930s. In the United States, Autocar introduced engines for heavy applications in the mid-1930s. Demand was high enough Autocar launched the \"DC\" model (diesel conventional) in 1939. However, it took much longer for diesel engines to be broadly accepted in the US: gasoline engines were still in use on heavy trucks in the 1970s. \"Truck\" is used in American English, and is common in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Puerto Rico, Pakistan and South Africa,",
"title": "Truck"
},
{
"id": "2869350",
"text": "DOHC design with variable camshaft timing — providing and of torque. Diesel options were available in Europe, including a 2.4 Litre turbocharged D5 diesel engine which provided and of torque. Within the United States, Volvo limited sales of the V50 PZEV cars to states where it was required, including California, Florida, Vermont, Connecticut, Arizona, Maryland, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, New York, Oregon, Maine, New Jersey, Rhode Island, New Mexico and Washington. Volvo Cars Special Vehicle produced a concept car based on the V50, the V50 SV, whose engine produces , and debuted at the 2004 Specialty Equipment Market Association tradeshow in Las",
"title": "Volvo V50"
},
{
"id": "2864677",
"text": "the United States, Volkswagen Eurovan is the brand name. The Volkswagen Transporter T5 range is the fifth generation of Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles medium-sized light commercial vehicle and people movers. Launched 6 January 2003, the T5 went into full production in April 2003, replacing the fourth generation range. Key markets for the T5 are Germany, the United Kingdom, Russia, France and Turkey. It is not sold in the US market because it is classed as a light truck, accruing the 25% chicken tax on importation. The T5 has a more aerodynamic design. The angle of the windshield and A-pillar is less;",
"title": "Volkswagen Type 2"
},
{
"id": "443697",
"text": "(from 1973 model year on up). Rack and pinion steering replaced recirculating ball steering gears in model year 1975 and up. The front of the car was stretched to allow the spare tire to lie flat, and the combination of these two features increased the usable front luggage space. In 1973, Volkswagen introduced the military-themed Type 181, or \"Trekker\" in Europe, \"Thing\" in America, recalling the wartime Type 82. The military version was produced for the NATO-era German Army during the Cold War years of 1970 to 1979. The U.S. Thing version only sold for two years, 1973 and 1974.",
"title": "Volkswagen"
},
{
"id": "584108",
"text": "Ford Australia produced the first Australian \"ute\" in 1932. During the Second World War, the United States government halted the production of privately owned pickup trucks. In the 1950s, consumers began purchasing pickups for lifestyle rather than utilitarian reasons. Car-like, smooth-sided, fenderless trucks were introduced, such as the Chevrolet Fleetside, the Chevrolet El Camino, the Dodge Sweptline, and in 1957, Ford's purpose-built Styleside. Pickups began to feature comfort items such as power options and air conditioning. Trucks became more passenger oriented with the introduction of crew cabs in the Toyota Stout and the Hino Briska, was introduced in 1962. Dodge",
"title": "Pickup truck"
},
{
"id": "5240321",
"text": "the first cars sold in Europe featuring bumpers designed to comply with United States National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) regulations to withstand a front rear impact without damage to the engine, lights, and safety equipment. This was the only Volvo to feature pop-up headlights, this was done to meet NHTSA standards on minimum headlight height while maintaining the aerodynamic shape. However, although it was foreseen to sell 25,000 cars overseas, the introduction of the Volvo 480 to the American market was postponed indefinitely in February 1988, citing unfavourable market conditions and the exchange rate of the US dollar. The",
"title": "Volvo 480"
},
{
"id": "13943092",
"text": "by the Motor Transport section of the Quartermaster Corps in cooperation with the members of the civilian Society of Automotive Engineers. Prototype design of the 3–5 ton truck began in mid-1917, and the first two running prototypes appeared 69 days after the design was finalized in mid-1917. Both trucks were assembled and driven over 400 miles from their assembly locations to Washington D.C., arriving without any major breakages or halts on October 19th, 1917 and presented to Secretary of War Newton D. Baker. Following its approval and subsequent small changes to some design and technical aspects, official production of the",
"title": "Liberty truck"
},
{
"id": "7989216",
"text": "Assembly of Volvo cars is expected to commence in late 2018. These marques from the Big Three are currently marketed in the U.S. Some passenger vehicles from the following import marques are currently assembled in the U.S. The following marques are currently imported to the U.S., and not assembled domestically. Passenger vehicles in the United States \"Note: this article adopts the U.S. Department of Transportation's definition of a \"passenger vehicle\", to mean a car or truck, used for passengers, excluding buses and trains.\" The United States is home to the second largest passenger vehicle market of any country in the",
"title": "Passenger vehicles in the United States"
},
{
"id": "13672691",
"text": "History of the trucking industry in the United States The trucking industry in the United States has affected the political and economic history of the United States in the 20th century. Before the invention of automobiles, most freight was moved by train or horse-drawn vehicle. During World War I, the military was the first to use trucks extensively. With the increased construction of paved roads, trucking began to achieve significant foothold in the 1930s, and soon became subject to various government regulations (such as the hours of service). During the late 1950s and 1960s, trucking was accelerated by the construction",
"title": "History of the trucking industry in the United States"
},
{
"id": "2373411",
"text": "Volvo sold Volvo Cars to the Ford Motor Company in 1999. Volvo Cars has been majority owned since 2010 by the Geely Holding Group. Both AB Volvo and Volvo Cars share the Volvo logo and cooperate in running the Volvo Museum. With approximately 2,300 local dealers from around 100 national sales companies worldwide, Volvo Cars' largest markets are China, the United States, Sweden, and the other countries in the European Union. Most of its worldwide employees are based in Sweden. In July 2017, Volvo announced that new models launched from 2019 will be fully electric or hybrid-electric, heralding the end",
"title": "Volvo Cars"
},
{
"id": "443655",
"text": "Volvo The Volvo Group (; legally Aktiebolaget Volvo, shortened to AB Volvo) (stylized as VOLVO) is a Swedish multinational manufacturing company headquartered in Gothenburg. While its core activity is the production, distribution and sale of trucks, buses and construction equipment, Volvo also supplies marine and industrial drive systems and financial services. In 2016, it was the world's second largest manufacturer of heavy-duty trucks. Automobile manufacturer Volvo Cars, also based in Gothenburg, was part of AB Volvo until 1999, when it was sold to the Ford Motor Company. Since 2010 it has been owned by the Geely Holding Group, a Chinese",
"title": "Volvo"
},
{
"id": "426870",
"text": "commercial vehicles, and those over as large goods vehicles. Trucks and cars have a common ancestor: the steam-powered \"fardier\" Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot built in 1769. However, steam wagons were not common until the mid-1800s. The roads of the time, built for horse and carriages, limited these vehicles to very short hauls, usually from a factory to the nearest railway station. The first semi-trailer appeared in 1881, towed by a steam tractor manufactured by De Dion-Bouton. Steam-powered wagons were sold in France and the United States until the eve of World War I, and 1935 in the United Kingdom, when a change",
"title": "Truck"
},
{
"id": "11538096",
"text": "affected the political and economic history of the United States in the 20th century. Before the invention of automobiles, most freight was moved by train or horse-drawn vehicle. Trucks were first used extensively by the military during World War I. With the increase in construction of paved roads, trucking began to achieve a significant foothold in the 1930s. Public safety concerns made it necessary to implement various government regulations (such as the 1965 hours of service rule; recently revised with a compliance date of July 1, 2012) of how long drivers were allowed to work and drive each day/week. In",
"title": "Trucking industry in the United States"
},
{
"id": "17472476",
"text": "hands of Scania. As a part of adapting to the new European Union Euro 6 engine environment requirements, Volvo Trucks renewed their truck range in 2012 and 2013. The biggest launch was the new Volvo FH in September 2012 The rest of the range were renewed in the spring of 2013. Volvo Trucks Volvo Trucks () (stylized as VOLVO) is a global truck manufacturer based in Gothenburg, Sweden, owned by AB Volvo. In 2016, it was the world’s second largest manufacturer of heavy-duty trucks. Volvo Group was reorganised on 1 January 2012 and as a part of the process, Volvo",
"title": "Volvo Trucks"
},
{
"id": "5240319",
"text": "as a 2+2 \"sports wagon\" in the fall 1987, although these plans were cancelled due to the continued weakness of the U.S. dollar during 1987. Volvo took six years from the time the 480 was conceived, through its development, and finally brought to production readiness. The press launch was on October 15, 1985, but the 480 was first put on public show in March at the 1986 Geneva Motor Show, becoming available to buyers in May 1986. The automaker described the car as a four seater with \"sporty styling\" and the first front wheel driven Volvo. The press described it",
"title": "Volvo 480"
},
{
"id": "443659",
"text": "did not become well known outside Sweden until after World War II. AB Volvo was introduced at the Stockholm Stock Exchange in 1935 and SKF then decided to sell its shares in the company. By 1942, Volvo acquired the Swedish precision engineering company Svenska Flygmotor (later renamed as Volvo Aero). Pentaverken, which had manufactured engines for Volvo, was acquired in 1935, providing a secure supply of engines and entry into the marine engine market. The first bus, named B1, was launched in 1934, and aircraft engines were added to the growing range of products at the beginning of the 1940s.",
"title": "Volvo"
},
{
"id": "13672695",
"text": "the earth and gravel-surfaced roads from damage caused by the iron and solid rubber wheels of early trucks. By 1914 there were almost 100,000 trucks on America's roads. However, solid tires, poor rural roads, and a maximum speed of continued to limit the use of these trucks to mainly urban areas. The years of World War I (1914–18) spurred rising truck use and development. During the busy war years, the increased congestion of railroads exposed the need for alternative modes of transporting cargo. It was during these years when Roy Chapin (working with a military committee) began to experiment with",
"title": "History of the trucking industry in the United States"
},
{
"id": "2181259",
"text": "models had used side-valve straight sixes). The first PV444s were powered by a 40 PS 1.4 L inline-four engine designated the B4B, with three main bearings, overhead valves, and a single downdraft carburettor. The power of this engine increased to in October 1950, and to in October 1955. US models, beginning to appear in the US in early 1956, received an up-rated version called the B14A which was given twin side-draft 1½ in S.U. carburetors for a total of 70 hp. Most early US sales were limited to Texas and southern California. American customers also had the option of European",
"title": "Volvo PV444/544"
},
{
"id": "13672692",
"text": "of the Interstate Highway System, an extensive network of freeways linking major cities across the continent. Trucking achieved national attention during the 1960s and 70s, when songs and movies about truck driving were major hits. Truck drivers participated in widespread strikes against the rising cost of fuel, during the energy crises of 1973 and 1979, and the industry was drastically deregulated by the Motor Carrier Act of 1980. Trucking has come to dominate the freight industry in the latter portion of the 20th Century, along with what are termed \"big-box stores\" such as Wal-Mart and Target. Before 1900, most freight",
"title": "History of the trucking industry in the United States"
},
{
"id": "443695",
"text": "gasoline and smog controls. These air-cooled engines were commonly tuned to be fuel rich in order to control engine over-heating, and this led to excessive carbon monoxide emissions. VW Production equipment was eventually moved to Mexico where vehicle emissions were not regulated. Beetles were popular on the USA West Coast where the limited-capacity cabin heating was less inconvenient. Beetles were popularized on the USA West Coast as beach buggies and dune buggies. VW expanded its product line in 1961 with the introduction of four Type 3 models (Karmann Ghia, Notchback, Fastback, and Variant) based on the new Type 3 mechanical",
"title": "Volkswagen"
},
{
"id": "5031999",
"text": "Volkswagen 181 The Volkswagen Type 181 is a two-wheel drive, four-door, convertible, manufactured and marketed by Volkswagen from 1968 to 1983. Originally developed for the West German Army, the Type 181 was also sold to the public, as the Kurierwagen (“courier car”) in West Germany, the Trekker (RHD Type 182) in the United Kingdom, the Thing in the United States (1973–74), the Safari in Mexico and South America, and Pescaccia in Italy. Civilian sales ended after model year 1980. Manufactured in Wolfsburg, West Germany (1968–74), Hannover, West Germany (1974–83), Puebla, Mexico (1970–80), and Jakarta, Indonesia (1973–80), the Type 181 shared",
"title": "Volkswagen 181"
},
{
"id": "17472468",
"text": "L 4-cylinder engine rated at 28 hp (21 kW). Volvo cabs are manufactured in the north of Sweden in Umeå and in Ghent, Belgium, while the engines are made in the central town of Skövde. Among some smaller facilities, Volvo has assembly plants in Sweden (Gothenburg - also the Head Office), Belgium, USA, Brazil, South Africa, Australia, China, India and Russia. Some of the smaller factories are jointly owned. Its main parts distribution centre is located in Ghent, Belgium. The sales side, with their corresponding offices and dealers, is split into seven sales areas – Latin America, North America, Europe",
"title": "Volvo Trucks"
},
{
"id": "3699550",
"text": "models were manufactured in limited numbers from 1985 through 1992, with the four-wheel drive system added by Steyr-Daimler-Puch Works in Graz, Austria, with a short wheelbase and 48/52 front/rear weight distribution. Model years 1980 through 1985 featured round sealed beam headlights. Subsequent models for North American and European markets featured round sealed beam headlights or smaller square headlights, with the primary lights outboard and high beams inboard. Later models from South Africa returned to round headlight housings for both the primary headlights and high-beams. The T3 was replaced by the T4 (Eurovan) in the U.S. market in 1993 (1992 saw",
"title": "Volkswagen Type 2 (T3)"
},
{
"id": "443656",
"text": "multinational automotive manufacturing company. Both AB Volvo and Volvo Cars share the Volvo logo and cooperate in running the Volvo Museum in Sweden. The company was first listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange in 1935, and was on the NASDAQ indices from 1985 to 2007. Volvo was established in 1915 as a subsidiary of SKF, a ball bearing manufacturer; however both the Volvo Group and Volvo Cars regard the rollout of the company's first car series, the Volvo ÖV 4, on 14 April 1927, as their beginning. The building remains (). The brand name \"Volvo\" was originally registered as a",
"title": "Volvo"
},
{
"id": "15325716",
"text": "in history with over 12 million units sold worldwide, and it comprises a gamut of variants including vans, minivans, minibuses, pick-ups, campervans. Competitors include the Ford Transit, Toyota Hiace and Mercedes-Benz Vito. Initially derived from the Volkswagen Type 1 (Volkswagen Beetle), the Volkswagen Type 2 (T1) was the first generation of Volkswagen's Transporter family. The Volkswagen T2 platform was marketed from 1967 through 1979 model years, with a Volkswagen Type 4 engine optionally available from 1972 on. The Volkswagen Type 2 (T3), also known as the T25, or Vanagon in the United States, was one of the last new Volkswagen",
"title": "Volkswagen Transporter"
},
{
"id": "13672696",
"text": "the first long-distance truck shipments, and pneumatic (inflated) tires capable of supporting heavier loads were developed which enabled trucks to drive at higher speeds. Two truck manufacturers that emerged during this time were a former sewing machine maker, White (pictured above), and one that would become a modern euphemism for \"truck,\" Mack. By 1920 there were over a million trucks on America's roads. The years beyond 1920 saw several advancements, such as improved rural roads, the introduction of the diesel engine (which are 25–40% more efficient than gasoline engines), the standardization of truck and trailer sizes along with fifth wheel",
"title": "History of the trucking industry in the United States"
},
{
"id": "17472473",
"text": "MR and LE series dominated the refuse markets in which these vehicles are predominantly used. Volvo re-entered the LCF market in 2007 with the purchase of UD Nissan Diesel. As a result of this ruling Volvo divested the Xpeditor product and the rights to the Autocar trademark in 2001. The purchaser was Grand Vehicle Works LLC, a private holding company headquartered in Chicago that also owned auto industry pioneer Union City Body Company (founded in 1898) and Workhorse Custom Chassis. Shortly before Autocar was taken over by GVW Group, Volvo phased out the remaining Autocar conventional products. In 2009, Volvo",
"title": "Volvo Trucks"
},
{
"id": "2913006",
"text": "of the first T4. Several hundred T4s took part with vans from as far afield as Russia, France, Spain, central Europe and the Nordic countries. The Transporter T4 was exported to North America from 1992 until 2003 under the moniker Eurovan. In the United States, the short wheelbase Eurovan 5-cylinder passenger models (CL, GL, GLS, and MV) were only sold for model year 1993. Smaller than a standard American delivery van, but larger than an American or Japanese passenger minivan, Volkswagen played up its size with the slogan, \"EuroVan: There's nothing mini about it\". Volkswagen only imported them to the",
"title": "Volkswagen Transporter (T4)"
},
{
"id": "3303511",
"text": "to be sold North America first and foremost, but in actuality the D24 only became available in the North American market beginning with the 1980 model year. After the US diesel market collapsed, sales decreased to ever smaller numbers and it was discontinued after the 1985 model year. No diesels were actually delivered during 1980 as Volvo had a hard time meeting the EPA's environmental standards. The federalized diesel developed a claimed , but was not certified for sale in California. The 200-series cars were identified initially by badges on their trunk lid or rear hatch in a manner similar",
"title": "Volvo 200 Series"
},
{
"id": "2864641",
"text": "Volkswagen Type 2 The Volkswagen Type 2, known officially (depending on body type) as the Transporter, Kombi or Microbus, or, informally, as the Bus (US) or Camper (UK), is a forward control panel van introduced in 1950 by the German automaker Volkswagen as its second car model. Following – and initially deriving from Volkswagen's first model, the Type 1 (Beetle) – it was given the factory designation Type 2. As one of the forerunners of the modern cargo and passenger vans, the Type 2 gave rise to forward control competitors in the United States in the 1960s, including the Ford",
"title": "Volkswagen Type 2"
},
{
"id": "3717265",
"text": ". Deliveries of the XC90 T8 PHEV began in the United States in August 2015. Sales in Europe totaled 2,653 units in 2015. Cumulative sales in the U.S. totaled 488 units up until February 2016. According to Volvo, sales of the plug-in variant represent 20% of Volvo XC90 global sales by mid-March 2016. Volvo XC90 The Volvo XC90 is a mid-size luxury crossover SUV manufactured and marketed by Volvo Cars since 2002 and now in its second generation. The first generation was introduced at the 2002 North American International Auto Show and used the Volvo P2 platform shared with the",
"title": "Volvo XC90"
},
{
"id": "13672693",
"text": "transported over land was carried by trains using railroads. Trains were highly efficient at moving large amounts of freight, but could only deliver that freight to centralized urban centers for distribution by horse-drawn transport. The few trucks that existed at the time were mostly novelties, appreciated more for their advertising space than for their utility.Winton Motor Carriage Company built one of the first trailer trucks, converting a car into a tractor and made a small trailer to move cars from its factory in 1899. Ten years later Fruehauf experimented with tractor trailers. The use of range-limited electric engines, lack of",
"title": "History of the trucking industry in the United States"
},
{
"id": "6333585",
"text": "Industries bodied 100 B10MLs. Seventy-nine were exported to Australia in 1986 with Brisbane Transport, Busways, Grenda's Bus Service, Hornibrook Bus Lines, Invicta Bus Service, Kangaroo Bus Lines, Metro-link Bus Lines, Metropolitan Transit Authority, Premier Roadliners, Sunbury Bus Service and Surfside Buslines purchasing examples. From 1983 to 1986, a number of B10Ms was built and used in the United States. The American B10M was manufactured mostly in its articulated form (which was purchased by SEPTA, SamTrans, and New Jersey Transit) though a standard length B10M model was made for the RIPTA with one example going to SEPTA as compensation for delays.",
"title": "Volvo B10M"
},
{
"id": "2864693",
"text": "excited young crowds. Volkswagen Type 2 The Volkswagen Type 2, known officially (depending on body type) as the Transporter, Kombi or Microbus, or, informally, as the Bus (US) or Camper (UK), is a forward control panel van introduced in 1950 by the German automaker Volkswagen as its second car model. Following – and initially deriving from Volkswagen's first model, the Type 1 (Beetle) – it was given the factory designation Type 2. As one of the forerunners of the modern cargo and passenger vans, the Type 2 gave rise to forward control competitors in the United States in the 1960s,",
"title": "Volkswagen Type 2"
},
{
"id": "9498674",
"text": "Volvo F10, F12, and F16 Volvo F10, F12, and F16 are a series of trucks manufactured by Volvo Trucks between 1977 and 1993. The F10 and F12 were launched in 1977, with many innovative features for its time, most notably a safety cab with high level of ergonomics for the driver. The F16 was launched in 1987 and was more powerful. Volvo manufactured about 200,000 trucks in the series between 1977 and 1993. The basic chassis components and also the driveline components of the trucks, when launched in 1977, were to a large extent based on the ones introduced in",
"title": "Volvo F10, F12, and F16"
},
{
"id": "443704",
"text": "the autumn of 1983 (sold as the Rabbit in the United States and Canada and as the Caribe in Latin America). Its chassis also spawned the Volkswagen Scirocco sport coupe, Volkswagen Jetta saloon/sedan, Volkswagen Golf Cabriolet convertible, and Volkswagen Caddy pick-up. North American production of the Rabbit commenced at the Volkswagen Westmoreland Assembly Plant near New Stanton, Pennsylvania in 1978. It would be produced in the United States as the Rabbit until the spring of 1984. The second-generation Golf hatchback/Jetta sedan ran from October 1983 until the autumn of 1991, and a North American version produced at Westmoreland Assembly went",
"title": "Volkswagen"
},
{
"id": "7989215",
"text": "Westmoreland closure was shifted to VW's Puebla, Mexico factory. The 2012 Volkswagen Passat is a mid-sized sedan which replaces the previous-generation Passat B6 in the North American market. The model was also shipped overseas to South Korea. The Passat NMS was officially announced in January 2011 at the Detroit Auto Show. Built at the Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant, the new Passat allows building and shipping costs to be reduced significantly over its predecessor making it more competitive to offerings from competitors at the $20K mark. Volvo Cars is opening its first assembly plant in the United States, in South Carolina.",
"title": "Passenger vehicles in the United States"
},
{
"id": "443714",
"text": "U.S. and Canada in 2006. The sixth-generation Passat and the fifth-generation Jetta both debuted in 2005, and Volkswagen announced plans to expand its lineup further by bringing back the Scirocco by 2008. Other models in Wolfgang Bernhard's (Volkswagen brand CEO) \"product offensive\" include the Tiguan mid-sized SUV in 2008 and a Passat Coupé. In November 2006 Bernd Pischetsrieder announced his resignation as Volkswagen Group CEO, and was replaced by Audi worldwide CEO Martin Winterkorn at the beginning of 2007. Volkswagen in 2005 maintained North American sales of 224,195. Momentum continued for fiscal 2006, as Volkswagen's North American sales for the",
"title": "Volkswagen"
},
{
"id": "443676",
"text": "body of the prototype, which was recognizably the Beetle known today. It was one of the first cars designed with the aid of a wind tunnel—a method used for German aircraft design since the early 1920s. The car designs were put through rigorous tests, and achieved a record-breaking million miles of testing before being deemed finished. The construction of the new factory started in May 1938 in the new town of \"Stadt des KdF-Wagens\" (modern-day Wolfsburg), which had been purpose-built for the factory workers. This factory had only produced a handful of cars by the time war started in 1939.",
"title": "Volkswagen"
},
{
"id": "443759",
"text": "has produced five winners of the United States Motor Trend Car of the Year award – the original Car of the Year designation, which began in 1949. Volkswagen has already produced four winners of the recently developed World Car of the Year award. Volkswagen Volkswagen (), shortened to VW (), is a German automaker founded on 28 May 1937 by the German Labour Front under Adolf Hitler and headquartered in Wolfsburg. It is the flagship marque of the Volkswagen Group, the largest automaker by worldwide sales in 2016 and 2017. The group's main market is in China, which delivers 40%",
"title": "Volkswagen"
},
{
"id": "7769045",
"text": "applied for commercial uses, such as autonomous or nearly autonomous trucks. Companies such as Suncor Energy, a Canadian energy company, and Rio Tinto Group were among the first to replace human-operated trucks with driverless commercial trucks run by computers. In April 2016, trucks from major manufacturers including Volvo and the Daimler Company completed a week of autonomous driving across Europe, organized by the Dutch, in an effort to get self-driving trucks on the road. With developments in self-driving trucks progressing, U.S. self-driving truck sales is expected to reach 60,000 by 2035 according to a report released by IHS Inc. in",
"title": "Vehicular automation"
},
{
"id": "16748523",
"text": "Volvo Viking The Volvo Viking was a truck produced by Swedish automaker Volvo between 1953 and 1973. Volvo introduced the L385 Viking in 1953. The truck had a payload capacity of up to 8 tonnes for the heaviest trailing axle versions. The Viking truck was very similar to the larger Titan model. For the first model years the Viking used the VDC motor from its predecessor L245, but it was soon replaced by the updated D67 engine. 1959 saw the introduction of the refined L485 Viking, including a stronger chassis. From 1961, the truck was available with a turbodiesel. In",
"title": "Volvo Viking"
},
{
"id": "448069",
"text": "the United States via American depositary receipts since 1988, currently on the OTC Marketplace. Volkswagen delisted from the London Stock Exchange in 2013. The state of Lower Saxony holds 12.7% of the company's shares, granting it 20% of the voting rights. Volkswagen (\"People's car\" in German) was founded on 28 May 1937 in Berlin as the \"Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens mbH\" (\"Limited Liability Company for the preparation of the German People's Car\", abbreviated to \"Gezuvor\") by the National Socialist \"Deutsche Arbeitsfront \"(German Labour Front). The purpose of the company was to manufacture the Volkswagen car, originally referred to",
"title": "Volkswagen Group"
},
{
"id": "2913007",
"text": "U.S. market for one year because sales in the United States were disappointing, but sales continued in Canada and Mexico. Volkswagen reintroduced the Eurovan passenger models in the United States for model year 1999 with a VR6 engine as standard, and discontinued it again with worldwide T4s after 2003. The manual transmission was not offered in North America with the VR6 engine. Volkswagen imported the short wheelbase Eurovan 5-cylinder gas engine passenger models (CL, GL, GLS, MV Weekender and Westfalia Camperised) to Canada from 1991 to 1996. The 77 hp 2,4L diesel engine was optional in Canada between 1993 and",
"title": "Volkswagen Transporter (T4)"
},
{
"id": "7711412",
"text": "however, intense competition from American and Japanese automakers caused VW sales in America to fall as much as 87 percent between 1970 and 1992, despite the introduction of new front-drive models in 1975 to replace the Beetle and its rear-engined, air-cooled stablemates. As a result, the number of dealerships in the U.S. was also reduced to 630 by the mid-1990s. As of 2007, there were 596 operating Volkswagen dealerships in the country. VWoA inaugurated the Volkswagen Westmoreland Assembly Plant near New Stanton, Pennsylvania, in 1978. This was the first modern venture by a foreign automaker at making cars in the",
"title": "Volkswagen Group of America"
},
{
"id": "5011009",
"text": "In 1945 this changed, and bodies were made of metal. The company was acquired by Paul Normand in 1957. In 1969, two American businessmen formed a partnership with André Normand, then President of Prévost, to become the company’s owners. These three men, in turn, sold Prévost to Volvo Bus Corporation in 1995. As of February 2007, the firm has 1,337 employees and operates six parts and service centres in North America. The latest models saw the XLII thoroughly revised, with a longer wheelbase for more storage and a smoother ride. This, and other changes, marked the beginning of the new",
"title": "Prevost Car"
},
{
"id": "5912132",
"text": "to rail cars and delivery vehicles, was the first to create a spray applied product for vehicle protection. Then during 1986, Charles Hibberd a Johannesburg native immigrated to Santa Fe, California bringing chemicals and crude equipment, set up shop and was the first to introduce the spray-on bedliner to the US. Shortly after Charles Hibberd's arrival to the U.S. another South African native would follow. In 1987, Russell Lewis, founder of Rhinolinings Corporation and fellow Johannesburg resident had also started doing bedliners in southern California inspired by Charles Hibberd, though his company would become the household standard of the industry.",
"title": "Truck bedliner"
},
{
"id": "15230740",
"text": "trucks since 1908, beginning with the Ford Model TT, followed by the Model AA, and the Model BB. Countries where Ford commercial vehicles are or were formerly produced include Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada (also badged as Mercury), France, Germany, India, Netherlands, Philippines, Spain (badged Ebro too), Turkey, UK (badged also Fordson and Thames), and the United States. From the 1940s to late 1970s, Ford's Ford F-Series were used as the base for light trucks for the North American market. Most of these ventures are now extinct. The European one that lasted longest was the lorries arm of Ford of Britain,",
"title": "Ford Motor Company"
},
{
"id": "13672700",
"text": "plan in 1954. This began a long, bitter debate between various interests such as rail, truck, tire, oil, and farm groups, over who would pay for the new highways and how. After compromises had been made, the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 authorized the construction of the Interstate Highway System, an interconnected network of controlled-access freeways that allowed larger trucks to travel at higher speeds through rural and urban areas. This act also authorized the first federal maximum gross vehicle weight limits for trucks, set at . In that same year, modern containerized intermodal shipping was pioneered by Malcom McLean,",
"title": "History of the trucking industry in the United States"
},
{
"id": "13672701",
"text": "allowing for more efficient transfer of cargo between trucks, trains, and ships. In the late 1950s, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) conducted a series of extensive field tests of roads and bridges to determine how traffic contributed to the deterioration of pavement materials. These tests led to a 1964 recommendation by the AASHTO (to Congress) that the gross weight limit for trucks should be determined by a bridge formula table based on axle lengths, instead of a static upper limit. By 1970 there were over 18 million trucks on America's roads. The Federal-Aid Highway Amendments",
"title": "History of the trucking industry in the United States"
},
{
"id": "1350072",
"text": "design which largely displaced the heavier designs. Some companies halfheartedly followed suit with mediocre designs, as if to disprove the concept, but they were largely unsuccessful in that endeavor. While unpopular at first, these gasoline-powered machines began to catch on in the 1910s, when they became smaller and more affordable. Henry Ford introduced the Fordson, a wildly popular mass-produced tractor, in 1917. They were built in the U.S., Ireland, England and Russia, and by 1923, Fordson had 77% of the U.S. market. The Fordson dispensed with a frame, using the strength of the engine block to hold the machine together.",
"title": "Tractor"
},
{
"id": "1398753",
"text": "rebadged White-GMC vehicles under the Volvo and Autocar nameplates. Subsequently, Western Star was resold by Peabody to DaimlerChrysler AG and merged with its Freightliner subsidiary. Volvo dropped any reference to White, and is now Volvo Trucks North America. Autocar remained a part of Volvo until 2000, when the trademark was withdrawn from the market, and was subsequently sold to Grand Vehicle Works together with the Xpeditor low cab forward heavy duty product, which remains in production under the Autocar badge, the last vestige of what was once America's leading commercial vehicle producer. A former White subsidiary, White Farm Equipment, produced",
"title": "White Motor Company"
},
{
"id": "443705",
"text": "on sale at the start of the 1985 model year. The production numbers of the first-generation Golf has continued to grow annually in South Africa as the Citi Golf, with only minor modifications to the interior, engine and chassis, using tooling relocated from the New Stanton, Pennsylvania plant when that site began to build the Second Generation car. In the 1980s, Volkswagen's sales in the United States and Canada fell dramatically, despite the success of models like the Golf elsewhere. The Japanese and the Americans were able to compete with similar products at lower prices. Sales in the United States",
"title": "Volkswagen"
},
{
"id": "1398752",
"text": "nameplate and product range. Volvo produced trucks as White and Autocar through the 1980s, while \"Western Star\" continued independently in Canada and the United States, although Volvo-White–produced high cab over engine models were purchased and rebadged \"Western Star\" for sale in the Canadian market through the early 1990s. In 1988, Volvo and General Motors merged their heavy truck divisions in North America, creating Volvo GM Heavy Truck Corporation and a new brand of trucks, White-GMC. Western Star was sold to Australian entrepreneur Terry Peabody in 1990. In 1995, Volvo purchased the stake of General Motors in their joint venture and",
"title": "White Motor Company"
},
{
"id": "13672698",
"text": "American Trucking Associations. The code was approved on February 10, 1934. On May 21, 1934 the first president of the ATA, Ted Rogers, became the first truck operator to sign the code. A special \"Blue Eagle\" license plate was created for truck operators to indicate compliance with the code. In 1935, congress passed the Motor Carrier Act, which replaced the code of competition and authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to regulate the trucking industry. Based on recommendations given by the now-abolished ICC, Congress enacted the first hours of service regulations in 1938, limiting the driving hours of truck and",
"title": "History of the trucking industry in the United States"
},
{
"id": "5032003",
"text": "and IRS semi-trailing arm setup as used on the 1303 and US-spec Beetles. Civilian sales began in mainland Europe and Mexico during 1971; in the U.S. in 1972; and briefly in Britain in 1975, where it failed to sell well and was dropped fairly quickly. The model was dropped from the American lineup for 1975 as it failed to meet new, stricter US safety standards. The Type 181 was reclassified as a passenger vehicle, and thus subject to stricter safety standards. The Windshield Intrusion Rule of the 1975 DOT standard called for a greater distance between the front seat occupants",
"title": "Volkswagen 181"
},
{
"id": "2181261",
"text": "was replaced by Volvo's new B18 engine, initially developed for the P1800 sports car introduced the previous year. This 1.8 L engine had five main bearings. Again single and twin carburettor versions were offered, designated B18A and B18D, respectively. The U.S. market saw very few B18A cars since the United States' public prioritised performance over fuel economy. Also in 1962, Volvo changed from 6- to 12-volt electrical systems. In 1963 Volvo began producing the 544 at their new Canadian Dartmouth/Halifax plant, the first Volvo plant to be located outside of Sweden. The PV544 was also made as an estate (wagon)",
"title": "Volvo PV444/544"
},
{
"id": "17472471",
"text": "Volvos. The White high cab-over-engine model was also badged a Western Star and sold through that company's Canadian dealer network. On August 16, 1986, General Motors announced that heavy duty truck manufacturing in Pontiac, Michigan would be discontinued and that GM's American and Canadian large truck operations would be joined with the Greensboro, North Carolina-based Volvo White Truck Corporation by 1988. The new company, based in Greensboro, was called Volvo GM Heavy Truck Corporation and began marketing the Volvo White GMC badge, although all of the legacy GMC product lines had been discontinued by 1990. In 1997, the Volvo White",
"title": "Volvo Trucks"
},
{
"id": "4051384",
"text": "computer and sports suspension, were not available for Bi-Fuel models. Neither Bi-Fuel nor TDI were offered on the North American market. Specialised vehicles, such as taxi and police versions, were also available directly from the factory. Changes included preparations to install additional equipment, a certified calibrated speedometer, uprated brakes with wear indicators and a different level of standard equipment. The V70 XC, also referred to as the V70 Cross Country, the V70 AWD Cross Country, or the V70 Cross Country AWD was introduced in September 1997 at the Frankfurt Auto Show for the 1998 model year as a crossover version",
"title": "Volvo V70"
},
{
"id": "2373410",
"text": "Volvo Cars Volvo Cars (), stylized as VOLVO, is a Swedish luxury vehicles company . It is headquartered on Torslanda in Gothenburg and is a subsidiary of Chinese automotive company Geely. The company manufactures and markets sport utility vehicles, station wagons, sedans and compact executive sedans. The Volvo Group was founded in 1927 as a subsidiary of the ball bearing manufacturer SKF. When AB Volvo was introduced on the Stockholm stock exchange in 1935, SKF sold most of the shares in the company. The heavy truck and construction equipment conglomerate AB Volvo and Volvo Cars have been independent since AB",
"title": "Volvo Cars"
},
{
"id": "443706",
"text": "were 293,595 in 1980, but by 1984 they were down to 177,709. The introduction of the second-generation Golf, GTI and Jetta models helped Volkswagen briefly in North America. Motor Trend named the GTI its Car of the Year for 1985, and Volkswagen rose in the J.D. Power buyer satisfaction ratings to eighth place in 1985, up from 22nd a year earlier. VW's American sales broke 200,000 in 1985 and 1986 before resuming the downward trend from earlier in the decade. Chairman Carl Hahn decided to expand the company elsewhere (mostly in developing countries), and the New Stanton, Pennsylvania factory closed",
"title": "Volkswagen"
},
{
"id": "2869352",
"text": "diesel inline four units could be specified. In 2010, the new, larger, circular Volvo logo appeared on the front grille, in the United States, a manual transmission was briefly available with the T5 AWD version. In North America the naturally aspirated five cylinder engine, all wheel drive, and manual transmission were all dropped for the model year of 2011, leaving only the automatic, front wheel drive T5 in base and R-Design trims. The model year of 2011 was the last for the V50 in the United States and Canada. Total produced: 519,007 from 2003 to 2012 (as of 31 December",
"title": "Volvo V50"
},
{
"id": "9456966",
"text": "running. In 1928 the production of trucks began with the basic chassis components from ÖV4. The production of trucks was on a small scale, but the concept was successful from start. However, in late 1929 SKF nearly sold the company to Charles Nash, president of Nash Motors in the United States. Björn Prytz and Gabrielsson managed to convince the SKF board to call the deal off, just one day before Charles Nash arrived by boat in Gothenburg. At the end of 1930 AB Volvo showed a small profit for the first time. In 1935 SKF came to the conclusion that",
"title": "Gustaf Larson"
},
{
"id": "3699539",
"text": "1981 models had eight welded-in metal slats covering the engine ventilation passages behind the rear windows. all later models had black plastic 16-slat covers that slotted in at the top and screwed down at the bottom. During the 1980s, the U.S. Army and Air Force in Germany used T3s as administrative (non-tactical) vehicles. In military use the vehicle's nomenclature was \"Light Truck, Commercial\". Porsche created a version called B32 in a limited edition. The van, based on the luxurious Carat model, was equipped with the 3.2 liter Carrera engine and was originally developed to support Porsche's testing activities in Algeria.",
"title": "Volkswagen Type 2 (T3)"
},
{
"id": "3303505",
"text": "B21F motor making its way to America for the 1976 model year. The US and Canadian 200-series ranges were not identical; the B21A carbureted engine was never available in the US, but was the base engine in Canada from 1977 through 1984. All 240s were fuel-injected in the US market; the carbureted B20 and B21 engines were not available due to emissions regulations. 1975-76 Canadian models were identical to their US counterparts. From 1979, a North American 240 with the fuel injected B21F produces at 5250 rpm. Beginning in 1985, Canadian models received the US model engines, usually in 49-state",
"title": "Volvo 200 Series"
},
{
"id": "10220070",
"text": "which referred to the newly developed five cylinder transverse engine, the Delta-link rear axle, the Side Impact Protection System (SIPS), and the self-adjusting seatbelt reel for the front seats. Initially, only the saloon was available, badged as 850 GLT, and came with the 2.5L 20V engine. In 1992, the 850 was brought to the United States as a 1993 model, becoming Volvo's first front-wheel drive (FWD) car on the U.S. market. A wide variety of Volvo 850 models were sold, with the first-generation models produced between 1993 and 1994. These included a CNG-powered \"Bi-Fuel\" model and a diesel engined 850",
"title": "Volvo 850"
},
{
"id": "9456956",
"text": "Gustaf Larson Erik Gustaf Larson (8 July 1887 – 4 July 1968) was a Swedish automotive engineer and the co-founder of Volvo. He held a Master of Science (M. Sc.) degree in Mechanical Engineering from the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. Larson was responsible for the technical design of the first Volvo model ÖV 4, introduced on 14 April 1927. He and Assar Gabrielsson founded Volvo. He was appointed vice president and technical manager for AB Volvo in Gothenburg, from the time the company was founded 1927. He worked for Volvo until his death in 1968. In June 1924",
"title": "Gustaf Larson"
},
{
"id": "12678854",
"text": "White Motor Company in 1953 which continued to make Autocar Trucks and then was then purchased by Volvo in 1981 which continued make Autocar Trucks although they were called Volvo Autocar but still used the familiar bow tie name plate until 2001 when it was sold to Grand Vehicle Works Holdings which manufacturers refuse vehicles in Hagerstown Indiana. Louis Semple Clarke Louis Semple Clarke, or Simpson Clarke or simply LS, was a pioneering businessman and engineer in the American automotive industry. One of the central founders of The Autocar Company, Clarke was also an inventor who made numerous contributions to",
"title": "Louis Semple Clarke"
},
{
"id": "7711410",
"text": "Škoda and Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles. As of March 2008, VWoA has 20 operational facilities, spanning coast to coast, and its primary objective is \"\"to offer attractive, safe and environmentally sound vehicles which are competitive on an increasingly tough market and which set world standards in their respective classes\". On July 16, 2008, Volkswagen AG announced plans to build its first production facility in the United States since the closure of its Westmoreland Assembly Plant in 1988. The Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant was inaugurated on May 24, 2011, and currently builds the US-spec Volkswagen Passat and in 2017 started production of",
"title": "Volkswagen Group of America"
},
{
"id": "3924921",
"text": "Further prototypes, with a dedicated tractor design, followed in 1916. With World War I raging in Europe, the first regular-production Henry Ford & Son tractors were exported to the U.K. in 1917 to expand British agriculture. In 1918, exports continued, the tractors began to be labeled as Fordsons, and U.S. domestic sales began. Sales boomed in 1918 and 1919. Between 1917 and 1922, the Fordson was for tractors somewhat like the Ford Model T was for automobiles—it captured the public's imagination and widely popularized the machine, with a reliable design, a low price affordable for workers and farmers, a widespread",
"title": "Fordson"
},
{
"id": "11538098",
"text": "of 1973 and 1979. Congress deregulated the trucking industry with the passage of the Motor Carrier Act of 1980. Advances in modern technology have enabled significant improvements within the trucking industry. Trucks are commonly equipped with satellite communication features, automatic transmissions are gaining in popularity, and truck stops featuring WiFi Internet access are now commonplace. Components of diesel exhaust were confirmed as an animal carcinogen in 1988 by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and by 2002, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) considered it \"likely to be carcinogenic to humans\". The particulate matter of diesel exhaust has",
"title": "Trucking industry in the United States"
},
{
"id": "2373418",
"text": "one of the biggest-selling cars in the UK market in the 1980s. 1986 marked a record year for Volvo in the US, with 113,267 cars sold. The appearance of Japanese brands like Acura and Lexus and the growing popularity of Subaru station wagons in subsequent years meant the loss of a significant market share for Volvo, one which they have never regained. In 1999, Volvo Group decided to sell its automobile manufacturing business in order to concentrate on commercial vehicles, and to buy a 5% stake in Japanese automaker Mitsubishi Motors (with which Volvo Group along with the Dutch government",
"title": "Volvo Cars"
},
{
"id": "1982890",
"text": "Mack Trucks Mack Trucks, Inc., is an American truck–manufacturing company and a former manufacturer of buses and trolley buses. Founded in 1900 as the Mack Brothers Company, it manufactured its first truck in 1907 and adopted its present name in 1922. Mack Trucks is a subsidiary of AB Volvo which purchased Mack along with Renault Trucks in 2000. After being founded in Brooklyn, New York, the company's headquarters were in Allentown, Pennsylvania from 1905 to 2009 when they moved to Greensboro, North Carolina. The entire line of Mack products is still produced in Lower Macungie, Pennsylvania, with additional assembly plants",
"title": "Mack Trucks"
},
{
"id": "3924923",
"text": "Ford of the U.S. left the tractor business. During that decade, Ford of Britain continued to build Fordsons and to develop new variants, which it exported widely. In 1939 Ford of the U.S. reentered the tractor market with an all-new model, this time with the Ford brand. Ford of Britain continued to use the Fordson brand until 1964. Fordson production occurred in the U.S. (1917–1928); Cork, Ireland (1919–1923 and 1928–1933); and at Dagenham, Essex, England (1933–1964). Tens of thousands of Fordsons, most from the U.S. and some from Ireland, were exported to the Soviet Union from 1920 to 1927. Soviet",
"title": "Fordson"
},
{
"id": "10996069",
"text": "1992, 1993, and 1994 model years. Most visible were the new more shapely seats, and redesigned seat-belts with hydraulic pretensioners for 1992. 1993 saw a new more ergonomic shifter, and in 1994 dual front airbags were introduced in some markets. The opaque sunroof was replaced by a sliding sunshade and glass window. In 1994, the US version of the 3-litre six was tuned for more torque and a less peaky power delivery in favor of U.S. emissions regulations, with at 5,200 rpm and at 4,100 rpm (as opposed to at 4,300 rpm for the rest of the world). A small",
"title": "Volvo 900 Series"
},
{
"id": "2373429",
"text": "long been marketed and stressed their historic reputation for solidity and reliability. Prior to strong government safety regulation Volvo had been at the forefront of safety engineering. In 1944, laminated glass was introduced in the PV model. After Vattenfall engineers presented their pioneering work to Volvo in the 1950s, Volvo engineer Nils Bohlin invented and patented the modern three-point safety belt, which became standard on all Volvo cars in 1959, and then made this design patent open in the interest of safety and made it available to other car manufacturers for free. Additionally, Volvo developed the first rear-facing child seat",
"title": "Volvo Cars"
},
{
"id": "7989214",
"text": "half of Toyota-branded vehicles sold in the United States come from American plants. Conversely, all Scions were imported from Japan or Mexico (iA only). Many Lexus-branded models are imported from Japan or Canada (RX only). Some are assembled in Lexington, Kentucky (ES only). During the late 1970s, Volkswagen of America commenced production of the MkI Golf (sold in the US as the Rabbit including its utility variant (marketed in Europe as the Caddy and the US and the Rabbit Sportruck) at its Westmoreland, Pennsylvania assembly plant until the plant ceased operations in the early 1980s. North American production after the",
"title": "Passenger vehicles in the United States"
},
{
"id": "8202890",
"text": "1970, pages 28–29). Tekno's Scania and Volvo trucks were also offered with a variety of advertising on their flanks. In fact, Tekno may have been the earliest diecast company to focus on promotional products, perhaps even earlier than Winross Models' diecast trucks out of Rochester, New York - known in the United States for having many promotional variations. Teckno had already in 1935 agreements with Falck, concerning advertising of tinplate cars. A more commercial use of advertisements on toy cars started with the VW van in 1953 Tekno boxes were normally rather dull, usually being red with illustrations of the",
"title": "Tekno (toy manufacturer)"
},
{
"id": "584116",
"text": "first extended cab truck in the U.S. was called the Club Cab and was introduced by Chrysler in 1973 on Dodge pickup trucks. A crew cab, or double cab, seats five or six and has four full-sized, front-hinged doors. The first crew cab truck in the U.S. was made by International Harvester in 1957, and was later followed by Dodge in 1963, Ford in 1965, and Chevrolet in 1973. Cab-over or cab forward designs have the cab sitting above the front axle. An early cab-forward, drop-sided pickup was the Volkswagen Transporter, introduced in 1952. This configuration is more common among",
"title": "Pickup truck"
},
{
"id": "2386297",
"text": "Early models include S60 T5 (base, Premier, Premier Plus, Platinum), T6 (AWD, Premier Plus, Platinum, R-Design AWD, RD Platinum). The S60L, also marketed as S60 Inscription, is the top of the line, long wheelbase model of the S60. It has been lengthened by 8 cm (3.2 in) compared to the standard model to give additional legroom for rear passengers. It is also manufactured in Chengdu, China, and is the first consumer automobile manufactured in China to be sold in the United States. The S60L commenced production in October 2014. The Volvo S60L PPHEV (Petrol Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle) concept car",
"title": "Volvo S60"
}
] | when was the first volvo truck introduced in the united states |
[
"Thursday, March 29"
] | [
{
"id": "7393723",
"text": "sport of baseball, from hundreds of Minor League Baseball franchises to college, high school, and youth leagues in North America and beyond. Since Major League Baseball generally starts their season first among professional leagues, their Opening Day is the one most commonly recognized by the general public. Most of the minor leagues start a few days later, but within the same week; the short season Class A and Rookie leagues are exceptions, since they begin play in June. (College, high school and youth baseball seasons vary widely depending on location and weather conditions.) Opening Day ignores the exhibition games played",
"title": "Opening Day"
},
{
"id": "7393737",
"text": "its teams open the 2011 season on a Thursday (March 31) or Friday (April 1) rather than the traditional Monday, in order to prevent the World Series from extending into November. Similarly, most teams opened the 2012 season on Thursday (April 5) or Friday (April 6). However, subsequent seasons through 2017 returned to Monday openers for most teams. For the 2018 season, all 30 teams were scheduled to open the season on Thursday, March 29 (the earliest domestic start for a regular season in MLB history, and the first time since 1968 that all major league teams were scheduled to",
"title": "Opening Day"
},
{
"id": "7393722",
"text": "Opening Day Opening Day is the day on which professional baseball leagues begin their regular season. For Major League Baseball and most of the minor leagues, this day typically falls during the first week of April. For baseball fans, Opening Day serves as a symbol of rebirth; writer Thomas Boswell once penned a book titled, \"Why Time Begins on Opening Day\". Many feel that the occasion represents a newness or a chance to forget last season, in that all 30 of the major league clubs and their millions of fans begin with 0–0 records. Opening Day festivities extend throughout the",
"title": "Opening Day"
},
{
"id": "7393738",
"text": "start the season on the same day, although two games were subsequently rained out and postponed to Friday, March 30). Opening Day Opening Day is the day on which professional baseball leagues begin their regular season. For Major League Baseball and most of the minor leagues, this day typically falls during the first week of April. For baseball fans, Opening Day serves as a symbol of rebirth; writer Thomas Boswell once penned a book titled, \"Why Time Begins on Opening Day\". Many feel that the occasion represents a newness or a chance to forget last season, in that all 30",
"title": "Opening Day"
},
{
"id": "5759814",
"text": "four teams in the opposing division. This was done in 2015 and 2018, and will next occur in 2021. Under the new collective bargaining agreement reached in December 2016, several changes were done to the scheduling pattern for the 2018 season. The overall length of the season has been extended to 187 days with the addition of four off-days for all teams. All teams will play on Opening Day, which for 2018 will be held on March 29. \"Sunday Night Baseball\" will no longer be played on the final Sunday before the All-Star Game, in order to ease travel time",
"title": "Major League Baseball schedule"
},
{
"id": "20282490",
"text": "to play Opening Day, March 29 – the earliest domestic start of a regular season in league history until the 2019 season. The Sunday night game before the All-Star Game was replaced by a single, nationally-televised game on the Thursday after the All-Star Game (which for 2018, was played between the St. Louis Cardinals and Chicago Cubs), before all other teams returned from break the next day. The Minnesota Twins and the Cleveland Indians played a two-game series at Hiram Bithorn Stadium in San Juan, Puerto Rico, on April 17 and 18, while the Los Angeles Dodgers and San Diego",
"title": "2018 Major League Baseball season"
},
{
"id": "20822467",
"text": "opponent for a total of 76 games, and six or seven games against each team from the other two divisions for a total of 66 games. The primary inter-league match-ups are to be AL East vs NL West, AL Central vs NL East and AL West vs NL Central. The International season will begin on March 20 and 21 with the Oakland Athletics and the Seattle Mariners being played in Tokyo, Japan, at the Tokyo Dome. Excluding international openers, March 28 will be the earliest Opening Day in history. The previous earliest was March 29 of the 2018 season. The",
"title": "2019 Major League Baseball season"
},
{
"id": "5759797",
"text": "Major League Baseball schedule The Major League Baseball (MLB) season schedule consists of 162 games for each of the 30 teams in the American League (AL) and National League (NL), played over approximately six months—a total of 2,430 games, plus the postseason. The regular season runs from late March/early April to late September/early October, followed by the postseason which can run to early November. The season begins with the official Opening Day, and, as of 2018, runs 26½ weeks through the last Sunday of September or first Sunday of October. One or more International Opener games may be scheduled outside",
"title": "Major League Baseball schedule"
},
{
"id": "7393727",
"text": "which multiple games are played. (For the first time ever, three televised games were played on Sunday, April 3, 2016, before the traditional \"Opening Day\" slate of games on Monday, April 4.) A home opener is a team's first game of the season on their home field. Opening Day is a state of mind as well, with countless baseball fans known to recognize this unofficial holiday as a good reason to call in sick at work or be truant from school (as most teams typically play their home opener in the afternoon) and go out to the ballpark for the",
"title": "Opening Day"
},
{
"id": "7393724",
"text": "during spring training in the month leading up to Opening Day. For generations, Opening Day has arrived amid pageantry. In Cincinnati, home of the sport's first professional team, the annual Findlay Market Parade marks an official \"city holiday\" with young and old alike taking the day off to cheer on the Reds. For decades, the first pitch of every major league season officially took place in Cincinnati, and the Reds remain the only major league team to always open the season with a home game (save for 1966, when they started the season at Philadelphia after rain washed out the",
"title": "Opening Day"
},
{
"id": "7393726",
"text": "to 1916, then the two teams and the Cardinals rotated from 1917 to 1952. Fittingly, the Reds were also the first team to host an Interleague game on Opening Day when the team hosted the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in the first year of year-round Interleague play in 2013. Since 1994 ESPN has televised a regular-season game the night before \"Opening Day\" and recent years have seen the staging of season-opening series in Mexico, Puerto Rico, Japan, and Australia. While these are technically \"opening games\", Major League Baseball still reserves the title \"Opening Day\" for the first day in",
"title": "Opening Day"
},
{
"id": "9807395",
"text": "formally starts when the umpire calls \"Play\" or \"Play ball\". A full inning consists of six outs, three for each team; and, in Major League Baseball and most other adult leagues, a regulation game consists of nine innings. The visiting team bats in the first half-inning, the top of the inning, derived from the position of the visiting team at the top line of a baseball line score. The home team's half of an inning is the bottom of the inning, and the break between halves of an inning is the middle of the inning. If the home team is",
"title": "Inning"
},
{
"id": "20822466",
"text": "2019 Major League Baseball season The 2019 Major League Baseball season will begin on March 20 and is scheduled to end on September 29. The postseason will begin on October 1. The World Series is set to begin on October 22 and a potential Game 7 will be played on October 30 if necessary. The entire schedule was released on August 22, 2018. The 90th Major League Baseball All-Star Game will be held on July 9 at Progressive Field, home of the Cleveland Indians. As has been the case since 2013, teams were scheduled to play 19 against each division",
"title": "2019 Major League Baseball season"
},
{
"id": "12232309",
"text": "League Soccer in 2019. On Major League Baseball Opening Day, Cincinnati has the distinction of holding the \"traditional opener\" in baseball each year, due to its baseball history. Children have been known to skip school on Opening Day, and it is commonly thought of as a holiday. The Flying Pig Marathon is a yearly event attracting many runners and so is the Cincinnati Masters Western & Southern tennis tourney. The Cincinnati Reds have won five World Series titles and had one of the most successful baseball teams of all time in the mid-1970s, known as The Big Red Machine. The",
"title": "Cincinnati"
},
{
"id": "7393728",
"text": "first of 162 regular season games. Teams' home openers serve as the only regular season games during the year in which the entire rosters of both teams as well as coaches and clubhouse staff are introduced to the crowd prior to the games; for the rest of the year, ballparks only introduce the starting lineups (including the designated hitter in American League ballparks) and the team's manager. Some teams, among them the New York Mets, have had their broadcasters as the master of pre-game ceremonies for their home openers, which also typically feature appearances by retired players, local celebrities or",
"title": "Opening Day"
},
{
"id": "20282504",
"text": "regular season games were broadcast exclusively in the United States on Facebook Watch, beginning with the April 4 game between the New York Mets and Philadelphia Phillies. 2018 Major League Baseball season The 2018 Major League Baseball season began on March 29, 2018. The regular season ended on October 1, extended a day for tiebreaker games to decide the winners of the National League Central and National League West divisions. The postseason began on October 2. The 2018 World Series began on October 23, and ended on October 28 with the Boston Red Sox defeating the Los Angeles Dodgers in",
"title": "2018 Major League Baseball season"
},
{
"id": "10631860",
"text": "1994 Cincinnati Reds season The Cincinnati Reds were leading the National League Central division by a half game before a strike ended the 1994 Major League Baseball season. For the first time, the Opening Day game was moved to Sunday night as part of ESPN's \"Sunday Night Baseball\". Up to that point, traditionally Opening Day was held on a Monday, with the Reds customarily hosting the first game of the afternoon. The move was met with some controversy, as many fans and traditionalists, including Reds owner Marge Schott, were not happy about the Sunday night game, especially since it was",
"title": "1994 Cincinnati Reds season"
},
{
"id": "7393734",
"text": "beating the Pittsburgh Pirates 4–2 at Sportsman's Park on April 18, 1950. The longest Opening Day game in major league history was played on April 5, 2012 between the Cleveland Indians and Toronto Blue Jays. The game, played at Cleveland's Progressive Field, ended with the Blue Jays beating the Indians, 7–4, in 16 innings. The previous record for longest Opening Day game was on April 19, 1960, again at Cleveland. That game, lasting 15 innings, also saw the Indians in a losing effort, 4–2, versus the Detroit Tigers. The Philadelphia Athletics and Washington Senators also played a 15-inning season opener",
"title": "Opening Day"
},
{
"id": "20282487",
"text": "2018 Major League Baseball season The 2018 Major League Baseball season began on March 29, 2018. The regular season ended on October 1, extended a day for tiebreaker games to decide the winners of the National League Central and National League West divisions. The postseason began on October 2. The 2018 World Series began on October 23, and ended on October 28 with the Boston Red Sox defeating the Los Angeles Dodgers in five games to win their ninth World Series championship. The 89th Major League Baseball All-Star Game was held on July 17 at Nationals Park, the home of",
"title": "2018 Major League Baseball season"
},
{
"id": "5759815",
"text": "for those who are participating in the Home Run Derby. A single, nationally televised afternoon game will be played the following Thursday, with all other teams returning to play on Friday. Start of Major League Baseball games depends on days of the week, game number in series, holidays, and other factors. Most games start at 7pm in the local time zone, so there are more night games than day games even though baseball is traditionally played during the day. The reason why there are more night baseball games is to attract more fans to ballparks as well as viewers from",
"title": "Major League Baseball schedule"
},
{
"id": "1349405",
"text": "League Baseball games, most often on Sundays, Opening Day, Memorial Day, Independence Day, All-Star Game, Labor Day, September 11, and all post-season Major League Baseball games. Following the attacks, John Dever, then the Assistant Media Relations Director with the San Diego Padres, suggested the song replace \"Take Me Out to the Ball Game\", the more traditional 7th inning anthem. MLB quickly followed the Padres lead and instituted it league-wide for the rest of the season; presently, teams decide individually when to play the song. Yankee Stadium is currently the only Major League ballpark to play \"God Bless America\" in every",
"title": "God Bless America"
},
{
"id": "7393733",
"text": "include a 3–0 victory over the Philadelphia Athletics in 1910 and a 1–0 marathon victory while battling the A's Eddie Rommel for 15 innings. On April 4, 2005, Dmitri Young of the Detroit Tigers hit three home runs in his team's opener against the Kansas City Royals at Detroit's Comerica Park. He became the third major leaguer with three home runs on Opening Day, following the Toronto Blue Jays' George Bell in 1988 and the Chicago Cubs' Tuffy Rhodes in 1994. The St. Louis Cardinals were the first major league team to open their home season with a night game,",
"title": "Opening Day"
},
{
"id": "12544502",
"text": "Jackie Robinson Day Jackie Robinson Day is a traditional event which occurs annually in Major League Baseball, commemorating and honoring the day Jackie Robinson made his major league debut. April 15 was Opening Day in 1947, Robinson's first season in the Major Leagues. Initiated for the first time on April 15, 2004, Jackie Robinson Day is celebrated each year on that day. The festivity is a result of Robinson's memorable career, best known for becoming the first black major league baseball player of the modern era in 1947. His debut with the Brooklyn Dodgers (today known as the Los Angeles",
"title": "Jackie Robinson Day"
},
{
"id": "13343662",
"text": "March, 2010, the game includes all current teams in Major League Baseball. It also includes eight professional playing fields; Safeco Field (Seattle Mariners), Yankee Stadium (New York Yankees), AT&T Park (San Francisco Giants), Dodger Stadium (Los Angeles Dodgers), Fenway Park (Boston Red Sox), Wrigley Field (Chicago Cubs), Angel Stadium (Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim), Minute Maid Park (Houston Astros), Jamsil Stadium (Doosan Bears and LG Twins), and Tokyo Stadium (Yomiuri Giants). Additionally, it includes a field called \"Practice Field\" for batting and pitching practice. Every team starts with a fairly even playing field in terms of skills and attributes. Some",
"title": "MLB Dugout Heroes"
},
{
"id": "19720527",
"text": "2017 Major League Baseball season The 2017 Major League Baseball season began on April 2, 2017 with three games, including the 2016 World Series champions Chicago Cubs facing off against the St. Louis Cardinals, and ended on October 1. The postseason began on October 3. The 2017 World Series began October 24 and Game 7 was played on November 1, in which the Houston Astros defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers, 5–1, to capture their first World Series championship in franchise history. The 88th Major League Baseball All-Star Game was held on July 11 at Marlins Park, the home of the",
"title": "2017 Major League Baseball season"
},
{
"id": "19720549",
"text": "on Tuesday nights and on Saturdays both during the afternoon and night. ESPN televised games on its flagship telecast \"Sunday Night Baseball\", as well as Monday and Wednesday nights. TBS televised Sunday afternoon games for the last 13 weeks of the regular season. Fox and ESPN Sunday Night Baseball telecasts will be exclusive; all other national telecasts will be subject to local blackout. ESPN also had national exclusivity for the Cubs home opener and World Series/NLCS pennant raising ceremony on April 10. TBS televised the National League Wild Card Game, Division Series, and Championship Series. ESPN televised the American League",
"title": "2017 Major League Baseball season"
},
{
"id": "3563333",
"text": "first base. Mauer started his 13th Opening Day in 2017, tying with Harmon Killebrew for the franchise record. For the season, Mauer batted .305 with an .801 OPS. On April 12, 2018, Mauer became the 287th player in the history of Major League Baseball to collect 2000 hits with a two-run 7th inning single off White Sox pitcher Aaron Bummer. In the 9th inning of the last game of the 2018 MLB season on September 30, 2018 at Target Field, amidst speculation that he would retire at the end of the year, Mauer made an appearance as catcher for the",
"title": "Joe Mauer"
},
{
"id": "5759816",
"text": "home because most fans would be at work or school during the day. On Mondays (excluding Opening Day and holidays), Tuesdays, and Fridays, games are almost exclusively played at night except for Cubs home games. Getaway days, days on which teams play their last game of the series before departing for another series in another city the next day, are usually day games, mainly Sundays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays. On Sundays, usually all but one are day games, with the final game reserved for ESPN's \"Sunday Night Baseball\". About half of Saturday games are day games (1, 2 or 4pm ET).",
"title": "Major League Baseball schedule"
},
{
"id": "496012",
"text": "Major League Baseball Major League Baseball (MLB) is a professional baseball organization, the oldest of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. A total of 30 teams play in the National League (NL) and American League (AL), with 15 teams in each league. The NL and AL were formed as separate legal entities in 1876 and 1901 respectively. After cooperating but remaining legally separate entities beginning in 1903, the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball in 2000. The organization also oversees Minor League Baseball, which comprises 256 teams affiliated",
"title": "Major League Baseball"
},
{
"id": "3073582",
"text": "Jays beat the Cleveland Indians 7–4 in 16 innings. The five-hour, 14-minute game was the longest Opening Day game in Major League history. On June 8, , the Toronto Blue Jays beat the Texas Rangers 4–3 in 18 innings while the Miami Marlins beat the New York Mets 2–1 in 20 innings. This was the second time in Major League history that two games of 18 innings or more were played on same day; the first was August 15, 2006. On September 21, 2013, just past 2:00 a.m., the Tampa Bay Rays defeated the Baltimore Orioles 5–4 in 18 innings",
"title": "Extra innings"
},
{
"id": "496020",
"text": "(the Seattle Mariners and the Toronto Blue Jays) were also added in the 1970s. From 1969 through 1993, each league consisted of an East and West Division. A third division, the Central Division, was added in each league in 1994. Through 1996, the two leagues met on the field only during the World Series and the All-Star Game. Regular-season interleague play was introduced in 1997. In March 1995 two new franchises—the Arizona Diamondbacks and Tampa Bay Devil Rays (now known simply as the Tampa Bay Rays)—were awarded by MLB, to begin play in 1998. This addition brought the total number",
"title": "Major League Baseball"
},
{
"id": "5759817",
"text": "In some markets, Saturday night start an hour earlier than usual night start times, but other cities start Saturday night games at the same time as weeknight games. In conclusion, weekday games are only played at night except for getaway days while many weekend games are played during the day. The initial pitch typically occurs 5 or 10 minutes after the hour, in order to allow time for pre-game ceremonies. Major League Baseball schedule The Major League Baseball (MLB) season schedule consists of 162 games for each of the 30 teams in the American League (AL) and National League (NL),",
"title": "Major League Baseball schedule"
},
{
"id": "7415805",
"text": "Monday Night Baseball Monday Night Baseball is a live game telecast of Major League Baseball that airs most Monday nights during the regular season on ESPN. The official name of the game is \"Monday Night Baseball presented by USAA\". The game starts at 7 p.m. ET, following \"SportsCenter\", and usually lasts around three hours leading up to an hour-long \"Baseball Tonight\". The program sometimes airs on ESPN2 rather than ESPN, often due to NBA playoff coverage in April and May, and preseason Monday Night Football coverage in August. Unlike ESPN's \"Sunday Night Baseball\", \"Monday Night Baseball\" is not exclusive, but",
"title": "Monday Night Baseball"
},
{
"id": "12392127",
"text": "Baseball in the United States Baseball in the United States is one of the most popular sports for both participants and spectators. The highest level of baseball in the U.S. is Major League Baseball. The World Series of Major League Baseball is the culmination of the sport's postseason each October. It is played between the winner of each of the two leagues, the American League and the National League, and the winner is determined through a best-of-seven playoff. As baseball developed over 150 years ago in the northeast, it has been played and followed in the region longer than in",
"title": "Baseball in the United States"
},
{
"id": "496062",
"text": "drawing crowds who travel to the warmer climates to enjoy the weather and watch their favorite teams play, and spring training usually coincides with spring break for many college students. Autograph seekers also find greater access to players during spring training. Spring training typically lasts almost two months, starting in mid February and running until just before the season opening day, traditionally the first week of April. As pitchers benefit from a longer training period, pitchers and catchers begin spring training several days before the rest of the team. The current MLB regular season, consisting of 162 games per team,",
"title": "Major League Baseball"
},
{
"id": "12544525",
"text": "in a make-up game at Wrigley Field and Comerica Park. Jackie Robinson Day Jackie Robinson Day is a traditional event which occurs annually in Major League Baseball, commemorating and honoring the day Jackie Robinson made his major league debut. April 15 was Opening Day in 1947, Robinson's first season in the Major Leagues. Initiated for the first time on April 15, 2004, Jackie Robinson Day is celebrated each year on that day. The festivity is a result of Robinson's memorable career, best known for becoming the first black major league baseball player of the modern era in 1947. His debut",
"title": "Jackie Robinson Day"
},
{
"id": "14922529",
"text": "first time. \"Baseball America\" has given this award since 1982. Source: mlb.com MLB Standings The Cardinals, and all 30 teams, had their schedules released by Major League Baseball on September 14, 2010. The Cardinals' opening is at home against the San Diego Padres on March 31. Regular Season Schedule (calendar style) <br> Regular Season Schedule (sortable text) All game times are in Central Time Zone. 2011 World Series (4–3): St. Louis Cardinals (N.L.) over Texas Rangers (A.L.) The overall average national Nielsen rating for the seven games was 10.0, with Fox's 14.7 rating for Game 7 being the network's highest",
"title": "2011 St. Louis Cardinals season"
},
{
"id": "12392130",
"text": "the organized baseball system is senior amateur baseball (also known as Town Team Baseball), which typically plays its games only on weekends. Major League Baseball (MLB) is a professional baseball organization that is the oldest of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. A total of 30 teams now play in the American League (AL) and National League (NL), with 15 teams in each league. The AL and NL operated as separate legal entities from 1901 and 1876 respectively. After cooperating but remaining legally separate entities since 1903, in 2000 the leagues merged into a",
"title": "Baseball in the United States"
},
{
"id": "496093",
"text": "on ESPN Australia (subscription). In the Middle East & North Africa, MLB games are broadcast on beIN Sports channels. Major League Baseball Major League Baseball (MLB) is a professional baseball organization, the oldest of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. A total of 30 teams play in the National League (NL) and American League (AL), with 15 teams in each league. The NL and AL were formed as separate legal entities in 1876 and 1901 respectively. After cooperating but remaining legally separate entities beginning in 1903, the leagues merged into a single organization led",
"title": "Major League Baseball"
},
{
"id": "1937950",
"text": "first time in 1942, at the Polo Grounds, located in New York City. Since 1970 every ASG has been played under the lights, though when held at venues near enough to the west coast, the game starts in daylight in the late afternoon. In April 1945, with severe wartime travel restrictions in effect, the game scheduled to be played at Boston's Fenway Park was deferred to the next season. There were two All-Star Games played each season from 1959 through 1962. The second game was added to raise money for the MLB players' pension funds, as well as other causes.",
"title": "Major League Baseball All-Star Game"
},
{
"id": "13558948",
"text": "MLB Tonight MLB Tonight is the signature program that airs on MLB Network and is simulcast on MLB Network Radio. The show offers complete coverage of all Major League Baseball games from 6pm ET till 1am ET during the regular season, and gives news from all 30 MLB teams during the offseason. It is taped live in Studio 3 of the MLB Network facility in Secaucus, New Jersey, but also features segments taped in Studio 42. The program aired from the beginning of Spring Training to the end of the World Series and was replaced in the offseason by \"Hot",
"title": "MLB Tonight"
},
{
"id": "7393736",
"text": "pitcher in the California Angels organization, pitched two Opening Day games in the same year—first for the San Jose Bees of the California League, and then for the Quad City Angels of the Midwest League. Washburn won both openers 2–0. This is the only record of a pitcher pitching two openers in the same year in professional baseball. Hall of Famer Tom Seaver has been a starting pitcher for the most Opening Day games in Major League history, doing the honors 16 times for the New York Mets, Cincinnati Reds, and Chicago White Sox. Major League Baseball had most of",
"title": "Opening Day"
},
{
"id": "3672072",
"text": "Seventh-inning stretch In baseball in the United States and Canada, the seventh-inning stretch is a tradition that takes place between the halves of the seventh inning of a game – in the middle of the seventh inning. Fans generally stand up and stretch out their arms and legs and sometimes walk around. It is a popular time to get a late-game snack or an alcoholic beverage as well, as vendors end alcohol sales after the last out of the seventh inning. The stretch also serves as a short break for the players. Most ballparks in professional baseball mark this point",
"title": "Seventh-inning stretch"
},
{
"id": "7393735",
"text": "on April 13, 1926, with Washington winning, 1–0, at home. On rare occasions, predominantly in the early 20th century, a team would open its home season with a doubleheader. The first of these came when the Boston Americans hosted the Philadelphia Athletics for two games on April 20, 1903, with Boston winning the first game, 9–4, and Philadelphia taking the second game, 10–7. The most recent Opening Day doubleheader in the major leagues came on April 7, 1971, with the Chicago White Sox defeating the host Oakland Athletics in both games (6–5 and 12–4, respectively). In 1968, Greg Washburn, a",
"title": "Opening Day"
},
{
"id": "3578568",
"text": "balls. In 1925, the minimum distance for a home run was made 250 feet. After that, the rules remained virtually static for decades. In 1961, the 162-game schedule was adopted. In 1969, the pitcher's mound was dropped five inches and the strike zone reduced: from the armpits to the top of the knees. In 1973, the American League adopted the designated hitter rule—rejected to this day by the National League. This was probably the most controversial rule change in baseball's history, and is still subject to lively debate. Also controversial when adopted, although more generally accepted now, was the later",
"title": "Baseball rules"
},
{
"id": "10659878",
"text": "Triple-A World Series (1983, 1998–2000), and Triple-A Classic (1988–91). As a part of professional baseball's pace of play initiatives implemented in 2015, 20-second pitch clocks entered use at Triple-A stadiums in 2015. In 2018, the time was shortened to 15 seconds when no runners are on base. Other significant changes implemented in 2018 include beginning extra innings with a runner on second base and limiting teams to six mound visits during a nine-inning game. Triple-A (baseball) Triple-A (AAA) or Class AAA is the highest level of play in Minor League Baseball in the United States and Mexico. Before 2008, Triple-A",
"title": "Triple-A (baseball)"
},
{
"id": "1937953",
"text": "is tape-delayed and broadcast after the Derby.) Since 2002, the ESPY Awards ceremony has been conducted on the Wednesday in July following the game. Because none of the major North American professional leagues have games scheduled for that day the National Basketball Association, National Football League, and National Hockey League are not in-season, MLB does not have games that day, and likewise college sports are on summer vacation major sports figures are available to attend. The show used to air on the subsequent Sunday five days later, with the results announced on ESPN.com and thereafter across media outlets immediately after",
"title": "Major League Baseball All-Star Game"
},
{
"id": "496063",
"text": "typically begins on the first Sunday in April and ends on the first Sunday in October. Each team's schedule is typically organized into three-game series, with occasional two- or four-game series. Postponed games or continuations of suspended games can result in an ad hoc one-game or five-game series. A team's series are organized into homestands and road trips that group multiple series together. Teams generally play games five to seven days per week, commonly having Monday or Thursday as an off day. Frequently, games are scheduled at night. Sunday games are generally played during the afternoon, allowing teams to travel",
"title": "Major League Baseball"
},
{
"id": "1937909",
"text": "Major League Baseball All-Star Game The Major League Baseball All-Star Game, also known as the \"Midsummer Classic\", is an annual professional baseball game sanctioned by Major League Baseball (MLB) contested between the All-Stars from the American League (AL) and National League (NL), currently selected by fans for starting fielders, by managers for pitchers, and by managers and players for reserves. The game usually occurs on either the second or third Tuesday in July, and is meant to mark a symbolic halfway-point in the MLB season (though not the mathematical halfway-point which, for most seasons, is usually found within the previous",
"title": "Major League Baseball All-Star Game"
},
{
"id": "496077",
"text": "was announced that the Seattle Mariners and the Oakland Athletics would play their season openers in Japan. In October 2013, Phil Rogers of the \"Chicago Tribune\" wrote that MLB was considering postseason all-star tours in Taiwan and Korea; baseball is increasing in popularity in both countries. The Arizona Diamondbacks opened the 2014 season against Los Angeles Dodgers on March 22–23 in Australia. The teams played each other at the historic Sydney Cricket Ground, which has a seating capacity of 46,000. The two games represented the first MLB regular-season play held in that country. The games counted as home games for",
"title": "Major League Baseball"
},
{
"id": "20282501",
"text": "50th anniversary of their winning the 1968 World Series title. This was the fifth year of the current eight-year deals with Fox Sports, ESPN and TBS. Fox aired eight weeks of baseball on Saturday Nights leading up to the 2018 Major League Baseball All-Star Game which also aired on Fox. Fox also televised Saturday afternoon games for the last four weeks of the regular season. FS1 televised games on Tuesday and on Saturdays both during the afternoon and night. ESPN televised games on its flagship telecast \"Sunday Night Baseball\" as well as Monday and Wednesday Nights. TBS televised Sunday afternoon",
"title": "2018 Major League Baseball season"
},
{
"id": "10485993",
"text": "He had suffered the injury during a start against the Baltimore Orioles two days earlier. Happ ended up missing six weeks of the 2017 season. On March 20, 2018, it was announced by Blue Jays manager John Gibbons that Happ would be the Opening Day starter. The Blue Jays would lose the game 6–1 to the New York Yankees. Happ was named to the 2018 MLB All-Star Game. He played the tenth inning of the game and earned the save for the American League. On July 26, 2018, the Blue Jays traded Happ to the New York Yankees in exchange",
"title": "J. A. Happ"
},
{
"id": "7608551",
"text": "derby, also called \"skate-out music\", has been a part of the sport since its very beginning. The practice of using a heavy metal theme song to signal the entrance of a relief pitcher began at Qualcomm Stadium in 1998, when the San Diego Padres started playing \"Hells Bells\" by AC/DC to accompany Trevor Hoffman's taking the mound. \"San Jose Mercury News\" and \"ESPN.com\" wrote that the song should be honored by the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. The use of rock and roll for entrance music emerged from the 1989 film, \"Major League\", in which relief pitcher Rick",
"title": "Entrance music"
},
{
"id": "41884",
"text": "90 at bats, 45 innings pitched, or 45 days on a Major League roster before September 1 of the previous year. The current standard of 130 at bats, 50 innings pitched or 45 days on the active roster of a Major League club (excluding time in military service or on the disabled list) before September 1 was adopted in 1971. Since 1980, each voter names three rookies: a first-place choice is given five points, a second-place choice three points, and a third-place choice one point. The award goes to the player who receives the most overall points. Edinson Vólquez received",
"title": "Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award"
},
{
"id": "41664",
"text": "extra innings are usually played. Baseball has no game clock, although most games end in the ninth inning. Baseball evolved from older bat-and-ball games already being played in England by the mid-18th century. This game was brought by immigrants to North America, where the modern version developed. By the late 19th century, baseball was widely recognized as the national sport of the United States. Baseball is popular in North America and parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, and East Asia, particularly in Japan and South Korea. In the United States and Canada, professional Major League Baseball (MLB) teams",
"title": "Baseball"
},
{
"id": "8257723",
"text": "network Fox Sports 1, effective with the 2014 season. The new deal between Major League Baseball and TBS was officially confirmed on October 2, 2012. Under the deal: TBS typically begins game coverage with the pregame show \"MLB on Deck\", followed about 38 minutes later by the first pitch of the first game. Each day's coverage ends with \"Inside MLB\" (which is formatted similarly to sister network TNT's \"Inside the NBA\"). TBS does not show commercial breaks after the third and sixth innings (and also after the ninth inning, if the game goes into extra innings). Instead, it airs a",
"title": "Major League Baseball on TBS"
},
{
"id": "12366178",
"text": "Spring training In Major League Baseball (MLB), spring training is a series of practices and exhibition games preceding the start of the regular season. Spring training allows new players to try out for roster and position spots, and gives established players practice time prior to competitive play. Spring training has always attracted fan attention, drawing crowds who travel to the warmer climates to enjoy the weather and watch their favorite teams play, and spring training usually coincides with spring break for many US college students. Spring training typically starts in mid-February and continues until just before Opening Day of the",
"title": "Spring training"
},
{
"id": "12366155",
"text": "Spring training In Major League Baseball (MLB), spring training is a series of practices and exhibition games preceding the start of the regular season. Spring training allows new players to try out for roster and position spots, and gives established players practice time prior to competitive play. Spring training has always attracted fan attention, drawing crowds who travel to the warmer climates to enjoy the weather and watch their favorite teams play, and spring training usually coincides with spring break for many US college students. Spring training typically starts in mid-February and continues until just before Opening Day of the",
"title": "Spring training"
},
{
"id": "496015",
"text": "League players in the mid-2000s. In 2006, an investigation produced the Mitchell Report, which implicated many players in the use of performance-enhancing substances, including at least one player from each team. Today, MLB is composed of 30 teams: 29 in the United States and 1 in Canada. Teams play 162 games each season and five teams in each league advance to a four-round postseason tournament that culminates in the World Series, a best-of-seven championship series between the two league champions that dates to 1903. Baseball broadcasts are aired on television, radio, and the Internet throughout North America and in several",
"title": "Major League Baseball"
},
{
"id": "41666",
"text": "that take turns playing offense (batting and baserunning) and defense (pitching and fielding). A pair of turns, one at bat and one in the field, by each team constitutes an inning. A game consists of nine innings (seven innings at the high school level and in doubleheaders in college and minor leagues, and six innings at the Little League level). One team—customarily the visiting team—bats in the top, or first half, of every inning. The other team—customarily the home team—bats in the bottom, or second half, of every inning. The goal of the game is to score more points (runs)",
"title": "Baseball"
},
{
"id": "19766050",
"text": "Angels on April 1. The Dodgers began the 2017 season on April 3 at Dodger Stadium against the San Diego Padres. Clayton Kershaw made his seventh straight opening day start, tying Don Sutton for the most consecutive starts and Sutton and Don Drysdale for most overall opening day starts in franchise history. He allowed one unearned run in seven innings, while striking out eight. The Dodgers won 14–3 and Kershaw remained undefeated in openers. Joc Pederson hit a grand slam home run in the third inning, the first grand slam hit by a Dodger on opening day since Raúl Mondesí",
"title": "2017 Los Angeles Dodgers season"
},
{
"id": "7393725",
"text": "opening series in Cincinnati; and 1990, when due to a lockout affecting the schedule they opened the season at Houston). The Chicago Cubs have been the Reds' most common Opening Day opponent, visiting Cincinnati 36 times on Opening Day, most recently in 2007. The Pittsburgh Pirates, whom the current Reds organization played their first Opening Day against in 1882, is a close second with 31, most recently in 2015; no other team has more than 19 (by the St. Louis Cardinals, most recently in 2014), largely due to the Cubs and Pirates rotating as the Opening Day opponents from 1899",
"title": "Opening Day"
},
{
"id": "13948926",
"text": "2008 and the conclusion of the 2010 season (with 48 of those instances resulting in overturned calls). Replay made its official, sanctioned MLB debut at Tropicana Field on September 3, 2008 after Alex Rodriguez of the New York Yankees hit a ball near the left-field foul pole that was initially ruled a home run by third base umpire Brian Runge. Tampa Bay Rays manager Joe Maddon and catcher Dioner Navarro argued that the ball was foul and asked for a review. After a conversation among the umpires, crew chief Charlie Reliford allowed the replay, which was sent by MLB.com logger",
"title": "Instant replay in Major League Baseball"
},
{
"id": "496067",
"text": "season, teams compete for one of the five playoff berths in their league. They can win one of these berths by either winning their division, or by capturing a wild card spot. After the conclusion of the 162-game season, an additional tie-breaking game (or games) may be needed to determine postseason participation. In early-to-mid July, just after the midway point of the season, the Major League Baseball All-Star Game is held during a four-day break from the regular-season schedule. The All-Star Game features a team of players from the American League (AL)—led by the manager of the previous AL World",
"title": "Major League Baseball"
},
{
"id": "496085",
"text": "MLB games through 2013 as well, beginning with national Opening Day coverage. ESPN broadcasts \"Sunday Night Baseball\", \"Monday Night Baseball\", \"Wednesday Night Baseball\", and \"Baseball Tonight\". ESPN also has rights to the Home Run Derby at the All-Star Game each July. TBS airs Sunday afternoon regular season games (non-exclusive) nationally. In 2007, TBS began its exclusive rights to any tiebreaker games that determine division or wild card champions; it also airs exclusive coverage of the Division Series round of the playoffs. TBS carries the League Championship Series that are not included under Fox's television agreement; TBS shows the NLCS in",
"title": "Major League Baseball"
},
{
"id": "6126625",
"text": "8:20 to 8:25 p.m.). However, in 1986 and 1988, for Game 5 of the World Series (on Thursday night), NBC's coverage did not begin until 8:30. This allowed the network to air its highly rated sitcom \"The Cosby Show\" in its normal Thursday 8:00 p.m. timeslot. NBC went with carrying a very short pre-game show and got to first pitch at around 8:40 p.m. Eastern Time. In 1972, NBC began televising prime time regular-season games on Mondays, under a four-year contract worth $72 million. In 1973, NBC extended the Monday night telecasts (with a local blackout) to 15 consecutive games.",
"title": "Major League Baseball on NBC"
},
{
"id": "20401070",
"text": "Cole Hamels of the Texas Rangers. It was Verlander's tenth career Opening Day start and first with Houston, as all nine previous had come as a member of the Detroit Tigers. George Springer led the game off with a home run, becoming the first MLB player to lead off with a home run in consecutive Opening Days. He had homered off Felix Hernandez of the Seattle Mariners in the first inning of Opening Day 2017 at Minute Maid Park. Verlander pitched six shutout innings and struck out five. The Astors won by a final score of 4–1. Second baseman José",
"title": "2018 Houston Astros season"
},
{
"id": "982450",
"text": "Dodger Stadium Dodger Stadium, occasionally called by the metonym Chavez Ravine, is a baseball park located in the Elysian Park neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, the home field to the Los Angeles Dodgers, the city's National League franchise of Major League Baseball (MLB). Opened on April 10, 1962, it was constructed in less than three years at a cost of US$23 million, financed by private sources. Dodger Stadium is currently the oldest ballpark in MLB west of the Mississippi River, and third-oldest overall, after Fenway Park in Boston (1912) and Wrigley Field in Chicago (1914) and is the world's largest",
"title": "Dodger Stadium"
},
{
"id": "7415816",
"text": "games on Sunday afternoons. The FX cable channel aired Monday night games in 1997. The series returned in 2002 as ESPN (which, like ABC by that point, was owned by The Walt Disney Company) created a package under its deal for national cable rights. Monday Night Baseball Monday Night Baseball is a live game telecast of Major League Baseball that airs most Monday nights during the regular season on ESPN. The official name of the game is \"Monday Night Baseball presented by USAA\". The game starts at 7 p.m. ET, following \"SportsCenter\", and usually lasts around three hours leading up",
"title": "Monday Night Baseball"
},
{
"id": "3672094",
"text": "Me Out to the Ball Game\" and sometimes replacing it entirely. Some stadiums play \"God Bless America\" only on Sundays. At Yankee Stadium the song is now played at every game, in addition to \"Take Me Out to the Ball Game\". Since 2002, \"God Bless America\" has been performed at all Major League Baseball All-Star Games and playoff games in the United States, often with a celebrity recording artist or a member of the United States Armed Forces (\"Take Me Out to the Ball Game\" is sometimes done afterwards with a recording of Harry Caray), as well as Opening Day,",
"title": "Seventh-inning stretch"
},
{
"id": "20282491",
"text": "Padres played a three-game series at Estadio de Béisbol Monterrey in Monterrey, Mexico, from May 4 to 6. The 2018 MLB Little League Classic at BB&T Ballpark in Williamsport, Pennsylvania, coinciding with the Little League World Series, returned to the schedule. It was played between the Philadelphia Phillies and the New York Mets on August 19. Beginning in the 2018 season, MLB implemented new pace of play rules, which include limiting the number of mound visits for each team to six per nine innings. Teams will receive an additional visit for every extra inning played. Two \"game 163\" matchups were",
"title": "2018 Major League Baseball season"
},
{
"id": "41669",
"text": "is the outfield. In the middle of the infield is a raised pitcher's mound, with a rectangular rubber plate (the rubber) at its center. The outer boundary of the outfield is typically demarcated by a raised fence, which may be of any material and height. The fair territory between home plate and the outfield boundary is baseball's field of play, though significant events can take place in foul territory, as well. There are three basic tools of baseball: the ball, the bat, and the glove or mitt: Protective helmets are also standard equipment for all batters. At the beginning of",
"title": "Baseball"
},
{
"id": "5759799",
"text": "(except in the instance of making up a postponed game); instead they play games on several consecutive days in the same ballpark. Most often the series are of three or four games, but two-game series are also scheduled. Teams play one mid-week series and one weekend series per week. Depending on the length of the series, mid-week series games are usually scheduled between Monday and Thursday, while weekend games are scheduled between Thursday and Monday. Beginning in 2018, teams start and end their season on a weekend for a total of 26½ weeks. Due to the mid-week all-star break in",
"title": "Major League Baseball schedule"
},
{
"id": "20822475",
"text": "the American League Division Series. Fox and FS1 will televise the American League Championship Series. The World Series will air exclusively on Fox for the 20th consecutive year. 2019 Major League Baseball season The 2019 Major League Baseball season will begin on March 20 and is scheduled to end on September 29. The postseason will begin on October 1. The World Series is set to begin on October 22 and a potential Game 7 will be played on October 30 if necessary. The entire schedule was released on August 22, 2018. The 90th Major League Baseball All-Star Game will be",
"title": "2019 Major League Baseball season"
},
{
"id": "17640638",
"text": "The Cardinals, and all 30 teams, had their schedules released by Major League Baseball on September 10, 2013. <br> The Cardinals' Opening Day game will be away against the Cincinnati Reds on March 31. It will be broadcast on ESPN along with others that day. Regular Season Schedule (calendar style) <br> Regular Season Schedule (sortable text) <br> National Broadcast Schedule (all teams), EDT All game times below are in Central Time Zone. <br> All games are broadcast on Fox Sports Midwest, unless otherwise noted. St. Louis Cardinals HITTING, MLB NL Individual HITTING NL TEAM HITTING 2014 St. Louis Cardinals, Baseball-Reference",
"title": "2014 St. Louis Cardinals season"
},
{
"id": "3155902",
"text": "playoff series (to decide the National League pennant) between Milwaukee Braves and Los Angeles Dodgers. The cigarette company L&M was in charge of all of the telecasts. Bud Blattner (who was still working for CBS in the regular season) was one of the announcers. In , ABC returned to baseball broadcasting with a series of late-afternoon Saturday games. Jack Buck and Carl Erskine were the lead announcing crew for this series, which lasted one season. ABC typically did three games a week. Two of the games were always from the Eastern or Central Time Zone. The late games (no doubleheaders)",
"title": "Major League Baseball on television"
},
{
"id": "3195566",
"text": "The film's opening montage is a series of somber blue-collar images of the Cleveland landscape synchronized to the score of Randy Newman's \"Burn On\": an ode to the infamous day in Cleveland when the heavily polluted Cuyahoga River caught fire. Much of the film's spring training scenes were shot at Hi Corbett Field in Tucson, Arizona, which was the spring training home for the Cleveland Indians from 1947 to 1992. The production used members of the University of Arizona Wildcats baseball team as extras. Despite being set in Cleveland, the film was principally shot in Milwaukee because it was cheaper",
"title": "Major League (film)"
},
{
"id": "2227452",
"text": "Designated hitter In baseball, the designated hitter rule is the common name for Major League Baseball Rule 5.11, adopted by the American League in 1973. The rule allows teams to have one player, known as the designated hitter (or DH), to bat in place of the pitcher. Since 1973, most collegiate, amateur, and professional leagues have adopted the rule or some variant. MLB's National League and Nippon Professional Baseball's Central League are the most prominent professional leagues that do not use a designated hitter. In Major League Baseball, the designated hitter is a hitter who does not play a position,",
"title": "Designated hitter"
},
{
"id": "19067163",
"text": "it was revealed that outfielder Andre Ethier had a broken leg, as a result of fouling a ball off his shin, and he would be out 10–14 weeks. At the end of spring training, Ross Stripling, beat out Zach Lee and Carlos Frías for the fifth starter spot. The Dodgers opening day roster included 10 players on the disabled list, the most in MLB since the stat started being tracked in 2002. The Dodgers began the 2016 season at Petco Park against the San Diego Padres on April 4. Clayton Kershaw made his sixth straight opening day start for the",
"title": "2016 Los Angeles Dodgers season"
},
{
"id": "8228393",
"text": "(as of 2014) are \"Sunday Night Baseball\", \"Monday Night Baseball\" and \"Wednesday Night Baseball\". The network also airs select games on Opening Day, Memorial Day, Independence Day, and Labor Day. In addition to regular-season games, ESPN also airs several spring training games per year, the Taco Bell All-Star Legends and Celebrity Softball Game and Home Run Derby played the week of the All-Star Game, and (as of 2014) one of the two Wild Card games each postseason. ESPN also airs a weekly highlight show called \"Baseball Tonight\" at 7 p.m. ET on Sundays as a lead-in to \"Sunday Night Baseball\";",
"title": "ESPN Major League Baseball"
},
{
"id": "5026940",
"text": "also discontinued following the 2006 season. Wednesday Night Baseball Wednesday Night Baseball is a live game telecast of Major League Baseball that airs every Wednesday night during the regular season on ESPN. The game starts at 7pm ET, following \"SportsCenter\", and usually lasts around three hours with an hour-long \"Baseball Tonight\" following the game leading up to the 11pm ET \"SportsCenter\" (1am ET for September games with Baseball Tonight moving to ESPN2 at 12am ET). The official name is \"ESPN Wednesday Night Baseball presented by Hankook Tire\". Every April some broadcasts air on ESPN2 due to ESPN's priority with Wednesday's",
"title": "Wednesday Night Baseball"
},
{
"id": "7393732",
"text": "Field and now as Progressive Field, with the first pitch. Ted Williams was a .449 hitter in openers, with three home runs and fourteen runs batted in during fourteen such games and at least one hit in each game. On April 4, 1974, Hank Aaron of the Atlanta Braves hit his 714th career home run on Opening Day at Cincinnati's Riverfront Stadium, tying Babe Ruth on Major League Baseball's all-time list. Aaron finished his career with 755 home runs. In 14 season openers for the Washington Senators, Walter Johnson pitched a record nine shutouts. Two of his more famous starts",
"title": "Opening Day"
},
{
"id": "5759798",
"text": "the United States before the official Opening Day. It is possible for a given team to play a maximum of 20 games in the postseason in a given year, provided the team is a wild card and advances to each of the Division Series, Championship Series, and World Series with each series going the distance (5 games in the Division Series, 7 games each in the League Championship Series/World Series). The regular season is constructed from series. Due to travel concerns and the sheer number of games, pairs of teams are never scheduled to play single games against each other",
"title": "Major League Baseball schedule"
},
{
"id": "305883",
"text": "about two weeks later starts the regular season, the National Hockey League is about one month into its regular season, the National Football League is about halfway through its regular season, and Major League Baseball is in its postseason with the League Championship Series and World Series. There have been 19 occasions in which all four leagues have played games on the same day (an occurrence popularly termed a \"sports equinox\"), with the most recent of these taking place on October 28, 2018. Additionally, the Canadian Football League is typically nearing the end of its regular season during this period,",
"title": "October"
},
{
"id": "15108374",
"text": "itself the Astros. In 2000, they opened their current home, now known as Minute Maid Park. In honor of the Astros' 50th anniversary, they donned different throwback uniforms at home on Friday night themed to each decade. Major League Baseball enters the 6th year of seven-year contracts it signed with its broadcast partners prior to the 2007 season. This year, Fox will televise the Saturday Game of the Week (which will be shown in prime time each week from May 19 to July 7), the All-Star Game, the National League Championship Series, and the World Series. TBS will show a",
"title": "2012 Major League Baseball season"
},
{
"id": "18839081",
"text": "could raise the total contract value to $65 million. It was also announced that he had made the Opening Day 25-man roster. He made his MLB debut on March 30, 2018 against the Atlanta Braves at SunTrust Park and got his first hit that same night, a single off of Mike Foltynewicz. He hit his first major league home run on April 9, a solo shot off of Cody Reed of the Cincinnati Reds, helping lead the Phillies to a 6-5 win. He hit his first career grand slam the next night off of Tanner Rainey in a 6-1 victory.",
"title": "Scott Kingery"
},
{
"id": "5026937",
"text": "Wednesday Night Baseball Wednesday Night Baseball is a live game telecast of Major League Baseball that airs every Wednesday night during the regular season on ESPN. The game starts at 7pm ET, following \"SportsCenter\", and usually lasts around three hours with an hour-long \"Baseball Tonight\" following the game leading up to the 11pm ET \"SportsCenter\" (1am ET for September games with Baseball Tonight moving to ESPN2 at 12am ET). The official name is \"ESPN Wednesday Night Baseball presented by Hankook Tire\". Every April some broadcasts air on ESPN2 due to ESPN's priority with Wednesday's NBA coverage. \"Wednesday Night Baseball\" is",
"title": "Wednesday Night Baseball"
},
{
"id": "6075958",
"text": "based on region. A half-hour pregame show aired at 12:30 p.m. Eastern Time, followed by game broadcasts held at 1:00 p.m. in the Eastern and Central Time Zones. West Coast games did not air until 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time (1:00 p.m. in the Pacific Time Zone). All of these games were exclusive to the broadcast network, and as a result, Fox's exclusivity window lasted through the entire afternoon. In 2007, Fox began airing games every Saturday during the season. A new scheduling format was devised, in which all of the regional games started simultaneously. Fox moved the pregame, which became",
"title": "Fox Major League Baseball"
},
{
"id": "6095729",
"text": "into question because of charges of sexual harassment from former staffer Anita Hill. Meanwhile, ABC, NBC, CNN and PBS all carried the testimony. As previously mentioned, as CBS' baseball coverage progressed, the network dropped its 8:00 p.m. pregame coverage (in favor of airing sitcoms such as \"Evening Shade\"), before finally starting their coverage at 8:30 p.m. Eastern Time. The first pitch would generally arrive at approximately 8:45 p.m. Perhaps as a result, Joe Carter's World Series clinching home run off Mitch Williams in 1993, occurred at 12:00 a.m. on the East Coast. After two years of calling baseball telecasts for",
"title": "Major League Baseball on CBS"
},
{
"id": "10295637",
"text": "in 1994. The following are baseball movies released in 1994: 1994 Major League Baseball season The 1994 Major League Baseball season ended on August 11, 1994, with the 1994–95 Major League Baseball strike. It was the first season played under the current three-division format in each league. It was also the first with an Opening Night game involving two National League teams, which did not become permanent until 1996. As a result of a players' strike, the MLB season ended prematurely on August 11, 1994. No postseason (including the World Series) was played. Minor League Baseball was not affected. Over",
"title": "1994 Major League Baseball season"
},
{
"id": "20822473",
"text": "play its final regular season home game against the New York Yankees on September 29 before moving to Globe Life Field in 2020. The Seattle Mariners will have a new name for Safeco Field, T-Mobile Park, after Safeco's contract with the team expired in 2018. This will be the sixth year of the current eight-year deals with Fox Sports, ESPN, and TBS. Fox will air eight weeks of baseball on Saturday Nights leading up to the 2019 Major League Baseball All-Star Game which will also air on Fox. Fox then will televise Saturday afternoon games for the final four weeks",
"title": "2019 Major League Baseball season"
},
{
"id": "7319275",
"text": "female commentator in the booth, Jessica Mendoza. On July 3, 2016, \"Sunday Night Baseball\" aired the Fort Bragg Game, the first ever professional sporting event held on an active military base, and the first MLB regular season game ever held in North Carolina. The Miami Marlins defeated the Atlanta Braves, 5-2. On May 7, 2017 during the game between the Chicago Cubs and the New York Yankees, they broke the MLB strikeout record as both teams combined made 48 strikeouts (Yankees 22 and Cubs 26). In addition, the 18-inning game was also the longest interleague game yet in MLB history",
"title": "Sunday Night Baseball"
},
{
"id": "20345584",
"text": "29, their earliest date ever. A day off and then the March 31, and April 1 games complete that series. It will mark the first time the Cardinals have opened the season at Citi Field, and the team's first opener in New York since 1996, when the Mets still played at Shea Stadium. They host the Arizona D-backs in their home opener on April 5. First pitch at Busch Stadium that day is scheduled for 6:15 p.m. CT. The Cardinals are also slated to finish the season at Wrigley Field, marking the first time the Cardinals and Cubs will end",
"title": "2018 St. Louis Cardinals season"
},
{
"id": "19732826",
"text": "to that point. The win was also Washington's 50th of the season. The next day's game was postponed due to rain, while the game on the day after that — the opener of a series at Nationals Park against Washington's top division rival, the Atlanta Braves — was delayed for more than three hours due to a thunderstorm in the forecast, which never materialized, prompting some criticism of the Nationals for unnecessarily pushing back the start time until 10:10 p.m. EDT. The July 6 game, which actually finished early in the morning of July 7 due to the late start,",
"title": "2017 Washington Nationals season"
},
{
"id": "41702",
"text": "mid-1970s and in 1994, before the stoppage, the majors were setting their all-time record for per-game attendance. After play resumed in 1995, non-division-winning wild card teams became a permanent fixture of the post-season. Regular-season interleague play was introduced in 1997 and the second-highest attendance mark for a full season was set. In 2000, the National and American Leagues were dissolved as legal entities. While their identities were maintained for scheduling purposes (and the designated hitter distinction), the regulations and other functions—such as player discipline and umpire supervision—they had administered separately were consolidated under the rubric of MLB. In 2001, Barry",
"title": "Baseball"
},
{
"id": "6831401",
"text": "walks, and 38 strikeouts in innings. Along with Jose Altuve, Verlander was also named winner of the Babe Ruth Award as co-MVPs of the 2017 postseason. On March 5, 2018, Verlander was named the opening day starter for the Astros. This was his 10th career opening day start and first with Houston. He started and won on March 29 versus Cole Hamels of the Texas Rangers, pitching six shutout innings and striking out five. Unlike in previous seasons, Verlander started masterfully in 2018, leading an Astros rotation that began the season as the most dominant in the major leagues. In",
"title": "Justin Verlander"
},
{
"id": "19066962",
"text": "injury to Tejada forces the Cardinals to open the season with five players: Tejada, Jhonny Peralta, Mitch Harris, Lance Lynn and Jordan Walden, on the 15-day disabled list. Another serious injury, this one to backup catcher Brayan Pena's left knee after slipping in a dugout a few days ago, puts him on the 15-day disabled list after surgery from two to four weeks, along with the five others. Non-Roster Invite Eric Fryer takes his place on the 25-man roster. The Cardinals played Opening Day in the first game of the Major League Baseball (MLB) season on April 3, commencing at",
"title": "2016 St. Louis Cardinals season"
},
{
"id": "11570166",
"text": "1973 Major League Baseball season The 1973 Major League Baseball season was the first season of play for the designated hitter in the American League. The Kansas City Royals moved their home games from Municipal Stadium to the new Royals Stadium, adjacent to the Chiefs' football facility, Arrowhead Stadium. Royals Stadium also played host to the 1973 All-Star Game on July 24, with the NL defeating the AL, 7–1. California Angels ace pitcher Nolan Ryan broke Sandy Koufax's 1965 strikeout record of 382 when he struck out 383 batters during the season. The Oakland Athletics won their second straight World",
"title": "1973 Major League Baseball season"
},
{
"id": "7393729",
"text": "media personalities, politicians, and other dignitaries. Prior to Opening Day, the teams' managers have to decide the starting pitchers for the game, an assignment typically given to the ace of each team's staff. For a pitcher to start on Opening Day is considered an honor, regardless of whether they are on the home or visitor team. Hall of Fame pitcher Early Wynn, who played for the Washington Senators, Cleveland Indians and Chicago White Sox, once said: \"An opener is not like any other game. There's that little extra excitement, a faster beating of the heart. You have that anxiety to",
"title": "Opening Day"
},
{
"id": "18295601",
"text": "outsize value outpacing their status as one of baseball's \"smallest markets\", and the recently opened Ballpark Village – adjacent to Busch Stadium – was a popular destination for dining and entertainment. The Cardinals' local television ratings (7.76) graded the highest among all major league teams. For the first time in his career, 23-year-old Carlos Martínez made the Cardinals starting rotation, earning the fifth starter spot out of spring training. Participating in the first-ever night game Opening Day to commence an MLB season, the Cardinals faced off against the Chicago Cubs on April 5, partners in an historic sports rivalry. Also",
"title": "2015 St. Louis Cardinals season"
}
] | when is opening day of major league baseball |
[
"fifth season"
] | [
{
"id": "18848616",
"text": "Bend & Break \"Bend & Break\" is the fifth episode of the eleventh season of the American television medical drama \"Grey's Anatomy\", and is the 225th episode overall. It aired on October 23, 2014 on ABC in the United States. The episode was written by Meg Marinis and directed by Jesse Bochco. On its initial airing it was watched by 8.62 million viewers and mixed to positive reviews from the critics. In the episode, Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) and Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw) take a look into the problems that have contributed to their troubled marriage. At work, Callie immerses",
"title": "Bend & Break"
},
{
"id": "13034809",
"text": "her but also frequently misses Callie. Arizona starts a research project to figure out why mother mortality rates are so high in the US versus other countries. At the conclusion of season 14, Arizona departs the show to move to New York and it is implied that the two may ultimately reconcile. It was first reported in December 2008 that Capshaw would be joining the cast of \"Grey's Anatomy\" as pediatric surgeon Arizona Robbins, for a multi-episode arc. Initially scheduled to appear in three episodes of the show's fifth season, series creator Shonda Rhimes later extended Capshaw's contract to appear",
"title": "Arizona Robbins"
},
{
"id": "20865544",
"text": "Arizona (2018 film) Arizona is a 2018 American black comedy thriller film directed by Jonathan Watson and written by Luke Del Tredici. The film stars Danny McBride, Rosemarie DeWitt, Luke Wilson, Elizabeth Gillies, Kaitlin Olson, David Alan Grier, and Lolli Sorenson. It premiered at the 2018 Sundance Film Festival on January 20, 2018 and was released in theaters and on video on demand on August 24, 2018 by RLJE Films. In 2009, in the midst of the real estate housing crisis, divorced real estate broker Cassie is living in a small town in Arizona with her daughter. Due to the",
"title": "Arizona (2018 film)"
},
{
"id": "3140137",
"text": "of \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\". Capshaw had a minor role in the drama \"The Locusts\" (1997), co-starring her mother, at age nineteen. She subsequently had a role in Adam Rifkin's independent film \"Denial\" (1998).In the 2001 slasher film \"Valentine\", Capshaw played Dorothy Wheeler. She then had a minor role in \"Minority Report\" (2002), and a lead role in Edward Burns's \"The Groomsmen\" (2006). In 2009, she became a regular on the medical drama \"Grey's Anatomy\". It was first reported in December 2008 that Capshaw would be joining the cast of \"Grey's Anatomy\" as pediatric surgeon Arizona Robbins, for a multi-episode",
"title": "Jessica Capshaw"
},
{
"id": "20865552",
"text": "\"Arizona\" received a Metacritic score of 41 based on 11 critics, indicating mixed or average reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film was given an approval rating of 41% based on 34 reviews, with an average rating of 5.1/10. Arizona (2018 film) Arizona is a 2018 American black comedy thriller film directed by Jonathan Watson and written by Luke Del Tredici. The film stars Danny McBride, Rosemarie DeWitt, Luke Wilson, Elizabeth Gillies, Kaitlin Olson, David Alan Grier, and Lolli Sorenson. It premiered at the 2018 Sundance Film Festival on January 20, 2018 and was released in theaters and on video on",
"title": "Arizona (2018 film)"
},
{
"id": "20161236",
"text": "was announced she landed a starring role in Alan Ball's new HBO drama series \"Here and Now\". Hinton had previously been in talks of leaving the show at the end of the 12th season when she was cast in the Shondaland comedy pilot \"Toast\", but ABC passed on the project. Renewing her contract for another three seasons as Dr. Arizona Robbins after the eleventh season, Jessica Capshaw returned for the 14th season. On June 20, 2017, it was announced that Kim Raver would reprise her role as Dr. Teddy Altman for a guest arc. In August 2017, it was announced",
"title": "Grey's Anatomy (season 14)"
},
{
"id": "18842053",
"text": "You're My Home (Grey's Anatomy) \"You're My Home\" is the 25th episode and the season finale of the eleventh season of the American television medical drama \"Grey's Anatomy\", and the 245th episode overall. It aired on May 14, 2015 on ABC in the United States. The episode was written by William Harper and directed by Rob Corn. On its initial airing the episode opened up to generally positive reviews from television critics and was watched by 8.33 million viewers. With only having five minutes to get April's patient out of the car to the operating table, Stephanie’s interns have to",
"title": "You're My Home (Grey's Anatomy)"
},
{
"id": "3140135",
"text": "Jessica Capshaw Jessica Brooke Capshaw Gavigan (born August 9, 1976), known professionally as Jessica Capshaw, is an American actress. She is known for her role as Jamie Stringer in \"The Practice\" and Dr. Arizona Robbins on the ABC medical drama \"Grey's Anatomy\". She was introduced in \"Grey's Anatomy\"s fifth season as an attending surgeon and the new head of pediatric surgery. Originally contracted to appear in three episodes, Capshaw's contract was extended to the remainder of the fifth season, with her becoming a series regular in the sixth season. Capshaw was born August 9, 1976 in Columbia, Missouri, the daughter",
"title": "Jessica Capshaw"
},
{
"id": "3140140",
"text": "her family's East Hampton estate. The couple have a son and three daughters: Luke Hudson (b. 2007), Eve Augusta (b. 2010), Poppy James (b. 2012) and Josephine Kate (b. 2016). Jessica Capshaw Jessica Brooke Capshaw Gavigan (born August 9, 1976), known professionally as Jessica Capshaw, is an American actress. She is known for her role as Jamie Stringer in \"The Practice\" and Dr. Arizona Robbins on the ABC medical drama \"Grey's Anatomy\". She was introduced in \"Grey's Anatomy\"s fifth season as an attending surgeon and the new head of pediatric surgery. Originally contracted to appear in three episodes, Capshaw's contract",
"title": "Jessica Capshaw"
},
{
"id": "16714996",
"text": "Invest in Love \"Invest in Love\" is the eighth episode of the sixth season of the American television medical drama \"Grey's Anatomy\", and the show's 110th episode overall. Written by Stacy McKee and directed by Jessica Yu, the episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States on November 5, 2009. \"Grey's Anatomy\" centers around a group of young doctors, training to be seasoned professionals. In this episode, Dr. Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw) is stunned when her longtime patient's parents offer the hospital a donation of twenty-five million dollars. Katherine Heigl (Dr. Izzie Stevens) was",
"title": "Invest in Love"
},
{
"id": "20682945",
"text": "Grey's Anatomy (season 15) The fifteenth season of the American television medical drama \"Grey's Anatomy\" was ordered on April 20, 2018, by American Broadcasting Company (ABC). The season premiered on September 27, 2018 with a special 2-hour premiere. The episode count for the season will be 24 episodes. The season is produced by ABC Studios, in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company; the showrunners being Krista Vernoff and William Harper. This season is the first not to feature both Jessica Capshaw as Dr. Arizona Robbins and Sarah Drew as Dr. April Kepner since their introductions in",
"title": "Grey's Anatomy (season 15)"
},
{
"id": "20161239",
"text": "Drew would leave the series following the conclusion of the season. It was released on April 4, 2018 that a familiar character would be returning to the set later on in the season as Sarah Utterback's Nurse Olivia Harper would be revisiting Grey Sloan, not as a nurse but as mom of a patient. Details of her storyline or duration of arc have yet to be released. On April 20, 2018, it was released that Geena Davis would return for the episode \"Cold as Ice\" as Dr. Herman to present a new opportunity for Arizona. \"Grey's Anatomy\" was renewed for",
"title": "Grey's Anatomy (season 14)"
},
{
"id": "18846349",
"text": "initial airing it was watched by 8.43 million viewers and received universal acclaim from television critics with many calling it one of the best episodes of the entire series. Secrets from Ellis Grey's past come to light when Meredith watches old videos and reads through her mother's journals. Meanwhile, Maggie Pierce (Kelly McCreary) rocks the hospital with an unexpected announcement. Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) finds Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw), who tells him to check up on one of her patients. She's swamped as Nicole Herman (Geena Davis) keeps her really busy. Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) focuses her attention on the",
"title": "Only Mama Knows (Grey's Anatomy)"
},
{
"id": "18761845",
"text": "season, according to Rhimes. On June 28, 2015, it was announced that Jessica Capshaw, whose contract expired after Season 11, had renewed her contract for another three seasons as Dr. Arizona Robbins. This means that her character will be staying on the show through seasons 12 as well as possible seasons 13 and 14. It was announced on September 11, 2015 that \"Chasing Amy\" actress Joey Lauren Adams would guest star as Dr. Tracy McConnell, Dr. Bailey's opponent for Chief of Surgery, and appeared in the season premiere. TV veteran Bill Smitrovich was announced on November 12, 2015, to guest",
"title": "Grey's Anatomy (season 12)"
},
{
"id": "13034795",
"text": "Arizona Robbins Arizona Robbins, M.D. is a fictional character on the ABC television series \"Grey's Anatomy\", portrayed by Jessica Capshaw. She was introduced in the show's fifth season as an attending surgeon and the new chief of pediatric surgery. Originally contracted to appear in three episodes, Capshaw's contract was extended to the remainder of the fifth season, with her becoming a series regular in the sixth season. Robbins has been characterized as \"quirky\" and \"perky\", and is well known for wearing wheely sneakers and a Holly Hobbie pink scrub cap, designed to appeal to her younger patients. She was established",
"title": "Arizona Robbins"
},
{
"id": "18754164",
"text": "episode was initially aired on April 16, 2015 and was viewed by 7.60 million viewers on its initial airing marking an increase from the previous episode \"Crazy Love\" which was watched by 7.42 million viewers. It garnered a 2.1/7 Nielsen ratings an increase from the previous installment. The episode received mostly positive reviews from critics. The reactions of Owen, Meredith and Arizona to the plane crash were praised but critics disliked the developments in the relationship of Owen Hunt and Amelia Shepherd. \"TvEquals\" wrote, \"Overall, “One Flight Down” was a solid episode – not my favorite, but pretty entertaining. Owen",
"title": "One Flight Down (Grey's Anatomy)"
},
{
"id": "18022123",
"text": "Grey's Anatomy (season 11) The eleventh season of the American television medical drama \"Grey's Anatomy\" premiered on September 25, 2014 in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) and consists of 25 episodes. The season was produced by ABC Studios, in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company; the showrunners being Stacy McKee and William Harper. The season commenced airing with the episode \"I Must Have Lost it on the Wind\" and concluded with the season finale \"You're My Home\" airing on May 14, 2015. The season was officially released on DVD as a six-disc",
"title": "Grey's Anatomy (season 11)"
},
{
"id": "19535012",
"text": "she really likes Nathan, which shocks Meredith. The episode marked the last appearance for long-time cast member Sara Ramirez who played Dr. Callie Torres on the series since 2006. Her character was involved in a custody battle with ex-wife Dr. Arizona Robbins, played by Jessica Capshaw, which led to the former's move to New York from Seattle. On May 19, in a note posted on Twitter after the season finale, Ramirez wrote that she was “taking some welcome time off”. Rhimes replied to the tweet by saying, “I will miss Callie tremendously, but am excited for what the future holds",
"title": "Family Affair (Grey's Anatomy)"
},
{
"id": "19523343",
"text": "in addition that Amelia and Kevin McKidd's character Owen would not be much in the premiere. Jessica Capshaw will not be in the first two episodes, confirmed by Rhimes, because of wanting to be a little more with her kids. Rhimes reported that Capshaw's character Dr. Arizona Robbins will have a new love interest. The number in the \"No. overall\" column refers to the episode's number within the overall series, whereas the number in the \"No. in season\" column refers to the episode's number within this particular season. \"U.S. viewers in millions\" refers to the number of Americans in millions",
"title": "Grey's Anatomy (season 13)"
},
{
"id": "9037351",
"text": "each become members of the new directing board. Everything seems to go well for Arizona and Callie, until a big storm hits the hospital now named after Mark Sloan and Lexie Grey. In the last episode of the ninth season, Arizona cheats on Callie with Dr. Lauren Boswell (Hilarie Burton). Callie soon discovers Arizona's infidelity by seeing her wedding ring pinned to Dr. Boswell's scrub top. In the aftermath of discovery, both Callie and Arizona share their feelings and it is revealed that Arizona does not forgive Callie for making the call to amputate her leg. Callie is heartbroken and",
"title": "Callie Torres"
},
{
"id": "4811534",
"text": "eleven is Dr. Nicole Herman (Geena Davis), who is Chief of Fetal Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial. Dr. Herman selects Arizona Robbins in a fetal surgery fellowship and becomes her mentor. Herman plays in a twelve-episode arc before departing after episode fourteen. Season 11 begins with new surgical residents coming to the hospital. Maggie Pierce is head of cardio, and she and her half-sister Meredith start to build a relationship, as she also does with her father Dr. Webber. Callie and Arizona's relationship falls through after they realized they want different things. April and Jackson learn that their baby has",
"title": "Grey's Anatomy"
},
{
"id": "4811590",
"text": "(Alex Karev), Kelly McCreary (Maggie Pierce), Kevin McKidd (Owen Hunt) and James Pickens Jr. (Richard Webber). The six episodes in this series were written by Barbra Kaye Friend with \"Grey's Anatomy\" series regular Sarah Drew (April Kepner) making her directorial debut directing each of them. \"Grey's Anatomy\" episodes appear regularly on ABC in the United States. All episodes are approximately forty-three minutes, and are broadcast in both high-definition and standard. The series' episodes are also available for download at the iTunes Store in standard and high-definition qualities, and Amazon Video. ABC Video on demand also releases recent episodes of the",
"title": "Grey's Anatomy"
},
{
"id": "19535008",
"text": "Family Affair (Grey's Anatomy) \"Family Affair\" is the twenty fourth episode, serving as the season finale of the twelfth season of the American medical drama television series \"Grey's Anatomy\", and is the 269th overall episode, which aired on ABC on May 19, 2016. The episode was written by William Harper and directed by Debbie Allen. At the time of its initial release, the episode was watched by 8.19 million viewers and was well received among the television critics. The episode marked the last appearance of longtime cast member Sara Ramirez, who played Callie Torres since the second season. Ramirez announced",
"title": "Family Affair (Grey's Anatomy)"
},
{
"id": "4818059",
"text": "Church\". Also in 2016, Bell Calloway co-starred as president Obama's future mother-in-law, Marian Shields Robinson, opposite Tika Sumpter as Michelle Obama, in the comedy-drama film \"Southside with You\", which premiered at the 2016 Sundance Film Festival. She also guest starred on the ABC medical drama \"Grey's Anatomy\" playing Arizona's Lawyer. Bell Calloway has been married to anesthesiologist Dr. Anthony Calloway since 1988. The couple have two daughters, Ashley and Alexandra. Ashley was one of the stars of the BET series \"Baldwin Hills\" which originally ran from 2007 until 2009. In 2009, Bell Calloway was diagnosed with ductal carcinoma, an early",
"title": "Vanessa Bell Calloway"
},
{
"id": "18863316",
"text": "the hospital, Arizona and Callie reinstate their relationship when Callie says she doesn't want to have a baby if it means she can't be with Arizona. Arizona agrees to have a baby because she says that she doesn't want to stop Callie from being an excellent mother. Mark and Lexie show up at the other hospital. Alex is out of surgery. Lexie goes to Alex. Mark watches Lexie take Alex's hand. Meredith takes another look at her positive pregnancy test, and throws it out. The episode was written by showrunner Shonda Rhimes and directed by Rob Corn. In an interview,",
"title": "Death and All His Friends (Grey's Anatomy)"
},
{
"id": "18842064",
"text": "It showed how everyone was moving on, whether it be together or because they’re heading in new direction altogether.\" and deemed Caterina Scorsone \"phenomenal\". You're My Home (Grey's Anatomy) \"You're My Home\" is the 25th episode and the season finale of the eleventh season of the American television medical drama \"Grey's Anatomy\", and the 245th episode overall. It aired on May 14, 2015 on ABC in the United States. The episode was written by William Harper and directed by Rob Corn. On its initial airing the episode opened up to generally positive reviews from television critics and was watched by",
"title": "You're My Home (Grey's Anatomy)"
},
{
"id": "18848625",
"text": "see that trying to fix her relationship with Arizona all the time is what's been killing her slowly. They should both love themselves and Sofia, rather than each other now. While Callie's voice over says that some things can't be fixed, Callie says she wants Arizona to feel free too. She packs her stuff as Arizona remains speechless, and leaves the therapist's office. The episode aired on October 23, 2014 on American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States. On its initial release the episode was watched by 8.62 million viewers and garnered a 2.5/8 Nielsen ratings and ranked no.",
"title": "Bend & Break"
},
{
"id": "15687773",
"text": "(Debra Monk), as she is his next of kin. Following Stevens's resuscitation, she is unaware that O'Malley has died, and her husband Dr. Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) decides not to tell her, with fear that she might go into circulatory shock and lose consciousness again. Pediatric surgeon Dr. Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw) is introduced to a patient, with body pain, whom she diagnoses with growing pains. Louise O'Malley arrives at the hospital, and asks Torres to decide if O'Malley's organs will be donated. The victim of a speedboat accident, Clara Ferguson (Zoe Boyle), arrives at the hospital in an ambulance,",
"title": "Good Mourning (Grey's Anatomy)"
},
{
"id": "4811496",
"text": "from \"Grey's Anatomy\" on November 6, 2008. \"E! Online\" Kristin Dos Santos asserted that Smith's dismissal from the show had been forced by the ABC network, as part of an attempt to \"de-gay\" \"Grey's Anatomy\". Rhimes countered these claims, saying that \"we did not find that the magic and chemistry with Brooke's character would sustain in the long run\". Season five introduced actor Kevin McKidd (Dr. Owen Hunt), who was signed as a series regular after originally being cast for a specific story arc. In addition, Jessica Capshaw (Dr. Arizona Robbins) was originally introduced for a three-episode arc, but received",
"title": "Grey's Anatomy"
},
{
"id": "15469258",
"text": "\"Grey's Anatomy: The Music Event,\" also released on March 31, 2011. The episode revolves around Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) and Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw), just after they are involved in a vehicular collision. Various songs are performed by the cast members, as they attempt to save the life of Torres. Rhimes originally idealized the episode at the conception of the drama, while the show remained untitled. The episode opened to mixed reviews from television critics, and it was the second most watched program of the night. \"Song Beneath the Song\" was ranked in several \"best and worst\" lists, and the",
"title": "Song Beneath the Song"
},
{
"id": "19021220",
"text": "\"Vibe\", says, \"The beauty in Andra's art is that the message applies to all. All we need to do is listen.\" Credits adapted from AllMusic. \"Rise Up\" is featured in the September 2015 Serena Williams Beats ad campaign. On 12 May 2016, the song, \"Rise Up\" appeared in the twenty-second episode in season 12 of the medical drama, \"Grey's Anatomy\", entitled \"Mama Tried\" during the scene where doctors Callie Torres and Arizona Robbins find out who gets the sole custody of their daughter Sofia. Later in 2016 \"Rise Up\" was featured in the trailer to The Birth of a Nation.",
"title": "Cheers to the Fall"
},
{
"id": "4811531",
"text": "a bid to purchase the hospital themselves. Kepner starts dating a paramedic named Matthew (Justin Bruening) and they form a deep relationship over the course of the ninth ad tenth seasons and she eventually agreed to marry before reconciling with Avery in the middle of her wedding to Mathew. Lauren Boswell (Hilarie Burton) is introduced as a craniofacial surgeon consulting on a case at Grey Sloan Memorial who showed romantic interested in Arizona and eventually ended up having a one-night stand with her. Dr. Heather Brooks dies in the premier of season ten. She goes to search for Dr. Webber",
"title": "Grey's Anatomy"
},
{
"id": "20133442",
"text": "Hold Your Piece \"Hold Your Piece\" is the 13th episode of the seventh season of \"Pretty Little Liars\", an American mystery drama television series based on the novel series written by Sara Shepard, and is the 153rd episode of the series. The episode, directed by Marta Cunningham and written by Bryan M. Holdman, originally aired on May 2, 2017 on the cable network Freeform. The episode yielded 0.86 million viewers, a decrease from the previous episode, and garnered a 0.4 rating in the 18-49 demographic. In the episode, it's Hanna's turn to play the Liar's Lament board game, and \"A.D.\"",
"title": "Hold Your Piece"
},
{
"id": "6166936",
"text": "completely by the show and in November the character was recast with former \"The Young and the Restless\" star Ashley Jones (ex-Megan Dennison Viscardi). Harrison's other TV appearances include guest stints on \"Lamb Chop's Play Along\", \"\", \"ER\", and \"7th Heaven\". Notable film roles include \"Take\" (2007), \"Valley of the Heart's Delight\" (2006), \"\" (2003), \"Ocha Cups for Christmas\" (2002) and \"Curse of the Puppetmaster\" (1998). She has two sons, Jackson Thomas (born in September 2003) and London La Brode (born in December 2006) with her husband Michael. Emily Harrison Emily Harrison (born June 13, 1977 in Louisiana, Missouri) is",
"title": "Emily Harrison"
},
{
"id": "15805226",
"text": "job as an attending physician at a neighboring hospital, and Dr. Alex Karev (Justin Chambers)'s marriage with Dr. Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl) taking a toll after her near-death experience. The episode was the second part of the two-hour season six premiere special, the first being \"Good Mourning\", and was filmed in Los Angeles, California. The special was the first premiere that Knight did not appear in, following an early release from his contract, and Jessica Capshaw (Dr. Arizona Robbins)' first premiere in which she received star billing, having been upgraded from a recurring star from season five. Shannon Lucio reprised",
"title": "Goodbye (Grey's Anatomy)"
},
{
"id": "18532496",
"text": "cast as Rand in February 2016. Metzner was revealed as the series' new showrunner in July 2017. Filming for the series takes place in New York City. All 13 episodes of the first season premiered on March 17, 2017. They received generally negative reviews from critics. Despite the critical reception, third-party data analytics determined the series had strong viewership. A second season, consisting of 10 episodes, was ordered in July 2017, and was released on September 7, 2018 to a more mixed to positive reception. On October 12, 2018, Netflix canceled the series after two seasons. After being presumed dead",
"title": "Iron Fist (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "13545790",
"text": "as chief of neurosurgery Derek Shepherd. After having previously appeared in a multi-episode arc in a guest star capacity in the show's fifth season, Jessica Capshaw began receiving star billing in the season's premiere episode in the role of attending pediatric surgeon Arizona Robbins, love interest to Callie Torres. The ninth episode of the season marked the introduction of the new chief of cardiothoracic surgery Teddy Altman, portrayed by Kim Raver, whose mysterious romantic past with Owen Hunt develops into one of the season's main stories. Starting with the nineteenth episode of the season, Raver began receiving star billing. The",
"title": "Grey's Anatomy (season 6)"
},
{
"id": "13034819",
"text": "best moment in this episode was Robbins' scene with Torres' father, Carlos. Jessica Capshaw has an incredible ability to take even the most melodramatic of \"Grey's\" speeches and deliver them with a subtlety and an honesty that makes them come off as sincere instead of overwrought. \"I was named for a battleship,\" she said, and in the powerful monologue that followed, she calmly and carefully explained that Torres was still the woman Carlos raised. Specific General Arizona Robbins Arizona Robbins, M.D. is a fictional character on the ABC television series \"Grey's Anatomy\", portrayed by Jessica Capshaw. She was introduced in",
"title": "Arizona Robbins"
},
{
"id": "18750369",
"text": "I Must Have Lost it on the Wind \"I Must Have Lost it on the Wind\" is the season premiere of the eleventh season of the American television medical drama \"Grey's Anatomy\", and is the 221st episode overall. It aired on September 25, 2014 on ABC in the United States. The episode was written by Stacy McKee and directed by Kevin McKidd. On its initial airing it was watched by 9.8 million viewers which was an increase from the tenth season finale \"Fear (of the Unknown)\". The episode is also the most watched episode of the entire season. In the",
"title": "I Must Have Lost it on the Wind"
},
{
"id": "19523335",
"text": "Dr. Callie Torres. On June 28, 2015, before the twelfth season had begun airing, it was announced that Jessica Capshaw, whose contract expired after season 11, had renewed her contract for another three seasons as Dr. Arizona Robbins. That meant that her character would be staying on the show through season 13 and season 14. Kevin McKidd had previously said that he was in negotiations to renew his contract after the twelfth season on January 9, 2016. After the season finale, McKidd confirmed that he would be back for the 13th season. Justin Chambers announced on March 11, 2016 that",
"title": "Grey's Anatomy (season 13)"
},
{
"id": "18848696",
"text": "Don't Let's Start (Grey's Anatomy) \"Don't Let's Start\" is the 6th episode of the eleventh season of the American television medical drama \"Grey's Anatomy\", and is the 226th episode overall. It aired on October 30, 2014 on ABC in the United States. The episode was written by Austin Guzman and directed by Rob Greenlea. On its initial airing, it was watched by 8.08 million viewers. The episode received positive reviews from critics. The episode's title is a reference to the song with the same name by They Might Be Giants. The episode aired on October 30, 2014 on American Broadcasting",
"title": "Don't Let's Start (Grey's Anatomy)"
},
{
"id": "14569064",
"text": "the season Cristina and Owen marry, while Callie and Arizona's relationship takes a turn for the worse when Arizona goes to Africa after getting the Carder Madison Grant. With Callie distraught after the breakup, she sleeps with Mark. She learns she is pregnant just before Arizona returns, confessing her love for Callie. The season also focuses on Meredith and Derek starting an Alzheimer trial, with Meredith suspecting that Adele may have Alzheimer's. Richard originally resists accepting that, but then pushes to have Adele admitted to their trial. Season Seven features the series first extended musical episode. Callie and Arizona are",
"title": "Grey's Anatomy (season 7)"
},
{
"id": "14747601",
"text": "\"Grey's Anatomy\" used \"Out Of The Dark\" in the season 6 episode \"I Saw What I Saw\"; \"Turn The Page\" appeared in the season five episode \"An Honest Mistake\", and \"O Sunrise\" turned up in another episode. NBC's \"Cougar Town\" has included the songs \"Honey, Let Me Sing You a Song\" and \"Turn The Page\". \"Honey\" also appeared in the pilot episode of \"Life Unexpected\" on The CW, and \"O Sunrise\" played during the episode \"Truth Unrevealed\". \"A Perfect Day\" is heard in the season two episode \"Acceptance\" of \"Private Practice\", and is used in the trailer for the 2010",
"title": "Take Us to the Start"
},
{
"id": "10900569",
"text": "finds her without a pulse. A helicopter and medics come to take her to the hospital. Grissom insists that he goes with her. At the very end of the episode she opens her eyes, and looks at him. The episode was the most watched in America and got 24.8 million viewers, which, according to the \"New York Times\", gives it \"its largest margin of victory to date opposite ABC’s \"Grey’s Anatomy\" at 9 p.m. (with 20.5 million viewers).\" Dead Doll \"Dead Doll\" is the first episode from the of the American crime drama \"\" which is set in Las Vegas,",
"title": "Dead Doll"
},
{
"id": "7796659",
"text": "Woman\". In 2018, Aspen was cast opposite Amy Adams in the HBO eight-episode miniseries \"Sharp Objects\". Also that year, she was cast as a series regular opposite Annie Ilonzeh in the ABC drama pilot \"Staties\". Aspen was born in Richmond, Virginia, and resides in Los Angeles. She attended the UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television, where she received a BA in Theater. She then studied acting at the Beverly Hills Playhouse. Aspen married her longtime boyfriend of nine years, David O'Donnell, on September 3, 2006. She is a practicing Scientologist. Her adopted baby girl, Charlotte Sofia O'Donnell, was born",
"title": "Jennifer Aspen"
},
{
"id": "15598691",
"text": "accompanies her to the abortion and supports her, but a huge rift has been made in their relationship. Owen can't accept that Cristina never wants to be a mother. Eventually, he cheats on Cristina (episode 17, \"One Step Too Far). Callie, Arizona, and Mark co-parent baby Sofia. Mark and Lexie attempt to move on from one another, but can't. Ben returns (episode 4 \"What Is It About Men?\"), after giving Miranda space to heal after being traumatized by the shooting in the season 6 finale, but is shocked and hurt to see that she is having a casual, but very",
"title": "Grey's Anatomy (season 8)"
},
{
"id": "20161235",
"text": "ordained online to officiate the wedding right there on the ferry. Bailey, wanting to take a break from being chief to focus on her passions, offers Teddy the chance to be interim chief. Watching the wedding happening at the hospital on a tablet, in the ICU with the bride's mother, Teddy reveals she is pregnant. Arizona says her sad goodbyes before heading to New York, but is giddy to be closer to Callie who is recently single. Series regular Jerrika Hinton does not appear for the first time since her introduction at the start of the 9th season, after it",
"title": "Grey's Anatomy (season 14)"
},
{
"id": "20161232",
"text": "her, Arizona announced her impeding departure to Bailey. However, an unexpected visit from Nicole Herman changes those plans just slightly. Nicole has been following Arizona's work and she would like to partner with her in creating the Robbins-Herman Center for Women's Health. Knowing that she has headed to New York, Arizona asks that it be there, and Nicole obliges. Matthew winds up in the ER again, but this time for himself, after he rolled his car. Trying to get information from him about what happened, he mentions April's name, which sends the doctors into a frenzy trying to make sure",
"title": "Grey's Anatomy (season 14)"
},
{
"id": "16467181",
"text": "Weekly\" later named the scene where Meredith is crying one of the best crying scenes of 2012. In TVLine's review of 2012, Lexie's death was runner-up for \"Biggest Tearjerker\". The episode is nominated at the NAACP Image Awards under the Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series category for Rhimes. Flight (Grey's Anatomy) \"Flight\" is the twenty-fourth and final episode of the eighth season of the American television medical drama \"Grey's Anatomy\", and the show's 172nd episode overall. It was written by series creator Shonda Rhimes, and directed by Rob Corn. The episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company",
"title": "Flight (Grey's Anatomy)"
},
{
"id": "14787193",
"text": "Turner. He holds a PhD granted by the Department of Biological Sciences at Kent State University. Grey serves as the Director of Conservation at the Wildlife World Zoo and Aquarium in Phoenix and appears regularly as a guest animal expert on \"Fox 10 Arizona Morning,\" \"Good Morning Arizona\" and \"Your Life A to Z\". He is a zoo spokesperson and has helped feature animals on \"The Ellen DeGeneres Show, Late Show with David Letterman, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Larry King Live, Martha Stewart, Rosie O'Donnell, Good Morning America\" and \"Weekend Extra\". He has also been featured on the",
"title": "Grey Stafford"
},
{
"id": "18843757",
"text": "from the flames with the little girl in his arms Alex tells Jo he loves her, she reciprocates, and they begin a relationship. Callie finds out about Arizona's encounter with Dr. Boswell and they have a standoff and unleash their unfiltered feelings. Cristina breaks up with Owen. Bailey is searching the hospital looking for Richard. Bailey tells Ben that she wants to apologize to Richard for hurting him and calling him a drunk. Then we see Richard face down in a puddle in the hospital electrical room. Richard has been electrocuted. The episode was originally broadcast on May 16, 2013",
"title": "Perfect Storm (Grey's Anatomy)"
},
{
"id": "18769613",
"text": "she just happily switches gears and comes to the hospital to help with the onslaught of patients. However, Catherine teeters on the edge of self-sabotage, bossing Richard around by the end of the day. Time Stops \"Time Stops\" is the 24th episode of the eleventh season of the American television medical drama \"Grey's Anatomy\", and the 244th episode overall. It aired on May 7, 2015 on ABC in the United States. The episode was written by Meg Marinis and directed by Kevin McKidd. On its initial airing it was watched by 7.74 million viewers. In the episode a fresh batch",
"title": "Time Stops"
},
{
"id": "19535015",
"text": "well received by television critics. It was given an A grade by \"The A.V. Club\" which declared the season overall as \"phenomenal\". Family Affair (Grey's Anatomy) \"Family Affair\" is the twenty fourth episode, serving as the season finale of the twelfth season of the American medical drama television series \"Grey's Anatomy\", and is the 269th overall episode, which aired on ABC on May 19, 2016. The episode was written by William Harper and directed by Debbie Allen. At the time of its initial release, the episode was watched by 8.19 million viewers and was well received among the television critics.",
"title": "Family Affair (Grey's Anatomy)"
},
{
"id": "19441370",
"text": "it comes to pure character study.\" Andrea Towers of \"Entertainment Weekly\" gave it a good review, noting the scenes with Victoria Smurfit are the best part of the episode. Christine Orlando of \"TV Fanatic\" gave the episode a 2.5 out of 5 the lowest so far in the series. In a review from \"TV. com\", the episode was given a 7.5 out of 10. The Brothers Jones \"The Brothers Jones\" is the fifteenth episode of the fifth season of the American fantasy drama series \"Once Upon a Time\", which aired on March 27, 2016. In this episode, Emma is suspicious",
"title": "The Brothers Jones"
},
{
"id": "18846357",
"text": "in season six. According to \"TVLine\", Paulson's AHS: Freak Show shooting schedule conflicted with returning to Grey's, so she was unable to reprise her role. J. August Richards will reprise his role as a young Richard Webber. The episode aired on October 16, 2014 on American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States. On its initial release the episode was watched by 8.43 million viewers and garnered a 2.4/8 Nielsen ratings and ranked no. 22 in 18-49 key demographic and was the 8th most watched drama. The episode opened up to universal acclaim with numerous critics calling it \"one of",
"title": "Only Mama Knows (Grey's Anatomy)"
},
{
"id": "19152383",
"text": "the United States on American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States. On its initial release the episode was watched by a total of 8.02 million viewers and scored a 2.2/7 in the key 18-49 demographic in the Nielsen ratings, which was a decrease from the previous episode \"The Me Nobody Knows\" watched by 8.50 million viewers and received a 2.3/8 ratings/share. The episode received mixed to positive reviews from television critics, with Ellen Pompeo and Kevin McKidd garnering praise, and James Pickens Jr. was also praised for his portrayal of Richard Webber. Storylines including characters Jackson Avery and April",
"title": "Something Against You (Grey's Anatomy)"
},
{
"id": "16467165",
"text": "Flight (Grey's Anatomy) \"Flight\" is the twenty-fourth and final episode of the eighth season of the American television medical drama \"Grey's Anatomy\", and the show's 172nd episode overall. It was written by series creator Shonda Rhimes, and directed by Rob Corn. The episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States on May 17, 2012. In the episode, six doctors from Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital who are victims of an aviation accident fight to stay alive, but Dr. Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh) ultimately dies. Other storylines occur in Seattle where Dr. Richard Webber (James",
"title": "Flight (Grey's Anatomy)"
},
{
"id": "18747399",
"text": "Fear (Of the Unknown) (Grey's Anatomy) \"Fear (Of the Unknown)\" is the twenty fourth episode and the season finale of the tenth season of the American television medical drama \"Grey's Anatomy\", and is the 220th episode overall. It aired on May 15, 2014 on ABC in the United States. The episode was written by William Harper and directed by Tony Phelan. On its initial airing it was watched by 8.92 million viewers. The episode marked the departure of one of lead characters, Cristina Yang, played by Sandra Oh since the inception of the series. The episode focuses on Yang as",
"title": "Fear (Of the Unknown) (Grey's Anatomy)"
},
{
"id": "18848005",
"text": "Got to Be Real (Grey's Anatomy) \"Got to Be Real\" is the third episode of the eleventh season of the American television medical drama \"Grey's Anatomy\", and is the 223rd episode overall. It aired on October 2, 2014 on ABC in the United States. The episode was written by Zoanne Clack and directed by Rob Corn. On its initial airing it was watched by 8.48 million viewers and was well received amongst critics. In the episode Owen introduces Callie to the Veterans Hospital patients in hopes that she will help them with her robotic limb lab, Jo becomes jealous of",
"title": "Got to Be Real (Grey's Anatomy)"
},
{
"id": "13034813",
"text": "the episode \"An Honest Mistake\" due to her inexperience with women, series writer Peter Nowalk offered the insight: Although the characters go on to begin a relationship, the show's one-hundredth episode \"What a Difference a Day Makes\" sees them experience difficulties as a result of Torres' father rejecting her for her sexuality. Rhimes commented on their ultimate reconciliation: \"I love [Callie] with Arizona. [...] I like that they make me feel hopeful about love.\" Rhimes has said of their relationship in the sixth season: \"I would like to see Callie happily in a long-term relationship. We have so much to",
"title": "Arizona Robbins"
},
{
"id": "16467167",
"text": "(Dr. Meredith Grey)'s and Eric Dane (Dr. Mark Sloan)'s. \"Flight\" earned Rhimes an NAACP Image Award nomination and it was also nominated under several categories of \"Entertainment Weekly\" finale awards. Upon its initial airing, the episode was viewed in the United States by 11.44 million people, garnered a 4.1/11 Nielsen rating/share in the 18–49 demographic, ranking fourth for the night in terms of viewership, and registering as Thursday's highest-rated drama. After their plane crashes in the woods, Dr. Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), Dr. Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh), Dr. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh), Dr. Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw), Dr. Derek Shepherd",
"title": "Flight (Grey's Anatomy)"
},
{
"id": "4811589",
"text": "in October 2017, it was announced that Miguel Sandoval was cast as the Captain of the firehouse. On January 9, 2018, it was announced by Sarah Drew on her Instagram page that a six-episode spin-off series following the new interns of Grey Sloan Memorial would be released for streaming on the ABC app and abc.com on Thursday, January 11, 2018. \"Grey's Anatomy: B-Team\" stars Sophia Taylor Ali (Dahlia Qadri), Jake Borelli (Levi Schmitt), Alex Blue Davis (Casey Parker), Jaicy Elliot (Taryn Helm), Rushi Kota (Vik Roy) and Jeanine Mason (Samantha \"Sam\" Bello) with special guest appearances made by Justin Chambers",
"title": "Grey's Anatomy"
},
{
"id": "12231654",
"text": "the Australian Albums Chart. Wigmore also released music videos for \"Man Like That\" and \"If Only\". \"Black Sheep\" appeared in episode 12, season 8 of television series \"Grey's Anatomy\", in episode 2, season 2 of \"Teen Wolf\", and in episode 5, season 5 of \"The Good Wife\". She appeared singing it on \"Gift of Revenge\", a segment of ABC's television show \"Revenge (TV series)\" season 2, episode 7. The song was also used in television commercials for Guinness Black Lager and Nissan Rogue Midnight Edition (2017) in the United States. \"Kill of the Night\" was also featured during season 2",
"title": "Gin Wigmore"
},
{
"id": "15805238",
"text": "predictable, and it sucks some of the life and emotion away.\" Sepinwall also praised Wilson's, Ramirez's, and Chamber's performances. \"The Huffington Post\" Michael Pascua praised Dempsey's character, in comparison to his performance in \"Good Mourning\", writing: \"Derek was set up as a real character in the second half, not just a one-sided McDreamy. First, Arizona and Derek finally fix the problem with Andy, then the two had some genuine interaction. Derek confronted Alex about his problems with Izzie. He took a moment to talk to Mark about the hospital's situation and ended the episode by confronting a very edgy Bailey.",
"title": "Goodbye (Grey's Anatomy)"
},
{
"id": "19349095",
"text": "inspired harmonies, to driving bass drums, to grungy synths, all culminating in an arena anthem, where Cone’s roof-lifting vocals shine.\" In January 2016, Frances Cone released their first single titled \"Arizona\" from their forthcoming second full-length album, \"Late Riser\", which is set to release in 2018. By March 2017, \"Arizona\" had accumulated over 6 million streams on Spotify. NPR Music's All Songs Considered called \"Arizona\" a \"5 out of 5\" song and featured the band as one of their overall highlights at SXSW 2017. The song is about Christina's brother, the filmmaker Stephen Cone. \"Leave Without You,\" the second single",
"title": "Frances Cone"
},
{
"id": "3271013",
"text": "credits include memorable arcs on ABC's hit \"Grey's Anatomy\", as well as starring in the TV movie \"Before You Say I Do\" (2009) opposite David Sutcliffe. Additional television credits include appearances in \"The Gene Pool\", \"Dante\", \"Hack\", \"Snoops\", and \"The Untitled New York Project\". In 2010, she was a guest star on \"Numb3rs\" and the show \"24\". She first appeared in the first four episodes of season eight and returned in the final episodes of the series. She provided the voice of Kit Luntayne in the \"Martha Speaks\" episodes \"\" and \"Cora Encore!\" Westfeldt has starred in over 25 Off-Broadway",
"title": "Jennifer Westfeldt"
},
{
"id": "16812484",
"text": "Addison Montgomery (Kate Walsh) after her departure from \"Private Practice\", but they feared it would have given the impression that his love confession for Lexie Grey was forgotten. \"Going, Going, Gone\" was originally broadcast on Thursday, September 27, 2012 in the United States on ABC. The episode's total viewership of 11.73 million ranked the show second in its 9:00 EST time slot, trailing CBS's \"Person of Interest\" (14.28 million), and fifth for the night, behind CBS's \"Two and a Half Men\" (12.54 million), \"Elementary\" (13.41 million), and \"The Big Bang Theory\" (15.66 million). The installment's 4.4 Nielsen rating in the",
"title": "Going, Going, Gone (Grey's Anatomy)"
},
{
"id": "19535014",
"text": "19, 2016 on American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States. It served as the season finale for the twelfth season of the show. On its initial release the episode was watched by a total of 8.19 million viewers and scored a 2.3/9 in the key 18-49 demographic in the Nielsen ratings, which was an increase from the previous episode \"At Last\" watched by 7.77 million viewers and received a 2.1/8 ratings/share. The episode was ranked 12th in overall viewership rank and 4th in 18-49 demographic. The episode was also the second-most watched drama of the night. The finale was",
"title": "Family Affair (Grey's Anatomy)"
},
{
"id": "15029258",
"text": "Now or Never (Grey's Anatomy) \"Now or Never\" is the twenty-fourth episode and the season finale of the fifth season of the American television medical drama, \"Grey's Anatomy\" and the show's 102nd episode overall. Written by Debora Cahn and directed by Rob Corn, the episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States on May 14, 2009. The initial airing was viewed by 17.12 million viewers and garnered a 6.2/17 Nielsen rating/share in the 18–49 demographic. The episode marked the last appearance of series regular T.R. Knight who played Dr. George O'Malley who got into",
"title": "Now or Never (Grey's Anatomy)"
},
{
"id": "13034818",
"text": "fifth season of \"Grey's Anatomy\" was an improvement on the previous two seasons, attributing this in part to the introduction of \"fresh, new characters\" Robbins and Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd). Monfette wrote that Arizona's ultimate contribution to the season was \"introducing the element of childcare to Seattle Grace\", which in turn gave Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson) \"a great arc\". Jennifer Godwin for E! Online approved of Arizona's season six promotion to a series regular, particularly as it meant the continuation of her relationship with Callie. The \"Los Angeles Times\" Carina MacKenzie wrote of the sixth-season episode \"Invasion\": \"By far the",
"title": "Arizona Robbins"
},
{
"id": "20269248",
"text": "began making music together in 2015 and were discovered by now-manager, Jake Posner, on Reddit. A R I Z O N A was signed to Atlantic Records by Mike Caren in 2016. The band released several singles that year, including \"I Was Wrong\", \"Oceans Away,\" and \"Cross My Mind.\" Robin Schulz produced the official remix of \"I Was Wrong,\" and, by August 2016, the original song had accrued 16 million streams online. The Robin Schulz remix also appeared on \"Billboard\"s Hot Dance/Electronic Songs chart for 9 weeks. In 2017, the band toured with and opened for Kevin Garrett and, later,",
"title": "Arizona (American band)"
},
{
"id": "8475563",
"text": "Elizabeth Allen Rosenbaum Elizabeth Allen Rosenbaum, also known as Liz Allen, is an American film director. Her credits include Ramona and Beezus based on the book series by Beverly Cleary, the independent thriller \"Careful What You Wish For\", and \"Aquamarine\". She's also directed episodes of \"The Exorcist\", \"Empire\", \"The Arrangement\", \"MacGyver\", \"Gossip Girl\", \"90210\", \"Life Unexpected\", \"Vampire Diaries\", and \"Franklin & Bash\". She attended Ward Melville High School. Her father is well-known solid state physicist Philip B. Allen, who was awarded Germany's Humboldt Award and a Guggenheim fellowship for his work exploring electron-phonon effects in nanosystems. Elizabeth Allen Rosenbaum (\"Liz\")",
"title": "Elizabeth Allen Rosenbaum"
},
{
"id": "18848697",
"text": "Company (ABC) in the United States. On its initial release the episode was watched by 8.08 million viewers and garnered a 2.4/7 Nielsen ratings and ranked no. 13 in 18-49 key demographic and was the 5th most watched drama. The episode was well received by the television critics. \"Spoilertv\" wrote, \"Season 11 so far has been strong – stronger, even, than season 10 and certainly season 9.\" \"The TV Addict\" also praised the episode, Oh, how I’ve missed you GREY’S, how I’ve missed you. After a week of absence this week’s episode was a biggie.\" \"Entertainment Weekly\" gave a positive",
"title": "Don't Let's Start (Grey's Anatomy)"
},
{
"id": "18846351",
"text": "confronts Arizona about her lie, and she confides in him that she did not vote for him because she wanted to hire him as the new pediatrics attending so she could take a step back and focus on the fetal surgery fellowship, and to save her marriage. Bailey finds out from Richard who Maggie really is when she tries to reverse Maggie's decision to leave Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. Meredith learns from Richard that the day at the carousel was the day he left Ellis for good. He only stayed with Adele because of his hatred and jealousy of Ellis'",
"title": "Only Mama Knows (Grey's Anatomy)"
},
{
"id": "11346434",
"text": "the Line\" ! scope=\"row\" | \"Down to the Water\" ! scope=\"row\" | ! scope=\"row\" | \"Dreams on a Grey Afternoon\" ! scope=\"row\" | \"Drive Me\" ! scope=\"row\" | \"Drum L'etudes\" ! scope=\"row\" | \"Ed Sullivan and the Beatles\" ! scope=\"row\" | \"Elvis Has Left the Building\" ! scope=\"row\" | ! scope=\"row\" | \"Endless Life of Dreams\" ! scope=\"row\" | ! scope=\"row\" | \"Eternal Struggle\" ! scope=\"row\" | \"Eve of Destruction\" ! scope=\"row\" | \"Even If You Don't Believe\" ! scope=\"row\" | \"Everybody Work\" ! scope=\"row\" | \"Everything Is Broken\" ! scope=\"row\" | \"Excerpt from a Young Lions Session, 1985\" !",
"title": "Larry Norman discography"
},
{
"id": "20865550",
"text": "him with a shovel to give her and her daughter time to escape. Although initially successful, they collide at a gate to a private residence after crashing the truck of the elderly woman who was killed by the cop earlier in which they used to try to escape. They then run off by foot to an abandoned house used to grow marijuana where they hide. Scott and his girlfriend Kelsey (played by Elizabeth Gillies), arrive at the scene of conflict when Sonny tricks them into believing that he is a security guard, and leads him into a trap. When Cassie",
"title": "Arizona (2018 film)"
},
{
"id": "12795523",
"text": "Dylan Minnette Dylan Christopher Minnette (born December 29, 1996) is an American actor and musician. He is known for his role as Clay Jensen in the Netflix drama series \"13 Reasons Why\". He has also appeared in the drama series \"Lost\", the fantasy series \"Awake\", the drama series \"Scandal\" and \"Grey's Anatomy\". Minette is known for his starring roles in the horror film \"Let Me In\" (2010), the thriller film \"Prisoners\" (2013), the family comedy film \"Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day\" (2014), the family fantasy film \"Goosebumps\" (2015), the horror film \"Don't Breathe\" (2016), and",
"title": "Dylan Minnette"
},
{
"id": "18022153",
"text": "man himself. He was called McDreamy for a reason, and he deserved better than this.\" Citing the storylines of Derek's death, Callie and Arizona splitting up, and April and Jackson losing their baby, \"The Hollywood Reporter\" wrote that Season 11 is one of the most depressing seasons of \"Grey's Anatomy\". Despite all that, the season garnered positive reviews. \"Entertainment Weekly\" wrote, \"It's nice to see Grey's pull back on the throttle on its soap opera tendencies (and I hate using that word as pejorative) and aim for drama that feels a bit more grounded.\" \"TV Fanatic\" gave a hugely positive",
"title": "Grey's Anatomy (season 11)"
},
{
"id": "9144684",
"text": "named Pac-12 Offensive player of the week for four consecutive weeks - setting a conference record, and leading to his briefly being spoken of as a candidate for the Heisman Trophy. Rodriguez was relieved of his duties on January 2, 2018, in the wake of an internal university investigation of sexual harassment claims made by Rodriguez' former administrative assistant. After a nationwide search and much media speculation, Kevin Sumlin was hired on January 14, 2018 as the new Wildcats head football coach. Sumlin was previously head coach at Texas A&M University and the University of Houston. Sumlin, the first African-American",
"title": "Arizona Wildcats football"
},
{
"id": "18022146",
"text": "instead of the 12 and 12, there will be eight episodes in the fall which will end with a winter finale on November 20, 2014 like the rest of ABC's primetime lineup \"TGIT\" \"Scandal\" and \"How To Get Away with Murder\". The remaining 16 episodes will air after the winter break, beginning on January 29, 2015. Not even a week after the Season 10 finale episode aired, the \"Grey's Anatomy\" team of writers began collaborating on ideas for Season 11 storylines. Shonda Rhimes tweeted that they were hard at work in the writing room, but would have the month of",
"title": "Grey's Anatomy (season 11)"
},
{
"id": "4811582",
"text": "with a two-hour episode, and ended on May 15, 2014. On May 8, 2014, ABC renewed the series for an eleventh season that aired from September 2014 to May 2015. In addition, the show was relocated to the Thursday 8:00pm EST time slot. After four seasons outside the top 25 rated shows, \"Grey's Anatomy\" was the number 15 show in the 2013–2014 season, the show's tenth. The show also re-entered the top five shows in the 18–49 viewer demographic. On May 7, 2015, ABC renewed the series for a twelfth season that premiered on September 24, 2015 and concluded on",
"title": "Grey's Anatomy"
},
{
"id": "10275233",
"text": "the delay between the Japanese and Western releases. An iOS version was released on August 7, 2014 in Japan and on August 14, 2014 in North America and Europe. The first episode is available for free in this version, with remaining episodes being sold separately. An Android version was released in Japanese and English on May 23, 2017. The two additional episodes, \"Turnabout Reclaimed\" and \"Quiz Turnabout Deduction\", were made available as downloadable content shortly after the game's Japanese release. \"Turnabout Reclaimed\" was released in the West on November 21, 2013, but \"Quiz Turnabout Deduction\" remained exclusive to Japan due",
"title": "Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney − Dual Destinies"
},
{
"id": "13034802",
"text": "of Torres, she accepts her marriage proposal, and the two are married by Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson). As the fifth year residents are coming close to the end of their residency, Robbins urges Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) to work under her. At the end of the Grey's Anatomy (season 8), Robbins is hurt badly in a plane crash, resulting in her left leg being amputated. In the aftermath of the plane accident, in which Sloan and Lexie Grey were killed, the hospital is sued and eventually found guilty of negligence. Each victim including Shepherd, Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), Cristina Yang",
"title": "Arizona Robbins"
},
{
"id": "5220103",
"text": "played John Driscoll in \"The Day the Earth Stood Still\". In February 2006, Chandler returned to television to guest star as the ill-fated bomb squad leader Dylan Young in two episodes of the ABC series \"Grey's Anatomy\". The episodes, titled \"It's The End of The World\" and \"As We Know It\", followed the Super Bowl XL. He received substantial praise for his performance and was nominated for the Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series category at the 58th Primetime Emmy Awards. He appeared again on \"Grey's Anatomy\", in the February 15, 2007 episode \"Drowning On Dry Land\", and the",
"title": "Kyle Chandler"
},
{
"id": "18581479",
"text": "September 1974–April 1975 September 1975–April 1976 September 1976–April 1977 September 1977–April 1978 September 1978–April 1979 September 1979–April 1980 September 1980–April 1981 September 1981–April 1982 September 1982–April 1983 September 1983–April 1984 September 1984–April 1985 September 1985–April 1986 September 1986–April 1987 September 1987–April 1988 October 1988–April 1989 September 1989–April 1990 September 1990–April 1991 September 1991–April 1992 September 1992–April 1993 September 1993–April 1994 September 1994–April 1995 September 1995–May 1996 September 1996–May 1997 September 1997–May 1998 September 1998–May 1999 September 1999–May 2000 September 2000–May 2001 September 2001–May 2002 September 2002–May 2003 September 2003–May 2004 September 2004–May 2005 September 2005–May 2006 September 2006–May 2007 September",
"title": "Top-rated United States television programs by season"
},
{
"id": "20865546",
"text": "fight. The physical fight ends when the boss falls to his death. Cassie, however, witnesses the fight, and Sonny sees her in the office space. Knowing she knows what happened, Sonny tries to convince her not to call the cops or an ambulance. When she refuses to do what he asks, Sonny then proceeds to knock her unconscious, and take her to his house where he ties her up. Sonny tries to rationalize by telling her he will let her go if she promises not to tell. When Sonny believes Cassie is lying, he again ties her up just as",
"title": "Arizona (2018 film)"
},
{
"id": "20902545",
"text": "Sojourn (American Horror Story) \"Sojourn\" is the eighth episode of the of the anthology television series \"American Horror Story\". It aired on October 31, 2018, on the cable network FX. The episode was written by Josh Green, and directed by Bradley Buecker. Michael (Cody Fern) arrives at the reservoir following the execution of Ariel, Baldwin, and Mead (Kathy Bates), and uses his abilities to identify the bodies. He is then confronted by Cordelia (Sarah Paulson), who tells him that she has hidden Mead's soul so that Michael cannot retrieve her from hell, but also insists that Michael still has capacity",
"title": "Sojourn (American Horror Story)"
},
{
"id": "20628846",
"text": "Jay Hayden Jay Hayden (born February 20, 1987) is an American actor. He starred in the ABC comedy-drama series \"The Catch\" (2016–17) and the \"Grey's Anatomy\" spinoff \"Station 19\", both produced by Shondaland. Hayden was born in Northfield, Vermont. His first major role was in the 2011 horror film \"State of Emergency\", playing the lead. In 2012, he went to star on the Hulu mockumentary comedy-drama series, \"Battleground\". Hayden had series regular role in the ABC comedy-drama \"The Catch\" starring Mireille Enos from 2016 to 2017. The series was canceled after two seasons. Later, he has had the recurring roles",
"title": "Jay Hayden"
},
{
"id": "8993756",
"text": "a season one episode of The WB's \"Smallville\", a season three episode of CBS's \"Person of Interest\", and a season one episode of HBO's \"The Sopranos\". It also featured in the films \"Coyote Ugly\", \"Forces of Nature\", \"Mean Machine\" and \"Very Bad Things\", and the trailers for \"Charlie's Angels\", \"The 51st State\", \"Drillbit Taylor\", and \"Duke Nukem Forever\". The song was also used on the 2000 WWF (now WWE) video tape \"Eve of Destruction\". Several more versions of the single can be found at Shawn Smith's Official Website Battle Flag (song) \"Battle Flag\" (or \"Battleflag\") is a 1997 song by",
"title": "Battle Flag (song)"
},
{
"id": "18848699",
"text": "only everything ran together a bit more smoothly, I'd have no complaints.\" Don't Let's Start (Grey's Anatomy) \"Don't Let's Start\" is the 6th episode of the eleventh season of the American television medical drama \"Grey's Anatomy\", and is the 226th episode overall. It aired on October 30, 2014 on ABC in the United States. The episode was written by Austin Guzman and directed by Rob Greenlea. On its initial airing, it was watched by 8.08 million viewers. The episode received positive reviews from critics. The episode's title is a reference to the song with the same name by They Might",
"title": "Don't Let's Start (Grey's Anatomy)"
},
{
"id": "6522291",
"text": "drama series \"Run for Your Life\" (starring Ben Gazzara) in 1967 when she was 18 years old. Other TV credits include \"Adam-12\", \"Gunsmoke\", \"The High Chaparral\", \"The Virginian\", \"Medical Center\", \"Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color\", \"Mod Squad\", \"The F.B.I.\", \"Hawaii Five-O\", \"The Love Boat\", \"Fantasy Island\", \"Vega$\", \"B.J. and the Bear\", \"Laverne & Shirley\", and \"State of the Union\". She portrayed Susan Baker on \"Adam-12\" in the first-season episode \"Grand Theft Horse\" and Kitty in the episode \"The Sand Trap\" of the short-lived 1974 ABC police drama \"Nakia\". She played Michael Douglas's girlfriend in \"The Streets of San Francisco\"",
"title": "Jo Ann Harris"
},
{
"id": "20856618",
"text": "are all that's keeping this story alive, unfortunately.\" The Morning After (American Horror Story) \"The Morning After\" is the second episode of the of the anthology television series \"American Horror Story\". It aired on September 19, 2018, on the cable network FX. The episode was written by James Wong, and directed by Jennifer Lynch. Emily (Ash Santos) finds her room infested with snakes and her screams alert Timothy (Kyle Allen) and Ms. Mead (Kathy Bates). Mead rejoices at the new protein and theorizes that the snakes went deep underground to avoid the blast. Emily asks Ms. Venable (Sarah Paulson) about",
"title": "The Morning After (American Horror Story)"
},
{
"id": "18022149",
"text": "number in the \"No. overall\" column refers to the episode's number within the overall series, whereas the number in the \"No. in season\" column refers to the episode's number within this particular season. \"U.S. viewers in millions\" refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> \"Grey's Anatomy's\" eleventh season opened up to 10.14 million viewers with a 3.1/11 Nielsen rating/share in the 18–49 demographic. The premiere episode \"I Must Have Lost it on the Wind\", was the season's most viewed episode. \"When I Grow Up\" was the season and series' least viewed episode, with",
"title": "Grey's Anatomy (season 11)"
},
{
"id": "8096408",
"text": "Jesse Head Jesse John Head (born September 1, 1983) is an American actor, best known for his co-starring role on the Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen' sitcom \"So Little Time\". He has also had a recurring role on \"Huff\". He has made guest appearances on several other TV shows, including \"NUMB3RS\", \"Grey's Anatomy\" and \"Bones\". Jesse has guest-starred on the WB hit summer series \"Summerland\". Jesse has also guest-starred as Trent Stone in the season 3 \"Hannah Montana\" episode \"Miley Says Goodbye? Part 2\". Jesse is also in the movie adaptation of \"Firebreather\". He is the voice of main character Duncan",
"title": "Jesse Head"
},
{
"id": "8096409",
"text": "Rosenblatt. He also voices Noah Pawling in the film \"\". Jesse Head Jesse John Head (born September 1, 1983) is an American actor, best known for his co-starring role on the Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen' sitcom \"So Little Time\". He has also had a recurring role on \"Huff\". He has made guest appearances on several other TV shows, including \"NUMB3RS\", \"Grey's Anatomy\" and \"Bones\". Jesse has guest-starred on the WB hit summer series \"Summerland\". Jesse has also guest-starred as Trent Stone in the season 3 \"Hannah Montana\" episode \"Miley Says Goodbye? Part 2\". Jesse is also in the movie adaptation",
"title": "Jesse Head"
},
{
"id": "20841684",
"text": "episode, ranging from five days until broadcast to when the episode began airing. At time of the episode's initial announcement, it was stated that the episode would air in August 2018. On 24 July 2018, it was confirmed that the episode would air on 11 August. The episode premiered on BBC One at 21:10 and was available to watch on BBC iPlayer for thirty days after its broadcast. Official ratings from the Broadcasters' Audience Research Board showed that 5.51 million people had watched the episode on BBC One and BBC iPlayer within 7 days of the original broadcast. Within 28",
"title": "Episode 1094"
},
{
"id": "13007753",
"text": "Ruth Bradley Sharon Ruth Bradley (born 24 January 1987) is an Irish actress. She is best known for playing Emily Merchant in \"Primeval\" (2011) and Karen Voss in \"Humans\" (2015–18). Bradley's first screen appearances were in 2002 in \"Ultimate Force\" (as Georgia Gracey) and \"Sinners\" (as Angela). Since then, she has had recurring roles in \"The Clinic\" (3 episodes, 2003), \"Love Is the Drug\" (4 episodes, 2004), \"Legend\" (6 episodes, 2006), \"The Innocence Project\" (8 episodes, 2006-7), \"Plus One\" (6 episodes, 2007-9) and \"Love/Hate\" (season 1 and 2). She presented at the 4th Irish Film and Television Awards in 2007.",
"title": "Ruth Bradley"
},
{
"id": "14569061",
"text": "(Sandra Oh) was the most affected by the shooting, quitting her job. Cristina and Owen later marry with \"her person\", the show's protagonist Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), as her maid of honor. Meredith and Derek start an Alzheimer trial, with Meredith suspecting that Richard Webber's (James Pickens, Jr.) wife Adele (Loretta Devine) may have Alzheimer's. Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw) leaves for Africa after getting a grant leaving Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) despondent. She sleeps with Mark Sloan (Eric Dane) and becomes pregnant by chance. Arizona returns, confessing her love for Callie. Meredith messes up the trial for the sake of",
"title": "Grey's Anatomy (season 7)"
},
{
"id": "20552593",
"text": "son, Tucker and his friends. The eventual death of the patient prompts Bailey and Ben to discuss police brutality with Tucker. The episode was written by Zoanne Clack and directed by Kevin Rodney Sullivan. The episode aired on American Broadcasting Company on January 25, 2018. Upon initial release, it was viewed by 8.62 million people, an increase of 0.35 million from the previous installment and the mid-season premiere \"1-800-799-7233\"; it also garnered a season-best 2.3/9 Nielsen rating. \"Personal Jesus\" was also the week's second most watched drama and ranked seventh on the list of most watched television programmes overall. The",
"title": "Personal Jesus (Grey's Anatomy)"
},
{
"id": "3180371",
"text": "Ashley Johnson Ashley Suzanne Johnson (born August 9, 1983) is an American actress, voice actress and singer. She is best known for her roles as Chrissie Seaver in \"Growing Pains\", Ellie in \"The Last of Us,\" Annie Warbucks in \"\", Alex Marshall in \"What Women Want\", Terra in \"Teen Titans\" and its spin-off \"Teen Titans Go!\", Gwen Tennyson in the \"Ben 10\" franchise and Gretchen Priscilla Grundler in Disney's \"Recess\". She currently stars in the NBC drama \"Blindspot\" as FBI forensic specialist Patterson, and is a recurring cast member of Geek and Sundry's show \"Critical Role\". In 2013 and 2014",
"title": "Ashley Johnson"
}
] | what episode does arizona come on grey's |
[
"Craig Morgan"
] | [
{
"id": "10402302",
"text": "Almost Home (Craig Morgan song) \"Almost Home\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Craig Morgan. It was released in November 2002 the second single from his album \"I Love It\". The song was Morgan's first Top 10 hit on the U.S. country music charts. In addition, the song earned him a \"Song of the Year\" award from BMI, and a Songwriter's Achievement Award from the Nashville Songwriters' Association International. The song was written by Morgan and Kerry Kurt Phillips. The song is a mid-tempo mostly backed by acoustic guitar. It tells of the singer's encounter",
"title": "Almost Home (Craig Morgan song)"
},
{
"id": "5698900",
"text": "publishing contract at the time. In 2002, Morgan signed with Broken Bow Records. The label released his second album, \"I Love It\", in March 2003. Leading off this album was \"God, Family and Country\", a song dedicated to former Nashville session drummer Randy Hardison, with backing vocals from the group 4 Runner. It peaked at number 49 on the country charts. Following this song was Morgan's first Top 40 hit, \"Almost Home\". The song originally reached a peak of No. 33, but it was re-added to the charts three weeks later after an unexpected increase in airplay. Upon re-entering the",
"title": "Craig Morgan"
},
{
"id": "10402306",
"text": "the No. 25 position starting with the March 29 publication. The song ultimately peaked at No. 6. Almost Home (Craig Morgan song) \"Almost Home\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Craig Morgan. It was released in November 2002 the second single from his album \"I Love It\". The song was Morgan's first Top 10 hit on the U.S. country music charts. In addition, the song earned him a \"Song of the Year\" award from BMI, and a Songwriter's Achievement Award from the Nashville Songwriters' Association International. The song was written by Morgan and Kerry Kurt",
"title": "Almost Home (Craig Morgan song)"
},
{
"id": "19076058",
"text": "Almost Home (Mary Chapin Carpenter song) \"Almost Home\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Mary Chapin Carpenter. It was released in April 1999 as the first single from her compilation album, \"Party Doll and Other Favorites\". It peaked at number 22 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart, and is her last Top 40 country hit. The song is a mid-tempo about a woman who \"takes stock of a life lived and comes up short\". It is in the key of B-flat major with an approximate tempo of 96 beats per minute and a chord",
"title": "Almost Home (Mary Chapin Carpenter song)"
},
{
"id": "11857442",
"text": "Home (Joe Diffie song) \"Home\" is a song written by Fred Lehner and Andy Spooner, and recorded by American country music singer Joe Diffie as his debut single. It was released in August 1990 as the lead-off single from his debut album \"A Thousand Winding Roads\". \"Home\" rose to the top of all three major country format charts that were in existence at the time — \"Billboard\", \"Radio & Records\" (now known as \"Mediabase 24/7\"), and the now-defunct \"Gavin Report\" — marking the first time in chart history that a country singer's debut single had done so. It also peaked",
"title": "Home (Joe Diffie song)"
},
{
"id": "11826132",
"text": "Almost Goodbye (song) \"Almost Goodbye\" is a song written by Billy Livsey and Don Schlitz, and recorded by American country music singer Mark Chesnutt. It was released in August 1993 as the second single and title track from his 1993 album of the same name. The song peaked at number-one on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) chart and at number 2 on the Canadian \"RPM\" Country Tracks chart. The music video was directed by John Lloyd Miller and premiered in late 1993. The song debuted at number 68 on the Hot Country Singles",
"title": "Almost Goodbye (song)"
},
{
"id": "19076060",
"text": "her graceful, if circuitous, career.\" From \"Party Doll and Other Favorites\" liner notes. Almost Home (Mary Chapin Carpenter song) \"Almost Home\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Mary Chapin Carpenter. It was released in April 1999 as the first single from her compilation album, \"Party Doll and Other Favorites\". It peaked at number 22 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart, and is her last Top 40 country hit. The song is a mid-tempo about a woman who \"takes stock of a life lived and comes up short\". It is in the key of B-flat",
"title": "Almost Home (Mary Chapin Carpenter song)"
},
{
"id": "17090112",
"text": "Music Group for the promotional campaign for the movie. The single's artwork was unveiled through Carey's Instagram account on February 14, 2013, with the single itself being released on February 19, 2013. However, it leaked the day before. A pop song, \"Almost Home\" contains elements of other music genres such as R&B, hip hop and EDM. Carey delivers an inspirational message with the song, and, as described by Jocelyn Vena of MTV, the singer's placed \"right in the mythical land from the famed movie\", singing during the chorus, \"When you're almost there / And you're almost home / Just open",
"title": "Almost Home (Mariah Carey song)"
},
{
"id": "16080141",
"text": "Home (Dierks Bentley song) \"Home\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Dierks Bentley. It was released in October 2011 as the second single from his 2012 album of the same name. The song reached number one on the US \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart in March 2012. Bentley co-wrote this song with Dan Wilson and Brett Beavers. The song was selected by the Arizona Centennial Commission to serve as its official song for the state’s 100 year celebration. The song was inspired by the Tucson, Arizona shooting that killed six people and critically injured U.S.",
"title": "Home (Dierks Bentley song)"
},
{
"id": "13152594",
"text": "Every Chance I Get Every Chance I Get is the third studio album by American country rap artist Colt Ford. It was released on May 3, 2011 through Average Joe's Entertainment Group. The album includes the singles \"Country Thang\", featuring Eric Church, \"She Likes To Ride In Trucks\", featuring Craig Morgan. and \"What I Call Home\", featuring JB and the Moonshine Band. The original version of the single \"Country Thang\", which features Dallas Davidson on chorus vocals, does not appear on the album. As of the chart dated July 16, 2011, the album has sold 73,300 copies in the US.",
"title": "Every Chance I Get"
},
{
"id": "17090118",
"text": "the country. Following the announcement of the single, it was revealed that Carey had recorded an accompanying music video for it with David LaChapelle, who previously directed the music video for Carey's \"Loverboy\" (2001). On February 19, 2013, a teaser of the video was aired on \"Good Morning America\". The video premiered on March 8, 2013 at Carey's VEVO channel, the same day \"Oz the Great and Powerful\" hit theaters. LaChapelle captures the singer belting the Stargate co-produced song, alone, while donning a beautiful black gown. The photographer-director incorporates footage from the fantasy feature throughout the 3 1/2-minute long visual.",
"title": "Almost Home (Mariah Carey song)"
},
{
"id": "10888059",
"text": "Letters from Home (song) \"Letters from Home\" is a song written by Tony Lane and David Lee, and recorded by American country music singer John Michael Montgomery. It was released in February 2004 as the second single and title track from the album of the same name. It peaked at number 2 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in 2004 and also reached number 24 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, his highest-ever peak on that chart. Co-writer David Lee got the idea after seeing a soldier and his girlfriend saying goodbye at the airport. The song is",
"title": "Letters from Home (song)"
},
{
"id": "10402305",
"text": "nuanced performance of the poignant lyric. The song is sure to stir emotions and should be a welcome addition to playlists.\" During its run, \"Almost Home\" fell from the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs charts starting with the chart dated for March 8, 2003 after a peak of No. 33, as the song had decreased in airplay, was below No. 20, and was more than 20 weeks old, then the publication's policy for moving a song into recurrent rotation. After its removal, it began to increase in airplay over the next three weeks, so it was restored to that chart in",
"title": "Almost Home (Craig Morgan song)"
},
{
"id": "11586425",
"text": "This Time I Almost Made It This Time I Almost Made It is the fourth studio album released by American country singer, Barbara Mandrell, released in 1974. This would be Mandrell's last album with record company Columbia before the label dropped her. She would later switch to ABC/Dot and enjoy the most successful part of her career under the record company. This album spawned two singles that charted on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. The first single, the title track peaked at #12. The second single, \"Wonder When My Baby's Coming Home\" barely cracked the Top 40, peaking",
"title": "This Time I Almost Made It"
},
{
"id": "3975756",
"text": "Billboard's list of \"Greatest of All Time Country Albums\" and \"Greatest of All Time Country Songs\" with \"Based on a True Story...\" taking the position of No. 51 on the chart and \"God Gave Me You\" ranking at No. 80 on the chart, respectively. Shelton married long time girlfriend Kaynette Gern on November 17, 2003. They divorced in 2006. In 2005, Shelton met singer Miranda Lambert at the CMT's \"100 Greatest Duets Concert\". Lambert also sang background vocals on his cover of Michael Bublé's song, \"Home\", which became a number-one single on the Hot Country Songs chart. On May 9,",
"title": "Blake Shelton"
},
{
"id": "11704082",
"text": "Heartland (George Strait song) \"Heartland\" is a song written by Steve Dorff and John Bettis, and recorded by American country music artist George Strait. It was released in January 1993 as the second single from his soundtrack album \"Pure Country\". The song reached the top of the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) chart. The song is an uptempo country-rocker, in which the narrator sings about the heartland of America – \"The only place I feel at home\" and \"Where they still know wrong from right.\" A music video was filmed for the single, which combines",
"title": "Heartland (George Strait song)"
},
{
"id": "13191695",
"text": "Sharon Anderson (singer) Sharon Lenore Anderson is a Canadian country music singer. During the late 1980s, Anderson was a member of country group Trinity Lane, who charted three singles on \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart in 1988. In 1991, she signed to Capitol Nashville and released her solo debut album, \"The Bottom Line\", the same year. The album produced two singles that charted on the \"RPM\" Country Tracks chart in Canada. Another album, \"Bringing It Home\", was released on Royalty Records in 1995. As a songwriter, Anderson co-wrote fellow Canadian country singer Lisa Brokop's 1994 Top 20 single \"Give Me",
"title": "Sharon Anderson (singer)"
},
{
"id": "14557041",
"text": "RCA Nashville. The soundtrack debuted at #16 on the \"Billboard\" Top Country Albums chart upon its release on October 26, 2010. Following the film's release in January 2011, the soundtrack rose to a new peak of #2 on that chart, as well as #6 on the all-genre \"Billboard\" 200 albums chart. The film's score was composed by Michael Brook. \"Coming Home\" by Bob DiPiero, Tom Douglas, Lindsey, Troy Verges and performed by Gwyneth Paltrow was nominated for Best Original Song at the 68th Golden Globe Awards and 83rd Academy Awards, but it lost both to \"You Haven't Seen The Last",
"title": "Country Strong"
},
{
"id": "19458244",
"text": "Home (Loretta Lynn song) \"Home\" is a song written by Bobby Harden that was originally performed by American country music artist Loretta Lynn. It was released as a single in July 1975 via MCA Records. \"Home\" was recorded at the Bradley's Barn on March 5, 1974. Located in Mount Juliet, Tennessee, the session was produced by renowned country music producer Owen Bradley. Three additional tracks were recorded during this session. \"Home\" reached number ten on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles survey in 1975. Additionally, the song peaked at number five on the Canadian \"RPM\" Country Songs chart during this same",
"title": "Home (Loretta Lynn song)"
},
{
"id": "19476293",
"text": "to name a few. The Powell Brothers co-founded Tolar Powell Entertainment with Chad Tolar, their manager and booking agent. The Powell Brothers are Country/Americana recording artists from Houston, Texas. The group is fronted by brothers Taylor Powell (lead vocals) and Blake Powell (lead guitar). The Powell Brothers spent the first half of 2018 promoting their radio single “Coming Home.” The single enjoyed much success on the charts, spending seven (7) weeks in the Top 20 on both the TRRR and CDX Traction Texas radio charts. The group's new single, “Somewhere Down The Road,” released to radio on August 13th and",
"title": "The Powell Brothers"
},
{
"id": "14325675",
"text": "for Song of the Year, while \"I Want Crazy\" received a 2014 Grammy nomination and \"Day Drinking\" received a 2015 Grammy nomination. \"Wanted\", composed by Hunter Hayes and Troy Verges, took home Song Of The Year honors at the 2013 BMI Country Awards. Verges was named \"Songwriter of the Year\" in 2002 by Broadcast Music Incorporated and \"Songwriter of the Year\" by the Nashville Songwriters Association International. In 2011, Verges garnered both and Oscar nomination and a Golden Globe nomination in the Best Original Song category for his composition \"Coming Home\" from the film \"Country Strong\". He produced and mixed",
"title": "Troy Verges"
},
{
"id": "19055179",
"text": "Kye Fleming Kye Fleming (born Rhonda Kye Fleming on October 9, 1951 in Pensacola, Florida) is an American singer/songwriter and music publisher working in Nashville, Tennessee. She was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2009 and has won more than 42 BMI Awards, including BMI Songwriter of the Year for 3 consecutive years (1981–83). Fifteen of her compositions have achieved over one million performances each. Some of the most successful songs Fleming has written or co-written include: \"I Was Country When Country Wasn't Cool\", \"Sleeping Single in a Double Bed\", \"Smoky Mountain Rain\", \"Roll On Mississippi\", \"Years\",",
"title": "Kye Fleming"
},
{
"id": "15849965",
"text": "Finally Home \"Finally Home\" is a song by contemporary Christian music band MercyMe. Co-written by Bart Millard, Barry Graul, and Mike Scheuchzer, the song has lyrical themes revolving around heaven, with the music written around an acoustic guitar riff. It also contains musical influences from country and pop music, and features harmony vocals from Millard. \"Finally Home\" was released as the third single from MercyMe's 2007 album \"All That Is Within Me\" and peaked at No. 1 on \"Billboard\" magazine's Soft AC/INSPO and Christian AC charts, No. 3 on the Hot Christian Songs chart, and No. 16 on the Hot",
"title": "Finally Home"
},
{
"id": "17090113",
"text": "up your eyes and go / When you're almost there / Almost home / Know you're not alone / You're almost home.\" The song is performed in the key of B major in common time with a tempo of 87 beats per minute. For the final chorus, the song's key shifts up one semitone to B major. Carey's vocal range spans from F to E in the song. \"Almost Home\" has received generally favorable reviews from music critics. Alyssa Toomey from E! praised the song, writing, \"If you've ever closed your eyes, clicked your heels and wished for more Mariah",
"title": "Almost Home (Mariah Carey song)"
},
{
"id": "11814581",
"text": "Marc Ball and premiered in September 1993. It is a live performance, and features cameos from future superstars Toby Keith (who was just starting his career with two successful Top Five hits (the Number One \"Should've Been a Cowboy\" and \"He Ain't Worth Missing\") at the time of this video's release), Tim McGraw and Shania Twain, as well as established stars John Anderson, Tanya Tucker and William Lee Golden of the Oak Ridge Boys. \"My Second Home\" debuted at number 73 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of September 4, 1993. My Second Home",
"title": "My Second Home"
},
{
"id": "16275463",
"text": "Home (Dierks Bentley album) Home is the sixth studio album by American country music singer Dierks Bentley. It was released in February 2012 via Capitol Records Nashville. The album produced four singles—\"Am I the Only One\", the \"title track\", \"5-1-5-0\", and \"Tip It On Back\"—on the US \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart between 2011 and 2012, with the first three on those reaching went to number 1. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic gave the album a positive review and rated it as three stars out of five, saying that it \"resonates longer and louder than \"Feel That Fire\" even when",
"title": "Home (Dierks Bentley album)"
},
{
"id": "11311202",
"text": "Back Home Again (John Denver album) Back Home Again is the eighth studio album by singer-songwriter John Denver released in June, 1974. The multi-platinum album contained the hit singles \"Annie's Song\" (#1 pop, #1 adult contemporary), and \"Back Home Again\" (#5 pop, #1 AC, #1 country). In addition, the studio versions of \"Thank God I'm a Country Boy\" and \"Sweet Surrender\" appear on this album. The song \"Grandma's Feather Bed\" was written by banjoist Jim Connor, of the New Kingston Trio, based on a verse he wrote for his grandmother. Denver first heard Connor playing the song in 1968. Connor",
"title": "Back Home Again (John Denver album)"
},
{
"id": "11906069",
"text": "Home (Alan Jackson song) \"Home\" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Alan Jackson. The song was originally recorded by him on his 1990 debut album \"Here in the Real World\". The original 1989 recording served as the B-side to three of Jackson's singles: his debut single \"Blue Blooded Woman\", as well as his first two Number One hits \"I'd Love You All Over Again\" and \"Don't Rock the Jukebox.\" Jackson included \"Home\" in 1995 for his first Greatest Hits package, \"The Greatest Hits Collection\". The song served as the B-side to that album's first two",
"title": "Home (Alan Jackson song)"
},
{
"id": "19037638",
"text": "the song as a single in March 2017. \"Don't Make Me Feel At Home\" was previously recorded by Wesley Dennis in 1995. The first single of the album, \"Top of the World\" was released on August 4, 2015. It debuted at number 30 on the Hot Country Songs chart. The next week it debut at number 18 on the Country Digital Songs chart, selling 16,000 copies. The second single of the album, \"Humble and Kind\" was released on February 1, 2016. The third single of the album, \"How I'll Always Be\" released on July 11, 2016. The album debuted at",
"title": "Damn Country Music"
},
{
"id": "9372194",
"text": "album \"Long Live King George\", and the newly written \"I'll Try\". Both of these were released as singles, reaching the top of the \"Billboard\" country charts in late 1995 and early 1996, respectively. One song on this compilation, \"Home\", was previously included on \"Here in the Real World\" but was not released as a single until mid-1996, peaking at #3 on the country charts. New recorded tracks The Greatest Hits Collection (Alan Jackson album) The Greatest Hits Collection is the first greatest hits compilation album by American country music artist Alan Jackson. Released on October 24, 1995, it includes the",
"title": "The Greatest Hits Collection (Alan Jackson album)"
},
{
"id": "8768943",
"text": "I Love It (album) I Love It is the second studio album released by American country music singer Craig Morgan. The album contains four singles: \"God, Family And Country\", \"Almost Home\", \"Every Friday Afternoon\", and \"Look at Us\", all of which entered the Hot Country Songs charts between 2002 and 2004. \"Almost Home\" was the highest peaking single of these four, reaching a peak of number 6 on the country charts. The first single, \"God, Family, and Country\", was also recorded by the group 4 Runner on their 2003 album \"Getaway Car\". 4 Runner also provide backing vocals on Morgan's",
"title": "I Love It (album)"
},
{
"id": "15371921",
"text": "Home (Loretta Lynn album) Home is the twenty-fifth studio album by American country music singer-songwriter Loretta Lynn. It was released on August 11, 1975, by MCA Records. The album peaked at No. 7 on the \"Billboard\" Top Country Albums chart. The album's single, \"Home\", peaked at No. 10 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart. Recording sessions for the album took place on June 10, June 11 and June 20, 1975, at Bradley's Barn in Mount Juliet, TN. Four songs on the album were from previous recording sessions. \"Home\" and \"He's Only Everything\" were the first songs to be released",
"title": "Home (Loretta Lynn album)"
},
{
"id": "19743527",
"text": "Academy of Country Music gave \"Forever Country\" and the CMA their Video of the Year Award at their 2017 ceremony. The song was recorded to honor the 50th Annual Country Music Association (CMA) Awards. It was produced by Shane McAnally and is a medley of three existing songs: \"I Will Always Love You\" by Dolly Parton, \"Take Me Home, Country Roads\" by John Denver, and \"On the Road Again\" by Willie Nelson. Along with Nelson and Parton singing portions of their own songs, the song features 28 other current and veteran country acts who are all previous CMA winners; Denver",
"title": "Forever Country"
},
{
"id": "11907100",
"text": "country standards like \"Jealous Heart\", \"It's Been So Long, Darling\", and \"Your Cheatin' Heart\". The album peaked at No. 2 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot Country Albums chart, her highest position on the chart since her debut. The first single, \"The Home You're Tearin' Down\" peaked at No. 10 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart, followed by \"Dear Uncle Sam\", a self-penned song by Lynn about the Vietnam War, which peaked at No. 4. Recording for the album began on November 15, 1965 at Columbia Recording Studio, Nashville, TN. Two additional recording sessions followed on January 6 and",
"title": "I Like 'Em Country"
},
{
"id": "11826133",
"text": "& Tracks chart dated September 4, 1993. It charted for 20 weeks on that chart, and became his fourth Number One single on the chart dated November 20, 1993, holding the top spot for one week. Almost Goodbye (song) \"Almost Goodbye\" is a song written by Billy Livsey and Don Schlitz, and recorded by American country music singer Mark Chesnutt. It was released in August 1993 as the second single and title track from his 1993 album of the same name. The song peaked at number-one on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) chart",
"title": "Almost Goodbye (song)"
},
{
"id": "16671466",
"text": "Almost Saturday Night \"Almost Saturday Night\" is a song written by John Fogerty and first released on his 1975 album \"John Fogerty\". It was released as a single and reached #78. It was also covered by a number of artists, including Dave Edmunds, who also released it as a single to more success, Gene Clark, Ricky Nelson, The Searchers and The Georgia Satellites. The song describes the hero looking out the window and getting excited about the approaching weekend. Fogerty released the song as the second single from \"John Fogerty\", as a follow up to \"Rockin' All Over the World,",
"title": "Almost Saturday Night"
},
{
"id": "17090109",
"text": "Almost Home (Mariah Carey song) \"Almost Home\" is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey. It is the main track from the 2013 Walt Disney Pictures film \"Oz the Great and Powerful\". Commissioned by Disney, Simone Porter, Justin Gray, and Lindsey Ray wrote the bulk of the record. When Carey signed on to sing the song, she and Stargate's Tor Erik Hermansen and Mikkel Eriksen would later change it a bit and ultimately, complete it. On February 6, 2013, it was announced that Mariah Carey had recorded the song for the Disney film with production team Stargate,",
"title": "Almost Home (Mariah Carey song)"
},
{
"id": "16275464",
"text": "it shares much of the same radio-ready DNA.\" The album debuted at number seven with 55,000 copies on the US \"Billboard\" 200 chart. As of February, 2014 the album has sold 294,000 copies in the United States. Credits adapted from \"Allmusic\" and album liner notes. Design Musicians Album Singles Home (Dierks Bentley album) Home is the sixth studio album by American country music singer Dierks Bentley. It was released in February 2012 via Capitol Records Nashville. The album produced four singles—\"Am I the Only One\", the \"title track\", \"5-1-5-0\", and \"Tip It On Back\"—on the US \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs",
"title": "Home (Dierks Bentley album)"
},
{
"id": "17090110",
"text": "and that it would be released through digital download on February 19, 2013. The song delivers an inspirational message, \"Almost Home\" has received generally favorable reviews from music critics, many of whom praised the vocal performance of Carey, calling it a \"return\" to her sound of the 1990s after the lukewarm reviews given to her recent releases, including \"Triumphant (Get 'Em)\" (2012). Following the announcement of the single, it was revealed that Carey had recorded an accompanying music video for it with David LaChapelle. The video premiered on March 8, 2013, the same day \"Oz the Great and Powerful\" was",
"title": "Almost Home (Mariah Carey song)"
},
{
"id": "9325777",
"text": "Home Sweet Home (Mötley Crüe song) \"Home Sweet Home\" is a song by American heavy metal band Mötley Crüe. It was originally released in 1985 on the album \"Theatre of Pain\", and again in 1991 for the \"Decade of Decadence 81-91\" compilation album. It has been recorded as a cover version by several artists, most notably country singer Carrie Underwood, who released her version as a single in 2009. Along with \"Wild Side\", \"Home Sweet Home\" is one of the rare Mötley Crüe hits to have Vince Neil credited with the songwriting, though he did play a part in writing",
"title": "Home Sweet Home (Mötley Crüe song)"
},
{
"id": "5541852",
"text": "chart of \"The Nation's Top Ten Juke Box Tunes\", in the same tandem ranking. The song also reached No. 4 on \"Billboard\"s Honor Roll of Hits, with The Dream Weavers and Jo Stafford's versions listed as best sellers. The song was ranked No. 36 on \"Billboard\"s ranking of \"1956's Top Tunes\", based on the Honor Roll of Hits. The Dream Weavers, a singing group including writers Adkinson and Buff, recorded the most successful version of the song for Decca Records (catalog number 29683). Their version first charted in \"Billboard\" on November 12, 1955, and reached No. 7 on \"Billboard\"s chart",
"title": "It's Almost Tomorrow"
},
{
"id": "13920875",
"text": "and 65 respectively. It also debuted at number 48 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart on the week ending December 12, 2009, and on the chart week of April 10, 2010, the song became her ninth number one single and peaked at number 34 on the U.S. Christian Songs chart. As of October 2015, \"Temporary Home\" has sold 1,093,000 copies in the United States. As a promotional single (before the release of \"Play On\"): United States: 31,000 As a confirmed single (after the release of \"Play On\"): United States: 1,093,000 The song has been certified Platinum. Temporary Home",
"title": "Temporary Home"
},
{
"id": "16671468",
"text": "Their version peaked at number 49 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart. A cover by Bob Woodruff peaked at number 89 on the \"RPM\" Country Tracks chart in Canada in 1997. Allmusic critic Mark Deming considers \"Almost Saturday Night\" one of Fogerty's best songs and describes the song as \"a gloriously passionate hymn to the promise of the weekend.\" Deming felt that Fogerty's \"gritty\" vocals were better suited to the song than Edmunds' \"smoother\" vocals, but praised Edmunds' enthusiasm and \"killer\" guitar solo. \"Rolling Stone\" critic Dave Marsh praised the song's Beatles-like guitar part and double tracked vocal performance,",
"title": "Almost Saturday Night"
},
{
"id": "4661702",
"text": "\"Hear Something Country Christmas 2007\" with a rendition of \"Do You Hear What I Hear?\". The song reached No. 2 on the AC Chart and remained there for three consecutive weeks. She recorded the song \"Ever Ever After\" for the soundtrack of the 2007 Walt Disney film \"Enchanted\". Underwood co-wrote a song for \"Idol\" alum Kristy Lee Cook's major-label debut album \"Why Wait\". At the 2008 Idol Gives Back, she sang George Michael's classic \"Praying For Time\" and later recorded it. In November 2008, Underwood recorded a virtual and posthumous duet with Elvis Presley, on his classic \"I'll Be Home",
"title": "Carrie Underwood"
},
{
"id": "13920867",
"text": "Temporary Home \"Temporary Home\" is a song written by Zac Maloy, Luke Laird and co-written and recorded by American country artist Carrie Underwood. It is the second official single from her third studio album, \"Play On\", and was released to country radio the week of December 14, 2009. Before being released as a single, the song was made available to iTunes on October 20, 2009. A promotional music video for the song was released in November 2009, and an official music video followed in February 2010. In December 2010, the song was ranked at number 25 on \"Billboard\"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Top Country",
"title": "Temporary Home"
},
{
"id": "11087472",
"text": "at the airport. A version was released by American country music artist Blake Shelton on February 1, 2008. This cover entered the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart at number 60 for the week of February 12, 2008. It was included on a June 2008 re-issue of Shelton's 2007 album \"Pure BS\" and \"Blake Shelton Collector's Edition\", an EP which is only available at Walmart. Shelton's rendition features backing vocals from his girlfriend (now ex-wife), Miranda Lambert. Shelton's version of the song reached Number One on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs charts dated for the week of July 19, 2008, becoming",
"title": "Home (Michael Bublé song)"
},
{
"id": "20135808",
"text": "self-titled EP, “We Do Us” has received over 2 million streams on Spotify. Hurd was featured on Rolling Stone Country's \"Artists You Need to Know\" list Ryan Hurd Ryan Hurd is a country music songwriter and recording artist from Kalamazoo, Michigan. In addition to writing No. 1 singles for Blake Shelton and Luke Bryan, Hurd has recorded for RCA Records Nashville. Ryan Hurd grew up in Kalamazoo, Michigan before moving to Nashville, Tennessee. Hurd met his wife, Maren Morris, while writing the ballad “Last Turn Home” for Tim McGraw. In 2015, Hurd wrote \"Lonely Tonight\", a No 1 Country Airplay",
"title": "Ryan Hurd"
},
{
"id": "11310273",
"text": "It Was Almost Like a Song \"It Was Almost Like a Song\" is a song written by Hal David and Archie Jordan, and recorded by American country music singer Ronnie Milsap. It was released in May 1977 as the first single and title track from the album \"It Was Almost Like a Song\". It became one of the greatest hits of his recording career upon its release in 1977. In July 1977, \"It Was Almost Like a Song\" was Milsap's eighth No. 1 song on the \"Billboard magazine\" Hot Country Songs chart. The song also became his first \"Billboard\" Hot",
"title": "It Was Almost Like a Song"
},
{
"id": "7073370",
"text": "Honey, I'm Home \"Honey, I'm Home\" is a song co-written and recorded by Canadian country music artist Shania Twain. It was released in August 1998 as the sixth single from her album \"Come On Over\", and the fifth to country radio. The song was written by Mutt Lange and Shania Twain. The song was originally released in the summer of 1998 following the mass success of \"You're Still the One\". The song went on to become Shania's seventh and to date, final number one single on the \"Billboard\" Country singles chart. \"Honey, I'm Home\" was included in both her Come",
"title": "Honey, I'm Home"
},
{
"id": "15371922",
"text": "from an October 8, 1974 session. \"Bring Some of It Home\" was recorded on March 5, 1974, during a session for 1974's \"They Don't Make 'Em Like My Daddy\". \"No Place Else to Go\" was recorded during the December 19, 1974 session for 1975's \"Back to the Country\". Adapted from album liner notes. Album – Billboard (North America) Singles – Billboard (North America) Home (Loretta Lynn album) Home is the twenty-fifth studio album by American country music singer-songwriter Loretta Lynn. It was released on August 11, 1975, by MCA Records. The album peaked at No. 7 on the \"Billboard\" Top",
"title": "Home (Loretta Lynn album)"
},
{
"id": "16050117",
"text": "song with Rodney Atkins, \"Take a Back Road\" was named Song of the Year. He was named ACM's Songwriter of the Year in 2015. He has been nominated for three Grammys for Best Country Song: twice in 2015, for Kenny Chesney's \"American Kids\" and for Eric Church's \"Give Me Back My Hometown\", and again in 2016 for Tim McGraw's \"Diamond Rings and Old Barstools.\" Although he is primarily interested in songwriting, Laird also produced two Grammy nominated albums by Kacey Musgraves, the 2014 \"Same Trailer Different Park\"–which won–and the 2016 \"Pageant Material.\" In 2011, Laird and his wife Beth founded",
"title": "Luke Laird"
},
{
"id": "11795448",
"text": "it a more general feel. The Studdard recording was made available for iTunes download on March 12, 2008, as Loggins' original recording also prospered from new downloads. The song was sampled for Common's \"Celebrate\" on his 2011 album \"The Dreamer/The Believer\". The cast of the ABC television series \"Nashville\" covered the song on their 2014 album \"Christmas with Nashville\". LeAnn Rimes covered the song on her 2015 album \"Today Is Christmas\" as a duet with Gavin DeGraw. The song was released as a promotional single and peaked at No. 12 on the \"Billboard\" Adult Contemporary chart. In 2016, Jennifer Nettles",
"title": "Celebrate Me Home (song)"
},
{
"id": "11189664",
"text": "Armadillo. In 2006, his composition \"Bless the Broken Road\", co-written with Jeff Hanna and Bobby Boyd in 1994, won a Grammy Award for Best Country Song. It was first recorded by Hanna’s Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, followed by Hummon, Melodie Crittenden, the Grammy-winning version by Rascal Flatts, and Selah in a duet with Melodie Crittenden. Hummon has also co-written songs for many country music artists, including Top 40 singles for Tim McGraw, Wynonna Judd, and Alabama, as well as three Number One country hits: \"Cowboy Take Me Away\" by the Dixie Chicks, \"Born to Fly\" by Sara Evans, and the",
"title": "Marcus Hummon"
},
{
"id": "17435341",
"text": "Forrest O'Connor Forrest O’Connor (b. April 1, 1988 in Nashville, Tennessee) is a Grammy Award-winning singer-songwriter, mandolinist, and guitarist. He is the son of violin virtuoso and composer Mark O'Connor and currently co-lead singer and writer for the Americana band, O’Connor Band, whose album, \"Coming Home\", debuted at #1 on the Billboard Top Bluegrass Albums chart in August 2016. O'Connor has recorded with Paul Simon, Zac Brown, Clint Black, and Kenny Loggins, among others. O’Connor grew up in Nashville, Tennessee. His father, Mark O'Connor, was a session musician throughout the 1980s and early 1990s and recorded with Johnny Cash, Bob",
"title": "Forrest O'Connor"
},
{
"id": "20298262",
"text": "When Was the Last Time When Was the Last Time is the seventh studio album and fifth in the country genre by American country music singer Darius Rucker. It was released on Capitol Records Nashville on October 20, 2017. \"If I Told You\" was released as the album's lead single on July 5, 2016. It reached No. 1 on the \"Billboard\" Country Airplay chart dated June 24, 2017, becoming his first No. 1 since \"Wagon Wheel\" in 2013. The album's second single, \"For the First Time,\" was released on July 24, 2017. It reached number one on the \"Billboard\" Country",
"title": "When Was the Last Time"
},
{
"id": "19458245",
"text": "period. It was included on her studio album, \"Home\" (1975). Home (Loretta Lynn song) \"Home\" is a song written by Bobby Harden that was originally performed by American country music artist Loretta Lynn. It was released as a single in July 1975 via MCA Records. \"Home\" was recorded at the Bradley's Barn on March 5, 1974. Located in Mount Juliet, Tennessee, the session was produced by renowned country music producer Owen Bradley. Three additional tracks were recorded during this session. \"Home\" reached number ten on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles survey in 1975. Additionally, the song peaked at number five",
"title": "Home (Loretta Lynn song)"
},
{
"id": "9541679",
"text": "was covered by the Dixie Chicks on their 2002 album \"Home\", despite having been written from a male point of view. Released in May 2002 as the lead single from \"Home\", it reached a peak of number 2 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart and number 7 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. Their version won a Grammy Award for Best Country Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group. Long Time Gone \"Long Time Gone\" is a country song by Darrell Scott, originally recorded by him on his 2000 album \"Real Time\" which Scott recorded together with Tim O'Brien.",
"title": "Long Time Gone"
},
{
"id": "10963897",
"text": "more hits for Mandrell (\"I Was Country When Country Wasn't Cool\"), fellow country artists Sylvia (\"Nobody\"), Ronnie Milsap (\"Smoky Mountain Rain\"), and Steve Wariner (\"All Roads Lead To You\"). Songs by Morgan and cowriter Simon Climie have been hits for pop artists including Climie Fisher (\"Love Changes Everything\") and Aretha Franklin (\"I Knew You Were Waiting For Me\"). Morgan was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Foundation's Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2004. Dennis Morgan (songwriter) Dennis Morgan (born July 30, 1952 in Tracy, Minnesota) is an American songwriter and music publisher, best known for writing songs for Aretha Franklin, Faith",
"title": "Dennis Morgan (songwriter)"
},
{
"id": "2805401",
"text": "lead single to his third studio album for Big Machine Records. On September 17, McGraw announced that the album was titled \"Damn Country Music\", with a release date scheduled for November 6. The album's second single, \"Humble and Kind\", released to country radio on February 1, 2016 and went on to reach number 1 on the Billboard Hot Country charts. McGraw was selected as one of 30 artists to perform on \"\"Forever Country\"\", a mash-up track of Take Me Home, Country Roads, On the Road Again and I Will Always Love You which celebrates 50 years of the CMA Awards.",
"title": "Tim McGraw"
},
{
"id": "3028754",
"text": "in Las Vegas, Nevada with Reba McEntire during throughout mid-late 2015. In 2016, they were selected as one of 30 artists to perform on \"Forever Country\", a mash-up track featuring the artists performing a medley of \"Take Me Home, Country Roads\", \"On the Road Again\", and \"I Will Always Love You\", which was released in celebration of 50 years of the CMA Awards. Brooks & Dunn have also contributed to several soundtracks and compilation albums. In 1994, they recorded \"Ride 'em High, Ride 'em Low\" for the soundtrack to the 1994 film \"8 Seconds\", and a cover of \"Corrine, Corrina\"",
"title": "Brooks & Dunn"
},
{
"id": "18085745",
"text": "that \"her songwriting is as tepid as ever, with a radio single from 2014 that wouldn’t have been good enough to make the actual album eighteen years ago.\" \"Shotgun\" debuted at number 53 on the \"Billboard\" Country Airplay chart for the week of June 14, 2014. Shotgun (Sheryl Crow song) \"Shotgun\" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Sheryl Crow. It was released on June 2, 2014 as the third single from her eighth studio album, \"Feels Like Home\". The song was written by Crow, Chris DuBois, Kelley Lovelace and John Shanks. Crow states the inspiration for the song came",
"title": "Shotgun (Sheryl Crow song)"
},
{
"id": "16080145",
"text": "a \"dexterous\" songwriter. The music video was directed by Deaton-Flanigen Productions and premiered in October 2011. \"Home\" debuted at number 53 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart for the week of October 15, 2011. It also debuted at number 70 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 for the week of November 26, 2011. It also debuted at number 62 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart for the week of February 25, 2012. Home (Dierks Bentley song) \"Home\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Dierks Bentley. It was released in October 2011 as the second",
"title": "Home (Dierks Bentley song)"
},
{
"id": "15143305",
"text": "the single topped both Belgium Ultratip charts and the Swiss Singles Chart, as well as reaching top five in the UK. This comes in addition to breaking onto the A-playlists on British urban music radio and mainstream radio, and topping the UK R&B Singles chart for three consecutive weeks. \"Coming Home\" is a downtempo hip-hop and pop song, that opens with a \"simple piano intro\" and a \"delicate vocal verse from Skylar Grey\". It was written by Grey, Diddy, Jay-Z, J. Cole, and Alex \"da Kid\" Grant, and produced by Jay-Z and Grant. When speaking to Kid about what he",
"title": "Coming Home (Diddy – Dirty Money song)"
},
{
"id": "17090120",
"text": "that we’ll be back in Kansas before we know it, emphasizing the point with plenty of her trademark vocal fireworks.\" Recording Personnel Almost Home (Mariah Carey song) \"Almost Home\" is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey. It is the main track from the 2013 Walt Disney Pictures film \"Oz the Great and Powerful\". Commissioned by Disney, Simone Porter, Justin Gray, and Lindsey Ray wrote the bulk of the record. When Carey signed on to sing the song, she and Stargate's Tor Erik Hermansen and Mikkel Eriksen would later change it a bit and ultimately, complete it.",
"title": "Almost Home (Mariah Carey song)"
},
{
"id": "12140988",
"text": "Country Man \"Country Man\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Luke Bryan. It originally appeared on his 2006 self-titled EP, and was released in March 2008 as the third single from his debut album \"I'll Stay Me\". The song, like Bryan's previous two singles (\"All My Friends Say\" and \"We Rode in Trucks\"), charted in the top 40 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart. It was written by Bryan, Patrick Jason Matthews and Galen Griffin. The song is a moderate up-tempo, accompanied by fiddle and guitar. Its lyrics focus the male narrator, who is",
"title": "Country Man"
},
{
"id": "17090114",
"text": "Carey, then you're in luck, because your musical prayers have been answered\", while Jody Rosen of \"Rolling Stone\" considered the song's chorus as infectious. \"Los Angeles Times\" reviewer Mikael Wood said the song is not as powerful as Carey's \"Always Be My Baby\" (1995) or \"We Belong Together\" (2005), but thought the instrumentation was entirely built around her vocals, \"which arc upward until they crest in a key change that delivers the thrill we've grown to expect from her.\". Alisha Harris of \"Slate Magazine\" was surprised of Carey's appearance on this single as a pop star and stated Carey's dominance",
"title": "Almost Home (Mariah Carey song)"
},
{
"id": "4497549",
"text": "contract with the label, but had to put the singer on hold for a year. In the meantime, Holly Dunn released \"There Goes My Heart Again\", which Diffie co-wrote and sang the backing vocals. Following this song's chart success, Diffie signed with Epic in early 1990. The label released Diffie's debut album, \"A Thousand Winding Roads\", at the end of 1990, with Montgomery and Johnny Slate as producers. Its first single, \"Home\", reached the top of the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs charts. The song also reached number one on the country music charts published by \"Radio & Records\" and \"Gavin",
"title": "Joe Diffie"
},
{
"id": "2103164",
"text": "of the Green Bay Packers. In 1990, Scarbury found success again as a songwriter. This time his co-written song \"No Matter How High\" was recorded by The Oak Ridge Boys and was a number one country music hit. His co-writer was Even Stevens, who previously had found success with co-writing songs for country star Eddie Rabbitt as well as the Kenny Rogers hit \"Love Will Turn You Around\" from the motion picture \"Six Pack\". In 1993, he teamed up with Jennifer Warnes to record the theme from the short-lived sitcom Almost Home. Scarbury has released several singles starting in 1969",
"title": "Joey Scarbury"
},
{
"id": "18602271",
"text": "Leon Bridges Todd Michael \"Leon\" Bridges (born July 13, 1989) is an American soul singer, songwriter and record producer from Fort Worth, Texas. He is best known for his song \"Coming Home\", which received regular airplay and was also a Top 10 Most Viral Track on Spotify. Bridges' debut album, also titled \"Coming Home,\" was released on June 23, 2015, on Columbia Records and subsequently nominated for Best R&B Album at the 58th Annual Grammy Awards. Bridges was born Todd Michael Bridges in Fort Worth, Texas, on July 13, 1989. Bridges learned to play the guitar by playing simple chords",
"title": "Leon Bridges"
},
{
"id": "8768944",
"text": "rendition. \"God, Family, and Country\" is also dedicated to songwriter and musician Randy Hardison, who played drums on it. As listed in liner notes. I Love It (album) I Love It is the second studio album released by American country music singer Craig Morgan. The album contains four singles: \"God, Family And Country\", \"Almost Home\", \"Every Friday Afternoon\", and \"Look at Us\", all of which entered the Hot Country Songs charts between 2002 and 2004. \"Almost Home\" was the highest peaking single of these four, reaching a peak of number 6 on the country charts. The first single, \"God, Family,",
"title": "I Love It (album)"
},
{
"id": "19743525",
"text": "Forever Country \"Forever Country\" is a medley performed by the artists of Then, Now & Forever, a one-time gathering of 30 country music artists. The song, which was recorded to honor the 50th Annual Country Music Association Awards, is a medley of John Denver's \"Take Me Home, Country Roads\", Willie Nelson's \"On the Road Again\", and Dolly Parton's \"I Will Always Love You\". The medley was originally conceived to be just one song until director Joseph Kahn proposed the idea of mashing together the three songs into one. It was recorded in a span of three days in Nashville, Tennessee",
"title": "Forever Country"
},
{
"id": "16601446",
"text": "Sun\", premiered on BBC Radio 1 on February 24, 2015, and was made available for digital download the same day, via the iTunes Store. The second single, \"Feel the Light\", recorded by Jennifer Lopez, was released on February 25, 2015 via the iTunes Store. A 4-minute short film called \"Almost Home\" was attached to theatrical showings of DreamWorks Animation's \"Mr. Peabody & Sherman\" in early 2014 and Blue Sky Studios' \"Rio 2\" that same year. It was directed by Todd Wilderman, and features a score composed by Lorne Balfe. The short shows The Boov and their leader Captain Smek in",
"title": "Home (2015 film)"
},
{
"id": "17435348",
"text": "at Belhurst Castle in Geneva, NY. O'Connor's third cousin is American swimmer and Olympic gold medalist Katie Ledecky. Forrest O'Connor Forrest O’Connor (b. April 1, 1988 in Nashville, Tennessee) is a Grammy Award-winning singer-songwriter, mandolinist, and guitarist. He is the son of violin virtuoso and composer Mark O'Connor and currently co-lead singer and writer for the Americana band, O’Connor Band, whose album, \"Coming Home\", debuted at #1 on the Billboard Top Bluegrass Albums chart in August 2016. O'Connor has recorded with Paul Simon, Zac Brown, Clint Black, and Kenny Loggins, among others. O’Connor grew up in Nashville, Tennessee. His father,",
"title": "Forrest O'Connor"
},
{
"id": "11415520",
"text": "wrote and recorded the film's title track \"A Country Called Home,\" the song was released digitally through Bingham's own label, Axster Bingham Records, on May 6, 2016. Bingham's fifth studio album \"Fear And Saturday Night\" was recorded mostly live at Plyrz Studio outside of Los Angeles, California. The album was produced by Jim Scott and released through Axster Bingham Records on January 20, 2015. The album's first single \"Radio\" was released on December 9, 2014. In a 2016 interview with Rolling Stone magazine Bingham shared, \"'Radio' is a song I wrote about the thoughts, memories, and emotions that roll through",
"title": "Ryan Bingham"
},
{
"id": "16989446",
"text": "How Country Feels How Country Feels is the third studio album by American country music artist Randy Houser. It was released on January 22, 2013, through Stoney Creek Records. Houser wrote seven of the album's fifteen tracks. The album was produced by Derek George, a former member of the bands Pearl River and Williams Riley. The album's first single, the title track, became Houser's first Number One song on the \"Billboard\" Country Airplay chart. Its second single, \"Runnin' Outta Moonlight\", was released to country radio on March 4, 2013. Both singles were certified Platinum by the RIAA. The album's third",
"title": "How Country Feels"
},
{
"id": "3063207",
"text": "the recommendation of producer Billy Sherrill. Sherrill helped Rich refashion himself as a Nashville Sound balladeer during an era when old rock 'n' roll artists like Jerry Lee Lewis and Conway Twitty were finding a new musical home in the country and western format. This new \"countrypolitan\" Rich sound paid off in the summer of 1972, when \"I Take It on Home\" went to number six on the country charts. The title track from his 1973 album \"Behind Closed Doors\" became a number-one country hit early in that year, then crossing over into the top 20 on the pop charts.",
"title": "Charlie Rich"
},
{
"id": "1463695",
"text": "was released. The song only charted to No. 47 after 11 weeks. A third single, \"A Good Day\", debuted at No. 60 on the country charts for the chart week of September 5, 2009. It was less successful in its first week out as \"Home at Last\". It only reached No. 13 on the charts and only sold approximately 14,000 copies in its opening week. The album's release date coincided with the release of \"\". The song \"Back to Tennessee\" was included on the movies , as well as a duet with Miley Cyrus, entitled \"Butterfly Fly Away\". The latter",
"title": "Billy Ray Cyrus"
},
{
"id": "7813203",
"text": "Robin and Linda Williams Robin and Linda Williams are a husband-and-wife singer-songwriter folk music duo from Virginia. They met in South Carolina in 1971, and began performing in 1973. The Williamses appeared on Garrison Keillor's \"A Prairie Home Companion\" radio show from 1975. The duo were members of the Hopeful Gospel Quartet with Keillor and Kate MacKenzie. After touring with Mary Chapin Carpenter in 1993, the pair later sang on her Grammy Award-winning album \"Stones in the Road\". \"Sugar for Sugar\" spent 11 weeks in the top 20 of the Americana Chart in the \"Gavin Report\" in 1996. In 2004,",
"title": "Robin and Linda Williams"
},
{
"id": "12838313",
"text": "and Sound Remix EP\" by Lazy Hooks and Capitol Records. On July 15, 2013, the group released \"Take Me Home\", featuring vocalist Bebe Rexha, which became their highest-charting single in the United States and United Kingdom. It peaked at number 14 on the US Pop Songs chart and number 57 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, and debuted at number 4 on the UK Dance Chart and number 5 on the UK Singles Chart in 2014. An acoustic version of the song, along with a video documenting the recording process, was released in November 2013. In 2013, Cash Cash launched",
"title": "Cash Cash"
},
{
"id": "17090116",
"text": "of Slant Magazine said that, with \"Almost Home\" and \"Triumphant (Get 'Em)\", Carey proves she still is \"the queen of playing it safe,\" continuing that her vocals are heavily Auto-Tuned to the point of being \"virtually unrecognizable\". Cinquemani also thought the song was over-produced and dated, comparing it to Alicia Keys' 2007 single \"No One\". Kyle Anderson of \"Entertainment Weekly\" gave a mixed review on the song, saying that while Carey's \"body of work is pretty phenomenal, [...] it has been a while since she delivered a really transcendent single.\" Anderson continued saying that \"Almost Home\" could have been sung",
"title": "Almost Home (Mariah Carey song)"
},
{
"id": "10851982",
"text": "\"Billboard\" Hot 100 that May, and No. 10 on the \"Cash Box\" Top 100. The song also reached No. 10 in Canada. The B-side of Reddy's lead single was a cover version of Billy Joel's \"You're My Home\". \"Keep On Singing\" was a yet greater Adult Contemporary hit, reaching No. 1 on both the U.S. and Canadian Easy Listening charts. The song was also a hit in Australia, peaking at No. 22. Keep On Singing \"Keep on Singing\" is a 1973 song composed by Danny Janssen and Bobby Hart, best known as a hit single by Helen Reddy. It was",
"title": "Keep On Singing"
},
{
"id": "3648789",
"text": "Brian Littrell Brian Thomas Littrell (born February 20, 1975) is an American singer, songwriter and actor, best known as a member of the Backstreet Boys. He is also a CCM singer and released a solo album, \"Welcome Home\", in 2006. Brian has had five top 20 solo singles on the Christian charts in the US. On April 10, 2015, Littrell was inducted into the Kentucky Music Hall of Fame along with his cousin and bandmate Kevin Richardson. Brian Thomas Littrell was born in Lexington, Kentucky, the son of Jackie (née Fox) and Harold Baker Littrell, Jr. He has an older",
"title": "Brian Littrell"
},
{
"id": "17394471",
"text": "also appear on the screen. The song had moderate commercial success reaching number 39 on the UK Indie Chart, number 28 on the \"Billboard\" Alternative Songs chart in the United States and Number 22 in the Billboard Japan Hot 100 Singles Chart. The lyrics for \"Right Action\" were inspired by a postcard found by lead singer Alex Kapranos at a London flea market that contained the words \"come home, practically all is nearly forgiven\". The song was first used in the album trailer for \"Right Thoughts, Right Words, Right Action\". On 27 June 2013, the official audio track was released",
"title": "Right Action"
},
{
"id": "13731706",
"text": "100. Hurry Home \"Hurry Home\" is a song written by Zane Williams, and first recorded by him on a 2005 album of the same name. Country music singer Jason Michael Carroll later recorded it on his 2009 album \"Growing Up Is Getting Old\", releasing it as that album's second single in June 2009. The song is his fifth Top 40 hit on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart. \"Hurry Home\" is a mid-tempo country ballad mostly accompanied by acoustic guitar, with piano and electric guitar flourishes. Its lyrics describe a father trying to contact his runaway daughter and ask",
"title": "Hurry Home"
},
{
"id": "13731701",
"text": "Hurry Home \"Hurry Home\" is a song written by Zane Williams, and first recorded by him on a 2005 album of the same name. Country music singer Jason Michael Carroll later recorded it on his 2009 album \"Growing Up Is Getting Old\", releasing it as that album's second single in June 2009. The song is his fifth Top 40 hit on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart. \"Hurry Home\" is a mid-tempo country ballad mostly accompanied by acoustic guitar, with piano and electric guitar flourishes. Its lyrics describe a father trying to contact his runaway daughter and ask her",
"title": "Hurry Home"
},
{
"id": "17090117",
"text": "by most anybody. Melinda Newman of Hitfix was critical towards \"Almost Home\", deeming the instrumentation as \"cheesy\", and commenting that Carey sounds bored singing the song, with her vocals being heavily compressed. In France, the song managed to peak at number 185. The song sold 19,000 digital downloads in its debut week in the United States. Despite the weak performance, \"Almost Home\" managed to peak within the top 20 on the R&B Songs and the Adult Contemporary charts at number 18 and 20 respectively. In Lebanon, the song peaked at number 10, becoming the artist's first top 10 hit in",
"title": "Almost Home (Mariah Carey song)"
},
{
"id": "11305762",
"text": "Too Cold at Home Too Cold at Home is the second album released by American country music artist Mark Chesnutt, released in 1990 on MCA Records. Certified platinum by the RIAA for sales of one million copies, the album produced five Top Ten singles for Chesnutt on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs charts. Chronologically, these singles were \"Too Cold at Home\" (#3), \"Brother Jukebox\" (#1), \"Blame It on Texas\" (#5), \"Your Love Is a Miracle\" (#3), and \"Broken Promise Land\" (#10). Two of these singles were previously recorded by other artists: \"Broken Promise Land\" by Waylon Jennings on his 1985",
"title": "Too Cold at Home"
},
{
"id": "19076059",
"text": "pattern of F-B-E-B. Carpenter wrote the song with Beth Nielsen Chapman and Annie Roboff, and produced it with Blake Chancey. Deborah Evans Price of \"Billboard\" reviewed the single with favor, saying that \"it's a vibrant musical outing that could signal a return to prominence for this talented singer/songwriter. Carpenter's evocative vocals infuse any song with passion and integrity, and she's particularly effective on this poignant lyric.\" Alanna Nash of \"Entertainment Weekly\" also described the song favorably in her review of the album, saying that it \"scores the highest at marrying lyrical introspection and rhythmic yearning, one of the benchmarks of",
"title": "Almost Home (Mary Chapin Carpenter song)"
},
{
"id": "6235748",
"text": "Trent Tomlinson Trent Tomlinson (born July 3, 1975) is an American country music artist. After several failed attempts at finding a record deal, Tomlinson was signed to Lyric Street Records in 2005, with his debut album \"Country Is My Rock\", released in early 2006. This album produced three Top 40 singles on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs charts: \"Drunker Than Me\" at No. 19, \"One Wing in the Fire\" at No. 11, and \"Just Might Have Her Radio On\" at No. 21. Three further singles were released in 2009. Tomlinson was born in Blytheville, Arkansas. He was raised in",
"title": "Trent Tomlinson"
},
{
"id": "11906071",
"text": "they provided.\" She goes on to say that \"in the hands of a lesser, artist this type of song could easily disintegrate into sticky sentimentality, but that is definitely not the case here. Honest and heartfelt emotion makes for powerful communication, and the straightforward sincerity in Jackson's voice makes this tune a homespun masterpiece.\" \"Home\" debuted at number 67 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of April 20, 1996. Home (Alan Jackson song) \"Home\" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Alan Jackson. The song was originally recorded by him",
"title": "Home (Alan Jackson song)"
},
{
"id": "5385948",
"text": "It includes five songs, including a radio edit of the track \"Tip It On Back\" from his album \"Home\". Bentley paid for the studio time to record the EP himself. On October 23, Bentley and Miranda Lambert announced the co-headlined 33-show Locked and Reloaded Tour, that began on January 17, 2013. Bentley's seventh album, \"Riser\", was released on February 25, 2014. The album's first single, \"Bourbon in Kentucky\", was released to country radio on June 10, 2013. It peaked at number 45 on the \"Billboard\" Country Airplay chart, becoming Bentley's lowest charting single to date. The album's second single, \"I",
"title": "Dierks Bentley"
},
{
"id": "8773986",
"text": "a subsidiary of Chelsea Records, run by industry veteran Wes Farrell. The record sold nearly two million copies on its release in spring 1974, reaching #1 on the US \"Billboard\" R&B chart and #4 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The track saw two chart entries in the UK, with the record peaking at #31 (1974) and also #44 (1980), in the UK Singles Chart. It was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA on May 31, 1974. With a sound and content influenced by Curtis Mayfield, its simple and encouraging lyrics hit home, to the extent that it became featured",
"title": "William DeVaughn"
},
{
"id": "17090115",
"text": "twenty years post her debut: \"“The minimalist beat sounds rather over familiar at this point, echoing various hits going back to the late ’90s. The song is pleasant enough in parts, but almost instantly forgettable. As a Carey fan, I’m holding out hope that her new album will have more memorable tracks, even if her lead single, released last year, was also less than stellar. And while the ballad certainly doesn’t rank among the singer’s best work, it does provide the latest evidence of what we can count on after all these years: She’s still got the voice.” Sal Cinquemani",
"title": "Almost Home (Mariah Carey song)"
},
{
"id": "11603849",
"text": "Barbara Mandrell Live Barbara Mandrell Live is a live album by the American country music singer Barbara Mandrell, released in August 1981. This album spawned two hit singles, \"I Was Country When Country Wasn't Cool\" and \"Wish You Were Here\". \"I Was Country When Country Wasn't Cool\" became Mandrell's signature song, and a return to her roots, peaking at #1 on the Country charts in 1981. The song features an uncredited appearance by George Jones. \"Wish You Were Here\" peaked at #2 on the Country charts, and also appeared on the Adult Contemporary charts, reaching #40. The album includes cover",
"title": "Barbara Mandrell Live"
},
{
"id": "11087467",
"text": "who had previously filmed the video for \"Feeling Good\". The song was also used in the film \"The Wedding Date\". Subsequently, two cover versions of the song have also been released as singles by other artists. The first of these was recorded by Irish boyband Westlife, whose version was a top ten hit in several European countries. American country music singer Blake Shelton also released his version in early 2008, which reached the top of the American country singles charts. In December 2011, Bublé performed a duet version of the song with English singer-songwriter Gary Barlow, whilst also performing Barlow's",
"title": "Home (Michael Bublé song)"
},
{
"id": "2690968",
"text": "Feels Like Home (Norah Jones album) Feels Like Home is the second studio album by American singer-songwriter Norah Jones, released on February 10, 2004, through Blue Note Records. It serves as the follow up to Jones' 2002 breakthrough album, \"Come Away with Me\". At the 47th Annual Grammy Awards the album was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Album. \"Sunrise\", the album's lead single, won the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. \"Creepin' In\", featuring Dolly Parton, was also nominated for a Grammy, in the category of Best Country Collaboration with Vocals. \"Feels Like Home\" received generally positive reviews",
"title": "Feels Like Home (Norah Jones album)"
},
{
"id": "10994781",
"text": "Sonny & Cher's \"When You Say Love\". With the help of legendary country producer, Billy Sherrill, Sutton wrote some of the songs for this album, some of which had been previously hits for country singers, like Barbara Mandrell's \"Tonight My Baby's Coming Home\". This album was big-selling album, reaching No. 2 on the \"Top Country Albums\" chart and No. 114 on the \"Billboard 200\" albums chart. Cry (Lynn Anderson album) Cry is a studio album by country music legend Lynn Anderson, released in 1972. This album was based on Lynn Anderson's hit from early 1972, \"Cry\", which hit No. 3",
"title": "Cry (Lynn Anderson album)"
},
{
"id": "3648800",
"text": "life. Brian Littrell Brian Thomas Littrell (born February 20, 1975) is an American singer, songwriter and actor, best known as a member of the Backstreet Boys. He is also a CCM singer and released a solo album, \"Welcome Home\", in 2006. Brian has had five top 20 solo singles on the Christian charts in the US. On April 10, 2015, Littrell was inducted into the Kentucky Music Hall of Fame along with his cousin and bandmate Kevin Richardson. Brian Thomas Littrell was born in Lexington, Kentucky, the son of Jackie (née Fox) and Harold Baker Littrell, Jr. He has an",
"title": "Brian Littrell"
},
{
"id": "17485847",
"text": "Jimbeau Hinson Jimbeau Hinson (born James L. Hinson Jr. circa 1952 in Mississippi) is an American country music singer-songwriter. Hinson, along with co-writer Roy August, wrote the 1981 #1 Hot Country Songs hit, \"Fancy Free\", for The Oak Ridge Boys' album, \"Fancy Free\" (1981). The album was also a #1 on the Top Country Album chart and peaked at #14 on the \"Billboard\" 200. In 2010, \"Fancy Free\" attained the BMI 2 Million Spins Award, with over 13 years of aggregate broadcast time. Hinson has written country hits for a number of artists, The Oak Ridge Boys, David Lee Murphy,",
"title": "Jimbeau Hinson"
},
{
"id": "12181259",
"text": "the 5th highest grossing movie in 2017. Jonas also co-wrote the original song “Home” for the movie \"Ferdinand\" that was nominated for a 2018 Golden Globe in the category of “Best Original Song.” In December 2018, Jonas married Indian actress Priyanka Chopra. Jonas was born in Dallas, Texas, the son of Denise (\"née\" Miller) and Paul Kevin Jonas. Jonas' father is a songwriter, musician, and former ordained minister at an Assemblies of God church, while his mother is a former sign language teacher and singer. Nick has a younger brother, Frankie, and two older brothers - Joe and Kevin. Jonas",
"title": "Nick Jonas"
}
] | who sings the country song i was almost home |
[
"Wakanda"
] | [
{
"id": "17803026",
"text": "Black Panther (film) Black Panther is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is the eighteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film is directed by Ryan Coogler, who co-wrote the screenplay with Joe Robert Cole, and stars Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther, alongside Michael B. Jordan, Lupita Nyong'o, Danai Gurira, Martin Freeman, Daniel Kaluuya, Letitia Wright, Winston Duke, Angela Bassett, Forest Whitaker, and Andy Serkis. In \"Black Panther\", T'Challa is crowned king of Wakanda",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803043",
"text": "from Black Panther's home nation Wakanda, was introduced in the Marvel Cinematic Universe; Marvel had considered showing Wakanda itself as early as \"Iron Man 2\" (2010), but were waiting until they had \"a full idea\" of how to depict it. In October 2014, Feige announced that \"Black Panther\" would be released on November 3, 2017, with Chadwick Boseman cast as T'Challa / Black Panther. Boseman did not audition for the role, instead discussing what he wanted to do with the part with Marvel, and earned $2 million for appearing in the film. The actor was set to first portray the",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803030",
"text": "at the 24th Critics' Choice Awards. A sequel is in development, with Coogler returning to write and direct. A thousand of years ago, five African tribes war over a meteorite containing vibranium. One warrior ingests a \"heart-shaped herb\" affected by the metal and gains superhuman abilities, becoming the first \"Black Panther\". He unites all but the Jabari Tribe to form the nation of Wakanda. Over centuries, the Wakandans use the vibranium to develop advanced technology and isolate themselves from the world by posing as a Third World country. In 1992, Wakanda's King T'Chaka visits his brother N'Jobu, who is working",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "4347637",
"text": "deity of the same name, appears to be an ancient and somewhat forgotten Wakandan deity. In 2016, Wakanda appears in the short film \"Black Panther in ... The Visitor\" released by Disney XD on YouTube channel. Wakanda Wakanda () is a fictional country located in Sub-Saharan Africa created by Marvel Comics. It is home to the superhero Black Panther. Wakanda first appeared in \"Fantastic Four\" #52 (July 1966), and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. There are several theories for the name of Wakanda. The name may be inspired by a Siouan god called Wakanda, Wakonda, or Waconda,",
"title": "Wakanda"
},
{
"id": "17803028",
"text": "2016, Cole and Coogler had joined; additional cast joined in May, making \"Black Panther\" the first Marvel film with a predominantly black cast. Principal photography took place from January to April 2017, at EUE/Screen Gems Studios in the Atlanta metropolitan area, and Busan, South Korea. \"Black Panther\" premiered in Los Angeles on January 29, 2018, and was released theatrically in the United States on February 16, in 2D, 3D, IMAX and other premium large formats. The film received praise from critics for its direction, screenplay, acting, costume design, production values, and soundtrack, though the computer-generated effects received some criticism. Many",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803101",
"text": "banned in the kingdom in the early 1980s after ultraconservative religious standards were introduced in 1979. The ban was lifted in December 2017 by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman. The film premiered in a newly constructed 620 leather seat cinema, owned by AMC Theatres, in Riyadh's King Abdullah Financial District that was originally intended to be a symphony hall. Disney's regional distributor Italia Film revealed that 40 seconds of the film had been removed, which was in line with cuts made to the film across the region. Awwad Alawwad, Saudi Arabia's Minister of Culture and Information, and Adam Aron, CEO",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803100",
"text": "to be converted to ScreenX, a 270-degree wraparound format, that played in over 101 locations in eight countries. The film opened in most markets in its first weekend of release including a \"cross-nation release\" in Africa, a first for a Disney film. \"Black Panther\" was originally scheduled for release on November 3, 2017, before moving to July 6, 2018 to accommodate \"\" (2017). It was then moved to the final February date to accommodate \"Ant-Man and the Wasp\" (2018). \"Black Panther\" premiered in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia on April 18, 2018, marking the first public film screening since movie theaters were",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803099",
"text": "for attendees to wear \"royal attire\", honoring the African setting of the film. Ahead of the premiere screening, Coogler received an extended standing ovation before he announced the cast of the film. \"Black Panther\" was released in the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, and Taiwan on February 13, in South Korea on February 14, and the United States on February 16. In the United States, the film opened in 4,020 theaters, with over 3,200 of those in 3D, 404 in IMAX, over 660 in premium large format, and over 200 D-Box locations. In addition, \"Black Panther\" was the first MCU film",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "14451910",
"text": "\"Black Panther\" in 2018, which focused on his character and his home country of Wakanda in Africa. The film opened to great anticipation, becoming one of the highest-grossing films of the year in the United States. He reprised the role in \"\", which was released in April 2018, and will return in \"\", which is scheduled to be released in April 2019. Boseman was raised a Christian. He was baptized, and was part of a church choir and youth group. His former pastor said that he still keeps his faith. Boseman has stated that he prayed to be the Black",
"title": "Chadwick Boseman"
},
{
"id": "17803072",
"text": "including Marine City in the Haeundae District and at the Gwangandaegyo Bridge. The production crew hired hundreds of current and former film students from local universities as staff or assistant staff during the South Korea filming. Filming in the country wrapped on March 27, with additional location shooting also taking place at the Rwenzori Mountains and Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in Uganda. John Marzano served as cinematographer for aerial footage of South Africa, Zambia, Uganda, and South Korea. At CinemaCon 2017, Wright was revealed to be portraying Shuri in the film. Filming concluded on April 19, 2017. \"Black Panther\" was",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803059",
"text": "the Border Tribe inspired by Lesotho, the Merchant Tribe having a sigil based on Nigerian writing, and the Golden Tribe using a sun symbol found throughout Africa. Gorilla City, home to the Jabari Tribe, was originally set in a rain forest, but Coogler suggested that it be found up a mountain in snow. Beachler based the written form of the Wakandan language on an old Nigerian language. She consulted with mining and metallurgy experts for the vibranium technology, including for the vibranium mine where the substance is depicted as glowing blue rocks before it is refined into the stainless steel",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "4347626",
"text": "Wakanda Wakanda () is a fictional country located in Sub-Saharan Africa created by Marvel Comics. It is home to the superhero Black Panther. Wakanda first appeared in \"Fantastic Four\" #52 (July 1966), and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. There are several theories for the name of Wakanda. The name may be inspired by a Siouan god called Wakanda, Wakonda, or Waconda, or Wakandas, a fictional African tribe from Edgar Rice Burroughs' novel \"The Man-Eater\", written in 1915 but published posthumously in 1957, or the Kenyan tribe Kamba, Akamba or Wakamba, or the word \"kanda\", which means \"family\"",
"title": "Wakanda"
},
{
"id": "17803067",
"text": "with \"very straight, clean lines\" and war-paint detail, inspired by Senegalese warriors. Principal photography had begun by January 21, 2017, at EUE/Screen Gems Studios in the Atlanta metropolitan area, under the working title \"Motherland\". Filming also took place in the Sweet Auburn neighborhood in Atlanta, which doubled as Oakland; the High Museum of Art, which served as the fictional Museum of Great Britain in London; and Atlanta City Hall, which served as a United Nations building. Cinematographer Rachel Morrison, who was eager to work on \"Black Panther\" after working with Coogler on \"Fruitvale Station\", first watched all of the other",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803071",
"text": "presentation of Wakanda in the films, as the country also plays a large role in \"Infinity War\". Additional filming took place in South Korea, with the city of Busan serving as the setting of a car chase scene that involved 150 cars and over 700 people. Coogler and Morrison referenced the car chase sequences from \"Bullitt\" (1968), \"Drive\" (2011), and \"The French Connection\" (1971), taking the best elements from each for \"Black Panther\"s sequence. Filming in Busan began on March 17, at the Jagalchi Fish Market. Filming moved to Gwangalli Beach on March 21, with other South Korean filming locations",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803114",
"text": "United Kingdom and the Latin America region (except Argentina) for the fourth straight weekend, as well as number one in South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. \"Black Panther\" was the top film in South Africa for seven weeks, where it became the highest-grossing film ever. It also became the highest-grossing film of all time in West and East Africa, and the southern Africa region, and the highest-grossing superhero film ever in the Netherlands. , the film's largest markets were China ($104.6 million), the United Kingdom ($67.7million), and South Korea ($42.8million). It became the fifth-highest-grossing MCU film of all time in",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803049",
"text": "Nate Moore, serving as a producer on the film by the end of May, stated that filming would occur in Atlanta, Georgia, with Marvel \"definitely investigating shooting in Africa\" as well. At San Diego Comic-Con 2016, Nyong'o was confirmed for the film, in the role of Nakia, while Jordan's role was revealed to be Erik Killmonger. Also announced was Danai Gurira as Okoye. Coogler confirmed that filming would begin in January 2017. Additional casting occurred from September 2016 until the start of filming, with Winston Duke cast as M'Baku, a role that Yahya Abdul-Mateen II had also tested for; Forest",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803077",
"text": "in a familiar, real-world environment, similar to how Tony Stark was treated in \"Iron Man\" (2008). Coogler was not mandated by Marvel to feature connections to other films, but was interested in addressing the fact that Barnes was in Wakanda (per the end of \"Civil War\") because it would be fun for the audience. He did not feel the character fit in the body of the film, but felt that an end-credits scene was appropriate. Visual effects for the film were created by: Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) with help from Virtuos, Stereo D, and Scanline VFX; Double Negative; Luma",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803056",
"text": "who portrays T'Challa's father King T'Chaka. Cole called the film an historic opportunity to depict a black superhero \"at a time when African-Americans are affirming their identities while dealing with vilification and dehumanization\". It was important to root film in the actual cultures of Africa, with the filmmakers consulting with experts on the region of Africa that Wakanda is supposed to be located in, rooting the film \"in reality first and then build[ing] out from there\". Coogler compared the rarity of vibranium existing only in Wakanda to the real-life mineral coltan that can almost only be found in Congo. He",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "19114827",
"text": "Black Panthers (film) Black Panthers is a 1968 short documentary film by Agnès Varda. The film was shot in Oakland, California during the protests over Huey P. Newton's arrest for John Frey's murder in 1967. In the summer of 1968, people arrive in Oakland to protest Huey P. Newton's arrest. Newton is himself interviewed and talks about his poor treatment while incarcerated and also talks about the ideals of the Black Panther movement which includes protecting the black community from the police, informing them of their rights, and taking advantage of license to carry firearm laws in order to arm",
"title": "Black Panthers (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803058",
"text": "existing tribes, and then tried to advance the technology naturally rather than if Wakanda had been colonized. Circular motifs, signifying the transmission of energy, were an important theme throughout the film. Older locations depicted in the film, such as Warrior Falls, the City of the Dead, and the Hall of Kings, were juxtaposed with the more modern Afro-punk style of the Golden City, the capital. Rondavels were incorporated into the tops of Wakanda's skyscrapers, inspired by the look of mountains at Blyde River Canyon in South Africa. Beachler created different sigils and architecture for each of the Wakandan tribes, with",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "7949605",
"text": "Panther (film) Panther is a 1995 cinematic adaptation of Melvin Van Peeble's novel \"Panther,\" produced and directed by Mario Van Peebles. The drama film portrays the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, tracing the organization from its founding through its decline in a compressed timeframe. It was the first narrative feature-film to depict the Black Panther Party. A soundtrack for the film containing R&B and hip hop music was released on May 2, 1995 by Mercury Records. It peaked at number 37 on the \"Billboard\" 200 and number 5 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and was certified gold on July 25,",
"title": "Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803046",
"text": "disagreed with Marvel on the story and did not want to compromise her vision. By October 2015, F. Gary Gray and Ryan Coogler had been considered as directors for the film, though negotiations with Coogler had cooled, and Gray had chosen to direct \"The Fate of the Furious\" (2017) instead. Joe Robert Cole, a member of the Marvel writers program, was in talks to write the screenplay, and Marvel changed the release date once again, moving it to February 16, 2018. By December, discussions with Coogler were reignited after the successful opening of his film \"Creed\" (2015). Coogler was confirmed",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803111",
"text": "release date without any major competition from other films, and the fact it was \"a rallying cry for diversity and representation\". \"Black Panther\" is the highest-grossing film of 2018 and became the third-highest-grossing film of all time, as well as the highest-grossing superhero film. Its IMAX total of $36million is the most for any MCU film. Outside the United States and Canada, the film opened in 48 territories in its first weekend and earned $184million, opening at number one in most territories (though second in some where \"Fifty Shades Freed\" performed better, such as Germany and Italy). It became the",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803135",
"text": "Killmonger represented \"dueling responses to five centuries of African exploitation at the hands of the West. The villain, to the extent that the term applies, is history itself\". Cobb added that \"Black Panther\" is political in a way previous MCU films were not because in those \"we were at least clear about where the lines of fantasy departed from reality [while this film is set in] in an invented nation in Africa, a continent that has been grappling with invented versions of itself ever since white men first declared it the 'dark continent' and set about plundering its people and",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803133",
"text": "Boseman, Nyong'o, and Gurira presented the scholarship to its first recipient at \"The Hollywood Reporter\"s 2018 Women in Entertainment event in early December 2018. Dwayne Wong (Omowale) writing in \"HuffPost\" saw the film and its comic origins as addressing \"serious political issues concerning Africa's relationship to the West that is very rarely given the serious attention that it deserves\", with Wakandans portrayed as suspicious towards outsiders. He concluded that while the country is fictional, the politics \"are very real. The end of colonialism did not end Western tampering in Africa's politics\". Carlos Rosario Gonzalez of \"Bam! Smack! Pow!\" said the",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803031",
"text": "undercover in Oakland, California. T'Chaka accuses N'Jobu of assisting black-market arms dealer Ulysses Klaue with stealing vibranium from Wakanda. N'Jobu's partner reveals he is Zuri, another undercover Wakandan, and confirms T'Chaka's suspicions. In the present day, following T'Chaka's death, his son T'Challa returns to Wakanda to assume the throne. He and Okoye, the leader of the Dora Milaje regiment, extract T'Challa's ex-lover Nakia from an undercover assignment so she can attend his coronation ceremony with his mother Ramonda and younger sister Shuri. At the ceremony, the Jabari Tribe's leader M'Baku challenges T'Challa for the crown in ritual combat. T'Challa defeats",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803032",
"text": "M'Baku and persuades him to yield rather than die. When Klaue and his accomplice Erik Stevens steal a Wakandan artifact from a London museum, T'Challa's friend and Okoye's lover W'Kabi urges him to bring Klaue back alive. T'Challa, Okoye, and Nakia travel to Busan, South Korea, where Klaue plans to sell the artifact to CIA agent Everett K. Ross. A firefight erupts and Klaue attempts to flee but is caught by T'Challa, who reluctantly releases him to Ross' custody. Klaue tells Ross that Wakanda's international image is a front for a technologically advanced civilization. Erik attacks and extracts Klaue as",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803113",
"text": "($700,000) and the IMAX release in Russia ($1.7million) was a February record for that country. In its third weekend, the film remained number one across many of its 56 territories, including the entire Latin America region, while its opening in Japan was the top Western film for the weekend, the second overall. In its fourth weekend, \"Black Panther\" opened in China ($66.5 million) with the fourth-highest MCU and superhero opening ever in the country. This included the biggest opening day and opening weekend ($7.3 million) of March for IMAX in China. The film also remained at number one in the",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803034",
"text": "who adopted the name \"Killmonger\". Meanwhile, Killmonger kills Klaue and takes his body to Wakanda. He is brought before the tribal elders, revealing his identity and claim to the throne. Killmonger challenges T'Challa to ritual combat, where he kills Zuri, defeats T'Challa, and hurls him over a waterfall to his presumed death. Killmonger ingests the heart-shaped herb and orders the rest incinerated, but Nakia extracts one first. Killmonger, supported by W'Kabi and his army, prepares to distribute shipments of Wakandan weapons to operatives around the world. Nakia, Shuri, Ramonda, and Ross flee to the Jabari Tribe for aid. They find",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803037",
"text": "Mining Tribe, Dorothy Steel for the Merchant Tribe, and Danny Sapani for the Border Tribe. Sydelle Noel appears as Xoliswa, a member of the Dora Milaje. Marija Abney, Janeshia Adams-Ginyard, Maria Hippolyte, Marie Mouroum, Jénel Stevens, Zola Williams, Christine Hollingsworth, and Shaunette Renée Wilson also play Doras. Nabiyah Be initially announced that she was playing criminal Tilda Johnson, but her character was simply named Linda in the final film due to Gabrielle Dennis being cast as Johnson in the second season of \"Luke Cage\". Comedian Trevor Noah voices Griot, a Wakandan ship A.I., Black Panther co-creator Stan Lee has a",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803029",
"text": "critics considered it one of the best films set in the MCU and noted its cultural significance, and it was named one of the ten best films of 2018 by several organizations. It became the 9th-highest-grossing film of all time with over $1.35 billion worldwide, breaking numerous box office records including the highest-grossing film by a black director, and becoming 2018's highest-grossing film in the U.S. and Canada and second-highest-grossing film worldwide. It also received numerous awards and nominations, including three nominations at the 76th Golden Globe Awards, two nominations at the 25th Screen Actors Guild Awards and twelve nominations",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803027",
"text": "following his father's death, but his sovereignty is challenged by an adversary who plans to abolish the country's isolationist policies and begin a global revolution. Wesley Snipes expressed interest in working on a Black Panther film in 1992, but the project did not come to fruition. In September 2005, Marvel Studios announced a Black Panther film as one of ten based on Marvel characters and distributed by Paramount Pictures. Mark Bailey was hired to write a script in January 2011. \"Black Panther\" was announced in October 2014, and Boseman made his first appearance as the character in \"\" (2016). By",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "19114829",
"text": "as part of the Eclipse box set \"Agnès Varda in California\" in 2015. Black Panthers (film) Black Panthers is a 1968 short documentary film by Agnès Varda. The film was shot in Oakland, California during the protests over Huey P. Newton's arrest for John Frey's murder in 1967. In the summer of 1968, people arrive in Oakland to protest Huey P. Newton's arrest. Newton is himself interviewed and talks about his poor treatment while incarcerated and also talks about the ideals of the Black Panther movement which includes protecting the black community from the police, informing them of their rights,",
"title": "Black Panthers (film)"
},
{
"id": "936848",
"text": "Marvel Cinematic Universe films \"\" and \"Black Panther\", the language spoken in the fictional African nation of Wakanda is Xhosa. This came about because South African actor John Kani, a native of the Eastern Cape province who plays Wakandan King T'Chaka, speaks some Xhosa and suggested that the directors of \"Civil War\" incorporate dialogue in the language. For \"Black Panther\", director Ryan Coogler “wanted to make it a priority to use Xhosa as much as possible” in the script, and provided dialect coaches for the film's actors. Xhosa language Xhosa () or isiXhosa ( ) is a Nguni Bantu language",
"title": "Xhosa language"
},
{
"id": "17803065",
"text": "T'Challa combined his role as king and as the head of the military, including combining a kente cloth cloak with military boots. Carter also used distinct colors and patterns for each of Wakanda's tribes, such as green with shells for the River Tribe based on the Suri; blue with wood for the Border Tribe; black with royal purple for the Black Panther and the Royal Palace; plums and purples for the Merchant Tribe in reference to the Tuareg; and ochre for the Mining Tribe inspired by the Himba. Three out of every five people in Wakanda go barefoot. The Wakandans",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803050",
"text": "Whitaker as Zuri; Daniel Kaluuya as W'Kabi; Angela Bassett as T'Challa's mother, Ramonda; Sterling K. Brown as N'Jobu; and Letitia Wright in an unspecified role. Florence Kasumba was revealed to be reprising her role as Ayo from \"Captain America: Civil War\". Amandla Stenberg, who is bi-racial and light skinned, was considered for a role in the film but was not comfortable taking the place of a dark-skinned actor, and described her decision to pass on the role as \"really challenging\". By January 2017, Marvel received permission from the Oakland, California-based public transit agency AC Transit to use their logo in",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803038",
"text": "cameo as a patron in the South Korean casino, and Sebastian Stan makes an uncredited appearance in the post-credits scene reprising his role as Bucky Barnes. In June 1992, Wesley Snipes announced his intention to make a film about Black Panther, and began work on it by that August. Snipes felt that Africa had been portrayed poorly in Hollywood films previously, and that this film could highlight the majesty of the continent due to the character being noble and \"the antithesis of [African] stereotypes\". The next July, Snipes planned to begin \"The Black Panther\" after starring in \"Demolition Man\" (1993),",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "3937625",
"text": "symbol of office (head of state) and is used even during diplomatic missions. The Panther is a hereditary title, but one must still earn it. In the distant past, a meteorite made of the (fictional) vibration-absorbing mineral vibranium crashed in Wakanda, and was unearthed. Reasoning that outsiders would exploit Wakanda for this valuable resource, the ruler, King T'Chaka, like his father and other Panthers before him, concealed his country from the outside world. T'Chaka's first wife N'Yami died while in labor with T'Challa, and his second wife Ramonda was taken prisoner by Anton Pretorius during a visit to her homeland",
"title": "Black Panther (comics)"
},
{
"id": "17803146",
"text": "his reign only began recently in the MCU, while in the comics, he has been king since childhood. In March 2018, Feige added there was \"nothing specific to reveal\" in terms of a sequel, but that there \"absolutely\" were \"ideas and a pretty solid direction on where we want to head with the second one\". By October 2018, Coogler had completed a deal to write and direct a sequel to \"Black Panther\". Wright will reprise her role as Shuri in the film. Black Panther (film) Black Panther is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "4266707",
"text": "attempt to have its own shared universe media franchise, the DC Extended Universe, with \"Justice League\" proved a critical and financial disappointment. In 2018, Marvel Studios released \"Black Panther\" on February 16 featuring the solo film adaptation of the first mainstream African superhero, the Black Panther. It proved a spectacular artistic and commercial success in the Marvel Cinematic Universe franchise, especially considering its predominately African-American cast and creative crew which many in Hollywood considered ill-suited for popular success. This MCU project was soon followed up by the successful \"\", released on April 27, 2018 which earned both critical praise and",
"title": "Superhero film"
},
{
"id": "3937609",
"text": "Black Panther (comics) Black Panther is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by writer-editor Stan Lee and writer-artist Jack Kirby, first appearing in \"Fantastic Four\" #52 (cover-dated July 1966) in the Silver Age of Comic Books. Black Panther's real name is T'Challa, king and protector of the fictional African nation of Wakanda. Along with possessing enhanced abilities achieved through ancient Wakandan rituals of drinking the essence of the heart-shaped herb, T'Challa also relies on his proficiency in science, rigorous physical training, hand-to-hand combat skills, and access to wealth and advanced",
"title": "Black Panther (comics)"
},
{
"id": "3304437",
"text": "the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, first appearing in the 2015 film \"\" and reprising the role in the 2018 film \"Black Panther\". The character first appeared in \"Fantastic Four\" #53 (1966) and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. Ulysses Klaue is the son of Nazi war criminal Colonel Fritz Klaue of the Blitzkrieg Squad led by Baron Strucker. He was sent by Adolf Hitler to Wakanda to learn their secrets. After World War II, he moved back to Belgium, later anglicized his name to \"Klaw,\" and raised his son with tales of Wakanda. Klaw later becomes",
"title": "Klaw (Marvel Comics)"
},
{
"id": "12679503",
"text": "Djimon Hounsou was cast to voice T'Challa/Black Panther. The series was directed by Mark Brooks and Jon Schnepp. Jon Schnepp co-directed and edited episodes 4 & 5 of the 6 episode animated motion comic series. The theme song was composed by Stephen James Taylor in a dialect meant to be Wakandan (the fictional character's native language). In reality, the song employed a Bantu-based language of Taylor's creation. On January 18, 2011, the series was released to Region 1 DVD by Shout! Factory. It was part of the Marvel Knights Animation line, the line reserved for Marvel's motion comics. Magna Pacific",
"title": "Black Panther (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "15416717",
"text": "into the British Film Institute \"Archives and Hall of Fame\", as an important British film to rave reviews. John Patterson of \"The Guardian\" commented that \"The Black Panther\" \"emerges as a meticulous, tactful, well made and highly responsible true crime movie\". The Black Panther (1977 film) The Black Panther is a 1977 British crime film. Its subject is the criminal Donald Neilson, known as the \"Black Panther\". It was directed and produced by Ian Merrick, his first feature, and stars Donald Sumpter, Debbie Farrington and Marjorie Yates. It was seen as exploitative so soon after the events depicted. The film",
"title": "The Black Panther (1977 film)"
},
{
"id": "15416716",
"text": "The Black Panther (1977 film) The Black Panther is a 1977 British crime film. Its subject is the criminal Donald Neilson, known as the \"Black Panther\". It was directed and produced by Ian Merrick, his first feature, and stars Donald Sumpter, Debbie Farrington and Marjorie Yates. It was seen as exploitative so soon after the events depicted. The film featured the kidnap of a young girl, Leslie Whittle. It was controversial on its release, and was slandered by media figures such as Sue Lawley of \"Tonight\". Subsequently, the film was effectively banned. In 2012, the film was remastered, and resurrected",
"title": "The Black Panther (1977 film)"
},
{
"id": "17803060",
"text": "look previously seen in the MCU. The film also adapts the kimoyo bead technology from the comics, and features sand-based technology. Beachler wanted futuristic elements of the film to be consistent with projections of what real world technology may be like in 25 or 30 years, such as the maglev and hovercraft technology used in vehicles. The Wakandan vehicles include a maglev train for carrying vibranium; the king's Royal Talon Fighter, which looks like a mask from the top and bottom; and the Dragon Flyer, inspired by the Congo peafowl. The majority of Beachler's sets were constructed on sound stages",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803103",
"text": "bonus features: behind-the-scenes featurettes, audio commentary, deleted scenes, a blooper reel, an exclusive look at \"Ant-Man and the Wasp\", and a featurette on the first ten years of the MCU. , the film's Blu-ray and DVD releases have sold 4.2million units and grossed in the United States, making it the best-selling film of 2018 so far. \"Black Panther\" grossed $700.1million in the United States and Canada, and $646.9million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $1.347billion. During its theatrical run, it became the highest-grossing solo superhero film, the third-highest-grossing film of the MCU and superhero film overall, the ninth-highest-grossing",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803118",
"text": "and liberation. At the \"Los Angeles Times\", Kenneth Turan praised the themes of the film and their exploration of what wealthy countries owe to the poor and oppressed, and noted that the film \"draws energy from Coogler's sense of excitement at all he's attempting\", saying that the film was worth seeing twice which he felt was rare for a modern superhero film. Richard Roeper, writing for the \"Chicago Sun-Times\", called the film \"one of the best superhero movies of the century\" and said audiences should watch the film if they appreciate \"finely honed storytelling with a Shakespearean core; winning performances",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803124",
"text": "by the criminal horrors of our [current] American existence.\" Historian Nathan D. B. Connolly said \"Black Panther\" was \"a powerful fictional analogy for real-life struggles\" that taps into a \"500-year history of African-descended people imagining freedom, land and national autonomy.\" Connolly also felt, culturally, the film would be this generation's \"A Raisin in the Sun\" (1961). Writer and activist Shaun King found the film to be a cultural moment in American black history similar to Rosa Parks' Montgomery bus boycott, Martin Luther King Jr.'s \"I Have a Dream\" speech, or Barack Obama being elected president. By contrast, James Wilt, writing",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803112",
"text": "top February opening in many countries, including in the African market and the Middle East, while taking the top spot across Latin America. IMAX accounted for $11.5million of the opening weekend gross, from 272 screens, which included record opening weekends in the format for Nigeria, Kenya, and Indonesia. In its second weekend, in 55 territories, the film earned $83.5million and remained number one in most, including across Latin America, while becoming the top film in Germany. The West Africa region saw a 7% increase, which resulted in the biggest three-day weekend ever there. Trinidad had the biggest opening weekend ever",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803055",
"text": "\"pull from\" in the film in relation to Donald Trump becoming President of the United States after Barack Obama, though Feige added that \"these are conversations we were having two years ago because that is inherently the story within the comics.\" Moore said the film does not depend on the plots of any other MCU films, but it does affect the wider MCU moving forward, with Feige stating the film was \"a very important\" link to \"\" (2018) and \"\" (2019). \"Civil War\" did introduce the Wakandan language, based on the Xhosa language, which Boseman was taught by John Kani",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803036",
"text": "an outreach center at the building where N'Jobu died, to be run by Nakia and Shuri. In a mid-credits scene, T'Challa appears before the United Nations to reveal Wakanda's true nature to the world. In a post-credits scene, Shuri helps Bucky Barnes with his recuperation. Additionally, John Kani and Florence Kasumba reprise their respective roles of T'Chaka and Ayo from \"Captain America: Civil War\". Kani's son Atandwa portrays a young T'Chaka, and Sterling K. Brown plays his brother N'Jobu, who is Killmonger's father. Wakandan elders in the film include Isaach de Bankolé for the River Tribe, Connie Chiume for the",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803033",
"text": "Ross is gravely injured protecting Nakia. Rather than pursue Klaue, T'Challa takes Ross to Wakanda, where their technology can save him. While Shuri heals Ross, T'Challa confronts Zuri about N'Jobu. Zuri explains that N'Jobu planned to share Wakanda's technology with people of African descent around the world to help them conquer their oppressors. As T'Chaka arrested N'Jobu, the latter attacked Zuri and forced T'Chaka to kill him. T'Chaka ordered Zuri to lie that N'Jobu had disappeared and left behind N'Jobu's American son in order to maintain the lie. This boy grew up to be Stevens, a U.S. black ops soldier",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803137",
"text": "is precisely how Wakanda is liberated. It renders a verdict on imperialism as a tool of black liberation, to say that the master's tools cannot dismantle the master's house.\" Patrick Gathara, writing in \"The Washington Post\", described the film as offering a \"regressive, neocolonial vision of Africa\", which – rather than a \"redemptive counter-mythology\" – offers \"the same destructive myths\". Gathara highlighted the Africa that is portrayed, still essentially a European creation, as being divided and tribalized, with Wakanda run by a wealthy and feuding elite that despite its advanced technical abilities does not have a means of succession beyond",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803057",
"text": "wanted Wakanda to feel like a full country with multiple distinct tribes, and created a project bible that detailed each Wakandan tribe to guide the design process. Special care was taken to create a futuristic look that was not alien, as some of Jack Kirby's original comic designs appeared. Beachler wanted to honor the comic designs, but fill in the gaps with research concentrated on Sub-Saharan Africa, pulling inspiration from Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Congo-Kinshasa, and Ethiopia, as well as the designs of Zaha Hadid. Moore described this approach as a love letter to Africa. Beachler looked at the architecture of",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803119",
"text": "from an enormously talented ensemble; provocative premises touching on isolationism, revolution and cultures of oppression, and oh yeah, tons of whiz-bang action sequences and good humor\". Brian Truitt of \"USA Today\" awarded the film four out of four stars, and called it Marvel Studios' best origin film since \"Guardians of the Galaxy\". Truitt also praised the \"superb cast\" and stated, \"While the themes are deep, \"Black Panther\" is at the same time a visual joy to behold, with confident quirkiness, insane action sequences and special effects, and the glorious reveal of Wakanda\". Also giving the film four stars, Peter Travers",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803053",
"text": "explore \"what it means to be African and African-American in the world a bit more\", and hoped these could be revisited in a later film, particularly a \"super cool\" sequence that was storyboarded before being cut. Feige described \"Black Panther\" as \"a big geopolitical action adventure\" that focuses on family and T'Challa learning to be king, with \"Civil War\" laying the groundwork for T'Challa's morality and establishing the geopolitical landscape that he would have to deal with on returning to Wakanda. Moore compared the politics and humor of the film to \"\" (2014), saying that the former would be inherent",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "4347627",
"text": "in Kikongo. Wakanda is located in East Africa, although its exact location has varied throughout the nation's publication history: some sources place Wakanda just north of Tanzania, while others such as \"Marvel Atlas\" #2 show it at the north end of Lake Turkana, in between South Sudan, Uganda, Kenya and Ethiopia (and surrounded by fictional countries like Azania, Canaan, and Narobia). In the Marvel Cinematic Universe (The Black Panther), on-screen maps use the location given in \"Marvel Atlas\" #2. In recent stories by writer Ta-Nehisi Coates, Wakanda is located on Lake Victoria, near Mohannda, Canaan, Azania and Niganda. Before the",
"title": "Wakanda"
},
{
"id": "17803141",
"text": "Awards, and eleven Teen Choice Awards (winning three), among others. Its nomination for the Golden Globe Best Motion Picture – Drama was the first for a superhero film. \"Black Panther\" was named one of the by the National Board of Review as well as one of the ten best films of 2018 by the American Film Institute. In late August 2018, it was reported that Disney had hired veteran Oscar strategist Cynthia Swartz to create a nomination campaign on behalf of the film for the 91st Academy Awards, with Feige and Marvel Studios said to have given the film \"a",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803078",
"text": "Pictures; Mammal Studios; Method Studios; Perception; Rise Visual Effects Studios; Torm Studios; Trixter; Cantina Creative; Lola VFX; Capital T; Exceptional Minds; Technicolor VFX; Rodeo FX; Imageloom VFX; Anibrain; Method Pune; Bot VFX; Pixstone Images; Futureworks; Vertigo Visual; FX3X; and Yannix Thailand Co. Previsualization was completed by Digital Domain and The Third Floor, while Perception also created the main title sequence for the film. Geoffrey Baumann served as visual effects supervisor. Comparing \"Black Panther\" to other MCU films, Baumann noted that the visual effects department often have free rein when creating otherworldly science fiction designs, but had to be more specific",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803138",
"text": "lethal combat. The Wakandans \"still cleanly fit into the Western molds [of] a dark people in a dark continent\" according to Gathara, and they \"remain so remarkably unsophisticated that a 'returning' American can basically stroll in and take over ... [The film] should not be mistaken for an attempt at liberating Africa from Europe. Quite the opposite. Its 'redemptive counter-mythology' entrenches the tropes that have been used to dehumanize Africans for centuries.\" Christopher Lebron, in a piece for \"Boston Review\", called the film \"racist\" because it depicts black Americans who had been left in poverty and oppression, as exemplified by",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "3937683",
"text": "\"Black Panther in ... The Visitor\". Black Panther (comics) Black Panther is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by writer-editor Stan Lee and writer-artist Jack Kirby, first appearing in \"Fantastic Four\" #52 (cover-dated July 1966) in the Silver Age of Comic Books. Black Panther's real name is T'Challa, king and protector of the fictional African nation of Wakanda. Along with possessing enhanced abilities achieved through ancient Wakandan rituals of drinking the essence of the heart-shaped herb, T'Challa also relies on his proficiency in science, rigorous physical training, hand-to-hand combat skills,",
"title": "Black Panther (comics)"
},
{
"id": "17803123",
"text": "profits from \"all audiences\", and described it as a resistance to \"a regressive cultural and political moment fueled in part by the white-nativist movement... Its themes challenge institutional bias, its characters take unsubtle digs at oppressors, and its narrative includes prismatic perspectives on black life and tradition.\" Discussing the film as a defining moment for black America in \"The New York Times Magazine\", Carvell Wallace said that in contrast to earlier black superhero films, \"Black Panther\" \"is steeped very specifically and purposefully in its blackness\". He felt Wakanda would become a \"promised land\" for future generations of black Americans, \"untroubled",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "3937628",
"text": "Zeraze—the Wakandan secret police—and its leader, his adopted brother Hunter the White Wolf. He sold off small portions of vibranium to scientific institutions around the world, amassing a fortune which he used to arm himself with advanced technology. Later, to keep peace, he picked \"dora milaje\" (\"adored ones\") from rival tribes to serve as his personal guard and ceremonial wives-in-training. He then studied abroad for a time before returning to his kingship. In his first published appearance, the now-adult T'Challa invites the American superhero team the Fantastic Four to Wakanda, then attacks and attempts to neutralize them individually in order",
"title": "Black Panther (comics)"
},
{
"id": "17803069",
"text": "of Arri SkyPanel LED light fixtures, which she could preprogram from an iPad. Some sets were completely surrounded by SkyPanels. Shortly after filming started, Kani's son Atandwa stated that he would appear in the film alongside his father, the latter reprising the role of T'Chaka, while on-set photographs revealed that Martin Freeman would reprise his role as Everett K. Ross. Marvel announced that production was underway on January 26, and confirmed the casting of Freeman, Wright, and John Kani, while revealing that Andy Serkis would reprise his role as Ulysses Klaue from \"Avengers: Age of Ultron\". Atandwa portrays a younger",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803126",
"text": "is a Country agreed with Wilt's assessment of Killmonger, whose role as a character is \"to discredit radical internationalism\". Faisal Kutty from Middle East Eye felt the film had underlying Islamophobic themes, with the only Islamic characters being a Boko Haram-based group that kidnapped several girls and forced them to wear hijab. Science & Entertainment Exchange Director for the National Academy of Sciences Richard Loverd felt the film would increase interest in science, technology, and Africa for young black Americans, similarly to how \"The Hunger Games\" films and \"Brave\" (2012) sparked girls' interest in archery. Broadnax felt many people of",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803092",
"text": "to a standing ovation from the audience. In September, Coogler, Gurira, and Moore participated in a panel at the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation's Annual Legislative Conference, where exclusive footage from the film was also shown and met with a positive response. On October 16, 2017, a full trailer was released. Dave Trumbore for Collider praised the trailer for showing an \"unmistakable sense of style\" unique to the character, while BamSmackPow's Brendan Day felt the trailer \"does everything right. Writing for \"Rolling Stone,\" Tre Johnson felt the trailer showed T'Challa as \"someone with the arrogance of [John] Shaft, the coolness of",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803102",
"text": "of AMC Entertainment, were in attendance for the premiere along with other diplomats and industry experts; no one from the cast or production team was in attendance. Men and women sat together at the screening, after the Saudi government relaxed enforcement of laws banning co-mingling between unrelated men and women. \"Black Panther\" screened there for five days before \"Avengers: Infinity War\" premiered on April 26. \"Black Panther\" was released for digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on May 8, 2018, and on Ultra HD Blu-ray, Blu-ray, and DVD on May 15. The digital and Blu-ray releases included several",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "12679500",
"text": "Black Panther (TV series) Black Panther is an American motion comic and television series by Marvel Knights Animation, based on the popular Marvel Comics superhero of the same name. It was the first animated television series produced by BET since \"Hey Monie!\". Each of the six episodes of the series was 20 minutes in length. The series was broadcast on the Australian children's channel ABC Me in January 2010 and in the United States on BET in November 2011. On March 16, 2018, the entire series was released through Marvel's YouTube channel for free as \"Marvel Knights Animation - Black",
"title": "Black Panther (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "18673383",
"text": "filming also occurred at St Giles' Cathedral and Inverness Castle. In late June 2017, filming occurred in Downtown Atlanta, as well as Atlanta's Central Park in early July, before moving to Queens, New York in the middle of the month. For \"Infinity War\"s final scene, the filmmakers partnered with Indochina Productions, a studio based in Thailand, to acquire footage of the Banaue Rice Terraces at Ifugao, Philippines. Since \"Infinity War\" and \"Black Panther\" were filming simultaneously in Atlanta, both production teams worked together closely to ensure a unified presentation of Black Panther's home nation of Wakanda in both films. In",
"title": "Production of Avengers: Infinity War and Avengers: Endgame"
},
{
"id": "17803061",
"text": "in Atlanta, including the Tribal Council, Shuri's design space, and the Hall of Kings. The Tribal Council set was built with a glass floor through which an old ruin can be seen. The exterior set for Warrior Falls was built on a backlot north of Atlanta, and was inspired by the Oribi Gorge. The set was , made up of a high pool, and then high cliff faces that were designed to be extended to with visual effects. A framework for the cliffs was hand-sculpted from industrial styrofoam, with a system of tunnels built-in to the design to allow extras",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803140",
"text": "as fine people, we are given a movie about black empowerment where the only redeemed blacks are African nobles [who] safeguard virtue and goodness against the threat not of white Americans or Europeans, but a black American\". \"Black Panther\" was nominated for one American Music Award (won), nine BET Awards (winning two), one Billboard Music Award, twelve Critics' Choice Movie Awards, three Golden Globe Awards, eight Grammy Awards, seven MTV Movie & TV Awards (winning four), one MTV Video Music Award (won), five People's Choice Awards (winning two), eight Satellite Awards, fourteen Saturn Awards (winning five), two Screen Actors Guild",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "971740",
"text": "the \"Ramayana\" epic. As in the Indian tradition, Hanuman is the patron of martial arts and an example of courage, fortitude and excellence in Thailand. Hanuman was mentioned in the 2018 Marvel Cinematic Universe film, \"Black Panther\", where he is shown to be the central deity of a complex Indo-African religion followed by the Jabari tribe from the fictional African nation of Wakanda. The “Hanuman” reference was removed in India. Hanuman Hanuman (; IAST: \"Hanumān\", Sanskrit: हनुमान्) is an ardent devotee of Lord Rama and one of the central characters in the various versions of the epic \"Ramayana\" found in",
"title": "Hanuman"
},
{
"id": "3937630",
"text": "then meets the American singer Monica Lynne, with whom he becomes romantically involved. He helps the Avengers defeat the second Sons of the Serpent, and then reveals his true identity on American television. He encounters Daredevil, and reveals to him that he had deduced Daredevil's true identity. After receiving numerous urgent official letters requesting him to return to his increasingly troubled homeland, the Panther eventually leaves his active Avengers membership to return to a Wakanda on the brink of civil war, bringing Lynne with him. After defeating would-be usurper Erik Killmonger and his minions, the Panther ventures to the American",
"title": "Black Panther (comics)"
},
{
"id": "19114828",
"text": "Panthers to police the police. Other people are interviewed, including Kathleen Cleaver who talks about the natural hair movement and the increasing importance of women in positions of authority in the Black Panther movement. The film ends with Newton's conviction for manslaughter and a hate crime involving two police officers shooting the window of a Black Panther office where Newton's picture had been hung in the front window. Varda and her crew shot the film in 1968 during her time in California while her husband Jacques Demy was in Hollywood working on \"Model Shop\". The Criterion Collection released the film",
"title": "Black Panthers (film)"
},
{
"id": "3937611",
"text": "of Wakanda is also given to T'Challa's sister Shuri for a short time. Black Panther has made numerous appearances in various television shows, animated films and video games. The character is portrayed in live action by Chadwick Boseman in the 2016 film \"\", and the 2018 films \"Black Panther\" and \"\", set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. In 2011, Black Panther was ranked 51st overall on IGN's \"Top 100 Comic Books Heroes\" list. The Black Panther's name predates the October 1966 founding of the Black Panther Party, though not the black panther logo of the party's predecessor, the Lowndes County",
"title": "Black Panther (comics)"
},
{
"id": "12629577",
"text": "gaining renown. Several films have been shot in the Xhosa language. \"U-Carmen eKhayelitsha\" is a modern remake of Bizet's 1875 opera \"Carmen\". It is shot entirely in Xhosa, and combines music from the original opera with traditional African music. It takes place in the Cape Town township of Khayelitsha. Black Panther which is an American movie that made over a billion dollars at box office also features the Xhosa language. Beads are small round objects made of glass, wood, metal, nutshell, bone seed and the likes, which are then pierced for stringing. Before glass beads were introduced, people used natural",
"title": "Xhosa people"
},
{
"id": "18572580",
"text": "of Historically Black Colleges and Universities\" and \"The Slave Trade: Creating a New World\". The film premiered on January 23, 2015 at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival before receiving a limited North American theatrical release on September 2, 2015. The film took seven years to complete. Nelson interviewed over fifty people for the film, with around thirty making it into the final cut. Infamous wiretaps of the Black Panthers were never accessed through the Freedom of Information Act, despite repeated attempts on behalf of the producer. Much of the archival footage used in the film has never been publicly broadcast",
"title": "The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution"
},
{
"id": "17803129",
"text": "Johnson saying \"Black Panther\" felt different from the Blaxploitation films of the 1970s and the \"Blaxploitation-lite\" attempts at black superhero films in the 1990s and 2000s because it was \"respectable, imaginative and powerful\", setting \"a new direction\" for the depiction of black superheroes. In the film's opening weekend, 37% of audiences in the United States were African-American, according to PostTrak, compared to 35% Caucasian, 18% Hispanic, and 5% Asian. This was the most diverse audience for a superhero film ever, for which African-Americans generally make up 15% of audiences. In its second weekend, demographics were 37% Caucasian, 33% African American,",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803052",
"text": "based on what worked for the film's story. The ceremonial betrothal aspect of the Dora Milaje was not adapted from the comics for the film. Coogler had hoped to include Spider-Man villain Kraven the Hunter early in the process because of a scene in Priest's run that had T'Challa fighting Kraven, but the rights to the character were not available. Donald Glover and his brother Stephen made some minor contributions to an early draft of the script, developing the relationship between T'Challa and his younger sister Shuri. Moore noted that an early script had more scenes outside of Wakanda to",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803115",
"text": "other territories. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 97% based on 439 reviews, with an average rating of 8.2/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \"\"Black Panther\" elevates superhero cinema to thrilling new heights while telling one of the MCU's most absorbing stories—and introducing some of its most fully realized characters.\" , it was the best-reviewed live-action superhero film on the site, beating \"The Dark Knight\" (2008) and \"Iron Man\" (both 94%). Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 88 out of 100, based on 55 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\". Audiences polled by",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "19802042",
"text": "sent emails to different agents about her acting experience until she was picked for small parts. She starred in \"My Brother the Devil\", where she was recognized by Screen International as one of its 2012 Stars of Tomorrow. Michael Caton-Jones cast her in \"Urban Hymn\" which brought her to the attention of Hollywood. She has played in numerous episodes of British TV series (see table below). Wright co-starred in \"Black Panther\", playing the role of Shuri, King T’Challa’s sister and princess of Wakanda. The film was released worldwide in February 2018, and starred Michael B. Jordan, Lupita Nyong'o, Danai Gurira,",
"title": "Letitia Wright"
},
{
"id": "541193",
"text": "in the equatorial rainforest of the Malay Peninsula and the tropical rainforest on the slopes of some African mountains such as Mount Kenya. Melanistic leopards are common in Java, and are reported from densely forested areas in southwestern China, Myanmar, Assam and Nepal, from Travancore and some parts of southern India where they may be more numerous than spotted leopards. In North Africa, dark leopards have been reported in the Atlas Mountains. Melanistic leopards occur in Ethiopia and in the Aberdare Mountains in Kenya. Unconfirmed reports of black leopards exist also in South Africa and in northern Iran. Based on",
"title": "Black panther"
},
{
"id": "17803035",
"text": "a comatose T'Challa, rescued by the Jabari in repayment for sparing M'Baku's life. Healed by Nakia's herb, T'Challa returns to fight Killmonger, who dons his own Black Panther suit. W'Kabi and his army fight Shuri, Nakia, and the Dora Milaje, while Ross remotely pilots a jet and shoots down planes carrying the vibranium weapons. M'Baku and the Jabari arrive to reinforce T'Challa. Confronted by Okoye, W'Kabi and his army stand down. Fighting in Wakanda's vibranium mine, T'Challa disrupts Killmonger's suit and stabs him. Killmonger refuses to be healed, choosing to die a free man rather than be incarcerated. T'Challa establishes",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "20520087",
"text": "Black Panther (soundtrack) The soundtrack for the 2018 American superhero film \"Black Panther\", based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name and produced by Marvel Studios, consists of an original score composed by Ludwig Göransson and original songs produced by Kendrick Lamar. Göransson worked on all of director Ryan Coogler's previous films, while Lamar and Coogler had previously discussed collaborating and the musician agreed to produce several songs for the film after seeing an early version of it. After reading the film's script, Göransson traveled to Africa to research traditional African music for the film. He went on",
"title": "Black Panther (soundtrack)"
},
{
"id": "17803145",
"text": "was not eligible for, such as those for animation, short films, and documentaries. Ahead of the 91st Academy Awards nominations being revealed in January 2019, \"Black Panther\" was included as a finalist on the Academy's shortlist for nominees in Best Makeup and Hairstyling, Best Original Score, Best Original Song, and Best Visual Effects. With the release of \"Black Panther\", Feige said \"there are many, many stories to tell\" about the character, and that he wanted Coogler to return for any potential sequel. Coogler added that he wanted to see how T'Challa would grow as a king in future films, since",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803048",
"text": "composer Ludwig Göransson, who both worked with Coogler on \"Fruitvale Station\" and \"Creed\". Coogler felt \"Black Panther\" would be unique while still fitting within the MCU's overall narrative. In April 2016, Feige said that Coogler was working on the script with Cole, and that filming would begin at the beginning of 2017. He added that the film would be the first Marvel Studios production to feature a \"primarily African-American cast\": Lupita Nyong'o soon entered negotiations to star as T'Challa's love interest, and Michael B. Jordan joined in an undisclosed role, after previously working with Coogler on \"Fruitvale Station\" and \"Creed\".",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803073",
"text": "edited by Michael Shawver and Debbie Berman, with Shawver spending time on set during filming as well as at an editing suite near the Atlanta production base. Berman joined the film after an initial director's cut had been produced, two weeks after she completed work on Marvel's \"\" (2017), because Coogler likes to have both a male and female editing his films. She believed that she was chosen by Marvel because she is South African, and had been expressing interest in \"Black Panther\" throughout the editing process for \"Homecoming\" after first seeing the character in \"Civil War\". Shawver said that",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17868067",
"text": "Iron Man against Captain America. At the end of the month, it was confirmed that Sebastian Stan would return as Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier. A few days later, Marvel revealed that the film would be titled \"Captain America: Civil War\", confirming Downey's appearance and announcing that Chadwick Boseman would appear in the film as Black Panther ahead of his own solo film. Feige also confirmed that the film would be the first in the MCU's Phase Three slate of films. Anthony Russo stated that adapting the \"Civil War\" storyline was not always the intended storyline and direction for the",
"title": "Captain America: Civil War"
},
{
"id": "17803098",
"text": "special trailer created for China had Boseman explain the character's connection to other MCU films. Weibo attended the Los Angeles premiere to take pictures and videos with the cast and crew in real time for China, the first time the company has partnered with a foreign studio for this type of engagement. \"Black Panther\" had its world premiere at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles on January 29, 2018. The premiere featured a purple carpet that was flanked by women dressed as the Dora Milaje, while Coogler, cast members, and other guests wore African clothing at the request of Marvel",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "3937674",
"text": "featured in the Marvel Knights 2099 one shots, which were not tied to the main 2099 continuity. A new Black Panther, K'Shamba, rose to fight and thwart the mounting invasions by the successor of Doom. While the victory over the new Doom appeared triumphant, the new Wakandan king was ultimately revealed to be a puppet of Doom. Black Panther is, for the most part, one of the few uninfected superheroes in the alternate-universe series \"Marvel Zombies\", where he is kept as a food supply for the Zombie Giant-Man, who keeps the Panther imprisoned and cuts off various limbs so that",
"title": "Black Panther (comics)"
},
{
"id": "18892460",
"text": "McBurney about the relationship between a concentration camp commandant and the Jewish slave who cooks his meals. The film, which won \"best of the festival\" at the Palm Springs International ShortFest in 2005 and was nominated for best narrative short at the Tribeca Film Festival in 2006, was distributed by Phase 4 films as part of a compilation called \"Guilty Hearts\". In 2011, Bailey was hired by Marvel Studios to write the script for a narrative feature film based on the African comic-book character Black Panther. In 2015, Joe Robert Cole was hired to take over the script, and Marvel's",
"title": "Mark Bailey (writer)"
},
{
"id": "17062368",
"text": "won at the ceremony receiving the Best Supporting Actress award. Sylvester Stallone won the Best Supporting Actor award at the Golden Globes for his role in the film. \"Creed\" has also won one of the \"Best or Top 10 Films of the Year\" awards from the National Board of Review, the Boston Online Film Critics Association and the African-American Film Critics Association. In January 2016, Coogler signed on to co-write and direct the Marvel Cinematic Universe film \"Black Panther,\" making him the youngest Marvel Studios filmmaker. The film, starring Chadwick Boseman as the titular character, began production in January 2017,",
"title": "Ryan Coogler"
},
{
"id": "17803051",
"text": "the film for the opening flashback sequence. The setting was chosen due to Coogler growing up in that area. The production team was inspired by Ta-Nehisi Coates' run on \"Black Panther\", who was writing the comic at the same time as they were working on the film. Of particular inspiration was Coates' poetic dialogue, Brian Stelfreeze's art, and \"some of the questions that it's asking\". The film was also inspired by the comic runs of Jack Kirby, Christopher Priest (which Coogler felt most influenced the film), Jonathan Hickman, and Hudlin. Characters for the film were picked from throughout the comics",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "7949606",
"text": "1995. Featured on the soundtrack was the single \"Freedom (Theme from Panther)\", a collaboration among more than 60 female R&B singers and rappers that peaked at 45 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Three singles made it to the Billboard charts, \"Head Nod\" by Hodge, \"The Points\", a collaboration between 12 of hip-hop's most popular artists and groups, and \"Freedom (Theme from Panther)\", a collaboration between over 60 female R&B singers and rappers. Panther (film) Panther is a 1995 cinematic adaptation of Melvin Van Peeble's novel \"Panther,\" produced and directed by Mario Van Peebles. The drama film portrays the Black Panther",
"title": "Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803086",
"text": "used in Wakandan technology, including ILM for the beginning of the film. Perception referenced these sand effects when creating the main-on-end titles for the film, and also did additional work on Shuri's laboratory and the interface designs for the displays in it. After reading the script, composer Ludwig Göransson decided to go to Africa to do research for the film. He spent a month in Senegal, first traveling around with musician Baaba Maal on his tour, and then spending several weeks working with local musicians to form the \"base\" of his score. Göransson was particularly drawn to the talking drum",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "5640846",
"text": "co-produce the series through his production company, Outlier Society Productions. Jordan has lived in Los Angeles since 2006. He grew up in a religious household and now considers himself to be \"spiritual\". As of 2018, he lives with his parents in a Sherman Oaks home that he purchased. Michael B. Jordan Michael Bakari Jordan (born February 9, 1987) is an American actor. He is known for his film roles as shooting victim Oscar Grant in the drama \"Fruitvale Station\" (2013), boxer Adonis Creed in the \"Rocky\" sequel film \"Creed\" (2015) and main antagonist Erik Killmonger in \"Black Panther\" (2018), all",
"title": "Michael B. Jordan"
},
{
"id": "12679504",
"text": "released the series in region 4. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray on December 1, 2010. Black Panther (TV series) Black Panther is an American motion comic and television series by Marvel Knights Animation, based on the popular Marvel Comics superhero of the same name. It was the first animated television series produced by BET since \"Hey Monie!\". Each of the six episodes of the series was 20 minutes in length. The series was broadcast on the Australian children's channel ABC Me in January 2010 and in the United States on BET in November 2011. On March 16, 2018,",
"title": "Black Panther (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "17803054",
"text": "but not \"preachy\", and that the latter would avoid the tones of \"Guardians of the Galaxy\" (2014) and \"Ant-Man\" (2015). He also said the film would be a cross between \"The Godfather\" (1972) and the James Bond films as a \"big, operatic family drama centered around a world of international espionage\". Coogler was influenced by 1970s films such as the works of Francis Ford Coppola in that decade, as well as crime fiction. He also watched the film \"A Prophet\" (2009) for inspiration. Feige called the film's story \"rich in culturally relevant ideas\", with Boseman indicating there were parallels to",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
},
{
"id": "17803045",
"text": "Further casting was underway, and Feige was set to meet with directors after the release of \"\" at the end of April. By May 2015, Marvel had discussions with Ava DuVernay to direct this film or \"Captain Marvel\" (2019). In June, Feige confirmed that he had met with DuVernay alongside a number of other directors, and said that he expected a decision to be made by mid- to late 2015. By early July, DuVernay had passed on directing the film, explaining that she had been drawn to the cultural importance of depicting a black hero to the whole world, but",
"title": "Black Panther (film)"
}
] | what is the name of the country in the black panther movie |
[
"Qatar"
] | [
{
"id": "16681959",
"text": "be hosted by one of the remaining four confederations: CONCACAF (North America; last hosted in 1994), CAF (Africa; last hosted in 2010), CONMEBOL (South America; last hosted in 2014), or OFC (Oceania, never hosted before), or potentially by UEFA in case no bid from those four met the requirements. Co-hosting the FIFA World Cup—which had been banned by FIFA after the 2002 World Cup—was approved for the 2026 World Cup, though not limited to a specific number but instead evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Also by 2026, the FIFA general secretariat, after consultation with the Competitions Committee, will have the",
"title": "2026 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "145471",
"text": "who will host the World Cup is usually made six or seven years in advance of the tournament. However, there have been occasions where the hosts of multiple future tournaments were announced at the same time, as was the case for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups, which were awarded to Russia and Qatar, with Qatar becoming the first Middle Eastern country to host the tournament. For the 2010 and 2014 World Cups, the final tournament is rotated between confederations, allowing only countries from the chosen confederation (Africa in 2010, South America in 2014) to bid to host the tournament.",
"title": "FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "19433066",
"text": "the event before, the tournament will be heading to a new location, later shortlisted to four. The Czech Republic, Egypt, Georgia, the Netherlands, and the United States expressed interest, but eventually did not bid. The host were originally to be appointed by December 2016, then delayed to December 2017. Costa Rica, Croatia, Kazakhstan, and the United Arab Emirates were later eliminated from contention. The hosts were selected by the FIFA Council on 26 October 2018 in Kigali, Rwanda from the final four candidates: Iran, Japan, Lithuania, and New Zealand. Lithuania were chosen over Iran, Japan and New Zealand as host",
"title": "2020 FIFA Futsal World Cup"
},
{
"id": "7584340",
"text": "States and Mexico, and the second one was from CAF with a bid by Morocco. The host was announced on 13 June 2018 at the 68th FIFA Congress in Moscow, Russia. The United Bid from Canada, Mexico and the United States was selected over the Morocco bid by 134 votes to 65 with 1 selecting neither and 3 abstentions. This will be the first World Cup to be hosted by more than two countries. Mexico becomes the first country to host three men's World Cups and its Estadio Azteca, should selected, will become the first stadium to stage three World",
"title": "FIFA World Cup hosts"
},
{
"id": "20097548",
"text": "from the quarterfinals onward. On June 13, 2018, at the 68th FIFA Congress in Moscow, Russia, the United bid was selected by 134 votes to Morocco's 65, while Iran voted for neither. Upon this selection, Canada will become the fifth country to host both the men's and women's World Cup, joining Sweden, the United States, Germany, and France. Mexico will become the first country to host three men's World Cups, and the United States will become the first country to host both the men's and women's World Cup twice each. This will be the first World Cup to be hosted",
"title": "United 2026 FIFA World Cup bid"
},
{
"id": "17287512",
"text": "Cup cannot be held in Asia (AFC), as its members are excluded from the bidding following the selection of Qatar in 2022, and in North America (CONCACAF), where the 2026 edition in Canada, Mexico and the United States will be hosted. The joint bid by Argentina and Uruguay was announced on 29 July 2017. Before a match between Uruguay and Argentina in Montevideo four weeks later, Uruguay's Luis Suárez and Argentina's Lionel Messi – teammates at FC Barcelona – promoted the bid with commemorative shirts. On 31 August 2017, it was suggested Paraguay would join as a third host. CONMEBOL,",
"title": "2030 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "145438",
"text": "Chile, England, Argentina, Spain, the United States, Japan and South Korea (jointly), South Africa and Russia have each hosted once. Qatar are planned as hosts of the 2022 finals, and 2026 will be jointly hosted by Canada, the United States and Mexico, which will give Mexico the distinction of being the first country to have hosted games in three finals. The world's first international football match was a challenge match played in Glasgow in 1872 between Scotland and England, which ended in a 0–0 draw. The first international tournament, the inaugural British Home Championship, took place in 1884. As football",
"title": "FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "10915540",
"text": "As such, there were eventually four bids for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, two of which were joint bids: England, Russia, Netherlands/Belgium, and Portugal/Spain. The 22-member FIFA Executive Committee convened in Zürich on 2 December 2010 to vote to select the hosts of both tournaments. Russia won the right to be the 2018 host in the second round of voting. The Portugal/Spain bid came second, and that from Belgium/Netherlands third. England, which was bidding to host its second tournament, was eliminated in the first round. The voting results were as follows: The English Football Association and others raised concerns of",
"title": "2018 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "17612475",
"text": "tournament in South Africa; the second Arab and Muslim-majority country, after the 2022 tournament in Qatar; and the first time in North Africa. Following rumors on each nation bidding individually, the three nations announced on 10 April 2017 a bid to host the World Cup jointly. Canada and Mexico would host 10 games each, while the United States would host the remaining 60 games, including all remaining matches from the quarterfinals onward. It will be the first FIFA World Cup held in three countries, the first men's World Cup held in Canada (the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup was held",
"title": "2026 FIFA World Cup bids"
},
{
"id": "7584315",
"text": "country is now chosen in a vote by FIFA's Congress. This is done under an exhaustive ballot system. The decision is currently made roughly seven years in advance of the tournament, though the hosts for the 2022 tournament were chosen at the same time as those for the 2018 tournament. Only Mexico, Italy, France, Germany (West Germany until shortly after the 1990 World Cup) and Brazil have hosted the event on two occasions. Mexico City's Estadio Azteca and Rio de Janeiro's Maracanã are the only venues ever to have hosted two FIFA World Cup finals. Only the 2002 FIFA World",
"title": "FIFA World Cup hosts"
},
{
"id": "17612466",
"text": "of the second-to-last host of the FIFA World Cup in the event that none of the received bids fulfill the strict technical and financial requirements. In March 2017, FIFA president Gianni Infantino confirmed that \"Europe (UEFA) and Asia (AFC) are excluded from the bidding following the selection of Russia and Qatar in 2018 and 2022 respectively.\" Therefore, the 2026 World Cup could be hosted by one of the remaining four confederations: CONCACAF (last hosted in 1994), CAF (last hosted in 2010), CONMEBOL (last hosted in 2014), or OFC (never hosted before), or potentially by UEFA in case no bid from",
"title": "2026 FIFA World Cup bids"
},
{
"id": "12050004",
"text": "is subject to FIFA approval. If the hosts choose not to compete, the next-ranked team will advance instead. For the first time after the initial two tournaments of 1930 and 1934, the World Cup will be hosted by a country whose national team has never played a finals match before. The reigning World Cup champions France will also go through qualifying stages as normal. The allocation of slots for each confederation was discussed by the FIFA Executive Committee on 30 May 2015 in Zürich after the FIFA Congress. The committee decided that the same allocation as 2006 would be kept",
"title": "2022 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "5438099",
"text": "non-European bids for the 2018 event were withdrawn, resulting in the exclusion of all European bids from consideration for the 2022 edition. By the time of the decision, bids for the 2018 World Cup included England, Russia, a joint bid from Belgium and Netherlands, and a joint bid from Portugal and Spain. Bids for the 2022 World Cup came from Australia, Japan, Qatar, South Korea, and the United States. Indonesia's bid was disqualified due to lack of governmental support, and Mexico withdrew its bid for financial reasons. On 2 December 2010, Russia and Qatar were selected as the locations for",
"title": "2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids"
},
{
"id": "7584338",
"text": "as other possible options. In March 2017, FIFA's president Gianni Infantino confirmed that \"Europe (UEFA) and Asia (AFC) had been excluded from the bidding following the selection of Russia and Qatar in 2018 and 2022 respectively.\" The bidding process was originally scheduled to start in 2015, with the appointment of hosts scheduled for the FIFA Congress on 10 May 2017 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. On 10 June 2015, FIFA announced that the bid process for the 2026 FIFA World Cup was postponed. However, following the FIFA Council meeting on 10 May 2016, a new bid schedule was announced for May",
"title": "FIFA World Cup hosts"
},
{
"id": "5438116",
"text": "bid: Spain would lead a twelve-stadium project with eight of the venues, and the opening and final games would be held in Lisbon and Madrid, respectively. Spain has previously hosted the 1982 World Cup, while Portugal organised the Euro 2004. Russia announced its intent to bid in early 2009, and submitted its request to FIFA in time. Russia's President Vladimir Putin took a keen interest in the bid and ordered Vitaly Mutko, the Minister of Sports, to \"prepare a bid for Russia to hold the 2018 World Cup\". According to a report earlier submitted by Vitaly Mutko, who also served",
"title": "2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids"
},
{
"id": "5438140",
"text": "FIFA's headquarters in Zurich. Russia was chosen to host the 2018 World Cup, and Qatar was chosen to host the 2022 World Cup. This made Russia the first Eastern European country to host the World Cup, while Qatar would be the first Middle Eastern country to host the World Cup. Blatter noted that the committee had decided to \"go to new lands\" and reflected a desire to \"develop football\" by bringing it to more countries. In each round a majority of twelve votes was needed. If no bid received 12 votes in a round, the bid with the fewest votes",
"title": "2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids"
},
{
"id": "7584336",
"text": "banned in 2002), because there was only one organizing committee per joint bid, unlike Korea–Japan, which had two different organizing committees. Countries that announced their interest included Australia, England, Indonesia, Japan, Qatar, Russia, South Korea, United States, the joint bid of Spain and Portugal and the joint bid of Belgium and Netherlands. The hosts for both World Cups were announced by the FIFA Executive Committee on 2 December 2010. Russia was selected to host the 2018 FIFA World Cup, making it the first time that the World Cup will be hosted in Eastern Europe and making it the biggest country",
"title": "FIFA World Cup hosts"
},
{
"id": "17612474",
"text": "Morocco asked to postpone the African Cup of Nations to summer due to the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa, and lost its hosting rights in favor of Equatorial Guinea. Morocco lost bids to host the World Cup in 1994, 1998, 2006, and 2010 to the United States, France, Germany, and South Africa, respectively. Morocco successfully hosted the 2013 and 2014 FIFA Club World Cups and the 2018 African Nations Championship. On 11 August 2017, Morocco officially announced a bid to host the 2026 FIFA World Cup. If successful, it would have been the second African country, after the 2010",
"title": "2026 FIFA World Cup bids"
},
{
"id": "16681949",
"text": "2026 FIFA World Cup The 2026 FIFA World Cup (; ) will be the 23rd FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international men's football championship contested by the national teams of the member associations of FIFA. The tournament will be jointly hosted by 16 cities in three North American countries; 60 matches, including the quarterfinals, semi-finals, and the final, will be hosted by the United States while neighboring Canada and Mexico will each host 10 matches. The tournament will be the first hosted by three nations. The United 2026 bid beat a rival bid by Morocco during a final vote at",
"title": "2026 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "6859454",
"text": "Khalifa International Stadium Khalifa International Stadium (), also known as National Stadium, is a multi-purpose stadium in Doha, Qatar as part of the Doha Sports City complex, which also includes Aspire Academy, Hamad Aquatic Centre, and the Aspire Tower. It is named after Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, Qatar's former Emir. The final of 2011 AFC Asian Cup was held at this stadium. The stadium is also the first completed venue that will host a part of the 2022 FIFA World Cup. In 2017, it received a four star rating from the Global Sustainability Assessment System (GSAS), the first in",
"title": "Khalifa International Stadium"
},
{
"id": "145472",
"text": "The rotation policy was introduced after the controversy surrounding Germany's victory over South Africa in the vote to host the 2006 tournament. However, the policy of continental rotation will not continue beyond 2014, so any country, except those belonging to confederations that hosted the two preceding tournaments, can apply as hosts for World Cups starting from 2018. This is partly to avoid a similar scenario to the bidding process for the 2014 tournament, where Brazil was the only official bidder. The 2026 FIFA World Cup was chosen to be held in the United States, Canada and Mexico, marking the first",
"title": "FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "7584339",
"text": "2020 as the last in a four-phase process. On 14 October 2016, FIFA said it would accept a tournament-sharing bid by CONCACAF members Canada, Mexico and the United States. On 10 April 2017, Canada, the United States, and Mexico announced their intention to submit a joint bid to co-host, with three-quarters of the games to be played in the U.S., including the final. On 11 August 2017, Morocco officially announced a bid to host. Therefore, the official 2026 FIFA World Cup bids were from two football confederations. The first one was from CONCACAF, which was triple bid by Canada, United",
"title": "FIFA World Cup hosts"
},
{
"id": "17724715",
"text": "2017. A member association may bid for both tournaments, but they would be awarded to different hosts. Two countries submitted formal bids to host the tournament. FIFA announced Poland as the successful hosts after the FIFA Council meeting on 16 March 2018 in Bogotá, Colombia. Poland won the bid over India a 9–5 voting result by 4 votes. Currently a total of 24 teams qualify for the final tournament, in addition to Poland who qualify automatically as hosts, 23 other teams qualify from six separate continental competitions. The slot allocation was approved by the FIFA Council on 10 June 2018.",
"title": "2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup"
},
{
"id": "14582363",
"text": "bid committee also includes RFU CEO Alexey Sorokin and Alexander Djordjadze as the Director of Bid Planning and Operations. In October 2010, Russia formally pulled out of the race to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup. On December 2, 2010 Russia was chosen as the host country for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Fourteen cities are included in the current proposal, which divides them into 6 different clusters: one in the north, centered on St. Petersburg, a central cluster, centered on Moscow, a southern cluster, centered on Sochi, and the Volga River cluster. Only one city beyond the Ural Mountains",
"title": "Russia 2018 FIFA World Cup bid"
},
{
"id": "6859457",
"text": "in May 2017. Khalifa International Stadium Khalifa International Stadium (), also known as National Stadium, is a multi-purpose stadium in Doha, Qatar as part of the Doha Sports City complex, which also includes Aspire Academy, Hamad Aquatic Centre, and the Aspire Tower. It is named after Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, Qatar's former Emir. The final of 2011 AFC Asian Cup was held at this stadium. The stadium is also the first completed venue that will host a part of the 2022 FIFA World Cup. In 2017, it received a four star rating from the Global Sustainability Assessment System (GSAS),",
"title": "Khalifa International Stadium"
},
{
"id": "17724710",
"text": "qualify for the final tournament. In addition to Peru who qualifies automatically as hosts, 23 other teams qualify from six separate continental competitions. The slot allocation was approved by the FIFA Council on 10 June 2018. Lima, Piura, Tacna and Trujillo were appointed by the Peruvian Football Federation to host the tournament. Other two venues or more will be chosen soon, Chiclayo, Ica, Tarapoto, Moquegua and Chimbote are likely to be considered venues as well. The emblem, slogan and mascot will be unveiled in Spring 2019. The official song will be released in May 2019. The official match ball will",
"title": "2019 FIFA U-17 World Cup"
},
{
"id": "17724716",
"text": "Bielsko-Biała, Bydgoszcz, Gdynia, Łódź, Lublin and Tychy six cities to host the competition. Lubin (not to confuse with Lublin) ended up withdrawn from the list due to hotel capacity troubles. Łódź will host the opening and final at the Stadion Widzewa. Bielsko-Biała will replace Lubin as host city. The emblem was unveiled on 14 December 2018. The emblem features a crocus, a flower that blooms every spring in Poland combined with the colors of the Polish flag, symbolising the new faces that will emerge to shape the tournament's trophy. The slogan, official song, match ball and mascot to be unveiled",
"title": "2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup"
},
{
"id": "20423112",
"text": "2010 and 2014. On December 4, 2017, Gulati announced that he would not seek another term. In the months leading up to the election, the U.S. Soccer Federation submitted a joint bid with Canada and Mexico to host the 2026 FIFA World Cup. In October 2017, the United States men's national soccer team failed to qualify for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, missing the World Cup for the first time since 1986, sparking a major push for reform by supporters. The election will take place on February 10, 2018, at the National Council Meeting during the U.S. Soccer Annual Meeting",
"title": "United States Soccer Federation presidential election, 2018"
},
{
"id": "341505",
"text": "from a state-sponsored cover-up, with no indication that the program has ceased since then. Russia was the host nation for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. The matches were held from June 14 to July 15, 2018 in the stadiums of 11 various Russian cities, namely, Kaliningrad, Kazan, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don, Saint Petersburg, Samara, Saransk, Sochi, Volgograd and Yekaterinburg. This was the first football World Cup ever held in Eastern Europe, and the first held in Europe since 2006. Russia will also host games of the Euro 2020. There are seven public holidays in Russia, except those always celebrated on",
"title": "Russia"
},
{
"id": "10915539",
"text": "procedure to host the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup tournaments began in January 2009, and national associations had until 2 February 2009 to register their interest. Initially, nine countries placed bids for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, but Mexico later withdrew from proceedings, and Indonesia's bid was rejected by FIFA in February 2010 after the Indonesian government failed to submit a letter to support the bid. During the bidding process, the three remaining non-UEFA nations (Australia, Japan, and the United States) gradually withdrew from the 2018 bids, and the UEFA nations were thus ruled out of the 2022 bid.",
"title": "2018 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "17612463",
"text": "2026 FIFA World Cup bids The 2026 FIFA World Cup bidding process resulted in the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) selecting the joint United States / Canada / Mexico bid as the location for the 2026 FIFA World Cup. Two bids to host the event were submitted to FIFA, a joint bid by Canada, Mexico and the United States, and one by Morocco. On 13 June 2018, at the 68th FIFA Congress in Moscow, the joint bid was selected by 134 votes to Morocco's 65. This will be the first tournament hosted by more than two countries, and only",
"title": "2026 FIFA World Cup bids"
},
{
"id": "17724709",
"text": "the defending champions. The bidding process to host the 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup and the 2019 FIFA U-17 World Cup was launched by FIFA in June 2017. A member association may bid for both tournaments, but they would be awarded to different hosts. Two countries publicly declared their formal bids to host the tournament. On 8 March 2018, Rwanda withdrew its bid to host the tournament due to time and logistic aspects. FIFA then unanimously announced Peru as the host country after the FIFA Council meeting on 16 March 2018 in Bogotá, Colombia. Currently a total of 24 teams",
"title": "2019 FIFA U-17 World Cup"
},
{
"id": "12050005",
"text": "for the 2010, 2014, 2018 and 2022 tournaments: The qualifying draw is scheduled to take place in July 2019. The first five proposed venues for the World Cup were unveiled at the beginning of March 2010. The stadiums aim to employ cooling technology capable of reducing temperatures within the stadium by up to , and the upper tiers of the stadiums will be disassembled after the World Cup and donated to countries with less developed sports infrastructure. Qatar aims to build the stadiums with the highest sustainability and environmental standards. The stadiums will be equipped with cooling systems that are",
"title": "2022 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "13418830",
"text": "2017 FIFA Confederations Cup The 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup was the 10th FIFA Confederations Cup, a quadrennial international men's football tournament organised by FIFA. It was held in Russia, from 17 June to 2 July 2017, as a prelude to the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Russia was announced as the host on 2 December 2010 after the country was awarded the hosting rights of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. The matches were played in four different stadiums across four cities: Saint Petersburg, Moscow, Kazan, and Sochi. It was the first time Russia has hosted the tournament, and the third time",
"title": "2017 FIFA Confederations Cup"
},
{
"id": "16681950",
"text": "the 68th FIFA Congress in Moscow. It will be the first World Cup since South Korea/Japan in 2002 that will be hosted by more than one nation. With its past hosting of the 1970 and 1986 tournaments, Mexico will also become the first country to host or co-host three men's World Cups. The 2026 World Cup will also see the tournament expanded from 32 to 48 teams. Michel Platini, who was then the UEFA president, had suggested in October 2013 an expansion of the tournament to 40 teams, an idea that FIFA president Gianni Infantino also suggested in March 2016.",
"title": "2026 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "7584342",
"text": "members of the Argentine Football Association and Uruguayan Football Association into a proposed joint bid from Uruguay and Argentina. The second bid has been a proposed bid by The Football Association of England. Under FIFA rules as of 2017, the 2030 World Cup cannot be held in Asia (AFC) because the Asian Football Confederation is excluded from the bidding following the selection of Qatar in 2022. Also in June 2017, UEFA's president Aleksander Čeferin stated that Europe (UEFA) will definitely fight for its right to host the 2030 World Cup. The Uruguay–Argentina proposed bid would not coincide with the centennial",
"title": "FIFA World Cup hosts"
},
{
"id": "3805193",
"text": "along with Canada Soccer Association and the United States Soccer Federation announced its joint bid to host the World Cup later awarded on June 13, 2018 with 134 votes beating out Morocco's bid by the Royal Moroccan Football Federation with 65 votes. Mexico will host 10 matches along with Canada in 3 cities while United States will host 60 matches in 10 cities including the final. The shortlist of cities will be chosen by June 2020. Mexican Football Federation The Mexican Football Federation (Femexfut or FMF, ) is the governing body of association football in Mexico. It administers the Mexico",
"title": "Mexican Football Federation"
},
{
"id": "7584337",
"text": "geographically to host the World Cup. Qatar was selected to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup, making it the first time a World Cup will be held in the Arab World and the second time in Asia since the 2002 tournament in South Korea and Japan. Also, the decision made it the smallest country geographically to host the World Cup. Bids: Under FIFA rules as of 2016, the 2026 Cup could not be in either Europe (UEFA) or Asia (AFC), leaving an African (CAF) bid, a North American (CONCACAF) bid, a South American (CONMEBOL) bid or an Oceanian (OFC) bid",
"title": "FIFA World Cup hosts"
},
{
"id": "12049997",
"text": "venue, Yekaterinburg). In addition the tournament will be the last to involve 32 teams, with an increase to 48 teams scheduled for the 2026 tournament. The reigning World Cup champions are France. This will also mark the first World Cup not to be held in May, June, or July; the tournament is instead scheduled for late November until mid-December. It is to be played in a reduced timeframe of around 28 days, with the final being held on 18 December 2022, which is also Qatar National Day. Accusations of corruption have been made relating to how Qatar won the right",
"title": "2022 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "10915553",
"text": "Stadium over which would be constructed first. The final choice of host cities was announced on 29 September 2012. The number of cities was further reduced to 11 and number of stadiums to 12 as Krasnodar and Yaroslavl were dropped from the final list. Of the 12 stadiums used for the tournament, 3 (Luzhniki, Yekaterinburg and Sochi) have been extensively renovated and the other 9 stadiums to be used are brand new; $11.8 billion has been spent on hosting the tournament. Sepp Blatter stated in July 2014 that, given the concerns over the completion of venues in Russia, the number",
"title": "2018 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "7584316",
"text": "Cup had more than one host, being split between Japan and South Korea. Upon the selection of Canada–Mexico–United States bid for the 2026 FIFA World Cup, the tournament will be the first to be hosted by more than two countries. Mexico becomes the first country to host three men's World Cups and its Estadio Azteca, should it be selected, will become the first stadium to stage three World Cup tournaments. Except 1934, host nations are granted an automatic spot in the World Cup group stages. The first host ever to fail to advance past the first round was South Africa",
"title": "FIFA World Cup hosts"
},
{
"id": "16681965",
"text": "traditional June–July scheduling, which falls during the heart of the regular season for several major North American sports leagues (including the National Football League; Fox is a main U.S. rightsholder). 2026 FIFA World Cup The 2026 FIFA World Cup (; ) will be the 23rd FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international men's football championship contested by the national teams of the member associations of FIFA. The tournament will be jointly hosted by 16 cities in three North American countries; 60 matches, including the quarterfinals, semi-finals, and the final, will be hosted by the United States while neighboring Canada and Mexico",
"title": "2026 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "5438103",
"text": "are ineligible. Likewise, no CONMEBOL member could have made a 2022 bid, and candidates from the same confederation as the successful 2018 applicant would be disregarded in the 2022 selection procedure. The United States, the last non-European candidate in the 2018 bidding cycle, withdrew its bid for that year; hence the 2018 tournament will have to be held in UEFA. This in turn meant that CONMBEBOL and UEFA were ineligible for 2022. For both the 2018 and 2022 editions of the World Cup, the FIFA Executive Committee voted to decide which candidate should host the tournament. The multiple round exhaustive",
"title": "2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids"
},
{
"id": "5438125",
"text": "to the sense of realism. The Olympic bid was unsuccessful, coming third in the bidding process that concluded in October 2009. The Vice-President of the Japan Football Association, Junji Ogura, had previously admitted that if Tokyo were to fail in its bid, its chances of hosting either the 2018 or 2022 World Cup would not be very good. On 4 May 2010, Japan announced that it was withdrawing its bid for the 2018 tournament to focus on 2022, amidst rising speculation that the 2018 edition will be held in Europe. Qatar made a bid for only the 2022 World Cup.",
"title": "2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids"
},
{
"id": "17612467",
"text": "those four met the requirements. Co-hosting the FIFA World Cup, which had been banned by FIFA after the 2002 World Cup, was approved for the 2026 FIFA World Cup, though not limited to a specific number but instead evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Also by 2026, the FIFA general secretariat, after consultation with the Competitions Committee, will have the power to exclude bidders who do not meet the minimum technical requirements to host the competition. The bidding process was due to start in 2015, with the appointment of hosts scheduled for the FIFA Congress on 10 May 2017 in Kuala",
"title": "2026 FIFA World Cup bids"
},
{
"id": "10915576",
"text": "Cups. In an interview published on 7 June 2015, Domenico Scala, the head of FIFA's Audit And Compliance Committee, stated that \"should there be evidence that the awards to Qatar and Russia came only because of bought votes, then the awards could be cancelled\". Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and former British Prime Minister David Cameron attended a meeting with FIFA vice-president Chung Mong-joon in which a vote-trading deal for the right to host the 2018 World Cup in England was discussed. In response to the March 2018 poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal, British Prime Minister Theresa May announced",
"title": "2018 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "16681960",
"text": "power to exclude bidders who do not meet the minimum technical requirements to host the competition. Canada, Mexico and the United States had all publicly considered bidding for the tournament separately, but the United joint bid was announced on April 10, 2017. The voting took place on June 13, 2018, during FIFA's annual congress in Moscow, and it was reopened to all eligible members. The United bid won receiving 134 valid ballots, while the Morocco bid received 65 valid ballots. Upon the selection, Canada becomes the fifth country to host both men's and women's World Cup—the latter was in 2015,",
"title": "2026 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "20424385",
"text": "having taken place annually until 2009. The tournament was confirmed publicly on November 3, 2017, during the annual FIFA Beach Soccer Workshop in Dubai as part of the recently renewed partnership between FIFA and Beach Soccer Worldwide (BSWW). In October 2018, it was announced the tournament will take place in Paraguay; the city of Asunción will host the event in November 2019. This marks the first time that Paraguay will host a FIFA event and that a landlocked country will receive the World Cup. Brazil are the defending champions. The bidding schedule to determine the hosts was as follows: Countries",
"title": "2019 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup"
},
{
"id": "20097547",
"text": "would be held at venues in all three countries. A shortlist of 23 candidate cities were named in the official bid, with 17 in the U.S., 3 in Canada, and 3 in Mexico. Ten U.S. candidate cities will join three Canadian candidate cities, and three Mexican candidate cities, to form the roster of 16 cities that will host the matches of this World Cup. Although a joint bid, the majority of the matches will be held in the United States. Canada and Mexico will host 10 matches each, while the United States will host the other 60, including all matches",
"title": "United 2026 FIFA World Cup bid"
},
{
"id": "2932319",
"text": "Association history. Unfortunately, Canada could not advance beyond the so-called CONCACAF Group of Death, a group that featured higher-ranked nations Mexico and Honduras. In March 2011, it was announced Canada would host the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup for the first time, where they reached the quarterfinals. On June 13, 2018, Canada, Mexico and United States joint bid was chosen to co-host the 2026 FIFA World Cup 69 votes ahead of Morocco 134–65 at the FIFA Congress in Moscow. Canada will host 10 matches in Montreal, Edmonton and Toronto. As in other English-speaking nations outside the United Kingdom, association football",
"title": "Soccer in Canada"
},
{
"id": "91766",
"text": "was scheduled to host the 2015 African Nations Cup, but decided to decline due to Ebola fears. Morocco was expelled and the tournament was held in Equatorial Guinea. Morocco is a leading contender for the replacement of the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations after Cameroon lost its rights for the 2019 edition due to security concerns. The Grand Stade de Casablanca is the proposed title of the planned football stadium to be built in the city. Once completed in 2014, it will be used mostly for football matches and will serve as the home of Raja Casablanca, Wydad Casablanca, and",
"title": "Casablanca"
},
{
"id": "12050002",
"text": "area is Switzerland, host of the 1954 FIFA World Cup, which is more than three times as large as Qatar and only needed to host 16 teams instead of the current 32. On 12 April 2018, CONMEBOL requested that FIFA expand the 2022 FIFA World Cup from 32 to 48 teams, four years before the 2026 FIFA World Cup as initially planned. FIFA President Gianni Infantino expressed willingness to consider the request. However, the FIFA congress rejected the request shortly before the beginning of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Infantino said the global football governing body would not discuss the",
"title": "2022 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "17287519",
"text": "rules block Asian Football Confederation nations from hosting the 2030 World Cup following the selection of Qatar in 2022. Nevertheless, South Korea's President Moon Jae-in suggested in June 2017 that the World Cup be hosted by a Northeast Asian block including both South Korea and North Korea, telling FIFA president Gianni Infantino it would improve relations in the region. Chung Mong-gyu, the head of the Korea Football Association, renewed the offer to the DPR Korea Football Association, the Chinese Football Association and the Japan Football Association at the FIFA Congress in Moscow in June 2018. South Korean president Moon discussed",
"title": "2030 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "5438132",
"text": "Stadium and Daegu Stadium. Another 70,000 seat stadium is scheduled to be built in Incheon as the main stadium for the 2014 Asian Games. Other venues meet hosting requirements as they were built for the 2002 World Cup. The 12 cities selected to hold the finals were South Korea to win the bid were selected in March 2010 and were Busan, Cheonan, Daegu, Daejeon, Goyang, Gwangju, Incheon (2 venues), Jeonju, Seogwipo, Seoul (2venues), Suwon and Ulsan. U.S. Soccer first said in February 2007 that it would bid for the 2018 World Cup. On 28 January 2009, U.S. Soccer then announced",
"title": "2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids"
},
{
"id": "17287520",
"text": "the proposal again with Infantino during the 2018 FIFA World Cup. On 10 July 2018, Egypt's Sports Minister expressed interest in bidding to host. Cameroonian presidential candidate Joshua Osih's political program includes nominating his country along with two sub-Saharan African countries to host the 2030 World Cup, according to Cameroonian channel CRTV. On 12 September 2018, Prime Minister of Spain Pedro Sánchez discussed about the possibility for Spain to bid for the 2030 FIFA World Cup with FIFA President Gianni Infantino and Royal Spanish Football Federation President Luis Rubiales. On 2 November 2018, Prime Minister of Bulgaria Boyko Borisov stated",
"title": "2030 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "7584348",
"text": "On 10 July 2018, Egypt's Sports Minister expressed interest in bidding to host. Cameroonian presidential candidate Joshua Osih’s political program includes nominating his country along with two sub-Saharan African countries to host the 2030 World Cup, according to Cameroonian channel CRTV. On 12 September 2018, Prime Minister of Spain Pedro Sánchez discussed about the possibility for Spain to bid for the 2030 FIFA World Cup with FIFA President Gianni Infantino and Royal Spanish Football Federation President Luis Rubiales. On 2 November 2018, Prime Minister of Bulgaria Boyko Borisov stated that his Greek counterpart Alexis Tsipras proposed a joint bid by",
"title": "FIFA World Cup hosts"
},
{
"id": "5438105",
"text": "but withdrew theirs on 28 September 2009, while Indonesia had their bid rejected for lack of government support on 19 March 2010. Five of the remaining nine bids, South Korea, Qatar, Japan, Australia and United States were only for the 2022 World Cup, while all the others bid for both the 2018 and 2022 World Cups. However, since all of the bids for the 2018 World Cup were from European nations, and FIFA's rules dictate that countries belonging to confederations that hosted either of the two preceding tournaments are not eligible to host, all UEFA bids were forced to be",
"title": "2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids"
},
{
"id": "10915551",
"text": "VAR decision; the first penalty as a result of a VAR decision was awarded to France in their match against Australia on 16 June and resulted in a goal by Antoine Griezmann. A record number of penalties were awarded in the tournament, with this phenomenon being partially attributed to VAR. Overall, the new technology has been both praised and criticised by commentators. FIFA declared the implementation of VAR a success after the first week of competition. Russia proposed the following host cities: Kaliningrad, Kazan, Krasnodar, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don, Saint Petersburg, Samara, Saransk, Sochi, Volgograd, Yaroslavl, and Yekaterinburg. Most cities",
"title": "2018 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "16681958",
"text": "bidding to host the following tournament, before the rule was changed back to its prior state of two World Cups. However, the FIFA Council did make an exception to potentially grant eligibility to member associations of the confederation of the second-to-last host of the FIFA World Cup in the event that none of the received bids fulfill the strict technical and financial requirements. In March 2017, FIFA president Gianni Infantino confirmed that \"Europe (UEFA) and Asia (AFC) are excluded from the bidding following the selection of Russia and Qatar in 2018 and 2022 respectively.\" Therefore, the 2026 World Cup could",
"title": "2026 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "13618230",
"text": "has capacity for more than 30,000 spectators. The following venues were considered as possible candidate venues but were not chosen to be included in the final bid. The following stadiums were eliminated in an earlier cut in August 2009 The following stadiums were eliminated at the first cut in June, 2009: United States 2022 FIFA World Cup bid The United States Soccer Federation submitted a bid with the hope of hosting the 2022 FIFA World Cup. U.S. Soccer first said in February 2007 that it would put forth a bid for the 2018 World Cup. On January 28, 2009, U.S.",
"title": "United States 2022 FIFA World Cup bid"
},
{
"id": "5438109",
"text": "Cup in 2018. In November 2009, the venues were presented. In Belgium, matches would have been played in 7 venues: Antwerp, Bruges, Brussels, Charleroi, Genk, Ghent and Liège. In the Netherlands, only five cities would host matches: Amsterdam, Eindhoven, Enschede, Heerenveen and Rotterdam, but both Amsterdam and Rotterdam would provide two stadiums. Eindhoven would function as the 'capital city' of the World Cup. Euro 2000 was also jointly hosted by Belgium and the Netherlands. On 31 October 2007, The Football Association officially announced its bid to host the event. On 24 April 2008 England finalised a 63-page bid to host",
"title": "2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids"
},
{
"id": "14884974",
"text": "the summer period (which also led to calls for the World Cup to be moved from its traditional June/July scheduling to November/December). On 25 February 2015, this resulted in FIFA officially announcing that it would move the 2021 Confederations Cup to another country of the Asian Football Confederation, so it could still be held during the traditional window of June/July 2021, without interrupting domestic leagues. As compensation, another FIFA tournament, potentially the 2021 FIFA Club World Cup, would be held in Qatar in November/December 2021, as the test event for the 2022 World Cup. The eight competing teams will be:",
"title": "2021 FIFA Confederations Cup"
},
{
"id": "7584343",
"text": "anniversary of the first FIFA World Cup final, and the bicentennial of the first Constitution of Uruguay, but if selected the tournament dates would coincide. The Uruguay-Argentina bid was officially confirmed on 29 July 2017. A joint bid was announced by the Argentine Football Association and the Uruguayan Football Association on 29 July 2017. Before Uruguay and Argentina played out a goalless draw in Montevideo, FC Barcelona players Luis Suárez and Lionel Messi promoted the bid with commemorative shirts. On 31 August 2017, it was suggested Paraguay would join as a third host. CONMEBOL, the South American confederation (which can",
"title": "FIFA World Cup hosts"
},
{
"id": "5438120",
"text": "fund its World Cup bid preparation. Rudd met with Sepp Blatter to discuss the Commonwealth Government's support of the bid in Zurich in July 2009. At the 2008 FIFA Congress, held in Sydney, FIFA president Sepp Blatter suggested that Australia concentrate on hosting the 2022 tournament, but Lowy responded by recommitting Australia to its 2018 bid. However, Australia ultimately withdrew from the bidding for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in favour of the 2022 FIFA World Cup on 10 June 2010, following comments from the chief of the Asian Football Confederation that the 2018 tournament should be held in Europe.",
"title": "2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids"
},
{
"id": "7993885",
"text": "On July 22, 2017, a match of the 2017 International Champions Cup was played between FC Barcelona and Juventus. Barcelona won the match 2–1 in front of 82,104 fans. On August 15, 2017, as part of the United States joint bid with Canada and Mexico to host the 2026 FIFA World Cup, MetLife Stadium was announced as the venue to host the final. MetLife Stadium will host two matches as part of the 2018 International Champions Cup. The first match on July 25, 2018 between Manchester City F.C. and Liverpool F.C. and the second match on August 7, 2018 between",
"title": "MetLife Stadium"
},
{
"id": "15120971",
"text": "first legs were played on 10 and 11 November 2017, and the second legs were played on 15 November 2017. The matchups were decided at the preliminary draw which was held on 25 July 2015, at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna, Saint Petersburg, Russia. 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification The 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification process was a series of tournaments organised by the six FIFA confederations to decide 31 of the 32 teams which would play in the 2018 FIFA World Cup, with Russia qualifying automatically as hosts. All 210 remaining FIFA member associations were eligible to enter the",
"title": "2018 FIFA World Cup qualification"
},
{
"id": "17287511",
"text": "2030 FIFA World Cup The 2030 FIFA World Cup will be the 24th FIFA World Cup, a quadrennial international football championship contested by the men's national teams of the member associations of FIFA. This will be 100 years after the first World Cup. The first proposed bid for the 2030 World Cup was a joint bid from the Argentine Football Association and Uruguayan Football Association. The second was by The Football Association of England. The third was by the Royal Moroccan Football Federation in a potential joint bid with its neighbours. Under FIFA rules as of 2017, the 2030 World",
"title": "2030 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "13618226",
"text": "United States 2022 FIFA World Cup bid The United States Soccer Federation submitted a bid with the hope of hosting the 2022 FIFA World Cup. U.S. Soccer first said in February 2007 that it would put forth a bid for the 2018 World Cup. On January 28, 2009, U.S. Soccer announced that it would submit bids for both the 2018 and 2022 Cups. In October 2010 it withdrew from the 2018 bid process to focus on winning the 2022 edition. On December 2, 2010, it was announced that Qatar would be the host of the 2022 FIFA World Cup. Bill",
"title": "United States 2022 FIFA World Cup bid"
},
{
"id": "18038610",
"text": "19–20 March 2015. The following countries expressed an interest in bidding to host the tournament: The United Arab Emirates were officially announced as hosts of the 2017 and 2018 tournaments on 21 March 2015. The following seven teams qualified for the tournament. The two venues were the Zayed Sports City Stadium in Abu Dhabi and the Hazza bin Zayed Stadium in Al Ain. A total of six referees, twelve assistant referees, and eight video assistant referees were appointed for the tournament. The following were key milestones in the organization of the tournament: Each team had to name a 23-man squad",
"title": "2017 FIFA Club World Cup"
},
{
"id": "18094656",
"text": "should have known over the years before the bankruptcy of ISL that ISL had made bribes to other FIFA officials\". In August 2012, Garcia declared his intention to investigate the bidding process and decision to award the right to host the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup to Russia and Qatar respectively by the FIFA Executive Committee. The decision of host venues had previously taken place in December 2010. In May 2011, while before a British parliamentary inquiry, the former chairman of England's failed 2018 bid, David Triesman, accused FIFA executive committee members Jack Warner, Worawi Makudi, Nicolas Leoz and",
"title": "Garcia Report"
},
{
"id": "18171820",
"text": "April 2016, ICC chief executive David Richardson said that he would push for at least two more teams to be added to the first and second rounds in future World Twenty20. In January 2018, the ICC announced that the following venues would be hosting matches: 2020 ICC T20 World Cup The 2020 ICC T20 World Cup is scheduled to be the seventh ICC T20 World Cup tournament, with matches to be held in Australia from 18 October to 15 November 2020. Cricket Australia is designated as the sole host board for the tournament. Although there was speculation that both Australia",
"title": "2020 ICC T20 World Cup"
},
{
"id": "16681961",
"text": "Mexico becomes the first country to host three men's World Cups—previously in 1970 and 1986, and the United States becomes the first country to host both men's and women's World Cup twice each—having hosted the 1994 men's and the 1999 and 2003 women's World Cups. The 2026 World Cup's qualification process has yet to be decided. The FIFA Council is expected to decide which hosts, if any, will receive automatic qualifications to the tournament. The United Bid personnel anticipated that all three host countries would be awarded automatic places. During the bidding process, there were 49 venues in 43 cities",
"title": "2026 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "5438101",
"text": "ineligible, leaving Africa ineligible for 2018 and South America ineligible for both 2018 and 2022. Other factors in the selection process include the number of suitable stadiums, and their location across candidate nations. Voting is done using a multiple round exhaustive ballot system whereby the candidate receiving the fewest votes in each round is eliminated until a single candidate is chosen by the majority. Following the selection of the 2006 World Cup hosts, FIFA had decided on a policy for determining the hosts of future editions. The six world confederations—roughly corresponding to continents—would rotate in their turn of providing bids,",
"title": "2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids"
},
{
"id": "339408",
"text": "intention was to help start bilateral negotiations and solve the territorial dispute which had turned violent. Qatar withdrew its 450 troops from the Djibouti-Eritrea border in June 2017 after the two countries severed ties with Qatar. In a controversial bidding process marred by bribery and corruption scandals, Qatar was selected to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup. Qatar will be the first Middle Eastern country to host the popular international sporting event. Qatar-funded Qatar Airways has gone on an aggressive expansion campaign by competing with nearby Emirates Airline to reach more destinations and serve more passengers. The sixty-sixth session of",
"title": "Foreign relations of Qatar"
},
{
"id": "11100012",
"text": "to formally put forward Australia's hosting proposal. Australia hosted the OFC Nations Cup twice (1998, and 2004), and four way co hosted once (1996). Australia attempted to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup, but lost out to Qatar. In October 2004, the football federations of Jordan/Iraq mulled a bid to host the World Cup. \"\"The situation at the moment would make any bid ludicrous,\"\" Prince Faisal al-Hussein of Jordan was quoted as saying in his interview to \"The Times\" and \"The Guardian\". \"\"What will things be like in five years' time?. It could be a very prosperous nation. If the",
"title": "2014 FIFA World Cup bids"
},
{
"id": "12050007",
"text": "due to concerns about the heat. A report released on 9 December 2010 quoted FIFA President Sepp Blatter as stating that other nations could host some matches during the World Cup. However, no specific countries were named in the report. Blatter added that any such decision must be taken by Qatar first and then endorsed by FIFA's executive committee. Prince Ali bin Al Hussein of Jordan told the Australian Associated Press that holding games in Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, and possibly Saudi Arabia would help to incorporate the people of the region during the tournament. According to a report released",
"title": "2022 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "5438112",
"text": "that all games would be played at English grounds. The venues selected on 16 December 2009 to form the bid were: London (three stadiums), Manchester (two stadiums), Birmingham, Bristol, Leeds, Liverpool, Milton Keynes, Newcastle, Nottingham, Plymouth, Sheffield and Sunderland. FIFA officials also expressed interest in an English bid. David Will, a vice-president of FIFA, noted England's World Cup proposal as early as May 2004. Franz Beckenbauer, leader of Germany's successful bid for the 2006 World Cup and a member of FIFA's Executive Committee, twice publicly backed an English bid to host the World Cup, in January and July 2007. FIFA",
"title": "2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids"
},
{
"id": "18073050",
"text": "billion on transport infrastructure. Ritter said £30 billion would be spent on building air-conditioned stadiums with £48 billion on training facilities and accommodation for players and fans. A further £28 billion will be spent on creating a new city called Lusail that will surround the stadium that will host the opening and final matches of the tournament. According to a report released in April 2013 by Merrill Lynch; the investment banking division of Bank of America, the organizers in Qatar have requested from FIFA to approve a smaller number of stadiums due to the growing costs. Bloomberg.com said that Qatar",
"title": "2022 FIFA World Cup controversies"
},
{
"id": "20437243",
"text": "Ashraf Sobhy said that Egypt is considering a bid to host the 2034 FIFA World Cup. Such a bid should be prepared by the national football association rather than the country. An overview of expressed interest in bidding is shown below: 2034 FIFA World Cup The 2034 FIFA World Cup will be the 25th FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international men's football championship contested by the national teams of the member associations of FIFA. The bidding process for the world cup is yet to start. Some early bids for the 2034 FIFA World Cup have however been proposed. The following",
"title": "2034 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "17235124",
"text": "Republic being awarded the hosting rights. A total of 24 teams qualified for the final tournament. In addition to South Korea who qualified automatically as hosts, the other 23 teams qualified from six separate continental competitions. Starting from 2017, the Oceania Football Confederation received an additional slot (in total two), while UEFA will have five instead of six slots. Cheonan, Daejeon, Incheon, Jeju, Jeonju and Suwon were the six cities chosen to host the competition from a shortlist of nine, with Seoul, Pohang, and Ulsan not chosen. As part of preparations for the U-20 World Cup, the 2016 Suwon JS",
"title": "2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup"
},
{
"id": "7079453",
"text": "plans to expand the stadium to 29,000 seats over the course of the summer of 2012, however the economic downturn shelved these plans. As part of the combined Netherlands and Belgium bid to host the 2018 or 2022 FIFA World Cup, the stadium was one of five stadiums in the Netherlands selected by the KNVB to host games. A successful bid would have meant that the stadium capacity would have been increased to the minimum required seating of 44,000 . In the beginning of December 2010 FIFA announced that the 2018 World Cup would be awarded to Russia. Just before",
"title": "Abe Lenstra Stadion"
},
{
"id": "13618229",
"text": "the list was further trimmed down to 32 stadiums in 27 cities. On January 12, 2010 the USA Bid Committee narrowed the 27 cities down to 18 as the official host cities for the United States' Bid for the 2018 or 2022 World Cup. Those 18 cities were: Atlanta, Baltimore, Boston, Dallas, Denver, Houston, Indianapolis, Kansas City, Los Angeles, Miami, Nashville, New York City, Philadelphia, Phoenix, San Diego, Seattle, Tampa and Washington, D.C. The 18 stadiums selected host NFL or NCAA American football games, with a capacity over 65,000 spectators. No soccer-specific stadium was selected, since none in the country",
"title": "United States 2022 FIFA World Cup bid"
},
{
"id": "1858811",
"text": "the United States, and once by Canada. Runners-up include Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Honduras, Panama, and Jamaica. In January 2017, Victor Montagliani announced the expansion of the Gold Cup from 12 to 16 teams, starting with the 2019 tournament. In November 2018, Costa Rica was announced as one of the hosts of the 2019 tournament, with a group B double-header set to be held at the Estadio Nacional. A yet-to-be-determined site in the Caribbean is set to host games in group C. Costa Rica and Jamaica shared third place. Teams in \"italics\" are guest nations. The following table shows cumulative",
"title": "CONCACAF Gold Cup"
},
{
"id": "14884973",
"text": "2021 FIFA Confederations Cup The 2021 FIFA Confederations Cup is scheduled to be the 11th edition of the FIFA Confederations Cup, a quadrennial international men's football tournament organized by FIFA. It is expected to be held in 2021, as a prelude to the 2022 FIFA World Cup. Germany are the title holders. As is customary, the tournament was originally to be held in Qatar — host country of the 2022 FIFA World Cup, as announced on 2 December 2010, after the country was awarded the hosting rights of the 2022 World Cup. However, concerns arose surrounding Qatar's high temperatures during",
"title": "2021 FIFA Confederations Cup"
},
{
"id": "14142882",
"text": "Heerenveen and Rotterdam, but both Amsterdam and Rotterdam will provide two stadiums. Eindhoven will function as the 'capital city' of the World Cup. Belgium–Netherlands 2018 FIFA World Cup bid Alain Courtois, a Belgian Member of Parliament, announced in October 2006 that a formal bid would be made on behalf of the three Benelux countries: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg to host either the 2018 FIFA World Cup or 2022 version, but has since decided to concentrate solely on the 2018 version (see 2018 European World Cup bids). In June 2007 the three countries launched their campaign not as a joint",
"title": "Belgium–Netherlands 2018 FIFA World Cup bid"
},
{
"id": "18073051",
"text": "wishes to cut the number of venues to 8 or 9 from the 12 originally planned. A report released on 9 December 2010 quoted FIFA President Sepp Blatter as stating that Qatar's neighbours could host some matches during the World Cup. However, no specific countries were named in the report. Blatter added that any such decision must be taken by Qatar first and then endorsed by FIFA's executive committee. Prince Ali bin Al Hussein of Jordan told the Australian Associated Press that holding games in Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, and possibly Saudi Arabia would help to incorporate the people of",
"title": "2022 FIFA World Cup controversies"
},
{
"id": "108776",
"text": "the world together and not alone. For these reasons, I am voting to remain.” Beckham was announced as the new Ambassadorial president of the British Fashion Council on 11 May 2018. Prior to the June 2018 vote by FIFA member nations for selecting the hosts of the 2026 FIFA World Cup, Beckham endorsed the North American bid (Canada, Mexico and the United States). Beckham has supported UNICEF since his days at Manchester United and in January 2005, the English national team captain became a Goodwill Ambassador with a special focus on UNICEF's Sports for Development program. In 2012, he met",
"title": "David Beckham"
},
{
"id": "7953479",
"text": "increased to 44,740 and all seats will be shaded. The construction of the new stadium is ongoing since the beginning of 2016.This is being done by the joint venture between Al-Balagh and L&T. Ahmed bin Ali Stadium Ahmed bin Ali Stadium (), popularly known as the Al Rayyan Stadium, is a multi-purpose stadium in Al Rayyan, Qatar, that is home to Al-Rayyan Sports Club and Al-Kharitiyath Sports Club. The stadium, built in 2003, has a seating capacity of 21,282. A new stadium will be built in the place of Ahmed bin Ali Stadium for the 2022 FIFA World Cup, which",
"title": "Ahmed bin Ali Stadium"
},
{
"id": "7584353",
"text": "2034 World Cup with Indonesia. On the same occasion, the General Secretary of the AFF, Dato Sri Azzuddin Ahmad, confirmed that Indonesia and Thailand will submit a joint bid. Indonesia is the only Southeast Asian country to have participated in the World Cup, when the territory was known as the Dutch East Indies. However in June 2018, FIFA executive committee member and crown prince and regent of Pahang, Tengku Abdullah who is also the former President of the Football Association of Malaysia (FAM) expressed interest in joining the three countries in hosting the World Cup together. The four countries have",
"title": "FIFA World Cup hosts"
},
{
"id": "10915545",
"text": "third placed in 2014 the Netherlands (for the first time since 2002), and four reigning continental champions: 2017 Africa Cup of Nations winners Cameroon, two-time Copa América champions and 2017 Confederations Cup runners-up Chile, 2016 OFC Nations Cup winners New Zealand, and 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup champions United States (for the first time since 1986). The other notable qualifying streaks broken were for Ghana and Ivory Coast, who had both made the previous three tournaments. \"Note: Numbers in parentheses indicate positions in the FIFA World Rankings at the time of the tournament.\" The draw was held on 1 December 2017",
"title": "2018 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "12049999",
"text": "workers involved in preparation for the World Cup, with Amnesty International referring to \"forced labour\" and stating that workers have been suffering human rights abuses, despite worker welfare standards being drafted in 2014. The bidding procedure to host the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups began in January 2009, and national associations had until 2 February 2009 to register their interest. Initially, eleven bids were made for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, but Mexico later withdrew from proceedings, and Indonesia's bid was rejected by FIFA in February 2010 after the Indonesian Football Association failed to submit a letter of Indonesian",
"title": "2022 FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "5438104",
"text": "ballot system was used to determine the tournament host. All eligible members of the FIFA Executive Committee had one vote. The candidate country that received the fewest votes in each round was eliminated until a single candidate was chosen by the majority. In the event of a tied vote, FIFA President Sepp Blatter would have had the deciding vote. There are twenty-four members on the Committee, but two of those were suspended due to accusations of selling votes. Eleven bids were submitted in March 2009 covering thirteen nations, with two joint bids: Belgium-Netherlands and Portugal-Spain. Mexico also submitted a bid,",
"title": "2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids"
},
{
"id": "18615884",
"text": "organizing committee left the stadium out of the bid book as unbuilt stadiums in the bidding process are deductions in the bid evaluations. The United Bid committee stated they would re-evaluate the stadium selection process and re-visit LA Stadium as their main option stadium in the Los Angeles Metro area in June 2020. The American bid to host the World Cup was awarded by FIFA on June 13, 2018. The Hollywood Park stadium is expected to host soccer matches during the 2028 Summer Olympics. Los Angeles organizers had also proposed that the stadium co-host the Games' ceremonies with Los Angeles",
"title": "Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park"
},
{
"id": "13805111",
"text": "by Frank Lowy, Ben Buckley, Quentin Bryce and Elle Macpherson. However, due to controversies of Qatar hosting, Australia's bid is possible if FIFA decides to strip Qatar's 2022 hosting rights. Football Federation Australia first confirmed in November 2007 that Australia would bid to host the 2018 FIFA World Cup. After FIFA in December 2008 announced they would be accepting bids for both the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup, Australia, in February 2009, registered their intention to bid with FIFA for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. The bid was officially launched on 14 June 2009 at Parliament House in Canberra.",
"title": "Australia 2022 FIFA World Cup bid"
},
{
"id": "11491876",
"text": "English Lacrosse, withdrew from hosting duties in May 2017, citing what it saw as an unacceptably high level of financial risk. The event ultimately took place in Netanya, Israel between 12 and 21 July 2018. It was announced on 2 December 2010 that England's bid was unsuccessful and the 2018 FIFA World Cup would be held in Russia. Failed due to unsuccessful bid to host the 2018 FIFA World Cup. In December 2006, the Football Association of Wales announced it was tentatively considering the possibility of jointly hosting the tournament with the Scottish Football Association. Scotland, along with the Republic",
"title": "Major sports event hosting in Britain during the 2010s"
},
{
"id": "145473",
"text": "time a World Cup has been shared by three host nations. The 2026 tournament will be the biggest World Cup ever held, with 48 teams playing 80 matches. Sixty matches will take place in the US, including all matches from the quarter-finals onward, while Canada and Mexico will host 10 games each. Six of the eight champions have won one of their titles while playing in their own homeland, the exceptions being Brazil, who finished as runners-up after losing the deciding match on home soil in 1950 and lost their semi-final against Germany in 2014, and Spain, which reached the",
"title": "FIFA World Cup"
},
{
"id": "14296254",
"text": "of the games at the 2011 AFC Asian Cup. In December 2011, the World Petroleum Council held the 20th World Petroleum Conference in Doha. Additionally, the city hosted the 2012 UNFCCC Climate Negotiations and is set to host a large number of the venues for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. In May 2015, Doha was officially recognized as one of the New7Wonders Cities together with Vigan, La Paz, Durban, Havana, Beirut and Kuala Lumpur. According to the Ministry of Municipality and Environment, the name \"Doha\" originated from the Arabic term \"dohat\", meaning \"roundness\" — a reference to the rounded bays",
"title": "Doha"
},
{
"id": "15120957",
"text": "2018 FIFA World Cup qualification The 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification process was a series of tournaments organised by the six FIFA confederations to decide 31 of the 32 teams which would play in the 2018 FIFA World Cup, with Russia qualifying automatically as hosts. All 210 remaining FIFA member associations were eligible to enter the qualifying process, and for the first time in World Cup history, all eligible national teams registered for the preliminary competition, but Zimbabwe and Indonesia were disqualified before playing their first matches. Bhutan, South Sudan, Gibraltar and Kosovo made their FIFA World Cup qualification debuts.",
"title": "2018 FIFA World Cup qualification"
},
{
"id": "8375000",
"text": "sport personality in the Arab world\". Under his guidance, Qatar won the rights to host the 2014 FINA Swimming World Championships and the 2022 FIFA World Cup. Tamim is a member of the International Olympic Committee and the National Olympic Committee chairman. He headed Doha's bid for the 2020 Olympics. The country will host the football World Cup in 2022. Qatar is expected to spend about $100 billion on infrastructure to prepare for the event. Sheikh Tamim heads the Qatar Investment Authority board of directors. Under his leadership, the fund has invested billions in British businesses. It owns large stakes",
"title": "Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani"
},
{
"id": "5139864",
"text": "for survivors of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. The stadium is one of the planned football venues for the 2020 Summer Olympics. During the Olympics, the stadium will be known as Tokyo Stadium due to International Olympic Committee's non-commercialization policy. The stadium has also been announced as one of the venues for 2019 Rugby World Cup and will host the opening ceremony as well as opening match of the tournament. The north end of the stadium adjoins the Chofu Airport, while Route 20 runs close to the south end. At the south end is the main gate, which is",
"title": "Ajinomoto Stadium"
}
] | who is going to host next world cup |
[
"Russia"
] | [
{
"id": "341515",
"text": "include Kamchatka with its volcanoes and geysers, Karelia with its lakes and granite rocks, the snowy Altai Mountains, and the wild steppes of Tuva. Russia Russia (), officially the Russian Federation (), is a country in Eurasia. At , Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with about 144.5 million people , excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital, Moscow, is the largest metropolitan area in Europe proper and one of",
"title": "Russia"
},
{
"id": "341333",
"text": "Russia Russia (), officially the Russian Federation (), is a country in Eurasia. At , Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with about 144.5 million people , excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital, Moscow, is the largest metropolitan area in Europe proper and one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia",
"title": "Russia"
},
{
"id": "433780",
"text": "Ukraine Ukraine (; ), sometimes called the Ukraine, is a country in Eastern Europe. Excluding Crimea, Ukraine has a population of about 42.5 million, making it the 32nd most populous country in the world. Its capital and largest city is Kiev. Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic. The dominant religions in the country are Eastern Orthodoxy and Greek Catholicism. Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula, which Russia annexed in 2014. Including Crimea, Ukraine has an area of , making it the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"id": "11505717",
"text": "Countries in which immigrants form between 25% and 10% of the population are: Switzerland (23%), Latvia (19%), Estonia (15%), Austria (15%), Croatia (15%), Ukraine (14.7%), Cyprus (14.3%), Ireland (14%), Moldova (13%), Germany (12.3%), Sweden (12.3%), Belarus (12%), Slovenia (11.1%), Spain (10.8%, 12.2% in 2010), France (10.2%), and the Netherlands (10%). The United Kingdom (9%), Greece (8.6%), Russia (8.5%), Finland (8.1%), Iceland (7.6%), Norway (7.4%), Portugal (7.2%), Denmark (7.1%), Belgium (6.9%) and the Czech Republic (6.7%), each have a proportion of immigrants between 10% and 5% of the total population. The European countries with the smallest proportion of immigrants as follows",
"title": "Immigration to Europe"
},
{
"id": "4735247",
"text": "European Union statistics Statistics in the European Union are collected by Eurostat (European statistics body). As of 1 January 2006, the population of the EU was about 493 million people. Many countries are expected to experience a decline in population over the coming decades, though this could be offset with new countries planning to join the EU within the next 20 years. The most populous member state is Germany, with an estimated 80.4 million people. France and Ireland have the highest birth-rates. The most densely populated country is the island of Malta, which is also the smallest, while the largest",
"title": "European Union statistics"
},
{
"id": "4661033",
"text": "were 549,000,000. The population of Europe in 2015 was estimated to be 741 million according to the United Nations, which was slightly less than 11% of the world population. The precise figure depends on the exact definition of the geographic extent of Europe. The population of the European Union (EU) was 509 million as of 2015. Non-EU countries situated in Europe in their entirety account for another 94 million. Five transcontinental countries have a total of 247 million people, of which about half reside in Europe proper. As it stands now, around 12% of the world's people live in Europe.",
"title": "Demographics of Europe"
},
{
"id": "111482",
"text": "of population are Saint Petersburg, Madrid, Berlin and Rome, each having over 3 million residents. When considering the commuter belts or metropolitan areas, within the EU (for which comparable data is available) London covers the largest population, followed in order by Paris, Madrid, Barcelona, Berlin, the Ruhr area, Rome, Milan, Athens and Warsaw. \"Europe\" as a cultural concept is substantially derived from the shared heritage of the Roman Empire and its culture. The boundaries of Europe were historically understood as those of Christendom (or more specifically Latin Christendom), as established or defended throughout the medieval and early modern history of",
"title": "Europe"
},
{
"id": "763431",
"text": "in Europe and in the world. All statements refer to France as understood in its modern borders; this pertains also to other countries. Historians suggest that France was the most populous state in Europe from at least the period of Charlemagne and the Frankish Empire, if not earlier, to the 19th century. Population statistics prior to the modern era are historical estimates as official counts were not made. In the above list, Turkey is not considered a European country. Turkey was less populous than metropolitan France until 1992, and has been more populous since then. Please note: Source: Source: Louis",
"title": "Demographics of France"
},
{
"id": "61463",
"text": "It includes countries of varied sizes, ranging from tiny Liechtenstein to Germany, the largest European country by population (that is entirely placed in Europe). Demographic figures for countries entirely located within notion of Central Europe (\"the core countries\") number around 165 million people, out of which around 83 million are residents of Germany. Other populations include: Poland with around 38.5 million residents, Czech Republic at 10.5 million, Hungary at 10 million, Austria with 8.9 million, Switzerland with its 8.5 million inhabitants, Slovakia at 5.4 million, Croatia with its 4.3 million residents, Slovenia at 2 million (2014 estimate) and Liechtenstein at",
"title": "Central Europe"
},
{
"id": "11505715",
"text": "In 2010, 47.3 million people lived in the EU, who were born outside their resident country. This corresponds to 9.4% of the total EU population. Of these, 31.4 million (6.3%) were born outside the EU and 16.0 million (3.2%) were born in another EU member state. The largest absolute numbers of people born outside the EU were in Germany (6.4 million), France (5.1 million), the United Kingdom (4.7 million), Spain (4.1 million), Italy (3.2 million), and The Netherlands (1.4 million). According to the list of countries by immigrant population, based on the United Nations report \"World Population Policies 2005\". The",
"title": "Immigration to Europe"
},
{
"id": "190024",
"text": "Italy Italy ( ), officially the Italian Republic ( ), is a country in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, and Vatican City. Italy covers an area of and has a largely temperate seasonal and Mediterranean climate. With around 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth-most populous EU member state and the most populous country in Southern Europe. Due to its central geographic location in Europe and the Mediterranean, Italy has historically been home to a myriad of peoples and cultures. In addition to the",
"title": "Italy"
},
{
"id": "111383",
"text": "Russian Federation is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a total population of about 741 million (about 11% of the world population) . The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent, even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast. Europe, in particular ancient Greece, was the birthplace of Western civilization. The fall of the Western Roman",
"title": "Europe"
},
{
"id": "150117",
"text": "(\"Deutsche Fachwerkstraße\") connects towns with examples of these structures. Germany's most-visited landmarks include e.g. Neuschwanstein Castle, Cologne Cathedral, Berlin Bundestag, Hofbräuhaus Munich, Heidelberg Castle, Dresden Zwinger, Fernsehturm Berlin and Aachen Cathedral. The Europa-Park near Freiburg is Europe's second most popular theme park resort. With a population of 80.2 million according to the 2011 census, rising to at least 81.9 million , Germany is the most populous country in the European Union, the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the 16th most populous country in the world. Its population density stands at 227 inhabitants per square kilometre (588",
"title": "Germany"
},
{
"id": "11505716",
"text": "European countries that have the highest net foreign populations are: The European countries with the highest proportion or percentage of non-native residents are small nations or microstates. Andorra is the country in Europe with the highest percentage of immigrants, 77% of the country's 82,000 inhabitants. Monaco is the second with the highest percentage of immigrants, they make up 70% of the total population of 32,000; and Luxembourg is the third, immigrants are 37% of the total of 480,000; in Liechtenstein they are 35% of the 34,000 people; and in San Marino they comprise 32% of the country's population of 29,000.",
"title": "Immigration to Europe"
},
{
"id": "11505721",
"text": "countries were predominantly European: the United Kingdom (46 million), France (39 million), Spain (31 million), Germany (26 million). The study also compared the number of potential migrants to their desired destination's population, resulting in a \"Net Migration Index\" expressing potential population growth. This list is headed by Singapore, which would experience population growth by +219%. Among European countries, Switzerland would experience the highest growth, by +150%, followed by Sweden (+78%), Spain (+74%), Ireland (+66%), the United Kingdom (+62%) and France (+60%). The European countries with highest potential population loss are Kosovo and Macedonia, with -28% each. Immigration to Europe Immigration",
"title": "Immigration to Europe"
},
{
"id": "3911135",
"text": "levels. With an estimated population of 11 million in 1400, 20 million in the 17th century, and 28 million in 1789, until 1795 France was the most populated country in Europe (even ahead of Russia and twice the size of Britain or the Netherlands) and the third most populous country in the world, behind only China and India. These demographic changes also led to a massive increase in urban populations, although on the whole France remained a profoundly rural country. Paris was one of the most populated cities in Europe (estimated at 400,000 inhabitants in 1550; 650,000 at the end",
"title": "Early modern France"
},
{
"id": "763418",
"text": "66,991,000 (i.e. about 2.4 million people in a span of 7 years), making France one of the fastest-growing countries in Europe. The population of France is growing by 1,000,000 people every three years- an average annual increase of 340,000 people, or +0.6%. France was historically Europe's most populous country. During the Middle Ages, more than one-quarter of Europe's total population was French; by the seventeenth century, this had decreased slightly to one-fifth. By the beginning of the twentieth century, other European countries, such as Germany and Russia, had caught up with France and overtaken it in number of people. However,",
"title": "Demographics of France"
},
{
"id": "119528",
"text": "The largest absolute numbers of people born outside the EU were in Germany (6.4 million), France (5.1 million), the United Kingdom (4.7 million), Spain (4.1 million), Italy (3.2 million), and the Netherlands (1.4 million). The EU contains about 40 urban areas with populations of over one million, including the two megacities (cities with a population of over 10 million) of London and Paris. Also, there are several other metropolises with a population of over 5 million like Madrid, Barcelona, Berlin and includes polycentric urbanised regions like Rhine-Ruhr (Cologne, Dortmund, Düsseldorf et al.), Randstad (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, Utrecht et al.),",
"title": "European Union"
},
{
"id": "4661031",
"text": "Demographics of Europe Figures for the population of Europe vary according to how one defines the boundaries of Europe. According to the United Nations, the population within the standard physical geographical boundaries comprised 737 million in 2010. In 2010 the population was 711 million, defining Europe's boundaries as the continental divides of the Caucasus and Ural mountains and the Bosporous, and including the European parts of the countries of Russia and of Turkey. Europe's population growth is comparatively low, and its median age comparatively high, in relation to the world's other continents, especially compared to Asia, Africa and Latin America.",
"title": "Demographics of Europe"
},
{
"id": "13024189",
"text": "number in any single country of the world. The Zoologischer Garten Berlin is the oldest zoo in Germany and presents the most comprehensive collection of species in the world. With an estimated 81.8 million inhabitants in January 2010, Germany is the most populous country in the European Union and ranks as the 15th largest country in the world in terms of population. Its population density stands at . The United Nations Population Fund lists Germany as host to the third-highest number of international migrants worldwide, around 20% of Germany´s population do not hold a German passport or are descendants of",
"title": "Geography of Germany"
},
{
"id": "4661046",
"text": "Chinese 0.1100; Africans (Yoruba) – Chinese 0.1900. Demographics of Europe Figures for the population of Europe vary according to how one defines the boundaries of Europe. According to the United Nations, the population within the standard physical geographical boundaries comprised 737 million in 2010. In 2010 the population was 711 million, defining Europe's boundaries as the continental divides of the Caucasus and Ural mountains and the Bosporous, and including the European parts of the countries of Russia and of Turkey. Europe's population growth is comparatively low, and its median age comparatively high, in relation to the world's other continents, especially",
"title": "Demographics of Europe"
},
{
"id": "111473",
"text": "2008. It impacted much of the region. In 2010, fears of a sovereign debt crisis developed concerning some countries in Europe, especially Greece, Ireland, Spain, and Portugal. As a result, measures were taken, especially for Greece, by the leading countries of the Eurozone. The EU-27 unemployment rate was 10.3% in 2012. For those aged 15–24 it was 22.4%. In 2017, the population of Europe was estimated to be 742 million according to , which is slightly more than one-ninth of the world's population. This number includes Asian Russia (Siberia, about 36 million people) but excludes the European part of Turkey,",
"title": "Europe"
},
{
"id": "111474",
"text": "Cyprus and the Transcaucasian countries. A century ago, Europe had nearly a quarter of the world's population. The population of Europe has grown in the past century, but in other areas of the world (in particular Africa and Asia) the population has grown far more quickly. Among the continents, Europe has a relatively high population density, second only to Asia. Most of Europe is in a mode of Sub-replacement fertility, which means that each new(-born) generation is being less populous than the older. The most densely populated country in Europe (and in the world) is the microstate of Monaco. Pan",
"title": "Europe"
},
{
"id": "4255797",
"text": "growth in European population (the population of the European Union increased by 216,000 inhabitants (without immigration), of which 211,000 was the increase in France's population alone, and 5,000 was the increase in all the other countries EU combined). Today, France, with a population of 62 and a half million, or 65 million including overseas territories, is the third most populous country of Europe, behind Russia and Germany. Immigration in the 20th century differed significantly from that of the previous century. The 1920s saw great influxes from Italy and Poland; in the 1930-50s immigrants came from Spain and Portugal. Since the",
"title": "France in the twentieth century"
},
{
"id": "8209896",
"text": "use since reaching a speed of \"\" on 3 April 2007. Western Europe is now serviced by a network of TGV lines. , 69 French people have been awarded a Nobel Prize and 12 have received the Fields Medal. With an estimated total population of 67.15 million people , with 65 million in metropolitan France, France is the 20th most populous country in the world and the third-most populous in Europe. France is also second most populous country in the European Union after Germany. France is an outlier among developed countries in general, and European countries in particular, in having",
"title": "France"
},
{
"id": "343000",
"text": "Romania Romania ( ; ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the southeast, Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, and Moldova to the east. It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate. With a total area of 238,397 square kilometres (92,046 sq mi), Romania is the 12th largest country and also the 7th most populous member state of the European Union, having almost 20 million inhabitants. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest and other major urban areas include",
"title": "Romania"
},
{
"id": "13715045",
"text": "Demographics of the European Union The demographics of the European Union show a highly populated, culturally diverse union of 28 member states. As of 1 January 2018, the population of the EU is about 512.6 million people. The most populous member state is Germany, with an estimated 82.8 million people, and the least populous member state is Malta with 0.48 million. Birth rates in the EU are low with the average woman having 1.6 children. The highest birth-rates are found in Ireland with 16.876 births per thousand people per year and France with 13.013 births per thousand people per year.",
"title": "Demographics of the European Union"
},
{
"id": "7118151",
"text": "Berlin population statistics Berlin is the second most populous city in the European Union, as calculated by city-proper population (not metropolitan area). The spike in population in 1920 is a result of the Greater Berlin Act. On 31 December 2010 the largest groups by foreign nationality were citizens from Turkey (104,556), Poland (40,988), Serbia (19,230), Italy (15,842), Russia (15,332), United States (12,733), France (13,262), Vietnam (13,199), Croatia (10,104), Bosnia and Herzegovina (10,198), UK (10,191), Greece (9,301), Austria (9,246), Ukraine (8,324), Lebanon (7,078), Spain (7,670), Bulgaria (9,988), the People's Republic of China (5,632), Thailand (5,037). There is also a large Arabic",
"title": "Berlin population statistics"
},
{
"id": "5995080",
"text": "the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, France lost her provinces of Alsace and portions of Lorraine to Germany (see Alsace-Lorraine); these lost provinces would only be regained at the end of World War I. Between 1795 and 1866, metropolitan France (that is, without overseas or colonial possessions) was the second most populous country of Europe, behind Russia, and the fourth most populous country in the world (behind China, India, and Russia); between 1866 and 1911, metropolitan France was the third most populous country of Europe, behind Russia and Germany. Unlike other European countries, France did not experience a strong population growth",
"title": "France in the long nineteenth century"
},
{
"id": "11505718",
"text": "are: Italy (4.3%, 8.3% in 2014), Albania (2%), Poland (2%), Bosnia and Herzegovina (1%), Bulgaria (1%) and Romania (0.5%). Eurostat data reported in 2006 that some EU member states as receiving \"large-scale\" immigration. The EU in 2005 had an overall net gain from international migration of 1.8 million people, which accounted for almost 85% of Europe's total population growth that year. In 2004, a total of 140,033 people immigrated to France. Of them, 90,250 were from Africa and 13,710 from elsewhere in Europe. In 2005, the total number of immigrants fell slightly, to 135,890. This is a breakdown by major",
"title": "Immigration to Europe"
},
{
"id": "433966",
"text": "as follows: 'mostly Russian': 52 percent, 'both Russian and Ukrainian in equal measure': 32 percent, 'mostly Ukrainian': 14 percent, 'exclusively Ukrainian': 4.3 percent. g. Such writings were also the base for Russian and Belarusian literature. Ukraine Ukraine (; ), sometimes called the Ukraine, is a country in Eastern Europe. Excluding Crimea, Ukraine has a population of about 42.5 million, making it the 32nd most populous country in the world. Its capital and largest city is Kiev. Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic. The dominant religions in the country are Eastern Orthodoxy and Greek Catholicism. Ukraine is",
"title": "Ukraine"
},
{
"id": "17052589",
"text": "Area and population of European countries This is a list of countries and territories in Europe by population density. Some of the countries listed below are transcontinental, meaning that they are only partially located in Europe: The primarily Asian nation of Kazakhstan is not included in the list below. Armenia and Cyprus, entirely Asia physiographically, have political and cultural ties to Europe. There is some discussion about whether Kosovo should be recognised as a separate country. \"De facto\" it can be considered as one, but \"de jure\" recognition is not clear-cut. The aggregate for Europe excluding Russia, Azerbaijan and Georgia,",
"title": "Area and population of European countries"
},
{
"id": "111481",
"text": "are recognised political goals in Europe today. The Council of Europe Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and the Council of Europe's European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages set up a legal framework for language rights in Europe. The four most populous cities of Europe are Istanbul, Moscow, Paris and London, each have over 10 million residents, and as such have been described as megacities. While Istanbul has the highest total population, one third lies on the Asian side of the Bosporus, making Moscow the most populous city entirely in Europe. The next largest cities in order",
"title": "Europe"
},
{
"id": "150038",
"text": "Germany Germany ( ), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Central and Western Europe, lying between the Baltic and North seas to the north, and the Alps to the south. It borders Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, and France, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands to the west. Germany includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With nearly 83 million inhabitants, it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia, the",
"title": "Germany"
},
{
"id": "4799996",
"text": "has the lowest birth rate in Europe with 8.221 births per thousand people per year. The European Union is home to more global cities than any other region in the world. Over 16 cities with populations over one million inhabitants, counted in its city proper. Densely populated regions that have no single core but have emerged from the connection of several cities and are now encompassing large metropolitan areas are Rhine-Ruhr having approximately 11.5 million inhabitants (Cologne, Düsseldorf, et al.), Randstad approx. 7 million (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague et al.), the Flemish Diamond approx. 5.5 million, Frankfurt/Rhine-Main approx. 4 million",
"title": "Geography of the European Union"
},
{
"id": "4804059",
"text": "demographic growth and by developments in agriculture and industry. Until 1795, France was the most populated country in Europe and the third most populous country in the world, behind only China and India. With an estimated population of 17 million in 1400, 20 million in the 17th century, and 28 million in 1789, its population exceeded even Russia and was twice the size of Britain and Holland. In France, the Renaissance was marked by a massive increase in urban populations, although on the whole, France remained a profoundly rural country, with less than 10% of the population located in urban",
"title": "Economic history of France"
},
{
"id": "150651",
"text": "Demographics of Germany The demography of Germany is monitored by the \"Statistisches Bundesamt\" (Federal Statistical Office of Germany). According to the first census since reunification, Germany's population was 82,790,700 (9 May 2011), making it the sixteenth-most populous country in the world and the most populous in the European Union. The total fertility rate was rated at 1.59 in 2016 (the highest value since 1972) and in 2011, was estimated at 1.6 after adjusting for the higher contribution of older women to the number of births than in previous statistic models, and total fertility rates increased in younger generations. In 2008,",
"title": "Demographics of Germany"
},
{
"id": "4118091",
"text": "within the standard physical geographical boundaries was 701 million in 2005 according to the United Nations. In 2000 the population was 857 million, using a definition which includes the whole of the transcontinental countries of Russia and Turkey. Population growth is comparatively slow, and median age comparatively high in relation to the world's other continents. The longest rivers in Europe with their approximate lengths: Iceland, Faroe Islands, Great Britain, Ireland, Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, Cyprus, Ionian Islands, Crete, Aegean Islands, Åland Islands, Gotland, Saaremaa, Svalbard, Hinnøya, Senja, Zealand, Fyn and North Jutlandic Island. See also List of European",
"title": "Geography of Europe"
},
{
"id": "13715048",
"text": "states, including Belgium, Sweden, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, France, and the UK. In 2010, 47.3 million people living in the EU, or 9.4% of the total population, had been born outside their resident country. Of these, 31.4 million (6.3%) had been born outside the EU; 16.0 million (3.2%) had been born in another member state. The largest absolute numbers of people born outside the EU were in Germany (6.4 million), France (5.1 million), the United Kingdom (4.7 million), Spain (4.1 million), Italy (3.2 million), and the Netherlands (1.4 million). Spain in particular receives most of the immigrants coming illegally",
"title": "Demographics of the European Union"
},
{
"id": "11505696",
"text": "Europe, 30% from Maghreb, 12.5% from Sub-Saharan Africa, 14.2% from Asia and 5.3% from America and Oceania The most significant countries of origin as of 2008 were Algeria (713,000), Morocco (653,000), Portugal (580,000), Italy (317,000), Spain (257,000), Turkey (238,000) and Tunisia (234,000). However, immigration from Asia (especially China, as well as the former French colonies of Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos), and from Sub-Saharan Africa (Senegal, Mali, Nigeria and others), is gaining in importance. The region with the largest proportion of immigrants is the Île-de-France (Greater Paris), where 40% of immigrants live. Other important regions are Rhône-Alpes (Lyon) and Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur",
"title": "Immigration to Europe"
},
{
"id": "4355802",
"text": "European Russia European Russia, the western part of the Russian Federation, is a part of Eastern Europe. With a population of 110 million people, European Russia has about 77% of Russia's population, but covers less than 25% of Russia's territory. European Russia includes Moscow and Saint Petersburg, the two largest cities in Russia. The boundaries between continents are largely a matter of convention. However, the eastern boundary of Europe is generally considered to run along the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caucasus Mountains, the Turkish Straits. The southern part of European Russia has some small areas that lie geographically",
"title": "European Russia"
},
{
"id": "4661040",
"text": "and Pfeil (2004) count 87 distinct \"peoples of Europe\", of which 33 form the majority population in at least one sovereign state, while the remaining 54 constitute ethnic minorities. The total number of national minority populations in Europe is estimated at 105 million people, or 14% of 770 million Europeans. (including Europeans in Asian Russia) The largest ethnic groups are the Russians, of whom 92 million reside in Europe and the Germans, with 72 million. In some countries such as the United Kingdom, France and Spain, the designation of nationality may controversially take on ethnic aspects, subsuming smaller ethnic groups",
"title": "Demographics of Europe"
},
{
"id": "18082377",
"text": "resident country. This corresponds to 9.4% of the total EU population. Of these, 31.4 million (6.3%) were born outside the EU and 16.0 million (3.2%) were born in another EU member state. The largest absolute numbers of people born outside the EU were in Germany (6.4 million), France (5.1 million), the United Kingdom (4.7 million), Spain (4.1 million), Italy (3.2 million), and the Netherlands (1.4 million). Some EU member states are currently receiving large-scale immigration: for instance Spain, where the economy has created more than half of all new jobs in the EU over the past five years. The EU,",
"title": "Immigration by country"
},
{
"id": "3911177",
"text": "in 1700. At least 96% of the population were peasants. France had the largest population in Europe, with European Russia second at 20 million. Britain had nearly six million, Spain had eight million, and the Austrian Habsburgs had around eight million. Russia was the most populated European country at the time. France's lead slowly faded after 1700, as other countries grew faster. In the 17th century rich peasants who had ties to the market economy provided much of the capital investment necessary for agricultural growth, and frequently moved from village to village (or town). Geographic mobility, directly tied to the",
"title": "Early modern France"
},
{
"id": "346817",
"text": "Oblast (with Moscow) and Krasnodar Krai, are in European Russia. As of 2018, Russia has a population of 146.9 million people. Russia is ranked as having the 9th largest population of any country in the world. Russia's capital, Moscow, has 12.166 million people; Saint Petersburg 4.993 million; Novosibirsk 1.497 million; Yekaterinburg 1.379 million; Nizhniy Novgorod 1.212 million; and Samara 1.164 million. List of cities and towns in Russia by population. This makes Moscow the most populated city in Russia. Names and locations sacred in Russia Geographers traditionally divide the vast territory of Russia into five natural zones: the tundra zone;",
"title": "Geography of Russia"
},
{
"id": "111476",
"text": "UN predicts a steady population decline in Central and Eastern Europe as a result of emigration and low birth rates. Europe is home to the highest number of migrants of all global regions at 70.6 million people, the IOM's report said. In 2005, the EU had an overall net gain from immigration of 1.8 million people. This accounted for almost 85% of Europe's total population growth. The European Union plans to open the job centres for legal migrant workers from Africa. In 2008, 696,000 persons were given citizenship of an EU27 member state, a decrease from 707,000 the previous year.",
"title": "Europe"
},
{
"id": "4661032",
"text": "Most of Europe is in a mode of sub-replacement fertility, which means that each new(-born) generation is becoming less populous than the older. Nonetheless most European countries still have growing populations due to immigration, population momentum and increases in life expectancy. Some current and past factors in European demography have included emigration, ethnic relations, economic immigration, a declining birth rate and an ageing population. Estimates for historical population sizes of Europe (including Central Asia, listed under \"former USSR\") based on Maddison (2007), in millions, with estimated percentage of world population: 330,000,000 people lived in Europe in 1916. In 1950 there",
"title": "Demographics of Europe"
},
{
"id": "10685824",
"text": "2010–2015 is projected to be 85 years for females and 79 years for males. With 82 million inhabitants in January 2010, Germany is the most populous country in the European Union. However, its fertility rate of 1.42 children per woman is one of the lowest in the world, and the federal statistics office estimates the population will shrink to between 65 and 70 million by 2060 (65 million assuming a net migration of +100,000 per year; 70 million assuming a net migration of +200,000 per year). With death rates continuously exceeding low-level birth rates, Germany is one of a few",
"title": "Ageing of Europe"
},
{
"id": "11505702",
"text": "largely uneven in Italy: 84.9% of immigrants live in the northern and central parts of the country (the most economically developed areas), while only 15.1% live in the southern half of the peninsula.) Since 2000, Spain has absorbed around six million immigrants, adding 12% to its population. The total immigrant population of the country now exceeds 5,730,677 (12.2% of the total population). According to residence permit data for 2011, more than 710,000 were Moroccan, another 410,000 were Ecuadorian, 300,000 were Colombian, 230,000 were Bolivian and 150,000 were Chinese; from the EU around 800,000 were Romanian, 370,000 (though estimates place the",
"title": "Immigration to Europe"
},
{
"id": "11505700",
"text": "2013, while the number of people emigrating (for more than 12 months) was 323,000. The total immigrant population of the country is now of 5 million and 73 thousand, about 8.3 percent of the population (2014). However, over 6 million people residing in Italy have an immigration background. Since the expansion of the European Union, the most recent wave of migration has been from surrounding European nations, particularly Eastern Europe, and increasingly Asia, replacing North Africa as the major immigration area. Some 1,200,000 Romanians are officially registered as living in Italy, replacing Albanians (500,000) and Moroccans (520,000) as the largest",
"title": "Immigration to Europe"
},
{
"id": "2326992",
"text": "this period (see below) is directly linked to this temperate weather and its effect on crops and livestock. At the end of the Middle Ages, France was the most populous region in Europe—having overtaken Spain and Italy by 1340. In the 14th century, before the arrival of the Black Death, the total population of the area covered by modern-day France has been estimated at around 17 million. The population of Paris is controversial. Josiah Russell argued for about 80,000 in the early 14th century, although he noted that some other scholars suggested 200,000. The higher count would make it by",
"title": "France in the Middle Ages"
},
{
"id": "4355804",
"text": "population of about 144 million in an area covering nearly ; (making it by far the largest European country) an average of 27.5 people per kilometre (70 per sq mi). The eastern portion of Russia, mostly encompassing Siberia, is part of Asia and makes up more than 75% of the territory with 22% of the country's population at 2.5 people per kilometre (6.5 per sq mi). Some theories say that early Eastern Slavs arrived in modern-day western Russia (also in Ukraine and Belarus) sometime during the middle of the first millennium AD. Around the middle of the first millenium the",
"title": "European Russia"
},
{
"id": "13024191",
"text": "has a number of large cities; the most populous are: Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, and Stuttgart. The largest conurbation is the Rhine-Ruhr region (12 million), including Düsseldorf (the capital of North Rhine-Westphalia), Cologne, Essen, Dortmund, Duisburg, and Bochum. Geography of Germany Germany is a country in west-central Europe, that stretches from the Alps, across the North European Plain to the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. Germany has the second largest population in Europe (after the European part of Russia) and is seventh largest in area. The territory of Germany covers , consisting of of land and of waters.",
"title": "Geography of Germany"
},
{
"id": "356860",
"text": "Gibraltar; to the north and northeast by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean. With an area of , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe, the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union, and the fourth largest country in the European continent. By population, Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union. Spain's capital and largest city is Madrid; other major urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Málaga and Bilbao. Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian",
"title": "Spain"
},
{
"id": "280314",
"text": "power and automation company ABB and Dutch startup Fastned, and will aim to provide at least one station within a 50-kilometre radius (30 miles) from every home in the Netherlands. The Netherlands had an estimated population of 17,093,000 as of January 2017. It is the most densely populated country in Europe, except for very small states like Monaco, Vatican City and San Marino. It is the 63rd most populous country in the world. Between 1900 and 1950, the country's population almost doubled from 5.1 to 10 million. From 1950 to 2000, the population further increased, to 15.9 million, though this",
"title": "Netherlands"
},
{
"id": "150683",
"text": "Vietnamese Germans born after 1989. , the numbers of selected groups of resident foreign nationals (non-naturalized residents) in Germany were as follows: This list does not include foreigners with German nationality and foreign nationals without resident status. The most common Y chromosome haplogroups among German males are Haplogroup R1b, followed by Haplogroup I1, and Haplogroup R1a. With an estimated more than 81.8 million inhabitants in late 2011, Germany is the most populous country in the European Union and ranks as the 16th largest country in the world in terms of population. Its population density stands at 229.4 inhabitants per square",
"title": "Demographics of Germany"
},
{
"id": "150039",
"text": "most populous state lying entirely in Europe, as well as the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is a very decentralized country. Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country's busiest airport. Germany's largest urban area is the Ruhr, with its main centres of Dortmund and Essen. The country's other major cities are Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf, Leipzig, Dresden, Bremen, Hannover, and Nuremberg. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity. A region named Germania was documented before 100 AD.",
"title": "Germany"
},
{
"id": "4661035",
"text": "Europe, have generally stronger growth than Central European counterparts. Albania and Ireland have strong growth, hitting over 1% annually. According to different definitions, such as consideration of the concept of Central Europe, the following territories and regions may be subject to various other categorisations aside from geographic conventions. Mirroring their mostly sub-replacement fertility and high life expectancy, European countries tend to have older populations overall. They had nine of the top ten highest median ages in national populations in 2005. Only Japan had an older population. Over the last several centuries, religious practice has been on the decline in a",
"title": "Demographics of Europe"
},
{
"id": "7118152",
"text": "community, mostly from Lebanon, Palestine and Iraq. Additionally, Berlin has one of the largest Vietnamese communities outside Vietnam, with about 83,000 people of Vietnamese origin. Berlin population statistics Berlin is the second most populous city in the European Union, as calculated by city-proper population (not metropolitan area). The spike in population in 1920 is a result of the Greater Berlin Act. On 31 December 2010 the largest groups by foreign nationality were citizens from Turkey (104,556), Poland (40,988), Serbia (19,230), Italy (15,842), Russia (15,332), United States (12,733), France (13,262), Vietnam (13,199), Croatia (10,104), Bosnia and Herzegovina (10,198), UK (10,191), Greece",
"title": "Berlin population statistics"
},
{
"id": "13715061",
"text": "largest groups that account for about 450 million people in the European Union are: The rest are various smaller ethnic groups include Hungary (c. 9.8 million), Austrians (c. 8.8 million), Bulgarians (c. 7.1 million), Flemish, Croats, Slovaks, Silesians, Danes, Finns, Irish, Walloons, Lithuanians, Slovenes, Latvians, Estonians, Russians, Maltese, Moravians, Frisians and Basques. More than 5 million ethnic groups On current trends European populations will become more ethnically diverse, with the possibility that today's majority ethnic groups will no longer comprise a numerical majority in some countries. In 2011, almost a quarter of new EU citizens were Moroccans, Turks, Ecuadorian or",
"title": "Demographics of the European Union"
},
{
"id": "190128",
"text": "Grotto, Venice National Archaeological Museum, Lake Como and Pinacoteca di Brera. At the end of 2013, Italy had 60,782,668 inhabitants. The resulting population density, at , is higher than that of most Western European countries. However, the distribution of the population is widely uneven. The most densely populated areas are the Po Valley (that accounts for almost a half of the national population) and the metropolitan areas of Rome and Naples, while vast regions such as the Alps and Apennines highlands, the plateaus of Basilicata and the island of Sardinia are very sparsely populated. The population of Italy almost doubled",
"title": "Italy"
},
{
"id": "10685822",
"text": "years for females and 78years for males. France overtook Ireland as the European Union member state with the highest birth-rate in 2007. Projected birth rates indicate that France will have the largest population in the EU by 2050, with 75 million citizens, overtaking Germany, but only the second largest in Europe, with the UK having a larger estimated population. In 2011, France was the only European Union member with a fertility rate at replacement level, with an average rate of 2.08 children per woman while Ireland's fertility rate declined to 2.01 children per woman, slightly below replacement level. This reason",
"title": "Ageing of Europe"
},
{
"id": "111445",
"text": "established a parliament, court and central bank and introduced the euro as a unified currency. Between 2004 and 2013, more Central and Eastern European countries began joining, expanding the EU to its current size of 28 European countries, and once more making Europe a major economical and political centre of power. However, in June 2016 the people of the United Kingdom, in a non-binding referendum on EU membership voted to leave the European Union. Europe makes up the western fifth of the Eurasian landmass. It has a higher ratio of coast to landmass than any other continent or subcontinent. Its",
"title": "Europe"
},
{
"id": "4799995",
"text": "the day and about at night in January to during the day and at night in the middle of summer. The following are the longest rivers in the EU alongside their approximate lengths: The most populous member state is Germany, with an estimated 82.1 million people, and the least populous member state is Malta with 0.4 million. Birth rates in the EU are low with the average woman having 1.6 children. The highest birth-rates are found in the Republic of Ireland with 16.876 births per thousand people per year and France with 13.013 births per thousand people per year. Germany",
"title": "Geography of the European Union"
},
{
"id": "190023",
"text": "number of international tournaments. Iceland won the world bridge championship (the Bermuda Bowl) in Yokohama, Japan, in 1991 and took second place (with Sweden) in Hamilton, Bermuda, in 1950. Iceland Iceland ( ) is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic, with a population of and an area of , making it the most sparsely populated country in Europe. The capital and largest city is Reykjavík, with Reykjavík and the surrounding areas in the southwest of the country being home to over two-thirds of the population. Iceland is volcanically and geologically active. The interior consists of a plateau characterised",
"title": "Iceland"
},
{
"id": "254511",
"text": "Monaco Monaco (; ), officially the Principality of Monaco (), is a sovereign city-state, country and microstate on the French Riviera in Western Europe. France borders the country on three sides while the other side borders the Mediterranean Sea. Monaco is also located close to Italy, although it has no direct border. Monaco has an area of , making it the second-smallest country in the world after the Vatican. Its population was about 38,400 based on the last census of 2016. With 19,009 inhabitants per km², it is the most densely-populated sovereign state in the world. Monaco has a land",
"title": "Monaco"
},
{
"id": "150122",
"text": "the second-highest number of international migrants worldwide, about 5% or 12 million of all 244 million migrants. Germany ranks 7th amongst EU countries and 37th globally in terms of the percentage of migrants who made up part of the country's population. , the largest national group was from Turkey (2,859,000), followed by Poland (1,617,000), Russia (1,188,000), and Italy (764,000). 740,000 people have African origins, an increase of 46% since 2011. Since 1987, around 3 million ethnic Germans, mostly from the former Eastern Bloc countries, have exercised their right of return and emigrated to Germany. Upon its establishment in 1871, Germany",
"title": "Germany"
},
{
"id": "154830",
"text": "Greece Greece (), officially the Hellenic Republic (Greek: ), historically also known as Hellas, is a country located in Southern and Southeast Europe, with a population of approximately /1e6 round 0 million as of . Athens is the nation's capital and largest city, followed by Thessaloniki. Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula, it shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the northeast. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland, the",
"title": "Greece"
},
{
"id": "17052590",
"text": "the population density is 103 persons per km. Area and population of European countries This is a list of countries and territories in Europe by population density. Some of the countries listed below are transcontinental, meaning that they are only partially located in Europe: The primarily Asian nation of Kazakhstan is not included in the list below. Armenia and Cyprus, entirely Asia physiographically, have political and cultural ties to Europe. There is some discussion about whether Kosovo should be recognised as a separate country. \"De facto\" it can be considered as one, but \"de jure\" recognition is not clear-cut. The",
"title": "Area and population of European countries"
},
{
"id": "763421",
"text": "had one foreign-born grandparent (11% born in another European country, 16% born in the Maghreb and 12% born in another region of the world). Censuses on race and ethnic origin were banned by the French Government in 1978, since the term \"race\" in France invokes associations with Nazi Germany. France was historically the largest nation in Europe. During the Middle Ages more than one quarter of Europe's population was French; by the 17th century it was still one fifth. Starting around 1800, the historical evolution of the population in France has been atypical in Europe. Unlike the rest of Europe,",
"title": "Demographics of France"
},
{
"id": "346862",
"text": "77% of its population lives in European Russia, while the 23% lives in its Asian part. As of 2017, Russia's TFR of 1.62 children born/woman was among the highest in Eastern, Southern and Central Europe. In 2013, Russia experienced the first natural population growth since 1990 at 22,700. According to the 2010 census, ethnic Russians make up 81% of the total population. This share remained steady over the last few decades. Six other ethnicities have a population exceeding 1 million – Tatars (3.9%), Ukrainians (1.4%), Bashkir (1.1%), Chuvash (1%), Chechens (1%) and Armenians (0.9%). In total, 160 different ethnic groups",
"title": "Demographics of Russia"
},
{
"id": "346863",
"text": "live within the Russian Federation's borders. Russia's population density is 8.4 people per square kilometre (22 per square mile), making it one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world. The population is most dense in the European part of the country, with milder climate, centering on Moscow and Saint Petersburg. 74% of the population is urban, making Russia a highly urbanized country. The population of Russia peaked at 148,689,000 in 1991, just before the breakup of the Soviet Union. Low birth rates and abnormally high death rates caused Russia's population to decline at a 0.5% annual rate, or",
"title": "Demographics of Russia"
},
{
"id": "4118095",
"text": "Serbia, and Macedonia constitute a contiguous landlocked agglomeration of eight countries in Central Europe and the Balkans, stretching from Geneva all the way to Skopje. The other landlocked countries are \"standalone\" landlocked, not bordering any other such \"European\" one (the emphasis is necessary, since Kazakhstan borders Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan, thus forming a vast landlocked expanse in Central Asia) \"Note\": Italy's capital, Rome, is the country's largest city if only the municipality (\"comune\") is considered. Greater Milan is the largest Metropolitan Area in Italy. Brussels is considered to be the largest city of Belgium, according to the population of the",
"title": "Geography of Europe"
},
{
"id": "33895",
"text": "Belgium Belgium officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Western Europe bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to the southwest, and the North Sea to the northwest. It covers an area of and has a population of more than 11.4 million. The capital and largest city is Brussels; other major cities are Antwerp, Ghent, Charleroi and Liège. The sovereign state of Belgium is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. Its institutional organisation is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds. It",
"title": "Belgium"
},
{
"id": "111467",
"text": "area in the world. 19 EU countries share the euro as a common currency. Five European countries rank in the top ten of the world's largest national economies in GDP (PPP). This includes (ranks according to the CIA): Germany (5), the UK (6), Russia (7), France (8), and Italy (10). There is huge disparity between many European countries in terms of their income. The richest in terms of GDP per capita is Monaco with its US$172,676 per capita (2009) and the poorest is Moldova with its GDP per capita of US$1,631 (2010). Monaco is the richest country in terms of",
"title": "Europe"
},
{
"id": "11505704",
"text": "its former colonies and other sources. By the end of 2003, legal immigrants represented about 4% of the population, and the largest communities were from Cape Verde, Brazil, Angola, Guinea-Bissau, the United Kingdom, Spain, France, China and Ukraine. In 2014 the \"immigrant population\" in Sweden consisted of approximately 2.09 million people, including 1.60 million foreign-born and 489,000 born in Sweden to two immigrant parents. This corresponds to 21.5% of the total population. Of the major cities Malmö has the largest immigrant population, estimated to be 41.7% in 2014. However, the smaller municipalities Botkyrka (56.2%), Haparanda (55.5%) and Södertälje (49.4%) all",
"title": "Immigration to Europe"
},
{
"id": "4661039",
"text": "population. According to the same survey the religiously unaffiliated make up the majority of the population only in two European countries: Czech Republic (75%) and Estonia (60%). According to another survey about Religiosity in the European Union from 2012 by Eurobarometer, Christianity was the largest religion in the European Union (accounting for 72% of the EU population), Catholics were with 48% the largest Christian group in EU, Protestants made up 12%, Eastern Orthodox made up 8% and other Christians accounted for 4% of the EU population. non-believers/agnostics accounted for 16%, atheists accounted for 7% and Muslims accounted for 2%. Pan",
"title": "Demographics of Europe"
},
{
"id": "13715054",
"text": "the other religions for centuries, despite periods of persecution or genocide by European rulers. Islam too has had a long history in Europe, with Spain and Portugal at one time having a Muslim majority. Large Muslim populations also exist in the Balkans and parts of Eastern Europe, due to a legacy of centuries of Ottoman rule. The first official language of each of the 28 Member Countries has the status of an official language of the European Union. In total there are 24, with Irish, Bulgarian and Romanian gaining official language status on 1 January 2007, when the last two",
"title": "Demographics of the European Union"
},
{
"id": "763470",
"text": "other European countries had a high fertility rate, France had a low fertility rate and opened its doors to immigration to avoid a population decline. Today, it is the rest of Europe that has very low fertility rates, and countries like Germany or Spain avoid population decline only through immigration. In France, however, the fertility rate is still fairly high for European standards. It is, in fact, the highest in Europe after Ireland (the EU) and Albania (perhaps higher than Ireland's) and so most population growth is due to natural increase, unlike in the other European countries. The difference in",
"title": "Demographics of France"
},
{
"id": "111475",
"text": "and Pfeil (2004) count 87 distinct \"peoples of Europe\", of which 33 form the majority population in at least one sovereign state, while the remaining 54 constitute ethnic minorities. According to UN population projection, Europe's population may fall to about 7% of world population by 2050, or 653 million people (medium variant, 556 to 777 million in low and high variants, respectively). Within this context, significant disparities exist between regions in relation to fertility rates. The average number of children per female of child-bearing age is 1.52. According to some sources, this rate is higher among Muslims in Europe. The",
"title": "Europe"
},
{
"id": "5441864",
"text": "of the total EU population. Of these, 31.4 million (6.3%) were born outside the EU and 16.0 million (3.2%) were born in another EU member state. The largest absolute numbers of people born outside the EU were in Germany (6.4 million), France (5.1 million), the United Kingdom (4.7 million), Spain (4.1 million), Italy (3.2 million), and the Netherlands (1.4 million). In 2018, the \"Wall Street Journal\" analysed German crime statistics for crime suspects and found that the foreigners, overall 12.8% of the population, make up a disproportionate share of crime suspects (34.7%), see horizontal bar chart. In Germany federal authorities",
"title": "Immigration to Germany"
},
{
"id": "8209904",
"text": "2009 and 2012, i.e. in this period went from 5300 to 11,000 people. Of the total of 229,000 foreigners who were in France in 2012, nearly 8% were Portuguese, 5% British, 5% Spanish, 4% Italians, 4% Germans, 3% Romanians, and 3% Belgians. France is a highly urbanized country, with its largest cities (in terms of metropolitan area population in 2013) being Paris (12,405,426 inh.), Lyon (2,237,676), Marseille (1,734,277), Toulouse (1,291,517), Bordeaux (1,178,335), Lille (1,175,828), Nice (1,004,826), Nantes (908,815), Strasbourg (773,447) and Rennes (700,675). (Note: There are significant differences between the metropolitan population figures just cited and those in the following",
"title": "France"
},
{
"id": "18718176",
"text": "(with 441,800 applicants, or 35% of all applicants in EU states), followed by Hungary (174,400, or 14%), Sweden (156,100, or 12%), Austria (85,500, or 7%), Italy (83,200, or 7%) and France (70,600, or 6%). Compared with the population, the highest number was registered in Hungary (with 17.7 asylum seekers per 1,000 inhabitants), Sweden (16), Austria (10), Finland (5.9) and Germany (5.4). The three main countries of citizenship of asylum applicants, accounting for more than half of the total, were Syria (with 362,800 applicants, or 29% of the total), Afghanistan (178,200, or 14%) and Iraq (121,500, or 10%), followed by Kosovo",
"title": "European migrant crisis"
},
{
"id": "18082380",
"text": "4 million to 4.5 million immigrants — about 8 percent of the population. Since the expansion of the European Union, the most recent wave of migration has been from surrounding European nations, particularly Central Europe, and increasingly Asia, replacing North Africa as the major immigration area. Some 997,000 Romanians are officially registered as living in Italy, replacing Albanians (590,000) and Moroccans (455,000) as the largest ethnic minority group, but independent estimates put the actual number of Romanians at double that figure or perhaps even more. Other immigrants from Central and Eastern Europe are Ukrainians (260,000), Polish (120,000), Moldovans (190 000)",
"title": "Immigration by country"
},
{
"id": "8209838",
"text": "2004 and the 2016 Nice attack which caused 87 deaths during Bastille Day celebrations. The vast majority of France's territory and population is situated in Western Europe and is called Metropolitan France, to distinguish it from the country's various overseas polities. It is bordered by the North Sea in the north, the English Channel in the northwest, the Atlantic Ocean in the west and the Mediterranean sea in the southeast. It land borders consist of Belgium and Luxembourg in the northeast, Germany and Switzerland in the east, Italy and Monaco in the southeast, and Andorra and Spain in the south",
"title": "France"
},
{
"id": "165814",
"text": "to over 60, mostly European cities, but ceased operations in 2012. Low-budget airline WizzAir is based in Hungary, at Ferihegy. Hungary's population was 9,937,628 according to the 2011 census, making it the fifth most populous country in Central and Eastern Europe and medium-sized member state of the European Union. Population density stands at 107 inhabitants per square kilometre, which is about two times higher than the world average. More than one quarter of the population lived in the Budapest metropolitan area, 6,903,858 people (69.5%) in cities and towns overall. Like most other European countries, Hungary is experiencing sub-replacement fertility; its",
"title": "Hungary"
},
{
"id": "3910467",
"text": "was one of few regions where wealth surpassed its precrisis year-end peak. Of the top 500 largest corporations measured by revenue (Fortune Global 500 in 2010), 184 have their headquarters in Europe. 161 are located in the EU, 15 in Switzerland, 6 in Russia, 1 in Turkey, 1 in Norway. As noted in 2010 by the Spanish sociologist Manuel Castells, the average standard of living in Western Europe is very high: \"The bulk of the population in Western Europe still enjoys the highest living standards in the world, and in the world's history.\" Prior to World War II, Europe's major",
"title": "Economy of Europe"
},
{
"id": "236563",
"text": "and accounting for 13.4% of the UK population. London's urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The population within the London commuter belt is the most populous in the EU with 14,040,163 inhabitants in 2016. London was the world's most populous city from 1831 to 1925. London contains four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; Kew Gardens; the site comprising the Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, and St Margaret's Church; and the historic settlement in Greenwich where the Royal Observatory, Greenwich defines the Prime Meridian, 0° longitude,",
"title": "London"
},
{
"id": "356969",
"text": "in Barcelona. In 2008 the population of Spain officially reached 46 million people, as recorded by the \"Padrón municipal\" (Spain's Municipal Register). Spain's population density, at 91/km² (235/sq mi), is lower than that of most Western European countries and its distribution across the country is very unequal. With the exception of the region surrounding the capital, Madrid, the most populated areas lie around the coast. The population of Spain has risen 2 1/2 times since 1900, when it stood at 18.6 million, principally due to the spectacular demographic boom in the 1960s and early 1970s. Native Spaniards make up 88%",
"title": "Spain"
},
{
"id": "111414",
"text": "(later Kingdom and Empire), and the Duchy of Croatia (later Kingdom of Croatia). To the East, the Kievan Rus expanded from its capital in Kiev to become the largest state in Europe by the 10th century. In 988, Vladimir the Great adopted Orthodox Christianity as the religion of state. Further East, Volga Bulgaria became an Islamic state in the 10th century, but was eventually absorbed into Russia several centuries later. The period between the year 1000 and 1300 is known as the High Middle Ages, during which the population of Europe experienced significant growth, culminating in the Renaissance of the",
"title": "Europe"
},
{
"id": "308406",
"text": "to measure the population of built-up areas around the city. It is slightly smaller than the Paris Region. According to INSEE, the Paris Urban Area had a population of 10,550,350 at the January 2012 census, the most populous in the European Union, and third most populous in Europe, behind Istanbul and Moscow. The Paris Metropolitan Area is the second most populous in the European Union after London with a population of 12,341,418 at the Jan. 2012 census. The population of Paris today is lower than its historical peak of 2.9 million in 1921. The principal reasons were a significant decline",
"title": "Paris"
},
{
"id": "63626",
"text": "Czech Republic The Czech Republic (; ), also known by its short-form name, Czechia (; ), is a landlocked country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west, Austria to the south, Slovakia to the east and Poland to the northeast. The Czech Republic covers an area of with a mostly temperate continental climate and oceanic climate. It is a unitary parliamentary republic, with /1e6 round 1 million inhabitants; its capital and largest city is Prague, with 1.3 million residents. Other major cities are Brno, Ostrava and Pilsen. The Czech Republic is a member of the European Union (EU),",
"title": "Czech Republic"
},
{
"id": "11505701",
"text": "ethnic minority group, but independent estimates put the actual number of Romanians at double that figure or perhaps even more. Others immigrants from Central-Eastern Europe are Ukrainians (230,000), Polish (110,000), Moldovans (150,000), Macedonians (100,000), Serbs (110,000), Bulgarians (54,000) Germany (41,000), Bosnians (40,000), Russians (39,600), Croatians (25,000), Slovakians (9,000), Hungarians (8,600). Other major countries of origin are China (300,000), Philippines (180,000), India (150,000), Bangladesh (120,000), Egypt (110,000), Perù (105,000), Tunisia (105,000), Sri Lanka (100.000), Pakistan (100,000), Ecuador (90,000) and Nigeria (80,000). In addition, around 1 million people live in Italy illegally. (As of 2014, the distribution of foreign born population is",
"title": "Immigration to Europe"
},
{
"id": "448172",
"text": "saw a stagnation. At the end of the 1990s, the economy grew and attracted considerable investment from abroad. Slovakia produces the most cars per capita of any country in the world, over 1 million cars per year. The population is 64,301,710 inhabitants, which would rank 22nd largest in the world and 4th in Europe (very similar in size to France, Italy or the UK) if V4 were a single country. Most people live in Poland (38 million), followed by the Czech Republic (nearly 11 million), Hungary (nearly 10 million) and Slovakia (5.5 million). The country holding the Group's presidency changes",
"title": "Visegrád Group"
},
{
"id": "14546185",
"text": "states and European Russia. Siberia is the region with the least inhabitants. In Russia about 160 different ethnic groups and indigenous peoples live within the country's borders. Kazakhstan and Belarus are home to sizable ethnic Russian minorities. Though the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union's populations are comparatively large, its density is low because of the enormous size of Russia and Kazakhstan. The Eurasian Economic Union's average birth rate in 2010 was roughly 12.5 births per 1000 people, higher than the European Union, which has an average of 9.90 births per 1000 people. According to Article 110 of the",
"title": "Eurasian Economic Union"
},
{
"id": "7760787",
"text": "Sweden Sweden ( ), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: ), is a Scandinavian Nordic country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east, and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund, a strait at the Swedish-Danish border. At , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe, the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area. Sweden has a total population of 10.2 million of which 2.4 million has a foreign background. It has a low population density",
"title": "Sweden"
},
{
"id": "14546133",
"text": "of oil and natural gas. According to estimates, the Eurasian Economic Union's population of 176 million people is mostly urbanized, with Russia and Belarus having over 70% of their population living in urban areas. In Armenia over 64% of the population lives in urban areas. Kazakhstan's urban population comprises 54% of the country's total population. The treaty establishing the Eurasian Economic Union was formally signed by three states which were part of the former Soviet Union: Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia. Agreements to enlarge the EEU to the other post-Soviet states of Armenia and Kyrgyzstan were signed on 9 October and",
"title": "Eurasian Economic Union"
},
{
"id": "13715056",
"text": "per female, the total fertility rate of the EU started to increase again, to reach a level of 1.60 in 2008. The positive trend was observed in all member states with the exception of Luxembourg, Malta and Portugal. The largest increases over this period were observed in Bulgaria (from 1.23 children per woman in 2003 to 1.57 in 2009), Slovenia (from 1.20 to 1.53), the Czech Republic (from 1.18 to 1.49) and Lithuania (from 1.26 to 1.55). In 2009, the Member States with the highest fertility rates were Ireland (2.06), France (2.00), Sweden (1.94), and the United Kingdom (1.90), all",
"title": "Demographics of the European Union"
},
{
"id": "13715063",
"text": "member states, accounting for 6.8% of the European Union population, of whom 20.5 million were third country nationals (i.e. nationals of non-EU countries). The number of foreign-born (which includes those who have naturalised or are dual nationals) was 48.9 million or 9.7 per cent of the total population. A total of 8.0 million citizens from European countries outside of the EU-27 were residing in the EU at the beginning of 2012; among these more than half were citizens of Turkey, Albania or Ukraine. The next biggest group was from Africa (24.5%), followed by Asia (22.0%), the Americas (14.2%) and Oceania",
"title": "Demographics of the European Union"
},
{
"id": "3266906",
"text": "1950. Population is falling due to health factors and low replacement, as well as emigration of ethnic Russians to Russia. Exceptions to this rule are in those ex-Soviet states that have a Muslim majority (Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Azerbaijan), where high birth rates are traditional. Much of Eastern Europe has lost population due to migration to Western Europe. In Eastern Europe and Russia, fell abruptly after the end of the Soviet Union, and death rates generally rose. Together these nations occupy over and are home to over 400 million people (less than six percent of the world population), but if",
"title": "Population decline"
}
] | which country in europe has the biggest population |
[
"Decantation"
] | [
{
"id": "15097958",
"text": "Extraction (chemistry) Extraction in chemistry is a separation process consisting in the separation of a substance from a matrix. It includes \"Liquid-liquid extraction\", and \"Solid phase extraction\". The distribution of a solute between two phases is an equilibrium condition described by partition theory. This is based on exactly how the analyte move from the water into an organic layer. There exist several types of extraction, including: \"liquid–liquid extraction\", \"solid-phase extraction\",and \"acid-base extraction.\" In liquid-liquid extraction compounds separate according to their relative solubility in two different immiscible liquid phases. This technique has been applied in several fields such as analytical chemistry",
"title": "Extraction (chemistry)"
},
{
"id": "11858948",
"text": "Field flow fractionation Field-flow fractionation, abbreviated FFF, is a separation technique where a field is applied to a fluid suspension or solution pumped through a long and narrow channel, perpendicular to the direction of flow, to cause separation of the particles present in the fluid, depending on their differing \"mobilities\" under the force exerted by the field. It was invented and first reported by J. Calvin Giddings. The method of FFF is unique to other separation techniques due to the fact that it can separate materials over a wide colloidal size range while maintaining high resolution. Although FFF is an",
"title": "Field flow fractionation"
},
{
"id": "5730314",
"text": "Liquid–liquid extraction Liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), also known as solvent extraction and partitioning, is a method to separate compounds or metal complexes, based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water (polar) and an organic solvent (non-polar). There is a net transfer of one or more species from one liquid into another liquid phase, generally from aqueous to organic. The transfer is driven by chemical potential, i.e. once the transfer is complete, the overall system of protons and electrons that make up the solutes and the solvents are in a more stable configuration (lower free energy). The solvent",
"title": "Liquid–liquid extraction"
},
{
"id": "390370",
"text": "Solution In chemistry, a solution is a special type of homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances. The term aqueous solution is when one of the solvents is water. In such a mixture, a solute is a substance dissolved in another substance, known as a solvent. The mixing process of a solution happens at a scale where the effects of chemical polarity are involved, resulting in interactions that are specific to solvation. The solution assumes the phase of the solvent when the solvent is the larger fraction of the mixture, as is commonly the case. The concentration of a",
"title": "Solution"
},
{
"id": "4924835",
"text": "Separatory funnel A separatory funnel, also known as separation funnel, separating funnel, or colloquially Sami Funnel sep funnel, is a piece of laboratory glassware used in liquid-liquid extractions to separate (\"partition\") the components of a mixture into two immiscible solvent phases of different densities. Typically, one of the phases will be aqueous, and the other a lipophilic organic solvent such as ether, MTBE, dichloromethane, chloroform, or ethyl acetate. All of these solvents form a clear delineation between the two liquids. The more dense liquid, typically the aqueous phase unless the organic phase is halogenated, sinks and can be drained out",
"title": "Separatory funnel"
},
{
"id": "5730321",
"text": "whilst the partition coefficient has a fixed value for the partitioning of a solute between two phases, the distribution ratio changes with differing conditions in the solvent. After performing liquid–liquid extraction, a quantitative measure must be taken to determine the ratio of the solution’s total concentration in each phase of the extraction. This quantitative measure is known as the distribution ratio or distribution coefficient. The separation factor is one distribution ratio divided by another; it is a measure of the ability of the system to separate two solutes. For instance, if the distribution ratio for nickel (D) is 10 and",
"title": "Liquid–liquid extraction"
},
{
"id": "5730345",
"text": "chemists using a separatory funnel, Craig apparatus or membrane-based techniques, it is normally done on the industrial scale using machines that bring the two liquid phases into contact with each other. Such machines include centrifugal contactors, Thin Layer Extraction, spray columns, pulsed columns, and mixer-settlers. The extraction methods for a range of metals include: Liquid–liquid extraction Liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), also known as solvent extraction and partitioning, is a method to separate compounds or metal complexes, based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water (polar) and an organic solvent (non-polar). There is a net transfer of one",
"title": "Liquid–liquid extraction"
},
{
"id": "11858966",
"text": "into two peaks, providing that the density is different. Field flow fractionation Field-flow fractionation, abbreviated FFF, is a separation technique where a field is applied to a fluid suspension or solution pumped through a long and narrow channel, perpendicular to the direction of flow, to cause separation of the particles present in the fluid, depending on their differing \"mobilities\" under the force exerted by the field. It was invented and first reported by J. Calvin Giddings. The method of FFF is unique to other separation techniques due to the fact that it can separate materials over a wide colloidal size",
"title": "Field flow fractionation"
},
{
"id": "16326786",
"text": "Separation process A separation process is a method that converts a mixture or solution of chemical substances into two or more distinct product mixtures. At least one of results of the separation is enriched in one or more of the source mixture's constituents. In some cases, a separation may fully divide the mixture into pure constituents. Separations exploit differences in chemical properties or physical properties (such as size, shape, mass, density, or chemical affinity) between the constituents of a mixture. Processes are often classified according to the particular differences they use to achieve separation. If no single difference can be",
"title": "Separation process"
},
{
"id": "4924843",
"text": "pointed away from the body. Separatory funnel A separatory funnel, also known as separation funnel, separating funnel, or colloquially Sami Funnel sep funnel, is a piece of laboratory glassware used in liquid-liquid extractions to separate (\"partition\") the components of a mixture into two immiscible solvent phases of different densities. Typically, one of the phases will be aqueous, and the other a lipophilic organic solvent such as ether, MTBE, dichloromethane, chloroform, or ethyl acetate. All of these solvents form a clear delineation between the two liquids. The more dense liquid, typically the aqueous phase unless the organic phase is halogenated, sinks",
"title": "Separatory funnel"
},
{
"id": "26685",
"text": "thermogravimetric analysis measure the interaction of a material and heat. Separation processes are used to decrease the complexity of material mixtures. Chromatography, electrophoresis and Field Flow Fractionation are representative of this field. Combinations of the above techniques produce a \"hybrid\" or \"hyphenated\" technique. Several examples are in popular use today and new hybrid techniques are under development. For example, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-infrared spectroscopy, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography-NMR spectroscopy. liquid chromagraphy-infrared spectroscopy and capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Hyphenated separation techniques refers to a combination of two (or more) techniques to detect and separate chemicals from solutions. Most often the",
"title": "Analytical chemistry"
},
{
"id": "390374",
"text": "is called solubility. When a liquid can completely dissolve in another liquid the two liquids are \"miscible\". Two substances that can never mix to form a solution are called \"immiscible\". All solutions have a positive entropy of mixing. The interactions between different molecules or ions may be energetically favored or not. If interactions are unfavorable, then the free energy decreases with increasing solute concentration. At some point the energy loss outweighs the entropy gain, and no more solute particles can be dissolved; the solution is said to be saturated. However, the point at which a solution can become saturated can",
"title": "Solution"
},
{
"id": "5875570",
"text": "Solid phase extraction Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is a sample preparation process by which compounds that are dissolved or suspended in a liquid mixture are separated from other compounds in the mixture according to their physical and chemical properties. Analytical laboratories use solid phase extraction to concentrate and purify samples for analysis. Solid phase extraction can be used to isolate analytes of interest from a wide variety of matrices, including urine, blood, water, beverages, soil, and animal tissue. SPE uses the affinity of solutes dissolved or suspended in a liquid (known as the mobile phase) for a solid through which the",
"title": "Solid phase extraction"
},
{
"id": "1979901",
"text": "Decantation Decantation is a process for the separation of mixtures of immiscible liquids or of a liquid and a solid mixture such as a suspension. The layer closer to the top of the container—the less dense of the two liquids, or the liquid from which the precipitate or sediment has settled out—is poured off, leaving the other component or the more dense liquid of the mixture behind. An incomplete separation is witnessed during the separation of two immiscible liquids. Decantation can be used to separate immiscible liquids that have different densities. For example, when a mixture of water and oil",
"title": "Decantation"
},
{
"id": "2725842",
"text": "Dialysis (biochemistry) In biochemistry, dialysis is the process of separating molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane, such as dialysis tubing. Dialysis is a common laboratory technique that operates on the same principle as medical dialysis. In the context of life science research, the most common application of dialysis is for the removal of unwanted small molecules such as salts, reducing agents, or dyes from larger macromolecules such as proteins, DNA, or polysaccharides. Dialysis is also commonly used for buffer exchange and drug binding studies. Diffusion is the random, thermal movement of",
"title": "Dialysis (biochemistry)"
},
{
"id": "12619029",
"text": "described a chromatographic separation process whereby compounds where partitioned between two liquid phases similar to the separatory funnel liquid-liquid separation dynamic. This was an important departure, both in theory and in practice, from adsorption chromatography. In liquid-liquid separation, a compound is distributed between two immiscible liquid phases under equilibrium conditions. Martin and Synge initially attempted to devise a method of performing a sequential liquid-liquid extractions with serially connected glass vessels that functioned as separatory funnels. The seminal article presenting their early studies described a rather complicated instrument that allowed partitioning of amino acids between water and chloroform phases. The process",
"title": "Partition chromatography"
},
{
"id": "17957181",
"text": "Perstraction Perstraction is a membrane extraction process, where two liquid phases are contacted across a membrane. The desired species in the feed, selectively crosses the membrane into the extracting solution. Perstraction was originally developed to overcome the downsides of liquid-liquid extraction, for example extractant toxicity and emulsion formation. Perstraction, or membrane extraction, has been applied to many fields including fermentation, waste water treatment and alcohol-free beverage production. Perstraction is the separation technique developed from liquid-liquid extraction. Due to the presence of the membrane a wider selection of extractants can be used, this can include the use of miscible solutions, for",
"title": "Perstraction"
},
{
"id": "78758",
"text": "Fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC), is a form of liquid chromatography that is often used to analyze or purify mixtures of proteins. As in other forms of chromatography, separation is possible because the different components of a mixture have different affinities for two materials, a moving fluid (the \"mobile phase\") and a porous solid (the stationary phase). In FPLC the mobile phase is an aqueous solution, or \"buffer\". The buffer flow rate is controlled by a positive-displacement pump and is normally kept constant, while the composition of the buffer can be varied by drawing fluids in different proportions from two",
"title": "Chromatography"
},
{
"id": "5730324",
"text": "and the x-axis is the concentration of the solute in the raffinate phase. From here, one can determine steps for optimization of the process. This is commonly used on the small scale in chemical labs. It is normal to use a separating funnel. Processes include DLLME and direct organic extraction. A process used to extract small amounts of organic compounds from water samples. This process is done by injecting small amounts of an appropriate extraction solvent (CCl) and a disperser solvent (acetone) into the aqueous solution. The resulting solution is then centrifuged to separate the organic and aqueous layers. This",
"title": "Liquid–liquid extraction"
},
{
"id": "154272",
"text": "liquid or gas. Methods of filtration vary depending on the location of the targeted material, i.e. whether it is dissolved in the fluid phase or suspended as a solid. There are several filtration techniques depending on the desired outcome namely, hot, cold and vacuum filtration. Some of the major purposes of getting the desired outcome are, for the removal of impurities from a mixture or, for the isolation of solids from a mixture. Hot filtration method is mainly used to separate solids from a hot solution. This is done in order to prevent crystal formation in the filter funnel and",
"title": "Filtration"
},
{
"id": "10917251",
"text": "Vapor–liquid separator A vapor–liquid separator is a device used in several industrial applications to separate a vapor–liquid mixture. A vapor–liquid separator may also be referred to as a \"flash drum\", \"breakpot\", \"knock-out drum\" or \"knock-out pot\", \"compressor suction drum\" or \"compressor inlet drum\". When used to remove suspended water droplets from streams of air, it is often called a thermister. For the common variety, gravity is utilized in a vertical vessel to cause the liquid to settle to the bottom of the vessel, where it is withdrawn. In low gravity environments such as a space station, a common liquid separator",
"title": "Vapor–liquid separator"
},
{
"id": "16326791",
"text": "space) or fully hermetic (absolute airtight). Separation process A separation process is a method that converts a mixture or solution of chemical substances into two or more distinct product mixtures. At least one of results of the separation is enriched in one or more of the source mixture's constituents. In some cases, a separation may fully divide the mixture into pure constituents. Separations exploit differences in chemical properties or physical properties (such as size, shape, mass, density, or chemical affinity) between the constituents of a mixture. Processes are often classified according to the particular differences they use to achieve separation.",
"title": "Separation process"
},
{
"id": "20159408",
"text": "integral heat of dilution to infinite dilution. The process of dissolution and the process of dilution are closely related to each other. In both processes, similar final statuses of solutions are reached. However, the initial statuses can be different. In a dissolution process, a solute is changed from a pure phase—solid, liquid, or gas—to a solution phase. If the pure phase of the solute is a solid or gas (presuming the solvent itself is liquid), the process can be seen in two stages: the phase change into a liquid, and the mixing of liquids. The dissolution process is generally expressed",
"title": "Heat of dilution"
},
{
"id": "390380",
"text": "Example: Make 2 g/100mL of NaCl solution with 1 L water Water (properties). The density of resulting solution is considered to be equal to that of water, statement holding especially for dilute solutions, so the density information is not required. Solution In chemistry, a solution is a special type of homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances. The term aqueous solution is when one of the solvents is water. In such a mixture, a solute is a substance dissolved in another substance, known as a solvent. The mixing process of a solution happens at a scale where the effects",
"title": "Solution"
},
{
"id": "7785474",
"text": "Countercurrent distribution Countercurrent distribution (CCD, also spelled \"co \"counter current\" distribution) is an analytical chemistry technique which was developed by Lyman C. Craig in the 1940s. Countercurrent distribution is a separation process that is founded on the principles of liquid–liquid extraction where a chemical compound is distributed (partitioned) between two immiscible liquid phases (oil and water for example) according to its relative solubility in the two phases. The simplest form of liquid-liquid extraction is the partitioning of a mixture of compounds between two immiscible liquid phases in a separatory funnel. This occurs in five steps: 1) preparation of the separatory",
"title": "Countercurrent distribution"
},
{
"id": "699263",
"text": "the solution phase is determined by chemical analysis. This usually requires separation of the solid and solution phases. In order to do this the equilibration and separation should be performed in a thermostatted room. Very low concentrations can be measured if a radioactive tracer is incorporated in the solid phase. A variation of the static method is to add a solution of the substance in a non-aqueous solvent, such as dimethyl sulfoxide, to an aqueous buffer mixture. Solubility values of organic acids, bases, and ampholytes of pharmaceutical interest may be obtained by a process called \"Chasing equilibrium solubility\". In this",
"title": "Solubility equilibrium"
},
{
"id": "3762285",
"text": "Sol (colloid) A sol is a colloidal solution suspension of very small solid particles in a continuous liquid medium. Sols are quite stable and show the Tyndall effect. Examples include blood, pigmented ink, cell fluids, paint, Milk of Magnesia, Mud Artificial sols may be prepared by dispersion or condensation. Dispersion techniques include grinding solids to colloidal dimensions by ball milling and Bredig's arc method. The stability of sols may be maintained b y using dispersing agents. Sols are commonly used as part of the sol–gel process. A sol generally has Liquid as the dispersing medium and Solid as a Dispersed",
"title": "Sol (colloid)"
},
{
"id": "102370",
"text": "Distillation Distillation is the process of separating the components or substances from a liquid mixture by using selective boiling and condensation. Distillation may result in essentially complete separation (nearly pure components), or it may be a partial separation that increases the concentration of selected components in the mixture. In either case, the process exploits differences in the volatility of the mixture's components. In industrial chemistry, distillation is a unit operation of practically universal importance, but it is a physical separation process, not a chemical reaction. Distillation has many applications. For example: An installation used for distillation, especially of distilled beverages,",
"title": "Distillation"
},
{
"id": "2831807",
"text": "Fractional freezing Fractional freezing is a process used in process engineering and chemistry to separate substances with different melting points. It can be done by partial melting of a solid, for example in zone refining of silicon or metals, or by partial crystallization of a liquid, as in freeze distillation, also called normal freezing or progressive freezing. The initial sample is thus fractionated (separated into fractions). Partial crystallization can also be achieved by adding a dilute solvent to the mixture, and cooling and concentrating the mixture by evaporating the solvent, a process called solution crystallization. Fractional freezing is generally used",
"title": "Fractional freezing"
},
{
"id": "78724",
"text": "Chromatography Chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture. The mixture is dissolved in a fluid called the \"mobile phase,\" which carries it through a structure holding another material called the \"stationary phase.\" The various constituents of the mixture travel at different speeds, causing them to separate. The separation is based on differential partitioning between the mobile and stationary phases. Subtle differences in a compound's partition coefficient result in differential retention on the stationary phase and thus affect the separation. Chromatography may be preparative or analytical. The purpose of preparative chromatography is to separate the components of",
"title": "Chromatography"
},
{
"id": "1980160",
"text": "Pervaporation Pervaporation (or pervaporative separation) is a processing method for the separation of mixtures of liquids by partial vaporization through a non-porous or porous membrane. The term \"pervaporation\" is derived from the two steps of the process: (a) permeation through the membrane by the permeate, then (b) its evaporation into the vapor phase. This process is used by a number of industries for several different processes, including purification and analysis, due to its simplicity and in-line nature. The membrane acts as a selective barrier between the two phases: the liquid-phase feed and the vapor-phase permeate. It allows the desired component(s)",
"title": "Pervaporation"
},
{
"id": "7015910",
"text": "Fast protein liquid chromatography Fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC), is a form of liquid chromatography that is often used to analyze or purify mixtures of proteins. As in other forms of chromatography, separation is possible because the different components of a mixture have different affinities for two materials, a moving fluid (the \"mobile phase\") and a porous solid (the stationary phase). In FPLC the mobile phase is an aqueous solution, or \"buffer\". The buffer flow rate is controlled by a positive-displacement pump and is normally kept constant, while the composition of the buffer can be varied by drawing fluids in",
"title": "Fast protein liquid chromatography"
},
{
"id": "11269779",
"text": "Suction filtration Vacuum filtration is a fast filtration technique used to separate solids from liquids. By flowing through the aspirator, water will suck out the air contained in the vacuum flask and the Büchner flask. There is therefore a difference in pressure between the exterior and the interior of the flasks : the contents of the Büchner funnel are sucked towards the vacuum flask. The filter, which is placed at the bottom of the Büchner funnel, separates the solids from the liquids. The solid residue, which remains at the top of the Büchner funnel, is therefore recovered more efficiently :",
"title": "Suction filtration"
},
{
"id": "3357617",
"text": "Cyclonic separation A cyclonic separation is a method of removing particulates from an air, gas or liquid stream, without the use of filters, through vortex separation. When removing particulate matter from liquid, a hydrocyclone is used; while from gas, a gas cyclone is used. Rotational effects and gravity are used to separate mixtures of solids and fluids. The method can also be used to separate fine droplets of liquid from a gaseous stream. A high speed rotating (air)flow is established within a cylindrical or conical container called a cyclone. Air flows in a helical pattern, beginning at the top (wide",
"title": "Cyclonic separation"
},
{
"id": "5713716",
"text": "method of physical separation in which the components of a liquid mixture are distributed between two immiscible phases, i.e., stationary and mobile. The practice of LC can be divided into five categories, i.e., adsorption chromatography, partition chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, size-exclusion chromatography, and affinity chromatography. Among these, the most widely used variant is the reverse-phase (RP) mode of the partition chromatography technique, which makes use of a non-polar (hydrophobic) stationary phase and a polar mobile phase. In common applications, the mobile phase is a mixture of water and other polar solvents (e.g., methanol, isopropanol, and acetonitrile), and the stationary matrix is",
"title": "Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry"
},
{
"id": "12619028",
"text": "Partition chromatography Partition chromatography theory and practice of was introduced through the work and publications of Archer Martin and Richard Laurence Millington Synge during the 1940s. The process of separating mixtures of chemical compounds by passing them through a column that contains a solid stationary phase that was eluted with a mobile phase (column chromatography) was well known at that time. Chromatographic separation was considered to occur by an adsorption process whereby compounds adhered to a solid media and were washed off the column with a solvent, mixture of solvents, or solvent gradient. In contrast, Martin and Synge developed and",
"title": "Partition chromatography"
},
{
"id": "4924841",
"text": "behind the purified solute. For this reason, it is a practical benefit to use volatile solvents for extracting the desired material from the mixture. One of the drawbacks of using a separatory funnel is emulsions can form easily, and can take a long time to separate once formed. They are often formed while liquids are being mixed in the separatory funnel. This can occur when small droplets are suspended in an aqueous solution. If an emulsion is formed, one technique used to separate the liquids is to slowly swirl the solution in the separatory funnel. If the emulsion is not",
"title": "Separatory funnel"
},
{
"id": "13462854",
"text": "Homogenization (chemistry) Homogenization or homogenisation is any of several processes used to make a mixture of two mutually non-soluble liquids the same throughout. This is achieved by turning one of the liquids into a state consisting of extremely small particles distributed uniformly throughout the other liquid. A typical example is the homogenization of milk, where the milk fat globules are reduced in size and dispersed uniformly through the rest of the milk. Homogenization (from \"homogeneous;\" Greek, \"homogenes\": \"homos,\" same + \"genos,\" kind) is the process of converting two immiscible liquids (i.e. liquids that are not soluble, in all proportions, one",
"title": "Homogenization (chemistry)"
},
{
"id": "16237523",
"text": "Membrane distillation Membrane distillation (MD) is a thermally driven separational program in which separation is enabled due to phase change. A hydrophobic membrane displays a barrier for the liquid phase, allowing the vapour phase (e.g. water vapour) to pass through the membrane's pores. The driving force of the process is given by a partial vapour pressure difference commonly triggered by a temperature difference. Most processes that use a membrane to separate materials rely on static pressure difference as the driving force between the two bounding surfaces (e.g. reverse osmosis - RO), or a difference in concentration (dialysis), or an electric",
"title": "Membrane distillation"
},
{
"id": "10917255",
"text": "warped or otherwise damaged by the fluid that can not fit into a smaller space. Vapor–liquid separator A vapor–liquid separator is a device used in several industrial applications to separate a vapor–liquid mixture. A vapor–liquid separator may also be referred to as a \"flash drum\", \"breakpot\", \"knock-out drum\" or \"knock-out pot\", \"compressor suction drum\" or \"compressor inlet drum\". When used to remove suspended water droplets from streams of air, it is often called a thermister. For the common variety, gravity is utilized in a vertical vessel to cause the liquid to settle to the bottom of the vessel, where it",
"title": "Vapor–liquid separator"
},
{
"id": "957687",
"text": "Size-exclusion chromatography Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), also known as molecular sieve chromatography, is a chromatographic method in which molecules in solution are separated by their size, and in some cases molecular weight. It is usually applied to large molecules or macromolecular complexes such as proteins and industrial polymers. Typically, when an aqueous solution is used to transport the sample through the column, the technique is known as gel-filtration chromatography, versus the name gel permeation chromatography, which is used when an organic solvent is used as a mobile phase. The chromatography column is packed with fine, porous beads which are composed of",
"title": "Size-exclusion chromatography"
},
{
"id": "7785481",
"text": "different compounds, formulating biphasic solvent systems, and most importantly developing a commercially viable instrument. The CCD technique was employed in many notable separations such as penicillin, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, insulin, bile acids, ribonucleic acids, taxol, \"Streptomyces\" antibiotics. and many other antibiotics. Countercurrent distribution Countercurrent distribution (CCD, also spelled \"co \"counter current\" distribution) is an analytical chemistry technique which was developed by Lyman C. Craig in the 1940s. Countercurrent distribution is a separation process that is founded on the principles of liquid–liquid extraction where a chemical compound is distributed (partitioned) between two immiscible liquid phases (oil and water for example) according",
"title": "Countercurrent distribution"
},
{
"id": "11858950",
"text": "ratio of the velocity of a species of particle to the average velocity of the fluid is called the \"retention ratio\". Field flow fractionation is based on laminar flow of particles in a solution. These sample components will change levels and speed based on their size/mass. Since these components will be travelling at different speeds, separation occurs. A simplified explanation of the setup is as follows. The sample separation occurs in a thin, ribbon-like, channel in which there is an inlet flow and a perpendicular field flow. The inlet flow is where the carrier liquid is pumped into the channel",
"title": "Field flow fractionation"
},
{
"id": "16326789",
"text": "pure substances, but each of which must be separated from the raw crude. In both of these cases, a series of separations is necessary to obtain the desired end products. In the case of oil refining, crude is subjected to a long series of individual distillation steps, each of which produces a different product or intermediate. Separators are used to divide liquids. Vertically supported centrifuges are built with flying bearings. A separator is a continues sedimentation centrifuge. Both exit streams are continuously discharged, using a pump (under pressure) or pressure free. The solid material can be discharged discontinuously (chamber drum,",
"title": "Separation process"
},
{
"id": "18565261",
"text": "operations are having several different functions: A heterogeneous mixture (e. g. liquid and solid) can be separated by mechanical separation processes like filtration or centrifugation. Homogeneous mixtures can be separated by molecular separation processes; these are either equilibrium-based or rate-controlled. Equilibrium-based processes are operating by the formation of two immiscible phases with different compositions at equilibrium, an example is distillation (in distillation the vapor has another composition than the liquid). Rate-controlled processes are based on different transport rates of compounds through a medium, examples are adsorption, ion exchange or crystallization. Separation of a mixture into two phases can be done",
"title": "Industrial separation processes"
},
{
"id": "15837644",
"text": "Membrane technology Membrane technology covers all engineering approaches for the transport of substances between two fractions with the help of permeable membranes. In general, mechanical separation processes for separating gaseous or liquid streams use membrane technology. Membrane separation processes operate without heating and therefore use less energy than conventional thermal separation processes such as distillation, sublimation or crystallization. The separation process is purely physical and both fractions (permeate and retentate) can be used. Cold separation using membrane technology is widely used in the food technology, biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. Furthermore, using membranes enables separations to take place that would be",
"title": "Membrane technology"
},
{
"id": "6077818",
"text": "chemical industries. It is a common observation that when oil and water are poured into the same container, they separate into two phases or layers, because they are immiscible. In general, aqueous (or water-based) solutions, being polar, are immiscible with non-polar organic solvents (chloroform, toluene, hexane etc.) and form a two-phase system. However, in an ABS, both immiscible components are water-based. The formation of the distinct phases is affected by the pH, temperature and ionic strength of the two components, and separation occurs when the amount of a polymer present exceeds a certain limiting concentration (which is determined by the",
"title": "Aqueous two-phase system"
},
{
"id": "4764202",
"text": "Filter funnel A filter funnel is a laboratory funnel used for separating solids from liquids via the laboratory process of filtering. In order to achieve this, a cone-like shaped piece of filter paper is usually folded into a cone and placed within the funnel. The suspension of solid and liquid is then poured through the funnel. The solid particles are too large to pass through the filter paper and are left on the paper, while the much smaller liquid molecules pass through the paper to a vessel positioned below the funnel, producing a filtrate. The filter paper is used only",
"title": "Filter funnel"
},
{
"id": "6263739",
"text": "Cold water extraction Cold water extraction (also called CWE for short) is the process whereby a substance is extracted from a mixture via cold water. It is a type of fractional crystallization. The process generally involves taking a mixture of substances, dissolving them in warm water, and then rapidly cooling the mixture. The insoluble compounds precipitate out of the water, while the soluble ones stay dissolved. The solution can then be separated by filtration or decantation. This process works by exploiting the differences in solubility of different substances in a low temperature mixture. Opiates are much more soluble in cold",
"title": "Cold water extraction"
},
{
"id": "92478",
"text": "concentrate a solution, one must add more solute (for example, alcohol), or reduce the amount of solvent (for example, water). By contrast, to dilute a solution, one must add more solvent, or reduce the amount of solute. Unless two substances are \"fully\" miscible there exists a concentration at which no further solute will dissolve in a solution. At this point, the solution is said to be saturated. If additional solute is added to a saturated solution, it will not dissolve, except in certain circumstances, when supersaturation may occur. Instead, phase separation will occur, leading to coexisting phases, either completely separated",
"title": "Concentration"
},
{
"id": "482756",
"text": "Solvent A solvent (from the Latin \"solvō\", \"loosen, untie, solve\") is a substance that dissolves a solute (a chemically distinct liquid, solid or gas), resulting in a solution. A solvent is usually a liquid but can also be a solid, a gas, or a supercritical fluid. The quantity of solute that can dissolve in a specific volume of solvent varies with temperature. Common uses for organic solvents are in dry cleaning (e.g. tetrachloroethylene), as paint thinners (e.g. toluene, turpentine), as nail polish removers and glue solvents (acetone, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate), in spot removers (e.g. hexane, petrol ether), in detergents",
"title": "Solvent"
},
{
"id": "4226628",
"text": "Paper chromatography Paper chromatography is an analytical method used to separate colored chemicals or substances. It is primarily used as a teaching tool, having been replaced by other chromatography methods, such as thin-layer chromatography. A paper chromatography variant, two-dimensional chromatography involves using two solvents and rotating the paper 90° in between. This is useful for separating complex mixtures of compounds having similar polarity, for example, amino acids. The setup has three components. The mobile phase is a solution that travels up the stationary phase, due to capillary action. The mobile phase is generally mixture of polar organic solvent with water,",
"title": "Paper chromatography"
},
{
"id": "4924839",
"text": "a separatory funnel is being shaken, the two solvents mix and share a large surface area, which allows each solute to migrate to the solvent in which it is more soluble. The solvents do not form a unified solution together because they are immiscible. When the funnel is allowed to sit after being shaken, the liquids form distinct physical layers, with the less dense liquid floating and more dense sinking. A mixture of solutes is thus separated into two physically separate solutions, each enriched in different solutes. The bottom layer is drained out, then the top layer can be retained",
"title": "Separatory funnel"
},
{
"id": "10835446",
"text": "Miscibility Miscibility is the property of two substances to mix in all proportions (that is, to fully dissolve in each other at any concentration), forming a homogeneous solution. The term is most often applied to liquids, but applies also to solids and gases. Water and ethanol, for example, are miscible because they mix in all proportions. By contrast, substances are said to be immiscible if there are certain proportions in which the mixture does not form a solution. For example, oil is not soluble in water so these two solvents are immiscible, while although butanone (methyl ethyl ketone) is significantly",
"title": "Miscibility"
},
{
"id": "1542368",
"text": "Filter paper Filter paper is a semi-permeable paper barrier placed perpendicular to a liquid or air flow. It is used to separate fine substances from liquids or air. It is used in science labs to remove solids from liquids. This can be used to remove sand from water. Filter paper has various properties. The important parameters are wet strength, porosity, particle retention, volumetric flow rate, compatibility, efficiency and capacity. There are two mechanisms of filtration with paper; volume and surface. By volume filtration the particles are caught in the bulk of the filter paper. By surface filtration the particles are",
"title": "Filter paper"
},
{
"id": "2973950",
"text": "Dry distillation Dry distillation is the heating of solid materials to produce gaseous products (which may condense into liquids or solids). The method may involve pyrolysis or thermolysis, or it may not (for instance, a simple mixture of ice and glass could be separated without breaking any chemical bonds, but organic matter contains a greater diversity of molecules, some of which are likely to break). If there are no chemical changes, just phase changes, it resembles classical distillation, although it will generally need higher temperatures. Dry distillation in which chemical changes occur is a type of destructive distillation or cracking.",
"title": "Dry distillation"
},
{
"id": "14297452",
"text": "For example, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, LC-MS, GC-IR, LC-NMR, LC-IR, CE-MS, ICP-MS, and so on. Hyphenated separation techniques refers to a combination of two or more techniques to separate chemicals from solutions and detect them. Most often the other technique is some form of chromatography. Hyphenated techniques are widely used in chemistry and biochemistry. A slash is sometimes used instead of hyphen, especially if the name of one of the methods contains a hyphen itself. Examples of hyphenated techniques: The visualization of single molecules, single biological cells, biological tissues and nanomaterials is very important and attractive approach in analytical science. Also,",
"title": "Instrumental chemistry"
},
{
"id": "3421201",
"text": "Vacuum distillation Vacuum distillation is a method of distillation performed under reduced pressure. As with distillation, this technique separates compounds based on differences in boiling points. This technique is used when the boiling point of the desired compound is difficult to achieve or will cause the compound to decompose. A reduced pressure decreases the boiling point of compounds. The reduction in boiling point can be calculated using a temperature-pressure nomograph using the Clausius–Clapeyron_relation . In the laboratory vacuum distillation is used to purify compounds or remove solvent. Distillation is used to separate compounds based on differences in boiling point. Vacuum",
"title": "Vacuum distillation"
},
{
"id": "5730330",
"text": "ideal mass transfer from the aqueous phase into the organic phase. At 200–2000 g, both phases will be separated again. Centrifugal extractors minimize the solvent in the process, optimize the product load in the solvent and extract the aqueous phase completely. Counter current and cross current extractions are easily established. Some solutes such as noble gases can be extracted from one phase to another without the need for a chemical reaction (see absorption). This is the simplest type of solvent extraction. When a solvent is extracted, two immiscible liquids are shaken together. The more polar solutes dissolve preferentially in the",
"title": "Liquid–liquid extraction"
},
{
"id": "4869246",
"text": "solid phase whose morphologies range from discrete particles to continuous polymer networks. In the case of the colloid, the volume fraction of particles (or particle density) may be so low that a significant amount of fluid may need to be removed initially for the gel-like properties to be recognized. This can be accomplished in any number of ways. The simplest method is to allow time for sedimentation to occur, and then pour off the remaining liquid. Centrifugation can also be used to accelerate the process of phase separation. Removal of the remaining liquid (solvent) phase requires a drying process, which",
"title": "Sol–gel process"
},
{
"id": "154270",
"text": "Filtration Filtration is any of various mechanical, physical or biological operations that separate solids from fluids (liquids or gases) by adding a medium through which only the fluid can pass. The fluid that passes through is called the filtrate. In physical filters oversize solids in the fluid are retained and in biological filters particulates are trapped and ingested and metabolites are retained and removed. However, the separation is not complete; solids will be contaminated with some fluid and filtrate will contain fine particles (depending on the pore size, filter thickness and biological activity). Filtration occurs both in nature and in",
"title": "Filtration"
},
{
"id": "4872230",
"text": "Dialysis tubing Dialysis tubing, also known as Visking tubing, is an artificial semi-permeable membrane tubing used in separation techniques, that facilitates the flow of tiny molecules in solution based on differential diffusion. In the context of life science research, dialysis tubing is typically used in the sample clean-up and processing of proteins and DNA samples or complex biological samples such as blood or serums. Dialysis tubing is also frequently used as a teaching aid to demonstrate the principles of diffusion, osmosis, Brownian motion and the movement of molecules across a restrictive membrane. For the principles and usage of dialysis in",
"title": "Dialysis tubing"
},
{
"id": "13598585",
"text": "settle, or separate. As a homogeneous mixture, a solution has one phase (liquid) although the solute and solvent can vary: for example, salt water. Air can be more specifically described as a gaseous solution (oxygen and other gases dissolved in the major component, nitrogen). Since interactions between molecules play almost no role, dilute gases form rather trivial solutions. In part of the literature, they are not even classified as solutions. In gas intermolecular space is greatest and intermolecular force of attraction is least. In chemistry, a mixture is a substance containing two or more elements or compounds that are not",
"title": "Homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures"
},
{
"id": "154280",
"text": "by the filter medium. An alternative to filtration is centrifugation—instead of filtering the mixture of solid and liquid particles, the mixture is centrifuged to force the (usually) denser solid to the bottom, where it often forms a firm cake. The liquid above can then be decanted. This method is especially useful for separating solids which do not filter well, such as gelatinous or fine particles. These solids can clog or pass through the filter, respectively. Examples of filtration include An experiment to prove the existence of microscopic organisms involves the comparison of water passed through unglazed porcelain and unfiltered water.",
"title": "Filtration"
},
{
"id": "15097959",
"text": "and biology. Extractions often use two immiscible phases to separate a solute from one phase into the other. Typical lab extractions are of organic compounds out of an aqueous phase and into an organic phase. Common extractants are arranged from ethyl acetate to water (ethyl acetate < acetone < ethanol < methanol < acetone:water (7:3) < ethanol:water (8:2) < methanol:water (8:2) < water) in increasing order of polarity according to the Hildebrand solubility parameter. The extract can be put back to dried form using a centrifugal evaporator or a freeze-drier. Techniques include supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, ultrasonic extraction, heat reflux",
"title": "Extraction (chemistry)"
},
{
"id": "98006",
"text": "create the sugars needed for fermentation. This process is known as mashing. Hops are added for flavouring, then the yeast is added to the mixture (now called wort) to start the fermentation process. Distillation is a method of separating mixtures based on differences in volatility of components in a boiling liquid mixture. It is one of the methods used in the purification of water. It is also a method of producing spirits from milder alcoholic drinks. An alcoholic mixed drink that contains two or more ingredients is referred to as a cocktail. Cocktails were originally a mixture of spirits, sugar,",
"title": "Drink"
},
{
"id": "16202888",
"text": "are examples of methods which separate material in different phases. Centrifugation is effective to separate phases that differ in density. Extraction is effective to separate immiscible liquid phases. Filtration is effective to separate dispersed particles that are sufficiently large in size to be trapped in a filter. This initial separation may require the selection of appropriate solvents to either dissolve solid components or to act as a diluent for liquids. The quantitative determination of phases is often determined gravimetrically. Once separated, each material phase is itself a chemical mixture to be further analyzed. A second-order analysis of each phase will",
"title": "Deformulation"
},
{
"id": "699023",
"text": "Insolubility is the inability to dissolve in a solid, liquid or gaseous solvent. Most often, the solvent is a liquid, which can be a pure substance or a mixture. One may also speak of solid solution, but rarely of solution in a gas (see vapor–liquid equilibrium instead). Under certain conditions, the equilibrium solubility can be exceeded to give a so-called supersaturated solution, which is metastable. Metastability of crystals can also lead to apparent differences in the amount of a chemical that dissolves depending on its crystalline form or particle size. A supersaturated solution generally crystallises when 'seed' crystals are introduced",
"title": "Solubility"
},
{
"id": "3762286",
"text": "phase. Properties of a Colloid (applicable to sols) Sol (colloid) A sol is a colloidal solution suspension of very small solid particles in a continuous liquid medium. Sols are quite stable and show the Tyndall effect. Examples include blood, pigmented ink, cell fluids, paint, Milk of Magnesia, Mud Artificial sols may be prepared by dispersion or condensation. Dispersion techniques include grinding solids to colloidal dimensions by ball milling and Bredig's arc method. The stability of sols may be maintained b y using dispersing agents. Sols are commonly used as part of the sol–gel process. A sol generally has Liquid as",
"title": "Sol (colloid)"
},
{
"id": "2831814",
"text": "process employs fuel stratification whereby components in the fuel blend develop a higher specific gravity as they approach their respective gel points and thus sink to the bottom of the container, where they can be removed. Fractional freezing Fractional freezing is a process used in process engineering and chemistry to separate substances with different melting points. It can be done by partial melting of a solid, for example in zone refining of silicon or metals, or by partial crystallization of a liquid, as in freeze distillation, also called normal freezing or progressive freezing. The initial sample is thus fractionated (separated",
"title": "Fractional freezing"
},
{
"id": "10835451",
"text": "of magic potions, and some (such as Dungeons & Dragons) have \"miscibility\" rules for what happens if a character mixes them, either in vitro or in vivo. \"Immiscible\" potions commonly produce in-game effects such as explosions. Miscibility Miscibility is the property of two substances to mix in all proportions (that is, to fully dissolve in each other at any concentration), forming a homogeneous solution. The term is most often applied to liquids, but applies also to solids and gases. Water and ethanol, for example, are miscible because they mix in all proportions. By contrast, substances are said to be immiscible",
"title": "Miscibility"
},
{
"id": "16564367",
"text": "Continuous foam separation Continuous foam separation is a chemical process closely related to foam fractionation in which foam is used to separate components of a solution when they differ in surface activity. In any solution, surface active components tend to adsorb to gas-liquid interfaces while surface inactive components stay within the bulk solution. When a solution is foamed, the most surface active components collect in the foam and the foam can be easily extracted. This process is commonly used in large-scale projects such as water waste treatment due to a continuous gas flow in the solution. There are two types",
"title": "Continuous foam separation"
},
{
"id": "130206",
"text": "Emulsion An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible (unmixable or unblendable). Emulsions are part of a more general class of two-phase systems of matter called colloids. Although the terms \"colloid\" and \"emulsion\" are sometimes used interchangeably, \"emulsion\" should be used when both phases, dispersed and continuous, are liquids. In an emulsion, one liquid (the dispersed phase) is dispersed in the other (the continuous phase). Examples of emulsions include vinaigrettes, homogenized milk, and some cutting fluids for metal working. Graphene and its modified forms are also a good example of recent unconventional surfactants helping",
"title": "Emulsion"
},
{
"id": "8112419",
"text": "stopped after a certain amount of time has passed after mixing. The stopping of the reaction is called quenching and it can be achieved by various means, for example by mixing with another solution, which stops the reaction (chemical quenching), quickly lowering the temperature (freeze quenching) or even by exposing the sample to light of a certain wavelength (optical quenching). Stopped-flow Stopped-flow is a lab technique for studying fast chemical reactions. A stopped-flow instrument is a rapid mixing device used to study the chemical kinetics of fast reactions in solution. The solutions are first forced from syringes into a mixing",
"title": "Stopped-flow"
},
{
"id": "17607990",
"text": "Decanter centrifuge A centrifuge is a device which employs a high rotational speed to separate components of different densities. This becomes relevant in the majority of industrial jobs where solids, liquids and gases are merged into a single mixture and the separation of these different phases is necessary. A decanter centrifuge (also known as solid bowl centrifuge) separates continuously solid materials from liquids in the slurry and therefore plays an important role in the wastewater treatment, chemical, oil and food processing industries. There are several factors that affect the performance of a decanter centrifuge and some design heuristics to be",
"title": "Decanter centrifuge"
},
{
"id": "2249966",
"text": "water. The suspended particles are visible under a microscope and will settle over time if left undisturbed. This distinguishes a suspension from a colloid, in which the suspended particles are smaller and do not settle. Colloids and suspensions are different from solution, in which the dissolved substance (solute) does not exist as a solid, and solvent and solute are homogeneously mixed. A suspension of liquid droplets and fine solid particles in a gas is called an aerosol. In the atmosphere, the suspended particles are called particulates and consist of fine dust and soot particles, sea salt, biogenic and volcanogenic sulfates,",
"title": "Suspension (chemistry)"
},
{
"id": "15719121",
"text": "the static phase in columns creating interaction with the sample. It has also been used to study aggregation of particles in a solution. Asymmetric flow field flow fractionation Asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) is a fractionation method that is used for the characterization of nanoparticles, polymers and proteins. The theory for AF4 was conceived in 1986 and was established in 1987. It is a separation technique based on the theory of field flow fractionation (FFF). AF4 is distinct from FFF because it contains only one permeable wall so the cross-flow is caused only by the carrier liquid. The cross-flow is",
"title": "Asymmetric flow field flow fractionation"
},
{
"id": "15334159",
"text": "phases. The resulting dynamic mixing and settling action allows the components to be separated by their respective solubilities in the two phases. A wide variety of two-phase solvent systems consisting of at least two immiscible liquids may be employed to provide the proper selectivity for the desired separation. Some types of countercurrent chromatography, such as dual flow CCC, feature a true countercurrent process where the two immiscible phases flow past each other and exit at opposite ends of the column. More often, however, one liquid acts as the stationary phase and is retained in the column while the mobile phase",
"title": "Countercurrent chromatography"
},
{
"id": "4751772",
"text": "Dissociation (chemistry) Dissociation in chemistry and biochemistry is a general process in which molecules (or ionic compounds such as salts, or complexes) separate or split into smaller particles such as atoms, ions or radicals, usually in a reversible manner. For instance, when an acid dissolves in water, a covalent bond between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom is broken by heterolytic fission, which gives a proton (H) and a negative ion. Dissociation is the opposite of association or recombination. For reversible dissociations in a chemical equilibrium the dissociation constant \"K\" is the ratio of dissociated to undissociated compound where",
"title": "Dissociation (chemistry)"
},
{
"id": "15097960",
"text": "extraction, mechanochemical-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, instant controlled pressure drop extraction (DIC), and perstraction. Boiling tea leaves in water extracts the tannins, theobromine, and caffeine out of the leaves and into the water. Solid-liquid extractions at laboratory scales can use Soxhlet extractors (such as oil from olive cake see at right). Popular home examples of extractants include: Extraction (chemistry) Extraction in chemistry is a separation process consisting in the separation of a substance from a matrix. It includes \"Liquid-liquid extraction\", and \"Solid phase extraction\". The distribution of a solute between two phases is an equilibrium condition described by partition theory. This",
"title": "Extraction (chemistry)"
},
{
"id": "2246413",
"text": "Fractionating column A fractionating column is an essential item used in distillation of liquid mixtures so as to separate the mixture into its component parts, or fractions, based on the differences in volatilities. Fractionating columns are used in small scale laboratory distillations as well as for large scale industrial distillations. A laboratory fractionating column is a piece of glassware used to separate vaporized mixtures of liquid compounds with close volatility. It can also be called a fractional column. Most commonly used is either a Vigreux column or a straight column packed with glass beads or metal pieces such as Raschig",
"title": "Fractionating column"
},
{
"id": "957714",
"text": "build, a limited number of data points can be collected across the peak. Size-exclusion chromatography Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), also known as molecular sieve chromatography, is a chromatographic method in which molecules in solution are separated by their size, and in some cases molecular weight. It is usually applied to large molecules or macromolecular complexes such as proteins and industrial polymers. Typically, when an aqueous solution is used to transport the sample through the column, the technique is known as gel-filtration chromatography, versus the name gel permeation chromatography, which is used when an organic solvent is used as a mobile phase.",
"title": "Size-exclusion chromatography"
},
{
"id": "3357622",
"text": "Fluid catalytic cracking) to achieve fast separation of the catalyst particles from the reacting gases and vapors. James Dyson has become a billionaire from developing and marketing bagless vacuum cleaners based on cyclonic separation of dust, initially inspired by seeing a sawdust separator at a sawmill. Analogous devices for separating particles or solids from liquids are called hydrocyclones or hydroclones. These may be used to separate solid waste from water in wastewater and sewage treatment. As the cyclone is essentially a two phase particle-fluid system, fluid mechanics and particle transport equations can be used to describe the behaviour of a",
"title": "Cyclonic separation"
},
{
"id": "15182469",
"text": "pump or an HPLC device. In a variation of the method, fine capillaries were densely packed with chromatographic phase to form separation columns and act as electrospray capillaries at the same time. This method is commonly employed in many proteomics laboratories. It is of note that experimental designs where the direct application of high voltages to liquids to form aerosols and sprays has been described as early as 1917 in the context of not ionization, but atomization of liquids. Liquid junction potential - the process which occurs when two solutions of different concentrations are in contact with each other Liquid",
"title": "Liquid junction interface"
},
{
"id": "2725843",
"text": "molecules in solution (Brownian motion) that leads to the net movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to a lower concentration until equilibrium is reached. In dialysis, a sample and a buffer solution (called the dialysate) are separated by a semi-permeable membrane that causes differential diffusion patterns, thereby permitting the separation of molecules in both the sample and dialysate. Due to the pore size of the membrane, large molecules in the sample cannot pass through the membrane, thereby restricting their diffusion from the sample chamber. By contrast, small molecules will freely diffuse across the membrane and obtain equilibrium",
"title": "Dialysis (biochemistry)"
},
{
"id": "13462857",
"text": "of homogenization uses extruders, hammermills, or colloid mills to mill (grind) solids. Milk homogenization is an essential tool of the milk food industry to prevent creating various levels of flavor and fat concentration. Another application of homogenization is in soft drinks like cola products. The reactant mixture is rendered to intense homogenization, to as much as 35,000 psi, so that various constituents do not separate out during storage or distribution. Homogenization (chemistry) Homogenization or homogenisation is any of several processes used to make a mixture of two mutually non-soluble liquids the same throughout. This is achieved by turning one of",
"title": "Homogenization (chemistry)"
},
{
"id": "6923459",
"text": "Dilution (equation) Dilution is the process of decreasing the concentration of a solute in a solution, usually simply by mixing with more solvent like adding more water to a solution. To dilute a solution means to add more solvent without the addition of more solute. The resulting solution is thoroughly mixed so as to ensure that all parts of the solution are identical. The same direct relationship applies to gases and vapors diluted in air for example. Although, thorough mixing of gases and vapors may not be as easily accomplished. For example, if there are 10 grams of salt (the",
"title": "Dilution (equation)"
},
{
"id": "7639881",
"text": "amount of energy), and the interfacial tension (difference of surface tension) is not compensating the energy input, if at all. A review article describes various attempts to describe dispersions/emulsions. Dispersion is a process by which (in the case of solids' becoming dispersed in a liquid) agglomerated particles are separated from each other and a new interface, between an inner surface of the liquid dispersion medium and the surface of the particles to be dispersed, is generated. Dispersion is a much more complicated (and less-understood) process than most people believe. The above-cited review article also displays experimental evidence to support the",
"title": "Dispersion (chemistry)"
},
{
"id": "6263742",
"text": "or without applying a cold water extraction. Cold water extraction Cold water extraction (also called CWE for short) is the process whereby a substance is extracted from a mixture via cold water. It is a type of fractional crystallization. The process generally involves taking a mixture of substances, dissolving them in warm water, and then rapidly cooling the mixture. The insoluble compounds precipitate out of the water, while the soluble ones stay dissolved. The solution can then be separated by filtration or decantation. This process works by exploiting the differences in solubility of different substances in a low temperature mixture.",
"title": "Cold water extraction"
},
{
"id": "18565262",
"text": "by an energy separating agent, a mass separating agent, a barrier or external fields. Energy-separating agents are used for creating a second phase (immiscible of different composition than the first phase), they are the most common techniques used in industry. For example, leads the addition of heat (the separating agent) to a liquid (first phase) to the formation of vapor (second phase). Mass-separating agents are other chemicals. They selectively dissolve or absorb one of the products; they are either a liquid (for sorption, extractive distillation or extraction) or a solid (for adsorption or ion exchange). The use of a barrier",
"title": "Industrial separation processes"
},
{
"id": "5713702",
"text": "Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical chemistry technique that combines the physical separation capabilities of liquid chromatography (or HPLC) with the mass analysis capabilities of mass spectrometry (MS). Coupled chromatography - MS systems are popular in chemical analysis because the individual capabilities of each technique are enhanced synergistically. While liquid chromatography separates mixtures with multiple components, mass spectrometry provides structural identity of the individual components with high molecular specificity and detection sensitivity. This tandem technique can be used to analyze biochemical, organic, and inorganic compounds commonly found in complex samples of environmental and biological origin. Therefore,",
"title": "Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry"
},
{
"id": "9577782",
"text": "Cahn–Hilliard equation The Cahn–Hilliard equation (after John W. Cahn and John E. Hilliard) is an equation of mathematical physics which describes the process of phase separation, by which the two components of a binary fluid spontaneously separate and form domains pure in each component. If formula_1 is the concentration of the fluid, with formula_2 indicating domains, then the equation is written as where formula_4 is a diffusion coefficient with units of formula_5 and formula_6 gives the length of the transition regions between the domains. Here formula_7 is the partial time derivative and formula_8 is the Laplacian in formula_9 dimensions. Additionally,",
"title": "Cahn–Hilliard equation"
},
{
"id": "7090167",
"text": "developed in 1927 and is still widely used today. This method requires a chemical compound, sodium hexametaphsophate, which acts as a dispersing agent to separate soil aggregates. The soil is mixed with the sodium hexametaphosphate solution on an orbital shaker overnight. The solution is transferred to one liter graduated cylinders and filled with water. The soil solution is mixed with a metal plunger to disperse the soil particles. The soil particles separate based on size and sink to the bottom. Sand particles are the largest (2.00 - 0.05 mm) and sink to the bottom of the cylinder first. Silt particles",
"title": "Soil texture"
},
{
"id": "17610102",
"text": "Solid bowl centrifuge A solid bowl centrifuge is a type of centrifuge that uses the principle of sedimentation. A centrifuge is used to separate a mixture that consists of two substances with different densities by using the centrifugal force resulting from continuous rotation. It is normally used to separate solid-liquid, liquid-liquid, and solid-solid mixtures. Solid bowl centrifuges are widely used in various industrial applications, such as wastewater treatment, coal manufacturing, and polymer manufacturing. One advantage of solid bowl centrifuges for industrial uses is the simplicity of installation compared to other types of centrifuge. There are three design types of solid",
"title": "Solid bowl centrifuge"
},
{
"id": "318820",
"text": "iron alloys, several phases exist for both the solid and liquid states. Phases may also be differentiated based on solubility as in polar (hydrophilic) or non-polar (hydrophobic). A mixture of water (a polar liquid) and oil (a non-polar liquid) will spontaneously separate into two phases. Water has a very low solubility (is insoluble) in oil, and oil has a low solubility in water. Solubility is the maximum amount of a solute that can dissolve in a solvent before the solute ceases to dissolve and remains in a separate phase. A mixture can separate into more than two liquid phases and",
"title": "Phase (matter)"
},
{
"id": "4846594",
"text": "Integrated nanoliter system The integrated nanoliter system is a measuring, separating, and mixing device that is able to measure fluids to the nanoliter, mix different fluids for a specific product, and separate a solution into simpler solutions. All features of the integrated nanoliter system are specifically designed for controlling very small volume of liquid (referred as microfluidic solutions). The integrated nanoliter system's scalability depends on what type of processing method the system is based on (refer as technology platform) with each processing method having its advantages and disadvantages. Possible uses for the integrated nanoliter system are in controlling biological fluids",
"title": "Integrated nanoliter system"
},
{
"id": "3606573",
"text": "property sets it apart from other separation techniques. Fractionation is widely employed in many branches of science and technology. Mixtures of liquids and gases are separated by fractional distillation by difference in boiling point. Fractionation of components also takes place in column chromatography by a difference in affinity between stationary phase and the mobile phase. In fractional crystallization and fractional freezing, chemical substances are fractionated based on difference in solubility at a given temperature. In cell fractionation, cell components are separated by difference in mass. In pharmacognosy, a typical protocol to isolate a pure chemical agent from natural origin is",
"title": "Fractionation"
},
{
"id": "11813431",
"text": "example can be considered as an inert solvent for some kinds of stains. In this case dissolving the stain is not a chemical reaction but a physical process. Surfactants (detergents) are molecules that have one polar end and one non-polar end and can be used for stain removal. They can help to emulsify compounds that are not usually soluble in water. For example, if you put oil in water, they tend to stay separated. If you put oil, detergent, and water together and shake them up, then you get a mixture that can help to remove stains. Lemon juice, containing",
"title": "Stain removal"
},
{
"id": "3182203",
"text": "Enthalpy change of solution The enthalpy of solution, enthalpy of dissolution, or heat of solution is the enthalpy change associated with the dissolution of a substance in a solvent at constant pressure resulting in infinite dilution. The enthalpy of solution is most often expressed in kJ/mol at constant temperature. The energy change can be regarded as being made of three parts, the endothermic breaking of bonds within the solute and within the solvent, and the formation of attractions between the solute and the solvent. An ideal solution has a null enthalpy of mixing. For a non-ideal solution it is an",
"title": "Enthalpy change of solution"
},
{
"id": "5200280",
"text": "the critical temperature and critical pressure calculated in this manner. These are empirically derived values and vary with the pressure range of interest. The liquid–liquid critical point of a solution, which occurs at the \"critical solution temperature\", occurs at the limit of the two-phase region of the phase diagram. In other words, it is the point at which an infinitesimal change in some thermodynamic variable (such as temperature or pressure) will lead to separation of the mixture into two distinct liquid phases, as shown in the polymer–solvent phase diagram to the right. Two types of liquid–liquid critical points are the",
"title": "Critical point (thermodynamics)"
}
] | method of separating two liquids in a solution |
[
"precipitation"
] | [
{
"id": "1758968",
"text": "Africa. Out of all the water on Earth, saline water in oceans, seas and saline groundwater make up about 97% of it. Only 2.5–2.75% is fresh water, including 1.75–2% frozen in glaciers, ice and snow, 0.5–0.75% as fresh groundwater and soil moisture, and less than 0.01% of it as surface water in lakes, swamps and rivers. Freshwater lakes contain about 87% of this fresh surface water, including 29% in the African Great Lakes, 22% in Lake Baikal in Russia, 21% in the North American Great Lakes, and 14% in other lakes. Swamps have most of the balance with only a",
"title": "Fresh water"
},
{
"id": "1758963",
"text": "Fresh water Fresh water (or freshwater) is any naturally occurring water except seawater and brackish water. Fresh water includes water in ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers, icebergs, bogs, ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, and even underground water called groundwater. Fresh water is generally characterized by having low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. Though the term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water, it does include mineral-rich waters such as chalybeate springs. Fresh water is not the same as potable water (or drinking water). Much of the earth's fresh water (on the surface and groundwater) is unsuitable for drinking",
"title": "Fresh water"
},
{
"id": "8440976",
"text": "water is also very unevenly distributed. Although in warm periods such as the Mesozoic and Paleogene when there were no glaciers anywhere on the planet all fresh water was found in rivers and streams, today most fresh water exists in the form of ice, snow, groundwater and soil moisture, with only 0.3% in liquid form on the surface. Of the liquid surface fresh water, 87% is contained in lakes, 11% in swamps, and only 2% in rivers. Small quantities of water also exist in the atmosphere and in living beings. Of these sources, only river water is generally valuable. Most",
"title": "Water distribution on Earth"
},
{
"id": "1758965",
"text": "including ponds, lakes, swamps and mires ; lotic which are running-water systems; or groundwaters which flow in rocks and aquifers. There is, in addition, a zone which bridges between groundwater and lotic systems, which is the hyporheic zone, which underlies many larger rivers and can contain substantially more water than is seen in the open channel. It may also be in direct contact with the underlying underground water. The majority of fresh water on Earth is in ice caps. The source of almost all fresh water is precipitation from the atmosphere, in the form of mist, rain and snow. Fresh",
"title": "Fresh water"
},
{
"id": "11601329",
"text": "world's supply of clean, fresh water is under increasing demand for human activities. The world has an estimated 1.34 billion cubic kilometers of water, but 96.5% of it is salty. Almost 70% of fresh water can be found in the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland. Less than 1% of this water on Earth is accessible to humans, the rest is contained in soil moisture or deep underground. Accessible freshwater is located in lakes, rivers, reservoirs and shallow underground sources. Rainwater and snowfall do very little to replenish many underground sources. The amount of available freshwater supply in some regions",
"title": "Peak water"
},
{
"id": "12243070",
"text": "Water resources Water resources are natural resources of water that are potentially useful. Uses of water include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities. All living things require water to grow and reproduce. 97% of the water on the Earth is salt water and only three percent is fresh water; slightly over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. The remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as groundwater, with only a small fraction present above ground or in the air. Fresh water is a renewable resource, yet the world's supply of groundwater is steadily decreasing,",
"title": "Water resources"
},
{
"id": "1294137",
"text": "of this amount. Fresh water accounts for only 2.5%. Of this fresh water, 68.9% is in the form of ice and permanent snow cover in the Arctic, the Antarctic, and mountain glaciers. 30.8% is in the form of fresh groundwater. Only 0.3% of the fresh water on Earth is in easily accessible lakes, reservoirs and river systems. The total mass of the Earth's hydrosphere is about 1.4 × 10 tonnes, which is about 0.023% of Earth's total mass. About 20 × 10 tonnes of this is in Earth's atmosphere (for practical purposes, 1 cubic meter of water weighs one tonne).",
"title": "Hydrosphere"
},
{
"id": "12323862",
"text": "of Earth's water is frozen, found in the sea ice covering the Arctic Ocean, the ice cap covering Antarctica and its adjacent seas, and various glaciers and surface deposits around the world. The remainder (about 0.65% of the whole) form underground reservoirs or various stages of the water cycle, containing the freshwater encountered and used by most terrestrial life: vapor in the air, the clouds it slowly forms, the rain falling from them, and the lakes and rivers spontaneously formed as its waters flow again and again to the sea. The sea's dominance of the planet is such that the",
"title": "Sea"
},
{
"id": "1758969",
"text": "small amount in rivers, most notably the Amazon River. The atmosphere contains 0.04% water. In areas with no fresh water on the ground surface, fresh water derived from precipitation may, because of its lower density, overlie saline ground water in lenses or layers. Most of the world's fresh water is frozen in ice sheets. Many areas suffer from lack of distribution of fresh water, such as deserts. Water is a critical issue for the survival of all living organisms. Some can use salt water but many organisms including the great majority of higher plants and most mammals must have access",
"title": "Fresh water"
},
{
"id": "3473690",
"text": "water on Earth is fresh water, with the rest being salt water. 69% of fresh water is frozen in ice caps located on Antarctica and Greenland, so only 30% of the 2.5% of fresh water is available for consumption. Fresh water is an exceptionally important resource, since life on Earth is ultimately dependent on it. Water transports nutrients, minerals and chemicals within the biosphere to all forms of life, sustains both plants and animals, and moulds the surface of the Earth with transportation and deposition of materials. The current top three uses of fresh water account for 95% of its",
"title": "Environmental degradation"
},
{
"id": "8440980",
"text": "frequent and almost always not seriously considered when they were first developed. The total volume of water on Earth is estimated at 1.386 billion km³ (333 million cubic miles), with 97.5% being salt water and 2.5% being fresh water. Of the fresh water, only 0.3% is in liquid form on the surface. In addition, the lower mantle of inner earth may hold as much as 5 times more water than all surface water combined (all oceans, all lakes, all rivers). The total volume of water in rivers is estimated at 2,120 km³ (510 cubic miles), or 2% of the surface",
"title": "Water distribution on Earth"
},
{
"id": "8440972",
"text": "Water distribution on Earth Water is distributed across earth. Most water in the Earth's atmosphere and crust comes from the world ocean's saline seawater, while freshwater accounts for only 2.5% of the total. Because the oceans that cover roughly 78% of the area of the Earth reflect blue light, the Earth appears blue from space, and is often referred to as the \"blue planet\" and the \"Pale Blue Dot\". An estimated 1.5 to 11 times the amount of water in the oceans may be found hundreds of miles deep within the Earth's interior, although not in liquid form. The oceanic",
"title": "Water distribution on Earth"
},
{
"id": "12243116",
"text": "or some combination of the two. An increasing dimension to consider is the flexibility of the water supply system. Water resources Water resources are natural resources of water that are potentially useful. Uses of water include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities. All living things require water to grow and reproduce. 97% of the water on the Earth is salt water and only three percent is fresh water; slightly over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. The remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as groundwater, with only a small fraction present above ground",
"title": "Water resources"
},
{
"id": "8440977",
"text": "lakes are in very inhospitable regions such as the glacial lakes of Canada, Lake Baikal in Russia, Lake Khövsgöl in Mongolia, and the African Great Lakes. The North American Great Lakes, which contain 21% of the world's fresh water by volume, are the exception. They are located in a hospitable region, which is heavily populated. The Great Lakes Basin is home to 33 million people. The Canadian cities of Toronto, Hamilton, Ontario, St. Catharines, Niagara, Oshawa, Windsor, and Barrie, and the United States cities of Duluth, Milwaukee, Chicago, Gary, Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo, and Rochester, are all located on shores of",
"title": "Water distribution on Earth"
},
{
"id": "8440975",
"text": "a globally significant amount of water. \"Saline\" groundwater is seldom considered except when evaluating water quality in arid regions. The remainder of the Earth's water constitutes the planet's \"fresh water\" resource. Typically, fresh water is defined as water with a salinity of \"less than 1 percent that of the oceans\" - i.e. below around 0.35‰. Water with a salinity between this level and 1‰ is typically referred to as \"marginal water\" because it is marginal for many uses by humans and animals. The ratio of salt water to fresh water on Earth is around 40 to 1. The planet's fresh",
"title": "Water distribution on Earth"
},
{
"id": "8440981",
"text": "fresh water on Earth. Rivers and basins are often compared not according to their static volume, but to their flow of water, or surface runoff. The distribution of river runoff across the Earth's surface is very uneven. There can be huge variations within these regions. For example, as much as a quarter of Australia's limited renewable fresh water supply is found in almost uninhabited Cape York Peninsula. Also, even in well-watered continents, there are areas that are extremely short of water, such as Texas in North America, whose renewable water supply totals only 26 km³/year in an area of 695,622",
"title": "Water distribution on Earth"
},
{
"id": "8918449",
"text": "unfrozen freshwater is mainly found as groundwater, with only a small fraction present in the air, or on the ground surface. Surface water is stored in wetlands or lakes or flows in a stream or river, and is the most commonly utilized resource for water. In places, surface water can be stored in a reservoir behind a dam, and then used for municipal and industrial water supply, for irrigation and to generate power in the form of hydroelectricity. Sub-surface groundwater, although stored in the pore space of soil and rock; it is utilized most as water flowing within aquifers below",
"title": "Water politics"
},
{
"id": "1676577",
"text": "(subsidence) that cannot be renewed. 97.5% of the water on the Earth is salt water, and 3% is fresh water; slightly over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. The remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as groundwater, with only a small fraction (0.008%) present above ground or in the air. Water pollution is one of the main concerns regarding water resources. It is estimated that 22% of worldwide water is used in industry. Major industrial users include hydroelectric dams, thermoelectric power plants (which use water for cooling), ore and oil refineries (which use water",
"title": "Renewable resource"
},
{
"id": "1758964",
"text": "without some treatment. Fresh water can easily become polluted by human activities or due to naturally occurring processes, such as erosion. Water is critical to the survival of all living organisms. Some organisms can thrive on salt water, but the great majority of higher plants and most mammals need fresh water to live. Fresh water can be defined as water with less than 500 parts per million (ppm) of dissolved salts. Other sources give higher upper salinity limits for fresh water, e.g. 1000 ppm or 3000 ppm. Fresh water habitats are classified as either lentic systems, which are the still-waters",
"title": "Fresh water"
},
{
"id": "8918448",
"text": "levels required. This occurs for many varied reasons. It has resulted in conflict and often results in a reduced level or quantity of fresh water per capita consumption; this situation leads toward disease, and at times, to starvation and death. The source of virtually all freshwater is precipitation from the atmosphere, in the form of mist, rain and snow, as part of the water cycle over eons, millennia and in the present day. Freshwater constitutes only 3% of all water on Earth, and of that, slightly over two thirds is stored frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. The remaining",
"title": "Water politics"
},
{
"id": "1758978",
"text": "use. Table 1 Recommended basic water requirements for human needs (per person) Table 2. Water Requirements of different classes of livestock Table 3 Approximate values of seasonal crop water needs Fresh water Fresh water (or freshwater) is any naturally occurring water except seawater and brackish water. Fresh water includes water in ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers, icebergs, bogs, ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, and even underground water called groundwater. Fresh water is generally characterized by having low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. Though the term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water, it does include mineral-rich waters such",
"title": "Fresh water"
},
{
"id": "8440974",
"text": "in the oceans as a result of evaporation returning the fresh water to land as rain and snow. As a result, the vast bulk of the water on Earth is regarded as \"saline\" or \"salt water\", with an average salinity of 35‰ (or 3.5%, roughly equivalent to 34 grams of salts in 1 kg of seawater), though this varies slightly according to the amount of runoff received from surrounding land. In all, water from oceans and marginal seas, saline groundwater and water from saline closed lakes amount to over 97% of the water on Earth, though no closed lake stores",
"title": "Water distribution on Earth"
},
{
"id": "1758972",
"text": "nasal gland and they sneeze out a very salty excretion. Freshwater molluscs include freshwater snails and freshwater bivalves. Freshwater crustaceans include freshwater crabs and crayfish. Fresh water is a renewable and variable, but finite natural resource. Fresh water can only be replenished through the process of the water cycle,in which water from seas, lakes, forests, land, rivers, and reservoirs evaporates, forms clouds, and returns as precipitation. Locally however, if more fresh water is consumed through human activities than is naturally restored, this may result in reduced fresh water availability from surface and underground sources and can cause serious damage to",
"title": "Fresh water"
},
{
"id": "111090",
"text": "of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean with a depth of . The mass of the oceans is approximately 1.35 metric tons or about 1/4400 of Earth's total mass. The oceans cover an area of with a mean depth of , resulting in an estimated volume of . If all of Earth's crustal surface were at the same elevation as a smooth sphere, the depth of the resulting world ocean would be . About 97.5% of the water is saline; the remaining 2.5% is fresh water. Most fresh water, about 68.7%, is present as ice in ice caps and",
"title": "Earth"
},
{
"id": "8440989",
"text": "based on tests on a sample of ringwoodite. Further evidence for large quantities of water in the mantle was found in observations of melting in the transition zone from the USArray project. Liquid water is not present within the ringwoodite, rather the components of water (hydrogen and oxygen) are held within as hydroxide ions. Water distribution on Earth Water is distributed across earth. Most water in the Earth's atmosphere and crust comes from the world ocean's saline seawater, while freshwater accounts for only 2.5% of the total. Because the oceans that cover roughly 78% of the area of the Earth",
"title": "Water distribution on Earth"
},
{
"id": "1908152",
"text": "the extent, depth and thickness of water-bearing sediments and rocks. Before an investment is made in production wells, test wells may be drilled to measure the depths at which water is encountered and collect samples of soils, rock and water for laboratory analyses. Pumping tests can be performed in test wells to determine flow characteristics of the aquifer. Groundwater makes up about twenty percent of the world's fresh water supply, which is about 0.61% of the entire world's water, including oceans and permanent ice. Global groundwater storage is roughly equal to the total amount of freshwater stored in the snow",
"title": "Groundwater"
},
{
"id": "1758973",
"text": "surrounding and associated environments. Fresh and unpolluted water accounts for 0.003% of total water available globally. The increase in the world population and the increase in per capita water use puts increasing strains on the finite resources availability of clean fresh water. The World Bank adds that the response by freshwater ecosystems to a changing climate can be described in terms of three interrelated components: water quality, water quantity or volume, and water timing. A change in one often leads to shifts in the others as well. Water pollution and subsequent eutrophication also reduces the availability of fresh water. Many",
"title": "Fresh water"
},
{
"id": "12370061",
"text": "precipitation falling on land each year (about ), is used by rain-fed agriculture and about half is subject to evaporation and transpiration in forests and other natural or quasi-natural landscapes. The remainder, which goes to groundwater replenishment and surface runoff, is sometimes called “total actual renewable freshwater resources”. Its magnitude was in 2012 estimated at /year. It represents water that can be used either in-stream or after withdrawal from surface and groundwater sources. Of this remainder, about were withdrawn in 2007, of which , or 69 percent, were used by agriculture, and , or 19 percent, by other industry. Most",
"title": "Water footprint"
},
{
"id": "12323861",
"text": "a freshwater lake. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea states that all of the ocean is \"sea\". Earth is the only known planet with seas of liquid water on its surface, although Mars possesses ice caps and similar planets in other solar systems may have oceans. It is still unclear where Earth's water came from, but, seen from space, our planet appears as a \"blue marble\" of its various forms: oceans, ice caps, clouds. Earth's of sea contain about 97.2 percent of its known water and cover more than 70 percent of its surface. Another 2.15%",
"title": "Sea"
},
{
"id": "17447789",
"text": "flows making it to estuarine ecosystems. Since the 1960s dewatering, or removal of water from streams and rivers, has doubled and around 60% of the Earth’s runoff is captured. The removal of freshwater from rivers and streams for anthropogenic use before it reaches the coast is having a negative impact on many estuaries. Half of the world’s major cities are within 50 km of the coast, and coastal populations are 2.6 times denser than those further inland. Technological advances in the collection of freshwater is continually improving, further straining available freshwater resources. As the human population grows and the strain",
"title": "Freshwater inflow"
},
{
"id": "8440978",
"text": "the Great Lakes. Although the total volume of groundwater is known to be much greater than that of river runoff, a large proportion of this groundwater is saline and should therefore be classified with the saline water above. There is also a lot of \"fossil\" groundwater in arid regions that has never been renewed for thousands of years; this must not be seen as renewable water. However, fresh groundwater is of great value, especially in arid countries such as India. Its distribution is broadly similar to that of surface river water, but it is easier to store in hot and",
"title": "Water distribution on Earth"
},
{
"id": "11474395",
"text": "freshwater such as groundwater and glaciers have become more developed sources of freshwater, becoming the main source of clean water. Groundwater is water that has pooled below the surface of the Earth and can provide a usable quantity of water through springs or wells. These areas where groundwater is collected are also known as aquifers. Glaciers provide freshwater in the form meltwater, or freshwater melted from snow or ice, that supply streams or springs as temperatures rise. More and more of these sources are being drawn upon as conventional sources' usability decreases due to factors such as pollution or disappearance",
"title": "Water scarcity"
},
{
"id": "1366328",
"text": "wetland degradation and loss include: Water is an essential resource needed to survive everyday life. In fact, we would only be able to last around a week without consuming any water. Even historically, water has had a profound influence on a nation and people's prosperity and success around the world. As of right now, groundwater is considered to be a non-renewable resource and it actually serves as ninety-eight percent of all the earth's available fresh water. Groundwater is known to be used to supply things such as wells and aquifers for private, agricultural, and public use. Of all the groundwater",
"title": "Resource depletion"
},
{
"id": "5224799",
"text": "Aquatic ecosystem An aquatic ecosystem is an ecosystem in a body of water. Communities of organisms that are dependent on each other and on their environment live in aquatic ecosystems. The two main types of aquatic ecosystems are marine ecosystems and freshwater ecosystems. Marine ecosystems, the largest of all ecosystems, cover approximately 71% of the Earth's surface and contain approximately 97% of the planet's water. They generate 32% of the world's net primary production. They are distinguished from freshwater ecosystems by the presence of dissolved compounds, especially salts, in the water. Approximately 85% of the dissolved materials in seawater are",
"title": "Aquatic ecosystem"
},
{
"id": "12198364",
"text": "dimming, the decrease is estimated to have been about 4% between 1960 and 1990 although the trend has subsequently reversed. Global dimming may have disturbed the global water cycle by reducing evaporation and rainfall in some areas. It also creates a cooling effect and this may have partially masked the effect of greenhouse gases on global warming. Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface. Of this, 97.5% is the salty water of the oceans and only 2.5% freshwater, most of which is locked up in the Antarctic ice sheet. The remaining freshwater is found in glaciers, lakes, rivers, wetlands, the",
"title": "Sustainability"
},
{
"id": "98008",
"text": "\"drink\". The term \"drink\" is theoretically neutral, but often is used in a way that suggests alcoholic content. Drinks such as soda pop, sparkling water, iced tea, lemonade, root beer, fruit punch, milk, hot chocolate, tea, coffee, milkshakes, and tap water and energy drinks are all soft drinks. Water is the world's most consumed drink, however, 97% of water on Earth is non-drinkable salt water. Fresh water is found in rivers, lakes, wetlands, groundwater, and frozen glaciers. Less than 1% of the Earth's fresh water supplies are accessible through surface water and underground sources which are cost effective to retrieve.",
"title": "Drink"
},
{
"id": "12323996",
"text": "about 0.023% of Earth's total mass. Less than 3% is freshwater; the rest is saltwater, almost all of which is in the ocean. The area of the World Ocean is about 361.9 million square kilometers (139.7 million square miles), which covers about 70.9% of Earth's surface, and its volume is approximately 1.335 billion cubic kilometers (320.3 million cubic miles). This can be thought of as a cube of water with an edge length of . Its average depth is about , and its maximum depth is at the Mariana Trench. Nearly half of the world's marine waters are over deep.",
"title": "Ocean"
},
{
"id": "5328258",
"text": "an area of with a mean depth of , resulting in an estimated volume of . If all of Earth's crustal surface was at the same elevation as a smooth sphere, the depth of the resulting world ocean would be 2.7 to 2.8 km. About 97.5% of the water is saline; the remaining 2.5% is fresh water. Most fresh water, about 68.7%, is present as ice in ice caps and glaciers. The average salinity of Earth's oceans is about 35 grams of salt per kilogram of sea water (3.5% salt). Most of the salt in the ocean comes from the",
"title": "Marine life"
},
{
"id": "11474384",
"text": "entire water cycle: from source to distribution, economic use, treatment, recycling, reuse and return to the environment. The total amount of easily accessible freshwater on Earth, in the form of surface water (rivers and lakes) or groundwater (in aquifers, for example), is 14.000 cubic kilometres (nearly 3359 cubic miles). Of this total amount, 'just' 5.000 cubic kilometres are being used and reused by humanity. Hence, in theory, there is more than enough freshwater available to meet the demands of the current world population of 7 billion people, and even support population growth to 9 billion or more. Due to the",
"title": "Water scarcity"
},
{
"id": "1626566",
"text": "caps and glaciers, which can store frozen water for thousands of years. Most water falls back into the oceans or onto land as rain, where the water flows over the ground as surface runoff. A portion of runoff enters rivers in valleys in the landscape, with streamflow moving water towards the oceans. Runoff and water emerging from the ground (groundwater) may be stored as freshwater in lakes. Not all runoff flows into rivers, much of it soaks into the ground as infiltration. Some water infiltrates deep into the ground and replenishes aquifers, which can store freshwater for long periods of",
"title": "Water cycle"
},
{
"id": "1758966",
"text": "water falling as mist, rain or snow contains materials dissolved from the atmosphere and material from the sea and land over which the rain bearing clouds have traveled. In industrialized areas rain is typically acidic because of dissolved oxides of sulfur and nitrogen formed from burning of fossil fuels in cars, factories, trains and aircraft and from the atmospheric emissions of industry. In some cases this acid rain results in pollution of lakes and rivers. In coastal areas fresh water may contain significant concentrations of salts derived from the sea if windy conditions have lifted drops of seawater into the",
"title": "Fresh water"
},
{
"id": "5845220",
"text": "up in ice caps and glaciers. Of the remaining one percent, a fifth is in remote, inaccessible areas and much seasonal rainfall in monsoonal deluges and floods cannot easily be used. As time advances, water is becoming scarcer and having access to clean, safe, drinking water is limited among countries. At present only about 0.08 percent of all the world’s fresh water is exploited by mankind in ever increasing demand for sanitation, drinking, manufacturing, leisure and agriculture. Due to the small percentage of water remaining, optimizing the fresh water we have left from natural resources has been a continuous difficulty",
"title": "Water resource management"
},
{
"id": "151961",
"text": "by total volume, containing 21% of the world's surface fresh water by volume. The total surface is , and the total volume (measured at the low water datum) is , slightly less than the volume of Lake Baikal (, 22–23% of the world's surface fresh water). Due to their sea-like characteristics (rolling waves, sustained winds, strong currents, great depths, and distant horizons) the five Great Lakes have also long been referred to as \"inland seas\". Not counting Lake Michigan-Huron, Lake Superior is the second largest lake in the world by area, and the largest freshwater lake by area. Lake Michigan",
"title": "Great Lakes"
},
{
"id": "582711",
"text": "or lakes and internal dynamics. The latter results from gravity-driven creep flow (\"glacial flow\") within the ice body and sliding on the underlying land, which leads to thinning and horizontal spreading. Any imbalance of this dynamic equilibrium between mass gain, loss and transport due to flow results in either growing or shrinking ice bodies. Ice sheets are the greatest potential source of global freshwater, holding approximately 77% of the global total. This corresponds to 80 m of world sea-level equivalent, with Antarctica accounting for 90% of this. Greenland accounts for most of the remaining 10%, with other ice bodies and",
"title": "Cryosphere"
},
{
"id": "158320",
"text": "of . Greenland and Patagonia also have huge expanses of continental glaciers. Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of fresh water on Earth. Many glaciers from temperate, alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt, creating a water source that is especially important for plants, animals and human uses when other sources may be scant. Within high-altitude and Antarctic environments, the seasonal temperature difference is often not sufficient to release meltwater. Since glacial mass is affected by",
"title": "Glacier"
},
{
"id": "289894",
"text": "in oceans and other large bodies of water, with 1.6% of water below ground in aquifers and 0.001% in the air as vapor, clouds, and precipitation. Oceans hold 97% of surface water, glaciers, and polar ice caps 2.4%, and other land surface water such as rivers, lakes, and ponds 0.6%. Additionally, a minute amount of the Earth's water is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products. An ocean is a major body of saline water, and a principal component of the hydrosphere. Approximately 71% of the Earth's surface (an area of some 361 million square kilometers) is covered by ocean,",
"title": "Nature"
},
{
"id": "11474380",
"text": "in the world face severe water scarcity all year round. Half of the world’s largest cities experience water scarcity. A mere 0.014% of all water on Earth is both fresh and easily accessible. Of the remaining water, 97% is saline and a little less than 3% is hard to access. Technically, there is a sufficient amount of freshwater on a global scale. However, due to unequal distribution (exacerbated by climate change) resulting in some very wet and some very dry geographic locations, plus a sharp rise in global freshwater demand in recent decades driven by industry, humanity is facing a",
"title": "Water scarcity"
},
{
"id": "16764",
"text": "in the world. In an average dry season, of land are water-covered, while in the wet season, the flooded area of the Amazon basin rises to . The quantity of water released by the Amazon to the Atlantic Ocean is enormous: up to in the rainy season, with an average of from 1973 to 1990. The Amazon is responsible for about 20% of the Earth's fresh water entering the ocean. The river pushes a vast plume of fresh water into the ocean. The plume is about long and between wide. The fresh water, being lighter, flows on top of the",
"title": "Amazon River"
},
{
"id": "196594",
"text": "typical conditions related to winter sports and tires of a vehicle on ice, melting of a thin ice layer due to the frictional heating is the primary reason for the slipperiness. The term that collectively describes all of the parts of the Earth's surface where water is in frozen form is the \"cryosphere.\" Ice is an important component of the global climate, particularly in regard to the water cycle. Glaciers and snowpacks are an important storage mechanism for fresh water; over time, they may sublimate or melt. Snowmelt is an important source of seasonal fresh water. The World Meteorological Organization",
"title": "Ice"
},
{
"id": "1294141",
"text": "land surface (119,000 - 74,200 = 44,800 km/year) represents the total runoff of the Earth's rivers (42,700 km/year) and direct groundwater runoff to the ocean (2100 km/year). These are the principal sources of fresh water to support life necessities and man's economic activities.\" Water is a basic necessity of life. Since 2/3 of the Earth is covered by water, the Earth is also called the blue planet and the watery planet. Hydrosphere plays an important role in the existence of the atmosphere in its present form. Oceans are important in this regard. When the Earth was formed it had only",
"title": "Hydrosphere"
},
{
"id": "1619578",
"text": "(salt) replacement. Water intoxication (which results in hyponatremia), the process of consuming too much water too quickly, can be fatal. Water covers some 70% of the Earth's surface. Approximately 97.2% of it is saline, just 2.8% fresh. Potable water is available in almost all populated areas of the Earth, although it may be expensive and the supply may not always be sustainable. Sources where water may be obtained include: Springs are often used as sources for bottled waters. Tap water, delivered by domestic water systems refers to water piped to homes and delivered to a tap or spigot. For these",
"title": "Drinking water"
},
{
"id": "3347849",
"text": "Freshwater ecosystem Freshwater ecosystems are a subset of Earth's aquatic ecosystems. They include lakes and ponds, rivers, streams, springs,Bogs, and wetlands. They can be contrasted with marine ecosystems, which have a larger salt content. Freshwater habitats can be classified by different factors, including temperature, light penetration, nutrients, and vegetation. Freshwater ecosystems can be divided into lentic ecosystems (still water) and lotic ecosystems (flowing water). Limnology (and its branch freshwater biology) is a study about freshwater ecosystems. It is a part of hydrobiology. Original attempts to understand and monitor freshwater ecosystems were spurred on by threats to human health (ex. Cholera",
"title": "Freshwater ecosystem"
},
{
"id": "14945969",
"text": "also act as a convenient dumping ground for human waste. Remedial strategies include: more careful waste management, statutory control of overfishing by adoption of sustainable fishing practices and the use of environmentally sensitive and sustainable aquaculture and fish farming, reduction of fossil fuel emissions and restoration of coastal and other marine habitat. Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface. Of this, 97.5% is the salty water of the oceans and only 2.5% freshwater, most of which is locked up in the Antarctic ice sheet. The remaining freshwater is found in lakes, rivers, wetlands, the soil, aquifers and atmosphere. All life",
"title": "Sustainability and environmental management"
},
{
"id": "16506896",
"text": "logically, accessing local surface water requires far less energy than pumping groundwater, reclaiming wastewater or desalinating seawater. Irrigation is more energy intensive than rain-fed agriculture, and drip irrigation is more intensive yet since the water must be pressurized. Food production is by far the largest consumer of global fresh water supplies. Globally, agriculture is responsible for an average of 70% of fresh water consumption by humans; in some countries that figure jumps to 80%-90%. Agriculture is therefore also responsible for much of fresh water over-exploitation. Food production further impacts the water sector through land degradation, changes in runoff, disruption of",
"title": "Water, energy and food security nexus"
},
{
"id": "2767266",
"text": "African Great Lakes The African Great Lakes () are a series of lakes constituting the part of the Rift Valley lakes in and around the East African Rift. They include Lake Victoria, the third-largest fresh water lake in the world by area, and Lake Tanganyika, the world's second-largest freshwater lake by volume and depth. Collectively, they contain 31,000 km (7400 cu mi) of water, which is more than either Lake Baikal or the North American Great Lakes. This total constitutes about 25% of the planet's unfrozen surface fresh water. The large rift lakes of Africa are the ancient home of",
"title": "African Great Lakes"
},
{
"id": "12931671",
"text": "between competing users is increasingly determined by application of market-based pricing for either water licenses or actual water. Water, in absolute terms, is not in short supply planet-wide. But, according to the United Nations water organization, UN-Water, the total usable freshwater supply for ecosystems and humans is only about 200,000 km of water – less than one percent (<1%) of all freshwater resources. Usable fresh water includes water not contaminated or degraded by water-altering chemicals, such as sewage or any other harmful chemicals from continuous previous use. In the 20th century, water use has been growing at more than twice",
"title": "Water security"
},
{
"id": "7964530",
"text": "Marine ecosystem Marine ecosystems are among the largest of Earth's aquatic ecosystems and are distinguished by waters that have a high salt content. These systems contrast with freshwater ecosystems, which have a lower salt content. Marine waters cover more than 70% of the surface of the Earth and account for more than 97% of Earth's water supply and 90% of habitable space on Earth. Marine ecosystems include nearshore systems, such as the salt marshes, mudflats, seagrass meadows, mangroves, rocky intertidal systems and coral reefs. They also extend outwards from the coast to include offshore systems, such as the surface ocean,",
"title": "Marine ecosystem"
},
{
"id": "5845219",
"text": "Water resource management Water resource management is the activity of planning, developing, distributing and managing the optimum use of water resources. It is a sub-set of water cycle management. Ideally, water resource management planning has regard to all the competing demands for water and seeks to allocate water on an equitable basis to satisfy all uses and demands. As with other resource management, this is rarely possible in practice. Water is an essential resource for all life on the planet. Of the water resources on Earth only three percent of it is fresh and two-thirds of the freshwater is locked",
"title": "Water resource management"
},
{
"id": "664696",
"text": "Great Artesian Basin The Great Artesian Basin (GAB), located in Australia, is the largest and deepest artesian basin in the world, stretching over , with measured water temperatures ranging from . The basin provides the only source of fresh water through much of inland Australia. The Basin underlies 22% of the continent, including the states and territories of Queensland (most of), the Northern Territory (the south-east corner of), South Australia (the north-east part of), and New South Wales (northern part of). The basin is deep in places and is estimated to contain of groundwater. The Great Artesian Basin Coordinating Committee",
"title": "Great Artesian Basin"
},
{
"id": "111061",
"text": "the Moon causes ocean tides, stabilizes Earth's orientation on its axis, and gradually slows its rotation. Earth is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four terrestrial planets. Earth's lithosphere is divided into several rigid tectonic plates that migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years. About 71% of Earth's surface is covered with water, mostly by oceans. The remaining 29% is land consisting of continents and islands that together have many lakes, rivers and other sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere. The majority of Earth's polar regions are covered",
"title": "Earth"
},
{
"id": "11601331",
"text": "future. Agriculture represents 70% of freshwater use worldwide. Agriculture, industrialization and urbanization all serve to increase water consumption. The highest total annual consumption of water comes from India, China and the United States, countries with large populations, extensive agricultural irrigation, and demand for food. See the following table: India has 20 percent of the Earth's population, but only four percent of its water. Water tables are dropping rapidly in some of India's main agricultural areas. The Indus and Ganges rivers are tapped so heavily that, except in rare wet years, they no longer reach the sea. India has the largest",
"title": "Peak water"
},
{
"id": "462203",
"text": "suspended in air), and precipitation (0.001%). Water plays an important role in the world economy. Approximately 70% of the freshwater used by humans goes to agriculture. Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies is a major source of food for many parts of the world. Much of long-distance trade of commodities (such as oil and natural gas) and manufactured products is transported by boats through seas, rivers, lakes, and canals. Large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and heating, in industry and homes. Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of chemical substances; as",
"title": "Water"
},
{
"id": "462223",
"text": "important, since clean, fresh water is essential to human and other land-based life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply. Sea water contains about 3.5% sodium chloride on average, plus smaller amounts of other substances. The physical properties of sea water differ from fresh water in some important respects. It freezes at a lower temperature (about ) and its density increases with decreasing temperature to the freezing point, instead of reaching maximum density at a temperature above freezing. The salinity of water in major seas varies from about 0.7% in the Baltic Sea to 4.0% in",
"title": "Water"
},
{
"id": "17447788",
"text": "seatrout, and many others for some point of the species’ life cycle. Marine habitats, such as those found in estuarine ecosystems, are valued at providing an estimated US14$ trillion worth of ecosystem goods and services annually, or 43% of the global total. Some economically important estuarine habitats include tidal flats, salt marshes, sea grass beds, oyster reefs, and mangroves. This is why estuaries are important to protect and conserve. Global changes caused largely by anthropogenic influences, or human impacts, are altering the amount of freshwater inflows to estuaries. Humans are diverting water from rivers and streams, decreasing the amount of",
"title": "Freshwater inflow"
},
{
"id": "7964537",
"text": "ecosystem services. Marine ecosystem Marine ecosystems are among the largest of Earth's aquatic ecosystems and are distinguished by waters that have a high salt content. These systems contrast with freshwater ecosystems, which have a lower salt content. Marine waters cover more than 70% of the surface of the Earth and account for more than 97% of Earth's water supply and 90% of habitable space on Earth. Marine ecosystems include nearshore systems, such as the salt marshes, mudflats, seagrass meadows, mangroves, rocky intertidal systems and coral reefs. They also extend outwards from the coast to include offshore systems, such as the",
"title": "Marine ecosystem"
},
{
"id": "12324073",
"text": "the following five characteristics: With the exception of the seawater intrusion criterion, the others have been accepted or elaborated upon by other hydrology publications. The majority of lakes on Earth are freshwater, and most lie in the Northern Hemisphere at higher latitudes. Canada, with a deranged drainage system has an estimated 31,752 lakes larger than and an unknown total number of lakes, but is estimated to be at least 2 million. Finland has 187,888 lakes or larger, of which 56,000 are large ( or larger). Most lakes have at least one natural outflow in the form of a river or",
"title": "Lake"
},
{
"id": "151974",
"text": "been set in 1964. By April 2015 the water level had recovered to 7 inches (17.5 cm) more than the \"long term monthly average\". The Great Lakes contain 21% of the world's surface fresh water: , or 6.0×10 U.S. gallons, that is 6 quadrillion U.S gallons, (2.3×10 liters). This is enough water to cover the 48 contiguous U.S. states to a uniform depth of . Although the lakes contain a large percentage of the world's fresh water, the Great Lakes supply only a small portion of U.S. drinking water on a national basis. The total surface area of the lakes",
"title": "Great Lakes"
},
{
"id": "11474407",
"text": "but still experience various water related problems. It can be observed that tropical countries in Asia and Africa have low availability of freshwater resources. The following table displays the average annual renewable freshwater supply by country including both surface-water and groundwater supplies. This table represents data from the UN FAO AQUASTAT, much of which are produced by modeling or estimation as opposed to actual measurements. The United Nations (UN) estimates that, of 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (1 quadrillion acre-feet) of water on Earth, just 200,000 cubic kilometers (162.1 billion acre-feet) represent fresh water available for human consumption. More than one",
"title": "Water scarcity"
},
{
"id": "7496102",
"text": "only expected to worsen as the population increases. Potential problems with dependence on desalination are reviewed below, however, the majority of the world's freshwater supply is contained in the polar icecaps, and underground river systems accessible through springs and wells. Fresh water can be obtained from salt water by desalination. For example, Malta derives two thirds of its freshwater by desalination. A number of nuclear powered desalination plants exist; however, the high costs of desalination, especially for poor countries, make impractical the transport of large amounts of desalinated seawater to interiors of large countries. The cost of desalination varies; Israel",
"title": "Human overpopulation"
},
{
"id": "462202",
"text": "fog. Clouds are formed from suspended droplets of water and ice, its solid state. When finely divided, crystalline ice may precipitate in the form of snow. The gaseous state of water is steam or water vapor. Water moves continually through the water cycle of evaporation, transpiration (evapotranspiration), condensation, precipitation, and runoff, usually reaching the sea. Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface, mostly in seas and oceans. Small portions of water occur as groundwater (1.7%), in the glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland (1.7%), and in the air as vapor, clouds (formed of ice and liquid water",
"title": "Water"
},
{
"id": "12370090",
"text": "billion cu.m of freshwater withdrawn in that year can be compared with the nation’s annual freshwater yield (estimated as streamflow) of 3,472 billion cu.m. Sectoral distribution is different in many respects in the US, where agriculture accounts for about 39% of fresh water withdrawals, thermoelectric power generation 38%, industrial 4%, residential 1%, and mining (including oil and gas) 1%. Within the agricultural sector, withdrawn water use is for irrigation and for livestock. Whereas all irrigation in the US (including loss in conveyance of irrigation water) is estimated to account for about 38 percent of US withdrawn freshwater use, the irrigation",
"title": "Water footprint"
},
{
"id": "12243075",
"text": "water to be \"lost\" (i.e. become unusable) through pollution. Brazil is estimated to have the largest supply of fresh water in the world, followed by Russia and Canada. Throughout the course of a river, the total volume of water transported downstream will often be a combination of the visible free water flow together with a substantial contribution flowing through rocks and sediments that underlie the river and its floodplain called the hyporheic zone. For many rivers in large valleys, this unseen component of flow may greatly exceed the visible flow. The hyporheic zone often forms a dynamic interface between surface",
"title": "Water resources"
},
{
"id": "8204739",
"text": "open lakes are usually fresh water: dissolved solids do not accumulate. Open lakes form in areas where precipitation is greater than evaporation. Because most of the world's water is found in areas of highly effective rainfall, most lakes are open lakes whose water eventually reaches the sea. For instance, the Great Lakes' water flows into the St. Lawrence River and eventually the Atlantic Ocean. Open lakes typically have stable levels which do not fluctuate because input is always matched by outflow to rivers downstream. If more water enters an open lake than was previously leaving it, then more water will",
"title": "Open and closed lakes"
},
{
"id": "12370062",
"text": "agricultural use of withdrawn water is for irrigation, which uses about 5.1 percent of total actual renewable freshwater resources. World water use has been growing rapidly in the last hundred years (see graph from \"New Scientist\" article). The \"blue water footprint\" is the volume of water that has been sourced from surface or groundwater resources (lakes, rivers, wetlands and aquifers) and has either evaporated (for example while irrigating crops), incorporated into a product or taken from one body of water and returned to another, or returned at a different time. Irrigated agriculture, industry and domestic water use can each have",
"title": "Water footprint"
},
{
"id": "560025",
"text": "oceans. A map of Freshwater Ecoregions of the World, released in 2008, has 426 ecoregions covering virtually the entire non-marine surface of the earth. World Wildlife Fund (WWF) identifies twelve major habitat types of freshwater ecoregions: Large lakes, large river deltas, polar freshwaters, montane freshwaters, temperate coastal rivers, temperate floodplain rivers and wetlands, temperate upland rivers, tropical and subtropical coastal rivers, tropical and subtropical floodplain rivers and wetlands, tropical and subtropical upland rivers, xeric freshwaters and endorheic basins, and oceanic islands. The freshwater major habitat types reflect groupings of ecoregions with similar biological, chemical, and physical characteristics and are roughly",
"title": "Ecoregion"
},
{
"id": "19484988",
"text": "reef. Once they believed they had located the reef they dredged the bottom to confirm that this was its location. The process of finding the reef took about three years before an official announcement was made about its discovery. The Amazon River is home to about 20 percent of the world's fresh water supply, placing the Amazon Reef at the mouth of the largest river in the world, where every day one fifth of the world's water flows into the ocean from the Amazon River. Because of this, the Amazon Reef is less biologically diverse compared to other reefs of",
"title": "Amazon Reef"
},
{
"id": "1758970",
"text": "to fresh water to live. Some terrestrial mammals, especially desert rodents appear to survive without drinking but they do generate water through the metabolism of cereal seeds and they also have mechanisms to conserve water to the maximum degree. Fresh water creates a hypotonic environment for aquatic organisms. This is problematic for some organisms with pervious skins or with gill membranes, whose cell membranes may burst if excess water is not excreted. Some protists accomplish this using contractile vacuoles, while freshwater fish excrete excess water via the kidney. Although most aquatic organisms have a limited ability to regulate their osmotic",
"title": "Fresh water"
},
{
"id": "3347854",
"text": "by using preserved indicators such as diatom valves, macrophyte pollen, insect chitin and fish scales can be used to determine conditions prior to large scale human disturbance. These temporal reference conditions are often easier to reconstruct in standing water than moving water because stable sediments can better preserve biological indicator materials. Freshwater ecosystem Freshwater ecosystems are a subset of Earth's aquatic ecosystems. They include lakes and ponds, rivers, streams, springs,Bogs, and wetlands. They can be contrasted with marine ecosystems, which have a larger salt content. Freshwater habitats can be classified by different factors, including temperature, light penetration, nutrients, and vegetation.",
"title": "Freshwater ecosystem"
},
{
"id": "1758976",
"text": "Magdalena, Argentina, on 15 January 1999, polluting the environment, drinkable water, plants and animals. Chemical contamination of fresh water can also seriously damage eco-systems. Water used for agriculture is called \"agricultural water\" or \"farm water.\" Changing landscape for the use of agriculture has a great effect on the flow of fresh water. Changes in landscape by the removal of trees and soils changes the flow of fresh water in the local environment and also affects the cycle of fresh water. As a result, more fresh water is stored in the soil which benefits agriculture. However, since agriculture is the human",
"title": "Fresh water"
},
{
"id": "14155199",
"text": "cities. Global warming may also cause changes in the precipitation pattern globally, including wetter conditions at high latitudes and in some wet tropical areas, and drier conditions in parts of the subtropics and middle latitudes. Precipitation is a major component of the water cycle, and is responsible for depositing most of the fresh water on the planet. Approximately of water falls as precipitation each year; of it over the oceans. Given the Earth's surface area, that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is . Climate classification systems such as the Köppen climate classification system use average annual rainfall to help",
"title": "Earth rainfall climatology"
},
{
"id": "2886331",
"text": "several 'separate' oceans, these waters comprise one global, interconnected body of salt water often referred to as the World Ocean or global ocean. The deep seabeds are more than half the Earth's surface, and are among the least-modified natural environments. The major oceanic divisions are defined in part by the continents, various archipelagos, and other criteria: these divisions are (in descending order of size) the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean and the Arctic Ocean. A river is a natural watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing toward an ocean, a lake, a sea or another river. A",
"title": "Natural environment"
},
{
"id": "111089",
"text": "and subject to soil formation processes. The total arable land is 10.9% of the land surface, with 1.3% being permanent cropland. Close to 40% of Earth's land surface is used for agriculture, or an estimated of cropland and of pastureland. The abundance of water on Earth's surface is a unique feature that distinguishes the \"Blue Planet\" from other planets in the Solar System. Earth's hydrosphere consists chiefly of the oceans, but technically includes all water surfaces in the world, including inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground waters down to a depth of . The deepest underwater location is Challenger Deep",
"title": "Earth"
},
{
"id": "582075",
"text": "do not necessarily contain fresh water. The Earth's crust can be divided into two regions: the \"saturated zone\" or \"phreatic zone\" (e.g., aquifers, aquitards, etc.), where all available spaces are filled with water, and the \"unsaturated zone\" (also called the vadose zone), where there are still pockets of air that contain some water, but can be filled with more water. Saturated means the pressure head of the water is greater than atmospheric pressure (it has a gauge pressure > 0). The definition of the water table is the surface where the pressure head is equal to atmospheric pressure (where gauge",
"title": "Aquifer"
},
{
"id": "17447784",
"text": "Freshwater inflow Environmental flows can be broken down into instream flow, freshwater inflow, and outflow, as shown in the depiction below. Instream flow is the freshwater water flowing in rivers or streams. Freshwater inflow is the freshwater that flows into an estuary. Outflow is the flow from an estuary to the ocean. This article's focus is upon freshwater inflow. Freshwater inflow: Freshwater flows into an estuary and mixes with the marine water of the estuarine ecosystem. The mixing of freshwater inflow and the marine water of the estuarine ecosystem occurs spatially and temporally from climatic influences including tidal action, seasonal",
"title": "Freshwater inflow"
},
{
"id": "14945970",
"text": "depends on the solar-powered global water cycle, the evaporation from oceans and land to form water vapour that later condenses from clouds as rain, which then becomes the renewable part of the freshwater supply. Awareness of the global importance of preserving water for ecosystem services has only recently emerged as, during the 20th century, more than half the world’s wetlands have been lost along with their valuable environmental services. Biodiversity-rich freshwater ecosystems are currently declining faster than marine or land ecosystems making them the world's most vulnerable habitats. Increasing urbanization pollutes clean water supplies and much of the world still",
"title": "Sustainability and environmental management"
},
{
"id": "20923360",
"text": "is the world's largest example of an artesian basin and associated artesian springs. GAB artesian springs are the primary sources of permanent fresh water within the arid zone since at least the late Pleistocene (the last 1.8 million years) and are therefore a unique feature of the arid Australian landscape. As the primary natural source of permanent fresh water in most of the arid zone, GAB artesian springs represent vital habitat for more widespread terrestrial vertebrates, and invertebrates with aquatic larvae. Elizabeth Springs is one of a suite of important artesian discharge GAB Springs that are outstanding examples of the",
"title": "Elizabeth Springs"
},
{
"id": "1758975",
"text": "the survival of all ecosystems. The use of water by humans for activities such as irrigation and industrial applications can have adverse impacts on down-stream ecosystems. Fresh water withdrawal is the quantity of water removed from available sources for use in any purpose, excluding evaporation losses. Water drawn off is not necessarily entirely consumed and some portion may be returned for further use downstream. Pollution from human activity, including oil spills and also presents a problem for freshwater resources. The largest petroleum spill that has ever occurred in fresh water was caused by a Royal Dutch Shell tank ship in",
"title": "Fresh water"
},
{
"id": "4068122",
"text": "Antarctic ice sheet The Antarctic ice sheet is one of the two polar ice caps of the Earth. It covers about 98% of the Antarctic continent and is the largest single mass of ice on Earth. It covers an area of almost and contains of ice. A cubic kilometer of ice weighs approximately one metric gigaton, meaning that the ice sheet weighs 26,500,000 gigatons. Approximately 61 percent of all fresh water on the Earth is held in the Antarctic ice sheet, an amount equivalent to about 58 m of sea-level rise. In East Antarctica, the ice sheet rests on a",
"title": "Antarctic ice sheet"
},
{
"id": "1980804",
"text": "leeward side of mountains, desert climates can exist due to the dry air caused by compressional heating. Most precipitation occurs within the tropics and is caused by convection. The movement of the monsoon trough, or intertropical convergence zone, brings rainy seasons to savannah climes. Precipitation is a major component of the water cycle, and is responsible for depositing the fresh water on the planet. Approximately of water falls as precipitation each year; of it over the oceans and over land. Given the Earth's surface area, that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is , but over land it is only",
"title": "Precipitation"
},
{
"id": "17447787",
"text": "supports beaches and provision the inter-tidal wetlands. Organic material delivered to estuaries by freshwater inflows the primary energy source for organisms living in the estuary. Estuarine ecosystems need freshwater inflow to maintain their productivity, or to continue to produce biomass. Estuarine ecosystems are fundamentally important and necessary to protect through the management of freshwater inflow because of the many ecosystem services they produce. An ecosystem service is something provided by nature that is of value to humans. Estuarine ecosystems are among the most productive ecosystems on the planet. Estuaries house such species as the blue crab, red fish, flounder, spotted",
"title": "Freshwater inflow"
},
{
"id": "12243076",
"text": "water and groundwater from aquifers, exchanging flow between rivers and aquifers that may be fully charged or depleted. This is especially significant in karst areas where pot-holes and underground rivers are common. Groundwater is fresh water located in the subsurface pore space of soil and rocks. It is also water that is flowing within aquifers below the water table. Sometimes it is useful to make a distinction between groundwater that is closely associated with surface water and deep groundwater in an aquifer (sometimes called \"fossil water\"). Groundwater can be thought of in the same terms as surface water: inputs, outputs",
"title": "Water resources"
},
{
"id": "5607299",
"text": "Deep ocean water Deep ocean water (DOW) is the name for cold, salty water found deep below the surface of Earth's oceans. Ocean water differs in temperature and salinity. Warm surface water is generally saltier than the cooler deep or polar waters; in polar regions, the upper layers of ocean water are cold and fresh. Deep ocean water makes up about 90% of the volume of the oceans. Deep ocean water has a very uniform temperature, around 0-3°C, and a salinity of about 3.5% or as oceanographers state as 35 ppt (parts per thousand). In specialized locations such as the",
"title": "Deep ocean water"
},
{
"id": "12633735",
"text": "Farm water Farm water, also known as agricultural water, is water committed for use in the production of food and fiber. On average, 80 percent of the fresh water withdrawn from rivers and groundwater is used to produce food and other agricultural products. Farm water may include water used in the irrigation of crops or the watering of livestock. Water is one of the most fundamental parts of the global economy. It has been shown that in areas without healthy water resources or sanitation services, economic growth cannot be sustained. Without access to clean water, nearly every industry would suffer,",
"title": "Farm water"
},
{
"id": "9141373",
"text": "largest reserves of fresh water, occupying 12% of its surface. It has 3% of the world's renewable fresh water, whereas it has only 0.1% of its population. More than half a million lakes, including 30 with an area greater than , and 4,500 rivers pour their torrents into the Atlantic Ocean, through the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the Arctic Ocean, by James, Hudson, and Ungava bays. The largest inland body of water is the Caniapiscau Reservoir, created in the realization of the James Bay Project to produce hydroelectric power. Lake Mistassini is the largest natural lake in Quebec. The",
"title": "Quebec"
},
{
"id": "10662118",
"text": "Water export Water exports involve exporting freshwater from one country to another. Large increases in human population and economic growth throughout the world during the twentieth century placed a huge stress on the world’s freshwater resources. Combined with climate change, they will place an even greater demand on water resources in this century. Water shortages have become an international concern, and freshwater has been described as “blue gold” and “the oil of the 21st Century.” Canada has 7% of the world’s renewable supply of freshwater. Freshwater export between Canada and the US currently takes place at a small scale, mostly",
"title": "Water export"
},
{
"id": "5909807",
"text": "Guarani Aquifer The Guarani Aquifer, located beneath the surface of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay, is likely to be the largest known aquifer system in the world and is an important source of fresh water. Named after the Guarani people, it covers , with a volume of about , a thickness of between and and a maximum depth of about . It is estimated to contain about of water, with a total recharge rate of about 166 km³/year from precipitation. It is said that this vast underground reservoir could supply fresh drinking water to the world for 200 years. However,",
"title": "Guarani Aquifer"
},
{
"id": "5607303",
"text": "agricultural production where crops would normally not be able to grow. This technique is sometimes referred to as \"cold agriculture\" or \"cold-bed agriculture\". Deep ocean water Deep ocean water (DOW) is the name for cold, salty water found deep below the surface of Earth's oceans. Ocean water differs in temperature and salinity. Warm surface water is generally saltier than the cooler deep or polar waters; in polar regions, the upper layers of ocean water are cold and fresh. Deep ocean water makes up about 90% of the volume of the oceans. Deep ocean water has a very uniform temperature, around",
"title": "Deep ocean water"
},
{
"id": "2475167",
"text": "those derived from erosion of the continents. However, little of the sediment is from current rivers; some 60–70% of the sediment on the world's shelves is \"relict sediment\", deposited during the last ice age, when sea level was 100–120 m lower than it is now. Sediments usually become increasingly fine with distance from the coast; sand is limited to shallow, wave-agitated waters, while silt and clays are deposited in quieter, deep water far offshore. These accumulate 15–40 cm every millennium, much faster than deep-sea pelagic sediments. Continental shelves teem with life, because of the sunlight available in shallow waters, in",
"title": "Continental shelf"
},
{
"id": "582685",
"text": "the global climate and in climate model response to global changes. The term deglaciation describes the retreat of cryospheric features. Cryology is the study of cryospheres. Frozen water is found on the Earth’s surface primarily as snow cover, freshwater ice in lakes and rivers, sea ice, glaciers, ice sheets, and frozen ground and permafrost (permanently frozen ground). The residence time of water in each of these cryospheric sub-systems varies widely. Snow cover and freshwater ice are essentially seasonal, and most sea ice, except for ice in the central Arctic, lasts only a few years if it is not seasonal. A",
"title": "Cryosphere"
},
{
"id": "1758977",
"text": "activity that consumes the most fresh water, this can put a severe strain on local freshwater resources resulting in the destruction of local ecosystems. In Australia, over-abstraction of fresh water for intensive irrigation activities has caused 33% of the land area to be at risk of salination. With regards to agriculture, the World Bank targets food production and water management as an increasingly global issue that will foster debate. One in eight people in the world do not having access to safe water Innapropriate use of water may contribute to this problem. The following tables provide some indicators of water",
"title": "Fresh water"
}
] | where is the majority of earth's fresh water found |
[
"beak of rooster"
] | [
{
"id": "890664",
"text": "de gallo\" (\"rooster's beak\") is named thus because originally people ate it by pinching pieces between the thumb and forefinger. In their book \"Authentic Mexican: Regional Cooking from the Heart of Mexico\", Rick Bayless and Deann Groen speculate that the name might allude to the bird feed-like texture and appearance of the mince. Many native residents of the Sonoran Mexico region explain that the salsa is thus named because the serrano pepper resembles a rooster's beak in shape. Pico de gallo In Mexican cuisine, pico de gallo (, ), also called salsa fresca or salsa cruda, is made from chopped",
"title": "Pico de gallo"
},
{
"id": "890663",
"text": "it is normally called salsa mexicana (Mexican sauce). Because the colours of the red tomato, white onion, green chili and cilantro are reminiscent of the colours of the Mexican flag, it is also sometimes called salsa bandera (flag sauce). In many regions of Mexico the term refers to any of a variety of salads (including fruit salads), salsa, or fillings made with tomato, tomatillo, avocado, orange, jícama, cucumber, papaya, or mild chilis. The ingredients are tossed in lime juice and either hot sauce or chamoy, then sprinkled with a salty chili powder. According to food writer Sharon Tyler Herbst, \"pico",
"title": "Pico de gallo"
},
{
"id": "890662",
"text": "Pico de gallo In Mexican cuisine, pico de gallo (, ), also called salsa fresca or salsa cruda, is made from chopped tomato, onion, cilantro, fresh serranos (jalapeños or habaneros are used as alternatives), salt, and lime juice. Other ingredients, such as shrimp, or avocado, are also sometimes added. \"Pico de gallo\" can be used in much the same way as other Mexican liquid salsas, but since it contains less liquid, it can also be used as a main ingredient in dishes such as tacos and fajitas. The tomato-based variety is widely known as salsa picada (minced/chopped sauce). In Mexico",
"title": "Pico de gallo"
},
{
"id": "19093807",
"text": "Pobre Gallo Pobre Gallo: No por mucho madrugar amanece más temprano \"(Poor Rooster (guy) : Getting up early doesn't lead to an earlier sunrise) \" in English\")\" is a 2016 Chilean telenovela produced and broadcast by Mega. Álvaro Rudolphy, Paola Volpato and Ingrid Cruz will star as the protagonists. Pedro Campos, Otilio Castro, Gabriela Hernández, Diego Muñoz and Antonia Zegers are antagonists. Augusto Schuster, Mariana Di Girolamo, Monserrat Ballarin and Ignacio Garmendia are teen protagonists. \"Poor Guy\" tells the story about the life of a workaholic man named Nicolas Pérez de Castro (Álvaro Rudolphy), who in the most important day",
"title": "Pobre Gallo"
},
{
"id": "9195676",
"text": "pico de gallo with tacos of cochinita pibil or other preparations. Pico de gallo is also made with onion, coriander and tomato. In the Dominican Republic it is called wasakaka and usually has lime or sour orange juice. The word \"pebre\" in Catalan means pepper of any type, in this case ají cultivars of chilli pepper. The origin of Pebre as a sauce in Chile dates to the arrival of Catalan engineers and highly skilled masons under the supervision of the Italian architect Joaquin Toesca, for the construction of the Tajamares de Santiago, the fluvial channels, river walls and bridges",
"title": "Pebre"
},
{
"id": "2500972",
"text": "canned, and bottled salsa and picante sauces sold in the United States in grocery stores are forms of \"salsa cruda\" or \"pico de gallo\", and typically have a semi-liquid texture. To increase their shelf lives, these salsas have been cooked to a temperature of , and are thus not truly \"cruda\" (raw). Some have added vinegar, and some use pickled peppers instead of fresh ones. Tomatoes are strongly acidic by nature, which, along with the heat processing, is enough to stabilize the product for grocery distribution. \"Picante\" sauce of the American type is often thinner in consistency than what is",
"title": "Salsa (sauce)"
},
{
"id": "5792207",
"text": "Misa de Gallo Misa de Gallo (Spanish for \"rooster's mass\", also \"Misa de los Pastores\", \"shepherd's mass;\" Portuguese: Missa do Galo) is a name for the Roman Catholic Mass celebrated around midnight of Christmas Eve and sometimes in the days immediately preceding Christmas. The tradition of midnight mass on Christmas Eve was first chronicled by Egeria, the Galician woman who went on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land around 381–384. She witnessed how the early Catholics of Jerusalem honored the Christmas mystery with a midnight vigil at Bethlehem. This was followed by a torchlight procession to Jerusalem, arriving at the",
"title": "Misa de Gallo"
},
{
"id": "5792211",
"text": "of a series of masses during dawn called “\"Misa de Aguinaldo\"”. The name comes from the Spanish word for “\"Christmas box\"”. The masses are held for nine days and culminate on Christmas Eve. Puerto Ricans celebrate the mass by singing Christmas songs, which they also call \"aguinaldos\". The more religious versions of these songs are called villancicos and the ones with a Criollo inspiration are called \"décimas navideñas\". Misa de Gallo Misa de Gallo (Spanish for \"rooster's mass\", also \"Misa de los Pastores\", \"shepherd's mass;\" Portuguese: Missa do Galo) is a name for the Roman Catholic Mass celebrated around midnight",
"title": "Misa de Gallo"
},
{
"id": "5792210",
"text": "celebration. Bolivians attend Christmas Eve mass, and the celebration is followed by a sit-down meal featuring a traditional bowl of \"picana del pollo\". It is a stew made of chicken with peas, carrots, and potatoes. \"Simbáng Gabi\" (Tagalog for \"night Mass\"), is the Filipino version of the \"Misa de Gallo\" (sometimes referred to as \"Misa de Aguinaldo\", \"gift mass\") and in Zamboangueño Chavacano it is only called as \"Misa de Gallo\" or \"Misa de Aguinaldo\" or \"Misa de los Pastores\", and traditionally begins on December 16 and ends on December 24. In Venezuela, the Misa de Gallo is only one",
"title": "Misa de Gallo"
},
{
"id": "5606366",
"text": "and mazorca (corn on the cob), depending on the region. Some top it off with fresh cilantro, onion and squeezed lime — a sort of \"pico de gallo\", minus the tomato. It is also served with a side of sliced avocado and a plate of white rice, which is usually dipped in with each spoonful of soup. In the \"Sierra\" of Ecuador, sancocho, also known as fritada, is a comfort food made with pork. In the coastal region, it is similar to the Colombian sancocho. It has the typical ingredients: \"yuca\", plantain, and corn \"choclo\". It can be made of",
"title": "Sancocho"
},
{
"id": "3210175",
"text": "subsequent transformation (\"Gallicisation\") of English, along with the Norman language. Gallo continued as the language of Higher Brittany, Maine and some neighbouring portions of Normandy until the introduction of universal education across France, but today Gallo is spoken by only a small minority of the population, having been largely superseded by standard French. As an Oïl language, Gallo forms part of a dialect continuum which includes Norman, Picard and the Poitevin dialect, among others. One of the features that distinguish it from Norman is the absence of Old Norse influence. There is some limited mutual intelligibility with adjacent varieties of",
"title": "Gallo language"
},
{
"id": "19031509",
"text": "made. The dryness in pork rind pairs perfectly with humidity and softness in \"pico de gallo\" (diced tomato, avocado, onion, cilantro [coriander leaf], and chili mix) and both fill perfectly a corn tortilla as taco. A byproduct in frying rinds is the decanted residues in fryer called \"asiento\" or \"boronas\" (grounds). The process requires uniformly cooking rinds, and while the product dehydrates, it cracks, losing small pieces, which are collected afterwards and become a thick, fatty salsa, that can be mixed as an ingredient in other\" salsa de chicharrón \"recipes or used for its flavor and fat in pan frying.",
"title": "Pork rind"
},
{
"id": "19093808",
"text": "of his life, falls sick on the airport floor. ¿Diagnostic? He needs to travel to Yerbas Buenas, with his 2 kids: Borja and Camila Pérez de Castro (Augusto Schuster and Montserrat Ballarín). In the town he meets Patricia Flores (Paola Volpato), the Major and Sub Officer of the town Yerbas Buenas of Chilean police officers. But, Carola (Íngrid Cruz) a blast from the past will stop at nothing to regain the heart of her beloved Nicolas. Pobre Gallo Pobre Gallo: No por mucho madrugar amanece más temprano \"(Poor Rooster (guy) : Getting up early doesn't lead to an earlier sunrise)",
"title": "Pobre Gallo"
},
{
"id": "2801450",
"text": "cheese and picadillos. Tortillas are used to accompany most meals. Costa Ricans will often fill their tortillas with whatever they are eating and eat it in the form of a gallo (direct translation: rooster, however, it resembles a soft Mexican taco). White cheese is non-processed cheese that is made by adding salt to milk in production. Picadillos are meat and vegetable combinations where one or more vegetables are diced, mixed with beef and garnished with spices. Common vegetables used in picadillos are potatoes, green beans, squash, ayote, chayote and arracache. Often, picadillos are eaten in the form of gallos. Salvadoran",
"title": "Latin American cuisine"
},
{
"id": "7397405",
"text": "popular choices of meats are sausage, chorizo (red sausage), salami, longaniza (white sausage), and bacon. They are cooked in a charcoal grill and hot sauce is offered at customer's request. In Mexico, often called \"dogos\" or \"jochos\", is common to top hot dogs with \"Pico de Gallo\", ketchup, mustard, mayonnaise and wrapping the sausage with bacon. Other parts of the country may include chips, mushrooms, beef or other ingredients besides the bun and sausage. The Sonoran-style or Estilo Sonora hot dog, found in Sonora, is a hot dog wrapped in mesquite-smoked bacon then cooked on a grill or on a",
"title": "Hot dog variations"
},
{
"id": "13342481",
"text": "instead of remaining in steak form. Another variant is to place pico de gallo on top of the eggs instead of parsley, onion and beets. Another variant marinates the meat using ingredients including soy sauce. Silpancho can be found in a type of sandwich called \"Trancapecho\", containing all the ingredients (even rice). Silpancho Silpancho (original Quechua word: Sillp'anchu) is a typical, popular Bolivian food from the city of Cochabamba. When prepared properly, this tends to be a large and filling meal laden with carbohydrates and fat. It consists of a base layer of rice, usually white, followed by a layer",
"title": "Silpancho"
},
{
"id": "18600574",
"text": "El padre Gallo El padre Gallo (English title:\"The priest Gallo\") is a Mexican telenovela produced by Juan Osorio for Televisa in 1986. It is an original story of Arturo Moya Grau, adapted by M.J. Rubio and directed by Gonzalo Martínez Ortega. It starred first actor Ernesto Gómez Cruz with Alejandra Ávalos and Fernando Ciangherotti. The setting is the small town of Cuetzalan which El Gallo, a bandit fugitive from justice who plans to avoid being found reaches. He decides on hiding in the village so no one ever suspect where he is. There he is confused by the village faithful",
"title": "El padre Gallo"
},
{
"id": "8661165",
"text": "Tripas Tripas, in Mexican cuisine (known as chitterlings in English-speaking countries), are the small intestines of farm animals that have been cleaned, boiled and grilled. \"Tripas\" are used as filling for tacos, then dressed with condiments such as cilantro, chopped onions, and chile sauce. They are also served with \"pico de gallo\" and \"guacamole\". Tripas as prepared Mexican style require care by the cook, to avoid becoming rubbery. They are traditionally cooked in a \"\"Disco\"\" which is constructed of two tilling discs (commonly used in the farming industry) welded to an iron pole in the center of the discs to",
"title": "Tripas"
},
{
"id": "7837545",
"text": "orange, and yellow. Serrano peppers do better in soils with a pH between 7.0 and 8.5 in warm temperatures above 75°F (24°C), with a low tolerance for frost. The Scoville rating of the serrano pepper is 10,000 to 23,000. They are typically eaten raw and have a bright and biting flavor that is notably hotter than the jalapeño pepper. Serrano peppers are also commonly used in making \"pico de gallo\" and salsa, as the chili is particularly fleshy compared to others, making it ideal for such dishes. It is the second most used chili pepper in Mexican cuisine. The Mexican",
"title": "Serrano pepper"
},
{
"id": "10381472",
"text": "Pico and Sepulveda \"Pico and Sepulveda\" is a 1947 song by Freddy Martin and his orchestra. Composed by Eddie Maxwell and Jule Styne (Ambassador Records, 1947—b/w \"She of the Coffee Brown Eyes\"), it features a Latin-style beat, and Martin used the alias \"Felix Figueroa\" when performing and recording the song. It was frequently played on the Dr. Demento radio show in the 1970s, serving as the show's opening theme. The lyrics are primarily a recitation of Los Angeles-area streetnames: Doheny, Cahuenga, La Brea, La Jolla, Sequoia, Alvarado, Santa Monica, Beverly Drive, and Vine (Figueroa is also a Los Angeles street).",
"title": "Pico and Sepulveda"
},
{
"id": "18348812",
"text": "released on 20 August 2015 in Mexico in 2D and 3D theaters, where it became a major commercial success and grossed $167.8 million pesos during its theatrical run in the country. The film is the highest-grossing animated film produced in Mexico, and the seventh in the industry of all time. Pantelion Films released this film in the United States on 4 September 2015 in the original Spanish-language format with English subtitles, where is it was a surprise box-office success. Learning his home is in bankruptcy and being sold, a timid young rooster named Toto (Bruno Bichir/Zachary Gordon) summons the courage",
"title": "Un gallo con muchos huevos"
},
{
"id": "8661167",
"text": "stomach, and in the form of \"Tripas à moda do Porto\" (tripe with white beans) is considered the traditional dish of the city of Porto, whose inhabitants are informally known as \"tripeiros\". Tripas Tripas, in Mexican cuisine (known as chitterlings in English-speaking countries), are the small intestines of farm animals that have been cleaned, boiled and grilled. \"Tripas\" are used as filling for tacos, then dressed with condiments such as cilantro, chopped onions, and chile sauce. They are also served with \"pico de gallo\" and \"guacamole\". Tripas as prepared Mexican style require care by the cook, to avoid becoming rubbery.",
"title": "Tripas"
},
{
"id": "5792209",
"text": "number of attendees at the evening celebration. The tradition of Misa de Gallo is still observed today mostly by Spanish-speaking Roman Catholic countries in Latin America and in the Philippines. In Spain, locals begin Christmas Eve by lighting small oil lamps in every home, then proceed to church to hear Midnight Mass. The most popular of these holy services is in the Basílica de Montserrat also known as Santa Maria de Montserrat, a Benedictine monastery built on the steep cliffs of the Montserrat mountain range. The Escolania de Montserrat, Europe's oldest boys' choir known for their angelic voices, graces the",
"title": "Misa de Gallo"
},
{
"id": "3210177",
"text": "Locminé (\"Lominoec\"), Vannes (\"Vannes\") and ending in the south, east of the Rhuys peninsula, in Morbihan. The term \"gallo\" is sometimes spelled \"galo\" or \"gallot\". It is also referred to as \"langue gallèse\" or \"britto-roman\" in Brittany. In south Lower Normandy and in the west of Pays de la Loire it is often referred to as patois, though this is a matter of some contention. \"Gallo\" comes from the Breton word \"gall\", meaning \"foreigner\", \"French\" or \"non-Breton\". The Celts settled in Armorica toward the 8th century BCE. Some of early groups mentioned in the written records of the Greeks were",
"title": "Gallo language"
},
{
"id": "3210174",
"text": "Gallo language Gallo is a regional language of France. It is not as commonly spoken as it once was, as the standard form of French now predominates. Gallo is classified as one of the Oïl languages. Gallo was originally spoken in the Marches of Neustria, which now corresponds to the border lands of Brittany and Normandy and its former heart in Le Mans, Maine. Gallo was the shared spoken language of several of those who took part in the Norman conquest of England, most of whom originated in Lower Brittany and Lower Normandy. Thus, Gallo was a vehicle for the",
"title": "Gallo language"
},
{
"id": "18010343",
"text": "Gallo (surname) Gallo is a surname. As of 2014, 36.1% of all known bearers of the surname \"Gallo\" were residents of Italy (frequency 1:680), 11.8% of Argentina (1:1,451), 11.7% of the United States (1:12,385), 7.1% of Colombia (1:2,691), 5.9% of the Philippines (1:6,855), 5.6% of Brazil (1:14,574), 3.0% of Mexico (1:16,388), 2.6% of Peru (1:4,966), 2.2% of Spain (1:8,604), 2.0% of Ecuador (1:3,181), 2.0% of France (1:13,504) and 1.0% of Uruguay (1:1,357). In Italy, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:680) in the following regions: In Spain, the frequency of the surname was higher than national",
"title": "Gallo (surname)"
},
{
"id": "18534372",
"text": "Mount Pico de Loro Mount Palay-Palay,also known as \"Mount Pico de Loro\", is a dormant volcano in Cavite province on the island of Luzon, Philippines. The mountain rises to an elevation of above mean sea level and is the highest peak of the Mounts Palay-Palay–Mataas-na-Gulod Protected Landscape. The mountain is one of the ancient volcanic features of Bataan Arc. Pico de Loro was first named by Spanish sea-farers which means \"Parrot's Beak\" as its pointed summit resembles the shape of a parrot's beak from afar and it is commonly used as a signal by sea-farers to turn east to get",
"title": "Mount Pico de Loro"
},
{
"id": "13373630",
"text": "Torre del Gallo The Torre del Gallo is a historical building located in Florence, Italy, located at Pian de' Giullari, in the hills of Arcetri, on top of a ridge overlooking the city where there is a magnificent panorama. In ancient times it was part of a genuinely fortified castle on the hill, strategically close to Florence. According to some historians, it belonged to the family Galli (or Gallo), who were of very ancient origin. An emblem written in Gothic calligraphy still remains in stone near a plaque located on one of the walls of the courtyard. Taking advantage of",
"title": "Torre del Gallo"
},
{
"id": "15012395",
"text": "De pictura De pictura (English: \"On Painting\") is a treatise written by the Italian architect and art theorist Leon Battista Alberti. The first version, written in vernacular Italian in 1435 under the title Della pittura, was for a general audience. The Latin version, the \"De pictura\" of 1439–41, was more technical and intended for scholars. The work is the first in a trilogy of treatises on the \"Major arts\" which had a widespread circulation during the Renaissance, the others being \"De re aedificatoria\" (\"On Architecture\", 1454) and \"De statua\" (\"On Sculpture\", 1462). Alberti was a member of Florentine family exiled",
"title": "De pictura"
},
{
"id": "2443808",
"text": "Carpe diem is the second-person singular present active imperative of \"carpō\" \"pick or pluck\" used by Horace to mean \"enjoy, seize, use, make use of\". \"Diem\" is the accusative of \"dies\" \"day\". A more literal translation of would thus be \"pluck the day [as it is ripe]\"—that is, enjoy the moment. Text from \"Odes\" : Perhaps the first written expression of the concept is the advice given by Siduri to Gilgamesh, telling him to forgo his mourning and embrace life although some scholars see it as simply urging Gilgamesh to abandon his mourning, \"reversing the liminal rituals of mourning and",
"title": "Carpe diem"
},
{
"id": "2443813",
"text": "diem\" as his guiding philosophy. Carpe diem is the second-person singular present active imperative of \"carpō\" \"pick or pluck\" used by Horace to mean \"enjoy, seize, use, make use of\". \"Diem\" is the accusative of \"dies\" \"day\". A more literal translation of would thus be \"pluck the day [as it is ripe]\"—that is, enjoy the moment. Text from \"Odes\" : Perhaps the first written expression of the concept is the advice given by Siduri to Gilgamesh, telling him to forgo his mourning and embrace life although some scholars see it as simply urging Gilgamesh to abandon his mourning, \"reversing the",
"title": "Carpe diem"
},
{
"id": "6771065",
"text": "El Canto del Loco El Canto del Loco (\"The Singing of the Madman\" in English) was a Spanish pop rock band, although its members recognize that some of their songs are more in the style of power pop. The name of the band comes from the song \"El Canto del Gallo\" by Radio Futura. The group sometimes known through the abbreviation ECDL was created in 1994 by Dani Martín and Ivan Ganchegui (who left the group in 2002) although the final line up would not come together until years later. Influenced mainly by other Spanish groups from the 1980s and",
"title": "El Canto del Loco"
},
{
"id": "6771085",
"text": "Goat), M Clan. El Canto De Loco collaborated with Mexican singer, Natalia Lafourcade in the song Contigo, which became popular in Mexico. El Canto De Loco has also collaborated with Spanish band, Sueño De Morfeo El Canto del Loco El Canto del Loco (\"The Singing of the Madman\" in English) was a Spanish pop rock band, although its members recognize that some of their songs are more in the style of power pop. The name of the band comes from the song \"El Canto del Gallo\" by Radio Futura. The group sometimes known through the abbreviation ECDL was created in",
"title": "El Canto del Loco"
},
{
"id": "14237164",
"text": "Ecco Domani Ecco Domani is the brand of an Italian wine company selling in the United States, Canada, and Northern Europe, with marketing and distribution by E & J Gallo Winery. It was founded in 1996 and is led by Fabrizio Gatto. \"Market Watch\" named it one of the \"hot brands\" in 1998. Ecco Domani has used marketing strategies that went \"into people's lifestyles\" and advertisements aimed at young consumers. One of the company's campaigns in print publications featured a \"young woman kicking up her heels, with a statement that: 'Red wine is for meat, white wine is for fish.",
"title": "Ecco Domani"
},
{
"id": "18600577",
"text": "Therefore, two lovers appear only at night, when Ray can show your true self and live freely her relationship with Patricio without arousing suspicion. El padre Gallo El padre Gallo (English title:\"The priest Gallo\") is a Mexican telenovela produced by Juan Osorio for Televisa in 1986. It is an original story of Arturo Moya Grau, adapted by M.J. Rubio and directed by Gonzalo Martínez Ortega. It starred first actor Ernesto Gómez Cruz with Alejandra Ávalos and Fernando Ciangherotti. The setting is the small town of Cuetzalan which El Gallo, a bandit fugitive from justice who plans to avoid being found",
"title": "El padre Gallo"
},
{
"id": "8317800",
"text": "slices of jalapeño or serrano peppers. It is then grilled in an oven until the cheese melts. The frijoles refritos are \"frijol mantequilla\" known outside of the region as \"pinto beans\". The traditional cheeses used were the queso ranchero, asadero or queso menonita. The queso ranchero is most similar to Parmesan with less aging, the asadero is a creamy provolone and the menonita most closely resembles Havarti. \"Molletes\" in southern Mexico can be served with salsa or \"pico de gallo\" or topped with sliced ham, chorizo, bacon or mushrooms. \"Molletes\" are considered a distant cousin of the Italian bruschetta dish.",
"title": "Mollete"
},
{
"id": "13373637",
"text": "converted into residences. Torre del Gallo The Torre del Gallo is a historical building located in Florence, Italy, located at Pian de' Giullari, in the hills of Arcetri, on top of a ridge overlooking the city where there is a magnificent panorama. In ancient times it was part of a genuinely fortified castle on the hill, strategically close to Florence. According to some historians, it belonged to the family Galli (or Gallo), who were of very ancient origin. An emblem written in Gothic calligraphy still remains in stone near a plaque located on one of the walls of the courtyard.",
"title": "Torre del Gallo"
},
{
"id": "14329568",
"text": "Queijo do Pico Cheese of Pico () is a cheese originating from the island of Pico in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. It has been classified as a \"Denomination of Protected Origin\", in accordance with the laws of the European Union since October 1996. It is unknown when \"Queijo do Pico\" was first made, but there are references to its fabrication dating as far back as the end of the 18th century; the manner of its preparation has been handed down to descendants since it was first cured. This cured cheese is produced from cow milk, from a slow",
"title": "Queijo do Pico"
},
{
"id": "15936118",
"text": "where one of his actresses won best supporting actress; in Maryland: The Greenbelt Arts Center [AR W], Silver Spring Stage/PF, and St. John's Church; as well as other venues in Virginia, Delaware, Pennsylvania and Massachusetts. Three of his plays (Margherita, Eugenio, and Lincoln and God)are under contract to the Nederlander Producing Group for production in New York City. Margherita was scheduled to be jointly produced by Brown-Nederlander and the Seventh Street Playhouse in 2012. ,” a play about the relationship between Benito Mussolini and his Jewish mistress of 25 years, based on the Book of Judith. [R2, R14] The playwright",
"title": "Anthony E. Gallo"
},
{
"id": "11616703",
"text": "the collection \"The Collected Poems of Octavio Paz, 1957–1987\". In 1991 this translation was joined with the original poem in a single volume published by New Directions Books (New York). This edition also featured illustrations of the Aztec calendar taken from Mariano Fernandez de Echeverria y Veytia's \"Los calendrios mexicanos\", completed in 1782 and published posthumously in 1836. Piedra de Sol \"Piedra de Sol\" (\"Sunstone\") is a poem by Octavio Paz, written in 1957. It was praised as a \"magnificent\" example of surrealist poetry in the presentation speech of his Nobel Prize. It is a circular poem based on the",
"title": "Piedra de Sol"
},
{
"id": "1712083",
"text": "Vincent Gallo Vincent Gallo (; born April 11, 1961) is an American actor, director, model, musician and painter. Though he has had minor roles in mainstream films such as \"Arizona Dream\", \"The Funeral\" and \"Palookaville\", he is most associated with independent movies, including \"Buffalo '66\", which he wrote, directed, scored and starred in and \"The Brown Bunny\", which he also wrote, directed, produced, starred in and photographed. In the early 2000s, he released several solo recordings on Warp Records. Vincent Gallo was born in Buffalo, New York, the son of Janet, a hairdresser, and Vincenzo Vito Gallo, also a hairdresser",
"title": "Vincent Gallo"
},
{
"id": "18996019",
"text": "2, directed by Eloy de La Iglesia and Deprisa, Deprisa by Carlos Saura and later \"La Estanquera De Vallecas\", among others. These films were starring by unknown young untrained actors. Set in the Basque country in a cold and dark atmosphere, \"El Pico\" employs a rough, neo-realitic style. The film was de la Iglesia's biggest box-office hit and it spin off a sequel: El pico 2. Paco and Urko, two teenagers living in Bilbao in Spain, become best friends while attending the same Academy. They come from different backgrounds. Paco has two younger sisters; his mother, Eulalia, is a traditional",
"title": "El pico"
},
{
"id": "5792208",
"text": "Church of the Resurrection at dawn. Half a century later, Pope Sixtus III, inspired by the midnight vigil, instituted the practice of a midnight mass after the cockcrow in the grotto-like oratory of the famed Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore. There are discrepancies, however, with the exact time of the cockcrow due to the fact that the ancient Romans set it at the start of the day. In 1587, the head monk from the Convent of San Agustin Acolman, San Diego de Soria, petitioned the Pope to allow holding the mass outdoors because the church could not accommodate the large",
"title": "Misa de Gallo"
},
{
"id": "13269987",
"text": "de la Tierra\" in other countries are: Vino de la tierra Vino de la tierra is a quality of Spanish wine that designates the rung below the mainstream quality wine indication of \"denominación de origen\" (DO). It is the equivalent of the French \"vin de pays\". It covers not only still wine but also sparkling wine and fortified wine. It represents a higher quality than table wine. The labels of \"vino de la tierra\" wines are allowed to state the year of vintage and the grape varieties used in production. In 2008 there were 43 registered \"vino de la tierra\"",
"title": "Vino de la tierra"
},
{
"id": "11616702",
"text": "Piedra de Sol \"Piedra de Sol\" (\"Sunstone\") is a poem by Octavio Paz, written in 1957. It was praised as a \"magnificent\" example of surrealist poetry in the presentation speech of his Nobel Prize. It is a circular poem based on the circular Aztec calendar, and consists of a single cyclical sentence reflecting the synodic period of the planet Venus. The poem has 584 lines corresponding to this 584-day period. The first six lines of the poem are repeated again at the end of the poem. A translation into English by Eliot Weinberger was published in 1987 as part of",
"title": "Piedra de Sol"
},
{
"id": "16974853",
"text": "Carmine Gallo Carmine Gallo (born July 26, 1965) is an American author, columnist, keynote speaker, and former journalist and news anchor. Carmine Gallo was born in San Jose, California, son of Francesco Gallo, an Italian immigrant who was held in a British concentration camp until the end of the World War II. After returning to Italy, Franco married Giuseppina Gugliemo, his childhood sweetheart. In 1956, they moved to America where Franco worked as an engineer for Palo Alto-based Varian Associates for more than thirty years. In 1983, Carmine graduated from Bellarmine College Preparatory, in San Jose, CA. He went on",
"title": "Carmine Gallo"
},
{
"id": "7110676",
"text": "Lone Star Cafe. Hunter sang Russell's \"Gallo Del Cielo\" at the Glastonbury Festival in the UK. Andrew Hardin remained Russell's full-time sideman until April, 2006. \"Gallo del Cielo\" became one of Russell's most fabled songs and has been recorded by Ian Tyson, Joe Ely, Brian Burns, Jason Boland and the Stragglers, and Katie Lee. The song has been cited as a favorite by Bob Dylan and Bruce Springsteen (as noted in Clarence Clemons' book \"Big Man\".]] Between 1984 and 1994, the Tom Russell Band, composed of Russell on acoustic guitar and vocals, Andrew Hardin (guitar), Fats Kaplin (pedal steel, fiddle,",
"title": "Tom Russell"
},
{
"id": "1594536",
"text": "In the Philippines, where strong cultural influences persist from Spanish colonial times, the Posadas tradition is illustrated by the Panunulúyan pageant. Sometimes it is performed immediately before the Misa de Gallo (Midnight Mass), sometimes on each of the nine nights. The main difference from Mexico is that actors are used for Mary and Joseph instead of statues, and sing the requests for accommodation. The lines of the \"innkeepers\" are also often sung, but sometimes these respond without singing. Another difference is that the lyrics are not in Spanish but in a local language, such as Tagalog. In Nicaragua the older",
"title": "Las Posadas"
},
{
"id": "10381473",
"text": "The intersection of West Pico Boulevard and South Sepulveda Boulevard is in the Rancho Park neighborhood. The song was featured in the soundtrack of Richard Elfman's 1980 underground cult film, \"Forbidden Zone\". \"Pico and Sepulveda\" was covered in 2002 by Lee Presson and the Nails on their album \"El Bando En Fuego!\". Several amateur versions were submitted to and played on the Dr. Demento radio program by such groups as the Roto Rooter Good Time Christmas Band. Pico and Sepulveda \"Pico and Sepulveda\" is a 1947 song by Freddy Martin and his orchestra. Composed by Eddie Maxwell and Jule Styne",
"title": "Pico and Sepulveda"
},
{
"id": "18348815",
"text": "grossed $9,080,818 at North American theaters and $16,161,585 from international markets, giving it a worldwide total of $25,242,403. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 63% based on 16 reviews, with an average rating of 5.8/10. According to CinemaScore, audiences gave the film a rare grade of \"A+\" on an A+ to F scale. \"Un gallo con muchos huevos\" was originally rumored to be the final installment of the franchise. However, it was announced that the fourth and fifth installments are in development and will be respectively released in 2019 and 2022. Both of the films will",
"title": "Un gallo con muchos huevos"
},
{
"id": "4764343",
"text": "salad, known to jalisquillos (Guadalajara's natives) as pico de gallo, was consumed from a large bowl during breakfast, the remaining juice was saved and poured on a small and narrow clay cup, which itself would be the precursor of the tequila shot glass. In essence, the recipe of the original sangrita is thought to be that and the same recipe of the fruit salad from which it was strained. In almost all cases the drink took its bright red color from a mix of the fine pepper powder, spices, and pomegranate, while the base was mainly orange or sweetened lime",
"title": "Sangrita"
},
{
"id": "15936112",
"text": "Anthony E. Gallo Anthony Ernest (Tony) Gallo (born February 3, 1939) is an American playwright. He has written over 60 dramatic works and is currently filming his first motion picture which is based on one of his plays. Anthony Gallo was born on February 3, 1939, and raised in Vandergrift, Pennsylvania (also the title of one of his plays), a steel town 40 miles north of Pittsburgh, the son of an impoverished factory worker. His parents were Domenic and Saveria Raso Gallo. His father suffered poor health, largely the result of his only other son’s death in a house fire",
"title": "Anthony E. Gallo"
},
{
"id": "2001072",
"text": "home cooking. In many restaurants, the fajita meat and vegetables is brought to the table sizzling loudly on a metal platter or skillet, along with warmed tortillas and condiments such as guacamole, pico de gallo, queso, salsa, shredded cheese, and/or sour cream. Fajita A fajita (; ) in Tex-Mex cuisine is any grilled meat that is served as a taco on a flour or corn tortilla. The term originally referred to skirt steak, the cut of beef first used in the dish. Popular meats today also include chicken and other cuts of beef, as well as vegetables instead of meat.",
"title": "Fajita"
},
{
"id": "4843727",
"text": "raw egg is usually added to each plate when served and it is slowly cooked by the warm soup, similar to egg drop soup. It is a very popular dish in fondas around downtown Mexico city, especially in Tepito. There is also a Tex-Mex variation of Mexican migas. This includes additional ingredients, such as diced onions, sliced chile peppers, diced fresh tomatoes, or cheese, as well as various spices and condiments (e.g., salsa or \"pico de gallo\"). Migas is typically served with refried beans, and corn or flour tortillas may be used to enfold all of the ingredients into tacos.",
"title": "Migas"
},
{
"id": "18348813",
"text": "to fight a rooster boxing champion Bankivoide (Sergio Sendel) at el Palenque to save his home. The film was released in theaters in the United States on 4 September 2015 by Pantelion Films in 395 theaters across the country. It expanded to 616 theaters the following week, making it the first time a Mexican animated feature had received a wide release in the United States. \"We're very pleased about the quality we achieved,\" Gabriel Riva said in an interview. He also stated that being able to debut the film in the U.S. \"is a dream come true\". In Mexico, the",
"title": "Un gallo con muchos huevos"
},
{
"id": "10775772",
"text": "Pici Pici (; ) is thick, hand-rolled pasta, like fat spaghetti. It originates in the province of Siena in Tuscany; in the Montalcino area they are also referred to as pinci (). The dough is typically made from flour and water only. The addition of egg is optional, being determined by family traditions. Alternatively, finely chopped or shredded spinach can be used in place of water. The dough is rolled out in a thick flat sheet, then cut into strips. In some families, the strip of dough is rolled between one palm and the table, while the other hand is",
"title": "Pici"
},
{
"id": "14329569",
"text": "coagulation process that takes 20 to 30 days. The cheese is produced in cylinders, in sizes ranging from to in diameter and heights of to , while weights average to . Its fat content ranges from between 45% and 49%, and it is considered a fatty cheese. The ripening of the cheese forms a yellow exterior irregular crust and yellowish-white, soft and pasty interior. Pico cheese has a salty taste and a characteristically intense aroma. Queijo do Pico Cheese of Pico () is a cheese originating from the island of Pico in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. It has",
"title": "Queijo do Pico"
},
{
"id": "10775773",
"text": "wrapped with the rest of the strip. It can also be formed by rolling the strip between the palms. Either method forms a thick pasta, slightly thinner than a common pencil. Unlike spaghetti or macaroni, this pasta is not uniform in size and has variations of thickness along its length. It is eaten with a variety of foods, particularly: Pici Pici (; ) is thick, hand-rolled pasta, like fat spaghetti. It originates in the province of Siena in Tuscany; in the Montalcino area they are also referred to as pinci (). The dough is typically made from flour and water",
"title": "Pici"
},
{
"id": "18010344",
"text": "average (1:8,604) in the following autonomous communities: In Argentina, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:1,451) in the following provinces: Fictional characters: Gallo (surname) Gallo is a surname. As of 2014, 36.1% of all known bearers of the surname \"Gallo\" were residents of Italy (frequency 1:680), 11.8% of Argentina (1:1,451), 11.7% of the United States (1:12,385), 7.1% of Colombia (1:2,691), 5.9% of the Philippines (1:6,855), 5.6% of Brazil (1:14,574), 3.0% of Mexico (1:16,388), 2.6% of Peru (1:4,966), 2.2% of Spain (1:8,604), 2.0% of Ecuador (1:3,181), 2.0% of France (1:13,504) and 1.0% of Uruguay (1:1,357). In Italy,",
"title": "Gallo (surname)"
},
{
"id": "18674475",
"text": "accompaniment to rice. Cookbook author Jila Dana-Haeri describes it as a refreshing dish during the summer. Shirazi salad has been described as being akin to a national salad in Iran, and it is a common meal accompaniment. It may also be used in a manner similar to that of a condiment, to reduce the spiciness of stews. It typically has a crisp and moist texture, and is somewhat similar to pico de gallo and Israeli salad. The primary ingredients of Shirazi salad consist of small, finely-diced cucumber, tomato and onion, which is mixed with fresh lemon or lime juice and",
"title": "Shirazi salad"
},
{
"id": "10185348",
"text": ", at an elevation of 203 feet (62 m) above sea level. Picacho was the setting of Zane Grey’s 1923 novel \"Wanderer of the Wasteland\", later made into a silent film. Picacho, California Picacho is an unincorporated community in Imperial County, California. It is located on the Colorado River south-southeast of Palo Verde, at an elevation of 203 feet (62 m). Picacho, now a ghost town, was an early mining town on the Colorado River. It was named \"Picacho\" (Spanish for \"big peak\") after a nearby mountain of the same name. The original townsite itself is beneath Imperial Reservoir, but",
"title": "Picacho, California"
},
{
"id": "7110674",
"text": "during which time they recorded the second of their two studio albums. They eventually split in 1979, at which point Russell drifted out of the music industry for a year. It was during this hiatus that Russell wrote his classic song \"Gallo Del Cielo\". Both Hardin & Russell albums (\"Ring of Bone\" and \"Wax Museum\") received high critical acclaim, and the first was reviewed in \"Rolling Stone\" by Chet Flippo. During this period Russell was also the winner of the first Woody Guthrie - William Oliver Award for songwriting, as well as the professional country category in the first American",
"title": "Tom Russell"
},
{
"id": "2387858",
"text": "the summer with their sheep, goats, cows, and an occasional pig. The area is famed for its piquant blue cheeses, such as Cabrales cheese and Picón Tresviso Bejes. Picos de Europa The Picos de Europa (\"Peaks of Europe\", also the Picos) are a mountain range extending for about 20 km, forming part of the Cantabrian Mountains in northern Spain. The range is situated in the Autonomous Communities of Asturias, Cantabria and Castile and León. The highest peak is Torre de Cerredo, at an elevation of . A widely accepted origin for the name is that they were the first sight",
"title": "Picos de Europa"
},
{
"id": "2001068",
"text": "Fajita A fajita (; ) in Tex-Mex cuisine is any grilled meat that is served as a taco on a flour or corn tortilla. The term originally referred to skirt steak, the cut of beef first used in the dish. Popular meats today also include chicken and other cuts of beef, as well as vegetables instead of meat. In restaurants, the meat is usually cooked with onions and bell peppers. Popular condiments include shredded lettuce, sour cream, guacamole, salsa, pico de gallo, shredded cheese, refried beans, and diced tomatoes. Arrachera is a northern Mexican variant of the dish. \"Fajita\" is",
"title": "Fajita"
},
{
"id": "4834737",
"text": "Days in Europa Days in Europa is the second album by Scottish punk rock and new wave band Skids. It was released in 1979 by record label Virgin. A rough translation of \"Dulce et Decorum Est (Pro Patria Mori)\" is \"It is a sweet and glorious thing (to die for one's country)\". \"Dulce et Decorum Est\" is also the name of a poem by Wilfred Owen. Thanatos is the Greek word for \"death\" and the ancient Greek god of death, and is used in Freudian psychology to refer to the death wish/destructive urge, as opposed to Eros, the reproductive urge.",
"title": "Days in Europa"
},
{
"id": "13576451",
"text": "For A Job” / Anti-Social, Young American Christmas Lovers Brigade” in 2015, and “Little Tokyo / “Prince of Pico Blvd.” in 2017 In 2010, Calamar's first book was published by Sterling Publishing -- \"Record Store Days: From Vinyl to Digital and Back Again\"—co-authored by music journalist Phil Gallo. The lavishly-illustrated volume features a foreword by R.E.M.'s Peter Buck and tells the story of the development of record stores. Gary Calamar lives with his wife Ali and daughter Zoe in the Laurel Canyon area of Los Angeles. Gary Calamar Gary Calamar is an American DJ and 5-time Grammy Award-nominated film and",
"title": "Gary Calamar"
},
{
"id": "9877440",
"text": "Cerro del Topo Chico Cerro del Topo Chico (literal English: \"Little Mole Hill\") is a mountain located in the western portion of the city of San Nicolás de los Garza and within the northern limits of the Monterrey metropolitan area (both cities are in the Mexican state of Nuevo León). The gray areas depicted on the photos are limestone quarries from which raw material is extracted to manufacture cement. The mountain also gives its name to a popular mineral water brand bottled in Monterrey, Topo Chico. Some other known mountains or elevations of the zone are: the Cerro de la",
"title": "Cerro del Topo Chico"
},
{
"id": "19233348",
"text": "Tempo de Amar Tempo de Amar (English: Time to Love) is a Brazilian telenovela produced and broadcast by Rede Globo. It premiered on 26 September 2017, replacing \"Novo Mundo\" and concluded its run on 19 March 2018. It is created by Alcides Nogueira. The telenovela is based on the works of Rubem Fonseca and features writing collaborations by Tarcísio Lara Puiati and Bíbi Da Pieve. Adriano Melo and Jayme Monjardim serve as the main directors. It stars Bruno Cabrerizo, Vitória Strada, Jayme Matarazzo, Tony Ramos, Letícia Sabatella, Regina Duarte, Henri Castelli, Marisa Orth, Bruno Ferrari, Cássio Gabus Mendes, Nívea Maria",
"title": "Tempo de Amar"
},
{
"id": "2268738",
"text": "was buried in the old Calvary Cemetery on North Broadway in Downtown Los Angeles, but his remains, as well as those of his wife, were relocated in 1921 to a modest tomb in El Campo Santo Cemetery, now in the Homestead Museum in the City of Industry. Pico held three different nationalities during his lifetime. He was born a Spaniard in New Spain, became a Mexican citizen as a young man, and finally a United States citizen. He was known for his extravagant lifestyle, with fine clothes, expensive furnishings, and heavy gambling. In 1927, Pío Pico State Historic Park was",
"title": "Pío Pico"
},
{
"id": "13682769",
"text": "all. Joseph Edward Gallo (September 11, 1919 – February 17, 2007) was a prominent California rancher. He founded one of the largest family-owned dairy operations in the world, Joseph Gallo Farms, which produces dairy products including a variety of cheeses. The company is now run by his son, CEO Michael Gallo. He was the younger brother of Ernest and Julio, founders of E & J Gallo Winery. Joseph was sued by his brothers and forced to stop using the Gallo name on his cheese, thereafter labeled Joseph Farms. Gallo family The Gallo family is an American wine family. The father,",
"title": "Gallo family"
},
{
"id": "10458897",
"text": "the Sidney Poitier-Bill Cosby film \"A Piece of the Action\". The group's previous albums were also named after films starring Poitier and Cosby. The song \"Ganja Lounge\" contains a sample from the voiceover at the beginning of the 1995 film \"Friday\". Black Hollywood Black Hollywood is the third album by Hip Hop duo Camp Lo, released on July 24, 2007, on Good Hands Records. It is the duo's first album in five years. The album is entirely produced by long-time collaborator Ski, who produced the majority of the group's first two albums, \"Uptown Saturday Night\" and \"Let's Do It Again\".",
"title": "Black Hollywood"
},
{
"id": "8226889",
"text": "Vila do Flamengo, Paraibinha, Paroquial (Chão dos Padres), Parque de Exposição, Passagem das Pedras, Pedrinhas, Pedro Brito, São José, São Sebastião (Malvinas), Trisidela andUmari e Unha de Gato (3º BECnst). The city is served by Sen. Helvídio Nunes Airport. Public schools include E. Téc. Est. Petrônio Portela (PREMEM), Esc. Normal Official De Picos, U.E. Antonio Marques, U.E. Araújo Luz, U.E. Cel, Fco. Santos, U.E. Coelho Rodrigues, U.E. Dirceu Mendes Arcoverde, U.E. Jorge Leopoldo, U.E. José De Deus Barros, U.E. Julieta Neiva Nunes, U.E. Landri Sales, E. Pol. Marcos Parente, U.E. Mario Martins, U.E Miguel Lidiano, U.E. Ozildo Albano, U.E. Petrônio",
"title": "Picos"
},
{
"id": "12877478",
"text": "The Warner Huntington Park Theatre originally seated 1,468 people. Huntington Park also boasted of the third Pussycat Theater to open in California. It was called The Lyric and was located at 7208 Pacific Boulevard. El Gallo Giro (Lat. Am. Sp., for \"The Yellow Rooster\") is ranked among the 10 highest grossing restaurants in the Los Angeles area. \"El Gallo Giro\" was started in 1990. By the year 2000, it had become the 7th most profitable restaurant in L.A. county ranked by annual gross sales, with receipts of $6.7M that year. Despite its casual dining and working class clientele, its sales",
"title": "Pacific Boulevard"
},
{
"id": "4849664",
"text": "originated. One theory suggests that gallo pinto was brought into Latin America by African slaves. Gallo pinto means \"spotted rooster\" in Spanish. The name is said to originate in the multi-colored or speckled appearance that results from cooking the rice and the use of pinto beans. It is called \"pinto\" by Costa Ricans. Gallo pinto is one of many various Latin American plates which involve the preparation of the most integral ingredients for many cultures: rice and beans. Gallo pinto is considered to be a product of metizos; a combination of beans, cultivated by Indigenous people of pre-Colombian time, and",
"title": "Gallo pinto"
},
{
"id": "1638526",
"text": "the two foods \"chicharrón\" and \"frijoles\". Accompanied with rice and \"pico de gallo\", a fresh salsa, this snack is often served with tortilla chips. Olla de carne, or \"pot of beef\", is a stew that comes from the Spanish influences in post-colonial era Costa Rica and contains beef, cassava (a starchy tuber used in \"Tico\" cooking), potatoes, corn, green plantains, squash or chayote, and other vegetables. Small snack stands or stores, called \"sodas\", often sell corn turnovers called empanadas filled with ground beef, chicken, cheese, or a fruit mixture. Another popular snack or side dish is yuca frita, or fried",
"title": "Costa Rican cuisine"
},
{
"id": "7617977",
"text": "Picadillo Picadillo (, \"mince\") is a traditional dish in many Latin American countries and the Philippines (where it is known as \"giniling\", and also \"arroz a la Cubana\") that is similar to \"hash\". It is made with ground beef, tomatoes (tomato sauce may be used as a substitute), raisins, olives, and other ingredients that vary by region. It is often served with rice or used as a filling in dishes such as tacos, savoury pastries or croquettes. The name comes from the Spanish word \"picar\", which means \"to mince\". Costa Rican versions always include the name of the vegetable which",
"title": "Picadillo"
},
{
"id": "20827119",
"text": "O Tempo não Para O Tempo não Para (English: Crashing Into the Future) is a Brazilian telenovela produced by Rede Globo. It premiered on 31 July 2018, replacing \"Deus Salve o Rei\". It is created by Mario Teixeira, with the collaboration of Bíbi Da Pieve, Tarcísio Lara Puiati, Marcos Lazarini, Marcelo Travesso, and Adriano Melo. The artistic director is Leonardo Nogueira. It stars Juliana Paiva, Nicolas Prattes, Cleo Pires, Edson Celulari, Rosi Campos, Christiane Torloni, Carol Castro, Eva Wilma, Regiane Alves, João Baldasserini and Adriane Galisteu in the main roles. The story begins in 1886 and features the Sabino Machado",
"title": "O Tempo não Para"
},
{
"id": "15467033",
"text": "Other international brands such as Heineken, Baltika or Corona are offered in the beer market, but also distributed (with lower sales) by the subsidiaries mentioned above. The most famous beer is Gallo and its varieties Gallo Light and Chopp Gallo among others like Victoria, Dorada Light, Dorada Draft, Montecarlo and Moza all manufactured by Cervecería Centro Americana S.A. locally. The big Honduran beers are Salva Vida, Imperial, Port Royal and Barena. All four are owned by the Cerveceria Hondureña, owner of the Coca-Cola brand and other drinks. Salva Vida is a lager, Imperial is a dark pilsner, Port Royal is",
"title": "Beer in Central America"
},
{
"id": "2387853",
"text": "Picos de Europa The Picos de Europa (\"Peaks of Europe\", also the Picos) are a mountain range extending for about 20 km, forming part of the Cantabrian Mountains in northern Spain. The range is situated in the Autonomous Communities of Asturias, Cantabria and Castile and León. The highest peak is Torre de Cerredo, at an elevation of . A widely accepted origin for the name is that they were the first sight of Europe for ships arriving from the Americas. The name can be traced to Lucio Marineo Sículo, who mentions the \" Rupes Europae\" in 1530. Ambrosio Morales, chronist",
"title": "Picos de Europa"
},
{
"id": "6771067",
"text": "1994 when Dani Martín was studying at the Cristina Rota School of Dramatic Arts. There, he met Iván Ganchegui, a guitarist, and their shared musical tastes resulted in the formation of the band. Both were fans of Radio Futura and in particular of their song \"El canto del gallo\" (The Song of the Rooster), which led them to name the group El Canto del Loco. At this time the group also included a female drummer, a bassist and another guitarist. However, the latter soon left the group because of other commitments, and the day before their first concert David Otero,",
"title": "El Canto del Loco"
},
{
"id": "4914816",
"text": "Gallo has been trialling in the San Joaquin Valley is the French wine grape Ederena. E & J Gallo Winery was named the \"Bon Appetit Winery of the Year\" in the 1996, 1998, and 2001 San Francisco International Wine Competitions. Intangible Business, a brand valuation firm, rated Gallo as the world's \"Most Powerful Wine Brand\" in 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009. E & J Gallo Winery E & J Gallo Winery is a winery and distributor headquartered in Modesto, California. It was founded in 1933 by Ernest Gallo and Julio Gallo, and is the largest exporter of California wines. The",
"title": "E & J Gallo Winery"
},
{
"id": "13682766",
"text": "Gallo family The Gallo family is an American wine family. The father, Giuseppe \"Joseph\" Gallo, Sr., immigrant from Fossano, Italy, after a period of menial labor started farming grapes, founded a winery, and died in a murder suicide when he shot his wife and then took his own life. Ernest and Julio Gallo started E. & J. Gallo Winery, which today is the largest exporter of California wines. A third brother, Joseph, was a rancher, cheese maker, and founder of Joseph Gallo Farms. Julio Gallo (March 21, 1910 – May 2, 1993) is one of the founders of the E",
"title": "Gallo family"
},
{
"id": "2749202",
"text": "Denis Villeneuve Denis Villeneuve, (; born October 3, 1967) is a French Canadian film director and writer. He is a four-time recipient of the Canadian Screen Award (formerly Genie Award) for Best Direction, for \"Maelström\" in 2001, \"Polytechnique\" in 2009, \"Incendies\" in 2011, and \"Enemy\" in 2014. The first three of these films also won the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television Award for Best Motion Picture. Internationally, he is known for directing several critically acclaimed films, such as the thriller films \"Prisoners\" (2013) and \"Sicario\" (2015), and the science fiction films \"Arrival\" (2016) and \"Blade Runner 2049\" (2017). For",
"title": "Denis Villeneuve"
},
{
"id": "2268739",
"text": "created from the ruins of his \"Rancho de Bartolo (El Ranchito)\" in Whittier, and Casa Pico mansion. Pico Boulevard, a major east-west thoroughfare in Los Angeles, is named for him. An elementary and middle school in Los Angeles' Mid-City district is also named in his honor. Pico Rivera, a city located in southeastern Los Angeles County, is named for the last Mexican governor. The actor Will Kuluva played Pico in the 1966 episode \"The Firebrand\" of the syndicated western television series, \"Death Valley Days\". Robert Anderson (1920-1996) was cast as General Philip Kearny, with Gregg Barton as Commodore Robert F.",
"title": "Pío Pico"
},
{
"id": "751545",
"text": "Picric acid Picric acid is an organic compound with the formula (ON)CHOH. Its IUPAC name is 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP). The name \"picric\" comes from the Greek πικρός (\"pikros\"), meaning \"bitter\", reflecting its bitter taste. It is one of the most acidic phenols. Like other highly nitrated organic compounds, picric acid is an explosive, hence its primary use. It has also been used in medicine (antiseptic, burn treatments) and dyes. Picric acid was probably first mentioned in the alchemical writings of Johann Rudolf Glauber. Initially, it was made by nitrating substances such as animal horn, silk, indigo, and natural resin, the synthesis",
"title": "Picric acid"
},
{
"id": "3210176",
"text": "the Norman language along the linguistic frontier and with Guernésiais and Jèrriais. However, as the dialect continuum shades towards Mayennais, there is a less clear isogloss. The clearest isogloss is that distinguishing Gallo from Breton, a Brittonic Celtic language traditionally spoken in the western territory of Brittany. In the west, the vocabulary of Gallo has been influenced by contact with Breton, but remains overwhelmingly Latinate. The influence of Breton decreases eastwards across Gallo-speaking territory. , Gallo's western extent stretches from Plouha (\"Plóha\"), in Côtes-d'Armor, south of Paimpol (\"Paimpol\"), passing through Châtelaudren (\"Châtié\"), Corlay (\"Corlaè\"), Loudéac (\"Loudia\"), east of Pontivy (\"Pontivy\"),",
"title": "Gallo language"
},
{
"id": "495969",
"text": "turned down the film because the script did not resemble Raymond's work. He received the \"America Award\" in memory, from the Italy-USA Foundation in 2014. Sergio Leone Sergio Leone (; ; 3 January 1929 – 30 April 1989) was an Italian film director, producer and screenwriter, credited as the inventor of the Spaghetti Western genre. Leone's film-making style includes juxtaposing extreme close-up shots with lengthy long shots. His movies include the sword and sandal action films \"The Last Days of Pompeii\" (1959) and \"The Colossus of Rhodes\" (1961), the Dollars Trilogy of Westerns featuring Clint Eastwood: \"A Fistful of Dollars\"",
"title": "Sergio Leone"
},
{
"id": "13269986",
"text": "Vino de la tierra Vino de la tierra is a quality of Spanish wine that designates the rung below the mainstream quality wine indication of \"denominación de origen\" (DO). It is the equivalent of the French \"vin de pays\". It covers not only still wine but also sparkling wine and fortified wine. It represents a higher quality than table wine. The labels of \"vino de la tierra\" wines are allowed to state the year of vintage and the grape varieties used in production. In 2008 there were 43 registered \"vino de la tierra\" wines in Spain. Levels corresponding to \"Vino",
"title": "Vino de la tierra"
},
{
"id": "2387854",
"text": "of Felipe II of Spain, mentions the \"Montañas de Europa\" in 1572.. Prudencio de Sandoval calls them the \"Peñas o Sierras de Europa\" in 1601. The range consists of three major massifs: Central (also known as \"Urrieles\"), Eastern (Ándara) and Western (also known as the \"Picos de Cornión\"). The Central and Western massifs are separated by the deep Cares Gorge (\"Garganta del Cares\"), with the village of Caín at its head. The waters in the Cares mostly arise from cave resurgences. Some of the water in the Cares river is diverted through a hydroelectric scheme, with a canal running in",
"title": "Picos de Europa"
},
{
"id": "10386408",
"text": "Cesária Cesária is a Cape Verdean morna and coladeira album by Cesária Évora. The album was released by Paris-based Lusafrica on 18 July 1995. The album was nominated for a Grammy Award in the World Music category in 1996. It was certified gold in France by SNEP which sold more than 100,000 copies. As of 1997, in United States the album has sold 150,000 copies. Selected translations: \"Tudo dia e dia\" is \"Everyday, Everyday\",\" Flor na Paul\" is \"Flower of Paul\" and \"Doce Guerra\" is \"Sweet War\". Also there was an earlier album released by herself titled \"Cesária\" which was",
"title": "Cesária"
},
{
"id": "3801330",
"text": "Joe Gallo Joseph Gallo (April 7, 1929 April 7, 1972), also known as \"Crazy Joe\" and \"Joe the Blond\", was a New York City gangster for the Profaci crime family, later known as the Colombo crime family. Joe Gallo was born and raised in the Red Hook area of Brooklyn, New York. His parents were Umberto and Mary Gallo. A bootlegger during Prohibition, Umberto did little to discourage his three sons from participating in the local criminal activity. In 1949, after viewing the film \"Kiss of Death\", Joe Gallo began mimicking Richard Widmark's gangster character \"Tommy Udo\" and reciting movie",
"title": "Joe Gallo"
},
{
"id": "7770999",
"text": "were populated walnut, a wood prized by Native Americans for making their bows. The spelling and pronunciation of the Native American name underwent several consecutive changes to language contact. Thus do we find the form on a map Pikanook 1906 Wright Township, Pickanok on that of the Ministry of Mines and Fisheries of 1925 and on the Pickinock County Hull, also from 1925. The current form \"Picanoc\" appears on a map of the Department of Lands and Forests in 1927. Picanoc also means a bridge, three lanes of communication and a small stream; the term was also used in the",
"title": "Picanoc River"
},
{
"id": "2443811",
"text": "will someday die. It is medieval Latin, dating to 1287. Related but distinct is the expression \"memento mori\" (remember that you are mortal) which carries some of the same connotation as . For Horace, mindfulness of our own mortality is key in making us realize the importance of the moment. \"Remember that you are mortal, so seize the day.\" Over time the phrase also came to be associated with penitence, as suggested in many vanitas paintings. Today many listeners will take the two phrases as representing almost opposite approaches, with urging us to savour life and urging us to resist",
"title": "Carpe diem"
},
{
"id": "18813344",
"text": "are kept a secret from the wrestling fans. Originally he teamed up with his brother as \"Estrella de Jalisco I\", while his brother was known as \"Estrella de Jalisco II\", but changed his ring character to El Gallo in 2006. \"El Gallo\" is Spanish for \"The Rooster\", a name that is reflected in his mask, which is adorned by a Cockscomb and fabric wattles on his chin. In 2012 El Gallo began being accompanied to the ring by \"El Gallito\" (\"Little Rooster\") a \"Mini-Estrella mascota\" version of himself. The wrestler who would later be known as El Gallo was born",
"title": "El Gallo (wrestler)"
},
{
"id": "6067730",
"text": "Ki\"\") and \"\"El Gallo Espuelérico\"\" (loosely translated as \"The Spurless Rooster\") were humorous takes on real life events. On the first one Don Mon told the story of Rafael, a gambler who loses all his money rolling dice and is then assaulted by his wife Luz María with a broomstick, while their daughters laugh the incident off (one of the girls' laughter is the basis for the song's name). \"\"El Gallo Espuelérico\"\" tells the story of Américo, a guy who brags boastfully about a gamecock he carried with him to a fight. The bird is killed soon after the fight",
"title": "Mon Rivera"
},
{
"id": "495814",
"text": "by everybody in Brittany, and it is the mother tongue of most people. Nonetheless, French was not widely known before the 19th century, and two regional languages exist in Brittany: Breton and Gallo. They are separated by a language border that has constantly moved back since the Middle Ages. The current border runs from Plouha on the English Channel to the Rhuys Peninsula on the Bay of Biscay. Because of their origins and practice, Breton and Gallo can be compared to Scottish Gaelic and Scots language in Scotland. Both have been recognised as \"Langues de Bretagne\" (\"languages of Brittany\") by",
"title": "Brittany"
},
{
"id": "3801351",
"text": "Gage, the movie was directed by Carlo Lizzani and starred Peter Boyle as the title character. Gallo is the main character in Bob Dylan's biographical, twelve-verse ballad \"Joey\". The song appears in Dylan's 1976 album \"Desire\". Dylan was criticized for overly romanticizing Gallo's life in the song. Sebastian Maniscalco plays Gallo in the movie \"The Irishman\". Joe Gallo Joseph Gallo (April 7, 1929 April 7, 1972), also known as \"Crazy Joe\" and \"Joe the Blond\", was a New York City gangster for the Profaci crime family, later known as the Colombo crime family. Joe Gallo was born and raised in",
"title": "Joe Gallo"
},
{
"id": "5244847",
"text": "Pichakaree Pichakaree (or pichakaaree) is an Indo-Trinidadian form of music, which originated in Trinidad and Tobago. It is named after the long syringe-like tubes used to spray abir during Phagwah celebrations. Pichakaree songs are generally social commentary, and are sung using a mixture of Hindi, English and Bhojpuri words. The musical form was devised by RaviJi, spiritual leader of the Hindu Prachar Kendra, as an Indo-Trinidadian counterpoint to calypso. Pichakaree competitions are an integral part of Phagwa celebrations hosted by the Hindu Prachar Kendra. This has been criticised by Satnarayan Maharaj of the Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha (the largest Hindu",
"title": "Pichakaree"
},
{
"id": "14089465",
"text": "Kris Aquino) and Best Director (for Joel Lamangan). \"Mano Po\" was among the top-grossing films in time for the Metro Manila Filmfest. The film's success was followed by another episode, \"Mano Po 2: My Home\" and a spin-off, \"\" that was released in 2007. Don Luis Go (Eddie Garcia) is a Chinese immigrant and has a Filipino wife Elisa (Boots Anson-Roa). In 1949, the young Luis (Cogie Domingo) brought Elisa (Maxene Magalona) to China. There Elisa suffered discrimination from Luis' parents. There she decided to go back to the Philippines. But, Luis decided to join her. There, he became a",
"title": "Mano Po"
},
{
"id": "4934479",
"text": "cut and hauled by horses to the river. During the early years all wood was 'driven' in the spring, down the Pic and White Otter rivers. In later years roads supplanted the trails, but until 1982 there was a Camp near the White Otter River operated by American Can. Dynamite caches were located at strategic places along the river so that log jams could be cleared. Two possibilities exist for the origin of the name of the river. It may be from either Ojibwe \"bikodinaa\" or French meaning \"be a high ground\" for the promontory found at the mouth of",
"title": "Pic River"
}
] | what is the translation of pico de gallo |
[
"suicidal feelings"
] | [
{
"id": "10783012",
"text": "perhaps Bonezzi's most famous composition. On the fifth anniversary of his death, the song \"Fade to Black\" was released as a tribute to him. It was written and recorded by his long time friend, actress, singer Tres Hanley. Bonezzi was found dead in his home on 30 August 2012. It is reported that his last Facebook posts to friends was “I’m fading to black”. Which is where the title of the song comes from. The music video for \"Fade To Black\" features clips from Bonezzi’s home movies as well as clips with Los Zombies. Bernardo Bonezzi Bernardo Silvano Bonezzi Nahón",
"title": "Bernardo Bonezzi"
},
{
"id": "19173909",
"text": "Fade (Kanye West song) \"Fade\" is a song by American rapper Kanye West, featuring vocals from American rappers Post Malone and Ty Dolla Sign. It was released as the third and final single from West's seventh studio album, \"The Life of Pablo\" (2016), on September 20, 2016. The Tidal-exclusive music video premiered at the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards. The song has peaked at number 47 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100. \"Fade\" features vocals from rappers Post Malone and Ty Dolla Sign. It also samples several different songs. The bass line and melody is sampled from Chicago house track",
"title": "Fade (Kanye West song)"
},
{
"id": "11342072",
"text": "Fade (Staind song) \"Fade\" is a song by American rock band Staind. It was the third single off of their album \"Break the Cycle\". The song was a crossover success for the band, peaking at number 3 and 4 on the \"Billboard\" Mainstream Rock and Modern Rock song charts respectively, and at number 62 on the \"Billboard\" all-format Hot 100 chart. The origins of the song trace back the recording sessions in the late 1990s, prior to the band releasing their second studio album, their first major record label album \"Dysfunction\" in 1999. The song's guitar riff was initially written",
"title": "Fade (Staind song)"
},
{
"id": "15108462",
"text": "by One\" from her album \"A Day Without Rain\" (2000). The song was recorded by Sandy Vee at The Bunker Studio's in Paris, France in 2010. Musically, the song features a piano and violin led instrumental whilst lyrically, \"Fading\" is about the female protagonist leaving her boyfriend because she feels that they have become distant and their relationship has faded. The lyrics of the song feature Rihanna adopting a vocal diction which urges her boyfriend to leave and walk away from the relationship, \"Go on, be gone/ Bye bye so long/ Can't you see we're fading away\". As noted by",
"title": "Fading (song)"
},
{
"id": "11342077",
"text": "to while growing up as a child. \"Spin\", in its dedicated song review, praised the track for being \"another moody, well-crafted ballad\" by the band. Fade (Staind song) \"Fade\" is a song by American rock band Staind. It was the third single off of their album \"Break the Cycle\". The song was a crossover success for the band, peaking at number 3 and 4 on the \"Billboard\" Mainstream Rock and Modern Rock song charts respectively, and at number 62 on the \"Billboard\" all-format Hot 100 chart. The origins of the song trace back the recording sessions in the late 1990s,",
"title": "Fade (Staind song)"
},
{
"id": "19173915",
"text": "tail, which is used to foreshadow for things to come in the future. Due to her being the lead star in the video, Taylor was exposed to people that weren't aware of who she was before. The video won Best Choreography at the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards, as well as Best Dance Performance at the 2016 Soul Train Music Awards. Fade (Kanye West song) \"Fade\" is a song by American rapper Kanye West, featuring vocals from American rappers Post Malone and Ty Dolla Sign. It was released as the third and final single from West's seventh studio album, \"The",
"title": "Fade (Kanye West song)"
},
{
"id": "5701183",
"text": "lines \"I got something to say / It's better to burn out than fade away\"; the same lines were used in the movie \"Highlander\" by The Kurgan and used in the Queen song \"Gimme The Prize (Kurgan's Theme)\" on their \"A Kind Of Magic\" album. Metalcore band Killswitch Engage have quoted the line in their song \"New Awakening\". The lyrics of the song, in particular \"out of the blue and into the black\", are an epigraph and also a prominent feature in Stephen King's \"It\". Lana Del Rey mentions the song through the lyrics \"out of the black, into the",
"title": "Hey Hey, My My (Into the Black)"
},
{
"id": "9614062",
"text": "she refers is more likely heroin, to which she was openly addicted; \"black\" is the second most common street name for heroin in Los Angeles. \"Back to Black\" explores elements of old school soul music. The song's sound and beat have been described as similar to vintage girl groups from the 1960s. Its production was noted for its Wall of Sound. Winehouse expresses feelings of hurt and bitterness for a boyfriend who has left her; however, throughout the lyrics she \"remains strong\" exemplified in the opening lines, \"He left no time to regret, Kept his dick wet, With his same",
"title": "Back to Black (song)"
},
{
"id": "19173911",
"text": "And we just kept on going. I went in the studio with Kanye and we just recorded the scratch vocals and then I wrote over it… He was just a normal guy, like me, and super cool. He was wearing all camo, just all camo. He was very quiet and he was very, very humble,\" Post stated in an interview with \"The Fader\". \"Fade\" was announced as the third single from \"The Life of Pablo\" in June 2016. It was serviced to US urban and pop radio on September 20, 2016. On May 12, 2017, the song was certified Silver",
"title": "Fade (Kanye West song)"
},
{
"id": "15108459",
"text": "Fading (song) \"Fading\" is a song by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna from her fifth studio album, \"Loud\" (2010). The song was written by Jamal Jones and Ester Dean, whilst production of the song was completed by Jones under his production name, Polow da Don. Musically, the song samples Irish instrumentalist and singer-songwriter Enyas \"One by One\", whilst lyrically, the song is about leaving a man in a relationship. After \"Loud\" had strong digital download sales in the United Kingdom, \"Fading\" charted at number 187 on that country's singles chart in November 2010. The song received generally positive reviews from music",
"title": "Fading (song)"
},
{
"id": "11342075",
"text": "on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. A live version of the song was released on the compilation album \"The Family Values Tour 2001\", while an acoustic version of the song later appeared on the release \"Staind - MTV Unplugged\" in November 2002. The song also received its own music video, which alternates between the band performing in a crumbling watch tower and footage of a man in an office space. The song maintains a standard verse-chorus song structure, with a bridge prior to the final chorus. The verses contains strummed, clean electric guitar notes being played, before expanding into loud,",
"title": "Fade (Staind song)"
},
{
"id": "8135003",
"text": "\"\", \"True Blood\", \"Psych\", \"Friends from College\", \"Ray Donovan\", \"Felicity\", Californication and \"Suits (Ben Harper version). Fade into You \"Fade into You\" is a song by rock group Mazzy Star from their album \"So Tonight That I Might See\". The song was written by lyricist Hope Sandoval and composer David Roback, who also served as producer. It reached number three on the \"Billboard\" Modern Rock chart in 1994, and is Mazzy Star's only single to make the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, peaking at number 44. The song also charted at number 48 on the UK Singles Chart. The group had two",
"title": "Fade into You"
},
{
"id": "5701172",
"text": "My, Hey Hey (Out of the Blue)\" – \"to fade away\") or to burn out. A line from the acoustic version of the song, \"it's better to burn out than to fade away,\" became infamous after being quoted in Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain's suicide note. Young later said that he was so shaken that he dedicated his 1994 album \"Sleeps with Angels\" to Cobain. The song \"Hey, Hey, My, My...\" and the title phrase of the album, \"rust never sleeps\" on which it was featured sprang from Young's encounters with Devo and in particular Mark Mothersbaugh. Devo was asked by",
"title": "Hey Hey, My My (Into the Black)"
},
{
"id": "9614063",
"text": "old safe bet, Me and my head high, And my tears dry, Get on without my guy\". The song's lyrical content consists of a sad goodbye to a relationship with the lyrics being frank. Slant Magazine writer Sal Cinquemani suggested that the protagonist's lover may be committed to cocaine instead of another woman. John Murphy of musicOMH compared the song's introduction to songs by Jimmy Mack, adding that it continues to a \"much darker place\" than the aforementioned artist's work. The song has received universal critical acclaim by music critics. A writer from the website 4Music awarded the song ten",
"title": "Back to Black (song)"
},
{
"id": "9008895",
"text": "with \"Blake\", referring to her ex-husband, Blake Fielder-Civil, who served time in prison for charges relating to grievous bodily harm. \"Back to Black\" explores elements of old-school soul music. The song's sound and beat have been described as similar to vintage girl groups from the 1960s. Its production was noted for its Wall of Sound. Winehouse expresses feelings of hurt and bitterness for a boyfriend who has left her; however, throughout the lyrics she \"remains strong\" exemplified in the opening lines, \"He left no time to regret, Kept his wet, With his same old safe bet, Me and my head",
"title": "Back to Black"
},
{
"id": "9023661",
"text": "Faded Love \"Faded Love\" is a Western swing song written by Bob Wills, his father John Wills, and his brother, Billy Jack Wills. The tune is considered to be an exemplar of the Western swing fiddle component of American fiddle.The melody came from an 1856 ballad, Darling Nelly Gray, which John Wills knew as a fiddle tune. \"Faded Love\" is a sentimental song about lost love. The name comes from the refrain that follows each verse: I remember our faded love. The song was a major hit for Bob Wills and The Texas Playboys (MGM 10786) reaching number eight on",
"title": "Faded Love"
},
{
"id": "4110765",
"text": "on February 15, 1995. It would later sign off fellow longtime rock stations 94 WYSP in Philadelphia on September 2, 2011 and Power 97 in Winnipeg on January 29, 2015. Fade to Black (song) \"Fade to Black\" is a song and the first power ballad by American heavy metal band Metallica, released as the first promotional single from its second studio album, \"Ride the Lightning\". The song was ranked as having the 24th best guitar solo ever by \"Guitar World\" readers. The song peaked at number 100 on Swiss Singles Chart in 2008. The song is certified gold by the",
"title": "Fade to Black (song)"
},
{
"id": "7333662",
"text": "the video for David Bowie's no.1 hit \"Ashes to Ashes\", a song which helped to propel the burgeoning New Romantic fashion movement into the mainstream (although Bowie himself was never directly associated with it). Later that year, Visage signed a new record deal with the major label Polydor and released their second single, \"Fade to Grey\". The single became a top 10 hit in the UK and several other European countries, reaching number one in Germany and Switzerland. As the public face of the band, Strange shot to stardom in Britain and other parts of Europe. Visage enjoyed a string",
"title": "Steve Strange"
},
{
"id": "15108469",
"text": "Boy\", \"Fading\", \"Don't Stop the Music\" and \"Take a Bow\". Credits and personnel adapted from the liner notes of \"Loud\". Fading (song) \"Fading\" is a song by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna from her fifth studio album, \"Loud\" (2010). The song was written by Jamal Jones and Ester Dean, whilst production of the song was completed by Jones under his production name, Polow da Don. Musically, the song samples Irish instrumentalist and singer-songwriter Enyas \"One by One\", whilst lyrically, the song is about leaving a man in a relationship. After \"Loud\" had strong digital download sales in the United Kingdom, \"Fading\"",
"title": "Fading (song)"
},
{
"id": "11342074",
"text": "recorded. The song's first official release was on May 8, 2001, on the band's third studio album, \"Break the Cycle\", a release that would eventually be certified five times platinum by the RIAA, indicated 5 million units shipped. After the release of \"It's Been Awhile\" and \"Outside\", \"Fade\" would later be released as the album's third single on September 4, 2001. The song performed well at rock radio radio, peaking at number 3 and 4 respectively on the US \"Billboard\" Mainstream Rock and Mondern Rock song charts respectively, and even crossed over to the all-format radio stations, peaking at 62",
"title": "Fade (Staind song)"
},
{
"id": "14880058",
"text": "Fade Like a Shadow \"Fade Like a Shadow\" is a 2010 song by Scottish singer/songwriter KT Tunstall. It was released as the U.S. lead single for her third studio album \"Tiger Suit\" (2010). In August 2010, Tunstall performed an acoustic rendition of the track in 13 July at the Hiro Ballroom in Manhattan, using live looping to get the layering and harmonizing effects in the chorus. The song talks about accepting that a relationship has run its course, with the lovers parting ways. The song is more upbeat and urgent than Tunstall's UK lead single, \"(Still a) Weirdo\". The singer's",
"title": "Fade Like a Shadow"
},
{
"id": "2460620",
"text": "the name of an ability performed by Mordekaiser in the game \"League of Legends\". It is also an assignment for the L96 in \"Battlefield 3\". The phrase \"creeping death\" is also used in the H.P. Lovecraft short story, The Lurking Fear, possibly being a partial influence for the title of the song. The song has also been covered by American hard rock band Stone Sour Creeping Death \"Creeping Death\" is a song by the American heavy metal band Metallica, released as the lead and only commercial single from their second studio album \"Ride the Lightning\" (1984) (\"Fade to Black\" and",
"title": "Creeping Death"
},
{
"id": "9008899",
"text": "in the United States in March 2007, with a remix of \"You Know I'm No Good\" featuring rap vocals by Ghostface Killah as its lead single. A third UK single, \"Back to Black\", was released on 30 April 2007. Having previously peaked at number 25 on the UK chart, the track climbed to number eight in late July 2011, following Winehouse's death. Two further singles were released from the album: \"Tears Dry on Their Own\" was released on 13 August 2007, and peaked at number 16 in the UK, while \"Love Is a Losing Game\", released on 10 December 2007,",
"title": "Back to Black"
},
{
"id": "13438259",
"text": "contributed to the album, including The Hockey Theme Canadian composer Dolores Claman and Phantom of the Opera Lyricist Charles Hart On August 30, 2017 she released \"Fade To Black\" . It was the first pre-released single from her forth album, \"Shades of Darkness\" (release early 2019). Mostly original compositions by Hanley and her \"Siren's Odyssey\" collaborator Daniel Moctezuma, the album was inspired by her friend composer and musician Bernardo Bonezzi. The song \"Fade to Black\" was written as a tribute to Bonezzi. Hanley and Bonezzi met while she was filming Boca a Boca (English: \"Mouth to Mouth\") and became lifelong",
"title": "Trés Hanley"
},
{
"id": "5701177",
"text": "line \"It's better to burn out than to fade away\" (actually only spoken in full in the acoustic \"My My, Hey Hey\" and the \"Human Highway\" film recording). Kurt Cobain's suicide note ended with the same line, shaking Young and inadvertently cementing his place as the so-called \"Godfather of Grunge\". Ex-Beatle John Lennon commented on the message of the song in a 1980 interview with David Sheff from \"Playboy\": Young would reply two years later when asked to respond to Lennon's comments: The rock'n'roll spirit is not survival. Of course the people who play rock'n'roll should survive. But the essence",
"title": "Hey Hey, My My (Into the Black)"
},
{
"id": "15828135",
"text": "Fade into Darkness \"Fade into Darkness\" is a song by Swedish house producer and DJ Avicii. It features uncredited vocals from Andreas Moe. The single was released on 16 July 2011. The song incorporates elements from \"Perpetuum Mobile\" by Penguin Cafe Orchestra, as written by Simon Jeffes. Prior to its commercial release, the song was referred to as \"Penguin\", which was solely an instrumental track, unlike the following lyrical version. When \"Fade into Darkness\" was referred to as \"Penguin\", the song received comparisons to Leona Lewis' 2011 song \"Collide\". The song (\"Collide\") originally credited Lewis as the only artist on",
"title": "Fade into Darkness"
},
{
"id": "19173913",
"text": "and recognizable sound. The gym setting of the video is important in drawing this parallel as the workout aesthetic is generally associated with the 1980s. The 80s are significant as that was the moment when house DJs like Frankie Knuckles and Ron Hardy, as well as the radio collective Hot Mix 5, made the genre more than just a music subculture in Chicago. The music video for the song was released on August 28, 2016 on music streaming service Tidal, after being unveiled at the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards. The video was directed by Eli Linnetz and was uploaded",
"title": "Fade (Kanye West song)"
},
{
"id": "8135002",
"text": "the Crescent Hotel) and neighboring Stockton Street tunnel, coupled with genuine footage of the same sites shot in the 1930s. Only the latter music video was broadcast internationally. All songs written and composed by Hope Sandoval and David Roback, except where noted. The song can be heard in the films \"Angus\", \"Starship Troopers\", \"Swept Away\", \"Lord of War\", \"Burlesque\", \"End of Watch\", \"Chasing Mavericks\", \"The To Do List\", \"Thank You For Your Service\" and \"American Honey\" along with the television shows \"Gilmore Girls\", \"Roswell\", \"Without a Trace\", \"Cold Case\", \"\", \"Person of Interest\", \"Fringe\", \"Waterloo Road\", \"My Mad Fat Diary\",",
"title": "Fade into You"
},
{
"id": "9614060",
"text": "year and decade-end lists of the best in music and was further considered to be one of the singer's signature songs. The single peaked at number eight on the UK Singles Chart in the United Kingdom and is Winehouse's third best-selling single in that country. Many cover versions by various artists were recorded for the song; most notably, Beyoncé and André 3000 covered it for the of the 2013 film adaptation of the novel \"The Great Gatsby\" (1925). A documentary film based on the life and death of Winehouse, \"Amy\" (2015) features a videoed tape of Winehouse recording the song",
"title": "Back to Black (song)"
},
{
"id": "4110761",
"text": "Fade to Black (song) \"Fade to Black\" is a song and the first power ballad by American heavy metal band Metallica, released as the first promotional single from its second studio album, \"Ride the Lightning\". The song was ranked as having the 24th best guitar solo ever by \"Guitar World\" readers. The song peaked at number 100 on Swiss Singles Chart in 2008. The song is certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America. In an interview with drummer Lars Ulrich on the set of the production \"\" in 2003, he recalls how he and vocalist/rhythm guitarist James Hetfield",
"title": "Fade to Black (song)"
},
{
"id": "19173912",
"text": "in the UK. Both the sampling of \"Mystery of Love\" and the workout aesthetic of the music video are direct allusions to the specific moment when black artists produced house music in Chicago during the 1980s. The genre was an important development in American black music history because it was a reclamation of disco techniques–a genre that had lost its black roots once it entered the mainstream market. The technique of house is essentially a distillation of disco techniques, because it draws on the same bass lines and rhythms, but house was produced much more cheaply, giving it its distinct",
"title": "Fade (Kanye West song)"
},
{
"id": "17180586",
"text": "Fade (Jakwob song) \"Fade\" is a song by British music producer and DJ Jakwob, with vocals courtesy of Maiday. The song was released as a single on 15 March 2013 as a digital download in the UK. The song has peaked to number 35 on the UK Singles Chart. A music video to accompany the release of \"Fade\" was first released onto YouTube and VEVO on 10 February 2013 at a total length of three minutes and twenty-six seconds. The music video was directed by Billy Boyd Cape and features a performance from Nicole O'Neill. In just 40 days the",
"title": "Fade (Jakwob song)"
},
{
"id": "9008896",
"text": "high, And my tears dry, Get on without my guy\". The song's lyrical content consists of a sad goodbye to a relationship with the lyrics being frank. John Murphy of \"musicOMH\" compared the song's introduction to the Martha and the Vandellas song \"Jimmy Mack\", adding that it continues to a \"much darker place\". A deluxe edition of \"Back to Black\" was released in mainland Europe in November 2007 and in the United Kingdom on 3 December 2007. The reissue features the original studio album remastered as well as a bonus disc containing various B-sides, rare, and live tracks, including Winehouse's",
"title": "Back to Black"
},
{
"id": "9614071",
"text": "went further on the song's main theme of goodbye. As of October 2018, the video has over 360 million views on YouTube. \"Back to Black\" was covered by American singer Beyoncé and American rapper André 3000 for the of the 2013 film \"The Great Gatsby\". The song premiered in April 2013 after several snippets of it appeared online and it was used in the trailer for the film. Jay Z, who served as an executive producer for the soundtrack, suggested the song to its producer Baz Luhrmann. It was the final song recorded for the album and was included after",
"title": "Back to Black (song)"
},
{
"id": "10302369",
"text": "To Be Young, Gifted and Black \"To Be Young, Gifted and Black\" is a song by Nina Simone with lyrics by Weldon Irvine. It was written in memory of Simone's late friend Lorraine Hansberry, author of the play \"A Raisin in the Sun\", who had died in 1965 aged 34. The song was originally recorded and released by Simone in 1969, also featuring on her 1970 album \"Black Gold\", and was a Civil Rights Movement anthem. Released as a single, it peaked at number eight on the R&B chart and number 76 on the Hot 100. Notable cover versions of",
"title": "To Be Young, Gifted and Black"
},
{
"id": "246436",
"text": "chords and reserved singing was incongruous for thrash metal bands at the time and disappointed some of Metallica's fans. The song's structure foreshadows later Metallica ballads, \"Welcome Home (Sanitarium)\", \"One\" and \"The Day That Never Comes. \"Fade to Black\" was released as a promotional single in 1984, in glow in the dark green. \"Trapped Under Ice\" is about a person who wakes from a cryonic state. Realizing there is nowhere to go, and no-one will come to the rescue, the person helplessly awaits impending doom. The song is built on a fast-picked galloping riff, reminiscent of the album's opener. It",
"title": "Ride the Lightning"
},
{
"id": "19173914",
"text": "to West's Vevo channel on September 6, 2016. The video features GOOD Music label mate Teyana Taylor and her husband, Sacramento Kings guard Iman Shumpert. The video draws inspirations from a variety of subjects including 80's pornography, \"Flashdance\", John Carpenter films, \"The Fly\", \"Dancing with the Stars\", the Olympics and the NBA championship. The video was meant to be shot using a different dancer, but Kanye West cancelled it due to 3 weeks after her giving birth in order to give her time to get in shape. The video ends with a shot of Taylor with a lioness face and",
"title": "Fade (Kanye West song)"
},
{
"id": "5701182",
"text": "song was included at #93 in Bob Mersereau's book \"The Top 100 Canadian Singles\" (2010). Peter Buck of R.E.M. has acknowledged in interviews that his band's first hit, \"The One I Love\", is actually a rewriting on Neil Young's \"Hey Hey, My My\". Courtney Love, singer for Hole and Cobain's widow, alludes both to this song and her husband's suicide note in the song \"Reasons To Be Beautiful\" from the album \"Celebrity Skin\". In \"Reasons To Be Beautiful,\" she changes the verse to \"It's better to rise than fade away.\" Def Leppard begins their song \"Rock of Ages\" with the",
"title": "Hey Hey, My My (Into the Black)"
},
{
"id": "15828140",
"text": "at making this record the hit it deserves to be.\" The music video for \"Fade into Darkness\" was directed by Tobias Hansson and Karl Aulin, starring Linn Asplund and Jim Cargill. The video portrays a female assassin who fell for her target. To protect him, she left him a note that said not to look for her. But he did and when he finds her she eventually kills him. Credits adapted from liner notes. Fade into Darkness \"Fade into Darkness\" is a song by Swedish house producer and DJ Avicii. It features uncredited vocals from Andreas Moe. The single was",
"title": "Fade into Darkness"
},
{
"id": "9614061",
"text": "with Mark Ronson, in March 2006 and an a cappella melody was featured on the film's soundtrack. \"Back to Black\" was written by Amy Winehouse and Mark Ronson with the latter also serving as its producer. The track was recorded in three studios – Chung King Studios and Daptone Studios located in New York City and Metropolis Studios in London. \"Back to Black\" was inspired by her relationship with Blake Fielder-Civil. He had left Winehouse for an ex-girlfriend, leaving her going to \"black,\" which to the listener may appear to refer to drinking and depression. However, the \"black\" to which",
"title": "Back to Black (song)"
},
{
"id": "9614067",
"text": "to be one of Winehouse's signature songs. Justin Myers writing for the Official Charts Company remarked that it was the singer's most \"anguished\" song while also being \"[h]eartbreakingly autobiographical\" at the same time. Tim Chester of \"NME\" also wrote that \"Back to Black\" was a song by which the singer should be remembered following her death, with Motown influence in her trademark vocal performance along with its powerful lyrics. Pre-release, the song charted in the UK Singles Chart on downloads alone for five consecutive weeks, peaking at number 40. The single charted at number 25 in 2007 once it had",
"title": "Back to Black (song)"
},
{
"id": "4110762",
"text": "were \"obsessed with death\" at the time the album and song were produced. The song's lyrics address suicidal feelings. It begins with an acoustic guitar introduction and becomes progressively heavier as the song goes on, similar to their future songs, \"Welcome Home (Sanitarium)\", \"One\", and \"The Day That Never Comes\". James Hetfield commented on the song in a 1991 interview with \"Guitar World\": Since its release, \"Fade to Black\" has been a fixture in Metallica's live performances. It was also the last song that Metallica performed live with former bassist Jason Newsted before he left the band. Newsted's last gig",
"title": "Fade to Black (song)"
},
{
"id": "9614059",
"text": "Back to Black (song) \"Back to Black\" is a song by English singer and songwriter Amy Winehouse. It was released by Island Records on 30 April 2007 as the third single from Winehouse's second and final studio album of the same name. The song was written by Winehouse and Mark Ronson, and produced by Ronson. \"Back to Black\" was inspired by Winehouse's relationship with Blake Fielder-Civil, who had left her for an ex-girlfriend. \"Back to Black\" received universal acclaim by music critics, who generally praised its throwback sound to girl groups from the 1960s. It was included on several compiled",
"title": "Back to Black (song)"
},
{
"id": "8920489",
"text": "and the True Stories Behind Their Lyrics\". He discusses the impact of Metallica's “Fade to Black” on him as a lyricist, in a chapter about the song that also examines its social and cultural significance. Moody co-starred with Shawn Crahan in Darren Lynn Bousman's short horror musical film \"The Devil's Carnival\", which screened in April 2012. On June 12, 2017, Moody stated during a concert in Tilburg, Netherlands, that it will be his last show with Five Finger Death Punch. The band released a statement saying they would keep moving forward. Moody checked himself into rehab and was replaced for",
"title": "Ivan L. Moody"
},
{
"id": "19256813",
"text": "upon its release, topping Norwegian, Finnish and Swedish singles charts, as well as entering the top 3 in the Danish singles chart. The song peaked at number one in more than ten countries and in the top 5 in more than 25 countries. It also charted in various countries including Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Malaysia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Switzerland, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It also reached number one on the Shazam Worldwide Top 100 Popular Songs in February 2016, and by March 2016, had become the world's most Shazamed",
"title": "Faded (Alan Walker song)"
},
{
"id": "14880060",
"text": "the song to M Is For Music: \"The song is about when I met someone who had a really negative effect on me, and even though they were still alive, I experienced these almost visitation-like hauntings that I couldn't shake off. I took to wearing a t-shirt with the person's name on to try and exorcise them, which finally worked.\" Sara Anderson from AOL Music said that \"The song's title may sound melancholy, however, the track's chord progression is quite the opposite, backed by peppy, uplifting keyboard chords. James Berry from Yahoo! Music said, that:\" There's the energy of electronic",
"title": "Fade Like a Shadow"
},
{
"id": "17180587",
"text": "video peaked 1 million views. As of February 2016 its view count is over 2.9 million. On 24 March 2013 the song entered the UK Singles Chart at number 35, becoming his first top 40 single in the UK. On 14 April 2013 the song re-entered the Top 40 at 37. Fade (Jakwob song) \"Fade\" is a song by British music producer and DJ Jakwob, with vocals courtesy of Maiday. The song was released as a single on 15 March 2013 as a digital download in the UK. The song has peaked to number 35 on the UK Singles Chart.",
"title": "Fade (Jakwob song)"
},
{
"id": "9614065",
"text": "of vocal depth that Marc Almond has always dreamed of\". AllMusic writer John Bush found universality in the song and opined that even Joss Stone could take it to the top of the music charts. Alex Denney from the website Drowned in Sound found \"grit and gravitas\" in \"Back to Black\" best shown in its title song with a \"heart-stopping shuffle\" and lyrics about a man's philander. In 2007, the song was included at the position of 39 on Popjustice's list of the year's best in music. Slant Magazine also mentioned it in their respective list of the best singles",
"title": "Back to Black (song)"
},
{
"id": "14880059",
"text": "record company chose it for the American market as they felt the tune would play better at US radio. Tunstall told Billboard magazine just after the song's release: \"I may lose some fans of the old stuff, but I get the feeling I've already made a few new ones by embracing a bit of experimentation.\" The song talks about a person who haunted Tunstall for many months. She told Music Remedy, \"The person is still very much alive, but my interactions with them led to these weird, almost visitation-like feelings that I found difficult to shake off.\" Tunstall expanded on",
"title": "Fade Like a Shadow"
},
{
"id": "8134999",
"text": "Fade into You \"Fade into You\" is a song by rock group Mazzy Star from their album \"So Tonight That I Might See\". The song was written by lyricist Hope Sandoval and composer David Roback, who also served as producer. It reached number three on the \"Billboard\" Modern Rock chart in 1994, and is Mazzy Star's only single to make the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, peaking at number 44. The song also charted at number 48 on the UK Singles Chart. The group had two other songs make the Modern Rock Top 40 (\"Halah\" and \"Blue Flower\"), but they did not",
"title": "Fade into You"
},
{
"id": "9008885",
"text": "Back to Black Back to Black is the second and final studio album by English singer and songwriter Amy Winehouse. It was released on 27 October 2006 by Island Records. The album spawned five singles: \"Rehab\", \"You Know I'm No Good\", \"Back to Black\", \"Tears Dry on Their Own\" and \"Love Is a Losing Game\". \"Back to Black\" was acclaimed by music critics, who praised Winehouse's songwriting and emotive singing style as well as Salaam Remi and Mark Ronson's production. At the 50th Annual Grammy Awards ceremony, \"Back to Black\" won Best Pop Vocal Album and was also nominated for",
"title": "Back to Black"
},
{
"id": "11862914",
"text": "Mustard. It samples \"Freak Like Me\" by Adina Howard. Taylor announced that it will be the lead single from her upcoming second studio album. On August 28, 2016, at the MTV Video Music Awards, Kanye West released the world premiere of the music video for his single, \"FADE\", which features Taylor performing a dance routine, in a likeness to the 1983 film \"Flashdance\". The video, directed by Eli Russell Linnetz, features Taylor dancing throughout a gymnasium and there is also an appearance by her husband, Iman Shumpert. In April 2018, Kanye West announced two new albums, a solo album and",
"title": "Teyana Taylor"
},
{
"id": "1506638",
"text": "16, 2016. The song \"Fade to Black\" was played with lead singer James Hetfield dedicating the song to the late Cliff Burton. During the song Hetfield yells, 'Can you hear us Cliff?'. In 2017, it was revealed that Burton's parents had been \"quietly\" donating his posthumous royalty payments to a scholarship fund for music students at his alma mater Castro Valley High School. In 2018, the Alameda County, California, Board of Supervisors issued a proclamation declaring February 10, 2018 (what would have been Burton's 56th birthday) as \"Cliff Burton Day\" after a fan petition successfully passed. In January 2013, guitar",
"title": "Cliff Burton"
},
{
"id": "13865979",
"text": "Pitney that many listeners assumed that \"Black Is Black\" was a Pitney single. In August 1966, the song debuted at number 100 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles chart. It peaked at number four in October, and spent 12 weeks on the chart. The song reached number one on the Canadian Singles Chart, and peaked at number two in the UK Singles Chart. The single also sold two million copies in Spain. Shortly after the September 11, 2001 attacks, American media conglomerate company Clear Channel Communications distributed the 2001 Clear Channel memorandum to program directors at the more than",
"title": "Black Is Black"
},
{
"id": "9008888",
"text": "the UK Albums Chart at the time of its release, and was eventually certified triple Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). In 2004, Winehouse was nominated for British Female Solo Artist and British Urban Act at the Brit Awards, while \"Frank\" made the shortlist for the Mercury Prize. That same year, the album's first single, \"Stronger Than Me\", earned Winehouse and Remi an Ivor Novello Award for Best Contemporary Song. In contrast to her jazz-influenced debut album \"Frank\", Winehouse's focus shifted to the girl groups of the 1950s and 1960s. Winehouse hired New York singer Sharon Jones's longtime band,",
"title": "Back to Black"
},
{
"id": "2167502",
"text": "Ure recalled the way that \"music video changed after that. All these things that became video clichés – cropping the top and bottom off the screen, shooting on film as opposed to videotape, making it look like a movie ... we were quite a groundbreaking act for a while.\" The same year that Ultravox released the \"Vienna\" album, Visage also released their debut album which made the UK Top 20 and featured the hit single \"Fade to Grey\" (co-written by Ure and Currie with Chris Payne), also influential in the direction of the New Romantic electropop music scene. For a",
"title": "Midge Ure"
},
{
"id": "17591539",
"text": "Maiday Rachel Moulden, better known as Maiday (stylized as MΔîDΔY), is an English singer-songwriter from Worcestershire, now living in Bow, East London. Maiday has written for a number of other artists including Wretch 32, Leona Lewis, Girls Aloud and Josh Kumra. She co-wrote and produced the UK number one single \"Don't Go\" for Wretch 32 and her vocals have been featured on a number of international hits including \"Fade\" by Jakwob that became a top 40 hit on the UK Singles Chart and on \"Skydive\" by Chuckie, a dance hit that has charted on European mainstream charts, notably in Belgium,",
"title": "Maiday"
},
{
"id": "9008898",
"text": "October 2006, based solely on download sales, it entered the UK Singles Chart at number 19, and when the physical single was released the following week, it climbed to number seven. Following a performance of \"Rehab\" at the 2007 MTV Movie Awards on 3 June 2007, the song rose to number 10 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 for the week of 23 June, peaking at number nine the following week. \"You Know I'm No Good\" was released on 8 January 2007 as the album's second single, reaching number 18 on the UK Singles Chart. \"Back to Black\" was released",
"title": "Back to Black"
},
{
"id": "13387355",
"text": "the band Weezer recorded a cover version in 2018 that peaked at number 51 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and number one on the \"Billboard\" Alternative Songs chart. In the U.S., the single was initially certified gold by the RIAA in 1991. However, since its renewed popularity, sales of both the original Toto single and the Weezer cover have surged, with the original single certified platinum in 2017, and most recently 4x Platinum in October 2018. The initial idea and lyrics for the song came from David Paich. Jeff Porcaro explains the idea behind the song: \"A white boy is",
"title": "Africa (Toto song)"
},
{
"id": "9614080",
"text": "affair\" because of the lyrics, which according to him were connected with Amy Winehouse's death, and the film's noirish bent. He further commented that \"it strikes us as an unusually dark side of King Bey[oncé], who's supposed to be literally the most poised human being alive\". Speaking about the modification of the lyrics, he noted that it was \"but a little odd\" and concluded the review by saying, \"It's eerie but cool, and a fitting tribute to Winehouse's legacy.\" The full version of the song premiered on Mark Ronson's East Village Radio show on 26 April 2013. Upon its release,",
"title": "Back to Black (song)"
},
{
"id": "5607535",
"text": "initial release, the song has remained influential as the first number one hit featuring a sitar, particularly in the UK where it has charted on two other occasions, and has been the subject of multiple cover versions, compilation albums, and film appearances. The song's lyrics are, for the most part, meant to describe blackness and depression through the use of colour-based metaphors. Initially, \"Paint It Black\" was written as a standard pop arrangement, humorously compared by Mick Jagger to \"Songs for Jewish weddings\". The song describes the extreme grief suffered by one stunned by the sudden and unexpected loss of",
"title": "Paint It Black"
},
{
"id": "9023662",
"text": "the Country charts in 1950. It became one of his signature songs. Leon McAuliffe had two Top 40 hits with \"Faded Love\", both reaching number 22 (Cimarron 4057, 1962, and MGM 14249, 1971). The former was an instrumental version, and the latter rendition was a collaboration with Tompall & the Glaser Brothers. Also in 1962, it was a modest hit for Jackie DeShannon, reaching No.97 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The song had even greater success when Patsy Cline covered it in 1963. Her version became a hit, reaching number seven on the U.S. Country charts and No.96 on the",
"title": "Faded Love"
},
{
"id": "20798947",
"text": "William DuVall ended up writing the lyrics for the song at Studio X in Seattle in the summer of 2017. He wrote and recorded the track alone in the studio until 3am. \"Never Fade\" is DuVall's major composition in \"Rainier Fog\". The song features the lyrics \"\"all my friends are leaving\"\". DuVall's grandmother, described by him as a pillar in his life, died at the age of 105 while the band was recording the album, and he wrote the lyrics to \"Never Fade\" thinking about his grandmother and the late Soundgarden lead vocalist Chris Cornell, who died a month before",
"title": "Never Fade (Alice in Chains song)"
},
{
"id": "16256739",
"text": "Faded (Tyga song) \"Faded\" is a song by American rapper Tyga featuring Young Money-founder Lil Wayne. The song was first released on January 13, 2012 as the fourth single from the rapper's debut studio album, \"\" (2012). For the chart dated May 27, 2012, \"Faded\" debuted at number 36 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, marking Tyga's second highest-charting single after \"Rack City\"; which peaked at number seven. It was released to US rhythmic radio stations on March 13, 2012. Complex named the song No. 42 of the best 50 songs of 2012. The music video was released on March 31,",
"title": "Faded (Tyga song)"
},
{
"id": "5607536",
"text": "wife, lover or partner. It is often claimed that Jagger took inspiration from novelist James Joyce's 1922 book \"Ulysses\", taking the excerpt \"I have to turn my head until my darkness goes\", referring to the novel's theme of a worldwide view of desperation and desolation. The song itself came to fruition when the band's leader Brian Jones took an interest in Moroccan music. It was their first song to feature a sitar instrumental. \"Paint It Black\" came at a pivotal period in the Rolling Stones' recording history, a time that saw the songwriting collaboration of Jagger and Keith Richards assert",
"title": "Paint It Black"
},
{
"id": "9614076",
"text": "things beneath the surface. We were looking for a song that would speak to the almost 'Sid and Nancy' addictive love that Gatsby and Daisy have found themselves re-engaging in. Everybody knows the Amy Winehouse version of this song, and I think this is a very interesting interpretation. It plunges you further into this particular kind of lovesickness. I think it works very well in the film, where it blends between a jazz recording that The Bryan Ferry Orchestra did and the version on the album with Beyoncé and André 3000. That combination helps to deepen the resonance of what",
"title": "Back to Black (song)"
},
{
"id": "6917100",
"text": "United States as well, peaking at #22 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The single was the biggest hit internationally for soulDecision's and the biggest hit of the band's lifespan. It peaked at #23 in Australia on 21 January 2001. Faded (soulDecision song) \"Faded\" is song by Canadian boy band soulDecision. It was released in March 2000 as the lead single from their debut album, \"No One Does It Better\" The song reached number-one in Canada and peaked at number 22 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100. and being nominated for song of the year at 2001 Juno Awards. The song",
"title": "Faded (soulDecision song)"
},
{
"id": "9614068",
"text": "been released in physical format which also became its peak position in that country.; The song has spent 34 non-consecutive weeks on the UK Singles Chart to date. It has re-entered with \"Rehab\" together on the chart. The song featured on BBC Radio 1's \"The B List\" Playlist during the week commencing 2 May. With sales of 96,000, \"Back to Black\" finished as the UK's 85th biggest-selling single of 2007. On 31 July 2011, following her death, the song re-entered the UK Singles Chart at 8, also giving the song a new peak position and second top ten hit in",
"title": "Back to Black (song)"
},
{
"id": "15108468",
"text": "of a televised performance, the song was featured on the set list of select dates of the Loud Tour. Rihanna performed the song on June 6 and 7, 2011, at the Air Canada Centre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, where the song was featured near the end of the set. As noted by Jane Stevenson of the \"Toronto Sun\", after performing a selection of ballads from the singer's repertoire, including \"Unfaithful\", \"Hate That I Love You\" and \"California King Bed\", Rihanna re-appeared on stage wearing a rainbow colored feathered coat, denim bra and short shorts to perform \"What's My Name?\", \"Rude",
"title": "Fading (song)"
},
{
"id": "13389554",
"text": "song became a hit, and the song has been recorded by many artists since then. Frankie Laine's 1946 version was featured in the 2011 video game \"L.A. Noire\", as part of the in-game radio station, K.T.I. Radio. The song is also featured in the prologue of Ralph Ellison's novel \"Invisible Man\" (1952) as its protagonist, while hiding underground, listens to the song being played very loudly and descends into a dream regarding \"the blackness of Blackness,\" all after smoking a marijuana cigarette. Black and Blue (Fats Waller song) \"(What Did I Do to Be So) Black and Blue\" is a",
"title": "Black and Blue (Fats Waller song)"
},
{
"id": "6917098",
"text": "Faded (soulDecision song) \"Faded\" is song by Canadian boy band soulDecision. It was released in March 2000 as the lead single from their debut album, \"No One Does It Better\" The song reached number-one in Canada and peaked at number 22 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100. and being nominated for song of the year at 2001 Juno Awards. The song has three versions: one with the beginning lyrics \"\"When I get you all alone, I'm gonna take off all your clothes\"\"; an edited version with \"\"When I get you all alone, I'm gonna move in nice and close\"\"; and",
"title": "Faded (soulDecision song)"
},
{
"id": "3505622",
"text": "Rough Trade folded in late 1990, briefly leaving Mazzy Star without a record label. Within weeks, the duo's contract was picked up by Capitol, who re-released \"She Hangs Brightly\" on November 4, 1990, and released their follow-up, \"So Tonight That I Might See\" on September 27, 1993. A year after its release, the album yielded an unexpected hit single. \"Fade into You\" peaked at No. 44 to become their first \"Billboard\" Hot 100 single, while also reaching a career-high peak of No. 3 on the \"Modern Rock Tracks\" chart. On April 19, 1995, the album was certified platinum by the",
"title": "Mazzy Star"
},
{
"id": "9614069",
"text": "UK. As of September 2014, \"Back to Black\" has sold 340.000 copies in the UK and is Winehouse's third best-selling single in that country. In America, due to strong digital sales of the single over the years, \"Back to Black\" was certified platinum for over 1,000,000 sales/downloads by the RIAA in January 2015. The music video was directed by Phil Griffin and features a funeral procession in which Winehouse mourns over a grave that reads \"R.I.P. the Heart of Amy Winehouse\". The shot of the headstone was edited out after the singer's death in 2011. The video was primarily shot",
"title": "Back to Black (song)"
},
{
"id": "8135000",
"text": "approach the success of \"Fade into You\". Pitchfork Media included the song at number 19 on their \"Top 200 Tracks of the 90s\". Australian alternative music radio station Triple J ranked the song the 32nd greatest of 1994. J Mascis (of Dinosaur Jr.) covered the song in 2014 and performed it on \"Late Night with Seth Meyers\". Two music videos were completed for \"Fade Into You.\" The first was directed by Kevin Kerslake and premiered on MTV in late October 1993, several weeks after the album's release. It features the band performing in front of a projection depicting white clouds",
"title": "Fade into You"
},
{
"id": "11342076",
"text": "harmonized, distorted guitar parts. \"Rolling Stone\" described the song as having the heavy, minor key guitar riffs of nu metal, but that Lewis's dramatic vocal delivery made the music more comparable to the work of (alternative metal) band Alice in Chains than (nu metal) band Korn. Lyrically, Lewis describes the song as being about parental neglect, namely his belief that \"parents, on the whole, have forgotten how to be parents\". He explains the lyrics of \"I just needed someone to talk to/You were just too busy with yourself\" were about him feeling as if he had no one to turn",
"title": "Fade (Staind song)"
},
{
"id": "7288345",
"text": "broader audience. Released posthumously on his album \"Greatest Hits\", the song talks about all of the different issues that were related to Tupac's era of influence - notably racism, police brutality, drugs and gang violence. The \"Huey\" that 2Pac mentions in the song (\"\"two shots in the dark, now Huey's dead\"\") is Huey P. Newton, founder of the Black Panther Party. The song refers to the possibility of a black president of the United States, claiming \"we ain't ready\". Further, the last verse of the song refers to Tupac's premonition about being shot to death, mimicking the sound of the",
"title": "Changes (Tupac Shakur song)"
},
{
"id": "8135001",
"text": "in a black sky, and is interlaced with slow-motion footage of the band in various locales in the Mojave Desert. Portions of this video were filmed at the same location U2 shot the artwork for \"The Joshua Tree\". A second music video was directed by Merlyn Rosenberg and first aired in February 1994. Known as the Black and White version for its monochromic content throughout, the intentionally grainy, distorted footage shows the band performing in a darkened Burlesque-era ballroom, and is interspersed with footage of Sandoval and Roback at various sites around San Francisco, including the All Seasons Hotel (now",
"title": "Fade into You"
},
{
"id": "8556579",
"text": "track list prior to the earlier PlayStation 2 version, and the three songs \"Teenagers,\" \"Famous Last Words\" and \"This Is How I Disappear\" are available for download. \"The Black Parade\" has sold three million copies in the United States as of 2016, and four million worldwide. The record was reissued as \"The Black Parade/Living with Ghosts\" on September 23, 2016, in celebration of the tenth anniversary of the album's release. \"The Black Parade\" is a rock opera centering around the character of \"The Patient\". It is about his passage out of life and the memories he has of it. \"The",
"title": "The Black Parade"
},
{
"id": "7134422",
"text": "Faded (Kate DeAraugo song) \"Faded\" is a pop rock song written by Matthew Gerrard, Jessica Origliasso, Lisa Origliasso and Robbie Nevil, produced by Gerrard and Bryon Jones for Kate DeAraugo's first album \"A Place I've Never Been\" (2005). It was released as the album's second single in Australia on 19 February 2006 as a CD single and digital download. In February 2007, the song was covered by American girl band Everlife and included on their second studio album, \"Everlife\". Everlife's version was later featured on MTV's \"The Hills\" Season 3 Episode 10. This was DeAraugo's second top ten single following",
"title": "Faded (Kate DeAraugo song)"
},
{
"id": "13719185",
"text": "led them basing the lyrics in general on that theme and even quoting Kurt Cobain's last words in his suicide note \"Best to burn out bright than fade into the night\" in the final seconds of the track. In early November 2009 Tin Alley made the top 100 on the ARIA Charts and in the weeks to follow \"Out Of Control\" also made No.1 spots on AIR Charts and AMO \"Australian Music Office\" Charts for six consecutive weeks and later peaked at number 7 on the ARIA Australian Singles Chart in early December. The track \"Out Of Control\" also featured",
"title": "Tin Alley"
},
{
"id": "19256917",
"text": "vocal version of \"Fade\". It was released on 8 December and featured uncredited Naustdal pop singer Iselin Solheim. The single topped the year-end charts in Austria, Germany, Switzerland and Sweden, iTunes charts in 32 countries, as well as entering top 10 in Spotify Global Chart. The music video on YouTube has over 2 billion views and 13 million likes, placing it among the top 10 most liked YouTube videos. It has over 780 million plays on Spotify, and is also one of the Top 10 Most Shazamed tracks of 2016. The single also received official remixes from Tiësto, Dash Berlin",
"title": "Alan Walker (music producer)"
},
{
"id": "19256810",
"text": "Faded (Alan Walker song) \"Faded\" is a song by Norwegian record producer and DJ Alan Walker. Incorporating vocals provided by Norwegian recording artist Iselin Solheim, the single was originally set to be released on 25 November 2015, but was delayed to 3 December 2015. The song was highly successful, peaking in the top 10 in most of the countries it charted in, and reached the top spot in more than 10 countries. It is currently the 25th most viewed video on YouTube, with over 2.1 billion views as of December 2018. Walker debuted a live performance of \"Faded\" with Iselin",
"title": "Faded (Alan Walker song)"
},
{
"id": "2876152",
"text": "Darkness II\" features Type O Negative's \"Black No. 1\" in its multiplayer lobby, played at random amongst other songs. Type O Negative performed and recorded numerous covers. The Doors' \"Light My Fire\" has been covered live numerous times, mostly during the 90s. Steele has described the song as \"probably the greatest song ever written\" before apologizing for having \"destroyed it\". Seals and Crofts' \"Summer Breeze\" appears on \"Bloody Kisses\", and Neil Young's \"Cinnamon Girl\" appears on \"October Rust\". The tongue-in-cheek \"Angry Inch\" (from \"Hedwig and the Angry Inch\") appears on \"Life is Killing Me\". \"World Coming Down\" includes a Beatles",
"title": "Type O Negative"
},
{
"id": "5701173",
"text": "Young in 1977 to participate in the creating of his film \"Human Highway\". A scene in the film shows Young playing the song in its entirety with Devo, who clearly want little to do with anything \"radio-friendly\" (of note is Mothersbaugh changing \"Johnny Rotten\" to \"Johnny Spud\"). The famous line \"It's better to burn out than it is to rust\" is often credited to Young's friend Jeff Blackburn of The Ducks. Some reviewers viewed Young's career as skidding after the release of \"American Stars 'N Bars\" and \"Comes a Time\". With the explosion of punk in 1977, some punks felt",
"title": "Hey Hey, My My (Into the Black)"
},
{
"id": "10962834",
"text": "band's 7Bros. Records in conjunction with ADA Label Services on April 15. Black (Sevendust song) \"Black\" is the debut single by Sevendust and lead single from their self-titled debut album. \"Black\" is a fan favorite song and was included on their \"Best of (Chapter One 1997-2004)\". Live, acoustic versions were also included on the \"Seasons\" limited edition DVD and the band's first live album, \"\", in 2004. \"Black\" is on the \"Swimfan\" soundtrack and video game \"Test Drive Off-Road 2\". It was the opening song for almost every Sevendust concert until 2004. \"Black\" is ranked No.47 in Hit Parader's 100",
"title": "Black (Sevendust song)"
},
{
"id": "9331956",
"text": "Association Best Book for Young Adults and an American Library Association Quick Pick for Reluctant Young Adult Readers. \"Fade to Black\" (2005) is perhaps Flinn's second-best known realistic novel and a frequent high school required read. Alex Crusan, a 16-year-old HIV positive high school junior, is attacked in his car early one morning and sent to the hospital. The novel is written in the perspective of three people: Alex Crusan, the victim; Clinton Cole, the suspect; and the witness, Daria Bickel, a young woman with Down's syndrome. \"Beastly\" is a 2007 novel by Alex Flinn. It was chosen as a",
"title": "Alex Flinn"
},
{
"id": "1882814",
"text": "Dark\" premiered at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival to standing ovations and controversy, but was nonetheless awarded the Palme d'Or, along with the Best Actress award for Björk. The song \"I've Seen It All\", with Thom Yorke, was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song but lost to \"Things Have Changed\" by Bob Dylan from \"Wonder Boys\". The film continues to polarize critics, being seen by some as melodramatic and by others as one of the most important films of the 21st century. In Washington state in 1964, Selma Ježková, a Czech immigrant has moved to the United",
"title": "Dancer in the Dark"
},
{
"id": "5646549",
"text": "the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. In the UK, the single became the first single by an American to go into the singles chart at number one since 1960, when \"It's Now or Never\" by Elvis Presley did in the same manner. Around the world, \"Black or White\" hit number one in 20 countries, including the US, the UK, Canada, Mexico, Cuba, Turkey, Zimbabwe, Australia, New Zealand, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the Eurochart Hot 100, number two in Germany and Austria and number three in the Netherlands. The single was certified platinum in",
"title": "Black or White"
},
{
"id": "19256815",
"text": "Håvik (vocalist of Highasakite), Tove Styrke, Alexandra Rotan, Angelina Jordan, Zara Larsson and Torine Michelle. On November 4, 2017 Alan Walker performed the song live with Against the Current at the 2017 League of Legends World Championship closing ceremony in Beijing. A music video was released, featuring Shahab Salehi as the protagonist. The video was shot in Rummu quarry in Estonia, and produced and edited by Bror Bror and directed by Rikkard and Tobias Häggbom, with Rikkard Häggbom also as director of photography. The video shows a young man dressed in black bloc styled attire including a mask, roaming with",
"title": "Faded (Alan Walker song)"
},
{
"id": "13368111",
"text": "following \"Say It's Gonna Rain\" from 1988. Remixes for the track were done by Shep Pettibone. Fading Away \"Fading Away\" is a song by the Florida-based dance-pop group Will to Power. It appears on their 1988 self-titled debut album and was released as a single in early 1989. The song reached #65 on the US pop chart in February 1989 and #84 on the UK pop chart in March of that year. The song was more successful on dance charts in the US, reaching #2 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Dance Singles Sales chart and spending two weeks at top the",
"title": "Fading Away"
},
{
"id": "20101502",
"text": "the United States as a teenager. While the original title translates to \"Out of Nothing\" in English, the English title is taken from the song of the same name by American rock band Queens of the Stone Age, whose lead singer, Josh Homme, wrote the film's score. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 77% based on 132 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \"\"In the Fade\" proves Diane Kruger is more than up to the task of carrying a movie — even if the end result doesn't quite",
"title": "In the Fade"
},
{
"id": "10835147",
"text": "\"Billboard\" Hot 100 in the US. The album's second single, \"You Know I'm No Good\", reached number 18 in the UK. Other singles included the title track, which peaked at number eight in the UK, \"Tears Dry on Their Own\" and \"Love Is a Losing Game\". A deluxe edition of the album was released in the UK in November 2007 and also topped the UK chart. By October 2018, \"Back to Black\" had sold 3.93 million copies, becoming the 13th best-selling album in the UK of all time. Winehouse collaborated with other artists, as a vocalist on the song \"Valerie\"",
"title": "Amy Winehouse discography"
},
{
"id": "10962832",
"text": "Black (Sevendust song) \"Black\" is the debut single by Sevendust and lead single from their self-titled debut album. \"Black\" is a fan favorite song and was included on their \"Best of (Chapter One 1997-2004)\". Live, acoustic versions were also included on the \"Seasons\" limited edition DVD and the band's first live album, \"\", in 2004. \"Black\" is on the \"Swimfan\" soundtrack and video game \"Test Drive Off-Road 2\". It was the opening song for almost every Sevendust concert until 2004. \"Black\" is ranked No.47 in Hit Parader's 100 heavy metal top songs all-time. Sevendust tried to pull \"Black\" off of",
"title": "Black (Sevendust song)"
},
{
"id": "17009643",
"text": "shower curtain display case\" in July 2013 On November 5th the 12\" of \"Super Kiwi\" was released. The title song was recorded during the \"Fade\" sessions with John McEntire. On the B-side there is a cover of the Beach Boys' \"A Day in the Life of a Tree\". \"Fade\" debuted at number 26 on the Billboard 200 chart upon its release in January 2013, with sales of 14,000 copies. It marked the band's all-time chart peak as well as the first time a Yo La Tengo record has entered the top 40. There are three different editions of the vinyl",
"title": "Fade (Yo La Tengo album)"
},
{
"id": "6917099",
"text": "a third version featuring a verse by rapper Thrust. The video was shot in Vancouver in an apartment building having various rooms. One room was a house party, another of the band performing in an all white room, and another of the band singing together. The video was released in 1999 in Canada and then internationally in 2000. The video reached the #4 spot on MTV's TRL and #5 on MuchMusic Countdown. US Single Canada Maxi-CD Canada Vinyl, 12\", Promo \"22 Green\" and \"Morning Sun Dubly\" remixes were reproduced and mixed by Mark Ryan. The single proved successful in the",
"title": "Faded (soulDecision song)"
},
{
"id": "19257743",
"text": "new partnership. They later on wrote the text, melody and produced the song \"The Wizard of Us\" together. In late 2015 and early 2016, her vocals were uncredited on Alan Walker's EDM songs \"Faded\" and \"Sing Me to Sleep\". In 2018, she released her new single, \"Bathtub\". Iselin Solheim Iselin Løken Solheim (born 20 June 1990), known mononymously as Iselin, is a Norwegian singer and songwriter. She is known for her vocals in Alan Walker's singles \"Faded\" and \"Sing Me to Sleep\". Iselin Løken Solheim was born in Naustdal, located in Sogn og Fjordane, Norway and started singing at a",
"title": "Iselin Solheim"
},
{
"id": "594268",
"text": "their dedication after a white prison guard was found not guilty of shooting and killing three black prisoners from the prison tower. They retaliated by killing a white prison guard. Numerous popular cultural expressions associated with black power appeared at this time. Released in August 1968, the number one Rhythm & Blues single for the Billboard Year-End list was James Brown's \"Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud\". In October 1968, Tommie Smith and John Carlos, while being awarded the gold and bronze medals, respectively, at the 1968 Summer Olympics, donned human rights badges and each raised a",
"title": "Civil rights movement"
},
{
"id": "10302371",
"text": "the original, it was later reissued on the compilation album \"Covers as Sung by Elton John\". The song has also become a popular sample amongst various modern R&B/hip-hop pieces, including Rah Digga's 2003 unreleased record \"On the Move\", Faith Evans' 2014 single \"I Deserve It\", featuring Missy Elliott and Sharaya J, and on the title track of Rapsody's 2017 album \"Laila's Wisdom\". To Be Young, Gifted and Black \"To Be Young, Gifted and Black\" is a song by Nina Simone with lyrics by Weldon Irvine. It was written in memory of Simone's late friend Lorraine Hansberry, author of the play",
"title": "To Be Young, Gifted and Black"
},
{
"id": "10726911",
"text": "Fade to Grey (Jars of Clay song) \"Fade to Grey\" is the first song ever written by Jars of Clay. It originally was recorded for the group's debut demo album, \"Frail\", which was released in 1994. However, when the group recorded tracks for their self-titled debut album, time and budget issues were problems in being able to record the track. For the group's second album, \"Much Afraid\", they decided to include the song, though many changes were made with the new recording, including some lyrical and overall arrangement changes. The new version was released as the third radio single from",
"title": "Fade to Grey (Jars of Clay song)"
},
{
"id": "19256814",
"text": "song. Its music video on YouTube reached 1 billion views on 26 March 2017, and has received over 2.1 billion views to date, making it the 25th most viewed YouTube video. It is also one of the 10 most liked YouTube videos with over 13.8 million likes. On Spotify, \"Faded\" has over 920 million streams and is one of the 30 most streamed songs. Several female vocalists have performed the song Faded live with Alan Walker. In addition to Iselin Solheim who also is the original singer on the recording, the song has also been performed live with Ingrid Helene",
"title": "Faded (Alan Walker song)"
}
] | what is the song fade to black about |
[
"E.G. Daily"
] | [
{
"id": "14037462",
"text": "enough for the emperor penguins to climb out of the crevice and reunite with their families. Live action cast featured Septimus Caton as the guitarist and Ivan Vunich as the beanie man. Elijah Wood, Robin Williams, Magda Szubanski and Hugo Weaving reprised their previous performances as Mumble, Ramón, Lovelace, Ms. Viola and Noah. Nicole Kidman and Hugh Jackman make a brief cameo as Norma Jean and Memphis. Also returning for the film are Carlos Alazraqui, Johnny A. Sanchez, Lombardo Boyar and Jeffrey Garcia as Nestor, Lombardo, Raul, and Rinaldo. No other actors repeated their earlier performances. Miriam Margolyes didn't come",
"title": "Happy Feet Two"
},
{
"id": "14037449",
"text": "Happy Feet Two Happy Feet Two is a 2011 Australian-American 3D computer-animated family comedy film directed, produced and co-written by George Miller. It is the sequel to the 2006 film \"Happy Feet\", and features Elijah Wood, Robin Williams, Hugo Weaving, Magda Szubanski and Anthony LaPaglia reprising their roles from the first film. Pink voiced Gloria due to Brittany Murphy's death in 2009, and Richard Carter who portrayed a human character and voiced Barry in the first film, voices Bryan the beachmaster in this one, respectively. Common also replaced Fat Joe as Seymour. The original cast is joined by new characters",
"title": "Happy Feet Two"
},
{
"id": "14037470",
"text": "taking the place of Brittany Murphy from the first film. The deluxe edition of the album contains an addition of 5 songs performed by Ozomatli; these songs and more can also be found on the soundtrack for the video game, which was released on iTunes on November 8, 2011. In a 2011 interview director George Miller was asked if he had any plans for \"Happy Feet Three\". Happy Feet Two Happy Feet Two is a 2011 Australian-American 3D computer-animated family comedy film directed, produced and co-written by George Miller. It is the sequel to the 2006 film \"Happy Feet\", and",
"title": "Happy Feet Two"
},
{
"id": "14037463",
"text": "back for the sequel as Mrs Astrakhan before she was written out of the sequel. Fat Joe was replaced by Common as Seymour. Brittany Murphy, who originally voiced Mumble's love interest Gloria, was set to reprise her role and scheduled to begin recording some time in 2010, but died from pneumonia and anemia on December 20, 2009. Steve Irwin, who voiced Trev the elephant seal and an albatross, died of a stingray injury on September 4, 2006. Pink replaced Murphy's roles (Pink had already contributed a song \"Tell Me Something Good\" to the soundtrack of the first film). Brad Pitt",
"title": "Happy Feet Two"
},
{
"id": "14037461",
"text": "Beach where Bryan is in the middle of a fight of dominance between another large male. Mumble pleads to the elephant seals to help free the emperor penguins. Hesitant to return a favor at such a pivotal time of the year, Bryan declines. Using his singing abilities, Erik commends Mumble for his bravery and lectures Bryan for his lack of kindness. The elephant seals travel en-masse to Emperor-Land. The penguins and the seals begin slamming the ice to the beat of Queen's song Under Pressure, joined by Will, Bill and their krill swarm below the ice. Finally, the iceberg crumbles",
"title": "Happy Feet Two"
},
{
"id": "14037464",
"text": "and Matt Damon voiced the tiny krill, Will and Bill. Hank Azaria also signed on to voice The Mighty Sven. E.G. Daily, who played young Mumble in the previous film, played the vocals for Mumble's choreophobic son Erik and the daughter of Miss Viola, Boadicea, as well as additional voices. Sofía Vergara appears in the film as a new character. There is a live action scene in the movie as in the first \"Happy Feet\". Mitchell Hicks signed up as the movie's choreographer. The DVD, Blu-ray, and 3D Blu-ray release of \"Happy Feet Two\" were released on March 13, 2012",
"title": "Happy Feet Two"
},
{
"id": "14037469",
"text": "Video Game\" was developed by KMM Games for PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and Wii. WayForward Technologies developed the Nintendo 3DS and Nintendo DS versions. The soundtrack album for the film was released by WaterTower Music on CD on November 21, 2011 and on iTunes on November 15, 2011. Unlike the previous film's two album releases—one for its songs and one for its score—both the songs and John Powell's score are included on this album. The songs \"Happy Feet Two Opening Medley,\" \"Bridge of Light,\" and \"Under Pressure/Rhythm Nation\" are led by Pink, who lends her vocals to the character Gloria,",
"title": "Happy Feet Two"
},
{
"id": "14037451",
"text": "$150 million against its $135 million budget, resulting in the closure of Miller's Dr. D Studios. Erik, son of the penguins Mumble and Gloria, is unable to dance like the other penguins. Erik and his two best friends, Bodicea and Atticus, follow Ramon to Adélie-Land and find that Adélie-Land has been ruled by a God-like \"penguin\" named Sven. Sven is actually a puffin in Adélie-Land who survived the loss of his native fishing grounds due to his \"miraculous\" ability to fly. Erik instantly becomes enamored with Sven, who takes a liking to him. Sven and Lovelace tell the others that",
"title": "Happy Feet Two"
},
{
"id": "4585701",
"text": "NDS, and Wii. Artificial Life, Inc. has also developed a mobile game for the Japan market. \"Happy Feet Two\" was produced at Dr. D Studios and released on November 18, 2011. Wood and Williams reprised their roles for the sequel. Murphy was set to reprise her role and begin recording sometime in 2010, but was replaced by P!nk after Murphy died from pneumonia on December 20, 2009. Matt Damon and Brad Pitt signed on as Bill the Krill and Will the Krill respectively. In an interview with Collider.com, Miller mentioned the small possibility of \"Happy Feet Three\", stating that if",
"title": "Happy Feet"
},
{
"id": "14037450",
"text": "voiced by Hank Azaria, Brad Pitt, Matt Damon, and Sofía Vergara. Kennedy Miller Mitchell and Dr. D Studios from Sydney, Australia, produced the film, which premiered in North American theaters on November 18, 2011 in Digital 3D and IMAX 3D. The film was released with a \"Looney Tunes\" short called \"I Tawt I Taw a Puddy Tat\" starring Sylvester Cat and Tweety Bird. A different short, \"Daffy's Rhapsody\", was slated to premiere with this movie, and was switched in production. \"Daffy's Rhapsody\" instead premiered with Journey 2: The Mysterious Island in 2012. The film received mixed reviews and grossed just",
"title": "Happy Feet Two"
},
{
"id": "16315172",
"text": "Thomas Meilstrup Thomas Meilstrup also known as just Thomas (born in Denmark on 23 January 1998) is a Danish singer and actor. He was in Eventyrteatret (Adventure Theatre) where he took lessons in acting, dancing and singing. He was invited to sing in the Stig Rossens Christmas special, also singing at various festivals. In 2008 he played the role of Læris in the film \"Frode og alle de andre rødder\" directed by Bubber. He has also sung for cartoon series like \"Tordenguden Thor\", in the film \"Far til fire på japansk\", and memorably in \"Happy Feet Two\", where he sings",
"title": "Thomas Meilstrup"
},
{
"id": "14037460",
"text": "of the dancing and proves himself to be a worthy dancer despite public outcry against him. He leads the remaining Adélies in dance while Erik and Mumble venture off to the elephant seal beach. Meanwhile, Will, weary from the dangers he experienced as a predator on the surface, ventures back into the sea to find Bill, but not before experiencing the penguin's dancing. He is suddenly forced down a crack in the ice and into the sea beneath Emperor-Land. Reuniting with Bill and his swarm, the krill enter the inaccessible ice below Emperor-Land. Mumble and Erik arrive at Elephant Seal",
"title": "Happy Feet Two"
},
{
"id": "4585683",
"text": "A sequel, \"Happy Feet Two\", was released on November 18, 2011. Every emperor penguin sings a unique song called a \"heartsong\" to attract a mate. If the male penguin's heartsong matches the female's song, the two penguins mate. Norma Jean, a female penguin, falls for Memphis, a male penguin and they become mates. They lay an egg, which is left in Memphis' care, while Norma Jean leaves with the other females to fish. While the males struggle through the harsh winter, Memphis briefly drops the egg. As a result, their son, Mumble, is unable to sing, but he can tap",
"title": "Happy Feet"
},
{
"id": "2421015",
"text": "Eminem. In 2007, he appeared in the video for Godhead's \"Hey You\". In 2015 he appeared in the Rihanna video \"Bitch Better Have My Money\" and in Chris Cornell's video for \"Nearly Forgot My Broken Heart.\" He appeared as a panelist on the television game show \"Hollywood Squares\". In February 2009, Oscar nominee Mickey Rourke, who starred with Roberts in \"The Pope of Greenwich Village\", said he hoped that Roberts would soon be offered a role which would resurrect his career in the way that \"The Wrestler\" rejuvenated Rourke's. He portrayed Seth Blanchard on the second season of the Starz",
"title": "Eric Roberts"
},
{
"id": "11813783",
"text": "similar in their protectable elements as a matter of law\". In November 2010, Owen Wilson, Larry the Cable Guy, Michael Caine, Emily Mortimer, Jason Isaacs, Joe Mantegna, Peter Jacobson, Bonnie Hunt, Tony Shalhoub, Cheech Marin, and Thomas Kretschmann were confirmed as the voice talent featured in the film. From November 2010 until May 2011, Disney released information about the other voice talent, including Jenifer Lewis, Katherine Helmond, Michael Wallis, Darrell Waltrip, Franco Nero, Vanessa Redgrave, Bruce Campbell, Sig Hansen, Michel Michelis, Jeff Gordon, Lewis Hamilton, Brent Musburger, David Hobbs, John Turturro, and Eddie Izzard. The \"Cars 2\" soundtrack was released",
"title": "Cars 2"
},
{
"id": "13388682",
"text": "at Sydney's Comedy Store is the basis for his stand-up CD, \"Gary Eck Live!\" In 2010, Eck, alongside George Miller wrote a screenplay for \"Happy Feet Two\". The film was released on November 18, 2011. He also provided additional voices. He was nominated for a 2004 ARIA award as a writer for comedy album \"The Hollywood Motel\", a collection of impressions by Lee Perry. Eck was schooled in Canberra, attending Latham Primary School, Belconnen High School and Hawker College. Gary Eck Gary Eck is an Australian comedian and actor. Gary Eck has starred in several Australian movies, including 2003's \"You",
"title": "Gary Eck"
},
{
"id": "7433040",
"text": "the writer in the 2011 thriller short \"Undiagnosed\". He voiced a penguin in \"Happy Feet\". Collins has made guest appearances on live action television series, including as Eric Burton in \"\", \"Blossom\", \"Grace Under Fire\", \"In the House\", \"Roc\", \"The Practice\" and \"Without a Trace\". Rickey D'Shon Collins Rickey D'Shon Collins (born January 17, 1983) is an American actor, most notable for providing the voice of Vince LaSalle in Disney's hit show \"Recess\". He also voiced Tucker Foley in the Nickelodeon show \"Danny Phantom\". He has done voice overs for other television shows such as \"Static Shock\" and \"Justice League\".",
"title": "Rickey D'Shon Collins"
},
{
"id": "14037458",
"text": "penguins transporting food over such a distance. Erik urges Sven to teach the penguins how to fly, but Sven reveals that he is not a penguin but an Atlantic puffin. He admits that after the loss of Svenland, he was lonely and grew to love the penguins who accepted him as a family. Mumble, after watching snow fall into a crevice between chunks of iceberg, begins to tap-dance on the ice and lead the Adélie penguins in a dance to force snow between the ice and weaken it. The plan works until several chunks break loose, sending Bo, Atticus, and",
"title": "Happy Feet Two"
},
{
"id": "2648840",
"text": "later played Greg Brady in the Brady Bunch parody movies. He starred as \"Leonard Rickets\" in the sitcom \"Malcolm & Eddie\". He appeared in \"Beverly Hills, 90210\", \"Clueless\", \"Wings\", \"Blossom\", \"JAG\", \"American Dreamer\", \"The Golden Girls\", \"Touched by an Angel\", \"Herman's Head\", \"Time Trax\", \"7th Heaven\", \"Empty Nest\", \"Girlfriends\", \"CBS Schoolbreak Special\" and \"ABC Weekend Specials\". He had an uncredited cameo as one of John Jameson's groomsmen in \"Spider-Man 2\". At age 16 in 1989, Barnes voiced Prince Eric in \"The Little Mermaid\" and he reprised the role of Eric in 2006 for \"Kingdom Hearts II\". He was unable to",
"title": "Christopher Daniel Barnes"
},
{
"id": "14037456",
"text": "Mumble off to hunt for fish, calming Erik and the rest of the hysterical Emperor-Land. In the process, Bill becomes inspired to create another swarm of krill but Will refuses, preferring to adhere to his new predator lifestyle. The next morning, a large flock of skua attack the trapped Emperor-Land. Noah the Elder encourages the penguins to stand up to the birds through perseverance and unity. When all hope seems lost, Bo returns with the entire Adélie-Land, led by Sven, to aid the trapped emperor penguins. Sven orchestrates a cooperative effort to feed the trapped emperor penguins through hunting and",
"title": "Happy Feet Two"
},
{
"id": "7430703",
"text": "Best Film. Following the success of Babe, he also went on to serve as a producer on its sequel, \"\". With George and Doug Mitchell, he produced the computer-animated film \"Happy Feet\", a musical epic about the life of penguins in Antarctica, featuring the voices of Robin Williams, Elijah Wood, Nicole Kidman, Hugh Jackman, Anthony La Paglia, Magda Szubanski, Hugo Weaving and Brittany Murphy. Prior to starting production he took part in a six-week expedition to south Antarctica. The Warner Brothers-distributed film was released in late 2006, and went on to become one of Australia's most successful animated film projects.",
"title": "Bill Miller (film producer)"
},
{
"id": "17433829",
"text": "\"The Faculty\" (both 1998). He is best known for his high-profile leading role as Frodo Baggins in Peter Jackson's \"The Lord of the Rings\" trilogy (2001–2003) and its prequel \"\" (2012). Since then, he has resisted typecasting by choosing varied roles in critically acclaimed films such as \"Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind\" (2004), \"Sin City\", \"Green Street\" and \"Everything Is Illuminated\" (all 2005) and \"Bobby\" (2006). Wood has also provided the voices of the main character in the award-winning animated musical films \"Happy Feet\" (2006) and \"Happy Feet Two\" (2011), as well as the lead, 9, in the Tim",
"title": "Elijah Wood filmography"
},
{
"id": "13561398",
"text": "(\"The Ringmaster General\" and \"The Blackbird Diaries\"); Rod Stewart (\"Soulbook\"); Robbie Williams (\"Intensive Care\"); She is a featured vocalist for albums such as \"\" by George Benson, \"I'll Take Romance\" by Steve Tyrell, \"The Last Ai\" by Ai and \"That's Life\" by Landau Eugene Murphy, Jr.. She has also provides vocals for soundtracks such as \"Dr. Seuss' The Lorax: Original Songs from the Motion Picture\", \"Happy Feet Two (Soundtrack)\", A number of Hill's original ballads, including \"Desperation\" produced by Brian West, were featured in the 2012 Spike Lee film \"Red Hook Summer\" which premiered at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival.",
"title": "Judith Hill"
},
{
"id": "14037467",
"text": "aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 46% of critics gave positive reviews, based on 111 reviews, with a general consensus being that \"the animation is as eye-popping as ever, but \"Happy Feet Two\" narrative is too noisily incoherent to recapture the Oscar-winning charm of its predecessor.\" On Metacritic the film has a score of 50 out of 100 based on reviews from 35 critics. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"B+\" on an A+ to F scale. Richard Corliss of \"Time\" gave the film a positive review and said that Miller is \"not content to duplicate",
"title": "Happy Feet Two"
},
{
"id": "10668217",
"text": "Eric Shea Eric Shea (born February 14, 1960), is an American actor. A professional child actor, active from age six through seventeen, he is best known for his roles in the blockbuster feature films \"Yours, Mine and Ours\" (1968) and \"The Poseidon Adventure\" (1972), as well as his numerous guest-starring appearances throughout the 1960s and 1970s on such popular television series as \"Batman\", \"Gunsmoke\", \"The Flying Nun\", \"Nanny and the Professor\", \"The Brady Bunch\", and \"Little House on the Prairie\", among others. Shea's brothers Christopher and Stephen both voiced Linus van Pelt for the \"Peanuts\" TV animation specials in the",
"title": "Eric Shea"
},
{
"id": "9587211",
"text": "Eric Anderson (actor) Eric Anderson (born December 14, 1972) is an American actor and singer. On Broadway, he has originated roles in \"Waitress\", \"Kinky Boots\", \"The Last Ship\", \"Rocky\", and \"Soul Doctor\", and was nominated for a Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Musical. He portrayed Mr. O’Malley in \"The Greatest Showman\" (2017). In 2006, Anderson won the inaugural Joel Hirschhorn award for outstanding achievement in musical theatre, awarded by the Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle. He received two San Diego Critics Circle Craig Noel Awards and multiple Back Stage West Garland Awards as best actor in a",
"title": "Eric Anderson (actor)"
},
{
"id": "2902141",
"text": "Ryan Merriman Ryan Earl Merriman (born April 10, 1983) is an American actor. He began his career at the age of ten and has appeared in several feature films and television shows. He is best known for a handful of Disney Channel original movies and for portraying Jake Pierce in \"The Ring Two\", Kevin Fischer in \"Final Destination 3\" and Ian Thomas in \"Pretty Little Liars\". Merriman was born in Choctaw, Oklahoma, the son of Earl and Nonalyn Merriman. He has a sister named Monica. At a young age, he began acting in commercials, print work, vocal performances, and local",
"title": "Ryan Merriman"
},
{
"id": "3127114",
"text": "was released as a bonus track. Robson has also written songs for the singing groups Dream and Youngstown. He also remixed two of Mandy Moore's songs from her album \"I Wanna Be with You\". Robson choreographed the animated feature film \"Happy Feet Two\", which was released in 2011. He was originally set to direct \"Step Up Revolution\", (released in 2012), but dropped out of the project for personal reasons. He was replaced by Scott Speer. In 2011, Wade was hired to direct his first theatrical motion picture \"Step Up 4\". In 2012, Robson was the creative director for Demi Lovato's",
"title": "Wade Robson"
},
{
"id": "8534104",
"text": "Connor Paolo Connor Paolo (born July 11, 1990) is an American actor. He is known for his roles as Eric van der Woodsen on The CW's teen drama series \"Gossip Girl\" and Declan Porter on the ABC drama series \"Revenge\". He has also appeared in two Oliver Stone films, \"Alexander\" (2004) and \"World Trade Center\" (2006). Paolo was born in New York City, the son of Julia Mendelsohn, a vocal coach and classical pianist, and Colin Paolo, a writer and screenwriter. Paolo is Jewish. He attended, beginning in 2006, the Professional Performing Arts School alongside Sarah Hyland, Paul Iacono and",
"title": "Connor Paolo"
},
{
"id": "1466171",
"text": "\"Tick\" Belrose/Mitzi Del Bra in the comedy-drama \"The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert\" (1994); and multiple roles in the science fiction film \"Cloud Atlas\" (2012). His roles as a voice actor include the roles as Rex The Male Sheepdog whilst in \"Babe\", Noah The Leading Elder Emperor Penguin whilst in \"Happy Feet\" and in \"Happy Feet Two\" and as Megatron whilst in \"The Transformers Franchise’s Films\". Weaving's awards for acting include a Satellite Award, MTV Movie Award and six Australian Film Institute Awards. Weaving was born in Nigeria to English parents. Born at the University of Ibadan Teaching",
"title": "Hugo Weaving"
},
{
"id": "5659525",
"text": "\"Evita\", \"Annie Get Your Gun\", \"The Sound Of Music\", \"My Fair Lady\", \"A Little Night Music\", and \"Copacabana\", starring alongside the likes of Lauren Bacall, Maria Freidman, and Suzi Quatro. He originated the role of Bobby in Stephen Sondheim's \"Company\". Eric Flynn died of cancer at his home in Pembrokeshire, Wales, on 4 March 2002, aged 62. Flynn's sons by his first marriage, Jerome and Daniel Flynn are both actors. He also had a daughter, Kerry, by his first marriage. Flynn married his second wife Caroline, a South African, in 1981. His daughter from his second marriage, Lillie Flynn, finished",
"title": "Eric Flynn"
},
{
"id": "14613865",
"text": "Tightrope (Janelle Monáe song) \"Tightrope\" is a 2010 song by American singer Janelle Monáe, the second official single from \"The ArchAndroid\". The single premiered on February 11 on Pitchfork Media website, earning an immediate 9/10 rating and its coveted \"Best New Music\" tag. The companion song, \"Cold War,\" debuted on February 12 via Monáe's official website. The official remix, titled \"Tightrope (Wondamix)\", features rappers B.o.B and Lupe Fiasco. The solo version of the song without Big Boi is also featured in the video game \"Just Dance 3\". It was featured during the end credits for \"Happy Feet Two\", in a",
"title": "Tightrope (Janelle Monáe song)"
},
{
"id": "14037452",
"text": "they were saved by humans. The two eventually flee (under Sven's mistaken assumption that the humans were going to eat them) and end up on Antarctica, where Sven performs his first miracle by revealing moss to the local penguins. Sven uses his power of \"Sven Think\" to help Ramón find a mate. Ramón instantly falls in love with Carmen, another Adélie penguin who is uninterested. Mumble follows the chicks' footprints to Adélie-Land and orders them to return to Emperor-Land, but they refuse. Sven sends Erik back to Emperor-Land with Mumble. Meanwhile, a couple of krill are in the midst of",
"title": "Happy Feet Two"
},
{
"id": "14037455",
"text": "of ice. Bo ventures out to Adélie-Land to recruit the help of Ramón, the Amigos and the Adélie penguins to bring fish to the doomed Emperor penguins. Meanwhile, Mumble, Erik and Atticus deliver meager supplies of fish to the trapped penguins. Erik attempts to deliver a fish to Gloria by flying and nearly tossing himself over the edge of the iceberg. Mumble scolds Erik for his beliefs, saying that no penguin can fly and that none of the emperor penguins will be able to escape. Once Erik realizes Emperor-Land is destined to die, he begins to break down. Gloria sends",
"title": "Happy Feet Two"
},
{
"id": "14037468",
"text": "the pleasures of his first penguin film; he dares to go bigger, deeper, higher — happier.\" However, Roger Ebert of the \"Chicago Sun-Times\" gave the film two-and-a-half stars (out of four) stating that \"The animation is bright and attractive, the music gives the characters something to do, but the movie has too much dialogue in the areas of philosophy and analysis.\" Similarly, British newspaper \"The Telegraph\" named \"Happy Feet Two\" one of the ten worst films of 2011, saying \"\"Happy Feet Two\" is an appalling 3D animated sequel about a colony of all‑singin', all-dancin', all-infuriatin' penguins.\" \"Happy Feet Two: The",
"title": "Happy Feet Two"
},
{
"id": "4585681",
"text": "Happy Feet Happy Feet is a 2006 Australian-American computer-animated musical family comedy film directed, produced, and co-written by George Miller. It stars Elijah Wood, Robin Williams, Brittany Murphy, Hugh Jackman, Nicole Kidman, Hugo Weaving, and E.G. Daily. It was produced at Sydney-based visual effects and animation studio Animal Logic for Warner Bros., Village Roadshow Pictures, and Kingdom Feature Productions, and was released in North American theaters on November 17, 2006. It is the first animated film produced by Kennedy Miller and Animal Logic. Though primarily an animated film, the film does incorporate motion capture of live action humans in certain",
"title": "Happy Feet"
},
{
"id": "6145144",
"text": "it topped the Kent Music Report. Despite the success, this was his third and final number one single. In the United States, the song was his first and biggest hit, peaking at number 12 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. There are two versions of the cover. The first has Adam and the Ants across the top of the sleeve and the later version just Adam Ant. This is probably due to the confusion around the timing of Adam going solo, particularly as the song was performed by three fifths of the band Ant, Pirroni and Hughes. There are also two",
"title": "Goody Two Shoes (song)"
},
{
"id": "4157315",
"text": "rock songs; the live album \"Live in Japan\" (2006); and the DVD \"Live at the Marquee\" (2006). Singer has also played in the band Avantasia, replacing drummer Alex Holzwarth after a guest performance in the song \"Into the Unknown\" from the album \"The Metal Opera Part II\". Two EPs and one full album have been released with Singer's performance on the drums: \"Lost in Space Part I\", \"Lost in Space Part II\", and \"The Scarecrow\", and on several songs from \"The Wicked Symphony\" and \"Angel of Babylon\". In 1989, he made a brief appearance in the Wes Craven film \"Shocker\",",
"title": "Eric Singer"
},
{
"id": "8534108",
"text": "2013, after his character was written off the second season finale. Connor Paolo Connor Paolo (born July 11, 1990) is an American actor. He is known for his roles as Eric van der Woodsen on The CW's teen drama series \"Gossip Girl\" and Declan Porter on the ABC drama series \"Revenge\". He has also appeared in two Oliver Stone films, \"Alexander\" (2004) and \"World Trade Center\" (2006). Paolo was born in New York City, the son of Julia Mendelsohn, a vocal coach and classical pianist, and Colin Paolo, a writer and screenwriter. Paolo is Jewish. He attended, beginning in 2006,",
"title": "Connor Paolo"
},
{
"id": "2421010",
"text": "he won the Theatre World Award for his Broadway debut performance in \"Burn This\". Roberts' other starring roles included \"Raggedy Man\" (1981), \"The Pope of Greenwich Village\" (1984), \"The Coca-Cola Kid\" (1985), \"Nobody's Fool\" (1986), \"Best of the Best\" (1989), \"By the Sword\" (1991), \"Best of the Best 2\" (1993), \"The Immortals\" (1995), \"La Cucaracha\" (1998), \"Purgatory\" (1999), and \"Stiletto Dance\" (2001). He also had major supporting roles in the films \"Final Analysis\" (1992), \"The Specialist\" (1994), and \"Shannon's Rainbow\" (2009). He played the Archangel Michael in \"The Prophecy II\" (1997). In 1996, he appeared in the \"Doctor Who\" Television",
"title": "Eric Roberts"
},
{
"id": "16318189",
"text": "played Eric, one of the leaders of the faction Dauntless, in the film \"Divergent\" (2014). Later, he starred in \"Unbroken\", where he played Hugh \"Cup\" Cuppernell and \"The Water Diviner\" as Lt. Col. Hughes. He reprised his role of Eric in the sequel \"\" (2015), which began filming May 2014 and was released 20 March 2015. Courtney played one of the leads, Kyle Reese, in the science fiction action film \"Terminator Genisys\". Filming on \"Terminator Genisys\" began in April/May 2014, and the film was released on 1 July 2015. Courtney worked on \"Terminator\" and \"Insurgent\" concurrently. Courtney provided backing vocals",
"title": "Jai Courtney"
},
{
"id": "17496782",
"text": "Mehrdad Raissi Ardali Mehrdad Raissi Ardali (), born in Iran, is a prolific Iranian voice actor, dubbing director, founder, director, CEO and Quality Control Manager of Glory Entertainment (The Association of Tehran Young Voice Actors). He has also provided Persian voices for several animation characters, including famous characters such as Donkey in \"Shrek\", Marty in \"Madagascar\", \"\" and \"\", Buck in \"\", Bolt in \"Bolt\", Carl Fredricksen in \"Up\", Flynn Rider in \"Tangled\", The Once-ler in \"The Lorax\", RJ in \"Over the Hedge\", Francesco Bernoulli in \"Cars 2\", Mr. Ping in \"Kung fu Panda\", Ramon in \"Happy Feet 2\", The",
"title": "Mehrdad Raissi Ardali"
},
{
"id": "8731813",
"text": "Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner",
"title": "Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"
},
{
"id": "13765829",
"text": "Eric Ladin Eric Ladin (born February 16, 1978) is an American actor. Ladin was born in Houston, Texas and studied at the USC School of Dramatic Arts. Ladin has guest starred as William Hofstadt on multiple episodes of the AMC show \"Mad Men\" and the HBO miniseries \"Generation Kill\" as Corporal James Chaffin. He has appeared in the films \"Toolbox Murders\", \"Cursed\" and \"Left in Darkness\". He is also the voice of the character Ellis in the cooperative first-person shooter game \"Left 4 Dead 2\", as well as the voice of Cole MacGrath, the lead character of \"Infamous\", in all",
"title": "Eric Ladin"
},
{
"id": "1699776",
"text": "Pink's debut in 2000 and is dedicated to her fans who have been supporting her over the years. The song reached the top of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, becoming Pink's tenth Top 10 hit, and her third number-one on the chart. She released the compilation album on November 12, 2010, and almost a month later she released the album's second single, named \"Fuckin' Perfect\". The song reached number two on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, and peaked at number one in Germany. Pink voiced the character of Gloria in \"Happy Feet Two\", which premiered on November 18, 2011 in the United",
"title": "Pink (singer)"
},
{
"id": "1419416",
"text": "voice of Spyro the Dragon in the \"Legend of Spyro\" game trilogy, as well as reprising Mumble in the game version of \"Happy Feet\". He also contributed his talents to fellow \"Lord of the Rings\" star Viggo Mortensen's album \"Pandemoniumfromamerica\", singing and playing various instruments on the album. On April 11, 2008, Wood was the guest host of Channel 4's \"Friday Night Project\". On April 25, 2009, Wood was honored with the Midnight Award by the San Francisco International Film Festival as an American actor who \"has made outstanding contributions to independent and Hollywood cinema, and who brings striking intelligence,",
"title": "Elijah Wood"
},
{
"id": "16927800",
"text": "The following week it climbed to a new peak of number 23, and then again the week after to #19, and is now Murs' eighth UK top 20 single in three years. Its current peak as of March 2013 is now #12. The song has also performed well on the UK radio airplay chart, becoming Murs' fourth #1 airplay hit. The song is now also Murs' second top 20 hit in Australia, having peaked at #19 in April 2013. The official music video was premiered on Valentine's Day 2013 on Murs' official Vevo account. It was directed by Vaughan Arnell",
"title": "Army of Two (Olly Murs song)"
},
{
"id": "16133618",
"text": "\"The Ellen DeGeneres Show\", where he performed his first rap single as Lil' P-Nut, \"You Might Be the One for Me\"; it was released on September 25, 2010. He then appeared on Cymphonique's song, \"All That\". His other raps include \"Bad Dream\" and \"Choosin'\". Flores appeared in an episode of the TBS sitcom \"Are We There Yet?\", and played Atticus the rapping penguin in the animated film \"Happy Feet 2\", in 2011. He made a cameo appearance in Yo Gotti's music video for \"Look In The Mirror\". Flores appeared in the film \"Ride Along\", which was released in January 2014.",
"title": "Benjamin Flores Jr."
},
{
"id": "5220096",
"text": "Kyle Chandler Kyle Martin Chandler is an American actor. He has held roles such as Gary Hobson on \"Early Edition\" and as Coach Eric Taylor in the drama series \"Friday Night Lights\", for which he won a Primetime Emmy Award in 2011. He has starred in the films \"King Kong\" (2005), \"The Day the Earth Stood Still\" (2008), \"Super 8\" (2011), \"Argo\" (2012), \"Zero Dark Thirty\" (2012), \"The Wolf of Wall Street\" (2013), \"Carol\" (2015), \"Manchester by the Sea\" (2016), and \"Game Night\" (2018). From 2015 to 2017, he starred in Netflix's drama series \"Bloodline\", for which he received his",
"title": "Kyle Chandler"
},
{
"id": "14205647",
"text": "were also shot in the actual city of Pompeii itself. The film was a modest box office success and received mixed reviews from critics. That year, Harington also voiced Eret in \"How to Train Your Dragon 2\", which was a critically acclaimed, box-office success, won the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film and received an Academy Award nomination. In 2014, Harington also appeared alongside Jeff Bridges in the film \"Seventh Son\", a poorly received fantasy–adventure film. Harington played Billy Bradley, Jeff Bridges first apprentice killed early in the movie by a character played by Julianne Moore. Ben Barnes,",
"title": "Kit Harington"
},
{
"id": "2421014",
"text": "the first season of \"Heroes\" as Thompson, an associate of Mr. Bennet. He then reprised the role in the third-season episode \"Villains\" and in the fourth-season \"The Wall\". In 2002 Roberts portrayed an FBI detective in Ja Rule's music video for his song \"Down Ass Bitch\", as well as its sequel \"Down 4 U\". Roberts also appeared in The Killers' music video for their song \"Mr. Brightside\" and \"Miss Atomic Bomb\" as well as in the music videos for Mariah Carey's \"We Belong Together\" and \"It's Like That\". In 2006, he appeared in the video for Akon's \"Smack That\", featuring",
"title": "Eric Roberts"
},
{
"id": "16698653",
"text": "and his hunter instincts kick in, prompting him to chase Daffy throughout the short while Daffy sings to the tune of Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2, initially unaware of Elmer but soon realizing the danger. This short was initially scheduled to be released theatrically preceding \"Happy Feet Two\" in 2011, but the studio decided that \"I Tawt I Taw a Puddy Tat\" was more suitable for the film starring penguins. Daffy's Rhapsody Daffy's Rhapsody is a 2012 theatrical 3D computer-animated short film starring Mel Blanc as Daffy Duck (via an archive recording of a song, \"Daffy Duck's Rhapsody\", which was recorded",
"title": "Daffy's Rhapsody"
},
{
"id": "17302654",
"text": "The music video heavily samples clips of the movie. \"Credited personnel list adapted from track info on Tidal.\" Ooh La La (Britney Spears song) \"Ooh La La\" is a song recorded by American singer Britney Spears for the soundtrack of the 2013 family film \"The Smurfs 2\". It was written and produced by Lukasz \"Dr. Luke\" Gottwald, Joshua \"Ammo\" Coleman, Henry \"Cirkut\" Walter, with additional writing from Bonnie McKee, Jacob Kasher Hindlin, Lola Blanc, and Fransisca Hall. \"Ooh La La\" was written by Ammo, Fransisca Hall, and Lola Blanc, and was intended to become Blanc's debut single as it was",
"title": "Ooh La La (Britney Spears song)"
},
{
"id": "1419396",
"text": "(both 1994), \"Flipper\" (1996), \"The Ice Storm\" (1997), \"Deep Impact\" and \"The Faculty\" (both 1998). Following the success of \"Lord of the Rings\", Wood has appeared in a wide range of films, including \"Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind\" (2004), \"Sin City\", \"Green Street\", \"Everything Is Illuminated\" (all 2005), \"Paris, je t'aime\", \"Bobby\" (both 2006), \"Celeste and Jesse Forever\", \"Maniac\" (both 2012), \"Grand Piano\" (2013), \"The Last Witch Hunter\" (2015), \"The Trust\" (2016), and \"I Don't Feel at Home in This World Anymore\" (2017). Wood's voice work includes the role of Mumble in \"Happy Feet\" (2006) and its sequel; the",
"title": "Elijah Wood"
},
{
"id": "10668218",
"text": "1960s and 1970s, respectively. Eric Shea Eric Shea (born February 14, 1960), is an American actor. A professional child actor, active from age six through seventeen, he is best known for his roles in the blockbuster feature films \"Yours, Mine and Ours\" (1968) and \"The Poseidon Adventure\" (1972), as well as his numerous guest-starring appearances throughout the 1960s and 1970s on such popular television series as \"Batman\", \"Gunsmoke\", \"The Flying Nun\", \"Nanny and the Professor\", \"The Brady Bunch\", and \"Little House on the Prairie\", among others. Shea's brothers Christopher and Stephen both voiced Linus van Pelt for the \"Peanuts\" TV",
"title": "Eric Shea"
},
{
"id": "8248349",
"text": "appeared as Bobby in David Fickas', \"\", which was an official selection of the Slamdance Film Festival. He has also voiced the role of Eddie in the video game version of \"Reservoir Dogs\". Michael is also well known as Jabba the Hutt and Admiral Ackbar in Patrick T. Gorman's critically acclaimed, \"The Star Wars Trilogy in Thirty Minutes\". Some of his voicework includes Bouncing Boy in the 2006 animated series \"Legion of Super Heroes\", the voice of Candy from \"Driver Parallel Lines\" as well as Frankie the skua in the Academy Award Winning animated film \"Happy Feet\" and its sequel,",
"title": "Michael Cornacchia"
},
{
"id": "128685",
"text": "Turkish club Galatasaray. Clapton's music has appeared in dozens of movies and television shows as far back as 1973's \"Mean Streets\", which featured the song \"I Looked Away\". Other appearances in media include in the \"Miami Vice\" series (\"Wonderful Tonight\", \"Knock on Wood\", \"She's Waiting\", and \"Layla\"), \"Back to the Future\" (\"Heaven Is One Step Away\"), \"The Color of Money\" (\"It's In The Way That You Use It\"), \"Lethal Weapon 2\" (\"Knockin' On Heaven's Door\"), \"Goodfellas\" (\"Layla\" and \"Sunshine of Your Love\"), \"Freaks and Geeks\" episode \"I'm With the Band\" (\"Sunshine of Your Love\", \"White Room\" and \"Crossroads (song)\"), \"Friends\"",
"title": "Eric Clapton"
},
{
"id": "2902145",
"text": "of Wake Forest University. Merriman was married to Micol Duncan from 2004 to 2011. On January 1, 2012, he became engaged to Kristen McMullen. They were married in September 2014. Ryan Merriman Ryan Earl Merriman (born April 10, 1983) is an American actor. He began his career at the age of ten and has appeared in several feature films and television shows. He is best known for a handful of Disney Channel original movies and for portraying Jake Pierce in \"The Ring Two\", Kevin Fischer in \"Final Destination 3\" and Ian Thomas in \"Pretty Little Liars\". Merriman was born in",
"title": "Ryan Merriman"
},
{
"id": "7430704",
"text": "A worldwide box office success, it was nominated for various awards including a Golden Globe, going on to win the Academy Award Oscar for Best Animated Feature and the equivalent British BAFTA award. Miller followed up as producer on the animated sequel, \"Happy Feet 2\", released worldwide in late 2011. He has since been developing projects for film, television and live theatre. Bill Miller (film producer) Bill Miller (born 1960) is an award-winning Sydney-based feature film producer. Bill Miller was born in Queensland and along with his older brother George Miller, attended Sydney Boys High School. Like George, who gave",
"title": "Bill Miller (film producer)"
},
{
"id": "1344836",
"text": "Omnilab Media. Following the financially unsuccessful release of \"Happy Feet Two\" (2011) and the long delay of \"\" (2015), the studio closed down in 2013. His legacy includes his unrealized projects. Miller was married to actress Sandy Gore; they have a daughter Augusta. He married film editor Margaret Sixel in 1995; they have two sons. The two initially met during the production of \"Flirting\", and Sixel has since worked on all of Miller's directorial efforts in some capacity. Miller is the Patron of the Australian Film Institute and the BIFF (Brisbane International Film Festival) and a co-patron of the Sydney",
"title": "George Miller (director)"
},
{
"id": "11609247",
"text": "of Night\", \"Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire\", \"Total Eclipse of the Heart\"), Roseanna Vitro (\"Reaching for the Moon\"), Jim Steinman (\"Bad for Good\"), James Taylor, Carly Simon, Julian Lennon, Billy Joel (\"An Innocent Man\"), Frankie Miller (\"Double Trouble\"), Rick Derringer, Ian Hunter (\"All of the Good Ones Are Taken\"), Aerosmith, Kiss, Garland Jeffreys, Lou Reed (\"New Sensations\"), Celine Dion and Meat Loaf (\"Couldn't Have Said It Better\"). In 1980, Troyer scored a minor solo hit with \"Mirage\", peaking at #92 in the Hot 100 chart. However, it fared better on the AC, peaking at #43. An accompanying album titled \"String",
"title": "Eric Troyer"
},
{
"id": "8242005",
"text": "Alex Norton Alexander Hugh \"Alex\" Norton (born 27 January 1950) is a Scottish television, film and voice actor. He is perhaps best known for his roles as DCI Matt Burke in the STV detective drama series \"Taggart\", Eric Baird in BBC Two sitcom \"Two Doors Down\", DCS Wallace in \"Extremely Dangerous\", Gerard Findlay in \"Waterloo Road\" and Eddie in the \"Renford Rejects\". He has also had roles in internationally successful films including \"Braveheart\", \"Local Hero\" and \"Les Misérables\". Norton was born in Househillwood, Glasgow and spent his childhood in Moffat Street in the Gorbals before moving to Pollokshaws. He was",
"title": "Alex Norton"
},
{
"id": "5469344",
"text": "game in certain situations—such as combat, puzzles, danger or suspense—the game's soundtrack actively changes. Music from both \"Soul Reaver\" and \"Soul Reaver 2\" was released on a promotional soundtrack in 2001. Gordon Hunt returned as the game's recording director, with Kris Zimmerman as casting director. Voice actors from both \"Blood Omen\" and \"Soul Reaver\" reprised their roles, with Michael Bell playing Raziel and Simon Templeman portraying Kain. The Elder God was again voiced by Tony Jay, Richard Doyle voiced Moebius, and Anna Gunn played Ariel. Paul Lukather, absent from \"Soul Reaver\", rejoined the cast as Vorador. René Auberjonois, the only",
"title": "Soul Reaver 2"
},
{
"id": "128686",
"text": "episodes \"The One with the Proposal, Part 2\" (\"Wonderful Tonight\") and \"The One Where Rachel Has A Baby\" (\"River of Tears\"), \"School Of Rock\" (\"Sunshine Of Your Love)\", \"Men in Black III\" (\"Strange Brew\"), \"Captain Phillips (film)\" (\"Wonderful Tonight\"), \"\" (\"Lay Down Sally\"), for which it was a significant part of the soundtrack, being played in the intro and twice more later on, \"Good Girls Revolt\" episode \"The Year-Ender\" (\"White Room)\" and \"Rick and Morty\" episode \"Summer's Future\" (\"It's In The Way That You Use It\"). Both Opel and Vauxhall used the guitar riff from \"Layla\" in their advertising campaigns",
"title": "Eric Clapton"
},
{
"id": "1438978",
"text": "a krill named Bill in \"Happy Feet Two\". In January 2012, it was announced that Damon had signed a multiyear deal to be the voice of TD Ameritrade advertisements, replacing Sam Waterston as the discount brokerage's spokesman. Damon donates all fees from the advertisements to charity. In 2013, Damon appeared in a 20-second advertisement for Nespresso, directed by Grant Heslov, with whom he worked on \"The Monuments Men\". The deal earned Damon $3 million. Damon also provided voice-over for United Airlines's resurrected \"Fly the Friendly Skies\" advertisement campaign in 2013. Damon was the founder of H2O Africa Foundation, the charitable",
"title": "Matt Damon"
},
{
"id": "15061094",
"text": "and feature on the EP \"Balladeer / For All The Guys I've Loved Before\" (2010: Boompa). Eagleowl also collaborated with Woodpigeon on their 2010 UK tour, culminating with a main stage set at End of the Road Festival. The creative friendship is celebrated in the Woodpigeon song \"Woodpigeon vs. Eagleowl (Strength in Numbers)\". Bartholomew Owl has appeared as guest vocalist on the Meursault single \"William Henry Miller Pt. 2\" (2009: Song, by Toad Records) and on Withered Hand's album \"Good News\" (2009: SL Records). Malcolm Benzie and Rob St John played on Withered Hand's album 'New Gods' (2014: Fortuna Pop!,",
"title": "Eagleowl"
},
{
"id": "14037457",
"text": "bringing back a flow of fish from the sea. Meanwhile, Will becomes increasingly agitated with Bill's behavior and leaves him into the Adélie feeding swarm, to join \"fellow predators\". In the process he is attached to a fish carried by Sven and down into the trapped Emperor-Land. The humans who saved Sven and Lovelace come to Antarctica again to help the penguins find a way out. However, a blizzard approaches and causes the humans to flee and not return. Sven reports that the ocean has frozen over significantly and there is no chance of the humans returning or the Adélie",
"title": "Happy Feet Two"
},
{
"id": "7566803",
"text": "movie The Green Mile”. (p. 5) The strong sound and direction the two forged together finally convinced Capitol Nashville that he was ready. His first single, \"How 'Bout You\" peaked at No. 14 on Hot Country Songs and led off his debut album \"Sinners Like Me\". In April 2006, he performed on the Grand Ole Opry for the first time. The album's other two singles, \"Two Pink Lines\" and \"Guys Like Me\", both reached the Top 20 as well. The fourth single, the title track, peaked at No. 51. An additional track from the album, \"Lightning\", was made into a",
"title": "Eric Church"
},
{
"id": "16616050",
"text": "The video was directed by P.R. Brown. The video features Turner performing the song at various scenes, including on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, inside a recording studio and in the main showroom of an art gallery. Professor Green, Wretch 32 and Kardinal Offishall all make cameo appearances in the video, performing their respective parts of the song. Stylechanger \"Stylechanger\" is a song by Swedish-American singer-songwriter Eric Turner, featuring Canadian rapper Kardinal Offishall and British rappers Wretch 32 and Professor Green. The song was released as Turner's second solo single in the United States on February 24, 2012. It was",
"title": "Stylechanger"
},
{
"id": "2333704",
"text": "Eric Burdon Eric Victor Burdon (born 11 May 1941) is an English singer-songwriter and actor. He was previously the vocalist of rock band The Animals and funk band War. He is regarded as one of the British Invasion's most distinct singers with his deep, powerful blues-rock voice. He is also known for his aggressive stage performances. In 2008, he was ranked 57th in \"Rolling Stone\"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s list \"The 100 Greatest Singers of All Time\". Eric Burdon was born in 1941 in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. His father, Matt, was originally from Tyneside. His mother, Rene, was originally from Ireland and moved",
"title": "Eric Burdon"
},
{
"id": "7566812",
"text": "no fanfare and no promotional advertisements. It was produced by \"The Outsiders\" producer Jay Joyce and executive producer Arturo Buenahora, Jr. The first single, the title track, was released to radio on November 9, 2015. The first live performance and debut of the title track was at the 2015 CMA Awards. The song peaked at #15 on the airplay chart on February 6, 2016. \"Record Year\" is the album's second single. The album's final track, \"Three Year Old\", pays tribute to all the lesson's Eric has learned from his three-year-old son Boone McCoy. Boone McCoy was also credited with naming",
"title": "Eric Church"
},
{
"id": "14037459",
"text": "a portion of the Adélies as well as several chinstrap, little blue and Magellanic penguins into the doomed crevice. Erik and Lovelace tumble towards the edge, and Mumble grabs the thread from Lovelace's vest. The thread snaps and Lovelace falls on Sven. Mumble and the Amigos pull on the thread that Erik is holding onto and pull him up but Mumble injures his foot, unable to dance and lead the Adélies. Ramón realizes Carmen is trapped below and, risking his own life, jumps off the iceberg to be with her and professes their love to each other. Sven becomes aware",
"title": "Happy Feet Two"
},
{
"id": "14229749",
"text": "ten different albums, ranging from 1975 to 2008, all of which were remixed by Mike Fraser for possible film inclusion. Only two songs (\"Shoot to Thrill\" and \"Highway to Hell\") were used completely in the film, while one song (\"Back in Black\") was actually featured in the previous film. \"Thunderstruck\", \"War Machine\", and \"The Razors Edge\" were used in trailers and commercials for the film. On January 26, 2010, a music video was released featuring \"Shoot to Thrill\" with exclusive footage from the film \"Iron Man 2\". The live concert footage used in the video was filmed in late 2009",
"title": "Iron Man 2 (soundtrack)"
},
{
"id": "1344826",
"text": "on almost all the films in Miller's later career, since the death of his original producing partner Byron Kennedy. In 2006, Miller won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for \"Happy Feet\" (2006). He has been nominated for five other Academy Awards: Best Original Screenplay in 1992 for \"Lorenzo's Oil\", Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay in 1995 for \"Babe\", and Best Picture and Best Director for \"Fury Road\" in 2015. Miller was born in Brisbane, Queensland, to Greek immigrant parents: Dimitri (Jim) Castrisios Miller and Angela Balson. Dimitri was from the Greek island of Kythira, and anglicised his",
"title": "George Miller (director)"
},
{
"id": "17963097",
"text": "1\", \"Born II Sing Vol. 2\", and \"Born II Sing Vol. 3\". Bellinger released his debut studio album, \"The Rebirth\", on May 17, 2014, as a double album. \"The REbirth### peaked at 23 on the US R&B/Hip Hop charts, and 15 on the US R&B chart, and also entered the Heatseakers Albums chart. Bellinger followed \"The Rebirth\" with the studio albums, \"Cuffing Season\" and \"Cuffing Season, Part 2\", which released in July 2015 and December 2015, respectively. \"Cuffing Season\" peaked at 6 on the US R&B chart, while \"Cuffing Season, Part 2\" peaked at 23. Bellinger released two mixtapes in",
"title": "Eric Bellinger"
},
{
"id": "2833624",
"text": "Wes Bentley Wesley Cook Bentley (born September 4, 1978) is an American actor known for blockbusters and independent films. Bentley is best known for his roles as Ricky Fitts in \"American Beauty\" (1999), which earned him a nomination for a BAFTA Award for Supporting Actor, Seneca Crane in \"The Hunger Games\" (2012), Doyle in \"Interstellar\" (2014) and Eric in \"\". He was one of four subjects in the documentary \"My Big Break\" (2009), which covered his fame after \"American Beauty\" and struggles with substance abuse. Rebuilding his career, he starred in the premiere of \"Venus in Fur\" by David Ives",
"title": "Wes Bentley"
},
{
"id": "13717035",
"text": "his programming again. \"Iron Man 2\" was written by \"The Invincible Iron Man\" scribe Matt Fraction, Sega creative director Kyle Brink, with additional writing by Sega writer Phil Campbell and Sega associate producer Stephen Frost. The game features an exclusive song recorded by Lamb of God, \"Hit the Wall\", along with a soundtrack composed by other bands. Unlike the original \"Iron Man\" video game, Robert Downey, Jr. does not voice Iron Man, who is instead voiced by Eric Loomis (who would go on to play the character in \"\" animated series and the video game \"\"). Don Cheadle and Samuel",
"title": "Iron Man 2 (video game)"
},
{
"id": "10314230",
"text": "Ashley Hamilton Ashley George Hamilton (born September 30, 1974) is an American actor, comedian and singer-songwriter. He made his acting debut in the 1993 film \"Beethoven's 2nd\". He has since starred in films such as \"Lost in Africa\" (1994), \"Off Key\" (2001), \"Lost Angeles\" (2012), \"Iron Man 3\" (2013), and \"Cats Dancing on Jupiter\" (2015). He portrayed the role of Cole Deschanel in the first season of the NBC television series \"Sunset Beach\" (1997). Hamilton was born in Los Angeles, the son of actors George Hamilton and Alana Stewart, and the now ex-stepson of musician Rod Stewart. At 19, Hamilton",
"title": "Ashley Hamilton"
},
{
"id": "10241705",
"text": "Christopher DeFaria Christopher \"Chris\" DeFaria (born May 20, 1959) born San Francisco, California, is an American film producer and production manager of such films as \"\" (2015), \"Gravity\" (2013) and \"Happy Feet Two\" (2011). He served as president of animation and innovative technology at Warner Bros. Pictures for the past four years. In January 2017, he joined DreamWorks Animation in the newly-created position of president of the DreamWorks Feature Animation Group. As president, DeFaria will oversee all aspects of DWA's feature animation business, including slate strategy, development, production; innovation and technology; and business affairs. As a child, he was a",
"title": "Christopher DeFaria"
},
{
"id": "13001622",
"text": "Eric Darius Eric Darius (born December 3, 1982), is an American Contemporary Jazz/R&B/Pop saxophonist, vocalist, songwriter, producer, and educator. Darius arrived on the music scene as a recording artist at the age of 17. He now has six albums under his belt. Three are Number One hit singles, and eight are Top 10 radio hits on Nielsen's R&R/Billboard Contemporary Jazz Charts. He also won a SESAC Top 10 Jazz Artist of the Year award in 2015. Named Debut Artist of the Year by Smooth Jazz News in 2004, Darius has shared the stage with many world renown, Grammy Award-winning artists,",
"title": "Eric Darius"
},
{
"id": "2367117",
"text": "James Badge Dale James Badgett Dale (born May 1, 1978), known professionally as James Badge Dale, is an American actor. He is known for playing Simon in \"Lord of the Flies\", Chase Edmunds in \"24\", State Trooper Barrigan in Martin Scorsese's \"The Departed\", Robert Leckie in \"The Pacific\", and Eric Savin in \"Iron Man 3\". Born in New York City, Dale is the only child of actor, dancer, and choreographer Grover Dale (born 1935) and actress and singer Anita Morris (1943–1994). At age 10, he was picked out of his fifth grade class at Wonderland Elementary School in Laurel Canyon,",
"title": "James Badge Dale"
},
{
"id": "2423433",
"text": "James Cromwell James Oliver Cromwell (born January 27, 1940) is an American actor. Some of his more notable films include \"Babe\" (1995), \"\" (1996), \"L.A. Confidential\" (1997), \"The Green Mile\" (1999), \"Space Cowboys\" (2000), \"The Sum of All Fears\" (2002), \"I, Robot\" (2004), \"The Longest Yard\" (2005), \"The Queen\" (2006), \"Secretariat\" (2010), \"The Artist\" (2011), \"Big Hero 6\" (2014), and \"Marshall\" (2017), as well as the television series \"Angels in America\" (2003), \"Six Feet Under\" (2003–2005), and \"Halt and Catch Fire\" (2015). Cromwell has been nominated for four Primetime Emmy Awards and four Screen Actors Guild Awards, as well as",
"title": "James Cromwell"
},
{
"id": "8478998",
"text": "will continue to enhance his stature as a performer. His favorite pastime is running Brando his Rottweiler, playing in the NBA Entertainment Basketball League and competing in fund raising sporting events. He won 1st place in the 2012, Celebrity division Malibu Nautica Triathlon. He is a strong advocate for helping to raise funds for the Theatre Arts program for Hollygrove Children & Family Services, a Home for Abused Children. Eric Etebari Eric Etebari (born December 5, 1969) is an Iranian-American actor, model and musician. He appeared in \"Witchblade\", \"2 Fast 2 Furious\" and \"Lincoln Lawyer\". He is also known for",
"title": "Eric Etebari"
},
{
"id": "5662885",
"text": "UK Singles Chart. The video-clip which accompanied \"I Remember\" was filmed in Manchester, England. The single became his second chart topper on the Billboard dance chart. The follow-up single, \"Angel on My Shoulder\" with Tamra Keenan, also found success on the dance chart, placing at number 5 on Billboard's Hot Dance Airplay Chart. His song \"Step One Two\" was the last single from the album, being released late in 2008. In 2010, he added another number one Billboard Hot Dance Airplay track to his credit with \"Dynasty\", featuring Haley Gibby on vocals. In March 2012, Kaskade headlined at Ultra Music",
"title": "Kaskade"
},
{
"id": "14037453",
"text": "a swarm. Will is an adventurous and existentialist krill determined to discover what lies beyond the swarm. His boyfriend, Bill, reluctantly follows him to ensure his safety. Once separated from the swarm, Will and Bill realize that krill are at the bottom of the food chain, created to be eaten. Inspired, Will ventures out to evolve and \"move up the food chain\" by eating a real creature instead of being eaten. Mumble tells Erik that he is unique to the world and that he will someday find his calling, but Erik is oblivious. While trying to cross a perilous ice",
"title": "Happy Feet Two"
},
{
"id": "5395732",
"text": "one of the residents of a retirement home, \"Bugsy\" (1991), \"Almost Dead\" (1994), \"Air Bud\" (1997), and his final feature film \"MouseHunt\" (1997). Christmas also made guest appearances on many television shows, including \"Adventures in Rainbow Country\", \"Due South\", \"ER\", \"Night Court\", \"Wiseguy\" (as Harry \"The Hunch\" Shanstra), \"Seinfeld\" (as Jeffery Harharwood in \"The Gum\"—Episode 120, first airing on 14 December 1995), \"Cheers\", \"Home Improvement\" (as Sir Larry the Magician), \"Coach\" (as Brian Currie), \"The Golden Palace\", \"The X-Files\", \"Booker\", \"Matlock\", \"Walker Texas Ranger\", \"Roseanne\", \"L.A. Law\" (as Buzz Carr), \"Major Dad\", and \"Ally McBeal\". From 1995-96 he played Father",
"title": "Eric Christmas"
},
{
"id": "13001623",
"text": "such as Prince, Jamie Foxx, Mary J. Blige, David Foster, Carlos Santana, Babyface, and George Benson, just to name a few. His music crosses over music boundaries from Jazz, R&B, Hip-Hop, to Pop. Eric Darius was born in New Jersey to a father of Haitian descent and a mother of Jamaican descent, but grew up in Tampa, Florida. Born into a musical family (his father plays bass, his mother and sister sing, and his older brother plays drums and trumpet) Eric grew up listening to Stevie Wonder, Michael Jackson, Earth, Wind and Fire, Marvin Gaye, Al Green, Grover Washington, Jr.,",
"title": "Eric Darius"
},
{
"id": "3056405",
"text": "Maxwell Caulfield Maxwell Caulfield (né Newby; born 23 November 1959) is a British-American film, stage, and television actor and singer. He has appeared in films such as \"Grease 2\" (1982), \"Electric Dreams\" (1984), \"The Boys Next Door\" (1985), \"The Supernaturals\" (1986), \"\" (1989), \"Waxwork 2\" (1992), \"Gettysburg\" (1993), \"Empire Records\" (1995), \"The Real Blonde\" (1997), and \"The Man Who Knew Too Little\" (1997). A recent appearance is as the king in \"A Prince for Christmas\" (2015). Beginning 28 May 2015, he toured Australia with his wife, Juliet Mills, and sister-in-law, Hayley Mills, in the comedy \"Legends!\" by Pulitzer Prize winner",
"title": "Maxwell Caulfield"
},
{
"id": "16616049",
"text": "Stylechanger \"Stylechanger\" is a song by Swedish-American singer-songwriter Eric Turner, featuring Canadian rapper Kardinal Offishall and British rappers Wretch 32 and Professor Green. The song was released as Turner's second solo single in the United States on February 24, 2012. It was made available as part of a mixtape/EP containing seven other tracks. \"Stylechanger\" was written by Turner, Professor Green, Wretch 32, Kardinal Offishall and \"iSHi\" Mughal, and produced by the latter. The song was first leaked online on January 4, 2012, before being officially released on February 24, 2012. The music video was also released on January 4, 2012.",
"title": "Stylechanger"
},
{
"id": "20362007",
"text": "\"The Iron Age\" set for release on March 2, 2018 on Kobalt Music Recordings. \"The Illusionist\" single from the EP was released September 29, 2017. As CLARA-NOVA, Wayser’s version of the Simple Minds’ ballad \"Belfast Child\" was used in the trailer for Ridley Scott’s biblical film \"Exodus: Gods and Kings\" in 2014. A year later, \"Dear God,\" an XTC song covered by the band Lawless featuring Wayser on vocals was featured in a trailer for the Academy Award-winning film, \"Spotlight.\" That same song version provided the music for \"Outlander\"s season 2 trailer in 2016. The trailer for 2017’s Netflix film,",
"title": "CLARA-NOVA"
},
{
"id": "20205589",
"text": "Between the Bars \"Between the Bars\" is the fourth track of Elliott Smith's 1997 album \"Either/Or\". It is written as a short ballad in the key of G Minor. The song is one of three tracks from \"Either/Or\" that was used in the soundtrack of \"Good Will Hunting\". It is also featured in the 2012 indie film, \"Stuck in Love\", and in the seventh episode of season two of \"Rick and Morty\". As of October 2017, the song is his most streamed track on the popular music streaming services Spotify and Apple Music. A cover version of the song performed",
"title": "Between the Bars"
},
{
"id": "3131285",
"text": "Omar Epps Omar Hashim Epps (born July 20, 1973) is an American actor, rapper, songwriter and record producer. His film roles include \"Juice\", \"Higher Learning\", \"The Wood\", \"In Too Deep\" and \"Love and Basketball\". His television work includes the role of Dr. Dennis Gant on the medical drama series \"ER\", J. Martin Bellamy in \"Resurrection\" and Dr. Eric Foreman on the Fox medical drama series \"House\" from 2004 to 2012. Epps was born in Brooklyn, New York. His parents divorced during his childhood and he was raised by his mother, Bonnie Maria Epps, an elementary school principal. He lived in",
"title": "Omar Epps"
},
{
"id": "5255091",
"text": "4 in their list of The 150 Greatest Singles of All Time. The same magazine voted \"Kiss\" the best single of the year 1986. The song featured in the 2006 animated film \"Happy Feet\" as part of a mashup with \"Heartbreak Hotel\" by Elvis Presley performed by Nicole Kidman and Hugh Jackman, respectively. Following Prince's death, the song re-charted on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 at number 28 and jumped to number 23 the week after. The song also reached number two on the French Singles Chart. As of April 30, 2016, it has sold 1,330,336 copies in the United States.",
"title": "Kiss (Prince song)"
},
{
"id": "3131293",
"text": "1990. Epps co-produced, along with Marlon and Shawn Wayans, the 1997−99 theme song used for the sitcom \"The Wayans Brothers\". Omar Epps Omar Hashim Epps (born July 20, 1973) is an American actor, rapper, songwriter and record producer. His film roles include \"Juice\", \"Higher Learning\", \"The Wood\", \"In Too Deep\" and \"Love and Basketball\". His television work includes the role of Dr. Dennis Gant on the medical drama series \"ER\", J. Martin Bellamy in \"Resurrection\" and Dr. Eric Foreman on the Fox medical drama series \"House\" from 2004 to 2012. Epps was born in Brooklyn, New York. His parents divorced",
"title": "Omar Epps"
},
{
"id": "2554640",
"text": "Topher Grace Christopher John Grace (; born July 12, 1978) is an American actor. He is known for playing Eric Forman in the Fox sitcom \"That '70s Show\", Eddie Brock / Venom in Sam Raimi's film \"Spider-Man 3\", Pete Monash in \"Win a Date with Tad Hamilton!\", Carter Duryea in \"In Good Company\", Edwin in \"Predators\", Getty in \"Interstellar\", Adrian Yates in \"American Ultra\", and David Duke in Spike Lee's film \"BlacKkKlansman\". His other film roles include \"Traffic\", \"Mona Lisa Smile\", \"Valentine's Day\", \"Take Me Home Tonight\", \"The Big Wedding\", \"War Machine\", and \"Under the Silver Lake\". Grace was born",
"title": "Topher Grace"
},
{
"id": "14037454",
"text": "bridge, the penguins encounter Elephant Seal Bryan the Beach Master and his two young sons, who refuse to let the penguins pass. Suddenly the ice gives away and Bryan is trapped in a deep crevice below the ice. Mumble sets out to free Bryan by luring a leopard seal to chase him down. Seeking acceptance from Erik, Mumble is devastated to learn Erik attributed the feat of courage to Sven Think. Bryan returns to the southern elephant seal beach. When the penguins return to Emperor-Land they discover that a large iceberg has trapped the emperor penguin population below large walls",
"title": "Happy Feet Two"
},
{
"id": "19495009",
"text": "with the pre-order of the soundtrack. It debuted at number 1 on the \"Billboard\" Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles. The song is produced by Sam Hollander and Josh Edmondson who wrote the song with Grant Michaels and Charity Daw. \"What's My Name\", performed by China Anne McClain, Thomas Doherty and Dylan Playfair, premiered on Radio Disney and then was officially released as second single on June 2, 2017. \"Rather Be With You\", from \"\", performed by Dove Cameron, Sofia Carson, Lauryn McClain and Brenna D'Amico, was released as first promotional single on October 28, 2016. \"Evil\", from Wicked World, performed",
"title": "Descendants 2"
},
{
"id": "12146165",
"text": "number one in the UK Albums Chart for a total of twelve weeks. However, it was the follow-up album, \"Prince Charming\" which produced the biggest hit singles with \"Stand and Deliver\" and the title track, achieving five weeks and four weeks respectively as number one singles on the UK Singles Chart. In the United States, Ant's biggest chart success was his solo debut, 1982's \"Friend or Foe\" album, which reached the Top 20 on the \"Billboard\" 200. It also included the hit single \"Goody Two Shoes\" which was a Top 20 hit single on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, as well",
"title": "Adam Ant discography"
},
{
"id": "14223699",
"text": "in Finland, #23 in the Belgian (Wallonia) Ultratip, #29 in Austria, #27 in Ireland, #48 in Germany and #76 in the UK. The song was listed at #3 on popjustice.com's list of 45 Best Singles of 2011. The album remix and slow versions of the song were released in Sweden in March 2011. The slow version was named Song of the Day by popjustice.com on 15 May 2011, and the SoundFactory remix was released in Sweden on 25 May; another remix was released on 9 June in Greece. In January 2011 Saade was nominated for six Scandipop Awards: Best Single",
"title": "Eric Saade"
},
{
"id": "6519506",
"text": "on the popular TV show. He was seen as \"Enma\" in \"Mirmo!\" and starred in an episode of Disney Channel's \"Even Stevens\". In 2011, he starred in the Broadway musical \"Baby It's You!\" and in 2012 he starred in the Lionsgate release \"The Newest Pledge\". He also starred as \"Arnold\" in the national tour of \"Happy Days, the Musical\". In 2014, he was part of the series \"Summer with Cimorelli\". Barry Pearl Barry Pearl (born Barry Lee Pearl in Lancaster, Pennsylvania on March 29, 1950) is an American actor. Pearl is best known for his role as \"Doody\", one of",
"title": "Barry Pearl"
}
] | who sings for eric in happy feet two |
[
"Ringo Starr"
] | [
{
"id": "5579791",
"text": "Live at the BBC Volume 2\". Starr performed a live version of the song, as a tribute to Harrison for their fondness of Perkins, at the Concert for George at London's Royal Albert Hall in 2002. Paul McCartney's publishing company MPL Communications administers the rights to the song, originally published by Hi Lo Music, Inc., BMI. Along with \"Matchbox\", \"Honey Don't\" is one of the rare songs that all four Beatles have recorded or performed on stage (see section below). Honey Don't \"Honey Don't\" is a song written by Carl Perkins, originally released on January 1, 1956 as the B-side",
"title": "Honey Don't"
},
{
"id": "5579789",
"text": "along with \"Blue Suede Shoes\", during their television debut on ABC-TV's \"Ozark Jubilee\" on March 17, 1956. The Beatles recorded their version on 26 October 1964 one of the last songs recorded for \"Beatles for Sale\", which was released in the United Kingdom on 4 December 1964. The North American release was on 15 December on \"Beatles '65\". Although John Lennon had previously sung the song live, Ringo Starr performed it for the album, his usual one lead vocal per album (although he sang two lead vocals on \"The Beatles\" double album and none on \"A Hard Day's Night\", \"Magical",
"title": "Honey Don't"
},
{
"id": "5579787",
"text": "Honey Don't \"Honey Don't\" is a song written by Carl Perkins, originally released on January 1, 1956 as the B-side of the \"Blue Suede Shoes\" single, Sun 234. Both songs became rockabilly classics. Bill Dahl of Allmusic praised the song saying, \"'Honey Don't' actually outclasses its more celebrated platter-mate in some ways.\" It has been covered by more than 20 other artists, including The Beatles, Ronnie Hawkins and Johnny Rivers. The song also appeared in the movies \"Prince of Tides\", \"Diner\", and \"Perfect Sisters\". According to David McGee, author of \"Go, Cat, Go! The Life and Times of Carl Perkins,",
"title": "Honey Don't"
},
{
"id": "961633",
"text": "\"Ozark Jubilee\", his television debut (Presley performed it for the second time that same night on CBS-TV's \"Stage Show\"; he'd first sung it on the program on February 11). In the United Kingdom, the song reached number 10 on the British charts. It was the first record by a Sun artist to sell a million copies. The B side, \"Honey Don't\", was covered by the Beatles, Wanda Jackson and (in the 1970s) T. Rex. John Lennon sang lead on the song when the Beatles performed it, before it was given to Ringo Starr to sing. Lennon also performed the song",
"title": "Carl Perkins"
},
{
"id": "1477659",
"text": "other songwriter outside the band, except Larry Williams, who also added three songs to their discography. (Curiously, none of these three were sung by the Beatles' regular lead vocalists—\"Honey Don't\" (sung by Ringo) and \"Everybody's Trying to be my Baby\" (sung by George) from \"Beatles for Sale\" (1964) and \"Matchbox\" (sung by Ringo) on the \"Long Tall Sally\" EP (1964)). Long after the band broke up, the members continued to show their interest in rockabilly. In 1975, Lennon recorded an album called \"Rock 'n' Roll\", featuring versions of rockabilly hits and a cover photo showing him in full Gene Vincent",
"title": "Rockabilly"
},
{
"id": "5580764",
"text": "A Taste of Honey (song) \"A Taste of Honey\" is a pop standard written by Bobby Scott and Ric Marlow. It was originally an instrumental track (or recurring theme) written for the 1960 Broadway version of the 1958 British play \"A Taste of Honey\" (which was also made into the film of the same name in 1961). Both the original and a later recording by Herb Alpert in 1965 earned the song four Grammy Awards. A vocal version of the song, first recorded by Billy Dee Williams (and released in 1961 on the Prestige label), was recorded by the Beatles",
"title": "A Taste of Honey (song)"
},
{
"id": "5579790",
"text": "Mystery Tour\", and \"Let It Be\"). During the song, he makes self-referential remarks leading into George Harrison's guitar riffs, saying, \"Rock on George, one time for me!\" and then \"Rock on, George, for Ringo one time!\" The Monkees referenced the latter remark leading into the instrumental break of their song \"No Time\" from their 1967 album Headquarters. The Beatles performed the song twice for the BBC for the \"From Us To You\" and \"Top Gear\" programs. A version sung by Lennon is available on \"Live at the BBC\". and a version sung by Starr was released on \"On Air –",
"title": "Honey Don't"
},
{
"id": "5176639",
"text": "& Patti, The Pixies, and John Pizzarelli, among others. In the 1978 film \"Sextette\", Dom DeLuise performed the song. Phish covered the song, with many other \"White Album\" songs, on the album \"Live Phish Volume 13\". In 2016 Wesley Schultz sang it in \"Beat Bugs\" episode 12b. The Beatles Additional musicians Honey Pie \"Honey Pie\" is a song by the Beatles, from their 1968 eponymous album \"The Beatles\", also known as \"the White Album\". The song was written entirely by Paul McCartney, but is credited to Lennon–McCartney. The song is a direct homage to the British music hall style. It",
"title": "Honey Pie"
},
{
"id": "5579731",
"text": "No Reply (song) \"No Reply\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1964 album \"Beatles for Sale\". In North America, it was issued on Capitol Records' variant on the British release, \"Beatles '65\". The song was written mainly by John Lennon and credited to Lennon–McCartney. Lennon originally gave the song to another artist managed by Brian Epstein, Tommy Quickly, in June 1964, but Quickly decided not to use it. The Beatles recorded the track in London soon after returning from their first full tour of the United States. The lyrics typify Lennon's more introspective and",
"title": "No Reply (song)"
},
{
"id": "961646",
"text": "the tour, Perkins attended a party where he sat on the floor sharing stories, playing guitar, and singing songs while surrounded by the Beatles. Ringo Starr asked if he could record \"Honey Don't\". Perkins answered, \"Man, go ahead, have at it.\" The Beatles went on to record covers of \"Matchbox\", \"Honey Don't\" and \"Everybody's Trying to Be My Baby\" (recorded by Perkins, adapted from a song originally recorded by Rex Griffin in 1936, with new music by Perkins; a song with the same title was recorded by Roy Newman in 1938). The Beatles recorded two versions of \"Glad All Over\"",
"title": "Carl Perkins"
},
{
"id": "5061797",
"text": "Honey (Mariah Carey song) \"Honey\" is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey. It was released on August 29, 1997 by Columbia Records as the lead single from her sixth studio album \"Butterfly\" (1997). The song was written and produced by Carey, Sean \"Puff Daddy\" Combs, Kamaal \"Q-Tip\" Fareed, and Steven \"Stevie J\" Jordan. The song samples \"Hey DJ\" by the World's Famous Supreme Team, and \"The Body Rock\" by the Treacherous Three. \"Honey\" was a re-defining song in Carey's career, pushing her further into the hip hop music world. \"Honey\" was acclaimed by music critics, who called",
"title": "Honey (Mariah Carey song)"
},
{
"id": "5176638",
"text": "by George Martin was recorded two days later on 4 October. McCartney added a final vocal overdub at the end of the session. Before recording sessions for the \"White Album\" began, the Beatles recorded a demo of \"Honey Pie\" at George Harrison's Esher home studios. This version contained slightly different lyrics and lacked the introduction of the final version. The demo was later released in 1996 on \"Anthology 3\" and the 2018 Super Deluxe edition of the \"White Album\". The song has been covered by Alan Klein (1969), Barbra Streisand, the King's Singers, Don Partridge, the Golden Gate Quartet, Tuck",
"title": "Honey Pie"
},
{
"id": "5061828",
"text": "since July 2017 on her second concert residency, The Butterfly Returns (2018). CD single US CD maxi-single UK CD single part 1 UK CD single part 2 Credits adapted from the \"Butterfly\" liner notes. Honey (Mariah Carey song) \"Honey\" is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey. It was released on August 29, 1997 by Columbia Records as the lead single from her sixth studio album \"Butterfly\" (1997). The song was written and produced by Carey, Sean \"Puff Daddy\" Combs, Kamaal \"Q-Tip\" Fareed, and Steven \"Stevie J\" Jordan. The song samples \"Hey DJ\" by the World's Famous Supreme",
"title": "Honey (Mariah Carey song)"
},
{
"id": "5579739",
"text": "Dayz Nite\". According to Ian MacDonald: The Beatles Additional personnel No Reply (song) \"No Reply\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1964 album \"Beatles for Sale\". In North America, it was issued on Capitol Records' variant on the British release, \"Beatles '65\". The song was written mainly by John Lennon and credited to Lennon–McCartney. Lennon originally gave the song to another artist managed by Brian Epstein, Tommy Quickly, in June 1964, but Quickly decided not to use it. The Beatles recorded the track in London soon after returning from their first full tour of",
"title": "No Reply (song)"
},
{
"id": "4336364",
"text": "in 1996 as did Fairport Convention, featuring Dan Ar Braz, at the Cropredy Festival in 1997. Todd Rundgren has also covered the song, as has the late Dan Fogelberg, who reprised it as part of his own cover of \"Rhythm of the Rain\". The Grateful Dead played it twenty times throughout the early 1990s. The Beatles tribute act derives its name from the song. In 2016 Aloe Blacc sings it as Boris the Frog in the eponymous Beat Bugs episode 3b. Rain (Beatles song) \"Rain\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles that was first released in",
"title": "Rain (Beatles song)"
},
{
"id": "5579788",
"text": "the King of Rockabilly\", Carl Perkins first brought the song to a rehearsal with his band which at the time comprised the Perkins brothers and W.S. Holland: When Carl first played the song to Jay, Jay protested what sounded to him like an odd chord choice, going to a C7 chord after the E instead of the natural blues progression choice of A. At first, Jay refused to go along, but Carl convinced him it was something different, and today the chord choice is one of the most interesting aspects of the song. Perkins and his band performed the song,",
"title": "Honey Don't"
},
{
"id": "7542119",
"text": "Singles and Country Singles charts and it was his first song to top the Adult Contemporary chart. \"Billboard\" ranked the record as the No. 3 song for 1968. \"Honey\" reached No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart and a re-release of the single in the United Kingdom in 1975 (see 1975 in music) reached No. 2 again. In Australia, it spent four weeks at No. 1 on the ARIA Charts, replacing The Beatles' \"Lady Madonna\", and was the No. 6 song of 1968. \"The Cincinnati Enquirer\" reported that the song frequently appears on \"worst songs of all-time\" lists, and in",
"title": "Honey (Bobby Goldsboro song)"
},
{
"id": "820428",
"text": "and two by Carl Perkins: \"Everybody's Trying to Be My Baby\", sung by Harrison, and \"Honey Don't\", sung by Starr. \"Mr. Moonlight\", which was originally recorded by Dr. Feelgood and the Interns, was Lennon's \"beloved obscurity\", according to Erlewine, and the subject of a remake towards the end of the \"Beatles for Sale\" sessions. A cover of Little Willie John's \"Leave My Kitten Alone\" was taped on 14 August, during the same session as the discarded version of \"Mr. Moonlight\", but was omitted from the album. A medley of \"Kansas City\" and \"Hey, Hey, Hey, Hey\" was sequenced as the",
"title": "Beatles for Sale"
},
{
"id": "5434358",
"text": "accompanying promotional video) is very similar to the intro on Carl Perkins's \"Honey Don't\", as sung by The Beatles on \"Beatles for Sale\". According to producer Don Was, there were two outtakes from the album: \"Shirley Temple Doesn't Live Here Anymore\" (which Dylan co-wrote with Was and David Weiss) and \"Heartland\" (which Dylan later sang with Willie Nelson on Nelson's 1993 album \"Across the Borderline\"). \"Shirley Temple Doesn't Live Here Anymore\" was later recorded by Don Was's group Was (Not Was) for their 2008 album \"Boo!\" as \"Mr. Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore\". Dylan recorded and released the nursery rhyme",
"title": "Under the Red Sky"
},
{
"id": "5559881",
"text": "The song has been covered by alt-country band the Gourds, by the Southern rock band the Georgia Satellites on their 1988 album, \"Open All Night\", and by the Punkles on their 2004 album, \"Pistol\". The Swedish pop group ABBA made an unofficial parody of this song, but it was not released until their medley \"Undeleted\" in 1994. Phish covered the song live, with most other songs on The Beatles on the album \"Live Phish Volume 13\". Ringo Starr released a re-recording of the song as a bonus track on his 2017 album \"Give More Love\". Don't Pass Me By \"Don't",
"title": "Don't Pass Me By"
},
{
"id": "5580765",
"text": "for their first album in 1963. Barbra Streisand had performed the song as part of her cabaret act during 1962, and recorded it for her debut album The Barbra Streisand Album on Columbia, which won a Grammy for Album of the Year (1963). The original recorded versions of the song \"A Taste of Honey\", \"A Taste of Honey (refrain)\" and \"A Taste of Honey (closing theme)\", appeared on Bobby Scott's 1960 album, also titled \"A Taste of Honey\", on Atlantic 1355. The composition won Best Instrumental Theme at the Grammy Awards of 1963. The Beatles performed Lenny Welch's adaptation, slightly",
"title": "A Taste of Honey (song)"
},
{
"id": "5580766",
"text": "changing the lyrics in the chorus, as part of their repertoire in 1962 and as the instrumental version by Acker Bilk was popular in the United Kingdom at the time, the song was chosen to be recorded for their 1963 debut album, \"Please Please Me\". A version from this time was released in 1977 on the album \"Live! at the Star-Club in Hamburg, Germany; 1962\". In the US, this song first appeared on the VeeJay Records album \"Introducing... The Beatles\". They also performed \"A Taste of Honey\" seven times for BBC radio shows, including \"Here We Go\", \"Side by Side\",",
"title": "A Taste of Honey (song)"
},
{
"id": "4375880",
"text": "Wait (Beatles song) \"Wait\" is a song released by the Beatles, on their 1965 album \"Rubber Soul\". The songwriting credit is Lennon–McCartney, although in the 1997 book, \"Many Years from Now,\" McCartney recalls it as entirely his. This is supported by a 1970 interview with John Lennon by Ray Connolly. John could not remember writing it. \"That must be one of Paul's,\" he said. The song was originally recorded for \"Help!\" in June 1965 but was rejected for inclusion on the album. When \"Rubber Soul\" fell one song short for a Christmas release, \"Wait\" was brought back. Overdubs were added",
"title": "Wait (Beatles song)"
},
{
"id": "5601548",
"text": "Julia (Beatles song) \"Julia\" is a song by the Beatles, but performed as a solo work by John Lennon. The song was written by Lennon (though credited to Lennon–McCartney) regarding his mother Julia Lennon, who died in 1958 at age 44. The track is the final song on side two (disc one on CD) of the band's 1968 double album, \"The Beatles\" (also known as \"White Album\") and was the last song recorded for the album. It was also released as the \"B side\" of the Beatles single \"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da\" in 1976. \"Julia\" was written by John Lennon (credited to",
"title": "Julia (Beatles song)"
},
{
"id": "5643059",
"text": "Good Night (Beatles song) \"Good Night\" is a song by the Beatles, composed by John Lennon, but credited to Lennon–McCartney. It is sung by Ringo Starr, the only Beatle to appear on the track. The music was provided by an orchestra arranged and conducted by George Martin. It is the last song on the Beatles' 1968 album \"The Beatles\" (also known as the \"White Album\"). John Lennon wrote the song as a lullaby for his five-year-old son Julian. The original version of \"Good Night\" featured George Harrison and John Lennon playing the melody on guitars with them and Paul McCartney",
"title": "Good Night (Beatles song)"
},
{
"id": "7646530",
"text": "and also reached the top 5 in Austria, Spain and Switzerland. In the United States, \"Honey, Honey\" was moderately successful compared to the group's later singles. It reached No.27 on both the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and Adult Contemporary charts; the 1st ABBA single to reach the AC chart. ABBA Honey, Honey \"Honey, Honey\" is a song by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was released as the second single from their second studio album, \"Waterloo\", after the success of the title track at the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest. \"Honey, Honey\" was written by Björn Ulvaeus, Benny Andersson and Stig Anderson,",
"title": "Honey, Honey"
},
{
"id": "5239545",
"text": "Lonely Hearts Club Band\" soundtrack. It was also released as Robin Gibb's fourth solo single. It reached number 15 on the \"Billboard\" pop chart and number 22 in the US Adult Contemporary Charts on 7 October 1978. It was Gibb's highest charting single in the United States. Oh! Darling \"Oh! Darling\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles, composed by Paul McCartney (credited to Lennon–McCartney), and appearing as the fourth song on the 1969 album \"Abbey Road\". Its working title was \"Oh! Darling (I'll Never Do You No Harm)\". Although not issued as a single in either",
"title": "Oh! Darling"
},
{
"id": "4336347",
"text": "Rain (Beatles song) \"Rain\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles that was first released in May 1966 as the B-side of their \"Paperback Writer\" single. Both songs were recorded during the sessions for the album \"Revolver\" although neither appears on that album. The song was written by John Lennon and credited to Lennon–McCartney. It is noted for its slowed-down rhythm track, an example of the tape-manipulation techniques the band embraced at this time, and backwards vocals over the song's coda. The single's release marked the first time that reversed sounds had appeared in a pop song,",
"title": "Rain (Beatles song)"
},
{
"id": "6277292",
"text": "and Attitudes. Attitudes (band) Attitudes was a rock band from Los Angeles consisting of keyboardist David Foster, guitarist Danny Kortchmar, bass guitarist Paul Stallworth and drummer Jim Keltner. Its four members came together while working as session musicians during the recording of George Harrison's album \"Extra Texture (Read All About It)\". One single by the band, \"Sweet Summer Music\" reached #94 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in 1976. James Taylor later covered their single \"Honey Don't Leave L.A.\" and that version reached #61 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in 1978. All songs produced by Lee Kiefer and Attitudes. Produced by",
"title": "Attitudes (band)"
},
{
"id": "8088516",
"text": "the 1970 film \"The Grasshopper\"); and \"Little Green Apples\", which won a Song of the Year Grammy Award for him in 1968 from the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. \"Little Green Apples\" was a big hit for O.C. Smith in the USA and covered by Roger Miller in the U.K. The song was a particular favourite of Frank Sinatra. He wrote the song \"Honey\", which was a hit for Bobby Goldsboro in 1968, spending five weeks at the top of the Billboard Pop Singles Chart. Russell wrote the ballad \"Do You Know Who I Am\", which was recorded",
"title": "Bobby Russell"
},
{
"id": "402521",
"text": "sold more singles in the UK than any other act. In 2008, the group topped \"Billboard\" magazine's list of the all-time most successful artists; , they hold the record for most number-one hits on the Hot 100 chart with twenty. They have received seven Grammy Awards, an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score and fifteen Ivor Novello Awards. They were also collectively included in \"Time\" magazine's compilation of . In March 1957, John Lennon, then aged sixteen, formed a skiffle group with several friends from Quarry Bank High School in Liverpool. They briefly called themselves the Blackjacks, before changing",
"title": "The Beatles"
},
{
"id": "823627",
"text": "was the acoustic guitar, and thus many of the songs on \"The Beatles\" were written and first performed on that instrument. Some of these songs remained acoustic on \"The Beatles\" and were recorded solo, or only by part of the group (including \"Wild Honey Pie\", \"Blackbird\", \"Julia\", \"I Will\" and \"Mother Nature's Son\"). McCartney wrote \"Back in the U.S.S.R.\" as a parody of Chuck Berry's song \"Back in the U.S.A.\" and the Beach Boys. A field recording of a jet aeroplane taking off and landing was used at the start of the track, and intermittently throughout it. The backing vocals",
"title": "The Beatles (album)"
},
{
"id": "6277291",
"text": "Attitudes (band) Attitudes was a rock band from Los Angeles consisting of keyboardist David Foster, guitarist Danny Kortchmar, bass guitarist Paul Stallworth and drummer Jim Keltner. Its four members came together while working as session musicians during the recording of George Harrison's album \"Extra Texture (Read All About It)\". One single by the band, \"Sweet Summer Music\" reached #94 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in 1976. James Taylor later covered their single \"Honey Don't Leave L.A.\" and that version reached #61 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in 1978. All songs produced by Lee Kiefer and Attitudes. Produced by Jay Lewis",
"title": "Attitudes (band)"
},
{
"id": "5643063",
"text": "brings the album to a close. The song has been covered by several artists, including Jarvis Cocker, Pedro Aznar, the Carpenters, Ramsey Lewis, Kenny Loggins, Kidsongs, Linda Ronstadt, Cyril Stapleton, the Manhattan Transfer, Matthew Sweet, and Monkees drummer Micky Dolenz and the \"Forces Sweetheart\" Vera Lynn who released it as a single and performed it on a BBC TV variety show. Barbra Streisand recorded it in 1969 for her album \"What About Today?\" It was also chosen by the British band Coldplay to play out after the band had left the stage at concerts on their 2005–2006 Twisted Logic Tour.",
"title": "Good Night (Beatles song)"
},
{
"id": "5601554",
"text": "overlaps with the beginning of the next phrase. \"Julia\" was originally released as the final song on side two of \"The Beatles\" on 22 November 1968. In 1976, it was released as the B-side of the \"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da\" single. In 1988 \"Julia\" was one of the nine Beatles songs on the soundtrack album \"\". A portion of the song also appeared on the \"Love\" album mixed with \"Eleanor Rigby\". \"Julia\" has been covered by Ramsey Lewis, Bongwater, Chocolate Genius, Medeski, Scofield, Martin & Wood, Jacob Fred Jazz Odyssey, Waltari, Priscilla Ahn, Pedro Aznar, Mike Patton & Carla Hassett as a",
"title": "Julia (Beatles song)"
},
{
"id": "5061809",
"text": "\"Honey\" became Carey's third single to debut atop the \"Billboard\" Hot 100; the most number one debuts of any artist to this day. Additionally, the song became her 12th chart topper, breaking the fifth place record she had shared with Whitney Houston and Madonna. It replaced \"Mo Money Mo Problems\" by The Notorious B.I.G. featuring Puff Daddy and Mase, and it was replaced by Boyz II Men's \"4 Seasons of Loneliness\". At this point, Carey was tied with The Supremes for fourth most US number ones, behind Michael Jackson with thirteen, and Elvis Presley and The Beatles with 17 and",
"title": "Honey (Mariah Carey song)"
},
{
"id": "5061798",
"text": "Carey's musical transition \"genuine\". \"Honey\" was successful in the United States, becoming Carey's third single to debut atop the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, a feat that has yet to be duplicated. The single stayed at number one for three consecutive weeks. \"Honey\" hit the top-five in Canada, New Zealand, Spain, and the United Kingdom, the top-ten in Australia and Sweden, and the top 20 in the majority of charts worldwide. \"Honey\" was nominated in two categories at the 40th Annual Grammy Awards (1997), for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance and Best R&B Song. Carey included the song in the set-list",
"title": "Honey (Mariah Carey song)"
},
{
"id": "4342872",
"text": "Nowhere Man (song) \"Nowhere Man\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles. It was released in December 1965 on their album \"Rubber Soul\", except for in the United States and Canada, where it was first issued as a single A-side in February 1966 before appearing on the album \"Yesterday and Today\". The song was written by John Lennon and credited to Lennon–McCartney. In the US, the single peaked at number 3 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and number 1 on the chart compiled by \"Record World\" magazine, as it did the \"RPM\" 100 chart in Canada. The",
"title": "Nowhere Man (song)"
},
{
"id": "5559770",
"text": "(Fm on \"son\") to get back to the C major key. It is sung by all four Beatles, Ringo's then-wife Maureen, and Yoko Ono (providing the only female lead vocal on a Beatles' recording, for the line \"Not when he looked so fierce\"). The Mellotron reappears during the verses, played by Lennon, using mandolin samples, and during the outro, played by Thomas, using trombone samples. Lennon, who wrote the song, is the primary lead singer. Like the majority of Beatles songs written by either Lennon or Paul McCartney, it is credited to Lennon–McCartney. The song was recorded by the Beatles",
"title": "The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill"
},
{
"id": "5556994",
"text": "time on \"You Can't Do That\" and gave the song its distinctive chiming sound. The song was first released as the B-side of the \"Can't Buy Me Love\" single on 16 March 1964 in the United States by Capitol Records and on 20 March 1964 in the United Kingdom by Parlophone. It was the Beatles seventh US single and sixth UK single. It was later included in the \"A Hard Day's Night\" album in the UK, and \"The Beatles' Second Album\" in the US. The Beatles were filmed miming to \"You Can't Do That\" as part of the final concert",
"title": "You Can't Do That"
},
{
"id": "4336358",
"text": "up to that time. On the final mix of the single, Lennon played a 1965 Gretsch Nashville, Paul McCartney a 1964 Rickenbacker 4001S bass, Harrison a 1964 Gibson SG, and Ringo Starr used Ludwig drums. First released as a B-side to \"Paperback Writer\" in the United States (Capitol 5651) on 30 May 1966 and in the UK on 10 June, the single was later released part of a Record Store Day reissue in 2010. It later appeared on the compilations \"Hey Jude\" in the US and \"Rarities\" in the UK. It also appeared on the \"Past Masters\" CD. In the",
"title": "Rain (Beatles song)"
},
{
"id": "10370141",
"text": "Honey (Moby song) \"Honey\" is a song by American electronica musician Moby. It was released as the first single from his fifth studio album \"Play\" on August 24, 1998. The song incorporates vocal samples from \"Sometimes\" by American blues singer Bessie Jones, while its instrumentation is built around a repeating piano riff sampled from the song \"\"Woman to Woman\"\" by Joe Cocker (released in 1972). Moby discovered the \"Sometimes\" sample while listening to albums of folk music recordings compiled by field collector Alan Lomax. He subsequently composed \"Honey\", along with several other songs from \"Play\", using the Lomax recordings. \"Honey\"",
"title": "Honey (Moby song)"
},
{
"id": "9600894",
"text": "by The Basics, as well as on their 2010 live album. The song is also heard in the 2016 film \"Nine Lives.\" Three Cool Cats \"Three Cool Cats\" is a 1958 song written by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. It was originally recorded by The Coasters and released as the B-side of their hit single, \"Charlie Brown.\" \"Three Cool Cats\" was one of the fifteen songs recorded by The Beatles for their Decca Records audition on New Year's Day in 1962 in London. The Beatles' cover version featured George Harrison's vocals and Pete Best on drums. The Beatles' manager, Brian",
"title": "Three Cool Cats"
},
{
"id": "7646528",
"text": "Honey, Honey \"Honey, Honey\" is a song by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was released as the second single from their second studio album, \"Waterloo\", after the success of the title track at the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest. \"Honey, Honey\" was written by Björn Ulvaeus, Benny Andersson and Stig Anderson, with shared vocals by Agnetha Fältskog, Anni-Frid Lyngstad and Ulvaeus. As well as the English version, ABBA also recorded \"Honey, Honey\" in Swedish on January 30, 1974 at Metronome Studio, Stockholm. This was the last official recording by the group in their own language, and was released as a",
"title": "Honey, Honey"
},
{
"id": "5176636",
"text": "Honey Pie \"Honey Pie\" is a song by the Beatles, from their 1968 eponymous album \"The Beatles\", also known as \"the White Album\". The song was written entirely by Paul McCartney, but is credited to Lennon–McCartney. The song is a direct homage to the British music hall style. It concerns a famed actress, called only by the term of endearment \"Honey Pie\", who becomes famous in the United States, and her old lover, who wishes for her to rejoin him in England. The premise – a humble admirer yearning for the return of his lover – is not unlike a",
"title": "Honey Pie"
},
{
"id": "5643064",
"text": "A one-second clip of the song is heard on the Paul McCartney album \"Liverpool Sound Collage\" at 3:38 on the track \"Plastic Beetle\". Good Night (Beatles song) \"Good Night\" is a song by the Beatles, composed by John Lennon, but credited to Lennon–McCartney. It is sung by Ringo Starr, the only Beatle to appear on the track. The music was provided by an orchestra arranged and conducted by George Martin. It is the last song on the Beatles' 1968 album \"The Beatles\" (also known as the \"White Album\"). John Lennon wrote the song as a lullaby for his five-year-old son",
"title": "Good Night (Beatles song)"
},
{
"id": "10524618",
"text": "J.C. Lodge J.C. Lodge, (born June Carol Lodge, 1 December 1958, London, England), is a reggae singer, actress and fine artist. Her breakthrough hit \"Someone Loves You, Honey\" became the best-selling single of 1982 in the Netherlands. Lodge is also an accomplished painter, having exhibited in Kingston art galleries, and has acted in several theatre productions. British born to a Jamaican father and British mother, J.C. Lodge was taken to Jamaica as a child. There, the Beatles fan soon became immersed in R&B and reggae, and sang along to everything she heard. Toward the end of high school, a relationship",
"title": "J.C. Lodge"
},
{
"id": "4622763",
"text": "Kishori Amonkar (1932–2017), Rashid Khan (b. 1966) and Ajoy Chakrabarty (b. 1952). Other vocalists such as Amir Khan have played around with it privately but preferred the simpler, less intrusive tanpura for accompaniment. The Beatles' 1967 single \"Strawberry Fields Forever\" features a swarmandal, played by George Harrison, as does \"Within You Without You\", from the band's \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\" album. Swarmandal The swarmandal ( ) or Indian harp is a zither, originating from the Indian subcontinent, similar to the qanun that is today most commonly used as an accompanying instrument for vocal Indian classical music. The name",
"title": "Swarmandal"
},
{
"id": "12164663",
"text": "Ric Marlow Eric \"Ric\" Marlow (born Sanford Phillip Schafler; December 21, 1925 – February 28, 2017) was an American songwriter and actor, best known for co-writing with Bobby Scott the song \"A Taste of Honey\" which won a Grammy in 1962. The song has been recorded by approximately 200 artists internationally, including The Beatles, Herb Alpert & The Tijuana Brass, Barbra Streisand, Tony Bennett, and Johnny Mathis. He also had several acting roles, most notably on the television programs, \"Bonanza\", \"Hawaii Five-O\" and \"Magnum, P.I.\". Marlow was born to Bernice (née Berney) and Arthur Schafler in the Bronx, New York.",
"title": "Ric Marlow"
},
{
"id": "9154381",
"text": "September in the Rain \"September in the Rain\" is a popular song by Harry Warren and Al Dubin, published in 1937. The song was introduced by James Melton in the film \"Melody for Two\". It has become a standard, having been recorded by many artists since. There were three charted versions in 1937 by Guy Lombardo, James Melton and Rhythm Wreckers (vocal by Pauline Byrns). The song became popular again in 1948 and 1949 when versions by Sam Donahue and the George Shearing Quintet briefly reached the charts. In 1962, the Beatles recorded a rock and roll interpretation during their",
"title": "September in the Rain"
},
{
"id": "1413702",
"text": "spot in the musical magazines \"New Musical Express\" and \"Melody Maker\" but not on the chart published by \"Record Retailer\" (now \"Music Week\"). On the other hand, \"Strawberry Fields Forever\" was part of a double A-side single along with \"Penny Lane\". This single had peaked at number 2 in the charts, behind Engelbert Humperdinck's single \"Release Me\". This album is essentially a combination of both the US and UK versions of the earlier album \"20 Greatest Hits\", with the addition of \"Something\" (which was left off \"20 Greatest Hits\" because of time constraints). On \"1\", \"Hey Jude\" was released in",
"title": "1 (Beatles album)"
},
{
"id": "5580581",
"text": "also create the Dorian progression i-IV-i. The song achieves a thick sound through its double-tracked vocal, reverbed guitars, and busy drumming. The elaborate percussion lends the song a Latin rhythm accentuated by its stop-time structure. On some late-1970s Canadian stereo pressings of \"Meet the Beatles!\", an alternate version of the song with an extra ‘don't’ sung at 2:08 is included in place of the standard stereo version. They recorded the song on 11 and 12 September 1963. They were not satisfied with the version recorded on the eleventh which was recorded in seven takes and did a remake on the",
"title": "Don't Bother Me"
},
{
"id": "11506308",
"text": "Ronnie Weiser's Rollin' Rock Records. In 1970, Mac Curtis had two hits on \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart, \"Early In The Morning\" (#35) and \"Honey, Don't\" (#43). As a singer he was still active in the 1980s and 1990s. He was later elected to the Rockabilly Hall of Fame. He died on September 16, 2013 at age 74, following injuries received in a car accident a month earlier, after which he had undergone rehabilitation at a nursing home. Mac Curtis Wesley Erwin \"Mac\" Curtis, Jr. (January 16, 1939 – September 16, 2013) was an American rockabilly musician. Born in Fort",
"title": "Mac Curtis"
},
{
"id": "5061811",
"text": "weeks, and ranked 18 on the \"RPM\" Year-end chart for 1997. The song debuted on the UK Singles Chart on September 6, 1997 at its peak of number three, and spent a total of eight weeks in the chart. \"Honey\" is Carey's 15th best-selling single in the United Kingdom as of 2010, with estimated sales of over 200,000. In Australia, \"Honey\" peaked at number eight on the charts, spending a total of 19 weeks in the chart. It was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), denoting shipments of over 35,000 units. In New Zealand, the song peaked",
"title": "Honey (Mariah Carey song)"
},
{
"id": "18436513",
"text": "No Type \"No Type\" is a song by American hip hop duo Rae Sremmurd. It was released on September 15, 2014, by EarDrummers Entertainment and Interscope Records, as the second single from their debut studio album \"SremmLife\" (2015). The song was produced by Mike Will Made It with additional production from Swae Lee. The song has peaked at number 16 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, becoming their second highest-charting single behind \"Black Beatles\". The music video was released on August 11, 2014 and has received over 700 million views on YouTube. There were two remixes, one was by",
"title": "No Type"
},
{
"id": "5579735",
"text": "after we did this one and saying, 'You're getting better now – that was a complete story.' Apparently, before that, he thought my songs wandered off.\" The song is in the key of C major. The song form is standard AABA (verse-verse-bridge-verse), without a chorus as such, but including the refrain \"No reply\". The main instrumentation on the Beatles recording comprises acoustic guitars (played by Lennon and Harrison on their Gibson J-160Es), bass guitar and drums. In addition to handclaps by all four members of the group, the overdubs included a piano part by their producer, George Martin, and electric",
"title": "No Reply (song)"
},
{
"id": "3025848",
"text": "Songs: An Informed Fan's Guide\" by Stephen J. Spignesi and Michael Lewis. The song is ranked third on the 100 Best Beatles Songs list, behind \"A Day in the Life\" and \"Strawberry Fields Forever\". Film of the Beatles performance was shown on \"The Ed Sullivan Show\" on 15 February 1970. Although the song is performed regularly during McCartney's performances, there are a few notable performances. The Beatles Additional musicians Per John Winn's \"That Magic Feeling\", Mark Lewisohn's \"The Complete Beatles Chronicle\", and Steve Sullivan's \"Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings, Volume 1\". The Beatles: On the US charts, the song",
"title": "Let It Be (song)"
},
{
"id": "5559876",
"text": "Don't Pass Me By \"Don't Pass Me By\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from the double album\" The Beatles\" (also known as the \"White Album\"). It was the first solo composition by Ringo Starr. The song was released as a single in Scandinavia and peaked at number 1 in Denmark in April 1969. Starr first played his song for the other Beatles soon after he joined the group in August 1962. During an interview, Ringo commented on the songwriting process, saying: \"I wrote Don't Pass Me By when I was sitting round at home. I",
"title": "Don't Pass Me By"
},
{
"id": "9600892",
"text": "Three Cool Cats \"Three Cool Cats\" is a 1958 song written by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. It was originally recorded by The Coasters and released as the B-side of their hit single, \"Charlie Brown.\" \"Three Cool Cats\" was one of the fifteen songs recorded by The Beatles for their Decca Records audition on New Year's Day in 1962 in London. The Beatles' cover version featured George Harrison's vocals and Pete Best on drums. The Beatles' manager, Brian Epstein, personally chose this and the fourteen other audition numbers from the band's Merseyside dance hall and rock club repertoire. The recording",
"title": "Three Cool Cats"
},
{
"id": "16045035",
"text": "was released as a bootleg video by Media Home Entertainment. A video segment from the special appears in \"\" documentary film. Songs from the special appear on the \"Anthology 1\" compilation. The Beatles' musical set features the only recorded performance of \"Shout\" by the group. The footage of them singing \"Can't Buy Me Love\" is now included on the video disk of the 2015 reissue of the compilation \"1\". All of the songs performed by the Beatles in the special were released on home video in 1985 by EMI and Dave Clark Productions as \"Ready Steady Go! Special Edition The",
"title": "Around the Beatles"
},
{
"id": "6185077",
"text": "time that any single released by any member of the Beatles hit the \"Billboard\" R&B chart. It was McCartney's record 28th song to hit number one on the Billboard 100. In 2008, the song was ranked at #59 on \"Billboard\"'s Greatest Songs of all time. In 2013, it was ranked #69 on the Billboard list of the Hot 100 songs of all-time. The song was derided as \"saccharine\" and was later named as the tenth worst song of all time by \"Blender\" magazine in April 2009. In October 2007, it was named the worst duet in history by BBC 6",
"title": "Ebony and Ivory"
},
{
"id": "19748392",
"text": "Black Beatles \"Black Beatles\" is a song by American hip hop duo Rae Sremmurd. It was released on September 13, 2016 by EarDrummers and Interscope Records as the third single from their second studio album \"SremmLife 2\". The song features guest vocals from American rapper Gucci Mane and is produced by Mike Will Made It. Following viral exposure, due in large part to its role in the Mannequin Challenge trend, it became both Rae Sremmurd's and Gucci Mane's first number-one single on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and their first top ten appearance in countries such as Australia, Canada, New",
"title": "Black Beatles"
},
{
"id": "5061810",
"text": "20, respectively. \"Honey\" was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting shipments of over one million units. The song stalled at number two on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (behind \"You Make Me Wanna...\" by Usher), spending 22 weeks in the chart. \"Honey\" finished number 32 on the \"Billboard\" end of year chart for 1997. In Canada, the song debuted on the \"RPM\" Singles Chart at forty-eight on the \"RPM\" issue dated August 18, 1997, and reached the top of the chart on September 22, 1997. It was present on the chart for a total of 20",
"title": "Honey (Mariah Carey song)"
},
{
"id": "6076941",
"text": "recordings) also was released by Capitol Records in 1992. On March 10, 2016, two of The Honeys participated in concert at the Coffee Gallery Backstage in Altadena, California as part of a tribute to their long-time friend and 1960s songwriting legend P.F. Sloan. The Honeys The Honeys were an American girl group formed in Los Angeles in 1963. Their line-up consisted of Marilyn Rovell (later Marilyn Wilson-Ruthorford), her sister Diane Rovell, and their friend Ginger Blake. The group were a kind of female counterpart to the Beach Boys. Bandleader Brian Wilson served as the Honeys' record producer and chief songwriter,",
"title": "The Honeys"
},
{
"id": "19748396",
"text": "on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, becoming both Rae Sremmurd's and Gucci Mane's first number one single and the most successful yet of their careers, and replaced The Chainsmokers and Halsey's \"Closer\" for the top spot, which had held that for 12 consecutive weeks. The song has topped the chart for seven non-consecutive weeks. On the issue dated January 7, 2017, it lost the top spot to \"Starboy\" by The Weeknd featuring Daft Punk, though returned to number one the following week. It also peaked at number one in Indonesia and New Zealand. The song had already entered the top",
"title": "Black Beatles"
},
{
"id": "19522354",
"text": "So How Come (No One Loves Me) \"So How Come (No One Loves Me)\" is a song written by Felice and Boudleaux Bryant and originally recorded by the Everly Brothers for their fourth album, \"A Date with the Everly Brothers\", in 1960. The Beatles recorded their version on 10 July 1963 for the \"Pop Go the Beatles\" radio show, with George Harrison on lead vocals. The song was recorded at the Aeolian Hall in London, and was first broadcast thirteen days later on 23 July 1963. The song appears on the 1994 album \"Live at the BBC\" and the title",
"title": "So How Come (No One Loves Me)"
},
{
"id": "5580767",
"text": "and \"Easy Beat\". In 1967, McCartney was inspired to compose “Your Mother Should Know” based on a line taken from the screenplay. Engineered by Norman Smith Lenny Welch recorded an early vocal version. It was released as a single in September 1962 on the Cadence Records label and included on his 1963 album \"Since I Fell for You\". This version also credits Lee Morris as a writer but it is not known if it was he who provided the lyrics. This credit does not appear on any covers of the song, with only Marlow/Scott credited. Johnny Rivers covered the song",
"title": "A Taste of Honey (song)"
},
{
"id": "15468543",
"text": "aired on Great American Country. The song was first recorded by the Motown singer Chuck Jackson, whose single reached number 43 on the R&B charts in 1969. In December 1969, Don Ho also released it as a single. Campbell's 1970 single was one of many recordings of the song that year - there were versions by: Honey Come Back (song) \"Honey Come Back\" is a song written by Jimmy Webb and recorded by the American country music artist Glen Campbell. It was released in January 1970 as the second single from his album \"Try a Little Kindness\". The song peaked",
"title": "Honey Come Back (song)"
},
{
"id": "2542324",
"text": "backed by Starr's composition \"Don't Pass Me By\". In 1973, three years after the Beatles' break-up, the song was included on the band's double album compilation \"1967–1970\", as one of only three tracks representing the White Album. On 25 June 1976, the song was issued as a single by Parlophone in the UK to promote the compilation album \"Rock 'n' Roll Music\". The B-side was \"Twist and Shout\", making it the first EMI single by the Beatles to include a non-original composition. It peaked at number 19 on the UK Singles Chart, number 11 in Ireland, and number 19 in",
"title": "Back in the U.S.S.R."
},
{
"id": "19522355",
"text": "is erroneously shown as \"Top So How Come (No One Loves Me).\" Personnel per \"The Beatles Bible\" So How Come (No One Loves Me) \"So How Come (No One Loves Me)\" is a song written by Felice and Boudleaux Bryant and originally recorded by the Everly Brothers for their fourth album, \"A Date with the Everly Brothers\", in 1960. The Beatles recorded their version on 10 July 1963 for the \"Pop Go the Beatles\" radio show, with George Harrison on lead vocals. The song was recorded at the Aeolian Hall in London, and was first broadcast thirteen days later on",
"title": "So How Come (No One Loves Me)"
},
{
"id": "20485844",
"text": "There's a Honey \"There's a Honey\" is a song by English indie pop band Pale Waves. The band's debut single, it was released through Dirty Hit on 20 February 2017 and is the lead single of their expected debut studio album, \"My Mind Makes Noises\" (2018)\".\" It was re-released on 10 November as a limited-edition double 7\", coupled with \"Television Romance\". Upon it's re-release, it debuted at #83 on the Scottish Singles Chart on 17 November and at #2 on the UK Vinyl Singles and UK Singles Sales Charts. The song was originally released on 20 February 2017 as a",
"title": "There's a Honey"
},
{
"id": "8772128",
"text": "Songs of the Beatles Songs of the Beatles is a 1981 album by Sarah Vaughan of songs by The Beatles. The album contains songs written and originally performed by The Beatles with contemporaneous pop and jazz arrangements. On \"Something\" Vaughan was accompanied by the Brazilian singer and musician Marcos Valle. It was recorded in 1977 but was not released until 1981 due to a recording contract problem. On balance, \"Los Angeles Times\" jazz writer Leonard Feather is favorable in his assessment, awarding the album three and a half stars, notwithstanding some ill-advised commercial trimmings: \"Recorded several years ago, inexplicably shelved",
"title": "Songs of the Beatles"
},
{
"id": "12814020",
"text": "of The Beatles into the video. Body doubles, vetted by the Apple Corps shareholders, appear in some shots. On September 8, 2009, Dhani Harrison appeared as a guest on \"The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien\" to promote the game. Harrison and O'Brien (along with \"Tonight Show\" web manager Aaron Bleyaert and The Tonight Show Band member Mark Pender) performed the song \"Birthday\" at the close of the show. The game includes 45 songs from 12 of The Beatles albums recorded during their 1963–1970 tenure with EMI Records. With the exception of \"Magical Mystery Tour\", track information is based on the",
"title": "The Beatles: Rock Band"
},
{
"id": "7624212",
"text": "Wild Honey (The Beach Boys song) \"Wild Honey\" is a song written by Brian Wilson and Mike Love for the American rock band The Beach Boys. It was released on their 1967 album \"Wild Honey\". It was also released as a single, with the B-side of the single being \"Wind Chimes\". The single peaked at #31 in the U.S. and #29 in the U.K. In a 1992 issue of \"Goldmine\", Mike Love explained the idea for the lyrics of the song: Recording for the song began on September 26, 1967 at Brian Wilson's home studio in Bel Air, California with",
"title": "Wild Honey (The Beach Boys song)"
},
{
"id": "8308062",
"text": "Johnny Russell (singer) John Bright Russell (January 23, 1940 – July 3, 2001) was an American country singer, songwriter, and comedian best known for his song \"Act Naturally\", which was made famous by Buck Owens, who recorded it in 1963, and The Beatles in 1965. His songs have been recorded by Burl Ives, Jim Reeves, Jerry Garcia, Dolly Parton, Emmylou Harris, and Linda Ronstadt. Born in Moorhead, Mississippi, he moved with his family at age 11 to Fresno, California, where he began writing songs and entering talent contests while still attending Fresno High School, from which he graduated in 1958.",
"title": "Johnny Russell (singer)"
},
{
"id": "7017387",
"text": "original recordings had been subject to general release, though a version of \"Christmas Time (Is Here Again)\", an original composition which appeared in edited form on the 1967 record, eventually gained an official release in 1995, as part of \"The Beatles Anthology\" project. A vinyl box set of all the records was released in December 2017. The first Christmas recording from the Beatles featured several renditions of the traditional carol \"Good King Wenceslas\" and individual messages from the four, ending with a closing chorus of \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Ringo\". This offering, as well as 1964's, was scripted by Beatles' press",
"title": "The Beatles' Christmas records"
},
{
"id": "12818974",
"text": "Dave Goddard alongside guitarist Lewis Clayton, pianist Neil 'Nutrocker' and drummer Buzz Baker. In recent years the Sunsets has been fronted by Shakin' Stevens' nephew, Levi Barratt. Because of Steven's commercial success since the 1980s, many of the original records issued by him and the group are now collectors items. For example, their recording of \"Honey Don't\" (issued on CBS Records in Sweden, 1973) sold for more than UK£ 340 in 2013. Other records that have sold for over £100 include their Parlophone issued single \"Spirit Of Wood Stock\" and their debut album, \"A Legend\". Shakin' Stevens and the Sunsets",
"title": "Shakin' Stevens and the Sunsets"
},
{
"id": "823631",
"text": "record the same backing track repetitively, and pinpoints this session as a key indication that the Beatles were going to break up. McCartney attempted to remake the backing track for a third time, but this was abandoned after a few takes and the second version was used as the final mix. The group, save for McCartney, had lost interest in the track by the end of recording, and refused to release it as a single. Marmalade recorded a version that became a number one hit. McCartney recorded \"Wild Honey Pie\" on 20 August at the end of the session for",
"title": "The Beatles (album)"
},
{
"id": "12815996",
"text": "Billboard Top Rock'n'Roll Hits: 1967 Billboard Top Rock'n'Roll Hits: 1967 is a compilation album released by Rhino Records in 1989, featuring 10 hit recordings from 1967. The original album includes six songs that reached the top of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. The remaining four tracks each reached the Hot 100's Top 10. A re-issue in 1993 followed, replacing tracks by the Monkees, The Buckinghams, and Paul Revere & The Raiders with songs by Aretha Franklin, The Young Rascals, and Sam & Dave. Absent from the track lineup were songs by The Beatles. A disclaimer on the back of the",
"title": "Billboard Top Rock'n'Roll Hits: 1967"
},
{
"id": "1388772",
"text": "a Top 10 single in the UK in 1968 (US number 20) and was ranked 48th in \"Rolling Stone\" magazine's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. Another famous example is the Beatles' cover of \"Twist and Shout\", originally by the Top Notes, and their cover of the song, \"Til There Was You\", by Meredith Willson, among many others. The term \"cover\" goes back decades when cover version originally described a rival version of a tune recorded to compete with the recently released (original) version. The \"Chicago Tribune\" described the term in 1952: \"trade jargon meaning to record a tune that",
"title": "Cover version"
},
{
"id": "4336359",
"text": "United States, the song peaked at number 23 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 on 9 July 1966, and remained in that position the following week. The \"Paperback Writer\" single reached number 1 in the UK (for two weeks starting on 23 June). \"Rolling Stone\" magazine ranks \"Rain\" 463rd in its list of \"The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time\". On a similar list compiled by the New York radio station Q104.3, the song appeared at number 382. \"Rain\" is notable for Ringo Starr's drumming, which Starr rates as his best recorded performance. Both Ian MacDonald and \"Rolling Stone\" described his",
"title": "Rain (Beatles song)"
},
{
"id": "819951",
"text": "With the Beatles With the Beatles is the second studio album by the English rock band the Beatles. It was released on 22 November 1963, on Parlophone, and was recorded four months after the band's debut \"Please Please Me\". The album features eight original compositions (seven by Lennon–McCartney and \"Don't Bother Me\", George Harrison's first recorded solo composition and his first released on a Beatles album) and six covers (mostly of Motown, rock and roll, and R&B hits). The cover photograph was taken by the fashion photographer Robert Freeman, and it has been mimicked by several music groups over the",
"title": "With the Beatles"
},
{
"id": "18120113",
"text": "Essential James Taylor\". Honey Don't Leave L.A. \"Honey Don't Leave L.A.\" is a song written by Danny Kortchmar. It was first recorded by Attitudes, a band consisting of Kortchmar, Paul Stallworth, Jim Keltner and David Foster, who met while backing George Harrison on his album \"Extra Texture (Read All About It)\". It was released on Attitudes' self-titled debut album in 1976. It was also released as a promotional single on Harrison's Dark Horse Records label. The lyrics of \"Honey Don't Leave L.A.\" are a plea to an \"errant paramour.\" Following a live solo performance in 2013, Kortchmar noted that he",
"title": "Honey Don't Leave L.A."
},
{
"id": "5580665",
"text": "Not a Second Time \"Not a Second Time\" is a song by John Lennon (credited to Lennon–McCartney) performed by English rock group the Beatles on their second British album, \"With the Beatles\", and the American album \"Meet the Beatles!\". Lennon said he was \"trying to write a Smokey Robinson or something at the time.\" This song inspired a musical analysis from William Mann of \"The Times\", citing the \"Aeolian cadence\" (Aeolian harmony) of Lennon's vocals as the song draws to a close, and noting that the same chord progression appears at the end of the final movement of Mahler's \"Das",
"title": "Not a Second Time"
},
{
"id": "7949209",
"text": "of Honey\" was coincidentally recorded less than three weeks later by the Beatles for their 1963 debut album, \"Please Please Me\". \"Happy Days Are Here Again\" was released as Columbia single 42631 with \"When the Sun Comes Out\" on the b-side, but it did not chart. Notwithstanding, at the 1964 Grammy Awards, \"The Barbra Streisand Album\" won awards in the categories of Album of the Year, Best Female Vocal Performance, and Best Album Cover - Other Than Classical, the latter presented to art director John Berg. The only song recorded but not included on this album was \"Bewitched, Bothered and",
"title": "The Barbra Streisand Album"
},
{
"id": "3567773",
"text": "for her 1970 album with guitarist Gabor Szabo, titled \"Lena & Gabor\". An instrumental version by Booker T. & the M.G.'s, from their \"Abbey Road\" tribute album \"McLemore Avenue\", peaked at number 76 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in August 1970. Other artists who released covers of the song that year include Della Reese, Nancy Sinatra, Perry Como, Karina (Spanish singer), Duane Eddy, the Ray Conniff Singers, Jerry Butler, Johnny Mathis, Engelbert Humperdinck, Isaac Hayes, King Curtis, Martha Reeves & the Vandellas, Ferrante & Teicher and the Shadows. Ray Charles issued his version on the album \"Volcanic Action of My",
"title": "Something (Beatles song)"
},
{
"id": "11518498",
"text": "last, with only two points, from West Germany. At the Swedish singles chart, it peaked at #3. The song was at Svensktoppen for four weeks during the period 17 April 1977 – 8 May 1977, peaking at #6. Beatles (song) \"Beatles\", written by Sven Olov Bagge and Claes Bure, was the song that, performed by Swedish dansband Forbes, won the Swedish Melodifestivalen 1977. The song's lyrics are about the popular 1960s British rock group the Beatles and include the phrase \"Yeah, yeah, yeah\" as an homage to the Beatles song \"She Loves You\". Forbes took the song to the United",
"title": "Beatles (song)"
},
{
"id": "4153008",
"text": "Love Me Do \"Love Me Do\" is the debut single by the English rock band the Beatles, backed by \"P.S. I Love You\". When the single was originally released in the United Kingdom on 5 October 1962, it peaked at No. 17; in 1982 it was re-promoted (not re-issued, retaining the same catalogue number) and reached No. 4. In the United States the single was a No. 1 hit in 1964. In 2013, recordings of the song that were released in 1962 entered the public domain in Europe. The song was written several years before it was recorded, and prior",
"title": "Love Me Do"
},
{
"id": "19748399",
"text": "similar lyrics. This version peaked at 65 in the United States and 78 in Canada. Soulja Boy Tell 'Em released a freestyle to the song, also using the song's instrumentation as well as similar lyrics. It was included on his 2016 mixtape \"King Soulja 7\". Rae Sremmurd makes a cameo appearance in the 2017 film \"Boo 2! A Madea Halloween\", in which they perform \"Black Beatles\". Credits adapted from \"SremmLife 2\" booklet. Black Beatles \"Black Beatles\" is a song by American hip hop duo Rae Sremmurd. It was released on September 13, 2016 by EarDrummers and Interscope Records as the",
"title": "Black Beatles"
},
{
"id": "4656433",
"text": "Bobby Goldsboro Bobby Goldsboro (born January 18, 1941) is an American pop and country singer-songwriter. He had a string of pop and country hits in the 1960s and 1970s, including his signature No. 1 hit \"Honey\", which sold over one million copies in the United States. Goldsboro was born in Marianna, Florida. During his first year of life, his family moved north from Marianna to Dothan, Alabama. He graduated from Dothan High School in 1959 and later enrolled at Auburn University. Goldsboro left college after his second year to pursue a musical career. He played guitar for Roy Orbison from",
"title": "Bobby Goldsboro"
},
{
"id": "11163602",
"text": "Wild Honey (U2 song) \"Wild Honey\" is a song by the rock band U2. It is the seventh track on their 2000 album \"All That You Can't Leave Behind\". The song was played eleven times during the Elevation Tour. \"Wild Honey\" runs for 3:47 and is played in common time at a tempo of 125 beats per minute According to guitarist The Edge, \"Wild Honey\" broke up the album before the next track \"Peace On Earth\", and its placement in the running order was a misjudgement. The guitarist compared the song with The Beatles' \"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da\". There was a lot",
"title": "Wild Honey (U2 song)"
},
{
"id": "4014974",
"text": "'65\" by Duke Ellington on Reprise Records, and \"Brasil '65\" by Sérgio Mendes on the Beatles' own Capitol label. All tracks written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney, except where noted. Note: The Capitol 8-track tape (8XT-2228) adds \"You Can't Do That\" to the end of Program 4 for programming purposes. The complete 8-track running order is as follows: The Beatles Production Beatles '65 Beatles '65 is the Beatles' fifth album issued by Capitol Records, and their seventh American album. It was issued in December 1964. The LP was also issued in Germany on the Odeon label. In 2004, \"Beatles",
"title": "Beatles '65"
},
{
"id": "4508083",
"text": "1966 - the performance from their June 30 show at the Nippon Budokan was included in 1996's \"Anthology 2\" - and was also performed during the Get Back/Let It Be Sessions in January 1969. It also served as the title song to the Beatles' 1976 compilation album \"Rock 'n' Roll Music\". The Beatles' version of \"Rock and Roll Music\" was released as a single in some countries. It topped the charts in Finland, Norway, the Netherlands (as double A-side with \"No Reply\"), Sweden and Australia. The single peaked at number 2 in West Germany. Sources have varied in crediting the",
"title": "Rock and Roll Music"
},
{
"id": "402646",
"text": "artists, released in 2008 to celebrate the US singles chart's 50th anniversary. , they hold the record for most number-one hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, with twenty. The Recording Industry Association of America certifies that the Beatles have sold 178 million units in the US, more than any other artist. They were collectively included in \"Time\" magazine's compilation of . In 2014, they received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. Principal members Early members Touring musician Timeline The above albums were reissued on CD in 1987, followed by the 1988 compilations \"Past Masters – Volume One\" and \"Past Masters –",
"title": "The Beatles"
},
{
"id": "1316573",
"text": "other artists. In 1999, a group called Dope Smugglaz had a UK Top 20 hit with the track \"Double Double Dutch\", which made extensive use of samples from McLaren's original \"Double Dutch\". In 1997, Mariah Carey's \"Honey\" and its \"Bad Boy Remix\" sampled \"Hey DJ\". In 2002, Eminem released a track called \"Without Me\", which incorporated \"Buffalo Gals\". In 2007, McLaren's song \"World's Famous\" was sampled by R&B singer Amerie on the song \"Some Like It\" from her album \"Because I Love It\". In 2001, author Paul Gorman published his book \"\" with a foreword and contributions from McLaren. The",
"title": "Malcolm McLaren"
},
{
"id": "9600893",
"text": "was included on the Beatles' \"Anthology 1\". The group also performed this song several times during the Get Back/Let It Be Sessions of January 1969. None of these have ever been officially released by EMI. There have been many other covers of this song. Richard Anthony recorded it in French as \"Nouvelle vague\" (1958). It appears on the 2005 Ry Cooder album \"Chávez Ravine\", with vocals performed by Little Willie G (Willie Garcia). Garage rock band The 5.6.7.8's covered the song for their 1996 EP \"Bomb the Twist\". It is also featured on \"Stand Out/Fit In\", the 2007 studio album",
"title": "Three Cool Cats"
},
{
"id": "5579821",
"text": "the Byrds' work in that style. MacDonald describes it as the \"most overt\" country track on \"Beatles for Sale\", an album that is \"dominated by the idiom\". Among the band's biographers, opinions differ on which Beatle sings the low harmony part during the verses, below Lennon's lead vocal. MacDonald lists Harrison as the second vocalist on the track, while John Winn credits McCartney, saying that he sounds \"deceptively like a second Lennon\". According to musicologist Walter Everett, the harmony part is Lennon \"self-duetting\". According to Walter Everett: Rosanne Cash covered the song for her \"Hits 1979-1989\" compilation. Her version went",
"title": "I Don't Want to Spoil the Party"
},
{
"id": "12814021",
"text": "United Kingdom-released versions of the albums. Six non-album singles and the mashup track \"Within You Without You/Tomorrow Never Knows\" from the 2006 remix album \"Love\" have also been included. Selections of the soundtrack are under license from Sony/ATV Music Publishing Company. Although Michael Jackson, who owned 50% of the publishing rights to the Beatles songs through Sony/ATV, died in June 2009, the sale of his estate did not affect the songs or the release schedule of \"The Beatles: Rock Band\", according to Harmonix. Additional songs are available for the game as downloadable content. The song \"All You Need Is Love\"",
"title": "The Beatles: Rock Band"
},
{
"id": "10468811",
"text": "Beats\" is the full-length version, with an extended intro. The full version of the song wasn't included on \"Exit Planet Dust\" due to an uncleared vocal sample and has not been available since. The sample was \"take this, brother, may it serve you well,\" from The Beatles' song \"Revolution 9\". In fact, the sample still exists in the \"Exit Planet Dust\" version, only it's very faint in the background. They were later miscredited as sampling The Beatles song \"Tomorrow Never Knows\" (which sometimes closed Chemical Brothers DJ sets) in their hits \"Setting Sun\" and \"Let Forever Be\" (both feature Noel",
"title": "Fourteenth Century Sky"
},
{
"id": "10370146",
"text": "Music\", author David Kastin notes that \"Honey\" was often singled out in reviews of \"Play\" for special praise. Jim Sullivan of \"The Boston Globe\" cited \"Honey\" as a highlight song from \"Play\", while Gene Stout of \"Seattle Post-Intelligencer\" called it \"one of the album's most riveting tracks.\" The song ranked at number twenty-four on \"The Village Voice\"s annual Pazz & Jop critics' poll for singles. On their year-end list, \"Spin\" named \"Honey\" the tenth best single of 1999. \"Honey\" was released as the lead single from \"Play\" on August 24, 1998 in Europe, months prior to the release of the",
"title": "Honey (Moby song)"
}
] | who sings honey don't by the beatles |
[
"Endochondral ossification"
] | [
{
"id": "4480285",
"text": "long bones and other bones. This requires a hyaline cartilage precursor. There are two centers of ossification for endochondral ossification. The primary center In long bones, bone tissue first appears in the diaphysis (middle of shaft). Chondrocytes multiply and form trebeculae. Cartilage is progressively eroded and replaced by hardened bone, extending towards the epiphysis. A perichondrium layer surrounding the cartilage forms the periosteum, which generates osteogenic cells that then go on to make a collar that encircles the outside of the bone and remodels the medullary cavity on the inside. The nutrient artery enters via the nutrient foramen from a",
"title": "Ossification"
},
{
"id": "4480283",
"text": "Ossification Ossification (or osteogenesis) in bone remodeling is the process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts. It is synonymous with bone tissue formation. There are two processes resulting in the formation of normal, healthy bone tissue: Intramembranous ossification is the direct laying down of bone into the primitive connective tissue (mesenchyme), while endochondral ossification involves cartilage as a precursor. In fracture healing, endochondral osteogenesis is the most commonly occurring process, for example in fractures of long bones treated by plaster of Paris, whereas fractures treated by open reduction and internal fixation with metal plates, screws, pins,",
"title": "Ossification"
},
{
"id": "8395352",
"text": "bone. In long bones the primary centers occur in the diaphysis/shaft and in irregular bones the primary centers occur usually in the body of the bone. Most bones have only one primary center (e.g. all long bones) but some irregular bones such as the os coxa (hip) and vertebrae have multiple primary centers. A secondary ossification center is the area of ossification that appears after the primary ossification center has already appeared – most of which appear during the postnatal and adolescent years. Most bones have more than one secondary ossification center. In long bones, the secondary centres appear in",
"title": "Ossification center"
},
{
"id": "3383950",
"text": "Long bone The long bones are those that are longer than they are wide. They are one of five types of bones: long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid. Long bones, especially the femur and tibia, are subjected to most of the load during daily activities and they are crucial for skeletal mobility. They grow primarily by elongation of the diaphysis, with an epiphysis at each end of the growing bone. The ends of epiphyses are covered with hyaline cartilage (\"articular cartilage\"). The longitudinal growth of long bones is a result of endochondral ossification at the epiphyseal plate. Bone growth in",
"title": "Long bone"
},
{
"id": "4480288",
"text": "evolving as an osmotic barrier, or as a protective structure. Ossification Ossification (or osteogenesis) in bone remodeling is the process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts. It is synonymous with bone tissue formation. There are two processes resulting in the formation of normal, healthy bone tissue: Intramembranous ossification is the direct laying down of bone into the primitive connective tissue (mesenchyme), while endochondral ossification involves cartilage as a precursor. In fracture healing, endochondral osteogenesis is the most commonly occurring process, for example in fractures of long bones treated by plaster of Paris, whereas fractures treated by",
"title": "Ossification"
},
{
"id": "4319159",
"text": "growth. The process of appositional growth occurs when the cartilage model also grows in thickness due to the addition of more extracellular matrix on the peripheral cartilage surface, which is accompanied by new chondroblasts that develop from the perichondrium. The first site of ossification occurs in the primary center of ossification, which is in the middle of diaphysis (shaft). Then: About the time of birth in mammals, a secondary ossification center appears in each end (epiphysis) of long bones. Periosteal buds carry mesenchyme and blood vessels in and the process is similar to that occurring in a primary ossification center.",
"title": "Endochondral ossification"
},
{
"id": "4480286",
"text": "small opening in the diaphysis. It invades the primary center of ossification, bringing osteogenic cells (osteoblasts on the outside, osteoclasts on the inside.) The canal of the nutrient foramen is directed away from more active end of bone when one end grows more than the other. When bone grows at same rate at both ends, the nutrient artery is perpendicular to the bone. Most other bones (e.g. vertebrae) also have primary ossification centers, and bone is laid down in a similar manner. Secondary centers The secondary centers generally appear at the epiphysis. Secondary ossification mostly occurs after birth (except for",
"title": "Ossification"
},
{
"id": "4480287",
"text": "distal femur and proximal tibia which occurs during 9th month of fetal development). The epiphyseal arteries and osteogenic cells invade the epiphysis, depositing osteoblasts and osteoclasts which erode the cartilage and build bone. This occurs at both ends of long bones but only one end of digits and ribs. Several hypotheses have been proposed for how bone evolved as a structural element in vertebrates. One hypothesis is that bone developed from tissues that evolved to store minerals. Specifically, calcium-based minerals were stored in cartilage and bone was an exaptation development from this calcified cartilage. However, other possibilities include bony tissue",
"title": "Ossification"
},
{
"id": "48498",
"text": "certain parts of irregular bones. Secondary ossification occurs after birth, and forms the epiphyses of long bones and the extremities of irregular and flat bones. The diaphysis and both epiphyses of a long bone are separated by a growing zone of cartilage (the epiphyseal plate). At skeletal maturity (18 to 25 years of age), all of the cartilage is replaced by bone, fusing the diaphysis and both epiphyses together (epiphyseal closure). In the upper limbs, only the diaphyses of the long bones and scapula are ossified. The epiphyses, carpal bones, coracoid process, medial border of the scapula, and acromion are",
"title": "Bone"
},
{
"id": "8395351",
"text": "of the same row also becomes calcified, and transverse bars of calcified substance stretch across from one calcareous column to another. Thus there are longitudinal groups of the cartilage cells enclosed in oblong cavities, the walls of which are formed of calcified matrix which cuts off all nutrition from the cells; the cells, in consequence, atrophy, leaving spaces called the primary areolæ. There are two types of ossification centers – primary and secondary. A primary ossification center is the first area of a bone to start ossifying. It usually appears during prenatal development in the central part of each developing",
"title": "Ossification center"
},
{
"id": "48497",
"text": "development of the periosteum. Endochondral ossification occurs in long bones and most other bones in the body; it involves the development of bone from cartilage. This process includes the development of a cartilage model, its growth and development, development of the primary and secondary ossification centers, and the formation of articular cartilage and the epiphyseal plates. Endochondral ossification begins with points in the cartilage called \"primary ossification centers.\" They mostly appear during fetal development, though a few short bones begin their primary ossification after birth. They are responsible for the formation of the diaphyses of long bones, short bones and",
"title": "Bone"
},
{
"id": "4480284",
"text": "rods and nails may heal by intramembranous osteogenesis. Heterotopic ossification is a process resulting in the formation of bone tissue that is often atypical, at an extraskeletal location. Calcification is often confused with ossification. Calcification is synonymous with the formation of calcium-based salts and crystals within cells and tissue. It is a process that occurs during ossification, but not \"vice versa\". The exact mechanisms by which bone development is triggered remains unclear, but it involves growth factors and cytokines in some way. Intramembranous ossification forms the flat bones of the skull, clavicle and mandible. Endochondral ossification is the formation of",
"title": "Ossification"
},
{
"id": "2087407",
"text": "appear toward the end of the second month of fetal life, one above each supraorbital margin. From each of these centers, ossification extends upward to form the corresponding half of the squama, and backwards to form the orbital plate. The spine is ossified from a pair of secondary centers, on either side of the middle line; similar centers appear in the nasal part and zygomatic processes. At birth the bone consists of two pieces, separated by the frontal suture, which is usually obliterated, except at its lower part, by the eighth year, but occasionally persists throughout life. It is generally",
"title": "Frontal bone"
},
{
"id": "2952788",
"text": "The radius is ossified from \"three\" centers: one for the body, and one for each extremity. That for the body makes its appearance near the center of the bone, during the eighth week of fetal life. Ossification commences in the lower end between 9 and 26 months of age. The ossification center for the upper end appears by the fifth year. The upper epiphysis fuses with the body at the age of seventeen or eighteen years, the lower about the age of twenty. An additional center sometimes found in the radial tuberosity, appears about the fourteenth or fifteenth year. The",
"title": "Radius (bone)"
},
{
"id": "4319160",
"text": "The cartilage between the primary and secondary ossification centers is called the epiphyseal plate, and it continues to form new cartilage, which is replaced by bone, a process that results in an increase in length of the bone. Growth continues until the individual is about 20 years old or until the cartilage in the plate is replaced by bone. The point of union of the primary and secondary ossification centers is called the epiphyseal line. The growth in diameter of bones around the diaphysis occurs by deposition of bone beneath the periosteum. Osteoclasts in the interior cavity continue to resorb",
"title": "Endochondral ossification"
},
{
"id": "8395350",
"text": "Ossification center The first step in ossification of the cartilage is that the cartilage cells, at the point where ossification is commencing and which is termed as an ossification center, enlarge and arrange themselves in rows. The matrix in which they are imbedded increases in quantity, so that the cells become further separated from each other. A deposit of calcareous material now takes place in this matrix, between the rows of cells, so that they become separated from each other by longitudinal columns of calcified matrix, presenting a granular and opaque appearance. Here and there the matrix between two cells",
"title": "Ossification center"
},
{
"id": "4319158",
"text": "Endochondral ossification Endochondral ossification is one of the two essential processes during fetal development of the mammalian skeletal system by which bone tissue is created. Unlike intramembranous ossification, which is the other process by which bone tissue is created, cartilage is present during endochondral ossification. Endochondral ossification is also an essential process during the rudimentary formation of long bones, the growth of the length of long bones, and the natural healing of bone fractures. The cartilage model will grow in length by continuous cell division of chondrocytes, which is accompanied by further secretion of extracellular matrix. This is called interstitial",
"title": "Endochondral ossification"
},
{
"id": "8395353",
"text": "the epiphyses. Ossification center The first step in ossification of the cartilage is that the cartilage cells, at the point where ossification is commencing and which is termed as an ossification center, enlarge and arrange themselves in rows. The matrix in which they are imbedded increases in quantity, so that the cells become further separated from each other. A deposit of calcareous material now takes place in this matrix, between the rows of cells, so that they become separated from each other by longitudinal columns of calcified matrix, presenting a granular and opaque appearance. Here and there the matrix between",
"title": "Ossification center"
},
{
"id": "3381730",
"text": "long bones include the femurs, tibias, and fibulas of the lower limb, the humeri, radii, and ulnas of the upper limb (arm + forearm), and the phalanges of the fingers and toes. The long bones of the leg comprise nearly half of adult height. The other primary skeletal component of height is the spine and skull. As a child grows the epiphyses become calcified and appear on the x-rays, as do the carpal and tarsal bones of the hands and feet, separated on the x-rays by a layer of invisible cartilage where most of the growth is occurring. As sex",
"title": "Bone age"
},
{
"id": "3383951",
"text": "length is stimulated by the production of growth hormone (GH), a secretion of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The long bone includes the femora, tibiae, and fibulae of the legs; the humeri, radii, and ulnae of the arms; metacarpals and metatarsals of the hands and feet, the phalanges of the fingers and toes, and the clavicles or collar bones. The long bones of the human leg comprise nearly half of adult height. The other primary skeletal component of height are the vertebrae and skull. The outside of the bone consists of a layer of connective tissue called the",
"title": "Long bone"
},
{
"id": "7672933",
"text": "Ossification of humerus The humerus is ossified from \"eight\" centers, one for each of the following parts: the body, the head, the greater tubercle, the lesser tubercle, the capitulum, the trochlea, and one for each epicondyle. One primary and seven secondary centres . The center for the body appears near the middle of the diaphysis in the eighth week of fetal life, and soon extends toward the extremities. This is the primary centre At birth the humerus is ossified in nearly its whole length, only the extremities remaining cartilaginous. During the first year, sometimes before birth, ossification commences in the",
"title": "Ossification of humerus"
},
{
"id": "8312596",
"text": "epiphyseal closure or growth plate fusion. Complete fusion happens between ages 12–16 for girls and 14-19 for boys. Endochondral ossification is responsible for the initial bone development from cartilage in utero and infants and the longitudinal growth of long bones in the epiphyseal plate. The plate's chondrocytes are under constant division by mitosis. These daughter cells stack facing the epiphysis while the older cells are pushed towards the diaphysis. As the older chondrocytes degenerate, osteoblasts ossify the remains to form new bone. In puberty increasing levels of estrogen, in both females and males, leads to increased apoptosis of chondrocytes in",
"title": "Epiphyseal plate"
},
{
"id": "48496",
"text": "immobile, then the joint is called a \"suture\". The formation of bone is called ossification. During the fetal stage of development this occurs by two processes: intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. Intramembranous ossification involves the formation of bone from connective tissue whereas endochondral ossification involves the formation of bone from cartilage. Intramembranous ossification mainly occurs during formation of the flat bones of the skull but also the mandible, maxilla, and clavicles; the bone is formed from connective tissue such as mesenchyme tissue rather than from cartilage. The process includes: the development of the ossification center, calcification, trabeculae formation and the",
"title": "Bone"
},
{
"id": "15527505",
"text": "developmental changes in the skeleton corresponding to the chronological age of a person. Factors such as gender and ethnicity also play a role in bone age assessment. The only indicator of physical development that can be applied from birth through mature adulthood is bone age. Specifically, the age and maturity of bone can be determined by its state of ossification, the age-related process whereby certain cartilaginous and soft tissue structures are transformed into bone. The condition of epiphyseal plates (growth plates) at the ends of the long bones (which includes those of the arms, hands, legs and feet) is another",
"title": "Opsismodysplasia"
},
{
"id": "1675485",
"text": "coated with a thin layer of compact bone. The trabeculæ at the lower end have a more longitudinal direction. The ulna is ossified from three centers: one each for the body, the wrist end, and the elbow end, near the top of the olecranon. Ossification begins near the middle of the body of the ulna, about the eighth week of fetal life, and soon extends through the greater part of the bone. At birth, the ends are cartilaginous. About the fourth year or so, a center appears in the middle of the head, and soon extends into the ulnar styloid",
"title": "Ulna"
},
{
"id": "1678687",
"text": "border and the inferior angle are cartilaginous. From the 15th to the 18th month after birth, ossification takes place in the middle of the coracoid process, which as a rule becomes joined with the rest of the bone about the 15th year. Between the 14th and 20th years, the remaining parts ossify in quick succession, and usually in the following order: first, in the root of the coracoid process, in the form of a broad scale; secondly, near the base of the acromion; thirdly, in the inferior angle and contiguous part of the vertebral border; fourthly, near the outer end",
"title": "Scapula"
},
{
"id": "1570393",
"text": "the medial, gives attachment to the fibular collateral ligament of the knee-joint. The femur develops from the limb buds as a result of interactions between the ectoderm and the underlying mesoderm, formation occurs roughly around the fourth week of development. By the sixth week of development, the first hyaline cartilage model of the femur is formed by chondrocytes. Endochondral ossification begins by the end of the embryonic period and primary ossification centers are present in all long bones of the limbs, including the femur, by the 12th week of development. The hindlimb development lags behind forelimb development by 1–2 days.",
"title": "Femur"
},
{
"id": "6524731",
"text": "in the resorption process. High levels of calcium, magnesium, phosphate and products of collagen will be released into the extracellular fluid as the osteoclasts tunnel into the mineralized bone. Osteoclasts are prominent in the tissue destruction found in psoriatic arthritis and rheumatological disorders. The human body is in a constant state of bone remodeling. Bone remodelling is a process which maintains bone strength and ion homeostasis by replacing discrete parts of old bone with newly synthesized packets of proteinaceous matrix. Bone is resorbed by osteoclasts, and is deposited by osteoblasts in a process called ossification. Osteocyte activity plays a key",
"title": "Bone resorption"
},
{
"id": "7672934",
"text": "head of the bone, and during the second year the center for the greater tubercle, and during the fifth that for the lesser tubercle, make their appearance. By the sixth year the centers for the head and tubercles have joined, so as to form a single large epiphysis, which fuses with the body about the twentieth year. The lower end of the humerus is ossified as follows. At the end of the second year ossification begins in the capitulum, and extends medialward, to form the chief part of the articular end of the bone; the center for the medial part",
"title": "Ossification of humerus"
},
{
"id": "4319635",
"text": "As growth continues, trabeculae become interconnected and woven bone is formed. The term primary spongiosa is also used to refer to the initial trabecular network. The periosteum is formed around the trabeculae by differentiating mesenchymal cells. The primary center of ossification is the area where bone growth occurs between the periosteum and the bone. Osteogenic cells that originate from the periosteum increase appositional growth and a bone collar is formed. The bone collar is eventually mineralized and lamellar bone is formed. Osteons are components or principal structures of compact bone. During the formation of bone spicules, cytoplasmic processes from osteoblasts",
"title": "Intramembranous ossification"
},
{
"id": "4319636",
"text": "interconnect. This becomes the canaliculi of osteons. Since bone spicules tend to form around blood vessels, the perivascular space is greatly reduced as the bone continues to grow. When replacement to compact bone occurs, this blood vessel becomes the central canal of the osteon. Intramembranous ossification Intramembranous ossification is one of the two essential processes during fetal development of the gnathostome (excluding chondrichthyans such as sharks) skeletal system by which rudimentary bone tissue is created. Intramembranous ossification is also an essential process during the natural healing of bone fractures and the rudimentary formation of bones of the head. Unlike endochondral",
"title": "Intramembranous ossification"
},
{
"id": "15527506",
"text": "measurement of bone age. The evaluation of both ossification and the state of growth plates in children is often reached through radiography (X-rays) of the carpals (bones of the hand and wrist). In opsismodysplasia, the process of ossification in long bones can be disrupted by a failure of ossification centers (a center of organization in long bones, where cartilage cells designated to await and undergo ossification gather and align in rows) to form. This was observed in a 16-month-old boy with the disorder, who had no apparent ossification centers in the carpals (bones of the hand and wrist) or tarsals",
"title": "Opsismodysplasia"
},
{
"id": "1828747",
"text": "they have to support the rest of the body. The ossification or formation of the bone starts from three centers; one in the shaft and one in each extremity. The tibia is categorized as a long bone and is as such composed of a diaphysis and two epiphyses. The diaphysis is the midsection of the tibia, also known as the shaft or body. While the epiphyses are the two rounded extremities of the bone; an upper (also known as superior or proximal) closest to the thigh and a lower (also known as inferior or distal) closest to the foot. The",
"title": "Tibia"
},
{
"id": "11073088",
"text": "Cartilaginous joint Cartilaginous joints are connected entirely by cartilage (fibrocartilage or hyaline). Cartilaginous joints allow more movement between bones than a fibrous joint but less than the highly mobile synovial joint. Cartilaginous joints also forms the growth regions of immature long bones and the intervertebral discs of the spinal column. Known as \"synchondrosis\". These bones are connected by hyaline cartilage and sometimes occur between ossification centers. This cartilage may ossify with age. Examples in humans are the \"growth plates\" between ossification centers in long bones. These joints here allow for only a little movement, such as in the spine or",
"title": "Cartilaginous joint"
},
{
"id": "15200156",
"text": "sternum which is ossified from six centers: one for the manubrium, four for the body, and one for the xiphoid process. The ossification centers appear in the intervals between the articular depressions for the costal cartilages, in the following order: in the manubrium and first piece of the body, during the sixth month of fetal life; in the second and third pieces of the body, during the seventh month of fetal life; in its fourth piece, during the first year after birth; and in the xiphoid process, between the fifth and eighteenth years. The centers make their appearance at the",
"title": "Sternum"
},
{
"id": "4656248",
"text": "a notable lump at the minor joint. The first \"flare-up\" that leads to the formation of FOP bones usually occurs before the age of 10. The bone growth progresses from the top of the body downward, just as bones grow in fetuses. A child with FOP will typically develop bones starting at the neck, then on the shoulders, arms, chest area and finally on the feet. Specifically, ossification is typically first seen in the dorsal, axial, cranial and proximal regions of the body. Later the disease progresses in the ventral, appendicular, caudal and distal regions of the body. However, it",
"title": "Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva"
},
{
"id": "8781348",
"text": "Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia Fairbank's disease or multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) is a rare genetic disorder (dominant form: 1 in 10,000 births) that affects the growing ends of bones. Long bones normally elongate by expansion of cartilage in the growth plate (epiphyseal plate) near their ends. As it expands outward from the growth plate, the cartilage mineralizes and hardens to become bone (ossification). In MED, this process is defective. Children with autosomal dominant MED experience joint pain and fatigue after exercising. Their x-rays show small and irregular ossifications centers, most apparent in the hips and knees. There are very small capital",
"title": "Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia"
},
{
"id": "8395301",
"text": "osteoblasts, and eventually fills the bony matrix. After the bone is completely ossified, the osteoblasts retract their calcium phosphate secreting tendrils, leaving tiny canals in the bony matrix, known as canaliculi. These canaliculi provide the nutrients needed for the newly transformed osteoblasts, which are now called osteocytes. These cells are responsible for the general maintenance of the bone. A third type of bone cell found in flat bones is called an osteoclast, which destroys the bone using enzymes. There are three reasons that osteoclasts are normally used: the first is for the reparation of bones after a break. They destroy",
"title": "Flat bone"
},
{
"id": "4319161",
"text": "bone until its ultimate thickness is achieved, at which point the rate of formation on the outside and degradation from the inside is constant. During endochondral ossification, five distinct zones can be seen at the light-microscope level. During fracture healing, cartilage is often formed and is called callus. This cartilage ultimately develops into new bone tissue through the process of endochondral ossification. Recently it has been shown that biomimetic bone like apatite inhibits formation of bone through endochondral ossification pathway via hyperstimulation of extracellular calcium sensing receptor (CaSR). Endochondral ossification Endochondral ossification is one of the two essential processes during",
"title": "Endochondral ossification"
},
{
"id": "1860476",
"text": "for each cornu. Ossification commences in the greater cornua toward the end of fetal development, in the hyoid body shortly afterward, and in the lesser cornua during the first or second year after birth. Until middle age the connection between the body and greater cornu is fibrous. In early life the outer borders of the body are connected to the greater horns by synchondroses; after middle life usually by bony union. Blood is supplied to the hyoid bone via the lingual artery, which runs down from the tongue to the greater horns of the bone. The suprahyoid branch of the",
"title": "Hyoid bone"
},
{
"id": "2106968",
"text": "elongated or deviated styloid process can result from calcification of the stylohyoid ligament in a condition known as \"Eagle syndrome\". The temporal bone is ossified from eight centers, exclusive of those for the internal ear and the tympanic ossicles: one for the squama including the zygomatic process, one for the tympanic part, four for the petrous and mastoid parts, and two for the styloid process. Just before the end of prenatal development [Fig. 6] the temporal bone consists of three principal parts: Apart from size increase, the chief changes from birth through puberty in the temporal bone are as follows:",
"title": "Temporal bone"
},
{
"id": "14407540",
"text": "acidophilic. The primary ossification occurs in the diaphysis. In contrast, secondary ossification centers appear later at the epiphyses of the cartilage and develop similarly to the diaphysis. Primary bone cancer is a type of sarcoma, a cancer that originates in bone, muscle, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, fat tissue, as well as some other tissues. Primary bone cancer can arise in any of the 206 bones in the body but is mostly seen to originate the arms and the legs. The most common cases are observed in children and young adults. The following list includes types of primary bone cancer: Primary",
"title": "Primary bone"
},
{
"id": "7672935",
"text": "of the trochlea appears about the age of twelve. Ossification begins in the medial epicondyle about the fifth year, and in the lateral about the thirteenth or fourteenth year. About the sixteenth or seventeenth year, the lateral epicondyle and both portions of the articulating surface, having already joined, unite with the body, and at the eighteenth year the medial epicondyle becomes joined to it. Ossification of humerus The humerus is ossified from \"eight\" centers, one for each of the following parts: the body, the head, the greater tubercle, the lesser tubercle, the capitulum, the trochlea, and one for each epicondyle.",
"title": "Ossification of humerus"
},
{
"id": "1801472",
"text": "of the bone. This orientation of lamellar bone is weak, thus a secondary osteonal reconstruction is required to re-orient the lamellar bone longitudinally. This process takes three to eight weeks. Secondary healing (also known as indirect fracture healing) is the most common form of bone healing. It usually consists of only endochondral ossification. Sometimes, intramembranous ossification occurs together with endochondral ossification. Intramembranous ossification, mediated by perisoteal layer of bone, occurs without formation of callus. For endochondral ossification, deposition of bone only occurs after the mineralised cartilage. This process of healing occurs when the fracture is treated conservatively using orthopaedic cast",
"title": "Bone healing"
},
{
"id": "2131076",
"text": "(4 cm proximally and 6 cm distally) The fibula is ossified from \"three\" centers, one for the shaft, and one for either end. Ossification begins in the body about the eighth week of fetal life, and extends toward the extremities. At birth the ends are cartilaginous. Ossification commences in the lower end in the second year, and in the upper about the fourth year. The lower epiphysis, the first to ossify, unites with the body about the twentieth year; the upper epiphysis joins about the twenty-fifth year. The upper extremity or head of the fibula is of an irregular quadrate",
"title": "Fibula"
},
{
"id": "7371207",
"text": "the shaft and a secondary centre in the head. This contrasts to the first metacarpal bone where the secondary centre is found in the base. The ossification process begins in the shaft during prenatal life, and in the head between 11th and 22nd months. Second metacarpal bone The second metacarpal bone (metacarpal bone of the index finger) is the longest, and its base the largest, of all the metacarpal bones. Its base is prolonged upward and medialward, forming a prominent ridge. It presents four articular facets, three on the upper surface and one on the ulnar side: The extensor carpi",
"title": "Second metacarpal bone"
},
{
"id": "8912848",
"text": "groove, in the angle between the body and greater wing, is a ridge of bone, called the sphenoidal lingula. The posterior surface, quadrilateral in form [Fig. 3], is joined, during infancy and adolescence, to the basilar part of the occipital bone by a plate of cartilage. Between the eighteenth and twenty-fifth years this becomes ossified, ossification commencing above and extending downward. The anterior surface of the body [Fig. 2] presents, in the middle line, a vertical crest, the sphenoidal crest, which articulates with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, and forms part of the nasal septum. On either side of",
"title": "Body of sphenoid bone"
},
{
"id": "11287877",
"text": "Bone remodeling Bone remodeling (or bone metabolism) is a lifelong process where mature bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process called \"bone resorption\") and new bone tissue is formed (a process called \"ossification\" or \"new bone formation\"). These processes also control the reshaping or replacement of bone following injuries like fractures but also micro-damage, which occurs during normal activity. Remodeling responds also to functional demands of the mechanical loading. In the first year of life, almost 100% of the skeleton is replaced. In adults, remodeling proceeds at about 10% per year. An imbalance in the regulation of bone",
"title": "Bone remodeling"
},
{
"id": "5222584",
"text": "Osteolysis Osteolysis is an active resorption of bone matrix by osteoclasts and can be interpreted as the reverse of ossification. Although osteoclasts are active during the natural formation of healthy bone the term \"osteolysis\" specifically refers to a pathological process. Osteolysis often occurs in the proximity of a prosthesis that causes either an immunological response or changes in the bone's structural load. Osteolysis may also be caused by pathologies like bone tumors, cysts, or chronic inflammation. While bone resorption is commonly associated with many diseases or joint problems, the term \"osteolysis\" generally refers to a problem common to artificial joint",
"title": "Osteolysis"
},
{
"id": "8781360",
"text": "before starting the neurological assessment, to exclude the dysplasia. COL91A mutation was discovered in 2001. Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia Fairbank's disease or multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) is a rare genetic disorder (dominant form: 1 in 10,000 births) that affects the growing ends of bones. Long bones normally elongate by expansion of cartilage in the growth plate (epiphyseal plate) near their ends. As it expands outward from the growth plate, the cartilage mineralizes and hardens to become bone (ossification). In MED, this process is defective. Children with autosomal dominant MED experience joint pain and fatigue after exercising. Their x-rays show small and",
"title": "Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia"
},
{
"id": "867998",
"text": "deep): the malleus, incus, and stapes, terms that in Latin are translated as \"the hammer, anvil, and stirrup\". Studies have shown that ear bones in mammal embryos are attached to the dentary, which is part of the jaw. These are ossified portions of cartilage—called Meckel's cartilage—that are attached to the jaw. As the embryo develops, the cartilage hardens to form bone. Later in development, the bone structure breaks loose from the jaw and migrates to the inner ear area. The structure is known as the middle ear, and is made up of the stapes, incus, malleus, and tympanic membrane. These",
"title": "Ossicles"
},
{
"id": "13491770",
"text": "Nutrient canal All bones possess larger or smaller foramina (openings) for the entrance of blood-vessels; these are known as the nutrient foramina, and are particularly large in the shafts of the larger long bones, where they lead into a nutrient canal, which extends into the medullary cavity. The nutrient canal(foramen)is directed away from the growing end of bone. The growing ends of bones in upper limb are upper end of humerus and lower ends of radius and ulna. In lower limb, the lower end of femur and upper end of tibia are the growing ends. The nutrient arteries along with",
"title": "Nutrient canal"
},
{
"id": "2489570",
"text": "of bone formation and bone resorption tends to be negative with age, particularly in post-menopausal women, often leading to a loss of bone serious enough to cause fractures, which is called osteoporosis. Bone is formed by one of two processes: endochondral ossification or intramembranous ossification. Endochondral ossification is the process of forming bone from cartilage and this is the usual method. This form of bone development is the more complex form: it follows the formation of a first skeleton of cartilage made by chondrocytes, which is then removed and replaced by bone, made by osteoblasts. Intramembranous ossification is the direct",
"title": "Osteoblast"
},
{
"id": "6524730",
"text": "Bone resorption Bone resorption is resorption of bone tissue, that is, the process by which osteoclasts break down the tissue in bones and release the minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone tissue to the blood. The osteoclasts are multi-nucleated cells that contain numerous mitochondria and lysosomes. These are the cells responsible for the resorption of bone. Osteoclasts are generally present on the outer layer of bone, just beneath the periosteum. Attachment of the osteoclast to the osteon begins the process. The osteoclast then induces an infolding of its cell membrane and secretes collagenase and other enzymes important",
"title": "Bone resorption"
},
{
"id": "734688",
"text": "(from within the cartilage) and the ossific centers appear only after birth. The formation of these centers roughly follows a chronological spiral pattern starting in the capitate and hamate during the first year of life. The ulnar bones are then ossified before the radial bones, while the sesamoid pisiform arises in the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris after more than ten years. There are four groups of ligaments in the region of the wrist: The hand is said to be in straight position when the third finger runs over the capitate bone and is in a straight line with",
"title": "Carpal bones"
},
{
"id": "4340135",
"text": "load and responding to local and systemic forces and factors. During childhood, the growth plate contains the connecting cartilage enabling the bone to grow; at adulthood (between the ages of 18 to 25 years), the components of the growth plate stop growing altogether and completely ossify into solid bone. In an adult, the metaphysis functions to transfer loads from weight-bearing joint surfaces to the diaphysis. Because of their rich blood supply and vascular stasis, metaphyses of long bones are prone to hematogenous spread of osteomyelitis in children. Metaphyseal tumors or lesions include osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, osteoblastoma, enchondroma, fibrous dysplasia, simple",
"title": "Metaphysis"
},
{
"id": "3383952",
"text": "periosteum. Additionally, the outer shell of the long bone is compact bone, then a deeper layer of cancellous bone (spongy bone) which contains in the medullary cavity the bone marrow. The outer shell of the long bone is made of cortical bone also known as compact bone. This is covered by a membrane of connective tissue called the periosteum. Beneath the cortical bone layer is a layer of spongy cancellous bone. Inside this is the medullary cavity which has an inner core of bone marrow, it contains nutrients and help in formation of cells, made up of yellow marrow in",
"title": "Long bone"
},
{
"id": "1994774",
"text": "the temporal fascia is attached to it. The \"postero-inferior\" or \"zygomatic border\" affords attachment by its rough edge to the masseter. The zygomatic bone articulates with the frontal bone, sphenoid bone, and paired temporal bones, and maxillary bones. The zygomatic bone is generally described as ossifying from three centers—one for the malar and two for the orbital portion; these appear about the eighth week and fuse about the fifth month of fetal life. Mall describes it as being ossified from one center which appears just beneath and to the lateral side of the orbit. After birth, the bone is sometimes",
"title": "Zygomatic bone"
},
{
"id": "5222587",
"text": "Associated findings may include distended joint capsule, soft-tissue swelling, and joint instability. A common surgery to treat recalcitrant DCO is re-sectioning of the distal clavicle, removing a few millimetres of bone from the very end of the bone. Osteolysis Osteolysis is an active resorption of bone matrix by osteoclasts and can be interpreted as the reverse of ossification. Although osteoclasts are active during the natural formation of healthy bone the term \"osteolysis\" specifically refers to a pathological process. Osteolysis often occurs in the proximity of a prosthesis that causes either an immunological response or changes in the bone's structural load.",
"title": "Osteolysis"
},
{
"id": "4931421",
"text": "Bone canaliculus Bone canaliculi are microscopic canals between the lacunae of ossified bone. The radiating processes of the osteocytes (called filopodia) project into these canals. These cytoplasmic processes are joined together by gap junctions. Osteocytes do not entirely fill up the canaliculi. The remaining space is known as the periosteocytic space, which is filled with periosteocytic fluid. This fluid contains substances too large to be transported through the gap junctions that connect the osteocytes. In cartilage, the lacunae and hence, the chondrocytes, are isolated from each other. Materials picked up by osteocytes adjacent to blood vessels are distributed throughout the",
"title": "Bone canaliculus"
},
{
"id": "8395299",
"text": "(glass-like) table. These bones are composed of two thin layers of compact bone enclosing between them a variable quantity of cancellous bone, which is the location of red bone marrow. In an adult, most red blood cells are formed in flat bones. The intervening cancellous tissue is called the diploë, and this, in the nasal region of the skull, becomes absorbed so as to leave spaces filled with air–the paranasal sinuses between the two tables. Ossification is started by the formation of layers of undifferentiated connective tissue that hold the area where the flat bone is to come. On a",
"title": "Flat bone"
},
{
"id": "13491771",
"text": "veins pass through this canal. A nutrient canal is found in long bones, in the mandible and in dental alveoli. In long bones the nutrient canal is found in the shaft. Nutrient canal All bones possess larger or smaller foramina (openings) for the entrance of blood-vessels; these are known as the nutrient foramina, and are particularly large in the shafts of the larger long bones, where they lead into a nutrient canal, which extends into the medullary cavity. The nutrient canal(foramen)is directed away from the growing end of bone. The growing ends of bones in upper limb are upper end",
"title": "Nutrient canal"
},
{
"id": "4319634",
"text": "Certain mesenchymal cells group together, usually near or around blood vessels, and differentiate into osteogenic cells which deposit bone matrix constitutively. These aggregates of bony matrix are called bone spicules. Separate mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts, which line up along the surface of the spicule and secrete more osteoid, which increases the size of the spicule. As the spicules continue to grow, they fuse with adjacent spicules and this results in the formation of trabeculae. When osteoblasts become trapped in the matrix they secrete, they differentiate into osteocytes. Osteoblasts continue to line up on the surface which increases the size.",
"title": "Intramembranous ossification"
},
{
"id": "3199449",
"text": "Periosteum The periosteum is a membrane that covers the outer surface of all bones, except at the joints of long bones. Endosteum lines the inner surface of the medullary cavity of all long bones. The periosteum consists of dense irregular connective tissue. It is divided into an outer \"fibrous layer\" and inner \"cambium layer\" (or \"osteogenic layer\"). The fibrous layer contains fibroblasts, while the cambium layer contains progenitor cells that develop into osteoblasts. These osteoblasts are responsible for increasing the width of a long bone and the overall size of the other bone types. After a bone fracture the progenitor",
"title": "Periosteum"
},
{
"id": "2962895",
"text": "Osteoclast An osteoclast () is a type of bone cell that breaks down bone tissue. This function is critical in the maintenance, repair, and remodelling of bones of the vertebral skeleton. The osteoclast disassembles and digests the composite of hydrated protein and mineral at a molecular level by secreting acid and a collagenase, a process known as \"bone resorption\". This process also helps regulate the level of blood calcium. An odontoclast (/odon·to·clast/; o-don´to-klast) is an osteoclast associated with absorption of the roots of deciduous teeth. An osteoclast is a large multinucleated cell and human osteoclasts on bone typically have five",
"title": "Osteoclast"
},
{
"id": "11287880",
"text": "osteoblasts. Together, the cells that are responsible for bone remodeling are known as the basic multicellular unit (BMU), and the temporal duration (i.e. lifespan) of the BMU is referred to as the bone remodeling period. Bone remodeling Bone remodeling (or bone metabolism) is a lifelong process where mature bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process called \"bone resorption\") and new bone tissue is formed (a process called \"ossification\" or \"new bone formation\"). These processes also control the reshaping or replacement of bone following injuries like fractures but also micro-damage, which occurs during normal activity. Remodeling responds also to",
"title": "Bone remodeling"
},
{
"id": "554379",
"text": "vertebral arches. During the fifth week the costal processes on the thoracic vertebrae become longer to form the ribs. In the sixth week, the costovertebral joints begin to develop and separate the ribs from the vertebrae. The first seven pairs of ribs, the true ribs join at the front to the sternal bars. By the fetal stage the sternal bars have completely fused. The ribs begin as cartilage that later ossifies – a process called endochondral ossification. Primary ossification centers are located near the angle of each rib, and ossification continues in the direction away from the head and neck.",
"title": "Rib"
},
{
"id": "5821894",
"text": "epiphyseal area of the long bones called spongiosa. In the spongiosa, the chondrocytes are arranged in accordance with the epiphyseal growth plate. The spongiosa of the stalk continues with the underlying cancellous bone. Fractures within the stalk causes fibroblastic proliferation and formation of a new bone. Development of bursa takes place over the osteochondroma, which is attached to the perichondrium of the cap. Inflammation of the bone is indicated by the bursal wall lined by the synovium. As a result, patients may have swelling for years related to the location and site of the lesion indicative of mechanical obstruction, nerve",
"title": "Osteochondroma"
},
{
"id": "8980111",
"text": "Endosteum The endosteum (plural endostea) is a thin vascular membrane of connective tissue that lines the inner surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones. This endosteal surface is usually resorbed during long periods of malnutrition, resulting in less cortical thickness. The outer surface of a bone is lined by a thin layer of connective tissue that is very similar in morphology and function to endosteum. It is called the periosteum, or the periosteal surface. During bone growth, the width of the bone increases as osteoblasts lay new bone tissue at the periosteum. To prevent",
"title": "Endosteum"
},
{
"id": "15526931",
"text": "Risser sign The Risser sign is an indirect measure of skeletal maturity, whereby the degree of ossification of the iliac apophysis by x-ray evaluation is used to judge overall skeletal development. Mineralization of the iliac apophyses begins at the anterolateral crest and progresses medially towards the spine. Fusion of the calcified apophyses to the ilium then progresses in opposite direction, from medial-to-lateral. A typical five-point grading scale is as follows: Risser grading is traditionally used to estimating the future growth potential of the adolescent spine, particularly in the setting of spinal scoliosis. Risser originally recognized that ossification of the iliac",
"title": "Risser sign"
},
{
"id": "6061488",
"text": "Arthrodesis Arthrodesis, also known as artificial ankylosis or syndesis, is the artificial induction of joint ossification between two bones by surgery. This is done to relieve intractable pain in a joint which cannot be managed by pain medication, splints, or other normally indicated treatments. The typical causes of such pain are fractures which disrupt the joint, severe sprains, and arthritis. It is most commonly performed on joints in the spine, hand, ankle, and foot. Historically, knee and hip arthrodeses were also performed as pain-relieving procedures, but with the great successes achieved in hip and knee arthroplasty, arthrodesis of these large",
"title": "Arthrodesis"
},
{
"id": "1642198",
"text": "hyaline cartilage underneath the periosteum on the articulating surface of the condyle. This is the last growth center of bone in the body and is multidirectional in its growth capacity, unlike a typical long bone. This area of cartilage within the bone grows in length by appositional growth as the individual grows to maturity. Over time, the cartilage is replaced by bone, using endochondral ossification. This mandibular growth center in the condyle allows the increased length of the mandible needed for the larger permanent teeth, as well as for the larger brain capacity of the adult. This growth of the",
"title": "Temporomandibular joint"
},
{
"id": "48493",
"text": "of bone is laid down by osteoblasts, which secrete both collagen and ground substance. These synthesise collagen within the cell, and then secrete collagen fibrils. The collagen fibers rapidly polymerise to form collagen strands. At this stage they are not yet mineralised, and are called \"osteoid\". Around the strands calcium and phosphate precipitate on the surface of these strands, within days to weeks becoming crystals of hydroxyapatite. In order to mineralise the bone, the osteoblasts secrete vesicles containing alkaline phosphatase. This cleaves the phosphate groups and acts as the foci for calcium and phosphate deposition. The vesicles then rupture and",
"title": "Bone"
},
{
"id": "2091566",
"text": "and become blended together about the middle of fetal life. Each medial pterygoid plate (except its hamulus) is ossified in membrane, and its center probably appears about the ninth or tenth week; the hamulus becomes chondrified during the third month, and almost at once ossifies (Fawcett). The medial joins the lateral pterygoid plate about the sixth month. About the fourth month, a center appears for each lingula and speedily joins the rest of the bone. The presphenoid is united to the postsphenoid about the eighth month, and at birth the sphenoid is in three pieces [Fig. 4]: a central, consisting",
"title": "Sphenoid bone"
},
{
"id": "1678477",
"text": "between these morphologies and rotator cuff tear: The acromion has four ossification centers called (from tip to base) pre-acromion, meso-acromion, meta-acromion, and basi-acromion. In most cases, the first three fuse at 15–18 years, whereas the base part fuses to the scapular spine at 12 years. However, in between 1% and 15% of cases, this osseous union fails and the acromion remains separate as an accessory bone. This condition is referred to as \"os acromiale\", but rarely causes pain. Earlier estimates of its prevalence were as low as 1.4%, and this higher estimate was made by Sammarco in the year 2000,",
"title": "Acromion"
},
{
"id": "10377118",
"text": "grow or expand, so instead of dimpling, the periosteum tears away and provides ossification on the second edge of the triangle. The main causes for this sign are osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, eumycetoma, and a subperiosteal abscess. Codman triangle Codman triangle (previously referred to as Codman's triangle) is the triangular area of new subperiosteal bone that is created when a lesion, often a tumour, raises the periosteum away from the bone. A Codman triangle is not actually a full triangle. Instead, it is often a pseudotriangle on radiographic findings, with ossification on the original bone and one additional side of the",
"title": "Codman triangle"
},
{
"id": "1570420",
"text": "and research. The knee is the largest joint and one of the most important joints in the body. It plays an essential role in movement related to carrying the body weight in horizontal (running and walking) and vertical (jumping) directions. At birth, the kneecap is just formed from cartilage, and this will ossify (change to bone) between the ages of three and five years. Because it is the largest sesamoid bone in the human body, the ossification process takes significantly longer. The main articular bodies of the femur are its lateral and medial condyles. These diverge slightly distally and posteriorly,",
"title": "Knee"
},
{
"id": "4931422",
"text": "bone matrix via the canaliculi. Bone canaliculus Bone canaliculi are microscopic canals between the lacunae of ossified bone. The radiating processes of the osteocytes (called filopodia) project into these canals. These cytoplasmic processes are joined together by gap junctions. Osteocytes do not entirely fill up the canaliculi. The remaining space is known as the periosteocytic space, which is filled with periosteocytic fluid. This fluid contains substances too large to be transported through the gap junctions that connect the osteocytes. In cartilage, the lacunae and hence, the chondrocytes, are isolated from each other. Materials picked up by osteocytes adjacent to blood",
"title": "Bone canaliculus"
},
{
"id": "15284035",
"text": "of it below and behind the incisor teeth becomes ossified and incorporated with this part of the mandible. About the sixth week of fetal life, intramembranous ossification takes place in the membrane covering the outer surface of the ventral end of Meckel's cartilage, and each half of the bone is formed from a single center which appears, near the mental foramen. By the tenth week, the portion of Meckel's cartilage which lies below and behind the incisor teeth is surrounded and invaded by the dermal bone (also known as the membrane bone). Somewhat later, accessory nuclei of cartilage make their",
"title": "Mandible"
},
{
"id": "18875029",
"text": "portion (orbital part). Some adults have a metopic or frontal suture in the vertical portion. In uterine period in right and left half of frontal region of the fetus there is a membrane tissue. On each half a primary ossification center appears about the end of the second month of the fetus. Primary ossification center extends to form the corresponding half of the vertical part (squama) and horizontal part (orbital part) of the frontal bone. At birth the frontal bone contains two portions, separated by the metopic (frontal) suture. Metopism is the condition of having a persistent metopic suture. Metopic",
"title": "Metopism"
},
{
"id": "3748197",
"text": "outgrowths connecting it with the underlying osteoderms, which simultaneously fused to each other. On the skull, the middle bone plates first ossified at the snout and the rear rim, with ossification gradually extending towards the middle regions. On the rest of the body, ossification progressed from the neck backward in the direction of the tail. The osteoderms of ankylosaurids were thin in comparison to those of other ankylosaurs, and appear to have been strengthened by randomly distributed cushions of collagen fibers. Structurally similar to Sharpey's fibres, they were embedded directly into the bone tissue, a feature unique to ankylosaurids. This",
"title": "Ankylosaurus"
},
{
"id": "1678685",
"text": "At its apex is a slight elevation, the supraglenoid tuberosity, to which the long head of the biceps brachii is attached. The neck of the scapula is the slightly constricted portion which surrounds the head and is more distinct below and behind than above and in front. There are three borders of the scapula: The scapula is ossified from 7 or more centers: one for the body, two for the coracoid process, two for the acromion, one for the vertebral border, and one for the inferior angle. Ossification of the body begins about the second month of fetal life, by",
"title": "Scapula"
},
{
"id": "4319633",
"text": "consisting of mineralized osteoid that contains osteocytes and is lined by active osteoblasts. The nidus, that began as a diffuse collection of MSCs, has become rudimentary bone tissue. The first step in the process is the formation of bone spicules which eventually fuse with each other and become trabeculae. The periosteum is formed and bone growth continues at the surface of trabeculae. Much like spicules, the increasing growth of trabeculae result in interconnection and this network is called woven bone. Eventually, woven bone is replaced by lamellar bone. Embryologic mesenchymal cells (MSC) condense into layers of vascularized primitive connective tissue.",
"title": "Intramembranous ossification"
},
{
"id": "20022030",
"text": "Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is a process of fibrosis, calcification, and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine, that may involve the spinal dura. Once considered a disorder unique to people of Asian heritage, it is now recognized as an uncommon disorder in a variety of patients with myelopathy. The causes of OPLL are unknown. However, genetic and environmental factors appear to play a role in pathogenesis. OPLL may also be associated with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis Myeolography, including post-myelographic CT is likely the most effective imaging study an",
"title": "Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament"
},
{
"id": "15284036",
"text": "appearance: These accessory nuclei possess no separate ossific centers but are invaded by the surrounding dermal bone and undergo absorption. The inner alveolar border, usually described as arising from a separate ossific center (\"splenial center\"), is formed in the human mandible by an ingrowth from the main mass of the bone. At birth the bone consists of two parts, united by a fibrous symphysis, in which ossification takes place during the first year. At birth, the body of the bone is a mere shell, containing the sockets of the two incisor, the canine, and the two deciduous molar teeth, imperfectly",
"title": "Mandible"
},
{
"id": "8980112",
"text": "the bone from becoming unnecessarily thick, osteoclasts resorb the bone from the endosteal side. Endosteum The endosteum (plural endostea) is a thin vascular membrane of connective tissue that lines the inner surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones. This endosteal surface is usually resorbed during long periods of malnutrition, resulting in less cortical thickness. The outer surface of a bone is lined by a thin layer of connective tissue that is very similar in morphology and function to endosteum. It is called the periosteum, or the periosteal surface. During bone growth, the width of",
"title": "Endosteum"
},
{
"id": "7371200",
"text": "for the fourth metacarpal. The ossification process begins in the shaft during prenatal life, and in the head between 11th and 27th months. Third metacarpal bone The third metacarpal bone (metacarpal bone of the middle finger) is a little smaller than the second. The dorsal aspect of its base presents on its radial side a pyramidal eminence, the styloid process, which extends upward behind the capitate; immediately distal to this is a rough surface for the attachment of the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle. The carpal articular facet is concave behind, flat in front, and articulates with the capitate. On",
"title": "Third metacarpal bone"
},
{
"id": "1678686",
"text": "an irregular quadrilateral plate of bone forming, immediately behind the glenoid cavity. This plate extends to form the chief part of the bone, the scapular spine growing up from its dorsal surface about the third month. Ossification starts as membranous ossification before birth. After birth, the cartilaginous components would undergo endochondral ossification. The larger part of the scapula undergoes membranous ossification. Some of the outer parts of the scapula are cartilaginous at birth, and would therefore undergo endochondral ossification. At birth, a large part of the scapula is osseous, but the glenoid cavity, the coracoid process, the acromion, the vertebral",
"title": "Scapula"
},
{
"id": "2087480",
"text": "Parietal bone The parietal bones () are two bones in the human skull which, when joined together at a fibrous joint, form the sides and roof of the cranium. Each bone is roughly quadrilateral in form, and has two surfaces, four borders, and four angles. It is named from the Latin \"paries\" (\"-ietis\"), wall. The external surface [Fig. 1] is convex, smooth, and marked near the center by an eminence, the parietal eminence (\"tuber parietale\"), which indicates the point where ossification commenced. Crossing the middle of the bone in an arched direction are two curved lines, the superior and inferior",
"title": "Parietal bone"
},
{
"id": "2087483",
"text": "granulations (Pacchionian bodies). In the groove is the internal opening of the parietal foramen when that aperture exists. The parietal bone is ossified in membrane from a single center, which appears at the parietal eminence about the eighth week of fetal life. Ossification gradually extends in a radial manner from the center toward the margins of the bone; the angles are consequently the parts last formed, and it is here that the fontanelles exist. Occasionally the parietal bone is divided into two parts, upper and lower, by an antero-posterior suture. In non-human vertebrates, the parietal bones typically form the rear",
"title": "Parietal bone"
},
{
"id": "14407539",
"text": "Primary bone Primary bone is the first bone tissue that appears in embryonic development and in fracture repair. It is characterized by its random position of collagen fibers. In most places in adults this tissue is replaced by secondary bone tissue except, for example, near the sutures of calvara or tooth sockets. The secondary bones have lower amounts of osteocytes so primary bone is much more easily penetrated by x-ray. Primary bone or the primary ossification center is the beginning of the bone building process during the first trimester. Calcificed cartilage is basophilic and new bone being made is more",
"title": "Primary bone"
},
{
"id": "1570359",
"text": "surrounding the joint gives an attachment to the joint capsule. The anterior border is concave forward and posterior border is convex backward. The shaft is divided into the medial two-thirds and the lateral one third. The medial part is thicker than the lateral. The medial two-thirds of the shaft has four surfaces and no borders. The lateral third of the shaft has two borders and two surfaces. The collarbone is the first bone to begin the process of ossification (laying down of minerals onto a preformed matrix) during development of the embryo, during the fifth and sixth weeks of gestation.",
"title": "Clavicle"
},
{
"id": "2489571",
"text": "ossification of mesenchyme as happens during the formation of the membrane bones of the skull and others. During osteoblast differentiation, the developing progenitor cells express the regulatory transcription factor Cbfa1/Runx2. A second required transcription factor is Sp7 transcription factor. Osteochondroprogenitor cells differentiate under the influence of growth factors, although isolated mesenchymal stem cells in tissue culture, form osteoblasts under permissive conditions that include vitamin C and substrates for alkaline phosphatase, a key enzyme that provides high concentrations of phosphate at the mineral deposition site. Key growth factors in endochondral skeletal differentiation include bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) that determine to a",
"title": "Osteoblast"
},
{
"id": "7449981",
"text": "and extension at the elbow. Maximum elbow flexion and extension is made possible because the two fossae accommodates to coronoid and olecranon processes. While the ossification of the capitulum has started a year after birth, the ossification of the trochlea begins at 8–9 years of age; that of the head of radius and the medial epicondyle at 4–5 years and that of the lateral condyle at 10 years. Trochlea of humerus In the human arm, the humeral trochlea is the medial portion of the articular surface of the elbow joint which articulates with the trochlear notch on the ulna in",
"title": "Trochlea of humerus"
},
{
"id": "7371178",
"text": "non-completion of puberty. A short fourth metacarpal bone can also be found in Turner syndrome, a disorder involving sex chromosomes. A fracture of the fourth and/or fifth metacarpal bones transverse neck secondary due to axial loading is known as a boxer's fracture. The ossification process begins in the shaft during prenatal life, and in the head between 11th and 37th months. Fourth metacarpal bone The fourth metacarpal bone (metacarpal bone of the ring finger) is shorter and smaller than the third. The base is small and quadrilateral; its superior surface presents two facets, a large one medially for articulation with",
"title": "Fourth metacarpal bone"
},
{
"id": "7031831",
"text": "Hypertrophic osteodystrophy Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy (HOD) is a bone disease that occurs in fast-growing large and giant breed dogs. The disorder is sometimes referred to as \"metaphyseal osteopathy\", and typically first presents between the ages of 2 and 7 months. HOD is characterized by decreased blood flow to the metaphysis (the part of the bone adjacent to the joint) leading to a failure of ossification (bone formation) and necrosis and inflammation of cancellous bone. The disease is usually bilateral in the limb bones, especially the distal radius, ulna, and tibia. The Weimaraner, Irish Setter, Boxer, German Shepherd, and Great Dane breeds",
"title": "Hypertrophic osteodystrophy"
},
{
"id": "3960282",
"text": "Osteocyte An osteocyte, a star-shaped type of bone cell, is the most commonly found cell in mature bone tissue, and can live as long as the organism itself. The adult human body has about 42 billion osteocytes. Osteocytes have an average half life of 25 years, they do not divide, and they are derived from osteoprogenitors, some of which differentiate into active osteoblasts. Osteoblasts/osteocytes develop in mesenchyme. In mature bone, osteocytes and their processes reside inside spaces called lacunae (Latin for a \"pit\") and canaliculi, respectively. When osteoblasts become trapped in the matrix that they secrete, they become osteocytes. Osteocytes",
"title": "Osteocyte"
},
{
"id": "3097204",
"text": "Osteology Osteology is the scientific study of bones, practiced by osteologists. A subdiscipline of anatomy, anthropology, and archaeology, osteology is a detailed study of the structure of bones, skeletal elements, teeth, microbone morphology, function, disease, pathology, the process of ossification (from cartilaginous molds), the resistance and hardness of bones (biophysics), etc. often used by scientists with identification of vertebrate remains with regard to age, death, sex, growth, and development and can be used in a biocultural context. Osteologists frequently work in the public and private sector as consultants for museums, scientists for research laboratories, scientists for medical investigations and/or for",
"title": "Osteology"
},
{
"id": "2087286",
"text": "a single piece. Union of the upper and lower portions of the squamous part takes place in the third month of fetal life. An occasional centre (Kerckring) appears in the posterior margin of the foramen magnum during the fifth month; this forms a separate ossicle (sometimes double) which unites with the rest of the squamous part before birth. Each of the lateral parts begins to ossify from a single center during the eighth week of fetal life. The basilar portion is ossified from two centers, one in front of the other; these appear about the sixth week of fetal life",
"title": "Occipital bone"
},
{
"id": "2973847",
"text": "Osteomyelitis Osteomyelitis (OM) is an infection of bone. Symptoms may include pain in a specific bone with overlying redness, fever, and weakness. The long bones of the arms and legs are most commonly involved in children, while the feet, spine, and hips are most commonly involved in adults. The cause is usually a bacterial infection; rarely, a fungal infection. It may occur by spread from the blood or from surrounding tissue. Risks for developing osteomyelitis include diabetes, intravenous drug use, prior removal of the spleen, and trauma to the area. Diagnosis is typically suspected based on symptoms. This is then",
"title": "Osteomyelitis"
}
] | where does the ossification of long bones begin |
[
"Charles Darwin"
] | [
{
"id": "280146",
"text": "described natural selection as analogous to artificial selection, a process by which animals and plants with traits considered desirable by human breeders are systematically favoured for reproduction. The concept of natural selection originally developed in the absence of a valid theory of heredity; at the time of Darwin's writing, science had yet to develop modern theories of genetics. The union of traditional Darwinian evolution with subsequent discoveries in classical genetics formed the modern synthesis of the mid-20th century. The addition of molecular genetics has led to evolutionary developmental biology, which explains evolution at the molecular level. While genotypes can slowly",
"title": "Natural selection"
},
{
"id": "280160",
"text": "for natural selection by creating genetic diversity. Ernst Mayr recognised the key importance of reproductive isolation for speciation in his \"Systematics and the Origin of Species\" (1942). W. D. Hamilton conceived of kin selection in 1964. This synthesis cemented natural selection as the foundation of evolutionary theory, where it remains today. A second synthesis was brought about at the end of the 20th century by advances in molecular genetics, creating the field of evolutionary developmental biology (\"evo-devo\"), which seeks to explain the evolution of form in terms of the genetic regulatory programs which control the development of the embryo at",
"title": "Natural selection"
},
{
"id": "280155",
"text": "of his evidence and conclusions in \"On the Origin of Species\" in 1859. In the 3rd edition of 1861 Darwin acknowledged that others—like William Charles Wells in 1813, and Patrick Matthew in 1831—had proposed similar ideas, but had neither developed them nor presented them in notable scientific publications. Darwin thought of natural selection by analogy to how farmers select crops or livestock for breeding, which he called \"artificial selection\"; in his early manuscripts he referred to a \"Nature\" which would do the selection. At the time, other mechanisms of evolution such as evolution by genetic drift were not yet explicitly",
"title": "Natural selection"
},
{
"id": "280203",
"text": "natural selection on genes, the concept of memes—\"units of cultural transmission,\" or culture's equivalents of genes undergoing selection and recombination—has arisen, first described in this form by Richard Dawkins in 1976 and subsequently expanded upon by philosophers such as Daniel Dennett as explanations for complex cultural activities, including human consciousness. In 1922, Alfred J. Lotka proposed that natural selection might be understood as a physical principle that could be described in terms of the use of energy by a system, a concept later developed by Howard T. Odum as the maximum power principle in thermodynamics, whereby evolutionary systems with selective",
"title": "Natural selection"
},
{
"id": "280159",
"text": "1900. With the early 20th century integration of evolution with Mendel's laws of inheritance, the so-called modern synthesis, scientists generally came to accept natural selection. The synthesis grew from advances in different fields. Ronald Fisher developed the required mathematical language and wrote \"The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection\" (1930). J. B. S. Haldane introduced the concept of the \"cost\" of natural selection. Sewall Wright elucidated the nature of selection and adaptation. In his book \"Genetics and the Origin of Species\" (1937), Theodosius Dobzhansky established the idea that mutation, once seen as a rival to selection, actually supplied the raw material",
"title": "Natural selection"
},
{
"id": "280145",
"text": "common in a population. Over time, this process can result in populations that specialise for particular ecological niches (microevolution) and may eventually result in speciation (the emergence of new species, macroevolution). In other words, natural selection is a key process in the evolution of a population. Natural selection is a cornerstone of modern biology. The concept, published by Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in a joint presentation of papers in 1858, was elaborated in Darwin's influential 1859 book \"On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life\". He",
"title": "Natural selection"
},
{
"id": "4016942",
"text": "in the \"Gardener's Chronicle\". Darwin wrote that. Matthew, Darwin and Wallace are the only three people considered to have independently discovered the principle of natural selection as a mechanism for speciation (macroevolution). Others prior to Matthew had proposed natural selection as a mechanism for the generation of varieties or races within a species: James Hutton suggested the mechanism in 1794 as leading to improvement of varieties, and an 1813 paper by William Charles Wells proposed that it would form new varieties. In 1835, after Matthew's book, Edward Blyth published a description of the process as a mechanism preserving the unchanging",
"title": "Patrick Matthew"
},
{
"id": "280150",
"text": "awareness of the vast scale of geological time and made plausible the idea that tiny, virtually imperceptible changes in successive generations could produce consequences on the scale of differences between species. The early 19th-century zoologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck suggested the inheritance of acquired characteristics as a mechanism for evolutionary change; adaptive traits acquired by an organism during its lifetime could be inherited by that organism's progeny, eventually causing transmutation of species. This theory, Lamarckism, was an influence on the Soviet biologist Trofim Lysenko's antagonism to mainstream genetic theory as late as the mid 20th century. Between 1835 and 1837, the zoologist",
"title": "Natural selection"
},
{
"id": "7792",
"text": "than 750 entries. A more comprehensive list of Wallace's publications that are available online, as well as a full bibliography of all of Wallace's writings, has been compiled by the historian Charles H. Smith at The Alfred Russel Wallace Page. Alfred Russel Wallace Alfred Russel Wallace (8 January 18237 November 1913) was a British naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist, and biologist. He is best known for independently conceiving the theory of evolution through natural selection; his paper on the subject was jointly published with some of Charles Darwin's writings in 1858. This prompted Darwin to publish his own ideas in \"On",
"title": "Alfred Russel Wallace"
},
{
"id": "280151",
"text": "Edward Blyth worked on the area of variation, artificial selection, and how a similar process occurs in nature. Darwin acknowledged Blyth's ideas in the first chapter on variation of \"On the Origin of Species\". In 1859, Charles Darwin set out his theory of evolution by natural selection as an explanation for adaptation and speciation. He defined natural selection as the \"principle by which each slight variation [of a trait], if useful, is preserved\". The concept was simple but powerful: individuals best adapted to their environments are more likely to survive and reproduce. As long as there is some variation between",
"title": "Natural selection"
},
{
"id": "13026609",
"text": "different species could share a common ancestor. Darwin based his theory on the idea of natural selection: it synthesized a broad range of evidence from animal husbandry, biogeography, geology, morphology, and embryology. Debate over Darwin's work led to the rapid acceptance of the general concept of evolution, but the specific mechanism he proposed, natural selection, was not widely accepted until it was revived by developments in biology that occurred during the 1920s through the 1940s. Before that time most biologists regarded other factors as responsible for evolution. Alternatives to natural selection suggested during \"the eclipse of Darwinism\" (c. 1880 to",
"title": "History of evolutionary thought"
},
{
"id": "280147",
"text": "change by random genetic drift, natural selection remains the primary explanation for adaptive evolution. Several philosophers of the classical era, including Empedocles and his intellectual successor, the Roman poet Lucretius, expressed the idea that nature produces a huge variety of creatures, randomly, and that only those creatures that manage to provide for themselves and reproduce successfully persist. Empedocles' idea that organisms arose entirely by the incidental workings of causes such as heat and cold was criticised by Aristotle in Book II of \"Physics\". He posited natural teleology in its place, and believed that form was achieved for a purpose, citing",
"title": "Natural selection"
},
{
"id": "14021574",
"text": "Natural Selection (manuscript) Natural Selection is a manuscript written by Charles Darwin, in which he presented his theory of natural selection and its role in biological evolution. He did not publish the work while he was alive, but wrote an abstract, titled \"On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life\", which he published in 1859. Darwin regarded \"Natural Selection\" as his main work, while \"On the Origin of Species\" was written for a wider audience. He always intended to finish \"Natural Selection\", but because of frail health,",
"title": "Natural Selection (manuscript)"
},
{
"id": "9219562",
"text": "Charles Darwin Charles Robert Darwin, (; 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution. His proposition that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors is now widely accepted, and considered a foundational concept in science. In a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace, he introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective",
"title": "Charles Darwin"
},
{
"id": "280152",
"text": "them and that variation is heritable, there will be an inevitable selection of individuals with the most advantageous variations. If the variations are heritable, then differential reproductive success leads to a progressive evolution of particular populations of a species, and populations that evolve to be sufficiently different eventually become different species. Darwin's ideas were inspired by the observations that he had made on the second voyage of HMS \"Beagle\" (1831–1836), and by the work of a political economist, Thomas Robert Malthus, who, in \"An Essay on the Principle of Population\" (1798), noted that population (if unchecked) increases exponentially, whereas the",
"title": "Natural selection"
},
{
"id": "280143",
"text": "Natural selection Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in the heritable traits characteristic of a population over generations. Charles Darwin popularised the term \"natural selection\", contrasting it with artificial selection, which is intentional, whereas natural selection is not. Variation exists within all populations of organisms. This occurs partly because random mutations arise in the genome of an individual organism, and offspring can inherit such mutations. Throughout the lives of the individuals, their genomes interact with their environments to cause variations in traits.",
"title": "Natural selection"
},
{
"id": "280154",
"text": "process of writing his \"big book\" to present his research when the naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace independently conceived of the principle and described it in an essay he sent to Darwin to forward to Charles Lyell. Lyell and Joseph Dalton Hooker decided to present his essay together with unpublished writings that Darwin had sent to fellow naturalists, and \"On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection\" was read to the Linnean Society of London announcing co-discovery of the principle in July 1858. Darwin published a detailed account",
"title": "Natural selection"
},
{
"id": "280156",
"text": "formulated, and Darwin believed that selection was likely only part of the story: \"I am convinced that Natural Selection has been the main but not exclusive means of modification.\" In a letter to Charles Lyell in September 1860, Darwin regretted the use of the term \"Natural Selection\", preferring the term \"Natural Preservation\". For Darwin and his contemporaries, natural selection was in essence synonymous with evolution by natural selection. After the publication of \"On the Origin of Species\", educated people generally accepted that evolution had occurred in some form. However, natural selection remained controversial as a mechanism, partly because it was",
"title": "Natural selection"
},
{
"id": "4016931",
"text": "Patrick Matthew Patrick Matthew (20 October 1790 – 8 June 1874) was a Scottish grain merchant, fruit farmer, forester, and landowner, who contributed to the understanding of horticulture, silviculture, and agriculture in general, with a focus on maintaining the British navy and feeding new colonies. He published the basic concept of natural selection as a mechanism in evolutionary adaptation and speciation in 1831 (i.e. resulting from \"positive\" natural selection, in contrast to its already, widely known, \"negative\" role in removal of individuals in the Struggle for Survival), but failed to develop or publicise his ideas. Consequently, when Charles Darwin later",
"title": "Patrick Matthew"
},
{
"id": "280199",
"text": "in the Organism\") in which he suggested that the development of an organism results from a Darwinian competition between the parts of the embryo, occurring at all levels, from molecules to organs. In recent years, a modern version of this theory has been proposed by . According to this cellular Darwinism, random variation at the molecular level generates diversity in cell types whereas cell interactions impose a characteristic order on the developing embryo. The social implications of the theory of evolution by natural selection also became the source of continuing controversy. Friedrich Engels, a German political philosopher and co-originator of",
"title": "Natural selection"
},
{
"id": "7694",
"text": "Alfred Russel Wallace Alfred Russel Wallace (8 January 18237 November 1913) was a British naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist, and biologist. He is best known for independently conceiving the theory of evolution through natural selection; his paper on the subject was jointly published with some of Charles Darwin's writings in 1858. This prompted Darwin to publish his own ideas in \"On the Origin of Species.\" Wallace did extensive fieldwork, first in the Amazon River basin and then in the Malay Archipelago, where he identified the faunal divide now termed the Wallace Line, which separates the Indonesian archipelago into two distinct parts:",
"title": "Alfred Russel Wallace"
},
{
"id": "280149",
"text": "existence was later described by the Islamic writer Al-Jahiz in the 9th century. The classical arguments were reintroduced in the 18th century by Pierre Louis Maupertuis and others, including Darwin's grandfather, Erasmus Darwin. Until the early 19th century, the prevailing view in Western societies was that differences between individuals of a species were uninteresting departures from their Platonic ideals (or typus) of created kinds. However, the theory of uniformitarianism in geology promoted the idea that simple, weak forces could act continuously over long periods of time to produce radical changes in the Earth's landscape. The success of this theory raised",
"title": "Natural selection"
},
{
"id": "261419",
"text": "specialize organisms for particular ecological niches and may eventually result in the speciation (the emergence of new species). Natural selection is one of the cornerstones of modern biology. The term was introduced by Darwin in his groundbreaking 1859 book \"On the Origin of Species\", in which natural selection was described by analogy to artificial selection, a process by which animals and plants with traits considered desirable by human breeders are systematically favored for reproduction. The concept of natural selection was originally developed in the absence of a valid theory of heredity; at the time of Darwin's writing, nothing was known",
"title": "Microevolution"
},
{
"id": "20592902",
"text": "19th century in science The 19th century in science saw the birth of science as a profession; the term scientist was coined in 1833 by William Whewell, which soon replaced the older term of (natural) philosopher. Among the most influential ideas of the 19th century were those of Charles Darwin (alongside the independent researches of Alfred Russel Wallace), who in 1859 published the book \"The Origin of Species\", which introduced the idea of evolution by natural selection. Another important landmark in medicine and biology were the successful efforts to prove the germ theory of disease. Following this, Louis Pasteur made",
"title": "19th century in science"
},
{
"id": "9219629",
"text": "of Darwinism\", scientists proposed various alternative evolutionary mechanisms, which eventually proved untenable. Ronald Fisher, an English statistician, finally united Mendelian genetics with natural selection, in the period between 1918 and his 1930 book \"The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection\". He gave the theory a mathematical footing and brought broad scientific consensus that natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution, thus founding the basis for population genetics and the modern evolutionary synthesis, with J.B.S. Haldane and Sewall Wright, which set the frame of reference for modern debates and refinements of the theory. During Darwin's lifetime, many geographical features were given",
"title": "Charles Darwin"
},
{
"id": "20592924",
"text": "the length scale required for gravitational perturbations to grow in a static nearly homogeneous medium. In chemistry, Dmitri Mendeleev, following the atomic theory of John Dalton, created the first periodic table of elements. In 1859, Charles Darwin published the book \"The Origin of Species\", which introduced the idea of evolution by natural selection. The list of important 19th-century scientists includes: 19th century in science The 19th century in science saw the birth of science as a profession; the term scientist was coined in 1833 by William Whewell, which soon replaced the older term of (natural) philosopher. Among the most influential",
"title": "19th century in science"
},
{
"id": "295575",
"text": "creation of reality and mankind. The concept of natural law was documented in ancient Greek philosophy, including Aristotle, and was referred to in Roman philosophy by Cicero. References to natural law are also found in the Old and New Testaments of the Bible, later expounded upon in the Middle Ages by Christian philosophers such as Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas. The School of Salamanca made notable contributions during the Renaissance. Modern natural law theories were greatly developed in the Age of Enlightenment, combining inspiration from Roman law with philosophies like social contract theory. Key proponents were Alberico Gentili, Francisco",
"title": "Natural law"
},
{
"id": "280158",
"text": "used by Mr. Herbert Spencer of the Survival of the Fittest is more accurate, and is sometimes equally convenient.\" Although the phrase is still often used by non-biologists, modern biologists avoid it because it is tautological if \"fittest\" is read to mean \"functionally superior\" and is applied to individuals rather than considered as an averaged quantity over populations. Natural selection relies crucially on the idea of heredity, but developed before the basic concepts of genetics. Although the Moravian monk Gregor Mendel, the father of modern genetics, was a contemporary of Darwin's, his work lay in obscurity, only being rediscovered in",
"title": "Natural selection"
},
{
"id": "188904",
"text": "prominent, controversial and far-reaching theory in all of science has been the theory of evolution by natural selection put forward by the British naturalist Charles Darwin in his book On the Origin of Species in 1859. Darwin proposed that the features of all living things, including humans, were shaped by natural processes over long periods of time. The theory of evolution in its current form affects almost all areas of biology. Implications of evolution on fields outside of pure science have led to both opposition and support from different parts of society, and profoundly influenced the popular understanding of \"man's",
"title": "History of science"
},
{
"id": "2135251",
"text": "of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck; based on the inheritance of acquired characteristics (an inheritance mechanism that was widely accepted until the 20th century), it described a chain of development stretching from the lowliest microbe to humans. The British naturalist Charles Darwin, combining the biogeographical approach of Humboldt, the uniformitarian geology of Lyell, Thomas Malthus's writings on population growth, and his own morphological expertise, created a more successful evolutionary theory based on natural selection; similar evidence led Alfred Russel Wallace to independently reach the same conclusions. The 1859 publication of Darwin's theory in \"On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection,",
"title": "History of biology"
},
{
"id": "280153",
"text": "food supply grows only arithmetically; thus, inevitable limitations of resources would have demographic implications, leading to a \"struggle for existence\". When Darwin read Malthus in 1838 he was already primed by his work as a naturalist to appreciate the \"struggle for existence\" in nature. It struck him that as population outgrew resources, \"favourable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavourable ones to be destroyed. The result of this would be the formation of new species.\" Darwin wrote: Once he had his theory, Darwin was meticulous about gathering and refining evidence before making his idea public. He was in the",
"title": "Natural selection"
},
{
"id": "14021575",
"text": "the publicity and work involved in publishing six editions of \"On the Origin of Species\", plus other research and publications, he never got around to finish it. \"Natural Selection\" was transcribed after Darwin's death, and first published in 1975. Natural Selection (manuscript) Natural Selection is a manuscript written by Charles Darwin, in which he presented his theory of natural selection and its role in biological evolution. He did not publish the work while he was alive, but wrote an abstract, titled \"On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle",
"title": "Natural Selection (manuscript)"
},
{
"id": "17266404",
"text": "Museum of Natural History, Hertford Museum and the National Museum of Wales. The naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist and biologist Alfred Russel Wallace (born 8 January 1823) died on 7 November 1913. He is principally remembered now for having independently conceived the theory of evolution through natural selection, which prompted Charles Darwin to publish \"On the Origin of Species\". Some of his books such as \"The Malay Archipelago\" remain in print; it is considered one of the best accounts of scientific exploration published during the 19th century. Wallace is also remembered for recognizing the presence of a biogeographical boundary, now known",
"title": "Alfred Russel Wallace centenary"
},
{
"id": "820076",
"text": "in Usk, Monmouthshire, Wales; died on Nov. 7, 1913, in Broadstone, Dorset, England), was a British naturalist, geographer, and social critic who is most known for formulating the theory of evolution by natural selection before Charles Darwin published his famous work on the same subject, \"The Origin of Species\". An avid traveler and explorer, Wallace became both rich and famous from the work he did identifying new animal species in Indonesia and the Amazon region. Importantly, Wallace discovered and defined the concept of \"speciation,\" which he discussed in a paper he published around 1865 describing his research on butterflies. Speciation",
"title": "Geographer"
},
{
"id": "280195",
"text": "occur randomly in any haplotype, it does not produce clear blocks of linkage disequilibrium, although with low recombination it can still lead to slightly negative linkage disequilibrium overall. Darwin's ideas, along with those of Adam Smith and Karl Marx, had a profound influence on 19th century thought, including his radical claim that \"elaborately constructed forms, so different from each other, and dependent on each other in so complex a manner\" evolved from the simplest forms of life by a few simple principles. This inspired some of Darwin's most ardent supporters—and provoked the strongest opposition. Natural selection had the power, according",
"title": "Natural selection"
},
{
"id": "103796",
"text": "Darwinism Darwinism is a theory of biological evolution developed by the English naturalist Charles Darwin (1809–1882) and others, stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce. Also called Darwinian theory, it originally included the broad concepts of transmutation of species or of evolution which gained general scientific acceptance after Darwin published \"On the Origin of Species\" in 1859, including concepts which predated Darwin's theories. It subsequently referred to the specific concepts of natural selection, the Weismann barrier, or the central dogma",
"title": "Darwinism"
},
{
"id": "7751",
"text": "referred to as reinforcement. Wallace had suggested to Darwin that natural selection could play a role in preventing hybridisation in private correspondence as early as 1868, but had not worked it out to this level of detail. It continues to be a topic of research in evolutionary biology today, with both computer simulation and empirical results supporting its validity. In 1864, Wallace published a paper, \"The Origin of Human Races and the Antiquity of Man Deduced from the Theory of 'Natural Selection'\", applying the theory to humankind. Darwin had not yet publicly addressed the subject, although Thomas Huxley had in",
"title": "Alfred Russel Wallace"
},
{
"id": "505483",
"text": "releasing \"phlogiston\" into the air. Joseph Priestley had discovered oxygen in the 18th century, but Lavoisier discovered that combustion was the result of oxidation. He also constructed a table of 33 elements and invented modern chemical nomenclature. Formal biological science remained in its infancy in the 18th century, when the focus lay upon the classification and categorization of natural life. This growth in natural history was led by Carl Linnaeus, whose 1735 taxonomy of the natural world is still in use. Linnaeus in the 1750s introduced scientific names for all his species. By the 19th century, the study of science",
"title": "Natural science"
},
{
"id": "4016964",
"text": "to defects in the design and manufacture of the lattice work piers introduced into the design well after Matthew's campaign against the bridge. Notes Citations Patrick Matthew Patrick Matthew (20 October 1790 – 8 June 1874) was a Scottish grain merchant, fruit farmer, forester, and landowner, who contributed to the understanding of horticulture, silviculture, and agriculture in general, with a focus on maintaining the British navy and feeding new colonies. He published the basic concept of natural selection as a mechanism in evolutionary adaptation and speciation in 1831 (i.e. resulting from \"positive\" natural selection, in contrast to its already, widely",
"title": "Patrick Matthew"
},
{
"id": "6504271",
"text": "concept. According to Ernst Mayr, Poulton invented the term sympatric in relation to species, and he also invented the term aposematism for warning coloration. Poulton, along with Julian Huxley, J.B.S. Haldane, R.A. Fisher and E.B. Ford, promoted the idea of natural selection through many years when it was denigrated. Poulton was succeeded by G.D. Hale Carpenter as Hope Professor of Entomology at Oxford University from 1933 to 1948. Poulton had over 200 publications spanning over sixty years. Edward Bagnall Poulton Sir Edward Bagnall Poulton, FRS HFRSE FLS (27 January 1856 – 20 November 1943) was a British evolutionary biologist who",
"title": "Edward Bagnall Poulton"
},
{
"id": "11517993",
"text": "climates. Between 1767 and 1792 James Burnett, Lord Monboddo included in his writings not only the concept that man had descended from other primates, but also that, in response to their environment, creatures had found methods of transforming their characteristics over long time intervals. He also produced research on the evolution of linguistics, which was cited by Erasmus Darwin in his poem \"Temple of Nature\". Jan-Andrew Henderson states that Monboddo was the first to articulate the theory of natural selection. In 1792, the philosopher Immanuel Kant presented, in his \"Critique of Judgement\", what he referred to as “a daring venture",
"title": "Evolutionary ideas of the Renaissance and Enlightenment"
},
{
"id": "4022297",
"text": "William Charles Wells William Charles Wells FRS FRSEd (1757–1817), was a Scottish-American physician and printer. He lived a life of extraordinary variety, did some notable medical research, and made the first clear statement about natural selection. He applied the idea to the origin of different skin colours in human races, and from the context it seems he thought it might be applied more widely. Charles Darwin said: \"\"[Wells] distinctly recognises the principle of natural selection, and this is the first recognition which has been indicated\"\". Wells was the second son of Robert and Mary Wells. Wells' parents were both Scots",
"title": "William Charles Wells"
},
{
"id": "96940",
"text": "particular difficulty in believing in natural selection as the main motive force in evolution. Lyell and Hooker were instrumental in arranging the peaceful co-publication of the theory of natural selection by Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in 1858: each had arrived at the theory independently. Lyell's data on stratigraphy were important because Darwin thought that populations of an organism changed slowly, requiring \"geological time\". Although Lyell did not publicly accept evolution (descent with modification) at the time of writing the \"Principles\", after the Darwin–Wallace papers and the \"Origin\" Lyell wrote in his notebook: Lyell's acceptance of natural selection, Darwin's proposed",
"title": "Charles Lyell"
},
{
"id": "4913221",
"text": "He presided over the founding conference for the International Humanist and Ethical Union. He wrote fifty books, including \"The Science of Life\", co-authored with H. G. Wells and Wells's son, G. P. Wells. Julian was important as a proponent of natural selection at a time when Darwin's idea was denigrated by many. His master-work \"\" gave the name to a mid-century movement which united biological theory and overcame problems caused by over-specialisation. Julian married Juliette Baillot in 1919. They had two children, and both became scientists: Anthony Julian Huxley, a botanist and horticulturalist, and Francis Huxley, an anthropologist. A Wetherspoon",
"title": "Huxley family"
},
{
"id": "408821",
"text": "On the Origin of Species On the Origin of Species (or more completely, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life), published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin",
"title": "On the Origin of Species"
},
{
"id": "408700",
"text": "On the Origin of Species On the Origin of Species (or more completely, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life), published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin",
"title": "On the Origin of Species"
},
{
"id": "4771284",
"text": "Yan Fu Yan Fu (, IPA: ; courtesy name: Ji Dao, 幾道; 8 January 1854 — 27 October 1921) was a Chinese scholar and translator, most famous for introducing western ideas, including Darwin's \"natural selection\", to China in the late 19th century. On January 8, 1854, Yan Fu was born in what is modern day Fuzhou, Fujian Province to a respectable scholar-gentry family in the trade of Chinese medicine. In his early years, Yan Fu’s father greatly encouraged Yan Fu to obtain a high education and prepare for the Imperial examination. However, the death of his father in 1866 caused",
"title": "Yan Fu"
},
{
"id": "4707571",
"text": "Development of Darwin's theory Following the inception of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection in 1838, the development of Darwin's theory to explain the \"mystery of mysteries\" of how new species originated was his \"prime hobby\" in the background to his main occupation of publishing the scientific results of the \"Beagle\" voyage. He was settling into married life, but suffered from bouts of illness and after his first child was born the family moved to rural Down House as a family home away from the pressures of London. The publication in 1839 of his \"Journal and Remarks\" (now known as",
"title": "Development of Darwin's theory"
},
{
"id": "2135224",
"text": "from embryology and paleontology, were synthesized in Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. The end of the 19th century saw the fall of spontaneous generation and the rise of the germ theory of disease, though the mechanism of inheritance remained a mystery. In the early 20th century, the rediscovery of Mendel's work led to the rapid development of genetics by Thomas Hunt Morgan and his students, and by the 1930s the combination of population genetics and natural selection in the \"neo-Darwinian synthesis\". New disciplines developed rapidly, especially after Watson and Crick proposed the structure of DNA. Following the",
"title": "History of biology"
},
{
"id": "13018943",
"text": "while rightly rejecting Darwin's suggestion that chalkland could have been formed in a similar way. The paper appeared in the \"Proceedings of the Geological Society of London\" in 1838, and was published with a woodcut illustration in the \"Transactions of the Geological Society\" in 1840. From his brain-storming about transmutation towards the end of 1838, Darwin conceived of his theory of natural selection \"by which to work\", as his \"prime hobby\". His main work on the \"Beagle\" collections continued, and in 1842 he published the first of three volumes on geology, \"The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs\". He then",
"title": "The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms"
},
{
"id": "13026682",
"text": "was the work of the British biologist and statistician Ronald Fisher. In a series of papers starting in 1918 and culminating in his 1930 book \"The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection\", Fisher showed that the continuous variation measured by the biometricians could be produced by the combined action of many discrete genes, and that natural selection could change gene frequencies in a population, resulting in evolution. In a series of papers beginning in 1924, another British geneticist, J. B. S. Haldane, applied statistical analysis to real-world examples of natural selection, such as the evolution of industrial melanism in peppered moths,",
"title": "History of evolutionary thought"
},
{
"id": "1266927",
"text": "likelihood methods among populations. In 1930, \"The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection\" was first published by Clarendon Press and is dedicated to Leonard Darwin. A core work of the neo-Darwinian modern evolutionary synthesis, it helped define population genetics, which Fisher founded alongside Sewall Wright and J. B. S. Haldane, and revived Darwins neglected idea of sexual selection. One of Fischer´s favorite aphorisms was \"Natural selection is a mechanism for generating an exceedingly high degree of improbability.\" Fisher´s fame grew and he began to travel and lecture widely. In 1931, he spent six weeks at the Statistical Laboratory at Iowa State",
"title": "Ronald Fisher"
},
{
"id": "7734",
"text": "growth and came up with the idea of natural selection. Wallace said in his autobiography that he was on the island of Ternate at the time; but historians have questioned this, saying that on the basis of the journal he kept at the time, he was on the island of Gilolo. From 1858 to 1861 he rented a house on Ternate from the Dutchman Maarten Dirk van Renesse van Duivenbode. He used this house as a base camp for expeditions to other islands such as Gilolo. Wallace describes how he discovered natural selection as follows: Wallace had once briefly met",
"title": "Alfred Russel Wallace"
},
{
"id": "4707626",
"text": "22 April 1856 to amiably argue Huxley and Hooker round towards accepting evolution as a process, without going into the mechanism. Darwin intended to write human beings into \"Natural Selection\" through mid-1857. But his work required a tremendous amount of evidence and facts. He left humans out in part because \"mutiny in India\" had stopped his correspondence with Edward Blyth in Calcutta. Had he included sexual selection, at that time it would have been only the male competition element and not female choice. It was at this stage that Alfred Russel Wallace became involved and Darwin's work took on a",
"title": "Development of Darwin's theory"
},
{
"id": "5055528",
"text": "with the sorest of all scientific subjects—a dispute about priority. In \"Evolution Old and New\" (1879), Butler accused Darwin of slighting the evolutionary speculations of Buffon, Lamarck, and his own grandfather, Erasmus Darwin.\" The Kirkus Reviews calls it, \"... an essay devoted to resurrecting the name and importance of Edward Blyth, a 19th-century naturalist. Eiseley credits Blyth with the development of the idea, and even the coining of the words \"natural selection,\" which Darwin absorbed and enlarged upon ... [and] some thoughts on Darwin's Descent of Man; and a concluding speculation on the meaning of evolution. The last piece is",
"title": "Loren Eiseley"
},
{
"id": "7517626",
"text": "Quinarian system The quinarian system was a method of zoological classification which was popular in the mid 19th century, especially among British naturalists. It was largely developed by the entomologist William Sharp Macleay in 1819. The system was further promoted in the works of Nicholas Aylward Vigors, William John Swainson and Johann Jakob Kaup. Swainson's work on ornithology gave wide publicity to the idea. The system had opponents even before the publication of Charles Darwin's \"On the Origin of Species\" (1859), which paved the way for evolutionary trees. Quinarianism gets its name from the emphasis on the number five: it",
"title": "Quinarian system"
},
{
"id": "1296217",
"text": "Julian Huxley Sir Julian Sorell Huxley FRS (22 June 1887 – 14 February 1975) was a British evolutionary biologist, eugenicist, and internationalist. He was a proponent of natural selection, and a leading figure in the mid-twentieth century modern synthesis. He was secretary of the Zoological Society of London (1935–1942), the first Director of UNESCO, a founding member of the World Wildlife Fund and the first President of the British Humanist Association. Huxley was well known for his presentation of science in books and articles, and on radio and television. He directed an Oscar-winning wildlife film. He was awarded UNESCO's Kalinga",
"title": "Julian Huxley"
},
{
"id": "280201",
"text": "a justification for policies of the Nazi state. He wrote \"... selection for toughness, heroism, and social utility ... must be accomplished by some human institution, if mankind, in default of selective factors, is not to be ruined by domestication-induced degeneracy. The racial idea as the basis of our state has already accomplished much in this respect.\" Others have developed ideas that human societies and culture evolve by mechanisms analogous to those that apply to evolution of species. More recently, work among anthropologists and psychologists has led to the development of sociobiology and later of evolutionary psychology, a field that",
"title": "Natural selection"
},
{
"id": "111261",
"text": "biological organisation, including the levels of species, individual organisms and molecules. The scientific theory of evolution by natural selection was proposed by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in the mid-19th century and was set out in detail in Darwin's book \"On the Origin of Species\" (1859). Evolution by natural selection was first demonstrated by the observation that more offspring are often produced than can possibly survive. This is followed by three observable facts about living organisms: 1) traits vary among individuals with respect to their morphology, physiology and behaviour (phenotypic variation), 2) different traits confer different rates of survival",
"title": "Evolution"
},
{
"id": "9330192",
"text": "can incorporate facts, laws, inferences, and tested hypotheses.\" Theories are formed from hypotheses that have been subjected repeatedly to tests of evidence which attempt to disprove or falsify them. In the case of evolution through natural selection, Darwin conceived the hypothesis around 1839, and made a first draft of the concept three years later in 1842. He discussed this widely with many of his intellectual companions, and conducted further research in the background to his other writings and work. After years of development, he finally published his evidence and theory in \"On the Origin of Species\" in 1859. The \"theory",
"title": "Evolution as fact and theory"
},
{
"id": "3059673",
"text": "first used the phrase – after reading Charles Darwin's \"On the Origin of Species\" – in his \"Principles of Biology\" of 1864 in which he drew parallels between his economic theories and Darwin's biological, evolutionary ones, writing, \"This survival of the fittest, which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms, is that which Mr. Darwin has called 'natural selection', or the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life.\" In July 1866 Alfred Russel Wallace wrote to Darwin about readers thinking that the phrase \"natural selection\" personified nature as \"selecting\", and said this misconception could be avoided",
"title": "Survival of the fittest"
},
{
"id": "9219618",
"text": "Naturalist on the River Amazons\" by Henry Walter Bates provided empirical evidence of natural selection. Lobbying brought Darwin Britain's highest scientific honour, the Royal Society's Copley Medal, awarded on 3 November 1864. That day, Huxley held the first meeting of what became the influential \"X Club\" devoted to \"science, pure and free, untrammelled by religious dogmas\". By the end of the decade most scientists agreed that evolution occurred, but only a minority supported Darwin's view that the chief mechanism was natural selection. The \"Origin of Species\" was translated into many languages, becoming a staple scientific text attracting thoughtful attention from",
"title": "Charles Darwin"
},
{
"id": "4016932",
"text": "published \"On the Origin of Species\" in 1859, he and Alfred Russel Wallace were regarded by their scientific peers as having originated (independently of each other) the theory of evolution by natural selection; it has been suggested that Darwin and/or Wallace had encountered Matthew's earlier work, but there is no hard evidence of this. After the publication of \"On the Origin of Species\", Matthew contacted Darwin, who in subsequent editions of the book acknowledged that the principle of natural selection had been anticipated by Matthew's brief statement, mostly contained in the appendices and \"addendum\" of his 1831 book, \"On Naval",
"title": "Patrick Matthew"
},
{
"id": "2508452",
"text": "Group selection Group selection is a proposed mechanism of evolution in which natural selection acts at the level of the group, instead of at the more conventional level of the individual. Early authors such as V. C. Wynne-Edwards and Konrad Lorenz argued that the behavior of animals could affect their survival and reproduction as groups, speaking for instance of actions for the good of the species. From the mid 1960s, evolutionary biologists such as John Maynard Smith argued that natural selection acted primarily at the level of the individual. They argued on the basis of mathematical models that individuals would",
"title": "Group selection"
},
{
"id": "12596370",
"text": "\"survival of the fittest\", but this expression originated in Herbert Spencer's \"Principles of Biology\" in 1864, five years after Charles Darwin published his original works. \"Survival of the fittest\" describes the process of natural selection incorrectly, because natural selection is not only about survival and it is not always the fittest that survives. Darwin's theory of natural selection laid the groundwork for modern evolutionary theory, and his experiments and observations showed that the organisms in populations varied from each other, that some of these variations were inherited, and that these differences could be acted on by natural selection. However, he",
"title": "Introduction to evolution"
},
{
"id": "280157",
"text": "perceived to be too weak to explain the range of observed characteristics of living organisms, and partly because even supporters of evolution balked at its \"unguided\" and non-progressive nature, a response that has been characterised as the single most significant impediment to the idea's acceptance. However, some thinkers enthusiastically embraced natural selection; after reading Darwin, Herbert Spencer introduced the phrase \"survival of the fittest\", which became a popular summary of the theory. The fifth edition of \"On the Origin of Species\" published in 1869 included Spencer's phrase as an alternative to natural selection, with credit given: \"But the expression often",
"title": "Natural selection"
},
{
"id": "4947053",
"text": "History of genetics The history of genetics dates from the classical era with contributions by Hippocrates, Aristotle and Epicurus. Modern biology began with the work of the Augustinian friar Gregor Johann Mendel. His work on pea plants, published in 1866,what is now Mendelian inheritance. Some theories of heredity suggest in the centuries before and for several decades after Mendel's work. The year 1900 marked the \"rediscovery of Mendel\" by Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns and Erich von Tschermak, and by 1915 the basic principles of Mendelian genetics had been applied to a wide variety of organisms—most notably the fruit fly",
"title": "History of genetics"
},
{
"id": "13026620",
"text": "(334 – 262 BC) the founder of the Stoic school of philosophy, agreed with Aristotle and other earlier philosophers that nature showed clear evidence of being designed for a purpose; this view is known as teleology. The Roman Stoic philosopher Cicero (106 – 43 BC) wrote that Zeno was known to have held the view, central to Stoic physics, that nature is primarily \"directed and concentrated...to secure for the world...the structure best fitted for survival.\" Epicurus (341 – 270 BC) anticipated the idea of natural selection. The Roman philosopher and atomist Lucretius (c. 99 – 55 BC) explicated these ideas",
"title": "History of evolutionary thought"
},
{
"id": "1009805",
"text": "Wallace's father, John Wallace, who was a well-known engineer and surveyor in the area. He had been elected San Joaquin County surveyor. John Wallace was also an elder brother of Alfred Russel Wallace, a leading 19th century British naturalist who independently developed a theory of natural selection around the same time as Charles Darwin. John Wallace had originally come to California for the California Gold Rush, but was unsuccessful as a miner. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which, 98.2% is land and 1.8% is water. The town's post office",
"title": "Wallace, California"
},
{
"id": "3491683",
"text": "Darwin apparently mistook Wallace's meaning, writing \"nothing very new... Uses my simile of tree, [but] it seems all creation with him\". However, he spelt out the details of Natural Selection to Lyell, who found the idea hard to accept but urged Darwin to publish to establish priority. On 14 May 1856 Darwin began what became his draft for a book titled \"Natural Selection\". Wallace collected specimens and corresponded with Darwin from Borneo. In December 1857, he wrote to ask if Darwin's book would delve into human origins, to which Darwin responded that \"I think I shall avoid the whole subject,",
"title": "On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection"
},
{
"id": "3491681",
"text": "of Edinburgh and the University of Cambridge. Influenced by Charles Lyell's \"Principles of Geology\", he became an able geologist as well as collecting plant and animal specimens, and fossils of gigantic extinct mammals. By the return journey, he was connecting patterns of geographical and historical distribution, and starting to doubt the stability of Species. In September 1838 he conceived his theory of natural selection as the cause of evolution, then as well as developing his career as a geologist and writer worked privately on finding evidence and answering possible objections, and set out his ideas in an essay written in",
"title": "On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection"
},
{
"id": "1296267",
"text": "Nations Population Fund marked 12 October 1999 as The Day of Six Billion. Julian Huxley Sir Julian Sorell Huxley FRS (22 June 1887 – 14 February 1975) was a British evolutionary biologist, eugenicist, and internationalist. He was a proponent of natural selection, and a leading figure in the mid-twentieth century modern synthesis. He was secretary of the Zoological Society of London (1935–1942), the first Director of UNESCO, a founding member of the World Wildlife Fund and the first President of the British Humanist Association. Huxley was well known for his presentation of science in books and articles, and on radio",
"title": "Julian Huxley"
},
{
"id": "280202",
"text": "attempts to explain features of human psychology in terms of adaptation to the ancestral environment. The most prominent example of evolutionary psychology, notably advanced in the early work of Noam Chomsky and later by Steven Pinker, is the hypothesis that the human brain has adapted to acquire the grammatical rules of natural language. Other aspects of human behaviour and social structures, from specific cultural norms such as incest avoidance to broader patterns such as gender roles, have been hypothesised to have similar origins as adaptations to the early environment in which modern humans evolved. By analogy to the action of",
"title": "Natural selection"
},
{
"id": "12596364",
"text": "at these museums. Darwin served as a ship's naturalist on board HMS \"Beagle\", assigned to a five-year research expedition around the world. During his voyage, he observed and collected an abundance of organisms, being very interested in the diverse forms of life along the coasts of South America and the neighboring Galápagos Islands. Darwin gained extensive experience as he collected and studied the natural history of life forms from distant places. Through his studies, he formulated the idea that each species had developed from ancestors with similar features. In 1838, he described how a process he called natural selection would",
"title": "Introduction to evolution"
},
{
"id": "7758",
"text": "is the most-cited naturalist in Darwin's \"Descent of Man\", occasionally in strong disagreement. Both Darwin and Wallace agreed on the importance of natural selection, and some of the factors responsible for it: competition between species and geographical isolation. But Wallace believed that evolution had a purpose (\"teleology\") in maintaining species' fitness to their environment, whereas Darwin hesitated to attribute any purpose to a random natural process. Scientific discoveries since the 19th century support Darwin's viewpoint, by identifying several additional mechanisms and triggers: Wallace remained an ardent defender of natural selection for the rest of his life. By the 1880s, evolution",
"title": "Alfred Russel Wallace"
},
{
"id": "16962428",
"text": "to his subsequent development of his theory of natural selection. Many years later, FitzRoy also suffered from depression, and committed suicide in 1865. Pringle Stokes was buried at the \"English Cemetery\", two miles from Port Famine. His gravestone is now displayed in the Museo Saleciano in Punta Arenas, about distant. Captain Phillip Parker King used Stokes' journal in preparing his official report of the voyage, but glossed over the suicide. In 2009 the State Library of New South Wales bought the remainder of Stokes' handwritten journal (parts had been eaten by rats) for AU$200,000. Notes Citations Sources Pringle Stokes Pringle",
"title": "Pringle Stokes"
},
{
"id": "397463",
"text": "Speciation Speciation is the evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species. The biologist Orator F. Cook coined the term in 1906 for cladogenesis, the splitting of lineages, as opposed to anagenesis, phyletic evolution within lineages. Charles Darwin was the first to describe the role of natural selection in speciation in his 1859 book \"The Origin of Species\". He also identified sexual selection as a likely mechanism, but found it problematic. There are four geographic modes of speciation in nature, based on the extent to which speciating populations are isolated from one another: allopatric, peripatric, parapatric, and sympatric.",
"title": "Speciation"
},
{
"id": "4771293",
"text": "several of his most famous essays: Later, from 1898 to 1909, Yan Fu went on to translate the following major works of Western liberal thought: Yan Fu Yan Fu (, IPA: ; courtesy name: Ji Dao, 幾道; 8 January 1854 — 27 October 1921) was a Chinese scholar and translator, most famous for introducing western ideas, including Darwin's \"natural selection\", to China in the late 19th century. On January 8, 1854, Yan Fu was born in what is modern day Fuzhou, Fujian Province to a respectable scholar-gentry family in the trade of Chinese medicine. In his early years, Yan Fu’s",
"title": "Yan Fu"
},
{
"id": "13026661",
"text": "how breeders selected traits, led to the inception of Darwin's theory of natural selection. Darwin did not publish his ideas on evolution for 20 years. However, he did share them with certain other naturalists and friends, starting with Joseph Dalton Hooker, with whom he discussed his unpublished 1844 essay on natural selection. During this period he used the time he could spare from his other scientific work to slowly refine his ideas and, aware of the intense controversy around transmutation, amass evidence to support them. In September 1854 he began full-time work on writing his book on natural selection. Unlike",
"title": "History of evolutionary thought"
},
{
"id": "953773",
"text": "Modern synthesis (20th century) The modern synthesis was the early 20th-century synthesis reconciling Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and Gregor Mendel's ideas on heredity in a joint mathematical framework. Julian Huxley coined the term in his 1942 book, \"\". The 19th century ideas of natural selection and Mendelian genetics were put together with population genetics, early in the twentieth century. The modern synthesis also addressed the relationship between the broad-scale changes of macroevolution seen by palaeontologists and the small-scale microevolution of local populations of living organisms. The synthesis was defined differently by its founders, with Ernst Mayr in 1959, G.",
"title": "Modern synthesis (20th century)"
},
{
"id": "4016947",
"text": "has surely not promulgated it in the Vestiges, and probably neither in conversations. In subsequent editions of \"The Origin of Species\", Darwin acknowledged Matthew's earlier work, stating that Matthew \"clearly saw...the full force of the principle of natural selection\". It is an urban myth that, from 1860 onward, Matthew would claim credit for natural selection and even had calling cards printed with \"Discoverer of the Principle of Natural Selection.\" This probably started with Loren Eiseley (1958. Darwin's Century), who apparently misunderstood a comment made by Darwin in a letter to Hooker (22 and 28 October 1865). Concerning the finding that",
"title": "Patrick Matthew"
},
{
"id": "12596385",
"text": "by mutation and by the recombination of genes during sexual reproduction. It defines evolution as the change in allelic frequencies within a population caused by genetic drift, gene flow between sub populations, and natural selection. Natural selection is emphasised as the most important mechanism of evolution; large changes are the result of the gradual accumulation of small changes over long periods of time. The modern evolutionary synthesis is the outcome of a merger of several different scientific fields to produce a more cohesive understanding of evolutionary theory. In the 1920s, Ronald Fisher, J.B.S. Haldane and Sewall Wright combined Darwin's theory",
"title": "Introduction to evolution"
},
{
"id": "262596",
"text": "Mendelian inheritance Mendelian inheritance is a type of biological inheritance that follows the laws originally proposed by Gregor Mendel in 1865 and 1866 and re-discovered in 1900. These laws were initially controversial. When Mendel's theories were integrated with the Boveri–Sutton chromosome theory of inheritance by Thomas Hunt Morgan in 1915, they became the core of classical genetics. Ronald Fisher combined these ideas with the theory of natural selection in his 1930 book \"The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection\", putting evolution onto a mathematical footing and forming the basis for population genetics within the modern evolutionary synthesis. The principles of Mendelian",
"title": "Mendelian inheritance"
},
{
"id": "13026637",
"text": "such of those of Gottfried Leibniz and Johann Gottfried Herder, regarded evolution as a fundamentally \"spiritual\" process. In 1751, Pierre Louis Maupertuis veered toward more materialist ground. He wrote of natural modifications occurring during reproduction and accumulating over the course of many generations, producing races and even new species, a description that anticipated in general terms the concept of natural selection. Maupertuis' ideas were in opposition to the influence of early taxonomists like John Ray. In the late 17th century, Ray had given the first formal definition of a biological species, which he described as being characterized by essential unchanging",
"title": "History of evolutionary thought"
},
{
"id": "13026610",
"text": "1920) included inheritance of acquired characteristics (neo-Lamarckism), an innate drive for change (orthogenesis), and sudden large mutations (saltationism). Mendelian genetics, a series of 19th-century experiments with pea plant variations rediscovered in 1900, was integrated with natural selection by Ronald Fisher, J. B. S. Haldane, and Sewall Wright during the 1910s to 1930s, and resulted in the founding of the new discipline of population genetics. During the 1930s and 1940s population genetics became integrated with other biological fields, resulting in a widely applicable theory of evolution that encompassed much of biology—the modern synthesis. Following the establishment of evolutionary biology, studies of",
"title": "History of evolutionary thought"
},
{
"id": "280177",
"text": "selection, if it occurs, acts on groups of organisms, on the assumption that groups replicate and mutate in an analogous way to genes and individuals. There is an ongoing debate over the degree to which group selection occurs in nature. Finally, selection can be classified according to the resource being competed for. Sexual selection results from competition for mates. Sexual selection typically proceeds via fecundity selection, sometimes at the expense of viability. Ecological selection is natural selection via any means other than sexual selection, such as kin selection, competition, and infanticide. Following Darwin, natural selection is sometimes defined as ecological",
"title": "Natural selection"
},
{
"id": "9330184",
"text": "changes in trait or gene frequency in a population of organisms from one generation to the next. This has been dubbed the standard genetic definition of evolution. Natural selection is only one of several mechanisms in the theory of evolutionary change that explains how organisms historically adapt to changing environments. The principles of heredity were re-discovered in 1900, after Darwin's death, in Gregor Mendel's research on the inheritance of simple trait variations in peas. Subsequent work into genetics, mutation, paleontology, and developmental biology expanded the applicability and scope of Darwin's original theory. According to Douglas J. Futuyma: The word \"evolution\"",
"title": "Evolution as fact and theory"
},
{
"id": "11790775",
"text": "was impressed with a passage that elaborated on how \"the weak and the unhealthy do not live to propagate their infirmities\". These writings, along with Darwin's correspondence via their mutual friend William Yarrell, aided Darwin in the inception of Darwin's theory of natural selection. Darwin's seminal work \"On the Origin of Species\", first published in 1859, cited Sir John's experiments in pigeon breeding, and recalled \"That most skilful breeder, Sir John Sebright, used to say, with respect to pigeons, that 'he would produce any given feather in three years, but it would take him six years to obtain head and",
"title": "Sebright chicken"
},
{
"id": "2735016",
"text": "wrote that it was \"certain to take rank as one of the major contributions to the theory of evolution.\" J. B. S. Haldane described it as \"brilliant.\" Reginald Punnett was negative, however. The book was largely overlooked for 40 years, and in particular Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection was misunderstood. The work had a great effect on W. D. Hamilton, who discovered it as an undergraduate at the University of Cambridge and noted in these excerpts from the rear cover of the 1999 variorum edition: The publication of the variorum edition in 1999 led to renewed interest in the",
"title": "The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection"
},
{
"id": "62880",
"text": "identified; these may have arisen from a single common ancestor that lived 650 million years ago in the Precambrian. Universal common descent through an evolutionary process was first proposed by the English naturalist Charles Darwin in the concluding sentence of his 1859 book \"On the Origin of Species\": In the 1740s, the French mathematician Pierre Louis Maupertuis made the first known suggestion that all organisms had a common ancestor, and had diverged through random variation and natural selection. In \"Essai de cosmologie\" (1750), Maupertuis noted: May we not say that, in the fortuitous combination of the productions of Nature, since",
"title": "Common descent"
},
{
"id": "280197",
"text": "and cosmological natural selection. This unlimited applicability has been called universal Darwinism. How life originated from inorganic matter remains an unresolved problem in biology. One prominent hypothesis is that life first appeared in the form of short self-replicating RNA polymers. On this view, life may have come into existence when RNA chains first experienced the basic conditions, as conceived by Charles Darwin, for natural selection to operate. These conditions are: heritability, variation of type, and competition for limited resources. The fitness of an early RNA replicator would likely have been a function of adaptive capacities that were intrinsic (i.e., determined",
"title": "Natural selection"
},
{
"id": "280200",
"text": "the ideology of communism, wrote in 1872 that \"Darwin did not know what a bitter satire he wrote on mankind, and especially on his countrymen, when he showed that free competition, the struggle for existence, which the economists celebrate as the highest historical achievement, is the normal state of the \"animal kingdom\".\" Herbert Spencer and the eugenics advocate Francis Galton's interpretation of natural selection as necessarily progressive, leading to supposed advances in intelligence and civilisation, became a justification for colonialism, eugenics, and social Darwinism. For example, in 1940, Konrad Lorenz, in writings that he subsequently disowned, used the theory as",
"title": "Natural selection"
},
{
"id": "2636385",
"text": "E. B. Ford Edmund Brisco \"Henry\" Ford (23 April 1901 – 2 January 1988) was a British ecological geneticist. He was a leader among those British biologists who investigated the role of natural selection in nature. As a schoolboy Ford became interested in lepidoptera, the group of insects which includes butterflies and moths. He went on to study the genetics of natural populations, and invented the field of ecological genetics. Ford was awarded the Royal Society's Darwin Medal in 1954. Ford was born in Dalton-in-Furness, near Ulverston, in Lancashire, England, in 1901. He was the only child of Harold Dodsworth",
"title": "E. B. Ford"
},
{
"id": "5916825",
"text": "In 1905, Theodoor Hendrik van de Velde, a Dutch gynecologist, showed that women only ovulate once per menstrual cycle. In the 1920s, Kyusaku Ogino, a Japanese gynecologist, and Hermann Knaus, from Austria, working independently, each made the discovery that ovulation occurs about fourteen days before the next menstrual period. Ogino used his discovery to develop a formula for use in aiding infertile women to time intercourse to achieve pregnancy. In 1930, John Smulders, a Roman Catholic physician from the Netherlands, used Knaus and Ogino's discoveries to create the rhythm method. Smulders published his work with the Dutch Roman Catholic medical",
"title": "Natural family planning"
},
{
"id": "11659352",
"text": "John Pringle Nichol; and botanist and evolutionary thinker Hewett Cottrell Watson. Charles Darwin, a medical student in Edinburgh in 1825–7, took part in phrenological discussions at the Plinian Society and returned to Edinburgh in 1838 when formulating his concepts concerning natural selection. Phrenology emerged from the views of the medical doctor and scientific researcher Franz Joseph Gall in 18th-century Vienna. Gall suggested that facets of the mind corresponded to regions of the brain, and that it was possible to determine character traits by examining the shape of a person's skull. This \"craniological\" aspect was greatly extended by his one-time disciple,",
"title": "Edinburgh Phrenological Society"
},
{
"id": "280196",
"text": "to Stephen Jay Gould, to \"dethrone some of the deepest and most traditional comforts of Western thought\", such as the belief that humans have a special place in the world. In the words of the philosopher Daniel Dennett, \"Darwin's dangerous idea\" of evolution by natural selection is a \"universal acid,\" which cannot be kept restricted to any vessel or container, as it soon leaks out, working its way into ever-wider surroundings. Thus, in the last decades, the concept of natural selection has spread from evolutionary biology to other disciplines, including evolutionary computation, quantum Darwinism, evolutionary economics, evolutionary epistemology, evolutionary psychology,",
"title": "Natural selection"
},
{
"id": "157094",
"text": "inherit traits from their parents has been used since prehistoric times to improve crop plants and animals through selective breeding. The modern science of genetics, seeking to understand this process, began with the work of the Augustinian friar Gregor Mendel in the mid-19th century. Prior to Mendel, Imre Festetics, a Hungarian noble, who lived in Kőszeg before Mendel, was the first who used the word \"genetics.\" He described several rules of genetic inheritance in his work \"The genetic law of the Nature\" (Die genetische Gesätze der Natur, 1819). His second law is the same as what Mendel published. In his",
"title": "Genetics"
},
{
"id": "15415633",
"text": "In spite of this he continued to run experiments on hybridization and the acclimation of plants for the production of new species. He studied heredity, and the flora of Brazil, and in 1860 he described twenty kinds of pumpkins. Both Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel studied his work, which is considered a precursor of modern genetics. In the \"Revue Horticole\" (1852), Naudin described the concept of natural selection. J. Arthur Thomson has noted: His main publication is \"Mémoire sur les hybrides du règne végétal\" which appeared in \"Recueil des savants étrangers\" and won him the Grand Prize of the Institute",
"title": "Charles Victor Naudin"
},
{
"id": "962966",
"text": "must also change accordingly. Lyell argued that climate changes complemented vegetation changes, thus connecting the environmental surroundings to varying species. This largely influenced Charles Darwin in his development of the theory of evolution. Charles Darwin was a natural theologist who studied around the world, and most importantly in the Galapagos Islands. Darwin introduced the idea of natural selection, as he theorized against previously accepted ideas that species were static or unchanging. His contributions to biogeography and the theory of evolution were different from those of other explorers of his time, because he developed a mechanism to describe the ways that",
"title": "Biogeography"
},
{
"id": "20352450",
"text": "Theodosius Dobzhansky was the first to provide a thorough description of the process in 1937, though the term itself was not coined until 1955 by W. Frank Blair. In 1930, Ronald Fisher laid out the first genetic description of the process of reinforcement in \"The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection\", and in 1965 and 1970 the first computer simulations were run to test for its plausibility. Later population genetic and quantitative genetic studies were conducted showing that completely unfit hybrids lead unequivocally to an increase in prezygotic isolation. Dobzhansky's idea gained significant support; he suggested that it illustrated the final",
"title": "Reinforcement (speciation)"
}
] | who came up with the process of natural selection |
[
"Alan Shearer"
] | [
{
"id": "1721193",
"text": "In terms of goal-scoring awards, Henry was the European Golden Boot winner in 2004 and 2005 (sharing it with Villarreal's Diego Forlán in 2005). Henry was also the top goalscorer in the Premier League for a record four seasons (2002, 2004, 2005, 2006). In 2006, he became the first player to score more than 20 goals in the league for five consecutive seasons (2002 to 2006). With 175, Henry is currently fifth in the list of all-time Premier League goalscorers, behind Alan Shearer, Andy Cole, Wayne Rooney and Frank Lampard. All of his Premier League goals were for Arsenal, giving",
"title": "Thierry Henry"
},
{
"id": "142732",
"text": "and Philippe Coutinho is now the most expensive transfer involving a Premier League club at £106 million. The highest transfer fee paid by a Premier League club is £89 million for Paul Pogba. The Golden Boot is awarded to the top Premier League scorer at the end of each season. Former Blackburn Rovers and Newcastle United striker Alan Shearer holds the record for most Premier League goals with 260. Twenty-eight players have reached the 100-goal mark. Since the first Premier League season in 1992–93, 14 players from 10 clubs have won or shared the top scorers title. Thierry Henry won",
"title": "Premier League"
},
{
"id": "12946401",
"text": "given to Chelsea for the third consecutive year. Chelsea collected the Premier League Merit Award for being the first team to score 100 goals in a Premier League season. 2009–10 Premier League The 2009–10 Premier League (known as the Barclays Premier League for sponsorship reasons) was the 18th season of the Premier League since its establishment in 1992. A total of 20 teams competed in the league, with Chelsea unseating the three-time defending champions Manchester United, scoring a then Premier League record 103 goals in the process. The season began on 15 August 2009 and concluded on 9 May 2010.",
"title": "2009–10 Premier League"
},
{
"id": "15960493",
"text": "points and goals of every team that has played in the Premier League since its inception in 1992. The table that follows is accurate as of the end of the 2017–18 season. Teams in bold are part of the 2018–19 Premier League. Numbers in bold are the record (highest either positive or negative) numbers in each column. League or status at 2018–19: Premier League records and statistics The top tier of English football was renamed the Premier League for the start of the 1992–93 season. The following page details the football records and statistics of the Premier League. Players currently",
"title": "Premier League records and statistics"
},
{
"id": "13406463",
"text": "37 seconds, making it the 12th-fastest hat-trick in Premier League history. On 4 February 2017, Lukaku scored four goals, the first of which was Everton's fastest ever Premier League goal, against Bournemouth in a 6–3 victory at Goodison Park. It was also the 300th hat-trick scored in the Premier League. On 25 February 2017, he equalled Duncan Ferguson's club record for Premier League goals, scoring his 60th EPL goal for the Toffees in a 2–0 victory over Sunderland at Goodison Park. On 5 March, he surpassed Ferguson to become the outright record holder, scoring in a 3–2 loss against Tottenham",
"title": "Romelu Lukaku"
},
{
"id": "2464315",
"text": "in June 2001. Schmeichel returned to England with Aston Villa in July 2001, signing a one-year contract with the option to extend it by a further year. On 20 October 2001, Schmeichel became the first goalkeeper to score a Premier League goal, in a 3–2 defeat away to Everton; this feat has been repeated only four times: by Blackburn Rovers' Brad Friedel on 21 February 2004, also from a corner kick; by Tottenham Hotspur's Paul Robinson from a free-kick on 17 March 2007; by Everton's Tim Howard on 4 January 2012; and by Stoke City's Asmir Begović on 2 November",
"title": "Peter Schmeichel"
},
{
"id": "17113312",
"text": "by a 2–0 victory over West Bromwich Albion on 7 May. Norwich City, Fulham, and Cardiff City were the bottom three teams and were relegated to the Football League Championship. Two teams (Manchester City and Liverpool) scored more than 100 goals for the first time in league history. The feat has only once been achieved before – by Chelsea in 2009–10. Luis Suárez won the golden boot for most goals with 31, ahead of teammate Daniel Sturridge who came second with 21 goals. Wojciech Szczęsny of Arsenal and Petr Čech of Chelsea led the league with 16 clean sheets each.",
"title": "2013–14 Premier League"
},
{
"id": "2313304",
"text": "a 3–2 win. In total during his first season, Van Nistelrooy scored 23 goals in 32 league games. He broke the record he shared with Mark Stein, Alan Shearer and Thierry Henry, by scoring in eight consecutive league games. He also scored ten Champions League goals, and was named the PFA Players' Player of the Year. The following season, he finished as the top Premier League scorer with 25 goals in 34 games, with a goal on the final day against Everton earning him the Golden Boot ahead of Arsenal's Thierry Henry. His tally included three hat-tricks against Newcastle United,",
"title": "Ruud van Nistelrooy"
},
{
"id": "15960492",
"text": "Premier League records and statistics The top tier of English football was renamed the Premier League for the start of the 1992–93 season. The following page details the football records and statistics of the Premier League. Players currently playing in the Premier League are highlighted in bold. Players currently playing in the Premier League are highlighted in bold. Players currently playing in the Premier League are highlighted in bold. This is a list of the top 10 youngest players to score a goal in the Premier League. The all-time Premier League table is a cumulative record of all match results,",
"title": "Premier League records and statistics"
},
{
"id": "142733",
"text": "his fourth overall scoring title by scoring 27 goals in the 2005–06 season. Andrew Cole and Alan Shearer hold the record for most goals in a season (34) – for Newcastle and Blackburn respectively. Ryan Giggs of Manchester United holds the record for scoring goals in consecutive seasons, having scored in the first 21 seasons of the league. The Premier League maintains two trophies – the genuine trophy (held by the reigning champions) and a spare replica. Two trophies are held in the event that two clubs could win the League on the final day of the season. In the",
"title": "Premier League"
},
{
"id": "4326843",
"text": "holds the Premier League record for the most goals scored as a substitute, with 22, as of 11 January 2014. On 19 November 2016, Defoe scored his 150th Premier League goal, becoming the joint tenth-highest goal scorer in Premier League history. Defoe made his England debut in 2004 and has made 57 appearances, scoring 20 goals, including three appearances and a goal at the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Born in Beckton, London, Defoe attended St Joachim Primary School in Custom House, London and St Bonaventure's in Forest Gate, London. Defoe grew up in Canning Town and when his family moved",
"title": "Jermain Defoe"
},
{
"id": "15240831",
"text": "The hat-trick, his sixth of the year in the Premier League (eighth in all competitions), also made him the first player in Premier League history to score six hat-tricks in a year. With a total of 56 goals scored in all competitions for the year, he also became Europe's top goal scorer of 2017, breaking the seven-year dominance of Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo as Europe's top goalscorer in a calendar year. In January 2018, he scored twice in the 4–0 home win against Everton, and became Tottenham's top goalscorer in the Premier League era, breaking Teddy Sheringham's record of",
"title": "Harry Kane"
},
{
"id": "12946389",
"text": "2009–10 Premier League The 2009–10 Premier League (known as the Barclays Premier League for sponsorship reasons) was the 18th season of the Premier League since its establishment in 1992. A total of 20 teams competed in the league, with Chelsea unseating the three-time defending champions Manchester United, scoring a then Premier League record 103 goals in the process. The season began on 15 August 2009 and concluded on 9 May 2010. Prior to each opening week match, a minute's applause was held in memory of Sir Bobby Robson. Nike provided a new match ball – the T90 Ascente – for",
"title": "2009–10 Premier League"
},
{
"id": "690125",
"text": "world's greatest living players. Shearer scored 283 league goals in his career (all in the first tier of English football), including a record 260 in the Premier League (of which 58 were penalties) with a record 11 Premier League hat-tricks, and a total of 422 in all competitions including international at all levels. Until his retirement from international football in 2000, he appeared 63 times for his country and scored 30 goals. Shearer had a goals-to-game ratio of 0.667 throughout his career. Since retiring as a player in 2006, Shearer has worked as a television pundit for the BBC. In",
"title": "Alan Shearer"
},
{
"id": "15801368",
"text": "Month and Player of the Season awards were only first bestowed during the 1994–95 season. The first Player of the Season award was given to Blackburn Rovers striker Alan Shearer, who won the Premier League title with his team and the Golden Boot that season. Thierry Henry, Cristiano Ronaldo and Nemanja Vidić have been Player of the Season on two occasions each and are the only players to have won the award more than once, with Ronaldo having achieved this in consecutive years (2007 and 2008). Eight players were the Premier League's leading goalscorer and won the Golden Boot alongside",
"title": "Premier League Player of the Season"
},
{
"id": "1622601",
"text": "League goals being the most scored by a player for any single club. Rooney's 208 Premier League goals make him the Premier League's second top scorer of all time behind only Alan Shearer. He also has the third-highest number of assists in the Premier League, with 103. Rooney made his senior international debut for England in February 2003 aged 17, becoming the youngest player to represent England (a record since broken by Theo Walcott) and he is England's youngest ever goalscorer. He played at UEFA Euro 2004 and scored four goals, briefly becoming the youngest goalscorer in the history of",
"title": "Wayne Rooney"
},
{
"id": "1622650",
"text": "putting him on 187 Premier League goals, joint second with Andy Cole and behind only Alan Shearer. After an injury-related absence, Rooney returned to the starting line-up on 19 December, making his 500th Manchester United appearance in a 2–1 home loss to Norwich City. On 2 January 2016, Rooney scored in a 2–1 win over Swansea to move ahead of Cole as the Premier League's second top scorer of all time, and with 238 he surpassed Denis Law in United's top scorers of all time, behind only Bobby Charlton's 249. Fifteen days later, he scored the only goal in a",
"title": "Wayne Rooney"
},
{
"id": "6662889",
"text": "the highest goals per minute ratio in the history of the competition since its formation in 1992, averaging a goal every 106 minutes, ahead of Thierry Henry. He also holds the joint-record for the most goals scored in a single Premier League match – five – and the fastest to do so, in 23 minutes and 34 seconds of match time. He is the highest non-European scorer in the history of the Premier League, with over 100 goals in the division. In November 2017, Agüero became Manchester City's all-time highest goal-scorer, scoring his 178th City goal against Napoli. Agüero is",
"title": "Sergio Agüero"
},
{
"id": "142676",
"text": "old First and Second Divisions with three teams relegated from the league and three promoted. The league held its first season in 1992–93. It was composed of 22 clubs for that season. The first Premier League goal was scored by Brian Deane of Sheffield United in a 2–1 win against Manchester United. The 22 inaugural members of the new Premier League were Arsenal, Aston Villa, Blackburn Rovers, Chelsea, Coventry City, Crystal Palace, Everton, Ipswich Town, Leeds United, Liverpool, Manchester City, Manchester United, Middlesbrough, Norwich City, Nottingham Forest, Oldham Athletic, Queens Park Rangers, Sheffield United, Sheffield Wednesday, Southampton, Tottenham Hotspur, and",
"title": "Premier League"
},
{
"id": "6642720",
"text": "they ended the campaign as Division Three champions. Brian Talbot took Rushden & Diamonds, founded just nine years prior, into the Football League as Conference champions. Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink, Chelsea's record signing at £15 million, topped the Premiership goalscoring charts with 23 goals. Marcus Stewart was the Premiership's second-highest goalscorer with 19 goals for newly promoted Ipswich Town, who qualified for the UEFA Cup. Teddy Sheringham, 35, was voted Player of the Year by both the PFA and FWA after helping Manchester United win their third successive Premiership title. Michael Owen helped Liverpool end their six-year trophy drought after his",
"title": "2000–01 in English football"
},
{
"id": "7272930",
"text": "City, and this goal took him to the top of the goal scorers list with 5 goals in 6 games. He followed it with two more goals against Liverpool, further solidifying his position as top scorer in the English Premier League. He also scored penalties in 2–1 victories over Portsmouth and Newcastle. At one point he was the third top scorer in the Premier League behind Chelsea's Nicolas Anelka and Manchester City's Robinho who had 15 and 12 respectively to Zaki's 10, however he failed to add to that tally in which Anelka finished top with 19. Wigan Athletic chairman",
"title": "Amr Zaki"
},
{
"id": "14060018",
"text": "the Decade. Les Ferdinand was recognised as scorer of the 10,000th Premier League goal, David Seaman was credited as the goalkeeper with most clean sheets in the league (130), and Gary Speed was credited with the most league appearances (352). Football is the most watched sport in England, and the Premier League along with the FA Cup are the two most prestigious English club football competitions. In 1991, league football in England underwent a major change, when the 22 teams in the First Division, the then top division of The Football League system, resigned en-masse to form the Premier League.",
"title": "Premier League 10 Seasons Awards"
},
{
"id": "14552433",
"text": "Premier League Golden Boot, with Henry achieving this on two occasions (2004 and 2005). Shearer, Hasselbaink and Van Persie are the only players to win the Golden Boot with two clubs. Andy Cole and Shearer – with 34 goals in 1993–94 and 1994–95, respectively – scored the most goals to win the Golden Boot when the Premier League was a 42-game season, Mohamed Salah with 32 goals in 2017–18 holds the record for the current 38-game season, while Nicolas Anelka scored the fewest to clinch the award outright, with 19 goals in 2008–09. The all-time record for lowest number of",
"title": "Premier League Golden Boot"
},
{
"id": "142666",
"text": "to £2.4 billion in 2016–17. The Premier League is the most-watched sports league in the world, broadcast in 212 territories to 643 million homes and a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people. In the 2014–15 season, the average Premier League match attendance exceeded 36,000, second highest of any professional football league behind the Bundesliga's 43,500. Most stadium occupancies are near capacity. The Premier League ranks second in the UEFA coefficients of leagues based on performances in European competitions over the past five seasons, as of 2018. Forty-nine clubs have competed since the inception of the Premier League in 1992.",
"title": "Premier League"
},
{
"id": "1448232",
"text": "1894. Reading have lost the two highest-scoring matches in the history of the Premier League; Portsmouth 7–4 Reading on 29 September 2007, and Tottenham Hotspur 6–4 Reading on 29 December 2007, as well as losing the highest-scoring League Cup game, Reading 5–7 Arsenal on 30 October 2012. The player with the most league appearances is Martin Hicks, with 500 from 1978 to 1991. The most capped player is Kevin Doyle, who earned 26 for the Republic of Ireland whilst at the club. The most league goals in total and in a season are held by Ronnie Blackman with 158 from",
"title": "Reading F.C."
},
{
"id": "14060032",
"text": "Player of the Year by the Professional Footballers' Association in April 1995. While coming to the end of his spell with Blackburn, in 1996 Shearer became the first player to score 100 Premier League goals. After renewed interest from Manchester United, who initially tried to sign him before Blackburn, a 25-year-old Shearer invoked a release clause in his Blackburn contract and moved to Newcastle United in July 1996 for a world football transfer record of £15m. This nearly doubled the previous British record of £8.5m for Stan Collymore a year earlier. Blackburn had refused Manchester United's offer, and although other",
"title": "Premier League 10 Seasons Awards"
},
{
"id": "905876",
"text": "in Division 2 in 1930–31 and from 1951–54). They are one of six teams to have played in every season of the Premier League since its inception in August 1992 – the others being Arsenal, Chelsea, Liverpool, Manchester United, and Tottenham Hotspur. Everton against Aston Villa is the most played fixture in England's top flight. As of the 2012–13 season, the two founding members of the Football League have played a record 196 league games. Everton's community department, Everton in the Community (EitC), is a charity that provides sports and other social activities for the local community including for people",
"title": "Everton F.C."
},
{
"id": "142664",
"text": "Premier League The Premier League (often referred to as the English Premier League (EPL) outside England) is the top level of the English football league system. Contested by 20 clubs, it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the English Football League (EFL). The Premier League is a corporation in which the member clubs act as shareholders. Seasons run from August to May with each team playing 38 matches (playing each other home and away). Most games are played on Saturday and Sunday afternoons. The Premier League has featured 47 English and two Welsh clubs since its inception,",
"title": "Premier League"
},
{
"id": "142667",
"text": "Six of them have won the title since then: Manchester United (13), Chelsea (5), Arsenal (3), Manchester City (3), Blackburn Rovers (1), and Leicester City (1). Following the 2003–04 season, Arsenal acquired the nickname \"The Invincibles\" as they became, and still remain, the only club to complete a Premier League campaign without losing a single game. The record of most points in a Premier League season is 100 by Manchester City in 2017–18. Despite significant European success in the 1970s and early 1980s, the late 1980s marked a low point for English football. Stadiums were crumbling, supporters endured poor facilities,",
"title": "Premier League"
},
{
"id": "19987953",
"text": "2017–18 Premier League The 2017–18 Premier League was the 26th season of the Premier League, the top English professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1992. The season started on 11 August 2017 and concluded on 13 May 2018. Fixtures for the 2017–18 season were announced on 14 June 2017. Chelsea were the defending champions, while Newcastle United, Brighton & Hove Albion and Huddersfield Town entered as the promoted teams from the 2016–17 EFL Championship. Manchester City won their third Premier League title, and fifth English top-flight title overall, with five games to spare. The team broke",
"title": "2017–18 Premier League"
},
{
"id": "13404231",
"text": "awarded the effort to Bentley. It became Tottenham's biggest ever Premier League win, the second biggest in Premier League history, and only the second time any team had scored nine goals in the Premier League since its inception in 1992. Defoe also got himself in the record books, becoming only the third player to score five goals in a Premier League match, the others being Andy Cole and Alan Shearer. Tottenham ended the month with a trip to Villa Park to face Aston Villa. Early into the first half, Aston Villa drew first blood with Gabriel Agbonlahor poking the ball",
"title": "2009–10 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season"
},
{
"id": "14552432",
"text": "Originally consisting of 22 teams, the league contracted to 20 teams after the 1994–95 season; this reduced the number of games played from 42 to 38. Thierry Henry has won the Golden Boot on four occasions, more than any other player. Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink and Dwight Yorke were the first non-English and non-European winners, respectively, when they shared the award with Michael Owen in 1999. Alan Shearer is the only player other than Henry to win the award in three consecutive seasons. Phillips, Henry, Cristiano Ronaldo and Luis Suárez won the European Golden Shoe in the same season as the",
"title": "Premier League Golden Boot"
},
{
"id": "3783892",
"text": "Peter Crouch Peter James Crouch (born 30 January 1981) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for Championship club Stoke City. He was capped 42 times by the England national team between 2005 and 2010, scoring 22 goals for his country in that time, and appearing at two World Cups. Crouch is one of 28 players to have scored 100 or more Premier League goals, holding the record for the most headed goals in Premier League history. Crouch began his career as a trainee with Tottenham Hotspur. He failed to make an appearance for Spurs and after",
"title": "Peter Crouch"
},
{
"id": "3783937",
"text": "Peter Crouch Peter James Crouch (born 30 January 1981) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for Championship club Stoke City. He was capped 42 times by the England national team between 2005 and 2010, scoring 22 goals for his country in that time, and appearing at two World Cups. Crouch is one of 28 players to have scored 100 or more Premier League goals, holding the record for the most headed goals in Premier League history. Crouch began his career as a trainee with Tottenham Hotspur. He failed to make an appearance for Spurs and after",
"title": "Peter Crouch"
},
{
"id": "6103803",
"text": "7–4 win over Reading, which broke the record for the most goals scored in a Premier League match, and a league match shown on \"Match of the Day\". After Portsmouth's visit to Wigan on 20 October, Benjani became the Premier League's top scorer. Portsmouth boss Harry Redknapp banned Benjani from taking any further penalties after he missed a spot-kick in second-half injury time in a home game against West Ham United. He then made amends for his miss scoring in the 4–1 victory over Newcastle United to bring his total to eight for the season. He then scored his ninth",
"title": "Benjani Mwaruwari"
},
{
"id": "3790980",
"text": "Dempsey finished fourth on the FWA Footballer of the Year list behind the winner, Arsenal's Robin van Persie, and Manchester United pair Wayne Rooney and Paul Scholes, who came in second and third, respectively. Dempsey became the first American player to reach the milestone of fifty goals in the Premier League, with a free kick against Sunderland in the last home game of the season. On August 31, 2012, Fulham confirmed Dempsey's transfer to Tottenham Hotspur. On August 31, 2012, Dempsey joined Tottenham Hotspur on a three-year contract for a fee believed to be in the region of $9 million.",
"title": "Clint Dempsey"
},
{
"id": "16446665",
"text": "Arsenal, Aston Villa, Chelsea, Everton, Liverpool, Manchester United, and Tottenham Hotspur. In that time, only five teams ever won the League title: Manchester United (twelve times), Arsenal (thrice), Chelsea (thrice), Manchester City (once) and Blackburn Rovers (once). Manchester United were also the most successful team overall, never finishing outside of the top-three positions. The awards were divided into 11 categories. Fans could vote for Best Goal, Best Match, Best Save, Best Celebration and Fantasy XI of the 20 Seasons on the Premier League website. A panel selected winners for Best Player, Best Manager, Best Team, Best Season, Best Quote and",
"title": "Premier League 20 Seasons Awards"
},
{
"id": "3790958",
"text": "eventually becoming the club's leading Premier League goalscorer. Dempsey also became the first American player to score a hat-trick in the Premier League during a 5–2 win against Newcastle United in 2012. On August 31, 2012, Tottenham signed Dempsey for a fee of $9.6 million, then a record signing for an American. Dempsey scored 12 goals in one season with Tottenham, giving him 72 goals across all competitions for Premier League clubs—the most by an American in a top-tier European league. He was signed by the Seattle Sounders the following year and played 115 matches for the club, scoring 47",
"title": "Clint Dempsey"
},
{
"id": "4322785",
"text": "Gareth Barry Gareth Barry (born 23 February 1981) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for EFL Championship club West Bromwich Albion. A former England international, Barry has made 653 Premier League appearances for Aston Villa, Manchester City, Everton and West Bromwich Albion, the highest number of appearances in the Premier League. Barry moved to Aston Villa from Brighton & Hove Albion as a youngster, and spent 12 years at the club. He captained Aston Villa and is eighth in their all-time list of appearances, with 441 across all competitions, including 365 in the Premier League. He",
"title": "Gareth Barry"
},
{
"id": "1951313",
"text": "Northern Ireland, George Best and Pat Jennings; from Scotland, Kenny Dalglish and Jimmy Johnstone; and from Wales, Ian Rush and Ryan Giggs. The first recipient of the Ballon d'Or, Stanley Matthews was knighted while still a player. The English Premier League (formed in 1992 by member clubs of the old Football League First Division) is the most-watched football league in the world, and its biggest clubs include Manchester United, Liverpool, Arsenal, Chelsea, Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester City. Scotland's Celtic and Rangers also have a global fanbase. Leicester City's 2016 Premier League title win is regarded among the greatest sporting upsets",
"title": "Culture of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "15240832",
"text": "97 Premier League goals for the club. On 4 February, Kane scored an added-time penalty to equalise in a 2–2 draw with Liverpool at Anfield for his 100th Premier League goal; he achieved the century of league goals in 141 games, beaten only by Alan Shearer's 124. He was named in the PFA Team of the Year for the fourth consecutive season in April 2018, alongside fellow forwards Mohamed Salah and Sergio Agüero. On 8 June, Kane signed a new contract to keep him at the club until 2024. Kane started the season opener against Newcastle United without scoring, before",
"title": "Harry Kane"
},
{
"id": "17231241",
"text": "156 goals in all competitions, breaking the previous goal aggregate record of 143 goals set by Manchester United in 1956–57. Their 100th Premier League goal of the season was scored in the 4–0 victory over Aston Villa on 7 May 2014. This was the first time City had scored more than 100 league goals in the top English division in a season since 1957–58. Coincidentally, their 100th goal was notable for another reason, as it became the first goal in all of English league football to be decided via the Hawk-Eye system, which had been rolled out for use in",
"title": "2013–14 Manchester City F.C. season"
},
{
"id": "14204574",
"text": "9 December, he made his 200th career appearance for Tottenham and marked the occasion by scoring in a 5–1 Premier League win over Stoke City. The following month, he scored his 50th goal for the club when he netted after just 11 seconds in the 2–0 league win over Manchester United. Eriksen's goal was the third-fastest goal ever scored in the Premier League era, bettered only by Alan Shearer and former Spurs captain Ledley King. On 17 March 2018, Eriksen scored twice in an FA Cup fixture against Swansea to send Spurs to the semi-final for the second season running.",
"title": "Christian Eriksen"
},
{
"id": "2220468",
"text": "Robbie Fowler Robert Bernard Fowler (born 9 April 1975) is an English former professional footballer and manager who played as a striker from 1993 to 2012. Fowler was known for being a natural scorer with an instinctive goal-poaching ability. Fowler is best remembered for his time at Liverpool and is the sixth-highest goalscorer in the history of the Premier League. He scored 183 goals in total for Liverpool, 128 of which were scored in the Premier League (162 Premier League goals in total). He earned the nickname \"God\" from the Anfield crowd, becoming a club legend due to his ruthlessness",
"title": "Robbie Fowler"
},
{
"id": "6662943",
"text": "over Cardiff City. On 4 November, Agüero scored his 150th Premier League goal in a 6–1 home win over Southampton, which was his 217th Premier League appearance; he became only the ninth player in history to achieve this landmark, and only the third player after Thierry Henry and Wayne Rooney to manage this tally with a single side. He was also the second-fastest player to reach this milestone, after Alan Shearer, who took five fewer appearances. On 11 November 2018, Agüero scored the second goal in a 3–1 win against Manchester United, making him the joint highest scorer in Manchester",
"title": "Sergio Agüero"
},
{
"id": "13070977",
"text": "record for the fewest goals needed to win the award, with his return of 10 goals for Kaizer Chiefs in the 2013–14 season earning him the accolade. The award has only been shared once in the Premier Division's history, an occurrence which took place after the 2017–18 season after Rodney Ramagalela of Polokwane City and Percy Tau of Mamelodi Sundowns both ended the campaign on 11 goals. Players from Moroka Swallows and Kaizer Chiefs have won the award the most times, with each club having four unique winners. The award has been won on fourteen occasions by South African nationals,",
"title": "Lesley Manyathela Golden Boot"
},
{
"id": "3783921",
"text": "Crouch scored a hat-trick away to Stevenage in the EFL Cup, on 23 August 2016 in a 4–0 win. On 9 January 2017, Crouch signed a new contract with Stoke in a deal lasting until the summer of 2018. Crouch scored four goals in five games at the turn of the year including his 100th Premier League goal, the oldest player to hit the landmark. Crouch made 29 appearances in 2016–17, scoring ten goals, as Stoke finished in 13th position. After the season ended Crouch stated that he wants to continue playing until he is 40. Crouch set a record",
"title": "Peter Crouch"
},
{
"id": "4047448",
"text": "coached by ex-Chelsea manager José Mourinho, at the Round of 16 stage. Ancelotti and Mourinho had a tense relationship from the previous season, as managers of Milan and Inter respectively. Chelsea was eliminated from the Champions League on 16 March 2010 after a 1–3 aggregate loss to Inter, having lost 1–2 away and 0–1 at Stamford Bridge. On 9 May 2010, Ancelotti led Chelsea to the Premier League title, beating Manchester United by one point and setting scoring records. The team finished the campaign with 103 goals, becoming the first team in the Premier League to score more than 100",
"title": "Carlo Ancelotti"
},
{
"id": "14552434",
"text": "goals scored to be bestowed the award, however, is 18 goals; this was achieved during the 1997–98 and 1998–99 seasons, when the award was shared between three players both times. The latter season marked the last time the Golden Boot was shared until 2010–11, when Dimitar Berbatov and Carlos Tevez both scored 20 goals that season to tie for the award. Harry Kane recorded the highest goals-to-games ratio to win the award, scoring 29 goals in 30 games in 2016–17 for a rate of 0.97. General Specific Premier League Golden Boot The Premier League Golden Boot is an annual association",
"title": "Premier League Golden Boot"
},
{
"id": "636893",
"text": "of the 1970s, goalscorers like McDonald often attract fame but Sunderland goalkeeper Jim Montgomery's double save, which helped Sunderland then a second Division club, beat at that time an all conquering Leeds United team to win the 1973 FA Cup Final by an Ian Porterfield goal, is an incident that is frequently and fondly recalled. Great players of the 1980s and 1990s include local born internationals like Peter Beardsley, Paul Gascoigne, Chris Waddle and Alan Shearer. Shearer remains the highest scoring player in Premier League history with 260 goals in 441 appearances. In the early 2000s Middlesbrough also joined the",
"title": "North East England"
},
{
"id": "1721194",
"text": "him the record for most goals in the competition for one club, until it was broken by Rooney in 2016. France's all-time record goalscorer was, in his prime in the mid 2000s, regarded by many coaches, footballers and journalists as one of the best players in the world. In November 2007, he was ranked 33rd on the Association of Football Statisticians' compendium for \"Greatest Ever Footballers.\" Arsenal fans honoured their former player in 2008, declaring Henry the greatest Arsenal player. In two other 2008 surveys, Henry emerged as the favourite Premier League player of all time among 32,000 people surveyed",
"title": "Thierry Henry"
},
{
"id": "19987954",
"text": "numerous Premier League records over the course of the season, including: most points (100), most wins (32), most away wins (16), most goals (106), most consecutive league wins (18), highest goal difference (+79), most passes in a game (903), fewest minutes behind in matches (153 minutes) and biggest winning points margin (19). All three promoted clubs avoided relegation for the first time since the 2011–12 campaign, and for only the third time in Premier League history. From this season on, club strips can feature sleeve sponsorship, whereby sponsors' logos will appear on the left sleeve of the strip in lieu",
"title": "2017–18 Premier League"
},
{
"id": "142737",
"text": "issued annually for Manager of the Season, Player of the Season. and Goal of the Season. The Golden Boot award is given to the top goalscorer of every season, The Playmaker of the Season award is given to the player who make the most assists of every season and the Golden Glove award is given to the goalkeeper with the most clean sheets at the end of the season. From the 2017–18 season, players also receive a milestone award for 100 appearances and every century there after and also players who score 50 goals and multiples thereof. Each player to",
"title": "Premier League"
},
{
"id": "7548320",
"text": "top of the table with Manchester United several times, and were briefly leapfrogged by Arsenal, they sealed their third Premier League title in six seasons with an emphatic 8–0 home win over Wigan on the final day of the season. The win also took Chelsea's league goal tally for the season to 103, the highest since Tottenham Hotspur scored 111 in the 1962–63 season, and the first time in Premier League history that a club had scored 100 or more goals in a season. A week later, Chelsea completed the first \"league title and FA Cup double\" in their history",
"title": "History of Chelsea F.C."
},
{
"id": "2879111",
"text": "they finished third and qualified for the UEFA Cup. Cole scored 41 total goals in all competitions – breaking the club's goalscoring record which had been set by Hughie Gallacher nearly 70 years earlier (Gallacher still holds the record for the highest number of league goals in a season with 36). His first top division goal was in a 1–1 draw against defending league champions Manchester United (who went on to win the double) at Old Trafford on 21 August. This was Newcastle's first goal in the Premier League. Exactly three months later, Cole scored all three goals as \"the",
"title": "Andy Cole"
},
{
"id": "20161209",
"text": "during the season, including: most points (100), most away points (50), most points ahead of second (19), most wins (32), most away wins (16), most goals (106), best goal difference (+79) and most consecutive victories (18). The team also equalled the record for the earliest Premier League title win (5 games to spare), beating of every other team in the league throughout the season and recording the most consecutive away wins (11). An Amazon Original docuseries of the season titled \"\" was released on Amazon Video on 17 August 2018. On 1 November, Sergio Agüero scored his 178th City goal",
"title": "2017–18 Manchester City F.C. season"
},
{
"id": "5272211",
"text": "title in their history. This title was also his second time of winning the award in as many seasons. Thierry Henry was named the winner of the Premier League Golden Boot award. The Arsenal striker scored 27 goals in the league and was presented with the award at Arsenal's last ever game at Highbury. Liverpool goalkeeper Pepe Reina won the Premier League Golden Glove award for the first time. He achieved clean sheets in 20 Premier League games. The Premier League Fair Play League was won by Charlton Athletic, ahead of fellow London team Arsenal. The least sporting side was",
"title": "2005–06 FA Premier League"
},
{
"id": "1711497",
"text": "Only Manchester United, Liverpool and Arsenal have more all-time points. With 7,733 league goals scored over 119 seasons (as of the end of 2017-18 season), Wolves have the third highest total of all-time league goals: only Manchester United and Liverpool have more. Football League First Division, superseded by the Premier League (Tier 1) EFL Championship/Football League Second Division (1892–1992) (Tier 2) EFL League One/Football League Third Division (Tier 3) Football League Fourth Division (Tier 4) UEFA Cup FA Cup Football League Cup FA Charity Shield Football League Trophy Texaco Cup Wolverhampton Wanderers was a founder member of the Football League",
"title": "Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C."
},
{
"id": "142738",
"text": "reach these milestones will receive a presentation box from the Premier League containing a special medallion and a plaque commemorating their achievement. In 2012, the Premier League celebrated its second decade by holding the 20 Seasons Awards: Premier League The Premier League (often referred to as the English Premier League (EPL) outside England) is the top level of the English football league system. Contested by 20 clubs, it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the English Football League (EFL). The Premier League is a corporation in which the member clubs act as shareholders. Seasons run from August",
"title": "Premier League"
},
{
"id": "525248",
"text": "establishment in 1992–93. They are ninth in the All-time FA Premier League table, and have the fifth highest total of major honours (20) won by an English club. Aston Villa currently hold the record number of league goals scored by any team in the English top flight; 128 goals were scored in the 1930–31 season, one more than Arsenal who won the league that season for the very first time, with Villa runners-up. Villa legend Archie Hunter became the first player to score in every round of the FA Cup in Villa's victorious 1887 campaign. Villa's longest unbeaten home run",
"title": "Aston Villa F.C."
},
{
"id": "15240830",
"text": "a 3–0 group stage win against Cypriot champions APOEL. He was awarded Premier League Player of the Month for the fifth time, and named September 2017 – in which he scored 13 goals in 10 club and international games – as the best month of his career. On 23 December, Kane equalled Alan Shearer's record of 36 Premier League goals in a calendar year, having scored a hat-trick in a 0–3 away win to Burnley. He surpassed Shearer's record the following game with another hat-trick in the 5–2 home win against Southampton, ending the year with 39 Premier League goals.",
"title": "Harry Kane"
},
{
"id": "12274390",
"text": "tallied 16 goals in Premier League play. According to Opta statistics, that gives him a minutes per goal ratio of 104.6, which sets the record for the best minutes per goal ratio in Premier League history (minimum 10 goals). Aubameyang became the first player to reach 10 goals in the Premier League, following a brace in Arsenal's 4-2 victory over Tottenham Hotspur in the North London derby. Aubameyang scored the Gunners' opening goal from the penalty spot and later, curled a shot past Hugo Lloris in the second-half; Aubameyang also grabbed an assist for Arsenal's fourth goal, which was Lucas",
"title": "Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang"
},
{
"id": "14552430",
"text": "Premier League Golden Boot The Premier League Golden Boot is an annual association football award presented to the leading goalscorer in the Premier League. For sponsorship purposes, it was called the Carling Golden Boot from 1994 to 2001, from 2001 to 2004 as the Barclaycard Golden Boot, and the Barclays Golden Boot (2005–2016). Since 2017, it is known as the Cadbury Golden Boot. In addition to the trophy, winners of the Golden Boot are usually given £1,000 for every goal they scored throughout the season to donate to a charity of their choice, although Robin van Persie was given £30,000",
"title": "Premier League Golden Boot"
},
{
"id": "1746356",
"text": "Arsenal. The Premier League Golden Boot award was also won by Ruud van Nistelrooy who scored 25 goals in 38 league matches and 44 in all competitions. He also equalled his record of eight goals in eight successive matches at the beginning of the season, a milestone he had reached the previous season. Van Nistelrooy finished one goal ahead of Arsenal's Thierry Henry while James Beattie managed 23 league goals for Southampton. Since the reduction of the number of games from 42 to 38 in 1996, only Kevin Phillips had scored more Premiership goals in one season – 30 for",
"title": "2002–03 FA Premier League"
},
{
"id": "19245451",
"text": "2016–17 Premier League The 2016–17 Premier League was the 25th season of the Premier League, the top English professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1992. The season began on 13 August 2016 and concluded on 21 May 2017. Fixtures for the 2016–17 season were announced on 15 June 2016. Chelsea won their fifth Premier League title, and sixth English title, with two matches to spare following a 1–0 away win over West Bromwich Albion on 12 May. The defending champions were Leicester City, who finished 12th, thereby setting a new record for the worst Premier League",
"title": "2016–17 Premier League"
},
{
"id": "3667689",
"text": "One in 2001. He also lifted the League Cup with Blackburn in February 2002, before finally hanging up his boots in July 2002 a few months short of his 39th birthday. Hughes' final career goal came in a 2–1 Premier League defeat to Leicester City on 9 April 2002. At the time, he was the second oldest player to score in the Premier League, behind Stuart Pearce. More than a decade on he is still ranked as third in this category following goals by Teddy Sheringham, who scored his final Premier League goal in December 2006 at the age of",
"title": "Mark Hughes"
},
{
"id": "16446662",
"text": "the 2011–12 season, which ended on 13 May 2012. Voting ended on 30 April 2012. Awards included best manager, best player and best goal. Football is the most watched sport in England, and the Premier League along with the FA Cup are the two most prestigious English club football competitions. In 1991, league football in England underwent a major change, when the 22 teams in the First Division, the then top division of The Football League system, resigned en-masse to form the Premier League. Constituted as the Football Association Premier League Ltd, it remained as an official Football Association (The",
"title": "Premier League 20 Seasons Awards"
},
{
"id": "17882954",
"text": "Footballer of the Year was awarded to Eden Hazard. The Premier League Golden Boot was won by Sergio Agüero who scored 26 goals. The Premier League Golden Glove was won by Joe Hart who kept 14 clean sheets. West Ham United finished top of the Premier League Fair Play League and therefore qualified for the Europa League first qualifying round after England finished in the top three in the UEFA Fair Play table. 2014–15 Premier League The 2014–15 Premier League (known as the Barclays Premier League for sponsorship reasons) was the 23rd season of the Premier League, the top English",
"title": "2014–15 Premier League"
},
{
"id": "7304547",
"text": "On 3 November 2012, he scored his first Premier League goal in just under a year against Sunderland in a run stretching 29 matches. On 6 April 2013, Agbonlahor scored his 60th Premier League goal for Aston Villa, making him joint top Premier League goalscorer for the club alongside Dwight Yorke. On 29 April, in a 6–1 win over Sunderland, Agbonlahor scored his 61st Premier League goal to overtake Yorke as Villa's highest all-time Premier League goal scorer. He scored two goals in a 2–1 win over Norwich on 4 May, moving Aston Villa up to 13th place in the",
"title": "Gabriel Agbonlahor"
},
{
"id": "16431164",
"text": "goalscorer in a single season, behind Ian Rush. He had previously also broken the club's record for the Premier League era, surpassing Robbie Fowler's total of 36 goals set in the 1995–96 campaign, and Fernando Torres' record of 33 for the most goals by a Liverpool player in a debut season. After his two goals and assists in the first leg against Roma, Salah featured in the second leg as Liverpool beat Roma 6–7 on aggregate to qualify for the final for the first time in eleven years. He would then become the Premier League's all-time goalscorer for a 38",
"title": "Mohamed Salah"
},
{
"id": "7155483",
"text": "and Kamara's first signing Mark Stallard. Tony Pulis guided Gillingham F.C.out of Division Three and was named the Manager of the Season. Alan Shearer topped the Premiership scoring charts with 31 goals, the highest number of goals in the league charted at the time. Shearer was followed closely by Robbie Fowler on 28, Ian Wright and Les Ferdinand, who won the PFA Players' Player of the Year award. Steve McManaman led the assists chart with 25 assists this season, also a new record for the league. Eric Cantona was awarded the FWA Footballer of the Year for his comeback and",
"title": "1995–96 in English football"
},
{
"id": "16996623",
"text": "score his first goal of the season in a 3-0 win against Young Boys of Bern. Martial's first league goal came in a 3-2 comeback against Newcastle United where he also started. Since then, Martial has started and scored in every Premier League game as of the November International Break, scoring against Bournemouth, Everton, two goals against Chelsea, and a penalty goal in the Manchester derby. This spell of goal scorer puts Martial as Manchester United's leading season goals scorer so far with seven goals, overtaking Paul Pogba and Romelu Lukaku; in addition, Martial became one of seven players to",
"title": "Anthony Martial"
},
{
"id": "8155573",
"text": "January 2014, they had scored 115 goals in all competitions – the most goals scored by any club in Europe. Maintaining such a scoring rate would see them surpass the 143 scored by Manchester United's \"Busby Babes\" in the 1957–58 season. On 2 March 2014, Pellegrini's Manchester City defeated Sunderland 3–1 at Wembley Stadium in the 2014 Football League Cup Final, giving him his first major trophy in European football. On 11 May, Manchester City became Premier League champions, after beating West Ham United 2–0, with goals from Samir Nasri and Vincent Kompany at the City of Manchester Stadium, making",
"title": "Manuel Pellegrini"
},
{
"id": "10558879",
"text": "won by Ashley Young of Aston Villa. The shortlist for the award was as follows: The FWA Footballer of the Year award for 2009 was won by Steven Gerrard for the first time. The Liverpool captain saw off the challenges of Manchester United winger Ryan Giggs and forward Wayne Rooney, who finished second and third respectively. Chelsea striker Nicolas Anelka won the Premier League Golden Boot award for the first time. He scored 19 goals in 35 appearances, which ensured he finished as the season's top scorer. Manchester United goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar collected the Premier League Golden Glove",
"title": "2008–09 Premier League"
},
{
"id": "20138456",
"text": "Tony Pulis' 100th Premier League game in charge of the club, making him the first Baggies head coach to reach that milestone. On 25 September 2017, Gareth Barry became the all-time leading appearance maker in Premier League history after appearing against Arsenal, playing his 633th premier league game that made him surpass former Manchester United midfielder Ryan Giggs. He was also given the armband in this game. But the team lost 2-0 from a brace of Alexandre Lacazette, stretching Tony Pulis's awful managerial records at the Emirates Stadium. Five days later, they squandered a 2-0 lead they had taken in",
"title": "2017–18 West Bromwich Albion F.C. season"
},
{
"id": "142703",
"text": "and the value it brings to English football and the United Kingdom's broadcasting industry. The Premier League includes some of the richest football clubs in the world. Deloitte's \"Football Money League\" listed seven Premier League clubs in the top 20 for the 2009–10 season, and all 20 clubs were in the top 40 globally by the end of the 2013–14 season, largely as a result of increased broadcasting revenue. From 2013, the league generates €2.2 billion per year in domestic and international television rights. Premier League clubs agreed in principle in December 2012, to radical new cost controls. The two",
"title": "Premier League"
},
{
"id": "18906318",
"text": "an exclusive list of players to have scored 10 Premier League goals before the age of 20. This list includes players such as Wayne Rooney, Ryan Giggs, Nicolas Anelka, Michael Owen and Romelu Lukaku. In October 2016, Iheanacho was nominated for the FIFA Golden Boy award, which was eventually won by Bayern Munich's midfielder Renato Sanches. Previous winners of the award include teammates Raheem Sterling and Sergio Agüero, and five-time Ballon d'Or winner Lionel Messi. Iheanacho's next goal would come in the Champions League, against Celtic, in a 1–1 home draw on 6 December 2016. Iheanacho's final goal of the",
"title": "Kelechi Iheanacho"
},
{
"id": "19987962",
"text": "league – the top seventeen teams from the previous season and the three teams promoted from the Championship. The promoted teams were Brighton & Hove Albion, Newcastle United and play-off winners Huddersfield Town, who replaced Sunderland, Middlesbrough and Hull City. 2017–18 Premier League The 2017–18 Premier League was the 26th season of the Premier League, the top English professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1992. The season started on 11 August 2017 and concluded on 13 May 2018. Fixtures for the 2017–18 season were announced on 14 June 2017. Chelsea were the defending champions, while Newcastle",
"title": "2017–18 Premier League"
},
{
"id": "690183",
"text": "Alan Shearer Alan Shearer, CBE, DL (; born 13 August 1970) is an English retired footballer. He played as a striker in the top level of English league football for Southampton, Blackburn Rovers, Newcastle United and the England national team. He is Newcastle's and the Premier League's record goalscorer. He was named Football Writers' Association Player of the Year in 1994 and won the PFA Player of the Year award in 1995. In 1996, he was third in the FIFA World Player of the Year awards. In 2004 Shearer was named by Pelé in the FIFA 100 list of the",
"title": "Alan Shearer"
},
{
"id": "690124",
"text": "Alan Shearer Alan Shearer, CBE, DL (; born 13 August 1970) is an English retired footballer. He played as a striker in the top level of English league football for Southampton, Blackburn Rovers, Newcastle United and the England national team. He is Newcastle's and the Premier League's record goalscorer. He was named Football Writers' Association Player of the Year in 1994 and won the PFA Player of the Year award in 1995. In 1996, he was third in the FIFA World Player of the Year awards. In 2004 Shearer was named by Pelé in the FIFA 100 list of the",
"title": "Alan Shearer"
},
{
"id": "20386908",
"text": "just a few days before and shared out a goalless draw in Buckinghamshire. 31 August 2018: The first month of the new season sees Liverpool leading the Premier League on goal difference; three games in, the Merseysiders, Tottenham Hotspur, Chelsea, and Watford all hold 100% records. Reigning champions Manchester City are in fifth, ahead of Bournemouth on goal difference, and Leicester City are seventh. West Ham United, the only Premier League team without a point, prop up the table. Newcastle United and Southampton are clear ahead of Burnley and Huddersfield Town in the relegation zone on goal difference. None of",
"title": "2018–19 in English football"
},
{
"id": "2803588",
"text": "Cup squads. His autobiography, \"Sir Les\", was published in 1997. Les Ferdinand Leslie Ferdinand MBE (born 8 December 1966) is an English former footballer and current football coach and Director of Football at his former club Queens Park Rangers. A former striker, his playing career included spells at Queens Park Rangers, Beşiktaş, Newcastle United, Tottenham Hotspur, West Ham United, Leicester City, Bolton Wanderers, Reading and Watford during which period he earned 17 caps for England. Ferdinand is the eighth highest scorer in the Premier League with 149 goals. He is the cousin of football-playing brothers Rio and Anton Ferdinand and",
"title": "Les Ferdinand"
},
{
"id": "6657502",
"text": "Paul McGrath. Gary Pallister played every minute of Manchester United's title-winning Premier League campaign. No other player matched that feat until the 2014–15 season, more than two decades later. Coventry signed Newcastle striker Micky Quinn for a nominal fee in November, and he responded by scoring 17 Premier League goals (the first 10 in 6 games) to keep the Sky Blues clear of relegation. Striker Les Ferdinand established himself as one of the country's top marksmen with more than 20 goals in all competitions for Queens Park Rangers. Alan Shearer scored 16 goals in his first 21 Premier League games",
"title": "1992–93 in English football"
},
{
"id": "20111436",
"text": "eight and seven years respectively. 2018–19 Premier League The 2018–19 Premier League is the 27th season of the Premier League, the top English professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1992. The season started on 10 August 2018 and is scheduled to finish on 12 May 2019. Fixtures for the 2018–19 season were announced on 14 June 2018. Manchester City are the defending champions. Wolverhampton Wanderers, Cardiff City and Fulham joined as the promoted clubs from the 2017–18 EFL Championship. They replaced West Bromwich Albion, Swansea City and Stoke City who were relegated to the 2018–19 EFL",
"title": "2018–19 Premier League"
},
{
"id": "7377996",
"text": "Newcastle on the 5 May. On 19 April 2015, Morgan was selected in the \"Football Manager Team of the Decade\" at the Football League Awards. Morgan kept his place for the 2015–16 season, playing in every minute of all 38 Premier League matches, one of only 4 players to achieve that accolade (including teammate Kasper Schmeichel) in that season. On 3 April 2016, he scored the only goal against Southampton, despite feeling ill. On 1 May, he equalised with a header in a 1–1 draw with Manchester United at Old Trafford, and the next day Leicester won the title, with",
"title": "Wes Morgan"
},
{
"id": "20722463",
"text": "Premier League Playmaker of the Season The Premier League Playmaker of the Season is an annual English football award, presented to the player who has made the most assists (the last pass made before a goal scored) in the Premier League. For sponsorship purposes, it is known as the Cadbury Playmaker of the Season since its inception during the 2017–18 season. The Premier League was founded in 1992, when the clubs of the First Division left the Football League and established a new commercially independent league that negotiated its own broadcast and sponsorship agreements. In 2018, the Premier League Playmaker",
"title": "Premier League Playmaker of the Season"
},
{
"id": "4326861",
"text": "23 September 2009, Defoe scored a header during Tottenham's 5–1 win over Preston. Defoe scored a goal and was sent off during the match against his former club, Portsmouth. Defoe scored five goals at White Hart Lane in a 9–1 thrashing of Wigan on 22 November 2009. This included the second-fastest hat-trick in Premier League history, which was scored in seven minutes. In doing so, Defoe became only the third player to score five goals in one Premier League match, after Alan Shearer and Andy Cole. Dimitar Berbatov and Sergio Agüero have subsequently equalled this feat. After the match, Harry",
"title": "Jermain Defoe"
},
{
"id": "17113317",
"text": "Chelsea and Wojciech Szczęsny of Arsenal. The Premier League Fair Play League was topped by Liverpool. 2013–14 Premier League The 2013–14 Premier League (known as the Barclays Premier League for sponsorship reasons) was the 22nd season of the Premier League, the top-flight English professional league for men's football clubs. The fixtures were announced on 19 June 2013. The season started on Saturday 17 August 2013, and concluded on Sunday 11 May 2014. On the final day of the season, Manchester City won the Premier League with a 2–0 victory over West Ham United, finishing with 86 points. Liverpool had looked",
"title": "2013–14 Premier League"
},
{
"id": "3332899",
"text": "David James (footballer, born 1970) David Benjamin James MBE (born 1 August 1970) is an English former footballer who played as a goalkeeper. His most recent position was manager at Kerala Blasters FC in the Indian Super League in 2018. He is also a pundit on BT Sport's football coverage. James is fourth on the list of all-time Premier League appearances, having played in 572 top-level matches, and held the Premier League record for most clean sheets with 169 until Petr Čech surpassed this record. He was capped 53 times by England between 1997 and 2010, and was first choice",
"title": "David James (footballer, born 1970)"
},
{
"id": "3840577",
"text": "in his Premier League debut in a 1–0 victory over Manchester United. On 5 March 2005, Čech set a new Premier League record of 1,025 minutes without letting in a goal, though his record has since been broken by Manchester United's Edwin van der Sar. Čech finally conceded to Leon McKenzie of Norwich City, after keeping a clean sheet in the league since 12 December 2004 when Thierry Henry scored for Arsenal. Čech was given a special award by the Premier League for the new record, and he was also awarded the Premier League Golden Glove at the end of",
"title": "Petr Čech"
},
{
"id": "11927958",
"text": "Premier League Golden Glove The Premier League Golden Glove is an annual association football award presented to the goalkeeper who has kept the most clean sheets (when a goalkeeper concedes no goals during a single match) in the Premier League. For sponsorship purposes, it has been referred to as the Barclays Golden Glove since its inception during the 2004–05 season until the 2015–16 season. Since 2017–18 season, it is known as the Cadbury Golden Glove. Originally, the Golden Glove could only be won outright by a single player; should there have been a tie, the goalkeeper with the superior clean",
"title": "Premier League Golden Glove"
},
{
"id": "142714",
"text": "Between the 2004–05 season and the 2006–07 season, RTÉ broadcast a live matche on 15 Saturday afternoons with each match being called \"Premiership Live\". In August 2016, it was announced the BBC would be creating a new magazine-style show for the Premier League entitled \"The Premier League Show\". The Premier League is the most-watched football league in the world, broadcast in 212 territories to 643 million homes and a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people. The Premier League's production arm, Premier League Productions, is operated by IMG Productions and produces all content for its international television partners. The Premier",
"title": "Premier League"
},
{
"id": "4326878",
"text": "a new contract with Sunderland, committing his future to the club until 2019. On 13 August 2016, the opening day of the 2016–17 Premier League, Defoe scored in a 2–1 loss at Manchester City, meaning he has now scored in 16 Premier League seasons. On 5 November 2016, Defoe scored the winning goal from the penalty spot as 10-man Sunderland came from behind to win at Bournemouth, their first league win of the season. On 19 November 2016, Defoe scored his 150th Premier League goal in a 3–0 home win against Hull City, becoming the joint seventh highest goal scorer",
"title": "Jermain Defoe"
},
{
"id": "142702",
"text": "Premier League trading card game, is the best selling boys collectable in the UK, and is also the biggest selling sports trading card game in the world. The Premier League has the highest revenue of any football league in the world, with total club revenues of €2.48 billion in 2009–10. In 2013–14, due to improved television revenues and cost controls, the Premier League had net profits in excess of £78 million, exceeding all other football leagues. In 2010 the Premier League was awarded the Queen's Award for Enterprise in the International Trade category for its outstanding contribution to international trade",
"title": "Premier League"
},
{
"id": "14060016",
"text": "and Overall Player of the Decade, and was also given the Outstanding Contribution to the FA Premier League Award, as well as being recognised with the Top Goalscorer Award for scoring the most goals in the decade, at 204 Premier League goals. Eric Cantona was named Overseas Player of the Decade. David Beckham was awarded Goal of the Decade for his 60-yard goal against Wimbledon in 1996, while Peter Schmeichel was awarded Save of the Decade for a reflex save of a John Barnes header in 1997. Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson was named Manager of the Decade, and was",
"title": "Premier League 10 Seasons Awards"
},
{
"id": "2856957",
"text": "score in 15 successive league campaigns, overtaking the record previously set by Billy Liddell. Also in October 2013, he became the longest-serving Liverpool captain, 10 years after his appointment by Gérard Houllier on 15 October 2013, breaking the previous record held by Alex Raisbeck, who captained Liverpool from 1899 to 1909. On 19 October 2013, Gerrard scored his 100th Premier League goal, a penalty against Newcastle United in a 2–2 draw. On 16 March 2014, Gerrard scored two penalties and missed another in Liverpool's 3–0 win over Manchester United at Old Trafford. On 6 April, he scored another two penalties",
"title": "Steven Gerrard"
},
{
"id": "20111434",
"text": "2018–19 Premier League The 2018–19 Premier League is the 27th season of the Premier League, the top English professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1992. The season started on 10 August 2018 and is scheduled to finish on 12 May 2019. Fixtures for the 2018–19 season were announced on 14 June 2018. Manchester City are the defending champions. Wolverhampton Wanderers, Cardiff City and Fulham joined as the promoted clubs from the 2017–18 EFL Championship. They replaced West Bromwich Albion, Swansea City and Stoke City who were relegated to the 2018–19 EFL Championship. The season was marred",
"title": "2018–19 Premier League"
},
{
"id": "6469786",
"text": "level a minute later. Lee Bowyer sent Leeds back ahead in the 85th minute, before Sturridge scored again in the 87th minute to rescue the game for his team. He played five seasons in the Premier League for the club, and is their record goalscorer in the Premier League era (32 Premier League goals). After nearly a decade with the Rams, he left for local rivals Leicester City in January 2001 for £375,000. Sturridge's time at Leicester was far less successful than at Derby, consistent injury problems and a change of manager saw his place under threat. He scored 7",
"title": "Dean Sturridge"
},
{
"id": "7431946",
"text": "295 goals in 467 games in the Football League, 288 of which came in the top-flight from 454 appearances, leaving him fourth in the all-time list of top-flight goalscorers in English football with only Jimmy Greaves (357), Steve Bloomer (317) and Dixie Dean (310) having scored more. Hodgson first came to Liverpool's attention in 1924 as one of the youngest members of the touring South African national team, who on 1 October beat Liverpool 5–2 at Anfield. He joined Liverpool a year later on 14 December 1925, making his debut in a 1–1 draw against Manchester City at Maine Road",
"title": "Gordon Hodgson"
},
{
"id": "4326993",
"text": "match against Watford at White Hart Lane on 17 March 2007. He took a free-kick from from the opposition goal and the ball bounced over the head of Watford goalkeeper Ben Foster and into the goal. He became the third goalkeeper of five in Premier League history (excluding own goals) to score after Peter Schmeichel for Aston Villa in 2001, Brad Friedel for Blackburn Rovers in 2004, Tim Howard for Everton in 2012 and Asmir Begović for Stoke City in 2013. Robinson captained the team in their 1–0 League Cup quarter-final win over Southend United, and in their 0–0 FA",
"title": "Paul Robinson (footballer, born 1979)"
}
] | who has scored the most goals ever in the premier league |
[
"Idina Menzel"
] | [
{
"id": "3401213",
"text": "of the release date. \"Holiday Wishes\" also become the second ever Christmas to chart before Halloween during the SoundScan Era after Garth Brooks's 1992 album \"Beyond the Season\". On November 26, 2014, Menzel announced through her Facebook page that she would be touring during the summer of 2015. This was her first global tour and first time playing shows in Europe and Asia. Menzel was honoured with the Breakthrough Artist award at the 2014 \"Billboard\" Women in Music awards ceremony. Menzel sang the National Anthem at Super Bowl XLIX on February 1, 2015, at University of Phoenix Stadium. On August",
"title": "Idina Menzel"
},
{
"id": "18084511",
"text": "for the game. This ceremony continued a ten-year tradition (starting with Super Bowl XX and then repeated in Super Bowl XXX and Super Bowl XL) in which past Super Bowl MVPs were honored before the game. Lady Gaga (accompanied by Alex Smith on piano) sang the national anthem, while Marlee Matlin simultaneously performed an American Sign Language (ASL) version of it. Matlin also signed an a cappella version of \"America the Beautiful\", which was sung by a U.S. Armed Forces chorus. In late November 2015, reports surfaced stating that \"multiple acts\" would perform during the halftime show. On December 3,",
"title": "Super Bowl 50"
},
{
"id": "16858081",
"text": "a Super Bowl since Billy Joel at Super Bowl XLI. Immediately before Bryan sang the national anthem, Phillipa Soo, Renée Elise Goldsberry and Jasmine Cephas Jones, who originated the roles of the Schuyler sisters in the Broadway musical \"Hamilton\", performed \"America the Beautiful\". After the national anthem, former President George H. W. Bush performed the coin toss alongside his wife, Barbara. The Patriots called heads, but the Falcons won the coin toss with tails. The Falcons chose to defer to the second half. On September 29, 2016, Lady Gaga, who had performed the national anthem the previous year at Super",
"title": "Super Bowl LI"
},
{
"id": "403925",
"text": "used different active and former players (and a player's widow) reading the Declaration for each version. Former U.S. presidents Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, and Bill Clinton appeared in another videotaped segment and recited some of the speeches by Abraham Lincoln. Because Ronald Reagan had Alzheimer's disease, his wife Nancy appeared on the segment in place of him. Singers Mary J. Blige and Marc Anthony, along with the Boston Pops Orchestra, performed \"America the Beautiful\". Paul McCartney then sang his post-9/11 song \"Freedom\". Afterwards, singer Mariah Carey, accompanied by the Boston Pops Orchestra, performed the national anthem.",
"title": "Super Bowl XXXVI"
},
{
"id": "10515920",
"text": "of 30 artists to perform on \"Forever Country\", a mash-up track of \"Take Me Home, Country Roads\", \"On the Road Again\" and \"I Will Always Love You\" which celebrates 50 years of the CMA Awards. On February 5, 2017, Bryan performed the National Anthem at Super Bowl LI at NRG Stadium in Houston, TX. In September 2017, Bryan was announced as a judge for the revival of \"American Idol\" on ABC. Bryan released \"Light It Up\" in mid-2017. It served as the lead-off single to his sixth album, \"What Makes You Country\", which was released on December 8, 2017. \"Most",
"title": "Luke Bryan"
},
{
"id": "16858080",
"text": "of the Pro Football Hall of Fame that had played college football at historically black colleges and universities. Of the 303 members of the Hall of Fame, 29 were from HBCUs. The Patriots took the field first as the designated away team to Ozzy Osbourne's \"Crazy Train\". The Falcons took the field second as the designated home team to Trick Daddy's \"Let's Go\". Both teams' season recaps were presented by Ving Rhames. Before the game, American country music singer and songwriter Luke Bryan sang the US national anthem. Bryan was the first male performer to sing the national anthem at",
"title": "Super Bowl LI"
},
{
"id": "18329765",
"text": "Super Bowl XLIX halftime show The Super Bowl XLIX halftime show took place on February 1, 2015, at the University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona, as part of Super Bowl XLIX. It featured American singer Katy Perry, with singer Lenny Kravitz and rapper Missy Elliott as special guests. The halftime show was critically acclaimed and its broadcast on NBC attracted 118.5 million viewers in the United States and 120.7 million worldwide, receiving the largest ratings in the history of the Super Bowl and becoming the most watched of all-time. The halftime show was watched by more viewers than the",
"title": "Super Bowl XLIX halftime show"
},
{
"id": "7164009",
"text": "was a presenter at the 2015 People's Choice Awards, where she introduced a performance of Lady Antebellum. On January 12, 2015, \"Scorpion\" was renewed for a second season. On January 18, McPhee sang the national anthem before the NFC Championship Game in Seattle. On January 26, she co-hosted with sports analyst Boomer Esiason the \"2015 Greatest Super Bowl Commercials\" special. On February 8, McPhee was a presenter at the 2015 Grammy Awards on CBS, where she introduced a performance of Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga. On April 6, 2015, actor Ari Stidham, one of the cast members on \"Scorpion,\" announced",
"title": "Katharine McPhee"
},
{
"id": "5732106",
"text": "plaintiffs were awarded between $5,600 and $22,000 depending on the value of their tickets. Keith Urban and Maroon 5 performed during the pregame. The Texas Christian University Horned Frog Marching Band also performed during the pregame show. 22-year-old Candice Villesca of Lewisville, Texas performed the national anthem and \"America the Beautiful\" in American Sign Language. Lea Michele performed \"America the Beautiful\" supported by the Air Force Tops in Blue. Pop singer Christina Aguilera sang the national anthem, but performed the wrong lyrics for the fourth line of the song, later issuing an apology. The coin toss ceremony was the first",
"title": "Super Bowl XLV"
},
{
"id": "14899794",
"text": "and \"Wide Awake\". Expressing solidarity for his campaign, the box next to Obama's name was shaded. Perry was the headliner of Super Bowl XLIX halftime show, which took place on February 1, 2015, and \"Firework\" was the last song of the performance. \"Firework\" was the final song performed on both the Prismatic World Tour and . Credits adapted from the \"Teenage Dream\" liner notes. !scope=\"row\"| France (SNEP) Firework (song) \"Firework\" is a song by American singer Katy Perry from her third studio album, \"Teenage Dream\" (2010). Perry co-wrote the song with Ester Dean and its producers StarGate and Sandy Vee.",
"title": "Firework (song)"
},
{
"id": "11738133",
"text": "and co-wrote a duet with him titled \"Who You Love\" for his album \"Paradise Valley\". The song was released on August 12, 2013. Perry's third headlining tour, the Prismatic World Tour, began in May 2014 and concluded in October 2015. It sold almost 2 million tickets and grossed $204.3 million worldwide and won Perry the award for \"Top Package\" at the 2014 \"Billboard\" Touring Awards. She also performed at the 2015 Rock in Rio festival on September 27, 2015. On November 23, 2014, the NFL announced that Perry would perform at the Super Bowl XLIX halftime show on February 1,",
"title": "Katy Perry"
},
{
"id": "1699790",
"text": "less commercial success, reaching top thirty in Australia, the United Kingdom, France, and Scotland. Although it only managed to peak at number seventy-eight on the \"Billboard Hot 100\", it topped on the \"Billboard Dance Club Songs\" chart. On December 5, 2017, rapper Eminem revealed that Pink would be collaborating on the song \"Need Me\" for his ninth studio album \"Revival\". The album received the nomination for Best Pop Vocal Album erned Pink's 20th nomination at the Annual Grammy Awards. Although sick with influenza, Pink sang the United States national anthem before Super Bowl LII, a dream she had had since,",
"title": "Pink (singer)"
},
{
"id": "12051626",
"text": "Angeles Awards. In 2016, Gaga sang the US national anthem in February at Super Bowl 50, partnered with Intel and Nile Rodgers for a tribute performance to the late David Bowie at the 58th Annual Grammy Awards, and sang \"Til It Happens to You\" at the 88th Academy Awards, where she was introduced by Joe Biden and was accompanied on-stage by 50 people who had suffered from sexual assault. She was honored that April with the Artist Award at the Jane Ortner Education Awards by The Grammy Museum, which recognizes artists who have demonstrated passion and dedication to education through",
"title": "Lady Gaga"
},
{
"id": "17473858",
"text": "No players were observed kneeling during the national anthem, in contrast to the protests that happened earlier in the 2016 and 2017 seasons. Fifteen Medal of Honor recipients participated in the coin toss ceremony. World War II hero Hershel W. Williams was the honorary captain and had the honors of flipping the coin. Justin Timberlake headlined the Super Bowl LII halftime show, along with his band \"The Tennessee Kids\" and featuring the University of Minnesota Marching Band. Timberlake performed in two previous Super Bowls: Super Bowl XXXV in 2001 as a member of NSYNC, and Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004",
"title": "Super Bowl LII"
},
{
"id": "18563350",
"text": "of California Marching Band. Bruno Mars, Mark Ronson, and a troupe of backing dancers (dressed in the style of Michael Jackson) then performed \"Uptown Funk\". Beyoncé, also in a Jackson-inspired outfit and appearing with a set of backing dancers dressed as Black Panthers, then performed her new single \"Formation\" in a mass choreographed dance number before joining Mars onstage for a verse of \"Uptown Funk\". Coldplay played a snippet of \"Clocks\" during a video montage of past Super Bowl halftime and national anthem performances, including those by Bruce Springsteen, Missy Elliott, Katy Perry, The Rolling Stones, Paul McCartney, Stevie Wonder,",
"title": "Super Bowl 50 halftime show"
},
{
"id": "7002511",
"text": "Darren Fletcher, Rocky Boiman, and Greg Brady announcing. The Indiana University Marching Hundred performed during the pre-game show. On January 12, 2012, it was reported that former \"American Idol\" winner Kelly Clarkson would sing the National Anthem at Super Bowl XLVI. It marks the fourth time in the previous five years that an \"American Idol\" contestant has performed the national anthem (joining Carrie Underwood, Jennifer Hudson and Jordin Sparks). Husband-and-wife country musicians Blake Shelton and Miranda Lambert performed \"America the Beautiful\" as part of the ceremonies. American Sign Language translation for both songs was performed by Rachel Mazique, the currently",
"title": "Super Bowl XLVI"
},
{
"id": "17473841",
"text": "and a U.S. Bank Stadium lounge on the day of the Super Bowl. The Minneapolis Armory also hosted Jennifer Lopez, Imagine Dragons, and Pink concerts close to U.S. Bank Stadium. Pink also performed the national anthem before the Super Bowl. Halftime performer Justin Timberlake held a ticketed \"listening session\" of his newest album at Prince's Paisley Park. Dave Matthews Band performed at Xcel Energy Center in Saint Paul. The Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community's Mystic Lake Casino hosted Gwen Stefani, the Chainsmokers, Florida Georgia Line, and Kygo. Planners originally scheduled a traveling nightclub for 9500 people, but cancelled, moving its concerts",
"title": "Super Bowl LII"
},
{
"id": "4661785",
"text": "Anthem for Super Bowl XLIV. Underwood performed the opening theme song for \"NBC Sunday Night Football.\" Hill later expressed full support for Underwood, congratulating her via Twitter and stating that it was \"an awesome choice\" by NBC/SNF and that Underwood \"will rock it\". Underwood's original song was a modification of her song \"Oh, Sunday Night\", but was changed to an original song, \"Game On\", for the 2018 NFL season. She sang the National Anthem for the Nashville Predators prior to their victory over the Chicago Blackhawks in Game 3 of the first round of the 2017 Stanley Cup Playoffs and",
"title": "Carrie Underwood"
},
{
"id": "4464681",
"text": "American music industry. The film also won the 2015 Grammy Award for Best Music Film, with the award being presented to the featured artists as well as the production crew. In 2014, Fischer reunited with many of the backup singers in \"20 Feet From Stardom\" including Darlene Love, Merry Clayton, and Judith Hill to sing the national anthem at the 100th Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California. In 2014, Fischer began her solo tour accompanied by her backup band the trio Grand Baton; and together they have performed in the United States, Canada, Europe, Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. That same",
"title": "Lisa Fischer"
},
{
"id": "12304594",
"text": "was simulcasted on TSN Radio in Canada. In the United Kingdom, BBC Radio 5 Live returned to coverage after the previous year's NFL broadcaster, Absolute Radio 90s, dropped out of sports coverage. Rocky Boiman and Darren Fletcher return as commentators. Idina Menzel performed the national anthem and John Legend performed \"America the Beautiful\". On October 9, 2014, \"Billboard\" announced that Katy Perry would perform at halftime and the NFL confirmed the announcement on November 23, 2014. At the start of the halftime show, on-field participants held up light globes which created a bird's-eye view of the Pepsi logo. Perry entered",
"title": "Super Bowl XLIX"
},
{
"id": "18407159",
"text": "the Daytona 500, while David Ragan and Erik Jones replaced him thereafter. Ronnie Barton of the First Baptist Church of South Daytona began the pre-race festivities with the invocation. Singer/songwriter Phillip Phillips performed the United States National Anthem. The flyover was performed by the United States Air Force Thunderbirds. Vince Vaughn gave the command for the drivers to start their engines, while Paralympics bronze medalist Amy Purdy was the honorary pace car driver for the pre-race pace laps. With members of the United States women's national soccer team waving the green flag, pole sitter Jeff Gordon led the field to",
"title": "2015 Daytona 500"
},
{
"id": "863952",
"text": "track, \"Nuclear\". Beyoncé performed the American national anthem singing along with a pre-recorded track at President Obama's second inauguration in Washington, D.C. The following month, Beyoncé performed at the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show, held at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans. The performance stands as the second most tweeted about moment in history at 268,000 tweets per minute. At the 55th Annual Grammy Awards, Beyoncé won for Best Traditional R&B Performance for \"Love on Top\". Her feature-length documentary film, \"Life Is But a Dream\", first aired on HBO on February 16, 2013. The film was co-directed by Beyoncé herself.",
"title": "Beyoncé"
},
{
"id": "17512860",
"text": "music video. On February 1, 2015, the song was performed by Perry during the Super Bowl XLIX halftime show, where she was on a chessboard, with her dancers as chess pieces. It was one of the most technical performance out of the rest of the performances. Credits adapted from \"Prism\" album liner notes. !scope=\"row\"| France (SNEP) !scope=\"col\" colspan=\"3\"| Streaming Dark Horse (Katy Perry song) \"Dark Horse\" is a song recorded by American singer Katy Perry featuring rapper Juicy J. It was originally released on September 17, 2013, by Capitol Records as the first promotional single from Perry's fourth studio album,",
"title": "Dark Horse (Katy Perry song)"
},
{
"id": "393912",
"text": "Pat Summerall and Bart Starr. This was Scott's final telecast for CBS. Midway through the following season Summerall would take Scott's place as the network's lead play-by-play announcer, holding that position through 1993, when CBS lost rights to the NFC television package to Fox. The Longhorn Band from the University of Texas at Austin performed during the pregame festivities. Later, country music singer Charley Pride sang the national anthem. The halftime show also featured the Longhorn Band, along with Judy Mallett, Miss Texas 1973, playing the fiddle, in a tribute to American music titled \"A Musical America\". The Dolphins' game",
"title": "Super Bowl VIII"
},
{
"id": "18329784",
"text": "Shark\". The U.S. Trademark Office rejected her initial attempt to register \"Left Shark\". Her team initiated litigation against an Orlando, Florida, artist named Fernando Sosa, who had been making 3-D figurines of Left Shark. Set list adapted from \"Billboard\". Super Bowl XLIX halftime show The Super Bowl XLIX halftime show took place on February 1, 2015, at the University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona, as part of Super Bowl XLIX. It featured American singer Katy Perry, with singer Lenny Kravitz and rapper Missy Elliott as special guests. The halftime show was critically acclaimed and its broadcast on NBC attracted",
"title": "Super Bowl XLIX halftime show"
},
{
"id": "9050274",
"text": "the proposal, the 49ers withdrew the $15 million offer. The team then gave the city an unsolicited offer of $3 million to help improve various youth athletic fields and facilities, which was cited as a peace offering by \"San Francisco Chronicle\" columnists Phil Matier and Andrew Ross, and other Bay Area media, but the city council turned the offer down. Super Bowl 50 was held at the stadium on February 7, 2016. The Denver Broncos defeated the Carolina Panthers 24–10. Lady Gaga performed the national anthem, and Coldplay performed with Beyoncé and Bruno Mars at halftime. Levi's Stadium hosted WWE's",
"title": "Levi's Stadium"
},
{
"id": "2499488",
"text": "sang the national anthem with the Atlanta University Center Chorus at Super Bowl XXVIII. In 2013, she was a guest on Tina Sinatra's Father's Day Special on Sirius Radio. The program included Deana Martin, Monica Mancini, and Daisy Torme reminiscing about their famous fathers. Cole was married three times. She married Marvin Yancy, songwriter, producer, and former member of the 1970s R&B group The Independents on July 31, 1976. She had a son, Robert Adam \"Robbie\" Yancy (October 14, 1977 – August 14, 2017); he was a musician who toured with her. Marvin was her producer, and an ordained Baptist",
"title": "Natalie Cole"
},
{
"id": "394195",
"text": "Super Bowl is featured on \"NFL's Greatest Games\" under the title \"\"The Cinderella Super Bowl\"\". The pregame festivities honored the end of the Iran hostage crisis (which was announced 5 days before the game), which featured a performance by the Southern University band. A large yellow bow long and wide was attached to the outside of the Superdome, while miniature bows were given to fans. Singer, actress, and dancer Helen O'Connell later sang the national anthem. The coin toss ceremony featured Marie Lombardi, the widow of Pro Football Hall of Fame Green Bay Packers head coach Vince Lombardi. The halftime",
"title": "Super Bowl XV"
},
{
"id": "4243440",
"text": "and Fox confirmed that \"Idol\" host Seacrest would serve as emcee for the pre-game show, with Alicia Keys as the primary performer; as she sang a medley of her songs, including... \"Go Ahead\", \"Fallin'\", \"If I Ain't Got You\", \"Teenage Love Affair\", and \"No One\" as the final performance. \"Idol\" Season Six winner Jordin Sparks, herself a native of Glendale and daughter of former New York Giants cornerback Phillippi Sparks, performed the National Anthem, while Phoenix College professor and theatrical interpreter A Dreamer interpreted it into American Sign Language. The anthem was followed by a flyover from the U.S. Navy",
"title": "Super Bowl XLII"
},
{
"id": "394557",
"text": "a video. It reached number 20 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 – making her the only act to turn the national anthem into a pop hit of that magnitude. Houston's rendition was critically acclaimed and largely regarded as one of the best renditions of the U.S. national anthem in history. The track was included on the album \"\". Following 9/11, the single was re-released by Arista Records, peaking at number 6 on the Hot 100 and was certified platinum by the RIAA. Former NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle joined the coin toss ceremony. The halftime show was titled \"A Small World",
"title": "Super Bowl XXV"
},
{
"id": "19156731",
"text": "our conditioning. It was a battle the whole day.\" Grambling's legendary World Famed Tiger Band performed with the Arizona marching band for the National Anthem, and also during the halftime show in Tucson. Both bands famously performed for the first NFL Super Bowl in 1967. Game Stats: Grambling State – T. Cherry (16–25, 209 YDS, 3 INT) Arizona – B. Dawkins (15–29, 223 YDS, 1 TD) Grambling State – M. Carter (13 CAR, 43 YDS, 1 TD) Arizona- N. Wilson (24 CAR, 116 YDS, 1 TD) Grambling State – C. Williams (13 REC, 152 YDS) Arizona- S. Grant (5 REC,",
"title": "2016 Arizona Wildcats football team"
},
{
"id": "3200058",
"text": "aired a special episode of \"The Simpsons\" (\"Homer and Ned's Hail Mary Pass\") and the series premiere of \"American Dad!\" (\"Pilot\"), except in Philadelphia and Boston, where local newscasts delayed the premieres by an hour. Before the game, performances came from the Black Eyed Peas, Earth Wind & Fire, Charlie Daniels, John Fogerty, and Gretchen Wilson. Shortly before kickoff, Alicia Keys sang \"America the Beautiful,\" paying tribute to Ray Charles, who died in June 2004. The combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy, the U.S. Naval Academy, the U.S. Air Force Academy, and the U.S. Coast Guard Academy (including members",
"title": "Super Bowl XXXIX"
},
{
"id": "18451383",
"text": "through to the finale. On December 3, 2014, Allegheny County Executive Rich Fitzgerald presented Jamison with the keys to Pittsburgh and declared Dec. 3 'Chris Jamison Day'. As part of the Pittsburgh Pirates' Home Opening Day, Jamison sang the National Anthem on April 13, 2015. Jamison stated that he is open to any style of music, but his diverse style is heavily influenced by Allen Stone, Justin Timberlake, and John Mayer. Chris Jamison Christopher Franklin Jamison (born June 6, 1994), better known as Chris Jamison is an American singer-songwriter best known for his appearance in season 7 of NBC's reality",
"title": "Chris Jamison"
},
{
"id": "394425",
"text": "Bowl XXII\"; and was the first such highlight film to feature former Boston and Buffalo radio personality Jeff Kaye as its narrator. The pregame festivities featured a tribute to entertainer Bob Hope, who was approaching the age of 85. Trumpeter Herb Alpert performed \"The Star-Spangled Banner\", while Pro Football Hall of Fame wide receiver Don Hutson participated in the coin toss ceremony (the game happened to coincide with Hutson's 75th birthday). Alpert's performance was the last non-vocal performance of the National Anthem in a Super Bowl to date. The halftime show, produced by Radio City Music Hall, was titled \"Something",
"title": "Super Bowl XXII"
},
{
"id": "246580",
"text": "also announced to play at X Games for the first time at X Games Austin 2015 in Austin, Texas. On June 14, 2015, Hetfield and Hammett performed The Star-Spangled Banner live via electric guitars prior to game 5 of the NBA Finals between the Cleveland Cavaliers and Golden State Warriors at Oracle Arena in Oakland, California. In late October, the band unveiled a new website with an introduction from Ulrich containing footage from the studio of the band working on new material. On November 2, Metallica were announced to play \"The Night Before\" Super Bowl 50 at AT&T Park. Metallica",
"title": "Metallica"
},
{
"id": "17084716",
"text": "2015 NFL season The 2015 NFL season was the 96th season in the history of the National Football League (NFL), and the 50th of the Super Bowl era. The season began on Thursday, September 10, 2015, with the annual kickoff game featuring the defending Super Bowl XLIX champion New England Patriots hosting the Pittsburgh Steelers. The season concluded with Super Bowl 50, the league's championship game, on Sunday, February 7, 2016, at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California, with the Denver Broncos defeating the Carolina Panthers 24–10. During the 2015 season, the Oakland Raiders, the St. Louis Rams, and the",
"title": "2015 NFL season"
},
{
"id": "18567744",
"text": "perform by the NFL, she had declined since she did not believe she was suitable for the halftime show. The NFL explained they had not signed any musician and were still in discussions with several artists. In the meantime singer Lady Gaga announced that she would be releasing her fifth studio album, \"Joanne\", in October 2016. \"Billboard\" reported that the NFL was is discussions with the singer, because of her performance of the national anthem at the previous Super Bowl. On September 29, 2016, Gaga confirmed on her Instagram account that she would be performing at the halftime show. Fox",
"title": "Super Bowl LI halftime show"
},
{
"id": "12304556",
"text": "Super Bowl XLIX Super Bowl XLIX was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2014 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Seattle Seahawks, 28–24, to earn their fourth Super Bowl title and their first in ten years. The game was played on February 1, 2015 at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. It was the second time the stadium has hosted a Super Bowl, and the third one held in the Phoenix metropolitan area. With the loss, the",
"title": "Super Bowl XLIX"
},
{
"id": "394227",
"text": "performed the U.S. national anthem, which followed a moment of silence in support of the Polish trade union Solidarity; following the crackdown by the communist government of Poland on the pro-democracy union. This was the first of two Super Bowls, both held in Michigan, in which two national anthems were performed, and to have a joint Canadian-American armed forces color guard, which consisted of members of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and Camp Grayling color guards. The coin toss ceremony featured Hall of Fame quarterback Bobby Layne. Up with People provided the halftime entertainment featuring a salute to the 1960s",
"title": "Super Bowl XVI"
},
{
"id": "16788203",
"text": "House, and has sung the National Anthem in venues all around the country. On August 13, 2013, Odokara-Okigbo (under the name \"Michael O\") released his first EP, \"In the Beginning\", to critical acclaim. In 2015, Michael appeared in the major motion picture Pitch Perfect 2, and is also featured on the soundtrack (which recently won the AMA for best soundtrack). He also appeared as the feature vocalist on tracks from well known DJ’s like Option4, Flex Cop and Gladiator. Michael O. has performed at prestigious venues like Merrill Auditorium (Portland Maine), The Lincoln Center, and for President Obama in the",
"title": "Michael Odokara-Okigbo"
},
{
"id": "11738134",
"text": "2015. Lenny Kravitz and Missy Elliott served as special guests for the show. Her performance was critically acclaimed, and the \"Guinness World Records\" announced two days after the singer's halftime show that it garnered 118.5 million viewers in the United States, becoming the most watched and highest rated show in Super Bowl history. The viewership was higher than the game itself, which was viewed by an audience of 114.4 million. The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) ranked her fifth on the list of Top Global Recording Artists of 2013. On June 26, 2014, she was declared the Top",
"title": "Katy Perry"
},
{
"id": "4185098",
"text": "sang the national anthem before Super Bowl XXIV, in New Orleans, and Super Bowl XL (along with Aretha Franklin), in Detroit. This was also the last time until Luke Bryan sang at Super Bowl LI that a male artist had sung the national anthem at a Super Bowl. Marlee Matlin and Jason Hay-Southwell performed the National Anthem in American Sign Language. Besides participating in the CBS telecast of the pre-game show, Dan Marino also participated in the coin toss along with Norma Hunt, the widow of Lamar Hunt, the former owner of the Kansas City Chiefs and the man who",
"title": "Super Bowl XLI"
},
{
"id": "4579785",
"text": "a player, Barney received numerous honors, including the following: Barney is an accomplished singer who began singing with choirs in his youth and college. He befriended Motown recording artist Marvin Gaye, when Gaye unsuccessfully tried out for the Lions in 1970. Barney and teammate Mel Farr sang background vocals on Gaye's classic 1971 song \"What's Going On\". In 2015, Barney was invited to sing the national anthem at the Pro Football Hall of Fame induction ceremony. Barney also had a brief acting career, beginning with a self-portrayal in the 1968 comedy, \"Paper Lion\". In 1973, he was one of the",
"title": "Lem Barney"
},
{
"id": "3200059",
"text": "of The Idlers) sang the national anthem accompanied by the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets. This was the first time in more than 30 years that all four service academies sang together—the last time was at the second inauguration of President Richard Nixon in 1973. The traditional military missing man formation flyby was this year performed by a pair of F/A-18 Super Hornets from VFA-106 at NAS Oceana and a pair of the Air Force's newest fighters, the F-22 Raptor, flying from Tyndall AFB, the training base for the Raptor. The earlier military flyby during the veterans' salute was conducted by",
"title": "Super Bowl XXXIX"
},
{
"id": "3136301",
"text": "season in April, which premiered in November 2015. In March, she released a pair of singles (which were previewed in her reality series), with \"Rebel\" and \"We Ain't Worried\", of which the latter was used to promote her \"We Are Pop Culture\" clothing line. In July, she announced she was going to release a 5-track EP and video set, and was working with director Mike Ho. Also that month, she performed the National Anthem at the 2015 Americafest and premiered a new single \"Like Me\" featuring Snoop Dogg. A few months later, she released another single \"Do It\" with Lil'",
"title": "Christina Milian"
},
{
"id": "4687393",
"text": "the rapper Common to write the song \"Glory,\" featured in the film \"Selma\", which chronicled the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches. The song won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song as well as the Academy Award for Best Original Song. Legend and Common performed \"Glory\" at the 87th Academy Awards on February 22, 2015. Legend was featured on Meghan Trainor's \"Like I'm Gonna Lose You\" from her debut studio album, which reached number eight on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. On February 1, 2015, he sang \"America the Beautiful\" in the opening ceremony of Super Bowl XLIX. He provided",
"title": "John Legend"
},
{
"id": "18329771",
"text": "September 12, 2015. At the start of the halftime show, on-field participants held up light globes which created a bird's-eye view of Pepsi's famous logo. Perry entered the stadium riding atop a large, golden mechanical lion, opening her set with a performance of \"Roar\". She then proceeded to sing \"Dark Horse\", with 3D rendering on the field creating a chessboard visual where the turf constantly turned into \"different shapes and sizes\", as acrobats surrounded the singer. Following this, Perry joined Lenny Kravitz for a duet version of \"I Kissed a Girl\", which included her \"rubbing up against\" Kravitz and flames",
"title": "Super Bowl XLIX halftime show"
},
{
"id": "863937",
"text": "Ladies First Tour in North America. On February 1, 2004, Beyoncé performed the American national anthem at Super Bowl XXXVIII, at the Reliant Stadium in Houston, Texas. After the release of \"Dangerously in Love\", Beyoncé had planned to produce a follow-up album using several of the left-over tracks. However, this was put on hold so she could concentrate on recording \"Destiny Fulfilled\", the final studio album by Destiny's Child. Released on November 15, 2004, in the US and peaking at number two on the \"Billboard\" 200, \"Destiny Fulfilled\" included the singles \"Lose My Breath\" and \"Soldier\", which reached the top",
"title": "Beyoncé"
},
{
"id": "4450417",
"text": "along with WLHK, WFNI and WWL, with the teams' other network radio affiliates instead airing the Westwood One feed. Barenaked Ladies played the Super Bowl Saturday Night event with O.A.R. and Robert Randolph and the Family Band. Chris Daughtry, Steve Winwood and Queen Latifah performed during the Super Bowl pre-game tailgate party, which started at 2 p.m. Carrie Underwood sang the National Anthem and Queen Latifah sang \"America the Beautiful.\" Underwood's selection marks the third straight year that an alumnus of \"American Idol\" has been chosen to perform \"The Star-Spangled Banner\", joining Jordin Sparks at Super Bowl XLII and Jennifer",
"title": "Super Bowl XLIV"
},
{
"id": "394954",
"text": "pregame show, narrated by actress Tori Spelling, depicted the adventure of a Caribbean cruise from its festive departure to its journey to exotic destinations. The show included a performance by KISS, along with their trademark elaborate costumes and theatrical pyrotechnics. Cher later sang the U.S. national anthem. To honor the 40th anniversary of the 1958 NFL Championship, also known as \"The Greatest Game Ever Played\", the following participants of that game appeared during the coin toss ceremony: Raymond Berry, Lenny Moore, Jim Parker, Art Donovan, Gino Marchetti, Frank Gifford, Roosevelt Brown, Don Maynard, Sam Huff, and Tom Landry, the defensive",
"title": "Super Bowl XXXIII"
},
{
"id": "394466",
"text": "final game as 49ers play-by-play announcer), Wayne Walker and Joe Starkey. The pregame festivities honored the Miami and South Florida areas, along with a tribute to NASA. Singer Billy Joel later sang the national anthem. He also sang the national anthem at Super Bowl XLI, which coincidentally was held at the same venue. The coin toss ceremony featured former Miami Dolphins players Nick Buoniconti, Bob Griese, and Larry Little. This was the last outdoor Super Bowl to start earlier than 6 p.m. Eastern Standard Time, as it started just after 5 p.m. The halftime show was titled \"Be Bop Bamboozled",
"title": "Super Bowl XXIII"
},
{
"id": "394869",
"text": "Bowl. The pregame show featured Los del Río, who performed their multi-platinum smash hit \"Macarena\", the dance craze that became a worldwide summer hit in 1996. Country singer-songwriter Mary Chapin Carpenter and Cajun musical group BeauSoleil also appeared singing Carpenter's hit \"Down at the Twist and Shout\". R&B singer Luther Vandross later sang the national anthem, and Miss Louisiana 1996 Erika Schwarz Wright performed sign language for the national anthem. The coin toss ceremony featured the winning head coaches of the Super Bowls that had previously been in New Orleans: Hank Stram (Super Bowl IV), Tom Landry (Super Bowl VI,",
"title": "Super Bowl XXXI"
},
{
"id": "394663",
"text": "title as this episode. The pre show featured The Rockettes dance company in a tribute to Hollywood music and cinema in the United States. Also featured were former Eagles singer Glenn Frey and Fleetwood Mac. Country music singer Garth Brooks sang the national anthem. He was accompanied by actress Marlee Matlin, who signed the anthem for the deaf fans. Brooks very nearly did not perform the anthem—he left the stadium less than an hour before he was slated to sing, because of a dispute with NBC, regarding a video he asked them to air for the song \"We Shall Be",
"title": "Super Bowl XXVII"
},
{
"id": "14533992",
"text": "was included as the encore for her California Dreams Tour. Perry performed California Gurls without Snoop Dogg on the BBC One chat show \"The Graham Norton Show\" on June 28, 2010. On February 1, 2015, Perry was the headliner of Super Bowl XLIX halftime show and \"California Gurls\" was part of the performance. The German cover band The Baseballs covered the song. It is included on their album \"Strings 'n' Stripes\". The Hub has released a promo for the animated series \"\". Entitled \"Equestria Girls\", it is set to the song's melody, with a new set of lyrics written specifically",
"title": "California Gurls"
},
{
"id": "394606",
"text": "USS Inchon; USS Monterey; USS Normandy and the USS Sierra. The pregame show featured local Minnesota youth including the Metropolitan Boys Choir, the Minnesota Youth Symphonies, and local marching bands. Singer Harry Connick, Jr. later sang the national anthem. The coin toss ceremony featured Pro Football Hall of Fame head coach Chuck Noll. Noll, former Steelers Hall of Fame head coach who had retired a month earlier after 23 seasons, conducted the coin toss. Noll's Steelers had lost to both of these teams earlier in the season by large margins (52–34 to Buffalo and 41–14 to Washington). STS-42, a space",
"title": "Super Bowl XXVI"
},
{
"id": "394710",
"text": "musician Charlie Daniels, and the Morehouse College Marching Band. The United States Trampoline Association (USTA) performed on 4 trampolines during \"Jump-Jump\" performed by Kris Kross. Later, singer Natalie Cole, accompanied by the Atlanta University Center Chorus, sang the national anthem. To honor the 25th anniversary of the New York Jets' upset win in Super Bowl III, that game's MVP, former Jets quarterback Joe Namath joined the coin toss ceremony. The halftime show was titled \"Rockin' Country Sunday\" and featured country music stars Clint Black, Tanya Tucker, Travis Tritt, and Wynonna Judd. The show's finale included a special appearance by Naomi",
"title": "Super Bowl XXVIII"
},
{
"id": "12304621",
"text": "gain Receptions Times targeted Super Bowl XLIX had nine officials. The numbers in parentheses below indicates their uniform numbers. Super Bowl XLIX Super Bowl XLIX was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2014 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Seattle Seahawks, 28–24, to earn their fourth Super Bowl title and their first in ten years. The game was played on February 1, 2015 at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. It was the second time the stadium",
"title": "Super Bowl XLIX"
},
{
"id": "10663552",
"text": "part of a new collaborative arrangement with record label Island. \"Confident\" was released through the new venture deal. This will be Lovato's second multi-label venture of her career; she was formerly part of Jonas Records, a UMG/Hollywood/Jonas Brothers partnership, which is now defunct. Lovato released the lead single from \"Confident\" titled \"Cool for the Summer\" on July 1, 2015. On September 18, 2015, the title track \"Confident\" was released as the album's second single. On October 17, 2015, she performed a \"Cool for the Summer\" and \"Confident\" medley, as well as \"Stone Cold\" on \"Saturday Night Live\" during the series'",
"title": "Demi Lovato"
},
{
"id": "376035",
"text": "premiere the pilot of a promising new one in the lead-out slot, which immediately follows the Super Bowl and post-game coverage. Early Super Bowls featured a halftime show consisting of marching bands from local colleges or high schools; but as the popularity of the game increased, a trend where popular singers and musicians performed during its pre-game ceremonies and the halftime show, or simply sang the national anthem of the United States or America the Beautiful emerged. Unlike regular season or playoff games, thirty minutes are allocated for the Super Bowl halftime. After a special live episode of the Fox",
"title": "Super Bowl"
},
{
"id": "13908024",
"text": "In 2013, McGinty appeared in two PBS specials. He joined former Celtic Thunder member Paul Byrom on his \"This is the Moment\" show, and later they did a short tour. The other special \"The Power of Music\" with Ethan Bortnick was also a 2014 US tour. National Anthem and solos. McGinty gave a \"stunning performance\" of the national anthem before the Kansas City Royals vs. Cincinnati Reds baseball game on 19 May 2015. He also has done all sized venues as a solo artist and is currently performing shows. Recordings. His first EP (\"Run,\" \"This Is Your Song,\" \"With or",
"title": "Damian McGinty"
},
{
"id": "18849457",
"text": "2014 on NBC. The official theme song for the event is \"This Is How We Roll\" by Florida Georgia Line, who also performed live at the event. Hulk Hogan also made a special appearance. The other participants were: Alicia Fox, Brie Bella, Cameron, Emma, Nikki Bella, Paige, Rosa Mendes and Summer Rae. The 2015 edition of the special was taped on December 8 at the Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena in Jacksonville, Florida and aired on December 23 on the USA Network. Howie Mandel and the band Train also performed live at the event. JoJo also performed the national anthem in",
"title": "WWE Tribute to the Troops results"
},
{
"id": "18329779",
"text": "that Perry's halftime show drew a total TV audience of 120.7 million. Following the halftime show, all three of the songs performed by Missy Elliott entered the top twenty singles list on iTunes, and later reached the top ten. \"Billboard\" reported that industry sources expected Perry's songs to collectively sell around 100,000 downloads as a result of the performance, while Elliott's songs were predicted to sell up to 70,000 downloads, which would be an increase of more than 1,000% from the previous week (where Elliott sold 6,000 song downloads). For the week ending February 1, 2015, Perry's discography registered a",
"title": "Super Bowl XLIX halftime show"
},
{
"id": "18567751",
"text": "enlisted vocal coach Don Lawrence to help her belt out the correct notes. Lawrence worked with Gaga for her National Anthem performance the previous year, as well as her concert tours. Pepsi uploaded a behind-the-scenes video from the rehearsals, where Gaga explained the main challenge was how to make the halftime performance different from the preceding years but keep it still about the music. Choreographer Richy Jackson was shown in the middle of a session with the dancers, displaying the characteristic moves from the song, \"Bad Romance\" (2009). Jackson said the dancers were hand-picked and had worked before with the",
"title": "Super Bowl LI halftime show"
},
{
"id": "15725731",
"text": "On July 24, 2015, they joined Taylor Swift on stage at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts, during her \"1989\" tour to perform \"Shut Up and Dance\". On November 16, 2015, the group sang the national anthem preceding a Monday Night Football game between the Cincinnati Bengals and the Houston Texans, which was played at Paul Brown Stadium in Cincinnati. Walk the Moon performed their breakout hit \"Shut Up and Dance\" live at the 43rd Annual American Music Awards (AMA) on November 22, 2015. They were first-time AMA nominees for: The band's competition for New Artist of the Year included: Sam",
"title": "Walk the Moon"
},
{
"id": "395042",
"text": "anniversary of the birth of the United States, singer Ray Charles performed \"America the Beautiful\". The song was signed (ASL) by Tom Cooney. To honor the 10th anniversary of the Persian Gulf War, 10 military veterans from the conflict including former general Norman Schwarzkopf were introduced on the field. The pop group (and Florida natives) The Backstreet Boys then sang the national anthem becoming the only boyband to sing the national anthem at the Super Bowl. The coin toss ceremony honored the two previous Super Bowls that were played in Tampa. Representing the New York Giants' win in Super Bowl",
"title": "Super Bowl XXXV"
},
{
"id": "19203994",
"text": "2015. The funk track Uptown Funk by British producer Mark Ronson, featuring American singer Bruno Mars, who co-wrote and voiced the lyrics was named the number 1 song of 2015, despite being released in late 2014. It spent the longest time at number 1 for the year, 14 weeks, and spent the entire year in the Top 40 region. This is also the joint-second longest time at number 1 for a single in the 57-year history of the Hot 100 post-1958 inception, after Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men's One Sweet Day, which spent 16 weeks atop the Hot 100",
"title": "Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2015"
},
{
"id": "376037",
"text": "national anthem at Super Bowl XXV in 1991, during the Gulf War, had long been regarded as one of the best renditions of the anthem in history. Then, in an historic, groundbreaking, and emotional performance prior to Super Bowl XLVIII, soprano Renee Fleming became the first opera singer to perform the anthem, propelling FOX to the highest ratings of any program in its history, and remains so today. The halftime show of Super Bowl XXXVIII attracted controversy, following an incident in which Justin Timberlake removed a piece of Janet Jackson's top, briefly exposing one of her breasts before the broadcast",
"title": "Super Bowl"
},
{
"id": "17296354",
"text": "Season 4 of \"The Voice\", on June 18, 2015. On February 2, 2014, the single was featured as the fourth song in Mars' performance in the halftime performance of Super Bowl XLVIII at the MetLife Stadium in New Jersey. Mars performed the song live at the 2014 Brit Awards ceremony. Ashley Lee, a writer for \"The Hollywood Reporter\", noticed that Mars \"added few well-harmonized vocal interludes to the song bridge, while reprising the song's vintage-style choreography\". The single was also sung during the Moonshine Jungle Tour (2013) as the third item on the setlist. The song was performed as a",
"title": "Treasure (Bruno Mars song)"
},
{
"id": "15922336",
"text": "Stevie Wonder, and Avril Lavinge. Nicole Scherzinger sung the American national anthem. A pre-recorded message by President Barack Obama was played, while First Lady Michelle Obama gave a speech in-person. The Flame of Hope was used by Special Olympian Destiny Sanchez, joined by Rafer Johnson, to light the stadium's Olympic cauldron (as Johnson had done in 1984). 2015 Special Olympics World Summer Games The 2015 Special Olympics World Summer Games were a multi-sport event for athletes with intellectual disabilities held in Los Angeles, United States from July 25 to August 2, 2015, in the tradition of the Special Olympics movement.",
"title": "2015 Special Olympics World Summer Games"
},
{
"id": "4009696",
"text": "sing along with Springsteen's signature wordless vocalizations throughout the song's performance. The song has also been released in live versions on six albums or DVDs: \"Born to Run\" was also performed as the second number of four during Springsteen and the E Street Band's halftime performance at Super Bowl XLIII. On Jon Stewart's last episode as host of \"The Daily Show\" on August 6, 2015, Springsteen performed \"Land of Hope and Dreams\" and \"Born to Run\". The B-side was simply another cut from the album; Springsteen would not begin releasing unused tracks as B-sides until 1980. \"Born to Run\" was",
"title": "Born to Run (Bruce Springsteen song)"
},
{
"id": "2734530",
"text": "content in daytime television, and indicated that he was reviewing whether soap operas were violating the agency's indecency prohibitions. Two other major sporting events that followed the Super Bowl that year also were forced to censor their respective halftime shows following the incident. The Pro Bowl, which would be played on February 8 at Aloha Stadium in Hawaii, originally was to feature singer JC Chasez, who was a member of boy band 'N Sync as was Timberlake, sing the National Anthem before the game and perform his hit song \"Blowin' Me Up (with Her Love)\" at halftime. However, the NFL",
"title": "Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy"
},
{
"id": "6829739",
"text": "McCoy (Eagles) and Colin Kaepernick (49ers). This time, Underwood is seen performing on a computer-generated stage. In another major tweak, the lyrics toward the end of the song changed, with the commentators' first names (Al & Cris) being replaced with \"come on along with the best on TV.\" Carrie Underwood performed a special Super Bowl version of the song at the start of the network's broadcast of Super Bowl XLIX on February 1, 2015. In this version, Carrie Underwood is performing with a rock band in concert with video screens showing scenes from past Super bowl games inside a CGI",
"title": "NBC Sunday Night Football"
},
{
"id": "8669605",
"text": "rendition of the song standard \"Memory\" and garnered a Laurence Olivier Award nomination for Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Musical. She was set to reprise Grizabella in the Broadway revival of \"Cats\" but a week before rehearsals she quit after producers refused to give her top billing. On June 30, 2015, Scherzinger was crowned as the winner of the variety show \"I Can Do That\" where six celebrities compete with each other by performing skills that they never knew they had. In July she performed the American national anthem at the A Capitol Fourth concert in Washington,",
"title": "Nicole Scherzinger"
},
{
"id": "2515136",
"text": "field was the crew of STS-114, the \"Return to Flight\" Space Shuttle mission that eventually launched \"Space Shuttle Discovery\" on July 26, 2005. Houston-native Beyoncé then sang the national anthem. Aerosmith performed Baby, Please Don't Go and Dream On as part of the pre-show ceremony. The coin toss ceremony featured former NFL players and Texas natives Earl Campbell, Ollie Matson, Don Maynard, Y. A. Tittle, Mike Singletary, Gene Upshaw. Tittle tossed the coin. The NFL logo was painted at midfield for the first time since Super Bowl XXX, and the Super Bowl XXXVIII logo was placed on the 25-yard lines.",
"title": "Super Bowl XXXVIII"
},
{
"id": "1525415",
"text": "Ur Freak On\", \"Work It\", and \"Lose Control\". The performance was well-received, and boosted digital sales of Elliott's work that week, with a twenty-five-fold increase in album sales (to 2,000 units) and a ten-fold increase in sales of the three songs she performed (to 71,000 units) compared to the week before. It also became the most watched Super Bowl halftime show in NFL history, receiving 118.5 million viewers in the United States. On February 3, 2015, it was confirmed that Elliott would be a feature on the upcoming remix to Diplo and Skrillex's \"Take Ü There\". On February 11, Elliott",
"title": "Missy Elliott"
},
{
"id": "17477853",
"text": "her being visually out of sync with the backing track. On February 1, 2015, Perry performed the song during the Super Bowl XLIX halftime show. On July 28, 2016, she performed it at the 2016 Democratic National Convention. On May 27th, 2017, Perry performed the song as her finale at BBC radio one's big weekend in Hull. On June 4, 2017, Perry performed \"Roar\" at the \"One Love Manchester\" benefit concert for the victims of the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing. In 2013, the song was covered on the episode \"A Katy or a Gaga\" of the TV series \"Glee\". The",
"title": "Roar (song)"
},
{
"id": "394226",
"text": "play-by-play announcer Jack Buck and color commentator Hank Stram. Hosting coverage for CBS was done by Dick Stockton. Locally, Super Bowl XVI was broadcast by KCBS-AM in San Francisco with Don Klein and Wayne Walker and by WLW-AM in Cincinnati with Phil Samp and Andy MacWilliams. \"60 Minutes\" was broadcast after the game on CBS, representing the Super Bowl lead-out program. The closing music for the telecast was \"The Winner Takes It All\" by ABBA. The pregame festivities featured the University of Michigan Band. The band later performed the Canadian National Anthem, which was not televised. Singer Diana Ross then",
"title": "Super Bowl XVI"
},
{
"id": "7167393",
"text": "from the sidelines. Both WBAL and KNBR are clear-channel stations, which allowed the local commentaries to be heard throughout the Eastern and Western United States, respectively. Per contractual rules, the rest of the stations in the 49ers' and Ravens' radio networks carried the Dial Global feed. Internationally, the game was carried on radio as follows: Sirius XM Radio and NFL Audio Pass carried the local, Dial Global, and select international audio feeds. On January 18, 2013, the league announced that Alicia Keys would sing the national anthem. Keys stated that she would not perform the song traditionally and instead would",
"title": "Super Bowl XLVII"
},
{
"id": "18433573",
"text": "is featured on house duo Arches' single \"New Love\", which premiered in April 2015, and on Blonde's single \"Feel Good (It's Alright)\", released in August. Harding played at several festivals during mid 2015, including Birmingham Pride, Ibiza Rocks, Lovebox, Manchester Pride, and Parklife. Harding's influences include female solo artists such as Mariah Carey, Whitney Houston, Janet Jackson, and Lisa Stansfield, as well as dance and garage acts Artful Dodger, Craig David, and Madison Avenue. She has also cited house music of the 1990s as an influence. In May 2016, Harding was selected to perform the national anthem at the 2016",
"title": "Karen Harding"
},
{
"id": "394515",
"text": "and Wayne Walker and by KOA-AM in Denver with Larry Zimmer and Jim Turner (Zimmer was moved from his normal position as a color commentator when the Broncos' regular play-by-play voice, Bob Martin, became seriously ill the day before the game; eventually losing his battle with cancer just under a month after the game). The pregame show was a salute to Mardi Gras and featured musician and singer David Clayton-Thomas. Soul and R&B singer (and New Orleans native) Aaron Neville later sang the national anthem. The coin toss ceremony featured the recent inductees to the Pro Football Hall of Fame:",
"title": "Super Bowl XXIV"
},
{
"id": "2163445",
"text": "Kraft Foods, Holiday Inn, and Tupperware. In the 1970s, Bryant was teamed up with the Disney Character \"Orange Bird,\" with whom she appeared in several orange juice commercials. She also sang the Orange Bird Song and narrated the Orange Bird record album, with music written by the Sherman Brothers. Bryant performed the National Anthem at Super Bowl III in 1969. Bryant sang \"The Battle Hymn of the Republic\" during the halftime show of Super Bowl V in 1971 and at the graveside services for President of the United States Lyndon B. Johnson in 1973. Bryant hosted a two-hour television special,",
"title": "Anita Bryant"
},
{
"id": "18363608",
"text": "Brett James, and produced by Underwood's longtime producer Mark Bright. It also has a sample of \"Amazing Grace\" at the end of the song, sung by Underwood. It became a crossover success, having topped the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart for seven weeks and the Hot Christian Songs chart for twenty six consecutive weeks. It also reached No. 24 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. On August 10, 2015, \"Something in the Water\" was certified Platinum by RIAA. At the 57th Grammy Awards, the song won the Grammy award for Best Country Solo Performance. In February 2015,\"Little Toy Guns\" was",
"title": "Greatest Hits: Decade Number 1"
},
{
"id": "18329767",
"text": "NFL spokeswoman, the request had, according to the \"Journal\", received a \"chilly\" response from those involved. Fans of \"Weird Al\" Yankovic launched an unsuccessful campaign to have Yankovic perform the halftime show to promote his album \"Mandatory Fun\". On October 9, 2014, \"Billboard\" announced that Katy Perry would perform at halftime, and the NFL confirmed the announcement on November 23, 2014. On January 10, 2015, Perry announced that Lenny Kravitz would also appear at the halftime show. On January 30, 2015, it was revealed that Missy Elliott, who previously worked with Perry on \"Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)\" (Remix), would be",
"title": "Super Bowl XLIX halftime show"
},
{
"id": "1425395",
"text": "a duo medley with Carol Burnett. In January 1987, Diamond sang the national anthem at the Super Bowl. His \"America\" became the theme song for the Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign. That same year, UB40's reggae interpretation of Diamond's ballad \"Red Red Wine\" topped the Billboard Pop Singles chart and, like the Monkees' version of \"I'm a Believer\", became better known than Diamond's original version. During the 1990s, Diamond produced six studio albums. He covered many classic songs from the movies and from famous Brill Building-era songwriters. He also released two Christmas albums, the first of which peaked at No.",
"title": "Neil Diamond"
},
{
"id": "4185097",
"text": "Sky Sports taking the main CBS commentary and ITV taking the NFL supplied international commentary feed of Spero Dedes and Sterling Sharpe. Super Bowl XLI was broadcast in over 200 countries. Amongst the television networks who broadcast Super Bowl XLI were: Before the game, Cirque du Soleil, Romero Britto and Little Louie Vega performed as the pre-game act, and Billy Joel sang the National Anthem, accompanying himself on piano. He also performed at Super Bowl XXIII, which was played at the same venue. Joel became the second person to sing the National Anthem twice for a Super Bowl; Aaron Neville",
"title": "Super Bowl XLI"
},
{
"id": "16616708",
"text": "the tournament. The total amount of prize money offered by CONCACAF for the tournament is US$2.75 million, with $1 million being the top prize. Listed below is a breakdown of how the total amount is to be distributed: \"Sun Goes Down\" by German DJ Robin Schulz featuring English singer Jasmine Thompson was the official song for the tournament \"You Are Unstoppable\" by Austrian singer Conchita Wurst was the official anthem for the tournament. \"All the Way\" by Reykon featuring Bebe Rexha was used for Univision's coverage of the tournament. Awolnation's \"I Am\" was used for Fox's coverage. Multiple officials of",
"title": "2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup"
},
{
"id": "18563347",
"text": "surfaced stating that multiple acts would perform during the halftime show. Coldplay was confirmed as the lead half time performer for Super Bowl 50 on December 3, 2015, one day before the release of their seventh studio album \"A Head Full of Dreams\". It was confirmed that Beyoncé and Bruno Mars would join Coldplay as special guests. Chris Martin called Mars to ask him to perform with Coldplay; however, Mars declined the offer. Nevertheless, the singer of Coldplay invited Mars to his studio in Malibu where he was working. There, Martin revealed to Mars that he wanted for him to",
"title": "Super Bowl 50 halftime show"
},
{
"id": "8630798",
"text": "to Salim Merchant, the song \"almost became the sports anthem of the country, especially after India won the Cricket World Cup [2011]. It was no longer our song but the country's song\". After India's World Cup victory, Indian team player Virat Kohli \"sang 'Chak de India' to the crowd\". When India defeated South Africa at the 2015 Cricket World Cup, Nitin Srivastava of the BBC noted: \"MCG has erupted with \"Vande Mataram\" (the national song of India) and \"Chak De India\" (Go India!) slogans in the air! And there's no age barrier for cricket fans who came and enjoyed the",
"title": "Chak De! India"
},
{
"id": "18954288",
"text": "performed with the Broward Symphonic Band in Davie, Florida. Neil Jenkins, Musical Director. Donna performed with The Gold Coast Community Band featuring soloist Maestro Ken Wilbanks and his 100-piece orchestra. The performance celebrated the band’s 40th anniversary. She now performs with their new director, Barbara Rubenstein. In 2015, Donna performed the National Anthem at Sunrise Stadium for the 50th anniversary NFL game for the Miami Dolphins as a part of a chorus of 50 women singing in 4 part harmony. She also participated in the Fall Heartland Tour, centered around the Bethany College Jazz Festival and Iola Music Series in",
"title": "Donna Singer"
},
{
"id": "18546558",
"text": "debut to hourly plays on radio stations owned by iHeartMedia. The song garnered 1,000 plays on 100 reports, with an audience reach of 7.4 million. \"FourFiveSeconds\" is Rihanna's 40th entry on the chart, while it is McCartney's first since the chart's launch in 1992. For the week dated January 31, 2015, the song debuted at number 54 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. with sales of 53,000 copies and became the chart's top new entry. Subsequently, it debuted at number 12 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The next week, it moved to number 25 on the Pop",
"title": "FourFiveSeconds"
},
{
"id": "6789906",
"text": "on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, where it reached number four. To date, the song has sold over three million copies in the U.S, making Sparks the first \"American Idol\" contestant to reach the three million mark. It also became Brown's first song to hit three million. \"No Air\" also charted in Australia and New Zealand, where it reached number one, receiving platinum certifications in both countries. On February 3, 2008, Sparks sang the National Anthem at Super Bowl XLII. She performed in a tribute to Aretha Franklin at the NAACP Awards in February, as well. She had previously performed",
"title": "Jordin Sparks"
},
{
"id": "9335755",
"text": "Blacc would be the guest advisor for Adam Levine's team on Season 6 of \"The Voice\". Aloe performed \"America the Beautiful\" to open WrestleMania 31 at the Levi's stadium in California. On May 5, 2015, a sneak peek of Owl City's single \"Verge\" featuring Aloe Blacc aired on ESPN's \"Draft Academy.\" The song was released on May 14, 2015. In February 2016, Blacc announced his contribution to the film \"Race\", a song called \"Let the Games Begin\". On June 19, 2016, Blacc sang the national anthem and performed during the halftime show at the NBA finals, in which the Cleveland",
"title": "Aloe Blacc"
},
{
"id": "14485456",
"text": "halftime show in the history of the Super Bowl, drawing a rating of 115.3 million viewers. The viewership was higher than the game itself. However, it was surpassed the following year by Katy Perry's halftime show. He also performed at the 2015 Rock in Rio festival on May 16, 2015. At the 2014 Grammy Awards Mars won the award for Best Pop Vocal Album for \"Unorthodox Jukebox\". \"Locked Out of Heaven\" was nominated for Record and Song of the Year, while \"When I Was Your Man\" earned a nomination for Best Pop Solo Performance. In the same year, the album",
"title": "Bruno Mars"
},
{
"id": "394759",
"text": "narrated by Harry Kalas. The pregame show held before the game featured country music singer Hank Williams, Jr., who performed his theme song for \"Monday Night Football\", which was based on his single \"All My Rowdy Friends Are Coming Over Tonight\". Actress and singer Kathie Lee Gifford (Frank Gifford's wife) later sang the national anthem. She was accompanied by then-Miss America Heather Whitestone who signed the anthem for the hearing impaired. To honor the NFL's 75th season, several former players who were named to the league's 75th Anniversary All-Time Team joined the coin toss ceremony: Otto Graham, Joe Greene, Ray",
"title": "Super Bowl XXIX"
},
{
"id": "12466819",
"text": "while the New England Patriots, and Indianapolis Colts had the following two spots, followed by the New Orleans Saints at number seven and the Green Bay Packers and their fanbase ranked at number ten. The Arizona Cardinals finished last in the entire survey of 122 teams, though the survey was taken before the team's appearance against the Steelers in Super Bowl XLIII. The National Anthem controversy was started by former San Francisco 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick. Kaepernick knelt during the National Anthem in protest of Americas treatment of minorities. In October 2017, Papa John's Pizza removed the \"official sponsor\" designation",
"title": "History of the National Football League"
},
{
"id": "9041483",
"text": "from critics and fans alike, including an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song and a triumphant win at the 75 annual Golden Globe Awards (Best Original Song – Motion Picture). Already having been streamed more than 115 million times globally, the anthem has received a dancefloor-ready re-work by GRAMMY® Award-winning producer Dave Audé. The song was revealed during Super Bowl LII as the soundtrack to NBCUniversal’s promotional campaign leading up to and during the PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games, including NBC’s primetime coverage of the Opening Ceremony on Friday, February 9. Alongside his lengthy career in A&R, soundtracks and licensing,",
"title": "Kevin Weaver"
},
{
"id": "6729071",
"text": "at the Los Angeles Philharmonic Institute. In 1991, he performed US National Anthem with the Florida Orchestra at Super Bowl XXV with singer star Whitney Houston which many still hailed as the best rendition of the Anthem. The audio and video of that performance earned platinum record status. In September 2006, The U.S. House of Representatives presented a Congressional Record of his outstanding achievements in the U.S. Capitol. His \"Concert in Tribute and Remembrance\" with The Cleveland Orchestra for 9/11 received an Emmy award. In 1991 he has been nominated for the Grammy Award for his Telarc CD Recording with",
"title": "Jahja Ling"
},
{
"id": "2717138",
"text": "In 2008, Pride received the Mississippi Arts Commission's lifetime achievement award during the organization's Governor's Awards for Excellence in the Arts. He performed the national anthem at Super Bowl VIII and again at game five of the 2010 World Series, accompanied both years by the Del Rio High School JROTC Color Guard. He performed the national anthem before game six of the 1980 World Series, as well. In 2016, Pride was selected as one of 30 artists to perform on \"Forever Country\", a mash-up track of \"Take Me Home, Country Roads\", \"On the Road Again\", and \"I Will Always Love",
"title": "Charley Pride"
},
{
"id": "17084782",
"text": "have planned to place the broadcast behind a paywall, which the league resisted. The NFL entered into a social media partnership with Snapchat to present live stories with behind-the-scenes and fan perspectives from selected games. 2015 NFL season The 2015 NFL season was the 96th season in the history of the National Football League (NFL), and the 50th of the Super Bowl era. The season began on Thursday, September 10, 2015, with the annual kickoff game featuring the defending Super Bowl XLIX champion New England Patriots hosting the Pittsburgh Steelers. The season concluded with Super Bowl 50, the league's championship",
"title": "2015 NFL season"
},
{
"id": "18705261",
"text": "2015 Billboard Music Awards The 2015 \"Billboard\" Music Awards ceremony was held on May 17, 2015, at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas. It was aired live on ABC. The show was hosted by Ludacris and Chrissy Teigen. Taylor Swift won 8 out of her 14 nominations, including Top Artist, Top Female Artist and Top Billboard 200 Album for \"1989\". Other winners included Sam Smith, Iggy Azalea and Pharrell Williams scoring three trophies each. Meghan Trainor, One Direction, Jason Aldean, John Legend, Enrique Iglesias and Hozier won two categories. Swift premiered her \"Bad Blood\" music video at the",
"title": "2015 Billboard Music Awards"
}
] | who sung the national anthem at super bowl 2015 |
[
"target market"
] | [
{
"id": "1807801",
"text": "Market segmentation Market segmentation is the activity of dividing a broad consumer or business market, normally consisting of existing and potential customers, into sub-groups of consumers (known as \"segments\") based on some type of shared characteristics. In dividing or segmenting markets, researchers typically look for common characteristics such as shared needs, common interests, similar lifestyles or even similar demographic profiles. The overall aim of segmentation is to identify \"high yield segments\" – that is, those segments that are likely to be the most profitable or that have growth potential – so that these can be selected for special attention (i.e.",
"title": "Market segmentation"
},
{
"id": "5635284",
"text": "barriers to entry, identical products with no differentiation, an unlimited number of producers and consumers, and a perfectly elastic (linear) demand curve. The imperfectly competitive structure is quite identical to the realistic market conditions where some monopolistic competitors, monopolists, oligopolists, and duopolists exist and dominate the market conditions. The elements of Market Structure include the number and size distribution of firms, entry conditions, and the extent of differentiation. These somewhat abstract concerns tend to determine some but not all details of a specific concrete market system where buyers and sellers actually meet and commit to trade. Competition is useful because",
"title": "Market structure"
},
{
"id": "8963872",
"text": "Mass market Mass market is a market for goods produced on a large scale for a group of significant number of end consumers. Mass market is the opposite of the term niche market in that the first focuses on consumers with a wide variety of backgrounds with no identifiable preferences and expectations in a large market segment. Traditionally, businesses reach out to the mass market with advertising messages through a variety of media including radio, TV, newspapers and the Web. The mass market is the group of end consumers of common household products who are perceived as \"average\". This group",
"title": "Mass market"
},
{
"id": "1807848",
"text": "firms or consultancies to carry out segmentation analysis, especially if they lack the statistical skills to undertake the analysis. Some segmentation, especially post-hoc analysis, relies on sophisticated statistical analysis. Common statistical approaches and techniques used in segmentation analysis include: Marketers use a variety of data sources for segmentation studies and market profiling. Typical sources of information include: Market segmentation Market segmentation is the activity of dividing a broad consumer or business market, normally consisting of existing and potential customers, into sub-groups of consumers (known as \"segments\") based on some type of shared characteristics. In dividing or segmenting markets, researchers typically",
"title": "Market segmentation"
},
{
"id": "7584001",
"text": "their parent, the target market, who will be influenced to go purchase the toy. A target market is a selected group of consumers who share common needs or characteristics. Often these characteristics can be segmented into four different marketing groups, geographic, demographic, psychographic or behavioral (Kotler, P., Burton, S., Deans, K., Brown, L., & Armstrong, G., 2013). Once a company has defined their target market they will aim their products, services and marketing activities towards these consumers in a way that will hopefully persuade them to purchase the product or service (Kotler, et al., 2013). The impact of this will",
"title": "Target audience"
},
{
"id": "10677563",
"text": "According to Lo, the adaptive market hypothesis can be viewed as a new version of the efficient market hypothesis, derived from evolutionary principles: By species, he means distinct groups of market participants, each behaving in a common manner—pension fund managers, retail investors, market makers, hedge fund managers, etc. If multiple members of a single group are competing for rather scarce resources within a single market, then that market is likely to be highly efficient (for example, the market for 10-year U.S. Treasury notes, which reflects most relevant information very quickly indeed). On the other hand, if a small number of",
"title": "Adaptive market hypothesis"
},
{
"id": "11230679",
"text": "1946 and 1964, generation X, who are born between 1965 and 1976, and generation Y, who are born between 1977 and 1994. Each classification has different characteristics and causes they find important. This can be beneficial to a marketer as they can decide who their product would benefit most and tailor their marketing plan to attract that segment. Demography covers many aspects that are important to marketers including family dynamics, geographic shifts, workforce changes, and levels of diversity in any given area. Another aspect of the macro-environment is the economic environment. This refers to the purchasing power of potential customers",
"title": "Market environment"
},
{
"id": "8963873",
"text": "encompasses such a wide variety of people, their need for, uses for, and price point for market offerings may vary greatly. The myriad of customers' needs makes it difficult to target each and every customer in the mass market, via mass marketing. Therefore, marketers often subdivide the market into smaller groups, or niches, comprising customers with similar wants, and then target them via niche marketing. Electric and gas utilities, soap, paper towels and gasoline are typical examples of goods for a mass market. Mass market Mass market is a market for goods produced on a large scale for a group",
"title": "Mass market"
},
{
"id": "297756",
"text": "firms. The curve is therefore more price-elastic for price increases and less so for price decreases. Theory predicts that firms will enter the industry in the long run. Oligopoly An oligopoly (, from Ancient Greek ὀλίγος (olígos) \"few\" + πωλεῖν (poleîn) \"to sell\") is a market form wherein a market or industry is dominated by a small number of large sellers (oligopolists). Oligopolies can result from various forms of collusion which reduce competition and lead to higher prices for consumers. Oligopolies have their own market structure. With few sellers, each oligopolist is likely to be aware of the actions of",
"title": "Oligopoly"
},
{
"id": "11475228",
"text": "Target market A target market is a group of customers within a business's serviceable available market at which a business aims its marketing efforts and resources. A target market is a subset of the total market for a product or service. The target market typically consists of consumers who exhibit similar characteristics (such as age, location, income or lifestyle) and are considered most likely to buy a business's market offerings or are likely to be the most profitable segments for the business to service. The choice of a suitable target market is one of the final steps in the market",
"title": "Target market"
},
{
"id": "5635286",
"text": "the operator to competitive pressures, (b) gathering information on the operator and the market, and (c) applying incentive regulation. The correct sequence of the market structure from most to least competitive is perfect competition, imperfect competition, oligopoly, and pure monopoly. The main criteria by which one can distinguish between different market structures are: the number and size of producers and consumers in the market, the type of goods and services being traded, and the degree to which information can flow freely. Market structure Market structure has historically emerged in two separate types of discussions in economics, that of Adam Smith",
"title": "Market structure"
},
{
"id": "5635283",
"text": "branding or quality) and hence are not perfect substitutes. In monopolistic competition, a firm takes the prices charged by its rivals as given and ignores the impact of its own prices on the prices of other. This market structure exists when there are multiple sellers who are attempting to seem different than each other. 2. Oligopoly, in which a market is run by a small number of firms that together control the majority of the market share. 3. Monopoly, where there is only one provider of a product or service. 4. Perfect competition, a theoretical market structure that features low",
"title": "Market structure"
},
{
"id": "11475272",
"text": "combat this issue throughout the United States. Target market A target market is a group of customers within a business's serviceable available market at which a business aims its marketing efforts and resources. A target market is a subset of the total market for a product or service. The target market typically consists of consumers who exhibit similar characteristics (such as age, location, income or lifestyle) and are considered most likely to buy a business's market offerings or are likely to be the most profitable segments for the business to service. The choice of a suitable target market is one",
"title": "Target market"
},
{
"id": "1807836",
"text": "origin. Online market segmentation is similar to the traditional approaches in that the segments should be identifiable, substantial, accessible, stable, differentiable and actionable. Customer data stored in online data management systems such as a CRM or DMP enables the analysis and segmentation of consumers across a diverse set of attributes. Forsyth et al., in an article 'Internet research' grouped current active online consumers into six groups: Simplifiers, Surfers, Bargainers, Connectors, Routiners, and Sportsters. The segments differ regarding four customers' behaviours, namely: For example, \"Simplifiers\" make over 50 percent of all online transactions. Their main characteristic is that they need easy",
"title": "Market segmentation"
},
{
"id": "297738",
"text": "Oligopoly An oligopoly (, from Ancient Greek ὀλίγος (olígos) \"few\" + πωλεῖν (poleîn) \"to sell\") is a market form wherein a market or industry is dominated by a small number of large sellers (oligopolists). Oligopolies can result from various forms of collusion which reduce competition and lead to higher prices for consumers. Oligopolies have their own market structure. With few sellers, each oligopolist is likely to be aware of the actions of the others. According to game theory, the decisions of one firm therefore influence and are influenced by decisions of other firms. Strategic planning by oligopolists needs to take",
"title": "Oligopoly"
},
{
"id": "2833681",
"text": "of people who buy a specific brand or a category of goods at least once in a given period, divided by the size of the relevant market population. Market penetration is one of the four growth strategies of the Product-Market Growth Matrix as defined by Ansoff. Market penetration occurs when a company penetrates a market in which current or similar products already exist. A way to achieve this is by gaining competitors' customers (part of their market share). Other ways include attracting non-users of a product or convincing current clients to use more of a product/service (by advertising, etc.). Ansoff",
"title": "Market penetration"
},
{
"id": "246646",
"text": "An oligopoly is a market structure in which a market or industry is dominated by a small number of firms (oligopolists). Oligopolies can create the incentive for firms to engage in collusion and form cartels that reduce competition leading to higher prices for consumers and less overall market output. Alternatively, oligopolies can be fiercely competitive and engage in flamboyant advertising campaigns. A monopsony is a market where there is only one buyer and many sellers. An oligopsony is a market where there are a few buyers and many sellers. Game theory is a major method used in mathematical economics and",
"title": "Microeconomics"
},
{
"id": "11811624",
"text": "early 1960s. It changed the view of many economists who had seen the labor market as a market of individuals with different characteristics of e.g., education and motivation. This perspective was intended to help explain the demand-side of the market, and the nature and strategy of employers. The idea of non-competing groups developed under the general label of labor market segmentation theory. The theory emerged in the United States The market segmentation model was developed to accommodate the differences in job markets. For example, lawyers and fashion designers work in different markets. Such markets arise from the division of labor,",
"title": "Labor market segmentation"
},
{
"id": "1807831",
"text": "of customers, especially the attitudes and beliefs that drive consumer decision-making and behaviour. An example of attitudinal segmentation comes from the UK's Department of Environment which segmented the British population into six segments, based on attitudes that drive behaviour relating to environmental protection: In addition to geographics, demographics, psychographics and behavioural bases, marketers occasionally turn to other means of segmenting the market, or to develop segment profiles. A generation is defined as \"a cohort of people born within a similar span of time (15 years at the upper end) who share a comparable age and life stage and who were",
"title": "Market segmentation"
},
{
"id": "6923603",
"text": "systems (\"freeing\" the markets) the free markets could run without market failures. For a market to be competitive, there must be more than a single buyer or seller. It has been suggested that two people may trade, but it takes at least three persons to have a market, so that there is competition in at least one of its two sides. However, competitive markets—as understood in formal economic theory—rely on much larger numbers of both buyers and sellers. A market with a single seller and multiple buyers is a monopoly. A market with a single buyer and multiple sellers is",
"title": "Market (economics)"
},
{
"id": "20627270",
"text": "to their behavior patterns at the beginning and end of the period to measure the displacement. Example: Loyalists, Under performs, Seasonal, Onetime and two-time buyers and Inactive buyers. Another approach is to form a group of people with shared interests and purchase patterns as one segment, and later analyze their movements and migration after the end of the period. Customer migration In marketing, customer migration refers to the shifting of customers from one segment to the other. A Customer Segment or a group of individuals is formed that allows the company to identify and reach out to customers (current or",
"title": "Customer migration"
},
{
"id": "11475234",
"text": "can be identified. In other words, the market is looking for market-based opportunities that are a good match its current product offerings or whether new product/service offerings need to be devised for specific segments within the overall market. Markets generally fall into two broad types, namely consumer markets and business markets. A consumer market consists of individuals or households who purchase goods for private consumption and do not intend to resell those goods for a profit. A business market consists of individuals or organisations who purchase goods for one of three main purposes; (a) for resale; (b) for use in",
"title": "Target market"
},
{
"id": "249756",
"text": "has a perfectly elastic demand schedule. There are seven characteristics of monopolistic competition (MC): MC firms sell products that have real or perceived non-price differences. However, the differences are not so great as to eliminate other goods as substitutes. Technically, the cross price elasticity of demand between goods in such a market is positive. In fact, the XED would be high. MC goods are best described as close but imperfect substitutes. The goods perform the same basic functions but have differences in qualities such as type, style, quality, reputation, appearance, and location that tend to distinguish them from each other.",
"title": "Monopolistic competition"
},
{
"id": "2833686",
"text": "how much inventory it is prudent to keep. Understanding market penetration for an emerging market is more difficult due to the lack of established competitors and similar products. Emerging markets are susceptible to large companies and are sought after by globalized businesses due to the increase in disposable income the average person will have and weak local competitors. The weakness of local competitors is due to their poor customer service and limit in resources as they don't have the capital and reach that large corporations have. The four big emerging markets are Brazil, Russia, India and China as they were",
"title": "Market penetration"
},
{
"id": "297739",
"text": "into account the likely responses of the other market. Entry barriers include high investment requirements, strong consumer loyalty for existing brands and economies of scale. Oligopoly is a common market form where a number of firms are in competition. As a quantitative description of oligopoly, the four-firm concentration ratio is often utilized. This measure expresses, as a percentage, the market share of the four largest firms in any particular industry. For example, as of fourth quarter 2008, if we combine total market share of Verizon Wireless, AT&T, Sprint, and T-Mobile, we see that these firms, together, control 97% of the",
"title": "Oligopoly"
},
{
"id": "10896173",
"text": "group of tightly targeted consumers. For example, markets can be grouped into narrow clusters based on commitment to a product class or readiness to purchase a given brand. The approach requires a company to define very narrow market segments, and tailor offers or campaigns for that segment. Although, the approach can be more expensive due to customization and difficulties attaining scale economies, advancements in technology have facilitated the delivery of highly customised products to small groups or even individual customers. Nike ID and Shoes of Prey are often cited as practical examples of this approach. It should be evident that",
"title": "Micromarketing"
},
{
"id": "627414",
"text": "Stock market A stock market, equity market or share market is the aggregation of buyers and sellers (a loose network of economic transactions, not a physical facility or discrete entity) of stocks (also called shares), which represent ownership claims on businesses; these may include \"securities\" listed on a public stock exchange, as well as stock that is only traded privately. Examples of the latter include shares of private companies which are sold to investors through equity crowdfunding platforms. Stock exchanges list shares of common equity as well as other security types, e.g. corporate bonds and convertible bonds. Stocks are categorized",
"title": "Stock market"
},
{
"id": "470532",
"text": "Cartel A cartel is a group of apparently independent producers whose goal is to increase their collective profits by means of price fixing, limiting supply, or other restrictive practices. Cartels typically control selling prices, but some are organized to control the prices of purchased inputs. Antitrust laws attempt to deter or forbid cartels. A single entity that holds a monopoly by this definition cannot be a cartel, though it may be guilty of abusing said monopoly in other ways. Cartels usually occur in oligopolies, where there are a small number of sellers and usually involve homogeneous products. In general, cartels",
"title": "Cartel"
},
{
"id": "6923618",
"text": "price, promotion, place) in 1990 which is a more consumer-oriented version of the four Ps that attempts to better fit the movement from mass marketing to niche marketing. Koichi Shimizu proposed a 7Cs Compass Model (corporation, commodity, cost, communication, channel, consumer, circumstances) to provide a more complete picture of the nature of marketing in 1981. Businesses market their products/services to a specific segments of consumers. The defining factors of the markets are determined by demographics, interests and age/gender. A form of expansion is to enter a new market and sell/advertise to a different set of users. A prominent entry-point for",
"title": "Market (economics)"
},
{
"id": "7583983",
"text": "target audience is often segregated by factors such as demographic and psychographic differences. The audience within these target segments can have different regional, ethnic, lifestyle, and monetary and religious requirements. Tailoring the offering to a target market allows the marketer to satisfy the particular needs and wants of the consumers within this audience (Hoyer, Macinnis, & Pieters, 2013, p. 13). The marketing mix is the combination of what are commonly called the '4 Ps'. These are price, place (distribution), product and promotion, in no particular order. The target market, defined by the market segmentation, requires a unique set of the",
"title": "Target audience"
},
{
"id": "7577225",
"text": "over what variables to consider when dividing the market. Approaches through social, economic and individual factors, such as brand loyalty, have been considered along with the more widely recognized geographic, physiographic, demographic and behavioral variables proposed by Philip Kotler. Segmenting a market therefore, is a process of \"organising\" the market into groups that a business can gain a competitive advantage in. They must, however, avoid over-fragmenting the market as the diversity can make it difficult to profitably serve the smaller markets. The characteristics marketers are looking for are measurability, accessibility, sustainability and actionability. There are two approaches to segmenting a",
"title": "Segmenting-targeting-positioning"
},
{
"id": "1807829",
"text": "when consumers might purchase or consume a product. This approach customer-level and occasion-level segmentation models and provides an understanding of the individual customers’ needs, behaviour and value under different occasions of usage and time. Unlike traditional segmentation models, this approach assigns more than one segment to each unique customer, depending on the current circumstances they are under. Benefit segmentation (sometimes called \"needs-based segmentation\") was developed by Grey Advertising in the late 1960s. The benefits-sought by purchasers enables the market to be divided into segments with distinct needs, perceived value, benefits sought or advantage that accrues from the purchase of a",
"title": "Market segmentation"
},
{
"id": "7577240",
"text": "appropriate markets have been analysed and compared, appropriate segments will be identifiable for the organisation to pursue. Similar micro segments can be grouped as bigger segments if they satisfy the same need, segments must comprise only features that are the almost the same or extremely similar. Consumers can now be grouped via their characteristics to form a 'segment'. These characteristics include all information that was obtained during steps 1-4 to create specific segments of consumers that all have the same kind of needs, wants, and benefits received from the specific product within their segment. Analysing competitor intensity within segments and",
"title": "Segmenting-targeting-positioning"
},
{
"id": "8830599",
"text": "Two-sided market A two-sided market, also called a two-sided network, is an intermediary economic platform having two distinct user groups that provide each other with network benefits. The organization that creates value primarily by enabling direct interactions between two (or more) distinct types of affiliated customers is called a multi-sided platform (MSP). Two-sided networks can be found in many industries, sharing the space with traditional product and service offerings. Example markets include credit cards (composed of cardholders and merchants); HMOs (patients and doctors); operating systems (end-users and developers); yellow pages (advertisers and consumers); video-game consoles (gamers and game developers); recruitment",
"title": "Two-sided market"
},
{
"id": "1527237",
"text": "Oligopsony An oligopsony (from Ancient Greek ὀλίγοι (oligoi) \"few\" + ὀψωνία (opsōnia) \"purchase\") is a market form in which the number of buyers is small while the number of sellers in theory could be large. This typically happens in a market for inputs where numerous suppliers are competing to sell their product to a small number of (often large and powerful) buyers. It contrasts with an oligopoly, where there are many buyers but few sellers. An oligopsony is a form of imperfect competition. The terms monopoly (one seller), monopsony (one buyer), and bilateral monopoly have a similar relationship. In each",
"title": "Oligopsony"
},
{
"id": "1807823",
"text": "geographic data to create richer, more detailed profiles. Geo-cluster approaches are a consumer classification system designed market segmentation and consumer profiling purposes. They classify residential regions or postcodes on the basis of census and lifestyle characteristics obtained from a wide range of sources. This allows the segmentation of a population into smaller groups defined by individual characteristics such as demographic, socio-economic or other shared socio-demographic characteristics. Geographic segmentation may be considered the first step in international marketing, where marketers must decide whether to adapt their existing products and marketing programs for the unique needs of distinct geographic markets. Tourism Marketing",
"title": "Market segmentation"
},
{
"id": "9807694",
"text": "Marketplace A market, or marketplace, is a location where people regularly gather for the purchase and sale of provisions, livestock, and other goods. In different parts of the world, a market place may be described as a \"souk\" (from the Arabic), \"bazaar\" (from the Persian), a fixed \"mercado\" (Spanish), or itinerant \"tianguis\" (Mexico), or \"palengke\" (Philippines). Some markets operate daily and are said to be \"permanent\" markets while others are held once a week or on less frequent specified days such as festival days and are said to be \"periodic markets.\" The form that a market adopts is depends on",
"title": "Marketplace"
},
{
"id": "13458671",
"text": "with an exchange, not of cash for goods or services, but identity for loyalty. Price describes sellers as: \"Sellers in the market are all those for whom myths and dreams and history [i.e. identity] can somehow be converted into power and wealth—classically states, governments, interest groups, business and others.\" Price illustrates buyers, medium of exchange, and their relationship: The \"buyers\" are citizens, subjects, nationals, consumers—recipients of packages of information, propaganda, advertisements, drama, and news propounded by the media. The consumer \"pays\" for one set of identities or another in several ways that, together, we call \"loyalty\" or \"citizenship.\" Payment, however,",
"title": "Market for loyalties theory"
},
{
"id": "696917",
"text": "sub-markets or segments, each of which tends to be homogeneous in all significant aspects. Market segmentation is conducted for two main purposes, including: A firm only possesses a certain amount of resources. Accordingly, it must make choices (and appreciate the related costs) in servicing specific groups of consumers. Moreover, with more diversity in the tastes of modern consumers, firms are noting the benefit of servicing a multiplicity of new markets. Market segmentation can be defined in terms of the STP acronym, meaning Segment, Target, Position. Segmentation involves the initial splitting up of consumers into persons of like needs/wants/tastes. Four commonly",
"title": "Marketing"
},
{
"id": "20627267",
"text": "Customer migration In marketing, customer migration refers to the shifting of customers from one segment to the other. A Customer Segment or a group of individuals is formed that allows the company to identify and reach out to customers (current or potential) with similar needs and expectations from the product or service. This movement can be a result of any event or actions led by the company or the customer himself. The first can be a resultant of marketing campaigns, messages and targeting, while the second can occur if there is change in customer preferences, income, or as a response",
"title": "Customer migration"
},
{
"id": "9807780",
"text": "seller's private consumption or is distributed among kin and close family. Marketplace A market, or marketplace, is a location where people regularly gather for the purchase and sale of provisions, livestock, and other goods. In different parts of the world, a market place may be described as a \"souk\" (from the Arabic), \"bazaar\" (from the Persian), a fixed \"mercado\" (Spanish), or itinerant \"tianguis\" (Mexico), or \"palengke\" (Philippines). Some markets operate daily and are said to be \"permanent\" markets while others are held once a week or on less frequent specified days such as festival days and are said to be",
"title": "Marketplace"
},
{
"id": "3871752",
"text": "Contestable market In economics, the theory of contestable markets, associated primarily with its 1982 proponent William J. Baumol, holds that there are markets served by a small number of firms that are nevertheless characterized by competitive equilibria (and therefore desirable welfare outcomes) because of the existence of potential short-term entrants. A perfectly contestable market has three main features: A perfectly contestable market is not possible in real life. Instead, the degree of contestability of a market is talked about. The more contestable a market is, the closer it will be to a perfectly contestable market. Economists argue that determining price",
"title": "Contestable market"
},
{
"id": "18003105",
"text": "Product/market fit Product/market fit, also known as product-market fit, is the degree to which a product satisfies a strong market demand. Product/market fit has been identified as a first step to building a successful venture in which the company meets early adopters, gathers feedback and gauges interest in its product(s). Marc Andreessen defined the term as follows: “Product/market fit means being in a good market with a product that can satisfy that market.” Many people interpret product/market fit as creating a so called \"minimum viable product\" that addresses and solves a problem or need that exists. Sean Ellis is often",
"title": "Product/market fit"
},
{
"id": "5458845",
"text": "Test market A test market, in the field of business and marketing, is a geographic region or demographic group used to gauge the viability of a product or service in the mass market prior to a wide scale roll-out. The criteria used to judge the acceptability of a test market region or group include: The test market ideally aims to duplicate \"everything\" - promotion and distribution as well as \"product\" - on a smaller scale. The technique replicates, typically in one area, what is planned to occur in a national launch; and the results are very carefully monitored, so that",
"title": "Test market"
},
{
"id": "1294184",
"text": "of trophic links per consumer is a measure of food web connectance. Food chains are nested within the trophic links of food webs. Food chains are linear (noncyclic) feeding pathways that trace monophagous consumers from a base species up to the top consumer, which is usually a larger predatory carnivore. Linkages connect to nodes in a food web, which are aggregates of biological taxa called trophic species. Trophic species are functional groups that have the same predators and prey in a food web. Common examples of an aggregated node in a food web might include parasites, microbes, decomposers, saprotrophs, consumers,",
"title": "Food web"
},
{
"id": "4666108",
"text": "Vertical market A vertical market is a market in which vendors offer goods and services \"specific\" to an industry, trade, profession, or other group of customers with specialized needs. An example could be software that manages services in hotels—amenities solutions. It is distinguished from a horizontal market, in which vendors offer a \"non-specific,\" broad range of goods and services to a large group of customers with a wide range of needs, such as businesses as a whole, men, women, households, or, in the broadest horizontal market, everyone. The activities of participants within any given vertical market are typically similar in",
"title": "Vertical market"
},
{
"id": "1825812",
"text": "Chasm\" is closely related to the technology adoption lifecycle where five main segments are recognized: innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority and laggards. According to Moore, the marketer should focus on one group of customers at a time, using each group as a base for marketing to the next group. The most difficult step is making the transition between visionaries (early adopters) and pragmatists (early majority). This is the chasm that he refers to. If a successful firm can create a bandwagon effect in which enough momentum builds, then the product becomes a de facto standard. However, Moore's theories",
"title": "Crossing the Chasm"
},
{
"id": "18003111",
"text": "high degree of product/market fit, or \"extreme\" product/market fit. Product/market fit Product/market fit, also known as product-market fit, is the degree to which a product satisfies a strong market demand. Product/market fit has been identified as a first step to building a successful venture in which the company meets early adopters, gathers feedback and gauges interest in its product(s). Marc Andreessen defined the term as follows: “Product/market fit means being in a good market with a product that can satisfy that market.” Many people interpret product/market fit as creating a so called \"minimum viable product\" that addresses and solves a",
"title": "Product/market fit"
},
{
"id": "10751860",
"text": "Technographic segmentation Technographic segmentation is a market research analysis tool used to identify and profile the characteristics and behaviors of consumers through the process of market segmentation. Traditionally market researchers focused on various demographic, psychographic, and lifestyle schemes to categorize and describe homogeneous clusters of consumers that comprise possible target markets. With the advent of personal computers and home video in the late 1980s and the explosion in Internet use, personal digital assistants, BlackBerries, video games, cell phones, etc. in the 1990s, information and communication technologies have emerged as a central focus and defining force in a wide range of",
"title": "Technographic segmentation"
},
{
"id": "7729999",
"text": "Customer base The customer base is the group of customers who repeatedly purchase the goods or services of a business. These customers are a main source of revenue for a company. The customer base may be considered the business's target market, where customer behaviors are well understood through market research or past experience. Relying on a customer base can make growth and innovation difficult. Companies with a customer base consisting mainly of large companies may increase their customer base by pursuing small and mid-size companies. From a legal point of view, the customer base is an accessible collection of confidential",
"title": "Customer base"
},
{
"id": "17227788",
"text": "Relative market share Relative market share indexes a firm’s or a brand’s market share against that of its leading competitor. Market concentration, a related metric, measures the degree to which a comparatively small number of firms accounts for a large proportion of the market. These metrics are useful in comparing a firm’s or a brand’s relative position across different markets and in evaluating the type and degree of competition in those markets. The purpose of the “relative market share metric” is to access a firm’s or a brand’s success and its position in the market. A firm with a market",
"title": "Relative market share"
},
{
"id": "17227789",
"text": "share of 25% would be a powerful leader in many markets but a distant “number two” in others. Relative market share offers a way to benchmark a firm’s or a brand’s share against that of its largest competitor, enabling managers to compare relative market positions across different product markets. Relative market share gains some of its significance from studies–albeit controversial ones—suggesting that major players in a market tend to be more profitable than their competitors. Relative market share can also be calculated by dividing brand sales by largest competitor sales because the common factor of total market sales (or revenue)",
"title": "Relative market share"
},
{
"id": "8830621",
"text": "the attacker or exit the field. Two-sided market A two-sided market, also called a two-sided network, is an intermediary economic platform having two distinct user groups that provide each other with network benefits. The organization that creates value primarily by enabling direct interactions between two (or more) distinct types of affiliated customers is called a multi-sided platform (MSP). Two-sided networks can be found in many industries, sharing the space with traditional product and service offerings. Example markets include credit cards (composed of cardholders and merchants); HMOs (patients and doctors); operating systems (end-users and developers); yellow pages (advertisers and consumers); video-game",
"title": "Two-sided market"
},
{
"id": "10968283",
"text": "LOHAS Lifestyles of Health and Sustainability (LOHAS) is a demographic defining a particular market segment related to sustainable living, \"green\" ecological initiatives, and generally composed of a relatively upscale and well-educated population segment. The author Paul H. Ray, who coined the term \"Cultural Creatives\" in his book by the same name, explains that \"What you're seeing is a demand for products of equal quality that are also virtuous.\" Included in the cultural creative demographic are consumers of New Age goods and services. Researchers have reported a range of sizes of the LOHAS market segment. For example, Worldwatch Institute reported that",
"title": "LOHAS"
},
{
"id": "7584019",
"text": "generally segment target markets into consumer lifestyles and their social class. Social class has a large effect on preferences for cars, clothes, home furnishings, leisure activities, reading habits, and retailers (Kotler et al., 2014). Consumers are divided by their knowledge, attitudes, and use of, or response to, the product (Kotler et al., 2014). Marketers can group buyers according to the occasion when they made the purchase or used the product. For example, Kotler et al. (2014) suggests that air travel is generated by occasions relative to business, vacation, or family. Another way marketers can group buyers using behavioral variables is",
"title": "Target audience"
},
{
"id": "10677564",
"text": "species are competing for rather abundant resources, then that market will be less efficient (for example, the market for oil paintings from the Italian Renaissance). Market efficiency cannot be evaluated in a vacuum, but is highly context-dependent and dynamic. Shortly stated, the degree of market efficiency is related to environmental factors characterizing market ecology, such as the number of competitors in the market, the magnitude of profit opportunities available, and the adaptability of the market participants. The adaptive market hypothesis has several implications that differentiate it from the efficient market hypothesis: Adaptive market hypothesis The adaptive market hypothesis, as proposed",
"title": "Adaptive market hypothesis"
},
{
"id": "11851852",
"text": "and exportation of a variety of goods. They are marked by above average land mass, as exemplified by Argentina, China, India, Brazil, Mexico, Indonesia, and Iran. More land mass typically means an increased market size and share. Semi-peripheral nations are not all large though, as smaller countries such as Israel, Poland, and Greece exist within the semi-periphery. Semi-peripheral countries offer their citizens relatively diverse economic opportunities but also have extreme gaps between the rich and poor. World-system theorists originally used only two categories: periphery countries and core countries. A need for an in between category became quickly apparent, leading to",
"title": "Semi-periphery countries"
},
{
"id": "7584014",
"text": "laws. Target audiences are formed from different groups, for example: adults, teens, children, mid-teens, preschoolers, men, or women. To market to any given audience effectively, it is essential to become familiar with your target market; their habits, behaviors, likes, and dislikes. Markets differ in size, assortment, geographic scale, locality, types of communities, and in the different types of merchandise sold. Because of the many variations included in a market it is essential, since you cannot accommodate everyone's preferences, to know exactly who you are marketing to. To better become acquainted with the ins and outs of your designated target market",
"title": "Target audience"
},
{
"id": "3907144",
"text": "other barriers to entry. If no individual participant in the market has significant market power, then anti-competitive behavior can take place only through collusion, or the exercise of a group of participants' collective market power. The Lerner index and Herfindahl index may be used to measure market power. When several firms control a significant share of market sales, the resulting market structure is called an oligopoly or oligopsony. An oligopoly may engage in collusion, either tacit or overt, and thereby exercise market power. A group of firms that explicitly agree to affect market price or output is called a cartel.",
"title": "Market power"
},
{
"id": "8830604",
"text": "regarding the number of users in their own group; these are called same-side network effects. Cross-side network effects are usually positive, but can be negative (as with consumer reactions to advertising). Same-side network effects may be either positive (e.g., the benefit from swapping video games with more peers) or negative (e.g., the desire to exclude direct rivals from an online business-to-business marketplace). For example, in marketplaces such as eBay or Taobao, buyers and sellers are the two groups. Buyers prefer a large number of sellers, and, meanwhile, sellers prefer a large number of buyers, such that the members in one",
"title": "Two-sided market"
},
{
"id": "249761",
"text": "The source of an MC firm's market power is not barriers to entry since they are low. Rather, an MC firm has market power because it has relatively few competitors, those competitors do not engage in strategic decision making and the firms sells differentiated product. Market power also means that an MC firm faces a downward sloping demand curve. The demand curve is highly elastic although not \"flat\". No sellers or buyers have complete market information, like market demand or market supply. There are two sources of inefficiency in the MC market structure. First, at its optimum output the firm",
"title": "Monopolistic competition"
},
{
"id": "369804",
"text": "many benefits: with full freedom of movement for all the factors of production between the member countries, the factors of production become more efficiently allocated, further increasing productivity. For both business within the market and consumers, a single market is a competitive environment, making the existence of monopolies more difficult. This means that inefficient companies will suffer a loss of market share and may have to close down. However, efficient firms can benefit from economies of scale, increased competitiveness and lower costs, as well as expecting profitability to increase as a result. Consumers are benefited by the single market in",
"title": "Single market"
},
{
"id": "1807822",
"text": "and income as well as attitudinal and behavioural variables, it makes little logical sense to combine psychographics with demographics or other bases. Any attempt to use combined bases needs careful consideration and a logical foundation. Source: Based on Wikiversity, Marketing [E-Book], c. 2015 The following sections provide a detailed description of the most common forms of consumer market segmentation. Geographic segmentation divides markets according to geographic criteria. In practice, markets can be segmented as broadly as continents and as narrowly as neighborhoods or postal codes. Typical geographic variables include: The geo-cluster approach (also called \"geodemographic segmentation\") combines demographic data with",
"title": "Market segmentation"
},
{
"id": "727288",
"text": "Market trend A market trend is a perceived tendency of financial markets to move in a particular direction over time. These trends are classified as \"secular\" for long time frames, \"primary\" for medium time frames, and \"secondary\" for short time frames. Traders attempt to identify market trends using technical analysis, a framework which characterizes market trends as predictable price tendencies within the market when price reaches support and resistance levels, varying over time. A trend can only be determined in hindsight, since at any time prices in the future are not known. The terms \"bull market\" and \"bear market\" describe",
"title": "Market trend"
},
{
"id": "10888225",
"text": "geographic segmentation, demographic segmentation, psychographic segmentation and behavioral segmentation. This approach works well as it groups various customers into segments that have common needs. It would lead to targeting the segment and positioning the product. However, as technology is advancing there are more resources for businesses to get almost all of its customer data and segment the market that is leading towards microsegment as the future. Microsegment breaks down almost all of the customer needs and helps pitch a product that relates specifically to a very finite number of customers or individuals. Identifying smaller groups of customers is now easier",
"title": "Microsegment"
},
{
"id": "6242277",
"text": "high prices to, customers in geographic areas allocated to conspirator companies. According to Adam Smith, people of the same trade seldom meet without the conversation turning to conspiring ways to raise prices and defraud the public. Market allocation is generally regarded as illegal in the United States, unless the Department of Treasury or equivalent body authorizes it. Market allocation scheme Market allocation or market division schemes are agreements in which competitors divide markets among themselves. In such schemes, competing firms allocate specific customers or types of customers, products, or territories among themselves. For example, one competitor will be allowed to",
"title": "Market allocation scheme"
},
{
"id": "7568602",
"text": "Hong Kong, Singapore, and Australia/New Zealand are constructed to cover 95 percent of market capitalization at the country level. A single European index covers an aggregate of all Western European nations, also representing 95 percent of the aggregate market. An Emerging Markets Index represents 10 countries in Latin America and Asia. Each of these three groups offers large-cap, mid-cap, and small-cap indexes. Dow Jones Style Indexes are built as subsets of the \"Dow Jones U.S. Total Market Index\". The DJGI family includes indexes for 10 economic industries, 19 Supersectors, 41 sectors, and 114 subsectors. The indexes are reviewed quarterly. Indices",
"title": "Dow Jones Global Indexes"
},
{
"id": "1058767",
"text": "extent of willingness to buy/sell. Also in M is the ability to pay as, for instance, a spent-out bull can't make the market go higher and a well-heeled bear won't. Technical analysis analyzes price, volume, psychology, money flow and other market information, whereas fundamental analysis looks at the facts of the company, market, currency or commodity. Most large brokerage, trading group, or financial institutions will typically have both a technical analysis and fundamental analysis team. In the 1960s and 1970s it was widely dismissed by academics. In a recent review, Irwin and Park reported that 56 of 95 modern studies",
"title": "Technical analysis"
},
{
"id": "11860368",
"text": "Gathering information about how competitors are performing in the market, what customers think of the different products available and what is missing in the market through conducting research using different methods such as SWOT and PEST analyses. Market segmentation is the process by which one divides prospective customers into different groups (segments) that have common needs and the same expected reaction to a marketing action. This approach enables companies to offer customers full value proposition of their products or services. There are common factors considered when performing a market segmentation in a go-to-market strategy: Marketing strategy includes every marketing activity",
"title": "Go to market"
},
{
"id": "627424",
"text": "this avoids the commissions of the exchange. However, it also has problems such as adverse selection. Financial regulators are probing dark pools. Market participants include individual retail investors, institutional investors such as mutual funds, banks, insurance companies and hedge funds, and also publicly traded corporations trading in their own shares. Some studies have suggested that institutional investors and corporations trading in their own shares generally receive higher risk-adjusted returns than retail investors. A few decades ago, most buyers and sellers were individual investors, such as wealthy businessmen, usually with long family histories to particular corporations. Over time, markets have become",
"title": "Stock market"
},
{
"id": "6923594",
"text": "or may be constructed deliberately by human interaction in order to enable the exchange of rights (cf. ownership) of services and goods. Markets generally supplant gift economies and are often held in place through rules and customs, such as a booth fee, competitive pricing, and source of goods for sale (local produce or stock registration). Markets can differ by products (goods, services) or factors (labour and capital) sold, product differentiation, place in which exchanges are carried, buyers targeted, duration, selling process, government regulation, taxes, subsidies, minimum wages, price ceilings, legality of exchange, liquidity, intensity of speculation, size, concentration, exchange asymmetry,",
"title": "Market (economics)"
},
{
"id": "15725284",
"text": "capital purchase costs and that the product's efficiency is increased. A trade-off exists between capital costs, self-esteem attached to product ownership, rental and transaction costs. According to Belz (2005) we have observed since the beginning of the 21st century that the classical market structure has changed. The consumer goods market is characterized by \"polarization\", which means that the middle price and quality segment decreased, while the lower price segment and the upper quality segment grow in significance and in market shares. In the past, the middle segment was most of the market share and today, a large low price segment",
"title": "Customer cost"
},
{
"id": "11475239",
"text": "enter the market. When a marketer enters more than one market, the segments are often labeled the \"primary target market\" and the \"secondary target market.\" The primary market is the target market selected as the main focus of marketing activities and most of the firm's resources are allocated to the primary target. The secondary target market is likely to be a segment that is not as large as the primary market, but may have growth potential. Alternatively, the secondary target group might consist of a small number of purchasers that account for a relatively high proportion of sales volume perhaps",
"title": "Target market"
},
{
"id": "4666109",
"text": "that they aim at solving the same or similar problems. These markets are typically competitive, because of the overlapping focuses of the products and services that are provided to the customers. The single defining characteristic of the participants in a vertical market is competition within a well-defined segment. Horizontal market participants often attempt to meet enough of the different needs of vertical markets to gain a presence in the vertical market. Their similar products/services tend to be less of a fit but also less expensive than specialized, vertical participant solutions. Vertical market software is software aimed at addressing the needs",
"title": "Vertical market"
},
{
"id": "6397600",
"text": "Domestic market A domestic market, also referred to as an internal market or domestic trading, is the supply and demand of goods, services, and securities within a single country. In domestic trading, a firm faces only one set of competitive, economic, and market issues and essentially must deal with only one set of customers, although the company may have several segments in a market. The term is also used to refer to the customers of a single business who live in the country where the business operates. There are certain limitations when competing in a domestic market, many of which",
"title": "Domestic market"
},
{
"id": "1815123",
"text": "causes of differentiation may be functional aspects of the product or service, how it is distributed and marketed, or who buys it. The major sources of product differentiation are as follows. The objective of differentiation is to develop a position that potential customers see as unique. The term is used frequently when dealing with freemium business models, in which businesses market a free and paid version of a given product. Given they target the same group of customers, it is imperative that free and paid versions be effectively differentiated. Differentiation primarily affects performance through reducing directness of competition: As the",
"title": "Product differentiation"
},
{
"id": "8443119",
"text": "has say 50% share, the next largest might have 25% share, the next 12% share, the next 6% share, and all remaining firms combined might have 7% share. Market share is not a perfect proxy of market dominance. The influences of customers, suppliers, competitors in related industries, and government regulations must be taken into account. Although there are no hard and fast rules governing the relationship between market share and market dominance, the following are general criteria: Market shares within an industry might not exhibit a declining scale. There could be only two firms in a duopolistic market, each with",
"title": "Dominance (economics)"
},
{
"id": "1780658",
"text": "Customer In sales, commerce and economics, a customer (sometimes known as a client, buyer, or purchaser) is the recipient of a good, service, product or an idea - obtained from a seller, vendor, or supplier via a financial transaction or exchange for money or some other valuable consideration. Early societies relied on a gift economy based on favours. Later, as commerce developed less permanent human relations were formed, depending more on transitory needs rather than enduring social desires. Although such distinctions have no contemporary semantic weight, certain (short term) sectors prefer \"client\" while more stable, repeat business operations tend to",
"title": "Customer"
},
{
"id": "10888576",
"text": "to differentiate their interests and mutual relations. The three groups are as follows: The interests of these stakeholders and their relations to companies are described briefly below. Our purpose is to establish a framework for further analysis. \"Customers\" The customers of a company are typically consumers, other market producers or producers in the public sector. Each of them has their individual production functions. Due to competition, the price-quality-ratios of commodities tend to improve and this brings the benefits of better productivity to customers. Customers get more for less. In households and the public sector this means that more need satisfaction",
"title": "Production (economics)"
},
{
"id": "2195130",
"text": "Farmers' market A farmers' market is a physical retail marketplace intended to sell foods directly by farmers to consumers. Farmers' markets may be indoors or outdoors and typically consist of booths, tables or stands where farmers sell fruits, vegetables, meats, cheeses, and sometimes prepared foods and beverages. Farmers' markets exist in many countries worldwide and reflect the local culture and economy. The size of the market may be just a few stalls or it may be as large as several city blocks. Due to their nature, they tend to be less rigidly regulated than retail produce shops. They are distinguished",
"title": "Farmers' market"
},
{
"id": "1807812",
"text": "segmentation remains one of the enduring concepts in marketing and continues to be widely used in practice. One American study, for example, suggested that almost 60 percent of senior executives had used market segmentation in the past two years. A key consideration for marketers is whether to segment or not to segment. Depending on company philosophy, resources, product type or market characteristics, a business may develop an undifferentiated approach or \"differentiated approach\". In an undifferentiated approach, the marketer ignores segmentation and develops a product that meets the needs of the largest number of buyers. In a differentiated approach the firm",
"title": "Market segmentation"
},
{
"id": "1415697",
"text": "Concentration ratio The most common concentration ratios are the CR and the CR, which means the market share of the four and the eight largest firms. Concentration ratios are usually used to show the extent of market control of the largest firms in the industry and to illustrate the degree to which an industry is oligopolistic. The standard tools of competition economists and competition authorities to measure market concentration are the Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) and the concentration ratios (CR(n)). These two are known as the traditional structural measures of market concentration (based on market shares). The concentration of firms in",
"title": "Concentration ratio"
},
{
"id": "4768240",
"text": "top players in each segment of the market. The extent to which they provide premium quality, or premium service or price advantage, can help identify future target segments; Swot Analysis. The strengths of players as well as weaknesses/areas of improvement are needed to combat the onslaught in a marketing warfare. Strength and weakness include brand equity, geographic presence, strong management/leadership, technological edge, and patent/copyrights. Emerging Opportunities should be identified which could make the market grow faster/larger or acquire business more easily. Similarly, are there threat factors that could reduce the total market size. These could be due to regulatory guidelines,",
"title": "Market share analysis"
},
{
"id": "3829310",
"text": "plan and the best use of resources. Marketing to suppliers is aimed at ensuring a long-term conflict-free relationship in which all parties understand each other's needs and exceed each other's expectations. Such a strategy can reduce costs and improve quality. Influence markets involve a wide range of sub-markets including: government regulators, standards bodies, lobbyists, stockholders, bankers, venture capitalists, financial analysts, stockbrokers, consumer associations, environmental associations, and labor associations. These activities are typically carried out by the public relations department, but relationship marketers feel that marketing to all six markets is the responsibility of everyone in the organization. Each market may",
"title": "Relationship marketing"
},
{
"id": "9807697",
"text": "covered, to protect traders and shoppers from the sun. In milder climates, markets are often open air. In Asia, a system of morning markets trading in fresh produce and night markets trading in non-perishables is common. In many countries, shopping at a local market is a standard feature of daily life. Given the market's role in ensuring food supply for a population, markets are often highly regulated by a central authority. In many places, designated market places have become listed sites of historic and architectural significance and represent part of a town or nation's cultural assets. For these reasons, they",
"title": "Marketplace"
},
{
"id": "4515145",
"text": "the home office niche, while at the same time having separate machines with one of these functions for big businesses. In practice, product vendors and trade businesses are commonly referred to as \"mainstream providers\" or \"narrow demographics niche market providers\" (colloquially shortened to just \"niche market providers\"). Small capital providers usually opt for a niche market with narrow demographics as a measure of increasing their financial gain margins. The final product quality (low or high) is not dependent on the price elasticity of demand, but the specific needs that the product is aimed to satisfy and, in some cases, aspects",
"title": "Niche market"
},
{
"id": "6923595",
"text": "relative prices, volatility and geographic extension. The geographic boundaries of a market may vary considerably, for example the food market in a single building, the real estate market in a local city, the consumer market in an entire country, or the economy of an international trade bloc where the same rules apply throughout. Markets can also be worldwide, see for example the global diamond trade. National economies can also be classified as developed markets or developing markets. In mainstream economics, the concept of a market is any structure that allows buyers and sellers to exchange any type of goods, services",
"title": "Market (economics)"
},
{
"id": "9167346",
"text": "Market share is said to be a key indicator of market competitiveness—that is, how well a firm is doing against its competitors. \"This metric, supplemented by changes in sales revenue, helps managers evaluate both primary and selective demand in their market. That is, it enables them to judge not only total market growth or decline but also trends in customers’ selections among competitors. Generally, sales growth resulting from primary demand (total market growth) is less costly and more profitable than that achieved by capturing share from competitors. Conversely, losses in market share can signal serious long-term problems that require strategic",
"title": "Market share"
},
{
"id": "9807721",
"text": "the edges of Yucatecan canoe trade such as Xicalanco and Ulua. The Spanish conquerors commented on the impressive nature of the local markets in the 15th century. The Mexica (Aztec) market of Tlatelolco was the largest in all the Americas and said to be superior to those in Europe. There are many different ways to classify markets. One way is to consider the nature of the buyer and the market's place within the distribution system. This leads to two broad classes of market, namely retail market or wholesale markets. The economist, Alfred Marshall classified markets according to time period. In",
"title": "Marketplace"
},
{
"id": "110924",
"text": "a good), duopoly (in which there are only two sellers of a good), oligopoly (in which there are few sellers of a good), monopolistic competition (in which there are many sellers producing highly differentiated goods), monopsony (in which there is only one buyer of a good), and oligopsony (in which there are few buyers of a good). Unlike perfect competition, imperfect competition invariably means market power is unequally distributed. Firms under imperfect competition have the potential to be \"price makers\", which means that, by holding a disproportionately high share of market power, they can influence the prices of their products.",
"title": "Economics"
},
{
"id": "2833678",
"text": "they need a company's goods/services. With the consumers attention span becoming less and less, organizations need to constantly keep on top of competitors to stay relevant. Some factors of market penetration are holding costs, advanced inventory management practices and technology (e.g. ongoing replenishment and vendor managed inventory), supply chain problems and economies of scale (e.g., Chang and Lee 1995, Chen et al. 2005, Gaur and Kesavan 2005, Gaur et al. 2005, Hendricks and Singhal 2005, Huson and Nanda 1995, Lieberman et al. 1996). Market penetration, market development, and product development together establish market growth for a company. Overall the major",
"title": "Market penetration"
},
{
"id": "1880928",
"text": "the market price. Firms exhibit a mix of these pricing paths across their portfolios. The specific pricing paths correlate with market, firm, and brand characteristics such as competitive intensity, market pioneering, brand reputation, and experience effects. Penetration pricing Penetration pricing is a pricing strategy where the price of a product is initially set low to rapidly reach a wide fraction of the market and initiate word of mouth. The strategy works on the expectation that customers will switch to the new brand because of the lower price. Penetration pricing is most commonly associated with marketing objectives of enlarging market share",
"title": "Penetration pricing"
},
{
"id": "13017788",
"text": "Factor market In economics, a factor market is a market where factors of production are bought and sold, such as the labor market, the physical capital market, the market for raw materials, and the market for management or entrepreneurial resources. Firms buy productive resources in return for making factor payments at factor prices. The interaction between product and factor markets involves the principle of derived demand. Derived demand refers to the demand for productive resources, which is derived from the demand for final goods and services or output. For example, if consumer demand for new cars rises, producers will respond",
"title": "Factor market"
},
{
"id": "15201528",
"text": "gathers respectively of animal and plant material, irrespective of whether live or dead. Croppers, scavengers, and detritivores are gatherers respectively of live, dead, and particulate material. Parasites, saprophages, and decomposers are miners respectively of live, dead, and particulate material. Consumer–resource interactions Consumer–resource interactions are the core motif of ecological food chains or food webs, and are an umbrella term for a variety of more specialized types of biological species interactions including prey-predator (see predation), host-parasite (see parasitism), plant-herbivore and victim-exploiter systems. These kinds of interactions have been studied and modeled by population ecologists for nearly a century. Species at the",
"title": "Consumer–resource interactions"
},
{
"id": "696897",
"text": "essential: Marketing research, conducted for the purpose of new product development or product improvement, is often concerned with identifying the consumer's \"unmet needs.\" Customer needs are central to market segmentation which is concerned with dividing markets into distinct groups of buyers on the basis of \"distinct needs, characteristics, or behaviors who might require separate products or marketing mixes.\" Needs-based segmentation (also known as \"benefit segmentation\") \"places the customers' desires at the forefront of how a company designs and markets products or services.\" Although needs-based segmentation is difficult to do in practice, it has been proved to be one of the",
"title": "Marketing"
},
{
"id": "3725872",
"text": "psychology, with the concept of herd behaviour. However both the term and concepts that underlie its use are controversial. The term has acquired a semi-technical usage in behavioral finance to describe the largest group of market investors or market speculators who tend to \"move with the market\", or \"follow the general market trend\". This is at least a plausible example of genuine herding, though according to some researchers it results from rational decisions through processes such as information cascade and rational expectations. Other researchers, however, ascribe it to non-rational process such as mimicry, fear and greed contagion. \"Contrarians\" or contrarian",
"title": "Herd"
},
{
"id": "12031756",
"text": "Captive market Captive markets are markets where the potential consumers face a severely limited number of competitive suppliers; their only choices are to purchase what is available or to make no purchase at all. Captive markets result in higher prices and less diversity for consumers. The term therefore applies to any market where there is a monopoly or oligopoly. Examples of captive-market environments include the food markets in cinemas, airports, and sports arenas, college textbooks, US cable companies, the Kosher food market in the United Kingdom, and phone calls and food in jails and prisons. Academic publishers, such as Elsevier,",
"title": "Captive market"
},
{
"id": "12907843",
"text": "marketing is described to be the \"expectation of benefit for the individual satisfying consumer wants and needs\". An affinity group is a group which has a solid connection with a considerable number of consumers and which has the possibility to target them in a much easier way than what can be accomplished by way of ordinary marketing process. People may recognize themselves in affinity groups such as charitable organizations, football teams, enterprises, companies, and organizations. Thus, affinity group members may be fans, customers, subscribers, or staff members. Affinity marketing differs from co-branding. The benefits of co-branding partnerships come from the",
"title": "Affinity marketing"
},
{
"id": "11811621",
"text": "Labor market segmentation Labor market segmentation is the division of the labor market according to a principle such as occupation, geography and industry. One type of segmentation is to define groups \"with little or no crossover capability\", such that members of one segment cannot easily join another segment. This can result in different segments, for example men and women, receiving different wages for the same work. 19th-century Irish political economist John Elliott Cairnes referred to this phenomenon as that of \"noncompeting groups\". A related concept is that of a dual labour market (DLM), that splits the aggregate labor market between",
"title": "Labor market segmentation"
},
{
"id": "5635282",
"text": "and twenty-first century. The discussion of market structure in free economies as described by Adam Smith is often qualified or discussed in terms of patterns of market organization which serve the buyers and sellers in any particular form of the marketplace. Some types of market structure may be described using several recurrent types of descriptive organizational mechanism which may or may not dominate any particular market over time or at particular points in time, such as; 1. Monopolistic competition, a type of imperfect competition such that many producers sell products or services that are differentiated from one another (e.g. by",
"title": "Market structure"
}
] | groups of customers within a large market who share common characteristics |
[
"Isle of Man"
] | [
{
"id": "202185",
"text": "named Isle of Wight. Other notable examples include: The Isle of Wight was: Isle of Wight The Isle of Wight (; also referred to informally as The Island or abbreviated to IoW) is a county and the largest and second-most populous island in England. It is in the English Channel, between 2 and 5 miles off the coast of Hampshire, separated by the Solent. The island has resorts that have been holiday destinations since Victorian times, and is known for its mild climate, coastal scenery, and verdant landscape of fields, downland and chines. The island has been home to the",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"id": "202126",
"text": "Isle of Wight The Isle of Wight (; also referred to informally as The Island or abbreviated to IoW) is a county and the largest and second-most populous island in England. It is in the English Channel, between 2 and 5 miles off the coast of Hampshire, separated by the Solent. The island has resorts that have been holiday destinations since Victorian times, and is known for its mild climate, coastal scenery, and verdant landscape of fields, downland and chines. The island has been home to the poets Swinburne and Tennyson and to Queen Victoria, who built her much-loved summer",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"id": "202143",
"text": "situated between the Solent and the English Channel, is roughly rhomboid in shape, and covers an area of . Slightly more than half, mainly in the west, is designated as the Isle of Wight Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The island has of farmland, of developed areas, and of coastline. Its landscapes are diverse, leading to its oft-quoted description as \"England in miniature\". West Wight is predominantly rural, with dramatic coastlines dominated by the chalk downland ridge, running across the whole island and ending in the Needles stacks. The southwestern quarter is commonly referred to as the Back of the",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"id": "197316",
"text": "Geography of the Isle of Man The Isle of Man is an island in the Irish Sea, between Great Britain and Ireland in Western Europe, with a population of almost 85,000. It is a British Crown dependency. It has a small islet, the Calf of Man, to its south. It is located at . Area: <br>\"Land:\" <br>\"Water:\" <br>\"Total:\" This makes it: The Isle of Man has a coastline of , and a territorial sea extending to a maximum of 12 nm from the coast, or the midpoint between other countries. The total territorial sea area is about 4000 km or",
"title": "Geography of the Isle of Man"
},
{
"id": "13481319",
"text": "Irish Sea The Irish Sea (, , , , Ulster-Scots: \"Airish Sea\", ) separates the islands of Ireland and Great Britain; linked to the Celtic Sea in the south by St George's Channel, and to the Inner Seas off the West Coast of Scotland in the north by the Straits of Moyle. Anglesey, Wales, is the largest island in the Irish Sea. The second in size is the Isle of Man and the sea may occasionally, but rarely, be referred to as the Manx Sea (, , ). The Irish Sea is of significant economic importance to regional trade, shipping",
"title": "Irish Sea"
},
{
"id": "202150",
"text": "the mainland about 125,000 years ago, during the Ipswichian interglacial. Like the rest of the UK, the island has an oceanic climate, but is somewhat milder and sunnier, which makes it a holiday destination. It also has a longer growing season. Lower Ventnor and the neighbouring Undercliff have a particular microclimate, because of their sheltered position south of the downs. The island enjoys 1,800–2,100 hours of sunshine a year. Some years have almost no snow in winter, and only a few days of hard frost. The island is in Hardiness zone 9. The Isle of Wight is one of the",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"id": "5648165",
"text": "Geography of England England comprises most of the central and southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain, in addition to a number of small islands of which the largest is the Isle of Wight. England is bordered to the north by Scotland and to the west by Wales. It is closer to continental Europe than any other part of mainland Britain, divided from France only by a sea gap, the English Channel. The Channel Tunnel, near Folkestone, directly links England to mainland Europe. The English/French border is halfway along the tunnel. Much of England consists of low hills and",
"title": "Geography of England"
},
{
"id": "193393",
"text": "Isle of Man The Isle of Man ( ), sometimes referred to simply as Mann (; ), is a self-governing British Crown dependency in the Irish Sea between Great Britain and Ireland. The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, who holds the title of Lord of Mann and is represented by a lieutenant governor. Defence is the responsibility of the United Kingdom. Insurance and online gambling generate 17% of GNP each, followed by information and communications technology and banking with 9% each. The island has been inhabited since before 6500 BC. Gaelic cultural influence began in the 5th century",
"title": "Isle of Man"
},
{
"id": "432847",
"text": "In total, it is estimated that the UK is made up of over one thousand small islands, the majority located off the north and west coasts of Scotland. About 130 of these are inhabited according to the 2001 Census. The largest islands by country are Lewis and Harris in Scotland (841 square mi), Wales' Anglesey (276 square mi), the Isle of Wight in England (147.09 square mi), and Rathlin Island in Northern Ireland (roughly 6 square mi); The climate of the UK is generally temperate, although significant local variation occurs, particularly as a result of altitude and distance from the",
"title": "Geography of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "193404",
"text": "shingle beaches at the northernmost point, the Point of Ayre. The island has one mountain higher than , Snaefell, with a height of . According to an old saying, from the summit one can see six kingdoms: those of Mann, Scotland, England, Ireland, Wales, and Heaven. Some versions add a seventh kingdom, that of the sea, or Neptune. At the 2016 census, the Isle of Man was home to 83,314 people, of whom 26,997 resided in the island's capital, Douglas and 9,128 in the adjoining village of Onchan. The population decreased by 1.4% between the 2011 and 2016 censuses. By",
"title": "Isle of Man"
},
{
"id": "911348",
"text": "Isle of Wight County, Virginia Isle of Wight County is a county located in the Hampton Roads region of the U.S. state of Virginia. It was named after the Isle of Wight, in the English Channel, from where many of its early colonists had come. As of the 2010 census, the population was 35,270. Its county seat is Isle of Wight. Isle of Wight County is located in the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Metropolitan Statistical Area. Its northeastern boundary is on the coast of Hampton Roads waterway. Isle of Wight County features two incorporated towns, Smithfield and Windsor. The first",
"title": "Isle of Wight County, Virginia"
},
{
"id": "202144",
"text": "Wight, and has a unique character. The highest point on the island is St Boniface Down in the south east, which at is a marilyn. The most notable habitats on the rest of the island are probably the soft cliffs and sea ledges, which are scenic features, important for wildlife, and internationally protected. The island has three principal rivers. The River Medina flows north into the Solent, the Eastern Yar flows roughly northeast to Bembridge Harbour, and the Western Yar flows the short distance from Freshwater Bay to a relatively large estuary at Yarmouth. Without human intervention the sea might",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"id": "45188",
"text": "British Isles The British Isles are an archipelago in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-western coast of continental Europe that consists of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man and over six thousand smaller isles. They have a total area of about 315,159 km and a combined population of just under 70 million, and include two sovereign states, the Republic of Ireland (which covers roughly five-sixths of the island of Ireland) and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The islands of Alderney, Jersey, Guernsey and Sark, and their neighbouring smaller islands, are sometimes",
"title": "British Isles"
},
{
"id": "197323",
"text": "in the west and the three southern ports of Castletown, Port Erin and Port St Mary are the island's other main settlements. Almost all its population lives on or very near the coast. Geography of the Isle of Man The Isle of Man is an island in the Irish Sea, between Great Britain and Ireland in Western Europe, with a population of almost 85,000. It is a British Crown dependency. It has a small islet, the Calf of Man, to its south. It is located at . Area: <br>\"Land:\" <br>\"Water:\" <br>\"Total:\" This makes it: The Isle of Man has a",
"title": "Geography of the Isle of Man"
},
{
"id": "193406",
"text": "It is separate from, but similar to, the Census in the United Kingdom. The 2001 census was conducted by the Economic Affairs Division of the Isle of Man Treasury, under the authority of the Census Act 1929. The Isle of Man has a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen \"Cfb\"). Average rainfall is higher than averaged over the territory of the British Isles, because the Isle of Man is far enough from Ireland for the prevailing south-westerly winds to accumulate moisture. Average rainfall is highest at Snaefell, where it is around a year. At lower levels it can be around a year.",
"title": "Isle of Man"
},
{
"id": "193405",
"text": "country of birth, those born in the Isle of Man were the largest group (49.8%), while those born in the United Kingdom were the next largest group at 40% (33.9% in England, 3% in Scotland, 2% in Northern Ireland and 1.1% in Wales), 1.8% in the Republic of Ireland and 0.75% in the Channel Islands. The remaining 8.5% were born elsewhere in the world, with 5% coming from EU countries (other than the UK and Ireland). The \"Isle of Man Full Census\", last held in 2016, has been a decennial occurrence since 1821, with interim censuses being introduced from 1966.",
"title": "Isle of Man"
},
{
"id": "68506",
"text": "around 1830, possibly first by the Royal Navy as a collective name for the islands. The term refers only the archipelago to the west of the Cotentin Peninsula. The Isle of Wight, for example, is not a \"Channel Island\" (though, being in the Channel, it remains a \"Channel island\"). The two major islands are Jersey and Guernsey. They make up 99% of the population and 92% of the area. The permanently inhabited islands of the Channel Islands and their population and area are: There are also several uninhabited islets. Four are part of the Bailiwick of Jersey: These lie off",
"title": "Channel Islands"
},
{
"id": "68546",
"text": "the Channel Islands. Among these are the French islands Bréhat, Île de Batz, Chausey, Tatihou and Îles Saint-Marcouf. The Isle of Wight, which is part of England, is between the Channel and the Solent. Channel Islands The Channel Islands (Norman: \"Îles d'la Manche\"; French: \"Îles Anglo-Normandes\" or \"Îles de la Manche\") are an archipelago in the English Channel, off the French coast of Normandy. They include two Crown dependencies: the Bailiwick of Jersey, which is the largest of the islands; and the Bailiwick of Guernsey, consisting of Guernsey, Alderney, Sark and some smaller islands. They are considered the remnants of",
"title": "Channel Islands"
},
{
"id": "45201",
"text": "and covers . Ireland is to the west and covers . The largest of the other islands are to be found in the Hebrides, Orkney and Shetland to the north, Anglesey and the Isle of Man between Great Britain and Ireland, and the Channel Islands near the coast of France. The islands are at relatively low altitudes, with central Ireland and southern Great Britain particularly low-lying: the lowest point in the islands is the North Slob in County Wexford, Ireland, with an elevation of . The Scottish Highlands in the northern part of Great Britain are mountainous, with Ben Nevis",
"title": "British Isles"
},
{
"id": "13217840",
"text": "HM Prison Isle of Wight HMP Isle of Wight is a prison on the Isle of Wight, UK, combining the two island prisons, Albany and Parkhurst. The two former prisons along with Camp Hill were merged in 2009 and each site still retained its old name. Across the three sites there were nearly 1,700 prisoners making it one of the largest prisons in the country. The reorganisation took effect on 1 April 2009. In March 2013 Camp Hill closed, reducing the overall prison population by 595. The idea for re-organising the three island prisons was suggested in October 2008 as",
"title": "HM Prison Isle of Wight"
},
{
"id": "202180",
"text": "then Solent TV from 2002 until its closure on 24 May 2007. iWight.tv is a local internet video news channel. The Isle of Wight is part of the BBC South region and the ITV Meridian region. Important broadcasting infrastructure includes Chillerton Down transmitting station with a mast that is the tallest structure on the island, and Rowridge transmitting station, which broadcasts the main television signal both locally and for most of Hampshire and parts of Dorset and West Sussex. The Isle of Wight is near the densely populated south of England, yet separated from the mainland. This position led to",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"id": "202145",
"text": "well have split the island into three: at the west end where a bank of pebbles separates Freshwater Bay from the marshy backwaters of the Western Yar east of Freshwater, and at the east end where a thin strip of land separates Sandown Bay from the marshy Eastern Yar basin. The Undercliff between St Catherine's Point and Bonchurch is the largest area of landslip morphology in western Europe. The north coast is unusual in having four high tides each day, with a double high tide every twelve and a half hours. This arises because the western Solent is narrower than",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"id": "9297143",
"text": "Isle of Wight official football team The Isle of Wight football team represents the Isle of Wight at the biannual Island Games, which it won in 1995 and 2011. The Isle of Wight is not a member of FIFA or UEFA, it is an island within England and plays under the auspices of the Football Association, the governing body for football in England. The Isle of Wight plays separately in St George's Park which has a capacity of 3,200 and has 200 seats, however the Isle of Wight is part of The English FA who are part of FIFA and",
"title": "Isle of Wight official football team"
},
{
"id": "193402",
"text": "all respects and had control over its finances, but was subject to the approval of the Lord of Mann. In 1866, the Isle of Man obtained limited home rule, with partly democratic elections to the House of Keys, but an appointed Legislative Council. Since then, democratic government has been gradually extended. The Isle of Man has designated more than 250 historic sites as registered buildings. The Isle of Man is located in the middle of the northern Irish Sea, almost equidistant from England, Northern Ireland, Scotland (closest), and Wales (farthest). It is long and, at its widest point, wide. It",
"title": "Isle of Man"
},
{
"id": "18737664",
"text": "Human rights in the Isle of Man The Isle of Man is a Crown Dependency located in the Irish Sea between the islands of Great Britain and Ireland with a population in 2015 estimated to be approximately 88,000. It enjoys a high degree of domestic, legislative and political autonomy through its ancient Parliament Tynwald. By convention, the United Kingdom Government is responsible for the conduct of the international relations and defence of the island. The Isle of Man does not have a written constitution, or a Bill of Rights which sets out its Human Rights. These rights are addressed in",
"title": "Human rights in the Isle of Man"
},
{
"id": "12342024",
"text": "Anglesey Anglesey (; ) is an island situated on the north coast of Wales with an area of . Anglesey is by far the largest island in Wales and the seventh largest in the British Isles. Anglesey is also the largest island in the Irish Sea by area, and the second most populous island (after the Isle of Man). The ferry port of Holyhead handles more than 2 million passengers each year. The Menai Suspension Bridge, designed by Thomas Telford in 1826, and the Britannia Bridge span the Menai Strait to connect Anglesey with the mainland. Anglesey, one of the",
"title": "Anglesey"
},
{
"id": "202158",
"text": "in parts of Australia). Residents refer to the island as \"The Island\", as did Jane Austen in Mansfield Park, and sometimes to the UK mainland as \"North Island\". To promote the island's identity and culture, the High Sheriff Robin Courage founded an Isle of Wight Day; the first was held on Saturday 24 September 2016. The island is said to be the most haunted in the world, sometimes referred to as \"Ghost Island\". Notable claimed hauntings include God's Providence House in Newport (now a tea room), Appuldurcombe House, and the remains of Knighton Gorges. The island is well known for",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"id": "9297144",
"text": "play at Wembley Stadium which has a capacity of 90,000. Isle of Wight official football team The Isle of Wight football team represents the Isle of Wight at the biannual Island Games, which it won in 1995 and 2011. The Isle of Wight is not a member of FIFA or UEFA, it is an island within England and plays under the auspices of the Football Association, the governing body for football in England. The Isle of Wight plays separately in St George's Park which has a capacity of 3,200 and has 200 seats, however the Isle of Wight is part",
"title": "Isle of Wight official football team"
},
{
"id": "4907802",
"text": "St Helens, Isle of Wight St Helens is a village and civil parish located on the eastern side of the Isle of Wight. The village developed around village greens. This is claimed to be the largest in England but some say it is the second largest. The greens are often used for cricket matches during the summer and football in the winter, and also include a children's playground. The village is a short distance from the coast, about a ten-minute walk to St Helens Duver. The Duver was once the location of the island's first golf course (one of England's",
"title": "St Helens, Isle of Wight"
},
{
"id": "4907813",
"text": "St Helens, Isle of Wight St Helens is a village and civil parish located on the eastern side of the Isle of Wight. The village developed around village greens. This is claimed to be the largest in England but some say it is the second largest. The greens are often used for cricket matches during the summer and football in the winter, and also include a children's playground. The village is a short distance from the coast, about a ten-minute walk to St Helens Duver. The Duver was once the location of the island's first golf course (one of England's",
"title": "St Helens, Isle of Wight"
},
{
"id": "534517",
"text": "Solent The Solent ( ) is the strait that separates the Isle of Wight from the mainland of England. It is about long and varies in width between , although the shingle Hurst Spit which projects into the Solent narrows the sea crossing between Hurst Castle and Colwell Bay to just over . The Solent is a major shipping lane for passenger, freight and military vessels. It is an important recreational area for water sports, particularly yachting, hosting the Cowes Week sailing event annually. It is sheltered by the Isle of Wight and has a complex tidal pattern, which has",
"title": "Solent"
},
{
"id": "202184",
"text": "the King College started as two \"middle schools,\" Trinity Middle School and Archbishop King Catholic Middle School, but has now been converted into a dual-faith secondary school and sixth form. Since September 2011 five new secondary schools, with an age range of 11 to 18 years, replaced the island's high schools (as a part of the previous three-tier system). Notable residents have included: The Isle of Wight has given names to many parts of former colonies, most notably Isle of Wight County in Virginia founded by settlers from the island in the 17th century. Its county seat is a town",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"id": "189926",
"text": "(); Jan Mayen Island (); Shetland and the Outer Hebrides, both about ; and the Scottish mainland and Orkney, both about . The nearest part of Continental Europe is mainland Norway, about away, while mainland North America is away, at the northern tip of Labrador. Iceland is the world's 18th largest island, and Europe's second-largest island after Great Britain. (The island of Ireland is third.) The main island is , but the entire country is in size, of which 62.7% is tundra. About 30 minor islands are in Iceland, including the lightly populated Grímsey and the Vestmannaeyjar archipelago. Lakes and",
"title": "Iceland"
},
{
"id": "10556567",
"text": "Isle of Wight Zoo The Isle of Wight Zoo, previously known as the Sandown Zoo, is a sanctuary inside the former Sandown Fort on the coastline of Sandown, Isle of Wight. The zoo was privately owned but became a charitable trust in 2017. The collection focuses principally on big cats and Madagascan animals. As part of the European Endangered Species Programme, the zoo has had success breeding several species of Madagascan animals including the critically endangered black-and-white ruffed lemur. Originally known as Sandown Zoo, the zoo was established in the 1950s. By the 1970s it had fallen into disrepair, and",
"title": "Isle of Wight Zoo"
},
{
"id": "4973873",
"text": "the unitary authority, Isle of Wight Council: a diamond-shaped island with rounded oblique corners, measuring by , the Needles and similar small uninhabitable rocks of very small square surface area. The island is linked by ferry crossings from four points (five points if counting West Cowes and East Cowes separately) to three points in Hampshire: Lymington, Southampton and Portsmouth. Its electorate of 110,924 () is, by more than 30,000 electors, the largest in the UK, more than 50% above the English average: 71,537, and five times the size of the smallest seat: Na h-Eileanan an Iar, formerly known as the",
"title": "Isle of Wight (UK Parliament constituency)"
},
{
"id": "6398921",
"text": "of escaping the excise men by superior local navigational knowledge. There was a pillbox built in the Second World War, now subsumed in the sea defences. The beach is sandy with stones which contain Cretaceous fossils. The cliffs also feature Horsetails ferns. Foreland, Isle of Wight Foreland or Forelands, and the adjacent Foreland Fields (), is the easternmost point of the Isle of Wight, part of the village of Bembridge. It is located about 6.5 miles due south of the city of Portsmouth on the British mainland, separated by the eastern reaches of the Solent. It is characterised by a",
"title": "Foreland, Isle of Wight"
},
{
"id": "6398919",
"text": "Foreland, Isle of Wight Foreland or Forelands, and the adjacent Foreland Fields (), is the easternmost point of the Isle of Wight, part of the village of Bembridge. It is located about 6.5 miles due south of the city of Portsmouth on the British mainland, separated by the eastern reaches of the Solent. It is characterised by a pub called the Crab and Lobster Inn and various beach huts plus a beach cafe and a coast guard lookout. In the sea are the reefs of Bembridge Ledge which is rich in edible crabs, lobsters and spider crabs and shoals of",
"title": "Foreland, Isle of Wight"
},
{
"id": "911354",
"text": "(13.0%) is water. The county is bounded by the James River on the north and the Blackwater River to the south. The land is generally low-lying, with many swamps and pocosins. As of the census of 2010, there were 35,270 people, 11,319 households, and 8,670 families residing in the county. The population density was 94 people per square mile (36/km²). There were 12,066 housing units at an average density of 38 per square mile (15/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 71.8% White, 24.7% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.5% from other",
"title": "Isle of Wight County, Virginia"
},
{
"id": "182855",
"text": "dwellings, agriculture was the principal industry (10 per cent of the county was still forest). Hampshire played a crucial military role in both World Wars. The Isle of Wight, previously included in Hampshire, became a separate county in 1974. The county's geography is varied, with upland to and mostly south-flowing rivers. There are areas of downland and marsh, and two national parks: the New Forest, shared with Wiltshire, and part of the South Downs, which together cover some 45 per cent of Hampshire. The county has a milder climate than most of Britain. Hampshire is one of the most affluent",
"title": "Hampshire"
},
{
"id": "1308068",
"text": "Ireland Ireland (; ; Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, and St George's Channel. Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth. Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland (officially named Ireland), which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom. In 2011, the population of Ireland was about 6.6 million, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain.",
"title": "Ireland"
},
{
"id": "534533",
"text": "50 years of operation in 2015. Solent The Solent ( ) is the strait that separates the Isle of Wight from the mainland of England. It is about long and varies in width between , although the shingle Hurst Spit which projects into the Solent narrows the sea crossing between Hurst Castle and Colwell Bay to just over . The Solent is a major shipping lane for passenger, freight and military vessels. It is an important recreational area for water sports, particularly yachting, hosting the Cowes Week sailing event annually. It is sheltered by the Isle of Wight and has",
"title": "Solent"
},
{
"id": "202147",
"text": "This gives rise to a dip of almost 90 degrees in the chalk beds, seen best at the Needles. The northern half of the island is mainly composed of clays, with the southern half formed of the chalk of the central east–west downs, as well as Upper and Lower Greensands and Wealden strata. These strata continue west from the island across the Solent into Dorset, forming the basin of Poole Harbour (Tertiary) and the Isle of Purbeck (Cretaceous) respectively. The chalky ridges of Wight and Purbeck were a single formation before they were breached by waters from the River Frome",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"id": "202146",
"text": "the eastern; the initial tide of water flowing from the west starts to ebb before the stronger flow around the south of the island returns through the eastern Solent to create a second high water. The Isle of Wight is made up of a variety of rock types dating from early Cretaceous (around 127 million years ago) to the middle of the Palaeogene (around 30 million years ago). The geological structure is dominated by a large monocline which causes a marked change in age of strata from the northern younger Tertiary beds to the older Cretaceous beds of the south.",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"id": "193403",
"text": "has an area of around . Besides the island of Mann itself, the political unit of the Isle of Man includes some nearby small islands: the seasonally inhabited Calf of Man, Chicken Rock on which stands an unmanned lighthouse, St Patrick's Isle and St Michael's Isle. The last two of these are connected to the main island by permanent roads/causeways. Ranges of hills in the north and south are separated by a central valley. The northern plain, by contrast, is relatively flat, consisting mainly of deposits from glacial advances from western Scotland during colder times. There are more recently deposited",
"title": "Isle of Man"
},
{
"id": "202179",
"text": "Radio has broadcast online since 2010, and in 2017 started broadcasting on FM 104.6. The station operates from the Riverside Centre in Newport. The island is also covered by a number of local stations on the mainland, including the BBC station BBC Radio Solent broadcast from Southampton. The island's not-for-profit community radio station Angel Radio opened in 2007. Angel Radio began broadcasting on 91.5 MHz from studios in Cowes and a transmitter near Newport. Other online news sources for the Isle of Wight include \"On the Wight\". The island has had community television stations in the past, first TV12 and",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"id": "202166",
"text": "Motorbike. The table below shows the regional gross value (in millions of pounds) added by the Isle of Wight economy, at current prices, compiled by the Office for National Statistics. According to the 2011 census, the island's population of 138,625 lives in 61,085 households, giving an average household size of 2.27 people. 41% of households own their home outright and a further 29% own with a mortgage, so in total 70% of households are owned (compared to 68% for South East England). Compared to South East England, the island has fewer children (19% aged 0–17 against 22% for the South",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"id": "202142",
"text": "The oldest records that give a name for the Isle of Wight are from the Roman Empire: it was then called \"Vectis\" or \"Vecta\" in Latin, \"Iktis\" or \"Ouiktis\" in Greek. From the Anglo-Saxon period Latin \"Vecta\", Old English \"Wiht\" and Old Welsh forms \"Gueid\" and \"Guith\" are recorded. In Domesday Book it is \"Wit\"; the modern Welsh name is \"Ynys Wyth\" (\"ynys\" = island). These are all variant forms of the same name, possibly Celtic in origin. It may mean \"place of the division\", because the island divides the two arms of the Solent. The Isle of Wight is",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"id": "634137",
"text": "South East England South East England is the most populous of the nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes. It consists of Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, East Sussex, Hampshire, the Isle of Wight, Kent, Oxfordshire, Surrey and West Sussex. As with the other regions of England, apart from Greater London, the south east has no elected government. It is the third largest region of England, with an area of 19,096 km (7,373 sq mi), and is also the most populous with a total population of over eight and a half million (2011). The headquarters of",
"title": "South East England"
},
{
"id": "2531062",
"text": "Music of the Isle of Man The music of the Isle of Man reflects Celtic, Norse and other influences, including those from its neighbours, Scotland, Ireland, England and Wales. The Isle of Man is a small island nation in the Irish Sea, between Great Britain and Ireland (and not part of the United Kingdom). A wide range of music is performed on the island, such as rock, blues, jazz and pop. However, its traditional folk music has undergone a revival since the 1970s, starting with a music festival called in Ramsey. This was part of a general revival of the",
"title": "Music of the Isle of Man"
},
{
"id": "2246667",
"text": "North of its confluence with the Lukely Brook at the town's quay it becomes a navigable tidal estuary. Distance from surrounding settlements The town's suburb of Parkhurst is home to two prisons: the notorious Parkhurst Prison and Albany; together they make up HMP Isle of Wight, the largest prison in the UK. Parkhurst and Albany were once among the few top-security prisons in the United Kingdom. Camp Hill was another prison in the area, but closed in 2013. Seaclose Park in Newport, on the east bank of the River Medina, has since 2002 been the location for the revived Isle",
"title": "Newport, Isle of Wight"
},
{
"id": "911357",
"text": "of families and 8.30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.80% of those under age 18 and 11.90% of those age 65 or over. House of Delegates: Senate: U.S. House of Representatives: Blackwater Regional Library is the regional library system that provides services to the citizens of Isle of Wight. Isle of Wight County, Virginia Isle of Wight County is a county located in the Hampton Roads region of the U.S. state of Virginia. It was named after the Isle of Wight, in the English Channel, from where many of its early colonists had come. As of",
"title": "Isle of Wight County, Virginia"
},
{
"id": "193455",
"text": "the island and others have been started in England and Jersey. A more recent arrival on the island is the red-necked wallaby, which is now established on the island following an escape from the Wildlife Park. The local police report an increasing number of wallaby-related calls. There are also many feral goats in Garff, a matter which was raised in Tynwald Court in January 2018. In March 2016, the Isle of Man became the first entire country to be adopted into UNESCO's Network of Biosphere Reserves. Isle of Man The Isle of Man ( ), sometimes referred to simply as",
"title": "Isle of Man"
},
{
"id": "191043",
"text": "\"ieg\" is actually a cognate of Swedish \"ö\" and German \"Aue\", and related to Latin \"aqua\" (water). Greenland is the world's largest island, with an area of over 2.1 million km, while Australia, the world's smallest continent, has an area of 7.6 million km, but there is no standard of size that distinguishes islands from continents, or from islets. There is a difference between islands and continents in terms of geology. Continents sit on continental lithosphere, which is part of tectonic plates floating high on Earth's mantle. Oceanic crust is also part of tectonic plates, but it is denser than",
"title": "Island"
},
{
"id": "3988322",
"text": "2017, Conservative members assumed control of the administration, with Cllr Dave Stewart appointed as leader. A new ruling executive was formed, made up of five Conservatives, one UKIP member and three non-aligned members. The Coat of arms of the Isle of Wight was first granted to the County Council in 1938. On its abolition in 1995, they transferred to the new Isle of Wight Council. The shield shows an image of Carisbrooke Castle, which was the historic seat of many island governors. At the bottom is the island's motto \"All this beauty is of God\". Isle of Wight Council The",
"title": "Isle of Wight Council"
},
{
"id": "202130",
"text": "day Poole Harbour towards mid-Channel. As sea levels rose, the river valley became flooded, and the chalk ridge line west of the Needles breached to form the island. The Isle of Wight is first mentioned in writing in \"Geography\" by Ptolemy. Bronze Age Britain had large reserves of tin in the areas of Cornwall and Devon and tin is necessary to smelt bronze. At that time the sea level was much lower and carts of tin were brought across the Solent at low tide for export, possibly on the Ferriby Boats. Anthony Snodgrass suggests that a shortage of tin, as",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"id": "202183",
"text": "Wight in April 2009. There are 69 local education authority-maintained schools on the Isle of Wight, and two independent schools. As a rural community, many of these are small and with fewer pupils than in urban areas. The Isle of Wight College is located on the outskirts of Newport. From September 2010, there was a transition period from the three-tier system of primary, middle and high schools to the two-tier system that is usual in England. Some schools have now closed, such as Chale C.E. Primary. Others have become \"federated\", such as Brading C.E. Primary and St Helen's Primary. Christ",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"id": "911353",
"text": "a National Historic Landmark in recognition of its significance. Many landmark and contributing structures on the National Register are located in Smithfield including the Wentworth-Grinnan House. In 1732 a considerable portion of the northwestern part of the original shire was added to Brunswick County, and in 1748 the entire county of Southampton was carved out of it. During the American Civil War, Company F of the 61st Virginia Infantry Regiment of the Confederate Army was called the \"Isle of Wight Avengers.\" According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and",
"title": "Isle of Wight County, Virginia"
},
{
"id": "197322",
"text": "copper, lead and silver, zinc, iron, and plumbago (a mix of graphite and clay). There are also quarries of black marble, limestone flags, clay schist, and granite. These are all modern, and there was no noticeable exploitation of metals or minerals prior to the modern era. The island has a census-estimated population of 84,497 according to the most recent 2011 census: up from 79,805 in 2006 and 76,315 in 2001. The island's largest town and administrative centre is Douglas, whose population is 23,000 — over a quarter of the population of the island. Neighbouring Onchan, Ramsey in the north, Peel",
"title": "Geography of the Isle of Man"
},
{
"id": "11721288",
"text": "War four of the SW&BRCSPS paddle steamers were commandeered by the Royal Navy as minesweepers leaving only two behind. The PS \"Duchess of Richmond\" was lost to a mine in the Mediterranean Sea. On 1 January 1923 the SW&BRCSPS was taken over by Southern Railway which had been created in the Grouping ordered by the Railways Act 1921. Isle of Wight ferry services There are currently three different ferry companies that operate vessels carrying passengers and, on certain routes, vehicles across the Solent, the stretch of sea that separates the Isle of Wight from mainland England. These are Wightlink, Red",
"title": "Isle of Wight ferry services"
},
{
"id": "202148",
"text": "during the last ice age, forming the Solent and turning Wight into an island. The Needles, along with Old Harry Rocks on Purbeck, represent the edges of this breach. All the rocks found on the island are sedimentary, such as limestones, mudstones and sandstones. They are rich in fossils; many can be seen exposed on beaches as the cliffs erode. Lignitic coal is present in small quantities within seams, and can be seen on the cliffs and shore at Whitecliff Bay. Fossilised molluscs have been found there, and also on the northern coast along with fossilised crocodiles, turtles and mammal",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"id": "2518421",
"text": "formed when Ireland's legendary giant Fionn mac Cumhaill (Finn McCool) scooped up a chunk of earth and tossed it at a Scottish rival. It fell into the Irish Sea, forming the Isle of Man, while the crater left behind filled with water to form Lough Neagh. Lough Neagh Lough Neagh ( ) is a large freshwater lake in Northern Ireland. It is the largest lake by area in the British Isles, with a surface area of . It supplies 40% of Northern Ireland's water. Its main inflows are the Upper River Bann and River Blackwater, and its main outflow is",
"title": "Lough Neagh"
},
{
"id": "3988319",
"text": "Isle of Wight Council The Isle of Wight Council is a unitary authority covering the Isle of Wight near the South coast of England. It is currently made up of 40 seats. Since the 2017 election, the Conservatives have held a majority of 25 and appointed Cllr Dave Stewart as leader of the council. The council was formed on 1 April 1995, replacing the Isle of Wight County Council and Medina and South Wight Borough Councils. Prior to 1998, the Liberals and then Liberal Democrats had dominated the Council. Between 1998 and 2005, it was under no overall control, ruled",
"title": "Isle of Wight Council"
},
{
"id": "13217844",
"text": "the men were trying to free was actually located in the Camp Hill site at the time. In January 2013, the Ministry of Justice announced that the Camp Hill site of the prison will close, with a reduction of 595 places at the prison. the prison formally closed in March 2013. HM Prison Isle of Wight HMP Isle of Wight is a prison on the Isle of Wight, UK, combining the two island prisons, Albany and Parkhurst. The two former prisons along with Camp Hill were merged in 2009 and each site still retained its old name. Across the three",
"title": "HM Prison Isle of Wight"
},
{
"id": "2417562",
"text": "that year, progressively extending itself northwards beyond Seaclose Park along the fields of the eastern Medina valley. Many notable artists have performed since its revival including The Rolling Stones, Amy Winehouse, Paolo Nutini, The Crazy World of Arthur Brown, Paul McCartney, Muse, Boy George, Stereophonics, Faithless, Donovan, Ray Davies, Robert Plant, Queen + Adam Lambert, David Bowie, Manic Street Preachers, The Who, The High Kings, R.E.M., Travis, Coldplay, The Zombies, The Proclaimers, Bryan Adams, The Police, Foo Fighters, The Killers, Nile Rodgers and Chic, Fleetwood Mac, Madness, Paloma Faith and Kings of Leon. It was sponsored by Nokia from 2004",
"title": "Isle of Wight Festival"
},
{
"id": "173433",
"text": "Hispaniola Hispaniola (; Latin and ; ; ) is an island in the Caribbean island group known as the Greater Antilles. It is the second largest island in the Caribbean after Cuba, and the most populous island in the Caribbean; it is also the eleventh most populous island in the world. The island is divided between two separate, sovereign nations: the Spanish-speaking Dominican Republic (48,445 km, 18,705 sq mi) to the east, and French Creole-speaking Haiti (27,750 km, 10,710 sq mi) to the west. The only other shared island in the Caribbean is Saint Martin, which is shared between France",
"title": "Hispaniola"
},
{
"id": "11791326",
"text": "Isle of Wight Wildlife Management Area Isle of Wight Wildlife Management Area is a state wildlife management area (WMA) of Maryland located on the Isle of Wight, a small peninsula between the St. Martin's River and Isle of Wight Bay in Worcester County. Although called Isle of Wight, a small strip of marsh and road connects it with the mainland. The WMA is bisected by Maryland Route 90, one of the two principal highway routes into Ocean City. Despite this, the WMA attracts many birds, especially those dependent upon tidal marshes and bays, including great blue herons and green herons,",
"title": "Isle of Wight Wildlife Management Area"
},
{
"id": "202151",
"text": "few places in England where the red squirrel is still flourishing; no grey squirrels are to be found. There are occasional sightings of wild deer, and there is a colony of wild goats on Ventnor's downs. Protected species such as the dormouse and rare bats can be found. The Glanville fritillary butterfly's distribution in the United Kingdom is largely restricted to the edges of the island's crumbling cliffs. A competition in 2002 named the pyramidal orchid as the Isle of Wight's county flower. The island has a single Member of Parliament and 138,300 permanent residents in 2011, being one of",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"id": "202181",
"text": "it hosting three prisons: Albany, Camp Hill and Parkhurst, all located outside Newport near the main road to Cowes. Albany and Parkhurst were among the few Category A prisons in the UK until they were downgraded in the 1990s. The downgrading of Parkhurst was precipitated by a major escape: three prisoners (two murderers and a blackmailer) escaped from the prison on 3 January 1995 for four days, before being recaptured. Parkhurst enjoyed notoriety as one of the toughest jails in the United Kingdom, and housed many notable inmates including the Yorkshire Ripper Peter Sutcliffe, New Zealand drug lord Terry Clark",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"id": "2029198",
"text": "Greater Antilles The Greater Antilles is a grouping of the larger islands in the Caribbean Sea: Cuba, Hispaniola (containing Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and the Cayman Islands. The Greater Antilles constitute nearly 90% of the land mass of the entire West Indies, as well as over 90% of its population. The remainder of the land belongs to the archipelago of the Lesser Antilles, which is a chain of islands to the east (running north-south and encompassing the eastern edge of the Caribbean Sea where it meets the Atlantic Ocean) and south (running east-west off the northern",
"title": "Greater Antilles"
},
{
"id": "4729937",
"text": "Politics of the Isle of Wight As a geographical entity distinct from the mainland, the Isle of Wight has always fought to have this identity recognised. The Isle of Wight is currently a ceremonial and Non-metropolitan county and as it has no district councils (only the county council) it is effectively a unitary county. The island is also the highest populated Westminster constituency in the country. Historically, the island was part of the historic county of Hampshire, previously called Southamptonshire. The island's most ancient borough was Newtown on the large natural harbour on the island's north-western coast. A French raid",
"title": "Politics of the Isle of Wight"
},
{
"id": "202129",
"text": "until 1974, when it was made its own ceremonial county. Apart from a shared police force, there is now no administrative link with Hampshire, although a combined local authority with Portsmouth and Southampton was considered, this is now unlikely to proceed. Until 1995 the island had a governor. The quickest public transport link to the mainland is the hovercraft from Ryde to Southsea; three vehicle ferry and two catamaran services cross the Solent to Southampton, Lymington and Portsmouth. During the last Ice Age, sea levels were lower and the Solent was part of a river flowing south east from current",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"id": "119366",
"text": "England England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west. The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south. The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain, which lies in the North Atlantic, and includes over 100 smaller islands, such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight. The area now called England was",
"title": "England"
},
{
"id": "202131",
"text": "a part of the Bronze Age Collapse and trade disruptions in the Mediterranean around 1300 BC, forced metalworkers to seek an alternative to bronze. During Iron Age Britain, the Late Iron Age, the Isle of Wight would appear to have been occupied by the Celtic tribe, the Durotriges - as attested by finds of their coins, for example, the South Wight Hoard, and the Shalfleet Hoard. South eastern Britain experienced significant immigration that is reflected in the genetic makeup of the current residents. As the Iron Age began the value of tin likely dropped sharply and this likely greatly changed",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"id": "202127",
"text": "residence and final home Osborne House at East Cowes. It has a maritime and industrial tradition including boat-building, sail-making, the manufacture of flying boats, the hovercraft, and Britain's space rockets. The island hosts annual music festivals including the Isle of Wight Festival, which in 1970 was the largest rock music event ever held. It has well-conserved wildlife and some of the richest cliffs and quarries for dinosaur fossils in Europe. The isle was owned by a Norman family until 1293 and was earlier a kingdom in its own right. In common with the Crown dependencies The British Crown was then",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"id": "45227",
"text": "and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Ireland, sometimes called \"the Republic of Ireland\", governs five sixths of the island of Ireland, with the remainder of the island forming Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland is a part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, usually shortened to simply \"the United Kingdom\", which governs the remainder of the archipelago with the exception of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. The Isle of Man and the two states of the Channel Islands, Jersey and Guernsey, are known as the Crown dependencies. They exercise constitutional rights",
"title": "British Isles"
},
{
"id": "9886527",
"text": "the category for stations with a target audience under 1 million. In 2007, the station won the prestigious Sony Award for Station Of The Year for stations with fewer than 300,000 listeners. It has also won the Arqiva Commercial Radio Station Of The Year award (under 500,000 listeners) for 2012 and 2013, and was nominated for that award in 2011. Isle of Wight Radio Isle of Wight Radio (occasionally shortened to IW Radio) is an independent local radio station in Newport on the Isle of Wight. The station began transmitting from Briddlesford Farm AM transmitter on 15 April 1990. Isle",
"title": "Isle of Wight Radio"
},
{
"id": "197317",
"text": "1500 sq miles, which is about 87% of the total area of the jurisdiction of the Isle of Man. The Isle of Man only holds exclusive fishing rights in the first 3 nm. The territorial sea is managed by the Isle of Man Government Department of Infrastructure. The Raad ny Foillan long distance footpath runs around the Manx coast. The Isle of Man enjoys a temperate climate, with cool summers and mild winters. Average rainfall is high compared to the majority of the British Isles, due to its location to the western side of Great Britain and sufficient distance from",
"title": "Geography of the Isle of Man"
},
{
"id": "1279766",
"text": "Isle of Lewis Lewis (, ) is the northern part of Lewis and Harris, the largest island of the Western Isles or Outer Hebrides archipelago in Scotland. It is also known as the Isle of Lewis, as the two parts are frequently referred to as if they were separate islands. The total area of Lewis is . Lewis is, in general, the lower-lying part of the island: the other part, Harris, is more mountainous. Due to its flatter, more fertile land, Lewis contains three-quarters of the population of the Western Isles, and the largest settlement, Stornoway. The island's diverse habitats",
"title": "Isle of Lewis"
},
{
"id": "202177",
"text": "a little under from to , where there is a connecting ferry service to station on the mainland network. The line was opened by the Isle of Wight Railway in 1864, and from 1996 to 2007 was run by the smallest train operating company on the network, Island Line Trains. It is notable for utilising old ex-London Underground rolling stock, due to the small size of its tunnels and unmodernised signalling. Branching off the Island Line at is the heritage Isle of Wight Steam Railway, which runs for to the outskirts of on the former line to Newport. There are",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"id": "5393384",
"text": "Culture of the Isle of Wight As an island, the Isle of Wight maintains a culture close to, but distinct from, that of the south of England. A high proportion of the population are now 'overners' rather than locally born, and so with a few notable exceptions it has more often formed the backdrop for cultural events of wider rather than island-specific significance. The Island has inspired many creative works. Local people often seek to defend their real or perceived culture, and local politics is often dictated by a desire to preserve the traditions and habits of the Island. The",
"title": "Culture of the Isle of Wight"
},
{
"id": "4035527",
"text": "the last Ice Age, about 8–9000 years ago, as sea levels rose, and the land of southern Britain sunk due to the post-glacial rebound of the north that had been under the ice. This flooded the former river valley of the Solent to the north, and the future English Channel to the south, and cut Wight off from the island of Britain. Once open to the sea, tidal scouring widened the Solent. The first inhabitants are assumed to have been hunter-gatherers migrating by land during the Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) period, as the ice age began to recede and the",
"title": "History of the Isle of Wight"
},
{
"id": "14580572",
"text": "MV Cuthred MV \"Cuthred was an Isle of Wight ro-ro ferry built in 1969. From 1990 until 2009, she operated as Mira Praia\" in Portugal. MV \"Cuthred\" was built by Richards of Lowestoft for British Rail (later Sealink) at a cost of £275,000. She is named after Cuthred, king of Wessex (c.740–56). With a gross tonnage of 704, she was the largest Isle of Wight Ferry of the time, capable of carrying 48 cars and 400 passengers. MV \"Cuthred\" was much larger and of a different design to any previous Isle of Wight car ferry. For the first time, passenger",
"title": "MV Cuthred"
},
{
"id": "2417563",
"text": "to 2006. The promoters of the event now are Solo Promoters Ltd. Held 3 June 2002 Held 14–15 June 2003 Held 11–13 June 2004 Held 10–12 June 2005 Held 9–11 June 2006 Held 8–10 June 2007 Held 13–15 June 2008 Held 12–14 June 2009 Held 11–13 June 2010 Held 10–12 June 2011 Held 22–24 June 2012 Held 14–16 June 2013 Held 12–15 June 2014 Held 11–14 June 2015 Held 9–12 June 2016 Held 8–11 June 2017 Held 21–24 June 2018 On 6 November 2007, the Isle of Wight Festival was named 'Best Major Festival' at the UK Festival Awards. The",
"title": "Isle of Wight Festival"
},
{
"id": "4035565",
"text": "for the whole Isle of Wight; Newport also retained its two MPs, though these were reduced to one in 1868 and eventually abolished completely in 1885. Often thought of as part of Hampshire, the Isle of Wight was briefly included in that county when the first county councils were created in 1888. However, a \"Home Rule\" campaign led to a separate county council being established for the Isle of Wight in 1890, and it has remained separate ever since. Like inhabitants of many islands, Islanders are fiercely jealous of their real (or perceived) independence, and confusion over the Island's separate",
"title": "History of the Isle of Wight"
},
{
"id": "111142",
"text": "most notable being the Isle of Wight off the English coast, and the Channel Islands, British Crown dependencies off the coast of France. The coastline, particularly on the French shore, is deeply indented; several small islands close to the coastline, including Chausey and Mont Saint-Michel, are within French jurisdiction. The Cotentin Peninsula in France juts out into the Channel, whilst on the English side there is a small parallel strait known as the Solent between the Isle of Wight and the mainland. The Celtic Sea is to the west of the Channel. The Channel acts as a funnel that amplifies",
"title": "English Channel"
},
{
"id": "18737680",
"text": "recommendations to the UK in both 2008 and 2013 for it to ban corporal punishment on children in its overseas territories. The Isle of Man stated that it does not see the need for reform as it believes the current law is working well and that parents should be allowed to discipline children. Human rights in the Isle of Man The Isle of Man is a Crown Dependency located in the Irish Sea between the islands of Great Britain and Ireland with a population in 2015 estimated to be approximately 88,000. It enjoys a high degree of domestic, legislative and",
"title": "Human rights in the Isle of Man"
},
{
"id": "12368020",
"text": "minor volcanic features), Curaçao, Barbados, Bonaire, the Cayman Islands, Saint Croix, the Bahamas, and Antigua. Others possess rugged towering mountain-ranges like the islands of Saint Martin, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Dominica, Montserrat, Saba, Sint Eustatius, Saint Kitts, Saint Lucia, Saint Thomas, Saint John, Tortola, Grenada, Saint Vincent, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Trinidad and Tobago. Definitions of the terms Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles often vary. The Virgin Islands as part of the Puerto Rican bank are sometimes included with the Greater Antilles. The term Lesser Antilles is often used to define an island arc that includes Grenada but excludes Trinidad",
"title": "Caribbean"
},
{
"id": "193427",
"text": "British telephone numbering plan, with local dialling codes 01624 for landlines and 07524, 07624 and 07924 for mobiles. Calls to the island from the UK however, are generally charged differently from those within the UK, and may or may not be included in any \"inclusive minutes\" packages. In 1996, the Isle of Man Government obtained permission to use the .im national top-level domain (TLD), and has ultimate responsibility for its use. The domain is managed from day to day by Domicilium, an island-based internet service provider. In December 2007, the Manx Electricity Authority and its telecommunications subsidiary, e-llan Communications, commissioned",
"title": "Isle of Man"
},
{
"id": "11721281",
"text": "Isle of Wight ferry services There are currently three different ferry companies that operate vessels carrying passengers and, on certain routes, vehicles across the Solent, the stretch of sea that separates the Isle of Wight from mainland England. These are Wightlink, Red Funnel and Hovertravel. Since the Isle of Wight was separated from mainland Britain, probably about 7000 years ago, vessels have transported people and goods across the Solent. However the earliest record of an Isle of Wight ferry service is from 1420 when the Lord of the Manor in Ashey was responsible for boats crossing between Portsmouth and Ryde.",
"title": "Isle of Wight ferry services"
},
{
"id": "13481346",
"text": "to the Irish Sea was claimed to be logically and ethically feasible; it had not been implemented by 2013. The common or harbour seal and the grey seal are both resident in the Irish Sea. Common seals breed in Strangford Lough, grey seals in southwest Wales and, in small numbers, on the Isle of Man. Grey seals haul out, but do not breed, off Hilbre and Walney islands, Merseyside, the Wirral, St Annes, Barrow-in-Furness Borough, and Cumbria. The Irish Sea has been described by Greenpeace as the most radioactively contaminated sea in the world with some \"eight million litres of",
"title": "Irish Sea"
},
{
"id": "930512",
"text": "Isle of Dogs The Isle of Dogs, locally referred to as the island, is a geographic area made up of Millwall, Cubitt Town, Canary Wharf and parts of Blackwall, Limehouse and Poplar. It is in the East End of London and is bounded on three sides (east, south and west) by one of the largest meanders in the River Thames. The northern boundary has never been clearly or consistently defined but many accept it to be the (former) line of the West India South Dock. The name Isle of Dogs had no official status until 1987, with the creation of",
"title": "Isle of Dogs"
},
{
"id": "10556568",
"text": "was dubbed \"The Slum Zoo of Britain\" by the \"Sunday Times\". However, in 1976 the zoo was taken over by a new owner Jack Corney, and over the following years it was rebuilt as a sanctuary for big cats and primates. Since Corney died in 2003 the zoo has been run by his daughter Charlotte. The zoo is currently home to seven tigers and two African lions. The zoo has recently rescued 5 tigers from a circus in southern Spain In recent years, three Indian themed enclosures have opened featuring glass viewing panels, ponds, natural planting and themed statues and",
"title": "Isle of Wight Zoo"
},
{
"id": "4729957",
"text": "residents attitudes towards wind turbines were two to one against, with 612 in favour and 1,328 against Cheverton Down proposals. Politics of the Isle of Wight As a geographical entity distinct from the mainland, the Isle of Wight has always fought to have this identity recognised. The Isle of Wight is currently a ceremonial and Non-metropolitan county and as it has no district councils (only the county council) it is effectively a unitary county. The island is also the highest populated Westminster constituency in the country. Historically, the island was part of the historic county of Hampshire, previously called Southamptonshire.",
"title": "Politics of the Isle of Wight"
},
{
"id": "202149",
"text": "bones; the youngest date back to around 30 million years ago. The island is one of the most important areas in Europe for dinosaur fossils. The eroding cliffs often reveal previously hidden remains, particularly along the Back of the Wight. Dinosaur bones and fossilised footprints can be seen in and on the rocks exposed around the island's beaches, especially at Yaverland and Compton Bay. As a result, the island has been nicknamed \"Dinosaur Island\" and Dinosaur Isle was established in 2001. The area was affected by sea level changes during the repeated Quaternary glaciations. The island probably became separated from",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"id": "197320",
"text": "importance, international first, non-statutory last. There are 21 ASSIs on the Isle of Man as of 01/09/16. One additional ASSI has been rescinded (Ramsey Harbour). A marine nature reserve was designated in Ramsey Bay in Oct 2011. The Isle of Man had 45 non-statutory wildlife sites as of 30 January 2009, covering about 195 ha (0.75 sq miles) of land and an additional of inter-tidal coast. The Manx Wildlife Trust also manages 24 nature reserves, along with the Calf of Man, as of September 2016: The majority of the island is formed from highly faulted and folded sedimentary rocks of",
"title": "Geography of the Isle of Man"
},
{
"id": "6127420",
"text": "changed the administrative map of England. The changes were carried out in several waves. On 1 April 1995, the Isle of Wight became a single unitary authority. It had previously had a two-tier structure with an Isle of Wight County Council, Medina Borough Council and South Wight Borough Council. Also on this day, two small areas were ceded from Surrey and Buckinghamshire to Berkshire, giving it a border with Greater London. On 1 April 1996, the unpopular counties of Avon, Humberside and Cleveland were abolished and their former area divided into unitary districts. Also at this time, the city of",
"title": "Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England"
},
{
"id": "1852604",
"text": "Antilles The Antilles (; \"Antilles\" in French; \"Antillas\" in Spanish; \"Antillen\" in Dutch and \"Antilhas\" in Portuguese) is an archipelago bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the south and west, the Gulf of Mexico to the northwest, and the Atlantic Ocean to the north and east. The Antillean islands are divided into two smaller groupings: the Greater Antilles and the Lesser Antilles. The Greater Antilles includes the larger islands of Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola (subdivided into Haiti and the Dominican Republic) and the Cayman Islands. The Lesser Antilles contains the northerly Leeward Islands, the southeasterly Windward Islands, and the",
"title": "Antilles"
},
{
"id": "202134",
"text": "Ships likely were important to the local economy. During the Dark Ages the island was settled by Jutes as the pagan kingdom of Wihtwara under King Arwald. In 685 it was invaded by Caedwalla, who tried to replace the inhabitants with his own followers. In 686 Arwald was defeated and the island became the last part of English lands to be converted to Christianity, added to Wessex and then becoming part of England under King Alfred the Great, included within the shire of Hampshire. It suffered especially from Viking raids, and was often used as a winter base by Viking",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"id": "202167",
"text": "East) and more elderly (24% aged 65+ against 16%), giving an average age of 44 years for an island resident compared to 40 in South East England. The largest industry is tourism, but the island also has a strong agricultural heritage, including sheep and dairy farming and arable crops. Traditional agricultural commodities are more difficult to market off the island because of transport costs, but local farmers have succeeded in exploiting some specialist markets, with the higher price of such products absorbing the transport costs. One of the most successful agricultural sectors is now the growing of crops under cover,",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
},
{
"id": "10563361",
"text": "Seaview Wildlife Encounter Seaview Wildlife Encounter, (formerly Flamingo Park), was a wildlife park featuring non-native species of birds and mammals, it closed in November 2015. The visitor attraction was located in the town of Seaview, on the northeast coast of the Isle of Wight. The Isle of Wight is a small British island 3 to 5 mi (5 to 8 km) off the coast of South East England. Animals at the reserve included meerkats, wallabys, flamingos, pelicans, ducks, swans, alpacas, otters, penguins, and parakeets. Visitors could feed the ducks and stroke the wallabies. The site also included a gift shop",
"title": "Seaview Wildlife Encounter"
}
] | which is bigger isle of wight or isle of man |
[
"Orrin Hatch"
] | [
{
"id": "6683586",
"text": "Trump, the winner of the 2016 presidential election, is serving as the 45th President of the United States. Leadership in the Senate includes Republican Vice President Mike Pence, Republican President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch, Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, and Minority Leader Chuck Schumer. Leadership in the House includes Speaker of the House Paul Ryan, Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy, and Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi. In the 115th United States Congress, both the House of Representatives and the Senate are controlled by the Republican Party. The Senate consists of 51 Republicans, and 47 Democrats with 2 Independents who caucus with the Democrats;",
"title": "United States"
},
{
"id": "1772315",
"text": "U.S. federal government was established in 1789. The vice president with the most tie breaking votes is John Adams (served 1789–1797) with 29. The current Vice President Mike Pence, in office since January 2017, has cast seven tie-breaking votes. In state governments of the United States, the presiding officer of the state senate (the upper house) is a matter decided by the state's constitution. Some states designate the lieutenant governor as president of the senate, while in other states, the Senate elects its own president. The Tennessee Senate elects a senator Speaker of the Senate, who is given the title",
"title": "President of the Senate"
},
{
"id": "573360",
"text": "of the Senate, if there is no floor leader present, the whip may become acting floor leader. Before 1969, the official titles were Majority Whip and Minority Whip. The Senate is currently composed of 51 Republicans, 47 Democrats, and 2 independents, both of whom caucus with the Democrats. The current leaders are Senators Mitch McConnell (R) from Kentucky and Chuck Schumer (D) from New York. The current Assistant Leaders/Whips are Senators John Cornyn (R) from Texas and Dick Durbin (D) from Illinois. Democrats began the practice of electing floor leaders in 1920 while they were in the minority. John W.",
"title": "Party leaders of the United States Senate"
},
{
"id": "6827836",
"text": "Senate. The Senate President is third in the Nigerian presidential line of succession. He is assisted by the Deputy President of the Senate. The current Senate President is Sen. Bukola Saraki and the current Deputy Senate President is Ike Ekweremadu both of the People's Democratic Party. The Senate President and his Deputy are also assisted by principal officers including the Majority Leader, Deputy Majority Leader, Minority Leader, Deputy Minority Leader, Chief Whip, Deputy Chief Whip, Minority Whip, and Deputy Minority Whip. In addition, there are 63 Standing Committees in the Senate chaired by Committee Chairmen. The lower house is the",
"title": "Senate of Nigeria"
},
{
"id": "9077750",
"text": "if it \"hurts the nation.\" When the Senate underwent a reorganization on February 27, 2017, Recto, after getting 17 votes, was declared Senate President Pro Tempore, replacing Drilon. For the 17th Congress, he authored the following laws: Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education, Comprehensive National Feeding Program, Free Irrigation Service, Ease of Doing Business, Free Internet Access in Public Places, Extending the Validity of Philippine Passport and Driver's License, National ID System, and Designating Casinos as Covered Persons under the AMLA. Laws authored/sponsored by Ralph G. Recto: • RA 10969 - Free Irrigation Service Act (February 2, 2018) • RA",
"title": "Ralph Recto"
},
{
"id": "1451453",
"text": "of the Senate Judiciary Committee from 1993 to 2005. He previously chaired the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions from 1981 to 1987. As of 2018, Hatch serves as Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee. On January 6, 2015, after the 114th United States Congress was sworn in, Hatch became President pro tempore of the Senate. On January 2, 2018, Hatch announced that he would retire from the Senate and that he would not seek re-election in November. Orrin Grant Hatch was born and raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He is the son of Jesse Hatch (1904–1992), a metal",
"title": "Orrin Hatch"
},
{
"id": "2793495",
"text": "Taylor, a Republican from Friendswood, and Donna Campbell, a Republican from New Braunfels. For this term of the Legislature the President of the Senate is Texas Lieutenant Governor Dan Patrick. The President Pro Tempore is Republican Kel Seliger of District 31 (Amarillo). Senator John Whitmire, a Democrat from Houston, is the Dean of the Senate, meaning he is the most senior member, having served since 1987. Senator Chris Harris, a Republican from Arlington, is the most senior member of his party, and the fourth most-senior overall member. New senators elected in 2014 are Bob Hall, Paul Bettencourt, Van Taylor, Don",
"title": "Texas Senate"
},
{
"id": "8528689",
"text": "was sworn in as the 47th Senate President of Kansas. Wagle was reelected as senate president in 2016, defeating Sen. Ty Masterson by a vote of 23–7. She is one of four senate presidents in Kansas' history to serve a second term. A cancer survivor, Wagle is the first female president of the Kansas Senate and the first senate president from Wichita. 2001-2004 Chair of Public Health & Welfare 2005-2008 Chair of Healthcare Strategies 2010 Chair of Business & Labor Vice Chair of Local Government 2011 Chair of Commerce Vice Chair of Joint Committee on Economic Development 2013-2016 Vice Chair",
"title": "Susan Wagle"
},
{
"id": "7438605",
"text": "— the constitution requires a 2/3 super-majority (i.e., 8 votes) for a constitutional amendment, requiring the support of both the government and opposition appointees. The presiding officer of the Senate is the President of the Senate. Carol Bassett, who has been a Senator since 2003, was elected President in 2008, the first woman elected to the office. She resigned the office in August 2017. The members of the Senate appointed in August 2017 were: The three Independents were: Government/PLP nominees: Opposition/OBA nominees were: Bermuda's Parliament was created in 1620, and originally had one house, the House of Assembly. Political parties",
"title": "Senate of Bermuda"
},
{
"id": "15952452",
"text": "President Pro Tempore — the Senate's second-highest ranking position. Following his landslide 2016 re-election, Obhof's colleagues selected him to serve as Senate President, the presiding officer of the 33-member chamber. He is the youngest person to lead the Senate since the position of Senate President was created in 1979, and is the first Senate leader from Medina County since the 1860s. As the presiding officer of the 33-member Senate, Obhof is responsible for leading the Senate's Majority Caucus as it sets its policy agenda. He is also responsible for the formal organization of the chamber, including recognizing members in debate,",
"title": "Larry Obhof"
},
{
"id": "7113518",
"text": "unanimously elected to a second term as President of the Senate, marking the first time a woman won re-election to head that legislative body. She previously served as President of the Senate from 2002 to 2007, and succeeded Lynn Holowesko, who served as President of the Senate from 2007 to 2012. K. Forbes Smith was elected the new President of the Senate on May 24, 2017. Parliament is empowered by Article 52(1) of the Constitution to make laws for the peace, order and good government of The Bahamas. The Constitution also empowers Parliament to: Parliament also maintains oversight of the",
"title": "Parliament of the Bahamas"
},
{
"id": "13947679",
"text": "\"senior senator\" is Bill Cassidy of Louisiana, who was sworn in January 3, 2015, and is currently 79th in seniority, ahead of senator John Neely Kennedy who was sworn in January 3, 2017, and is currently 95th in seniority. With the 116th Congress, Kyrsten Sinema of Arizona, who will be sworn in on January 3, 2019, will become the most-junior \"senior senator\", ahead of Martha McSally, who was appointed to replace retiring Jon Kyl . McSally will be sworn in after Sinema on January 3, 2019 . The Senate may expel a senator by a two-thirds vote. Fifteen senators have",
"title": "United States Senate"
},
{
"id": "600728",
"text": "of another. This tradition has been observed without interruption since 1949. Since enactment of the current Presidential Succession Act in 1947, the president pro tempore is third in the line of succession to the presidency, after the vice president and the Speaker of the House of Representatives and ahead of the Secretary of State. The current President pro tempore of the Senate is Utah Republican Orrin Hatch. Elected on January 6, 2015, he is the 90th person to serve in this office. On January 2, 2018, Hatch announced that he will retire from the Senate at the end of his",
"title": "President pro tempore of the United States Senate"
},
{
"id": "1772310",
"text": "Executive Board also serves as the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate for the 2015–16 period of sessions is Roberto Gil Zuarth, a National Action Party (PAN) senator for Chiapas. The President of the Senate is the presiding officer of the Senate of Nigeria, elected by its membership. The President of the Senate is Dr. Bukola Saraki, who represents Kwara State for the APC. Peru had a bicameral Congress from 1829 until 1992. The President of the Senate was elected by the Senate members to preside over the sessions for one year. The first session of the",
"title": "President of the Senate"
},
{
"id": "1772308",
"text": "is deemed the winner. In addition to overseeing the business of the chamber, chairing and regulating debates, deciding whether motions and bills are admissible, representing the Senate, etc., the President of the Senate stands in for the President of the Republic when s/he is unable to perform his/her duties. The current President of the Senate is Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati. For a historical listing, see: List of Presidents of the Senate of Italy. While the Vice President of Liberia serves as President of the Senate, the senators also elect from among their number a President pro tempore to lead the",
"title": "President of the Senate"
},
{
"id": "17127042",
"text": "Cruz's opponents. U.S. Representative Beto O'Rourke won the Democratic nomination on March 6, 2018. Other Democrats who ran include Irasema Ramirez Hernandez and Edward Kimbrough. Nurse Carl Bible ran as an independent. Bob McNeil ran as the candidate of the American Citizen Party. O'Rouke ran a strong campaign, creating a close race in a traditionally Republican stronghold. Nevertheless, Cruz was narrowly re-elected to a second term. Seven-term Republican Orrin Hatch was re-elected with 65% of the vote in 2012. Hatch is the President pro tempore of the United States Senate, as well as the second most-senior Senator. Before the 2012",
"title": "2018 United States Senate elections"
},
{
"id": "8553893",
"text": "would have served as the acting governor except for the one month of July, 2007. Following the 2008 elections, the Republicans won control of the Senate for the first time in state history, with 26 Republicans and 22 Democrats. They selected Glenn Coffee to serve as the first full President \"pro tempore\" who served from 2009-2011 when he was term-limited out and was selected to serve as Secretary of State in Governor Mary Fallin's administration. Brian Bingman served as President \"pro tempore\" from 2011 to 2017, and was succeeded by the current President Pro Tempore, Mike Schulz in 2017. The",
"title": "President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate"
},
{
"id": "17641297",
"text": "down from his leadership post because he had been arrested on domestic violence charges. Soucy was re-elected to her Senate seat in November, but Woodburn was not. The Democrats won the majority of Senate seats state-wide. The 14 Democratic Senators-Elect chose Soucy as their leader at a caucus shortly after the 2018 mid-term election, and she is expected to be elected Senate President when the 2019 legislative session begins on December 5, 2018. Donna Soucy Donna M. Soucy (born September 7, 1967) is a Democratic member of the New Hampshire Senate, first elected in 2012. She is currently the minority",
"title": "Donna Soucy"
},
{
"id": "7583211",
"text": "and minority leaders, which are elected by their respective party caucuses. Lieutenant Governor Cyrus Habib is constitutionally the President of the Senate. The current President Pro Tempore is Karen Keiser. The Majority leader is Democrat Sharon Nelson, who assumed office following a special election that gave Democrats a majority. The Minority Leader is Republican Mark Schoesler. Washington State Senate The Washington State Senate is the upper house of the Washington State Legislature. The body consists of 49 members, each representing a district with a population of nearly 140,000. The State Senate meets at the Legislative Building in Olympia. As with",
"title": "Washington State Senate"
},
{
"id": "16538479",
"text": "degree at the University of Georgia, and a master's degree in Education at Georgia Southern University. Williams was first elected to the State Senate in 1998, after winning a three-way primary. Beginning in 2006, he had had no opposition until his retirement in 2017. In 2005, Williams was chosen as Senate Majority Leader. He served in that role until 2009, when he was voted President Pro Tempore, the second highest position in the Senate, behind Lieutenant Governor. He is also Chairman of the Administrative Affairs Committee from 2009-2013. In August 2011, Senator Williams was asked by members of the press",
"title": "Tommie Williams"
},
{
"id": "15242000",
"text": "Ivey, State Senate President Pro Tempore Del Marsh, Secretary of State John Merrill, U.S. Appeals Court Judge William H. Pryor, Jr., former Governor Bob Riley, and Attorney General Luther Strange. Shelby announced in January 2015 that he would run for re-election. Two-term Senator Lisa Murkowski (Republican) was appointed in 2002 and elected to a full term in 2004. She was defeated in the Republican primary in 2010 by Joe Miller. She later ran as a write-in candidate in the 2010 general election and was re-elected to a second full term with 40% of the vote, making her one of two",
"title": "2016 United States Senate elections"
},
{
"id": "18389927",
"text": "to become Chief Financial Officer of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration on December 1, 2017. His nomination was returned unconfirmed to the President by the U.S. Senate on January 3, 2018, under Standing Rules of the United States Senate, Rule XXXI, paragraph 6. The nomination was resubmitted to the Senate on January 8, 2018. He was confirmed by voice vote on March 14, 2018. He took office on April 3, 2018. DeWit is 43 years old, currently residing in Peoria, Arizona with his wife, Marina and his three daughters. As a part of his election campaign, his family appeared",
"title": "Jeff DeWit"
},
{
"id": "18426489",
"text": "took office after winning a 2010 special election, which occurred after long-time Senator Joe Biden resigned his seat to become Vice President of the United States. One-term incumbent Republican David Perdue was elected to a first term in 2014. He will be 70 on Election Day 2020. Columbus Mayor Teresa Tomlinson is considering running for the Democratic nomination. Other potential Democratic candidates include 2018 gubernatorial nominee Stacey Abrams, State Representative Scott Holcomb, State Senator Jen Jordan, former Atlanta Mayor Kasim Reed and former Points of Light CEO and 2014 nominee Michelle Nunn. Two-term incumbent Republican Jim Risch was re-elected in",
"title": "2020 United States Senate elections"
},
{
"id": "10746977",
"text": "includes strict campaign finance reporting. On January 8, 2017, Torres resigned his post as Electoral Comptroller and was elected and sworn in the next day once again as Secretary of the Senate upon the election of Rivera Schatz to a second term as President of the Senate, becoming the only Senate President to serve two non-consecutive terms in that leadership post. Manuel A. Torres Manuel A. Torres-Nieves, Puerto Rico's Secretary of the Senate of Puerto Rico first served during the tumultuous years of 2005-2008 in which the Senate was controlled by the pro-statehood New Progressive Party (NPP) while the governorship",
"title": "Manuel A. Torres"
},
{
"id": "5693908",
"text": "won 3 seats, while the remaining seat went the National Council for the Defense of Democracy (CNDD), a breakaway faction of the CNDD-FDD. Four former heads of state - Jean-Baptiste Bagaza (PARENA), Pierre Buyoya (UPRONA), Sylvestre Ntibantunganya (FRODEBU), and the current transitional president Domitien Ndayizeye (FRODEBU) will occupy seats in the Senate along with three Twa members. In order to meet the 30% quota for women, eight seats were co-opted giving the chamber of total of 49 seats. On 19 August 2005, the Senate and National Assembly (acting as an Electoral College) elected Pierre Nkurunziza president of the republic. He",
"title": "Senate (Burundi)"
},
{
"id": "18514258",
"text": "Sands Beach and Tennis Club in East Haven, Connecticut. Fasano was elected in 2002, 50% to 48%. He was Minority Whip from 2003-2004, Assistant Minority Leader from 2005-2006, Deputy Minority Leader from 2007 to 2008, Minority Leader Pro Tem from 2009-2014, Minority Leader since 2014, and Senate Republican President Pro Tempore since 2017. Fasano was unopposed for reelection in 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010. In 2012, he defeated former state representative Steve Fontana, 58% to 42%. He was unopposed for reelection in 2014 and 2016. Health Care Issues Alongside Senate President Pro Tempore Martin Looney, Len Fasano co-created and co-chaired",
"title": "Len Fasano"
},
{
"id": "11673992",
"text": "Vice Chair of the National Agriculture Committee of State Legislators. Hyde-Smith was elected in 2011 and took office on January 5, 2012. Hyde-Smith was elected to a second term as commissioner as 2015, defeating Democratic nominee Addie Lee Green. On March 21, 2018, Governor Phil Bryant announced Hyde-Smith as his choice to fill the United States Senate seat held by Thad Cochran, who indicated he would be resigning the seat at a later date due to ongoing health issues. Cochran resigned on April 1, and Bryant formally appointed Hyde-Smith on April 2. Hyde-Smith became the first woman to represent Mississippi",
"title": "Cindy Hyde-Smith"
},
{
"id": "20027911",
"text": "legislative session began, Hall-Long was sworn in as lieutenant governor and resigned her seat the same day. She retained her role in the senate, however, since as with many lieutenant governors and the U.S. Vice President she is also the body's president. While it is a mostly ceremonial post, with the president pro tempore exercising the practical powers and authority of the job, one of those responsibilities that falls to the lieutenant governor is setting the date for special elections to vacated seats. A week after taking her new office, Hall-Long finally announced that the special election for her former",
"title": "2017 Delaware's 10th state senate district special election"
},
{
"id": "7075114",
"text": "the Senate's 114th Congress ended and the 115th Congress began on January 3, 2017. Eleven days after the 2017 Inauguration, on January 31, 2017, President Donald Trump appointed Neil Gorsuch to replace Scalia. Democrats in the Senate filibustered the Gorsuch nomination, which led to the Republicans exercising the \"nuclear option\". After that, Gorsuch was confirmed in April 2017. Justice Kennedy retired on July 31, 2018. On July 9, 2018, Trump nominated Brett Kavanaugh to replace Kennedy, and he was confirmed on October 6, 2018. In its first ten years, the Roberts court has issued major rulings on gun control, affirmative",
"title": "Roberts Court"
},
{
"id": "600743",
"text": "tempore and Byrd the second president pro tempore emeritus. Byrd returned as president pro tempore, and Stevens became the third president pro tempore emeritus, when the Democrats gained control of the Senate in 2007. While a president pro tempore emeritus has no official duties, he is entitled to an increase in staff and advises party leaders on the functions of the Senate. The office's accompanying budget increase was removed toward the end of the 113th Congress, shortly before Patrick Leahy was to become the first holder of the title in six years. Quoted in \"CQ Roll Call\", Leahy commented, \"[The",
"title": "President pro tempore of the United States Senate"
},
{
"id": "17159468",
"text": "Sergio Mattarella on 3 February 2015. Grasso left the Democratic Party on 26 October 2017, the same day the new electoral law (colloquially known by the nickname \"Rosatellum bis\") was approved definitively by the Senate. On 3 December 2017, Grasso was appointed leader of Free and Equal (LeU), a left-wing political alliance of parties, formed by the Democratic and Progressive Movement, Italian Left and Possible. Pietro Grasso Pietro Grasso (; born 1 January 1945), also known as Piero Grasso, is an Italian anti-mafia magistrate and politician who served as President of the Senate from 2013 to 2018. Grasso became the",
"title": "Pietro Grasso"
},
{
"id": "600729",
"text": "current term, January 3, 2019. Iowa Republican Chuck Grassley is likely to succeed Orrin Hatch as the President pro tempore, when the 116th United States Congress convenes, assuming the Senate continues with the tradition of electing the longest-serving member of the majority party. Although the position is in some ways analogous to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the powers of the president pro tempore are far more limited. In the Senate, most power rests with party leaders and individual senators, but as the chamber's presiding officer, the president pro tempore is authorized to perform certain duties in the",
"title": "President pro tempore of the United States Senate"
},
{
"id": "3882885",
"text": "a \"Minority Whip\". Floor leaders act as the party chief spokespeople. The current leaders are Majority Leader Carmelo Ríos, Majority Whip Ángel Chayanne Martínez; Minority Leader Eduardo Bathia, Minority Whip José Luis Dalmau; Minority Leader Juan Dalmau; and Minority Leader Vargas Vidot (independent candidate). The Senate is served by two elected officials who are not members. The Senate's chief legislative officer is the Secretary of the Senate, who maintains public records, disburses salaries, monitors the acquisition of stationery and supplies, and oversees clerks. The other official is the Sergeant-at-Arms who, as the Senate's chief law enforcement officer, maintains order and",
"title": "Senate of Puerto Rico"
},
{
"id": "18900990",
"text": "establishment of the Lifestream Charity in 1993 and is an advocate of the UN’s Every Woman Every Child campaign. She is on the board of the Global Foundation for the Elimination of Domestic Violence and the board of the Africa Justice Foundation. Saraki is also in the Save the Children Nigeria and was the inaugural Global Goodwill Ambassador to the International Confederation of Midwives in 2014. She is married to former governor of Kwara State and current President of the Senate of Nigeria, Senator Bukola Saraki, and has four children. Toyin Saraki Toyin Ojora-Saraki (born 6 September 1964) is a",
"title": "Toyin Saraki"
},
{
"id": "11339390",
"text": "Scott Ryan (Australian politician) Scott Michael Ryan (born 12 May 1973) is an Australian politician who has been a Senator for Victoria since 2008, representing the Liberal Party. He has been the President of the Senate since 2017, having previously been a minister in the Turnbull Government from 2016 to 2017. Ryan was born on 12 May 1973 in Brisbane, Queensland, and grew up in , Victoria. He was educated at St Kevin's College, Melbourne and graduated from the University of Melbourne, with a Bachelor of Arts. While at university, he served as President of the Melbourne University Liberal Club",
"title": "Scott Ryan (Australian politician)"
},
{
"id": "600742",
"text": "Byrd (D-West Virginia) (2003–2007), Ted Stevens (R-Alaska) (2007–2009) and Patrick Leahy (D-Vermont) (2015–present). From 2009 to 2015, no senator met the requirements for the position. The position was created for Thurmond when the Democratic Party regained a majority in the Senate in June 2001. With the change in party control, Democrat Robert Byrd of West Virginia replaced Thurmond as president pro tempore, reclaiming a position he had previously held from 1989 to 1995 and briefly in January 2001. Thurmond's retirement from the Senate on January 3, 2003, coincided with a change from Democratic to Republican control, making Stevens president pro",
"title": "President pro tempore of the United States Senate"
},
{
"id": "1772302",
"text": "president (only below the Vice President and the President of the Chamber of Deputies). It is also the president of the National Congress, which includes the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. The President of the Senate of Burundi, since 17 August 2005, is Molly Beamer of the CNDD-FDD. The president is assisted in his work by two vice-presidents. The Senate of Cambodia is led by a 12-person permanent commission \"(bureau)\", which is in turn chaired by the President of the Senate, currently Say Chhum. He is assisted by a First and a Second Vice-President. The President and Vice-Presidents are",
"title": "President of the Senate"
},
{
"id": "17159458",
"text": "Pietro Grasso Pietro Grasso (; born 1 January 1945), also known as Piero Grasso, is an Italian anti-mafia magistrate and politician who served as President of the Senate from 2013 to 2018. Grasso became the Acting President of Italy on 14 January 2015, upon the resignation of Giorgio Napolitano. He was President until the swearing in of Sergio Mattarella on 3 February. On 3 December 2017, Grasso was elected Leader of Free and Equal (\"Liberi e Uguali\", LeU), a new left-wing coalition composed by Democratic and Progressive Movement, Italian Left and Possible. In 1984 he was appointed associate judge in",
"title": "Pietro Grasso"
},
{
"id": "12724030",
"text": "Governor Bill Graves, as well as former Lt. Governor and U.S. Senator Sheila Frahm, Lt. Gov. Gary Sherrer, Insurance Commissioner Sandy Praeger, Senate President Dick Bond, Senate President Dave Kerr, Senate Vice President John Vratil, Senate Majority Leaders Tim Emert and Lana Oleen, Senators Barbara Allen, David Wysong, Wint Winter, Jr., Pete Brungardt, Ruth Teichman, Barbara Bollier, Audrey Langworthy, Terrie Huntington, Bob VanCrum and Alicia Salisbury, as well as Representatives JoAnn Pottorff, Ginger Barr, Jim Yonally, Jim Lowther, Fred Lorentz and Representative and GOP Chairperson Rochelle Chronister, GOP National Delegate Don Johnston, and current Representatives Joy Koesten and Charles Roth.",
"title": "Laura Kelly"
},
{
"id": "4190487",
"text": "Senate on August 3, 2017. He was sworn in by Vice President Mike Pence on August 21, 2017, in the Oval Office. Johnson presented his credentials to Queen Elizabeth II on November 8, 2017, formally becoming Ambassador. In 1977, Johnson married former fashion model Nancy Sale Johnson. They had three children: Casey, Jaime, and Daisy, before divorcing in 2001. In early 2010, daughter Casey Johnson died of diabetic ketoacidosis. In 2009, Johnson married Suzanne Ircha Johnson, a former actress and equities managing director at Sandler O'Neill & Partners. They have two children: Robert Wood Johnson V and Jack Wood Johnson.",
"title": "Woody Johnson"
},
{
"id": "13713490",
"text": "Mary Kramer Mary E. Kramer (born June 14, 1935) is a former Republican Iowa State Senator who served from 1990 to 2003. She was elected President of the Senate in 1997, becoming the first independently elected woman to fill the post. In 2003 Kramer was nominated by President George W. Bush to serve as U.S. Ambassador to Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean; she was confirmed by the United States Senate and served from 2004 to 2006. Mary Kramer was born in Burlington, Iowa and grew up in Iowa City. She holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of",
"title": "Mary Kramer"
},
{
"id": "1772317",
"text": "tenure, questions were raised about the propriety of such a system, particularly with regard to separation of powers–related issues. A constitutional amendment was enacted in 2005 to create the office of lieutenant governor effective at the 2009 election. The Vice President of Uruguay presides over the country's 30-member Senate. President of the Senate The President of the Senate is a title often given to the presiding officer of a senate, and is the speaker of other assemblies. The senate president often ranks high in a jurisdiction's succession for its top executive office: for example, the President of the Senate of",
"title": "President of the Senate"
},
{
"id": "2667896",
"text": "397). In \"Reynolds v. Sims\", the United States Supreme Court compelled all states to draw up districts with equal population. As such, boundaries were changed to comply with the ruling. The Lieutenant Governor is the \"ex officio\" President of the Senate and may break a tied vote. The President pro tempore is elected by the majority party caucus, followed by confirmation of the full senate. Other leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses according to each party's strength in the chamber. The current president pro tem is Democrat Toni Atkins (39th–San Diego).",
"title": "California State Senate"
},
{
"id": "11645614",
"text": "his nomination to the seat expiring in 2032, but instead returned his nomination to the President at the end of the first session of the 115th Congress, per Senate rule XXXI, Section 6. He continued to serve on the Board as an acting member pending his renomination January 8, 2018, and ultimate confirmation July 17, 2018, by a vote of 66-33. Quarles's wife, Hope, is related to Marriner Stoddard Eccles – her grandfather was Marriner's brother. Quarles is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. In November 2017, an investigation conducted by the International Consortium of",
"title": "Randal Quarles"
},
{
"id": "11339393",
"text": "Education and Skills following a rearrangement in the First Turnbull Ministry, between February and July 2016. Ryan was appointed the Special Minister for State in the first arrangement of the Second Turnbull ministry and gained additional responsibilities as the Minister Assisting the Prime Minister for Cabinet in a subsequent rearrangement. On 13 November 2017, Ryan was elected President of the Senate, winning by 53 votes to 11 for Senator Peter Whish-Wilson of the Greens. He resigned his ministerial posts in order to take up the position. His predecessor Stephen Parry resigned from the Senate during the parliamentary eligibility crisis, after",
"title": "Scott Ryan (Australian politician)"
},
{
"id": "4769156",
"text": "the NPP's senators-elect chose Rivera Schatz to succeed McClintock as of January 12, 2009, as the Fourteenth President of the Senate in its 91-year history. McClintock was appointed by Governor-Elect Luis Fortuño, to serve as chairman of the Incoming Committee on Government Transition. During the first twelve days of the new year, outgoing Senate Secretary Manuel A. Torres served as Acting President of the legislative body. On November 11, 2008, Governor-Elect Luis Fortuño appointed McClintock as Secretary of State of Puerto Rico. Due to the fact that the appointment entailed serving the role of lieutenant governor, McClintock required confirmation by",
"title": "Kenneth McClintock"
},
{
"id": "4061794",
"text": "in a general election. In 2017 Tammy Duckworth became the first female double amputee in the Senate and Catherine Cortez Masto joined the Senate as its first Latina. Jeanne Shaheen of New Hampshire and Maggie Hassan of New Hampshire hold the distinction of being the first and second women elected both Governor and U.S. Senator of a state; both served as Governor of New Hampshire and served together in the Senate starting in 2017. Tammy Duckworth became the first woman to give birth while holding a senate seat in the United States in 2018. Duckworth gave birth to Maile Pearl",
"title": "Women in the United States Senate"
},
{
"id": "2300089",
"text": "Patrick Leahy Patrick Joseph Leahy (; born March 31, 1940) is an American politician serving as the senior United States Senator from Vermont, a seat to which he was first elected in 1974. A member of the Democratic Party, Leahy held the position of President pro tempore of the United States Senate from December 17, 2012, to January 6, 2015, and was thus during that time third in the presidential line of succession. Now in his eighth six-year term of office, he is currently (since the December 2012 death of Daniel Inouye) the most senior member of the Senate, and",
"title": "Patrick Leahy"
},
{
"id": "4969641",
"text": "Nia Gill Nia H. Gill (born March 15, 1948) is an American Democratic Party politician, who has been serving in the New Jersey State Senate since 2002, where she represents the 34th Legislative District. She ran unsuccessfully as a candidate in the June 2012 primary election to fill the seat in Congress left vacant by the death of Donald M. Payne, the former U.S. Representative for . Gill was the State Senate President pro Tempore from 2010 to 2018, succeeded by M. Teresa Ruiz. Gill received a B.A. in History/Political History from Upsala College and was awarded a J.D. from",
"title": "Nia Gill"
},
{
"id": "7021472",
"text": "political mentor, as Senate President. Enrile resigned due to allegations of misusing the Senate funds. Then assistant majority leader Senator Gregorio Honasan became the acting Majority Leader following Sotto's resignation. On the commencement of the session of the 16th Congress, on 22 July 2013, Sotto became part of the new Senate minority group. He was chosen by his colleagues in the minority to be the Deputy Floor Leader, second-in-command to Enrile who became the Minority Leader. On July 2014, following Enrile's arrest on charges of plunder relating to the pork barrel scam, Sotto became the acting Minority Floor Leader. Enrile",
"title": "Tito Sotto"
},
{
"id": "11843765",
"text": "The president is typically elected during the Senate's inaugural session. When absent, the president is substituted by the President pro tempore. Its counterpart in the House is the Speaker. The current president is Thomas Rivera Schatz, senator at-large from the New Progressive Party. The president traces its history back to more than years ago when the Jones–Shafroth Act formally established the post on March 2, 1917. Said act was eventually superseded by another law, and the post was eventually established by the Constitution of Puerto Rico, specifically Article III, which establishes that, \"The Senate shall elect a President [...] from",
"title": "President of the Senate of Puerto Rico"
},
{
"id": "13947672",
"text": "that mid-term vacancies in the Senate be filled by special election, but permits state legislatures to empower their governors to make temporary appointments until the required special election takes place; temporary appointees are permitted to run in the special election in their own right. The manner by which the Seventeenth Amendment is enacted varies among the states. A 2018 report breaks this down into the following three broad categories (specific procedures vary among the states): In six states within the final category above - Arizona, Hawaii, Maryland, North Carolina, Utah, and Wyoming - the governor must appoint someone of the",
"title": "United States Senate"
},
{
"id": "2323897",
"text": "Orrin Hatch leaves office on January 3, 2019, Grassley will be the most senior Republican in the Senate. On November 14, 2018, Grassley was nominated by the Republicans to be President pro tempore of the United States Senate for the 116th United States Congress. Grassley was born in New Hartford, Iowa, the son of Ruth (née Corwin) and Louis Arthur Grassley, and raised on a farm. He graduated from the town high school. At Iowa State Teachers College (now the University of Northern Iowa), he earned a B.A. in 1955 and an M.A. in Political Science in 1956. During his",
"title": "Chuck Grassley"
},
{
"id": "428897",
"text": "to reform or repeal the amendment. Under President Barack Obama's administration in 2009, four sitting Democratic senators left the Senate for executive branch positions: Barack Obama (President), Joe Biden (Vice President), Hillary Clinton (Secretary of State), and Ken Salazar (Secretary of the Interior). Controversies developed about the successor appointments made by Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich and New York Governor David Paterson. New interest was aroused in abolishing the provision for the Senate appointment by the governor. Accordingly, Senator Russ Feingold of Wisconsin and Representative David Dreier of California proposed an amendment to remove this power; Senators John McCain and Dick",
"title": "Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "3882884",
"text": "pro tempore in his absence. Its counterpart in the House is the Speaker. The current President is Thomas Rivera Schatz, senator at-large from the New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico. The President pro tempore is the second highest-ranking officer of the Senate and substitutes the President of the House in his absence. Its counterpart in the House is the Speaker pro tempore. The current President pro tempore is José Luis Dalmau, senator for District VII Humacao from the Popular Democratic Party. Each party elects floor leaders denominated \"Majority leader\" or \"Minority leader\", accordingly, as well as a \"Majority Whip\" or",
"title": "Senate of Puerto Rico"
},
{
"id": "11954910",
"text": "Jeff Kessler Jeffrey Vincent \"Jeff\" Kessler (born November 16, 1955) is a former Democratic member of the West Virginia Senate in the United States, representing the 2nd district from 1997 to 2017. He is the former Minority Leader of the Senate. Kessler previously served as President of the Senate/Lieutenant Governor, Acting President of the Senate and Chairman of the Judiciary Committee. Kessler is also involved in private practice, where he is a partner in the law firm Berry, Kessler, Crutchfield, Taylor & Gordon. Kessler was born November 16, 1955 in Wheeling, West Virginia. He is the son of George Henry",
"title": "Jeff Kessler"
},
{
"id": "1772316",
"text": "of Lieutenant Governor. Similarly, New Hampshire has no lieutenant governor, but the state senate elects a president who is the \"de facto\" lieutenant governor, given that in the event of the governor's death, resignation, or inability to serve, the president of the senate acts as governor until the vacancy is filled. New Jersey previously used the same system, but with the important proviso that the Senate president continued to serve in that position while also serving as acting governor. After Christine Todd Whitman resigned as governor, Donald DiFrancesco spent nearly a year as acting governor. As a result of his",
"title": "President of the Senate"
},
{
"id": "18426493",
"text": "2018, and she won a special election later in 2018 to serve the remainder of Franken's term. Seven-term incumbent Republican Thad Cochran resigned April 1, 2018. Governor Phil Bryant appointed Republican Cindy Hyde-Smith to hold office until January 3, 2019. A November 2018 special election determined Cochran's elected successor. No candidate garnered a majority of votes in the November 6, 2018 election; the top two candidates, Cindy Hyde-Smith and Democrat Mike Espy continued to a runoff on November 27, 2018. Cindy Hyde-Smith defeated Mike Espy and will serve the remainder of Cochran's term, which ends in January 2021. One-term incumbent",
"title": "2020 United States Senate elections"
},
{
"id": "5237461",
"text": "would be the same person. The Pennsylvania Senate has been meeting since 1791. The President of the Senate is the Lieutenant Governor, who has no vote except in the event of an otherwise tie vote. Following the 2016 elections, the Senate consisted of 34 Republicans and 16 Democrats. Following the June 4, 2018, resignation of one Republican member, the Senate consisted of 33 Republicans and 16 Democrats with one vacant seat. President of the Senate: Mike Stack (D) President Pro Tem of the Senate: Joe Scarnati (R) The Senate is made up of 50 members who are elected by district.",
"title": "Pennsylvania State Senate"
},
{
"id": "20465999",
"text": "Senate. On April 4, 2018, Gopal was named Senate Majority Conference Leader and Chairman of the Bipartisan Legislative Manufacturing Caucus. Gopal took both positions from Senator Robert M. Gordon, who resigned to accept a position with the BPU. Gopal's family is from Southern India. His parents came to the United States in the early 1970s and settled in New Jersey. Gopal was born in Neptune Township and grew up in Freehold Township. Gopal holds a Bachelor's Degree from Pennsylvania State University and is the founder and president of Direct Development, LLC and owner of the Monmouth County-based \"Community Magazine.\" He",
"title": "Vin Gopal"
},
{
"id": "782572",
"text": "places, with 44% \"strongly\" supporting a ban. In August 2017 the party's constitution was changed, for Hanson to become party President for as long as she may wish and to choose her successor, who may also continue until resignation. On 22 March 2018 Hanson announced that One Nation would back the Turnbull Government's corporate tax cuts. She subsequently reversed her position, citing the failure of the government to cut immigration levels and support coal-fired power. On 15 October 2018, Hanson moved that the Senate to acknowledge anti-white racism and \"It's OK to be white\". The motion got 28 votes in",
"title": "Pauline Hanson"
},
{
"id": "17634025",
"text": "Bragdon, in 2013. Morse currently serves on the Finance Committee. Morse was re-elected to his Senate seat in 2018, but the Republicans were in the minority by a margin of 14-10 in 2019-2020. The 10 newly-elected Republican members of the State Senate chose Morse as their caucus leader shortly after the election. His successor as President was Democratic State Senator Donna Soucy. Chuck Morse Chuck Morse (born October 11, 1960) is the former president of the New Hampshire Senate. He served as Acting Governor of New Hampshire from January 3, 2017, upon Maggie Hassan's resignation as governor, until January 5,",
"title": "Chuck Morse"
},
{
"id": "13947653",
"text": "1913, Senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented; following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, they are now popularly elected. The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol, in Washington, D.C. As the upper house, the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it; these include the approval of treaties and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries, Supreme Court justices, federal judges, other federal executive officials, flag officers, regulatory officials, ambassadors, and other federal uniformed officers. In addition to these, in cases wherein no candidate receives a",
"title": "United States Senate"
},
{
"id": "1772298",
"text": "the Vice-President of the Republic, currently Gabriela Michetti. This was a recent expansion of the Vice-President's powers introduced as part of the 1994 constitutional amendments (Constitution, Art. 57). The Vice-President may only cast a vote to break a tied Senate vote. The President of the Australian Senate is a senator, traditionally a member of the governing party or coalition, elected by the Senate at the beginning of each parliament as the first item of business. They are assisted by a Deputy President who is traditionally a member of the largest opposition party. The current president is Scott Ryan, a Liberal",
"title": "President of the Senate"
},
{
"id": "20114187",
"text": "of philosophy, saying that there are no absolute values in law. Piña was appointed as a justice after her appearance on the Senate on November 24, 2015, after the two previous failed attempts, after being part of the judiciary for 27 years. On September 28, 2016 Piña was chosen by her colleagues as the president of the Primera Sala (First Hall) after the justices voted unanimously. She substituted the justice Alfredo Gutiérrez Ortiz Mena, who was in charge to review the criminal and civil jurisprudence cases. She is president from October 1, 2016 to September 30, 2018. Norma Lucía Piña",
"title": "Norma Lucía Piña Hernández"
},
{
"id": "17127041",
"text": "but on September 26, 2017, Senator Corker announced his intent to retire. Aaron Pettigrew and Republican U.S. Representative Marsha Blackburn ran for the Republican nomination. Marsha Blackburn became the Republican nominee. Former Tennessee Governor Phil Bredesen became the Democratic nominee. Despite predictions that race would be close, Blackburn was easily elected to the Senate. One-term Republican Ted Cruz was elected with 57% of the vote in 2012. He overwhelmingly won the Republican primary on March 6, 2018. Television producer Bruce Jacobson, Houston energy attorney Stefano de Stefano, former mayor of La Marque Geraldine Sam, Mary Miller, and Thomas Dillingham were",
"title": "2018 United States Senate elections"
},
{
"id": "3882886",
"text": "security on the Senate floor and other premises. These officers are elected by the Senate, usually during its inaugural session, immediately after the election of the body's president. The current Secretary is Manuel A. Torres-Nieves while the current Sergeant-at-Arms is Joel Fontánez. The current session is the 26th Senate of Puerto Rico, the upper house of the 18th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico, which will meet from January 2, 2017, to January 1, 2021. All members were elected in the general elections of 2016 with a simple majority coming from the New Progressive Party. The other major party, the Popular",
"title": "Senate of Puerto Rico"
},
{
"id": "6893583",
"text": "offensive and racist.\" On November 8, Duckworth defeated Kirk 54 percent to 40 percent to win the Senate seat. Duckworth and Kamala Harris, who was also elected in 2016, are the second and third female Asian American senators, after Mazie Hirono who was elected in 2012. In January 2018, following a federal government shut down after the Senate could not agree on a funding bill, Duckworth responded to President Trump's accusations that the Democrats were putting \"unlawful immigrants\" ahead of the military: Duckworth became the first U.S. Senator to give birth while in office in 2018. Shortly afterward, rules were",
"title": "Tammy Duckworth"
},
{
"id": "17127022",
"text": "5% and 10%: One-term Republican Jeff Flake was elected with 49% of the vote in 2012. He chose not to run for reelection. U.S. Representative Martha McSally won the Republican nomination in a three-way primary on August 28, 2018, against Joe Arpaio and Kelli Ward. U.S. Representative Kyrsten Sinema easily secured the Democratic nomination. Sinema defeated McSally by a slim margin; her victory became official only after six days of counting ballots. Four-term Democrat Dianne Feinstein won a special election in 1992 and was elected to full terms in 1994, 2000, 2006, and 2012. She ran for re-election and advanced",
"title": "2018 United States Senate elections"
},
{
"id": "2442480",
"text": "In 2012, Baldwin became the first openly gay person elected to the U.S. Senate. Baldwin defeated her Republican opponent, former Wisconsin Governor Tommy Thompson, in the 2012 U.S. Senate election. She was reelected in 2018, defeating Republican nominee Leah Vukmir. Baldwin was born and grew up in Madison, Wisconsin. Baldwin's mother, who died in 2017, was 19 and going through a divorce when Baldwin was born. Baldwin was raised by her grandparents and spent Saturdays with her mother, who suffered from mental illness and opioid addiction. Her maternal grandfather, biochemist David E. Green, was Jewish (the son of immigrants from",
"title": "Tammy Baldwin"
},
{
"id": "600737",
"text": "December 1980), who was the retiring senior member of the Republican Party, which would hold the majority in the incoming 97th Congress. Three presidents pro tempore subsequently became Vice President: John Tyler, William R. King and Charles Curtis. Tyler is the only one to become president (in April 1841, following the death of William Henry Harrison). While the president pro tempore does have other official duties, the holders of the office have, like the vice president, over time ceased presiding over the Senate on a daily basis, owing to the mundane and ceremonial nature of the position. Furthermore, as the",
"title": "President pro tempore of the United States Senate"
},
{
"id": "5656229",
"text": "position. She was the first lawmaker from San Diego to be elected Speaker. She formerly served on the San Diego City Council from 2000 to 2008, including a term as Acting Mayor. While speaker, she served as acting governor for nine hours on July 30, 2014. In 2018, she succeeded Kevin de León as Senate President Pro Tempore. This made her the first woman and the first openly LGBT person to lead the California State Senate. Atkins spent her early years in Max Meadows, Virginia, moving to Roanoke at the age of seven. Her father was a miner and her",
"title": "Toni Atkins"
},
{
"id": "7639064",
"text": "father was a partner in the investment bank, Kuhn, Loeb and currently serves as vice chairman of Barclays, successor to Lehman Brothers, which merged with Kuhn, Loeb in 1977. She was born and currently lives on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, a borough of New York City. Her husband, Dr. John E. Seley, is a professor of Urban Planning and Geography at The City University of New York Graduate Center and Princeton's Woodrow Wilson School of Public Affairs. Liz Krueger She was first elected in February 2002 during a special election. Krueger is the ranking member on the Senate",
"title": "Liz Krueger"
},
{
"id": "4387419",
"text": "his post on January 12, 2009. Thomas Rivera Schatz was reelected in 2012 and elected for the third time as a member of the Senate majority in the 2016 election with 10.33% of the \"at large\" votes, placing him in second place after independent senatorial candidate Dr. José Vargas Vidot and followed by Juan Dalmau of the Puerto Rico Independence Party (PIP). Rivera Schatz was elected to a second term as President of the Senate of Puerto Rico starting January 2017. He holds two records, first as the only reelected Senate President during the past 28 years and the only",
"title": "Thomas Rivera Schatz"
},
{
"id": "4387420",
"text": "Senate President ever elected as such to non-consecutive terms. Rivera Schatz and his father are avid collectors of antique cars. Thomas Rivera Schatz Thomas Rivera Schatz (born June 10, 1966) is a Puerto Rican politician, legal advisor, attorney, and former prosecutor. Rivera Schatz is the fourteenth and sixteenth President of the Senate of Puerto Rico. He is affiliated with New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico and the United States Republican Party. Rivera Schatz was born on June 10, 1966 in the Bronx Borough of New York City. He is the son of José A. \"Nía\" Rivera, a past mayor of",
"title": "Thomas Rivera Schatz"
},
{
"id": "17166792",
"text": "J. Stuart Adams Stuart Adams is the Senator for the Utah State Senate's 22nd District. Adams was appointed to the Utah House of Representatives in 2002, and then to the Senate in 2009. In 2012, he was chosen to be Senate Majority Whip. In 2018, he was chosen as the Senate President. Adams earned his Bachelor of Arts at the University of Utah in business finance. He is a business man by profession. Adams is married to his wife, Susan and they have four children together. In 2002, he was awarded the Business Person of the Year by the Utah",
"title": "J. Stuart Adams"
},
{
"id": "5841056",
"text": "Hispanic American to serve as a U.S. Senator from Texas. In 2016, Cruz ran for President of the United States, winning 12 statewide contests during the Republican primaries before withdrawing from the race. Cruz was re-elected to the Senate in the 2018 midterm elections, defeating Democratic challenger Beto O'Rourke by a margin of 50.9% to 48.3% in the most expensive U.S. Senate race in U.S. history. Along with Bob Menendez and Marco Rubio, Cruz is currently one of three U.S. Senators of Cuban descent. Born Rafael Edward Cruz on December 22, 1970, at Foothills Medical Centre in Calgary, Alberta, to",
"title": "Ted Cruz"
},
{
"id": "17166796",
"text": "the editing process - Martin L. Buchanan] J. Stuart Adams Stuart Adams is the Senator for the Utah State Senate's 22nd District. Adams was appointed to the Utah House of Representatives in 2002, and then to the Senate in 2009. In 2012, he was chosen to be Senate Majority Whip. In 2018, he was chosen as the Senate President. Adams earned his Bachelor of Arts at the University of Utah in business finance. He is a business man by profession. Adams is married to his wife, Susan and they have four children together. In 2002, he was awarded the Business",
"title": "J. Stuart Adams"
},
{
"id": "4708929",
"text": "follows: The President of the Senate, elected on 19 January 2010, is Ana María Romero de Campero (MAS-IPSP, La Paz). Seventeen of 36 members of the Senate are women. The 26-member MAS-IPSP majority includes all four senators from La Paz, Oruro, and Potosí; three senators from Cochabamba and Chuquisaca; and two senators from each of Santa Cruz, Beni, Pando, and Tarija. The President of the Chamber of Deputies, elected on 19 January 2010, is Héctor Arce (MAS-IPSP). 33 of 130 deputies (25.38%) are women. Congressional elections were held on 18 December 2005, concurrently with the 2005 presidential election. The Chamber",
"title": "Plurinational Legislative Assembly"
},
{
"id": "4061781",
"text": "Catherine Cortez Masto (Nevada), Tammy Duckworth (Illinois), Kamala Harris (California), and Maggie Hassan (New Hampshire). Incumbent Republican Senator Kelly Ayotte (New Hampshire) lost to Hassan. Both of the seats that changed hands from Republican to Democrat were won by women: Duckworth and Hassan. In January 2018, after the appointment of Democrat Tina Smith of Minnesota to the U.S. Senate to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Al Franken, and in April 2018 after the appointment of Republican Cindy Hyde-Smith of Mississippi to the U.S. Senate to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Thad Cochran, the number",
"title": "Women in the United States Senate"
},
{
"id": "17131508",
"text": "of President George W. Bush (2001–2009), the first Asian Pacific American woman ever appointed by a President to the Cabinet in American history. She is the 18th United States Secretary of Transportation in the Cabinet of President Donald J. Trump (2017–). She is married to the current Majority Leader of the United States Senate, Senator Mitch McConnell of Kentucky. James S. C. Chao James Si-Cheng Chao (; born December 29, 1927) is a Chinese-American entrepreneur and philanthropist. He is the founder of the Foremost Group, a New York-based shipping, trading, and finance enterprise. The James S.C. Chao Scholarship is named",
"title": "James S. C. Chao"
},
{
"id": "1772313",
"text": "A Vice-President of the Senate is also elected from among the senators. The current President of the Senate is Christine Kangaloo. The Vice President of the United States is assigned the responsibility of presiding over the Senate and designated as its president by the United States Constitution. The vice president, as President of the Senate, has the authority (\"ex officio\", for he or she is not an elected member of the Senate) to cast a tie-breaking vote. Other than this, the rules of the Senate grant its president very little power (in contrast to the powerful office of Speaker of",
"title": "President of the Senate"
},
{
"id": "9386743",
"text": "the first female president of an Ivy League university (University of Pennsylvania), incumbent commissioner of the Federal Communications Commission Michael Copps, incumbent Philippine Senators Edgardo Angara, Miriam Defensor Santiago and Juan Ponce Enrile, internationally recognized constitutionalist Henry J. Abraham, incumbent North Carolina Supreme Court senior justice Mark Martin, prominent California lawyer and former U.S. Attorney General William French Smith, banker, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury and Ambassador to NATO David M. Kennedy, 1971 Economics Nobel Prize winner Simon Kuznets, historian and 1949 Pulitzer Prize winner Roy Nichols, Paul Finkelstein, incumbent board chairman, president and chief executive officer of Regis Corporation,",
"title": "Pi Gamma Mu"
},
{
"id": "2182930",
"text": "states (Western Australia, South Australia and Tasmania) or the Australian Capital Territory, and 10 have come from the three most populous states (New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland). All senate presidents have been members of major parties, though not necessarily the governing party. As well as a president, the Senate also elects a Deputy President, whose formal title is Deputy President and Chairman of Committees. Until 1981, the title was just Chairman of Committees; it was changed \"to reflect more accurately the nature of the office in practice\". The position is not provided for by the constitution, but instead by",
"title": "President of the Senate (Australia)"
},
{
"id": "7021458",
"text": "Tito Sotto Vicente \"Tito\" Castelo Sotto III (born 24 August 1948) is a Filipino politician and the 29th and current Senate President of the Philippines. Sotto served as Vice Mayor of Quezon City, the Philippines' most populous city, from 1988 to 1992. Following the 2016 elections, he is currently serving his fourth term in the Senate, having served two consecutive terms from 1992 to 2004; he was re-elected to the Senate in 2010. Aside from politics, Sotto also participated in acting and hosting. Sotto is a co-host of \"Eat Bulaga!\", the longest-running variety show in Philippine television history. He is",
"title": "Tito Sotto"
},
{
"id": "17461562",
"text": "Ron Kouchi Ron Kouchi is a Democratic politician and current 14th President of the Hawaiʻi Senate (replacing Donna Mercado Kim who lost her position in an unusual mid-year leadership reorganization). Ron Kouchi is married to Joy Naomi Tanimoto. He has two sons, Dan and Egan. Kouchi received his high school diploma from Waimea High School and attended Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa. He served as a lobbyist for the County of Kaua‘i at the Hawai‘i State Legislature and is a former member of the Legislative Committee of the Kaua'i Chamber of Commerce. He served for 22 years (11 terms)",
"title": "Ron Kouchi"
},
{
"id": "4061775",
"text": "U.S. Senator (and only woman) to be the nominee of a major party for President of the United States, which occurred in 2016. In 2008, Kay Hagan became the first woman to unseat a female incumbent, Elizabeth Dole. Upon the opening of the 112th Congress in 2011, New Hampshire Democrat Jeanne Shaheen was joined by newly elected Republican Kelly Ayotte, making the first female tandem senators that do not belong to the same party. Barbara Mikulski became the longest-serving woman senator (and Congresswoman) in 2012; she retired in 2017 as still the longest-serving after serving for forty years. In 2012,",
"title": "Women in the United States Senate"
},
{
"id": "6889630",
"text": "in September 2008. The most recent election was held in September 2013. Gelane Zwane ran unopposed and was elected President of the Senate for the third consecutive time. Ngomuyayona Gamedze was chosen as Deputy President, also for the third consecutive time. Six of the King's selections were members of his family. Later in 2013, the Senate banned Members of Parliament from divorcing while in office to \"avoid embarrassing the king.\" Senate of Eswatini The Senate of Eswatini is the upper chamber of the country's bicameral Parliament. The Senate may debate or pass a bill, with the exception of a \"money",
"title": "Senate of Eswatini"
},
{
"id": "4387416",
"text": "Thomas Rivera Schatz Thomas Rivera Schatz (born June 10, 1966) is a Puerto Rican politician, legal advisor, attorney, and former prosecutor. Rivera Schatz is the fourteenth and sixteenth President of the Senate of Puerto Rico. He is affiliated with New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico and the United States Republican Party. Rivera Schatz was born on June 10, 1966 in the Bronx Borough of New York City. He is the son of José A. \"Nía\" Rivera, a past mayor of Trujillo Alto, and Christina Schatz, a German woman. While in college, he worked full-time at the City of San Juan",
"title": "Thomas Rivera Schatz"
},
{
"id": "17461564",
"text": "State Senate elections 2010. He was elected to the Senate (District 8) in 2012. He has served as the Vice-Chair of the Committee on Agriculture, the Vice Chair of the Committee on Tourism, and the Majority Caucus Leader. He has sponsored 244 bills. Ron Kouchi Ron Kouchi is a Democratic politician and current 14th President of the Hawaiʻi Senate (replacing Donna Mercado Kim who lost her position in an unusual mid-year leadership reorganization). Ron Kouchi is married to Joy Naomi Tanimoto. He has two sons, Dan and Egan. Kouchi received his high school diploma from Waimea High School and attended",
"title": "Ron Kouchi"
},
{
"id": "4969652",
"text": "remaining 5% of the vote. Nia Gill Nia H. Gill (born March 15, 1948) is an American Democratic Party politician, who has been serving in the New Jersey State Senate since 2002, where she represents the 34th Legislative District. She ran unsuccessfully as a candidate in the June 2012 primary election to fill the seat in Congress left vacant by the death of Donald M. Payne, the former U.S. Representative for . Gill was the State Senate President pro Tempore from 2010 to 2018, succeeded by M. Teresa Ruiz. Gill received a B.A. in History/Political History from Upsala College and",
"title": "Nia Gill"
},
{
"id": "17127031",
"text": "Minnesota, appointed Lt. Gov. Tina Smith on January 2, 2018, as an interim Senator until the November 2018 election. She defeated primary challenger Richard Painter in the Democratic primary held on August 14. Incumbent Tina Smith defeated Republican Karin Housley in the general election to finish the term ending January 3, 2021. One-term Republican Roger Wicker won re-election with 57% of the vote in 2012. He was appointed in 2007 and won a special election in 2008 to serve the remainder of Trent Lott's term. He ran. David Baria won the Democratic nomination in a run-off on June 26. Wicker",
"title": "2018 United States Senate elections"
},
{
"id": "11628885",
"text": "Edna Madzongwe Edna Madzongwe (born 11 July 1943) is a Zimbabwean politician who is currently the President of the Senate of the Republic of Zimbabwe. She was elected as President of the Senate on 30 November 2005, the first female to hold this position. In the March 2008 parliamentary election, she was re-elected to the Senate from Chegutu constituency, receiving 23,032 votes against 14,275 for Violet Paneairi Mokoesti of the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC-Tsvangirai). Following this election, in which ZANU-PF won control of the Senate but not the House of Assembly, Madzongwe was re-elected as President of the Senate",
"title": "Edna Madzongwe"
},
{
"id": "17127037",
"text": "Democratic state. Ultimately, Menendez was re-elected with nearly 54% of the vote. One-term Democrat Martin Heinrich was elected with 51% of the vote in 2012. He ran. Mick Rich won the Republican nomination unopposed. Aubrey Dunn Jr., New Mexico Commissioner of Public Lands and otherwise the first Libertarian to ever hold statewide elected office in history, announced his run for the seat, but stepped aside in August to allow former Governor of New Mexico, Gary Johnson's candidacy. Heinrich was re-elected, defeating Rich and Johnson. One-term Democrat Kirsten Gillibrand was elected with 72% of the vote in 2012. She had previously",
"title": "2018 United States Senate elections"
},
{
"id": "17675597",
"text": "David McBride David B. McBride (born June 23, 1942, in Wilmington, Delaware) is an American politician and has served continuously in Delaware's General Assembly since 1978. After two years in the House of Representatives, McBride was elected to the Delaware State Senate, where he began serving on November 5, 1980. McBride represents District 13, which includes the greater New Castle area. A Democrat, McBride was chosen unanimously as President Pro Tempore of the Senate on January 10, 2017. McBride is a native of the Wilmington area, attending grade school at Richardson Park School from 1948 to 1957. He went on",
"title": "David McBride"
},
{
"id": "13947674",
"text": "is unclear whether the ballot measure supplants the legislature's statute granting that authority. As a result, it is uncertain whether an Alaska governor may appoint an interim senator to serve until a special election is held to fill the vacancy. The Constitution requires that senators take an oath or affirmation to support the Constitution. Congress has prescribed the following oath for all federal officials (except the President), including senators: The annual salary of each senator, since 2009, is $174,000; the president pro tempore and party leaders receive $193,400. In June 2003, at least 40 of the then-senators were millionaires; in",
"title": "United States Senate"
},
{
"id": "17523270",
"text": "Pablo Escudero Morales Pablo Escudero Morales (born July 6, 1973) is a politician and Mexican lawyer, member of the Ecologist Green Party of Mexico, was federal deputy and senator. From September 1, 2016 is President of the Senate of Mexico. Pablo Escudero is a lawyer graduated from the Anahuac University also has a Masters in Public Administration at the National Institute of Public Administration in Madrid, Spain. It also has degrees in National Security, Human Rights and completed at the National Autonomous University of Mexico Audit. He began his career in public administration in 1997 as coordinator in Program Responsibilities",
"title": "Pablo Escudero Morales"
},
{
"id": "8118377",
"text": "both Democrats and Republicans. He lost this position in 2015 when Democrats withdrew support in favor of Republican Pam Roach. After Pam Roach won a seat on the Pierce County Council in the 2016 election, Tim Sheldon, once again, became president pro tempore of the Washington State Senate. Due to the special election held in November 2017, the Senate returned to a Democratic majority. Sheldon once again lost his position as President Pro Tempore. Democrat Karen Keiser now occupies that position. Tim Sheldon Timothy M. Sheldon (born September 3, 1947) is an American politician who has served since 1991 in",
"title": "Tim Sheldon"
},
{
"id": "17054938",
"text": "this role.\" In the Senate, Senate President Pro Tem David Long (R-Fort Wayne) explained her removal by saying, \"In all fairness, Superintendent Ritz was a librarian, okay?” and other Republican senators questioning her credentials to be state superintendent. Gov. Pence signed the legislation authorizing the state board to elect its chair and taking effect in 2017. Glenda Ritz launched her gubernatorial race on June 4, 2015, following the announcements of John Gregg and Karen Tallian. At her announcement, Ritz said that education and the economy would be the centerpiece of her campaign platform. While reaching out to potential supporters, she",
"title": "Glenda Ritz"
},
{
"id": "283613",
"text": "government; the leader is elected by popular vote to a maximum of two 4-year terms. In the 28 March 2015 presidential election, General Muhammadu Buhari emerged victorious to become the President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, defeating then-incumbent Dr Goodluck Jonathan. The president's power is checked by a Senate and a House of Representatives, which are combined in a bicameral body called the National Assembly. The Senate is a 109-seat body with three members from each state and one from the capital region of Abuja; members are elected by popular vote to four-year terms. The House contains 360 seats,",
"title": "Nigeria"
}
] | who is the current madam president in the senate |
[
"Peyton Manning"
] | [
{
"id": "2461905",
"text": "January 18, Warner threw for 279 yards, four touchdowns, and no interceptions against the Philadelphia Eagles to lead the Cardinals to their first Super Bowl appearance in history. Warner is one of three quarterbacks who made Super Bowl starts with two teams (the others are Craig Morton [1970: Dallas Cowboys and 1977: Denver Broncos] and Peyton Manning [2006 & 2009: Indianapolis Colts and 2013 & 2015: Denver Broncos]). Warner also became the third quarterback in NFL history to win a conference championship with two teams (following Craig Morton and Earl Morrall). In Warner's third career Super Bowl appearance on February",
"title": "Kurt Warner"
},
{
"id": "2528093",
"text": "conversion, which ended up being the final pass of his career. Manning became the oldest starting quarterback to both play in and win a Super Bowl. Manning also became the first quarterback to start two Super Bowls with multiple franchises, with different head coaches each time (Dungy, Caldwell, Fox, and Kubiak) and the first quarterback to lead two franchises to a Super Bowl victory. The victory gave Manning his 200th overall win including regular season and playoffs, making him at the time the starting quarterback with the most combined regular season and postseason wins in NFL history. Peyton and Eli",
"title": "Peyton Manning"
},
{
"id": "2199960",
"text": "Tom Brady Thomas \"Tom\" Edward Patrick Brady Jr. (born August 3, 1977) is an American football quarterback for the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). He is one of only two players in NFL history to have won five Super Bowls (along with defensive player Charles Haley), and he is the only player to have won them all with a single franchise. Because of his numerous accomplishments and accolades, many analysts and sportswriters consider Brady to be among the greatest quarterbacks of all time. After playing college football for the University of Michigan, Brady was drafted by",
"title": "Tom Brady"
},
{
"id": "2527984",
"text": "Manning is also the only quarterback to start the Super Bowl for two franchises more than once each, with different coaches at each Super Bowl start (Dungy, Caldwell, Fox, Kubiak), and the only starting quarterback to win a Super Bowl with two franchises. At 39 years of age, Manning was the oldest quarterback to start in and win a Super Bowl. During a 2009 \"Monday Night Football\" game, Manning received the nickname \"The Sheriff\" from color commentator Jon Gruden due to his tendency to audible prior to the snap, and he was one of the most recognizable and parodied players",
"title": "Peyton Manning"
},
{
"id": "13026263",
"text": "include Super Bowl finalists and winners; for instance Super Bowl XXXV was contested between two journeyman quarterbacks (Trent Dilfer and Kerry Collins), and arguably so was Super Bowl XXXVII (Brad Johnson and Rich Gannon) Journeyman quarterback A journeyman quarterback in American football (typically NFL), is a quarterback who plays for several teams over a career. Such a player is typically signed to year-by-year contracts, and may be signed by a team to fill in for an injured starter. The term journeyman is normally pejorative. The paradigm of a journeyman quarterback might be J. T. O'Sullivan, who spent time with 11",
"title": "Journeyman quarterback"
},
{
"id": "9862428",
"text": "defense created three lost fumbles and an interception and scored a defensive touchdown to power the team to a 24-10 victory, the third NFL title for the franchise. Von Miller, who had 2.5 sacks and two forced fumbles, was named the game's Most Valuable Player. Peyton Manning made history as the first quarterback to start and win a Super Bowl for two teams. Gary Kubiak became the fourth coach to win a Super Bowl in his first year with a new team. The Broncos' third championship tied them for seventh-most Super Bowl wins all-time, along with the Washington Redskins and",
"title": "History of the Denver Broncos"
},
{
"id": "4730190",
"text": "a total of 5,734 yards, 29 touchdowns, 49 interceptions and a 52.1 completion percentage. At age 34, Morton revived his career with the Broncos, finishing the season as the second rated passer in the AFC. Although he suffered in the playoffs from a swollen left hip that needed to be drained, he overcame the injury to become the first NFL quarterback to start the Super Bowl for two different teams (Dallas in V and Denver in XII). This was later equaled by Kurt Warner and Peyton Manning, but Morton is the only quarterback to have started for two different team's",
"title": "Craig Morton"
},
{
"id": "2413185",
"text": "Bob Griese Robert Allen Griese (pronounced ; born February 3, 1945) is a former American football quarterback who earned All-American honors with the Purdue Boilermakers before being drafted in 1967 by the American Football League's Miami Dolphins. Griese led the Dolphins to three consecutive Super Bowl appearances, including two Super Bowl victories in VII and VIII (three straight appearances with two victories is unmatched by any other team, let alone any single quarterback). Griese was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame and the Indiana Football Hall of Fame in 1984 and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in",
"title": "Bob Griese"
},
{
"id": "4365807",
"text": "the Indianapolis Colts, and the Denver Broncos. Eli was also a star quarterback at Ole Miss and is the current quarterback of the NFL's New York Giants. Both Peyton and Eli were All-America selections during their college careers and both have led their respective professional teams to Super Bowl championships (Peyton with the Indianapolis Colts in Super Bowl XLI and with the Broncos in Super Bowl 50, and Eli with the New York Giants in Super Bowls XLII and XLVI). Both have won the Super Bowl MVP award, Eli twice. Archie was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame",
"title": "Manning Award"
},
{
"id": "8020990",
"text": "Troy Aikman Troy Kenneth Aikman (born November 21, 1966) is a former American football quarterback who played for the Dallas Cowboys in the National Football League (NFL). The number one overall draft pick in 1989, Aikman played twelve consecutive seasons as quarterback with the Cowboys. During his career he was a six-time Pro Bowl selection, led the team to three Super Bowl victories, and was the MVP of Super Bowl XXVII. Aikman was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2006 and to the College Football Hall of Fame on December 9, 2008 in New York City. Currently",
"title": "Troy Aikman"
},
{
"id": "18084485",
"text": "Manning reached his fourth Super Bowl, with appearances under as many head coaches (Tony Dungy, Jim Caldwell, John Fox, and Gary Kubiak). He became the first quarterback ever to lead two teams to multiple Super Bowls. He was also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super Bowl at age 39. The previous record was held by John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII at age 38 and is currently Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager. Manning and Newton set the record for the largest age difference between opposing Super",
"title": "Super Bowl 50"
},
{
"id": "340460",
"text": "Super Bowl team is often chosen for the \"I'm going to Disney World!\" campaign (which includes a trip to Walt Disney World for them and their families), whether they are the Super Bowl MVP or not; examples include Joe Montana (XXIII), Trent Dilfer (XXXV), and Peyton Manning (50). Dilfer was chosen even though teammate Ray Lewis was the MVP of Super Bowl XXXV, due to the bad publicity from Lewis' murder trial the prior year. In addition to their main role, quarterbacks are occasionally used in other roles. Most teams utilize a backup quarterback as their holder on placekicks. A",
"title": "Quarterback"
},
{
"id": "10046860",
"text": "Gale Gilbert Gale Reed Gilbert (born December 20, 1961) is a former American football quarterback who played eight seasons in the NFL for the Seattle Seahawks, Buffalo Bills, and the San Diego Chargers. Gilbert is the only player in NFL history to be on five consecutive Super Bowl teams, none of which were won. Gilbert was the catcher for a baseball team from Red Bluff, California, which played in the 1974 Little League World Series. That team lost the nationally televised championship game to a team from Taiwan. Gale Gilbert played college football for the California Golden Bears. He was",
"title": "Gale Gilbert"
},
{
"id": "3354613",
"text": "the Raiders. Initially serving as a backup, he became the team's starting quarterback during the 1980 season and helped Raiders win Super Bowl XV, where he was named the game's MVP. In 1983, Plunkett again ascended from backup to starting quarterback to assist the Raiders in winning Super Bowl XVIII before retiring three years later. He is the only eligible quarterback to win two Super Bowls as a starter to not be inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Plunkett is the only NFL Quarterback to win two Super Bowls with the same team in two different cities in",
"title": "Jim Plunkett"
},
{
"id": "3394631",
"text": "Bart Starr Bryan Bartlett \"Bart\" Starr (born January 9, 1934) is a former professional American football player and coach. He played quarterback for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL) from 1956 through 1971. Starr is the only quarterback in NFL history to lead a team to three consecutive league championships (1965–67). Starr and New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady are tied for total NFL championships, at five each. Starr led his team to victories in the first two Super Bowls: I and II. As the Packers' head coach, he was less successful, compiling a 52–76–3 ()",
"title": "Bart Starr"
},
{
"id": "2413209",
"text": "Judi's House. Bob Griese Robert Allen Griese (pronounced ; born February 3, 1945) is a former American football quarterback who earned All-American honors with the Purdue Boilermakers before being drafted in 1967 by the American Football League's Miami Dolphins. Griese led the Dolphins to three consecutive Super Bowl appearances, including two Super Bowl victories in VII and VIII (three straight appearances with two victories is unmatched by any other team, let alone any single quarterback). Griese was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame and the Indiana Football Hall of Fame in 1984 and the Pro Football Hall of",
"title": "Bob Griese"
},
{
"id": "3925447",
"text": "Doug Williams (quarterback) Douglas Lee Williams (born August 9, 1955) is a former American football quarterback and former head coach of the Grambling State Tigers football team. Williams is known for his remarkable performance with the Washington Redskins in Super Bowl XXII against the Denver Broncos. Williams, who was named the Super Bowl MVP, passed for a Super Bowl record 340 yards and four touchdowns, with one interception. He was the first African-American starting quarterback to win a Super Bowl. Williams also became the first player in Super Bowl history to pass for four touchdowns in a half, and the",
"title": "Doug Williams (quarterback)"
},
{
"id": "3608227",
"text": "all rounds. As of 2012, this draft also has two other records attached to it: it became the draft with the shortest time between having multiple quarterbacks being drafted and starting for Super Bowl winners (Ben Roethlisberger for the 2005 Steelers, and Manning for the 2007 Giants) and it has become the first draft ever to have produced two QBs who each won multiple Super Bowls (with Roethlisberger winning his second in 2008 and Eli his second in 2011). The 255 players chosen in the draft were composed of: 2004 NFL Draft The 2004 NFL draft was the procedure by",
"title": "2004 NFL Draft"
},
{
"id": "10046865",
"text": "teams and competed in the 2010 BCS National Championship Game with the former. Gilbert is also the father of Texas Christian University Horned Frogs freshman tight end Griffin Gilbert. Gale Gilbert Gale Reed Gilbert (born December 20, 1961) is a former American football quarterback who played eight seasons in the NFL for the Seattle Seahawks, Buffalo Bills, and the San Diego Chargers. Gilbert is the only player in NFL history to be on five consecutive Super Bowl teams, none of which were won. Gilbert was the catcher for a baseball team from Red Bluff, California, which played in the 1974",
"title": "Gale Gilbert"
},
{
"id": "4245749",
"text": "spending a few years in the Arena Football League, Warner became the St. Louis Rams starting quarterback in 1999 due to a pre-season injury of starter Trent Green. He went on to lead the Rams to two Super Bowls and one Super Bowl win (in which Warner was named MVP), while also winning two NFL MVP Awards. But in 2002, Warner's production was drastically reduced by injuries and he soon lost his starting job to Marc Bulger. He eventually left the team to join the New York Giants, but once again he lost his starting job (replaced by Eli Manning)",
"title": "Super Bowl XLIII"
},
{
"id": "394107",
"text": "Super Bowl victories. With this start, Staubach became the first quarterback to start four Super Bowls. Bradshaw joined Fran Tarkenton, Bob Griese as well as Staubach as the only quarterbacks to start at least three Super Bowls. The only quarterbacks to start more Super Bowls than Staubach and Bradshaw are John Elway and Tom Brady, who guided the Broncos and Patriots to five and seven Super Bowls respectively. 49ers quarterback Joe Montana and Bills quarterback Jim Kelly later matched Staubach and Bradshaw by leading their teams to four Super Bowls. The point spread for the game opened at Pittsburgh -3.5",
"title": "Super Bowl XIII"
},
{
"id": "3200079",
"text": "a touchdown in back-to-back Super Bowls. With the victory, Tom Brady became just the fourth quarterback to win at least three Super Bowls, along with Terry Bradshaw, Joe Montana and Troy Aikman. Brady also became the fourth quarterback to throw a touchdown pass in three different Super Bowls. Other quarterbacks to do it were Terry Bradshaw, Joe Montana and John Elway, with Kurt Warner later accomplishing the feat during Super Bowl XLIII and Peyton Manning in Super Bowl XLVIII. The Patriots joined the Dallas Cowboys as the only teams in NFL history to win three Super Bowls in a span",
"title": "Super Bowl XXXIX"
},
{
"id": "3394652",
"text": "game and instead sent a videotaped greeting from home. Bart Starr Bryan Bartlett \"Bart\" Starr (born January 9, 1934) is a former professional American football player and coach. He played quarterback for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL) from 1956 through 1971. Starr is the only quarterback in NFL history to lead a team to three consecutive league championships (1965–67). Starr and New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady are tied for total NFL championships, at five each. Starr led his team to victories in the first two Super Bowls: I and II. As the Packers' head",
"title": "Bart Starr"
},
{
"id": "3893613",
"text": "Joe Theismann Joseph Robert Theismann (born September 9, 1949) is a former professional gridiron football player, sports commentator, corporate speaker and restaurateur. He played quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) and Canadian Football League (CFL), achieving his most enduring fame in 12 seasons with the Washington Redskins, where he was a two-time Pro Bowler and helped the team to consecutive Super Bowl appearances, winning Super Bowl XVII and losing Super Bowl XVIII. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2003. Following his retirement from football in 1985 after a career-ending injury, Theismann worked as a",
"title": "Joe Theismann"
},
{
"id": "2015369",
"text": "Joe Montana Joseph Clifford Montana Jr. (born June 11, 1956), nicknamed \"Joe Cool\" and \"The Comeback Kid\", is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 16 seasons with the San Francisco 49ers and Kansas City Chiefs. After winning a college national championship at Notre Dame, Montana started his NFL career in 1979 with San Francisco, where he played for the next 14 seasons. While a member of the 49ers, Montana started and won four Super Bowls and was the first player ever to have been named Super Bowl Most Valuable Player three times.",
"title": "Joe Montana"
},
{
"id": "10259943",
"text": "zone. Gibbs, who earned induction into the Pro Football Hall of Fame for his work as Redskins head coach, is also the first head coach in NFL history to win 3 Super Bowls with 3 different quarterbacks: Joe Theismann, Doug Williams, and Mark Rypien. Norv Turner, a former Washington Redskins and San Diego Chargers head coach, and offensive coordinator of the Dallas Cowboys, San Francisco 49ers and currently the Carolina Panthers, also implements a version of the Coryell style of offense. The Turner strain of Coryell offenses are still very reliant on a good receiving TE. Norv Turner strains sometimes",
"title": "Air Coryell"
},
{
"id": "7678075",
"text": "two seasons with the Vikings. In that time, he made an NFL-record 297 consecutive starts, 321 including the playoffs. Favre's eleven Pro Bowl invitations is the third most among quarterbacks in NFL history. He is the only player to win the Associated Press NFL Most Valuable Player Award three consecutive times, doing so from 1995 to 1997, and is one of only six quarterbacks to have won the award as well as the Super Bowl in the same season. He led teams to eight division championships, five NFC Championship Games, and two Super Bowl appearances: Super Bowl XXXI and Super",
"title": "Brett Favre"
},
{
"id": "394319",
"text": "where the game was coincidentally played in the home market of one of the participants. The game was hyped as the battle between two great quarterbacks: Miami's Dan Marino and San Francisco's Joe Montana. The Dolphins entered their fifth Super Bowl in team history after posting a 14–2 regular season record. The 49ers were making their second Super Bowl appearance after becoming the first team ever to win 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule in 1978. With Marino and Montana, the game became the first Super Bowl in which the starting quarterbacks of each",
"title": "Super Bowl XIX"
},
{
"id": "1439781",
"text": "Jim McMahon James Robert McMahon, Jr. (born August 21, 1959) is a former American football player. He played college football at Brigham Young University, where he was a two-time All-American (1980, 1981) and later in the professional ranks with the Chicago Bears, San Diego Chargers, Philadelphia Eagles, Minnesota Vikings, Arizona Cardinals, Cleveland Browns, and Green Bay Packers. He won two Super Bowl titles, the first with the Bears in Super Bowl XX where he was the starting quarterback, and the second with their rivals, the Green Bay Packers, in Super Bowl XXXI where he was a backup to Brett Favre.",
"title": "Jim McMahon"
},
{
"id": "15909328",
"text": "Brock Osweiler Brock Alan Osweiler (born November 22, 1990) is an American football quarterback for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL). Osweiler played college football at Arizona State University and was drafted by the Denver Broncos in the second round of the 2012 NFL Draft. During his fourth year with the Broncos, Osweiler was a member of the team that won Super Bowl 50 over the Carolina Panthers. That season marked his first appearance as a starter when he relieved an injured Peyton Manning, to whom he had served as a backup in his first three years,",
"title": "Brock Osweiler"
},
{
"id": "2527999",
"text": "part of Manning's career, \"his record-breaking stats were written off because of the Colts' postseason failures\"; conversely he posted poor statistics in the 2015 regular season and Super Bowl 50, which would be his final season, but nonetheless won his second Super Bowl thanks to his team's defense. Manning is also the only quarterback in NFL history to make the Super Bowl four times with four head coaches (Dungy, Caldwell, Fox and Kubiak). Despite concerns about his arm strength and mobility, Manning was selected first overall in the 1998 NFL Draft by the Indianapolis Colts. Although many considered Washington State",
"title": "Peyton Manning"
},
{
"id": "7801949",
"text": "Jay Schroeder Jay Brian Schroeder (born June 28, 1961) is a former professional American football quarterback. He played college football at UCLA, after which he was selected in the third round (83rd overall) of the 1984 NFL draft by the Washington Redskins where he played for three seasons. He then played for the Los Angeles Raiders for five seasons and spent one season each with the Cincinnati Bengals and Arizona Cardinals. While with the Washington Redskins, Schroeder was selected to his only Pro Bowl after the 1986 season season. He also won his only Super Bowl ring, when the Redskins",
"title": "Jay Schroeder"
},
{
"id": "18084527",
"text": "was 3-of-15. The two teams' combined third down conversion percentage of 13.8 was the lowest in Super Bowl history. Manning and Newton had quarterback passer ratings of 56.6 and 55.4, respectively, and their added total of 112 is a record lowest aggregate passer rating for a Super Bowl. Manning became the oldest quarterback ever to win a Super Bowl at age 39, the first quarterback ever to win a Super Bowl starting for two teams, and the first quarterback ever to win 200 games (regular season and postseason) as a starter. Gary Kubiak became the first head coach to win",
"title": "Super Bowl 50"
},
{
"id": "1996290",
"text": "from the winning team every year except 1971, when Dallas Cowboys linebacker Chuck Howley won the award despite the Cowboys' loss in Super Bowl V to the Baltimore Colts. Harvey Martin and Randy White were named co-MVPs of Super Bowl XII, the only time co-MVPs have been chosen. Including the Super Bowl XII co-MVPs, seven Cowboys players have won Super Bowl MVP awards, the most of any NFL team. Quarterbacks have earned the honor 29 times in 52 games. Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award The Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award, or Super Bowl MVP, is presented annually to",
"title": "Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award"
},
{
"id": "6000949",
"text": "for roster spots with Eli Manning, Tim Hasselbeck, and Jared Lorenzen. He was named the third-string quarterback in a season that saw the team win Super Bowl XLII, beating the previously undefeated New England Patriots. On August 18, 2008, Wright suffered a back injury in a preseason game against the Cleveland Browns and was eventually placed on the injured reserve list on August 30. He wasn't re-signed the next season and decided to announce his retirement. His cousin Jesse Campbell played safety in the NFL. Anthony Wright (American football) Anthony Lavon Wright (born February 14, 1976) is a former American",
"title": "Anthony Wright (American football)"
},
{
"id": "3893636",
"text": "time in the league and left the team when it was folded into the Virginia Destroyers in January 2011. In 2011, Theismann was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame. Joe Theismann Joseph Robert Theismann (born September 9, 1949) is a former professional gridiron football player, sports commentator, corporate speaker and restaurateur. He played quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) and Canadian Football League (CFL), achieving his most enduring fame in 12 seasons with the Washington Redskins, where he was a two-time Pro Bowler and helped the team to consecutive Super Bowl appearances, winning Super Bowl XVII and",
"title": "Joe Theismann"
},
{
"id": "3093351",
"text": "He attended Ole Miss as starting quarterback and was drafted No. 1 overall by the San Diego Chargers in the 2004 NFL Draft. However, he was traded to the Giants for Philip Rivers on draft day, after repeatedly threatening not to sign with the Chargers. He led the Giants to Super Bowl XLII and won 17–14 over a then-undefeated New England Patriots team. In 2012, the Giants again defeated the New England Patriots 21–17 in Super Bowl XLVI. He won the Most Valuable Player award of both Super Bowls. Cooper, Peyton, and Eli all attended and graduated from Isidore Newman",
"title": "Archie Manning"
},
{
"id": "9372830",
"text": "still, Joe Gibbs won 3 Super Bowls running his version of the Coryell offense when he was head coach of the Washington Redskins from 1981-1992 (He also served as Redskins head coach from 2004-2007). Gibbs, who earned induction into the Hall of Fame as a head coach, is the only coach to win 3 Super Bowls with 3 different quarterbacks (Joe Theismann, Doug Williams and Mark Rypien). Around 2011, Bill Belichick increasingly adopted an up-tempo, no-huddle offense for his team. The idea behind this strategy is for the offense to call plays rapidly without pause and without a huddle. The",
"title": "New England Patriots strategy"
},
{
"id": "2722697",
"text": "Roger Staubach Roger Thomas Staubach (born February 5, 1942), nicknamed \"Roger the Dodger\", \"Captain America\" and \"Captain Comeback\", is a former American football quarterback in the National Football League (NFL). He attended the U.S. Naval Academy where he won the 1963 Heisman Trophy, and after graduation he served in the U.S. Navy, including a tour of duty in Vietnam. Staubach joined the Dallas Cowboys in 1969 and played with the club during all 11 seasons of his career. He led the team to the Super Bowl five times, four as the starting quarterback. He led the Cowboys to victories in",
"title": "Roger Staubach"
},
{
"id": "7005059",
"text": "Damon Huard Damon Paul Huard (born July 9, 1973) is a former American football quarterback. He is the director of community relations and fundraiser for the University of Washington football program, his alma mater. Huard was signed by the Cincinnati Bengals as an undrafted free agent in 1996, and played twelve seasons in the NFL with the Miami Dolphins, New England Patriots, and Kansas City Chiefs. While with the Patriots, he won two Super Bowl rings. Born in Yakima, Washington, Huard was raised southeast of Tacoma in Puyallup, where his father Mike was a high school teacher and head football",
"title": "Damon Huard"
},
{
"id": "18262152",
"text": "Jacoby Brissett Jacoby Jajuan Brissett (born December 11, 1992) is an American football quarterback for the Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Florida before transferring to NC State, and was drafted by the New England Patriots in the third round of the 2016 NFL Draft. As a member of the Patriots he won Super Bowl LI over the Atlanta Falcons as a backup to Tom Brady, and was traded to the Colts the following season. Brissett attended William T. Dwyer High School in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida. Rivals.com ranked him as a four-star",
"title": "Jacoby Brissett"
},
{
"id": "3086907",
"text": "Tommy Maddox Thomas Alfred Maddox (born September 2, 1971) is a former football quarterback in the National Football League (NFL), the XFL, and the Arena Football League. He is one of three players (Bobby Singh and Ron Carpenter) to have won both Super Bowl and XFL championships. Maddox was born in Shreveport, Louisiana and raised in Hurst, Texas, in the Dallas/Fort Worth area. At UCLA, Maddox played collegiately for two seasons and led UCLA to the John Hancock Bowl in 1991. The Denver Broncos drafted Maddox in the first round of the 1992 NFL Draft. Originally thought to be the",
"title": "Tommy Maddox"
},
{
"id": "393901",
"text": "became the first quarterback to start three Super Bowls and is joined by Jim Kelly as the only quarterbacks to start at least three consecutive Super Bowls. Wide receiver Paul Warfield remained the main deep threat on the team, catching 29 passes for 514 yards and 11 touchdowns. The offensive line was strong, once again led by center Jim Langer and right guard Larry Little. Griese, Csonka, Warfield, Langer, Nick Buoniconti and Little would all eventually be elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Miami's \"No Name Defense\" continued to dominate their opponents. Future Hall of Fame linebacker Nick",
"title": "Super Bowl VIII"
},
{
"id": "3354626",
"text": "Super Bowl, defeating the Philadelphia Eagles 27–10 in Super Bowl XV. Throwing for 261 yards and three touchdowns, Plunkett was named the game's MVP; subsequently, Plunkett has the distinction of being the first minority to quarterback a team to a Super Bowl victory and the only Latino to be named Super Bowl MVP. In addition to this, he became the second of four players to win the Heisman Trophy and Super Bowl MVP, Roger Staubach before him, and Marcus Allen and Desmond Howard after him. Later in his career, the Raiders moved to Los Angeles. After returning to the backup",
"title": "Jim Plunkett"
},
{
"id": "3093350",
"text": "attending the University of Tennessee. Considered one of the greatest players in NFL history, he led the Indianapolis Colts to a 29–17 victory in Super Bowl XLI over the Chicago Bears on February 4, 2007, and was the game's MVP. After missing the entire 2011 NFL season, he signed with the Denver Broncos on March 20, 2012, and won Super Bowl 50 against the Carolina Panthers on February 7, 2016. He retired from pro football a month later, on March 7. Eli Manning was born in New Orleans in 1981. He is currently a quarterback with the New York Giants.",
"title": "Archie Manning"
},
{
"id": "10482351",
"text": "Marino helped the Dolphins become consistent postseason contenders, leading them to the playoffs ten times and one Super Bowl appearance in XIX, although a title victory ultimately eluded him during his career. Marino is considered by many to be one of the greatest players to never win a Super Bowl and has the most career victories of quarterbacks to not win a title at 155 (147–93 in regular season and 8–10 in playoffs). A nine-time Pro Bowl selection, and seven time first or second team All-Pro, Marino was the NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP) in 1984, when he set single",
"title": "Dan Marino"
},
{
"id": "6136112",
"text": "Tebucky Jones Tebucky Shermain Jones (born October 6, 1974) is a former American football safety in the National Football League. His professional career began when he was drafted out of Syracuse University in the first round of the 1998 NFL Draft by the New England Patriots. He also played for the Miami Dolphins and the New Orleans Saints. Jones is best known for his role on the 2001 Patriots team that won Super Bowl XXXVI. In the Super Bowl, in the fourth quarter with the St. Louis Rams in a do-or-die situation down 3-17 against the Patriots, Rams quarterback Kurt",
"title": "Tebucky Jones"
},
{
"id": "4281409",
"text": "Brian Griese Brian David Griese (; born March 18, 1975) is a former American football quarterback and current color commentator for \"ESPN College Football\". He was drafted by the Broncos in the third round of the 1998 NFL Draft. He played high school football at Christopher Columbus High School and later college football at Michigan. During his rookie year in 1998, he earned a Super Bowl ring with the Broncos, as John Elway led the Broncos to a victory in Super Bowl XXXIII over the Atlanta Falcons. Elway retired after the Super Bowl and Griese became the starting quarterback for",
"title": "Brian Griese"
},
{
"id": "3047497",
"text": "Poly\" O'Brien, Tim Simpson, Doug Marrone, and Brad Johnson, a quarterback who would go on to win Super Bowl XXXVII with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Also of note was Dedrick Dodge, a special teams maven who went on to win a number of Super Bowl rings with the San Francisco 49ers and the Denver Broncos and LaVar Ball, a tight end whose sons play basketball, including Lonzo Ball of the Los Angeles Lakers, who was the second overall pick in the 2017 NBA draft. London Monarchs The London Monarchs were a professional American football team in NFL Europe and its",
"title": "London Monarchs"
},
{
"id": "340459",
"text": "other team sports, before the implementation of NFL team captains in 2007, the starting quarterback was usually the \"de facto\" team leader and well-respected player on and off the field. Since 2007, when the NFL allowed teams to designate several captains to serve as on-field leaders, the starting quarterback has usually been one of the team captains as the leader of the team's offense. After a Super Bowl victory, the starting quarterback is the first player (and third person after the team owner and head coach) to be presented with the Vince Lombardi Trophy. The starting quarterback of the victorious",
"title": "Quarterback"
},
{
"id": "2158405",
"text": "Tom Flores Thomas Raymond Flores (born March 21, 1937) is a Mexican-American former professional football coach and player. He and Mike Ditka are the only two people in National Football League history to win a Super Bowl as a player, assistant coach, and head coach (Super Bowl IV as a player for the Chiefs, Super Bowl XI as an assistant coach of the Raiders, and Super Bowl XV and Super Bowl XVIII as head coach of the Raiders). Flores was also the first Hispanic starting quarterback and the first minority head coach in professional football history to win a Super",
"title": "Tom Flores"
},
{
"id": "703818",
"text": "Terry Bradshaw Terry Paxton Bradshaw (born September 2, 1948) is a former American football quarterback who played professionally in the National Football League (NFL). Since 1994, he has been a TV sports analyst and co-host of \"Fox NFL Sunday\". Bradshaw is also an actor, having participated in many television shows and films, most notably starring in the movie \"Failure to Launch\". He played for 14 seasons with Pittsburgh, won four Super Bowl titles in a six-year period (1974, 1975, 1978, and 1979), becoming the first quarterback to win three and four Super Bowls, and led the Steelers to eight AFC",
"title": "Terry Bradshaw"
},
{
"id": "11395896",
"text": "Tracy Porter Tracy O'Neil Porter (born August 11, 1986) is an American football cornerback who is currently a free agent. He was drafted by the New Orleans Saints in the second round of the 2008 NFL Draft. With the Saints, he won Super Bowl XLIV against the Indianapolis Colts, sealing the game with a memorable interception returned for a touchdown. He played college football at Indiana. Porter has also played for the Denver Broncos, Oakland Raiders, Washington Redskins, and Chicago Bears. Porter attended Port Allen High School, where he played quarterback, running back, wide receiver, and cornerback. He earned first",
"title": "Tracy Porter"
},
{
"id": "10341298",
"text": "as a quarterback. He later transferred to Bethune-Cookman University, where he played basketball but not football. From 2000 to 2002, Toliver spent time on the practice squads of the St. Louis Rams, San Francisco 49ers and Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League. He was part of the Buccaneers team that won Super Bowl XXXVII in January 2003. He played for the Tampa Bay Storm of the AFL from 2002 to 2005. In 2003, he was part of the Storm team that won ArenaBowl XVII, becoming the first person to win an ArenaBowl and Super Bowl in the same",
"title": "T. T. Toliver"
},
{
"id": "327181",
"text": "John Wooden; basketball Hall of Famers Stretch Murphy, Piggy Lambert, and Rick Mount; NBA Champions Paul Hoffman, Herm Gilliam, Frank Kendrick, Jerry Sichting, Glenn Robinson, and Brian Cardinal; and NBA All-Stars Glenn Robinson, Brad Miller, Terry Dischinger, and Joe Barry Carroll. Purdue has three NFL Super Bowl–winning quarterbacks in Drew Brees, Bob Griese, and Len Dawson. Additionally, a total of 19 Purdue alumni have been on a Super Bowl–winning team . Purdue also produced Super Bowl IV winning coach Hank Stram. Daytona 500 winner Ryan Newman graduated from Purdue with a bachelor's degree in vehicle structure engineering. Three Purdue alumni",
"title": "Purdue University"
},
{
"id": "7702035",
"text": "Owen Daniels Owen Four Daniels (born November 9, 1982) is a former American football tight end. He played college football for the University of Wisconsin, and was drafted by the Houston Texans in the fourth round of the 2006 NFL Draft. He is a two-time Pro Bowl selection. He also played for the Baltimore Ravens and Denver Broncos. As a member of the Broncos, he helped the team win Super Bowl 50 over the Carolina Panthers. Daniels attended Naperville Central High School in Naperville, Illinois. As a starting quarterback on the football team, Daniels led Naperville Central to an undefeated",
"title": "Owen Daniels"
},
{
"id": "3354612",
"text": "Jim Plunkett Jim Plunkett (born December 5, 1947) is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for sixteen seasons. He achieved his greatest success during his final nine seasons with the Oakland Raiders franchise, whom he helped lead to two Super Bowl victories. A Heisman Trophy winner during his collegiate career at Stanford, Plunkett was selected by the New England Patriots as the first overall pick in the 1971 NFL Draft and later played for the San Francisco 49ers. His tenure with the teams was mostly unsuccessful and led to him being signed by",
"title": "Jim Plunkett"
},
{
"id": "3020747",
"text": "Len Dawson Leonard Ray Dawson (born June 20, 1935) is a former American football quarterback and a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame. He played 19 seasons for three professional teams, the last 14 seasons with the Dallas Texans/Kansas City Chiefs, and played college football at Purdue University. Dawson led the Texans/Chiefs to three American Football League Championships (1962, 1966, 1969), and a victory in Super Bowl IV over the Minnesota Vikings, for which he won the game's MVP award. Dawson retired from professional football after the 1975 season, and was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of",
"title": "Len Dawson"
},
{
"id": "17704007",
"text": "Jimmy Garoppolo James Richard Garoppolo (born November 2, 1991) is an American football quarterback for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Eastern Illinois and was drafted in the second round of the 2014 NFL Draft by the New England Patriots, with whom he won two Super Bowls as the backup to Tom Brady. As a senior in 2013, Garoppolo broke Tony Romo's school records for career passing touchdowns, career passing yards, and passing touchdowns in a season. That season, he also won the Walter Payton Award as the best offensive player",
"title": "Jimmy Garoppolo"
},
{
"id": "5732094",
"text": "Troy Aikman, himself a three-time Super Bowl winner as a Dallas Cowboys quarterback, as the color analyst. Mike Pereira joined Buck and Aikman in the broadcast booth to comment on instant replay reviews, while Pam Oliver and Chris Myers served as sideline reporters. The pre-game show featured the \"Fox NFL Sunday\" crew of host Curt Menefee and a group of analysts with extensive Super Bowl experiences of their own: Terry Bradshaw (4 time Super Bowl winning QB with the Pittsburgh Steelers), Howie Long (one-time Super Bowl winning defensive end with the then-Los Angeles Raiders), Michael Strahan (one-time Super Bowl winning",
"title": "Super Bowl XLV"
},
{
"id": "4042976",
"text": "England Patriots]]. He was also a backup to [[Dan Marino]] as a member of the [[Miami Dolphins]], and a starting quarterback for the Eagles and [[Cleveland Browns]]. In his second season as the Eagles' head coach, Pederson won [[Super Bowl LII]] (also against the Patriots), marking the first [[Super Bowl]] title in franchise history. He also became just the fourth person, after [[Mike Ditka]], [[Tom Flores]] and [[Tony Dungy]] to win a Super Bowl as both a player and head coach. Pederson was born in Bellingham, Washington, in 1968. He attended [[Ferndale High School (Washington)|Ferndale High School]] in nearby [[Ferndale,",
"title": "Doug Pederson"
},
{
"id": "3354630",
"text": "a result of his physical injuries. Jim Plunkett Jim Plunkett (born December 5, 1947) is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for sixteen seasons. He achieved his greatest success during his final nine seasons with the Oakland Raiders franchise, whom he helped lead to two Super Bowl victories. A Heisman Trophy winner during his collegiate career at Stanford, Plunkett was selected by the New England Patriots as the first overall pick in the 1971 NFL Draft and later played for the San Francisco 49ers. His tenure with the teams was mostly unsuccessful and",
"title": "Jim Plunkett"
},
{
"id": "7002533",
"text": "teams that had been given the last rites by many near the end of the season, emerged as champions at the end. Eli Manning became (and still remains) the only quarterback to throw for more than 4,900 yards and win a Super Bowl in the same season. The Giants became the first team to have won Super Bowl games broadcast on all four U.S. national networks (CBS, ABC, FOX, and now NBC). The Giants and Patriots became the 3rd and 4th teams (after the Oakland Raiders and Pittsburgh Steelers) to appear in Super Bowls in four different decades (both in",
"title": "Super Bowl XLVI"
},
{
"id": "17704021",
"text": "with a left knee injury. It was later revealed he tore his ACL, prematurely ending his season. \"Source\": Jimmy Garoppolo James Richard Garoppolo (born November 2, 1991) is an American football quarterback for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Eastern Illinois and was drafted in the second round of the 2014 NFL Draft by the New England Patriots, with whom he won two Super Bowls as the backup to Tom Brady. As a senior in 2013, Garoppolo broke Tony Romo's school records for career passing touchdowns, career passing yards, and passing",
"title": "Jimmy Garoppolo"
},
{
"id": "11236483",
"text": "Joe Flacco Joseph Vincent Flacco (born January 16, 1985) is an American football quarterback for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Delaware after transferring from Pittsburgh, and was drafted by the Ravens in the first round of the 2008 NFL Draft. With Flacco as Baltimore's starting quarterback since his rookie season, the Ravens have won the AFC North twice, appeared in three AFC Championship Games, and defeated the San Francisco 49ers to win Super Bowl XLVII following the 2012 season. Flacco was named Super Bowl XLVII's MVP, concluding a postseason run in",
"title": "Joe Flacco"
},
{
"id": "374918",
"text": "Bowl since becoming starters, none had produced a season with a losing record until Schaub in 2010, but Roethlisberger and Manning both have won two Super Bowls. They have been compared favorably to the Quarterback class of 1983, which included Hall of Fame quarterbacks John Elway (1st pick), Jim Kelly (14th), and Dan Marino (27th). In August 2004, Rivers signed a six-year, $40.5 million contract that included $14.5 million in signing bonuses. However, due to a protracted contract negotiation, Rivers only reported to the team during the last week of training camp, and incumbent Drew Brees retained his starting job.",
"title": "Los Angeles Chargers"
},
{
"id": "3797571",
"text": "Chuck Howley Charles Louis Howley (born June 28, 1936) is a former American football linebacker who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 15 seasons, primarily with the Dallas Cowboys. Howley was a member of the Chicago Bears in his first two seasons and spent the remainder of his career with the Cowboys. He was named the MVP of Super Bowl V, and as of 2018 is the only player on a losing team to receive the award. He was also the first non-quarterback to receive the award. Born and raised in Wheeling, West Virginia, Howley attended Warwood High",
"title": "Chuck Howley"
},
{
"id": "4500744",
"text": "Trent Dilfer Trent Farris Dilfer (born March 13, 1972) is a former American football quarterback and analyst who played 14 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He is best known as the starting quarterback for the Baltimore Ravens during their Super Bowl-winning season in 2000. After six seasons with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, who drafted him in the first round of the 1994 NFL Draft, Dilfer signed with the Ravens as a backup and became the team's starter midway through the year. Starting in the rest of the team's games, his time with the Ravens concluded with the franchise's",
"title": "Trent Dilfer"
},
{
"id": "3191067",
"text": "Mark Brunell Mark Allen Brunell (born September 17, 1970) is an American football coach and former quarterback who is the current head coach at the Episcopal School of Jacksonville. He was selected by the Green Bay Packers in the fifth round of the 1993 NFL Draft. He played college football at Washington. Brunell was a three-time Pro Bowl selection with the Jacksonville Jaguars. He has also played for the Washington Redskins, New Orleans Saints, and New York Jets. In 2009, he earned a Super Bowl ring as the backup quarterback and holder for the Saints' Super Bowl XLIV winning team",
"title": "Mark Brunell"
},
{
"id": "340495",
"text": "QB during an NFL season. Since the inception of the game, only two quarterbacks with known black ancestry have led their team to a Super Bowl victory: Doug Williams in 1988 and Russell Wilson, who is multiracial, in 2014. Some black quarterbacks claim to have experienced bias towards or against them due to their race. Despite his ability to both pass and run effectively, current Houston Texans signal-caller Deshaun Watson despises being called a dual-threat quarterback because he believes the term is often used to stereotype black quarterbacks. Quarterback A quarterback (commonly abbreviated \"QB\") is a position in American and",
"title": "Quarterback"
},
{
"id": "3220800",
"text": "Tagliabue announced the selection of Roethlisberger, the phone call he received by Steelers head coach Bill Cowher was shown live on ESPN, confirming the team's selection before the official announcement. Roethlisberger, Rivers, and Manning have all been voted to the Pro Bowl since becoming starters. Roethlisberger and Manning have each won two Super Bowls. The trio have been compared favorably to the Quarterback class of 1983, which included Hall of Fame quarterbacks Dan Marino, John Elway, and Jim Kelly. Roethlisberger was selected 11th overall in the 2004 NFL Draft by the Pittsburgh Steelers. On August 4, 2004, he signed a",
"title": "Ben Roethlisberger"
},
{
"id": "18084486",
"text": "Bowl quarterbacks at 13 years and 48 days (Manning was 39, Newton was 26). In addition, this was the first Super Bowl to feature a quarterback on both teams who was the #1 pick in their draft classes. Manning was the #1 selection of the 1998 NFL Draft, while Newton was picked first in 2011. The matchup also pits the top two picks of the 2011 draft against each other: Newton for Carolina and Von Miller for Denver. With Ron Rivera having been a linebacker with the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX, and Kubiak replacing Elway at the end",
"title": "Super Bowl 50"
},
{
"id": "20959491",
"text": "Moon's success largely broke the stereotype that blacks could not succeed as quarterbacks, which ushered more prominent black quarterbacks into the NFL starting in the 1980s. Since the inception of the game, only two quarterbacks with known black ancestry have led their team to a Super Bowl victory: Doug Williams in 1988 and Russell Wilson, who is multiracial, in 2014. Other black quarterbacks to start in a Super Bowl include Steve McNair in 2000, Donovan McNabb in 2005, Colin Kaepernick in 2013, and Cam Newton in 2016. In 2003, conservative radio talk show host Rush Limbaugh made headlines when he",
"title": "Racial issues faced by black quarterbacks"
},
{
"id": "6878912",
"text": "by the Oakland Raiders. On August 30, he was traded to the St. Louis Rams in exchange for a seven-round draft choice (#238-Rodregis Brooks). The St. Louis Rams acquired Justin to provide depth at quarterback, after Trent Green suffered a serious left knee injury in the last preseason game and Kurt Warner was named the new starter. He was a part of the Super Bowl XXXIV winning team. On March 30, 2000, he was signed as a free agent by the Dallas Cowboys, to replace the departed Jason Garrett as the backup quarterback. After struggling in preseason (he accounted for",
"title": "Paul Justin"
},
{
"id": "2722708",
"text": "two games behind the Washington Redskins in the NFC East race. Staubach assumed the full-time quarterbacking duties in a week-eight victory over the St. Louis Cardinals and led the Cowboys to 10 consecutive victories, including their first Super Bowl victory, 24–3 over the Miami Dolphins in Super Bowl VI in January 1972. He was named the game's MVP, completing 12 out of 19 passes for 119 yards and two touchdowns and rushing for 18 yards. In 1972, Staubach missed most of the season with a separated shoulder, but he relieved Morton in a divisional playoff against the San Francisco 49ers",
"title": "Roger Staubach"
},
{
"id": "10482374",
"text": "was ranked number 25 on the NFL's \"Top 100 Greatest Players\" list. Marino was known for his quick release, and despite the fact that he was not skilled at scrambling, Marino possessed an uncanny awareness in the pocket, often sliding a step or two to avoid the pass rush. Marino is currently fifth, behind Tom Brady, Peyton Manning, Brett Favre and John Elway on the list of most wins by a starting quarterback and, with 155, the most of a quarterback not to win a Super Bowl. On Sunday, September 17, 2000, at halftime of the Dolphins-Baltimore Ravens game at",
"title": "Dan Marino"
},
{
"id": "14937900",
"text": "following the draft, as well as second-round draft pick Brock Osweiler, would each eventually win starting quarterback positions during later seasons. Luck, Griffin, and Wilson would be named to the Pro Bowl following the conclusion of the regular season, while Foles and Cousins would be recognized as Pro Bowlers later on in their careers. Wilson, Osweiler, and Foles have each been a part of a Super Bowl winning team, with Nick Foles eventually becoming the MVP of Super Bowl LII. In the draft, a record 5 players not from the United States were drafted, being Canadians Tyrone Crawford (drafted 81st",
"title": "2012 NFL Draft"
},
{
"id": "19353633",
"text": "Avenue include the following. Carl Edward Vuono (born October 18, 1934) is a retired United States Army General who served as the Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1987 to 1991. Joseph Montana is a retired professional American football quarterback. He played in college for the University of Notre Dame and in the National Football League (NFL) for the San Francisco 49ers and Kansas City Chiefs. Montana maintains a laundry list of records, of which include the first player to win the Super Bowl MVP three times. Frederick Cox is the all-time leading scorer for the Minnesota",
"title": "Park Avenue (Monongahela)"
},
{
"id": "4227477",
"text": "Bernie Kosar Bernard Joseph Kosar Jr. (born November 25, 1963) is a former American football quarterback who played professionally in the National Football League (NFL). Kosar played for the Cleveland Browns from 1985 to 1993 and then finished his career with the Dallas Cowboys and the Miami Dolphins. With the Cowboys, he won Super Bowl XXVIII, beating the Buffalo Bills, on January 30, 1994. He has even been referenced in several books such as the Lorien Legacies series. Of Hungarian descent, Kosar was born in Youngstown, Ohio, and raised in suburban Boardman. He attended Boardman High School, where he earned",
"title": "Bernie Kosar"
},
{
"id": "3034509",
"text": "Bowl since becoming starters. Until 2013, Roethlisberger and Manning had not produced a season with a losing record (although each had an 8-8 season), and Roethlisberger and Manning have each won two Super Bowls. They have been compared favorably to the Quarterback class of 1983, which included Hall of Fame quarterbacks Dan Marino, John Elway, and Jim Kelly. Manning made his NFL debut in Week 1 against the Philadelphia Eagles. He came into the game toward the end the fourth quarter in relief of Kurt Warner. He finished the 31–17 loss 3-of-9 for 66 yards. Manning made his first career",
"title": "Eli Manning"
},
{
"id": "3034551",
"text": "to win the award. The Giants also became the first team ever with fewer than ten wins in a 16-game regular season to win the Super Bowl. Manning also became the first quarterback in NFL history to throw for 4,900+ yards and win a Super Bowl in the same season. The Giants were the first team with a running game ranked last (32nd) and a defense ranked as low as 27th to win a Super Bowl. For winning the Super Bowl, Manning and the Giants received a victory parade in Manhattan and were honored with symbolic keys to the city",
"title": "Eli Manning"
},
{
"id": "2528078",
"text": "of 26-16. Manning was 32-of-43 for 400 passing yards and two passing touchdowns in the victory. Manning became the third starting quarterback to reach the Super Bowl with two teams, after Craig Morton and Kurt Warner. In Super Bowl XLVIII, Manning's Broncos lost to the Seattle Seahawks by a score of 43–8. Manning was up against the Seahawks' young starting quarterback Russell Wilson, who idolized Manning and attended one of Manning's passing camps as a teenager, and later met Manning at a Broncos pre-draft interview. The Seahawks' number one ranked defense proved too much for the Broncos' number one ranked",
"title": "Peyton Manning"
},
{
"id": "18018565",
"text": "Angela Akins played golf for the TCU Horned Frogs before transferring to the Texas Longhorns for her junior and senior years. She was named to the All-Big XII Academic Team. In July 2017, Angela married professional golfer Sergio García. She became a golf channel reporter in 2017. Akins's nephew is former Purdue starting quarterback Drew Brees, who won Super Bowl XLIV with the New Orleans Saints. Marty Akins Martin Ray Akins (born January 6, 1954) is a former college All-American football player and politician. He started as quarterback for the Texas Longhorns in the early 1970s and was the only",
"title": "Marty Akins"
},
{
"id": "2199979",
"text": "coach Bill Belichick have combined to form the most successful quarterback-head coach tandem in NFL history, winning more regular season games and postseason games than any other such duo as well as appearing in eight Super Bowls. All of these events set new NFL records. In his second season, Brady took over as the starting quarterback after Drew Bledsoe was injured. He led the Patriots to first place in the AFC East and a victory over the favored St. Louis Rams in Super Bowl XXXVI, winning his first Super Bowl MVP award. Despite the Patriots' missing the playoffs the following",
"title": "Tom Brady"
},
{
"id": "13195407",
"text": "overall pick, following Elway, Plunkett and Bobby Garrett, but the first since Elway was taken by the Colts in 1983. Stanford quarterbacks have started 7 Super Bowls, winning 4, and garnering two Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Awards. In 2005, a \"Sporting News\" writer described Texas Tech as Quarterback U in an article that bestowed several positional \"U\" monikers with the criteria being college performance since 2000. Its author cited head coach Mike Leach's numerous 4,000-yard-plus passers. During the 1980s, the term was also applied to Maryland, which produced several NFL-caliber quarterbacks during the tenures of head coach Bobby Ross",
"title": "Quarterback U"
},
{
"id": "6708195",
"text": "Jim Sorgi James Joseph Sorgi Jr. (born December 3, 1980) is a former American football quarterback. He played college football at the University of Wisconsin and was drafted by the Indianapolis Colts in the sixth round of the 2004 NFL Draft. Sorgi served as the backup to Peyton Manning for several years, and won a ring when the Colts won Super Bowl XLI against the Chicago Bears. Once he was released by the Colts, he signed with the New York Giants to compete for the backup job to Eli Manning, but lost, and he was released that offseason. Sorgi attended",
"title": "Jim Sorgi"
},
{
"id": "4444716",
"text": "Ken Stabler Kenneth Michael Stabler (December 25, 1945 – July 8, 2015), nicknamed \"Snake\", was an American football quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) for the Oakland Raiders (1970–1979), Houston Oilers (1980–1981) and New Orleans Saints (1982–1984). He played college football for the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa. Stabler quarterbacked the Raiders to victory in Super Bowl XI, was the 1974 NFL Most Valuable Player and was selected as a quarterback for the NFL 1970s All-Decade Team. Stabler was posthumously elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2016. Stabler became a highly touted football player at Foley",
"title": "Ken Stabler"
},
{
"id": "9671977",
"text": "History of Kansas City Chiefs quarterbacks 31 quarterbacks have started for the National Football League's Kansas City Chiefs since their franchise began. The team has also had numerous backup quarterbacks that have stolen the spotlight from the starters. Under Len Dawson, the Texans/Chiefs won three American Football League championships and appeared in two Super Bowl championship games. Dawson was named Most Valuable Player following the Chiefs' victory in Super Bowl IV. Dawson played a total of 13 seasons with Kansas City and retired with many franchise records. Despite never having success in developing and drafting a quality quarterback of their",
"title": "History of Kansas City Chiefs quarterbacks"
},
{
"id": "5759936",
"text": "Charlie Batch Charles D'Donte Batch (born December 5, 1974) is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Detroit Lions in the second round of the 1998 NFL Draft and played 15 seasons in the NFL, most of it as a backup with his hometown Pittsburgh Steelers, with whom he earned two Super Bowl rings (Super Bowl XL and Super Bowl XLIII). He played college football at Eastern Michigan. Batch currently works for KDKA-TV in Pittsburgh as a pre-game analyst for the Steelers as well as a color commentator for",
"title": "Charlie Batch"
},
{
"id": "394059",
"text": "two different franchises (Kurt Warner was the second with St. Louis Rams and Arizona Cardinals, and Peyton Manning was the third with the Indianapolis Colts and Denver Broncos). Morton is also the only quarterback to have started two different franchises' \"first\" Super Bowl appearances. This was the final Super Bowl in the 14-game schedule era. The following season, the NFL went to a 16-game schedule, where it has remained since. Super Bowl XII provided an opportunity for Morton to not only beat his former team, but also to redeem himself for his Super Bowl V loss and the loss of",
"title": "Super Bowl XII"
},
{
"id": "10482350",
"text": "Dan Marino Daniel Constantine Marino Jr. (born September 15, 1961) is a former American football quarterback who played seventeen seasons for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL). The last quarterback of the quarterback class of 1983 to be taken in the first round, Marino held or currently holds dozens of NFL records associated with the quarterback position. Despite never being on a Super Bowl-winning team, he is recognized as one of the greatest quarterbacks, and generally considered to be among the best pure passers in American football history. Best remembered for his quick release and powerful arm,",
"title": "Dan Marino"
},
{
"id": "9860101",
"text": "0–2 in, over a contract dispute, and was named both NFL and Super Bowl MVP. Smith is one of only six players to win both the NFL MVP award and Super Bowl MVP award in the same season, and is the only one of those six players who was not a quarterback. Only weeks after Super Bowl XXVIII, however, friction between Johnson and Jones culminated in Johnson stunning the football world by announcing his resignation. The next day Jones hired former University of Oklahoma head coach Barry Switzer to replace Johnson. Norton and guard Kevin Gogan departed via free agency,",
"title": "History of the Dallas Cowboys"
},
{
"id": "9002022",
"text": "York Giants), Ray Lewis (2000 and 2012 Baltimore Ravens), Peyton Manning (2006 Indianapolis Colts and 2015 Denver Broncos), and LeGarrette Blount (2016 New England Patriots and 2017 Philadelphia Eagles). Ernie Accorsi and Rich Dalrymple are the only non-players or coaches to be interviewed for the series—both were team administrators. Of the \"Blue Ribbon\" top 20 teams, the San Francisco 49ers and Dallas Cowboys are represented most often as a franchise with three championship teams each. The Green Bay Packers, Pittsburgh Steelers, and Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders are each represented twice. According to Steve Sabol, president of NFL Films, only 20 teams",
"title": "America's Game: The Super Bowl Champions"
},
{
"id": "3020762",
"text": "City. Dawson is a seventh son of a seventh son.<ref name=\"son/ prostate\"></ref> In 1991, Dawson was diagnosed with prostate cancer. Len Dawson Leonard Ray Dawson (born June 20, 1935) is a former American football quarterback and a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame. He played 19 seasons for three professional teams, the last 14 seasons with the Dallas Texans/Kansas City Chiefs, and played college football at Purdue University. Dawson led the Texans/Chiefs to three American Football League Championships (1962, 1966, 1969), and a victory in Super Bowl IV over the Minnesota Vikings, for which he won the game's",
"title": "Len Dawson"
},
{
"id": "3315289",
"text": "Mark Rypien Mark Robert Rypien (born October 2, 1962) is a former professional football quarterback. He was drafted by the Washington Redskins of the National Football League (NFL) in the 6th round of the 1986 NFL draft. He is the first Canadian-born quarterback to start in the NFL and win the Super Bowl MVP award, doing so in Super Bowl XXVI. Born in Calgary, Alberta, Rypien moved to the United States in 1965 and was raised in Spokane, Washington. He was a star three-sport athlete at Shadle Park High School, and led the Highlanders to the state title in basketball",
"title": "Mark Rypien"
},
{
"id": "1362018",
"text": "was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2010 and the College Football Hall of Fame in 2006. Smith played thirteen seasons with the Cowboys and two with the Arizona Cardinals. While playing for Dallas, Smith plus quarterback Troy Aikman and wide receiver Michael Irvin were known as \"The Triplets,\" and they led their team to three Super Bowl championships during the 1990s. Smith was born in Pensacola, Florida, the son of Mary J. Smith and Emmitt James Smith, Jr. He attended Escambia High School in Pensacola, where he played high school football and ran track for the",
"title": "Emmitt Smith"
},
{
"id": "12863151",
"text": "Blount rushed for 90 yards, which included a 21-yard touchdown run. The Eagles won against his former team the Patriots 41–33, giving Blount his third Super Bowl championship and the Eagles' first in franchise history. Blount is one of only five players to win back-to-back Super Bowls with different teams along with Ken Norton, Jr., Deion Sanders, Brandon Browner, and teammate Chris Long. On March 16, 2018, Blount signed a one-year, $4.5 million contract which includes a $1 million signing bonus and $2.5 million in incentives with the Detroit Lions. During Week 2 against the San Francisco 49ers, Blount shoved",
"title": "LeGarrette Blount"
},
{
"id": "2413186",
"text": "1990. He later worked as a television commentator, calling NFL games for NBC Sports and college football for ESPN and ABC Sports. Griese is one of three quarterbacks from Purdue to win the Super Bowl (along with Len Dawson and Drew Brees). Griese was born in Evansville, Indiana to Ida (Ulrich) and Sylverious \"Slick\" Griese. Slick owned a plumbing company in Evansville and died in 1955 when Bob was ten years old. Bob played baseball primarily, and excelled as a pitcher. He also starred in basketball and football at Evansville's Rex Mundi High School. He earned 12 varsity letters for",
"title": "Bob Griese"
},
{
"id": "3495668",
"text": "David Carr (American football) David Duke Carr (born July 21, 1979) is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Houston Texans first overall in the 2002 NFL Draft. He played college football at Fresno State. Carr also played professionally for the Carolina Panthers, New York Giants, and San Francisco 49ers. He received a Super Bowl ring as a backup for the Giants after their victory over the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLVI. Carr's status as a number one draft pick and subsequent career has led to him",
"title": "David Carr (American football)"
},
{
"id": "8383612",
"text": "proliffic passing quarterbacks, ranging from players who have set School, Big Ten & NCAA records, to being named All-Americans and finalist for national awards, to being elected into the College Football and Pro Football Hall of Fames. This great tradition has led to the school being nicknamed the \"Cradle of Quarterbacks\". When Drew Brees led the New Orleans Saints to a victory in Super Bowl XLIV, Purdue became just the second college in history to produce 3 different Super Bowl winning quarterbacks. † Quarterbacks to start and win a Super Bowl. The Purdue All-American Marching Band is the marching band",
"title": "Purdue Boilermakers football"
}
] | quarterbacks who won super bowls with different teams |
[
"Kris Marshall",
"Ardal O'Hanlon",
"Ben Miller"
] | [
{
"id": "16017722",
"text": "Richard Poole (Ben Miller) is assigned to investigate the murder of a British police officer on the fictional Caribbean island of Saint Marie. After he successfully finds the murderer, he is reluctantly required by his supervisors to replace the victim and stay on as the detective inspector (DI) of the island, solving new cases as they appear, and being the object of many fish-out-of-water jokes. At the start of Series 3, Poole is killed and uncoordinated London detective Humphrey Goodman (Kris Marshall) arrives to investigate the death of his strait-laced predecessor. He then stays in the job as chief investigator",
"title": "Death in Paradise (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "16017729",
"text": "is largely set on an islet just off Saint Marie; it is privately owned and relatively small. This episode was actually filmed on the island of Kahouanne, around off the north-west coast of Guadeloupe where the series is normally filmed. It can often be seen in the background from a beach on Saint Marie. Episodes 6.5 and 6.6 are largely set in London, when DI Goodman, DS Cassell and Officer Myers form a liaison team with future lead DI Jack Mooney in order to track down suspects in a murder investigation in Saint Marie, and later to investigate the murder",
"title": "Death in Paradise (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "16198477",
"text": "enjoys viciously beating his wife (Debra Christofferson). Jesse and officer Molly Crane (Viola Davis) try to convince Mrs. Snyder to leave her husband and she eventually does. Meanwhile, Jesse's investigation leads him to Sister Mary John (Kerri Smith), a Catholic nun who runs the shelter where Billie sought refuge. Sister Mary provides Jesse with a phone number that Billie gave her in case of an emergency. Jesse soon dismisses Hooker as a suspect and turns his investigational focus on local writer Norman Shaw (Gary Basaraba), a well-connected citizen with ties to the Boston mob, as the prime suspect. It was",
"title": "Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise"
},
{
"id": "4084432",
"text": "Ben Miller Bennet Evan Miller (born 24 February 1966) is an English comedian, actor and director. He is best known as one half of comedy double act Armstrong and Miller, with Alexander Armstrong. Miller and Armstrong wrote and starred in the Channel 4 sketch show \"Armstrong and Miller\", as well as the BBC sketch show \"The Armstrong & Miller Show\". Miller is also known for playing the lead role of DI Richard Poole in the first two series of the BBC Crime Drama \"Death in Paradise\". Miller was born in London, England and grew up in Nantwich, Cheshire. His paternal",
"title": "Ben Miller"
},
{
"id": "16017730",
"text": "of one of the suspects. Made a voice cameo in this episode. Danny John-Jules (who plays Officer Dwayne Myers) will not be returning for series eight and will be replaced by actress Shyko Amos playing Officer Ruby Patterson, the niece of the commissioner. John-Jules cited his reason for exiting the show as wanting to “leave on a high\". The series is filmed on the French island of Guadeloupe in the Lesser Antilles, mainly in the commune of Deshaies (which doubles for the town of Honoré on the fictional island of Saint Marie), with the help of the \"Bureau d’accueil des",
"title": "Death in Paradise (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "16198472",
"text": "Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise is a 2006 American made-for-television crime film directed by Robert Harmon and starring Tom Selleck, Viola Davis, and Kohl Sudduth. Based on the 2001 novel \"Death in Paradise\" by Robert B. Parker, the film is about a small town police chief and struggling alcoholic who investigates the murder of a teenage girl whose body is found floating in a lake. The case brings the former LAPD homicide detective into the affluent world of a bestselling writer who exploits troubled teens, and the violent world of a Boston mobster. Filmed on",
"title": "Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise"
},
{
"id": "2481490",
"text": "be joining the cast of BBC drama \"Death In Paradise\" as the island's new lead detective, DI Humphrey Goodman. His character was introduced in the first episode of the third series which aired on 14 January 2014, with his first case being to solve the murder of his predecessor, DI Richard Poole (played by Ben Miller). In January 2017 it was leaked that Marshall would be leaving the series citing the pressures it placed upon his family and that he would be replaced by Ardal O'Hanlon who plays DI Jack Mooney. Marshall starred as Tom Sanger in the 2015 independent",
"title": "Kris Marshall"
},
{
"id": "16017721",
"text": "Death in Paradise (TV series) Death in Paradise is a British-French crime drama television series created by Robert Thorogood, starring Ben Miller (series 1–3), Kris Marshall (series 3–6) and Ardal O'Hanlon (series 6–present). The programme is a joint UK and French production filmed on the French Caribbean island of Guadeloupe and broadcast on BBC One in the United Kingdom and France 2 in France. \"Death in Paradise\" has enjoyed high ratings, leading to repeated renewals. A seventh series began broadcasting on 4 January 2018, with an eighth for 2019 already commissioned, with O'Hanlon and Jobert confirmed to return. British detective",
"title": "Death in Paradise (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "18993994",
"text": "Michael Hogan suggests that Bordey is \"as underdressed as Miller is overdressed, investigating murders in vest and hotpants.\" Camille Bordey Detective Sergeant Camille Bordey is a character in the crime drama television series \"Death in Paradise\", portrayed by Sara Martins. A former undercover investigator, Bordey was assigned to Honoré Police because her cover was blown when she was arrested during DI Richard Poole's first investigation. She was the team's best investigator after Poole, often handling the computer work. Initially, she and Poole did not get along as a result of a culture clash. Over time their relationship became a friendship,",
"title": "Camille Bordey"
},
{
"id": "16097042",
"text": "Sara Martins Sara Martins (born 19 August 1977) is a Portuguese actress of Cape-Verdean descent. She is known in France for her roles on television and in film and theatre. She appeared as Detective Sergeant Camille Bordey in the joint British-French crime comedy-drama \"Death in Paradise\", filmed in Guadeloupe, a French overseas department. She left the show halfway through series 4 (January 2015). Martins was born in Faro, Portugal, and is of Cape Verdean descent. She moved to France at the age of three. She studied ballet in her youth and was the first person of African descent to join",
"title": "Sara Martins"
},
{
"id": "4084439",
"text": "Not Rocket Science,\" from the Royal Society in London. He also appeared at the British Comedy Awards with Armstrong on Channel 4. In 2013, Miller took part in an episode of \"Room 101\" and a \"Comic Relief\" special of game show \"Pointless\". On 13 December 2014, he appeared in a Christmas edition of \"The Celebrity Chase\". From 2011 until the series three premiere in 2014, Miller starred in the BBC-French co-produced series \"Death in Paradise\" as Detective Inspector (DI) Richard Poole. A third series of \"Death in Paradise\" was commissioned for early 2014. On 9 April 2013 it was announced",
"title": "Ben Miller"
},
{
"id": "16097045",
"text": "was Martins' debut in both comedy and on British television. Martins did have experience playing a cop. \"Death in Paradise\" premiered on 25 October 2011. Martins played Camille Bordey, a detective sergeant on the fictional Caribbean island of Saint-Marie. Camille and other local officers help British Detective Inspector Richard Poole (played by Ben Miller in the 1st & 2nd series) solve murders. During a stunt for a 1st series episode, Martins tore her achilles tendon. She has said that during the production of \"Death in Paradise\" she discovered that some of her mannerisms are distinctly French. The 3rd series killed",
"title": "Sara Martins"
},
{
"id": "16017741",
"text": "is \"Sunday Shining\" by Finley Quaye. In January 2015, an official soundtrack compiling 26 songs from the first four series of the show was released by the BBC. It contains original music for \"Death in Paradise\" and already extant tunes, though it does not include the theme music from the show. The creator of the show, Robert Thorogood, signed a three-book deal to write \"Death in Paradise\" novels featuring the original characters (D.I. Richard Poole, D.S. Camille Bordey, Officer Dwayne Myers, Sergeant Fidel Best and Comm. Selwyn Patterson). The first of these, \"A Meditation on Murder (A Death in Paradise",
"title": "Death in Paradise (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "6818942",
"text": "the \"100 Greatest TV Ads\" in 2000. In 2011, she starred as Detective Constable Hazel Savage in \"Appropriate Adult\". In 2012, Le Touzel starred as MP Mary Drake in \"The Thick of It\". Le Touzel starred in the second episode of \"Dirk Gently\" as Emelda Ransome. She portrayed Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon in the 2012 ITV mini-series \"Titanic\". In 2015, Le Touzel appeared as Sandra Kendrick in the BBC TV series \"Death in Paradise\" episode 4.7. In 2017, she portrayed Lady Dorothy Macmillan in the Netflix series \"The Crown\". Le Touzel played Marianne Thornton in the 2006 film \"Amazing Grace\" and",
"title": "Sylvestra Le Touzel"
},
{
"id": "18993992",
"text": "Camille Bordey Detective Sergeant Camille Bordey is a character in the crime drama television series \"Death in Paradise\", portrayed by Sara Martins. A former undercover investigator, Bordey was assigned to Honoré Police because her cover was blown when she was arrested during DI Richard Poole's first investigation. She was the team's best investigator after Poole, often handling the computer work. Initially, she and Poole did not get along as a result of a culture clash. Over time their relationship became a friendship, and showed some hints of romance - when he briefly left Saint Marie, she admitted she admired him",
"title": "Camille Bordey"
},
{
"id": "16198473",
"text": "location in Nova Scotia, the story is set in the fictitious town of Paradise, Massachusetts. \"Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise\" is the third in a series of nine television films based on Parker's Jesse Stone novels. The film first aired on the CBS television network April 30, 2006. In the small town of Paradise, Massachusetts, Chief of police Jesse Stone (Tom Selleck) and his men investigate the death of teenage girl found floating in a lake. Officer Luther \"Suitcase\" Simpson (Kohl Sudduth) discovers a high school ring bearing the initials \"HR\". In the coming days, Jesse is haunted by disturbing",
"title": "Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise"
},
{
"id": "16017726",
"text": "in the end, he decides to remain on the island. This format was subverted in the sixth series, when the two-part storyline in the fifth and sixth episodes saw the team travel to London to follow up on a current case, resulting in then-lead detective Humphrey Goodman deciding to remain to be with his new girlfriend; D.I. Jack Mooney travelled back to Saint-Marie, initially as a holiday, but decided to remain as the new detective inspector of the island in the series finale. \"Death in Paradise\" is set on the fictional Caribbean island of Saint Marie, described in Episode 3.3",
"title": "Death in Paradise (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "16017742",
"text": "novel)\", was published in January 2015. Early reviews were generally favourable, with the \"Daily Express\" in particular being complimentary, giving it four stars. The second book was released in 2016 with the title \"The Killing of Polly Carter\". The third book, titled \"Death Knocks Twice\" was released in 2017. An additional fourth book, \"Murder in the Caribbean\", is due to be released late 2018. Death in Paradise (TV series) Death in Paradise is a British-French crime drama television series created by Robert Thorogood, starring Ben Miller (series 1–3), Kris Marshall (series 3–6) and Ardal O'Hanlon (series 6–present). The programme is",
"title": "Death in Paradise (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "18994415",
"text": "Richard Poole (character) Detective Inspector Richard Poole is a character in the crime drama television series \"Death in Paradise\", portrayed by Ben Miller. Poole also appears in novels based on the TV series written by Robert Thorogood. A British police inspector assigned to Saint Marie to investigate the previous inspector's murder, Poole was instructed to remain on the island as the new detective inspector. Despite his distaste for the island and inexperience with tropical weather - to the point where he continued to wear his old suits - he often showed a useful knack for making deductive leaps based on",
"title": "Richard Poole (character)"
},
{
"id": "18994596",
"text": "Humphrey Goodman Detective Inspector Humphrey Goodman is a character in the crime drama television series \"Death in Paradise\", portrayed by Kris Marshall. Goodman is assigned to Saint Marie after the murder of D.I. Richard Poole at the start of Series 3. Clues from Poole's investigation helped Goodman reveal the motive and the killer's identity; Goodman commented that Poole had 'solved his own murder.' Goodman stayed on in Saint Marie after his wife Sally announced she would not be joining him on the Caribbean island. He became the chief inspector on the island, and took to Poole's old habit of announcing",
"title": "Humphrey Goodman"
},
{
"id": "16017736",
"text": "of \"The Daily Telegraph\" criticised the laid-back tone of the series, calling it too methodical with nothing unique about it besides the setting. Red Planet Pictures was nominated for, and won, the \"Diversity in a Drama Production Award\" for \"Death In Paradise\". Sara Martins, Danny John-Jules, Don Warrington and Tobi Bakare collected the award at a ceremony supported by the BBC and ITV that took place on 15 February 2015. In the U.K., all series were shown on BBC One. The first series was broadcast in late 2011. The second series was broadcast in January 2013, with subsequent series filling",
"title": "Death in Paradise (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "14185765",
"text": "It turns out to be the number of Gino Fish's cover business. Later Sister Mary gives Jesse another number that two separate girls had given her. The number turns out to belong to Gino Fish's associate and probable lover, Alan Garner. Jesse begins following Garner and catches him setting up men with underage prostitutes. Jesse questions Garner about it, and he agrees to talk under Stone's promise not to make him testify. Garner then admits that he has been pimping underage prostitutes since long before knowing Gino. Jesse interviews Norman Shaw, a wealthy local citizen and famous author, who drinks",
"title": "Death in Paradise (novel)"
},
{
"id": "16017723",
"text": "on the island. In the second half of Series 6, he resigns so he can stay in London with his new girlfriend Martha Lloyd. His replacement on Saint Marie is DI Jack Mooney, played by Ardal O'Hanlon. While \"Death in Paradise\" has continued to be in the top three most popular programmes on British television, critics have called the crime drama \"unremarkable\" and \"an undemanding detective show, with nice Caribbean scenery\". The show is known for its formulaic approach to its plots with each episode roughly the same in both style and narrative structure. Each episode begins with a pre-credits",
"title": "Death in Paradise (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "16198475",
"text": "Taylor, for whose death he still feels deeply responsible. State homicide commander Captain Healy (Stephen McHattie) delivers his autopsy report to Jesse, who learns that the girl drowned, and alcohol and muscle relaxer were found in her blood. The fourteen-year-old girl was probably in the water for three weeks, and was pregnant. Soon after, Jesse goes to the high school and meets with head mistress Dr. Lilly Summers (Orla Brady) who identifies the owner of the ring, William Hooker Royce (Matt Barr), an all-American athlete at the school. Later, when asked about the ring, Hooker tells Jesse that he briefly",
"title": "Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise"
},
{
"id": "4561379",
"text": "Impulse women's body spray. She became well known in the UK during the late 1990s as nurse Tina Seabrook in \"Casualty\". From August 2008, she played Inspector Rachel Weston in ITV's \"The Bill\". In 2011 she appeared in BBC1 drama \"Exile\" with John Simm, and in 2015 appeared in the fourth series of \"Death in Paradise\". From 2015 she stars as the titular character in the BBC Birmingham daytime drama \"The Coroner\", set in the fictional coastal town of Lighthaven in South Devon. The series ran to 20 episodes. The BBC announced on 2 March 2017 that there would be",
"title": "Claire Goose"
},
{
"id": "6003084",
"text": "to his writing two productions featuring cast members from that show, which were broadcast in 1998. Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart of UNIT asks the Doctor to investigate a particularly gruesome murder at a new theme park on London's Hampstead Heath, called \"Space World\". Together with journalist Sarah Jane Smith and her photographer Jeremy Fitzoliver, they take in the incongruous exhibits, including virtual reality machines, and even seemingly living alien monstrosities – which the Brigadier immediately suspects of the killing. The owners of the theme park are a \"gang of alien carpetbaggers from outer space\", who are ostensibly trying to persuade the Government",
"title": "The Paradise of Death"
},
{
"id": "2481486",
"text": "Kris Marshall Kristopher Marshall (born 11 April 1973) is an English actor. He has played Nick Harper in \"My Family\", Colin Frissell in the 2003 film \"Love Actually\", Adam in BT Retail adverts from 2005 until 2011, and Dave in the first series of \"Citizen Khan\" (2012). He played DI Humphrey Goodman in \"Death in Paradise\", taking over the role April 2013 for the show's third series and leaving it in February 2017 in the sixth series. Kristopher Marshall was born on 11 April 1973 in Bath, Somerset. His father was a Royal Air Force navigator, whose career included a",
"title": "Kris Marshall"
},
{
"id": "18994599",
"text": "their time together, she eventually returns to London to start her dream job at a new restaurant. When a subsequent case sends Goodman and his team to London to track their suspects, he is inspired to stay with Martha, nominating the recently widowed DI Jack Mooney- the team's London liaison for their latest case- as his successor in Saint Marie. Goodman is awkward and accident prone. Michael Hogan argues that \"his bumbling and stammering resemble a Hugh Grant impersonation.\" Humphrey Goodman Detective Inspector Humphrey Goodman is a character in the crime drama television series \"Death in Paradise\", portrayed by Kris",
"title": "Humphrey Goodman"
},
{
"id": "16198478",
"text": "his phone number that Billie provided to the Sister Mary. Shaw purportedly has a predilection for young girls. Jesse and Luther pay a visit to Norman Shaw who is hosting a fundraising party with influential politicians and prominent citizens. Afterwards, Jesse learns from Captain Healey that Shaw is writing a book on Boston mobster Leo Finn (Steven Flynn) who has a very dangerous gunsel working for him. Jesse visits Development Associates and meets Finn and his strongman Lovey Norris (Brendan Kelly). Asked about his relationship with Shaw, Finn reveals nothing. Soon after, Jesse and Luther respond to an armed robbery",
"title": "Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise"
},
{
"id": "14185763",
"text": "Death in Paradise (novel) Death in Paradise is a crime novel by Robert B. Parker, the third in his Jesse Stone series. It was made into a film in 2006. The third Jesse Stone novel finds Chief Stone investigating the death of a teenage girl after her body washes up on shore. While searching for clues at the crime scene, Stone finds a class ring that ends up belonging to a senior at the high school. Jesse questions him and discovers that he gave his class ring to a fifteen-year-old girl called Eleanor “Billie” Bishop. Chief Stone then questions the",
"title": "Death in Paradise (novel)"
},
{
"id": "14185767",
"text": "and hands over Shaw's gun which Jesse easily confirms as the murder weapon. With this evidence in hand, Jesse forces Alan Garner to make a statement and then leaves him to be dealt with by Gino. Stone has Suit stake out the hotel that Shaw meets girls at, and when Shaw arrives Stone and Suit break in and catch Shaw in the act with a fifteen-year-old girl. During questioning, Shaw admits to killing Billie after she began threatening to turn him in to the police. When Jesse informs Billie's parents that he has solved the case, that he knows Billie",
"title": "Death in Paradise (novel)"
},
{
"id": "5537745",
"text": "which has been broadcast since 11 January 2010. Since 2011, Warrington has played Commissioner Selwyn Patterson in the hit BBC show \"Death in Paradise\". He also appeared as jazz musician Frederick J. Louden in a BBC radio production of \"The Devil's Music\", written by Alan Plater. In 2011, Warrington played the father of a suspected terrorist in the last series of the BBC drama \"Waking the Dead\". His film roles included the movie version of \"Rising Damp\" (1980), the Kenny Everett horror comedy \"Bloodbath at the House of Death\" (1983), Kenneth Branagh's \"Hamlet\" (1996), Peter Greenaway's \"8½ Women\" (1999) and",
"title": "Don Warrington"
},
{
"id": "16017725",
"text": "who of the murder are comprehended by the DI, but are not revealed to the audience. The suspects are then gathered, and the DI talks through the evidence; often, flashbacks are used to show what happened. The murderer and the motive are revealed in the dénouement of the episode. Normally, each episode ends with a comedic scene or a celebratory trip by the police force to Catherine's bar. The final episode of most series has included a subplot wherein the lead DI is tempted to return to the UK by the prospect of a job offer or personal relationship, but",
"title": "Death in Paradise (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "26464",
"text": "the 2015 Sky Cat Laughs Comedy Festival which takes place in Kilkenny from 28 May–1 June. In 2015 he played the role of Peter the Milkman in the Sky 1 sitcom \"After Hours\". On 2 February 2017, it was announced he would play the lead role in the BBC crime drama \"Death in Paradise\" taking the role of DI Jack Mooney following Kris Marshall's departure the same day. Ardal has been doing stand up for many years appearing on many shows including Live at the Apollo, Michael McIntyre's Comedy Roadshow and Dave's One Night Stand. In 1994 he won the",
"title": "Ardal O'Hanlon"
},
{
"id": "16017724",
"text": "sequence showing the events leading up to a murder, and often the discovery of the body afterwards; this sequence also serves to introduce that particular episode's guest characters. The police force of Saint Marie are subsequently informed of the murder, preliminary investigations and interviews take place to establish the suspects, and photographs of the suspects and crime scene are placed on the whiteboard at police headquarters. Often towards the end, the lead DI will have a moment of realisation, perhaps brought on by something that someone says or does or by some occurrence. In this moment, the how, why, and",
"title": "Death in Paradise (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "16017732",
"text": "the birth of his baby daughter Elsie, it left him feeling \"bereft and empty\", and he quit the show. From episode 7 of the sixth series, the lead role was taken by Ardal O'Hanlon playing DI Jack Mooney, a London colleague. Regarding British TV ratings, \"Death in Paradise\" has gained in popularity over time. Series 1 (2011) has been the least-watched to date, averaging 5.89 million viewers, with the 5.3 million viewers for the sixth episode, “An Unhelpful Aid” the lowest the show has had. Even so, each episode was among the top five most-watched programmes of the day, and",
"title": "Death in Paradise (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "6593367",
"text": "\"Lead Balloon\", Prudence in \"Keen Eddie\", Elle Kensington in \"Chasing Alice\", Angela Warren in \"Poirot\" (in the episode \"Five Little Pigs\"), Princess Eleanor in \"The Palace\", Ghislaine in \"Robin Hood\", Alice Shadwell in \"Dalziel and Pascoe\", Ann Hamilton in \"Death in Paradise\", Jill in NBC's \"Hot in Cleveland\", Sharon Kirby in \"CSI Miami\" and Dorothy Gibson in \"Titanic\". Winkleman was nominated for Best Newcomer by the BBC for her performance as Clara Gold in \"Waking the Dead\". Winkleman made her debut on American television as the star of the NBC sitcom \"100 Questions\" as main character Charlotte Payne and as",
"title": "Sophie Winkleman"
},
{
"id": "16017731",
"text": "tournages de la Région Guadeloupe.\" The site of the Honoré police station is a church hall in Deshaies, with the priest's office appearing as the incident room. Miller left the series at the start of series 3, as he felt he was spending too much time away from his family, since his wife was unable to join him on the island during production. Marshall's family joined him on the island during his first three six-month shoots, and his son Thomas enrolled at a local school. When his family did not join him during the filming of the sixth series, following",
"title": "Death in Paradise (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "14185772",
"text": "her death and is shown visiting her grave. The main plot differs significantly. In the film, Shaw is framed for Billie's murder by a man named Leo Finn. Alan Garner is not involved in the plot at all. In the film, Shaw is writing an unflattering exposé on Finn. In an attempt to prevent this, he has his Henchman Lovey Norris murder Billie Bishop. Shaw later tells Jesse that he had fallen in love with Billie, who was pregnant with his child. Jesse confronts Finn and Norris with this information in a warehouse. Norris responds by trying to shoot Jesse,",
"title": "Death in Paradise (novel)"
},
{
"id": "16198474",
"text": "dreams about the girl's murder. Since moving to Paradise, his private life involves drinking alone at his isolated house on the water with his dog Reggie looking on, occasionally talking on the phone with his ex-wife in California. Forced to resign from the LAPD for a drinking problem that began following his divorce, Jesse is still in contact with his ex-wife Jenn, who calls him regularly. Concerned about his drinking, she convinces him to see psychiatrist Dr. Dix (William Devane), a former detective and recovering alcoholic himself. Following his first session, Jesse visits the grave of his former girlfriend, Abby",
"title": "Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise"
},
{
"id": "5544946",
"text": "Ken Biller to shoot for Nat Geo which was premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival in April 2017. 2017 also saw the final five episodes of AMC's in Richmond, Virginia. In June 2016, Brown played the role of Bob Clay in the BBC film \"Reg\". In September 2017 Brown travelled to Guadeloupe for a guest lead in the BBCtv show Death In Paradise. In 2018, Brown was interviewed at length about his career, with particular focus on his time on \"The Bill\", for an edition of The Bill Podcast Early years were in Moving Parts Theatre Company with Rachel Feldberg,",
"title": "Ralph Brown"
},
{
"id": "18345501",
"text": "its writing, direction, and acting. With Peter Capaldi, Jenna Coleman, Samuel Anderson, and Michelle Gomez receiving widespread acclaim for their performances, Gomez was consistently highly praised in reviews, with many calling her a highlight of the eighth series. Continuing from \"Dark Water\", Clara Oswald is trapped with a Cyberman in the headquarters of 3W in St Paul's Cathedral and manages to stop it from killing her by stating that she is really the Doctor. Outside, the Doctor reels from the revelation that Missy, the woman controlling the Cybermen, is a female incarnation of the Master. The public appears unconcerned by",
"title": "Death in Heaven"
},
{
"id": "16017735",
"text": "8.34 million viewers. Based on consolidated figures, each episode was the most-watched programme of the day, and in the top ten most-watched programmes of the week. The series has received mixed reviews from critics, with most criticism directed towards its formulaic structure. The first series was praised for its refreshing style and setting. Kris Marshall's introduction at the start of series 3 was particularly well received, with Rebecca Smith of \"The Daily Telegraph\" citing Marshall as a \"winning addition\" to the cast. The series 4 premiere was described as \"a little piece of escapism\" and was generally praised. Mark Monahan",
"title": "Death in Paradise (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "14185766",
"text": "heavily throughout. He passes out at the table. Later, Jesse questions one of Shaw's many ex-wives who tells him that she had a private detective follow him while they were married. She had suspected him of infidelities, and the detective confirms this, informing her that he is seeing underage prostitutes almost nightly. Although, she never sees that photos, she uses the information to get a large divorce settlement. Next, Jesse sees her detective who gives him the incriminating photos which depict graphic sexual acts between Shaw and underage girls. Jesse takes the photos to Shaw's current wife who is disgusted",
"title": "Death in Paradise (novel)"
},
{
"id": "26456",
"text": "Ardal O'Hanlon Ardal O'Hanlon (; born 8 October 1965) is an Irish comedian and actor. He played Father Dougal McGuire in \"Father Ted\", George Sunday/Thermoman in \"My Hero\", and DI Jack Mooney in \"Death in Paradise\". Ardal O'Hanlon was born on 8 October 1965 in Carrickmacross, County Monaghan, the son of politician and doctor Rory O'Hanlon and Teresa Ward. He has five siblings. The episode of \"Who Do You Think You Are?\" which aired on 6 October 2008 revealed that O'Hanlon's paternal grandfather, Michael O'Hanlon, was a UCD medicine student who had joined the IRA during the Irish War of",
"title": "Ardal O'Hanlon"
},
{
"id": "6360883",
"text": "romantic comedy miniseries \"Material Girl\". In June 2010, she also played the role of Ashley in a BBC Three pilot, \"Dappers\". That same month, Crichlow presented \"Nelson Mandela: One Incredible Life\" on BBC Three. For the documentary, Crichlow travelled to South Africa to learn more about Nelson Mandela's story. In 2011, Crichlow played the character of Police Sergeant Lily Thomson in the BBC drama \"Death in Paradise\". In January 2011, Crichlow appeared in six short accompaniments for \"The Tudors\" airings on BBC America. Crichlow also narrated \"The Gatwick Baby: Abandoned at Birth\", shown on BBC Three on 13 April 2011.",
"title": "Lenora Crichlow"
},
{
"id": "13701916",
"text": "from a crash, claims a mystery aircraft attacked them, the owner, Henry Goering (Henry Hall) hires psychiatrist, Dr. Norris (John Elliott), to question the man. Dr. Norris believes a psychotic ex-World War I flying ace, whom he dubs \"Pilot X,\" may be behind the attacks. With the help of Blackwood, Goering and Norris assemble a group of five ex-flying aces living in the area who may have a connection with the mysterious Pilot X. He recruits German Lieutenant Baron von Guttard (Hans Joby), French Lieutenant Rene Le Rue (Gaston Glass), British Captain Roland Saunders (Pat Somerset), Canadian Lieutenant Douglas Thompson",
"title": "Death in the Air"
},
{
"id": "13701915",
"text": "being shot down by a large black fighter aircraft with a large \"X\" painted on the wing. The chief suspects may be the very pilots that have been gathered together to solve the mystery, and are invited for the weekend to an old dark mansion. Inspector Gallagher (Willard Kent) of the United States Department of Commerce views a number of crashes and disappearances of Goering-Gage Aviation Corporation aircraft as suspicious. With United States Army Reserve test pilot Jerry Blackwood (John Carroll), Gallagher visits the Goering-Gage company. Jerry test flies Goering-Gage aircraft but finds nothing wrong. When a severely injured passenger",
"title": "Death in the Air"
},
{
"id": "7467336",
"text": "Sally Bretton Sally Bretton (born Sally Davis) is an English actress. She is best known for appearing as Lucy Adams in the television sitcom \"Not Going Out\" since 2007, and as Martha Lloyd in the BBC1 crime drama \"Death in Paradise\", between 2015 and 2017. She has also been featured in programmes such as \"Absolute Power\", \"Green Wing\" and \"The Office\". In 2008, she played Goneril in Shakespeare's \"King Lear\" at Shakespeare's Globe. Bretton trained at the Central School of Speech and Drama, and worked as a drama teacher at Top Hat Stage and Screen School. She chose the professional",
"title": "Sally Bretton"
},
{
"id": "16017738",
"text": "in April and May 2013. In the New England area, WGBH-TV started airing Series 1 and 2 in 2013. Other PBS stations that air the programme as of 2016 include WPBA, WLIW, WTTW, KAET, KUAT, KUHT Houston, and WNED, among others. In Seattle-Tacoma, WA area broadcast on KBTC TV (PBS), Series 1-7 on Friday evenings with the current series aired April-May. In Australia, recent series have aired nationally on Foxtel within a few hours of their UK release. Series 1–6 were broadcast on ABC One a few months behind original broadcast in the U.K. Generally, this was shown in a",
"title": "Death in Paradise (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "2420369",
"text": "acting roles alongside their father. He is also an avid motorcyclist and regularly participates in charity rides. Danny John-Jules Danny John-Jules (born 16 September 1960) is an English actor, singer and dancer. His most successful roles have been Cat in the sci-fi comedy series \"Red Dwarf\" and policeman Dwayne Myers in the crime drama \"Death in Paradise\". He was also a protagonist in the hit CBBC children's spy drama \"M.I. High\", in which he portrayed Lenny Bicknall, the caretaker. On 13 August 2018 he was announced as one of the celebrity contestants on the current 2018 series of \"Strictly Come",
"title": "Danny John-Jules"
},
{
"id": "13107666",
"text": "credits include writing, producing and directing two seasons of BBC’s award-winning comedy sketch show \"The Real McCoy\". He also wrote and directed two award-winning short films, \"Driving Miss Crazy\", which won the HBO Best Short Film in Acapulco and \"A Woman Scorned\" which won a Best Short Film prize at the Hollywood Scare-fest Film Festival. Treva Etienne Treva Etienne (born 21 July 1965) is an English actor. Etienne guest starred in the \"BBC drama\" \"Death In Paradise\", the CBS spinoff \"Criminal Minds Beyond Borders\", and the CW fantasy/horror \"Supernatural\". He has a leading role in the indie horror movie \"Itsy",
"title": "Treva Etienne"
},
{
"id": "16017737",
"text": "the same January slot; all series were shown in a 9:00–10:00 pm slot. The series has also been shown on repeat on the Alibi channel, although with each episode missing the pre-intro sequence and a few expendable scenes due to the need for adverts on Alibi. In France the programme is broadcast on France Ô. In the U.S., many, but not all, member stations of PBS broadcast \"Death In Paradise.\" Series 1 and 2 were broadcast in the San Francisco Bay Area on KQED \"Mystery Night\" in 2013. Series 1 aired in January and February 2013 and series 2 aired",
"title": "Death in Paradise (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "2420358",
"text": "Danny John-Jules Danny John-Jules (born 16 September 1960) is an English actor, singer and dancer. His most successful roles have been Cat in the sci-fi comedy series \"Red Dwarf\" and policeman Dwayne Myers in the crime drama \"Death in Paradise\". He was also a protagonist in the hit CBBC children's spy drama \"M.I. High\", in which he portrayed Lenny Bicknall, the caretaker. On 13 August 2018 he was announced as one of the celebrity contestants on the current 2018 series of \"Strictly Come Dancing\". He was eliminated from the show on 11 November 2018. John-Jules was born in Paddington, London,",
"title": "Danny John-Jules"
},
{
"id": "8814344",
"text": "series 17 of \"Silent Witness\". In 2015 Wragg appeared as Izzy Cartwright in the BBC TV series \"Death in Paradise\" Series 4 Episode 7. Having been together for 14 years, Wragg married Jamie Darling at Tatton Park, Cheshire, on 17 November 2007. They have two daughters Matilda and Molly. Kaye Wragg Kaye Michelle Wragg (born 15 December 1972 in Stockport, Cheshire) is an English actress best known for her television roles as Sergeant Diane Noble in \"The Bill\", Kate Oakley in \"No Angels\", Essie Harrison in \"Holby City\" and Lucy Archer in \"The Lakes\". She studied at the University of",
"title": "Kaye Wragg"
},
{
"id": "2420364",
"text": "shows such as \"Comedy Connections\", \"Casualty\", \"\" and \"Night Fever\". He has also appeared in at least one episode of CBBC's sitcom \"Kerching!\", playing Michael's father, Trevor and appeared as Lenny Bicknall in series 1 and 2 of \"M.I.High\", also on CBBC. He has also appeared in \"The Crouches\". On 8 November 2009, he made a brief appearance during BBC Two's coverage of the 2009 Valencian Moto Grand Prix. He appeared in the BBC One series \"Death in Paradise\" as policeman Dwayne Myers from its start until 2018, in 2014, he played Nigel Rogers in \"The Life of Rock with",
"title": "Danny John-Jules"
},
{
"id": "18345500",
"text": "Death in Heaven \"Death in Heaven\" is the twelfth and final episode of the eighth series of the British science fiction television programme \"Doctor Who\". It was first broadcast on BBC One on 8 November 2014. It is the second episode of a two-part story involving the return of the Cybermen and the Master in the form of 'Missy', the first part being \"Dark Water\", written by Steven Moffat and directed by Rachel Talalay. The episode stars Peter Capaldi, Jenna Coleman, Samuel Anderson, Michelle Gomez, Chris Addison, Jemma Redgrave, and Ingrid Oliver. The episode received positive reviews, with critics praising",
"title": "Death in Heaven"
},
{
"id": "6632621",
"text": "Paul. In 2010 he appeared in the Royal Court Theatre's \"Sucker Punch\" by Roy Williams. In 2012 he appeared in \"Hustle\" as a police officer. In 2015 he played Docker in BBC One drama \"The Interceptor\" and also featured in the Ron Howard-directed movie \"In the Heart of the Sea\" which was released in December 2015. In 2016, he starred as Abioseh, an ex-tribesman in the Royal National Theatre's production of \"Les Blancs\". He also starred in an episode of the BBC's \"Death in Paradise\", and as a Detective Chief Inspector in \"Silent Witness\". In 2017, Beadle starred as Archdeacon",
"title": "Gary Beadle"
},
{
"id": "14185764",
"text": "school principal, Dr. Lilly Summers, who informs Jesse that Billie was the “town pump.” The case becomes odd when Jesse questions Billie's parents and they deny that she is even their daughter. He confirms that she is indeed their daughter through her two sisters. They also inform Jesse that Billie ran away because her parents did not approve of her behavior, particularly her promiscuity. Jesse later finds that Billie had been staying at a shelter run by a Sister Mary John. Although he finds that Billie is no longer there, the nun gives Jesse the contact number that Billie left.",
"title": "Death in Paradise (novel)"
},
{
"id": "14185770",
"text": "him, where he tells him he is going to kill his wife, then Jesse, then himself. Before he can do it, Jesse shoots and kills Snyder. Jesse also continues his bizarre relationship with his ex-wife, Jenn. They continue to see each other and other people. Among the other people is Marcy Campbell, first introduced in \"Trouble in Paradise\", and Dr. Lilly Summers, Billie's school principal. Lilly becomes very much infatuated with Jesse; attending his softball games, and later confessing to being in love with him. Finally, at Jenn's bidding Jesse begins seeing a counselor, Dr. Dix, about his drinking. The",
"title": "Death in Paradise (novel)"
},
{
"id": "13643024",
"text": "Trenchcoat in Paradise Trenchcoat in Paradise is a 1989 American made-for-television mystery-crime film directed by Martha Coolidge and starring Dirk Benedict, Sydney Walsh, Catherine Oxenberg, Michelle Phillips and Bruce Dern. The main character, Eddie Mazda (Dirk Benedict), is a hard-nosed private investigator originally from Jersey City, New Jersey. After working a job for a widow named Nan Thompson (Amy Yasbeck), he soon after is confronted by mob boss Dom Gellatti (Ralph Drischell), the man who killed Mrs. Thompson's husband. Having already ransacked Mazda's film studio for any incriminating pictures against him for fear of federal prosecutions, Gellatti gives Eddie the",
"title": "Trenchcoat in Paradise"
},
{
"id": "7467337",
"text": "name Bretton as a Sally Davis was already registered with actors' union Equity. Bretton has three daughters with her husband, Lee, a photographer. She grew up in a small town in Hertfordshire and as of 2015 resides near Hitchin, Hertfordshire. Guest Sally Bretton Sally Bretton (born Sally Davis) is an English actress. She is best known for appearing as Lucy Adams in the television sitcom \"Not Going Out\" since 2007, and as Martha Lloyd in the BBC1 crime drama \"Death in Paradise\", between 2015 and 2017. She has also been featured in programmes such as \"Absolute Power\", \"Green Wing\" and",
"title": "Sally Bretton"
},
{
"id": "16375130",
"text": "series of \"Merlin\" in 2012. In 2011, he appeared in two episodes of \"The Hour\" as the character Sey, and reprised the role for three episodes in 2012. In 2015, Edun had a recurring role on the third season of \"Bates Motel\" as Marcus Young, a candidate for sheriff of White Pine Bay, which he followed with roles in \"Lucifer\", \"Legends\", and \"Death in Paradise\". He also appeared as Mr Brocks in the 2016 \"Doctor Who\" Christmas Special in 2016. The following year, Edun portrayed a war criminal in an episode of \"Elementary\". Edun performed motion capture and voiced the",
"title": "Adetomiwa Edun"
},
{
"id": "11633124",
"text": "first series of \"Inside No. 9\", written by Steve Pemberton and Reece Shearsmith. Edwards played Sophie in the BAFTA award-winning BBC Four comedy series \"Detectorists\"; series 1 in 2014 and series 2 in 2015. In 2016, she appeared as Sian in \"Death In Paradise\" as a young girl who is murdered. In 2017, she was Josh's (ex)girlfriend in Channel 4 comedy \"Loaded\". Edwards made her stage debut in 2008 in \"SH*T-M*X\" at the Trafalgar Studios in London. In 2009, she performed in Jez Butterworth's play \"Jerusalem\" at the Royal Court Theatre, alongside Mackenzie Crook. In 2011, she made her Broadway",
"title": "Aimee-Ffion Edwards"
},
{
"id": "7446297",
"text": "Doyle the mother of a murder victim found buried having gone missing 30 years earlier. She guest-starred in \"Death in Paradise\" in 2017, as Ernestine Gray. She guest-starred in \"Holby City\" in 2018, as Ursula Stork. Angela Bruce Angela Bruce (born 1951) is an English actress, noted for her television work. Bruce was born in Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire to a West Indian father and white mother, but was put up for adoption aged three, and brought up in Craghead, County Durham. She made her screen debut in the 1973 film \"Man at the Top\". Her regular or recurring",
"title": "Angela Bruce"
},
{
"id": "16230098",
"text": "Robert Thorogood Robert Thorogood (born 1972) is an English screenwriter. He is best known as the creator of the BBC One murder mystery series \"Death in Paradise\". He won France Film's \"En Route to France\" award in 2012. Thorogood was educated at Uppingham School in Rutland where he met his future wife, Classic FM (UK) presenter Katie Breathwick. He read History at Downing College, Cambridge where he toured with the university's student comedy troupe Footlights in 1993 and was elected President in 1994. Soon after leaving Cambridge Thorogood set up a theatre company that toured small theatres and schools, the",
"title": "Robert Thorogood"
},
{
"id": "19527684",
"text": "Death in the Desert (film) Death in the Desert is a 2015 American crime-drama film directed and produced by Josh Evans and starring Michael Madsen and Shayla Beesley, with John Palladino, Paz de la Huerta, and Roxy Saint appearing in supporting roles. Principal filming completed in February 2014 in Las Vegas, Nevada. It is the second film collaboration between Madsen and Evans, who produced \"The Price of Air\" in which Madsen starred. Released in March 2016 by Osiris Entertainment, the film is based on the book \"Death in the Desert\" by true-crime author Cathy Scott about Ted Binion, a wealthy",
"title": "Death in the Desert (film)"
},
{
"id": "7081425",
"text": "Lee Boardman Lee Harold Boardman (born 2 July 1972) is an English actor and narrator. He has appeared in the films \"Jack the Giant Slayer\" and \"Love's Kitchen\", and the television series \"Rome\". Boardman played Murray Priestman in \"Drop Dead Gorgeous\" as well as the drug dealer Jez Quigley in \"Coronation Street\". He appears as Timon the Jew in the television series \"Rome\". He also made an appearance in the fifth episode of the 2011 BBC crime-drama series \"Death in Paradise\". In 2013 he starred in the ITV1 comedy drama series \"Great Night Out\" as Hodge. In 2014 he played",
"title": "Lee Boardman"
},
{
"id": "26465",
"text": "Hackney Empire New Act of the Year. O'Hanlon is married to Melanie, whom he met as a teenager, and with whom he has three children: Emily, Rebecca and Red. He is a supporter of Leeds United. Ardal O'Hanlon Ardal O'Hanlon (; born 8 October 1965) is an Irish comedian and actor. He played Father Dougal McGuire in \"Father Ted\", George Sunday/Thermoman in \"My Hero\", and DI Jack Mooney in \"Death in Paradise\". Ardal O'Hanlon was born on 8 October 1965 in Carrickmacross, County Monaghan, the son of politician and doctor Rory O'Hanlon and Teresa Ward. He has five siblings. The",
"title": "Ardal O'Hanlon"
},
{
"id": "14185773",
"text": "but Jesse shields himself with Finn's body and Norris accidentally kills him. Jesse then draws his weapon and kills Norris. A final significant difference is that Suitcase Simpson is shot in the head during the standoff with Snyder. The film ends with Suitcase in a coma. Death in Paradise (novel) Death in Paradise is a crime novel by Robert B. Parker, the third in his Jesse Stone series. It was made into a film in 2006. The third Jesse Stone novel finds Chief Stone investigating the death of a teenage girl after her body washes up on shore. While searching",
"title": "Death in Paradise (novel)"
},
{
"id": "18345502",
"text": "the arrival of the Cybermen, but UNIT, led by Kate Lethbridge-Stewart, turn up and surround the Doctor, Missy, and her group of Cybermen. The Cybermen take to the air using built-in leg jets and scatter over the British Isles. Missy reveals that 91 Cybermen one for every major population area in the United Kingdom have been released from St Paul's to explode over graveyards in each populated area, releasing 'Cyberpollen' that will resurrect the dead as Cybermen. Similar events occur all over the world. UNIT renders both Missy and the Doctor unconscious and takes them into custody. In the Nethersphere,",
"title": "Death in Heaven"
},
{
"id": "19091854",
"text": "cop, who advises, \"If you don't like the answers you're getting, check your premises.\" Stone visits gangster Gino Fish (William Sadler) and learns where the fourth victim worked as a prostitute. The \"dating agency\" owner tells Stone about Mavis Davies' friend, Charlotte (Amelia Rose Blaire), who recently left the business. He finds Charlotte, now running a cafe under her real name, Amelia Hope, and learns that Mavis was having an affair and was in love with a police officer. Back at Lt. Greenstreet's office, Stone reveals that he suspects that Detective Leary was Mavis' lover and that he killed Mavis",
"title": "Jesse Stone: Lost in Paradise"
},
{
"id": "8659516",
"text": "hostage. The police see the license plates on the car in front of the Anderson house are from a stolen car, and therefore order Vic and Caesar to come out with their hands held up. While the inmates are busy figuring out what to do, they get attacked by Timmy, who immobilizes Caesar and shoots Vic. The police rush into the house and take everyone to the office. There, FBI agent Shaddus Peyser (Richard Jenkins) tries to figure out what happened, and because the town's people hide what they know about Bill, Alvin, and Dave and the church pastor returns",
"title": "Trapped in Paradise"
},
{
"id": "17995566",
"text": "Snow in Paradise Snow in Paradise is a 2014 British thriller film directed by Andrew Hulme and co-written by Hulme and Martin Askew, who also co-stars in the film. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival. The film had its UK premier at the Curzon Soho as part of the London Film Festival. Petty criminal Dave lives in London, high on crime and drugs. After a heist gone wrong brings about his best friend's death, he turns to Islam for finding peace to his feelings for shame and remorse, but soon his",
"title": "Snow in Paradise"
},
{
"id": "16198481",
"text": "Jesse speculates that Shaw was working on an exposé of Finn rather than a biography, and that he now knows Finn had Billie killed and framed Shaw as the murderer in order to stop the publication of the exposé. When Lovey pulls his weapon, Jesse steps behind Finn who takes Lovey's initial shot in the back, and Jesse returns fire, killing Lovey. Later, after visiting Billie's grave, Jesse returns to the hospital, sits at Luther's side, and begins reading to him the story of the baseball player named Harry \"Suitcase\" Simpson. In his review in \"DVD Talk\", Paul Mavis found",
"title": "Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise"
},
{
"id": "4319350",
"text": "Street\". In January 2014, Collins claimed she was \"unhappy\" over the lack of screen time for her and her character. Collins filmed her final scenes on 19 February 2014, and made her final appearance as Stella on 2 April 2014. Since leaving \"Coronation Street\", Collins has had various guest roles in television dramas such as \"Casualty\" (2014) as Samantha Kellman, \"Death in Paradise\" (2015) as Annette Burgess and in 2016 as Nadine Campbell in an episode of \"Midsomer Murders\". In 2016, Collins took part in the ITV reality series \"\". Collins has a daughter by ex-partner Fabrizio Tassalini, Maia Rose",
"title": "Michelle Collins"
},
{
"id": "14185768",
"text": "is their daughter, and that it is indeed her body that was found their responses couldn't be more different. The father seems to be overcome and leaves the room, while Billie's domineering mother seems not to care at all. The novel also details a subplot about a woman and her abusive husband. The Snyders are first brought into his office after a domestic dispute in a bar where several witnesses, including Suitcase, witness the man beating his wife. Jesse locks up the husband, and sends the wife to the hospital. She later admits to suffering years of abuse, and asks",
"title": "Death in Paradise (novel)"
},
{
"id": "8668571",
"text": "Death in the Garden La mort en ce jardin (\"Death in the Garden\") is a 1956 film by director Luis Buñuel based on the novel by José-André Lacour. Amid a revolution in a South American mining outpost, a band of fugitives—a roguish adventurer (Georges Marchal), a local hooker (Simone Signoret), a priest (Michel Piccoli), an aging diamond miner (Charles Vanel), and the miner's deaf-mute daughter (Michèle Girardon)—are forced to flee for their lives into the jungle. Starving, exhausted, and stripped of their old identities, they wander desperately lured by one deceptive promise of salvation after another. Shot in vibrant Eastmancolor",
"title": "Death in the Garden"
},
{
"id": "10943591",
"text": "Green, Anthony Antonelli, Mike Bakalis, Eugene Hornsby, George Loomis and Bill \"Garloo\" Wilkins. They work with Assistant U.S. Attorneys Margaret Healy and Ira Littleton. The squad is also working on the murder of Jacqueline Taylor. Their main suspect is Tyree Williams. Rhonda is the primary on the murder of Jamal White. Her investigation includes his friend Leon Mayo, girlfriend Darcia Johnson and her room mate Shaylene Vaughn. Shaylene and Darcia work for a pimp called Dominique Lyons. Crooks: Conrad Gaskins and Romeo Brock are stick-up men who make their living robbing drug dealers. Gaskins is a parolee and is dubious",
"title": "The Night Gardener"
},
{
"id": "16198479",
"text": "in progress at a local supermarket. Inside, Jesse encounters Jerry Snyder holding his wife hostage after shooting Mr. Kim (Michael Ha), the store owner. When Jerry fires his weapon to the side, Jesse shoots him dead. However, Luther had been shot by Jerry. At the hospital, Luther is in critical condition and in a coma. Molly stays at Luther's side and reads to him. Jesse returns to Shaw's house asking where he was the night of Billie's murder, and Shaw offers an alibi involving a meeting with Leo Finn. Later Finn tells Jesse he refused to meet with Shaw, saying",
"title": "Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise"
},
{
"id": "16198476",
"text": "dated a girl named Billie Bishop and had given her his ring when he broke up with her. Jesse returns to the school and learns from Lilly that Billie was a former A-student before coming to Paradise two years earlier when something changed her. He visits her parents and learns that she was thrown out of her home following a dramatic change in her behavior and academic performance. In the coming days Jesse and Dr. Summers become involved romantically. While working to solve Billie's murder, Jesse deals with a domestic violence case involving Jerry Snyder (John Diehl), a loser who",
"title": "Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise"
},
{
"id": "5230188",
"text": "Ladykillers\", playing the role of Mrs Wilberforce. In 2014, she played Pam Chandler, a suspected murderer, in the last episode of series three of \"Death in Paradise\". In 2015, she played Marion, mother to Christine in the Inside No. 9 episode \"The 12 Days of Christine\". In 2016, she played Nancy, the faithful dresser and woman of all work to the main character, in the West End production of \"Nell Gwynn.\" In 2017 she played Jessie in the stage musical \"The Girls\" at the Phoenix Theatre in the West End. In 2018 she returned to television playing Edna Friendship in",
"title": "Michele Dotrice"
},
{
"id": "7136111",
"text": "American romantic comedy \"Double Wedding\". Fagbenle also appeared as 'Mark Lightfoot' in episode six of the first season of \"Death in Paradise\" in 2011. In 2012 after taking some time out to 'do some theatre and develop [his] writing projects' Fagbenle accepted a lead role in the BBC comedy \"Quick Cuts\" alongside cult comedy actress and star of \"Smack the Pony\" Doon Mackichan. In 2014 Fagbenle starred in the first season of HBO's original drama \"Looking\". He played 'Frank' a sweet hearted musician from Ohio having trouble with his live in partner. He reprised the role in 2015 for season",
"title": "O. T. Fagbenle"
},
{
"id": "5621374",
"text": "\"Dirty Filthy Love\" (2004); Ursula Blake in the \"Doctor Who\" episode \"Love & Monsters\" (2006); Emmeline Fox in \"The Crimson Petal and the White\" (2011); DS Angela Young in \"Death in Paradise\" (2011); and Meg Hawkins in \"Treasure Island\" (2012). She played Karen, the lead role, opposite John Simm in Channel 4's \"Everyday\" and Meme Kartosov in \"Anna Karenina\". Shirley Henderson Shirley Henderson (born 24 November 1965) is a Scottish actress. Her film roles include playing Gail in \"Trainspotting\" (1996), Jude in the three \"Bridget Jones\" films (2001/04/16), and Moaning Myrtle in \"Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets\" (2002)",
"title": "Shirley Henderson"
},
{
"id": "9607334",
"text": "debut in 2003 in Noël Coward's \"Private Lives.\" She has also appeared in numerous radio plays for the BBC, including playing Esme in Tom Stoppard's \"Rock 'n' Roll\", a role she also played in the West End. More recently, she appeared in the BBC TV mini-series \"Cranford\". In 2009 she appeared as Daisy alongside Timothy West in the BBC Radio 4 adaptation of John Mortimer's \"Rumpole and the Penge Bungalow Murders\". She has also appeared in the crime drama 'Death in Paradise' playing the part of Astrid Knight. (Season 1 Episode 4). In 2014, she appeared in another crime drama",
"title": "Emma Fielding"
},
{
"id": "20270441",
"text": "After that, he signed with an agent and continued to get minor roles in TV shows like \"Hawthorne\", \"\", and \"NCIS\", as well as films like \"\". In 2011, Garrett started a recurring role as Deputy Sheriff Cane on FX's \"Sons of Anarchy\". He appeared in 17 episodes from 2011 to 2014. In 2016, Garrett landed two key roles; the first one, as Lieutenant TAO Cameron Burke on TNT's \"The Last Ship\", and the second as Secret Service agent Mike Ritter on ABC's \"Designated Survivor\". David Guggenheim, creator and executive producer of the latter, said they \"needed someone who could",
"title": "LaMonica Garrett"
},
{
"id": "4591290",
"text": "a small part as Mrs Beeton in an episode of the BBC educational programme \"The Charles Dickens Show\". In 2015 she appeared as Mae Harmer in the BBC TV series \"Death in Paradise\" episode 4.8. On 9 May 2015 she portrayed a wartime letter writer at in Horse Guards Parade, London that was broadcast live on BBC1. She also appeared in the ITV series \"Lewis\" episode \"Magnum Opus\". Weeks has appeared in the films \"My Brother Tom\", \"Red Mercury\" and \"The Wicker Tree\" (the \"spiritual successor\" to \"The Wicker Man)\". In early 2010, she appeared as \"Sarah Prentice\" in a",
"title": "Honeysuckle Weeks"
},
{
"id": "17845401",
"text": "with commercials, and characters are able to use stronger profanity. Cast members Mireille Enos and Joel Kinnaman return as detectives Sarah Linden and Stephen Holder, respectively. New series regulars for the fourth season include Joan Allen as Margaret Rayne, the head of an all-boys military academy. In February 2014, Sterling Beaumon, Levi Meaden, and Tyler Ross were cast as Lincoln Knopf, AJ Fielding, and Cameron Stanton (later changed to Kyle Stansbury), respectively; playing teens connected to the military academy. Gregg Henry, who had a recurring role in the third season as Detective Carl Reddick, was promoted to series regular for",
"title": "The Killing (season 4)"
},
{
"id": "19091853",
"text": "to Steve, and to his surprise, the dog eats it. Back on the case, Stone meets with State Police Detective Dan Leary (Alex Carter), the officer who arrested the killer, who tells Stone that he's convinced the \"Boston Ripper\" committed all four murders, noting that since Richard was jailed, \"the murders have stopped\". Continuing his investigation, Stone interviews the autopsy doctor and confirms that the toxicology report is missing from the file. Stone tells Lt. Greenstreet that he believes the file was \"scrubbed\". Later, Stone discusses the case with his psychiatrist, Dr. Dix (William Devane), who is also a former",
"title": "Jesse Stone: Lost in Paradise"
},
{
"id": "9472790",
"text": "he had a small role in an episode of BBC drama series \"Death In Paradise\". Also in February 2014, it was announced that Anderson had been cast as recurring character Danny Pink, a teacher at Coal Hill School, in the eighth series of \"Doctor Who\", and he appeared in 11 episodes. Between 2014 and 2017, Anderson appeared in Sky1 sitcom Trollied, playing the role of Daniel. In February 2016, he appeared in the BBC One drama series \"Moving On\". Currently, starting in the comedy Loaded on Channel 4. Television Samuel Anderson (actor) Samuel Anderson (born 1982) is a British actor.",
"title": "Samuel Anderson (actor)"
},
{
"id": "9395352",
"text": "Oswald James appeared in the second series of \"Death in Paradise\" as the character Ronnie Stuart in ep:6 - A Dash of Sunshine - Series 2 - broadcast February 2013 and filmed in Guadeloupe. He also filmed the first episode of \"Midsomer Murders\" season 16 for airing over the Christmas 2013 season - \"A Christmas Haunting\". His character was a traumatized soldier called Ollie Tabori. James was cast as Niles Pottinger, the new Mayor of Defiance. The second season of the hit Syfy series \"Defiance\" started production in August, 2013 in Toronto and continued until December 2013. Series 2 aired",
"title": "James Murray (English actor)"
},
{
"id": "9175842",
"text": "TV series \"Cucumber\". He also appeared in an episode of \"Goodnight Sweetheart\" playing a doctor at the hospital where Yvonne Sparrow loses her unborn child (series 4). In 2016 he played Polonius in Simon Godwin's production of \"Hamlet\" for the Royal Shakespeare Company. In late October 2016 he made his debut as a recurring character in the Doctor Who Spin off Class. In 2017, he also had a minor role in an episode of the long running detective programme \"Death in Paradise\", playing a corrupt mayor. Nri's family are Igbo; they fled the country in 1968 prior to the end",
"title": "Cyril Nri"
},
{
"id": "16105987",
"text": "Hetti Bywater Harriet Jessica P \"Hetti\" Bywater (born 10 September 1994) is an English actress best known for playing Lucy Beale in the BBC soap opera \"EastEnders.\" Bywater was born in Reigate, Surrey to parents originally from Swansea, Wales. She studied performing arts at The Theatre Workshop in Sussex. Bywater began her career in 2011, making guest appearances in \"Casualty\" and \"Doctors\". She also starred in the \"St George's Day\" film in the same year. In 2015, Bywater guest-starred in the fourth series of \"Death in Paradise.\" In late 2016, Bywater guest starred in two episodes of the first series",
"title": "Hetti Bywater"
},
{
"id": "16105989",
"text": "Hetti Bywater Harriet Jessica P \"Hetti\" Bywater (born 10 September 1994) is an English actress best known for playing Lucy Beale in the BBC soap opera \"EastEnders.\" Bywater was born in Reigate, Surrey to parents originally from Swansea, Wales. She studied performing arts at The Theatre Workshop in Sussex. Bywater began her career in 2011, making guest appearances in \"Casualty\" and \"Doctors\". She also starred in the \"St George's Day\" film in the same year. In 2015, Bywater guest-starred in the fourth series of \"Death in Paradise.\" In late 2016, Bywater guest starred in two episodes of the first series",
"title": "Hetti Bywater"
},
{
"id": "16017728",
"text": "an airport, a university, a convent, approximately 100 public beaches and a Crown Court. It also has its own newspaper, \"The Saint Marie Times\". Honoré, the main town, has a leisure/commercial marina, market, bars, and restaurants as well as the police station. The neighbouring town to Honoré is named as Port Royal. Saint Marie's main economic ties are to Guadeloupe, the UK, and France. The island's main religions are Catholicism and Voodoo, with several religious festivals featuring in the programme, including the Saint Ursula Festival (in reality, a major festival of the Virgin Islands) and some Voodoo festivals. Episode 3.7",
"title": "Death in Paradise (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "5833578",
"text": "landlady of the main characters, in the comedy \"Never Better\" and as a nurse in BBC's \"Outnumbered\" that aired on 30 August 2009. In December 2010, she appeared in the British BBC soap opera \"EastEnders\" as Gloria MacDonald, a role which she reprised in February 2016. On 12 February 2013 she played the part of Estelle in an episode of Death in Paradise on BBC1. In 2016 she appeared in the BBC series \"The Coroner\" episode 2.6 \"Life\" Michele Austin Michele Austin is a British actress best known for her role as PC Yvonne Hemmingway on ITV's \"The Bill\", for",
"title": "Michele Austin"
},
{
"id": "5145879",
"text": "negative reviews from critics. It was followed by two sequels, \"Angels & Demons\" (2009) and \"Inferno\" (2016). Jacques Saunière, the Louvre's curator, is pursued through the Grand Gallery by an albino Catholic monk named Silas, who demands the location of the Priory's \"keystone\" to find and destroy the Holy Grail. Saunière gives him a false lead and is murdered. When the police arrive, they find his body posed like Da Vinci's Vitruvian Man. The police captain, Bezu Fache, sends his lieutenant, Jérôme Collet, to summon American symbologist Robert Langdon, in the midst of signing autographs after one of his public",
"title": "The Da Vinci Code (film)"
},
{
"id": "16097044",
"text": "Le Radeau de la Méduse at the Théâtre National Populaire in Villeurbanne. She appeared in a play at the Young Vic in London called \"Le Costume\" (\"The Suit\") and in a French-language production of David Mamet’s \"Race\". Martins' television debut was in 2001, in the French police series \"Police District\". She appeared in the series \"Pigalle, la nuit\" as Fleur. While filming \"Death in Paradise\", Martins worked on the French TV crime series \"Détectives\" as Nora Abadie. In April 2011, BBC One announced that Martins would star in the crime comedy-drama \"Death in Paradise\", co-produced with France Télévisions. The series",
"title": "Sara Martins"
},
{
"id": "7716068",
"text": "Arliss Howard Arliss Howard (born Leslie Richard Howard; October 18, 1954) is an American actor, writer and film director. Howard was born in Independence, Missouri and has a younger brother, Jim Howard (b. 1956). He graduated from Truman High School and Columbia College in Columbia, Missouri. Howard established his career with stand-out roles in \"Natural Born Killers\", \"Full Metal Jacket\", and \"Ruby\". In \"Till Death Us Do Part\" (1992), he portrayed author and attorney Vincent Bugliosi, who led the prosecution in the Tate-LaBianca murder trial. In 1997, he co-starred in \"Jurassic Park\"s sequel, \"\", as Hammond's conniving nephew Peter Ludlow,",
"title": "Arliss Howard"
},
{
"id": "1720011",
"text": "radio by BBC Radio 4 in 2003, featuring John Moffatt as Poirot, Philip Jackson as Chief Inspector Japp (as in the \"Agatha Christie's Poirot\" adaptation), Geoffrey Whitehead as Monsieur Fournier, and Teresa Gallagher as Jane Grey. The book was first serialised in the US in \"The Saturday Evening Post\" in six instalments from 9 February (Volume 207, Number 32) to 16 March 1935 (Volume 207, Number 37) under the title \"Death in the Air\" with illustrations by Frederick Mizen. In the UK, the novel was serialised as an abridged version in the weekly \"Women's Pictorial\" magazine in six instalments from",
"title": "Death in the Clouds"
}
] | who have been the detectives in death in paradise |
[
"1936"
] | [
{
"id": "41795",
"text": "1930, but baseball was hit hard by the Great Depression and in 1933 the average fell below five thousand for the only time between the wars. 1933 also saw the introduction of the All-Star game, a mid-season break in which the greatest players in each league play against one another in a hard-fought but officially meaningless demonstration game. In 1936 the Baseball Hall of Fame was instituted and five players elected: Ty Cobb, Walter Johnson, Christy Mathewson, Babe Ruth and Honus Wagner. The Hall formally opened in 1939. In 1941, a year which saw the premature death of Lou Gehrig,",
"title": "History of baseball in the United States"
},
{
"id": "15858153",
"text": "San Diego Padres Hall of Fame The San Diego Padres are an American professional baseball team in Major League Baseball (MLB) based in San Diego, California. The club was founded in 1969 as part of the league's expansion. The team's hall of fame, created in 1999 to honor the club's 30th anniversary, recognizes players, coaches, and executives who have made key contributions to the franchise. Voting is conducted by a 35-member committee. Candidates typically must wait at least two years after retiring to be eligible for induction, though Tony Gwynn was selected during his final season in 2001 before the",
"title": "San Diego Padres Hall of Fame"
},
{
"id": "4567215",
"text": "2008, then as a member of The Four Horsemen in 2012. WWF Hall of Fame (1993) was the inaugural class of the WWE Hall of Fame. It was announced on the March 22, 1993 episode of \"Monday Night Raw\" where André the Giant, who had died nearly two months prior, was announced as the sole inductee. During the episode of \"Monday Night Raw\" a video package announcing his induction was shown. No ceremony took place, and André was inducted posthumously. In March 2015 a condensed version of the 1994 ceremony was added to the WWE Network. Due to no original",
"title": "WWE Hall of Fame"
},
{
"id": "2991075",
"text": "hitter of the new era, helped permanently alter the nature of the game. The club with which Ruth set most of his slugging records, the New York Yankees, built a reputation as the majors' premier team. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, St. Louis Cardinals general manager Branch Rickey invested in several minor league clubs and developed the first modern \"farm system\". A new Negro National League was organized in 1933; four years later, it was joined by the Negro American League. The first elections to the National Baseball Hall of Fame took place in 1936. In 1939 Little",
"title": "History of baseball"
},
{
"id": "41699",
"text": "traveled farther when hit. The rise of the legendary player Babe Ruth, the first great power hitter of the new era, helped permanently alter the nature of the game. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, St. Louis Cardinals general manager Branch Rickey invested in several minor league clubs and developed the first modern farm system. A new Negro National League was organized in 1933; four years later, it was joined by the Negro American League. The first elections to the National Baseball Hall of Fame took place in 1936. In 1939, Little League Baseball was founded in Pennsylvania. A",
"title": "Baseball"
},
{
"id": "48323",
"text": "and Museum, similarly to Canton for the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio. The Hall of Fame was established in 1939 by Stephen Carlton Clark, the owner of a local hotel. Clark had sought to bring tourists to a city hurt by the Great Depression, which reduced the local tourist trade, and Prohibition, which devastated the local hops industry. A new building was constructed, and the Hall of Fame was dedicated on June 12, 1939. (Clark's granddaughter, Jane Forbes Clark, is the current chairman of the Board of Directors.) The erroneous claim that Civil War hero Abner Doubleday",
"title": "National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"
},
{
"id": "5040342",
"text": "WCW Hall of Fame The World Championship Wrestling (WCW) Hall of Fame was an American professional wrestling hall of fame maintained by World Championship Wrestling (WCW). It was established in 1993 to honor wrestlers who began their careers long before the 1990s, mostly alumni of the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) and Jim Crockett Promotions (JCP), the predecessors of WCW. Inductees received commemorative plaques that had their names & portraits inscribed on it. Wrestlers were inducted by Gordon Solie, a senior announcer in professional wrestling, and received their plaque during the \"Legends Reunion\" segment at WCW's May pay-per-view event, Slamboree. The",
"title": "WCW Hall of Fame"
},
{
"id": "4567212",
"text": "WWE Hall of Fame The WWE Hall of Fame is a hall of fame for professional wrestlers and professional wrestling personalities maintained by WWE. The 1994 and 1995 ceremonies were held in conjunction with the annual King of the Ring pay-per-view events. In 1996, the ceremony was held with the Survivor Series event, for the first time in front of a paying audience as well as the wrestlers, after which, the Hall of Fame went on hiatus. In 2004, WWE relaunched the Hall of Fame to coincide with WrestleMania XX. This ceremony, like its predecessors, was not broadcast on television.",
"title": "WWE Hall of Fame"
},
{
"id": "48326",
"text": "Ruth, Honus Wagner, Christy Mathewson and Walter Johnson, chosen in 1936; roughly 20 more were selected before the entire group was inducted at the Hall's 1939 opening. , 323 people had been elected to the Hall of Fame, including 226 former Major League Baseball players, 35 Negro league baseball players and executives, 22 managers, 10 umpires, and 30 pioneers, executives, and organizers. 114 members of the Hall of Fame have been inducted posthumously, including four who died after their selection was announced. Of the 35 Negro league members, 29 were inducted posthumously, including all 24 selected since the 1990s. The",
"title": "National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"
},
{
"id": "695637",
"text": "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located on the shore of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, recognizes and archives the history of the best-known and most influential artists, producers, engineers, and other notable figures who have had some major influence on the development of rock and roll. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation was established on April 20, 1983, by Atlantic Records founder and chairman Ahmet Ertegun. In 1986, Cleveland was chosen as the Hall of Fame's permanent home. Founder Ahmet Ertegun assembled a team that included attorney Suzan Evans,",
"title": "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame"
},
{
"id": "5040343",
"text": "WCW Hall of Fame was the second hall of fame established to honor professional wrestlers, after the creation of the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) Hall of Fame in February 1993. After the 1995 Hall of Fame ceremony, WCW stopped the production of the Hall of Fame without a formal announcement. In 2001, after WCW filed for bankruptcy, the WWF acquired all of its assets; this led to the formal stoppage of the WCW Hall of Fame. The WWF, however, stopped producing its Hall of Fame ceremony after 1996. In 2004, World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), the WWF's successor, reinstated the WWE",
"title": "WCW Hall of Fame"
},
{
"id": "48331",
"text": "death on New Year's Eve, 1972. The five-year waiting period was established in 1954 after an evolutionary process. In 1936 all players were eligible, including active ones. From the 1937 election until the 1945 election, there was no waiting period, so any retired player was eligible, but writers were discouraged from voting for current major leaguers. Since there was no formal rule preventing a writer from casting a ballot for an active player, the scribes did not always comply with the informal guideline; Joe DiMaggio received a vote in 1945, for example. From the 1946 election until the 1954 election,",
"title": "National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"
},
{
"id": "2055740",
"text": "Ford Frick Ford Christopher Frick (December 19, 1894 – April 8, 1978) was an American sportswriter and baseball executive. After working as a teacher and as a sportswriter for the \"New York American\", he served as public relations director of the National League (NL), then as the league's president from to . He was the third Commissioner of Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1951 to . While Frick was NL president, he had a major role in the establishment of the Baseball Hall of Fame as a museum that honors the best players in baseball history. He extinguished threats of",
"title": "Ford Frick"
},
{
"id": "1937912",
"text": "teams; in 1945, the scheduled All-Star Game was cancelled due to travel restrictions during World War II and no players were officially named. From 1959 through 1962, All-Stars played in two All-Star Games each season. On January 29, 1936, Babe Ruth became the first of the original thirty-six All-Stars to be inducted in the National Baseball Hall of Fame; twenty original All-Stars are enshrined in the Hall of Fame. Hank Aaron holds the record for the most All-Star namings (21) and the most All-Star Game appearances (25). In 2017, each All-Star team had 32 players, with fans voting for the",
"title": "Major League Baseball All-Star Game"
},
{
"id": "13834675",
"text": "International League Hall of Fame The International League Hall of Fame is an American baseball hall of fame which honors players, managers, and executives of the International League (IL). It was created by the International League Baseball Writers' Association in 1947 to honor those individuals who made significant contributions to the league. The Hall of Fame inducted its first class of nine former players, managers, and league officials in 1947. A plaque was unveiled at the IL's New York City offices located in the Ruppert Building at 535 Fifth Avenue. Today, the plaque has no permanent home, but exists as",
"title": "International League Hall of Fame"
},
{
"id": "16691441",
"text": "(ages 4–18), Bambino Buddy Ball (ages 5–20), and Xtreme Fastpitch (ages 6–18). Baseball Hall of Fame inductees who played Babe Ruth League include Carl Yastrzemski, Joe Morgan, Jim Palmer, Rod Carew, George Brett, Nolan Ryan, Cal Ripken, Jr., Frank Thomas, Randy Johnson, John Smoltz, and Mike Piazza. In 1951, ten men, who believed that the future of their community depended upon the proper development of the young people, met at the historic Yardville Hotel in Hamilton, New Jersey, for the purpose of developing a baseball program for young men between 13 and 15 years of age. Babe Ruth League, Inc.",
"title": "Babe Ruth League"
},
{
"id": "48327",
"text": "Hall of Fame includes one female member, Effa Manley. The newest members elected on January 24, 2018, are players Chipper Jones, Jim Thome, Vladimir Guerrero, and Trevor Hoffman. They were officially inducted on July 29, 2018, alongside players Jack Morris and Alan Trammell. Players are currently inducted into the Hall of Fame through election by either the Baseball Writers' Association of America (or BBWAA), or the Veterans Committee, which now consists of four subcommittees, each of which considers and votes for candidates from a separate era of baseball. Five years after retirement, any player with 10 years of major league",
"title": "National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"
},
{
"id": "48322",
"text": "National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum is an American history museum and hall of fame, located in Cooperstown, New York, and operated by private interests. It serves as the central point for the study of the history of baseball in the United States and beyond, displays baseball-related artifacts and exhibits, and honors those who have excelled in playing, managing, and serving the sport. The Hall's motto is \"Preserving History, Honoring Excellence, Connecting Generations.\" The word Cooperstown is often used as shorthand (or a metonym) for the National Baseball Hall of Fame",
"title": "National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"
},
{
"id": "695638",
"text": "\"Rolling Stone\" magazine editor and publisher Jann S. Wenner, attorney Allen Grubman, and record executives Seymour Stein, Bob Krasnow, and Noreen Woods. The Foundation began inducting artists in 1986, but the Hall of Fame still had no home. The search committee considered several cities, including Philadelphia (home of Bill Haley and \"American Bandstand\"), Memphis (home of Sun Studios and Stax Records), Detroit (home of Motown Records), Cincinnati (home of King Records), New York City, and Cleveland. Cleveland lobbied for the museum, citing that WJW disc jockey Alan Freed both coined the term \"rock and roll\" and heavily promoted the new",
"title": "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame"
},
{
"id": "10484617",
"text": "Hispanic Heritage Baseball Museum The Hispanic Heritage Baseball Museum Hall of Fame was founded in the Mission District in San Francisco, California on October 24, 1998, and Incorporated as a 501c3 non-profit organization on June 23, 1999 in Sacramento, California by Gabriel \"Tito\" Avila, Jr. a former Semi-pro, Sandlot, High School, College player and a Vietnam Era Veteran from New York City and San Francisco resident who wanted to honor the greatest Hispanic Baseball position players of all time. The HHBMHOF is International and dedicated to recognizing the contributions made to baseball by Hispanic players. Since its inception, the HHBMHOF",
"title": "Hispanic Heritage Baseball Museum"
},
{
"id": "2055756",
"text": "DePauw University Athletic Hall of Fame. Ford Frick Ford Christopher Frick (December 19, 1894 – April 8, 1978) was an American sportswriter and baseball executive. After working as a teacher and as a sportswriter for the \"New York American\", he served as public relations director of the National League (NL), then as the league's president from to . He was the third Commissioner of Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1951 to . While Frick was NL president, he had a major role in the establishment of the Baseball Hall of Fame as a museum that honors the best players in",
"title": "Ford Frick"
},
{
"id": "5040344",
"text": "Hall of Fame, which included inductees that were alumni of WWE, NWA, JCP, and WCW. The first Hall of Fame ceremony was held on May 23, 1993 at Slamboree 1993 at The Omni in Atlanta, Georgia. The first wrestler inducted into the Hall of Fame was Lou Thesz, along with Verne Gagne and Mr. Wrestling II. Eddie Graham was also inducted that year; he was the first posthumous inductee into the Hall of Fame. During the following Hall of Fame ceremony on May 22, 1994 at Slamboree 1994 at Civic Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Harley Race led the Class of",
"title": "WCW Hall of Fame"
},
{
"id": "13834693",
"text": "Pacific Coast League Hall of Fame The Pacific Coast League Hall of Fame is an American baseball hall of fame which honors players, managers, and executives of the Pacific Coast League (PCL). It was created by the Helms Athletic Foundation of Los Angeles in 1942 to honor those individuals who made significant contributions to the league's ideals. The Hall of Fame inducted its first class in 1943. A special Hall of Fame room was set up at Los Angeles' Wrigley Field on June 27, 1943. After the 1957 death of founder and main supporter Paul Helms and the arrival of",
"title": "Pacific Coast League Hall of Fame"
},
{
"id": "48324",
"text": "invented baseball in Cooperstown was instrumental in the early marketing of the Hall. An expanded library and research facility opened in 1994. Dale Petroskey became the organization's president in 1999. In 2002, the Hall launched \"Baseball As America\", a traveling exhibit that toured ten American museums over six years. The Hall of Fame has since also sponsored educational programming on the Internet to bring the Hall of Fame to schoolchildren who might not visit. The Hall and Museum completed a series of renovations in spring 2005. The Hall of Fame also presents an annual exhibit at FanFest at the Major",
"title": "National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"
},
{
"id": "5213672",
"text": "the launch of interleague play, further reducing the game's cachet. On January 29, 2008, Major League Baseball announced that the final Hall of Fame Game would be played on June 16, 2008 between the Chicago Cubs and San Diego Padres, citing \"the inherent challenges\" of scheduling teams in the modern day as the reason for ending the annual contest. However, the contest was canceled on account of rain. In November 2008, the Hall of Fame and the MLB Players Alumni Association announced the creation of the Hall of Fame Classic, an exhibition game involving Hall of Famers and other retired",
"title": "Doubleday Field"
},
{
"id": "15858157",
"text": "(PCL). On the same day the plaza opened, the Padres inducted San Diego native Ted Williams into their hall of fame. He played for the PCL Padres in 1936 and 1937, and is also a member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame. The Hall of Fame Plaza at Petco originally was to be named in honor of then-MLB commissioner Bud Selig, but the Padres reconsidered after negative reaction from the media and fans. Plans for the plaza also included eventual statues of Padres greats. San Diego Padres Hall of Fame The San Diego Padres are an American professional baseball",
"title": "San Diego Padres Hall of Fame"
},
{
"id": "695643",
"text": "m) due to its proximity to Burke Lakefront Airport. The building's base is approximately 150,000 square feet (14,000 m2). The groundbreaking ceremony took place on June 7, 1993. Pete Townshend, Chuck Berry, Billy Joel, Sam Phillips, Ruth Brown, Sam Moore of Sam and Dave, Carl Gardner of the Coasters and Dave Pirner of Soul Asylum all appeared at the groundbreaking. The museum was dedicated on September 1, 1995, with the ribbon being cut by an ensemble that included Yoko Ono and Little Richard, among others, before a crowd of more than 10,000 people. The following night an all-star concert was",
"title": "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame"
},
{
"id": "369842",
"text": "San Diego Padres on July 15, 1999. There were 44,607 people in attendance that night. Seattle Mariners former chairman and CEO John Ellis announced on June 14, 1997 the creation of a Mariners Hall of Fame. It is operated by the Seattle Mariners organization. It honors the players, staff and other individuals that greatly contributed to the history and success of the Mariners franchise. It is located at the Baseball Museum of the Pacific Northwest in Safeco Field. The Mariners plan to retire uniform numbers only very selectively and subject to substantially higher expectations than those applied to the Mariners'",
"title": "Seattle Mariners"
},
{
"id": "2360483",
"text": "Pud Galvin James Francis \"Pud\" Galvin (December 25, 1856 – March 7, 1902) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher in the 19th century. He was MLB's first 300-game winner and was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1965. Galvin grew up in Kerry Patch, an Irish neighborhood in St. Louis. He debuted for St. Louis of the National Association in , the franchise's inaugural season, and started eight games for the team. He spent the next 6½ seasons with Buffalo in the International Association and later of the National League. In his first full MLB season in",
"title": "Pud Galvin"
},
{
"id": "13721977",
"text": "Seattle Mariners Hall of Fame The Seattle Mariners Hall of Fame is an American museum and hall of fame. It is located at Safeco Field in the SoDo district of downtown Seattle. Seattle Mariners former chairman and CEO John Ellis announced on June 14, 1997 the creation of a Mariners Hall of Fame. It is operated by the Seattle Mariners organization. It honors the players, staff, and other individuals that greatly contributed to the history and success of the Mariners franchise. It is located at the Baseball Museum of the Pacific Northwest in Safeco Field. Inductees are selected on the",
"title": "Seattle Mariners Hall of Fame"
},
{
"id": "48342",
"text": "in 2010 for 2011 induction, with longtime general manager Pat Gillick becoming the first individual elected under the new procedure. The Golden Era committee voted in 2011 for the induction class of 2012, with Ron Santo becoming the first player elected under the new procedure. The Pre-Integration Era committee voted in 2012 for the induction class of 2013, electing three figures. Subsequent elections rotated among the three committees in that order through the 2016 election. In July 2016, however, the Hall of Fame announced a restructuring of the timeframes to be considered, with a much greater emphasis on modern eras.",
"title": "National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"
},
{
"id": "48325",
"text": "League Baseball All-Star Game. Jeff Idelson replaced Petroskey as president on April 16, 2008. He had been acting as president since March 25, 2008, when Petroskey was forced to resign for having \"failed to exercise proper fiduciary responsibility\" and making \"judgments that were not in the best interest of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum.\" Among baseball fans, \"Hall of Fame\" means not only the museum and facility in Cooperstown, New York, but the pantheon of players, managers, umpires, executives, and pioneers who have been enshrined in the Hall. The first five men elected were Ty Cobb, Babe",
"title": "National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"
},
{
"id": "2055746",
"text": "ability, good habits and strong character. He asserted that he was not aware of a case in which race had played a role in the selection of a major league player. In the late 1930s, Frick played a central role in establishing the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown, New York. He gathered a team of representatives from the major news wire services, including Davis Walsh of the International News Service, Alan J. Gould of the Associated Press, and Henry L. Farrell of United Press International. They took the idea to the Baseball Writers Association of America",
"title": "Ford Frick"
},
{
"id": "48335",
"text": "the new process is available below. From 2008 to 2010, following changes made by the Hall in July 2007, the main Veterans Committee, then made up of living Hall of Famers, voted only on players whose careers began in 1943 or later. These changes also established three separate committees to select other figures: Players of the Negro Leagues have also been considered at various times, beginning in 1971. In 2005 the Hall completed a study on African American players between the late 19th century and the integration of the major leagues in 1947, and conducted a special election for such",
"title": "National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"
},
{
"id": "14819230",
"text": "meet the demand for Major League teams. Later, another venue, Sam Guinn Field was built in 1933 at 497 Crescent Avenue to host Negro League spring training. The original playing field was estimated to be between 500–600 feet to center field. In 1910, the original grandstand was demolished and home plate moved, giving the field shorter dimensions. In 1938, the right field fence was heightened by 15-feet because right field distance was only 260 feet. Over 130 Major League Baseball Hall of Fame players, including Babe Ruth, Cy Young, Cap Anson, Honus Wagner, Ty Cobb, Tris Speaker, Walter Johnson, Rogers",
"title": "Ban Johnson Park"
},
{
"id": "6041899",
"text": "Henry Mitchell MacCracken, Chancellor of New York University, was the originator of The Hall of Fame. It was the first hall of fame in the United States. \"Fame\" here means \"renown\" (rather than today's more common meaning of \"celebrity\"). Chancellor MacCracken acknowledged inspiration from the Ruhmeshalle (Hall of Fame) in Munich, Germany. Other monuments of a similar purpose had been built earlier. King Ludwig I of Bavaria actually built two: a Walhalla Ruhmes- und Ehrenhalle near Regensburg, Germany, completed in 1842, and a \"Ruhmeshalle auf der Anhöhe\" (Bavarian Hall of Fame), in Munich, completed in 1853. Chancellor McCracken described the",
"title": "Hall of Fame for Great Americans"
},
{
"id": "19256086",
"text": "2016 All-Star break. On December 6, during the 2016 winter meetings, Smith was named as the 2017 recipient. She received 272 of a possible 449 votes (with three ballots left blank). At the time of announcement, Smith was ESPN's news editor for remote production, with chief responsibility for incorporating news and analysis in the network's MLB-related broadcasts, as well as \"SportsCenter\". She became the first African-American woman, and the first woman of any ethnicity, to regularly cover MLB for a newspaper when she began covering the New York Yankees for \"The Hartford Courant\" in 1983. Smith went from there to",
"title": "2017 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting"
},
{
"id": "13721998",
"text": "was inducted into the Mariners Hall of Fame on August 8, 2015. Seattle Mariners Hall of Fame The Seattle Mariners Hall of Fame is an American museum and hall of fame. It is located at Safeco Field in the SoDo district of downtown Seattle. Seattle Mariners former chairman and CEO John Ellis announced on June 14, 1997 the creation of a Mariners Hall of Fame. It is operated by the Seattle Mariners organization. It honors the players, staff, and other individuals that greatly contributed to the history and success of the Mariners franchise. It is located at the Baseball Museum",
"title": "Seattle Mariners Hall of Fame"
},
{
"id": "6005339",
"text": "Stephen Carlton Clark Stephen Carlton Clark (August 29, 1882 – September 17, 1960) was an American art collector, businessman, newspaper publisher and philanthropist. He founded the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York. Clark was the youngest of the four sons of Alfred Corning Clark and Elizabeth Scriven. His grandfather, Edward Cabot Clark, a lawyer, had been Isaac Singer's partner in the Singer Sewing Machine Company. His father invested heavily in New York City real estate, and died in April 1896, leaving a $30,000,000 family trust. He was educated at Phillips Academy (Andover), Yale University (B.A. 1903) and Columbia",
"title": "Stephen Carlton Clark"
},
{
"id": "19950571",
"text": "Kennedy, Rodrigo López, Mike MacDougal, Guillermo Mota, Will Ohman, Vicente Padilla, Carl Pavano, Scott Podsednik, Juan Rivera, J. C. Romero, Brian Schneider, Ben Sheets, Jeff Suppan, Kip Wells, Dan Wheeler and Jack Wilson. On July 23, 2016, the Hall of Fame announced changes to the Era Committee system. The system's timeframes were restructured to place a greater emphasis on the modern game, and to reduce the frequency at which individuals from the pre-1970 game (including Negro Leagues figures) will have their careers reviewed. Separate 16-member subcommittees continue to vote on individuals from different eras of baseball, with candidates still being",
"title": "2018 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting"
},
{
"id": "2991080",
"text": "season was extended from 154 games to 162. This coincidentally helped Roger Maris break Babe Ruth's long-standing single-season home run record, one of the most celebrated marks in baseball. Along with the Angels, three other new franchises were launched during 1961–62. With this, the first major league expansion in 60 years, each league now had ten teams. The players' union became bolder under the leadership of former United Steelworkers chief economist and negotiator Marvin Miller, who was elected executive director in 1966. On the playing field, major league pitchers were becoming increasingly dominant again. After the 1968 season, in an",
"title": "History of baseball"
},
{
"id": "215087",
"text": "Jackie Robinson Jack Roosevelt Robinson (January 31, 1919 – October 24, 1972) was an American professional baseball player who became the first African American to play in Major League Baseball (MLB) in the modern era. Robinson broke the baseball color line when the Brooklyn Dodgers started him at first base on April 15, 1947. When the Dodgers signed Robinson, they heralded the end of racial segregation in professional baseball that had relegated black players to the Negro leagues since the 1880s. Robinson was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962. Robinson had an exceptional 10-year MLB career. He",
"title": "Jackie Robinson"
},
{
"id": "695661",
"text": "(1998), Louis Jordan (1999), Muddy Waters (2000), Bessie Smith (2001), Hank Williams (2002), Buddy Holly (2003), Lead Belly (2004), Sam Cooke (2005), Roy Orbison (2006), Jerry Lee Lewis (2007), Les Paul (2008), Janis Joplin (2009), Fats Domino and Dave Bartholomew (2010), Aretha Franklin (2011), and Chuck Berry (2012). Hall of Fame museum curator James Henke, along with \"the museum's curatorial staff and numerous rock critics and music experts\", created an unordered list of \"500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll\". The list is part of a permanent exhibit at the museum, and was envisioned as part of the museum from",
"title": "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame"
},
{
"id": "49370",
"text": "slugging (OPS) (1.164); the latter two still stand . Ruth is regarded as one of the greatest sports heroes in American culture and is considered by many to be the greatest baseball player of all time. In 1936, Ruth was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame as one of its \"first five\" inaugural members. At age seven, Ruth was sent to St. Mary's Industrial School for Boys, a reformatory where he learned life lessons and baseball skills from Brother Matthias Boutlier of the Xaverian Brothers, the school's disciplinarian and a capable baseball player. In 1914, Ruth was signed to",
"title": "Babe Ruth"
},
{
"id": "1944522",
"text": "the league. Groundbreaking for the building was held on August 11, 1962. The original building contained just two rooms, and of interior space. In April 1970, ground was broken for the first of many expansions. This first expansion cost $620,000, and was completed in May 1971. The size was increased to by adding another room. The pro shop opened with this expansion. This was also an important milestone for the Pro Football Hall of Fame, as yearly attendance passed the 200,000 mark for the first time. This was at least in some part due to the increase in popularity of",
"title": "Pro Football Hall of Fame"
},
{
"id": "8089084",
"text": "Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame and Museum The Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame and Museum is an entity established by Major League Baseball's Cincinnati Reds franchise that pays homage to the team's past through displays, photographs and multimedia. It was instituted in 1958 to recognize the career of former Cincinnati Reds players, managers and front-office executives. It is located at the Great American Ball Park. Currently, the Hall of Fame section is home to 81 inductees. These inductees include players, managers & executives who were involved in Cincinnati's baseball legacy, which dates back to 1869, the year the original Cincinnati",
"title": "Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame and Museum"
},
{
"id": "6094647",
"text": "suicide in 1909. As NL president again from 1918 to 1934, he hired the Elias brothers to maintain as official keeper of playing statistics (1919), and he pushed for the selection of Kenesaw Mountain Landis as Commissioner of Baseball (1921), realizing the importance of an official who could keep the owners in check. Later he helped to establish the Baseball Hall of Fame. In December 1928, Heydler proposed permitting a tenth player to bat in place of the pitcher – a rule which came about with the creation of the designated hitter in 1973. After retiring as league president, he",
"title": "John Heydler"
},
{
"id": "48350",
"text": "up with other property owned by the Commissioner's office and employees of the office, and moved to the garage of Joe Reichler, an assistant to Commissioner Bowie Kuhn, who sold the items to resolve his personal financial difficulties. Under pressure from the New York Attorney General, the Commissioner's Office made reparations, but the negative publicity damaged the Hall of Fame's reputation, and made it more difficult for it to solicit donations. Following the banning of Pete Rose from MLB, the selection rules for the Baseball Hall of Fame were modified to prevent the induction of anyone on Baseball's \"permanently ineligible\"",
"title": "National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"
},
{
"id": "12201615",
"text": "Coaches Association All Star Games in Beaumont about starting the Hall of Fame. The sports writers unanimously agreed with Johnson and in 1951 baseball great Tris Speaker was the inaugural inductee and Texas became the first state to honor its athletes with a hall of fame. The Texas Sports Hall of Fame under the guidance of Texas sports entrepreneur Lamar Hunt was opened in Grand Prairie on Saturday, May 23, 1981 but was closed in 1986. The Hall of Fame remained dormant until several prominent members of the Waco community created a plan in 1990 to have the Hall of",
"title": "Texas Sports Hall of Fame"
},
{
"id": "1003586",
"text": "redevelopment of Hollywood Boulevard, the 1960s and 1970s were periods of protracted urban decay in the Hollywood area as residents moved to suburbs. After the initial installation of approximately 1,500 stars in 1960 and 1961, eight years passed without the addition of a new star. In 1962 the Los Angeles City Council passed an ordinance naming the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce \"the agent to advise the City\" about adding names to the Walk, and the Chamber, over the following six years, devised rules, procedures, and financing methods to do so. In December 1968, Richard D. Zanuck was awarded the first",
"title": "Hollywood Walk of Fame"
},
{
"id": "5213673",
"text": "MLB players to be played on Father's Day weekend, and in recent years on the Saturday before Memorial Day. The inaugural Hall of Fame Classic was played on Sunday, June 21, 2009. The Hall of Fame game lasts seven innings or two hours, whichever comes first. In addition to the game, there is a home run derby beforehand. The Cooperstown Classic was an International League regular season game played in honor of the 125th anniversary of the league in 2008. The game was held on a Sunday afternoon in may between the Rochester Red Wings and the Syracuse Chiefs. The",
"title": "Doubleday Field"
},
{
"id": "5751534",
"text": "August 1. Unlike the majority of NFL preseason games, which air on local TV stations, the Hall of Fame Game airs nationwide. From 1999 to 2005, the game was held on Monday night, televised as part of ABC's \"Monday Night Football\" package. It had previously been held typically on Saturday afternoons, except from 1963 to 1965 on Sunday afternoons, televised as part of ABC's \"Wide World of Sports\" package (still using the \"MNF\" crew). In 1998, the game was put in the \"MNF\" package, and played on a Saturday night, which served as a test run for the move to",
"title": "Pro Football Hall of Fame Game"
},
{
"id": "48332",
"text": "an official one-year waiting period was in effect. (DiMaggio, for example, retired after the 1951 season and was first eligible in the 1953 election.) The modern rule establishing a wait of five years was passed in 1954, although an exception was made for Joe DiMaggio because of his high level of previous support, thus permitting him to be elected within four years of his retirement. Contrary to popular belief, no formal exception was made for Lou Gehrig (other than to hold a special one-man election for him): there was no waiting period at that time, and Gehrig met all other",
"title": "National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"
},
{
"id": "15858156",
"text": "well as future plans to relocate and redesign the hall's exhibit at Petco Park. The exhibit opened on July 1, 2016, at Padres Hall of Fame Plaza, which is located near the left field entrance of the park at the back of the Western Metal Supply Company building. The new facilities were part of the festivities for the 2016 MLB All-Star Game, which was hosted at Petco Park. The plaza is a tribute to not only the history of the major league club, but also the history of baseball in San Diego, including the Padres from the Pacific Coast League",
"title": "San Diego Padres Hall of Fame"
},
{
"id": "19950568",
"text": "change were replaced by a new set of four panels in 2016. The Modern Baseball Era Committee convened on December 10, 2017 to select from a ballot of retired players and non-playing personnel who made their greatest contributions to the sport between 1970 and 1987, with Jack Morris and Alan Trammell elected by this body. The formal induction ceremony was held at the Hall's facilities in Cooperstown, New York on July 29, 2018. The BBWAA election rules remained identical to those that were in effect for the most recent elections. The BBWAA voted at the 2016 winter meetings to make",
"title": "2018 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting"
},
{
"id": "48354",
"text": "50,000 gold coins, 400,000 silver coins, and 750,000 clad (Nickel-Copper) coins. The Mint released them on March 27, 2014, and the gold and silver editions quickly sold out. The Hall receives money from surcharges included in the sale price: a total of $9.5 million if all the coins are sold. Notes National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum is an American history museum and hall of fame, located in Cooperstown, New York, and operated by private interests. It serves as the central point for the study of the history of baseball in",
"title": "National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"
},
{
"id": "5751530",
"text": "it was moved to the beginning of the preseason. Prior to 2002, it was not uncommon for the game to be played in July. Since 2002, when the league permanently moved the start of the season to the weekend after Labor Day, the game has always been played in early August. The 2011 game was originally scheduled between the St. Louis Rams and the Chicago Bears, but the game was canceled due to an ongoing labor dispute that had disrupted nearly all league activity during the 2011 offseason. The two clubs had set a deadline of July 22 to ratify",
"title": "Pro Football Hall of Fame Game"
},
{
"id": "14483170",
"text": "has a long and storied baseball history, including its distinction as the birthplace of Babe Ruth in 1895. The original 19th century Baltimore Orioles were one of the most successful early franchises, featuring numerous hall of famers during its years from 1882 to 1899. As one of the eight inaugural American League franchises, the Baltimore Orioles played in the AL during the 1901 and 1902 seasons. The team moved to New York City before the 1903 season and was renamed the New York Highlanders, which later became the New York Yankees. Ruth played for the minor league Baltimore Orioles team,",
"title": "Baltimore"
},
{
"id": "17783211",
"text": "more broadly defined Veterans Committee following an earlier rules change in July 2010, convened at Major League Baseball's winter meetings in San Diego on December 8, 2014 to select from a ballot of 10 retired players and non-playing personnel who made their greatest contributions to the sport between 1947 and 1972. None of these candidates received enough votes to be elected. The Hall of Fame induction ceremonies were held on July 26 at the Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York, with new commissioner Rob Manfred presiding for the first time. On the day before the actual induction ceremony, the",
"title": "2015 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting"
},
{
"id": "14545509",
"text": "supervising sports activities in Cuba. The hall was inaugurated on July 26, 1939—about six weeks after the June 12 dedication and opening of the U.S. National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown—by placing a bronze plaque at Havana's La Tropical Stadium. The first ten inductees were selected by former and current baseball writers and the DGND's baseball advisers (\"asesores de baseball\"). The inaugural class included 19th-century Cuban stars (Antonio María García, Valentín González, Adolfo Luján, and Carlos Royer), black players who had achieved success in the U.S. Negro leagues (Luis Bustamante, José de la Caridad Méndez, Gervasio González,",
"title": "Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame"
},
{
"id": "20569547",
"text": "most notable as forming one of MLB's first play-by-play teams in the 1930s alongside fellow Frick Award recipient Red Barber, and also as the lead announcer for the Mutual Broadcasting System's \"Game of the Day\" in the 1950s. 2019 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting Elections to the Baseball Hall of Fame for 2019 are proceeding according to rules most recently amended in 2016. As in the past, the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) will vote by mail to select from a ballot of recently retired players. The results will be announced on January 22, 2019. The Today's Game Era",
"title": "2019 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting"
},
{
"id": "1722872",
"text": "Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame The Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame & Museum () is a museum located in St. Marys, Ontario, Canada. The museum commemorates great players, teams, and accomplishments of baseball in Canada. The museum was founded in October 1983 in Toronto at Exhibition Place and later moved to Ontario Place theme park. In 1994, it moved to St. Marys, Ontario. The Hall of Fame and Museum is dedicated to preserving Canada's baseball heritage which dates back to June 4, 1838, when a game which very closely resembled today's game of baseball was played in Beachville, Ontario. The",
"title": "Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame"
},
{
"id": "1944523",
"text": "professional football caused by the advent of the American Football League and its success in the final two AFL-NFL World Championship games. In November 1977, work began on another expansion project, costing US$1,200,000. It was completed in November 1978, enlarging the gift shop and research library, while doubling the size of the theater. The total size of the hall was now , more than 2.5 times the original size. The building remained largely unchanged until July 1993. The Hall then announced yet another expansion, costing US$9,200,000, and adding a fifth room. This expansion was completed in October 1995. The building's",
"title": "Pro Football Hall of Fame"
},
{
"id": "7608551",
"text": "derby, also called \"skate-out music\", has been a part of the sport since its very beginning. The practice of using a heavy metal theme song to signal the entrance of a relief pitcher began at Qualcomm Stadium in 1998, when the San Diego Padres started playing \"Hells Bells\" by AC/DC to accompany Trevor Hoffman's taking the mound. \"San Jose Mercury News\" and \"ESPN.com\" wrote that the song should be honored by the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. The use of rock and roll for entrance music emerged from the 1989 film, \"Major League\", in which relief pitcher Rick",
"title": "Entrance music"
},
{
"id": "6290211",
"text": "candidates were eligible. On December 11, 2003, 10 finalists were announced. In accordance with guidelines established in 2003, seven were chosen by a research committee at the museum: Ken Coleman, Jack Graney, Graham McNamee, Hal Totten, Gene Elston, France Laux and Ty Tyson. Three additional candidates – Joe Nuxhall, Dave Niehaus and Lon Simmons – were selected in voting by over 105,000 fans prior to November 2003 at the Hall's official website . On February 26, Lon Simmons was announced as the 2004 recipient ; an original voice of the San Francisco Giants, as well as an announcer for the",
"title": "2004 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting"
},
{
"id": "2991081",
"text": "effort to restore balance, the strike zone was reduced and the height of the pitcher's mound was lowered from 15 to 10 inches (38.1 - 25.4 cm). In 1969, both the National and American Leagues added two more expansion teams, the leagues were reorganized into two divisions each, and a post-season playoff system leading to the World Series was instituted. Also that same year, Curt Flood of the St. Louis Cardinals made the first serious legal challenge to the reserve clause. The major leagues' first general players' strike took place in 1972, delaying the season's start for two weeks. In",
"title": "History of baseball"
},
{
"id": "350708",
"text": "Mays. On July 25, 1956, in a 9–8 Pittsburgh win against the Chicago Cubs, Clemente hit the only walk-off inside-the-park grand slam in professional baseball history. On March 20, 1973, the Baseball Writers' Association of America held a special election for the Baseball Hall of Fame. They voted to waive the waiting period for Clemente, due to the circumstances of his death, and posthumously elected him for induction into the Hall of Fame, giving him 393 out of 420 available votes, for 92.7% of the vote. Clemente's Hall of Fame plaque originally had his name as \"Roberto Walker Clemente\" instead",
"title": "Roberto Clemente"
},
{
"id": "3261754",
"text": "particular urgency to many who had been anticipating the five promised but unfulfilled selections in that area for over three years. In the BBWAA election, voters were instructed to cast votes for 10 candidates; any candidate receiving votes on at least 75% of the ballots would be honored with induction to the Hall upon its opening in Cooperstown, New York on June 12 of that year. After the Hall's opening, a special election was also held in December. Because the initial goal for the Hall's opening of selecting 10 players from the 20th century had now been met, it was",
"title": "1939 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting"
},
{
"id": "2360489",
"text": "yet furnished of the value of the discovery.\" Pud Galvin James Francis \"Pud\" Galvin (December 25, 1856 – March 7, 1902) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher in the 19th century. He was MLB's first 300-game winner and was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1965. Galvin grew up in Kerry Patch, an Irish neighborhood in St. Louis. He debuted for St. Louis of the National Association in , the franchise's inaugural season, and started eight games for the team. He spent the next 6½ seasons with Buffalo in the International Association and later of the National",
"title": "Pud Galvin"
},
{
"id": "4567219",
"text": "to the original ceremony only being partially recorded and not originally intended to air, Gene Okerlund and Renee Young host the program with added commentary. Due to Vincent J. McMahon's passing in 1984, he was posthumously inducted by the McMahon family. ! class=\"unsortable\"| Image ! Ring name(Birth Name) ! Inducted by ! class=\"unsortable\"| WWE recognized accolades WWE Hall of Fame The WWE Hall of Fame is a hall of fame for professional wrestlers and professional wrestling personalities maintained by WWE. The 1994 and 1995 ceremonies were held in conjunction with the annual King of the Ring pay-per-view events. In 1996,",
"title": "WWE Hall of Fame"
},
{
"id": "18511560",
"text": "Kapler, Mike Lamb, Jason LaRue, Ron Mahay, Dámaso Marte, Gary Matthews Jr., Gil Meche, Brian Moehler, Chad Moeller, Bengie Molina, Russ Ortiz, Chan Ho Park, Jay Payton, Mike Redmond, Juan Rincón, David Riske, Scott Schoeneweis, Scot Shields, Russ Springer, Fernando Tatís, Jeff Weaver and Gregg Zaun. In keeping with the voting procedure by eras, the BBWAA-appointed Historical Overview Committee, made up of 11 BBWAA members, identified ten Pre-Integration candidates who were judged to have made their greatest contributions from the origins of the sport to the end of baseball's color line in 1947. This era was previously under consideration in",
"title": "2016 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting"
},
{
"id": "1003585",
"text": "generate publicity and to demonstrate how the Walk would eventually look. The other seven names were Olive Borden, Ronald Colman, Louise Fazenda, Preston Foster, Burt Lancaster, Edward Sedgwick, and Ernest Torrence. Official groundbreaking took place on February 8, 1960. On March 28, 1960, the first permanent star, director Stanley Kramer's, was completed on the easternmost end of the new Walk near the intersection of Hollywood and Gower. The Joanne Woodward legend may have originated, according to one source, because she was the first to pose with her star for photographers. Though the Walk was originally conceived in part to encourage",
"title": "Hollywood Walk of Fame"
},
{
"id": "13834677",
"text": "up to three inductees have been voted into the Hall annually. As of 2018, 122 individuals have been inducted into the International League Hall of Fame. International League Hall of Fame The International League Hall of Fame is an American baseball hall of fame which honors players, managers, and executives of the International League (IL). It was created by the International League Baseball Writers' Association in 1947 to honor those individuals who made significant contributions to the league. The Hall of Fame inducted its first class of nine former players, managers, and league officials in 1947. A plaque was unveiled",
"title": "International League Hall of Fame"
},
{
"id": "496027",
"text": "of MLB. The early years of the NL were tumultuous, with threats from rival leagues and a rebellion by players against the hated \"reserve clause\", which restricted the free movement of players between clubs. Competitor leagues formed regularly and also disbanded regularly. The most successful was the American Association (1882–1891), sometimes called the \"beer and whiskey league\" for its tolerance of the sale of alcoholic beverages to spectators. For several years, the NL and American Association champions met in a postseason championship series—the first attempt at a World Series. The two leagues merged in 1892 as a single 12-team NL,",
"title": "Major League Baseball"
},
{
"id": "2991183",
"text": "the Baseball Hall of Fame declares he set the bases 90 feet apart and established nine innings as a game and nine players as a team. He did none of these things, and every other word of substance on his plaque is false.\" His authorship may have been exaggerated in a modern attempt to identify a single inventor of the game, and heavily advanced by a relentless public-relations campaign by his son and grandson. The 1845 Rules themselves are signed by the \"Committee on By-Laws\", William R. Wheaton and William H. Tucker. There is evidence that these rules had been",
"title": "Origins of baseball"
},
{
"id": "496048",
"text": "wishes of Ford Frick, the Commissioner of Baseball. The dual moves were successful for both franchises—and for MLB. The Dodgers set a single-game MLB attendance record in their first home appearance with 78,672 fans. In 1961, the first Washington Senators franchise moved to Minneapolis–St. Paul to become the Minnesota Twins. Two new teams were added to the American League at the same time: the Los Angeles Angels (who soon moved from downtown L.A. to nearby Anaheim) and a new Washington Senators franchise. The NL added the Houston Astros and the New York Mets in 1962. The Astros (known as the",
"title": "Major League Baseball"
},
{
"id": "5480314",
"text": "1988. He was succeeded by Edgar Scherick, who in turn passed the reins to Norman Lear. The first ceremony in 1984 celebrated the careers of Lucille Ball, Milton Berle, Paddy Chayefsky, Norman Lear, Edward R. Murrow, William S. Paley and David Sarnoff. The honorees received glass statuettes in the form of two ballet dancers that were created by sculptor and painter Pascal to reflect the self-discipline required in all facets of the arts. Since 1988, inductees have brought home an award in the form of a crystal television screen atop a cast-bronze base. The new awards were designed by art",
"title": "Television Hall of Fame"
},
{
"id": "3124827",
"text": "during the season. After the Association folded, the Orioles joined the National League in 1892. The beginnings of what was to become a legendary team can be traced to June 1892, when Harry Von der Horst hired Ned Hanlon to manage the Orioles, giving him stock in the team and full authority over baseball operations. Ned moved his growing family to a house that stood a block away from Union Park. After two years finishing near the bottom of the league, the Orioles won three consecutive pennants with several future Hall of Famers under player/manager Ned Hanlon from 1894 to",
"title": "Baltimore Orioles (1882–99)"
},
{
"id": "13834676",
"text": "a traveling display which visits a number of the league's ballparks each season. From 1949 through 1960, the league inducted up to three new members each year. Only one member was inducted annually from 1961 to 1963. After the cessation of the league's Baseball Writers' Association, the Hall of Fame became dormant from 1964 to 2006. The Hall was reestablished in 2007 to commemorate the League's 125th season of play in 2008. Two new members were inducted in 2007, and plans were made to elect up to 28, 14, and 7 inductees, respectively, over the next three years. Since 2011,",
"title": "International League Hall of Fame"
},
{
"id": "5751535",
"text": "Monday night. Starting in 2006, it was moved to Sunday night, coinciding with the new \"NBC Sunday Night Football\" television package. The 2007 game was telecast on NFL Network, as NBC was intending to televise the China Bowl game in Beijing, China (a game which was postponed to 2009 and later canceled). The Hall of Fame Game has since bounced between both networks. The 2012 game aired on NFL Network due to NBC's coverage of the Summer Olympics. After a two-year absence, the game returned to NBC in 2013 and remained on the network until 2015. The 2016 game was",
"title": "Pro Football Hall of Fame Game"
},
{
"id": "3562656",
"text": "who later said that Chase admitted to throwing a game. A few months later, he tore both Achilles tendons in a car accident. He later drifted to Mexico, where in 1925 he began making plans to organize a professional league. When American League president Ban Johnson got word of it, however, he pressured Mexican authorities to deport Chase. Despite his unsavory past, Chase received a certain amount of National Baseball Hall of Fame support early in its history. During the inaugural Hall of Fame balloting of 1936, Chase garnered 11 votes and was named on 4.9% of the ballots. This",
"title": "Hal Chase"
},
{
"id": "496012",
"text": "Major League Baseball Major League Baseball (MLB) is a professional baseball organization, the oldest of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. A total of 30 teams play in the National League (NL) and American League (AL), with 15 teams in each league. The NL and AL were formed as separate legal entities in 1876 and 1901 respectively. After cooperating but remaining legally separate entities beginning in 1903, the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball in 2000. The organization also oversees Minor League Baseball, which comprises 256 teams affiliated",
"title": "Major League Baseball"
},
{
"id": "6519556",
"text": "football to a Chinese audience\". In 2016, two clubs were honoured: Cambridge University, for their unofficial claim to be the world's oldest club; some documents in their archive suggest a foundation year of 1856, the year before Sheffield began, and Notts County for their status as the world's oldest club currently playing at a professional level; founded in 1862. Team awards were introduced in 2008, as part of a one-off European Hall of Fame ceremony. Manchester United and Liverpool's European Cup winning sides of 1968 and 1978 were the first teams inducted. In 2009, Manchester United's Busby Babes squad of",
"title": "English Football Hall of Fame"
},
{
"id": "48353",
"text": "put Jackson in the Hall of Fame to \"those women who show up at murder trials wanting to marry the cute murderer\". In 2012, Congress passed and President Barack Obama signed a law ordering the United States Mint to produce and sell commemorative, non-circulating coins to benefit the private, non-profit Hall. The bill, , was introduced in the United States House of Representatives by Rep. Richard Hanna, a Republican from New York, and passed the House on October 26, 2011. The coins, which depict baseball gloves and balls, are the first concave designs produced by the Mint. The mintage included",
"title": "National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum"
},
{
"id": "1944520",
"text": "Pro Football Hall of Fame The Pro Football Hall of Fame is the hall of fame for professional American football, located in Canton, Ohio. Opened in 1963, the Hall of Fame enshrines exceptional figures in the sport of professional football, including players, coaches, franchise owners, and front-office personnel, almost all of whom made their primary contributions to the game in the National Football League (NFL); the Hall inducts between four and eight new enshrinees each year. The Hall of Fame's Mission is to \"Honor the Heroes of the Game, Preserve its History, Promote its Values & Celebrate Excellence EVERYWHERE.\" With",
"title": "Pro Football Hall of Fame"
},
{
"id": "14545507",
"text": "Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame The Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame (\"Salón de la Fama del Béisbol Cubano\") is a hall of fame that honors eminent baseball players from Cuban baseball. Established in 1939 to honor players, managers, and umpires in the pre-revolution Cuban League, by 1961 it had honored 68 players, managers, and umpires whose names are shown on a marble plaque at Havana's Estadio Latinoamericano. After the revolution, however, the Hall of Fame languished for more than 50 years, seldom mentioned or acknowledged and with no new inductees. Following a campaign led by Cuban filmmaker Ian Padrón, a",
"title": "Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame"
},
{
"id": "749025",
"text": "the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1999 on the first ballot and is the only player in MLB history to win a batting title in three different decades. Brett was named the Royals' interim hitting coach in 2013 on May 30, but stepped down from the position on July 25 in order to resume his position of vice president of baseball operations. Born in Glen Dale, West Virginia, Brett was the youngest of four sons of a sports-minded family which included Ken, the second oldest, a major league pitcher who pitched in the 1967 World Series at age 19. Brothers",
"title": "George Brett"
},
{
"id": "1937927",
"text": "1945, no MLB All-Star Game was held and no All-Stars were officially named. In 1947, fans were given the opportunity to vote on the eight starting position players, but in 1957, fans of the Cincinnati Reds stuffed the ballot box (see below), and elected a Red to every position except first base. Commissioner Ford Frick stepped in and removed two Reds from the lineup. As a response to this unfairness, fan voting was discontinued; players, coaches, and managers were given the sole authority to elect starting position players, for the next dozen years. Between the lack of fan input and",
"title": "Major League Baseball All-Star Game"
},
{
"id": "4388695",
"text": "eligible. On December 13, 2004, 10 finalists were announced. In accordance with guidelines established in 2003, seven were chosen by a research committee at the museum: Jerry Coleman, Ken Coleman, Dizzy Dean, Gene Elston, Tony Kubek, France Laux and Graham McNamee. Three additional candidates – Dave Niehaus, Tom Cheek and Ron Santo – were selected in voting by over 65,000 fans prior to November 2004 at the Hall's official website . On February 22, Jerry Coleman was announced as the 2005 recipient ; a former major league infielder and the voice of the San Diego Padres almost continuously since 1972,",
"title": "2005 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting"
},
{
"id": "3578568",
"text": "balls. In 1925, the minimum distance for a home run was made 250 feet. After that, the rules remained virtually static for decades. In 1961, the 162-game schedule was adopted. In 1969, the pitcher's mound was dropped five inches and the strike zone reduced: from the armpits to the top of the knees. In 1973, the American League adopted the designated hitter rule—rejected to this day by the National League. This was probably the most controversial rule change in baseball's history, and is still subject to lively debate. Also controversial when adopted, although more generally accepted now, was the later",
"title": "Baseball rules"
},
{
"id": "49489",
"text": "two years later. The next week, Ruth went to Cooperstown, New York, for the formal opening of the Baseball Hall of Fame. Three years earlier, he was one of the first five players elected to the hall. As radio broadcasts of baseball games became popular, Ruth sought a job in that field, arguing that his celebrity and knowledge of baseball would assure large audiences, but he received no offers. During World War II, he made many personal appearances to advance the war effort, including his last appearance as a player at Yankee Stadium, in a 1943 exhibition for the Army-Navy",
"title": "Babe Ruth"
},
{
"id": "20591829",
"text": "to fans at the team store or on the MLB online store, and for sale to retailers and other marketers of authenticated MLB merchandise. Occasionally items are sent for inclusion in the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. In 2001 MLB Properties contracted with the Arthur Andersen accounting firm to oversee and authenticate private autographing sessions for balls, bats, base pads, and other items. The Deloitte & Touche accounting firm took over this role in 2002. Major League Baseball Authentication Program The Major League Baseball Authentication Program, or MLB Authentication Program, is a program run by Major League Baseball",
"title": "Major League Baseball Authentication Program"
},
{
"id": "16676998",
"text": "dramas \"All My Children\" and \"One Life to Live\". The song was covered on the \"Glee\" episode \"All or Nothing\". \"\" used it as the theme song in the opening credits. The song was also published in the ads section for NBC's primetime drama, \"Chicago Fire\". The song has also been used as the theme song for Impact Wrestling and WWE's Hall of Fame ceremonies. It has also been used at recent Arena Football League and National Football League Hall Of Fame Games. The song was used in a 2014 Omega SA commercial featuring professional golfer Rory McIlroy. In 2016,",
"title": "Hall of Fame (song)"
},
{
"id": "332630",
"text": "generally thought to have favored batters. His dominance, reflected by modern statistics, has led many to consider Martinez as one of the greatest pitchers in MLB history. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2015, his first year of eligibility, joining Juan Marichal as the second Dominican to be enshrined; his number (45) was retired by the Red Sox in a ceremony two days after his Hall induction. Martínez grew up in the Dominican Republic in the Santo Domingo suburb of Manoguayabo. He was the fifth of six siblings living in a palm wood house with a",
"title": "Pedro Martínez"
},
{
"id": "15241296",
"text": "finalists were announced on October 5, 2011. In accord with guidelines established in 2003, seven were chosen by a committee composed of the living recipients along with broadcasting historians and columnists. Three were selected from a list of candidates by fan voting in September 2011 at the Hall's Facebook page. Five candidates were living when the ballot was announced—the active McCarver, Nadel, and Shannon; and the retired Cárdenas and Doucet. On December 7, Tim McCarver, the lead analyst for \"Major League Baseball on Fox\" since , was named as the recipient. A catcher in MLB for 22 years, mostly with",
"title": "2012 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting"
},
{
"id": "12910730",
"text": "1963 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting Elections to the Baseball Hall of Fame for 1963 followed a system established for odd-number years after the 1956 election. Namely, the baseball writers were voting on recent players only in even-number years. The Veterans Committee met in closed sessions to consider executives, managers, umpires, and earlier major league players. It selected four people: 19th-century 300-game winner John Clarkson, turn-of-the-century outfielder Elmer Flick, 266-game winner Eppa Rixey, and outfielder Sam Rice, who had 2987 career hits. Following the death of J. G. Taylor Spink in December, the Baseball Writers Association of America inaugurated the",
"title": "1963 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting"
},
{
"id": "19256081",
"text": "and Chris Woodward. 442 ballots were cast, 2 more than in 2016. Jeff Bagwell, Tim Raines and Iván Rodríguez were elected. Raines and Lee Smith were on the ballot for their final time; Smith dropped off the ballot, while Raines was the fifth player to be elected in his final ballot, after Red Ruffing, Joe Medwick, Ralph Kiner, and Jim Rice. Rodríguez was elected in his first year of eligibility. Voting results from 2017: On July 23, 2016, the Hall of Fame announced changes to the Era Committee system. The system's timeframes were restructured to place a greater emphasis on",
"title": "2017 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting"
},
{
"id": "1967365",
"text": "new Busch Stadium for its first season in 2006, where it became a popular meeting place for generations of Cardinals fans. Musial's statue is inscribed with a quote attributed to former baseball commissioner Ford Frick: \"Here stands baseball's perfect warrior. Here stands baseball's perfect knight.\" Musial was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility in , when he was named on 93.2 percent of the ballots. On June 14, 1973 he was the first inductee into the National Polish-American Hall of Fame, housed at St. Mary's College in Orchard Lake, Michigan. In 1989, he",
"title": "Stan Musial"
},
{
"id": "10267925",
"text": "manager, and sportswriter that lent credibility to his assertion that Cooperstown, New York be the location for a \"memorial\" to the great players from the past. Cooperstown was, at the time, the place that many people believed where Abner Doubleday had invented the game of baseball. It was this idea of a memorial that eventually led to the creation of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in . Crane died at the age of 71 of pneumonia in New York City, and is interred at the Lutheran All Faith Cemetery in Middle Village, New York. Sam Crane (second",
"title": "Sam Crane (second baseman)"
},
{
"id": "14399289",
"text": "1961 Major League Baseball All-Star Game (first game) The first 1961 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was played in Candlestick Park in San Francisco on July 11, 1961. The National League scored two runs in the bottom of the tenth inning to win 5–4. Stu Miller was the winning pitcher and Hoyt Wilhelm was charged with the loss. Players in \"italics\" have since been inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame. Umpires: Stan Landes, Home Plate (NL); Frank Umont, First Base (AL); Shag Crawford, Second Base (NL); Ed Runge, Third Base (AL); Ed Vargo, Left Field (NL); Cal Drummond,",
"title": "1961 Major League Baseball All-Star Game (first game)"
}
] | when did the mlb hall of fame start |
[
"Gabriel Narutowicz"
] | [
{
"id": "540753",
"text": "President of Poland The President of the Republic of Poland (, shorter form: \"Prezydent RP\") is the head of state of Poland. Their rights and obligations are determined in the Constitution of Poland. The president heads the executive branch. In addition the president has a right to dissolve the parliament in certain cases and represents Poland in the international arena. The first president of Poland, Gabriel Narutowicz, was sworn in as president of the Second Republic on 11 December 1922. He was elected by the National Assembly (the Sejm and the Senate) under the terms of the 1921 Constitution of",
"title": "President of Poland"
},
{
"id": "540756",
"text": "on the March 1921 constitution, that Bierut was elected president by the Sejm, the Senate having been abolished the previous year by the Polish people's referendum, 1946. He served until the 1952 Constitution eliminated the office of the president. Following the 1989 amendments to the constitution which restored the presidency, Wojciech Jaruzelski, the existing head of state, took office. In Poland's first direct presidential election, Lech Wałęsa won and was sworn in on 22 December 1990. The office of the president was continued in the Constitution of 1997, which now provides the requirements for, the duties of and the authority",
"title": "President of Poland"
},
{
"id": "2253011",
"text": "entirely free. Candidates supported by Solidarity's Citizens' Committees won most of the elections they contested, although voter turnout was only a little over 40%. The cabinet was reshuffled in July 1990; the national defence and interior affairs ministers (hold-overs from the previous communist government) were among those replaced. In October 1990, the constitution was amended to curtail the term of President Jaruzelski. In December, Lech Wałęsa became the first popularly elected President of Poland. In the early 1990s, Poland made great progress towards achieving a fully democratic government and a market economy. In November 1990, Lech Wałęsa was elected President",
"title": "History of Poland (1989–present)"
},
{
"id": "4460732",
"text": "supported by Solidarity. Jaruzelski was elected by the Sejm as President of Poland. The May 1990 local elections were entirely free. Candidates supported by Solidarity's Citizens' Committees won most of the elections they contested, although voter turnout was only a little over 40%. The cabinet was reshuffled in July 1990; the national defence and interior affairs ministers (hold-overs from the previous communist government) were among those replaced. In October 1990, the constitution was amended to curtail the term of President Jaruzelski. In December, Lech Wałęsa became the first popularly elected President of Poland. Poland's first free parliamentary elections were held",
"title": "Elections in Poland"
},
{
"id": "2459558",
"text": "Gabriel Narutowicz Gabriel Narutowicz (; 17 March 1865 – 16 December 1922) was a Polish professor of hydroelectric engineering and politician who served as the 1st President of Poland from 11 December 1922 until his assassination on 16 December, five days after assuming office. He previously served as the Minister of Public Works from 1920 to 1921 and briefly as Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1922. A renowned engineer and politically independent, Narutowicz was the first elected head of state following Poland's regained sovereignty from partitioning powers. Born into a noble family with strong patriotic sentiment, Narutowicz studied at the",
"title": "Gabriel Narutowicz"
},
{
"id": "5589316",
"text": "Ryszard Kaczorowski Ryszard Kaczorowski, GCMG (; 26 November 1919 – 10 April 2010) was a Polish statesman. Between 1989 and 1990 he served as the last President of Poland in exile. He succeeded Kazimierz Sabbat and resigned his post following Poland's regaining independence from the Soviet sphere of influence and election of Lech Wałęsa as the first democratically elected president of Poland since World War II. He also passed the presidential insignia to Wałęsa, thus ending the 45-years long episode of the Polish government in exile. Ryszard Kaczorowski was born on 26 November 1919, in Białystok, Poland. His parents were",
"title": "Ryszard Kaczorowski"
},
{
"id": "540754",
"text": "Poland. Previously Józef Piłsudski had been \"Chief of State\" (\"Naczelnik Państwa\") under the provisional 1919 Constitution. In 1926, Piłsudski, who was fed up with regional bickering, staged a coup deposed the president and had the National Assembly elect a new one, Ignacy Mościcki, under the thumb of Sanacja. Just before Piłsudski died, parliament passed the 1935 April Constitution of Poland which incorporated Piłsudski's ideals, but was not in accord with the amendment procedures of the 1921 Constitution. Mościcki continued as president until he resigned following the German invasion of Poland in 1939. Mościcki and his government went into exile first",
"title": "President of Poland"
},
{
"id": "5422148",
"text": "unite the various émigré circles and created ever stronger links with the opposition movement in Poland, which benefited from the Government in exile's moral and material help through different Funds. He became President of the Republic of Poland (in Exile) in 1986 succeeding Edward Raczyński. He died in London, aged 76, in 1989. Coincidentally, on the same day Wojciech Jaruzelski was elected by a still unfree Parliament as the first President of the country since the 1950s. Ryszard Kaczorowski, Minister of Domestic Affairs and designated successor, took office in exile and on 22 December 1990, after the first free and",
"title": "Kazimierz Sabbat"
},
{
"id": "8228585",
"text": "soon began to lose popularity. Conflicts among Solidarity factions intensified. Wałęsa was elected Solidarity chairman, but support for him could be seen to be crumbling. One of his main opponents, Władysław Frasyniuk, withdrew from elections altogether. In September 1990, Wałęsa declared that Gazeta Wyborcza had no right to use the Solidarity logo. Later that month, Wałęsa announced his intent to run for president of Poland. In December 1990, he was elected president. He resigned his Solidarity post and became the first president of Poland ever to be elected by popular vote. Next year, in February 1991, Marian Krzaklewski was elected",
"title": "History of Solidarity"
},
{
"id": "540755",
"text": "into Romania, where Mościcki was interned, then to Angers in France where Władysław Raczkiewicz, at the time the Speaker of the Senate, assumed the presidency following Mościcki's resignation on 29 September 1939, and then on to London. The transfer from Mościcki to Raczkiewicz was in accordance with Article 24 of the 1935 April Constitution. Following the invasion of Poland by the Red Army in 1944, Bolesław Bierut assumed the reins of government, and in July 1945 was internationally recognized as the head of state, but it was not until 1947 when the Sejm passed an interim constitution based in part",
"title": "President of Poland"
},
{
"id": "179182",
"text": "The communist Polish United Workers' Party dissolved itself in January 1990. In its place, a new party, Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland, was created. \"Territorial self-government\", abolished in 1950, was legislated back in March 1990, to be led by locally elected officials; its fundamental unit was the administratively independent gmina. In October 1990, the constitution was amended to curtail the term of President Jaruzelski. In November 1990, the German–Polish Border Treaty, with unified Germany, was signed. In November 1990, Lech Wałęsa was elected president for a five-year term; in December, he became the first popularly elected president of",
"title": "History of Poland"
},
{
"id": "4042071",
"text": "1990 Polish presidential election Presidential elections were held in Poland on 25 November 1990, with a second round on 9 December. They were the first direct presidential elections in the history of Poland, and the first free presidential elections since the May Coup of 1926. Before World War II, presidents were elected by the Sejm. From 1952 to 1989—the bulk of the Communist era—the presidency did not exist as a separate institution, and most of its functions were fulfilled by the State Council of Poland, whose chairman was considered the equivalent of a president. The leader of the Solidarity movement,",
"title": "1990 Polish presidential election"
},
{
"id": "4818599",
"text": "worker unrest Wałęsa declared himself a supporter of workers' interests, allegedly threatened by those whom he identified as communists (such as President Jaruzelski) or elitist political liberals (such as Prime Minister Mazowiecki). Wałęsa presented himself as a person of good conservative, Christian and nationalist credentials. In 1990, Jaruzelski resigned as Poland's president and was succeeded by Wałęsa, who won the 1990 presidential elections. Lech Wałęsa's inauguration as president took place on 22 December 1990; he accepted the prewar presidential insignia from the stepping down President-in-Exile Ryszard Kaczorowski, distancing himself from Wojciech Jaruzelski. Wałęsa defeated Mazowiecki and in the second round",
"title": "History of Poland (1945–1989)"
},
{
"id": "179094",
"text": "March 1921. At the insistence of the National Democrats, who were concerned about how aggressively Józef Piłsudski might exercise presidential powers if he were elected to office, the constitution mandated limited prerogatives for the presidency. The proclamation of the March Constitution was followed by a short and turbulent period of constitutional order and parliamentary democracy that lasted until 1926. The legislature remained fragmented, without stable majorities, and governments changed frequently. The open-minded Gabriel Narutowicz was elected president constitutionally (without a popular vote) by the National Assembly in 1922. However, members of the nationalist right-wing faction did not regard his elevation",
"title": "History of Poland"
},
{
"id": "15855189",
"text": "President of the Republic of Poland Gabriel Narutowicz was elected after several rounds by joint chambers of Sejm and Senate (at time of Second Polish Republic joint parliament elected President. The first direct vote took place in 1990). Narutowicz, however, was assassinated just five days since taking office. According to the Constitution the Sejm Marshal Maciej Rataj became Acting President of the Republic of Poland and organised new elections, which took place on December 20. Stanislaw Wojciechowski won the second election, and took office on December 22. 1922 Polish presidential elections The 1922 presidential elections were the first two Polish",
"title": "1922 Polish presidential elections"
},
{
"id": "540762",
"text": "Kaczyński, his wife, and 94 others including many Polish officials crashed near Smolensk-North Airport in Russia. There were no survivors. Bronisław Komorowski took over acting presidential powers following the incident. On 8 July Bronislaw Komorowski resigned from the office of Marshal of the Sejm after winning the presidential election. According to the constitution, the acting president then became the Marshal of the Senate, Bogdan Borusewicz. In the afternoon Grzegorz Schetyna was elected as a new Marshal of the Sejm and he became acting president. Schetyna served as the interim head of state until Komorowski's swearing-in on 6 August. Within Poland,",
"title": "President of Poland"
},
{
"id": "14512904",
"text": "election. The election of Polish kings lasted until the Partitions of Poland. The elected kings in chronological order were: Henry of Valois, Anna Jagiellon, Stephen Báthory, Sigismund III Vasa, Władysław IV, John II Casimir, Michael Korybut Wiśniowiecki, John III Sobieski, Augustus II the Strong, Stanisław Leszczyński, Augustus III and Stanisław August Poniatowski. The first Polish royal election was held in 1573. The four men running for the office were Henry of Valois, who was the brother of King Charles IX of France, Tsar Ivan IV of Russia, Archduke Ernest of Austria, and King John III of Sweden. Henry of Valois",
"title": "History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1648)"
},
{
"id": "540757",
"text": "of the office. The President of Poland is elected directly by the people to serve for five years and can be reelected only once. Pursuant to the provisions of the Constitution, the President is elected by an absolute majority. If no candidate succeeds in passing this threshold, a second round of voting is held with the participation of the two candidates with the largest and second largest number of votes respectively. In order to be registered as a candidate in the presidential election, one must be a Polish citizen, be at least 35 years old on the day of the",
"title": "President of Poland"
},
{
"id": "12883537",
"text": "1926 Polish presidential elections Two presidential elections were held in Poland in 1926. They followed the May Coup, which forced President Stanisław Wojciechowski and Prime Minister Wincenty Witos to resign and gave effective power to coup leader, Marshal Józef Piłsudski. According to then Constitution President was elected by joint houses of Sejm and Senate (National Assembly). There were two candidates: Piłsudski and supported by the National Democracy, Christian Democracy and Piast Adolf Bniński, Voivode of Poznań. Several other politicians were mentioned to run, most notably outsed President Wojciechowski, Sejm Marshal and now Acting President Maciej Rataj (Polish People's Party \"Piast\")",
"title": "1926 Polish presidential elections"
},
{
"id": "179179",
"text": "by the opposition) resulted in a political crisis. The new April Novelization to the constitution called for re-establishment of the Polish presidency and on 19 July the National Assembly elected the communist leader, General Wojciech Jaruzelski, to that office. His election, seen at the time as politically necessary, was barely accomplished with tacit support from some Solidarity deputies, and the new president's position was not strong. Moreover, the unexpected definitiveness of the parliamentary election results created new political dynamics and attempts by the communists to form a government failed. On 19 August, President Jaruzelski asked journalist and Solidarity activist Tadeusz",
"title": "History of Poland"
},
{
"id": "2198022",
"text": "such as Central Industrial Region (Poland), nearly finished by early 1939, and the projects that were to follow it. After the death of Piłsudski in May 1935, policies in Poland were set by five senior officials, including President Ignacy Mościcki; Vice-President Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski; the Premier, Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski; and Marshal Edward Smigly-Rydz, the Commander-in-Chief of the army. Foreign policy was the exclusive domain of the Foreign Minister, Colonel Józef Beck. Elections were held but there was no democracy and the Sejm was merely a rubber stamp. Watt notes that these men had emerged victorious from their struggles for independence and",
"title": "History of Poland (1918–1939)"
},
{
"id": "10240509",
"text": "did so twice, Bronisław Komorowski, Bogdan Borusewicz and Grzegorz Schetyna. Rataj, Komorowski and Schetyna were Marshals of the Sejm, and Borusewicz the Speaker of the Senate. Rataj's first term was between the assassination of President Gabriel Narutowicz and the election of Stanisław Wojciechowski, December 16–22, 1922, the second between the resignation of President Wojciechowski and the election of Ignacy Mościcki, May 15–June 4, 1926. Both times he appointed a new cabinet. Komorowski became acting President on April 10, 2010, following the death of President Lech Kaczyński in a plane crash. On July 8, 2010 Poland had three different acting Presidents.",
"title": "Acting President of Poland"
},
{
"id": "15855187",
"text": "1922 Polish presidential elections The 1922 presidential elections were the first two Polish presidential elections in history, held eleven days apart. After acquisition of independence of Poland the head of state was Naczelnik Państwa Józef Piłsudski. In a new constitution adopted by Polish Sejm new head of state was to be the President of Republic of Poland going to be choose by the National Assembly (combined Sejm and Senate). After parliamentary election planned the first Polish presidential election. Main probably candidate Józef Piłsudski despite proposals for starting and did not stand in election. He propose a former Prime Minister Wincenty",
"title": "1922 Polish presidential elections"
},
{
"id": "18273743",
"text": "Assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz Gabriel Narutowicz, the first president of Poland after regaining independence, was assassinated on 16 December 1922, five days after taking office. He was fatally shot by Eligiusz Niewiadomski, an artist and art critic, while visiting an exhibition at Warsaw's Zachęta gallery. Poland regained independence in 1918 in the aftermath of World War I. Soon afterwards, Gabriel Narutowicz, professor of engineering, became one of the left-wing leaders in the Sejm (Polish parliament). Following the 1921 March Constitution of Poland and the November 1922 Polish legislative election, Narutowicz was elected the first president of Poland in the Polish",
"title": "Assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz"
},
{
"id": "5881487",
"text": "was sworn in as President on 6 August 2010. Komorowski thus became the second person to serve on two occasions as Polish head of state since 1918, after Maciej Rataj. On 25 May 2015, Komorowski conceded the presidency of Poland to the rival candidate Andrzej Duda, after the latter won the second round of the 2015 presidential election. Bronisław Maria Komorowski was born in Oborniki Śląskie. Born as a son of Zygmunt Leon Komorowski (1925–1992), professor of African Studies at the University of Warsaw and Jadwiga Komorowska (née Szalkowska) . From 1957 to 1959 he lived in Józefów near Otwock.",
"title": "Bronisław Komorowski"
},
{
"id": "179183",
"text": "Poland. Poland's first free parliamentary election was held in October 1991. 18 parties entered the new Sejm, but the largest representation received only 12% of the total vote. There were several post-Solidarity governments between the 1989 election and the 1993 election, after which the \"post-communist\" left-wing parties took over. In 1993, the formerly Soviet Northern Group of Forces, a vestige of past domination, left Poland. In 1995, Aleksander Kwaśniewski of the social democratic party was elected president and remained in that capacity for the next ten years (two terms). In 1997, the new Constitution of Poland was finalized and approved",
"title": "History of Poland"
},
{
"id": "6305684",
"text": "of Poland by an absolute majority of votes. In 1935, it was replaced by an Assembly of Electors, which consisted of the Marshal of the Senate (as president of Assembly of Electors), the Marshal of the Sejm, the Prime Minister, the Chief Justice, the General Armed Forces Inspector, 50 electors elected by the Sejm, and 25 electors elected by the Senate. The Senate was abolished in 1946 so in 1947 Bolesław Bierut was elected President only by the Sejm. There were no presidents from 1952 until 1989 when the Senate was restored and the National Assembly elected Wojciech Jaruzelski as",
"title": "Parliament of Poland"
},
{
"id": "2253017",
"text": "led the SLD. In April 1997, the first post-communist Constitution of Poland was finalized, and in July put into effect. In June 2000, UW withdrew from the governing coalition, leaving AWS at the helm of a minority government. In the presidential election of 2000, Aleksander Kwaśniewski, the incumbent former leader of the post-communist SLD, was re-elected in the first round of voting, with 53.9% of the popular vote. Second place, with only 17.3%, went to Andrzej Olechowski. It is thought that the opposition campaign was hindered by their inability to put forward a charismatic (or even a single major) candidate,",
"title": "History of Poland (1989–present)"
},
{
"id": "12883539",
"text": "again. Mościcki accepted his election. 1926 Polish presidential elections Two presidential elections were held in Poland in 1926. They followed the May Coup, which forced President Stanisław Wojciechowski and Prime Minister Wincenty Witos to resign and gave effective power to coup leader, Marshal Józef Piłsudski. According to then Constitution President was elected by joint houses of Sejm and Senate (National Assembly). There were two candidates: Piłsudski and supported by the National Democracy, Christian Democracy and Piast Adolf Bniński, Voivode of Poznań. Several other politicians were mentioned to run, most notably outsed President Wojciechowski, Sejm Marshal and now Acting President Maciej",
"title": "1926 Polish presidential elections"
},
{
"id": "307614",
"text": "the Polish United Workers' Party and by 1989 had triumphed in Poland's first partially free and democratic parliamentary elections since the end of the Second World War. Lech Wałęsa, a Solidarity candidate, eventually won the presidency in 1990. The Solidarity movement heralded the collapse of communist regimes and parties across Europe. A shock therapy programme, initiated by Leszek Balcerowicz in the early 1990s enabled the country to transform its socialist-style planned economy into a market economy. As with other post-communist countries, Poland suffered slumps in social and economic standards, but it became the first post-communist country to reach its pre-1989",
"title": "Poland"
},
{
"id": "4847213",
"text": "2005 Polish presidential election The 2005 Presidential elections were held in Poland on October 9 and October 23, 2005. The outgoing President of Poland, Aleksander Kwaśniewski, had served two five-year terms and was unable to stand for a third term. Lech Kaczyński defeated Donald Tusk to become President of Poland. Two center-right candidates, Donald Tusk, chairman of the Civic Platform party (PO), and Lech Kaczyński, leader of the Law and Justice party (PiS) and mayor of Warsaw, led the poll in the first round, as was widely expected. As neither received 50 percent of the vote, a second round was",
"title": "2005 Polish presidential election"
},
{
"id": "4460728",
"text": "Jagiellonian dynasty, and following a brief period of interregnum, the entire nobility (szlachta) of the Commonwealth (10% of the population) could take part in the elections of the monarchs. Last elected king was Stanisław August Poniatowski in 1764. He abdicated in 1795 after the partitions of Poland ended the existence of sovereign state of Poland for 123 years. It is disputed how free were elections held after 1926 were; in particular, the 1930 elections are often considered to have been non-free . Polish presidents were elected by the Sejm and Senate (Zgromadzenie Narodowe), not in a popular vote. Before 1922,",
"title": "Elections in Poland"
},
{
"id": "5589323",
"text": "and 94 others. He was the oldest victim of the crash. On 19 April 2010, Kaczorowski's coffin was taken to St John's Cathedral for a funeral mass, before being buried in a crypt at the National Temple of Divine Providence in Warsaw. http://www.thenews.pl/radio/newsfrompoland/default.aspx?id=129920 Ryszard Kaczorowski Ryszard Kaczorowski, GCMG (; 26 November 1919 – 10 April 2010) was a Polish statesman. Between 1989 and 1990 he served as the last President of Poland in exile. He succeeded Kazimierz Sabbat and resigned his post following Poland's regaining independence from the Soviet sphere of influence and election of Lech Wałęsa as the first",
"title": "Ryszard Kaczorowski"
},
{
"id": "9825820",
"text": "or embroidered on the \"vexillum\". A royal banner was used as early as the reign of Boleslaus the Generous (r. 1076-1079). The earliest mention of a banner (, pronounced ) bearing the sign of an eagle is found in Wincenty Kadłubek's \"Chronicle\" which says that Duke Casimir the Just fought the Ruthenians in 1182 \"under the sign of the victorious eagle\". A seal of Duke Premislaus II from 1290 shows the ruler holding a banner emblazoned with a crowned eagle. Five years later, Premislaus was crowned King of Poland, and he made the crowned White Eagle a national coat of",
"title": "Banner of Poland"
},
{
"id": "3098068",
"text": "Ignacy Mościcki Ignacy Mościcki (; 1 December 18672 October 1946) was a Polish chemist, politician, and President of Poland from 1926 to 1939. He was the longest serving President in Poland's history. Ignacy Mościcki was born on 1 December 1867 in Mierzanowo, a small village near Ciechanów, Congress Poland. After completing school in Warsaw, he studied chemistry at the Riga Polytechnicum. There he joined the Polish underground leftist organization, \"Proletariat\". On graduating, he returned to Warsaw, but was threatened by the Tsarist secret police with life imprisonment in Siberia and was forced to emigrate in 1892 to London. In 1896",
"title": "Ignacy Mościcki"
},
{
"id": "20107907",
"text": "Polish presidential inauguration Polish presidential inauguration is an event marking the beginning of a new term for the President of Poland. According to Article 130 of the current Constitution of Poland (1997) the only condition of taking the office of President of Poland is taking the oath before the National Assembly. All other events are purely ceremonial. If the winning candidate holds any other office, he is obliged to renounce the previously held office on the same day the chairman of National Electoral Commission officially presents election certificate to president-elect. Electoral law specifies that the president-elect is to be inaugurated",
"title": "Polish presidential inauguration"
},
{
"id": "14511281",
"text": "Lech Wałęsa Lech Wałęsa (; born 29 September 1943) is a retired Polish politician and labour activist. He co-founded and headed Solidarity (\"Solidarność\"), the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland from 1990 to 1995. While working at the Lenin Shipyard (now Gdańsk Shipyard), Wałęsa, an electrician, became a trade-union activist, for which he was persecuted by the Communist authorities, placed under surveillance, fired in 1976, and arrested several times. In August 1980 he was instrumental in political negotiations that led to the ground-breaking Gdańsk Agreement between striking",
"title": "Lech Wałęsa"
},
{
"id": "18562938",
"text": "Andrzej Duda Andrzej Sebastian Duda ( ; born 16 May 1972) is a Polish politician who serves as the sixth and current President of Poland, holding the office since 6 August 2015. Before his tenure as President, Duda was a member of Polish Lower House (Sejm) from 2011 to 2014 and the European Parliament from 2014 to 2015. Duda was the presidential candidate for the right wing Law and Justice party, during the 2015 presidential election in May 2015. In the first round of voting, Duda received 5,179,092 votes – 34.76% of valid votes. In the second round of voting,",
"title": "Andrzej Duda"
},
{
"id": "715313",
"text": "Bolesław Bierut Bolesław Bierut (; 18 April 1892 – 12 March 1956) was a Polish Communist leader, NKVD agent, and a hard-line Stalinist who became President of Poland after the defeat of the Nazi forces in . Bierut was born in Rury, now a part of Lublin, to Wojciech Bierut, a village teacher, and his wife Maria (née Biernacka). He began his studies in 1899/1900 at the public school in Lublin. The school focused majorly on religiousness & patriotism of the students. At the same time he was closely related to the church, and his parents planned to send him",
"title": "Bolesław Bierut"
},
{
"id": "9825830",
"text": "last Polish president-in-exile, Ryszard Kaczorowski, handed the presidential insignia, including one of the banners rescued by Mościcki in 1939, to Lech Wałęsa, the first democratically elected president of post-war Poland. The ceremony, held at the Royal Castle in Warsaw was seen as a symbol of the Third Republic's continuity with the pre-war Second Republic. However, since legal regulations on national symbols did not recognize a national banner at that time, the banner brought by Kaczorowski did not become the presidential insignia again but was instead donated to the Royal Castle museum where it is now on display. The other of",
"title": "Banner of Poland"
},
{
"id": "2253033",
"text": "an increase for the former and a drop for the latter compared to the 2006 elections. In October 2011 Donald Tusk, with a clear pro-European agenda, became the first ever Polish Prime Minister to be reelected in post-communist Poland. PO won a record of four consecutive elections, and Donald Tusk was left as the kingmaker. PO's dominance was seen as a reflection of right-wing weakness and divisions, with PiS splitting in autumn 2010. After two rounds of elections in May 2015, opposition Law and Justice (PiS) candidate Andrzej Duda became President by a 3% margin. In October 2015, the PiS",
"title": "History of Poland (1989–present)"
},
{
"id": "641798",
"text": "Stanisław Wojciechowski Stanisław Wojciechowski (; 15 March 1869 – 9 April 1953) was a Polish politician, scholar, and activist in the cooperative movement. In 1922 he was elected the second President of the Republic of Poland following the assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz. He was ousted by the May Coup d'État of 1926. While a student at the University of Warsaw, Wojciechowski worked for the Polish Socialist movement, which at the time was a major force in the Polish independence effort. He was arrested by czarist police in 1891, and again in 1892. Upon his release he moved to Zurich, then",
"title": "Stanisław Wojciechowski"
},
{
"id": "2253032",
"text": "the event of Russian aggressions towards Poland. On 10 April 2010, numerous members of the political elite died in the Smolensk air crash, including Lech Kaczyński, incumbent President of Poland. At the Polish presidential election in 2010, Donald Tusk decided not to run. At PO primary elections, Bronisław Komorowski defeated the Oxford-educated Foreign Minister Radosław Sikorski, at the second round of voting on 4 July 2010, he defeated PiS's Jarosław Kaczyński. and on August 6, 2010 he was sworn in as new President. In the November 2010 local elections PO won 31 percent of the votes and PiS 23 percent,",
"title": "History of Poland (1989–present)"
},
{
"id": "3098072",
"text": "Romania and was forced by France to resign his office. He transferred the office to General Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski, who held it for only one day before General Władysław Sikorski and the French government ousted him in favor of Władysław Raczkiewicz. In December 1939 Mościcki was released and allowed to move to Switzerland, where he remained through World War II. He died at his home near Geneva on 2 October 1946. Ignacy Mościcki Ignacy Mościcki (; 1 December 18672 October 1946) was a Polish chemist, politician, and President of Poland from 1926 to 1939. He was the longest serving President in",
"title": "Ignacy Mościcki"
},
{
"id": "2253009",
"text": "Senate were freely contested; the majority of these were by candidates supported by Solidarity. The failure of the communists at the polls produced a political crisis. The round-table agreement called for a communist president, and on July 19, the National Assembly, with the support of a number of Solidarity deputies, elected General Wojciech Jaruzelski to that office. However, two attempts by the communists to form governments failed. On August 19, President Jaruzelski asked journalist/Solidarity activist Tadeusz Mazowiecki to form a government; on September 12, the Sejm voted approval of Prime Minister Mazowiecki and his cabinet. For the first time in",
"title": "History of Poland (1989–present)"
},
{
"id": "4241168",
"text": "to confirm the heir's appointment, dates to the very beginning of Polish statehood. Legends survive of the 9th-century election of the legendary founder of the first Polish royal family, Piast the Wheelwright of the Piast dynasty, and of a similar election of his son, Siemowit (that would place a Polish ruler's election a century before the earliest Icelandic ones by the Althing), but sources for that time are very sparse, and it is hard to estimate to whether those elections were more than a formality. The election privilege, exercised during the gatherings known as \"wiec\", was usually limited to the",
"title": "Royal elections in Poland"
},
{
"id": "20455248",
"text": "Małgorzata Gersdorf Małgorzata Maria Gersdorf (; born 22 November 1952) is a Polish lawyer and judge who currently serves as the First President of the Supreme Court of Poland, a position she has held since 2014. She graduated from the University of Warsaw with a law degree in 1975, and obtained a doctorate degree in 1981. She became a professor for the University of Warsaw in 1992, served as Vice-Rector of the University in 2005, and became head of the Law Department in 2008. Politically, Gersdorf was part of the Solidarity movement in the 1980s, and worked in the Supreme",
"title": "Małgorzata Gersdorf"
},
{
"id": "14511337",
"text": "by Simon Bolivar and is ranked just above Ivan the Terrible. Lech Wałęsa Lech Wałęsa (; born 29 September 1943) is a retired Polish politician and labour activist. He co-founded and headed Solidarity (\"Solidarność\"), the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland from 1990 to 1995. While working at the Lenin Shipyard (now Gdańsk Shipyard), Wałęsa, an electrician, became a trade-union activist, for which he was persecuted by the Communist authorities, placed under surveillance, fired in 1976, and arrested several times. In August 1980 he was instrumental in",
"title": "Lech Wałęsa"
},
{
"id": "4622168",
"text": "Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski Bolesław Ignacy Florian Wieniawa-Długoszowski (22 July 1881 – 1 July 1942) was a Polish general, adjutant to Chief of State Józef Piłsudski, politician, diplomat, poet , artist, and formally, for one day, President of the Republic of Poland. Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski was born 22 July 1881 on his family's estate in Maksymówka (near Stanisławów – now Ivano-Frankivsk), the son of Bolesław Długoszowski and Józefina, \"née\" Struszkiewicz. In 1877 his family moved to a palace on another family estate, in Bobowa. There Bolesław spent his early life. He attended secondary school in Lwów, where he was a top student. Subsequently",
"title": "Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski"
},
{
"id": "4042075",
"text": "runoff. After the election Tymiński tried to establish a new political party, but quickly disappeared from the political scene in Poland. Although an independent, Cimoszewicz was supported by Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland (SdRP). 1990 Polish presidential election Presidential elections were held in Poland on 25 November 1990, with a second round on 9 December. They were the first direct presidential elections in the history of Poland, and the first free presidential elections since the May Coup of 1926. Before World War II, presidents were elected by the Sejm. From 1952 to 1989—the bulk of the Communist era—the",
"title": "1990 Polish presidential election"
},
{
"id": "2253024",
"text": "turning to the left in 1993 and 2001, and to the right in 1997 and 2005. Presidential elections in October followed a similar script. The early favorite, Donald Tusk, leader of the PO, saw his opinion poll lead slip away and was beaten 54% to 46% in the second round by the PiS candidate Lech Kaczyński (one of the twins, founders of the party). Both elections were blighted by low turn-outs: only 51% in the second and deciding round of the presidential election and just over 40% in the parliamentary election. The suggested cause of the low turnout is popular",
"title": "History of Poland (1989–present)"
},
{
"id": "4385603",
"text": "exile. He was also a member of the Committee for Polish Affairs and an advisor of various British governmental agencies and ministries. In March 1979, Raczyński became President in exile, after being previously chosen by the outgoing President Stanisław Ostrowski. In turn, he chose as his successor Prime Minister Kazimierz Sabbat. During the Raczyński presidency (1979–1986) the Solidarity movement was established in Poland. Raczyński played an important role in raising awareness about the events in Poland in Western countries and in establishing closer ties with the opposition movement in Poland. President Raczyński at some point considered naming Władysław Bartoszewski as",
"title": "Edward Bernard Raczyński"
},
{
"id": "2885659",
"text": "Władysław Raczkiewicz Władysław Raczkiewicz (; 28 January 1885 – 6 June 1947) was a Polish politician, lawyer, diplomat and the first president of the Polish government in exile from 1939 until his death in 1947. Until 1945 he was the internationally recognized Polish head of state, and the Polish Government in Exile was recognized as the continuum to the Polish government of 1939. Władysław Raczkiewicz was born in Kutaisi, the second-largest city in Georgia, at that time part of the Russian Empire to Polish parents Józef Raczkiewicz, a court judge, and Ludwika Łukaszewicz. He studied in Saint Petersburg where he",
"title": "Władysław Raczkiewicz"
},
{
"id": "2197981",
"text": "the Germans sent Piłsudski, then under arrest, back to Warsaw. On November 11, 1918, he took control from the puppet government the Germans had set up. Ignacy Daszyński headed a short-lived Polish government in Lublin from November 6 but Piłsudski had overwhelming prestige at this point. Daszyński and the other Polish leaders acknowledged him as head of the army and in effect head of what became the Republic of Poland. Germany, now defeated, followed the terms of the Armistice and withdrew its forces. Paderewski became the first prime minister (in early 1919) and Dmowsky headed the largest party. From its",
"title": "History of Poland (1918–1939)"
},
{
"id": "4818598",
"text": "limited elections, and the subsequent formation of the first non-communist government in the region in decades, encouraged many similar peaceful transitions from communist party rule in Central and Eastern Europe in the second half of 1989. In December 1989, changes to the Polish constitution were made, officially eliminating the \"socialist\" order: Marxist references were removed and the name of the country was changed back to the Polish Republic. Wałęsa, president of the Solidarity trade union, demanded early presidential elections acting against the advice of his traditional Solidarity allies, intellectuals who were now running the government. Under pressure from the continuing",
"title": "History of Poland (1945–1989)"
},
{
"id": "179010",
"text": "known as the baptism of Poland, and its date is often used to mark a symbolic beginning of Polish statehood. Mieszko completed a unification of the West Slavic tribal lands that was fundamental to the new country's existence. Following its emergence, Poland was led by a series of rulers who converted the population to Christianity, created a strong kingdom and fostered a distinctive Polish culture that was integrated into the broader European culture. Mieszko's son, Duke Bolesław I the Brave (r. 992–1025), established a Polish Church structure, pursued territorial conquests and was officially crowned the first king of Poland in",
"title": "History of Poland"
},
{
"id": "2838124",
"text": "provided as follows: It was not until 29 or 30 September 1939 that Mościcki resigned. Raczkiewicz, who was already in Paris, immediately took his constitutional oath at the Polish Embassy and became President of the Republic of Poland. Raczkiewicz then appointed General Władysław Sikorski to be Prime Minister. After Edward Rydz-Śmigły stepped down, Raczkiewicz also made Sikorski Commander-in-Chief of the Polish Armed Forces. Most of the Polish Navy escaped to Britain, and tens of thousands of Polish soldiers and airmen escaped through Hungary and Romania or across the Baltic Sea to continue the fight in France. Many Poles subsequently took",
"title": "Polish government-in-exile"
},
{
"id": "879935",
"text": "President is elected by popular vote for a five-year term, the Prime minister and Deputy Prime Ministers (if any) are appointed by the President and confirmed by the \"Sejm\". The Council of Ministers is responsible to the Prime Minister and the \"Sejm\". The President is elected by terms; as head of state, supreme commander of the Armed Forces, and supreme representative of the Republic of Poland. The President has the right to veto legislation, although veto may be overridden by the assembly with a three-fifths majority vote. The President, as representative of the state in foreign affairs, shall ratify and",
"title": "Politics of Poland"
},
{
"id": "4460735",
"text": "at the helm of a minority government. In the presidential election of 2000, Aleksander Kwaśniewski, the incumbent former leader of the post-communist Democratic Left Alliance (SLD), was re-elected in the first round of voting, with 53.9% of the popular vote. Second place, with only 17.3%, went to Andrzej Olechowski. It is thought that the opposition campaign was hindered by their inability to put forward a charismatic (or even a single major) candidate, as well as falling support for the centre-right Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS) government. This was related to internal friction in the ruling parliamentary coalition. The 1997 Constitution and",
"title": "Elections in Poland"
},
{
"id": "20107908",
"text": "on day of expiry of the outgoing president's term or if the office was vacated before the election, 7 days after the Supreme Court confirmed the election results to be valid. President-elect arrives at the National Assembly, usually accompanied by the First Lady. The Ceremony is presided by the Marshal of the Sejm or in his/her absence, the Marshal of the Senate. The inauguration begins by opening of the session by the presiding officer and singing of the national anthem of Poland (titled \"Poland Is Not Yet Lost\" and commonly known as \"Dąbrowski's Mazurka\"). , the current procedure of the",
"title": "Polish presidential inauguration"
},
{
"id": "179175",
"text": "suspended and a small number of political prisoners, including Wałęsa, were released. Although martial law formally ended in July 1983 and a partial amnesty was enacted, several hundred political prisoners remained in jail. Jerzy Popiełuszko, a popular pro-Solidarity priest, was abducted and murdered by security functionaries in October 1984. Further developments in Poland occurred concurrently with and were influenced by the reformist leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union (processes known as Glasnost and Perestroika). In September 1986, a general amnesty was declared and the government released nearly all political prisoners. However, the country lacked basic stability, as the",
"title": "History of Poland"
},
{
"id": "4818434",
"text": "Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union, increasing pressure from the West, and dysfunctional economy, the regime was forced to negotiate with its opponents. The 1989 Round Table Talks led to Solidarity's participation in the 1989 election. Its candidates' striking victory gave rise to the first of the succession of transitions from communist rule in Central and Eastern Europe. In 1990, Jaruzelski resigned from the presidency of the Republic of Poland; following the presidential election, he was succeeded by Wałęsa. Before World War II, a third of Poland's population was composed of ethnic minorities. Poland had about 35 million inhabitants in",
"title": "History of Poland (1945–1989)"
},
{
"id": "5422146",
"text": "Kazimierz Sabbat Kazimierz Aleksander Sabbat (27 February 1913 – 19 July 1989), was President of Poland in Exile from 8 April 1986 until his death, 19 July 1989, after serving (from 1976) as Prime Minister of the Polish Government in Exile. Sabbat was born on 27 February 1913 in Bieliny Kapitulne, at the foot of the Lysa Gora mountain. Sabbat completed secondary school in Mielec, and studied Law at the Warsaw University shortly before the World War II. He was a Scout, and remained dedicated to the concept of Scouting, even in his later life while in exile. After a",
"title": "Kazimierz Sabbat"
},
{
"id": "18273746",
"text": "than three hundred babies baptized in Warsaw were given the uncommon name Eligiusz\". The murder of the first president of the Second Polish Republic and the angry canvassing against him revealed impermanence of democratic mechanisms in Poland at that time. The murder of Narutowicz served as the inspiration and a main theme for a number of works. They include the 1977 Polish feature film \"Death of a President\" (Polish: \"Śmierć prezydenta\"), directed by Jerzy Kawalerowicz and Wilhelm Sasnal's 2003 painting \"Narutowicz\". Assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz Gabriel Narutowicz, the first president of Poland after regaining independence, was assassinated on 16 December",
"title": "Assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz"
},
{
"id": "15855188",
"text": "Witos for a president. Witos also refused. Finally Piłsudski supported candidature of Minister of Foreign Affairs Gabriel Narutowicz. At the time of election the main candidates were count Maurycy Zamoyski, the candidate of National Democracy and Stanisław Wojciechowski, candidate of Polish People's Party \"Piast\". Narutowicz's good score was a surprise. After the long voting, Zamoyski and Narutowicz advanced to the fifth ballot. Narutowicz finally won the election by the support of \"Piast\" (Wojciechowski was eliminated on the fourth round). Narutowicz was sworn in as president on 11 December 1922, but was assassinated just five days later. The first election, when",
"title": "1922 Polish presidential elections"
},
{
"id": "2235025",
"text": "occupation. Tens or hundreds of thousands on both sides (estimates differ widely) lost their lives over the course of this conflict. Because of the Polish government leaders' internment in Romania, a practically new government was assembled in Paris as a government in exile. Under French pressure, on 30 September 1939 Władysław Raczkiewicz was appointed as president and General Władysław Sikorski became prime minister and commander-in-chief of the Polish armed forces, reconstructed in the West and as an underground activity in occupied Poland. The exile government was authorized by the Sanation government leaders interned in Romania and was conceived as a",
"title": "History of Poland (1939–1945)"
},
{
"id": "641808",
"text": "Central European politicians during the early 20th century. A radical in his youth, his ideology matured and grew more conservative with age. He was at the forefront of over a quarter-century of Polish political development and is considered one of the founders of the modern independent Polish state. Stanisław Wojciechowski Stanisław Wojciechowski (; 15 March 1869 – 9 April 1953) was a Polish politician, scholar, and activist in the cooperative movement. In 1922 he was elected the second President of the Republic of Poland following the assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz. He was ousted by the May Coup d'État of 1926.",
"title": "Stanisław Wojciechowski"
},
{
"id": "540763",
"text": "former presidents are entitled to lifetime personal security protection by Biuro Ochrony Rządu officers, in addition to receiving a substantial pension and a private office. On 10 April 2010, Lech Kaczyński, president at the time, and Ryszard Kaczorowski, the last president-in-exile although not internationally recognized, died in the crash of the Polish Air Force Tu-154 en route to Russia. As of 2016, three former Presidents of Poland are alive: Also, three former Acting Presidents are alive: There are three living former Polish Presidents: President of Poland The President of the Republic of Poland (, shorter form: \"Prezydent RP\") is the",
"title": "President of Poland"
},
{
"id": "11288588",
"text": "spite of the efforts of individuals like Tadeusz Rejtan, Samuel Korsak, and Stanisław Bohuszewicz to prevent it, the deed was accomplished with the aid of Poniński, Radziwiłł, and the bishops Andrzej Młodziejowski, Ignacy Jakub Massalski, and Antoni Kazimierz Ostrowski (primate of Poland), who occupied high positions in the Senate of Poland. The Sejm elected a committee of thirty to deal with the various matters presented. On September 18, 1773, the committee signed the treaty of cession, renouncing all claims of the Commonwealth to the lost territories. a The picture shows the rulers of the three countries that participated in the",
"title": "First Partition of Poland"
},
{
"id": "10240508",
"text": "of President, and retaining his previous office. In either case, all the powers of the President devolve to the acting President, with the exception of the right to dissolve the Parliament. The first person in line to become acting President is the Marshal of the Sejm. Should he be unable to serve, the next is the Marshal of the Senate. This order of precedence has been in effect since the creation of the Office of President, with the exception of the period 1935-1939, when the order was reversed. To date four people have served as acting President: Maciej Rataj who",
"title": "Acting President of Poland"
},
{
"id": "307618",
"text": "victims of the Katyń massacre when the tragedy took place. In 2011, the Presidency of the Council of the European Union responsible for the functioning of the Council was awarded to Poland. The same year parliamentary elections took place in both the Senate and the Sejm. They were won by the ruling Civic Platform. Poland joined European Space Agency in 2012, as well as organised the UEFA Euro 2012 (along with Ukraine). In 2013, Poland also became a member of the Development Assistance Committee. In 2014, the Prime Minister of Poland, Donald Tusk, was chosen to be President of the",
"title": "Poland"
},
{
"id": "617232",
"text": "be the last word (explanations given in the Court)\") (2008). Wojciech Jaruzelski Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski (; 6 July 1923 – 25 May 2014) was a Polish military officer and politician. He was First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party from 1981 to 1989, and as such was the last leader of the People's Republic of Poland. He also served as Prime Minister from 1981 to 1985 and the country's head of state from 1985 to 1990 (titled as Chairman of the Council of State from 1985 to 1989 and as President from 1989 to 1990). He was also the",
"title": "Wojciech Jaruzelski"
},
{
"id": "12874412",
"text": "1989 Polish presidential election The Polish presidential election, 1989 took place on July 19, 1989, and was notable for several reasons. Firstly, the office of President of the Republic of Poland had been reestablished after a period of Communist rule. Secondly, this was the last time when the President was elected by Parliament (joint houses of the Sejm and Senate). Finally, despite adoption of the democratic system there was only one candidate. After the Round Table Agreement, which resulted in a semi-free parliamentary election, marked by effective Solidarity victory and \"de facto\" loss of the Polish United Workers' Party, on",
"title": "1989 Polish presidential election"
},
{
"id": "2798780",
"text": "and continued his work there as a clerk. However, on November 8, 1921, after Antoni Ponikowski's government refused to grant Niewiadomski's department a higher budget, he resigned his post. He then devoted himself to writing and prepared several monographs on 19th- and 20th-century Polish painting, and on the theory of art. He made his living illustrating books. On December 9, 1922, Gabriel Narutowicz was elected by the National Assembly as the first President of Poland. After a heated debate, Narutowicz's candidacy managed to gather 289 votes, including 113 votes of various national minority MPs. The defeated candidate of the National",
"title": "Eligiusz Niewiadomski"
},
{
"id": "4241172",
"text": "Jagiełło (Jogaila), Grand Duke of Lithuania, as the first king of Poland's second dynasty. The electors chose Władysław II Jagiełło as king, and he married a daughter of Louis I, Jadwiga of Poland, but had no promise that his dynasty would continue on the throne. He would need to issue more privileges to the nobility to secure the guarantee that upon his death, one of his sons would inherit. The royal council chose the candidates, and the delegates of nobility and towns confirmed them during the sejm. The principle of election continued in effect throughout the nearly two centuries of",
"title": "Royal elections in Poland"
},
{
"id": "5881486",
"text": "Bronisław Komorowski Bronisław Maria Komorowski (born 4 June 1952) is a Polish politician and historian who served as President of Poland from 2010 to 2015. Komorowski served as Minister of Defence from 2000 to 2001. As Marshal of the Sejm (Speaker of the lower house of Parliament), Komorowski exercised the powers and duties of head of state following the death of President Lech Kaczyński in a plane crash on 10 April 2010. Komorowski was then the governing Civic Platform party's candidate in the resulting presidential election, which he won in the second round of voting on 4 July 2010. He",
"title": "Bronisław Komorowski"
},
{
"id": "179009",
"text": "structure in the 10th century that became the state of Poland, one of the West Slavic nations. Poland was established as a state under the Piast dynasty, which ruled the country between the 10th and 14th centuries. Historical records referring to the Polish state begin with the rule of Duke Mieszko I. Mieszko, whose reign commenced sometime before 963 and who continued as the Polish monarch until his death in 992, chose to be baptized in the Western Latin Rite, probably on 14 April 966, following his marriage to Princess Doubravka of Bohemia, a fervent Christian. This event has become",
"title": "History of Poland"
},
{
"id": "716254",
"text": "genealogy to the dynasty. About 1295, Przemysł II used a coat of arms with a white eagle – a symbol later referred to as the Piast coat of arms or as the Piast Eagle. Piast kings and rulers of Poland appear in list form in the following table. For a list of all rulers, see List of Polish monarchs. Piast dynasty The Piast dynasty was the first historical ruling dynasty of Poland. The first documented Polish monarch was Prince Mieszko I (c. 930–992). The Piasts' royal rule in Poland ended in 1370 with the death of king Casimir III the",
"title": "Piast dynasty"
},
{
"id": "2885378",
"text": "Aleksander Zawadzki Aleksander Zawadzki (; 16 December 1899 – 7 August 1964) was a Polish Communist political figure and President of Poland from 1952 to 1964. A member of the Communist Youth Union, Zawadzki went into exile in the Soviet Union in 1931, after spending six years in prison for subversive activities against the Polish state. He returned to Poland in 1939, just before the outbreak of World War II, but was immediately arrested. Freed from prison by the Soviet occupation of Eastern Poland, Zawadzki eventually joined the Soviet-organized Polish People's Army, rising to the rank of major general. Upon",
"title": "Aleksander Zawadzki"
},
{
"id": "19526795",
"text": "attempts, founded (or revived) by Juliusz Nowina-Sokolnicki who claimed to be the president of the Polish government-in-exile from 1972 until the restoration of Polish democracy in 1990. In his capacity as president, he claimed to restore the Order of Saint Stanislaus on 9 June 1979. Sokolnicki's claim to the Polish presidency was widely rejected and he is not recognized by the current government of Poland (in 1990, Lech Wałęsa accepted symbols of the pre-War presidency from Ryszard Kaczorowski). Sokolnicki's status was enhanced by the fact that he was an associate of August Zaleski, generally recognized as the head of the",
"title": "Ordo Sancti Stanislai"
},
{
"id": "9562165",
"text": "Władysław Anders) in 1942. In 1944-45 he participated in the anti-Nazi Germany Italian campaign as a physician of military hospitals. When World War II ended, he moved to England and became involved in the politics of the Polish community there, which included the Polish government in exile. Ostrowski was the third President of Poland in exile (1972–1979). He took office after death of President August Zaleski. To begin with he had to deal with a deep crisis within the emigre circles. Zaleski, despite earlier promises, declined to step down after seven years in office (1954), which caused formation of the",
"title": "Stanisław Ostrowski"
},
{
"id": "1324297",
"text": "1995, defeating the incumbent, Lech Wałęsa. He was re-elected to a second and final term as president in 2000 in a decisive first-round victory. Although he was praised for attempting to further integrate Poland into the European Union, he faced criticism for involving the country in the Iraq War. His term ended on 23 December 2005, when he handed over power to his elected successor, conservative Lech Kaczyński. In the years 1973 to 1977, Kwaśniewski studied transport economics and foreign trade at the University of Gdańsk, though he never graduated. He became politically active at this time, and joined the",
"title": "Aleksander Kwaśniewski"
},
{
"id": "18386747",
"text": "1933 Polish presidential election In the Polish Presidential election, 1933 Professor Ignacy Mościcki was re-elected President of the Second Republic of Poland on May 8 1933 for a further period of seven years, having previously been elected to the position in 1926. He was elected by 332 votes, with 11 votes appearing to be void. The result was greeted with loud cheers. He was elected by the Polish Sejm (Diet) and Senate sitting together as the National Assembly. The National Assembly had 555 members but only 343 were present, mainly members of the government party of Marshal Józef Piłsudski. The",
"title": "1933 Polish presidential election"
},
{
"id": "10574551",
"text": "2010 Polish presidential election The popular election of the President of Poland was held on 20 June 2010. As no candidate received a majority of votes in the first round, a second round was held on 4 July 2010. Bronisław Komorowski, candidate of Civic Platform, defeated Jarosław Kaczyński, candidate of Law and Justice. The global financial crisis, flooding in Poland and the Smolensk disaster were the main themes in the last months of the election campaign. After President Lech Kaczyński's death in a plane crash on 10 April 2010, the Constitution required the Marshal of the Sejm to declare the",
"title": "2010 Polish presidential election"
},
{
"id": "6229739",
"text": "Droz (1904), the first President of the Turkish Republic Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1937), Pope Nuncio Angelo Roncalli - the future Pope John XXIII. During his visit in 1941 he gave Religious confirmation to local children. The first Polish politician to visit after the Second World War was Adam Rapacki, then the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Polish Republic, accompanied by Turkish dignitaries (1961). In 1985 the village was visited by Kenan Evren, the head of the temporary military dictatorship during that period in Turkey, and in 1994 by Lech Wałęsa. The next President of Poland, Aleksander Kwaśniewski, came twice",
"title": "Polonezköy"
},
{
"id": "11521359",
"text": "events, the 15 August is celebrated in Poland as the Day of Polish Army. On 16 December 1922, in the gallery Zachęta, Eligiusz Niewiadomski, a painter with mental disorder, who belonged to the right-wing National Democracy, assassinated the first President of Poland, Gabriel Narutowicz, who had been elected five days earlier by Sejm. The other event was the May Coup d'Etat (1926). On 12 May, Marshall Józef Piłsudski, displeased with the situation in Poland, and in particular with the appointment of a new government, arrived in Warsaw from his residence in Sulejówek (a small town east of Warsaw) at the",
"title": "History of Warsaw"
},
{
"id": "8228543",
"text": "political repression, but in the end was forced into negotiation. The Roundtable Talks between the government and the Solidarity-led opposition resulted in semi-free elections in 1989. By the end of August 1989, a Solidarity-led coalition government had been formed, and, in December 1990, Wałęsa was elected president. This was soon followed by the dismantling of the communist governmental system and by Poland's transformation into a modern democratic state. Solidarity's early survival represented a break in the hard-line stance of the communist Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR), and was an unprecedented event; not only for the People's Republic of Poland—a satellite",
"title": "History of Solidarity"
},
{
"id": "14491981",
"text": "History of Poland during the Piast dynasty The period of rule by the Piast dynasty between the 10th and 14th centuries is the first major stage of the history of the Polish nation. The dynasty was founded by a series of dukes listed by the chronicler Gallus Anonymous in the early 12th century: Siemowit, Lestek and Siemomysł. It was Mieszko I, the son of Siemomysł, who is now considered the proper founder of the Polish state at about 960 AD. The ruling house then remained in power in the Polish lands until 1370. Mieszko converted to Christianity of the Western",
"title": "History of Poland during the Piast dynasty"
},
{
"id": "179030",
"text": "of the vacancy of the French throne, to which he was the heir presumptive. From the start, the royal elections increased foreign influence in the Commonwealth as foreign powers sought to manipulate the Polish nobility to place candidates amicable to their interests. The reign of Stephen Báthory of Hungary followed (r. 1576–1586). He was militarily and domestically assertive and is revered in Polish historical tradition as a rare case of successful elective king. The establishment of the legal Crown Tribunal in 1578 meant a transfer of many appellate cases from the royal to noble jurisdiction. A period of rule under",
"title": "History of Poland"
},
{
"id": "4818488",
"text": "rules and practices to supervise all governmental institutions specified in the constitution. The post of President of Poland was replaced with the collective Council of State, but Bierut, the party's first secretary, remained the effective leader of Poland. In the future, the existence of a constitution with democratic provisions would give the opposition a legal tool and a way to pressure the regime. Stalin died in 1953, which was followed by a partial thaw in Poland. Nikita Khrushchev became first secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The PZPR's Second Congress deliberated in March 1954. Cyrankiewicz, previously replaced",
"title": "History of Poland (1945–1989)"
},
{
"id": "307564",
"text": "to the south and Germany to the west. The establishment of the Polish state can be traced back to A.D. 966, when Mieszko I, ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland, converted to Christianity. The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. This union formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest (about 1 million km) and most populous countries of 16th- and 17th-century Europe, with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe's first",
"title": "Poland"
},
{
"id": "2798774",
"text": "Eligiusz Niewiadomski Eligiusz Niewiadomski (December 1, 1869 in Warsaw – January 31, 1923 in Warsaw) was a Polish modernist painter and art critic who belonged to the right-wing National Democratic Party till 1904 and later continued supporting it. In 1922 he assassinated Poland's first President, Gabriel Narutowicz, in his first week in office as president. Niewiadomski was born into a family of gentry descent. His father, Wincenty Niewiadomski, of the \"Prus\" coat-of-arms, was a veteran of the January Uprising and a worker at the Warsaw mint. At the age of two, Eligiusz lost his mother Julia, and was raised by",
"title": "Eligiusz Niewiadomski"
},
{
"id": "5276922",
"text": "the Judiciary. The President also selects the First President of the court from candidates presented by the General Assembly of the Supreme Court. The First President holds office for a six-year term, though he or she may be dismissed by the Sejm upon a motion by the President of the Republic of Poland if found convicted of a crime. In July 2018 a new law came into force which lowers the mandatory retirement age from 70 to 65. The introduction of this law is contested and the constitutionality of the law is being assessed. Critics have argued the law is",
"title": "Supreme Court of Poland"
},
{
"id": "16531059",
"text": "Stanisław Klimecki Stanisław Klimecki (November 20, 1883 – December 11, 1942) was a Polish lawyer, social activist, and the President of Kraków at the time of the German invasion of Poland in September 1939. He served as president only for a few weeks, before his German successor from the NSDAP took over by the order of \"SS-Obergruppenführer\", Hans Frank. Klimecki saved the city from being shelled by the invading Wehrmacht troops on his own initiative. Klimecki was arrested and then released numerous times during the occupation of Kraków, before his death at the hands of the Nazis. The first time,",
"title": "Stanisław Klimecki"
},
{
"id": "2253014",
"text": "the Prime Minister remained poor throughout the Pawlak government, with the President charging Pawlak with furthering personal and party interests while neglecting matters of state importance. Following a number of scandals implicating Pawlak and increasing political tension over control of the armed forces, Wałęsa demanded Pawlak's resignation in January 1995. A crisis resulted and the coalition removed Pawlak from office and replaced him with the SLD's Józef Oleksy as the new Prime Minister. In November 1995, Poland held its second post-war free presidential elections. SLD leader Aleksander Kwaśniewski defeated Wałęsa by a narrow margin—51.7% to 48.3%. Soon after Wałęsa's defeat,",
"title": "History of Poland (1989–present)"
},
{
"id": "2253012",
"text": "for a 5-year term. Jan Krzysztof Bielecki, at Wałęsa's request, formed a government and served as its Prime Minister until October 1991, introducing world prices and greatly expanding the scope of private enterprise. Poland's first free parliamentary elections were held in 1991. More than 100 parties participated, representing the full spectrum of political views. No single party received more than 13% of the total vote. The government of Prime Minister Jan Olszewski was the first fully free and democratic Polish government since 1926. This cabinet was supported by the Kaczyński brothers. Olszewski was replaced by Hanna Suchocka as the first",
"title": "History of Poland (1989–present)"
},
{
"id": "2838123",
"text": "in Paris and then in Angers. From 1940, following the Fall of France, the government moved to London, and remained in the United Kingdom until its dissolution in 1990. On 17 September 1939, the President of the Polish Republic, Ignacy Mościcki, who was then in the small town of Kuty (now Ukraine) near the southern Polish border, issued a proclamation about his plan to transfer power and appointing Władysław Raczkiewicz, the Marshal of the Senate, as his successor. This was done in accordance with Article 24 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, adopted in April 1935. Article 24",
"title": "Polish government-in-exile"
},
{
"id": "4622173",
"text": "nominated president of Poland by retiring President Ignacy Mościcki. On the same day, Poland was invaded by the Soviet Union and he emigrated to Paris to perform his new role but was blackballed by Władysław Sikorski, the French Third Republic and the United Kingdom. After the capitulation of France he emigrated to Lisbon but soon he moved to New York. Many sources do not list Wieniawa as President, merely \"designated successor\". However, according to the then constitution, when the President can not execute his powers (as when Mościcki was interned in Romania and it was clear that he would not",
"title": "Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski"
},
{
"id": "178999",
"text": "History of Poland The history of Poland has its roots in the migrations of Slavs, who established permanent settlements in the Polish lands during the Early Middle Ages. The first ruling dynasty, the Piasts, emerged by the 10th century AD. Duke Mieszko I (d. 992) is considered the \"de facto\" creator of the Polish state and is widely recognized for the adoption of Western Christianity that followed his baptism in 966. Mieszko's duchy of Poland was formally reconstituted as a medieval kingdom in 1025 by his son Bolesław I the Brave, known for military expansion under his rule. Perhaps the",
"title": "History of Poland"
},
{
"id": "307571",
"text": "to form into a recognizable unitary and territorial entity around the middle of the 10th century under the Piast dynasty. Poland's first historically documented ruler, Mieszko I, accepted Christianity with the Baptism of Poland in 966, as the new official religion of his subjects. The bulk of the population converted in the course of the next few centuries. In 1000, Boleslaw the Brave, continuing the policy of his father Mieszko, held a Congress of Gniezno and created the metropolis of Gniezno and the dioceses of Kraków, Kołobrzeg, and Wrocław. However, the pagan unrest led to the transfer of the capital",
"title": "Poland"
}
] | who was the first elected president of poland |
[
"İstanbul"
] | [
{
"id": "68666",
"text": "Latin script that had been used in Ottoman times. In time the city came to be known as Istanbul and its variations in most world languages. The name \"Constantinople\" is still used by members of the Eastern Orthodox Church in the title of one of their most important leaders, the Orthodox patriarch based in the city, referred to as \"His Most Divine All-Holiness the Archbishop of Constantinople New Rome and Ecumenical Patriarch.\" In Greece today, the city is still called \"Konstantinoúpoli(s)\" () or simply just \"the City\" (). Constantinople was founded by the Roman Emperor Constantine I (272–337) in 324",
"title": "Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "68654",
"text": "Constantinople Constantinople (; ) was the capital city of the Roman/Byzantine Empire (330–1204 and 1261–1453), and also of the brief Crusader state known as the Latin Empire (1204–1261), until finally falling to the Ottoman (1453–1923) empire. It was reinaugurated in 324 from ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great, after whom it was named, and dedicated on 11 May 330. The city was largely located in what is now the European side and the core of modern Istanbul. From the mid-5th century to the early 13th century, Constantinople was the largest and",
"title": "Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "68665",
"text": "The modern Turkish name for the city, \"İstanbul\", derives from the Greek phrase \"eis tin polin\" (), meaning \"(in)to the city\". This name was used in Turkish alongside \"Kostantiniyye\", the more formal adaptation of the original \"Constantinople\", during the period of Ottoman rule, while western languages mostly continued to refer to the city as Constantinople until the early 20th century. In 1928, the Turkish alphabet was changed from Arabic script to Latin script. After that, as part of the 1920s Turkification movement, Turkey started to urge other countries to use Turkish names for Turkish cities, instead of other transliterations to",
"title": "Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "68662",
"text": "after either the assassination of Caracalla in 217 or, at the latest, the fall of the Severan dynasty in 235. Byzantium took on the name of \"Kōnstantinoupolis\" (\"city of Constantine\", \"Constantinople\") after its refoundation under Roman emperor Constantine I, who transferred the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium in 330 and designated his new capital officially as \"Nova Roma\" () 'New Rome'. During this time, the city was also called 'Second Rome', 'Eastern Rome', and \"Roma Constantinopolitana\". As the city became the sole remaining capital of the Roman Empire after the fall of the West, and its wealth, population,",
"title": "Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "7074609",
"text": "Great Palace of Constantinople The Great Palace of Constantinople (, \"Méga Palátion\"; Latin: \"Palatium Magnum\", Turkish: \"Büyük Saray\"), also known as the Sacred Palace (, \"Hieròn Palátion\"; Latin: \"Sacrum Palatium\"), was the large Imperial Byzantine palace complex located in the south-eastern end of the peninsula now known as \"Old Istanbul\" (formerly Constantinople), in modern Turkey. It served as the main royal residence of the Eastern Roman or Byzantine emperors from 330 to 1081 and was the center of imperial administration for over 690 years. Only a few remnants and fragments of its foundations have survived into the present day. When",
"title": "Great Palace of Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "7971193",
"text": "Israel it has virtually disappeared, replaced by the Hebrew transliteration of the Turkish \"Istanbul\" (). Present-day Chinese use transcriptions of the name Istanbul (Yisitanbu'er 伊斯坦布尔 or Yisitanbao 伊斯坦堡) when referring to the modern city. Most modern Western languages have adopted the name \"Istanbul\" for the modern city during the 20th century, following the current usage in the Turkish Republic. However, many languages also preserve other, traditional names. Greeks continue to call the city Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολη \"Konstantinupoli\" in Modern Greek) or simply \"The City\" (η Πόλη \"i Poli\"). Languages that use forms based on \"Stamboul\" include Russian, Polish (though the alternative",
"title": "Names of Istanbul"
},
{
"id": "68661",
"text": "colonists, Byzas. The later Byzantines of Constantinople themselves would maintain that the city was named in honour of two men, Byzas and Antes, though this was more likely just a play on the word Byzantion. The city was briefly renamed \"Augusta Antonina\" in the early 3rd century AD by the Emperor Septimius Severus (193–211), having razed the city to the ground in 196 for supporting a rival contender in the civil war and rebuilt, in honour of his son Antoninus, the later Emperor Caracalla. The name appears to have been quickly forgotten and abandoned, and the city reverted to Byzantium/Byzantion",
"title": "Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "6652901",
"text": "the name given to it at its foundation by Megarean colonists around 660 BCE. The name is thought to be derived from a personal name, Byzas. Ancient Greek tradition refers to a legendary king of that name as the leader of the Greek colonists. Modern scholars have also hypothesized that the name of Byzas was of local Thracian or Illyrian origin and hence predated the Megarean settlement. After Constantine the Great made it the new eastern capital of the Roman Empire in 330 CE, the city became widely known as Constantinople, which, as the Latinized form of \"\" (\"Konstantinoúpolis\"), means",
"title": "Istanbul"
},
{
"id": "68722",
"text": "purported clepsydra mounted with a golden statue of a man. The Chinese histories even related how the city had been besieged in the 7th century by Muawiyah I and how he exacted tribute in a peace settlement. Constantinople Constantinople (; ) was the capital city of the Roman/Byzantine Empire (330–1204 and 1261–1453), and also of the brief Crusader state known as the Latin Empire (1204–1261), until finally falling to the Ottoman (1453–1923) empire. It was reinaugurated in 324 from ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great, after whom it was named, and",
"title": "Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "2373714",
"text": "New Rome New Rome (Greek: Νέα Ῥώμη, \"Nea Romē\"; Latin: \"Nova Roma\") was a name sometimes used to describe the new city that the Roman Emperor Constantine created as his new imperial capital on the European coast of the Bosphorus strait. The city was known as Byzantium prior to his rededication, and as Constantinople thereafter, until the 20th century, when it was renamed Istanbul. 'New Rome' was never an official title, but was sometimes used as a laudatory description of the city, which was often compared with Rome in many ways (see the paragraph that follows). Constantine essentially rebuilt the",
"title": "New Rome"
},
{
"id": "7971175",
"text": "New, second Rome\", \"Alma Roma\" , , \"Eastern Rome\", \"Roma Constantinopolitana\". The Third Canon of the First Council of Constantinople (360) refers to the city as New Rome. The term \"New Rome\" lent itself to East–West polemics, especially in the context of the Great Schism, when it was used by Greek writers to stress the rivalry with (the original) Rome. \"New Rome\" is also still part of the official title of the Patriarch of Constantinople. \"Kōnstantinoúpolis\" (Κωνσταντινούπολις), \"Constantinopolis\" in Latin and \"Constantinople\" in English, was the name by which the city became soon more widely known, in honour of Constantine",
"title": "Names of Istanbul"
},
{
"id": "7971177",
"text": "popular speech, the most common way of referring to it came to be simply \"the City\" (Greek: \"hē Polis\", , Modern Greek: \"i Poli\", η Πόλη). This usage, still current today in colloquial Greek and Armenian (Պոլիս, pronounced \"Polis\" or \"Bolis\" in the Western Armenian dialect prevalent in the city), also became the source of the later Turkish name, \"Istanbul\" (see below). \"Kostantiniyye\" (Arabic, Persian , \"Qusṭanṭīniyya\", Ottoman Turkish , \"Ḳosṭanṭīnīye\") is the name by which the city came to be known in the Islamic world. It is an Arabic calqued form of \"Constantinople\", with an Arabic ending meaning 'place",
"title": "Names of Istanbul"
},
{
"id": "6652902",
"text": "the \"City of Constantine\". He also attempted to promote the name \"Nova Roma\" and its Greek version \"\" \"Nea Romē\" (New Rome), but this did not enter widespread usage. \"Constantinople\" remained the most common name for the city in the West until the establishment of the Turkish Republic, and \"Kostantiniyye\" () and \"Be Makam-e Qonstantiniyyah al-Mahmiyyah\" (meaning \"the Protected Location of Constantinople\") and \"İstanbul\" were the names used alternatively by the Ottomans during their rule. The use of \"Constantinople\" to refer to the city during the Ottoman period (from the mid-15th century) is now considered politically incorrect, even if not",
"title": "Istanbul"
},
{
"id": "7074619",
"text": "harbour of Bucoleon. Great Palace of Constantinople The Great Palace of Constantinople (, \"Méga Palátion\"; Latin: \"Palatium Magnum\", Turkish: \"Büyük Saray\"), also known as the Sacred Palace (, \"Hieròn Palátion\"; Latin: \"Sacrum Palatium\"), was the large Imperial Byzantine palace complex located in the south-eastern end of the peninsula now known as \"Old Istanbul\" (formerly Constantinople), in modern Turkey. It served as the main royal residence of the Eastern Roman or Byzantine emperors from 330 to 1081 and was the center of imperial administration for over 690 years. Only a few remnants and fragments of its foundations have survived into the",
"title": "Great Palace of Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "6652897",
"text": "million residents. Istanbul is one of the world's most populous cities and ranks as the world's fourth-largest city proper and the largest European city. Istanbul is viewed as a bridge between the East and West. Founded under the name of \"Byzantion\" (Βυζάντιον) on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BCE, the city grew in size and influence, becoming one of the most important cities in history. After its reestablishment as \"Constantinople\" in 330 CE, it served as an imperial capital for almost 16 centuries, during the Roman/Byzantine (330–1204), Latin (1204–1261), Palaiologos Byzantine (1261–1453) and Ottoman (1453–1922) empires. It was instrumental in",
"title": "Istanbul"
},
{
"id": "7971172",
"text": "Names of Istanbul The city of Istanbul has been known by a number of different names. The most notable names besides the modern Turkish name are \"Byzantium\", \"Constantinople\", and \"Stamboul\". Different names are associated with different phases of its history and with different languages. According to Pliny the Elder the first name of Byzantium was \"Lygos\". This may have been the name of a Thracian settlement situated on the site of the later city, near the point of the peninsula (Sarayburnu). \"Byzantion\" (Βυζάντιον), Latinized as \"Byzantium\", was founded by Greek colonists from Megara in 667 BC. The name is believed",
"title": "Names of Istanbul"
},
{
"id": "68660",
"text": "Thracian origin founded between the 13th and 11th centuries BC. The site, according to the founding myth of the city, was abandoned by the time Greek settlers from the city-state of Megara founded \"Byzantium\" (, \"Byzántion\") in around 657 BC, across from the town of Chalcedon on the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus. The origins of the name of \"Byzantion\", more commonly known by the later Latin \"Byzantium\", are not entirely clear, though some suggest it is of Thraco-Illyrian origin. The founding myth of the city has it told that the settlement was named after the leader of the Megarian",
"title": "Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "68663",
"text": "and influence grew, the city also came to have a multitude of nicknames. As the largest and wealthiest city in Europe during the 4th–13th centuries and a centre of culture and education of the Mediterranean basin, Constantinople came to be known by prestigious titles such as \"Basileuousa\" (Queen of Cities) and \"Megalopolis\" (the Great City) and was, in colloquial speech, commonly referred to as just \"Polis\" () 'the City' by Constantinopolitans and provincial Byzantines alike. In the language of other peoples, Constantinople was referred to just as reverently. The medieval Vikings, who had contacts with the empire through their expansion",
"title": "Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "2065249",
"text": "Byzantine architecture Byzantine architecture () is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, also known as the Later Roman or Eastern Roman Empire. The Byzantine era is the period after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire. Constantinople became known as the Roman capital in 330 AD. Constantinople is what is now present day Istanbul. Byzantine architecture was mostly influenced by Roman and Greek architecture. It began with Constantine the Great when he rebuilt the city of Byzantium and named it Constantinople and continued with his building of churches and the forum of Constantine, as also the Church of St. George,",
"title": "Byzantine architecture"
},
{
"id": "2065279",
"text": "of Constantinople by the Ottomans. Byzantine architecture Byzantine architecture () is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, also known as the Later Roman or Eastern Roman Empire. The Byzantine era is the period after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire. Constantinople became known as the Roman capital in 330 AD. Constantinople is what is now present day Istanbul. Byzantine architecture was mostly influenced by Roman and Greek architecture. It began with Constantine the Great when he rebuilt the city of Byzantium and named it Constantinople and continued with his building of churches and the forum of Constantine, as also",
"title": "Byzantine architecture"
},
{
"id": "90880",
"text": "of Constantine. He is venerated as a saint by the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches. He has historically been referred to as the \"First Christian Emperor\", and he did heavily promote the Christian Church. Some modern scholars, however, debate his beliefs and even his comprehension of the Christian faith itself. The age of Constantine marked a distinct epoch in the history of the Roman Empire. He built a new imperial residence at Byzantium and renamed the city Constantinople (now Istanbul) after himself (the laudatory epithet of \"New Rome\" came later, and was never an official title). It became the",
"title": "Constantine the Great"
},
{
"id": "68664",
"text": "in eastern Europe (Varangians) used the Old Norse name \"Miklagarðr\" (from \"mikill\" 'big' and \"garðr\" 'city'), and later \"Miklagard\" and \"Miklagarth\". In Arabic, the city was sometimes called \"Rūmiyyat al-Kubra\" (Great City of the Romans) and in Persian as \"Takht-e Rum\" (Throne of the Romans). In East and South Slavic languages, including in medieval Russia, Constantinople has been referred to as \"Tsargrad\" (\"Царьград\") or \"Carigrad\", 'City of the Caesar (Emperor)', from the Slavonic words \"tsar\" ('Caesar' or 'King') and \"grad\" ('city'). This was presumably a calque on a Greek phrase such as (\"Vasileos Polis\"), 'the city of the emperor [king]'.",
"title": "Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "6652911",
"text": "into the 20th century. On 11 May 330, Constantinople was proclaimed the capital of the Roman Empire, which was later permanently divided between the two sons of Theodosius I upon his death on 17 January 395, when the city became the capital of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. The establishment of Constantinople served as one of Constantine's most lasting accomplishments, shifting Roman power eastward as the city became a center of Greek culture and Christianity. Numerous churches were built across the city, including the Hagia Sophia which was built during the reign of Justinian the Great and remained the world's",
"title": "Istanbul"
},
{
"id": "68715",
"text": "to come back to the city. Constantinople was the largest and richest urban center in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea during the late Eastern Roman Empire, mostly as a result of its strategic position commanding the trade routes between the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea. It would remain the capital of the eastern, Greek-speaking empire for over a thousand years. At its peak, roughly corresponding to the Middle Ages, it was the richest and largest European city, exerting a powerful cultural pull and dominating economic life in the Mediterranean. Visitors and merchants were especially struck by the beautiful monasteries and",
"title": "Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "68659",
"text": "began to lose territories and the city began to lose population. By the early 15th century, the Byzantine Empire was reduced to just Constantinople and its environs, along with Morea in Greece, making it an enclave inside the Ottoman Empire; after a 53-day siege the city eventually fell to the Ottomans, led by Sultan Mehmed II, on 29 May 1453, whereafter it replaced Edirne (Adrianople) as the new capital of the Ottoman Empire. According to Pliny the Elder in his \"Natural History\", the first known name of a settlement on the site of Constantinople was \"Lygos\", a settlement likely of",
"title": "Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "981870",
"text": "some contemporary writers to Sultan Mehmed II himself. The name of Istanbul is thought to be derived from the Greek phrase \"īs tīmbolī(n)\" (, translit. \"eis tēn pólin\", \"to the City\"), and it is claimed that it had already spread among the Turkish populace of the Ottoman Empire before the conquest. However, Istanbul only became the official name of the city in 1930 by the revised Turkish Postal Law as part of Atatürk's reforms. Melville Jones, John, The Siege of Constantinople 1453: Seven Contemporary Accounts, Amsterdam 1972 Philippides, Marios and Walter K. Hanak, The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople",
"title": "Fall of Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "4334092",
"text": "may be a special case. When the city was first settled by Englishmen, in the early 17th century, both names were in use. Possibly they referred to different villages which were fused into the new settlement. In any case, Madras became the exonym, while more recently, Chennai became the endonym. Likewise, Istanbul (İstanbul in Turkish) is still called Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολη) in Greek, although the name was changed in Turkish to disassociate the city from its Greek past between 1923 and 1930 (the name Istanbul itself derives from a Medieval Greek phrase). Prior to Constantinople, the city was known in Greek",
"title": "Exonym and endonym"
},
{
"id": "9663518",
"text": "to Ankara. Since 1930, the native name \"Istanbul\" has been the sole official name of the city in Turkish and has since replaced the traditional name \"Constantinople\" in most western languages as well. Humans have lived in the area now known as Istanbul since at least the Neolithic period. The earliest known settlement dates from 6700 BC, discovered in 2008, during the construction works of the Yenikapı subway station and the Marmaray tunnel at the historic peninsula on the European side. The first human settlement on the Anatolian side, the Fikirtepe mound, is from the Copper Age period, with artifacts",
"title": "History of Istanbul"
},
{
"id": "2797683",
"text": "Edict of Milan, which granted liberty for Christians to profess their religion. Constantine was converted to Christianity, enforcing the Christian faith. He began the Christianization of the Empire and of Europe – a process concluded by the Catholic Church in the Middle Ages. He was defeated by the Franks and the Alamanni during 306–308. In 324 he defeated another tetrarch, Licinius, and controlled all the empire, as it was before Diocletian. To celebrate his victories and Christianity's relevance, he rebuilt Byzantium and renamed it Nova Roma (\"New Rome\"); but the city soon gained the informal name of Constantinople (\"City of",
"title": "Ancient Rome"
},
{
"id": "7971176",
"text": "the Great who established it as his capital. It is first attested in official use under Emperor Theodosius II (408–450). It remained the principal official name of the city throughout the Byzantine period, and the most common name used for it in the West until the early 20th century. It was also used (including its Kostantiniyye variant) by the Ottoman Empire until the advent of the Republic of Turkey. Besides \"Constantinople\", the Byzantines referred to the city with a large range of honorary appellations, such as the \"Queen of Cities\" (), also as an adjective, Βασιλεύουσα, the 'Reigning City'. In",
"title": "Names of Istanbul"
},
{
"id": "10202120",
"text": "Wars. According to Acts of Apostles 11, a city in the southern of Turkey, Antioch (now Antakya) is the birthplace of the first Christian community. In 324, Constantine I chose Byzantium to be the new capital of the Roman Empire, renaming it New Rome. Following the death of Theodosius I in 395 and the permanent division of the Roman Empire between his two sons, the city, which would popularly come to be known as Constantinople, became the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. This empire, which would later be branded by historians as the Byzantine Empire, ruled most of the",
"title": "Turkey"
},
{
"id": "68655",
"text": "wealthiest city in Europe. The city was also famed for its architectural masterpieces, such as the Greek Orthodox cathedral of Hagia Sophia, which served as the seat of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, the sacred Imperial Palace where the Emperors lived, the Galata Tower, the Hippodrome, the Golden Gate of the Land Walls, and the opulent aristocratic palaces lining the arcaded avenues and squares. The University of Constantinople was founded in the fifth century and contained numerous artistic and literary treasures before it was sacked in 1204 and 1453, including its vast Imperial Library which contained the remnants of the Library of",
"title": "Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "981808",
"text": "Fall of Constantinople The Fall of Constantinople (; ) was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by an invading Ottoman army on 29 May 1453. The attackers were commanded by the 21-year-old Sultan Mehmed II, who defeated an army commanded by Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos and took control of the imperial capital, ending a 53-day siege that began on 6 April 1453. After conquering the city, Sultan Mehmed transferred the capital of his Empire from Edirne to Constantinople and established his court there. The capture of the city (and two other Byzantine splinter territories soon thereafter) marked",
"title": "Fall of Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "981860",
"text": "and Constantine Lascaris, fled the city and found refuge in the Latin West, bringing with them knowledge and documents from the Greco-Roman tradition to Italy and other regions that further propelled the Renaissance. Those Greeks who stayed behind in Constantinople mostly lived in the Phanar and Galata districts of the city. The Phanariotes, as they were called, provided many capable advisers to the Ottoman rulers. Byzantium is a term used by modern historians to refer to the later Roman Empire. In its own time, the Empire ruled from Constantinople (or \"New Rome\" as some people call it, although this was",
"title": "Fall of Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "6652905",
"text": "importance of Constantinople in the Ottoman world was also reflected by its Ottoman name 'Der Saadet' meaning the 'gate to Prosperity' in Ottoman. An alternative view is that the name evolved directly from the name \"Constantinople\", with the first and third syllables dropped. A Turkish folk etymology traces the name to Islam bol \"plenty of Islam\" because the city was called \"Islambol\" (\"plenty of Islam\") or \"Islambul\" (\"find Islam\") as the capital of the Islamic Ottoman Empire. It is first attested shortly after the conquest, and its invention was ascribed by some contemporary writers to Sultan Mehmed II himself. Some",
"title": "Istanbul"
},
{
"id": "981869",
"text": "of the war Venizelos lost the election of 1920 and went into exile and Greece was defeated in the war by Turkey. Ottomans used the Arabic transliteration of the city's name \"Kostantiniyye,\" (القسطنطينية), as can be seen in numerous Ottoman documents. \"Islambol\" (, \"Full of Islam\") or \"Islambul\" (\"find Islam\") or \"Islam(b)ol\" (\"old Turkic: be Islam\"), both in Turkish Language, were folk-etymological adaptations of \"Istanbul\" created after the Ottoman conquest of 1453 to express the city's new role as the capital of the Islamic Ottoman Empire. It is first attested shortly after the conquest, and its invention was ascribed by",
"title": "Fall of Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "9663523",
"text": "capital city. Byzantium (now renamed as \"Nova Roma\" which eventually became \"Constantinopolis\", i.e. \"The City of Constantine\") was officially proclaimed the new capital of the Roman Empire in 330. Following the death of Theodosius I in 395 and the permanent partition of the Roman Empire between his two sons, Constantinople became the capital of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. The combination of imperialism and location would play an important role as the crossing point between two continents (Europe and Asia), and later a magnet for Africa and others as well, in terms of commerce, culture, diplomacy, and strategy. It was",
"title": "History of Istanbul"
},
{
"id": "3005335",
"text": "29 May 1453 after a six-week siege. The walls were largely maintained intact during most of the Ottoman period, until sections began to be dismantled in the 19th century, as the city outgrew its medieval boundaries. Despite the subsequent lack of maintenance, many parts of the walls survived and are still standing today. A large-scale restoration program has been under way since the 1980s. According to tradition, the city was founded as Byzantium by Greek colonists from Megara, led by the eponymous Byzas, around 658 BC. At the time the city consisted of a small region around an acropolis, located",
"title": "Walls of Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "68656",
"text": "Alexandria and had over 100,000 volumes of ancient texts. It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times as the home of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople and as the guardian of Christendom's holiest relics such as the Crown of Thorns and the True Cross. Constantinople was famed for its massive and complex defences. The first wall of the city was erected by Constantine I, and surrounded the city on both land and sea fronts. Later, in the 5th century, the Praetorian Prefect Anthemius under the child emperor Theodosius II undertook the construction of the Theodosian",
"title": "Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "3005333",
"text": "Walls of Constantinople The Walls of Constantinople are a series of defensive stone walls that have surrounded and protected the city of Constantinople (today Istanbul in Turkey) since its founding as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Constantine the Great. With numerous additions and modifications during their history, they were the last great fortification system of antiquity, and one of the most complex and elaborate systems ever built. Initially built by Constantine the Great, the walls surrounded the new city on all sides, protecting it against attack from both sea and land. As the city grew, the famous",
"title": "Walls of Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "68687",
"text": "was designed in the form of an equal-armed cross with five domes, and ornamented with beautiful mosaics. This church was to remain the burial place of the Emperors from Constantine himself until the 11th century. When the city fell to the Turks in 1453, the church was demolished to make room for the tomb of Mehmet II the Conqueror. Justinian was also concerned with other aspects of the city's built environment, legislating against the abuse of laws prohibiting building within of the sea front, in order to protect the view. During Justinian I's reign, the city's population reached about 500,000",
"title": "Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "68673",
"text": "the Danube or the Euphrates frontiers, his court supplied from the rich gardens and sophisticated workshops of Roman Asia, his treasuries filled by the wealthiest provinces of the Empire. Constantinople was built over six years, and consecrated on 11 May 330. Constantine divided the expanded city, like Rome, into 14 regions, and ornamented it with public works worthy of an imperial metropolis. Yet, at first, Constantine's new Rome did not have all the dignities of old Rome. It possessed a proconsul, rather than an urban prefect. It had no praetors, tribunes, or quaestors. Although it did have senators, they held",
"title": "Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "7971187",
"text": "to refer to the authorities located there, and hence for the central Ottoman imperial administration. Modern historians also refer to government by these terms, similar to popular usage of Whitehall in Britain. The sublime Gate is not inside Topkapı palace; the administration building whose gate is named Bâb-ı Âlî is between Agia Sofia and Beyazit mosque, a huge building. Many peoples neighboring on the Byzantine Empire used names expressing concepts like \"The Great City\", \"City of the Emperors\", \"Capital of the Romans\" or similar. During the 10th to 12th century Constantinople was one of the largest two cities in the",
"title": "Names of Istanbul"
},
{
"id": "68721",
"text": "the barbarians coming from south of the Danube river, who found easier targets to the west rather than the richer provinces to the east in Asia. From the 5th century, the city was also protected by the Anastasian Wall, a 60-kilometer chain of walls across the Thracian peninsula. Many scholars argue that these sophisticated fortifications allowed the east to develop relatively unmolested while Ancient Rome and the west collapsed. Constantinople's fame was such that it was described even in contemporary Chinese histories, the \"Old\" and \"New Book of Tang\", which mentioned its massive walls and gates as well as a",
"title": "Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "8694002",
"text": "and the Sassanid Dynasty rose. Constantinople, situated on the Bosporus Straits at the mouth of the Black Sea, became a capital of the Roman Empire in 330 AD after Constantine the Great, the first Christian emperor, refounded the city of Byzantium. Although the city was called Constantinople until its fall, the Eastern Roman Empire became known by the classical name of Byzantium, and often the city was called by its old name as well. The city's status as residence of the Eastern Roman Emperor made it into the premier city in all of the Eastern Roman colonies in the Balkans,",
"title": "Middle Eastern empires"
},
{
"id": "6652910",
"text": "Niger against Emperor Septimius Severus cost it dearly; by the time it surrendered at the end of 195 CE, two years of siege had left the city devastated. Five years later, Severus began to rebuild Byzantium, and the city regained—and, by some accounts, surpassed—its previous prosperity. Constantine the Great effectively became the emperor of the whole of the Roman Empire in September 324. Two months later, he laid out the plans for a new, Christian city to replace Byzantium. As the eastern capital of the empire, the city was named \"Nova Roma\"; most called it Constantinople, a name that persisted",
"title": "Istanbul"
},
{
"id": "68679",
"text": "was located), Pontus and Asia comparable to the 100-mile extraordinary jurisdiction of the prefect of Rome. The emperor Valens, who hated the city and spent only one year there, nevertheless built the Palace of Hebdomon on the shore of the Propontis near the Golden Gate, probably for use when reviewing troops. All the emperors up to Zeno and Basiliscus were crowned and acclaimed at the Hebdomon. Theodosius I founded the Church of John the Baptist to house the skull of the saint (today preserved at the Topkapı Palace), put up a memorial pillar to himself in the Forum of Taurus,",
"title": "Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "6652935",
"text": "Fatih district, which was named after Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror (Turkish: \"Fatih Sultan Mehmed\"), corresponds to what was, until the Ottoman conquest in 1453, the whole of the city of Constantinople (today is the capital district and called the \"historic peninsula\" of Istanbul) on the southern shore of the Golden Horn, across the medieval Genoese citadel of Galata on the northern shore. The Genoese fortifications in Galata were largely demolished in the 19th century, leaving only the Galata Tower, to make way for the northward expansion of the city. Galata (Karaköy) is today a quarter within the Beyoğlu (Pera) district,",
"title": "Istanbul"
},
{
"id": "68712",
"text": "Constantinople. In 1453, when the Ottoman Turks captured the city, it contained approximately 50,000 people. Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Empire on 29 May 1453. The Ottomans were commanded by 22-year-old Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II. The conquest of Constantinople followed a seven-week siege which had begun on 6 April 1453. The Christian Orthodox city of Constantinople was now under Ottoman control. When Mehmed II finally entered Constantinople through what is now known as the Topkapi Gate, he immediately rode his horse to the Hagia Sophia, where he ordered his soldiers to stop hacking at the marbles and 'be satisfied",
"title": "Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "6652903",
"text": "historically inaccurate, by Turks. By the 19th century, the city had acquired other names used by either foreigners or Turks. Europeans used \"Constantinople\" to refer to the whole of the city, but used the name \"Stamboul\"—as the Turks also did—to describe the walled peninsula between the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara. \"Pera\" (from the Greek word for \"across\") was used to describe the area between the Golden Horn and the Bosphorus, but Turks also used the name \"Beyoğlu\" (today the official name for one of the city's constituent districts). \"Islambol\" (meaning either \"City of Islam\" or \"Full of",
"title": "Istanbul"
},
{
"id": "68685",
"text": "back, and wide-sleeved tunics tight at the wrist; and to form gangs to engage in night-time muggings and street violence. At last these disorders took the form of a major rebellion of 532, known as the \"Nika\" riots (from the battle-cry of \"Conquer!\" of those involved). Fires started by the Nika rioters consumed Constantine's basilica of Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom), the city's principal church, which lay to the north of the Augustaeum. Justinian commissioned Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus to replace it with a new and incomparable Hagia Sophia. This was the great cathedral of the Orthodox Church,",
"title": "Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "13791571",
"text": "admirer of everything German, Peter the Great originally named the city, Sankt-Peterburg (; note that the Russian name lacks the letter \"s\" between \"Peter\" and \"burg\"). On 1 September 1914, after the outbreak of World War I, the Imperial government renamed the city Petrograd (), meaning \"Peter's city\", in order to expunge the German name \"Sankt\" and \"Burg\". On 26 January 1924, shortly after the death of Lenin, it was renamed to Leningrad (), meaning \"Lenin's City\". On 6 September 1991, the original name, Sankt-Peterburg, was returned. Today, in English the city is known as \"Saint Petersburg\". Local residents often",
"title": "Saint Petersburg"
},
{
"id": "68675",
"text": "in Asiana and Pontica and on 18 May 332 he announced that, as in Rome, free distributions of food would be made to the citizens. At the time, the amount is said to have been 80,000 rations a day, doled out from 117 distribution points around the city. Constantine laid out a new square at the centre of old Byzantium, naming it the Augustaeum. The new senate-house (or Curia) was housed in a basilica on the east side. On the south side of the great square was erected the Great Palace of the Emperor with its imposing entrance, the Chalke,",
"title": "Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "90938",
"text": "also considered. Eventually, however, Constantine decided to work on the Greek city of Byzantium, which offered the advantage of having already been extensively rebuilt on Roman patterns of urbanism, during the preceding century, by Septimius Severus and Caracalla, who had already acknowledged its strategic importance. The city was thus founded in 324, dedicated on 11 May 330 and renamed \"Constantinopolis\" (\"Constantine's City\" or Constantinople in English). Special commemorative coins were issued in 330 to honor the event. The new city was protected by the relics of the True Cross, the Rod of Moses and other holy relics, though a cameo",
"title": "Constantine the Great"
},
{
"id": "9663532",
"text": "semi-ghost town with, as Ibn Battuta noted, sown fields within the city walls. The city by 1453 held less than a tenth of its former population. The city, known alternatively in Ottoman Turkish as \"Ḳosṭanṭīnīye\" ( after the Arabic form ) or Istanbul (while its Christian minorities continued to name it Constantinople), was the capital of the Ottoman Empire from its conquest in 1453 until the empire's collapse in 1922. On 29 May 1453, Sultan Mehmed II \"the Conqueror\", entered Constantinople after a 53–day siege during which his cannon had torn a huge hole in the Walls of Theodosius II.",
"title": "History of Istanbul"
},
{
"id": "68658",
"text": "the prosperity it achieved from being the gateway between two continents (Europe and Asia) and two seas (the Mediterranean and the Black Sea). Although besieged on numerous occasions by various armies, the defences of Constantinople proved impregnable for nearly nine hundred years. In 1204, however, the armies of the Fourth Crusade took and devastated the city, and its inhabitants lived several decades under Latin misrule. In 1261 the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos liberated the city, and after the restoration under the Palaiologos dynasty, enjoyed a partial recovery. With the advent of the Ottoman Empire in 1299, the Byzantine Empire",
"title": "Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "13973222",
"text": "Byzantine Empire under the Constantinian and Valentinian dynasties Byzantium under the Constantinian and Valentinian dynasties was the earliest period of the Byzantine history that saw a shift in government from Rome in the west to Constantinople in the East within the Roman Empire under emperor Constantine the Great and his successors. Constantinople, formally named Nova Roma, was created on the site of the old Greek Byzantium, which is the origin of the historiographical name for the Eastern Empire, which self-identified simply as the \"Roman Empire\". In the 3rd century, the Roman Empire suffered troubling economic difficulties that spread over a",
"title": "Byzantine Empire under the Constantinian and Valentinian dynasties"
},
{
"id": "6652952",
"text": "promotion of arts, culture, and nature conservation. Vasip Şahin has been the Governor of Istanbul Province since September 25, 2014. Throughout most of its history, Istanbul has ranked among the largest cities in the world. By 500 CE, Constantinople had somewhere between 400,000 and 500,000 people, edging out its predecessor, Rome, for world's largest city. Constantinople jostled with other major historical cities, such as Baghdad, Chang'an, Kaifeng and Merv for the position of world's most populous city until the 12th century. It never returned to being the world's largest, but remained Europe's largest city from 1500 to 1750, when it",
"title": "Istanbul"
},
{
"id": "68671",
"text": "to the ground for supporting Pescennius Niger's claimancy. It was a move greatly criticized by the contemporary consul and historian Cassius Dio who said that Severus had destroyed \"a strong Roman outpost and a base of operations against the barbarians from Pontus and Asia\". He would later rebuild Byzantium towards the end of his reign, in which it would be briefly renamed \"Augusta Antonina\", fortifying it with a new city wall in his name, the Severan Wall. Constantine had altogether more colourful plans. Having restored the unity of the Empire, and, being in the course of major governmental reforms as",
"title": "Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "1689973",
"text": "Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (, \"Oikoumenikón Patriarkhíon Konstantinoupóleos\", ; ; , \"Roman Orthodox Patriarchate\") is one of the fourteen autocephalous churches (or \"jurisdictions\") that together compose the Eastern Orthodox Church. It is headed by the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, currently Bartholomew I, Archbishop of Constantinople. Because of its historical location as the capital of the former Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire and its role as the Mother Church of most modern Orthodox churches, Constantinople holds a special place of honor within Orthodoxy and serves as the seat for the Ecumenical Patriarch, who enjoys the status of",
"title": "Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "3005381",
"text": "named after a popular monastery outside the Walls, the \"Zōodochos Pēgē\" (\"Life-giving Spring\") in the modern suburb of Balıklı. Its modern Turkish name, Gate of Selymbria (Tr. \"Silivri Kapısı\", Gk. ), appeared in Byzantine sources shortly before 1453. It lies between the heptagonal towers 35 and 36, which were extensively rebuilt in later Byzantine times: its southern tower bears an inscription dated to 1439 commemorating repairs carried out under John VIII Palaiologos. The gate arch was replaced in the Ottoman period. In addition, in 1998 a subterranean basement with 4th/5th century reliefs and tombs was discovered underneath the gate. Van",
"title": "Walls of Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "6652906",
"text": "Ottoman sources of the 17th century, such as Evliya Çelebi, describe it as the common Turkish name of the time; between the late 17th and late 18th centuries, it was also in official use. The first use of the word \"Islambol\" on coinage was in 1703 (1115 AH) during the reign of Sultan Ahmed III. Nevertheless, the use of the name \"Constantinople\" remained common in English into the 20th century, \"Istanbul\" became common after Turkey adopted the Latin alphabet in 1928 and urged other countries to use the city's Turkish name. In modern Turkish, the name is written as \"İstanbul\",",
"title": "Istanbul"
},
{
"id": "68714",
"text": "thousand households needed to be transferred to Constantinople by September. From all over the Islamic empire, prisoners of war and deported people were sent to the city: these people were called \"Sürgün\" in Turkish (). Two centuries later, Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi gave a list of groups introduced into the city with their respective origins. Even today, many quarters of Istanbul, such as Aksaray, Çarşamba, bear the names of the places of origin of their inhabitants. However, many people escaped again from the city, and there were several outbreaks of plague, so that in 1459 Mehmet allowed the deported Greeks",
"title": "Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "13405039",
"text": "The prestige of important Christian centers depended in part on their apostolic founders, from whom the bishops were therefore the spiritual successors according to the doctrine of Apostolic succession. Constantine erected a new capital at Byzantium, a strategically placed city on the Bosporus. He renamed his new capital \"Nova Roma\" (\"New Rome\"), but the city would become known as Constantinople. The Second Ecumenical Council, held at the new capital in 381, elevated the see of Constantinople to a position ahead of the other chief metropolitan sees, except that of Rome. Mentioning in particular the provinces of Asia, Pontus and Thrace,",
"title": "Christianity in the 4th century"
},
{
"id": "9663516",
"text": "History of Istanbul The city today known as Istanbul has been the site of human settlement for approximately three thousand years. The settlement was founded by Thracian tribes between the 13th and 11th centuries BC, whose earliest known name is Lygos. It was colonised by the Greeks in the 7th century BC. It fell to the Roman Empire in AD 196, and was known as Byzantium until 330, when it was renamed Constantinople and made the new capital of the Roman Empire. During late antiquity, the city rose to be the largest of the western world, with a population peaking",
"title": "History of Istanbul"
},
{
"id": "7971183",
"text": "\"Constantinople\" instead of \"Istanbul\" were no longer delivered by Turkey's PTT, which contributed to the eventual worldwide adoption of the new name. In English the name is usually written \"Istanbul\". In modern Turkish the name is written \"İstanbul\" (dotted i/İ and dotless ı/I being two distinct letters in the Turkish alphabet). \"Stamboul\" or \"Stambul\" is a variant form of \"İstanbul.\" Greek for 'the town'. Like \"Istanbul\" itself, forms without the initial \"i-\" are attested from early on in the Middle Ages, first in Arabic sources of the 10th century and Armenian ones of the 12th. Some early sources also attest",
"title": "Names of Istanbul"
},
{
"id": "68716",
"text": "churches of the city, in particular the Hagia Sophia, or the Church of Holy Wisdom. According to Russian 14th-century traveler Stephen of Novgorod: \"As for Hagia Sophia, the human mind can neither tell it nor make description of it.\" It was especially important for preserving in its libraries manuscripts of Greek and Latin authors throughout a period when instability and disorder caused their mass-destruction in western Europe and north Africa: On the city's fall, thousands of these were brought by refugees to Italy, and played a key part in stimulating the Renaissance, and the transition to the modern world. The",
"title": "Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "981871",
"text": "in 1453, Ashgate, Farnham and Burlington 2011. Fall of Constantinople The Fall of Constantinople (; ) was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by an invading Ottoman army on 29 May 1453. The attackers were commanded by the 21-year-old Sultan Mehmed II, who defeated an army commanded by Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos and took control of the imperial capital, ending a 53-day siege that began on 6 April 1453. After conquering the city, Sultan Mehmed transferred the capital of his Empire from Edirne to Constantinople and established his court there. The capture of the city (and two",
"title": "Fall of Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "68711",
"text": "resources, and struggled to survive. The palace of Blachernae in the north-west of the city became the main Imperial residence, with the old Great Palace on the shores of the Bosporus going into decline. When Michael VIII captured the city, its population was 35,000 people, but, by the end of his reign, he had succeeded in increasing the population to about 70,000 people. The Emperor achieved this by summoning former residents who had fled the city when the crusaders captured it, and by relocating Greeks from the recently reconquered Peloponnese to the capital. In 1347, the Black Death spread to",
"title": "Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "20765755",
"text": "Drypia Drypia (), also Dripeia (Δριπεία) or Grypes (Γρύπες), was a Byzantine-era settlement and rural suburb of Constantinople. In his studies on the topography of Constantinople, Raymond Janin identified the site with the locality of Ayazmaderesi, some west of the Theodosian Walls, but this is rejected by Andreas Külzer, who identifies it—via the later corrupted form Grypes—with the modern Istanbul district of Bağcılar. In early Byzantine times, the settlement was known for its church dedicated to Thomas the Apostle, established in the late 4th century. In late 398, Empress Aelia Eudoxia ordered the translation of the relics of several unnamed",
"title": "Drypia"
},
{
"id": "8302848",
"text": "Hieria Hieria (in Greek variously ), modern Fenerbahçe, was a suburb of Byzantine-era Constantinople (modern Istanbul, Turkey). It is prominent in the city's history as the site of an imperial palace. The name derives from \"Heraion akron\" (Greek: , \"Cape of Hera\"), which was given in antiquity to a small promontory on the Asian shore of the Bosporus, opposite Chalcedon (modern Kadıköy). The Emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565) built a palace here, which included a harbour and a church dedicated to St. Mary. The palace, which survived at least until 1203, served as a summer residence for a number of",
"title": "Hieria"
},
{
"id": "11872097",
"text": "Palace of Daphne The Palace of Daphne () was one of the major wings of the Great Palace of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire (modern Istanbul, Turkey). According to George Codinus, it was named after a statue of the nymph Daphne, brought from Rome. The exact layout and appearance of the palace is unclear, since it lies under the Sultan Ahmed Mosque, and the only surviving evidence comes from literary sources. Bardill, however, has suggested that the peristyle with mosaics adjoining an apsed hall, excavated by the Walker Trust excavations in 1935-7 and 1952-4, could be the Augusteus",
"title": "Palace of Daphne"
},
{
"id": "68720",
"text": "the Ecumenical Patriarch, and made it a prime center of Christianity alongside Rome. This contributed to cultural and theological differences between Eastern and Western Christianity eventually leading to the Great Schism that divided Western Catholicism from Eastern Orthodoxy from 1054 onwards. Constantinople is also of great religious importance to Islam, as the conquest of Constantinople is one of the signs of the End time in Islam. The city provided a defence for the eastern provinces of the old Roman Empire against the barbarian invasions of the 5th century. The 18-meter-tall walls built by Theodosius II were, in essence, impregnable to",
"title": "Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "68695",
"text": "It is an impressive testament to the strength of tradition how little these arrangements had changed since the office, then known by the Latin version of its title, had been set up in 330 to mirror the urban prefecture of Rome. In the 9th and 10th centuries, Constantinople had a population of between 500,000 and 800,000. In the 8th and 9th centuries, the iconoclast movement caused serious political unrest throughout the Empire. The emperor Leo III issued a decree in 726 against images, and ordered the destruction of a statue of Christ over one of the doors of the Chalke,",
"title": "Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "5095508",
"text": "name, Koumoutsinas. This remained the city's name throughout the Ottoman period (ca. 1361–1912) and continues as its modern Turkish-language name today. The city continued to be an important hub connecting the capital city of Constantinople with the European part of the Empire, and grew accordingly. Many monuments in the city today date to this era. Many local families fled at that time to Epirus and founded the Koumoutzades village (modern Ammotopos, Arta). Even there they were persecuted and some of them found refuge in Tropaia of Gortynia. The bond between the inhabitants of Komotini, Ammotopos and Tropaia exists to this",
"title": "Komotini"
},
{
"id": "68667",
"text": "on the site of an already-existing city, Byzantium, which was settled in the early days of Greek colonial expansion, in around 657 BC, by colonists of the city-state of Megara. This is the first major settlement that would develop on the site of later Constantinople, but the first known settlements was that of \"Lygos\", referred to in Pliny's Natural Histories. Apart from this, little is known about this initial settlement. The site, according to the founding myth of the city, was abandoned by the time Greek settlers from the city-state of Megara founded Byzantium () in around 657 BC, across",
"title": "Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "3005433",
"text": "gate of the imperial Boukoleon Palace, known in Byzantine times as the Gate of the Lion (Gk. Πόρτα Λέοντος, \"Porta Leontos\", in Latin \"Porta Leonis\") after the marble lions that flanked its entrance, as well as Gate of the Bear (, \"porta tēs arkoudas\") after depictions of that animal at the quay. In Turkish it is known as \"Çatladıkapı\" (\"Broken Gate\"). To the west of the Bucoleon Palace lies the Church of SS. Sergius and Bacchus, and the first of the harbours of the city's southern shore, that of the Sophiae, named after the wife of Emperor Justin II (r.",
"title": "Walls of Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "9132029",
"text": "Palace of the Porphyrogenitus The Palace of the Porphyrogenitus (), known in Turkish as the Tekfur Sarayı (\"Palace of the Sovereign\"), is a late 13th-century Byzantine palace in the north-western part of the old city of Constantinople (present-day Istanbul, Turkey). An annex of the greater palace complex of Blachernae, it is the best preserved of the three Byzantine palaces to survive in the city (together with the ruins of the Boukoleon Palace; and the ruins of the Great Palace of Constantinople with its surviving substructures, retrieved mosaics and standing Magnaura section), and one of the few relatively intact examples of",
"title": "Palace of the Porphyrogenitus"
},
{
"id": "6652913",
"text": "on the European continent and at times the largest in the world. Constantinople began to decline continuously after the end of the reign of Basil II in 1025. The final blow was given by the conquest of Villardouin and Enrico Dandolo in 1204 during the Fourth Crusade, where the City was sacked and pillaged. The city subsequently became the center of the Latin Empire, created by Catholic crusaders to replace the Orthodox Byzantine Empire. Hagia Sophia was converted to a Catholic church in 1204. The Byzantine Empire was restored, albeit weakened, in 1261. Constantinople's churches, defenses, and basic services were",
"title": "Istanbul"
},
{
"id": "9663549",
"text": "was moved from Istanbul to Ankara. As a consequence, population collapsed, from an estimated 1,125,000 in 1914 to about 500,000 in 1924; but population steadily grew during the later 20th century, the metropolitan population surpassing 10 million in the year 2000. The city's name \"İstanbul\" is a shortened version with a Turkish character of the Medieval Greek phrase \"εἰς τὴν Πόλιν\" [is tin ˈpolin], meaning \"into the city\", which had long been in vernacular use by the local population. The international name \"Constantinople\" also remained in use until Turkey adapted the Latin alphabet in 1928 and urged other countries to",
"title": "History of Istanbul"
},
{
"id": "3005380",
"text": "to a story related by Niketas Choniates, in 1189 the gate was walled off by Emperor Isaac II Angelos, because according to a prophecy, it was this gate that Western Emperor Frederick Barbarossa would enter the city through. It was re-opened in 1346, but closed again before the siege of 1453 and remained closed until 1886, leading to its early Ottoman name, \"Kapalı Kapı\" (\"Closed Gate\"). The gate () is located between towers 30 and 31, little remains of the original gate, and the modern reconstruction may not be accurate. The Gate of the Spring or Pēgē Gate () was",
"title": "Walls of Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "164755",
"text": "named Constantinople (\"City of Constantine\"). In 395 Theodosius I, who had made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire, would be the last emperor to preside over a united Roman Empire. The empire was split into two halves: the Western Roman Empire centred in Ravenna, and the Eastern Roman Empire (later to be referred to as the Byzantine Empire) centred in Constantinople. The Roman Empire was repeatedly attacked by Hunnic, Germanic, Slavic and other “barbarian” tribes (see: Migration Period), and in 476 finally the Western part fell to the Heruli chieftain Odoacer. Roman authority in the Western part of",
"title": "History of Europe"
},
{
"id": "725995",
"text": "one Galata played to Constantinople (modern Istanbul). Trabzon formed the basis of several states in its long history and was the capital city of the Empire of Trebizond between 1204 and 1461. During the early modern period, Trabzon, because of the importance of its port, again became a focal point of trade to Persia and the Caucasus. The Turkish name of the city is Trabzon. It is historically known in English as Trebizond. The first recorded name of the city is Τραπεζοῦς (\"Trapezous\"), referencing the table-like central hill between the Zağnos (İskeleboz) and Kuzgun streams on which it was founded",
"title": "Trabzon"
},
{
"id": "2194111",
"text": "Hippodrome of Constantinople The Hippodrome of Constantinople () was a circus that was the sporting and social centre of Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire. Today it is a square named \"Sultanahmet Meydanı\" (\"Sultan Ahmet Square\") in the Turkish city of Istanbul, with a few fragments of the original structure surviving. The word \"hippodrome\" comes from the Greek \"hippos\" (), horse, and \"dromos\" (δρόμος), path or way. For this reason, it is sometimes also called \"Atmeydanı\" (\"Horse Square\") in Turkish. Horse racing and chariot racing were popular pastimes in the ancient world and hippodromes were common features of Greek cities",
"title": "Hippodrome of Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "44976",
"text": "as an imperial residence inspired by Rome itself. (See Nova Roma.) After his death the city was called Constantinople (Greek Κωνσταντινούπολις, \"Konstantinoupolis\", \"city of Constantine\"). This combination of imperialism and location would affect Constantinople's role as the nexus between the continents of Europe and Asia. It was a commercial, cultural, and diplomatic centre. With its strategic position, Constantinople controlled the major trade routes between Asia and Europe, as well as the passage from the Mediterranean Sea to the Black Sea. On May 29, 1453, the city fell to the Ottoman Turks, and again became the capital of a powerful state,",
"title": "Byzantium"
},
{
"id": "11844892",
"text": "Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, which had been founded as Byzantium). It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. Both",
"title": "Byzantine Empire"
},
{
"id": "3005436",
"text": "junction of the sea wall with the city's original Constantinian Wall. That view however is disputed by Janin, as the junction of the walls occurred considerably to the west from the modern gate's location. Further to the west, where the shoreline turns sharply south, stood the Gate of Psamathia (, \"Porta tou Psamatha/Psamatheos\"), modern \"Samatya Kapısı\", leading to the suburb of the same name. Further south and west lies the gate known today as \"Narlıkapı\" (\"Pomegranate Gate\"). Its Byzantine name is unknown, but is prominent on account of its proximity to the famed Monastery of Stoudios. During the whole existence",
"title": "Walls of Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "3818796",
"text": "at Yale University, perform the song at the end of most of their concerts. The song has been in the repertoire of the Duke's Men since 1953. During the 2000s, the song was performed live by Australian Klezmer/Gypsy Jazz band Monsieur Camembert, appearing on the album \"Live on Stage\". Istanbul (Not Constantinople) \"Istanbul (Not Constantinople)\" is a 1953 novelty song, with lyrics by Jimmy Kennedy and music by Nat Simon. Written on the 500th anniversary of the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans, the lyrics humorously refer to the official 1930 renaming of the city of Constantinople to Istanbul. The",
"title": "Istanbul (Not Constantinople)"
},
{
"id": "68674",
"text": "the title \"clarus\", not \"clarissimus\", like those of Rome. It also lacked the panoply of other administrative offices regulating the food supply, police, statues, temples, sewers, aqueducts, or other public works. The new programme of building was carried out in great haste: columns, marbles, doors, and tiles were taken wholesale from the temples of the empire and moved to the new city. In similar fashion, many of the greatest works of Greek and Roman art were soon to be seen in its squares and streets. The emperor stimulated private building by promising householders gifts of land from the imperial estates",
"title": "Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "3630538",
"text": "empire; and was renamed Istanbul in 1924, making the city itself into a metaphor for shifting identities, whatever they be national, cultural, religious, gender, ethnic or sexual. In the 17th century, Constantinople was Europe's largest city as well as one of the most wealthiest. The American scholar Urmila Seshagiri wrote that the \"fixed British hegemonies\" of the early chapters set in London and in the English countryside seem \"fragile\" when Orlando is confronted with the vast, teeming, wealthy city of Constantinople with its multi-ethnic, multi-religious population that appears as a far more powerful and greater city than London, which was",
"title": "Orlando: A Biography"
},
{
"id": "9288007",
"text": "initial phase in accordance with the Armistice gave way in 1920 to a more formal arrangement under the Treaty of Sèvres. Ultimately, the Treaty of Lausanne, signed on 24 July 1923, led to the end of the occupation. The last troops of the Allies departed from the city on 4 October 1923, and the first troops of the Ankara government, commanded by Şükrü Naili Pasha (3rd Corps), entered the city with a ceremony on 6 October 1923, which has been marked as the \"Liberation Day\" of Istanbul (Turkish: \"İstanbul'un Kurtuluşu\") and is commemorated every year on its anniversary. 1918 saw",
"title": "Occupation of Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "981863",
"text": "a corruption of the Russian Church, which they considered to be the \"true\" Church of God. As the other Churches were more closely related to Constantinople in their liturgies, Avvakum argued that Constantinople fell to the Turks because of these heretical beliefs and practices. The fall of Constantinople has a profound impact on the ancient Pentarchy of the Orthodox Church. Today, the four ancient sees of Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria, and Constantinople are almost completely devoid of followers and believers because of Islamization and the \"Dhimma\" system to which Christians have been subjected since the earliest days of Islam. As a",
"title": "Fall of Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "3005425",
"text": "of the city. In the early Ottoman period, it was known in Turkish as the \"Çıfıtkapı\" (\"Hebrew Gate\"), but its modern name is \"Bahçekapı\" (\"Garden Gate\"). The eastern limit of the Pisan quarter was located a bit eastwards of the gate. The 12th-century Genoese quarter of the city extended from there to the east, and in the documents conferring privileges on them one finds mention of two gates: the \"Porta Bonu\" (\"Gate of Bonus\", probably transcribed from Greek ), and the \"Porta Veteris Rectoris\" (\"Gate of the old rector\"). It is very likely that these two names refer to the",
"title": "Walls of Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "311871",
"text": "Pope The pope ( from \"pappas\", \"father\"), also known as the supreme pontiff (from Latin \"pontifex maximus\" \"greatest priest\"), is the Bishop of Rome and \"ex officio\" leader of the worldwide Catholic Church. Since 1929, the pope has also been head of state of Vatican City, a city-state enclaved within Rome, Italy. The current pope is Francis, who was elected on 13 March 2013, succeeding Benedict XVI. While his office is called the papacy, the episcopal see and ecclesiastical jurisdiction is called the Holy See. It is the Holy See that is the sovereign entity of international law headquartered in",
"title": "Pope"
},
{
"id": "981864",
"text": "result of this process, the center of authority in the Orthodox Church changed and migrated to Eastern Europe (e.g., Russia) rather than remaining in the former Byzantine Middle East. There are many legends in Greece surrounding the Fall of Constantinople. It was said that the partial lunar eclipse that occurred on 22 May 1453 represented a fulfillment of a prophecy of the city's demise. Four days later, the whole city was blotted out by a thick fog, a condition unknown in that part of the world in May. When the fog lifted that evening, a strange light was seen playing",
"title": "Fall of Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "66348",
"text": "locus of power in the West shifted to Constantinople and to the ascendant Islamic civilization with its major cities Baghdad, Cairo, and Córdoba. From the 9th through the end of the 12th century, Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire, was the largest and wealthiest city in Europe, with a population approaching 1 million. The Ottoman Empire gradually gained control over many cities in the Mediterranean area, including Constantinople in 1453. In the Holy Roman Empire, beginning in the 12th. century, free imperial cities such as Nuremberg, Strasbourg, Frankfurt, Zurich, Nijmegen became a privileged elite among towns having won self-governance from",
"title": "City"
},
{
"id": "6652896",
"text": "Istanbul Istanbul (, or or ; ), historically known as Byzantium and before 1924 as Constantinople, is the most populous city in Turkey and the country's economic, cultural, and historic center. Istanbul is a transcontinental city in Eurasia, straddling the Bosporus strait (which separates Europe and Asia) between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea. Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives on the Asian side. The city is the administrative center of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (coterminous with Istanbul Province), both hosting a population of around 15",
"title": "Istanbul"
},
{
"id": "6530759",
"text": "Byzantine gardens The city of Byzantium in the Byzantine Empire occupies an important place in the history of garden design between eras and cultures (c. 4th century - 10th century CE). The city, later renamed Constantinople and the present day Istanbul, was capital of the Eastern Roman Empire and survived for a thousand years after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The gardens of Byzantium were, however, mostly destroyed after the 15th-century Turkish conquest of the city. Byzantine gardens were based largely on Roman ideas emphasizing elaborate mosaic designs, a typical classical feature of formally arrayed trees and built",
"title": "Byzantine gardens"
},
{
"id": "68681",
"text": "Taurus, on 27 February 425. Uldin, a prince of the Huns, appeared on the Danube about this time and advanced into Thrace, but he was deserted by many of his followers, who joined with the Romans in driving their king back north of the river. Subsequent to this, new walls were built to defend the city and the fleet on the Danube improved. After the barbarians overran the Western Roman Empire, Constantinople became the indisputable capital city of the Roman Empire. Emperors were no longer peripatetic between various court capitals and palaces. They remained in their palace in the Great",
"title": "Constantinople"
},
{
"id": "68668",
"text": "from the town of Chalcedon on the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus. The city maintained independence as a city-state until it was annexed by Darius I in 512 BC into the Persian Empire, who saw the site as the optimal location to construct a pontoon bridge crossing into Europe as Byzantium was situated at the narrowest point in the Bosphorus strait. Persian rule lasted until 478 BC when as part of the Greek counterattack to the Second Persian Invasion of Greece, a Greek army led by the Spartan general Pausanias captured the city which remained an independent, yet subordinate, city",
"title": "Constantinople"
}
] | what is the modern day name for the city of constantinople |
[
"tympani bone"
] | [
{
"id": "7147320",
"text": "Internal auditory meatus The internal auditory meatus (also meatus acusticus internus, internal acoustic meatus, internal auditory canal, or internal acoustic canal) is a canal within the petrous part of the temporal bone of the skull between the posterior cranial fossa and the inner ear. The opening to the meatus is called the porus acusticus internus or internal acoustic opening. It is located inside the posterior cranial fossa of the skull, near the center of the posterior surface of the petrous part of the temporal bone. The size varies considerably. Its outer margins are smooth and rounded. The canal which comprises",
"title": "Internal auditory meatus"
},
{
"id": "1450723",
"text": "Skull The skull is a bony structure that forms the head in vertebrates. It supports the structures of the face and provides a protective cavity for the brain. The skull is composed of two parts: the cranium and the mandible. In the human, these two parts are the neurocranium and the viscerocranium or facial skeleton that includes the mandible as its largest bone. The skull forms the anterior most portion of the skeleton and is a product of cephalisation—housing the brain, and several sensory structures such as the eyes, ears, nose, and mouth. In humans these sensory structures are part",
"title": "Skull"
},
{
"id": "1450753",
"text": "they are related as follows: The jugal is a skull bone found in most reptiles, amphibians, and birds. In mammals, the jugal is often called the zygomatic bone or malar bone. The prefrontal bone is a bone separating the lacrimal and frontal bones in many tetrapod skulls. Skull The skull is a bony structure that forms the head in vertebrates. It supports the structures of the face and provides a protective cavity for the brain. The skull is composed of two parts: the cranium and the mandible. In the human, these two parts are the neurocranium and the viscerocranium or",
"title": "Skull"
},
{
"id": "14620425",
"text": "Porion \"For people with the surname, see Porion (surname).\" The porion is the point on the human skull located at the upper margin of each ear canal (external auditory meatus, external acoustic meatus). It lies on the superior margin of the tragus. It is a cephalometric landmark with significance in biological anthropology and in clinical applications such as oral and maxillofacial surgery. The porion is one of the three anatomical points used to determine the Frankfurt plane. The Frankfurt plane (also called the auriculo-orbital plane) was established at the World Congress on Anthropology in Frankfurt, Germany in 1884, and decreed",
"title": "Porion"
},
{
"id": "7147323",
"text": "also contains the vestibular ganglion. Internal auditory meatus The internal auditory meatus (also meatus acusticus internus, internal acoustic meatus, internal auditory canal, or internal acoustic canal) is a canal within the petrous part of the temporal bone of the skull between the posterior cranial fossa and the inner ear. The opening to the meatus is called the porus acusticus internus or internal acoustic opening. It is located inside the posterior cranial fossa of the skull, near the center of the posterior surface of the petrous part of the temporal bone. The size varies considerably. Its outer margins are smooth and",
"title": "Internal auditory meatus"
},
{
"id": "4914803",
"text": "Ear canal The ear canal (external acoustic meatus, external auditory meatus, EAM; ) is a tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear. The adult human ear canal extends from the pinna to the eardrum and is about in length and in diameter. The human ear canal is divided into two parts. The elastic cartilage part forms the outer third of the canal; its anterior and lower wall are cartilaginous, whereas its superior and back wall are fibrous. The cartilage is the continuation of the cartilage framework of pinna. The bony part forms the inner two thirds. The",
"title": "Ear canal"
},
{
"id": "3077810",
"text": "attenuated when they hit the pinna, and these changes provide additional information that will help the brain determine the sound direction. The sound waves enter the auditory canal, a deceptively simple tube. The ear canal amplifies sounds that are between 3 and 12 kHz. The tympanic membrane, at the far end of the ear canal marks the beginning of the middle ear. Sound waves travel through the ear canal and hit the tympanic membrane, or eardrum. This wave information travels across the air-filled middle ear cavity via a series of delicate bones: the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil) and stapes (stirrup).",
"title": "Auditory system"
},
{
"id": "7525228",
"text": "Petrous part of the temporal bone The petrous part of the temporal bone is pyramid-shaped and is wedged in at the base of the skull between the sphenoid and occipital bones. Directed medially, forward, and a little upward, it presents a base, an apex, three surfaces, and three angles, and houses in its interior, the components of the inner ear. The petrous portion is among the most basal elements of the skull and forms part of the endocranium. Petrous comes from the Latin word \"petrosus\", meaning \"stone-like, hard\". It is one of the densest bones in the body. The petrous",
"title": "Petrous part of the temporal bone"
},
{
"id": "1450725",
"text": "bones, and contains many foramina, fossae, processes, and several cavities or sinuses. In zoology there are openings in the skull called fenestrae. The human skull is the bony structure that forms the head in the human skeleton. It supports the structures of the face and forms a cavity for the brain. Like the skulls of other vertebrates, it protects the brain from injury. The skull consists of two parts, of different embryological origin—the neurocranium and the facial skeleton (also called the \"membraneous viscerocranium\"). The neurocranium (or \"braincase\") forms the protective cranial cavity that surrounds and houses the brain and brainstem.",
"title": "Skull"
},
{
"id": "5946322",
"text": "require no intervention for the fracture itself. Depressed fractures are usually comminuted, with broken portions of bone displaced inward—and may require surgical intervention to repair underlying tissue damage. Diastatic fractures widen the sutures of the skull and usually affect children under three. Basilar fractures are in the bones at the base of the skull. The human skull is anatomically divided into two parts: the neurocranium, formed by eight cranial bones that houses and protect the brain—and the facial skeleton (viscerocranium) composed of fourteen bones, not including the three ossicles of the inner ear. The term \"skull fracture\" typically means fractures",
"title": "Skull fracture"
},
{
"id": "1450745",
"text": "to enclose the olfactory organs. Behind these are the orbits, and then an additional pair of capsules enclosing the structure of the inner ear. Finally, the skull tapers towards the rear, where the foramen magnum lies immediately above a single condyle, articulating with the first vertebra. There are, in addition, at various points throughout the cranium, smaller foramina for the cranial nerves. The jaws consist of separate hoops of cartilage, almost always distinct from the cranium proper. In ray-finned fishes, there has also been considerable modification from the primitive pattern. The roof of the skull is generally well formed, and",
"title": "Skull"
},
{
"id": "3363474",
"text": "the ear canal, as does the facing antitragus. The hollow region in front of the ear canal is called the concha. The ear canal stretches for about 1inch (2.5cm). The first part of the canal is surrounded by cartilage, while the second part near the eardrum is surrounded by bone. This bony part is known as the auditory bulla and is formed by the tympanic part of the temporal bone. The skin surrounding the ear canal contains ceruminous and sebaceous glands that produce protective ear wax. The ear canal ends at the external surface of the eardrum. Two sets of",
"title": "Ear"
},
{
"id": "3363477",
"text": "between the outer ear and the inner ear. It consists of an air-filled cavity called the tympanic cavity and includes the three ossicles and their attaching ligaments; the auditory tube; and the round and oval windows. The ossicles are three small bones that function together to receive, amplify, and transmit the sound from the eardrum to the inner ear. The ossicles are the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and the stapes (stirrup). The stapes is the smallest named bone in the body. The middle ear also connects to the upper throat at the nasopharynx via the pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian",
"title": "Ear"
},
{
"id": "14620427",
"text": "the three points listed above, sufficient to describe a plane in three-dimensional space. The Mastoid Index (a craniometric measurement)is the distance from the porion to the asterion. The determination of the Frankfort plane differs between skeletal and soft tissues, soft tissue using the tragus as the landmark in place of the porion. Porion \"For people with the surname, see Porion (surname).\" The porion is the point on the human skull located at the upper margin of each ear canal (external auditory meatus, external acoustic meatus). It lies on the superior margin of the tragus. It is a cephalometric landmark with",
"title": "Porion"
},
{
"id": "1450726",
"text": "The upper areas of the cranial bones form the calvaria (skullcap). The membranous viscerocranium includes the mandible. The facial skeleton is formed by the bones supporting the face. Except for the mandible, all of the bones of the skull are joined together by sutures—synarthrodial (immovable) joints formed by bony ossification, with Sharpey's fibres permitting some flexibility. Sometimes there can be extra bone pieces within the suture known as wormian bones or \"sutural bones\". Most commonly these are found in the course of the lambdoid suture. The human skull is generally considered to consist of twenty-two bones—eight cranial bones and fourteen",
"title": "Skull"
},
{
"id": "7525236",
"text": "DNA. Petrous part of the temporal bone The petrous part of the temporal bone is pyramid-shaped and is wedged in at the base of the skull between the sphenoid and occipital bones. Directed medially, forward, and a little upward, it presents a base, an apex, three surfaces, and three angles, and houses in its interior, the components of the inner ear. The petrous portion is among the most basal elements of the skull and forms part of the endocranium. Petrous comes from the Latin word \"petrosus\", meaning \"stone-like, hard\". It is one of the densest bones in the body. The",
"title": "Petrous part of the temporal bone"
},
{
"id": "2091007",
"text": "Ethmoid bone The ethmoid bone (; from Greek \"ethmos\", \"sieve\") is an unpaired bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. It is located at the roof of the nose, between the two orbits. The cubical bone is lightweight due to a spongy construction. The ethmoid bone is one of the bones that make up the orbit of the eye. The ethmoid bone is an anterior cranial bone located between the eyes. It contributes to the medial wall of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the nasal septum. The ethmoid has three parts: cribriform plate, ethmoidal",
"title": "Ethmoid bone"
},
{
"id": "14091053",
"text": "Skull roof The skull roof, or the roofing bones of the skull, are a set of bones covering the brain, eyes and nostrils in bony fishes and all land-living vertebrates. The bones are derived from dermal bone and are part of the dermatocranium. In comparative anatomy the term is used on the full dermatocranium. In general anatomy, the roofing bones may refer specifically to the bones that form above and alongside the brain and neurocranium (i.e., excluding the marginal upper jaw bones such as the maxilla and premaxilla), and in human anatomy, the skull roof often refers specifically to the",
"title": "Skull roof"
},
{
"id": "1450728",
"text": "the stated twenty-two. Some of these bones—the occipital, parietal, frontal, in the neurocranium, and the nasal, lacrimal, and vomer, in the facial skeleton are flat bones. The skull also contains sinuses, air-filled cavities known as paranasal sinuses, and numerous foramina. The sinuses are lined with respiratory epithelium. Their known functions are the lessening of the weight of the skull, the aiding of resonance to the voice and the warming and moistening of the air drawn into the nasal cavity. The foramina are openings in the skull. The largest of these is the foramen magnum that allows the passage of the",
"title": "Skull"
},
{
"id": "2131002",
"text": "the hard palate beneath the vomer means that the bone is now located in a nasal chamber, separate from the mouth. Vomer The vomer () is one of the unpaired facial bones of the skull. It is located in the midsagittal line, and articulates with the sphenoid, the ethmoid, the left and right palatine bones, and the left and right maxillary bones. The vomer forms the inferior part of the nasal septum, with the superior part formed by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone. The name is derived from the Latin word for a ploughshare and the shape of",
"title": "Vomer"
},
{
"id": "3363473",
"text": "via the pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian tube. The inner ear contains the otolith organs—the utricle and saccule—and the semicircular canals belonging to the vestibular system, as well as the cochlea of the auditory system. The outer ear is the external portion of the ear and includes the fleshy visible pinna (also called the auricle), the ear canal, and the outer layer of the eardrum (also called the tympanic membrane). The pinna consists of the curving outer rim called the helix, the inner curved rim called the antihelix, and opens into the ear canal. The tragus protrudes and partially obscures",
"title": "Ear"
},
{
"id": "8866149",
"text": "Greater palatine canal The greater palatine canal (or pterygopalatine canal) is a passage in the skull that transmits the descending palatine artery, vein, and greater and lesser palatine nerves between the pterygopalatine fossa and the oral cavity. The greater palatine canal starts on the inferior aspect of the pterygopalatine fossa. It goes through the maxilla and palatine bones to reach the palate, ending at the greater palatine foramen. From this canal, accessory canals branch off; these are known as the lesser palatine canals. The canal is formed by a vertical groove on the posterior part of the maxillary surface of",
"title": "Greater palatine canal"
},
{
"id": "4914805",
"text": "ear canals. It plays an important role in the human ear canal, assisting in cleaning and lubrication, and also provides some protection from bacteria, fungi, and insects. Excess or impacted cerumen can press against the eardrum and/or occlude the external auditory canal and impair hearing, causing conductive hearing loss. Ear canal The ear canal (external acoustic meatus, external auditory meatus, EAM; ) is a tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear. The adult human ear canal extends from the pinna to the eardrum and is about in length and in diameter. The human ear canal is divided",
"title": "Ear canal"
},
{
"id": "8866150",
"text": "the palatine bone; it is converted into a canal by articulation with the maxilla. The canal transmits the descending palatine vessels, the greater palatine nerve, and the lesser palatine nerve. Greater palatine canal The greater palatine canal (or pterygopalatine canal) is a passage in the skull that transmits the descending palatine artery, vein, and greater and lesser palatine nerves between the pterygopalatine fossa and the oral cavity. The greater palatine canal starts on the inferior aspect of the pterygopalatine fossa. It goes through the maxilla and palatine bones to reach the palate, ending at the greater palatine foramen. From this",
"title": "Greater palatine canal"
},
{
"id": "15757738",
"text": "Bone conduction auditory brainstem response Bone-conduction auditory brainstem response or BCABR is a type of auditory evoked response that records neural response from EEG with stimulus transmitted through bone conduction. Vibration of the skull results in auditory sensation. This is a way to somewhat bypass the outer and middle ears to stimulate the cochlea. Von Bekesy is credited with the discovery that at the level of the cochlea, phase shifted bone-conduction signals cancel out air conduction signals. Bone-conduction works because all of the bones of the skull are connected, including the temporal bone, which in turn stimulates the cochlea. Barany",
"title": "Bone conduction auditory brainstem response"
},
{
"id": "1450747",
"text": "the living lungfishes. The skull roof is not fully formed, and consists of multiple, somewhat irregularly shaped bones with no direct relationship to those of tetrapods. The upper jaw is formed from the pterygoids and vomers alone, all of which bear teeth. Much of the skull is formed from cartilage, and its overall structure is reduced. The skulls of the earliest tetrapods closely resembled those of their ancestors amongst the lobe-finned fishes. The skull roof is formed of a series of plate-like bones, including the maxilla, frontals, parietals, and lacrimals, among others. It is overlaying the endocranium, corresponding to the",
"title": "Skull"
},
{
"id": "3454475",
"text": "Articular bone The articular bone is part of the lower jaw of most vertebrates, including most jawed fish, amphibians, birds and various kinds of reptiles, as well as Stem-mammal. In these animals it is connected to two other lower jaw bones, the suprangular and the angular. It forms the jaw joint by articulating with the quadrate bone of the skull. In mammals, the articular bone has migrated to the middle ear to become the malleus, while the quadrate bone becomes the incus. Paleontologists regard this as a defining characteristic of mammalian fossils. It is analogous to, but not homologous to",
"title": "Articular bone"
},
{
"id": "6862332",
"text": "Hypoglossal canal The hypoglossal canal is a foramen in the occipital bone of the skull. It is hidden medially and superiorly to each occipital condyle. The hypoglossal nerve traverses the canal. It transmits the hypoglossal nerve from its point of entry near the medulla oblongata to its exit from the base of the skull near the jugular foramen. It lies in the epiphyseal junction between the basiocciput and the jugular process of the occipital bone. The hypoglossal canal has recently been used to try to determine the antiquity of human speech. Researchers have found that hominids who lived as long",
"title": "Hypoglossal canal"
},
{
"id": "2945702",
"text": "the skull passes through the pelvis and birth canal during birth. During development the eight separate plates of the immature bones fuse together into one single structure known as the Skull. The only bone that remains separate from the rest of the skull is the mandible.<ref name=\"Inner Body/Skull\"></ref> The rib cage is composed of 12 pairs of ribs plus the sternum for a total of 25 separate bones. The rib cage functions as protection for the vital organs such as the heart and lungs. The ribs are shaped like crescents, with one end flattened and the other end rounded. The",
"title": "Axial skeleton"
},
{
"id": "2787079",
"text": "tend to tolerate this arrangement very well. When the child's skull bone is sufficiently thick, a titanium \"post\" can be surgically embedded into the skull with a small abutment exposed outside the skin. The BAHA sound processor sits on this abutment and transmits sound vibrations to the external abutment of the titanium implant. The implant vibrates the skull and inner ear, which stimulate the nerve fibers of the inner ear, allowing hearing. The surgical procedure is simple both for the surgeon, involving very few risks for the experienced ear surgeon. For the patient, minimal discomfort and pain is reported. Patients",
"title": "Hearing aid"
},
{
"id": "5492544",
"text": "Tensor tympani muscle The tensor tympani is a muscle within the ear, located in the bony canal above the osseous portion of the auditory tube. Its role is to damp loud sounds, such as those produced from chewing, shouting, or thunder. Because its reaction time is not fast enough, the muscle cannot protect against hearing damage caused by sudden loud explosions or gunshots. The tensor tympani arises from the cartilaginous portion of the auditory tube, and the adjoining part of the great wing of the sphenoid, as well as from the osseous canal in which it is contained. Passing backward",
"title": "Tensor tympani muscle"
},
{
"id": "6479167",
"text": "Greek ἀστέριον (\"astērion\"), meaning \"star\" or \"starry\". The \"Mercedes point\" is an alternative term for the asterion, for its resemblance to the Mercedes-Benz logo. Asterion (anatomy) The asterion is the point on the skull corresponding to the posterior end of the parietomastoid suture. In human anatomy, the asterion is a visible, so-called craniometric, point on the exposed skull, just behind the ear, where three cranial sutures meet: or where three cranial bones meet: In the adult, it lies 4 cm behind and 12 mm above the center of the entrance to the ear canal. Neurosurgeons use this point to orient",
"title": "Asterion (anatomy)"
},
{
"id": "1450746",
"text": "although the exact relationship of its bones to those of tetrapods is unclear, they are usually given similar names for convenience. Other elements of the skull, however, may be reduced; there is little cheek region behind the enlarged orbits, and little, if any bone in between them. The upper jaw is often formed largely from the premaxilla, with the maxilla itself located further back, and an additional bone, the symplectic, linking the jaw to the rest of the cranium. Although the skulls of fossil lobe-finned fish resemble those of the early tetrapods, the same cannot be said of those of",
"title": "Skull"
},
{
"id": "1450729",
"text": "spinal cord as well as nerves and blood vessels. The many processes of the skull include the mastoid process and the zygomatic processes. The skull is a complex structure; its bones are formed both by intramembranous and endochondral ossification. The skull roof bones, comprising the bones of the facial skeleton and the sides and roof of the neurocranium, are dermal bones formed by intramembranous ossification, though the temporal bones are formed by endochondral ossification. The endocranium, the bones supporting the brain (the occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid) are largely formed by endochondral ossification. Thus frontal and parietal bones are purely membranous.",
"title": "Skull"
},
{
"id": "2087276",
"text": "Occipital bone The occipital bone () is a cranial dermal bone and the main bone of the occiput (back and lower part of the skull). It is trapezoidal in shape and curved on itself like a shallow dish. The occipital bone overlies the occipital lobes of the cerebrum. At the base of skull in the occipital bone, there is a large oval opening called the foramen magnum, which allows the passage of the spinal cord. Like the other cranial bones, it is classed as a flat bone. Due to its many attachments and features, the occipital bone is described in",
"title": "Occipital bone"
},
{
"id": "10670482",
"text": "the Moupin pika. A fairly small pika, the Moupin pika measures in length, and weighs . The skull is in length, and is larger than that of the Gansu pika. The frontal bone is flat and low, and has no alveolus above it. The auditory bullae are small, and the posterior processes of the cheek bone are almost parallel. The anterior palatine foramen (funnel-shaped opening in the bony plate of the skull, located in the roof of the mouth, immediately behind the incisor teeth where blood vessels and nerves pass) and the palatal foramen are combined. In summer, the dorsal",
"title": "Moupin pika"
},
{
"id": "14620426",
"text": "as the anatomical position of the human skull for comparative craniometric measurements. It was decided that a plane passing through the inferior margin of the left orbit (the point called the left orbitale) and the upper margin of each ear canal or external auditory meatus, a point called the porion, was most nearly parallel to the surface of the earth at the position the head is normally carried in the living subject. In normal subjects, both orbitales and both porions lie in a single plane. However, due to pathology, this is not always the case. The formal definition specifies only",
"title": "Porion"
},
{
"id": "9694731",
"text": "Calvaria (skull) The calvaria or skullcap (feminine Latin noun with plural \"calvariae\"; however, many medical texts list the word as \"calvarium\", neuter Latin noun with plural \"calvaria\") is the upper part of the neurocranium and covers the cranial cavity containing the brain. It forms the main component of the skull roof. The calvaria (skullcap) is made up of the superior portions of the frontal bone, occipital bone, and parietal bones. In the human skull, the sutures between the bones normally remain flexible during the first few years of postnatal development, and fontanelles are palpable. Premature complete ossification of these sutures",
"title": "Calvaria (skull)"
},
{
"id": "7525241",
"text": "upper part of the posterior wall by the squama. Its inner end is closed, by the tympanic membrane which originates from the tympanic sulcus; the upper limit of its outer orifice is formed by the posterior root of the zygomatic process, immediately below which there is sometimes seen a small spine, the \"suprameatal spine\", situated at the upper and posterior part of the orifice. The auditory bulla (pl. bullae) is a hollow bony structure on the ventral, posterior portion of the skull that encloses parts of the middle and inner ear. In most species, it is formed by the tympanic",
"title": "Tympanic part of the temporal bone"
},
{
"id": "14091058",
"text": "the openings independently: The synapsids are the mammal-like reptiles and the mammals. In mammals, the side opening is closed by the sphenoid bone, so that the skull roof appear whole, despite the temporal opening. All other reptiles (with the possible exception of turtles) and the birds are diapsids. Skull roof The skull roof, or the roofing bones of the skull, are a set of bones covering the brain, eyes and nostrils in bony fishes and all land-living vertebrates. The bones are derived from dermal bone and are part of the dermatocranium. In comparative anatomy the term is used on the",
"title": "Skull roof"
},
{
"id": "1450724",
"text": "of the facial skeleton. Functions of the skull include protection of the brain, fixing the distance between the eyes to allow stereoscopic vision, and fixing the position of the ears to enable sound localisation of the direction and distance of sounds. In some animals such as horned ungulates, the skull also has a defensive function by providing the mount (on the frontal bone) for the horns. The English word \"skull\" is probably derived from Old Norse \"skulle\", while the Latin word \"cranium\" comes from the Greek root κρανίον (\"kranion\"). The skull is made up of a number of fused flat",
"title": "Skull"
},
{
"id": "1777492",
"text": "Eustachian tube The Eustachian tube, also known as the auditory tube or pharyngotympanic tube, is a tube that links the nasopharynx to the middle ear. It is a part of the middle ear. In adult humans the Eustachian tube is approximately long and in diameter. It is named after the sixteenth-century Italian anatomist Bartolomeo Eustachi. In humans and other land animals the middle ear (like the ear canal) is normally filled with air. Unlike the open ear canal, however, the air of the middle ear is not in direct contact with the atmosphere outside the body. The Eustachian tube connects",
"title": "Eustachian tube"
},
{
"id": "5946323",
"text": "to the neurocranium, while fractures of the facial portion of the skull are \"facial fractures\", or if the jaw is fractured, a \"mandibular fracture\". The eight cranial bones are separated by sutures : one frontal bone, two parietal bones, two temporal bones, one occipital bone, one sphenoid bone, and one ethmoid bone. The bones of the skull are in three layers: the hard compact layer of the external table (\"lamina externa\"), the diploë (a spongy layer of red bone marrow in the middle, and the compact layer of the inner table (\"Lamina interna\"). Skull thickness is variable, depending on location.",
"title": "Skull fracture"
},
{
"id": "7525245",
"text": "Temporal styloid process The temporal styloid process is a process of bone that extends down from the temporal bone of the human skull, just below the ear. The styloid process is a slender pointed piece of bone just below the ear. It projects down and forward from the inferior surface of the temporal bone, and serves as an anchor point for several muscles associated with the tongue and larynx. The stylohyoid ligament extends from the apex of the process to the lesser cornu of the hyoid bone, and can sometimes be partially or completely ossified. A small percentage of the",
"title": "Temporal styloid process"
},
{
"id": "5946324",
"text": "Thus the traumatic impact required to cause a fracture depends on the impact site. The skull is thick at the glabella, the external occipital protuberance, the mastoid processes, and the external angular process. Areas of the skull that are covered with muscle have no underlying diploë formation between the internal and external lamina, which results in thin bone more susceptible to fractures. Skull fractures occur more easily at the thin squamous temporal and parietal bones, the sphenoid sinus, the foramen magnum (the opening at the base of the skull that the spinal cord passes through), the petrous temporal ridge, and",
"title": "Skull fracture"
},
{
"id": "10912538",
"text": "Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles The evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles was an evolutionary event in which bones in the jaw of reptiles were co-opted to form part of the hearing apparatus in mammals. The event is well-documented and important as a demonstration of transitional forms and exaptation, the re-purposing of existing structures during evolution. In reptiles, the eardrum is connected to the inner ear via a single bone, the columella, while the upper and lower jaws contain several bones not found in mammals. Over the course of the evolution of mammals, one bone from the lower and one from",
"title": "Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles"
},
{
"id": "11481940",
"text": "is considered to be a primitive feature in dinosaurs. The prefrontal makes contact with several other bones in the skull. The anterior part of the bone articulates with the nasal bone and the lacrimal bone. The posterior part of the bone articulates with the frontal bone and more rarely the palpebral bone. The prefrontal bone sometimes forms part of the upper margin of the orbit. This bone is part of the skull roof, which is a set of bones that cover the brain, eyes and nostrils. Prefrontal bone The prefrontal bone is a bone separating the lacrimal and frontal bones",
"title": "Prefrontal bone"
},
{
"id": "2764821",
"text": "the rest of the cartilage to enter the middle ear where it becomes the incus. Quadrate bone The quadrate bone is part of a skull in most tetrapods, including amphibians, sauropsids (reptiles, birds), and early synapsids. In these animals it connects to the quadratojugal and squamosal in the skull, and forms part of the jaw joint (the other part is the articular bone at the rear end of the lower jaw). It is formed by endochondral ossification and is formed from the hindmost part of the primitive cartilaginous upper jaw. In snakes, the quadrate bone has become elongated and very",
"title": "Quadrate bone"
},
{
"id": "663247",
"text": "Outer ear The outer ear, external ear, or auris externa is the external portion of the ear, which consists of the auricle (also pinna) and the ear canal. It gathers sound energy and focuses it on the eardrum (tympanic membrane). The visible part is called the auricle, also known as the pinna, especially in other animals. It is composed of a thin plate of yellow elastic cartilage, covered with integument, and connected to the surrounding parts by ligaments and muscles; and to the commencement of the ear canal by fibrous tissue. Many mammals can move the pinna (with the auriculares",
"title": "Outer ear"
},
{
"id": "1450727",
"text": "facial skeleton bones. In the neurocranium these are the occipital bone, two temporal bones, two parietal bones, the sphenoid, ethmoid and frontal bones. The bones of the facial skeleton(14) are the vomer, two inferior nasal conchae, two nasal bones, two maxilla, the mandible, two palatine bones, two zygomatic bones, and two lacrimal bones. Some sources count a paired bone as one, or the maxilla as having two bones (as its parts); some sources include the hyoid bone or the three ossicles of the middle ear but the overall general consensus of the number of bones in the human skull is",
"title": "Skull"
},
{
"id": "7142981",
"text": "Jugular foramen The jugular foramen is a large foramen (aperture) in the base of the skull. It is located behind the carotid canal and is formed in front by the petrous portion of the temporal bone, and behind by the occipital bone; it is generally larger on the right than on the left side. Cranial nerves IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), and XI (accessory) and the internal jugular vein pass through the jugular foramen. The jugular foramen may be subdivided into three compartments, each with their own contents. An alternative imaging based subclassification exists, delineated by the jugular spine which is",
"title": "Jugular foramen"
},
{
"id": "15284024",
"text": "Mandible The mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human face. It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place. The mandible sits beneath the maxilla. It is the only movable bone of the skull (discounting the ossicles of the middle ear). The bone is formed in the fetus from a fusion of the left and right mandibular prominences, and the point where these sides join, the mandibular symphysis, is still visible as a faint ridge in the midline. Like other symphyses in the body, this is a midline articulation",
"title": "Mandible"
},
{
"id": "6331025",
"text": "ear, bypassing the external auditory canal and middle ear. A titanium prosthesis is surgically embedded into the skull with a small abutment exposed outside the skin. A sound processor sits on this abutment and transmits sound vibrations to the titanium implant. The implant vibrates the skull and inner ear, which stimulate the nerve fibers of the inner ear, allowing hearing. The surgery is often performed under local anaesthesia and as an outpatient procedure. An important piece of information for patients is that if they for whatever reason are not satisfied with the BAHA solution, removing the implant is easy. No",
"title": "Bone-anchored hearing aid"
},
{
"id": "13263623",
"text": "that it had a very thin plate of bone that acted as an eardrum, receiving sounds and transferring them to a small air-filled cavity. The stapes and vestibular foramen (the hole that connects the middle and inner ears) are preserved in one specimen of \"Glanosuchus\" that was examined by grinding away cross sections of the skull. The anular ligament, a ring-like structure that forms a seal between the end of the stapes and the rim of the vestibular foramen, was probably held in place by cartilage. The transfer of sound between the thin bony plate and the vestibular foramen in",
"title": "Glanosuchus"
},
{
"id": "1973100",
"text": "Foramen magnum The foramen magnum () is a large oval opening (foramen) in the occipital bone of the skull in humans and various other animals. It is one of the several oval or circular openings (foramina) in the base of the skull. The spinal cord, an extension of the medulla, passes through the foramen magnum as it exits the cranial cavity. Apart from the transmission of the medulla oblongata and its membranes, the foramen magnum transmits the vertebral arteries, the anterior and posterior spinal arteries, the tectorial membranes and alar ligaments. It also transmits the spinal component of the accessory",
"title": "Foramen magnum"
},
{
"id": "7578613",
"text": "Subarcuate fossa In the temporal bone at the sides of the skull, above and between the aquæductus vestibuli is an irregular depression which lodges a process of the dura mater and transmits a small vein and the subarcuate artery a branch of the meatal segment of anterior inferior cerebellar artery, which is an end artery that supplies blood to the inner ear ; in the infant this depression is represented by a large fossa, the subarcuate fossa, which extends backward as a blind tunnel under the superior semicircular canal. It is extensive in most primates (except for great apes) and",
"title": "Subarcuate fossa"
},
{
"id": "2106971",
"text": "left here. There is also a probable connection with the Greek verb \"temnion\", to wound in battle. The skull is thin in this area and presents a vulnerable area for a blow from a battle axe. Another possible etymology is described at Temple (anatomy). Glomus jugulare tumor: Temporal bone The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull, and lateral to the temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex. The temporal bones are overlaid by the sides of the head known as the temples, and house the structures of the ears. The lower seven cranial nerves and",
"title": "Temporal bone"
},
{
"id": "2054777",
"text": "Foramen ovale (skull) At the base of the skull, the foramen ovale (Latin: oval window) is one of the larger of the several holes (the foramina) that transmit nerves through the skull. The foramen ovale is situated in the posterior part of the sphenoid bone, posterolateral to the foramen rotundum. The foramen ovale is an opening in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone. The foramen ovale is one of two cranial foramina in the greater wing, the other being the foramen spinosum. Similar to other foramina, the foramen ovale differs in shape and size throughout the natural life. The",
"title": "Foramen ovale (skull)"
},
{
"id": "1830894",
"text": "3 bones, the ectopterygoid, the palantine, and the vomer. The teeth are on two bones, the premaxillae and the maxillae. Another three bones make up the lower jaw the dentary, the angular, and the surangular. The cranial surface of the skull is made up of the nasals, the antorbital, the lacrimal, the parietal, the intertemporal, the post parietal, the supratemporal, the extra scapular, the post temporal, and the opercular. The entirety of the skull is attached to the girdle through another set of bones. Bowfin are often referred to as \"living fossils\", or \"primitive fishes\" because they retained some of",
"title": "Bowfin"
},
{
"id": "2945701",
"text": "cranium is formed from eight plate-shaped bones which fit together at meeting points (joints) called sutures. In addition there are 14 facial bones which form the lower front part of the skull. Together the 22 bones that compose the skull form additional, smaller spaces besides the cranial vault, such as the cavities for the eyes, the internal ear, the nose, and the mouth. The most important facial bones include the jaw or mandible, the upper jaw or maxilla, the zygomatic or cheek bone, and the nasal bone. Humans are born with separate plates which later fuse to allow flexibility as",
"title": "Axial skeleton"
},
{
"id": "10335821",
"text": "bone. The pterygoid plates lie posterior to the upper dental row, or alveolar ridge, when viewing the face from an anterior view. The fractures are named after French surgeon René Le Fort (1869–1951), who discovered the fracture patterns by examining crush injuries in cadavers. Lefort I — Slight swelling of the upper lip, ecchymosis is present in the buccal sulcus beneath each zygomatic arch, malocclusion, mobility of teeth. Impacted type of fractures may be almost immobile and it is only by grasping the maxillary teeth and applying a little firm pressure that a characteristic grate can be felt which is",
"title": "Le Fort fracture of skull"
},
{
"id": "6051136",
"text": "of infection or for some other reason, it can be drained by puncturing the tympanic membrane with a large bore needle (tympanocentesis). Tympanic cavity The tympanic cavity is a small cavity surrounding the bones of the middle ear. Within it sit the ossicles, three small bones that transmit vibrations used in the detection of sound. On its lateral surface, it abuts the external auditory meatus [ ear canal ] from which it is separated by the tympanic membrane (eardrum). The tympanic cavity is bounded by: It is formed from the tubotympanic recess, an expansion of the first pharyngeal pouch. If",
"title": "Tympanic cavity"
},
{
"id": "2087289",
"text": "most basal portion of the skull. In Chondrichthyes and Agnathans, the occipital does not form as a separate element, but remains part of the chondrocranium throughout life. In most higher vertebrates, the foramen magnum is surrounded by a ring of four bones. The basioccipital lies in front of the opening, the two exoccipital condyles lie to either side, and the larger supraoccipital lies to the posterior, and forms at least part of the rear of the cranium. In many bony fish and amphibians, the supraoccipital is never ossified, and remains as cartilage throughout life. In primitive forms the basioccipital and",
"title": "Occipital bone"
},
{
"id": "7525206",
"text": "be distinguished from the mastoid cells, though it communicates with them. Like the mastoid cells it is filled with air and lined by a prolongation of the mucous membrane of the tympanic cavity, with which it communicates. The tympanic antrum is bounded above by a thin plate of bone, the tegmen tympani, which separates it from the middle fossa of the base of the skull; below by the mastoid process; laterally by the squama just below the temporal line, and medially by the lateral semicircular canal of the internal ear which projects into its cavity. It opens in front into",
"title": "Mastoid part of the temporal bone"
},
{
"id": "3454476",
"text": "the articular process of the lower jaw. Articular bone The articular bone is part of the lower jaw of most vertebrates, including most jawed fish, amphibians, birds and various kinds of reptiles, as well as Stem-mammal. In these animals it is connected to two other lower jaw bones, the suprangular and the angular. It forms the jaw joint by articulating with the quadrate bone of the skull. In mammals, the articular bone has migrated to the middle ear to become the malleus, while the quadrate bone becomes the incus. Paleontologists regard this as a defining characteristic of mammalian fossils. It",
"title": "Articular bone"
},
{
"id": "12331181",
"text": "jaws are homologous to the gill arches of jawless fishes. The upper portion of the second embryonic arch supporting the gill became the hyomandibular bone of jawed fishes, which supports the skull and therefore links the jaw to the cranium. When vertebrates found their way onto land, the hyomandibula, with its location near the ear, began to function as a sound amplifier beside its function to support the skull. As evolution later attached the cranium of terrestrial vertebrates to the rest of the skull, the hyomandibula lost its supportive function and became an interior organ, the stapes, and thus its",
"title": "Hyomandibula"
},
{
"id": "7106884",
"text": "Jugular fossa The jugular fossa is a deep depression in the inferior part of the base of the skull. More specifically, it is located in the temporal bone, posterior to the carotid canal and the aquæductus cochleæ. It is of variable depth and size in different skulls; it lodges the bulb of the internal jugular vein. In the bony ridge dividing the carotid canal from the jugular fossa is the small inferior tympanic canaliculus for the passage of the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve. In the lateral part of the jugular fossa is the mastoid canaliculus for the entrance",
"title": "Jugular fossa"
},
{
"id": "6495746",
"text": "Foramen spinosum The foramen spinosum is one of two foramina located in the base of the human skull, on the sphenoid bone. It is situated just anterior to the spine of the sphenoid bone, and just lateral to the foramen ovale. The middle meningeal artery, middle meningeal vein, and the meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve pass through the foramen. The foramen spinosum is often used as a landmark in neurosurgery, due to its close relations with other cranial foramina. It was first described by Jakob Benignus Winslow in the 18th century. The foramen spinosum is a foramen through the",
"title": "Foramen spinosum"
},
{
"id": "6051792",
"text": "inner ear, to the swim bladder. The structure acts as an amplifier of sound waves that would otherwise be only slightly perceivable by the inner ear structure alone. The generalized structure of the Weberian apparatus is akin to a skeletal complex of bones and ossicles that are physically connected to the labyrinth auditory complex anteriorly and the anteriormost region of the swim bladder posteriorly. The entire structure is derived from skeletal elements of the first four vertebrae. The involved elements include: the supraneural bones of the skull; modified neural arch bones, specifically the paired claustra and the scaphia; the intercalarium",
"title": "Weberian apparatus"
},
{
"id": "6479166",
"text": "Asterion (anatomy) The asterion is the point on the skull corresponding to the posterior end of the parietomastoid suture. In human anatomy, the asterion is a visible, so-called craniometric, point on the exposed skull, just behind the ear, where three cranial sutures meet: or where three cranial bones meet: In the adult, it lies 4 cm behind and 12 mm above the center of the entrance to the ear canal. Neurosurgeons use this point to orient themselves, in order to plan safe entry into the skull for some operations, such as retro-sigmoid approach. The asterion receives its name from the",
"title": "Asterion (anatomy)"
},
{
"id": "2130997",
"text": "Vomer The vomer () is one of the unpaired facial bones of the skull. It is located in the midsagittal line, and articulates with the sphenoid, the ethmoid, the left and right palatine bones, and the left and right maxillary bones. The vomer forms the inferior part of the nasal septum, with the superior part formed by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone. The name is derived from the Latin word for a ploughshare and the shape of the bone. The vomer is situated in the median plane, but its anterior portion is frequently bent to one side. It",
"title": "Vomer"
},
{
"id": "6495751",
"text": "because of its relationship to the spinous process of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone. However, due to incorrectly declining the noun, the literal meaning is \"hole full of thorns\" (). The correct, but unused name would, in fact, be \"\". Foramen spinosum The foramen spinosum is one of two foramina located in the base of the human skull, on the sphenoid bone. It is situated just anterior to the spine of the sphenoid bone, and just lateral to the foramen ovale. The middle meningeal artery, middle meningeal vein, and the meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve pass through",
"title": "Foramen spinosum"
},
{
"id": "2091013",
"text": "with anosmia were more than four times as likely to die in five years compared to those with a healthy sense of smell. Ethmoid bone The ethmoid bone (; from Greek \"ethmos\", \"sieve\") is an unpaired bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. It is located at the roof of the nose, between the two orbits. The cubical bone is lightweight due to a spongy construction. The ethmoid bone is one of the bones that make up the orbit of the eye. The ethmoid bone is an anterior cranial bone located between the eyes. It",
"title": "Ethmoid bone"
},
{
"id": "1450749",
"text": "dentary) is homologous with the mammalian mandible. In living tetrapods, a great many of the original bones have either disappeared or fused into one another in various arrangements. Birds have a diapsid skull, as in reptiles, with a prelacrymal fossa (present in some reptiles). The skull has a single occipital condyle. The skull consists of five major bones: the frontal (top of head), parietal (back of head), premaxillary and nasal (top beak), and the mandible (bottom beak). The skull of a normal bird usually weighs about 1% of the bird's total bodyweight. The eye occupies a considerable amount of the",
"title": "Skull"
},
{
"id": "7447676",
"text": "Infraorbital foramen In human anatomy, the infraorbital foramen is an opening in the maxillary bone of the skull located below the infraorbital margin of the orbit. It transmits the infraorbital artery and vein, and the infraorbital nerve, a branch of the maxillary nerve. It is typically from the infraorbital margin. Forming the exterior end of the infraorbital canal, the infraorbital foramen communicates with the infraorbital groove, the canal's opening on the interior side. The ramifications of the three principal branches of the trigeminal nerve—at the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramen—are distributed on a vertical line (in anterior view) passing through",
"title": "Infraorbital foramen"
},
{
"id": "2106966",
"text": "Temporal bone The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull, and lateral to the temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex. The temporal bones are overlaid by the sides of the head known as the temples, and house the structures of the ears. The lower seven cranial nerves and the major vessels to and from the brain traverse the temporal bone. The temporal bone consists of four parts— the squamous, mastoid, petrous and tympanic parts. The squamous part is the largest and most superiorly positioned relative to the rest of the bone. The zygomatic process is",
"title": "Temporal bone"
},
{
"id": "2087409",
"text": "fish and amphibians it is often separated from the orbits by one or two additional bones not found in mammals. These bones, the prefrontals and postfrontals, together form the upper margin of the eye sockets, and lie to either side of the frontal bones. The frontal bone is one of the principal paired mid-line bones in dinosaur skulls. This bone is part of the skull roof, which is a set of bones that cover the brain, eyes and nostrils. The frontal makes contact with several other bones in the skull. The anterior part of the bone articulates with the nasal",
"title": "Frontal bone"
},
{
"id": "2924349",
"text": "forming the lateral posterior portion of the bony orbital process, the maxillary bone inferiorly and medially which, along with the lacrimal and ethmoid bones, forms the medial wall of the orbital canal. The ethmoid air cells are extremely thin, and form a structure known as the lamina papyracea, the most delicate bony structure in the skull, and one of the most commonly fractured bones in orbital trauma. The lacrimal bone also contains the nasolacrimal duct. The superior bony margin of the orbital rim, otherwise known as the orbital process, is formed by the frontal bone. The roof (superior wall) is",
"title": "Orbit (anatomy)"
},
{
"id": "11180769",
"text": "Inferior petrosal sulcus The inferior petrosal sulcus is the groove containing the inferior petrosal sinus. The inferior petrosal sulcus is formed by the junction of the petrous part of the temporal bone of the skull with the basilar part of the occipital bone. It begins in the postero-inferior part of the cavernous sinus, and, passing through the anterior part of the jugular foramen, ends in the superior bulb of the internal jugular vein. The inferior petrosal sinus receives the internal auditory veins and also veins from the medulla oblongata, pons, and under surface of the cerebellum. The exact relation of",
"title": "Inferior petrosal sulcus"
},
{
"id": "663207",
"text": "Inner ear The inner ear (internal ear, auris interna) is the innermost part of the vertebrate ear. In vertebrates, the inner ear is mainly responsible for sound detection and balance. In mammals, it consists of the bony labyrinth, a hollow cavity in the temporal bone of the skull with a system of passages comprising two main functional parts: The inner ear is found in all vertebrates, with substantial variations in form and function. The inner ear is innervated by the eighth cranial nerve in all vertebrates. The labyrinth can be divided by layer or by region. The bony labyrinth, or",
"title": "Inner ear"
},
{
"id": "7525237",
"text": "Tympanic part of the temporal bone The tympanic part of the temporal bone is a curved plate of bone lying below the squamous part of the temporal bone, in front of the mastoid process, and surrounding the external part of the ear canal. It originates as a separate bone (tympanic bone), which in some mammals stays separate through life. Evolutionarily, a portion of it is derived from the angular bone of the reptilian lower jaw. Its postero-superior surface is concave, and forms the anterior wall, the floor, and part of the posterior wall of the bony ear canal. Medially, it",
"title": "Tympanic part of the temporal bone"
},
{
"id": "6051135",
"text": "Tympanic cavity The tympanic cavity is a small cavity surrounding the bones of the middle ear. Within it sit the ossicles, three small bones that transmit vibrations used in the detection of sound. On its lateral surface, it abuts the external auditory meatus [ ear canal ] from which it is separated by the tympanic membrane (eardrum). The tympanic cavity is bounded by: It is formed from the tubotympanic recess, an expansion of the first pharyngeal pouch. If damaged, the tympanic membrane can be repaired in a procedure called tympanoplasty. Should fluid accumulate within the middle ear as the result",
"title": "Tympanic cavity"
},
{
"id": "1450748",
"text": "cartilaginous skull in sharks and rays. The various separate bones that compose the temporal bone of humans are also part of the skull roof series. A further plate composed of four pairs of bones forms the roof of the mouth; these include the vomer and palatine bones. The base of the cranium is formed from a ring of bones surrounding the foramen magnum and a median bone lying further forward; these are homologous with the occipital bone and parts of the sphenoid in mammals. Finally, the lower jaw is composed of multiple bones, only the most anterior of which (the",
"title": "Skull"
},
{
"id": "3363472",
"text": "may also be affected by damage to the brain or neural pathways leading from the ear. The ear has been adorned by earrings and other jewelry in numerous cultures for thousands of years, and has been subjected to surgical and cosmetic alterations. The human ear consists of three parts—the outer ear, middle ear and inner ear. The ear canal of the outer ear is separated from the air-filled tympanic cavity of the middle ear by the eardrum. The middle ear contains the three small bones—the ossicles—involved in the transmission of sound, and is connected to the throat at the nasopharynx,",
"title": "Ear"
},
{
"id": "2091561",
"text": "Sphenoid bone The sphenoid bone is an unpaired bone of the neurocranium. It is situated in the middle of the skull towards the front, in front of the temporal bone and the basilar part of the occipital bone. The sphenoid bone is one of the seven bones that articulate to form the orbit. Its shape somewhat resembles that of a butterfly or bat with its wings extended. It is divided into the following parts: Two sphenoidal conchae are situated at the anterior and inferior part of the body. The more important of these are: These ligaments occasionally ossify. The sphenoid",
"title": "Sphenoid bone"
},
{
"id": "6862334",
"text": "presence of more than two canals as the occipital bone is formed. Study of this area aids in the diagnosis of a variety of tumors found at the base of the skull, including: large glomus jugulare neoplasms, myelomas, and the occasional meningioma. Studies of the hypoglossal canal revolve around the development of safe drilling techniques to conduct surgery on that area of the brain. Hypoglossal canal The hypoglossal canal is a foramen in the occipital bone of the skull. It is hidden medially and superiorly to each occipital condyle. The hypoglossal nerve traverses the canal. It transmits the hypoglossal nerve",
"title": "Hypoglossal canal"
},
{
"id": "7525242",
"text": "part of the temporal bone. In all extant and extinct primates, including humans, the auditory bulla is formed by the petrosal bone (the petrous part of the temporal bone). This is a diagnostic trait that can be used to distinguish primates, including anthropoids, tarsiers, lemurs, and lorises, from all other mammals. Tympanic part of the temporal bone The tympanic part of the temporal bone is a curved plate of bone lying below the squamous part of the temporal bone, in front of the mastoid process, and surrounding the external part of the ear canal. It originates as a separate bone",
"title": "Tympanic part of the temporal bone"
},
{
"id": "663231",
"text": "Middle ear The middle ear is the portion of the ear internal to the eardrum, and external to the oval window of the inner ear. The mammalian middle ear contains three ossicles, which transfer the vibrations of the eardrum into waves in the fluid and membranes of the inner ear. The hollow space of the middle ear is also known as the tympanic cavity and is surrounded by the tympani bone. The auditory tube (also known as the Eustachian tube or the pharyngotympanic tube) joins the tympanic cavity with the nasal cavity (nasopharynx), allowing pressure to equalize between the middle",
"title": "Middle ear"
},
{
"id": "663243",
"text": "of the bone known as the hyomandibula in fish ancestors, a bone that supported the skull and braincase. The structure of the middle ear in living amphibians varies considerably, and is often degenerate. In most frogs and toads, it is similar to that of reptiles, but in other amphibians, the middle ear cavity is often absent. In these cases, the stapes either is also missing or, in the absence of an eardrum, connects to the quadrate bone in the skull, although, it is presumed, it still has some ability to transmit vibrations to the inner ear. In many amphibians, there",
"title": "Middle ear"
},
{
"id": "5821878",
"text": "set of bones known as \"Weberian ossicles\", a chain of small bones that connect the auditory system to the gas bladder of fishes. The ossicles connect the gas bladder wall with Y-shaped lymph sinus that abuts the lymph-filled transverse canal joining the sacculi of the right and left ears. This allows the transmission of vibrations to the inner ear. In anotophysians, the three first vertebrae are specialized and associated with one or more cephalic ribs (a primitive Weberian apparatus). In the otophysians, a distinct modification of the anterior four or five first vertebrae is found, as well as the Weberian",
"title": "Ostariophysi"
},
{
"id": "1994768",
"text": "Zygomatic bone In the human skull, the zygomatic bone (cheekbone or malar bone) is a paired irregular bone which articulates with the maxilla, the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. It is situated at the upper and lateral part of the face and forms the prominence of the cheek, part of the lateral wall and floor of the orbit, and parts of the temporal fossa and the infratemporal fossa. It presents a malar and a temporal surface; four processes (the frontosphenoidal, orbital, maxillary, and temporal), and four borders. The \"malar surface\" is convex and perforated near its",
"title": "Zygomatic bone"
},
{
"id": "15055509",
"text": "area of the skull (the base of the skull) shows part of the boundary of the foramen magnum (through which the spinal cord enters the skull), channels for the vestibular system (part of the inner ear responsible for balance), and holes for the semicircular canal (also part of the vestibular system). These holes and channels are found on the supraoccipital bone. The exoccipitals and opisthotics are also known in \"Tarjadia\", and form the paraoccipital processes, two projections for the attachments of muscles that open the lower jaw. These processes form notches that may be tympanic fossae, cavities of the middle",
"title": "Tarjadia"
},
{
"id": "2091569",
"text": "(with mandibular nerve). The sphenoid bone of humans is homologous with a number of bones that are often separate in other animals, and have a somewhat complex arrangement. In the early lobe-finned fishes and tetrapods, the pterygoid bones were flat, wing-like bones forming the major part of the roof of the mouth. Above the pterygoids were the epipterygoid bones, which formed part of a flexible joint between the braincase and the palatal region, as well as extending a vertical bar of bone towards the roof of the skull. Between the pterygoids lay an elongated, narrow parasphenoid bone, which also spread",
"title": "Sphenoid bone"
},
{
"id": "3454492",
"text": "Jugal bone The jugal is a skull bone found in most reptiles, amphibians and birds. In mammals, the jugal is often called the malar or Zygomatic. It is connected to the quadratojugal and maxilla, as well as other bones, which may vary by species. This bone is considered key in the determination of general traits of the skull, in the case of creatures, as with dinosaurs in paleontology, whose entire skull has not been found. The jugal bone forms the cheek area in dinosaurs, and is part of the series of bones termed the circumorbital series, as they define the",
"title": "Jugal bone"
},
{
"id": "2335978",
"text": "Spiracle Spiracles () are openings on the surface of some animals, which usually lead to respiratory systems. The spiracle is a small hole behind each eye that opens to the mouth in some fish. In the primitive jawless fish the first gill opening immediately behind the mouth is essentially similar to the other gill opening. With the evolution of the jaw in the early jawed vertebrates, this gill slit was \"caught\" between the forward gill-rod (now functioning as the jaw) and the next rod, the hyomandibular bone, supporting the jaw hinge and anchoring the jaw to the skull proper. The",
"title": "Spiracle"
},
{
"id": "663232",
"text": "ear and throat. The primary function of the middle ear is to efficiently transfer acoustic energy from compression waves in air to fluid–membrane waves within the cochlea. The middle ear contains three tiny bones known as the ossicles: \"malleus\", \"incus\", and \"stapes\". The ossicles were given their Latin names for their distinctive shapes; they are also referred to as the \"hammer\", \"anvil\", and \"stirrup\", respectively. The ossicles directly couple sound energy from the ear drum to the oval window of the cochlea. While the stapes is present in all tetrapods, the malleus and incus evolved from lower and upper jaw",
"title": "Middle ear"
},
{
"id": "1617312",
"text": "these bones varies across the bird families. The lower mandible is supported by a bone known as the inferior maxillary bone—a compound bone composed of two distinct ossified pieces. These ossified plates (or rami), which can be U-shaped or V-shaped, join distally (the exact location of the joint depends on the species) but are separated proximally, attaching on either side of the head to the quadrate bone. The jaw muscles, which allow the bird to close its beak, attach to the proximal end of the lower mandible and to the bird's skull. The muscles that depress the lower mandible are",
"title": "Beak"
},
{
"id": "18706137",
"text": "Thus evidence from fossils demonstrate homoplasies for the detachment of the ear from the jaw. Furthermore, it is apparent that the land-based eardrum, or tympanic membrane, and connecting structures such as the Eustachian tube evolved convergently in multiple different settings as opposed to being a defining morphology. Evolution of the cochlea Cochlea is Latin for “snail, shell or screw” and originates from the Greek word κοχλίας \"kohlias\". The modern definition, the auditory portion of the inner ear, originated in the late 17th century. Within the mammalian cochlea exists the organ of Corti, which contains hair cells that are responsible for",
"title": "Evolution of the cochlea"
},
{
"id": "663242",
"text": "form an opening; in most tetrapods, this breach is never quite completed, and the final vestige of tissue separating it from the outside world becomes the eardrum. The inner part of the spiracle, still connected to the pharynx, forms the eustachian tube. In reptiles, birds, and early fossil tetrapods, there is a single auditory ossicle, the columella ( that is homologous with the stapes, or \"stirrup\" of mammals). This is connected indirectly with the eardrum via a mostly cartilaginous extracolumella and medially to the inner-ear spaces via a widened footplate in the fenestra ovalis. The columella is an evolutionary derivative",
"title": "Middle ear"
},
{
"id": "361864",
"text": "fenestra (an opening on the top of the skull), a drop-like ectotympanic (a bony ring that holds the ear drum), and pachyosteosclerotic (dense and bulky) bones. Sirenians first appeared in the fossil record in the Early Eocene and significantly diversified throughout the epoch. They inhabited rivers, estuaries, and nearshore marine waters. Sirenians, unlike other marine mammals such as cetaceans, lived in the New World. One of the earliest aquatic sirenians discovered is \"Prorastomus\" which dates back to 40 million years ago, and the first known sirenian, the quadruped \"Pezosiren\", lived 50 million years ago. An ancient sirenian fossil of a",
"title": "Sirenia"
}
] | the auditory canal is formed out of which bone of the skull |
[
"Dan Stevens"
] | [
{
"id": "18553291",
"text": "were revealed to be in talks to play Gaston and the Beast respectively, and Watson confirmed their casting the following day through tweets. The rest of the principal cast, including Josh Gad, Emma Thompson, Kevin Kline, Audra McDonald, Ian McKellen, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Ewan McGregor and Stanley Tucci were announced between March and April to play LeFou, Mrs. Potts, Maurice, Madame de Garderobe, Cogsworth, Plumette, Lumière and Cadenza, respectively. Susan Egan, who originated the role of Belle on Broadway, commented on the casting of Watson as \"perfect\". Paige O'Hara, who voiced Belle in the original animated film and its sequels, offered",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "18553276",
"text": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film) Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill Condon from a screenplay written by Stephen Chbosky and Evan Spiliotopoulos, and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films. The film is a live-action reimagining of Disney's 1991 animated film of the same name, itself an adaptation of Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont's 18th-century fairy tale. The film features an ensemble cast that includes Emma Watson and Dan Stevens as the eponymous characters with Luke Evans, Kevin Kline, Josh Gad, Ewan McGregor, Stanley Tucci, Audra McDonald, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Ian",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "20071633",
"text": "Evermore (Beauty and the Beast song) \"Evermore\" is a song written by composer Alan Menken and lyricist Tim Rice for the musical fantasy film \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017), a live-action remake of Disney's 1991 animated film of the same name. Originally recorded for the film by English actor Dan Stevens, who performs the song in his starring role as the titular Beast, \"Evermore\" was first released as a single by American singer Josh Groban on March 3, 2017. Stevens' version became available on March 10, 2017 when the film's soundtrack was released online, while Groban's cover is played during",
"title": "Evermore (Beauty and the Beast song)"
},
{
"id": "8316034",
"text": "beautiful young woman named Belle who he imprisons in his castle. All this must be done before the last petal falls from the enchanted rose on his twenty-first birthday. In all animated film appearances, the Beast is voiced by American actor Robby Benson. The 1991 animated film was adapted into a Broadway musical in 1994, with the role being originated by American actor Terrence Mann. Dan Stevens portrays the character in a 2017 live-action adaptation of the original 1991 film. Determining a suitable appearance for the Beast proved challenging. Although entirely fictional, supervising animator Glen Keane felt it essential for",
"title": "Beast (Beauty and the Beast)"
},
{
"id": "18553277",
"text": "McKellen, and Emma Thompson in supporting roles. Principal photography began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey, England on May 18, 2015, and ended on August 21. With an estimated budget of around $255 million, it is one of the most expensive films ever made. \"Beauty and the Beast\" premiered at Spencer House in London on February 23, 2017, and was released in the United States in standard, Disney Digital 3-D, RealD 3D, IMAX and IMAX 3D formats, along with Dolby Cinema on March 17, 2017. The film received generally favorable reviews, with many praising the performances and its faithfulness to the",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "8316069",
"text": "Beast in a live-action adaptation of the film, which was released on March 17, 2017. The Beast was portrayed with a “more traditional motion capture puppeteering for the body and the physical orientation\", where Stevens was \"in a forty-pound gray suit on stilts for much of the film\". The facial capture for the Beast was done separately order to \"communicate the subtleties of the human face\" and \"[capture the] thought that occurs to him\" which gets \"through [to] the eyes, which are the last human element in the Beast.” The live-action portrayal closely follows the animated version, but with some",
"title": "Beast (Beauty and the Beast)"
},
{
"id": "18553301",
"text": "in 3D on March 17, 2017. The first official presentation of the film took place at Disney's three-day D23 Expo in August 2015. The world premiere of \"Beauty and the Beast\" took place at Spencer House in London, England on February 23, 2017; and the film later premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood, California, on March 2, 2017. The stream was broadcast onto YouTube. A sing along version of the film released in over 1,200 US theaters nationwide on April 7, 2017. The United Kingdom received the same version on April 21, 2017. The film was re-released in",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "19955601",
"text": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack) Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the 2017 film \"Beauty and the Beast\". The album, largely based on material from Disney's 1991 animated version, features songs and instrumental score composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Howard Ashman and three new songs composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Tim Rice. The soundtrack album was released by Walt Disney Records on March 10, 2017. The songs feature vocal performances by the film's ensemble cast including Emma Watson, Dan Stevens, Luke Evans, Kevin Kline, Josh Gad, Ewan McGregor,",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack)"
},
{
"id": "20084381",
"text": "Days in the Sun \"Days in the Sun\" is a song written by composer Alan Menken and lyricist Tim Rice for the musical fantasy film \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017), a live-action adaptation of Disney's 1991 animated film of the same name. Rice and Menken developed the concept in 2007 during the first discussions about a remake. Performed by Adam Mitchell, Stanley Tucci, Ewan McGregor, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Ian McKellen, Emma Thompson, Emma Watson, Audra McDonald, and Clive Rowe, \"Days in the Sun\" is one of four songs added to the 2017 film. It was released on March 10, 2017, as",
"title": "Days in the Sun"
},
{
"id": "18553294",
"text": "due to confusion among test audiences caused by actress Harriet Jones, who looked similar to Hattie Morahan, who portrayed Agathe. In the original version of the scene, it was Jones's character, the Prince's mother, who sings the first verse of the song, with Rudi Goodman playing the young Prince and Henry Garrett playing his father; but in the reshot version of the scene, the singing part is given to the Prince (now played by Adam Mitchell). The King was also recast to Tom Turner, although Harriet Jones was still the Queen, albeit with dark hair. Both Goodman and Garrett's names",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "17628851",
"text": "of Friendship\" is a live-action/animated direct-to-video installment of the film series. It was directed by Jimbo Mitchell, and released on August 17, 1999. It is set during the original film, and was released in part to help promote Disney Channel's television series, Sing Me a Story with Belle. On March 17, 2017, Disney released a live-action adaptation of the film, which was directed by Bill Condon. The movie stars Emma Watson as Belle, Dan Stevens as the Beast, Luke Evans as Gaston, Ewan McGregor as Lumière, Ian McKellen as Cogsworth, Emma Thompson as Mrs. Potts, Kevin Kline as Maurice, and",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "18553292",
"text": "to help Watson with her singing lessons. According to \"The Hollywood Reporter\", Emma Watson was reportedly paid $3 million upfront, together with an agreement that her final take-home pay could rise as high as $15 million if the film generated gross box office income similar to \"Maleficent\"'s $759 million worldwide gross. Principal photography on the film began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey, England, on May 18, 2015. Filming with the principal actors concluded on August 21. Six days later, co-producer Jack Morrissey confirmed that the film had officially wrapped production. The Beast was portrayed with a \"more traditional motion capture",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "18553319",
"text": "28, the film had earned over $500 million in ticket sales becoming the first film of 2017 (until it was later surpassed by \"The Last Jedi\"), the third female-fueled film (after \"The Force Awakens\" and \"Rogue One: A Star Wars Story\" followed by \"Wonder Woman\" and \"The Last Jedi\") and the eighth overall film in cinematic history to pass the mark. It has already become the biggest March release, dethroning \"The Hunger Games\" (2012), the biggest musical film (both animated and live-action), as well as the biggest film of 2017 (alongside \"The Last Jedi\"). Outside the US and Canada, the",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "18553278",
"text": "original animated film, as well as elements from the Broadway musical, visual style, production values, and score, though it received criticism for some of the character designs and its excessive similarity to the original. The film grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide, becoming the highest-grossing live-action musical film, and making it the second-highest-grossing film of 2017, the tenth-highest-ever-grossing film in North America and the 14th-highest-grossing film of all time. The film received four nominations at the 23rd Critics' Choice Awards and two nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards. It also received Academy Award nominations for Best Production Design and",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "1320544",
"text": "She also appeared in an episode of \"The Vicar of Dibley\", in which she played Reverend Iris. In February 2016, Watson announced she was taking a year-long break from acting. She planned to spend the time on her \"personal development\" and her women's rights work. Watson played Belle in the 2017 live action Disney adaptation of \"Beauty and the Beast\" directed by Bill Condon, and starring opposite Dan Stevens as the Beast. The film earned over $1.2 billion at the box office and emerged as the second highest-grossing film of 2017, behind only \"\", and the 14th highest-grossing film of",
"title": "Emma Watson"
},
{
"id": "4755008",
"text": "Choice Award for Best Dramatic Movie. Chbosky re-wrote Evan Spiliotopoulos's original script for the 2017 live action reboot of Disney's \"Beauty and the Beast\", directed by Bill Condon and starring Emma Watson as Belle. Chbosky and Watson developed a close relationship during the production of \"The Perks of Being a Wallflower.\" The adaptation was faithful to the original 1991 animated film \"Beauty and the Beast\", with all the original musical numbers included. The film was released on March 17, 2017. Chbosky directed the 2017 film \"Wonder\", co-written by Chbosky, Jack Thorne, and Steve Conrad and based on the 2012 novel",
"title": "Stephen Chbosky"
},
{
"id": "8316068",
"text": "of \"the Beast\" is actually another fairy tale character, Rumplestiltskin (played by Robert Carlyle), who gains possession of Belle as part of a deal to save Belle's kingdom from losing a war. Indian actor Vikram portrayed Beast for sequences in a dreamy song \"Ennodu Nee Irundhal\" in the 2015 Tamil language film \"\"I\"\" opposite Amy Jackson who portrayed Belle. The original prosthetic make-up for the characters were provided by Sean Foot (Shaun) and Davina Lamont and additional works were done by National Film Award winners—Christien Tinsley and Dominie Till. In March 2015, English actor Dan Stevens was cast as the",
"title": "Beast (Beauty and the Beast)"
},
{
"id": "18553286",
"text": "to the Beast, Agathe reveals herself as the enchantress and undoes the curse, repairing the crumbling castle, and reviving the Beast then turning him and his servants' human making the villagers' remember their loved ones. The Prince and Belle host a ball for the villagers, where they dance happily. In the initial theatrical release, Mitchell was miscredited as Rudi Goodman in the cast, but listed under his real name in the soundtrack credits Stephen Merchant also appeared in the film as Monsieur Toilette, a servant who was turned into a toilet. This character was cut from the film, but is",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "18571033",
"text": "the feature dancer in the music video for \"Wide Open\" by The Chemical Brothers and Beck. In August 2016, she appeared in the music video for Frank Ocean's song \"Nikes\". In 2016 Mizuno was in \"La La Land\", playing the role of Caitlin, one of the three roommates of Mia, played by Emma Stone. In 2017, Mizuno appeared in a small role as the debutante in Disney's live-action adaptation of \"Beauty and the Beast\", and in 2018, she acted in the Warner Bros. film \"Crazy Rich Asians\", opposite Constance Wu and Michelle Yeoh. Sonoya Mizuno Sonoya Mizuno (born 1 July",
"title": "Sonoya Mizuno"
},
{
"id": "12330932",
"text": "Jeremy Irons. In January 2015, Evans officially exited \"The Crow\" to pursue other projects. The same year, he was named one of \"GQ\"s 50 best dressed British men. In 2016, Evans appeared in the thriller film \"The Girl on the Train\", co-starring Emily Blunt. In 2017, he had the villainous role of Gaston in Disney's live action remake, \"Beauty and the Beast\", which co-stars Emma Watson; and also played the lead role, William Moulton Marston, the creator of Wonder Woman, in the film \"Professor Marston and the Wonder Women\". In 2018, Evans stars in TNT drama \"The Alienist\", as newspaper",
"title": "Luke Evans (actor)"
},
{
"id": "18553307",
"text": "shot of passing $1 billion worldwide from theatrical earnings. On April 12, it passed the $1 billion threshold, becoming the first film of 2017, the fourteenth Disney film, and the twenty-ninth film overall to pass the mark. It became the first film since \"Rogue One\" (also a Disney property) in December 2016 to make over a billion dollars, and did so on its 29th day of release. It is currently the second-highest-grossing film of 2017 (behind \"\"), the highest-grossing March release, the highest-grossing remake of all time, and the sixth-biggest Disney film. Even after inflation adjusted, it is still ahead",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "12330926",
"text": "Peter Jackson's three-part adaptation of J. R. R. Tolkien's \"The Hobbit\". Evans also portrayed the vampire Dracula in the character's film origin story, \"Dracula Untold\". In 2017, Evans starred as Gaston in Disney's live action adaptation of \"Beauty and the Beast\", and portrayed American psychologist William Moulton Marston, creator of fictional character Wonder Woman, in the biographical drama \"Professor Marston and the Wonder Women\". Evans was born on Easter Sunday, 15 April 1979, in Pontypool, and brought up in Aberbargoed, a small town in the Rhymney Valley, Wales, the only child of Yvonne and David Evans. He was raised as",
"title": "Luke Evans (actor)"
},
{
"id": "20084394",
"text": "as \"uninspired and hard to recall after the fact\". Days in the Sun \"Days in the Sun\" is a song written by composer Alan Menken and lyricist Tim Rice for the musical fantasy film \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017), a live-action adaptation of Disney's 1991 animated film of the same name. Rice and Menken developed the concept in 2007 during the first discussions about a remake. Performed by Adam Mitchell, Stanley Tucci, Ewan McGregor, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Ian McKellen, Emma Thompson, Emma Watson, Audra McDonald, and Clive Rowe, \"Days in the Sun\" is one of four songs added to the 2017",
"title": "Days in the Sun"
},
{
"id": "7125781",
"text": "Dan Stevens Daniel Jonathan Stevens (born 10 October 1982) is an English actor. He first drew international attention for his role as Matthew Crawley in the ITV acclaimed period drama series \"Downton Abbey\" (2010–12). He also starred as David in the thriller film \"The Guest\" (2014), Sir Lancelot in the adventure film \"\" (2014), The Beast/Prince in Disney's live action adaptation of \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017), Lorin Willis in the biographical legal drama \"Marshall\" (2017), and Charles Dickens in the biographical drama \"The Man Who Invented Christmas\" (2017). Since 2017, he has starred as David Haller in the FX",
"title": "Dan Stevens"
},
{
"id": "18553333",
"text": "effects, costume designs and the sets, while commending the inclusion of Gad's character of LeFou as the first LGBT character in Disney. Owen Gleiberman of \"Variety\", in his positive review of the film, wrote: \"It's a lovingly crafted movie, and in many ways a good one, but before that it's an enraptured piece of old-is-new nostalgia.\" Gleiberman compared Steven's character of the Beast to a royal version of the titular character in \"The Elephant Man\" and the 1946 version of the Beast in Jean Cocteau's original adaptation. A. O. Scott of \"The New York Times\" praised the performances of both",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "18553290",
"text": "we just couldn't get it to click and it was Alan Horn who championed the idea of owning the Disney of it all. We realized there was a competitive advantage in the songs. What is wrong with making adults feel like kids again?\" In January 2015, Emma Watson announced that she would be starring as Belle, the female lead. She was the first choice of Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn, as he had previously overseen Warner Bros. which released the eight \"Harry Potter\" films that co-starred Watson as Hermione Granger. Two months later, Luke Evans and Dan Stevens",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "19955602",
"text": "Stanley Tucci, Audra McDonald, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Nathan Mack, Ian McKellen, and Emma Thompson. The album debuted at No. 3 on the Billboard 200 chart with 57,000 units, 48,000 of which are traditional album sales. It has sold 337,000 copies in the United States as of July 2017. Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack) Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the 2017 film \"Beauty and the Beast\". The album, largely based on material from Disney's 1991 animated version, features songs and instrumental score composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Howard Ashman and three",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack)"
},
{
"id": "20071673",
"text": "ounces of shame.\" 34th Street Magazine contributor Haley Weiss preferred Groban's version to Stevens' original, calling it \"breathtaking and downright lovely to listen to\" while dismissing the film version as \"downright mediocre in comparison.\" Weiss questioned why Disney hadn't cast Groban as the Beast instead of Stevens due to the former's acting and musical theatre background. Evermore (Beauty and the Beast song) \"Evermore\" is a song written by composer Alan Menken and lyricist Tim Rice for the musical fantasy film \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017), a live-action remake of Disney's 1991 animated film of the same name. Originally recorded for",
"title": "Evermore (Beauty and the Beast song)"
},
{
"id": "18553297",
"text": "film as a \"straight-forward, live-action, large-budget movie musical\". Menken returned to score the film's music, which features songs from the original film by him and Howard Ashman, plus new material written by Menken and Tim Rice. Menken said the film would not include songs that were written for the Broadway musical and instead, created four new songs. However, an instrumental version of the song \"Home\", which was written for the musical, is used during the scene where Belle first enters her room in the castle. On January 19, 2017, it was confirmed by both Disney and Céline Dion—singer of the",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "18553279",
"text": "Best Costume Design at the 90th Academy Awards. A beautiful enchantress disguised as an old beggar woman arrives at a French castle during a ball and offers the host, a cruel and selfish prince, a rose in return for shelter from a storm. When he refuses, she reveals her identity. To punish the prince for his lack of compassion, the enchantress transforms him into a beast and his servants into household objects, then erases the castle, the prince and his servants from the memories of their loved ones (in the small town of Villeneuve nearby). She casts a spell on",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "18553336",
"text": "satisfied.\" In her A- review, Nancy Churnin of \"The Dallas Morning News\" praised the film's emotional and thematic depth, remarking: \"There's an emotional authenticity in director Bill Condon's live-action Beauty and the Beast film that helps you rediscover Disney's beloved 1991 animated film and 1994 stage show in fresh, stirring ways.\" James Berardinelli of ReelViews described the 2017 version as \"enthralling\". Brian Truitt of \"USA Today\" commended the performances of Evans, Gad, McGregor and Thompson alongside Condon's affinity with musicals, the production design, visual effects featured in some of the song numbers including new songs made by the composers Alan",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "18553331",
"text": "\"Rogue One: A Star Wars Story\"). \"Beauty and the Beast\" received generally positive reviews, with praise for its ensemble cast, visuals, production values, musical score, songs, and faithfulness to the original film with a few elements of the Broadway musical version, while the designs of the Beast and the servants' household object forms received mixed reviews. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 71% based on 336 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \"With an enchanting cast, beautifully crafted songs, and a painterly eye for detail, \"Beauty and the",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "7426417",
"text": "heroes in film ranking. The character also appears in the film's several sequels and spin-offs, as well as her own live-action television series. American actress Susan Egan originated the role of Belle in the Broadway musical adaptation of the film, for which she was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical. Emma Watson plays a live-action version of the character in a 2017 live action adaptation of the original 1991 film. After the success of Walt Disney Productions' first feature-length animated film \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\" (1937), filmmaker Walt Disney himself made several attempts",
"title": "Belle (Beauty and the Beast)"
},
{
"id": "6915977",
"text": "and Bryson duetted at the JT Super Producers 94 tribute concert to David Foster, and as part of Dion's 1994-95 The Colour of My Love Tour, though they have also often sung with different duet partners. Dion has sung with Tommy Körberg, Brian McKnight, Terry Bradford, Maurice Davis, Barnev Valsaint, and René Froger among others; Peabo has sung with Coko and Regine Velasquez. Ariana Grande and John Legend covered \"Beauty and the Beast\" for the 2017 live-action adaption of the same name. The accompanying music video, directed by Dave Meyers premiered on Freeform on March 5, 2017. In March 2017,",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)"
},
{
"id": "9446008",
"text": "Hattie Morahan Harriet Jane ″Hattie″ Morahan (born 7 October 1978) is an English television, film, and stage actress. Her roles include Alice in \"The Bletchley Circle\", Gale Benson in \"The Bank Job\" (2008), Ann in \"Mr. Holmes\" (2015), Rose Coyne in \"My Mother and Other Strangers\" (2016), and Agathe/The Enchantress in \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017). Morahan was born at Lambeth, London, England. She is the younger daughter of television and film director Christopher Morahan and actress Anna Carteret. Her older sister Rebecca is a theatre director, and her half-brother Andy is a music video and film director. As a",
"title": "Hattie Morahan"
},
{
"id": "18553287",
"text": "featured in the deleted scenes. Previously, Disney had begun work on a film adaptation of the 1994 Broadway musical. However, in a 2011 interview, composer Alan Menken stated the planned film version of the \"Beauty and the Beast\" stage musical \"was canned\". By April 2014, Walt Disney Pictures had already begun developing a new live-action version of \"Beauty and the Beast\" after making other live-action fantasy films such as \"Alice in Wonderland\", \"Maleficent\", \"Cinderella\" and \"The Jungle Book\". In June 2014, Bill Condon was signed to direct the film from a script by Evan Spiliotopoulos. Later in September of that",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "18553299",
"text": "couldn't say yes right away, because I felt like I was kind of cheating in a way\". She eventually felt compelled to record the song because of the impact \"Beauty and the Beast\" has had on her career. According to Dion, \"I was at the beginning of my career, it put me on the map, it put me where I am today\". Also, Josh Groban was announced to be performing the new original song \"Evermore\" on January 26, 2017. The 2017 film features a remake of the 1991 original song recorded as a duet by Ariana Grande and John Legend.",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "201239",
"text": "appeared as Norman to Anthony Hopkins' Sir in a BBC Two production of Ronald Harwood's \"The Dresser\", alongside Edward Fox and Emily Watson. In 2017, McKellen voiced Cogsworth, the Beast's loyal majordomo, who was turned into a pendulum clock, in a live-action adaptation of Disney's \"Beauty and the Beast\". McKellen and his first partner, Brian Taylor, a history teacher from Bolton, began their relationship in 1964. Their relationship lasted for eight years, ending in 1972. They lived in London, where McKellen continued to pursue his career as an actor. For over a decade, he has lived in a five-storey Victorian",
"title": "Ian McKellen"
},
{
"id": "7426460",
"text": "for the characters were provided by Sean Foot (Shaun) and Davina Lamont and additional works were done by National Film Award winners—Christien Tinsley and Dominie Till. In January 2015, Emma Watson announced that she would be portraying Belle in a live-action version of the film, which was released in 2017. \"Beauty and the Beast\" was the first of the Disney remakes in which an A-list actress portrays a Disney princess. As a feminist and model, Watson suggested several changes to the character in the live-action film. For costume design Watson rejected the traditional \"big princess dress\" and corset for the",
"title": "Belle (Beauty and the Beast)"
},
{
"id": "4410972",
"text": "the box office and closed after just seven weeks. In 2015, Condon directed \"Mr. Holmes\" starring Ian McKellen. Condon noted its similarity to \"Gods and Monsters\", not only because of its lead actor but because \"Both movies are about aging and mortality. You have a celebrated man facing the decline of his public image.\" Condon directed the 2017 live action film adaptation of the animated 1991 film \"Beauty and the Beast\". A few weeks before the film's scheduled release on March 17, 2017, Condon announced that one character, LeFou, has \"a nice, exclusively gay moment\", which resulted in an \"internet",
"title": "Bill Condon"
},
{
"id": "7125792",
"text": "Eden (born 2016), and a son, Aubrey (born 2012). Actress Rebecca Hall is godmother to his daughter Willow. Stevens endorsed Senator Bernie Sanders for President in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Dan Stevens Daniel Jonathan Stevens (born 10 October 1982) is an English actor. He first drew international attention for his role as Matthew Crawley in the ITV acclaimed period drama series \"Downton Abbey\" (2010–12). He also starred as David in the thriller film \"The Guest\" (2014), Sir Lancelot in the adventure film \"\" (2014), The Beast/Prince in Disney's live action adaptation of \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017), Lorin Willis",
"title": "Dan Stevens"
},
{
"id": "18553309",
"text": "the time the film's release was 10 days away, analysts raised projections to as high as $150 million. It earned $16.3 million from Thursday previews night, marking the biggest of 2017 (breaking \"Logan\"'s record), the biggest ever for a Disney live-action film (breaking \"Maleficent\"'s record), the second-biggest ever for both a G- or PG-rated film (behind the sixth \"Harry Potter\" film \"Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\" which also starred Watson), and the third-biggest ever in the month of March (behind \"\" and \"The Hunger Games\"). An estimated 41% of the gross came from IMAX, 3D and premium large format",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "4159114",
"text": "at Emerson's Bar and Grill\" for HBO in which McDonald portrayed jazz legend Billie Holiday. She won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Class Program in 2015 for her work hosting the program \"Live from Lincoln Center\". On film she is best known for her portrayals of Maureen in \"Ricki and the Flash\" (2015) opposite Meryl Streep and Madame de Garderobe in the 2017 film version of Disney's \"Beauty and the Beast\". She has been nominated five times for the NAACP Image Awards for her work in television and film. McDonald was born in West Berlin, Germany, the daughter",
"title": "Audra McDonald"
},
{
"id": "18553293",
"text": "puppeteering for the body and the physical orientation\", where actor Dan Stevens was \"in a forty-pound gray suit on stilts for much of the film\". The facial capture for the Beast was done separately in order to \"communicate the subtleties of the human face\" and \"[capture the] thought that occurs to him\" which gets \"through [to] the eyes, which are the last human element in the Beast.\" The castle servants who are transformed into household objects were created with CGI animation. Before the release of the film, Bill Condon refilmed one certain sequence in the \"Days of the Sun\" number,",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "18553317",
"text": "is the third-smallest drop for any film opening above $125 million (behind \"Finding Dory\" and \"The Force Awakens\"). The hold was notable considering how the film was able to fend off three new wide releases: \"Power Rangers\", \"Life\", and \"CHiPs\". As a result, it passed the $300 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 the pass said mark. The film grossed $45.4 million in its third weekend, finally being overtaken for the top spot by newcomer \"The Boss Baby\" ($50.2 million). On April 4, 2017, its nineteenth day of release, it passed the $400 million threshold becoming the first",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "18553300",
"text": "Grande and Legend's updated version of the title song is faithful to the original, Grammy-winning duet, performed by Céline Dion and Peabo Bryson for the 1991 Disney film. Disney debuted the music video for Ariana Grande and John Legend's interpretation of the title song on Freeform television network on March 5, 2017, and it has since been viewed over 100 million views on the Vevo video-hosting service. Emma Thompson also performed a rendition of the title song, which was performed by Angela Lansbury in the original 1991 animated film. On March 16, 2015, Disney announced the film would be released",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "18553347",
"text": "from cinemas by National Cinema Company which owns most of the cinemas in the country. A board member of the company stated that the Ministry of Information's censorship department had requested it to stop its screening and edit it for things deemed offensive by it. The film also received criticism over its portrayal of LeFou, as many felt that it relied on stereotypes and was used as a way of teasing LGBT+ viewers without providing adequate representation. LeFou's status as a sidekick to the main villain brought about criticism over Disney's queercoding of villains in the past, and his infatuation",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "18553315",
"text": "from audiences, good reviews from critics, effective marketing which sold the title not just as a family film but also as a romantic drama, the cast's star power (especially Emma Watson), lack of competition, being the first family film since \"The Lego Batman Movie\" a month earlier, nostalgia, and the success and ubiquity of the first film and Disney's brand. On Monday, its fourth day of release, the film fell precipitously by 72% earning $13.5 million. The steep fall was due to a limited marketplace where only 11% K-12 and 15% colleges were off per ComScore. Nevertheless, it is the",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "6915925",
"text": "was present in the recording studio at the time to tears. Meanwhile, the actress credits recording the song with ultimately helping her gain further perspective on Mrs. Potts' role in the film. Some of Ashman's cut lyrics from the 1991 film were reinstated for the version in the 2017 film. The scene in \"Beauty and the Beast\" during which the song is heard is the moment when Belle and the Beast's true feelings for each other are finally established. Set in the ballroom of the Beast's castle, \"Beauty and the Beast\" is performed by the character Mrs. Potts, an enchanted",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)"
},
{
"id": "18553351",
"text": "not model healthy romantic relationships for young viewers. Constance Grady of Vox writes that Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont's \"Beauty and the Beast\" was a fairy tale originally written to prepare young girls in 18th-century France for arranged marriages, and that the power disparity is amplified in the Disney version. Anna Menta of \"Elite Daily\" argued that the Beast does not apologize to Belle for imprisoning, hurting, or manipulating her, and his treatment of Belle is not painted as wrong. Beauty and the Beast (2017 film) Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "8316033",
"text": "Beast (Beauty and the Beast) The Beast is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Animation Studios' 30th animated feature film \"Beauty and the Beast\" (1991). He also appears in the film's two direct-to-video followups \"\" and \"Belle's Magical World\". Based on the hero of the French fairy tale by Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont, the Beast was created by screenwriter Linda Woolverton and animated by Glen Keane. A pampered prince transformed into a hideous beast as punishment for his cold-hearted and selfish ways, the Beast must, in order to return to his former self, earn the love of a",
"title": "Beast (Beauty and the Beast)"
},
{
"id": "18545310",
"text": "series \"Reward\" (Bulgarian: Отплата) at Nova TV. In 2014, he played the leading role in Nikolay Iliev's movie \"Living Legends\" (Bulgarian: Живи Легенди). In 2016, he synchronized the leading role of the dog Max, in new Disney movie called \"The Secret Life of Pets\" (Bulgarian: Тайният живот на домашните любимци), on cinemas in August 2016. In 2017 Orlin Pavlov is going to synchronize the leading role as the Beast in new Disney movie \"Beauty and the Beast\" (Bulgarian: Красавицата и Звяра), in cinemas from 17 March. Orlin Pavlov Orlin Orlinov Pavlov (born April 23, 1979) (Bulgarian Cyrillic: Орлин Орлинов Павлов)",
"title": "Orlin Pavlov"
},
{
"id": "20084386",
"text": "did not feel it \"len[t] itself to the process\". A version of \"Evermore\" performed by Josh Groban was ultimately chosen as a single. Before the film's debut and the soundtrack's release, a series of nail polishes was released; a yellow nail polish was named after the song. \"Days in the Sun\" was released on March 10, 2017, as a track on the \"Beauty and the Beast\" soundtrack; it was made available as an audio CD and a digital download. It is performed by Adam Mitchell as the young Beast, Emma Watson as Belle, and Stanley Tucci, Ewan McGregor, Gugu Mbatha-Raw,",
"title": "Days in the Sun"
},
{
"id": "2599773",
"text": "leading roles in Screen Gems horror-thriller film \"Patient Zero\", along with Matt Smith and Natalie Dormer. Tucci played the role of the composer Maestro Cadenza in the live-action remake of \"Beauty and the Beast\". Tucci played the husband of Dame Fiona Maye, a British High Court judge, opposite Emma Thompson in \"The Children Act\", based on the novel by Ian McEwan (2017). Tucci's first wife, Kathryn \"Kate\" Tucci (b. 1962), died of breast cancer in 2009. She was a social worker and former wife of actor and stage manager Alexander R. Scott, the elder son of actors Colleen Dewhurst and",
"title": "Stanley Tucci"
},
{
"id": "18553343",
"text": "the new songs were \"not transporting\". He felt the film needed more life and depth, but praised Watson's performance as the \"one of the film's stronger elements\". Dana Schwartz of \"The New York Observer\" felt that some of the characters, such as Gaston and the Beast, had been watered down from the 1991 film, and that the additional backstory elements failed to \"advance the plot or theme in any meaningful way\" while adding considerable bloat. Schwartz considered the singing of the cast to be adequate but felt that their voices should have been dubbed over, especially for the complex songs.",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "12566281",
"text": "and Julia Roberts in \"\", which was based on Tracy Letts's Pulitzer Prize-winning . McGregor starred in the action comedy film \"Mortdecai\" (2015), alongside Johnny Depp and Paul Bettany. Robbie Collin of \"The Daily Telegraph\" felt the film was \"psychotically unfunny\". He made his directorial debut with \"American Pastoral\" (2016), in which he also starred. In 2017, he reprised his role as Mark Renton in \"T2 Trainspotting\". McGregor played Lumiere in the live action adaptation of Disney's \"Beauty and the Beast\", directed by Bill Condon with an ensemble cast featuring Emma Watson in a leading role alongside Dan Stevens, Luke",
"title": "Ewan McGregor"
},
{
"id": "1208692",
"text": "Tucci, and Gugu Mbatha-Raw joined the cast, as Cogsworth, Lumière, Cadenza, and Plumette, respectively. Composer Alan Menken returned to score the film's music, with new material written by Menken and Tim Rice. In June 2015, Menken said the film would not include the songs that were written for the Broadway musical. Filming began on May 18, 2015 in London, and production officially wrapped in August 2015. The film was released on March 17, 2017. \"Beauty and the Beast\" merchandise cover a wide variety of products, among them storybook versions of the film's story, a comic book based on the film",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)"
},
{
"id": "8316067",
"text": "the events that occurred between \"Kingdom Hearts\" and \"Kingdom Hearts II\", such as Belle and Beast attempting to resume their normal lives and Beast's first encounter with Xaldin. The Beast appears in the Broadway musical adaptation of Disney's \"Beauty and the Beast\", originally portrayed by Terrence Mann. Other actors who have taken on the role include Chuck Wagner (1997), James Barbour (1998), Jeff McCarthy (2004), and Steve Blanchard. The movie and others never made mention of his real name. A CD-ROM game said \"The Prince's name is Adam.\" In the 2011 ABC series \"Once Upon a Time\", the show's version",
"title": "Beast (Beauty and the Beast)"
},
{
"id": "8316073",
"text": "the villagers. Beast (Beauty and the Beast) The Beast is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Animation Studios' 30th animated feature film \"Beauty and the Beast\" (1991). He also appears in the film's two direct-to-video followups \"\" and \"Belle's Magical World\". Based on the hero of the French fairy tale by Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont, the Beast was created by screenwriter Linda Woolverton and animated by Glen Keane. A pampered prince transformed into a hideous beast as punishment for his cold-hearted and selfish ways, the Beast must, in order to return to his former self, earn the love",
"title": "Beast (Beauty and the Beast)"
},
{
"id": "18553304",
"text": "Golden Globe Awards. Disney released the final trailer on January 30, 2017. \"Beauty and the Beast\" was released on Blu-ray, DVD and Digital HD on June 6, 2017. The film debuted at No. 1 on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart, with all other titles in the top 20, collectively, selling only 40% as many units as \"Beauty and the Beast\". The movie regained the top spot on the national home video sales charts during its third week of release. The movie became available on Netflix on September 19, 2017. \"Beauty and the Beast\" grossed $504 million in the",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "3135248",
"text": "Robby Benson Robin David Segal (born January 21, 1956), known by the stage name Robby Benson, is an American actor, voice actor, musician, singer, director, producer and educator. He is known as the voice of Beast in the Disney animated film \"Beauty and the Beast\" and its numerous sequels and spin-offs, and directed several episodes of the sitcom \"Friends\". Benson was born in Dallas, Texas, the son of Freda Ann (\"née\" Benson), a singer, actor, and business promotions manager, and Jerry Segal, a writer. His family is Jewish. Benson was raised in New York City and took his mother's maiden",
"title": "Robby Benson"
},
{
"id": "18553308",
"text": "of the $425 million gross ($760 million in 2017 dollars) of the original film. \"Deadline Hollywood\" calculated the net profit of the film to be $414.7 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues, making it the second-most profitable release of 2017. In the United States and Canada, \"Beauty and the Beast\" topped Fandango's pre-sales and became the fastest-selling family film in the company's history, topping the studio's own animated film \"Finding Dory\" released the previous year. Early tracking had the film grossing around $100 million in its opening weekend, with some publications predicting it could reach $130 million. By",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "18553302",
"text": "New York and Los Angeles for a one-week engagement starting December 1, 2017. The move was an awards push as awards season heats up. Disney spent around $140 million to market the film worldwide. Following an announcement on May 22, 2016, Disney premiered the first official teaser trailer on \"Good Morning America\" the next day. In its first 24 hours, the teaser trailer reached 91.8 million views, which was the largest number ever seen for a trailer in that amount of time. This record has since been broken by \"\", \"It\" and \"\". The first official teaser poster was released",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "1208691",
"text": "the Menken/Rice songs from the Broadway musical, with the intention of making the film as a \"straight-forward, live-action, large-budget movie musical\". In September 2014, it was announced that Stephen Chbosky (\"The Perks of Being a Wallflower\") would re-write the script. In January 2015, Emma Watson announced on her Facebook page that she would portray Belle in the new live action remake film. In March 2015, Dan Stevens, Luke Evans, Emma Thompson, Josh Gad, Audra McDonald, and Kevin Kline joined the film as the Beast, Gaston, Mrs. Potts, Lefou, Garderobe, and Maurice, respectively. The following month, Ian McKellen, Ewan McGregor, Stanley",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)"
},
{
"id": "17897364",
"text": "in the live-action adaptation of \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017). Ian McKellen, roles and awards Ian McKellen (born 25 May 1939) is an English stage and screen actor. He is the recipient of six Laurence Olivier Awards, a Tony Award, a Golden Globe Award, two Academy Award nominations, four BAFTA nominations and five Emmy Award nominations. McKellen's work spans genres ranging from Shakespearean and modern theatre to popular fantasy and science fiction. His notable film roles include Gandalf in \"The Lord of the Rings\" and \"The Hobbit\" trilogies, Magneto in the \"X-Men\" films, Sir Leigh Teabing in \"The Da Vinci",
"title": "Ian McKellen, roles and awards"
},
{
"id": "12566271",
"text": "Copperbottom in \"Robots\" (2005), Camerlengo Father Patrick McKenna in \"Angels and Demons\" (2009), \"the ghost\" in Roman Polanski's political thriller \"The Ghost Writer\" (2010), Dr. Alfred Jones in the romantic comedy-drama \"Salmon Fishing in the Yemen\" (2011), Lumière in a live-action adaptation of the musical romantic fantasy \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017), and the adult version of the titular character in the fantasy comedy-drama \"Christopher Robin\" (2018). In 2018, McGregor won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film for his performance as brothers in the third season of FX anthology series \"Fargo\", and received Golden",
"title": "Ewan McGregor"
},
{
"id": "18553339",
"text": "also praised the film for its emotional and psychological tone as well Steven's motion capture performance. Tim Robey of \"The Daily Telegraph\" gave the film four stars out of five and wrote that \"It dazzles on this chocolate box of a picture that feels almost greedy yet to make this film work, down to a sugar-rush finale to grasp the nettle and make an out-an-out, bells-and-whistles musical\" while he praised the performances of Watson, McKellen, Thompson, McGregor, Evans and Gad. Mark Hughes of \"Forbes\" also similarly praised the film which he wrote that \"it could revive the story in a",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "11548195",
"text": "that we all can do this,\" she said. In 2017, Greenwood worked on Disney's live action version of \"Beauty and the Beast\", directed by Bill Condon and released in March, and the biopic \"Darkest Hour\", directed by Joe Wright; receiving Oscar nominations for both. Sarah Greenwood Sarah Greenwood is a British production designer. She has been nominated six times for an Academy Award – in 2006 for \"Pride & Prejudice\", in 2008 for \"Atonement\", in 2010 for \"Sherlock Holmes\", in 2013 for \"Anna Karenina\" and in 2018 for both \"Beauty and the Beast\", and \"Darkest Hour\". In 2013, she was",
"title": "Sarah Greenwood"
},
{
"id": "3135254",
"text": "practices Transcendental Meditation. Robby Benson Robin David Segal (born January 21, 1956), known by the stage name Robby Benson, is an American actor, voice actor, musician, singer, director, producer and educator. He is known as the voice of Beast in the Disney animated film \"Beauty and the Beast\" and its numerous sequels and spin-offs, and directed several episodes of the sitcom \"Friends\". Benson was born in Dallas, Texas, the son of Freda Ann (\"née\" Benson), a singer, actor, and business promotions manager, and Jerry Segal, a writer. His family is Jewish. Benson was raised in New York City and took",
"title": "Robby Benson"
},
{
"id": "18553340",
"text": "faithful but entirely new and unique way elevating the material beyond expectations, establishing itself as a cinematic equal to the original\" and also complimented the importance of undertaking a renowned yet problematic masterpiece as well addressing changes in the elements of the story while acknowledging the film's effectiveness in resonating to the audiences. Stephen Whitty of the \"New York Daily News\" called it \"this year's best new old musical\" and \"the most magical thing of all\" while describing Watson's performance of Belle as \"breakthrough\". Several critics regarded the film as inferior to its 1991 animated predecessor. David Sims of \"The",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "18553323",
"text": "million), Russia ($6 million), and Spain ($5.8 million). In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the film recorded the biggest opening ever for a PG-rated film, the biggest Disney live-action opening of all time, the biggest March opening weekend, the biggest opening for a musical (ahead of 2012's \"Les Misérables\"), the number one opening of 2017 to date and the fifth-biggest-ever overall with £19.7 million ($24.5 million) from 639 theatres and almost twice that of \"The Jungle Book\" (£9.9 million). This included the second-biggest Saturday ever (£7.9 million), only behind \"\". It witnessed a decline in its second weekend, earning £12.33",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "16247435",
"text": "Stuart Gillard, Steven A. Adelson, Morris Claiborne, Mairzee Almas, Bradley Walsh, Fred Gerber, Kevin Fair, Mike Rohl, Gary Fleder, Paul Fox, P.J. Pesce, Paul A. Kaufman, Scott Peters, Jeff Renfroe, Michael Robison, Lee Rose, Rick Rosenthal, Bobby Roth, Norma Bailey, Grant Harvey, Allan Kroeker, Rich Newey, and Sudz Sutherland. Casting announcements began in February 2012, when Kristin Kreuk was first cast in the lead role of Catherine Chandler. Austin Basis was then cast in the role of J.T. Forbes, Vincent's best friend. Nina Lisandrello and Nicole Gale Anderson were then added to the cast, with Lisandrello landing the role of",
"title": "Beauty & the Beast (2012 TV series)"
},
{
"id": "6915919",
"text": "Beast\" also launched Dion's career and established her as a bankable recording artist. After \"Beauty and the Beast\" became the first Disney song to undergo a complete pop transformation, several contemporary artists were inspired to release their own radio-friendly renditions of Disney songs throughout the decade. Considered to be among Disney's best and most popular songs, \"Beauty and the Beast\" has since been covered by numerous artists. In 2004, the American Film Institute officially recognized \"Beauty and the Beast\" as one of the greatest songs in film history, ranking it 62nd. The song is also featured in the 2017 live-action",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)"
},
{
"id": "8316037",
"text": "the arms and body of a bear, the eyebrows of a gorilla, the jaws, teeth, and mane of a lion, the tusks of a wild boar and the legs and tail of a wolf. He also bears resemblance to mythical monsters like the Minotaur or a werewolf. He also has blue eyes, the one physical feature that does not change whether he is a beast or a human. As opposed to his original counterpart, Disney gave him a more primal nature to his personality and mannerisms, which truly exploited his character as an untamed animal (i.e. alternating between walking and",
"title": "Beast (Beauty and the Beast)"
},
{
"id": "18553305",
"text": "United States and Canada and $759.5 million in other countries for a worldwide gross of $1.263 billion. With a production budget of $254 million, it is the most expensive musical ever made. In just ten days, it became the highest-grossing live-action musical of all time, beating the nine-year-old record held by \"Mamma Mia!\". It is currently the second-biggest musical ever overall, behind Disney's \"Frozen\" (2013). Worldwide, the film proved to be a global phenomenon, earning a total of $357 million over its four-day opening weekend from 56 markets. Critics said the film was playing like superhero movies amongst women. It",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "9024855",
"text": "Mirror\", and played a major supporting role in \"Miss Sloane\", a drama about Washington lobbyists, starring Jessica Chastain. The film premiered at the AFI Film Festival in November. In 2017, Mbatha-Raw played Plumette in the live-action remake of \"Beauty and the Beast\". In 2018, Mbatha-Raw starred in a number of science fiction feature productions, including \"A Wrinkle in Time\", directed by Ava DuVernay, and \"The Cloverfield Paradox\". The latter film made history that year, with a marketing campaign that saw the film's release onto the streaming platform Netflix, directly after it was advertised worldwide at the 2018 Super Bowl. Mbatha-Raw",
"title": "Gugu Mbatha-Raw"
},
{
"id": "18553341",
"text": "Atlantic\" wrote that the 2017 film \"feels particularly egregious, in part, because it's so slavishly devoted to the original; every time it falls short of its predecessor (which is quite often), it's hard not to notice\". Michael Phillips of the \"Chicago Tribune\" said that the 2017 film \"takes our knowledge and our interest in the material for granted. It zips from one number to another, throwing a ton of frenetically edited eye candy at the screen, charmlessly.\" Phillips wrote that the film featured some \"less conspicuously talented\" performers who are \"stuck doing karaoke, or motion-capture work of middling quality\", though",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "1478947",
"text": "Best Picture nomination: \"Mary Poppins\" (1964), \"Beauty and the Beast\" (1991), \"Up\" (2009), and \"Toy Story 3\" (2010). Walt Disney Pictures has produced four films that have grossed over $1 billion at the worldwide box office: \"\" (2006), \"Alice in Wonderland\" (2010), \"\" (2011), and \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017); and has released five animated films that have reached that milestone: \"Toy Story 3\" (2010), \"Frozen\" (2013), \"Zootopia\", \"Finding Dory\" (both 2016), and \"Incredibles 2\" (2018). —Includes theatrical reissue(s). Walt Disney Pictures Walt Disney Pictures, formally known as Buena Vista Pictures, is an American film studio and a subsidiary of",
"title": "Walt Disney Pictures"
},
{
"id": "19023171",
"text": "intern. In 2014, Spiliotopoulos re-wrote the screenplay for the action-adventure fantasy film \"Hercules\", original written by Ryan J. Condal. Brett Ratner directed the film which released on July 25, 2014 by Paramount Pictures. Spiliotopoulos wrote the screenplay of action-adventure fantasy film \"\", along with Craig Mazin, and rewritten by Frank Darabont. Cedric Nicolas-Troyan directed the film, which was released on April 22, 2016 by Universal Pictures. Spiliotopoulos and Stephen Chbosky wrote Walt Disney Pictures' live action musical romantic fantasy film \"Beauty and the Beast\", which was directed by Bill Condon. The film was released on March 17, 2017. In the",
"title": "Evan Spiliotopoulos"
},
{
"id": "18553330",
"text": "United Kingdom and Ireland, ahead of all but one \"Harry Potter\" film (\"Deathly Hallows – Part 2\") and all three \"The Lord of the Rings\" movies (which also starred Ian McKellen). It is currently the eighth-biggest grosser with £70.1 million ($90 million), overtaking \"Mamma Mia!\" to become the biggest musical production ever there. The biggest international earning markets following the UK are Japan ($108 million), China ($85.8 million), Brazil ($41.5 million), Korea ($37.5 million), and Australia ($35 million). In Europe alone, the cumulative total is $267 million, which led it to become the second-highest-grossing film in the past year (behind",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "18553288",
"text": "same year, Stephen Chbosky (who had previously directed Watson in \"The Perks of Being a Wallflower\") was hired to re-write the script. Before Condon was hired to direct the film, Disney approached him with a proposal to remake the film in a more radical way as Universal Studios had remade \"Snow White and the Huntsman\" (2012). Condon later explained that \"after \"Frozen\" opened, the studio saw that there was this big international audience for an old-school-musical approach. But initially, they said, 'We're interested in a musical to a degree, but only half full of songs.' My interest was taking that",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "18553334",
"text": "Watson and Stevens, and wrote: \"It looks good, moves gracefully and leaves a clean and invigorating aftertaste. I almost didn't recognize the flavor: I think the name for it is joy.\" Likewise, \"The Washington Post\"s Ann Hornaday complimented Watson's performance, describing it as \"alert and solemn\" while noting her singing ability as \"serviceable enough to get the job done\". Richard Roeper of \"Chicago Sun-Times\" awarded the film three and a half stars, lauded the performances of Watson and Thompson which he drew a comparison to Paige O'Hara's and Angela Lansbury's performances in the 1991 animated version while appreciating the performances",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "18896500",
"text": "film's budget since he felt high-quality musicals could not be made cheaply. Initially, Miles Teller and Emma Watson were slated to star in the leads. Watson dropped out because of a commitment to the 2017 musical adaptation of \"Beauty and the Beast\", while Teller departed via long contract negotiations. Conversely, Gosling turned down a role as the Beast in \"Beauty and the Beast\" in favor of \"La La Land\". Chazelle decided to make his characters somewhat older, with experience in struggling to make their dreams, rather than younger newcomers just arriving in Los Angeles. Emma Stone plays Mia, a struggling",
"title": "La La Land (film)"
},
{
"id": "18553332",
"text": "Beast\" offers a faithful yet fresh retelling that honors its beloved source material.\" On Metacritic, the film has a score of 65 out of 100, based on 47 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". In CinemaScore polls, audiences gave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale. Leslie Felperin of \"The Hollywood Reporter\" wrote: \"It's a Michelin-triple-starred master class in patisserie skills that transforms the cinematic equivalent of a sugar rush into a kind of crystal-meth-like narcotic high that lasts about two hours.\" Felperin also praised the performances of Watson and Kline as well the special",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "18553310",
"text": "screenings which began at 6 pm, while the rest—59%—came from regular 2D shows which began at 7 pm. The numbers were considered more impressive given that the film played during a school week. On its opening day, the film made $63.8 million from 4,210 theaters across 9,200 screens, marking the third biggest in the month of March, trailing behind \"Batman v Superman\" ($81.5 million) and \"The Hunger Games\" ($67 million). It was also the biggest opening day ever for a film that wasn't PG-13, displacing the $58 million opening Wednesday of \"Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\". Its opening day",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "20086070",
"text": "Nathan Mack Nathan Mack (born 15 April 2007) is a British child actor who is known for portraying Tyler in 2014's \"Babylon\" and Chip Potts in the 2017 live-action adaptation of \"Beauty and the Beast\". He attends Stagecoach Performing Arts School for children, which also helped him land the role. Nathan Mack was born on April 15, 2007 in England. He attends Stagecoach Performing Arts School for children where he has been a student since he was seven. For the role of Chip his teachers put him forward for the audition. Nathan states that although it was nerve-wracking, it was",
"title": "Nathan Mack"
},
{
"id": "18553337",
"text": "Menken and Tim Rice, particularly \"Evermore\" which he described the new song with a potential for an Academy Award for Best Original Song. Peter Travers of \"Rolling Stone\" rated the film three out of four stars which he deemed it as an \"exhilarating gift\" while he remarked that \"\"Beauty and the Beast\" does justice to Disney's animated classic, even if some of the magic is M.I.A (Missing in Action)\". Stephanie Zacharek of \"Time\" magazine gave a positive review with a description as \"Wild, Vivid and Crazy-Beautiful\" as she wrote \"Nearly everything about \"Beauty and the Beast\" is larger than life,",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "20010995",
"text": "in category Original Song - Sci-Fi, Fantasy, Horror Film. It was also nominated in the Original Song — Animated Film category. How Does a Moment Last Forever \"How Does a Moment Last Forever\" is a song written by lyricist Tim Rice and composer Alan Menken for the Disney live action film \"Beauty and the Beast\" (2017), a remake of the animated musical of the same name. This Broadway-inspired ballad is performed in the movie by American actor Kevin Kline in his role as Maurice. It describes the relationship between his character and that of his wife, Belle's deceased mother. Later",
"title": "How Does a Moment Last Forever"
},
{
"id": "7125788",
"text": "\"The Guest\", winning critical acclaim for his portrayal of a recently discharged army veteran who goes on a killing spree to protect his true identity. He earned a Saturn Award for Best Actor nomination for his performance. Also in 2014, he appeared in the magic realism comedy-drama film \"The Cobbler\", and in the dark action film \"A Walk Among the Tombstones\". He played a simulacrum of Sir Lancelot in the 2014 comedy film \"\". Stevens played the Beast, opposite Emma Watson as Belle, in Disney's live action remake adaptation of \"Beauty and the Beast\". The film was released in March",
"title": "Dan Stevens"
},
{
"id": "10558127",
"text": "in Lars Von Trier's controversial \"Manderlay\". He appeared in the 2017 live-action remake of Beauty and the Beast as Cuisinier – the castle's head chef who has been transformed into a stove. While a student at the Guildhall School, played Wally Watkins in a production of \"Lady Be Good\", which caused the Opera critic to note \"one of two potential stars in the cast\" who \"sang the title song most winningly and rattled off the acres of daffy dialogue with the aplomb and timing of a Durante\". In 1992, Rowe was nominated for an Olivier Award for his performance as",
"title": "Clive Rowe"
},
{
"id": "16247433",
"text": "on June 2, 2016, before concluding on September 15, 2016. Sherri Cooper-Landsman, Jennifer Levin, Ron Koslow, Gary Fleder, Paul Junger Witt, Frank Siracusa, Tony Thomas, John Weber, Bill Haber, C. Anthony Thomas and current showruner Brad Kern have served as executive producers. Roger Grant, Kevin Lafferty, Thom J. Pretak, Mairzee Almas and Michael J. Maschio serve as producers. Other producers on the show include Stuart Gillard, John A. Norris, Holly Henderson, Don Whitehead, Courtney Kemp Agboh, and Eric Tuchman as co-executive producers; Bill Goddard, Blair Singer, and Melissa Glenn as co-producers; Sean Sforza, Julie Lawrence, Kyle MacDonald, and Larry Goldstein",
"title": "Beauty & the Beast (2012 TV series)"
},
{
"id": "18553313",
"text": "biggest outside of summer, save for \"\", not accounting for inflation. It became the forty-third film to debut with over $100 million and the fifteenth film to open above $150 million. Its three-day opening alone surpassed the entire original North American run of the first film ($146 million; before the 3D re-release), instantly becoming the second-biggest film of the year, behind \"Logan\" ($184 million), and also the second-highest-grossing musical, behind \"Grease\"'s $188 million cumulative gross in 1978. Seventy percent of the total ticket sales came from 2D showings signifying that people who don't go to theaters frequently came out in",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "18553296",
"text": "the best Broadway musical of 1991. The animated version was already darker and more modern than the previous Disney fairytales. Take that vision, put it into a new medium, make it a radical reinvention, something not just for the stage because it's not just being literal, now other elements come into play. It's not just having real actors do it\". Condon initially prepared on only drawing inspiration from the original film, but he also planned to include most of the songs composed by Alan Menken, Howard Ashman and Tim Rice from the Broadway musical, with the intention of making the",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "18553280",
"text": "the rose and warns the prince that the curse will only be broken if he learns to love another, and earn their love in return, before the last petal falls. Some years later, at Villeneuve, Belle, the book-loving daughter of a music box maker and artist, Maurice, dreams of adventure and brushes off advances from Gaston, an arrogant former soldier. On his way to a convention and lost in the forest, Maurice seeks refuge in the Beast's castle warming himself near the fire then being scared away by Chip after having some food, but the Beast imprisons him for stealing",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "11174675",
"text": "he easily overpowers Gaston and intends to kill him. However, when Gaston begs for his life, the Beast decides to be the better man and have mercy, and climbs back up to Belle. Ungrateful and unrepentant, Gaston stabs the Beast in the back when he sees him embracing Belle, but loses his balance when the Beast swings his arm backwards at him; consequently, Gaston falls to his death. Gaston appears in the 2017 remake as played by Welsh actor Luke Evans. During an interview with \"Empire\" magazine, Evans said that Gaston would retain his hunter background, yet would also be",
"title": "Gaston (Beauty and the Beast)"
},
{
"id": "18553320",
"text": "film began playing on Thursday, March 16, 2017. Through Sunday, March 19, it had a total international opening of $182.3 million from 55 markets, 44 of which were major territories, far exceeding initial estimations of $100 million and opened at No. 1 in virtually all markets except Vietnam, Turkey, and India. Its launch is the second-biggest for the month of March, behind \"Batman v Superman\" ($256.5 million). In IMAX, it recorded the biggest debut for a PG-rated title (although it carried varying certificate amongst different markets) with $8.5 million from 649 screens, the second-biggest for a PG title behind \"The",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "18553342",
"text": "he praised Kline's performance as the \"best, sweetest thing in the movie; he brings a sense of calm, droll authority\". Peter Bradshaw of \"The Guardian\" praised Watson's performance and wrote that the film was \"lit in that fascinatingly artificial honey-glow light, and it runs smoothly on rails—the kind of rails that bring in and out the stage sets for the lucrative Broadway touring version.\" In the same newspaper, Wendy Ide criticized the film as \"ornate to the point of desperation\" in its attempt to emulate the animated film. Chris Nashawaty of \"Entertainment Weekly\" gave the film a B-, writing that",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
},
{
"id": "7239603",
"text": "star Ariel Winter. In the 2014 film \"Maleficent\", Aurora is played by Elle Fanning. Lily James portrays Cinderella in the 2015 film of the same name. Emma Watson is seen as Belle in the 2017 film \"Beauty and the Beast\". Naomi Scott is set to star as Jasmine in the 2019 film \"Aladdin\". Liu Yifei will appear as Mulan in the 2020 film of the same name. The Princesses, along with Anna, Elsa and Moana, all make guest appearances in the 2018 film \"Ralph Breaks the Internet\". This film marks the first direct interaction between the characters in an animated",
"title": "Disney Princess"
},
{
"id": "4687394",
"text": "guest vocals on Kelly Clarkson's song \"Run Run Run\" for her album \"Piece by Piece\". He also co-wrote and provided vocals for French DJ David Guetta's song \"Listen,\" as part of the album \"Listen\". Legend released his new album \"Darkness and Light\", with first single \"Love Me Now,\" on December 2, 2016 with songs featuring Chance the Rapper and Miguel. For the 2017 film \"Beauty and the Beast\", Legend and Ariana Grande performed a duet on the title track, a remake of the 1991 original version sung by Celine Dion and Peabo Bryson. On December 19, 2017, NBC announced that",
"title": "John Legend"
},
{
"id": "18553295",
"text": "were mistakenly featured in the original theatrical release's credits, but was later corrected in home releases. When released in 1991, \"Beauty and the Beast\", marked a turning point for Walt Disney Pictures by appealing to millions of fans with its Oscar-winning musical score by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken. In Bill Condon's opinion, that original score was the key reason he agreed to direct a live-action version of the movie. \"That score had more to reveal\", he says, \"You look at the songs and there's not a clunker in the group. In fact, Frank Rich described it as",
"title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)"
}
] | who is playing the beast in beauty and the beast 2017 |
[
"Tali"
] | [
{
"id": "17372311",
"text": "former CIA Agent Trent Kort, and Tony learns that he and Ziva have a daughter, who she named after her sister, Tali. These events drive Tony to leave NCIS to care for their daughter. Michael Weatherly was cast for the role of Anthony \"Tony\" DiNozzo in 2003 and appeared in every episode of the show's first 13 seasons. The character is portrayed as \"complex\": he is a former Baltimore homicide detective with a \"heroic spirit\" as well as a \"total dinosaur in terms of sexual politics\". In the second season finale, \"NCIS\" series regular Caitlin Todd was killed off after",
"title": "Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David"
},
{
"id": "6018777",
"text": "popular actors on primetime television, according to Q Score. In January 2016, Weatherly and CBS confirmed that Season 13 would be DiNozzo's last as a series regular. DiNozzo leaves after finding out that he has a daughter with his former partner and Special Agent Ziva David, who died in a mortar attack on her home in Israel. He decides to leave NCIS in order to \"look for some answers\" and to care for their daughter. Michael Weatherly was cast for the role of Tony DiNozzo in 2003. Series creator Don Bellisario related the events that led to Weatherly being selected:",
"title": "Anthony DiNozzo"
},
{
"id": "12898202",
"text": "Cote de Pablo María José de Pablo Fernández, known professionally as Cote de Pablo (born November 12, 1979), is a Chilean-American actress and singer. Born in Santiago, Chile, at the age of ten she moved to the United States, where she studied acting. De Pablo co-hosted episodes of the Latin-American talk show \"Control\" with former \"Entertainment Tonight\" host, Carlos Ponce, at the age of 15 before attending Carnegie Mellon University to study music and theatre. After appearing in a number of television roles, she was cast to portray main character Ziva David in the CBS television series \"NCIS\" in 2005",
"title": "Cote de Pablo"
},
{
"id": "6577525",
"text": "Tony, and McGee, who brought her back to America. These events led to her resigning from Mossad, applying to become an NCIS agent, and being sworn in as a U.S. citizen. In the season 13 finale, \"Family First\", in 2016, it is discovered that she has a daughter, Tali, with Anthony DiNozzo. During a mortar attack arranged by former CIA agent Trent Kort, Ziva is apparently killed. In an interview with \"Deadline Hollywood\", executive producer and show runner Gary Glasberg commented on Ziva's fate; \"Tremendous thought was put into every element of what you saw last night ... down to",
"title": "Ziva David"
},
{
"id": "17498683",
"text": "an assassin and being \"an extremely skilled interrogator, nearly impossible to break\". Initially rejected by most of the other characters, she is eventually accepted as a member of the NCIS team and as a surrogate daughter figure to team leader Gibbs (Mark Harmon). She also serves as a foil for Special Agent Tony DiNozzo, a former Baltimore homicide cop and \"wannabe playboy\" played by Michael Weatherly. Early on, producers began to toy with the idea of pairing them romantically but avoided going through with the relationship by dealing them a number of obstacles, namely difficult circumstances and other love interests.",
"title": "Ziva David captivity storyline"
},
{
"id": "6018617",
"text": "years, he is scripted as more stoical, with Bellisario stating, \"I thought the best thing to do was to give him a minimum of dialogue.\" It was not until the third season that the backstory surrounding his first wife and daughter's murder was revealed. His relationships with his coworkers were developed, with him becoming something of a father figure to Special Agent Ziva David and Forensic Specialist Abby Sciuto. Mark Harmon's oldest son Sean has appeared on \"NCIS\" portraying a younger version of Gibbs in flashbacks. In the backstory, Gibbs was born on May 2, 1954, and was shown in",
"title": "Leroy Jethro Gibbs"
},
{
"id": "3044561",
"text": "Roxana Zal Roxana Zal (born November 8, 1969, Malibu, California) is an American actress. Zal was born and raised in Malibu, California, the daughter of Maureen and Hossein Zal, an Iranian-born Los Angeles investor. Her first acting role was a guest spot on \"Hart to Hart\" at age 12. She has had several other guest roles since then, the most recent being in the show \"NCIS\". She won a Primetime Emmy Award for her role in the 1984 TV movie \"Something About Amelia\". She co-produced and starred in the 1998 independent film \"Broken Vessels\", and also played a main role",
"title": "Roxana Zal"
},
{
"id": "2281896",
"text": "Sofia Coppola Sofia Carmina Coppola (; born May 14, 1971) is an American screenwriter, director, producer, and former actress. She is the daughter of director, producer, and screenwriter Francis Ford Coppola, and made her film debut as an infant in her father's acclaimed crime drama film, \"The Godfather\" (1972). She later appeared in a supporting role in \"Peggy Sue Got Married\" (1986) and portrayed Mary Corleone, the daughter of Michael Corleone, in \"\" (1990). The latter film earned her much derision and critical backlash, effectively ending her acting career. Coppola then turned her attention to filmmaking. She made her feature-length",
"title": "Sofia Coppola"
},
{
"id": "9255943",
"text": "Pudding Theatricals in 2003, worked for Let's Go Travel Guides, and was credited as associate editor for the travel book \"Let's Go: Vietnam\". Thompson graduated in 2005 with a bachelor's degree in Performance Studies and Literature, focusing on French and Postcolonial works. After graduating Thompson landed her first role in the television show \"Brotherhood\" (2006) opposite Jason Isaacs. She then guest starred in several television shows before landing a recurring role on the CBS show \"NCIS\" (2006–2007) as Dr. Jeanne Benoit, the girlfriend of Tony DiNozzo (played by Michael Weatherly) and the daughter of Rene Benoit (played by Armand Assante).",
"title": "Scottie Thompson"
},
{
"id": "3929040",
"text": "Melinda McGraw Melinda McGraw (born 1963) is an American actress. She has starred in movies such as \"Albino Alligator\" (1996), \"Wrongfully Accused\" (1998), and \"\" (2000), and is also known for her television performances on \"The Commish\", \"The X-Files\", \"NCIS\" and \"Mad Men\". McGraw was born in Nicosia, Cyprus, to American parents. The youngest of three daughters, she grew up in Cambridge and Dover in the Boston area. Her father served as a diplomat for the Agency of International Development before becoming an executive with a major hotel in Boston. She attended the Buckingham Browne & Nichols School in Cambridge",
"title": "Melinda McGraw"
},
{
"id": "9672959",
"text": "Harmon) being severely injured in a ship bombing, his subsequent memory loss, and the team's struggle to find the perpetrator before another attack. The episodes also delve into Gibbs' past, culminating in the revelation of his wife and daughter's deaths 15 years prior. \"NCIS\" follows a team of government agents who work for the Naval Criminal Investigative Service. The main cast during the filming of the third season included Mark Harmon as team leader Leroy Jethro Gibbs, Michael Weatherly as Senior Agent Anthony \"Tony\" DiNozzo, Cote de Pablo as Mossad Liaison Officer Ziva David, Pauley Perrette as Forensic Specialist Abby",
"title": "Hiatus (NCIS)"
},
{
"id": "2281946",
"text": "work rather than allowing them to have a real childhood. Sofia Coppola Sofia Carmina Coppola (; born May 14, 1971) is an American screenwriter, director, producer, and former actress. She is the daughter of director, producer, and screenwriter Francis Ford Coppola, and made her film debut as an infant in her father's acclaimed crime drama film, \"The Godfather\" (1972). She later appeared in a supporting role in \"Peggy Sue Got Married\" (1986) and portrayed Mary Corleone, the daughter of Michael Corleone, in \"\" (1990). The latter film earned her much derision and critical backlash, effectively ending her acting career. Coppola",
"title": "Sofia Coppola"
},
{
"id": "8397800",
"text": "recurring role on \"NCIS\" as Leroy Jethro Gibbs' daughter Kelly. She also had a series regular role in the CW series \"Life Is Wild\" as Mia Weller, for 13 episodes. At the 2006 Best of Fest Awards at the KIDS FIRST! Film and Video Festival, Mouser received the Outstanding Performance Award for her voiceover work in \"\". More recently she was on \"Lie To Me\". Mouser also had a guest star role on \"Ghost Whisperer\" as the character Madison. Mouser starred in the ABC medical drama \"Body of Proof\" as Dana Delany's daughter, Lacey Fleming. Mouser played the roles of",
"title": "Mary Mouser"
},
{
"id": "17372369",
"text": "to the United States and NCIS, Ziva instead chooses to stay in Israel, with Tony reluctantly returning to the United States although Tony manages to find Ziva's Star of David necklace in his jacket pocket. In the season 13 finale \"Family First,\" after learning of Ziva's death in the bombing of her Israel home caused by Trent Kort, the NCIS crew mourn her. Tony is then introduced to his almost two-year-old daughter, Tali. Conflicted, Tony asks Mossad Director Orli Elbaz about Ziva's motivations for not telling him about Tali. Orli tells him that she wanted to, especially as Tali grew",
"title": "Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David"
},
{
"id": "13208281",
"text": "Acres also appeared on an episode of \"Monk\" in 2007, and single episodes of \"The Mentalist\" where she plays Patrick Jane's (Simon Baker) daughter and on the hit television show \"Hannah Montana\". Acres was nominated for Best Performance in a TV Series, Guest Starring Young Actress at the Young Artist Awards 2009 for her performance in \"The Mentalist\". She had a recurring role of Soleil Friedman in the second season of the Fox television series \"Touch\". Isabella Acres Isabella Acres (born February 21, 2001) is an American actress who played Rose on \"Better Off Ted\". Acres was born in Atlanta",
"title": "Isabella Acres"
},
{
"id": "5148175",
"text": "Michael Nouri Michael Nouri (born December 9, 1945) is an American television and film actor. His father was born in Iraq. He may be best known for his role as Nick Hurley in the 1983 film \"Flashdance\". He has had recurring roles in numerous television series, including \"NCIS\" as Eli David, the father of Mossad officer (later Special Agent) Ziva David, \"The O.C.\" as Dr. Neil Roberts, and \"Damages\" as Phil Grey. He also appeared as Congressman Stewart with Queen Latifah in the 2006 comedy movie \"Last Holiday\" and LAPD Detective Thomas Beck in the science fiction action film \"The",
"title": "Michael Nouri"
},
{
"id": "14075424",
"text": "Southern California in 2009. Bellisario made her acting debut in the 1988 film \"Last Rites\" at the age of three. From 1990 to 2007, she guest starred on such television series as \"Quantum Leap\", \"Tequila and Bonetti\", \"JAG\", \"First Monday\" and \"NCIS\", television series that were produced by her father Donald P. Bellisario. In \"NCIS\", she played Sarah McGee, sister of Special Agent Timothy McGee, played by her real-life stepbrother Sean Murray. In 1998, she co-starred with Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen in the film \"Billboard Dad\". Beginning in 2006, Bellisario began appearing in a number of independent short films namely,",
"title": "Troian Bellisario"
},
{
"id": "17372370",
"text": "but that she feared he would not be pleased, to which Tony tells her \"Then she never knew me at all.\" Later in the episode, Tony finds a picture of him and Ziva in Paris, to which Tali points to each of them, saying \"Ima\" and \"Abba\" indicating that she knew who he was, her father. After killing Kort, Tony and Gibbs have a heart to heart, where DiNozzo informs him that he is moving on from NCIS, with his daughter, his family. Speaking of Ziva's fate, Glasberg stated \"Tremendous thought was put into every element of what you saw",
"title": "Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David"
},
{
"id": "9672960",
"text": "Sciuto, Sean Murray as Special Agent Timothy McGee, David McCallum as NCIS Medical Examiner Donald \"Ducky\" Mallard, and Lauren Holly as NCIS Director Jenny Shepard. Gibbs was originally scripted as having been married and divorced three consecutive times. His backstory was later revised to include his \"first wife\" Shannon and daughter Kelly, both of whom were killed years prior. This is first implied early in the third season, and series creator Donald P. Bellisario continued to develop the idea until it came to a head in \"Hiatus\". Tony, McGee, and Ziva wait in a car as Gibbs contacts an undercover",
"title": "Hiatus (NCIS)"
},
{
"id": "14611111",
"text": "McGee (Sean Murray), Ziva David (Cote de Pablo), Eleanor Bishop (Emily Wickersham), Alexandra Quinn (Jennifer Esposito), and Nicholas Torres (Wilmer Valderrama). Over the course of the series, they are further assisted by allies both foreign and domestic, including Dr. Donald Mallard (David McCallum), Dr. Jimmy Palmer (Brian Dietzen), forensic specialists Abby Sciuto (Pauley Perrette) and Kasie Hines (Diona Reasonover), British intelligence officer Clayton Reeves (Duane Henry), operational psychologist and senior special agent Dr. Jacqueline Sloane (Maria Bello), and successive NCIS Directors Jennifer Shepard (Lauren Holly) and Leon Vance (Rocky Carroll). Prior to the launch of the first season, advertisements on",
"title": "NCIS (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "3044562",
"text": "of \"Tara Matthews\" in the 1999 film \"Primal Force\". Roxana Zal Roxana Zal (born November 8, 1969, Malibu, California) is an American actress. Zal was born and raised in Malibu, California, the daughter of Maureen and Hossein Zal, an Iranian-born Los Angeles investor. Her first acting role was a guest spot on \"Hart to Hart\" at age 12. She has had several other guest roles since then, the most recent being in the show \"NCIS\". She won a Primetime Emmy Award for her role in the 1984 TV movie \"Something About Amelia\". She co-produced and starred in the 1998 independent",
"title": "Roxana Zal"
},
{
"id": "6577524",
"text": "season 10, Gabi Coccio recurrently portrayed a young Ziva in flashbacks. Ziva is introduced to the show as an Israeli citizen, an agent of the Kidon unit of the Mossad, a daughter of Mossad Director Eli David, and a friend of NCIS Director Jenny Shepard. She was assigned to NCIS as a liaison officer in an arrangement between Eli and Jenny, a position she held for four years until she returned to Mossad in the season 6 finale, \"Aliyah\". After being captured by terrorists in Somalia while on assignment for Mossad and presumed dead, she was eventually saved by Gibbs,",
"title": "Ziva David"
},
{
"id": "14611118",
"text": "Meredith Eaton, Joe Spano, Diane Neal, and Leslie Hope have all guest-starred on \"NCIS: New Orleans\". \"NCIS\" airs on Network Ten and TV Hits (formerly TV1) in Australia, Global (syndicated on Showcase and Lifetime) in Canada, TV3 and The Box in New Zealand, Seriale+ (premieres), TVN (free-TV premieres), TVN7 (reruns), AXN (reruns) and TV Puls (reruns) in Poland, and Fox, CBS Action, Universal, Channel 5 and 5USA in the United Kingdom. The first 11 seasons of \"NCIS\" have been released in Regions 1, 2, and 4. In Germany (Region 2), seasons 1–4 and 5–8 were released in two separate sets",
"title": "NCIS (TV series)"
},
{
"id": "6215019",
"text": "Wendy Makkena Wendy Rosenberg Makkena (born October 4, 1958) is an American actress. Born in Manhattan, she started her acting career in 1986 and appeared in the TV show \"Santa Barbara\". She later landed her first movie role in \"Eight Men Out\". She has made various guest or recurring roles on such television shows as \"Law & Order\", \"Monsters\", \"NYPD Blue\", \"House\", and \"NCIS\". In 1992 she had a supporting role in the movie \"Sister Act\" as the shy but talented singing nun Sister Mary Robert, a role she reprised in \"\" the following year. (In both films, singer Andrea",
"title": "Wendy Makkena"
},
{
"id": "10520692",
"text": "career as a local theatre actress, before acting on television and independent films. She briefly modeled for two years. Russo is married to Michael Cassady and gave birth to their first child, a daughter, in June 2015. Deanna Russo Deanna Russo is an American actress. She is known for her starring roles on the 2008 NBC version of \"Knight Rider\" and the 2014 USA Network television series \"Satisfaction\". In 2003, she made her television debut in an episode of \"Charmed\", and later guest starred on \"\", \"\", \"How I Met Your Mother\", and \"NCIS\". In 2007, she had a recurring",
"title": "Deanna Russo"
},
{
"id": "3929045",
"text": "arc was closed when she was murdered in the episode \"Check\". In 2013 she appeared in ABC series \"Scandal\". McGraw is married to composer/recording artist Steve Pierson, eight years her junior, and they have a daughter Lucy. They all belong to Pierson's band Jambo, which performs roots music for children. Melinda McGraw Melinda McGraw (born 1963) is an American actress. She has starred in movies such as \"Albino Alligator\" (1996), \"Wrongfully Accused\" (1998), and \"\" (2000), and is also known for her television performances on \"The Commish\", \"The X-Files\", \"NCIS\" and \"Mad Men\". McGraw was born in Nicosia, Cyprus, to",
"title": "Melinda McGraw"
},
{
"id": "19887442",
"text": "Shalita Grant Shalita Grant (born August 28, 1988) is an American actress on \"\", portraying NCIS Agent Sonja Percy, and also on \"Mercy Street\", portraying Aurelia Johnson, a stoic \"contraband,\" or escaped slave. Grant was born in Petersburg, Virginia, and attended high school at the Baltimore School for the Arts in Maryland, where she was a YoungArts Winner in Theater and Presidential Scholar in the Arts. At 17, she received a scholarship to attend the Juilliard School. In 2010, she graduated from Juilliard with a B.F.A. in Drama. In August 2018, Grant married her wife Sabrina Skau. Grant was nominated",
"title": "Shalita Grant"
},
{
"id": "18312539",
"text": "by Tobias Fornell, who was also married to Diane at one point and who was dealing with intense grief and depression following Diane's murder. It is revealed that Sergei and Ari Haswari are half brothers from Ari's mother, whereas Ari and Ziva David were half brother and sister from their father, Eli David. On March 13, 2014, CBS renewed \"NCIS\" for this season. On June 11, 2014, at the Cannes Film Festival, NCIS was awarded the honor of being the most-watched drama in the world, with 57.6 million viewers worldwide. Gary Glasberg, the executive producer of the show, said, \"As",
"title": "NCIS (season 12)"
},
{
"id": "6577523",
"text": "Ziva David Ziva David (; Hebrew: זיוה דוד, , Ziva: \"Radiance\"; birth date November 12, 1982, Beersheba in the Negev desert of southern Israel) is a fictional character from the CBS television series \"NCIS\", portrayed by Chilean-born American actress Cote de Pablo. Ziva first appeared in the season 3 premiere episode, \"Kill Ari (Part 1)\", and became a regular cast member from the episode \"Silver War\". She replaced Caitlin \"Kate\" Todd (Sasha Alexander), who was killed at the hands of Ziva's half-brother, Ari Haswari (Rudolf Martin), in the season 2 finale. Following the onscreen death of the character's father in",
"title": "Ziva David"
},
{
"id": "10601375",
"text": "cast in the 2013 horror film \"The Damned\" (originally titled \"Gallow's Hill\"), playing Jill, the daughter of Peter Facinelli's character. Nathalia Ramos Nathalia Norah Ramos Cohen (born July 3, 1992) is a Spanish actress, who also holds U.S. citizenship. Ramos is known for her portrayals of Yasmin in the 2007 film \"Bratz\", Jill in the 2013 film \"The Damned\", and lead character Nina Martin in the 2011 Nickelodeon television series \"House of Anubis\". Ramos was born in Madrid, Spain on July 3, 1992. Her mother is from Australia and her father is Juan Carlos Ramos Vaquero, usually known by his",
"title": "Nathalia Ramos"
},
{
"id": "6577527",
"text": "society and culture, its positive portrayal of an Israeli, and its \"cheerleading for American ties to Israel\". The role has also made de Pablo the second most popular actress on U.S. primetime television, according to Q Score, and a 2013 study by E-Poll Market Research listed her among the top 10 most appealing celebrities in America. On July 10, 2013, CBS television studios announced that Cote de Pablo would be leaving \"NCIS\" during season eleven. De Pablo appeared in two episodes as a series regular, and was subsequently replaced by Special Agent Eleanor Bishop (Emily Wickersham). Sasha Alexander's character Kate",
"title": "Ziva David"
},
{
"id": "3562915",
"text": "Jennifer Esposito Jennifer Esposito (born April 11, 1973) is an American actress and author. She is known for her roles in the feature films \"Crash\", \"Summer of Sam\", \"Don't Say a Word\", \"Taxi\"and \"Welcome to Collinwood\". Esposito has also appeared in several television series, most notably \"Spin City\", \"Related\", \"Samantha Who?\", \"Blue Bloods\", and \"Mistresses\". From 2016 to 2017, Esposito played Special Agent Alexandra Quinn on the CBS series \"NCIS\". Esposito was born on April 11, 1973, in New York City, into a working class household, the second of two daughters of Phyllis, an interior decorator, and Robert Esposito, a",
"title": "Jennifer Esposito"
},
{
"id": "6036564",
"text": "that made it really brilliant, because she played Nina honestly. Really honestly. And then she was a villain. Genius. That was such a great one.\" On 5 April 2009, Thomason married lighting technician Craig Sykes in Malibu, California. Their daughter, Tallulah Anaïs, was born on 12 June 2013. Thomason is an avid supporter of Manchester City. Marsha Thomason Marsha Lisa Thomason (born 19 January 1976) is an English television and film actress who is best known for playing Nessa Holt in the first two seasons of the NBC series \"Las Vegas\", Naomi Dorrit on the ABC series \"Lost\", and FBI",
"title": "Marsha Thomason"
},
{
"id": "17267410",
"text": "producers advertised the reported development of Ziva's relationship with Tony within the episode. Particularly, a scene in which the characters dance together while in Berlin was heavily promoted and received favorable commentary from reviewers. \"NCIS\" follows a team of government agents who work for the Naval Criminal Investigative Service. The main cast includes Mark Harmon as team leader Leroy Jethro Gibbs, Michael Weatherly as Senior Agent Anthony \"Tony\" DiNozzo, Cote de Pablo as Mossad Liaison Officer turned NCIS Agent Ziva David, Pauley Perrette as Forensic Specialist Abby Sciuto, Sean Murray as Special Agent Timothy McGee, David McCallum as Autopsy Technician",
"title": "Berlin (NCIS)"
},
{
"id": "8114502",
"text": "Someone Blue\". According to Daphne their brother Billy would spy on Nigel in the shower. He was portrayed by Cameron Dye. Briefly appears in \"Something Borrowed, Someone Blue\". Briefly appears in \"Something Borrowed, Someone Blue\". Coincidentally Daphne names her and Niles's son David (though in memory of series producer David Angell ). Alice May Doyle (played by Ashley Thomas, 2002–2004) is the daughter of Roz Doyle. She first appears as a newborn in the fifth-season episode \"Life of the Party\", and by the end of the series has become a child of six. Her father, Rick Garrett, had only just",
"title": "Minor characters on Frasier"
},
{
"id": "17288459",
"text": "always delivers the goods when she is portraying her characters dramatic side. She manages to slide smoothly between vengeful agent and emotionally shattered daughter which leaves me in awe of her acting skills.\" Michelle Calbert from BuddyTV included \"Shiva\" in her list of \"The 10 Best Ziva Episodes\" and said, \"In this episode, Ziva and the rest of the team have had a fairly long while to deal with the deaths of both her father and Vance's wife. All of them want justice for the man behind the murders, but it's Ziva who wants revenge. Even after being injured in",
"title": "Revenge (NCIS)"
},
{
"id": "2213476",
"text": "Bridget Fonda Bridget Jane Fonda (born January 27, 1964) is a retired American actress. She is known for her roles in \"The Godfather Part III\" (1990), \"Single White Female\" (1992), \"Singles (1992 film)\" (1992), \"Point of No Return\" (1993), \"It Could Happen to You\" (1994), and \"Jackie Brown\" (1997). She is the daughter of Peter Fonda, niece of Jane Fonda and granddaughter of Henry Fonda. Fonda was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress for playing Mandy Rice-Davies in the 1989 film \"Scandal\" and provided the voice for Jenna in the 1995 animated feature film \"Balto\". She",
"title": "Bridget Fonda"
},
{
"id": "14808272",
"text": "irregularities. She is divorced from Francis Coady and has one child. Jodie Fisher Jodie Lin Fisher (born July 17, 1969) is an American actress whose acting credits include \"NCIS: Los Angeles\", \"Star Trek\", and \"Little Big League\" as well as the reality TV series Age of Love. Jodie Fisher was born in Dallas, Texas, and is of Scandinavian and Irish ancestry. She graduated from Texas Tech University with a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science, Dean's List. Fisher has appeared as a lead actress in television and movie roles, including a 2011 episode of the television series \"\". After her",
"title": "Jodie Fisher"
},
{
"id": "13139703",
"text": "Ruah and Olsen had a second child, daughter Sierra Esther Ruah Olsen, on September 4, 2016. Daniela Ruah Daniela Sofia Korn Ruah (born December 2, 1983) is a Portuguese-American actress best known for playing NCIS Special Agent Kensi Blye in the CBS police procedural series \"\". Ruah was born in Boston, U.S., to Jewish parents from Portugal, where her mother is an otologist and her father is an ENT surgeon. When Ruah was 5, the family moved back to Portugal, where she attended St Julian's School and, at 16, began acting in telenovelas. She won a Portuguese-television dance competition. Ruah",
"title": "Daniela Ruah"
},
{
"id": "10158259",
"text": "Liza Lapira Liza Lapira (born December 3, 1981) is an American actress. She played Kianna in the 2008 film \"21\", Special Agent Michelle Lee in the CBS police procedural series \"NCIS\" and Ivy, Topher Brink's assistant in \"Dollhouse\". Lapira has also co-starred in the short-lived sitcoms \"Traffic Light\", \"Don't Trust the B---- in Apartment 23\", and \"Super Fun Night\". Liza Lapira was born in Queens, New York. She is of Filipino, Spanish, and Chinese ancestry. In New York, she acted on stage and in independent films. She moved to Los Angeles in 2004 to work in television. Lapira's New York",
"title": "Liza Lapira"
},
{
"id": "6018614",
"text": "Torres and Jacqueline Sloane and previous staff Caitlin Todd (killed in the line of duty), Anthony DiNozzo (left to look after his newly found daughter), Ziva David (killed after leaving NCIS), Alexandra Quinn (left to look after her sick mother) and Clayton Reeves (killed defending Abby Sciuto). Leroy Jethro Gibbs was born in 1954 as confirmed in the episode \"Date with Destiny\", in which he visits Shannon's grave and the date is shown on the headstone. Series creator Donald P. Bellisario initially did not think Mark Harmon would fit the role of Gibbs, a \"flinty type with a strong sense",
"title": "Leroy Jethro Gibbs"
},
{
"id": "17267421",
"text": "after the episode aired, Williams and Monreal stated: \"Berlin\" marked the first appearance of Eli David's killer, Ilan Bodnar, played by Oded Fehr, since the January episode \"Shiva\". Gabi Coccio reprised her role as young Ziva for flashbacks threaded throughout the episode, and Ben Morrison acted alongside her as young Eli. On March 25, 2013, the casting of Marina Sirtis as Orli Elbaz, the new director of Mossad, was announced. Sirtis, who formerly portrayed the main character Deanna Troi in the \"Star Trek\" enterprise, indicated that she enjoyed working with Mark Harmon and said that he welcomed her to the",
"title": "Berlin (NCIS)"
},
{
"id": "8767520",
"text": "(1995-2003) to Andy Cadiff (2003–2010) and to William Newkirk (?) . She has a daughter with Cassidy, Juliet. Juliet Jones-Diol Cassidy was born on March 19, 1998 during Diol's marriage to Shaun Cassidy. Susan Diol Susan Vanita Diol is an American television actress who has played supporting roles in over forty series, including \"One Life to Live\", \"\", \"NCIS\", and \"\". Diol acted in children's theatre productions in Illinois before beginning her on-screen career. She graduated from Otterbein College in Westerville, Ohio. In 1990, Diol appeared in two episodes of the TV series \"Night Court\", playing Dan Fielding's (\"John Larroquette\")",
"title": "Susan Diol"
},
{
"id": "12898206",
"text": "on the Fox Network). The show was short-lived, screening only 10 one-hour episodes. In 2005, De Pablo was about to make her Broadway debut in \"The Mambo Kings\" as Dolores Fuentes, but the show closed after a short trial run in San Francisco. Cote de Pablo is primarily known for her portrayal of Ziva David, an Israeli Mossad officer turned NCIS agent, in the police procedural drama \"NCIS\". She had sent in a videotape audition while waiting for \"The Mambo Kings\" to move forward and was asked to fly to Los Angeles for a screen test two days after it",
"title": "Cote de Pablo"
},
{
"id": "12296094",
"text": "Rosie Day Rosie-Jane Day (born 6 March 1995) is an English actress. She is known for playing Mary Hawkins in the Golden Globe nominated Starz and Sony Pictures TV series \"Outlander\" and Sarah Jessica Parker's daughter in the comedy road film \"All Roads Lead to Rome\", which she co-starred in. She also stars as Tina Pemberton in Sky One's \"Living the Dream\" alongside Phillip Glenister and Lesley Sharp and the 2018 Summit Entertainment feature \"Down a Dark Hall\" alongside Uma Thurman. Her first film was playing Angel in Paul Hyett's feature film \"The Seasoning House\" for which she received positive",
"title": "Rosie Day"
},
{
"id": "17267426",
"text": "little girl in Ziva\" is shown and as Tony takes charge of the situation while they are dancing. De Pablo said that she found this reversal in their interactions to be an interesting change. Producers Avery Drewe and Richie Owens coordinated the visual effects during the final scene of the episode and were only able to do one take during filming. Stunt driver Steve Kelso drove the SUV when it crashed into Tony's car, reportedly driving at 50 miles per hour, though bloggers indicated that they thought that the car looked more like it was going 80 miles per hour.",
"title": "Berlin (NCIS)"
},
{
"id": "17372375",
"text": "undeniable.\" In 2012, they appeared again in the magazine's \"30 Best 'Will They/Won't They?' TV Couples\". Similarly, the pair was included in BuddyTV's compile of \"The Top 12 Will-They-or-Won't-They Couples of 2012\" and \"TV Guide\"'s top 15 \"TV Duos Who Should Do It\". Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David are fictional characters from the American police procedural drama \"NCIS\". Tony, an original character, is portrayed by Michael Weatherly, and Ziva, who first appeared in the third season, is portrayed by Cote de Pablo. Frequently referred to by the portmanteau \"Tiva\" (for Tony and Ziva), the characters'",
"title": "Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David"
},
{
"id": "14808270",
"text": "Jodie Fisher Jodie Lin Fisher (born July 17, 1969) is an American actress whose acting credits include \"NCIS: Los Angeles\", \"Star Trek\", and \"Little Big League\" as well as the reality TV series Age of Love. Jodie Fisher was born in Dallas, Texas, and is of Scandinavian and Irish ancestry. She graduated from Texas Tech University with a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science, Dean's List. Fisher has appeared as a lead actress in television and movie roles, including a 2011 episode of the television series \"\". After her sexual harassment claim which resulted in the resignation of then Hewlett-Packard",
"title": "Jodie Fisher"
},
{
"id": "8684261",
"text": "Cameron Goodman Cameron Elizabeth Goodman (born August 24, 1984) is an American actress. She was born in Texas but grew up in Washington D.C. She attended Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. after transferring from Syracuse University in New York. Goodman has been in numerous films in her career, first starting out in 2002 as a freshman doing her comedic acting at Syracuse University in a show called \"SU Live\". In 2003, she left Syracuse and transferred to Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. Goodman had guest roles on ABC's \"Sons & Daughters\", \"\", \"NCIS\", \"The Suite Life of Zack & Cody\",",
"title": "Cameron Goodman"
},
{
"id": "17267408",
"text": "Berlin (NCIS) \"Berlin\" is the 21st episode of the tenth season of the American police procedural drama \"NCIS\", and the 231st episode overall. It originally aired on CBS in the United States on April 23, 2013. The episode is written by Scott Williams and Gina Lucita Monreal and directed by Terrence O'Hara, and was seen live by 17.33 million viewers. The episode advances a storyline focusing on the murder of significant secondary characters in the series and the romance between main characters Tony and Ziva. It carries the storyline surrounding the deaths of Ziva's father, Mossad Director Eli David, and",
"title": "Berlin (NCIS)"
},
{
"id": "7266843",
"text": "a recurring role on the ABC sitcom \"Who's the Boss?\", and guest starred on \"CHiPs\", \"Trapper John, M.D.\" and \"Seven Brides for Seven Brothers\". Tonya Crowe Tonya Crowe (born January 24, 1971) is an American actress, best known for playing Olivia Cunningham, the daughter of Donna Mills's Abby Cunningham, in the CBS prime time soap opera, \"Knots Landing\", a role she played from 1980 to 1990 as well as in the reunion miniseries \"\" (1997). She received three Soap Opera Digest Awards for Outstanding Actress in a Supporting Role: Prime Time., and well as Young Artist Award for Best Young",
"title": "Tonya Crowe"
},
{
"id": "17205140",
"text": "C. Fornell in the first two episodes. Muse Watson (as Mike Franks) appeared in the fourth episode. Ralph Waite (as Gibbs' father Jackson Gibbs) and Robert Wagner (as Tony's father Anthony DiNozzo, Sr.) are also confirmed to return. Diane Neal reprises her role CGIS Special Agent Abigail Borin in episode six \"Oil & Water\". The second episode includes a character named Sarah Porter, played by Leslie Hope, who is the new Secretary of the Navy, while Margo Harshman has been cast in a potentially recurring role as Timothy McGee's girlfriend, Delilah Fielding. The third episode introduces retiring NCIS Special Agent",
"title": "NCIS (season 11)"
},
{
"id": "10645142",
"text": "Lina Esco Lina Esco is an American actress, producer, director and activist. She gained recognition in 2007 for portraying Jimmy Smits' character's daughter in the CBS television drama \"Cane\". Esco has also performed in films, including \"London\" (2005), \"Kingshighway\" (2010), \"LOL\" (2012), and \"Free the Nipple\" (2014). Esco was cast in her first television guest star role in 2006, as Angie Watson in series \"\". In March, 2007 Esco joined the cast of the CBS drama \"Cane\". In 2009, she guest starred in an episode of \"Drop Dead Diva\" series with Paula Abdul. Esco played a lingerie model who had",
"title": "Lina Esco"
},
{
"id": "11369137",
"text": "before later appearing as Sam's sister Katie in the episode \"The Leap Home.\" She has had a number of film and TV appearances since then, including appearances on both \"JAG\" and its spin-off, \"NCIS\" (though playing different characters). Both shows were produced by Donald P. Bellisario, who had also created \"Quantum Leap\". Burnette also produced the short film, \"Mountain Cry\". Olivia Burnette Olivia Nicole Burnette (born March 24, 1977) is an American actress who began her career as a child actress at the age of six. She is perhaps best known for her role in the NBC sitcom \"The Torkelsons\"",
"title": "Olivia Burnette"
},
{
"id": "9385946",
"text": "Berlinda Tolbert Berlinda Tolbert (born November 4, 1949) is an American film and television actress. Tolbert is best known for her role as Jenny Willis Jefferson, the daughter of Tom and Helen Willis on the CBS sitcom \"The Jeffersons\", which originally aired from 1975 until 1985. Tolbert majored in theater at the North Carolina School of the Arts in Winston-Salem. She also studied drama in London. In a 2013 interview, Tolbert stated, \"I’ve only had one job in my entire life… professional actress.\" She got her first film part from Martin Scorsese in the early 1970s, when she was in",
"title": "Berlinda Tolbert"
},
{
"id": "4605777",
"text": "Abby Sciuto, he is one of only two actors who have appeared in all four shows (\"JAG, NCIS, NCIS: LA, NCIS: NO\"). In 2004 he starred in the television film \"The Mystery of Natalie Wood\", portraying Robert Wagner. Since 2010, Robert Wagner had made eight guest appearances on \"NCIS\" as Anthony DiNozzo, Sr., the father of Weatherly's character. He was a guest presenter at the Australian Logie Awards of 2007 on May 6, 2007, and was a guest on \"Rove Live\". Weatherly made his directing debut with the season-eight episode of \"NCIS\" titled \"One Last Score\", which aired March 1,",
"title": "Michael Weatherly"
},
{
"id": "5148176",
"text": "Hidden\". He also starred opposite Julie Andrews as King Marchand in the 1995 Broadway adaptation of \"Victor/Victoria.\" Michael Nouri Michael Nouri (born December 9, 1945) is an American television and film actor. His father was born in Iraq. He may be best known for his role as Nick Hurley in the 1983 film \"Flashdance\". He has had recurring roles in numerous television series, including \"NCIS\" as Eli David, the father of Mossad officer (later Special Agent) Ziva David, \"The O.C.\" as Dr. Neil Roberts, and \"Damages\" as Phil Grey. He also appeared as Congressman Stewart with Queen Latifah in the",
"title": "Michael Nouri"
},
{
"id": "3332647",
"text": "was first introduced in a guest starring role in two episodes of \"JAG\". Since 2003, Harmon has starred in \"NCIS\" as the same character. Harmon was born in Burbank, California, the youngest of three children and the only son. His parents were Heisman Trophy–winning football player and broadcaster Tom Harmon and actress and artist Elyse Knox (née Elsie Lillian Kornbrath). Harmon has two older sisters, actress and painter Kristin Nelson, who was divorced from the late singer Rick Nelson, and actress-model Kelly Harmon, who was once married to car magnate John DeLorean. His maternal grandparents were Austrian immigrants. After graduating",
"title": "Mark Harmon"
},
{
"id": "2214486",
"text": "to believe. I'm completely different.\" Alba met Cash Warren, son of actor Michael Warren, while filming \"Fantastic Four\" in 2004. The pair were married in Los Angeles in May 2008. They have three children: daughters Honor Marie Warren (born 2008), Haven Garner Warren (born 2011), and son Hayes Alba Warren (born New Year's Eve 2017). The first pictures of eldest daughter Honor appearing in the July 2008 issue of \"OK!\" magazine were reportedly paid US$1.5 million. Alba appeared on George Lopez's series \"Lopez Tonight\". After she and her father had submitted DNA samples (cheek swabs) to the DNA Diagnostic Center",
"title": "Jessica Alba"
},
{
"id": "3534193",
"text": "Nia Long Nia Talita Long, (born October 30, 1970) is an American actress. She is known for her roles in the television series \"The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air\", \"Third Watch\" and \"Empire\", and the films \"Boyz n the Hood\", \"Friday\", \"Love Jones\", \"Soul Food\", \"In Too Deep\", \"The Best Man\", \"Big Momma's House\" and \"Are We There Yet?\". Long was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Talita Long (née Gillman), a teacher and printmaker, and Doughtry Long, a high school teacher and poet. Her family is of Trinidadian, Grenadian, Vincentian, and Barbadian descent. She has an older half-sister, the actress",
"title": "Nia Long"
},
{
"id": "10765799",
"text": "Soniya Mehra Sonia Mehra (born 2 December 1988) is an Indian Bollywood actress and daughter of late actor Vinod Mehra. She is best known for playing Tanya Kapoor in \"Ragini MMS 2\". She is the daughter of the late actor Vinod Mehra from his third and last wife Kiran. She was less than two years old when her father died in October 1990. She was brought up in Kenya with her brother Rohan by her maternal grandparents. Soniya went to The Mombasa Academy in Mombasa, Kenya and completed her education in London. She began her training in acting at the",
"title": "Soniya Mehra"
},
{
"id": "10578145",
"text": "other notable television credits include \"Early Edition\", \"Criminal Minds\" and \"NCIS\", and her other film credits include supporting roles in \"Arctic Blue\", \"Deep Impact\", \"Jaded\" and \"Women in Trouble\". In 1994, Kihlstedt married actor Gil Bellows. They have two children, Ava Emanuelle (born 1999), and Giovanni (born 2001). She is the sister of Oakland-based violinist, Carla Kihlstedt. Rya Kihlstedt Rya Kihlstedt (born July 23, 1970) is an American actress. She is known for co-starring in the 1997 comedy film \"Home Alone 3\", and for her recurring roles as Dr. Michelle Ross in the Showtime crime drama \"Dexter\" and Marilyn Rhodes",
"title": "Rya Kihlstedt"
},
{
"id": "6577528",
"text": "Todd was killed in the second \"NCIS\" season finale following Alexander's decision to permanently leave the show. Shortly afterwards, series creator Donald Bellisario announced plans to replace Todd with another female lead. At the time, he stated that the new character would be \"quite different\" from the previous and of an undecided foreign nationality—\"I want to go for a European or Australian girl who is very comfortable with her femininity and sexuality.\" Before joining the cast of \"NCIS\", Cote de Pablo, who lived in New York at the time, had performed primarily in the theatre. She was intended to portray",
"title": "Ziva David"
},
{
"id": "17111257",
"text": "Linda Powell Linda Powell (born April, 1965) is an American actress. Powell was born in Fort Benning, Georgia, the daughter of Alma and Colin Powell, the former United States Secretary of State, National Security Advisor and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. She was raised on a series of military bases, because of her father's career. She has a B.A. in English literature from the College of William & Mary in Virginia, and studied theater at the Circle in the Square Theatre School. Powell has had a long career of supporting roles in film and television. Her most notable",
"title": "Linda Powell"
},
{
"id": "1743685",
"text": "Posey and Melvil Poupaud in \"Broken English\", an independent American feature written and directed by her daughter Zoe Cassavetes. In 2009, she appeared on an episode of \"Monk\" (\"Mr. Monk and the Lady Next Door\"). On March 2, 2010, she appeared on an episode of \"NCIS\" as lead character Leroy Jethro Gibbs's former mother-in-law, who is embroiled in a murder investigation. In 2014, she starred in the film adaptation of \"Six Dance Lessons in Six Weeks\". Rowlands was married to John Cassavetes from April 9, 1954, until his death on February 3, 1989. They met at the American Academy at",
"title": "Gena Rowlands"
},
{
"id": "12174091",
"text": "Kimberly Cullum Kimberly Cullum (born November 29, 1981) is an American former child actress who had many film and television roles during the 1990s. Born in Los Angeles, California, Cullum is the daughter of cartoonist Leo Cullum whose work regularly appeared in \"The New Yorker\" magazine. Her younger sister Kaitlin Cullum is also a former child actress. Cullum began acting professionally at the age of seven when she starred in the 1989 made-for-TV movie \"The Revenge of Al Capone\", starring Keith Carradine. Among her other credits are appearances on \"The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air\", \"Empty Nest\" (in the episode \"Read",
"title": "Kimberly Cullum"
},
{
"id": "17122310",
"text": "Emily Wilson (actress) Emily Wilson (born May 28, 1985 in Westminster, Colorado) is an American actress. Wilson began her acting career in 2005 in the TV series \"NCIS\" (\"SWAK\"). In 2006, she was the Audition Revealed - Winner on \"KTLA Morning News\". In 2007, Wilson guest starred on \"MADtv\", \"Californication\", and \"Side Order of Life\". Wilson was in \"Meet The Spartans\" (2008) and \"The House Bunny\" (2008). In 2009, she guest starred on \"Secret Girlfriend\". In 2010, Wilson was in the independent film \"The Boys and Girls Guide to Getting Down\" and \"L.A. Vampire\". She also guest starred on \"Entourage\"",
"title": "Emily Wilson (actress)"
},
{
"id": "6577553",
"text": "with her father's successor - Director Orli Elbaz - who later informs DiNozzo of the difficulty Ziva had faced while deciding whether to inform him of the birth of their daughter which Tony is given care of after Ziva is killed. Cote de Pablo describes the character as someone who is \"completely different from anyone else on the show\" and that because \"she's been around men all her life; she's used to men in authority. She's not afraid of men.\" She later stated that, \"This woman is a soldier. She takes things to the extreme. She knows how to use",
"title": "Ziva David"
},
{
"id": "12659868",
"text": "of 11. Lucas left the company of \"Fun Home\" on October 4, 2015. Lucas played Mary Lennox in \"The Secret Garden\" with Manhattan Concert Productions on February 21 and 22, 2016 at Lincoln Center’s David Geffen Hall. Lucas has portrayed the younger version of two different characters played by Kristen Wiig in the films \"Girl Most Likely\" (2012) and \"The Skeleton Twins\" (2014). Her television credits include guest roles on \"\", \"Royal Pains\", \"Saturday Night Live\", and \"Team Umizoomi\". She has also appeared as Malcolm's Daughter in Giuseppe Verdi's \"Macbeth\" at the Metropolitan Opera in 2012. Sydney Lucas Sydney Ellen",
"title": "Sydney Lucas"
},
{
"id": "17205138",
"text": "his contract on the show with a new \"multiyear deal\" with CBS. It was announced on July 10, 2013 that Cote de Pablo, who plays Ziva David, had chosen not to return for the eleventh season as a regular. She will appear in enough episodes to close out her character's storylines. Because of de Pablo's exit, showrunner Gary Glasberg had to change his planned storyline for season 11. \"Someone asked me if I was planning for this, but I really wasn't, so basically the minute that this became real, I had to throw out a lot of what I was",
"title": "NCIS (season 11)"
},
{
"id": "3271738",
"text": "Katherine Kelly Lang Katherine Kelly Lang (born Katherine Kelly Wegeman; July 25, 1961) is an American actress best known for playing Brooke Logan in the CBS soap opera \"The Bold and the Beautiful\". She was born in Hollywood, California and graduated from Beverly Hills High School. She is the daughter of Olympic ski jumper Keith R. Wegeman and actress Judith Lang and the granddaughter of Oscar-winning cinematographer Charles Lang. Lang was divorced twice. She is the mother of three children: Jeremy Skott Snider (born 1990), Julian Lang Snider (born 1992), Zoe Katrina D'Andrea (born 1997), and has a stepdaughter, Danyelle",
"title": "Katherine Kelly Lang"
},
{
"id": "17227708",
"text": "and -- BANG -- Saleem was gone. Gibbs took him out with one shot. On the emotional front, of course, Ziva is shell-shocked. She feels undeserving of the rescue, and when she returned to the office and everyone applauded the team for their mission, the vacant look in her eyes spoke volumes. Abby hugged her, doing what Tony wanted to do, but Ziva's not really all there yet. She's traumatized. It's going to take some time to get back to normal. All the more reason why next week's show is must-see viewing for me and the other 20 million who",
"title": "Truth or Consequences (NCIS)"
},
{
"id": "4742034",
"text": "Lauren Holly Lauren Michael Holly (born October 28, 1963) is an American-Canadian actress. She is known for her roles as Deputy Sheriff Maxine Stewart in the television series \"Picket Fences\", Director Jenny Shepard in the series \"NCIS\", and Dr. Betty Rogers on Canadian series \"Motive\"; as well as playing Mary Swanson in \"Dumb and Dumber\", Linda Lee in \"\", Darian Smalls in \"Beautiful Girls\", Cindy Rooney in \"Any Given Sunday\", and Gigi in \"What Women Want\". Holly was born in Bristol, Pennsylvania. Her mother, Michael Ann Holly, is an art historian and the Starr Director of Research and Academic Program",
"title": "Lauren Holly"
},
{
"id": "9140616",
"text": "long-term contract child in Hollywood,\" having been signed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. That same year, she appeared in her favorite film, \"The Last Time I Saw Paris\". Based on F. Scott Fitzgerald's famous short story \"Babylon Revisited\", she played Vicky, the daughter of Van Johnson and Elizabeth Taylor. After her mother dies, Vicky is adopted by her mother's sister, played by Donna Reed. The movie called on her to speak French and to dance ballet. In 1954, she also played a crippled child in a Martin and Lewis film. In 1955, she was in \"The Prodigal\" with Lana Turner. Then she played",
"title": "Sandy Descher"
},
{
"id": "18583313",
"text": "Terri Hoyos Teresa Victoria \"Terri\" Hoyos is an American actress. Hoyos was born and raised in Los Angeles, California. She is of Mexican descent and is the daughter of actor Rodolfo Hoyos, Jr. In the 1980s, she began her career as a makeup artist, and later trained in acting at LACC Theatre Arts Academy. Hoyos made her screen debut in 1984, with a small part in the film \"Crimes of Passion\", and later had guest starring roles on \"Hill Street Blues\", \"Gimme a Break!\", \"Cheers\", \"ER\", \"Dharma & Greg\", \"Frasier\", \"NYPD Blue\", \"Parks and Recreation\", and \"Modern Family\". She also",
"title": "Terri Hoyos"
},
{
"id": "8354692",
"text": "World\". This role elevated her career and she has since appeared in several films and guest starred on such popular television shows as \"Scrubs\", \"NCIS\", and \"Two and a Half Men\". She appeared in the TV series \"\" episode \"Nailed\" as Charlene Hartford, the woman responsible for accidentally injuring the character Ryan Wolfe with a nailgun. She lives in Southern California and has two sons; Logan and Ledger. O'Dell has also been a professional photographer since 2009. Jennifer O'Dell Jennifer O'Dell (born November 27, 1974 in Ridgecrest, California) is an American film and television actress. She is best known for",
"title": "Jennifer O'Dell"
},
{
"id": "17648535",
"text": "Stephanie Beatriz Stephanie Beatriz Bischoff Alvizuri (born 10 February 1981) is an Argentine-born American actress best known for playing Detective Rosa Diaz in the Fox/NBC comedy series \"Brooklyn Nine-Nine\" and Jessica in the independent drama \"Short Term 12\" (2013). Stephanie Beatriz Bischoff Alvizuri was born in Neuquén, Neuquén Province, Argentina, the daughter of a Colombian father and a Bolivian mother. She also has German ancestry. With her parents and a younger sister, she arrived in the United States at the age of three. She grew up in Webster, Texas and attended Clear Brook High School. She graduated from Stephens College",
"title": "Stephanie Beatriz"
},
{
"id": "6577552",
"text": "relationship, leading to Ziva becoming pregnant. Though DiNozzo was not informed of this, Ziva gave birth to a daughter named Tali. In season thirteen (\"Family First\"), Ziva's farmhouse is destroyed in a mortar attack ordered by CIA Agent Trent Kort. Although Tali is found alive, the NCIS crew are informed that Ziva is dead, though her remains are not found at the house. DiNozzo subsequently departs NCIS in order to care for their daughter, and travel to both Israel (in search of answers), and Paris (as \"Ziva loves Paris\"). Prior to the season thirteen finale, Ziva builds a strong friendship",
"title": "Ziva David"
},
{
"id": "2046132",
"text": "Laurie Holden Heather Laurie Holden (born December 17, 1969) is an American-Canadian actress, producer, model, and human rights activist. She is known for her roles as Marita Covarrubias in \"The X-Files\" (1996–2002), Adele Stanton in \"The Majestic\" (2001), Cybil Bennett in \"Silent Hill\" (2006), Amanda Dumfries in \"The Mist\" (2007), Olivia Murray in \"The Shield\" (2008), Andrea in \"The Walking Dead\" (2010–2013) and Renee in \"The Americans\" (2017-2018). Born in Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, California, and raised in Toronto, Ontario, Holden holds dual citizenship in the United States and Canada. After her parents, actors Glen Corbett and Adrienne Ellis,",
"title": "Laurie Holden"
},
{
"id": "12892843",
"text": "Pauley Perrette Pauley Perrette (born March 27, 1969) is an American actress, best known for playing Abby Sciuto on the U.S. TV series \"NCIS\". She is also a published writer, singer, and civil rights advocate. Perrette was born in New Orleans and raised throughout the southern United States. On \"The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson\", she told host Craig Ferguson that she lived in Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, New York, New Jersey, and California. In a 2011 interview with the Associated Press, Perrette confessed her early ambitions were to work with animals, be in a rock",
"title": "Pauley Perrette"
},
{
"id": "8239928",
"text": "Elsa Pataky Elsa Lafuente Medianu (born 18 July 1976), known professionally as Elsa Pataky, is a Spanish model, actress, and film producer. Pataky is known for her role as Elena Neves in \"The Fast and the Furious\" franchise. She has appeared in the films \"Snakes on a Plane\" (2006), \"Giallo\" (2009) and \"Give 'Em Hell, Malone\" (2009). She also starred in the Spanish film \"Di Di Hollywood\" in 2010. Pataky was born Elsa Lafuente Medianu in Madrid, Spain, the daughter of José Francisco Lafuente, a Spanish biochemist, and Cristina Medianu Pataky, a publicist of Romanian and Hungarian ancestry. She has",
"title": "Elsa Pataky"
},
{
"id": "12296096",
"text": "for Summit Entertainment. \"Butterfly Kisses\", a film in which she was the lead, won the Crystal Bear for best feature at the 67th Berlinale festival. She stars as Tina in the Sky series \"Living the Dream\". Rosie Day Rosie-Jane Day (born 6 March 1995) is an English actress. She is known for playing Mary Hawkins in the Golden Globe nominated Starz and Sony Pictures TV series \"Outlander\" and Sarah Jessica Parker's daughter in the comedy road film \"All Roads Lead to Rome\", which she co-starred in. She also stars as Tina Pemberton in Sky One's \"Living the Dream\" alongside Phillip",
"title": "Rosie Day"
},
{
"id": "18227848",
"text": "Michael Foster. In 2016, Carver was cast as Michelle Geiss, a reluctant beauty and aspiring photographer who is both intellectual and talented, in the ABC television pilot \"Model Woman\". She starred opposite Andie MacDowell, Steven Weber (actor), and Nicole Ari Parker. She was also cast in Warren Beatty's \"Rule's Don't Apply\", and made appearances on \"NCIS\", \"Timeless\", and \"Heroes Reborn\". In 2017, Carver was cast as Nancy Kerrigan alongside Margot Robbie, Allison Janney, and Sebastian Stan in the award-winning film \"I, Tonya\". She currently recurs as Muffy Tuttle on Netflix's \"Dear White People\". Caitlin Carver Caitlin Carver (born March 31,",
"title": "Caitlin Carver"
},
{
"id": "4910935",
"text": "Samantha Mathis Samantha Mathis (born May 12, 1970) is an American actress. The daughter of actress Bibi Besch, Mathis made her film debut in \"Pump Up the Volume\" (1990), and later co-starred or appeared in such films as \"Little Women\" (1994), \"The American President\" (1995), \"Broken Arrow\" (1996), \"American Psycho\" (2000), \"The Punisher\" (2004), and \"\" (2012). Mathis was born in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York, the daughter of Donald Mathis and Austrian-born actress Bibi Besch. Her parents divorced when she was two years old, and Mathis was raised by her mother. She relocated with her mother to Los Angeles at",
"title": "Samantha Mathis"
},
{
"id": "15470145",
"text": "playing the daughter of lead Monica Potter. In 2016 Prosperi starred in the Lifetime movie \"His Double Life\". Cristine Prosperi Cristine Prosperi (born ) is a Canadian actress. She is known for portraying Imogen Moreno on \"\", Tiara Turner on the Family Channel series \"Really Me\", and Mikayla in the TeenNick series \"Open Heart\". Prosperi was born in Toronto. Prosperi began her career with small roles in the 2007 movies \"\" and \"Your Beautiful Cul de Sac Home\". In 2009 she guest starred on the comedy series \"The Latest Buzz\". She has several commercials under her belt; she shot an",
"title": "Cristine Prosperi"
},
{
"id": "19887445",
"text": "(2010), \"Invisible\" (2010), and the Oscar-nominated documentary, \"Rehearsing a Dream\" (2006). Grant splits her time between New Orleans, Louisiana, where \"\" is filmed, and Los Angeles, California. Shalita Grant Shalita Grant (born August 28, 1988) is an American actress on \"\", portraying NCIS Agent Sonja Percy, and also on \"Mercy Street\", portraying Aurelia Johnson, a stoic \"contraband,\" or escaped slave. Grant was born in Petersburg, Virginia, and attended high school at the Baltimore School for the Arts in Maryland, where she was a YoungArts Winner in Theater and Presidential Scholar in the Arts. At 17, she received a scholarship to",
"title": "Shalita Grant"
},
{
"id": "5078442",
"text": "and Rachel Dratch; she plays Truvy, the friend of a college co-ed (Amber Tamblyn) who is also the daughter of a powerful senator. She appeared in the role of Sandy in the \"NCIS\" episode \"Seek\". Sarah Hagan Sarah Margaret Hagan (born May 24, 1984) is an American television and film actress. Hagan was born in Austin, Texas. She has been acting since the age of six, when her mother first signed her up for musical theater. Hagan was first involved with theater companies such as Houston's Playhouse 1960, the Houston Grand Opera (where she sang in the children's chorus), the",
"title": "Sarah Hagan"
},
{
"id": "6039765",
"text": "Pratt was finishing her bachelor's degree in Business, while working on prerequisites for a Master's program in occupational therapy at the University of Southern California. She married fellow actor Kenneth Mitchell in May 2006, with whom she has two children, a daughter, Lilah Ruby Mitchell (born July 7, 2007) and son, Kallum Porter Mitchell (born December 9, 2012). Susan May Pratt Susan May Pratt (born February 8, 1974) is an American actress. She played Mandella in \"10 Things I Hate About You\", Alicia in \"Drive Me Crazy\", and Maureen Cummings in \"Center Stage\". Pratt was born in Lansing, Michigan and",
"title": "Susan May Pratt"
},
{
"id": "6818592",
"text": "Stephanie Hodge Stephanie Hodge (born December 24, 1956) is an American actress and stand-up comedian, best known for her role as Jennie Malloy on the WB sitcom \"Unhappily Ever After\" from 1995 to 1998. Hodge was born in Wilmington, Ohio. She attended Wilmington College and Ohio University in Athens, OH. She starred in a number of television sitcoms in 1990s, like \"Sugar and Spice\", \"My Talk Show\", \"Nurses\", and \"Muddling Through\". After leaving \"Unhappily Ever After\", Hodge appeared in the 2001 film \"Evolution\", the film \"Yes Man\" and later guest-starred on \"Reba\", \"NCIS\", \"The Suite Life of Zack and Cody\",",
"title": "Stephanie Hodge"
},
{
"id": "2499307",
"text": "Denise Crosby Denise Michelle Crosby (; born November 24, 1957) is an American actress and model, best known for portraying Security Chief Tasha Yar in of \"\" as well as Yar's daughter, the half-Romulan Commander Sela, in subsequent seasons. She is also known for her numerous film and television roles, and for starring in and producing the film \"Trekkies\". Denise Michelle Crosby was born on November 24, 1957 in Hollywood, California, the daughter of Marilyn Scott and actor Dennis Crosby (whom Denise was named after). Her mother pursued a sensational, three-year-long lawsuit against her father, at the conclusion of which",
"title": "Denise Crosby"
},
{
"id": "2499319",
"text": "Denise Crosby Denise Michelle Crosby (; born November 24, 1957) is an American actress and model, best known for portraying Security Chief Tasha Yar in of \"\" as well as Yar's daughter, the half-Romulan Commander Sela, in subsequent seasons. She is also known for her numerous film and television roles, and for starring in and producing the film \"Trekkies\". Denise Michelle Crosby was born on November 24, 1957 in Hollywood, California, the daughter of Marilyn Scott and actor Dennis Crosby (whom Denise was named after). Her mother pursued a sensational, three-year-long lawsuit against her father, at the conclusion of which",
"title": "Denise Crosby"
},
{
"id": "12403632",
"text": "who starred as Susan's daughter, Julie, departed from the cast, as her character left for college at the end of the fourth season. Teri Hatcher expressed disappointment in the producers' decision, but Cherry stated that Bowen would return in the future. Joy Lauren, who portrayed Bree's daughter, Danielle, and Lyndsy Fonseca, who played Katherine's daughter, Dylan, also left the main cast, although the former appeared in the season premiere as a guest star. Because the fourth season ended leaving Mike's whereabouts unknown, James Denton's return to the series was questioned during hiatus. Denton stated in May 2008 that producers would",
"title": "You're Gonna Love Tomorrow"
},
{
"id": "5842394",
"text": "NBC.com. Donovan had a role in the film \"A Golden Christmas\", where she played Anna, the sister of the main character and she played the lead role in \"The 12 Wishes of Christmas.\" In 2006 she played a guest role in the \"NCIS\" episode \"Dead and Unburied\". She was also featured in 'N Sync's 1999 music video for \"Thinking of You (I Drive Myself Crazy)\" as the love interest for Joey Fatone. Donovan has been married to her husband Charlie Bigelow since October 20, 2012. They have a daughter named Scarlett Avery Bigelow (born May 8, 2012). Elisa Donovan Elisa",
"title": "Elisa Donovan"
},
{
"id": "5858778",
"text": "her early career. In 2003, she had a role as Lindsay Lohan's character's rival in \"Freaky Friday\". She played a similar role the following year in the romantic comedy \"A Cinderella Story\", opposite Hilary Duff, and Chad Michael Murray, and also appeared in \"\" and \"Christmas with the Kranks\", as Jamie Lee Curtis' character's daughter. In 2005, she had supporting role in another romantic comedy, \"Must Love Dogs\". Her other credits including 2007 thriller \"Cherry Crush\" and the lead role in the 2013 comedy horror movie \"Vamp U\". In 2006, Gonzalo was cast in a series regular role as Parker",
"title": "Julie Gonzalo"
},
{
"id": "17179488",
"text": "by her father, as was confirmed in \"Aliyah\". However, Merik Tadros, who portrayed Rivkin, voiced his opinion on the subject: \"They could easily have been paired and had to be in love and then had to learn to love each other... The way I've always approached it is that Rivkin loves Ziva. They've always wanted to add some suspense and mystery to all of it, but I would always say to the directors, 'How could I not love her?'\" When asked how Tony and Ziva's relationship would be affected, Cote de Pablo replied, \"We could not be farther away from",
"title": "Aliyah (NCIS)"
},
{
"id": "13327527",
"text": "Yvonne DeLaRosa Yvonne DeLaRosa is an American actress, best known for her role on the Imagen award-winning series \"Los Americans\", Yvonne has appeared in films such as \"Helter Skelter\", \"Mystery Woman: Snapshot\", and \"The Sorrow\", in addition to landing roles on TV shows, including \"How I Met Your Mother\", \"NCIS (TV series)\", \"Weeds\", and \"The King of Queens\". She has been heralded as 'The face of the new wave of Latino talent' by \"Jimmy Smits\". She is also a serial entrepreneur of two successive cannabis dispensaries. Born to a Colombian mother and Native American father, DeLaRosa began studying theater at",
"title": "Yvonne DeLaRosa"
},
{
"id": "10520690",
"text": "Deanna Russo Deanna Russo is an American actress. She is known for her starring roles on the 2008 NBC version of \"Knight Rider\" and the 2014 USA Network television series \"Satisfaction\". In 2003, she made her television debut in an episode of \"Charmed\", and later guest starred on \"\", \"\", \"How I Met Your Mother\", and \"NCIS\". In 2007, she had a recurring role as Dr. Logan Armstrong on the CBS soap opera, \"The Young and the Restless\". In 2007, Russo won Best Director for her short, Taste of Kream, in the New Orleans Film Festival. Russo starred in the",
"title": "Deanna Russo"
},
{
"id": "17372366",
"text": "that Cote De Pablo would not be returning to her role as Ziva David for the upcoming 11th season. De Pablo stated \"I've had 8 great years with NCIS and Ziva David. I have huge respect and affection for Mark, Gary, Michael, David, Rocky, Pauley, Brian, Sean, all of the team and CBS. I look forward to finishing Ziva's story.\" However it was announced that Cote De Pablo would return for the beginning of season 11 to wrap up Ziva's storyline. Show runner Gary Glasberg stated in an interview with EW that: \"The amazing resolution you're going to see is",
"title": "Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David"
},
{
"id": "17951534",
"text": "director, wanted her to do it because it was the role of a Parsi woman. In this film, Daisy Irani, who had worked with Shammi in her first film as a child artist for the film Bandish in 1955, played her daughter-in-law. She died in her sleep on 6 March 2018, from natural causes at the age of 88. Shammi (actress) Nargis Rabadi (24 April 1929 – 6 March 2018), better known by her stage name Shammi, was an Indian actress who appeared in over two hundred Hindi films. Shammi remained a sought-after with filmmakers when it came to goofy",
"title": "Shammi (actress)"
},
{
"id": "6018639",
"text": "front door.\" Alyssa Rosenberg of the \"Washington Monthly\" also suggested that Gibbs, \"a former Marine with a Bush-like faith in his 'gut', appeared as a distinctly conservative figure in the series, in contrast to \"liberal stand-ins\" McGee and Abby Sciuto. In 2011, it was reported that the role had made Mark Harmon the fourth most popular actor on primetime television. Several other members of the \"NCIS\" cast were also listed in the top ten, including Pauley Perrette (Abby Sciuto), Cote de Pablo (Ziva David), David McCallum (Ducky Mallard), and Michael Weatherly (Anthony DiNozzo). Leroy Jethro Gibbs Leroy Jethro Gibbs is",
"title": "Leroy Jethro Gibbs"
}
] | who played tony and ziva's daughter on ncis |
[
"12"
] | [
{
"id": "552783",
"text": "is used. The use of a jury is optional for civil trials in any Australian state. The use of a jury in criminal trials is generally by a unanimous verdict of 12 lay members of the public. Some States provide exceptions such as majority (11-to-1 or 10-to-2) verdicts where a jury cannot otherwise reach a verdict. Sometimes a state law may allow an accused person to elect to use a judge-only trial rather than the default jury provision. The Constitution of Australia provides in section 80 that 'the trial on indictment of any offense against any law of the Commonwealth",
"title": "Jury"
},
{
"id": "218112",
"text": "side where the offence was murder, and eight for all other cases. In 1987 this was lowered to three peremptory challenges per side, the same amount allowed in South Australia. Eight peremptory challenges are allowed for both counsels for all offences in Queensland. Victoria, Tasmania and the Northern Territory allow for six. Western Australia allows five peremptory challenges per side. In Australia majority verdicts are allowed in South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia, Tasmania, the Northern Territory, New South Wales and Queensland, while the ACT require unanimous verdicts. Since 1927 South Australia has permitted majority verdicts of 11:1, and 10:1 or",
"title": "Jury trial"
},
{
"id": "218132",
"text": "a majority of nine of the twelve members. In a criminal case, a verdict need not be unanimous where there are not fewer than eleven jurors if ten of them agree on a verdict after considering the case for a reasonable time. Juries are selected from a jury panel, which is picked at random by the county registrar from the electoral register. The principal statute regulating the selection, obligations and conduct of juries is the Juries Act 1976 as amended by the Civil Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2008, which scrapped the upper age limit of 70. Juries are not paid,",
"title": "Jury trial"
},
{
"id": "5025275",
"text": "jurisdiction,\" which enables them to hear all legal issues arising from a single set of facts. This enables all courts to deal with virtually all issues arising from the facts of a case, provided that the particular court has jurisdiction to hear the principal cause of action. Most of the states have two further levels of courts, which are comparable across the country. The district court (or county court in Victoria) handles most criminal trials for less serious indictable offences, and most civil matters below a threshold (usually around $1 million). The magistrates court (or local court) handles summary matters",
"title": "Judiciary of Australia"
},
{
"id": "552803",
"text": "picked at random by the county registrar from the electoral register. Juries only decide questions of fact and have no role in criminal sentencing. It is not necessary that a jury be unanimous in its verdict. In civil cases, a verdict may be reached by a majority of nine of the twelve members. In a criminal case, a verdict need not be unanimous where there are not fewer than eleven jurors if ten of them agree on a verdict after considering the case for a \"reasonable time\". Juries are not paid, nor do they receive travel expenses; however they do",
"title": "Jury"
},
{
"id": "218115",
"text": "offences that carry a life sentence, although only 11:1 or 10:1 majorities are allowed. Majority verdicts were introduced in New South Wales in 2006. In New South Wales, a majority verdict can only be returned if the jury consists of at least 11 jurors and the deliberation has occurred for at least 8 hours or for a period that the court considers reasonable having regard to the nature and complexity of the case. Additionally, the court must be satisfied through examination of one or more of the jurors on oath, that a unanimous verdict will not be reached if further",
"title": "Jury trial"
},
{
"id": "5855927",
"text": "verdict. Part XX of the \"Criminal Code of Canada\" allows for a jury in a Canadian murder trial to consist of twelve jurors. However, a minimum of ten jurors and a maximum of 14 jurors may hear the evidence a trial. At the end of trial, a maximum of twelve jurors and minimum of ten jurors may deliberate. Section 631(2.2) as well as section 643 of the \"Criminal Code\" specify that a jury may consist of either 12, 13 or 14 members, however, 12 is most common. Section 631(2.2) allows a judge to order that 13 or 14 jurors be",
"title": "Jury selection"
},
{
"id": "218113",
"text": "9:1 where the jury has been reduced, in criminal trials if a unanimous verdict cannot be reached in four hours. They are accepted in all cases except for \"guilty\" verdicts where the defendant is on trial for murder or treason. Victoria has accepted majority verdicts with the same conditions since 1994, though deliberations must go on for six hours before a majority verdict can be made. Western Australia accepted majority verdicts in 1957 for all trials except where the crime is murder or has a life sentence. A 10:2 verdict is accepted. Majority verdicts of 10:2 have been allowed in",
"title": "Jury trial"
},
{
"id": "552758",
"text": "refusal to impanel more than the six members provided for by Florida law \"did not violate petitioner's Sixth Amendment rights as applied to the States through the Fourteenth.\" In \"Ballew v. Georgia\", , the Supreme Court ruled that the number of jurors could not be reduced below six. In \"Brownlee v The Queen\" (2001) 207 CLR 278, the High Court of Australia unanimously held that a jury of 12 members was not an essential feature of \"trial by jury\" in section 80 of the Australian Constitution. In Scotland, a jury in a criminal trial consists of 15 jurors, which is",
"title": "Jury"
},
{
"id": "10499488",
"text": "is being considered for exclusion: Judges may face the need to weigh the probative value versus the prejudicial impact in nearly any case. A part of this is symbolized by a weighing scale and represents justice. Australian rule of evidence is a mixture of statute and common law. It has a uniform \"Evidence Act\" (UEA or the 'Act') that consists of Acts of the Commonwealth, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, Australian Capital Territory, Northern Territory and Norfolk Island. The rules of evidence work to ensure that criminal trials are conducted in a manner that is fair to both parties in",
"title": "Relevance (law)"
},
{
"id": "218114",
"text": "Tasmania since 1936 for all cases except murder and treason if a unanimous decision has not been made within two hours. Since 1943 verdicts of \"not guilty\" for murder and treason have also been included, but must be discussed for six hours. The Northern Territory has allowed majority verdicts of 10:2, 10:1 and 9:1 since 1963 and does not discriminate between cases whether the charge is murder or not. Deliberation must go for at least six hours before delivering a majority verdict. The Queensland \"Jury Act 1995\" (s 59F) allows majority verdicts for all crimes except for murder and other",
"title": "Jury trial"
},
{
"id": "6441073",
"text": "burden of proof lies with the prosecutor. The general rule is that an accused person is 'innocent until proven guilty'. The standard of proof is 'beyond reasonable doubt' which is the highest standard in law. Generally speaking, you have the right to remain silent if you are questioned by the police and you can not be forced to give evidence at your own trial. Australian criminal law was originally received from the English common law, which continues to evolve in Australian courts. Although all states now also have some criminal law legislation, in some states the criminal law has been",
"title": "Criminal law of Australia"
},
{
"id": "218109",
"text": "police procedural and legal dramas, in what is known as the 'CSI effect' (after the ). In at least one English trial the misuse or misunderstanding or misrepresentation by the prosecution of statistics has led to wrongful conviction. Is one of the first countries in Latin America that has implemented the Trial by Juries. Although it has a Civil Law process, since November of 2015, it now has Jury system for serious crimes cases. The Australian Constitution provides that: \"80. The trial on indictment of any offence against any law of the Commonwealth shall be by jury, and every such",
"title": "Jury trial"
},
{
"id": "218164",
"text": "members, though fewer may sit on cases involving lesser offenses. Criminal juries decide whether the defendant committed the crime as charged. In several southern states, the jury sets punishment, while in most states and at the federal level, it is set by the judge. Verdicts in criminal cases must be unanimous, with the following exceptions: Currently, two states, Oregon and Louisiana, do not require unanimous verdicts in criminal cases. Each requires a 10–2 majority for conviction, except for capital crimes: Oregon requires unanimous verdicts for guilty to any murder case and Louisiana requires all 12. But in Oregon, unlike any",
"title": "Jury trial"
},
{
"id": "14290013",
"text": "In Queensland each jury has a choice for an Oath or Affirmation. The Oath is as follows: The Affirmation is as follows: According to the French Code of Penal Procedure, all jurors must individually swear to the following message from the judge presiding the court: A New Zealand juror's oath reads: \"Members of the jury: Do each of you swear by Almighty God (or solemnly, sincerely, and truly declare and affirm) that you will try the case before you to the best of your ability and give your verdict according to the evidence?\" In the United Kingdom, each juror can",
"title": "Juror's oath"
},
{
"id": "202290",
"text": "Indictable offence In many common law jurisdictions (e.g., England and Wales, Ireland, Canada, Hong Kong, India, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, Singapore), an indictable offence is an offence which can only be tried on an indictment after a preliminary hearing to determine whether there is a \"prima facie\" case to answer or by a grand jury (in contrast to a summary offence). In the United States, a crime of similar severity and rules is called a felony, which also requires an indictment. In relation to England and Wales, the expression \"indictable offence\" means an offence which, if committed by an adult,",
"title": "Indictable offence"
},
{
"id": "6441074",
"text": "wholly codified, whereas in other states the bulk of the criminal law remains based on the common law, but may be partially expressed in legislation. These two types of criminal law systems are generally referred to as 'code jurisdictions' or 'common law jurisdictions' respectively. New South Wales, South Australia and Victoria are common law jurisdictions. These states have legislation which lists the most common offences and fix their penalties, but do not always exhaustively define the elements of the offence. For example, in New South Wales, section 117 of the \"Crimes Act 1900\" (NSW) states:117. Punishment for larceny<br>Whosoever commits larceny,",
"title": "Criminal law of Australia"
},
{
"id": "5231343",
"text": "Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory The Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory is the superior court for the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). It has unlimited jurisdiction within the territory in civil matters (although it usually only hears matters involving more than 250,000), and hears the most serious criminal matters. Criminal trials may be heard before a judge and jury, or by judge alone at the election of the accused. All matters are heard before a single judge, including appellate matters from the Magistrates Court, the Children's Court, and the ACT Civil and Administrative Tribunal. In the Australian",
"title": "Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory"
},
{
"id": "5025277",
"text": "As these territories have very small populations, the courts only sit from time to time as needed. The three external territories are Norfolk Island, Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands. The remaining external territories (including Antarctica) do not have permanent courts. In the event of a case arising from these territories, the courts of the ACT have jurisdiction. All the States and Territories, with the exception of Tasmania, have a Civil and Administrative Tribunal. These hear cases relating to lesser State or Territory administrative disputes (involving some individual, business or government body). These commonly involve actions by persons bound to",
"title": "Judiciary of Australia"
},
{
"id": "552795",
"text": "an inquest. Criminal cases are normally tried by a 7-person jury and sometimes, at the discretion of the court, a 9-person jury. Nevertheless, the Jury Ordinance requires that a jury in any proceedings should be composed of at least 5 jurors. Although article 86 of the basic law states that ‘the principle of trial by jury previously practiced in Hong Kong shall be maintained’, it does not guarantee that every case is to be tried by a jury. In the case \"Chiang Lily v. Secretary for Justice\" (2010), the Court of Final Appeal agreed that ‘there is no right to",
"title": "Jury"
},
{
"id": "552737",
"text": "Jury A jury is a sworn body of people convened to render an impartial verdict (a finding of fact on a question) officially submitted to them by a court, or to set a penalty or judgment. Modern juries tend to be found in courts to ascertain the guilt or lack thereof in a crime. In Anglophone jurisdictions, the verdict may be \"guilty\" or \"not guilty\" (\"not proven\"; a verdict of acquittal, based on the state's failure to prove guilt rather than any proof of innocence, is also available in Scotland). The old institution of grand juries still exists in some",
"title": "Jury"
},
{
"id": "6441085",
"text": "jurisdiction are codified in the Crimes Act 1958 (Vic) and the state's main criminal procedure laws are consolidated in the Criminal Procedure Act 2009 (Vic). Other relevant criminal legislation include the Evidence Act 2008 (Vic), the Summary Offences Act 1966 (Vic) and Jury Directions Act 2015 (Vic). There are also a number of common law provisions for criminal conduct within Victoria. The \"Criminal Code Act 1899 (Qld)\", is the primary instrument for the source of criminal law in Queensland. The Criminal Code Act was largely the product of Sir Samuel Walker Griffith, then Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of",
"title": "Criminal law of Australia"
},
{
"id": "218111",
"text": "William IV No 12). The \"voir dire\" system of examining the jury pool before selection is not permitted in Australia as it violates the privacy of jurors. Therefore, though it exists, the right to challenge for cause during jury selection cannot be employed much. Peremptory challenges are usually based on the hunches of counsel and no reason is needed to use them. All Australian states allow for peremptory challenges in jury selection; however, the number of challenges granted to the counsels in each state are not all the same. Until 1987 New South Wales had twenty peremptory challenges for each",
"title": "Jury trial"
},
{
"id": "6441072",
"text": "Criminal law of Australia The criminal law of Australia is the body of law made, recognised and applied in Australia that relates to crime. Most criminal law is made and administered by the individual states and territories of Australia. However, a body of criminal law is also made and administered by the federal government. Criminal law may be differentiated from civil law, which in Australia relates to non-criminal law including civil wrongs, contract law, much of property law and other areas that concern the rights and duties of individuals amongst themselves. In Australia, when a criminal prosecution is commenced, the",
"title": "Criminal law of Australia"
},
{
"id": "218149",
"text": "tried by magistrates or the defendant may elect trial by jury in the Crown Court. Serious (\"indictable\") offences, however, must be tried before a jury in the Crown Court. Juries sit in few civil cases, being restricted to false imprisonment, malicious prosecution, and civil fraud (unless ordered otherwise by a judge). Juries also sit in coroner's courts for more contentious inquests. All criminal juries consist of 12 jurors, those in a County Court having 8 jurors and Coroner's Court juries having between 7 and 11 members. Jurors must be between 18–75 years of age, and are selected at random from",
"title": "Jury trial"
},
{
"id": "20497599",
"text": "Court Justice: Sydney Court Justice: Sydney is an Australian factual television show that looks at the work of twelve magistrates who preside at the Downing Centre, a major courthouse complex in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. This observational documentary series began on the Crime and Investigation Network on 2 July 2017. It is narrated by Chris Bourke. This series takes a look inside one of the world's busiest local courts. The twelve magistrates that preside at Sydney’s Downing Centre handle over 30,000 cases every year, from minor traffic offences to major assaults. The defendants can range from habitual offenders to",
"title": "Court Justice: Sydney"
},
{
"id": "218135",
"text": "or more. For most offences, the defendant can choose to forego a jury trial in favour of a judge-alone (bench) trial. Serious \"category 4\" offences such as murder, manslaughter and treason are always tried by jury, with some exceptions. Civil jury trials are restricted to cases involving defamation, false imprisonment or malicious prosecution. New Zealand previously required jury verdicts to be passed unanimously, but since the passing of the Criminal Procedure Bill in 2009 the Juries Act 1981 has permitted verdicts to be passed by a majority of one less than the full jury (that is an 11–1 or a",
"title": "Jury trial"
},
{
"id": "218140",
"text": "away at what types of criminal offenses merit a jury trial. They are similar to common law juries, and unlike lay judges, in that they sit separately from the judges and decide questions of fact alone while the judge determines questions of law. They must return unanimous verdicts during the first 3 hours of deliberation, but may return majority verdicts after that, with 6 jurors being enough to acquit. They may also request that the judge show leniency in sentencing. Juries have granted acquittals in 15–20% of cases, compared with less than 1% in cases decided by judges. Juries may",
"title": "Jury trial"
},
{
"id": "5025262",
"text": "courts, in a manner similar to that of the Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873 (United Kingdom). Legal and equitable remedies may be pursued in the one action in the one court. Judges are appointed by the executive government, without intervention by the existing judiciary. Once appointed, judges have tenure and there are restrictions on their removal from office. For example, a federal judge may not be removed from office except by the Governor-General upon an address of both Houses of Parliament for proved misbehavior. Judges in Australia are appointed by the Executive government of the relevant jurisdiction, and most",
"title": "Judiciary of Australia"
},
{
"id": "552762",
"text": "is usually only required until a verdict has been reached, and jurors have sometimes made remarks that called into question whether a verdict was properly reached. In Australia, academics are permitted to scrutinize the jury process only after obtaining a certificate or approval from the Attorney-General. Because of the importance of preventing undue influence on a jury, jury tampering (like witness tampering) is a serious crime, whether attempted through bribery, threat of violence, or other means. Jurors themselves can also be held liable if they deliberately compromise their impartiality. The role of the jury is described as that of a",
"title": "Jury"
},
{
"id": "8010514",
"text": "(e.g., HIPAA) objections to this. Australia uses an adversarial system, and potential jurors are randomly selected from an electoral roll. Jurors receive a small payment for each day of attendance. Employers are also required to pay their employees \"make-up pay\", that is, the usual pay the employee would have earned from working, less the jury duty payment received from the state. Under the National Employment Standards, make-up pay is required only for the first ten days of jury service - however the laws of Victoria, Queensland and Western Australia extend the make-up pay requirement for the entire duration of the",
"title": "Jury duty"
},
{
"id": "10261950",
"text": "Court Act 1930 (ACT)\". It has a summary jurisdiction to deal with most criminal offences other than serious criminal matters such as murder and sexual assaults. It also has jurisdiction to hear civil cases that are between $10,000 and $250,000 in value, although it cannot hear cases in which the title to land is in dispute. Any amount in dispute under $10,000 is dealt with by the ACT Civil and Administrative Tribunal. The court is constituted by either magistrates or special magistrates. Generally, magistrates sit alone. A special magistrates may also constitute the court. Magistrates and special magistrates are appointed",
"title": "Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory"
},
{
"id": "552787",
"text": "by juries. Seven jurors vote in secret to decide whether the defendant is guilty or not, and decisions are taken by the majority. Manslaughter and other crimes in which the killing was committed without intent, however, are judged by a professional judge instead. In Canada, juries are used for some criminal trials but not others. For summary conviction offences or offences found under section 553 of the Criminal Code (theft and fraud up to the value of $5,000 and certain nuisance offences), the trial is before a judge alone. For most indictable offences, the accused person can elect to be",
"title": "Jury"
},
{
"id": "552828",
"text": "In 1970, however, the Supreme Court held that the twelve person requirement was a \"historical accident\", and upheld six-person juries if provided for under state law in both criminal and civil state court cases. There is controversy over smaller juries, with proponents arguing that they are more efficient and opponents arguing that they lead to fluctuating verdicts. In a later case, however, the court rejected the use of five-person juries in criminal cases. Juries go through a selection process called \"voir dire\" in which the lawyers question the jurors and then make \"challenges for cause\" and \"peremptory challenges\" to remove",
"title": "Jury"
},
{
"id": "163068",
"text": "Australia, grand juries existed for longer periods of time. In South Australia, the first grand jury sat on 13 May 1837, but they were abolished in 1852. In Western Australia, by the Grand Jury Abolition Act Amendment Act 1883 (WA), grand juries were abolished (section 4: A Grand Jury shall not be summoned for the Supreme Court of Western Australia, nor for any General Quarter Sessions for the said Colony). The Australian state of Victoria maintained, until 2009, provisions for a grand jury in the Crimes Act 1958 under section 354 indictments, which had been used on rare occasions by",
"title": "Grand jury"
},
{
"id": "552789",
"text": "murder (but the judge is not bound by the jury's recommendation, and the jury is not required to make a recommendation). Jury selection is in accordance with specific criteria. Prospective jurors may only be asked certain questions, selected for direct pertinence to impartiality or other relevant matters. Any other questions must be approved by the judge. A jury in a criminal trial is initially composed of 12 jurors. The trial judge has the discretion to direct that one or two alternate jurors also be appointed. If a juror is discharged during the course of the trial, the trial will continue",
"title": "Jury"
},
{
"id": "5025278",
"text": "act pursuant to some form of devolved legislation; such as Environmental Regulations or Rental Tenancy Regulations. A table of the Court hierarchy and Civil and Administrative Tribunals of the Australian States and Territories follows here: Judiciary of Australia The judiciary of Australia comprises judges who sit in federal courts and courts of the States and Territories of Australia. The High Court of Australia sits at the apex of the Australian court hierarchy as the ultimate court of appeal on matters of both federal and State law. The large number of courts in Australia have different procedural powers and characteristics, different",
"title": "Judiciary of Australia"
},
{
"id": "5197207",
"text": "Australia is the highest court in Australia, and hears appeals from federal and State courts on matters of both federal and State law. Unlike the United States, there is only one common law of Australia rather than common laws for each of the several jurisdictions of the states and territories. The legal institutions and traditions of Australian law are monocultural in character, reflecting its English origins. When the British arrived in Australia, they considered the continent to be \"terra nullius\", or land belonging to no-one, on the basis that the Aboriginal peoples already inhabiting the continent were too primitive to",
"title": "Law of Australia"
},
{
"id": "1452658",
"text": "varies depending on the laws of the specific jurisdiction. In some places the panel (be it judges or a jury) is required to issue a unanimous decision, while in others only a majority vote is required. In America, this process depends on the state, level of court, and even agreements between the prosecuting and defending parties. Some nations do not use juries at all, or rely on theological or military authorities to issue verdicts. Some cases can be disposed of without the need for a trial. In fact, the vast majority are. If the accused confesses his or her guilt,",
"title": "Criminal justice"
},
{
"id": "5213826",
"text": "such cases, the Court ordinarily consists of a single judge. The Court sits as a Full Court (usually consisting of a bench of three judges) when it hears appeals from the decisions of a single judge of the Supreme Court or District Court, or from certain other tribunals. Some of these appeals lie as of right, while others require leave (permission) from either the court appealed from or the Supreme Court. When the Supreme Court sits as a Full Court in criminal matters (other than those originating in the Magistrates Court and Youth Court), it is commonly referred to as",
"title": "Supreme Court of South Australia"
},
{
"id": "20497600",
"text": "everyday citizens that have made bad mistakes. Court Justice: Sydney Court Justice: Sydney is an Australian factual television show that looks at the work of twelve magistrates who preside at the Downing Centre, a major courthouse complex in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. This observational documentary series began on the Crime and Investigation Network on 2 July 2017. It is narrated by Chris Bourke. This series takes a look inside one of the world's busiest local courts. The twelve magistrates that preside at Sydney’s Downing Centre handle over 30,000 cases every year, from minor traffic offences to major assaults. The",
"title": "Court Justice: Sydney"
},
{
"id": "3054247",
"text": "declared. A new panel of jurors will be selected for the retrial. Each jury in criminal courts contain twelve jurors. However this is not the case in civil cases. In civil cases, only six people are necessary for a jury, and if there is one dissenter but the rest are unanimous (i.e. a 5-1 vote) the one dissenter can be ignored with the majority opinion becoming the final verdict. In New Zealand, the jury must initially try to reach a unanimous verdict. If the jury cannot reach a unanimous verdict after a reasonable time given the nature and complexity of",
"title": "Hung jury"
},
{
"id": "11457550",
"text": "Extradition law in Australia Extradition law in Australia is the formal process by which a fugitive found outside a jurisdiction is surrendered to the jurisdiction where an alleged offence has taken place for trial or punishment, under Australian law. This may include a process done within the country or one between Australia and another country. The power to extradite between and among the states and territories of Australia is conferred by s 51(xxiv) of the Australian Constitution which says that the Commonwealth Parliament shall, subject to the Constitution, have the power to make laws for the peace, order, and good",
"title": "Extradition law in Australia"
},
{
"id": "19604689",
"text": "Whose Line Is It Anyway? Australia Whose Line is it Anyway? Australia (also known as Whose Line? and Whose Line? Oz) is a 10-part Australian improvisational comedy show, based on the British show of the same name, hosted by Tommy Little on Foxtel network's The Comedy Channel, premiering on 27 November 2016. There are seven cast members throughout the series, with four performing each episode, using the same basic formula as the other versions of the show. The ensemble cast include Rhys Darby, Cal Wilson, Tegan Higginbotham, Susie Youssef, Steen Raskopoulos, Bridie Connell and Tom Walker. On 10 November 2016,",
"title": "Whose Line Is It Anyway? Australia"
},
{
"id": "20486144",
"text": "Court Justice (TV Series) Court Justice is an observational documentary series made in Australia and is broadcast on Foxtel's Crime + Investigation Network. The series films real people and real cases taking place in The Downing Centre in Sydney. The twelve magistrates that preside at Sydney’s Downing Centre handle over 30,000 cases every year; everything from minor traffic offences to major assaults. Court Justice Premiered on the 2nd of July 2017 at 7.30 AEST. In July the series will also become available on \"On Demand\" The series has been filmed over a six-week period in late 2016 an each episode",
"title": "Court Justice (TV Series)"
},
{
"id": "15400395",
"text": "Punishment in Australia Punishment in Australia usually occurs when an individual breaks the law, and enters into the Australian criminal justice system. Australia uses prisons, as well as community corrections (various non-custodial punishments such as parole, probation, community service etc). The death penalty has been abolished, and corporal punishment is no longer used. Before the colonisation of Australia by Europeans, Indigenous Australians had their own traditional punishments, some of which are still practiced in the 21st century. Prisons in Australia are operated for the detention of minimum, medium, maximum and supermax security prisoners convicted in state and federal courts, as",
"title": "Punishment in Australia"
},
{
"id": "552791",
"text": "in the Federal Court. Three professional judges sit alongside six jurors in first instance proceedings or nine in appeal proceedings. Before 2012, there were nine or twelve jurors, but this was reduced to cut spending. A two-thirds majority is needed in order to convict the defendant. During these procedures, judges and jurors have equal positions on questions of fact, while judges decide on questions of procedure. Judges and jurors also have equal positions on sentencing. Trial by jury was introduced in most German states after the revolutionary events of 1848. However, it remained controversial; and, early in the 20th century,",
"title": "Jury"
},
{
"id": "5025259",
"text": "Judiciary of Australia The judiciary of Australia comprises judges who sit in federal courts and courts of the States and Territories of Australia. The High Court of Australia sits at the apex of the Australian court hierarchy as the ultimate court of appeal on matters of both federal and State law. The large number of courts in Australia have different procedural powers and characteristics, different jurisdictional limits, different remedial powers and different cost structures. Under the Australian Constitution, federal judicial power is vested in the High Court of Australia and such other federal courts as may be created by the",
"title": "Judiciary of Australia"
},
{
"id": "5200797",
"text": "Supreme Court of Queensland The Supreme Court of Queensland is the highest court in the Australian State of Queensland. The original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court allows its trial division to hear civil matters involving claims of more than 750,000; criminal matters involving serious offences (including murder and manslaughter); and matters arising under the \"Corporations Act 2001\" (Cth) and cross-vesting legislation. A jury is used to decide whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty. The division also hears all civil matters involving amounts of more than 750,000. A jury may be used to decide these disputes. The appellate jurisdiction",
"title": "Supreme Court of Queensland"
},
{
"id": "14290016",
"text": "Courts state: James Duane has said, with regard to the juror's oath, \"In federal court it is not even prescribed by statute. It is simply an old tradition judges have made up.\" Juror's oath A juror's oath is used to swear in jurors at the beginning of jury selection or trial. In a New South Wales juror's oath, the juror promises to \"...well and truly try and true deliverance make between our Sovereign Lady the Queen and the accused whom you shall have in charge, and a true verdict give according to the evidence.\" In Western Australia each jury has",
"title": "Juror's oath"
},
{
"id": "218163",
"text": "in the conduct of serious human affairs\". Because they are fact-finders, juries are sometimes expected to perform a role similar to a lie detector, especially when presented with testimony from witnesses. A civil jury is typically made up of 6 to 12 persons. In a civil case, the role of the jury is to listen to the evidence presented at a trial, to decide whether the defendant injured the plaintiff or otherwise failed to fulfill a legal duty to the plaintiff, and to determine what the compensation or penalty should be. A criminal jury is usually made up of 12",
"title": "Jury trial"
},
{
"id": "13436502",
"text": "Age of criminal responsibility in Australia The age of criminal responsibility in Australia is the age below which a child is deemed incapable of having committed a criminal offence. In legal terms, it is referred to as a defence of infancy. All States and self-governing Territories of Australia have adopted 10 years of age as a uniform age of criminal responsibility. Doli incapax refers to a presumption that a child is \"incapable of crime\" under legislation or common law. Or rather, the presumption that a child cannot form mens rea as they do not yet have a sufficient understanding between",
"title": "Age of criminal responsibility in Australia"
},
{
"id": "13436504",
"text": "Age of criminal responsibility in Australia The age of criminal responsibility in Australia is the age below which a child is deemed incapable of having committed a criminal offence. In legal terms, it is referred to as a defence of infancy. All States and self-governing Territories of Australia have adopted 10 years of age as a uniform age of criminal responsibility. Doli incapax refers to a presumption that a child is \"incapable of crime\" under legislation or common law. Or rather, the presumption that a child cannot form mens rea as they do not yet have a sufficient understanding between",
"title": "Age of criminal responsibility in Australia"
},
{
"id": "9769051",
"text": "the court. The governor can also appoint a chief magistrate, as well as deputy chief magistrates. The court normally sits with a magistrate sitting alone. However, the governor may make a regulation which allows a single justice of the peace or two justices of the peace to sit as the court. About 43,000 civil cases are filed each year in the court. Magistrates Court of Western Australia The Magistrates Court of Western Australia is the first tier court in Western Australia, a state of Australia. It has jurisdiction in respect of criminal and civil matters, as well as a range",
"title": "Magistrates Court of Western Australia"
},
{
"id": "9936418",
"text": "Court of Summary Jurisdiction The Court of Summary Jurisdiction is a court in the Northern Territory of Australia. It has jurisdiction to deal with criminal offences which occur in the territory. It is one of the courts that is usually referred to as a magistrates court. The court was established under the Justices Act (NT) in 1974 and replaced the courts of petty sessions commonly established in Australia since British settlement in 1788 to deal with less serious crime. Those courts followed the English tradition of justices of the peace sitting in and out of sessions in England. The court",
"title": "Court of Summary Jurisdiction"
},
{
"id": "5025272",
"text": "Federal Circuit Court judges, as are decisions of these courts on appeal from a Federal Circuit Court judge. In other circumstances, decisions of a single Federal or Family Court judge are not strictly binding; however, these will usually be followed by sentencing. The Federal Circuit Court of Australia (formerly known as the Federal Magistrates Court of Australia) is an Australian court with jurisdiction over matters broadly relating to family law and child support, administrative law, admiralty law, bankruptcy, copyright, human rights, industrial law, migration, privacy and trade practices.There has been a shift recently towards having most cases held in this",
"title": "Judiciary of Australia"
},
{
"id": "5231346",
"text": "Canberra Times\" reported that the court would soon be upgraded to meet the requirements of the city's judicial system over the next 50 years. Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory The Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory is the superior court for the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). It has unlimited jurisdiction within the territory in civil matters (although it usually only hears matters involving more than 250,000), and hears the most serious criminal matters. Criminal trials may be heard before a judge and jury, or by judge alone at the election of the accused. All matters are heard",
"title": "Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory"
},
{
"id": "3239319",
"text": "\"not guilty\", more so than if the case is found \"not proven\". In Scotland, a criminal case may be decided either \"\"in solemn procedure\"\" by a jury (instructed by the judge), or \"\"in summary procedure\"\" by the judge alone (with no jury appointed). There are various rules for when the one or the other procedure may or must be employed; in general, juries are employed for the more severe accusations, while petty crimes and offences are treated summarily. A criminal case jury consists of 15 jurors, who make their decision by a simple majority vote: eight votes are necessary and",
"title": "Not proven"
},
{
"id": "1880258",
"text": "and Codes and is regarded by the courts as an important common law right and a part of the privilege against self-incrimination. In general, criminal suspects in Australia have the right to refuse to answer questions posed to them by police before trial and to refuse to give evidence at trial. However a person must answer questions related to their name and place of residence if asked to by police. As a general rule judges cannot direct juries to draw adverse inferences from a defendant's silence (\"Petty v R\") but there are exceptions to this rule, most notably in cases",
"title": "Right to silence"
},
{
"id": "6441092",
"text": "part, joins the NT & WA in having exhaustively codified criminal law. Criminal law of Australia The criminal law of Australia is the body of law made, recognised and applied in Australia that relates to crime. Most criminal law is made and administered by the individual states and territories of Australia. However, a body of criminal law is also made and administered by the federal government. Criminal law may be differentiated from civil law, which in Australia relates to non-criminal law including civil wrongs, contract law, much of property law and other areas that concern the rights and duties of",
"title": "Criminal law of Australia"
},
{
"id": "2440998",
"text": "to the judge. In the United Kingdom (except Scotland), Cyprus, Hong Kong, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea and Canada, it refers to a \"trial within a trial\". It is a hearing to determine the admissibility of evidence, or the competency of a witness or juror. As the subject matter of the \"voir dire\" often relates to evidence, competence or other matters that may lead to bias on behalf of the jury, the jury may be removed from the court for the \"voir dire\". The term has thus been broadened in Australian jurisdictions to include any hearing during a",
"title": "Voir dire"
},
{
"id": "6620000",
"text": "Crown. The presiding judge must determine whether there is sufficient evidence for a jury, acting reasonably and judicially, to convict the accused. The judge may neither weigh the evidence nor determine whether the evidence is admissible. If the judge determines there is sufficient evidence for a jury acting reasonably and judicially to convict the accused, the judge must commit the accused to stand trial. If not, the judge must discharge the accused and the proceedings end. However, if at a later date the Crown tenders further evidence, the Crown may recommence the proceedings. A discharge at a preliminary inquiry does",
"title": "Criminal law of Canada"
},
{
"id": "8631110",
"text": "the \"Bankruptcy Act 1966\", except those requiring jury trials. The vast majority of bankruptcy court cases in Australia are heard by The Federal Circuit Court (92% in 2004-5). The Court has civil jurisdiction with respect to claims under the following provisions of the \"Competition and Consumer Act 2010\" (formerly known as the \"Trade Practices Act 1974\"): The Court can provide injunctive relief and award damages of up to $750 000. The Court also has civil jurisdiction with respect to claims under the \"National Consumer Credit Protection Act 2009\". There is provision in certain proceedings for a litigant to elect that",
"title": "Federal Circuit Court of Australia"
},
{
"id": "9936422",
"text": "offender. Court of Summary Jurisdiction The Court of Summary Jurisdiction is a court in the Northern Territory of Australia. It has jurisdiction to deal with criminal offences which occur in the territory. It is one of the courts that is usually referred to as a magistrates court. The court was established under the Justices Act (NT) in 1974 and replaced the courts of petty sessions commonly established in Australia since British settlement in 1788 to deal with less serious crime. Those courts followed the English tradition of justices of the peace sitting in and out of sessions in England. The",
"title": "Court of Summary Jurisdiction"
},
{
"id": "6527959",
"text": "Crown Prosecutor (Australia) Crown Prosecutors are the public prosecutors in the legal system of Australia. Crown Prosecutors represent the Crown in right of the Commonwealth and in right of each State or Territory in criminal proceedings. Crown Prosecutors are appointed not elected and are not public servants; they are private counsel briefed by the Director of Public Prosecutions for particular cases. Their mixed caseload as prosecutor and defence counsel, with the consequent ability to see both sides, is widely seen as an advantage of the system. Both the Commonwealth of Australia and the Australian States and Territories can make criminal",
"title": "Crown Prosecutor (Australia)"
},
{
"id": "218139",
"text": "for serious crimes the accused has the option of a jury trial consisting of 12 jurors. The number of jury trials remains small, at about 600 per year, out of about 1 million trials. A juror must be 25 years old, legally competent, and without a criminal record. The 12 jurors are selected by the prosecution and defense from a list of 30–40 eligible candidates. The Constitution of Russia stipulates that, until the abolition of the death penalty, all defendants in a case that may result in a death sentence are entitled to a jury trial. Lawmakers are continuously chipping",
"title": "Jury trial"
},
{
"id": "4746285",
"text": "more peremptory challenges than the prosecution (e.g. when indicted on a felony in the USA the defense gets 10 challenges to the prosecution’s 6). All Australian states allow for peremptory challenges in jury selection; however, the number of challenges granted to the counsels can vary between states. The rules regarding peremptory challenges in Canada are laid out in §634 of the Criminal Code of Canada. The number of challenges awarded to each the prosecutor and the defense depends on the type of charge and maximum potential sentence. Twenty challenges are awarded in cases for high treason and first degree murder,",
"title": "Peremptory challenge"
},
{
"id": "3957589",
"text": "not prevailed. On the other hand, where Parliament \"has\" prescribed jury trial, the Court has been willing to impose some content on that notion. In particular, it has insisted that conviction by a jury for a Federal offence must be by the unanimous agreement of the jurors – a majority verdict will not suffice. To a very large extent, the Constitution leaves it to Parliament to determine both the High Court's original jurisdiction (section 76), and the exceptions to, and conditions on, its power to hear appeals (section 73). However, the Constitution grants the Court some original jurisdiction directly, without",
"title": "Australian constitutional law"
},
{
"id": "5645356",
"text": "Crime in Australia Crime in Australia is combated by the Australian police and other agencies. The number of offenders proceeded against by police during 2016–2017 increased by 1% from the previous year to approximately 414,000. In 2016–2017, the offender rate, which is the number of offenders in the population of Australia, increased slightly from 1.98% to 2%. The youth offender rate decreased for the seventh consecutive year in 2016–17, between 2009–10 and 2016–17, the rate fell from 3,339 to 2,330 offenders per 100,000 persons aged 10 to 17. The most common type of offence in 2016-17 was illicit drug offences",
"title": "Crime in Australia"
},
{
"id": "6584546",
"text": "Melbourne Magistrates' Court The Melbourne Magistrates' Court is the largest venue at which the Magistrates' Court of Victoria sits. It is a court in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia that deals with, and dispenses of, a range of criminal and civil matters, including criminal prosecutions, money claims and disputes up to $100,000, and family violence and family law proceedings. In 1995, the Melbourne Magistrates Court was relocated to 233 William Street, Melbourne, which it remains to date. The building is divided into 8 floors, the first 6 of which are accessible to the public. Court hours are 9:00am through 4:30pm, with a",
"title": "Melbourne Magistrates' Court"
},
{
"id": "10261954",
"text": "the crime, the magistrate may sentence the person if found guilty, or may commit the person for trial to the Supreme Court. Hearings are heard in open court unless there is a law or a good reason for the matter to be heard in closed court. In certain circumstances, decisions made by the Magistrates Court may be appealed to the Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory. The Magistrates Court does not hear matters on appeal. Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory The Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory is a court of summary jurisdiction that deals with",
"title": "Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory"
},
{
"id": "552802",
"text": "€500 for failing to report for jury service, though this was poorly enforced until a change of policy at the Courts Service in 2016. Criminal jury trials are held in the Circuit Court or the Central Criminal Court. Juryless trials under the inadequacy exception, dealing with terrorism or organised crime, are held in the Special Criminal Court, on application by the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP). Juries are also used in some civil law trials, such as for defamation; they are sometimes used at coroner's inquests. Normally consisting of twelve persons, juries are selected from a jury panel which is",
"title": "Jury"
},
{
"id": "7554523",
"text": "Federal Court of Australia The Federal Court of Australia is an Australian superior court of record which has jurisdiction to deal with most civil disputes governed by federal law (with the exception of family law matters), along with some summary (less serious) criminal matters. Cases are heard at first instance by single Judges. The Court includes an appeal division referred to as the Full Court comprising three Judges, the only avenue of appeal from which lies to the High Court of Australia. In the Australian court hierarchy, the Federal Court occupies a position equivalent to the Supreme Courts of each",
"title": "Federal Court of Australia"
},
{
"id": "202295",
"text": "felony, court findings of, or an act of gross negligence can be counted as an indictable offence. Indictable offence In many common law jurisdictions (e.g., England and Wales, Ireland, Canada, Hong Kong, India, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, Singapore), an indictable offence is an offence which can only be tried on an indictment after a preliminary hearing to determine whether there is a \"prima facie\" case to answer or by a grand jury (in contrast to a summary offence). In the United States, a crime of similar severity and rules is called a felony, which also requires an indictment. In relation",
"title": "Indictable offence"
},
{
"id": "5855928",
"text": "sworn in under certain circumstances. Jurors may also be excused during trial. According to section 644(1) of the \"Criminal Code\", a judge may discharge any juror during the trial due to illness or “other reasonable cause” such as impartiality (see \"R v Tsouma\" (1973) and R v Holcomb (1973)). Section 644(2) further specifies that a jury is still properly constituted to complete its duties even if a juror is discharged during the trial as long as the number of jurors is not reduced below ten. At the conclusion of trial and following the jury charge, a maximum of twelve jurors",
"title": "Jury selection"
},
{
"id": "218173",
"text": "grants a jury trial. In accordance with Beacon Theaters, the jury first determines the facts, then the judge enter judgment on the equitable claims. Following the English tradition, U.S. juries have usually been composed of 12 jurors, and the jury's verdict has usually been required to be unanimous. However, in many jurisdictions, the number of jurors is often reduced to a lesser number (such as five or six) by legislative enactment, or by agreement of both sides. Some jurisdictions also permit a verdict to be returned despite the dissent of one, two, or three jurors. The vast majority of U.S.",
"title": "Jury trial"
},
{
"id": "10923079",
"text": "judge must not, in any event, suggest that a majority is acceptable until after 2 hours and 10 minutes. This was originally 2 hours but it was extended to allow time for the jury to settle after retiring. Unanimous verdicts were required until the Criminal Justice Act 1967. During the Second World War, the Administration of Justice (Emergency Provisions) Act 1939 authorised trials with only 7 jurors, except for treason or murder. A jury panel is summoned from those who meet all of the following criteria: Those who are liable to be detained under the Mental Health Act 1983 or",
"title": "Juries in England and Wales"
},
{
"id": "12009118",
"text": "trials (). The court evaluates evidence brought before it by the parties to the trial but makes no attempt to uncover any additional evidence or otherwise investigate the matter itself. Criminal trials are inquisitorial trials (). The court is actively involved, questioning witnesses brought forward by the parties to the trials, summoning expert witnesses on its own initiative, and generally attempting to determine the truth. Most trials are bench trials, although the bench will often be a panel including one or more lay judges (). Criminal defendants accused of political transgressions or of serious crimes with severe penalties have a",
"title": "Judiciary of Austria"
},
{
"id": "14525098",
"text": "required to be unanimous. However, in many jurisdictions, the number of jurors is often reduced to a lesser number (such as five or six) by legislative enactment, or by agreement of both sides. Some jurisdictions also permit a verdict to be returned despite the dissent of one, two, or three jurors. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 48 states that a federal civil jury must begin with at least 6 and no more than 12 members, and that the verdict must be unanimous unless the parties stipulate otherwise. Alternative dispute resolution is becoming increasingly common. Mandatory binding arbitration has been used",
"title": "Juries in the United States"
},
{
"id": "218153",
"text": "that one class of people don't sit in judgement over another and the public have confidence in an open and representative justice system. The trial started in 2010, with the four defendants convicted on the 31 March 2010 by Mr Justice Treacy at the Old Bailey. In Scots law the jury system has some similarities with England but some important differences, in particular there are juries of 15 in criminal trials, with verdicts by simple majority. In Northern Ireland, the role of the jury trial is roughly similar to England and Wales, except that jury trials have been replaced in",
"title": "Jury trial"
},
{
"id": "218131",
"text": "study by Elisabeth Kolsky argues that many \"perverse verdicts\" were delivered by white juries in trial of \"European British subjects\" charged with murder, assault, confinement of Indians. In the Republic of Ireland, a common law jurisdiction, jury trials are available for criminal cases before the Circuit Court, Central Criminal Court and defamation cases, consisting of twelve jurors. Juries only decide questions of fact; they have no role in criminal sentencing in criminal cases or awarding damages in libel cases. It is not necessary that a jury be unanimous in its verdict. In civil cases, a verdict may be reached by",
"title": "Jury trial"
},
{
"id": "218100",
"text": "trials by jury are applied in cases of voluntary crimes against life, such as first and second degree murder, forced abortion and instigation of suicide, even if only attempted. In others, such as the United Kingdom, jury trials are only available for criminal cases and very specific civil cases (malicious prosecution, civil fraud and false imprisonment). In the United States, jury trials are available in both civil and criminal cases. In Canada, an individual charged with an indictable offence may elect to be tried by a judge alone in a provincial court, by judge alone in a superior court, or",
"title": "Jury trial"
},
{
"id": "14290012",
"text": "Juror's oath A juror's oath is used to swear in jurors at the beginning of jury selection or trial. In a New South Wales juror's oath, the juror promises to \"...well and truly try and true deliverance make between our Sovereign Lady the Queen and the accused whom you shall have in charge, and a true verdict give according to the evidence.\" In Western Australia each jury has a choice to either \"swear by Almighty God\" or \"solemnly and sincerely declare and affirm\" to \"give a true verdict according to the evidence upon the issue(s) to be tried by me.\"",
"title": "Juror's oath"
},
{
"id": "552804",
"text": "receive lunch for the days that they are serving. The Law Reform Commission examined jury service, producing a consultation paper in 2010 and then a report in 2013. One of its recommendations, to permit extra jurors for long trials in case some are excused, was enacted in 2013. In November 2013, the DPP requested a 15-member jury at the trial of three Anglo Irish Bank executives. Where more than twelve jurors are present, twelve will be chosen by lot to retire and consider the verdict. In Italy, a Civil law jurisdiction, untrained judges are present only in the Corte d'Assise,",
"title": "Jury"
},
{
"id": "15400430",
"text": "public as museums. Many movies and television shows have depicted the punishment of early convicts and bushrangers in Australia. See those articles for more information. Punishment in Australia Punishment in Australia usually occurs when an individual breaks the law, and enters into the Australian criminal justice system. Australia uses prisons, as well as community corrections (various non-custodial punishments such as parole, probation, community service etc). The death penalty has been abolished, and corporal punishment is no longer used. Before the colonisation of Australia by Europeans, Indigenous Australians had their own traditional punishments, some of which are still practiced in the",
"title": "Punishment in Australia"
},
{
"id": "8249063",
"text": "officers, or the State Board of Pardons and Paroles (varies from state to state) for state offenses. Each jurisdiction whose law allows expungement has its own definitions of expungement proceedings. Generally, expungement is the process to \"remove from general review\" the records pertaining to a case. In many jurisdictions, however, the records may not completely \"disappear\" and may still be available to law enforcement, to sentencing judges on subsequent offenses, and to corrections facilities to which the individual may be sentenced on subsequent convictions. Criminal records in each state of Australia are covered by state law. In New South Wales,",
"title": "Expungement"
},
{
"id": "14328536",
"text": "harm). \"Felony murder\" (called constructive murder in Australian jurisdictions) and murder by omission are also recognised crimes in this jurisdiction. Section 23 of the \"Crimes Act 1900\" provides for the partial defence of provocation, and can refer to actions taken by the deceased both immediately before, and prior to, the murder. If proven by the defence where there is a charge of murder, the jury will be directed to reduce the offence to manslaughter. If prior to or at the time of the committal proceedings an offender enters a plea of guilty to the lesser offence of manslaughter on the",
"title": "Murder (Australian law)"
},
{
"id": "12346129",
"text": "by the Governor-General constituted it as required. The court was permitted to sit anywhere in Australia as the interests of justice required, and was not confined to hearing a case on the island. When hearing criminal cases, the court sat with a jury to determine an accused person’s guilt. If the court sat outside the island, the court could use jurors from the State or Territory that the court was actually sitting at. In April 1988 the court tried two defendants concerning the murder of Tan Soo Cher (Tan). Tan had been murdered during the early hours of 12 May",
"title": "Supreme Court of Christmas Island"
},
{
"id": "5855933",
"text": "the same number that they would receive if tried separately, while the prosecutor has as many challenges as the total number available to all of the accused (i.e., in a case wherein two co-accused are charged with first-degree murder, each receives twenty peremptory challenges, and the prosecutor receives forty) [s. 634 (4), Criminal Code of Canada]. The amount of peremptory challenges can also vary according to the circumstances of the jury. The prosecutor and the accused are each entitled to one additional peremptory challenge if there are 13 jurors, or two additional challenges each in the case of 14 jurors",
"title": "Jury selection"
},
{
"id": "552759",
"text": "thought to be the largest in the world. In 2009 a review by the Scottish Government regarding the possibility of reduction led to the decision to retain 15 jurors, with the Cabinet Secretary for Justice stating that after extensive consultation, he had decided that Scotland had got it \"uniquely right\". Trials in the Republic of Ireland which are scheduled to last over 2 months can, but do not have to, have 15 jurors. A study by the University of Glasgow suggested that a civil jury of 12 people was ineffective because a few jurors ended up dominating the discussion, and",
"title": "Jury"
},
{
"id": "552809",
"text": "imprisonment and malicious prosecution. Juries must initially try to reach a unanimous verdict, but if one cannot be reached in a reasonable timeframe, the judge may accept a majority verdict of all-but-one (i.e. 11–1 or 10–1) in criminal cases and three-quarters (i.e. 9–3 or 9–2) in civil cases. Juries existed in Norway as early as the year 800, and perhaps even earlier. They brought the jury system to England and Scotland. Juries were phased out as late as the 17th century, when Norway´s central government was in Copenhagen, Denmark. Though Norway and Denmark had different legal systems throughout their personal",
"title": "Jury"
},
{
"id": "10923089",
"text": "records may only be made if authorised by the Attorney General and there are adequate grounds for a prosecution request to stand by. During a trial, an individual juror can be discharged and the trial can continue so long as the minimum number of jurors remain. Discharge is at the discretion of the judge and should be exercised in cases of \"evident necessity\". The test was given in \"Porter v Magill\" as \"Would a fair-minded and informed observer conclude that there was a real possibility, or real danger (the two being the same) that the tribunal was biased?\" Where misconduct",
"title": "Juries in England and Wales"
},
{
"id": "5262327",
"text": "or the juror serves in that capacity; and in jurisdictions with a dead man statute, a person is deemed not competent to testify as to statements of or transactions with a deceased opposing party. Often, a Government or Parliamentary Act will govern the rules affecting the giving of evidence by witnesses in court. An example is the \"Evidence Act(NSW)\"1995 which sets out the procedures for witnesses to follow in New South Wales, Australia. Hearsay is one of the largest and most complex areas of the law of evidence in common-law jurisdictions. The default rule is that hearsay evidence is inadmissible.",
"title": "Evidence (law)"
},
{
"id": "5631174",
"text": "opening statements and closing arguments to minimize the possible impact of the CSI effect, and instruct jurors to adhere to the court's standards of evidence rather than those seen on television. Prosecutors have even hired expert witnesses to explain why particular forms of physical evidence are not relevant to their cases. In one Australian murder case, the defense counsel requested a judge-only trial to avoid having DNA evidence misinterpreted by a jury. By 2006, the CSI effect had become widely accepted as reality among legal professionals, despite little empirical evidence to validate or disprove it. A 2008 survey by researcher",
"title": "CSI effect"
},
{
"id": "218145",
"text": "e.g. libel or incitement to ethnic or racial hatred, in a medium covered by the fundamental laws (e.g. a printed paper or a radio programme), she has the right to have the accusation tried by a jury of nine jurors. This applies also in civil (tort) cases under the fundamental laws. A majority of at least six jurors must find that the defendant has committed the alleged crime. If it does not, the defendant is acquitted or, in a civil case, held not liable. If such a majority of the jurors hold that said crime has in fact been committed,",
"title": "Jury trial"
},
{
"id": "6441078",
"text": "this code, and in some instances rejected the code entirely. The Commonwealth has its own criminal jurisdiction for offences against federal laws. However, its jurisdiction in criminal matters is more limited than that of the States. The situation is similar to American criminal law (see also Federal crime in the United States). The principal source of Commonwealth criminal law was originally the \"Crimes Act 1914\" (Cth). In 1987, the Commonwealth Attorney-General established a committee chaired by Sir Harry Gibbs to undertake a review of Commonwealth criminal law. The committee published its final report in 1991, recommending the development of a",
"title": "Criminal law of Australia"
},
{
"id": "11457551",
"text": "government of the Commonwealth with respect to (inter alia): the service and execution throughout the Commonwealth of the civil and criminal process and the judgments of the courts of the States. Interstate extradition procedures are governed by the \"Service and Execution of Process Act 1992\" (Cth), Part 5. Under the Act, a person named in an extradition warrant issued in any State may be arrested in accordance to that warrant in another State. Upon apprehension, that person must be brought before a Magistrate of the State in which they were apprehended along with the warrant or a copy of the",
"title": "Extradition law in Australia"
},
{
"id": "218122",
"text": "jury is the \"cour d'assises,\" in which three professional judges sit together with six or nine jurors (on appeal). Conviction requires a two-thirds majority (four or six votes). The country that originated the concept of the jury trial retains it in an unusual form. The Constitution of Greece and Code of criminal procedure provide that felonies (Greek: Κακουργήματα) are tried by a \"Mixed Court\" composed of three professional judges, including the President of the Court, and four jurors who decide the facts, and the appropriate penalty if they convict. Certain Felonies, such as terrorism, are exempt, due to their nature,",
"title": "Jury trial"
},
{
"id": "5025269",
"text": "was created by the Federal Court of Australia Act in 1976. Decisions of the High Court are binding on the Federal Court. There is an appeal level of the Federal Court (the \"Full Court\" of the Federal Court), which consists of several judges, usually three but occasionally five in very significant cases. The Family Court has jurisdiction over family law matters. It is a superior court of limited jurisdiction and was established in 1975 by the Family Law Act 1975 by the federal parliament. The Commonwealth has power over marriage and divorce under the Constitution. In the 1990s the states",
"title": "Judiciary of Australia"
},
{
"id": "10235826",
"text": "the hangings when he miscalculated the drop necessary for the youths. One died instantly but the remaining three struggled for several minutes. The trial was dramatised in a 2012 ABC docudrama, the first of a three-part series entitled \"Australia on Trial\". Presented by historian Michael Cathcart, the script was based on official court transcripts of the trial. Mount Rennie rape case The Mount Rennie rape case is the only gang rape in Sydney during the 1880s that led to a full conviction of the participants involved in the crime—young larrikins of the \"Waterloo Push\". The attack is sometimes referred to",
"title": "Mount Rennie rape case"
}
] | how many jurors in a criminal case australia |
[
"The Sound of Music"
] | [
{
"id": "2475873",
"text": "based in and around the 30 Mile Zone in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California. Director D. W. Griffith was central to the development of a film grammar. Orson Welles's \"Citizen Kane\" (1941) is frequently cited in critics' polls as the greatest film of all time. The major film studios of Hollywood are the primary source of the most commercially successful and most ticket selling movies in the world, such as \"The Birth of a Nation\" (1915), \"Gone with the Wind\" (1939), \"The Sound of Music\" (1965), \"The Godfather\" (1972), \"Jaws\" (1975), \"Star Wars\" (1977), \"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\" (1982), \"Jurassic Park\" (1993),",
"title": "Cinema of the United States"
},
{
"id": "7635608",
"text": "film was a major commercial success, becoming the number one box office movie after four weeks, and the highest-grossing film of 1965. By November 1966, \"The Sound of Music\" had become the highest-grossing film of all-time—surpassing \"Gone with the Wind\"—and held that distinction for five years. The film was just as popular throughout the world, breaking previous box-office records in twenty-nine countries. Following an initial theatrical release that lasted four and a half years, and two successful re-releases, the film sold 283 million admissions worldwide and earned a total worldwide gross of $286,000,000. \"The Sound of Music\" received five Academy",
"title": "The Sound of Music (film)"
},
{
"id": "1591165",
"text": "MGM's own back lots. More of the successful films were those based in the harsh truths of war, rather than the excesses of the 1960s. Films like the Francis Ford Coppola-scripted \"Patton\", starring George C. Scott as the World War II general, and Robert Altman's \"MASH\", about a Korean War field hospital, were major box-office draws in 1970. Honest, old-fashioned films like \"Summer of '42\", and the Erich Segal adaptation, \"Love Story\", were commercial and critical hits. (Love Story and \"Summer\" remain, , two of the most successful films in Hollywood history. \"Summer\", costing $1,000,000 USD, brought in $25,000,000 at",
"title": "1970s in film"
},
{
"id": "482025",
"text": "process to transfer the drawings to animation cels. Disney's live-action releases were spread across a number of genres, including historical fiction (\"Johnny Tremain\", 1957), adaptations of children's books (\"Pollyanna\", 1960) and modern-day comedies (\"The Shaggy Dog\", 1959). Disney's most successful film of the 1960s was a live action/animated musical adaptation of \"Mary Poppins\", which was one of the all-time highest-grossing movies and received five Academy Awards, including Best Actress for Julie Andrews and Best Song for Robert B. Sherman & Richard M. Sherman for \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\". The theme park design and architectural group became so integral to the Disney",
"title": "The Walt Disney Company"
},
{
"id": "469414",
"text": "Zeppelin was the most successful musical act of the 1970s, having sold more than 300 million records since 1969. Oscar winners of the decade were \"Patton\" (1970), \"The French Connection\" (1971), \"The Godfather\" (1972), \"The Sting\" (1973), \"The Godfather Part II\" (1974), \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" (1975), \"Rocky\" (1976), \"Annie Hall\" (1977), \"The Deer Hunter\" (1978), and \"Kramer vs. Kramer\" (1979). The top ten highest-grossing films of the decade are (in order from highest to lowest grossing): \"Star Wars\", \"Jaws\", \"Grease\", \"The Exorcist\", \"Close Encounters of the Third Kind\", \"Superman\", \"The Godfather\", \"Saturday Night Fever\", \"Rocky\", and \"Jaws",
"title": "1970s"
},
{
"id": "1458494",
"text": "money, axed the long-running Movietone Newsreel, and made a series of cheap, popular pictures that restored Fox as a major studio. The saving grace for the studio's fortunes came from the tremendous success of \"The Sound of Music\" (1965), an expensive and handsomely produced film adaptation of the highly acclaimed Rodgers and Hammerstein Broadway musical, which became a significant success at the box office and won five Academy Awards, including Best Director (Robert Wise) and Best Picture of the Year. Fox also had two big science-fiction hits in the 1960s: \"Fantastic Voyage\" (1966), and the original \"Planet of the Apes\"",
"title": "20th Century Fox"
},
{
"id": "10981612",
"text": "fall of 1958. Manulis's film version was released in December 1962 and received Academy Award nominations for best actor, best actress, best art direction, best costume design, and best original song. It was selected by the film critics of \"The New York Times\" as one of the 1000 best films ever made and as one of American Film Institute's best 400 films. Other motion pictures produced by Manulis in the 1960s include \"Dear Heart\" (1964), a romantic comedy directed by Delbert Mann, and starring Glenn Ford and Geraldine Page; \"Luv\" (1967), a romantic comedy directed by Clive Donner and starring",
"title": "Martin Manulis"
},
{
"id": "16623587",
"text": "a Mockingbird\" (1962) and \"Oliver!\" (1968), directed by Carol Reed, portrayed children as naturally innocent. Other films of the 1960s that involved children include \"The Sound of Music\" (1965) by Robert Wise and \"The Miracle Worker\" (1962). These were very successful musical motion picture that were in the genre of family films. Four of the top ten highest-grossing films of the decade were family films: \"The Sound of Music\", \"One Hundred and One Dalmatians\" (1961), \"The Jungle Book\" (1967), and \"Mary Poppins\". Hollywood also released motion pictures starring children though these were not commercially successful and they were literary adaptations",
"title": "Children's film"
},
{
"id": "1476313",
"text": "1967 in film The year 1967 in film involved some significant events. It is widely considered as one of the most ground-breaking years in film, with \"revolutionary\" films highlighting the change, including: \"Bonnie and Clyde\", \"The Graduate\", \"Guess Who's Coming to Dinner\", \"Cool Hand Luke\", \"The Dirty Dozen\", and \"In the Heat of the Night\". \"The Born Losers\" was released in 1967 and earned $2.25 million in U.S. and Canadian rentals. It was re-released in 1974 and by 1977 it had earned $12.5 million in U.S. and Canadian rentals with a reported total gross of $36,000,000. The highest-grossing 1967 films",
"title": "1967 in film"
},
{
"id": "6683649",
"text": "films topping the American Film Institute's AFI 100 list include Orson Welles's \"Citizen Kane\" (1941), which is frequently cited as the greatest film of all time, \"Casablanca\" (1942), \"The Godfather\" (1972), \"Gone with the Wind\" (1939), \"Lawrence of Arabia\" (1962), \"The Wizard of Oz\" (1939), \"The Graduate\" (1967), \"On the Waterfront\" (1954), \"Schindler's List\" (1993), \"Singin' in the Rain\" (1952), \"It's a Wonderful Life\" (1946) and \"Sunset Boulevard\" (1950). The Academy Awards, popularly known as the Oscars, have been held annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1929, and the Golden Globe Awards have been held",
"title": "United States"
},
{
"id": "768830",
"text": "on material from another medium to \"Judgement at Nuremberg\" (1961). \"West Side Story\" was a box office hit, and critics have declared it \"a cinema masterpiece\". Prior to directing \"The Sound of Music\" (1965), Wise directed the psychological horror film \"The Haunting\" (1963), starring Julie Harris, in an adaptation of Shirley Jackson's novel, \"The Haunting of Hill House\". Wise's big-budget adaptation of Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein's family-oriented musical \"The Sound of Music\", with Julie Andrews as Maria and Christopher Plummer as Captain von Trapp, became one of film history's top-grossing movies. Wise won Academy Awards for Best Director and",
"title": "Robert Wise"
},
{
"id": "7635653",
"text": "million in rentals and grossed £6 million—more than twice as much as any other film had ever taken in. It was also a major success in Holland, Hong Kong and Tokyo, where it played for as long as two years at some theaters. It was not a universal success, however, with the film only enjoying modest success in France and it was a flop in Germany. It also initially performed poorly in Italy, but a re-release after the Oscars brought better results. By November 1966, \"The Sound of Music\" had become the highest-grossing film of all-time, surpassing \"Gone with the",
"title": "The Sound of Music (film)"
},
{
"id": "3420394",
"text": "1960 and beating other hits of that year such as \"Psycho\", \"Spartacus\", and \"Exodus\" at the box office. Adjusted for ticket-price inflation, the box office revenue is $ million, making it one of the biggest hits of all time. The movie was re-released in 1969 and earned $6.4 million in rentals in North America. It was the 15th most popular movie at the U.S. box office that year. The film currently holds an 84% approval rating at the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes. Upon the film's initial release, \"New York Times\" film critic Howard Thompson lauded the film by writing,",
"title": "Swiss Family Robinson (1960 film)"
},
{
"id": "5650171",
"text": "the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 36 nominations went to 14 films on the list. Only \"The Fugitive\" (3rd), \"The Firm\" (4th), \"Sleepless in Seattle\" (6th), \"In the Line of Fire\" (7th), \"Dave\" (13th), \"Philadelphia\" (29th), \"What's Love Got to Do With It\" (38th), and \"The Age of Innocence\" (49th) were nominated for directing, acting, screenwriting, or Best Picture. The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations were \"Jurassic Park\" (1st), \"Mrs. Doubtfire\" (2nd), \"Cliffhanger\" (9th), \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\" (24th), \"Addams Family Values\" (25th), and \"Beethoven's 2nd\" (27th). The show received a positive reception from",
"title": "66th Academy Awards"
},
{
"id": "2631500",
"text": "(1965), \"The Knack ...and How to Get It\" (1965), the Michelangelo Antonioni film \"Blowup\" (1966), \"Alfie\" (1966), \"\" (1966), \"Georgy Girl\" (1966), \"The Jokers\" (1967), \"Casino Royale\" (1967), \"Smashing Time\" (1967), \"To Sir, with Love\" (1967), \"Bedazzled\" (1967), \"Poor Cow\" (1967), \"I'll Never Forget What's'isname\" (1967), \"Up the Junction\" (1968), \"Joanna\" (1968), \"Otley\" (1968), \"The Magic Christian\" (1969), \"The Brain\" (1969), \"If It's Tuesday, This Must Be Belgium\" (1969), and \"Performance\" (1970). The comedy films \"\" (1997) and \"\" (1999) resurrected the imagery but were filmed in Hollywood and the 2009 film \"The Boat That Rocked\". Swinging Sixties The Swinging",
"title": "Swinging Sixties"
},
{
"id": "469347",
"text": "the film industry in the 1960s: The most prominent American TV series of the 1960s include: \"The Ed Sullivan Show\", \"\", \"Peyton Place\", \"The Twilight Zone\", \"The Outer Limits\", \"The Andy Williams Show\", \"The Dean Martin Show\", \"The Wonderful World of Disney\", \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\", \"The Beverly Hillbillies\", \"Bonanza\", \"Batman\", \"McHale's Navy\", \"Laugh-In\", \"The Dick Van Dyke Show\", \"The Fugitive\", \"The Tonight Show\", \"Gunsmoke\", \"The Andy Griffith Show\", \"Gilligan's Island, \", \"The Flintstones\", \"The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet\", \"Lassie\", \"The Danny Thomas Show\", \"The Lucy Show\", \"My Three Sons\", \"The Red Skelton Show\", \"Bewitched\" and \"I Dream of Jeannie\".",
"title": "1960s"
},
{
"id": "252426",
"text": "could be relied upon for sure-fire hits. Audiences for them lessened and fewer musical films were produced as the genre became less mainstream and more specialized. In the 1960s, the critical and box-office success of the films \"West Side Story\", \"Gypsy\", \"The Music Man\", \"Bye Bye Birdie\", \"My Fair Lady\", \"Mary Poppins\", \"The Sound of Music\", \"A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum\", \"The Jungle Book\", \"Thoroughly Modern Millie\", \"Oliver!\", and \"Funny Girl\" suggested that the traditional musical was in good health, while French filmmaker Jacques Demy's jazz musicals \"The Umbrellas of Cherbourg\" and \"The Young Girls",
"title": "Musical film"
},
{
"id": "4942062",
"text": "Smoky Mountains, the film was shot in the Los Angeles (LA) area, both on set at MGM Studios and outdoors in the San Bernardino Mountains east of LA. The film was produced by Dick Fitzwell for Four-Leaf Productions, and was distributed in the United States by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The film was released in the United States on March 6, 1964 and reached #11 on the \"Variety\" National Box Office Chart, earning $3 million, and finished at #26 on the year end list of the top-grossing movies of 1964. Sam Katzman produced an unsuccessful 1965 MGM Television television pilot starring Edd Byrnes",
"title": "Kissin' Cousins"
},
{
"id": "9142019",
"text": "18th Golden Globe Awards The 18th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film for 1960 films, were held on March 16, 1961. \"' Burt Lancaster – \"Elmer Gantry\" \"' Jack Lemmon – \"The Apartment\" \"' Greer Garson – \"Sunrise at Campobello\" \"' Shirley MacLaine – \"The Apartment\" \"' Jack Cardiff – \"Sons and Lovers\" \"' \"The Apartment\" \"' \"Spartacus\" \"' \"Song Without End\" Dimitri Tiomkin – The Alamo \"' Sal Mineo – \"Exodus\" \"' Janet Leigh – \"Psycho\" Hand in Hand Michael Callan Mark Damon Brett Halsey Ina Balin Nancy Kwan Hayley Mills Tony Curtis Rock Hudson Gina Lollobrigida",
"title": "18th Golden Globe Awards"
},
{
"id": "14926773",
"text": "financial success in India and an even bigger hit in the Soviet Union. In India, it was the eighth top-grossing film of 1980, earning nett from a gross collection of (). It reached silver jubilee status after running in theaters across India for 25weeks continuously. In the Soviet Union, it was the fifth top-grossing domestic film of 1980, and the 32nd highest-grossing domestic film of all time, with 52.8million box office admissions. This was equivalent to approximately 13.2million Soviet rubles (, ). Worldwide, the film grossed (). This is equivalent to () adjusted for inflation in 2017. The film wons",
"title": "Adventures of Ali-Baba and the Forty Thieves (1980 film)"
},
{
"id": "482028",
"text": "Walt's son-in-law Ron Miller, each trained by Walt and Roy. While Walt Disney Productions continued releasing family-friendly films throughout the 1970s, such as \"Escape to Witch Mountain\" (1975) and \"Freaky Friday\" (1976), the films did not fare as well at the box office as earlier material. However, the animation studio saw success with \"Robin Hood\" (1973), \"The Rescuers\" (1977), and \"The Fox and the Hound\" (1981). As head of the studio, Miller attempted to make films to drive the profitable teenage market who generally passed on seeing Disney films. Inspired by the popularity of \"Star Wars\", Disney produced the science-fiction",
"title": "The Walt Disney Company"
},
{
"id": "2764519",
"text": "hole through the hull, assist the sole group of six survivors from the ship, and fly them to safety. \"The Poseidon Adventure\" has received largely positive reviews, with review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reporting 79% of 24 critics gave the film a positive review, with an above average score of 7.1/10. \"Boxoffice\" magazine reported \"The Poseidon Adventure\" was the #1 Box Office Champ of 1973. By the end of 1974, it ranked among the six most successful features in film history, along with \"Gone with the Wind\" (1939), \"The Godfather\" (1972), \"Love Story\" (1970), \"Airport\" (1970), and \"The Sound of Music\"",
"title": "The Poseidon Adventure (1972 film)"
},
{
"id": "6131761",
"text": "of a Nation\" had been seen by fifty million people by 1930. When it was re-released in 1947, it earned an impressive $5 million rental in the United States and Canada, and was one of the top ten releases of the year. Successful re-releases in 1954 and 1961 enabled it to retain its position as the industry's top earner, despite strong challenges from more recent films such as \"Ben-Hur\", but it was finally overtaken by \"The Sound of Music\" in 1966. The 1967 reissue was unusual in that MGM opted to roadshow it, a decision that turned it into the",
"title": "Gone with the Wind (film)"
},
{
"id": "469346",
"text": "arguably continued through his 1968 opus \"Once Upon a Time in the West\", starring Henry Fonda, Charles Bronson, Claudia Cardinale, and Jason Robards. \"The Magnificent Seven\" a 1960 American western film directed by John Sturges was a remake of Akira Kurosawa's 1954 film, \"Seven Samurai\". The 1960s were also about experimentation. With the explosion of light-weight and affordable cameras, the underground avant-garde film movement thrived. Canada's Michael Snow, Americans Kenneth Anger, Stan Brakhage, Andy Warhol, and Jack Smith. Notable films in this genre are: \"Dog Star Man\"; \"Scorpio Rising\"; \"Wavelength\"; \"Chelsea Girls\"; \"Blow Job\"; \"Vinyl\"; \"Flaming Creatures\". Significant events in",
"title": "1960s"
},
{
"id": "1476314",
"text": "in countries outside North America. Academy Awards: Golden Globe Awards: Palme d'Or (Cannes Film Festival): Golden Lion (Venice Film Festival): Golden Bear (Berlin Film Festival): US unless stated US unless stated A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y 1967 in film The year 1967 in film involved some significant events. It is widely considered as one of the most ground-breaking years in film, with \"revolutionary\" films highlighting the change, including: \"Bonnie and Clyde\", \"The Graduate\", \"Guess Who's Coming to Dinner\", \"Cool Hand Luke\",",
"title": "1967 in film"
},
{
"id": "7498500",
"text": "West Side Story (film) West Side Story is a 1961 American romantic musical tragedy film directed by Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins. The film is an adaptation of the 1957 Broadway musical of the same name, which in turn was inspired by William Shakespeare's play \"Romeo and Juliet\". It stars Natalie Wood, Richard Beymer, Russ Tamblyn, Rita Moreno, and George Chakiris, and was photographed by Daniel L. Fapp, A.S.C., in Super Panavision 70. Released on October 18, 1961, through United Artists, the film received high praise from critics and viewers, and became the second highest grossing film of the year",
"title": "West Side Story (film)"
},
{
"id": "1406489",
"text": "several plays for television in Britain. In 1960 he appeared in \"The Entertainer\" opposite Laurence Olivier, his first film role. Bates worked for the \"Padded Wagon Moving Company\" in the early 1960s while acting at the \"Circle in the Square Theatre\" in New York City. Throughout the 1960s he starred in several major films including \"Whistle Down the Wind\" (1961), \"A Kind of Loving\" (1962), \"Zorba the Greek\" (1964), Philippe de Broca's \"King of Hearts\" (1966), \"Georgy Girl\" (1966), \"Far From the Madding Crowd\" (1967) and the Bernard Malamud film \"The Fixer\" (1968), which earned him an Academy Award nomination",
"title": "Alan Bates"
},
{
"id": "4067177",
"text": "Stella Stevens Stella Stevens (born Estelle Eggleston; October 1, 1938) is an American film, television, and stage actress. She began her acting career in 1959 and starred in such popular films as \"Girls! Girls! Girls!\" (1962), \"The Nutty Professor\" (1963), \"The Courtship of Eddie's Father\" (1963), \"The Silencers\" (1966), \"Where Angels Go, Trouble Follows\" (1968), \"The Ballad of Cable Hogue\" (1970) and \"The Poseidon Adventure\" (1972). Stevens also appeared in numerous television series, miniseries, and movies, including \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\" (1960, 1988), \"Bonanza\" (1960), \"The Love Boat\" (1977, 1983), \"Hart to Hart\" (1979), \"Newhart\" (1983), \"Murder, She Wrote\" (1985), \"Magnum,",
"title": "Stella Stevens"
},
{
"id": "8566456",
"text": "the host of the anthology television series \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\" which he also produced. In 1958, Hitchcock directed the psychological thriller \"Vertigo\" starring Stewart and Kim Novak. The film topped the 2012 poll of the British film magazine \"Sight & Sound\" of the 50 Greatest Films of All Time and also topped the American Film Institute's Top Ten in the mystery genre. He followed this with the spy thriller \"North by Northwest\" (1959) which starred Grant and Eva Marie Saint. In 1960, he directed \"Psycho\", the biggest commercial success of his career and for which he received his fifth nomination",
"title": "Alfred Hitchcock filmography"
},
{
"id": "13924511",
"text": "element of racism that continued to persist across the country, particularly in the South. In popular culture, \"\" was the most profitable film of the year, earning $56.7 million, while \"Oliver!\" won the Academy Award for Best Picture. \"Hey Jude\" by the Beatles was the hottest single of 1968 in the U.S. according to Billboard, demonstrating the continued popularity of bands associated with the British Invasion that began in 1964. 1968 in the United States 1968 in the United States was marked by several major historical events. It is often considered to be one of the most turbulent and traumatic",
"title": "1968 in the United States"
},
{
"id": "2784160",
"text": "Ray Stark Ray Stark (October 3, 1915 – January 17, 2004) was one of the most successful and prolific independent film producers in postwar Hollywood. Highly tenacious and intelligent, Stark’s background as a literary and theatrical agent groomed him to produce some of the most dynamic and profitable films of the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, such as \"The World of Suzie Wong\" (1961), \"West Side Story\" (1961), \"The Misfits\" (1961), \"Lolita\" (1962), \"The Night of The Iguana\" (1964), \"Reflections in a Golden Eye\" (1967), \"Funny Girl\" (1968), \"The Goodbye Girl\" (1977), \"The Toy\" (1982), \"Annie\" (1982), and \"Steel Magnolias\"",
"title": "Ray Stark"
},
{
"id": "900942",
"text": "the US during this period and led US media to proclaim the United Kingdom as the center of music and fashion. The Beatles movie \"A Hard Day's Night\" marked the group's entrance into film. \"Mary Poppins\", released on August 27, 1964, and starring English actress Julie Andrews as the titular character, became the most Oscar-winning and Oscar-nominated Disney film in history, and \"My Fair Lady\", released on December 25, 1964, starring British actress Audrey Hepburn as Cockney flower girl Eliza Doolittle, won eight Academy Awards. Besides the Bond series which commenced with Sean Connery as James Bond in 1962, films",
"title": "British Invasion"
},
{
"id": "7419356",
"text": "38th Academy Awards The 38th Academy Awards, honoring the best in film for 1965, were held on April 18, 1966, at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Santa Monica, California. They were hosted by Bob Hope. The ceremony was broadcast on the ABC network and was the first to be broadcast live in color. The two most nominated films were \"The Sound of Music\" and \"Doctor Zhivago\", each with ten nominations and five wins. The winner of Best Picture was 20th Century Fox's and Robert Wise's \"The Sound of Music\", adapted from the Rodgers and Hammerstein's Broadway musical. Both movies",
"title": "38th Academy Awards"
},
{
"id": "11215696",
"text": "box office hit in France, Bardot's biggest ever success at the box office and the third most popular film of the year (after \"Ben Hur\" and \"Le Bossu\"). The \"Los Angeles Times\" called the film \"an amazing picture, a tour de force from all concerned. It is at once immoral, amoral and strangely moral.\" The Truth (1960 film) The Truth () is a 1960 French film directed by Henri-Georges Clouzot and starring Brigitte Bardot. The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Dominique Marceau is a young Frenchwoman on trial for killing her lover, Gilbert.",
"title": "The Truth (1960 film)"
},
{
"id": "6131699",
"text": "to win an Academy Award). It set records for the total number of wins and nominations at the time. The film has been criticized as historical revisionism glorifying slavery, and it has been credited with triggering changes in the way in which African Americans are depicted cinematically. \"Gone with the Wind\" was immensely popular when first released. It became the highest-earning film made up to that point, and held the record for over a quarter of a century. When adjusted for monetary inflation, it is still the most successful film in box-office history. It was re-released periodically throughout the 20th",
"title": "Gone with the Wind (film)"
},
{
"id": "12096226",
"text": "to 11 movies made by her late husband's company: \"It Conquered the World\" (1956) and its 1966 remake \"Zontar, The Thing from Venus\", \"Invasion of the Saucer Men\" (1957) and its 1965 remake \"The Eye Creatures\", \"I Was a Teenage Frankenstein\" (1957), \"I Was a Teenage Werewolf\" (1957), \"The Amazing Colossal Man\" (1957), \"Terror from the Year 5000\" (1958), \"Apache Woman\" (1955), \"The Oklahoma Woman\" (1956) and \"Naked Paradise\" (1957). Susan Hart Susan Hart (born June 2, 1941) is an American actress, and the widow of American International Pictures (AIP) co-founder James H. Nicholson. She is best known for her",
"title": "Susan Hart"
},
{
"id": "144088",
"text": "the blossoming of Direct Cinema, an observational style of film making as well as the advent of more overtly partisan films like \"In the Year of the Pig\" about the Vietnam War by Emile de Antonio. By the late 1960s however, Hollywood filmmakers were beginning to create more innovative and groundbreaking films that reflected the social revolution taken over much of the western world such as \"Bonnie and Clyde\" (1967), \"The Graduate\" (1967), \"\" (1968), \"Rosemary's Baby\" (1968), \"Midnight Cowboy\" (1969), \"Easy Rider\" (1969) and \"The Wild Bunch\" (1969). \"Bonnie and Clyde\" is often considered the beginning of the so-called",
"title": "History of film"
},
{
"id": "3877302",
"text": "Bond movies, \"It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World\" (1963), \"A Hard Day's Night\" starring the Beatles (1964), \"The Greatest Story Ever Told\" (1965), \"A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum\" (1966), \"Fiddler on the Roof\" (1971), and \"Man of La Mancha\" (1972). The soundtrack album of United Artists's \"West Side Story\" (1961) was released by Columbia Records, which had also released the Broadway cast album. Also, the American version of the soundtrack album of United Artists's \"Help!\" (1965), also starring the Beatles, was released on Capitol Records. As Henry Mancini was signed to RCA Victor, that",
"title": "United Artists Records"
},
{
"id": "9295356",
"text": "by wires. Medfield College, which was also the setting for the earlier film \"The Absent-Minded Professor\", was later used for a trilogy of Disney's \"Dexter Riley\" films: \"The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes\" (1969), \"Now You See Him, Now You Don't\" (1972), and \"The Strongest Man in the World\" (1975), each starring Kurt Russell and Cesar Romero. \"Son of Flubber\" was a critical and commercial success. It grossed $22,129,412 at the box office, earning $7.1 million in theatrical rentals, making it the 7th highest-grossing film of 1963. The film currently holds an 86% \"Fresh\" rating on the review aggregate website Rotten",
"title": "Son of Flubber"
},
{
"id": "829481",
"text": "A 1966 reissue earned $6,000,000, and further re-releases brought the total American theater rentals to $43 million, equivalent to gross ticket sales of $89 million at the box office. Globally, it ultimately collected $90,066,230 in revenues up to 1979. It remains one of the most popular films ever made. Adjusted for inflation, it has earned a box office gross equivalent to $2 billion at 2011 prices, according to \"Guinness World Records\"; only \"Gone with the Wind\" (1939), \"Avatar\" (2009), \"Star Wars\" (1977), \"Titanic\" (1997), \"The Sound of Music\" (1965), and \"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\" (1982) have generated higher grosses in constant",
"title": "The Ten Commandments (1956 film)"
},
{
"id": "694731",
"text": "left the studio in 1953, leaving Hanna and Barbera to focus on the popular \"Tom and Jerry\" and \"Droopy\" series. After 1955, all cartoons were filmed in CinemaScope until MGM closed its cartoon division in 1957. In 1959, MGM enjoyed what is quite probably its greatest financial success of later years, with the release of its nearly four-hour Technicolor epic \"Ben–Hur\", a remake of its 1925 silent film hit, loosely based on the novel by General Lew Wallace. Starring Charlton Heston in the title role, the film was critically acclaimed, and won 11 Academy Awards, including Best Picture, a record",
"title": "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"
},
{
"id": "2213879",
"text": "DVD edition was also released on the same day. \"The Aristocats\" was released in December 1970 where it grossed $10.1 million in United States and Canadian rentals by the end of 1971. The film was the most popular \"general release\" movie at the British box office in 1971. The film was the second most popular film in France in 1971–72 with 6 million admissions and has total admissions of 12,701,541 making it the most popular film released in France in 1971. It is also ranked as the eighteenth highest-grossing of all time. The film is the most popular film released",
"title": "The Aristocats"
},
{
"id": "829448",
"text": "Review Award for Best Actor for his role as Rameses and his other roles in \"Anastasia\" and \"The King and I\". It is also one of the most financially successful films ever made, grossing approximately $122.7 million at the box office during its initial release; it was the most successful film of 1956 and the second-highest-grossing film of the decade. According to \"Guinness World Records\", in terms of theatrical exhibition it is the seventh most successful film of all-time when the box office gross is adjusted for inflation. In 1999, the film was selected for preservation in the United States",
"title": "The Ten Commandments (1956 film)"
},
{
"id": "16869144",
"text": "as he receives a golden ticket and visits Willy Wonka's chocolate factory with four other children from around the world. Filming took place in Munich in 1970, and the film was released on June 30, 1971. It received positive reviews, but it was a box office disappointment despite the fact that it recouped its budget. However, it developed into a cult film due to its repeated television airings and home video sales. In 1972, the film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score. \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory\" is a 2005 film adaptation of the 1964 book of",
"title": "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (franchise)"
},
{
"id": "4128592",
"text": "popular musicals of the 1950s include \"Love Me Tender\" which starred Elvis Presley, \"High Society\", \"An American in Paris\", \"Singin' in the Rain\", \"Guys and Dolls\", \"The Band Wagon\", \"Show Boat\", \"Seven Brides for Seven Brothers\", \"Gigi\", \"Daddy Long Legs\", \"Funny Face\", \"Calamity Jane\", \"Porgy and Bess\", \"Carmen Jones\", and many others. The Walt Disney Studios enjoyed a decade of prosperity with animated feature-length films \"Cinderella\", \"Alice in Wonderland\", \"Peter Pan\", \"Lady and the Tramp\" (Disney's first wide-screen animated film), and \"Sleeping Beauty\". The studio began producing live-action period and historical films such as \"The Sword and the Rose\", \"Davy",
"title": "United States in the 1950s"
},
{
"id": "1591173",
"text": "African American filmmakers also found success in the 1970s with such hits as \"Shaft\" and \"Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song\". Like other sequels in the 1970s, \"Shaft\" went on to have two more adventures, each less successful than the last. An adaptation of a Mario Puzo novel, \"The Godfather\", was a box-office and critical success in 1972. The three-hour epic followed a Mafia boss, played by Marlon Brando, through his life of crime. Beyond the violence and drama were themes of love, pride, and greed. \"The Godfather\" went on to earn $134 million at American box office, and $245 million throughout",
"title": "1970s in film"
},
{
"id": "10238888",
"text": "song \"Baharon Phool Barsao\" topped the Binaca Geetmala annual list of 1966 charts. Similarly, the song \"Titli Udi Ud Jo Chali\" was listed at No. 21. At the end of its theatrical run, the film grossed around 50,000,000 with a net of 25,000,000, thus becoming the second highest grossing film of 1966 with a verdict of super-hit at Box Office India. According to IBOS.com, the film had grossed at about 40.0 million and, adjusted to inflation, the gross is 5042.9 million. The film was also one of the last box office hits of Rajendra Kumar, who was regarded as Bollywood's",
"title": "Suraj (1966 film)"
},
{
"id": "469341",
"text": "dominated much of the first half of the 20th century. Country music gained popularity on the West Coast, due in large part to the Bakersfield sound, led by Buck Owens and Merle Haggard. Female country artists were also becoming more mainstream (in a genre dominated by men in prior decades), with such acts as Patsy Cline, Loretta Lynn, and Tammy Wynette. Significant events in music in the 1960s: The highest-grossing film of the decade was 20th Century Fox's \"The Sound of Music\" (1965). Some of Hollywood's most notable blockbuster films of the 1960s include: The counterculture movement had a significant",
"title": "1960s"
},
{
"id": "7340583",
"text": "Cinemation Industries Cinemation Industries was a New York City-based film studio and distributor owned and run by exploitation producer Jerry Gross. Among other films, the company has distributed exploitation films such as \"Shanty Tramp\" (1967), \"Teenage Mother\" (1967), \"The Cheerleaders\" (1973), \"The Black Six\" (1974), and \"The Black Godfather\" (1974). The company, however, also distributed unexpected smash hit independent films like Melvin Van Peebles' \"Sweet Sweetback's Baad Asssss Song\" (1971) and Ralph Bakshi's \"Fritz the Cat\" (1972). Other films released by the distributor include Peter Fonda's \"Idaho Transfer\" (1973), Freddie Francis' \"Son of Dracula\" (1974), Alain Resnais' \"Stavisky\" (1975), and",
"title": "Cinemation Industries"
},
{
"id": "4067189",
"text": "Stevens' Beverly Hills home. In 2005, Stevens received the Reel Cowboys Silver Spur Award for her contributions to the Western genre. Stella Stevens Stella Stevens (born Estelle Eggleston; October 1, 1938) is an American film, television, and stage actress. She began her acting career in 1959 and starred in such popular films as \"Girls! Girls! Girls!\" (1962), \"The Nutty Professor\" (1963), \"The Courtship of Eddie's Father\" (1963), \"The Silencers\" (1966), \"Where Angels Go, Trouble Follows\" (1968), \"The Ballad of Cable Hogue\" (1970) and \"The Poseidon Adventure\" (1972). Stevens also appeared in numerous television series, miniseries, and movies, including \"Alfred Hitchcock",
"title": "Stella Stevens"
},
{
"id": "1153627",
"text": "MGM Soundstage on May 9. During post-production, the songs were dubbed into the films scenes, in which Presley mimed the lyrics. \"Jailhouse Rock\" premiered on October 17, 1957 in Memphis, Tennessee and was released nationwide on November 8, 1957. It peaked at number 3 on the \"Variety\" box office chart, and reached number 14 in the year's box office totals, grossing $4 million. \"Jailhouse Rock\" earned mixed reviews, with most of the negative reception directed towards Presley's persona. In 2004, the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. Construction worker Vince Everett (Elvis) accidentally kills a drunken",
"title": "Jailhouse Rock (film)"
},
{
"id": "525075",
"text": "initial theatrical run. When box office prices are adjusted for inflation, it remains one of the top 100 grossing films in U.S. history. Among films released before 1950, only \"Gone With the Wind\", \"The Bells of St. Mary's\", \"The Big Parade\" and four Disney titles have done more total business, in part due to later re-releases. (Reliable box office figures for certain early films such as \"The Birth of a Nation\" and Charlie Chaplin's comedies are unavailable.) However, because of the distribution arrangement RKO had with Goldwyn, RKO recorded a loss of $660,000 on the film. 1947 Academy Awards \"The",
"title": "The Best Years of Our Lives"
},
{
"id": "2411887",
"text": "Chinese Theater. The Sherman Brothers' numerous other Disney and non-Disney top box office film credits include \"The Jungle Book\" (1967), \"The Aristocats\" (1970), \"The Parent Trap\" (1961), \"The Parent Trap\" (1998), \"Charlotte's Web\" (1973), \"Huckleberry Finn\" (1974), \"The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh\" (1977), \"Snoopy, Come Home\" (1972), \"Bedknobs and Broomsticks\" (1971), and \"\" (1989). Outside the motion-picture realm, their Tony Award-nominated smash hit \"Over Here!\" (1974) was the biggest-grossing original Broadway musical of that year. The Sherman Brothers have also written numerous top-selling songs including \"You're Sixteen,\" which reached \"Billboard\"'s Hot 100 top 10 twice: first with Johnny",
"title": "Sherman Brothers"
},
{
"id": "252428",
"text": "\"Mary Poppins\" and \"The Jungle Book\", two of Disney's biggest hits of all time. The phenomenal box-office performance of \"The Sound of Music\" gave the major Hollywood studios more confidence to produce lengthy, large-budget musicals. Despite the resounding success of some of these films, Hollywood also produced a large number of musical flops in the late 1960s and early 1970s which appeared to seriously misjudge public taste. The commercially and/or critically unsuccessful films included \"Camelot\", \"Finian's Rainbow\", \"Hello Dolly!\", \"Sweet Charity\", \"Doctor Dolittle\", \"Star!\", \"Darling Lili\", \"Goodbye, Mr. Chips\", \"Paint Your Wagon\", \"Song of Norway\", \"On a Clear Day You",
"title": "Musical film"
},
{
"id": "4569829",
"text": "theatrically released in the United States on December 22, 1995 and then international theatres on January 13, 1996 when it first premiered in Brazil. Its release was vastly overshadowed by the performance of Disney•Pixar's \"Toy Story,\" which premiered a month earlier. The film ranked 15th on its opening weekend and earned $1.5 million from a total of 1,427 theaters. The film also ranked 7th among G-rated movies in 1995. Total domestic gross reach up to $11,348,324. While the film was not as successful at the box office, it was far more successful in terms of video sales. These strong video",
"title": "Balto (film)"
},
{
"id": "561956",
"text": "made on a budget of just over $1 million, was a sleeper hit; it earned $225 million in global box office receipts, becoming the highest-grossing film of 1976, and went on to win three Oscars, including Best Picture. The film received many positive reviews and turned Stallone into a major movie star. In 2006, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically or aesthetically significant\". \"Rocky\" is considered to be one of the greatest sports films ever made and was ranked as the second-best in the",
"title": "Rocky"
},
{
"id": "7472666",
"text": "of the most expensive comedies ever produced. Concerns that the film would fail limited its initial bookings to less than half those a film of its magnitude normally received. Released in the United States on June 20, 1980, it received mostly positive reviews. It earned just under $5 million in its opening weekend and went on to gross over $115 million in theaters worldwide before its release on home video. It has become a cult classic, spawning the sequel, \"Blues Brothers 2000\", 18 years later, which was a critical and commercial failure. Jake Blues is released from Joliet Correctional Center",
"title": "The Blues Brothers (film)"
},
{
"id": "4361536",
"text": "the box office), generating approximately $74.7 million in box office sales. Outside of North America, it earned $32.5 million in rentals (about $72.2 million at the box office) for a worldwide total of $66.1 million in rental earnings, roughly equivalent to $146.9 million in box office receipts. It was the fastest-grossing film as well as the highest-grossing film of 1959, in the process becoming the second-highest-grossing film of all-time (at that time) behind \"Gone with the Wind\". \"Ben-Hur\" saved MGM from financial disaster, making a profit of $20,409,000 on its initial release, and another $10.1 million in profits when re-released",
"title": "Ben-Hur (1959 film)"
},
{
"id": "733312",
"text": "Story\". She rose to prominence in 1960s with such films as \"Period of Adjustment\" (1962), \"Sunday in New York\" (1963), \"Cat Ballou\" (1965), \"Barefoot in the Park\" (1967) and \"Barbarella\" (1968). Her first husband was \"Barbarella\" director Roger Vadim. A seven-time Academy Award nominee, she received her first nomination for \"They Shoot Horses, Don't They?\" (1969) and went on to win two Best Actress Oscars in the 1970s for \"Klute\" (1971) and \"Coming Home\" (1978). Her other nominations were for \"Julia\" (1977), \"The China Syndrome\" (1979), \"On Golden Pond\" (1981) and \"The Morning After\" (1986). Consecutive hits \"Fun with Dick",
"title": "Jane Fonda"
},
{
"id": "14221342",
"text": "the time, but took an instant liking to Clint and accepted. Pat Hingle, Dennis Hopper, Ed Begley, Bruce Dern and James MacArthur were also cast. Filming began in June 1967, in the Las Cruces area of New Mexico. Additional scenes were shot at White Sands. Interiors were shot in MGM studios. Eastwood had considerable leeway in the production, especially in the script, which was altered in parts, such as the dialogue and setting of the barroom scene, to his liking. The film became a major success after release in July 1968 and with an opening day revenue of $5,241 in",
"title": "Clint Eastwood in the 1960s"
},
{
"id": "1399223",
"text": "million. Both franchises fell out rather quickly, when \"Child's Play 3\" (1991) selling only 3.5 million tickets in North America and \"\" (1995) selling only 3.2 million. Internationally, the slasher film remained profitable. Mexico released \"Zombie Apocalypse\" (1985), \"Don't Panic\" (1988), \"Grave Robbers\" (1990) and \"Hell's Trap\" (1990). Europe saw releases from Sweden's \"Blood Tracks\" (1985), The United Kingdom's \"Lucifer\" (1987), Spain's \"Anguish\" (1987) and Italy's \"StageFright\" (1987) and \"BodyCount\" (1987). In the Pacific, Australia released \"Symphony of Evil\" (1987), \"Houseboat Horror\" (1989), and \"Bloodmoon\" (1990), while Japan released \"Evil Dead Trap\" (1988). By 1989 the major franchises had faded",
"title": "Slasher film"
},
{
"id": "16651894",
"text": "Fritz Lang's final two American films, \"While the City Sleeps\" and \"Beyond a Reasonable Doubt\" (both 1956), but years of mismanagement had driven away many directors, producers, and stars. The studio was also saddled with the last of the inflated B movies such as \"Pearl of the South Pacific\" (1955) and \"The Conqueror\" (1956) that enchanted Hughes. The latter, starring John Wayne, was the biggest hit produced at the studio during the decade, but its $4.5 million in North American rentals did not come close to covering its $6 million cost. After a year and a half without a notable",
"title": "RKO Pictures"
},
{
"id": "1591180",
"text": "gore films \"Last House on the Left\" and \"The Hills Have Eyes\", as well as Tobe Hooper's \"The Texas Chain Saw Massacre\". The blockbuster was born in 1975. While the 1973 horror classic \"The Exorcist\" was among the top five grossing films of the 1970s, the first film given the blockbuster distinction was 1975's \"Jaws\". Released on June 20, the film about a series of horrific deaths related to a massive great white shark was director Steven Spielberg's first big-budget Hollywood production, coming in at $9 million in cost. The film slowly grew in ticket sales and became one of",
"title": "1970s in film"
},
{
"id": "5810909",
"text": "of Christmas Day in 1971, with profits from the premiere donated to The Boys Club of New York. Before the film premiered, the film had already made $15 million from rentals from over 400 theaters. The following day, the film opened in New York at five theaters. Next was Los Angeles at two theaters on March 22. \"The Godfather\" was commercially released on March 24, 1972, throughout the rest of the United States. The film reached 316 theaters around the country five days later. \"The Godfather\" was a blockbuster, breaking many box office records to become the highest grossing film",
"title": "The Godfather"
},
{
"id": "14475973",
"text": "in the 1930s with profits of $1.3 million. They were voted fourth on the Top Ten Money Making Stars Poll published by Quigley Publishing Company. By 1936, Astaire and Rogers were top box office names. That year they made another two movies together: \"Follow the Fleet\" and \"Swing Time\", which were both hits, earning worldwide rentals of $2.7 million and $2.6 million respectively. \"Follow the Fleet\" boasted another Irving Berlin score, which featured the well known vignette \"Let's Face the Music and Dance\". \"Swing Time\" spawned the Oscar-winning song \"The Way You Look Tonight\", written by Jerome Kern with lyrics",
"title": "Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers"
},
{
"id": "4955463",
"text": "Frankie and Johnny (1966 film) Frankie and Johnny is a 1966 American musical film starring Elvis Presley as a riverboat gambler. The role of \"Frankie\" was played by Donna Douglas from \"The Beverly Hillbillies\" TV series. The film reached #40 on the \"Variety\" weekly national box office list for 1966. The budget of the film was estimated at $4.5 million. The director was Frederick De Cordova, who was the director and producer of \"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson\" beginning in 1970. Johnny and girlfriend Frankie are performers on a Mississippi River riverboat, which also has a casino. Johnny is",
"title": "Frankie and Johnny (1966 film)"
},
{
"id": "5747499",
"text": "to MGM records the film earned $2,325,000 in the US and Canada and $2,500,000 overseas, resulting in an overall loss of $3,618,000. In 1961 the film was nominated for Best Art Direction (George W. Davis, Addison Hehr, Henry Grace, Hugh Hunt, and Otto Siegel) and Best Sound (Franklin Milton), but failed to win either. While the 1931 adaptation is arguably the better and more successful of the two, the 1960 remake receives more attention and is still broadcast on television. Cimarron (1960 film) Cimarron is a 1960 Metrocolor western film filmed in CinemaScope, based on the Edna Ferber novel \"Cimarron\",",
"title": "Cimarron (1960 film)"
},
{
"id": "964659",
"text": "\"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid\" has gone down as among the defining moments in late-'60s American cinema. Newman and Redford's chemistry was praised as was the film's charm and humor. The film earned $15 million in rentals in North America during its first year of release. With US box office of over US$100 million, it was the top-grossing film of the year. Adjusted for inflation, \"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid\" ranks as the 34th top-grossing film of all time and the top 10 for its decade, due in part to subsequent re-releases. It was the eighth most popular",
"title": "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid"
},
{
"id": "6131762",
"text": "most successful re-release in the history of the industry. It generated a box-office gross of $68 million, making it MGM's most lucrative picture after \"Doctor Zhivago\" from the latter half of the decade. MGM earned a rental of $41 million from the release, with the U.S. and Canadian share amounting to over $30 million, placing it second only to \"The Graduate\" for that year. Including its $6.7 million rental from the 1961 reissue, it was the fourth highest-earner of the decade in the North American market, with only \"The Sound of Music\", \"The Graduate\" and \"Doctor Zhivago\" making more for",
"title": "Gone with the Wind (film)"
},
{
"id": "788469",
"text": "Review Best Supporting Actress Winner), and \"Tammy and the Bachelor\" (1957), in which her performance of the song \"Tammy\" reached number one on the \"Billboard\" music charts. In 1959, she released her first pop music album, titled \"Debbie\". She starred in \"How the West Was Won\" (1962), and \"The Unsinkable Molly Brown\" (1964), a biographical film about the famously boisterous Molly Brown. Her performance as Brown earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress. Her other films include \"The Singing Nun\" (1966), \"Divorce American Style\" (1967), \"What's the Matter with Helen?\" (1971), \"Charlotte's Web\" (1973), \"Mother\" (1996)",
"title": "Debbie Reynolds"
},
{
"id": "721489",
"text": "novel was No. 1 in the \"New York Times\" for 30 weeks, and became the top-selling novel of the year. The film adaptation, released in 1970, was the second-highest-grossing film of the year (second only to \"Love Story\") and received ten Academy Award nominations, including best picture. The success of the film, together with that of 1972's \"The Poseidon Adventure\", led to the proliferation of \"disaster films\" during the 1970s, which included three additional films in what became the \"Airport\" franchise. After the financial success of \"Airport\", on the advice of his tax attorney, Hailey moved as a tax exile",
"title": "Arthur Hailey"
},
{
"id": "4310765",
"text": "1951, met with a lukewarm response at the box office and was a sharp critical disappointment in its initial release. \"Peter Pan\", released in 1953, was, on the other hand, a commercial success and the highest-grossing film of the year. In 1955, \"Lady and the Tramp\" was released to higher box office success than any other Disney feature from the studio since \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\", earning an estimated $7.5 million in rentals at the North American box office in 1955. \"Lady\" is significant as Disney's first widescreen animated feature, produced in the CinemaScope process, and was the",
"title": "Walt Disney Animation Studios"
},
{
"id": "768771",
"text": "film was \"The Graduate\" (1967), starring Dustin Hoffman, Anne Bancroft and Katharine Ross. It became the highest-grossing film of 1967 and one of the biggest grossing films in history up to that date. It was nominated for seven Academy Awards, including Best Picture, with Nichols winning as Best Director. In 2007, it was ranked #17 in \"AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition)\". However, getting the film made was difficult for Nichols, who, while noted for being a successful Broadway director, was still an unknown in Hollywood. Producer Lawrence Turman, who wanted only Nichols to direct it, was continually",
"title": "Mike Nichols"
},
{
"id": "9142074",
"text": "and John Wayne \"High Noon\" – Dimitri Tiomkin \"5 Fingers\" – Michael Wilson Millard Mitchell – \"My Six Convicts\" Katy Jurado – \"High Noon\" Walt Disney \"My Cousin Rachel\" – Richard Burton \"Moulin Rouge\" – Colette Marchand \"The Member of the Wedding\" – Brandon deWilde 10th Golden Globe Awards The 10th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film for 1952 films, were held on February 26, 1953, at the Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles) in Los Angeles. Gary Cooper – \"High Noon\" Donald O'Connor – \"Singin' in the Rain\" Shirley Booth – \"Come Back, Little Sheba\" Susan Hayward – \"With",
"title": "10th Golden Globe Awards"
},
{
"id": "768756",
"text": "film was \"The Graduate\" in 1967, starring then unknown actor Dustin Hoffman, alongside Anne Bancroft and Katharine Ross. The film was another critical and financial success, becoming the highest-grossing film of 1967 and receiving seven Academy Award nominations, winning Nichols the Academy Award for Best Director. Among the other films he directed were \"Catch-22\" (1970), \"Carnal Knowledge\" (1971), \"Silkwood\" (1983), \"Working Girl\" (1988), \"Wolf\" (1994), \"The Birdcage\" (1996), \"Closer\" (2004), and \"Charlie Wilson's War\" (2007). Along with an Academy Award, Nichols won a Grammy Award (the first for a comedian born outside the United States), four Emmy Awards and nine",
"title": "Mike Nichols"
},
{
"id": "7733793",
"text": "Male\" (1967) and \"Some Girls Do\" (1969). In between he directed Rod Taylor in a poorly-received thriller, \"Nobody Runs Forever\" (also known as \"The High Commissioner\", 1968). Thomas shot the last \"doctor\" film, \"Doctor in Trouble\" in 1970. It made money but Thomas and Box were getting sick of the series and sold the franchise to television. They had a big hit \"Percy\" (1971) which led to a sequel, \"Percy's Progress\" (1974). However, other films Thomas made around this time – \"Quest for Love\" (1971), an unusual sci-fi love story starring Joan Collins, and \"The Love Ban\" (1973) – were",
"title": "Ralph Thomas"
},
{
"id": "4844949",
"text": "a Way to Go!\" premiered on May 12, 1964, and grossed $11,180,531 at the U.S. box office, earning $6.10 million in the U.S. It was the 11th highest-grossing film of 1964. \"What a Way to Go!\" was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Art Direction (Jack Martin Smith, Ted Haworth, Walter M. Scott, Stuart A. Reiss) and Best Costumes by Edith Head and Moss Mabry, a BAFTA Best Foreign Actress Award for Shirley MacLaine, a Laurel award for Best Comedy and Best Comedy performer for Paul Newman, and an American Cinema Editors Eddie award for best editor for Marjorie Fowler.",
"title": "What a Way to Go! (film)"
},
{
"id": "1490225",
"text": "1963, UA released two Stanley Kramer films, \"It's A Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World\" and \"A Child Is Waiting\". In 1964, UA introduced U.S. film audiences to the Beatles by releasing \"A Hard Day's Night\" (1964) and \"Help!\" (1965). At the same time, it backed two expatriate North Americans in Britain, who had acquired screen rights to Ian Fleming's James Bond novels. For $1 million, UA backed Harry Saltzman and Albert Broccoli's \"Dr. No\" in 1963 and launched the James Bond franchise. The franchise outlived UA's time as a major studio, continuing half a century later. Other successful projects backed",
"title": "United Artists"
},
{
"id": "143705",
"text": "Run\", between 1958 and 1979. Truffaut's 1973 film \"Day for Night\" earned him critical acclaim and several accolades, including the BAFTA Award for Best Film and the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. His other notable films include \"Shoot the Piano Player\" (1960), \"Jules et Jim\" (1961), \"The Wild Child\" (1970), \"Two English Girls\" (1971), and \"The Woman Next Door\" (1981). He passed away at the age of 52. Truffaut was born in Paris on 6 February 1932. His mother was Janine de Montferrand. His mother's future husband, Roland Truffaut, accepted him as an adopted son and gave him",
"title": "François Truffaut"
},
{
"id": "4128593",
"text": "Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier\", \"Johnny Tremain\", \"Old Yeller\", \"Light in the Forest\", \"Tonka\", and \"Darby O'Gill and the Little People\". The studio produced its first live-action contemporary comedy \"The Shaggy Dog\" in 1959 with Disney teen stars Annette Funicello and Tommy Kirk. Established stars appeared in films that have come to be regarded as classics such as \"Sunset Boulevard\" (Gloria Swanson), and (William Holden), \"All About Eve\" (Bette Davis), \"Vertigo\" (James Stewart) and (Kim Novak), \"Some Like It Hot\" (Marilyn Monroe, Tony Curtis, and Jack Lemmon), \"High Noon\" (Gary Cooper and Grace Kelly), \"The Searchers\" (John Wayne), \"North",
"title": "United States in the 1950s"
},
{
"id": "2308894",
"text": "was \"Oh! Those Most Secret Agents!\" in 1965. Only four of his other 1960s films were released in the U.S.: \"Massacre Time\" (as \"The Brute and the Beast\" in 1968), \"The Man Who Killed Billy the Kid\" (as \"I'll Kill Him and Return Alone\" in 1968), \"Una sull'altra\" (as \"One on Top of the Other\" in 1973) and \"Beatrice Cenci\" (as \"Conspiracy of Torture\", in 1976). In 1969, he moved into directing giallo thrillers such as \"A Lizard in a Woman's Skin\" and \"Sette note in nero\" (\"The Psychic\"), and Spaghetti Westerns such as \"Silver Saddle\" and \"Four of the",
"title": "Lucio Fulci"
},
{
"id": "7108104",
"text": "with $39.3 million in the domestic box office receipts. The film was followed by \"Hannah and Her Sisters\" ($35.4 million), \"Children of a Lesser God\" ($22.1 million), \"A Room with a View\" ($11.5 million), and \"The Mission\" ($11.1 million). Of the 50 grossing movies of the year, 55 nominations went to 18 films on the list. Only \"Crocodile Dundee\" (2nd), \"Aliens\" (6th), \"The Color of Money\" (11th), \"Stand By Me\" (12th), \"Peggy Sue Got Married\" (18th), \"Platoon\" (23rd), \"Hannah and Her Sisters\" (29th), \"The Morning After\" (38th), \"The Color of Money\" (40th), and \"Crimes of the Heart\" (43rd) were nominated",
"title": "59th Academy Awards"
},
{
"id": "4245328",
"text": "movies that appeared as the '60s ended, along with \"Yellow Submarine\", \"The Trip\", \"Psych-Out\", and \"Head\". The film opened to mixed box office, but later became a cult classic from the psychedelic years of film. It was the 18th highest grossing film of 1968. According to \"Variety\" the film earned North American rentals of $7.3 million, but because of costs (including over $1 million paid out in participation fees), recorded an overall loss of $25,000. It was the 12th most popular movie at the UK box office in 1969. Reviews were generally positive with a few misgivings. In a review",
"title": "Candy (1968 film)"
},
{
"id": "4524109",
"text": "which were at #1, and became the biggest-selling novel of 1968. George Seaton wrote and directed the film adaptation, which was released by Universal in 1970. Starring Burt Lancaster, Dean Martin, Jean Seberg, Jacqueline Bisset, and George Kennedy, the film was nominated for ten Academy Awards, including Best Picture. It earned $100.5 million at the domestic box office (the equivalent of $571.9 in 2017). Its success, combined with that of 1972's \"The Poseidon Adventure\", led to the proliferation of \"disaster movies\" of the 1970s. \"Airport\" itself spawned three sequels, each progressively less successful: \"Airport 1975\" (1974; $47.3 million domestic), \"Airport",
"title": "Airport (novel)"
},
{
"id": "3009640",
"text": "off the three thugs while the two begin to fall in love. The film was released in December 1963, only two weeks after the assassination of US President John F. Kennedy, and the word \"assassinate\" had to be redubbed twice. It was Donen's most financially successful film and influenced a number of romantic comedy-thrillers released in the years following it. Film critic Judith Crist called it a \"stylish and amusing melodrama\", and Pauline Kael said it had \"a freshness and spirit that makes [it] unlike the films of any other country\" and was \"probably the best American film of [1963]\".",
"title": "Stanley Donen"
},
{
"id": "3553800",
"text": "the film is widely credited as one of the first major movies to employ a female trailer voice. In its opening weekend, \"Gone in 60 Seconds\" grossed $25,336,048 from 3,006 US theaters, leading all films that weekend. By the end of the film's theatrical run, it had grossed $101,648,571 domestically and $135,553,728 internationally, comprising a total gross revenue for the film of $237,202,299 worldwide. A soundtrack containing a blend of rock, electronic, and hip hop music was released on June 6, 2000 by the Island Def Jam Music Group. It peaked at #69 on the \"Billboard\" 200. The film garnered",
"title": "Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film)"
},
{
"id": "7498525",
"text": "Brittany Snow and Drake Bell. West Side Story (film) West Side Story is a 1961 American romantic musical tragedy film directed by Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins. The film is an adaptation of the 1957 Broadway musical of the same name, which in turn was inspired by William Shakespeare's play \"Romeo and Juliet\". It stars Natalie Wood, Richard Beymer, Russ Tamblyn, Rita Moreno, and George Chakiris, and was photographed by Daniel L. Fapp, A.S.C., in Super Panavision 70. Released on October 18, 1961, through United Artists, the film received high praise from critics and viewers, and became the second highest",
"title": "West Side Story (film)"
},
{
"id": "1582773",
"text": "nominations for Best Actress, as well as a Golden Globe award for Most Promising Newcomer that year. Her other early film roles included George Stevens' \"Giant\" (1956), playing the love interest of James Dean, and in the romantic comedy \"But Not for Me\" (1959). In 1961, Baker appeared in the controversial independent film \"Something Wild\", directed by her then-husband Jack Garfein, playing a traumatized rape victim. She went on to star in several critically acclaimed Westerns throughout the 1960s, such as \"The Big Country\" (1958), \"How the West Was Won\" (1962), and \"Cheyenne Autumn\" (1964). In the mid-1960s, as a",
"title": "Carroll Baker"
},
{
"id": "3747115",
"text": "a 57% \"rotten\" rating at website Rotten Tomatoes based on 21 reviews. The film opened on April 10, 1987, and debuted at number one at the box office, taking $7.8 million in its opening weekend. It stayed at No. 1 for 5 weeks, and was in the top ten films for 2 months. It grossed $66,995,000 in the US, becoming the 7th highest-grossing film in the United States for the year 1987, and outgrossing such films as \"RoboCop\", \"Predator\", \"Lethal Weapon\" and \"Dirty Dancing\". The film went on to gross an additional $44,001,000 worldwide, giving it a total of $110,996,879.",
"title": "The Secret of My Success (1987 film)"
},
{
"id": "767333",
"text": "realized that goal by leasing RKO Culver City Studios & back lot, formed Selznick International Pictures, and distributed his films through United Artists. His successes continued with classics such as \"The Garden of Allah\" (1936), \"The Prisoner of Zenda\" (1937), \"A Star Is Born\" (1937), \"Nothing Sacred\" (1937), \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" (1938), \"The Young in Heart\" (1938), \"Made for Each Other\" (1939), \"Intermezzo\" (1939) and \"Gone with the Wind\" (1939), which remains the highest-grossing film of all time (adjusted for inflation). \"Gone with the Wind\" won eight Oscars and two special awards. Selznick also won the Irving G.",
"title": "David O. Selznick"
},
{
"id": "4553649",
"text": "Vista\" came from the street in Burbank, California, where the Disney Studios was located (and remains to this day). Buena Vista's first release was the Academy Award–winning live-action feature \"The Living Desert\" on November 10, 1953, along with \"Toot, Whistle, Plunk and Boom\", Buena Vista's first animated release. Notable subsequent releases include the foreign film, \"Princess Yang Kwei-Fei\" (\"Most Noble Lady\"), released in US theaters in September 1956, \"The Missouri Traveler\" in March 1958, and \"The Big Fisherman\" in July 1959 (the first third-party production financed by Disney). By July 5, 1957, RKO Japan, Ltd. was sold to Disney Productions",
"title": "Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures"
},
{
"id": "12366726",
"text": "1963. The UK premiere was on December 2, 1963 at the Coliseum Cinerama Theatre in London's West End. Distinguished by the largest number of stars to appear in a film comedy, \"Mad World\" opened to acclaim from many critics and tremendous box office receipts, becoming the 3rd highest-grossing film of 1963, quickly establishing itself as one of the top 100 highest-grossing films of all time when adjusted for inflation, earning an estimated theatrical rental figure of $26 million. It grossed $46,332,858 domestically and $60,000,000 worldwide, on a budget of $9.4 million. However, because costs were so high it only earned",
"title": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World"
},
{
"id": "5698801",
"text": "of the 1970s television series \"The Brady Bunch\". \"The Brady Bunch Movie\" was a box office hit with domestic ticket sales of $46,576,136, nearly quadrupling its $12,000,000 budget and making it at the time one of the highest-grossing films directed by a woman. She followed \"The Brady Bunch Movie\" with other successes, including \"Private Parts\" (1997), \"Dr. Dolittle\" (1998), \"28 Days\" (2000), and \"John Tucker Must Die\" (2006). 2009's \"\" became the first female-directed picture to gross more than $200 million and made her the most successful woman director to that time at the box office. In 2012, Thomas directed",
"title": "Betty Thomas"
},
{
"id": "1343732",
"text": "Gershom Mendes Seixas in \"The Rebel\", and as the Rev. Alfred W. Price in \"God's Healing\". In the 1960s, Price achieved a number of low-budget filmmaking successes with Roger Corman and American International Pictures (AIP) starting with the \"House of Usher\" (1960), which earned over $2 million at the box office in the United States and led to the subsequent Edgar Allan Poe adaptations of \"The Pit and the Pendulum\" (1961), \"Tales of Terror\" (1962), \"The Comedy of Terrors\" (1963), \"The Raven\" (1963), \"The Masque of the Red Death\" (1964), and \"The Tomb of Ligeia\" (1964). He starred in \"The",
"title": "Vincent Price"
},
{
"id": "469344",
"text": "Satyricon\"; \"Accattone\"; \"The Gospel According to St. Matthew\"; \"Theorem\"; \"Winter Light\"; \"The Silence\"; \"Persona\"; \"Shame\"; \"A Passion\"; \"Au Hasard Balthazar\"; \"Mouchette\"; \"Last Year at Marienbad\"; \"Chronique d'un été\"; \"Titicut Follies\"; \"High School\"; \"Salesman\"; \"La jetée\"; \"Warrendale;\" \"Knife in the Water\"; \"Repulsion\"; \"The Saragossa Manuscript\"; \"El Topo\"; \"A Hard Day's Night\"; and the cinema verite \"Dont Look Back\". In Japan, a film version of the story of the forty-seven ronin entitled \"\" directed by Hiroshi Inagaki was released in 1962, the legendary story was also remade as a television series in Japan. Academy Award-winning Japanese director Akira Kurosawa produced \"Yojimbo\" (1961),",
"title": "1960s"
},
{
"id": "8391391",
"text": "33rd Academy Awards The 33rd Academy Awards, honoring the best in film for 1960, were held on April 17, 1961, at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Santa Monica, California. They were hosted by Bob Hope. This was the first ceremony to be aired on ABC television, which has aired the Academy Awards ever since (save for the period between 1971 and 1975, when they were aired on NBC for the first time since the previous year.) \"The Apartment\" was the last black-and-white film to win Best Picture until \"Schindler's List\" (1993). Gary Cooper was selected by the Academy Board",
"title": "33rd Academy Awards"
},
{
"id": "694734",
"text": "policy began in 1959, when \"Ben–Hur\" was profitable enough to carry the studio through 1960. However, four succeeding big-budget epics — like \"Ben–Hur\", each a remake — failed: \"Cimarron\" (1960), \"King of Kings\" (1961), \"Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse\" (1961), and, most notoriously, the 1962 \"Mutiny on the Bounty\". The 1962 Cinerama film \"The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm\", the first film in Cinerama to actually tell a story, was also a flop. But one other epic that was a success, however, was the MGM-Cinerama co-production \"How the West Was Won\", with a huge all-star cast. \"King of Kings\",",
"title": "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"
},
{
"id": "2475913",
"text": "and most studios release blockbusters that both over- and underperform in a year. Classic blockbusters from this period include \"Raiders of the Lost Ark\", \"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\", \"Blade Runner\", \"Scarface\", \"Risky Business\", \"Ghostbusters\", \"The Terminator\", \"The Goonies\", \"Back to the Future\", \"The Breakfast Club\", \"Beverly Hills Cop\", \"Top Gun\", \"Aliens\", \"Lethal Weapon\", \"Fatal Attraction\", \"Broadcast News\", \"Wall Street\", \"The Princess Bride\", \"Dirty Dancing\", \"Who Framed Roger Rabbit\", \"The Naked Gun\", \"Rain Man\", \"Die Hard\", \"Batman\", \"Driving Miss Daisy\", \"The Little Mermaid\", \"Dances with Wolves\", \"Goodfellas\", \"Home Alone\", \"Pretty Woman\", \"Ghost\", \"Total Recall\", \"Thelma & Louise\", \"The Silence of the Lambs\",",
"title": "Cinema of the United States"
},
{
"id": "5650478",
"text": "nominees at the US box office was $221 million with an average of $48.9 million. \"Fatal Attraction\" was the highest earner among the Best Picture nominees with $142 million in the domestic box office receipts. The film was followed by \"Broadcast News\" ($36.7 million), \"Moonstruck\" ($25.4 million), \"The Last Emperor\" ($11.9 million), and \"Hope and Glory\" ($5.2 million). Of the 50 highest-grossing movies of the year, 39 nominations went to 17 films on the list. Only \"Fatal Attraction\" (2nd), \"The Untouchables\" (4th), \"Good Morning Vietnam\" (10th), \"Throw Momma from the Train\" (14th), \"Full Metal Jacket\" (21st), \"Broadcast News\" (26th), \"Wall",
"title": "60th Academy Awards"
},
{
"id": "4715005",
"text": "then worked his way into directing large scale musicals such as \"The Harvey Girls\" (1946), \"The Three Musketeers\" (1948), \"Annie Get Your Gun\" (1950), and \"Kiss Me Kate\" (1953). Sidney left MGM to make \"The Eddy Duchin Story\" (1956) at Columbia Pictures where he made his base for the next decade for such films as \"Jeanne Eagels\" (1957), \"Pal Joey\" (1957), \"Who Was That Lady?\" (1960), \"Pepe\" (1960), and \"Bye Bye Birdie\" (1963). He would return to MGM to film \"A Ticklish Affair\" (1963) and Elvis Presley's \"Viva Las Vegas\" (1964). His last film was \"Half a Sixpence\" (1967). Sidney",
"title": "George Sidney"
}
] | which film was the biggest box office hit of the 1960s |
[
"probable cause"
] | [
{
"id": "428406",
"text": "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Fourth Amendment (Amendment IV) to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights. It prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures. In addition, it sets requirements for issuing warrants: warrants must be issued by a judge or magistrate, justified by probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and must particularly describe the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized. Fourth Amendment case law deals with three main issues: what government activities are \"searches\" and \"seizures,\" what constitutes probable cause to conduct searches and seizures, and how",
"title": "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "428407",
"text": "violations of Fourth Amendment rights should be addressed. Early court decisions limited the amendment's scope to physical intrusion of property or persons, but with \"Katz v. United States\" (1967), the Supreme Court held that its protections extend to intrusions on the privacy of individuals as well as to physical locations. A warrant is needed for most search and seizure activities, but the Court has carved out a series of exceptions for consent searches, motor vehicle searches, evidence in plain view, exigent circumstances, border searches, and other situations. The exclusionary rule is one way the amendment is enforced. Established in \"Weeks",
"title": "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "428427",
"text": "under the Fourth Amendment is that arrests and \"searches conducted outside the judicial process, without prior approval by judge or magistrate, are \"per se\" unreasonable\". In order for such a warrant to be considered reasonable, it must be supported by probable cause and be limited in scope according to specific information supplied by a person (usually a law enforcement officer) who has sworn by it and is therefore accountable to the issuing court. The Supreme Court further held in \"Chandler v. Miller\" (1997): \"To be reasonable under the Fourth Amendment, a search ordinarily must be based on individualized suspicion of",
"title": "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "428425",
"text": "privacy, dignity and security of persons against certain arbitrary and invasive acts by officers of the Government, without regard to whether the government actor is investigating crime or performing another function\". In \"Mapp v. Ohio\" (1961), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Fourth Amendment applies to the states by way of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Fourth Amendment case law deals with three central issues: what government activities constitute \"search\" and \"seizure\"; what constitutes probable cause for these actions; how violations of Fourth Amendment rights should be addressed. The Fourth Amendment typically requires \"a neutral and",
"title": "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "428426",
"text": "detached authority interposed between the police and the public\", and it is offended by \"general warrants\" and laws that allows searches to be conducted \"indiscriminately and without regard to their connection with [a] crime under investigation\", for the \"basic purpose of the Fourth Amendment, which is enforceable against the States through the Fourteenth, through its prohibition of 'unreasonable' searches and seizures is to safeguard the privacy and security of individuals against arbitrary invasions by governmental officials.\" The Fourth Amendment has been held to mean that a search or an arrest generally requires a judicially sanctioned warrant, because the basic rule",
"title": "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "428476",
"text": "January 2, 2014, that it will appeal the ruling that NSA bulk phone record collection is legal. \"The government has a legitimate interest in tracking the associations of suspected terrorists, but tracking those associations does not require the government to subject every citizen to permanent surveillance,\" deputy ACLU legal director Jameel Jaffer said in a statement. Citations Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Fourth Amendment (Amendment IV) to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights. It prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures. In addition, it sets requirements for issuing warrants: warrants must be issued by",
"title": "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "10987877",
"text": "Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Fifth Amendment (Amendment V) to the United States Constitution addresses criminal procedure and other aspects of the Constitution. It was ratified in 1791 as part of the Bill of Rights. The Fifth Amendment originally applied only to the federal government, but the Supreme Court has applied most of the protections of this amendment to the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. One provision of the Fifth Amendment requires that felonies be tried only upon indictment by a grand jury. Another provision, the Double Jeopardy Clause, provides the right",
"title": "Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "428444",
"text": "law, or otherwise qualified magistrate, to lawfully search and seize evidence while investigating criminal activity. A court grants permission by issuing a writ known as a warrant. A search or seizure is generally unreasonable and unconstitutional if conducted without a valid warrant and the police must obtain a warrant whenever practicable. Searches and seizures without a warrant are not considered unreasonable if one of the specifically established and well-delineated exceptions to the warrant requirement applies. These exceptions apply \"[o]nly in those exceptional circumstances in which special needs, beyond the normal need for law enforcement, make the warrant and probable cause",
"title": "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "4286169",
"text": "of privacy by individuals can only be remedied under previous court decisions. The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States ensures that \"the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized\". The First Amendment protects the right to free assembly, broadening privacy rights. Some believe that the Ninth Amendment declares that the fact",
"title": "Privacy laws of the United States"
},
{
"id": "428764",
"text": "believed that it would ensure that the states would be required to recognize the same individual rights as the federal government; all of these rights were likely understood as falling within the \"privileges or immunities\" safeguarded by the amendment. By the latter half of the 20th century, nearly all of the rights in the Bill of Rights had been applied to the states. The Supreme Court has held that the amendment's Due Process Clause incorporates all of the substantive protections of the First, Second, Fourth, Fifth (except for its Grand Jury Clause) and Sixth Amendments and the Cruel and Unusual",
"title": "Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "428755",
"text": "of the Fourteenth Amendment applies only against the states, but it is otherwise textually identical to the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment, which applies against the federal government; both clauses have been interpreted to encompass identical doctrines of procedural due process and substantive due process. Procedural due process is the guarantee of a fair legal process when the government tries to interfere with a person's protected interests in life, liberty, or property, and substantive due process is the guarantee that the fundamental rights of citizens will not be encroached on by government. The Due Process Clause of the",
"title": "Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "428420",
"text": "on the authority of the new federal government to conduct searches. In the 1st United States Congress, following the state legislatures' request, James Madison proposed twenty constitutional amendments based on state bills of rights and English sources such as the Bill of Rights 1689, including an amendment requiring probable cause for government searches. Congress reduced Madison's proposed twenty amendments to twelve, with modifications to Madison's language about searches and seizures. The final language was submitted to the states for ratification on September 25, 1789. By the time the Bill of Rights was submitted to the states for ratification, opinions had",
"title": "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "428409",
"text": "Madison, along with the other amendments in the Bill of Rights, in response to Anti-Federalist objections to the new Constitution. Congress submitted the amendment to the states on September 28, 1789. By December 15, 1791, the necessary three-fourths of the states had ratified it. On March 1, 1792, Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson announced that it was officially part of the Constitution. Because the Bill of Rights did not initially apply to state or local governments, and federal criminal investigations were less common in the first century of the nation's history, there is little significant case law for the Fourth",
"title": "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "428727",
"text": "the states, as well as to recognize substantive and procedural requirements that state laws must satisfy. The Equal Protection Clause requires each state to provide equal protection under the law to all people, including all non-citizens, within its jurisdiction. This clause has been the basis for many decisions rejecting irrational or unnecessary discrimination against people belonging to various groups. The second, third, and fourth sections of the amendment are seldom litigated. However, the second section's reference to \"rebellion, or other crime\" has been invoked as a constitutional ground for felony disenfranchisement. The fourth section was held, in \"Perry v. United",
"title": "Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "428417",
"text": "officer of the customs\" and barring all other writs. The governor overturned the legislation, finding it contrary to English law and parliamentary sovereignty. Seeing the danger general warrants presented, the Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776) explicitly forbade the use of general warrants. This prohibition became a precedent for the Fourth Amendment: Article XIV of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights, written by John Adams and enacted in 1780 as part of the Massachusetts Constitution, added the requirement that all searches must be \"reasonable,\" and served as another basis for the language of the Fourth Amendment: By 1784, eight state constitutions contained",
"title": "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "428464",
"text": "search exception. Most border searches may be conducted entirely at random, without any level of suspicion, pursuant to U.S. Customs and Border Protection plenary search authority. However, searches that intrude upon a traveler's personal dignity and privacy interests, such as strip and body cavity searches, must be supported by \"reasonable suspicion.\" The U.S. Courts of Appeals for the Fourth and Ninth circuits have ruled that information on a traveler's electronic materials, including personal files on a laptop computer, may be searched at random, without suspicion. The Supreme Court decision in \"United States v. U.S. District Court\" (1972) left open the",
"title": "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "8218245",
"text": "their delegations to Congress. The Fourteenth Amendment, particularly its first section, is one of the most litigated parts of the Constitution, forming the basis for landmark decisions such as \"Roe v. Wade\" (1973), regarding abortion, and \"Bush v. Gore\" (2000), regarding the 2000 presidential election. The second, third, and fourth sections of the amendment are seldom, if ever, litigated. The fifth section gives Congress enforcement power. The amendment's first section includes several clauses: the Citizenship Clause, Privileges or Immunities Clause, Due Process Clause, and Equal Protection Clause. The Citizenship Clause provides a broad definition of citizenship, overruling the Supreme Court's",
"title": "Reconstruction Amendments"
},
{
"id": "9592041",
"text": "and social discourse, the Second Amendment has been at the heart of several Supreme Court decisions. The Third Amendment restricts the quartering of soldiers in private homes, in response to Quartering Acts passed by the British parliament during the Revolutionary War. The amendment is one of the least controversial of the Constitution, and, , has never been the primary basis of a Supreme Court decision. The Fourth Amendment guards against unreasonable searches and seizures, along with requiring any warrant to be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause. It was adopted as a response to the abuse of the writ",
"title": "United States Bill of Rights"
},
{
"id": "15323676",
"text": "the 4th Amendment, like the reasonableness and warrant requirements, would sufficiently safeguard the right to privacy. The abandonment of the mere evidence rule has been criticized. Professor Russell W. Galloway argued that the rule was a rational limitation on searches, and that its rejection paved the way for more intrusive paper searches and less protection for third parties. Mere evidence rule In the law of the United States, the mere evidence rule was a historical doctrine that defined the scope of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The mere evidence rule was drawn from the opinion of the",
"title": "Mere evidence rule"
},
{
"id": "428432",
"text": "Fourth Amendment, and thus necessitated a warrant. The Court said that it was not recognizing any general right to privacy in the Fourth Amendment, and that this wiretap could have been authorized if proper procedures had been followed. This decision in \"Katz\" was later developed into the now commonly used two-prong test, adopted in \"Smith v. Maryland\" (1979), for determining whether a search has occurred for purposes of the Fourth Amendment: The Supreme Court has held that the Fourth Amendment does not apply to information that is voluntarily shared with third parties. In \"Smith\", the Court held individuals have no",
"title": "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "428445",
"text": "requirement impracticable\". In these situations where the warrant requirement doesn't apply a search or seizure nonetheless must be justified by some individualized suspicion of wrongdoing. However, the U.S. Supreme Court carved out an exception to the requirement of individualized suspicion. It ruled that, \"In limited circumstances, where the privacy interests implicated by the search are minimal and where an important governmental interest furthered by the intrusion would be placed in jeopardy by a requirement of individualized suspicion\" a search [or seizure] would still be reasonable. The standards of probable cause differ for an arrest and a search. The government has",
"title": "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "2919500",
"text": "Constitution states that: The text of the amendment is brief, and most of the law determining what constitutes an unlawful search and seizure is found in court rulings. The brief definitions of the terms \"search\" and \"seizure\" was concisely summarized in \"United States v. Jacobsen\", which said that the Fourth Amendment: The general rule under the United States Constitution is that a valid warrant is required for a search. There are, however, several exceptions to this rule, based on the language of the fourth amendment that the people are to be \"secure ... against unreasonable searches and seizures\". For instance,",
"title": "Search and seizure"
},
{
"id": "428408",
"text": "v. United States\" (1914), this rule holds that evidence obtained as a result of a Fourth Amendment violation is generally inadmissible at criminal trials. Evidence discovered as a later result of an illegal search may also be inadmissible as \"fruit of the poisonous tree\", unless it inevitably would have been discovered by legal means. The Fourth Amendment was adopted in response to the abuse of the writ of assistance, a type of general search warrant issued by the British government, and a major source of tension in pre-Revolutionary America. The Fourth Amendment was introduced in Congress in 1789 by James",
"title": "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "10987879",
"text": "under police custody. The Fifth Amendment also contains the Takings Clause, which allows the federal government to take private property for public use if the government provides \"just compensation.\" Like the Fourteenth Amendment, the Fifth Amendment includes a due process clause stating that no person shall \"be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.\" The Fifth Amendment's due process clause applies to the federal government, while the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause applies to state governments. The Supreme Court has interpreted the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause as providing two main protections: procedural due process, which",
"title": "Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "17785057",
"text": "2017 but was then continued until January 19, 2018 where the vote ruled in favor of the extension by 256-164. President Donald Trump signed to enact S. 139 which became Public Law No: 115-118 that same day. On November 29, 2017 H.R. 4478 FISA Reauthorization Act of 2017, was introduced, sponsored by Republican Devin Nunes to extend Section 702. Representatives Justin Amish and Zoe Lofgren offered the USA Rights Act, pertaining a more balanced scale between security and liberty as this bill protects the 4th amendment along with eliminating the warrantless backdoor searches, that would then require government officials to",
"title": "Fourth Amendment Protection Act"
},
{
"id": "428424",
"text": "the federal government, and went through a long initial phase of \"judicial dormancy\"; in the words of historian Gordon S. Wood, \"After ratification, most Americans promptly forgot about the first ten amendments to the Constitution.\" Federal jurisdiction regarding criminal law was narrow until the late 19th century when the Interstate Commerce Act and Sherman Antitrust Act were passed. As federal criminal jurisdiction expanded to include other areas such as narcotics, more questions about the Fourth Amendment came to the Supreme Court. The U.S. Supreme Court responded to these questions by outlining the fundamental purpose of the amendment as guaranteeing \"the",
"title": "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "428466",
"text": "believed to be located outside the United States.\" Despite the foregoing citation the Fourth Amendment prohibitions against unreasonable searches and seizures nonetheless apply to the contents of all communications, whatever the means, because, \"a person's private communications are akin to personal papers.\" To protect the telecommunication carriers cooperating with the US government from legal action, the Congress passed a bill updating the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 to permit this type of surveillance. In \"New Jersey v. T. L. O.\" (1985), the Supreme Court ruled that searches in public schools do not require warrants, as long as the searching",
"title": "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "9540188",
"text": "Fourth Amendment right against unreasonable searches. The U.S. Supreme Court, in a 6-3 ruling, held that the search was reasonable under the Fourth Amendment. The Fourth Amendment only protects against unreasonable searches and seizures. Although a search is presumptively reasonable if carried out pursuant to a warrant issued upon a showing of probable cause, the Fourth Amendment does not require a showing of probable cause in all cases. When \"special needs\" outside of ordinary law enforcement needs make obtaining a warrant impractical, the Fourth Amendment allows officials to dispense with the formality of obtaining a warrant. Such \"special needs\" adhere",
"title": "Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton"
},
{
"id": "3067063",
"text": "Due Process Clause The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution each contain a due process clause. Due process deals with the administration of justice and thus the due process clause acts as a safeguard from arbitrary denial of life, liberty, or property by the government outside the sanction of law. The Supreme Court of the United States interprets the clauses more broadly, concluding that these clauses provide four protections: procedural due process (in civil and criminal proceedings), substantive due process, a prohibition against vague laws, and as the vehicle for the incorporation of the Bill of Rights.",
"title": "Due Process Clause"
},
{
"id": "18738076",
"text": "noted, the Amendment consists of two independent clauses joined by the conjunction \"and.\" See, e.g., Go-Bart Co. v. United States, 282 U. S. 344, 282 U. S. 356-357 (1931). The first clause forbids \"unreasonable searches and seizures\" of \"persons, houses, papers, and effects. . . .\" The second clause describes the circumstances under which a search warrant or arrest warrant may issue, requiring specification of the place to be searched as well as the persons or things to be seized. Much of the modern debate over the meaning of the Fourth Amendment has focused on the relationship between the reasonableness",
"title": "Ybarra v. Illinois"
},
{
"id": "428452",
"text": "search\", proclaimed the Court, \"even if it happens to disclose nothing but the bottom of a turntable.\" Similarly, \"open fields\" such as pastures, open water, and woods may be searched without a warrant, on the ground that conduct occurring therein would have no reasonable expectation of privacy. The doctrine was first articulated by the Court in \"Hester v. United States\" (1924), which stated that \"the special protection accorded by the Fourth Amendment to the people in their 'persons, houses, papers, and effects,' is not extended to the open fields.\" In \"Oliver v. United States\" (1984), the police ignored a \"no",
"title": "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "10987880",
"text": "requires government officials to follow fair procedures before depriving a person of life, liberty, or property, and substantive due process, which protects certain fundamental rights from government interference. The Supreme Court has also held that the Due Process Clause contains a prohibition against vague laws and an implied equal protection requirement similar to the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause. The amendment as proposed by Congress in 1789 reads as follows: On June 8, 1789, Congressman James Madison introduced several proposed constitutional amendments during a speech to the House of Representatives. His draft language that later became the Fifth Amendment was",
"title": "Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "16172627",
"text": "appeal. All of the foregoing constitutional provisions apply exclusively to criminal matters. In contrast, the due process and equal protection clauses have substantial application outside of the criminal law. U.S. Const. amend. V provides: U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1 provides: The due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments apply generally to all stages of criminal proceedings. The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment was the vehicle for the incorporation of all of the foregoing rights (with the exception of the Grand Jury Clause, the Vicinage Clause, and maybe the Excessive Bail Clause) to apply in state",
"title": "United States constitutional criminal procedure"
},
{
"id": "428437",
"text": "reasonable suspicion to believe that the person was driving a stolen car, cannot, after confirming that it is not stolen, compel the person to answer questions about anything else, such as the possession of contraband). The Fourth Amendment proscribes unreasonable seizure of any person, person's home (including its curtilage) or personal property without a warrant. A seizure of property occurs when there is \"some meaningful interference with an individual's possessory interests in that property\", such as when police officers take personal property away from an owner to use as evidence, or when they participate in an eviction. The amendment also",
"title": "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "428438",
"text": "protects against unreasonable seizure of persons, including a brief detention. A seizure does not occur just because the government questions an individual in a public place. The exclusionary rule would not bar voluntary answers to such questions from being offered into evidence in a subsequent criminal prosecution. The person is not being seized if his freedom of movement is not restrained. The government may not detain an individual even momentarily without reasonable, objective grounds, with few exceptions. His refusal to listen or answer does not by itself furnish such grounds. In \"United States v. Mendenhall\" (1980), the Court held that",
"title": "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "7803447",
"text": "Warrantless searches in the United States Warrantless searches are searches and seizures conducted without search warrants. In the United States, warrantless searches are restricted under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, part of the Bill of Rights, which provides that, \"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.\" In the Thirteen Colonies,",
"title": "Warrantless searches in the United States"
},
{
"id": "428430",
"text": "\"Silverman v. United States\" (1961), the Court stated of the amendment that \"at the very core stands the right of a man to retreat into his own home and there be free from unreasonable governmental intrusion\". Fourth Amendment protections expanded significantly with \"Katz v. United States\" (1967). In \"Katz\", the Supreme Court expanded that focus to embrace an individual's right to privacy, and ruled that a search had occurred when the government wiretapped a telephone booth using a microphone attached to the outside of the glass. While there was no physical intrusion into the booth, the Court reasoned that: 1)",
"title": "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "428462",
"text": "not germane to the reasonableness of a search incident to an arrest. \"Rabinowitz\" suggested that any area within the \"immediate control\" of the arrestee could be searched, but it did not define the term. In deciding \"Chimel v. California\" (1969), the Supreme Court elucidated its previous decisions. It held that when an arrest is made, it is reasonable for the officer to search the arrestee for weapons and evidence. However, in \"Riley v. California\" (2014), the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that police must obtain a warrant to search an arrestee's cellular phone. The Court said that earlier Supreme Court decisions",
"title": "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "428423",
"text": "later ratify the Bill of Rights for sesquicentennial celebrations in 1939.) In February through June 1790, New York, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island each ratified eleven of the amendments, including the Fourth. Virginia initially postponed its debate, but after Vermont was admitted to the Union in 1791, the total number of states needed for ratification rose to eleven. Vermont ratified on November 3, 1791, approving all twelve amendments, and Virginia finally followed on December 15, 1791. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson announced the adoption of the ten successfully ratified amendments on March 1, 1792. The Bill of Rights originally only restricted",
"title": "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "428724",
"text": "Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Fourteenth Amendment (Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868, as one of the Reconstruction Amendments. Arguably one of the most consequential amendments to this day, the amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War. The amendment was bitterly contested, particularly by the states of the defeated Confederacy, which were forced to ratify it in order to regain representation in Congress. The amendment, particularly its first section, is one",
"title": "Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "428414",
"text": "the general warrant. During what scholar William Cuddihy called the \"colonial epidemic of general searches\", the authorities possessed almost unlimited power to search for anything at any time, with very little oversight. In 1756, the colony of Massachusetts barred the use of general warrants. This represented the first law in American history curtailing the use of seizure power. Its creation largely stemmed from the great public outcry over the Excise Act of 1754, which gave tax collectors unlimited powers to interrogate colonists concerning their use of goods subject to customs. The act also permitted the use of a general warrant",
"title": "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "18976437",
"text": "the Court's ruling for encouraging citizens \"to stand up for their rights\", others have criticized it for failing to reflect the realities of \"real-life confrontations occurring on the street\" between citizens and law enforcement. The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution applies to both arrests and temporary detentions of criminal suspects, both of which have been defined by the Supreme Court of the United States as \"seizures\" of a person. Before conducting an arrest, an officer must demonstrate probable cause that a suspect has engaged in criminal activity. However, police officers may also conduct temporary detentions when officers have",
"title": "United States v. Drayton"
},
{
"id": "428759",
"text": "the Due Process Clause is also the foundation of a constitutional right to privacy. The Court first ruled that privacy was protected by the Constitution in \"Griswold v. Connecticut\" (1965), which overturned a Connecticut law criminalizing birth control. While Justice William O. Douglas wrote for the majority that the right to privacy was found in the \"penumbras\" of various provisions in the Bill of Rights, Justices Arthur Goldberg and John Marshall Harlan II wrote in concurring opinions that the \"liberty\" protected by the Due Process Clause included individual privacy. The right to privacy was the basis for \"Roe v. Wade\"",
"title": "Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "502348",
"text": "However, neither concept lines up perfectly with the American conception of due process, which presently contains many implied rights not found in the ancient or modern concepts of due process in England. The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution each contain a Due Process Clause. Due process deals with the administration of justice and thus the Due Process Clause acts as a safeguard from arbitrary denial of life, liberty, or property by the government outside the sanction of law. The Supreme Court of the United States interprets the clauses as providing four protections: procedural due process (in",
"title": "Due process"
},
{
"id": "428458",
"text": "(1) vehicles generally do not serve as residences or repositories of personal effects, and (2) vehicles \"can be quickly moved out of the locality or jurisdiction in which the warrant must be sought.\" Vehicles may not be randomly stopped and searched; there must be probable cause or reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. Items in plain view may be seized; areas that could potentially hide weapons may also be searched. With probable cause to believe evidence is present, police officers may search any area in the vehicle. However, they may not extend the search to the vehicle's passengers without probable cause",
"title": "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "16422211",
"text": "case, the Soldals' domicile was not only seized, it literally was carried away, giving new meaning to the term 'mobile home'.\" The Court emphatically disagreed with the Appeals Court, and found that: The case was reversed and remanded. The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (made applicable to the States by the Fourteenth Amendment), provides that: As was defined by \"United States v. Jacobsen\", the first Clause of the Fourth Amendment: The Fourth Amendment proscribes unreasonable seizure of any person, or of any person's home (including its curtilage) or personal property without a warrant. Although much of the recent body",
"title": "Soldal v. Cook County"
},
{
"id": "12688496",
"text": "is because the Fourth Amendment defines the \"right to be secure\" in spatial terms that do not directly apply to the \"reasonable expectation of privacy\" in an online context. The Fourth Amendment protects \"the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures.\" The Fourth Amendment has been stressed as a right that protects people and not places, which leaves the interpretation of the amendment's language broad in scope. In addition, society has not reached clear consensus over expectations of privacy in terms of more modern (and developing, future) forms",
"title": "Stored Communications Act"
},
{
"id": "428468",
"text": "way courts enforce the Fourth Amendment is through the use of the exclusionary rule. The rule provides that evidence obtained through a violation of the Fourth Amendment is generally not admissible by the prosecution during the defendant's criminal trial. The Court stated in \"Elkins v. United States\" (1960) that the rule's function \"is to deter—to compel respect for the constitutional guaranty in the only effectively available way—by removing the incentive to disregard it.\" The Court adopted the exclusionary rule in \"Weeks v. United States\" (1914), prior to which all evidence, no matter how seized, could be admitted in court. In",
"title": "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "428428",
"text": "wrongdoing. But particularized exceptions to the main rule are sometimes warranted based on 'special needs, beyond the normal need for law enforcement'. … When such 'special needs' are alleged, courts must undertake a context-specific inquiry, examining closely the competing private and public interests advanced by the parties.\" The amendment applies to governmental searches and seizures, but not those done by private citizens or organizations who are not acting on behalf of a government. In \"Ontario v. Quon\" (2010), the Court held the amendment to also apply to the government when acting as an employer, ruling that a government could search",
"title": "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "428753",
"text": "government, the right to peaceably assemble and petition the government, the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, and the right to participate in the government's administration. This decision has not been overruled and has been specifically reaffirmed several times. Largely as a result of the narrowness of the \"Slaughter-House\" opinion, this clause subsequently lay dormant for well over a century. In \"Saenz v. Roe\" (1999), the Court ruled that a component of the \"right to travel\" is protected by the Privileges or Immunities Clause: Justice Miller actually wrote in the \"Slaughter-House Cases\" that the right to become a citizen",
"title": "Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "428471",
"text": "blocked the state courts from expanding these protections further. Since \"United States v. Calandra\" (1974), the Supreme Court has repeatedly limited the exclusionary rule. The Court in \"Calandra\" ruled that grand juries may use illegally obtained evidence when questioning witnesses, because \"the damage to that institution from the unprecedented extension of the exclusionary rule outweighs the benefit of any possible incremental deterrent effect.\" Explaining the purpose of the rule, the Court said that the rule \"is a judicially created remedy designed to safeguard Fourth Amendment rights generally through its deterrent effect, rather than a personal constitutional right of the party",
"title": "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "428801",
"text": "obliged \"to prioritize incoming revenues to pay the public debt: interest on government bonds and any other 'vested' obligations. What falls into the latter category is not entirely clear, but a large number of other government obligations—and certainly payments for future services—would not count and would have to be sacrificed. This might include, for example, Social Security payments.\" Section 5, also known as the Enforcement Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, enables Congress to pass laws enforcing the amendment's other provisions. In the \"Civil Rights Cases\" (1883), the Supreme Court interpreted Section 5 narrowly, stating that \"the legislation which Congress is",
"title": "Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "20676981",
"text": "the right to privacy of the home over federal use. The Fourth Amendment states that “the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated”. Therefore, the Fourth Amendment gives a constitutional right to security for people's \"private places, and private things\". Most privacy violation court cases (prior to explicit court precedents and legislation) relied on the \"unreasonable\" verbiage as the basis for there arguments of infringement of privacy. This suggests that whenever a search or seizure was deemed unreasonable the seized evidence was considered unlawful",
"title": "Privacy and the US government"
},
{
"id": "428446",
"text": "probable cause to make an arrest when \"the facts and circumstances within their knowledge and of which they had reasonably trustworthy information\" would lead a prudent person to believe that the arrested person had committed or was committing a crime. Probable cause to arrest must exist before the arrest is made. Evidence obtained after the arrest may not apply retroactively to justify the arrest. When police conduct a search, the amendment requires that the warrant establish probable cause to believe that the search will uncover criminal activity or contraband. They must have legally sufficient reasons to believe a search is",
"title": "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "2949404",
"text": "at issue in \"Griswold v. Connecticut\", when the Court held, in 1965, that criminal prohibition of contraceptive devices for married couples violated federal, judicially enforceable privacy rights. The right to contraceptives was found in what the Court called the \"penumbras\", or shadow edges, of certain amendments that arguably refer to certain privacy rights, such as the First Amendment, which protects freedom of expression; the Third Amendment, which protects homes from being taken for use by soldiers; and the Fourth Amendment, which provides security against unreasonable searches. The penumbra-based rationale of \"Griswold\" has since been discarded; the Supreme Court now uses",
"title": "Substantive due process"
},
{
"id": "428448",
"text": "likely true than false. A \"practical, non-technical\" probability that incriminating evidence is involved is all that is required. In \"Illinois v. Gates\" (1983), the Court ruled that the reliability of an informant is to be determined based on the \"totality of the circumstances\". If a party gives consent to a search, a warrant is not required. There are exceptions and complications to the rule, including the scope of the consent given, whether the consent is voluntarily given, and whether an individual has the right to consent to a search of another's property. In \"Schneckloth v. Bustamonte\" (1973), the Court ruled",
"title": "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "5744887",
"text": "any kind of monitoring based on the actual email sent. However, this method infamously failed to protect the privacy of the participants in the Petraeus scandal; after coming under investigation for unrelated activities, communication between the parties was accessed by the FBI. The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that “[T]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated.” This Amendment guarantees the privacy, dignity, and security of persons against certain arbitrary and invasive acts by officers of the government or those acting",
"title": "Email privacy"
},
{
"id": "428410",
"text": "Amendment before the 20th century. The amendment was held to apply to state and local governments in \"Mapp v. Ohio\" (1961) via the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Like many other areas of American law, the Fourth Amendment finds its roots in English legal doctrine. In \"Semayne's case\" (1604), Sir Edward Coke famously stated: \"The house of every one is to him as his castle and fortress, as well for his defence against injury and violence as for his repose.\" \"Semayne's Case\" acknowledged that the King did not have unbridled authority to intrude on his subjects' dwellings, but",
"title": "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "18738049",
"text": "by simply pointing to the fact that coincidentally there exists probable cause to search or seize another or to search the premises where the person may happen to be. The Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments protect the \"legitimate expectations of privacy\" of persons, not places. See Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U. S. 128, 439 U. S. 138-143, 439 U. S. 148-149; Katz v. United States, 389 U. S. 347, 389 U. S. 351-352. Each patron who walked into the Aurora Tap Tavern on March 1, 1976, was clothed with constitutional protection against an unreasonable search or an unreasonable seizure. That individualized",
"title": "Ybarra v. Illinois"
},
{
"id": "3139168",
"text": "the meaning of the Fourth Amendment and thus required a warrant. According to Justice Harlan, there is a two-part requirement for a search: 1. That the individual have a subjective expectation of privacy; and 2. That the individual's expectation of privacy is \"one that society is prepared to recognize as 'reasonable.'\" Justice Harlan rejected the theory that the Constitution enshrined the so-called \"one man, one vote\" principle, or the principle that legislative districts must be roughly equal in population. In this regard, he shared the views of Justice Felix Frankfurter, who in \"Colegrove v. Green\" admonished the courts to stay",
"title": "John Marshall Harlan (born 1899)"
},
{
"id": "5376110",
"text": "telephone is far greater than that involved in tampering with the mails.\" In its past rulings, the Court has refused to read a literal construction of the Fourth Amendment, most notably in the \"Boyd\" case. Unjustified search and seizure violate the Fourth Amendment, and it does not matter what type of papers were seized, whether the papers were in an office or a home, whether the papers were seized by force, etc. The protection guaranteed by the Fourth and Fifth Amendments are broad in scope. The framers of the Constitution sought \"to protect Americans in their beliefs, their thoughts, their",
"title": "Olmstead v. United States"
},
{
"id": "428431",
"text": "Katz, by entering the booth and shutting the door behind him, had exhibited his expectation that \"the words he utters into the mouthpiece will not be broadcast to the world\"; and 2) society believes that his expectation was reasonable. Justice Potter Stewart wrote in the majority opinion that \"the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places\". A \"search\" occurs for purposes of the Fourth Amendment when the government violates a person's \"reasonable expectation of privacy\". Katz's reasonable expectation of privacy thus provided the basis to rule that the government's intrusion, though electronic rather than physical, was a search covered by the",
"title": "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "15618622",
"text": "Kentucky v. King Kentucky v. King, 563 U.S. 452 (2011), was a decision by the United States Supreme Court which held that warrantless searches conducted in police-created exigent circumstances do not violate the Fourth Amendment so long as the police did not create the exigency by violating or threatening to violate the Fourth Amendment. The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution requires searches and seizures be reasonable. The Court has held a search or seizure without a warrant presumptively unreasonable. However, there are many exceptions to the warrant requirement, including exigent circumstances, search incident to arrest, consent search, plain",
"title": "Kentucky v. King"
},
{
"id": "15618611",
"text": "Kentucky v. King Kentucky v. King, 563 U.S. 452 (2011), was a decision by the United States Supreme Court which held that warrantless searches conducted in police-created exigent circumstances do not violate the Fourth Amendment so long as the police did not create the exigency by violating or threatening to violate the Fourth Amendment. The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution requires searches and seizures be reasonable. The Court has held a search or seizure without a warrant presumptively unreasonable. However, there are many exceptions to the warrant requirement, including exigent circumstances, search incident to arrest, consent search, plain",
"title": "Kentucky v. King"
},
{
"id": "10987882",
"text": "presentment or indictment by a grand jury shall be an essential preliminary... This draft was edited by Congress; all the material before the first ellipsis was placed at the end, and some of the wording was modified. After approval by Congress, the amendment was ratified by the states on December 15, 1791 as part of the Bill of Rights. Every one of the five clauses in the final amendment appeared in Madison's draft, and in their final order those clauses are the Grand Jury Clause (which Madison had placed last), the Double Jeopardy Clause, the Self Incrimination Clause, the Due",
"title": "Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "428429",
"text": "a police officer's text messages that were sent over that government's pager. One threshold question in the Fourth Amendment jurisprudence is whether a \"search\" has occurred. Initial Fourth Amendment case law hinged on a citizen's property rights—that is, when the government physically intrudes on \"persons, houses, papers, or effects\" for the purpose of obtaining information, a \"search\" within the original meaning of the Fourth Amendment has occurred. Early 20th-century Court decisions, such as \"Olmstead v. United States\" (1928), held that Fourth Amendment rights applied in cases of physical intrusion, but not to other forms of police surveillance (e.g., wiretaps). In",
"title": "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "785650",
"text": "Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Twenty-fourth Amendment (Amendment XXIV) of the United States Constitution prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax. The amendment was proposed by Congress to the states on August 27, 1962, and was ratified by the states on January 23, 1964. Southern states of the former Confederate States of America adopted poll taxes in laws of the late 19th century and new constitutions from 1890 to 1908, after the Democratic Party had generally regained control",
"title": "Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "428455",
"text": "area is put, and the steps taken by the resident to protect the area from observation by people passing by.\" The Court has acknowledged that a doorbell or knocker is typically treated as an invitation, or license, to the public to approach the front door of the home to deliver mail, sell goods, solicit for charities, etc. This license extends to the police, who have the right to try engaging a home's occupant in a \"knock and talk\" for the purpose of gathering evidence without a warrant. However, they cannot bring a drug detection dog to sniff at the front",
"title": "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "428433",
"text": "\"legitimate expectation of privacy\" regarding the telephone numbers they dial because they knowingly give that information to telephone companies when they dial a number. However, under \"Carpenter v. United States\" (2018), individuals do have a reasonable expectation of privacy regarding cell phone records that would reveal where that person had traveled over many months and so law enforcement must get a search warrant before obtaining such records. Following \"Katz\", the vast majority of Fourth Amendment search cases have turned on the right to privacy, but in \"United States v. Jones\" (2012), the Court ruled that the \"Katz\" standard did not",
"title": "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "17785049",
"text": "its president at the time, Andy Biggs. In Arizona, it would have prevented digital information obtained without a warrant from being used in court, prohibited federal agencies from using state funding to carry out data collection without proper warrants, and eliminated numerous gray areas not mentioned in the Fourth Amendment. It was intended to go into effect on January 1, 2015. However, this bill did not pass. On June 2, 2015, President Barack Obama signed a revised version of the USA Freedom Act. Under Section 215 the mass collection of phone data was no longer allowed. Phone records could now",
"title": "Fourth Amendment Protection Act"
},
{
"id": "428763",
"text": "not necessarily include provisions comparable to the Bill of Rights. In \"Barron v. Baltimore\" (1833), the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the Bill of Rights restrained only the federal government, not the states. However, the Supreme Court has subsequently held that most provisions of the Bill of Rights apply to the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment under a doctrine called \"incorporation.\" Whether incorporation was intended by the amendment's framers, such as John Bingham, has been debated by legal historians. According to legal scholar Akhil Reed Amar, the framers and early supporters of the Fourteenth Amendment",
"title": "Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "428447",
"text": "necessary. In \"Carroll v. United States\" (1925), the Supreme Court stated that probable cause to search is a flexible, common-sense standard. To that end, the Court ruled in \"Dumbra v. United States\" (1925) that the term probable cause means \"less than evidence that would justify condemnation\", reiterating \"Carroll\"s assertion that it merely requires that the facts available to the officer would \"warrant a man of reasonable caution\" in the belief that specific items may be contraband or stolen property or useful as evidence of a crime. It does not demand any showing that such a belief be correct or more",
"title": "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "428725",
"text": "of the most litigated parts of the Constitution, forming the basis for landmark decisions such as \"Brown v. Board of Education\" (1954) regarding racial segregation, \"Miranda v. Arizona\" (1966) regarding that one can be tried only when they know their rights, \"Roe v. Wade\" (1973) regarding abortion, \"Bush v. Gore\" (2000) regarding the 2000 presidential election, and \"Obergefell v. Hodges\" (2015) regarding same-sex marriage. The amendment limits the actions of all state and local officials, including those acting on behalf of such an official. The amendment's first section includes several clauses: the Citizenship Clause, Privileges or Immunities Clause, Due Process",
"title": "Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "428453",
"text": "trespassing\" sign and a fence, trespassed onto the suspect's land without a warrant, followed a path for hundreds of feet, and discovered a field of marijuana. The Supreme Court ruled that no search had taken place, because there was no privacy expectation regarding an open field: While open fields are not protected by the Fourth Amendment, the curtilage, or outdoor area immediately surrounding the home, is protected. Courts have treated this area as an extension of the house and as such subject to all the privacy protections afforded a person's home (unlike a person's open fields) under the Fourth Amendment.",
"title": "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "16208830",
"text": "unless the legislatively intends to depart; for example, Continuing Criminal Enterprise (CCE) may be punished separately from its predicates, as can conspiracy. The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides: The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides: In \"Williams v. New York\" (1949), the Supreme Court held that due process does not require the use of ordinary evidentiary rules at sentencing. United States constitutional sentencing law The United States Constitution contains several provisions related to criminal sentencing. The Excessive Fines Clause and the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause of the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution",
"title": "United States constitutional sentencing law"
},
{
"id": "7820867",
"text": "not always an objective one, unlike a person's home. The expectation of privacy is crucial to distinguishing a legitimate, reasonable police search and seizure from an unreasonable one. A \"search\" occurs for purposes of the Fourth Amendment when the Government violates a person's \"reasonable expectation of privacy.\" In \"Katz v. United States\", Justice Harlan issued a concurring opinion articulating the two-prong test later adopted by the U.S. Supreme Court as the test for determining whether a police or government \"search\" is subject to the limitations of the Fourth Amendment: To meet the first part of the test, the person from",
"title": "Expectation of privacy"
},
{
"id": "11140468",
"text": "and the federal government are often referred to as public defenders or court-appointed attorneys. A considerable aspect of this work requires the US criminal defense lawyer to have a clear understanding of the United States Constitution. Specifically, the Fourth Amendment protects against unlawful searches and seizures, while the Fifth and Sixth Amendments govern the right to remain silent so one does not become a witness against himself. All of the Amendments to the United States Constitution are guaranteed to the criminal accused against the states via the Fourteenth Amendment. Thus, a criminal defense lawyer must understand each of these rights.",
"title": "Criminal defense lawyer"
},
{
"id": "428767",
"text": "text of the Fourteenth Amendment applies the Equal Protection Clause only against the states, the Supreme Court, since \"Bolling v. Sharpe\" (1954), has applied the Clause against the federal government through the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment under a doctrine called \"reverse incorporation.\" In \"Yick Wo v. Hopkins\" (1886), the Supreme Court has clarified that the meaning of \"person\" and \"within its jurisdiction\" in the Equal Protection Clause would not be limited to discrimination against African Americans, but would extend to other races, colors, and nationalities such as (in this case) legal aliens in the United States who",
"title": "Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "427866",
"text": "during peacetime without their consent. Requested by several states during the Constitutional ratification debates, the amendment reflected the lingering resentment over the Quartering Acts passed by the British Parliament during the Revolutionary War, which had allowed British soldiers to take over private homes for their own use. The Fourth Amendment (1791) protects people against unreasonable searches and seizures of either self or property by government officials. A search can mean everything from a frisking by a police officer or to a demand for a blood test to a search of an individual's home or car. A seizure occurs when the",
"title": "United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "1300549",
"text": "met by the police the evidence found may become inadmissible against the accused at trial. Under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, most police searches require a search warrant based on probable cause, although there are exceptions. In the absence of valid consent or an exception to the warrant requirement, whether for purposes of effecting a search or an arrest, police entry in an individual's home always requires a warrant. The probable cause standard for obtaining a search warrant is lower than the quantum of proof required for a later conviction, proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Under the",
"title": "Search warrant"
},
{
"id": "17816745",
"text": "Fourth Amendment Restoration Act The Fourth Amendment Restoration Act is a proposed bill introduced by Senator Rand Paul on June 7, 2013. It \"provides that the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution shall not be construed to allow any U.S. government agency to search the phone records of Americans without a warrant based on probable cause.\" The bill was authored in light of the Global Surveillance Disclosures of 2013, which Sen. Paul said \"represents an outrageous abuse of power.\" The bill lists for findings of Congress: The bill then states: \"The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution shall not be construed to",
"title": "Fourth Amendment Restoration Act"
},
{
"id": "428154",
"text": "Borden\" still holds today, the Court, by looking to the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment (adopted 19 years after \"Luther v. Borden\" was decided), has developed new criteria for determining which questions are \"political\" in nature and which are \"justiciable\". Section Four requires the United States to protect each state from invasion, and, upon the application of the state legislature (or executive, if the legislature cannot be convened), from domestic violence. This provision was invoked by Woodrow Wilson during the 1914 Colorado coal strike. Article Four of the United States Constitution Article Four of the United States Constitution",
"title": "Article Four of the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "3067065",
"text": "then adopted the exact wording that Madison proposed after Madison explained that the due process clause would not be sufficient to protect various other rights: The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides: Section One of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides: The Supreme Court has interpreted the due process clauses in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment identically, as Justice Felix Frankfurter once explained in a concurring opinion: In 1855, the Supreme Court explained that, to ascertain whether a process is due process, the first step is to \"examine the constitution itself, to see whether this",
"title": "Due Process Clause"
},
{
"id": "12240529",
"text": "defendant then appealed the decision saying that because the stop was based solely on the basis of his ethnicity, it was a violation of his Fourth Amendment rights. The Fourth Amendment protects a person from unreasonable search and seizures. The Border Patrol derived its power to stop the individuals from two separate laws. The first was Section 287 (a) (1) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U. S. C. § 1357 (a) (1), authorizes any officer or employee of the Immigration and Naturalization Service without a warrant, \"to interrogate any alien or person believed to be an alien as",
"title": "United States v. Brignoni-Ponce"
},
{
"id": "17521220",
"text": "1791, the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution was enacted in 1792, holding: In \"Katz v. United States\" (1967), the United States Supreme Court established its reasonable expectation of privacy test. In 1976 (\"United States v. Miller\") and 1979 (\"Smith v. Maryland\"), the Court affirmed that \"a person has no legitimate expectation of privacy in information he voluntarily turns over to third parties.\" In response to \"Katz v. United States\" (1967) and \"Berger v. New York\" (1967), the United States Congress enacted the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, of which Title III is known as",
"title": "Third-party doctrine"
},
{
"id": "428803",
"text": "protect the rights guaranteed by the amendment. However, in \"City of Boerne v. Flores\" (1997), the Court narrowed Congress's enforcement power, holding that Congress may not enact legislation under Section 5 that substantively defines or interprets Fourteenth Amendment rights. The Court ruled that legislation is valid under Section 5 only if there is a \"congruence and proportionality\" between the injury to a person's Fourteenth Amendment right and the means Congress adopted to prevent or remedy that injury. Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Fourteenth Amendment (Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868,",
"title": "Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "17785056",
"text": "an additional six years. The S. 139 bill has made minor key changes to potentially enhance more effective ways to protect privacy in the United States while still tracking possible terrorist attacks. A few changes will now require the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court to approve specified query procedures every year, as well as have the Inspector General of the Department of Justice over look the query procedures and practices of the FBI, and have limited use of Section 702 to not allow information found to be used against U.S citizens for criminal cases. Section 702 originally expired on December 31,",
"title": "Fourth Amendment Protection Act"
},
{
"id": "20676984",
"text": "Supreme Court, to protect an entities right to privacy. Post World War II, this amendment was used to help protect individual liberty; for example, in the Griswold v. United States court case it was used to broadly justify the right to privacy not mentioned within the first eight amendments. The Fourteenth Amendment has embedded within it the due process clause and equal protection clauses, which state that no state shall \"deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process\", this has been interpreted to serve as a protection of privacy within the family, marriage, motherhood, procreation, and child",
"title": "Privacy and the US government"
},
{
"id": "428449",
"text": "that a consent search is still valid even if the police do not inform a suspect of his right to refuse the search. This contrasts with Fifth Amendment rights, which cannot be relinquished without an explicit \"Miranda\" warning from police. The Court stated in \"United States v. Matlock\" (1974) that a third party co-occupant could give consent for a search without violating a suspect's Fourth Amendment rights. However, in \"Georgia v. Randolph\" (2006), the Supreme Court ruled that when two co-occupants are both present, one consenting and the other rejecting the search of a shared residence, the police may not",
"title": "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "2842806",
"text": "In the \"Katz\" decision, the Court \"extended the Fourth Amendment protection from unreasonable search and seizure to protect individuals with a 'reasonable expectation of privacy.'\" Section 2511(3) of the Crime Control Bill specifies that nothing in the act or the Federal Communications Act of 1934 shall limit the constitutional power of the President \"\"to take such measures as he deems necessary\"\": The section also limits use in evidence only where the interception was reasonable and prohibits disclosure except for purpose. In 1975, the United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, (known as the",
"title": "Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968"
},
{
"id": "428742",
"text": "The framers of the Fourteenth Amendment wanted these principles enshrined in the Constitution to protect the new Civil Rights Act from being declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court and also to prevent a future Congress from altering it by a mere majority vote. This section was also in response to violence against black people within the Southern States. The Joint Committee on Reconstruction found that only a Constitutional amendment could protect black people's rights and welfare within those states. Section 1 has been the most frequently litigated part of the amendment, and this amendment in turn has been the most",
"title": "Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "15323671",
"text": "Mere evidence rule In the law of the United States, the mere evidence rule was a historical doctrine that defined the scope of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The mere evidence rule was drawn from the opinion of the United States Supreme Court in the case \"Boyd v. United States\". In \"Boyd\", the Court ruled that a statute that compelled the production of documents as part of an investigation into the payment of duties was a violation of the Fourth and Fifth Amendments. The Court reasoned that the defendant had a superior property right in the papers,",
"title": "Mere evidence rule"
},
{
"id": "428421",
"text": "shifted in both parties. Many Federalists, who had previously opposed a Bill of Rights, now supported the Bill as a means of silencing the Anti-Federalists' most effective criticism. Many Anti-Federalists, in contrast, now opposed it, realizing that the Bill's adoption would greatly lessen the chances of a second constitutional convention, which they desired. Anti-Federalists such as Richard Henry Lee also argued that the Bill left the most objectionable portions of the Constitution, such as the federal judiciary and direct taxation, intact. On November 20, 1789, New Jersey ratified eleven of the twelve amendments, including the Fourth. On December 19, 1789,",
"title": "Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "10987933",
"text": "Amendments to the United States Constitution each contain a due process clause. Due process deals with the administration of justice and thus the due process clause acts as a safeguard from arbitrary denial of life, liberty, or property by the government outside the sanction of law. The Supreme Court has interpreted the due process clauses to provide four protections: procedural due process (in civil and criminal proceedings), substantive due process, a prohibition against vague laws, and as the vehicle for the incorporation of the Bill of Rights. The Supreme Court has held that the federal government and each state has",
"title": "Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "428761",
"text": "a Texas law against same-sex sexual intercourse violated the right to privacy. In \"Obergefell v. Hodges\" (2015), the Court ruled that the fundamental right to marriage included same-sex couples being able to marry. When the government seeks to burden a person's protected liberty interest or property interest, the Supreme Court has held that procedural due process requires that, at a minimum, the government provide the person notice, an opportunity to be heard at an oral hearing, and a decision by a neutral decision maker. For example, such process is due when a government agency seeks to terminate civil service employees,",
"title": "Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "337280",
"text": "could be defined as preventing \"intrusions into one's physical space or solitude.\" This would include concerns such as: An example of the legal basis for the right to physical privacy is the U.S. Fourth Amendment, which guarantees \"the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures\". Most countries have laws regarding trespassing and property rights also determine the right of physical privacy. Physical privacy may be a matter of cultural sensitivity, personal dignity, and/or shyness. There may also be concerns about safety, if for example one is wary of",
"title": "Privacy"
},
{
"id": "8812731",
"text": "include vehicles parked within private property where there is a reasonable expectation of privacy, which includes a home and its surrounding curtilage, defined by the Fourth Amendment, as determined in \"Collins v. Virginia\" (2018). The Supreme Court also ruled in the 2017 case \"Byrd v. United States\" that the motor vehicle exception also includes to those driving rental vehicles even if the driver is not listed on the rental agreement. Motor vehicle exception The motor vehicle exception is a legal rule in the United States that modifies the normal probable cause requirement of the Fourth Amendment to the United States",
"title": "Motor vehicle exception"
},
{
"id": "1672819",
"text": "Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1791. Under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution a warrant is broadly required which particularly describes the place to be searched, and the persons, or things, to be seized; and no warrants shall be issued, but upon probable cause, supported by testimony before a judge. The courts have recognized many exceptions to the warrant requirement, including exceptions for routine administrative or inventory searches, searches made under exigent circumstances, and searches made with consent. A typical arrest warrant in the United States will take the approximate form of: \"This Court orders the Sheriff",
"title": "Warrant (law)"
},
{
"id": "12688495",
"text": "Stored Communications Act The Stored Communications Act (SCA, codified at 18 U.S.C. Chapter 121 §§ 2701–2712) is a law that addresses voluntary and compelled disclosure of \"stored wire and electronic communications and transactional records\" held by third-party internet service providers (ISPs). It was enacted as Title II of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 (ECPA). The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution protects the people's right \"to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures\". However, when applied to information stored online, the Fourth Amendment's protections are potentially far weaker. In part, this",
"title": "Stored Communications Act"
},
{
"id": "1879972",
"text": "her own body\". In political terms, privacy can be understood as a condition in which one is not observed or disturbed by government. Traditionally, American courts have located the right to privacy in the Fourth Amendment, Ninth Amendment, Fourteenth Amendment, as well as the penumbra of the Bill of Rights. The landmark decision \"Roe v Wade\" relied on the 14th Amendment, which guarantees that federal rights shall be applied equally to all persons born in the United States. The 14th Amendment has given rise to the doctrine of Substantive due process, which is said to guarantee various privacy rights, including",
"title": "Abortion debate"
}
] | there are two parts to the fourth amendment the reasonableness clause and the |
[
"U.S. Congress"
] | [
{
"id": "1376372",
"text": "Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case holding that the Commerce Clause gave the U.S. Congress power to force private businesses to abide by Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits discrimination in public accommodations. This important case represented an immediate challenge to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the landmark piece of civil rights legislation which represented the first comprehensive act by Congress on civil rights and race relations since the Civil Rights Act",
"title": "Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States"
},
{
"id": "1376374",
"text": "637 (1950); \"NAACP v. Alabama\", 357 U.S. 449 (1958); \"Boynton v. Virginia\", 364 U.S. 454 (1960); and, most notably, \"Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka\", 347 U.S. 483 (1954), public opinion began to turn against segregation. Despite the outcomes of these cases, segregation remained in full effect into the 1960s in parts of the southern United States, where the Heart of Atlanta Motel was located. The Heart of Atlanta Motel was a large, 216-room motel in Atlanta, Georgia. In direct violation of the terms of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which banned racial discrimination in public places, largely",
"title": "Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States"
},
{
"id": "1376373",
"text": "of 1875. For much of the 100 years preceding 1964, race relations in the United States had been dominated by segregation, a system of racial separation which, while in name provided for \"separate but equal\" treatment of both white and black Americans, in truth perpetuated inferior accommodation, services, and treatment for black Americans. During the mid-20th century, partly as a result of cases such as \"Powell v. Alabama\", 287 U.S. 45 (1932); \"Smith v. Allwright\", 321 U.S. 649 (1944); \"Shelley v. Kraemer\", 334 U.S. 1 (1948); \"Sweatt v. Painter\", 339 U.S. 629 (1950); \"McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents\", 339 U.S.",
"title": "Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States"
},
{
"id": "1376378",
"text": "blacks. The opinion of the court, announced on December 14, 1964, was delivered by Justice Tom C. Clark, with concurring opinions by Justice Arthur Goldberg, Justice Hugo Black, and Justice William O. Douglas. The U.S. Supreme Court held that Congress acted well within its authority under the Commerce Clause in passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964, thereby upholding the act's Title II in question. While it might have been possible for Congress to pursue other methods for abolishing racial discrimination, the way in which Congress did so, according to the Court, was perfectly valid. It found no merit in",
"title": "Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States"
},
{
"id": "1376379",
"text": "the arguments pursuant to the Thirteenth Amendment, finding it difficult to conceive that such an amendment might be applicable in restraining civil rights legislation. Having observed that 75% of the Heart of Atlanta Motel's clientele came from out-of-state, and that it was strategically located near Interstates 75 and 85 as well as two major Georgia highways, the Court found that the business clearly affected interstate commerce. Accordingly, it upheld the permanent injunction issued by the district court and required the Heart of Atlanta Motel to receive business from clientele of all ethnicities. Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States",
"title": "Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States"
},
{
"id": "13114041",
"text": "that the Fourth Amendment prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures applies to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. He also wrote the majority opinion in \"Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States\", which upheld the public accommodations provision of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the majority opinions in \"Garner v. Board of Public Works\", \"Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson\", and \"Abington School District v. Schempp\". Clark was born in Dallas, Texas, on September 23, 1899, the son of Virginia Maxey (née Falls), and William Henry Clark. His parents had moved from Mississippi to Texas; his lawyer father became",
"title": "Tom C. Clark"
},
{
"id": "1376377",
"text": "with it and so it undoubtedly would not place issues of racial discrimination in public accommodations beyond the reach of federal and state law. The United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia ruled in favor of the United States and issued a permanent injunction requiring the Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. to refrain from using racial discrimination when providing services or goods to guests or the general public on its premises. The case was combined with the case of the future Governor of Georgia Lester Maddox concerning his Pickrick restaurant and his case to refuse to serve",
"title": "Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States"
},
{
"id": "797712",
"text": "states reapportioned their legislatures quickly and with minimal troubles. Numerous commentators have concluded reapportionment was the Warren Court's great \"success story.\" Civil rights continued to be a major issue facing the Warren Court in the 1960s. In the 1963 case of \"Petersen v. Greenville\", Warren wrote the Court's majority opinion, which struck down local ordinances that prohibited restaurants from serving black and white individuals in the same room. Later in the decade, the Court upheld the constitutionality of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 in \"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\". The Court held that the Commerce Clause",
"title": "Earl Warren"
},
{
"id": "1376375",
"text": "based on Congress's control of interstate commerce, the motel refused to rent rooms to black patrons. The owner, Moreton Rolleston, filed suit in federal court, arguing that the requirements of the Act exceeded the authority granted to Congress over interstate commerce. In addition, Rolleston maintained that it violated his Fifth Amendment rights to choose customers and operate his business as he wished and resulted in unjust deprivation of his property without due process of law and just compensation. Finally, he contended that Congress had placed him in a position of involuntary servitude by forcing him to rent available rooms to",
"title": "Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States"
},
{
"id": "11229004",
"text": "the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law on July 2. Legend has it that as he put down his pen Johnson told an aide, \"We have lost the South for a generation\", anticipating a coming backlash from Southern whites against Johnson's Democratic Party. The act banned racial segregation in public accommodations, banned employment discrimination on the basis of race or gender, and strengthened the federal government's power to investigate racial and gender employment discrimination. The law later upheld by the Supreme Court in cases such as \"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\". Biographer Randall B. Woods has",
"title": "Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson"
},
{
"id": "797649",
"text": "would continue to issue rulings that helped bring an end to the segregationist Jim Crow laws that were prevalent throughout the South. In \"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\", the Court upheld the Civil Rights Act of 1964, a federal law that prohibits racial segregation in public institutions and public accommodations. In the 1960s, the Warren Court handed down several landmark rulings that transformed criminal procedure, redistricting, and other areas of the law. Many of the Court's decisions incorporated the Bill of Rights, making the protections of the Bill of Rights apply to state and local governments. \"Gideon",
"title": "Earl Warren"
},
{
"id": "1376376",
"text": "blacks, thereby violating his Thirteenth Amendment rights. In response, the United States countered that the restrictions requiring adequate accommodation for black Americans were unquestionably related to interstate travel and that Congress, under the Constitution's Commerce Clause, certainly had the power to address such a matter in law. It further argued that the Fifth Amendment does not forbid reasonable regulation of interstate commerce and that such incidental damage did not constitute the \"taking\" of property without just compensation or due process of law. Lastly, it asserted that the Thirteenth Amendment applies primarily to slavery and the removal of widespread disabilities associated",
"title": "Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States"
},
{
"id": "1568650",
"text": "clause, thus paving the way for the Federal government to enact civil rights laws prohibiting both public and private sector discrimination on the basis of the commerce clause. After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed, the Supreme Court upheld the law's application to the private sector, on the grounds that Congress has the power to regulate commerce between the States. The landmark case \"Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States\" established the constitutionality of the law, but it did not settle all of the legal questions surrounding the law. In \"Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp.\", a 1971 Supreme",
"title": "Civil Rights Act of 1964"
},
{
"id": "279437",
"text": "Travel Bureau) specialized in accommodations. Segregation of U.S. tourist accommodation would legally be ended by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and by a court ruling in \"Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States\" affirming that Congress' powers over interstate commerce extend to regulation of local incidents (such as racial discrimination in a motel serving interstate travelers) which might substantially and harmfully affect that commerce. The term \"motel\" originated with the Motel Inn of San Luis Obispo, originally called the Milestone Mo-Tel, which was constructed in 1925 by Arthur Heineman (although some hotels with a similar architecture existed at least",
"title": "Motel"
},
{
"id": "1958979",
"text": "be said to rest upon some rational basis. (Citing \"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v United States\" (1964).) Justice Rehnquist echoed this point in his opinion in \"United States v. Lopez\", stating: \"Since [\"Wickard\"], the Court has ... undertaken to decide whether a rational basis existed for concluding that a regulated activity sufficiently affected interstate commerce. See, e.g., \"Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Association\", 452 U.S. 264, 276–280 (1981); \"Perez v. United States\", 402 U.S. 146, 155–156 (1971); \"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States\", 379 U.S. 241, 252–253 (1964).\" Rational basis review begins with establishing the",
"title": "Commerce Clause"
},
{
"id": "4798916",
"text": "she married Heyward Siddons,who died April 8, 2014. In 1991, she received an honorary degree in Doctor of Letters from Oglethorpe University. She lives in Charleston, South Carolina, and spends summers in Maine. \"Peachtree Road\", set in Atlanta, was a bestselling novel described as \"the Southern novel for our generation\" by Pat Conroy. More than a million copies are in print. In 1989 her book \"Heartbreak Hotel\" became a movie titled \"Heart of Dixie\", which starred Ally Sheedy, Virginia Madsen, Phoebe Cates, Treat Williams, Kyle Secor and Peter Berg. Siddons's book \"The House Next Door\" was adapted for a made-for-television",
"title": "Anne Rivers Siddons"
},
{
"id": "1958966",
"text": "\"United States v. Lopez\" (1995) decision, after nearly 60 years of leaving any restraint on the use of the Commerce Clause to political means only, that the Court again ruled that a regulation enacted under the Clause was unconstitutional. The wide interpretation of the scope of the Commerce Clause continued following the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which aimed to prevent business from discriminating against black customers. The United States Supreme Court issued several opinions which supported this use of the Commerce Clause. \"Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States\", , ruled that Congress could regulate a",
"title": "Commerce Clause"
},
{
"id": "17235198",
"text": "the government has a legitimate concern that physicians might recommend marijuana in bad faith. However, physicians in good faith using honest medical judgment should not fear DEA sanctions. Furthermore, The government appealed the District Court decision to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which issued its decision in 2002. Again the doctors and patients won and the federal government lost, while Judge Alex Kozinski's concurrence also brought in the First Amendment right of patients to hear accurate information from their doctors, and the state of California's right to make its own laws without being subverted by federal commandeering. The ruling",
"title": "Conant v. Walters"
},
{
"id": "5012870",
"text": "was upheld by the Supreme Court of Georgia. The Supreme Court of the United States, however, per Justice Marshall, unanimously overturned the earlier decision and invalidated all state laws that forbade the private possession of materials judged obscene, on the grounds of the First and Fourteenth Amendments. Justices Stewart, Brennan, and White, contributed a joint concurring opinion. Justice Hugo Black also concurred, with a separate opinion having to do with the Fourth Amendment search and seizure provision. The case also established an implied right to pornography. The right to privacy to pornography is not absolute, however. For example, in \"Osborne",
"title": "Stanley v. Georgia"
},
{
"id": "11070010",
"text": "of the U.S. Supreme Court with the 2002 ruling in Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council, Inc. v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency. Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, who had previously ruled with a 5-4 majority in favor of the landowner, switched sides to favor the government that had delayed development for more than 20 years because of the government's own indecision about alleged concerns about the water quality of Lake Tahoe. Specific zoning laws have been overturned in some other U.S. cases where the laws were not applied evenly (violating equal protection) or were considered to violate free speech. In the Atlanta suburb of",
"title": "Zoning in the United States"
},
{
"id": "13896889",
"text": "United States v. Georgia United States v. Georgia, 546 U.S. 151 (2006), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court decided that the protection of Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), passed by the U.S. Congress, extends to persons held in a state prison and protects prison inmates from discrimination on the basis of disability by prison personnel. Specifically, the court held that Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, \".\", is a proper use of Congressional power under the Fourteenth Amendment, Section 5, making it applicable to prison system officials. The petitioner,",
"title": "United States v. Georgia"
},
{
"id": "16352207",
"text": "all three continued to work for some time after that date and filed for back pay with the Court of Claims. The three were victorious before the Court of Claims, and the government appealed to the Supreme Court, which heard the cases in a consolidated argument in 1946. The Court heard the case as a seven-member panel, with Justice Jackson recused and Chief Justice Stone having died a month before oral arguments. The Court, in a decision authored by Justice Hugo Black, ruled unanimously to uphold the decision of the Court of Claims, finding that Kerr's provision was an unconstitutional",
"title": "United States v. Lovett"
},
{
"id": "11070009",
"text": "concerns were not sufficient to deny all development without compensation. \"Dolan v. City of Tigard\" ruled that conditions of a permit must be roughly proportional to the impacts of the proposed new development. \"Palazzolo v. Rhode Island\" ruled property rights are not diminished by unconstitutional laws that exist without challenge at the time the complaining property owner acquired title. The landowner victories have been limited mostly to the U.S. Supreme Court, however, Each decision in favor of the landowner is based on the facts of the particular case, so that regulatory takings rulings in favor of landowners Even the trend",
"title": "Zoning in the United States"
},
{
"id": "19830",
"text": "his banned \"American Mercury\" magazine; the ACLU defended him and won an acquittal. The ACLU went on to win additional victories, including the landmark case \"United States v. One Book Called Ulysses\" in 1933, which reversed a ban by the Customs Department against the book \"Ulysses\" by James Joyce. The ACLU only achieved mixed results in the early years, and it was not until 1966 that the Supreme Court finally clarified the obscenity laws in the \"Roth v. United States\" and \"Memoirs v. Massachusetts\" cases. The Comstock laws banned distribution of sex education information, based on the premise that it",
"title": "American Civil Liberties Union"
},
{
"id": "14557349",
"text": "his death, the United States land commissioners found against the heirs who sought to confirm their title to the land. The U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California reversed that judgment and confirmed the title. The United States appealed and the U.S. Supreme Court agreed to hear the case. Affirmed. Justice John McLean delivered the opinion of the court. McLean stated that the lower court had found that the date on the affirmation of the grant had been altered, and thus could not be used against the heirs. In addition, the decedent and his heirs had maintained possession",
"title": "United States v. Heirs of De Haro"
},
{
"id": "13766574",
"text": "lawyer Edward Greenspan said, \"The heart of their case was lost.\" However, former federal prosecutor and SEC enforcement lawyer Jacob Frenkel called it a \"stunning victory\" for the government and explained how a split verdict \"highlights for the appellate court that the jury was very thoughtful and thorough in its deliberations.\" Investigators hired by Hollinger companies to locate assets examined more than forty bank accounts which may be, or may have been, held in the name of Black, his wife, or affiliated entities. According to court filings, Ravelston Corp. also had a subsidiary in Barbados called Argent News Inc. and",
"title": "Black v. United States"
},
{
"id": "13896892",
"text": "narrowly ruled that Congress has the authority to apply ADA to the administration of state prisons to the extent that it relates to conduct that actually violates the Fourteenth Amendment. Thus Congress was granted more authority over the States in this area of disability rights. United States v. Georgia United States v. Georgia, 546 U.S. 151 (2006), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court decided that the protection of Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), passed by the U.S. Congress, extends to persons held in a state prison and protects prison inmates from discrimination on",
"title": "United States v. Georgia"
},
{
"id": "18480261",
"text": "and television broadcasts. Bohm is also a regular lecturer at legal conferences and is an adjunct professor of law at Tulane University Law School. Bohm is married to Elisa (Williams) and has three children. Bohm resides in Sacramento, California. Lawrance Bohm Lawrance A. Bohm (born July 4, 1972) is an American lawyer who is most noted for winning what is believed to be the two largest single-plaintiff employment verdicts in United States history: $185,872,719.52 in \"Juarez v. AutoZone Stores, Inc.\" (2014, United States District Court, Southern District of California) and $167,730,488.00 in \"Chopourian v. Catholic Healthcare West\" (2012, United States",
"title": "Lawrance Bohm"
},
{
"id": "16622350",
"text": "United States issued a writ of certiorari to the United States Appeals Court for the Eleventh Circuit to consider appeals to its rulings in \"National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius\" and \"Florida v. United States Department of Health and Human Services\". The Court heard oral arguments March 26–28, 2012 and decided the consolidated case on June 28, 2012. Although the Supreme Court declared that the law could not have been upheld under an argument based on the regulatory power of Congress under the Commerce Clause, the Court declared that the legislatively-declared \"penalty\" was constitutional as a valid exercise of",
"title": "Constitutional challenges to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act"
},
{
"id": "15741627",
"text": "District of Columbia Circuit overturned Jones's conviction, holding that the police action was a search because it violated Jones's \"reasonable expectation of privacy\". Judge Douglas H. Ginsburg was joined by Judges David S. Tatel and Thomas B. Griffith. The D.C. Circuit then denied prosecutors' petition for rehearing \"en banc\", over the dissent of Chief Judge David B. Sentelle, joined by Judges Karen L. Henderson, Janice Rogers Brown, and Brett Kavanaugh. The court's decision was the subject of significant legal debate. In 2007, Judge Richard Posner of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit had reached the opposite",
"title": "United States v. Jones"
},
{
"id": "5299781",
"text": "juries, imposed the maximum sentence, 78 months, based on the jury's verdict. The government asked the judge to correct Fanfan’s sentence, which was denied. The Government filed a notice of appeal in the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit and a petition for a writ of certiorari in the Supreme Court in the Fanfan case. Because of the importance of the case, the Supreme Court granted the petition as well as a similar petition filed by the government in Booker’s case, following the Seventh Circuit's ruling in favor of Booker. The Government asked the Court to determine",
"title": "United States v. Booker"
},
{
"id": "428760",
"text": "(1973), in which the Court invalidated a Texas law forbidding abortion except to save the mother's life. Like Goldberg's and Harlan's concurring opinions in \"Griswold\", the majority opinion authored by Justice Harry Blackmun located the right to privacy in the Due Process Clause's protection of liberty. The decision disallowed many state and federal abortion restrictions, and it became one of the most controversial in the Court's history. In \"Planned Parenthood v. Casey\" (1992), the Court decided that \"the essential holding of \"Roe v. Wade\" should be retained and once again reaffirmed.\" In \"Lawrence v. Texas\" (2003), the Court found that",
"title": "Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution"
},
{
"id": "10939734",
"text": "medication on the grounds that it was necessary to restore Sell's competency to stand trial. The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the lower court's decision in a divided vote. Sell's attorney pointed out that Sell had already been incarcerated for a longer period of time than if he were convicted for the offenses as charged. Sell, on Writ of Certiorari, appealed to the United States Supreme Court. The American Psychological Association filed an amicus curiae brief taking a neutral position, supporting neither the government's nor Sell's position. Although the Supreme Court upheld two aspects of the appeal, it ultimately",
"title": "Sell v. United States"
},
{
"id": "10223118",
"text": "court granted the union's injunction, finding that Section 93 of the act was preempted by Section 7 of the NLRA. The Court of Appeals relied heavily on the Supreme Court's decision in \"Hill v. Florida ex rel. Watson\", 325 U.S. 538 (1945), when it concluded that Section 7 conferred \"an unfettered right on employees to choose the officials of their own bargaining representatives.\" The state sought a rehearing \"en banc,\" but the entire court of appeals refused to rehear the case after it deadlocked in a 5-to-5 vote. The state appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which granted certiorari (464",
"title": "Brown v. Hotel and Restaurant Employees"
},
{
"id": "15443433",
"text": "title suits against the federal government's officers and agents. Only when property has been transferred by the courts does a private citizen establish a right to establish or reclaim rights to title. But the circuit court in \"Lee\" held that much of the decision in \"Carr\" was dicta, and reaffirmed the jury decision. Two appeals were made to the U.S. Supreme Court. The first was by the United States government itself, while the second was made by the government on behalf of Kaufman and Strong. The question was whether the title actually transferred to the federal government. If yes, then",
"title": "United States v. Lee (1882)"
},
{
"id": "15631713",
"text": "Thomas. A separate dissent was filed by Justice Alito that was joined by Chief Justice Roberts. \"Coleman v. Brown\" (Previously \"Coleman v. Wilson\") (E.D. Cal.), is a federal class action civil rights lawsuit under the Civil Rights Act of 1871, Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 alleging unconstitutional mental health care by the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR). The case was filed on April 23, 1990 and tried before a United States magistrate judge. In June 1994 the magistrate judge found that defendants’ delivery of mental health care to",
"title": "Brown v. Plata"
},
{
"id": "7167590",
"text": "\"Crossfire\", \"The Ricki Lake Show\", \"The Today Show\", and \"Good Morning America\". Harvard University law professor Laurence Tribe commented during an appearance on \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\" television program that this case was the last time that the U.S. Supreme Court had decided favorably to a defendant in a civil rights case of this magnitude. California Penal Code § 647(e) was repealed by the California Legislature in 2008. Edward C. Lawson Edward C. Lawson is an African American civil rights activist, who was the plaintiff in the case of \"Kolender v. Lawson\", , in which the United States Supreme Court",
"title": "Edward C. Lawson"
},
{
"id": "1828120",
"text": "Amendment was selected over the Fourteenth Amendment due to the lack of federal protections in the Fourteenth Amendment. He was arrested and convicted. No question was raised as to Korematsu's loyalty to the United States. The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the conviction, and the Supreme Court granted \"certiorari\". The decision of the case, written by Justice Hugo Black, found the case largely indistinguishable from the previous year's \"Hirabayashi v. United States\" decision, and rested largely on the same principle: deference to Congress and the military authorities, particularly in light of the uncertainty following Pearl Harbor. Justice",
"title": "Korematsu v. United States"
},
{
"id": "16622348",
"text": "Congress had the power to pass the law because it affected interstate commerce and was part of a broader regulatory scheme. On June 29, 2011, a divided three-judge panel of the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the decision. Judge Jeffrey Sutton, a member of the three judge panel appointed by George W. Bush, was the first Republican-appointed judge to rule that the law is constitutional. In \"Seven-Sky v. Holder\" on November 8, 2011, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia upheld the constitutionality of the law. The decision was written by Senior Judge Laurence Silberman, a",
"title": "Constitutional challenges to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act"
},
{
"id": "18881173",
"text": "the County of Los Angeles, by California, Drug Free America Foundation, California State Sheriffs' Association, and the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research. Briefs in support of Patel were filed by the Asian American Hotel Owners Association, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, the Rutherford Institute, Gun Owners of America, the Cato Institute, Professors Adam Lamparello & Charles E. MacLean, Institute for Justice, Google, and the Electronic Privacy Information Center. A brief in support of neither party was filed by Love146. Associate Justice Sonia Sotomayor authored the 5–4 majority opinion, joined by Justices Kennedy, Ginsburg, Breyer, and Kagan.",
"title": "City of Los Angeles v. Patel"
},
{
"id": "12140999",
"text": "Anthony G. Amsterdam Anthony Guy Amsterdam (born September 12, 1935) is an American lawyer and professor of law at New York University School of Law. In 1981, Alan Dershowitz called Amsterdam “the most distinguished law professor in the United States.” Amsterdam grew up in a middle-class neighborhood in West Philadelphia. Working with the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Amsterdam argued and won \"Furman v. Georgia\" in 1972, in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled on the requirement for a degree of consistency in the application of the death penalty. He sits on the board of directors",
"title": "Anthony G. Amsterdam"
},
{
"id": "433240",
"text": "and \"Gideon v. Wainwright\" (right to appointed counsel),—and required that criminal suspects be apprised of all these rights by police (\"Miranda v. Arizona\"). At the same time, however, the Court limited defamation suits by public figures (\"New York Times v. Sullivan\") and supplied the government with an unbroken run of antitrust victories. The Burger Court (1969–86) marked a conservative shift. It also expanded \"Griswold\"'s right to privacy to strike down abortion laws (\"Roe v. Wade\"), but divided deeply on affirmative action (\"Regents of the University of California v. Bakke\") and campaign finance regulation (\"Buckley v. Valeo\"). It also dithered on",
"title": "Supreme Court of the United States"
},
{
"id": "12084186",
"text": "the government required reasonable suspicion to conduct the search. This motion was granted by the District Court, ruling in Arnold's favor. The Government promptly appealed the case, and stated that the border doctrine took precedence over the Fourth Amendment's protection from unreasonable search. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals overturned the lower court's ruling, holding in favor of the Government. Arnold was represented in the District Court and before the Ninth Circuit by Marilyn E. Bednarski and Kevin J. LaHue, of Kaye, McLane, Bednarski, & Litt. The crux of Arnold's argument is that a laptop is very similar to a",
"title": "United States v. Arnold"
},
{
"id": "16622340",
"text": "mandate to purchase insurance exceeds the authority of Congress to regulate interstate commerce. Vinson further ruled the clause was not severable, which had the effect of striking down the entire law. On August 12, 2011, a divided three-judge panel of the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed Judge Vinson's decision in part: the court agreed that the mandate was unconstitutional, but held that it could be severed, allowing the rest of the ACA to remain. In September 2011, the Department of Justice decided not to ask for an en banc review by the 11th Circuit, and instead asked the U.S.",
"title": "Constitutional challenges to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act"
},
{
"id": "19968205",
"text": "Decency Act as a publisher of user material, and was not required to comply with the trial court's removal order. However, the part of the trial court's decision that ordered the reviewer to remove the defamatory review and pay a monetary judgement were left intact. In early October 2018, Hassell, and her attorneys Charles Harder and Monique Olivier, appealed the California Supreme Court's decision and filed a petition seeking a writ of certiori for the case to be heard by the United States Supreme Court. The petition is now pending before the United State Supreme Court. In the summer of",
"title": "Hassell v. Bird"
},
{
"id": "1323392",
"text": "\"Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States\", , and \"Katzenbach v. McClung\", . In several other federalism cases, however, Black ruled against the federal government. For instance, he partially dissented from \"South Carolina v. Katzenbach\", , in which the Court upheld the validity of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. In an attempt to protect the voting rights of African Americans, the act required any state whose population was at least 5% African American to obtain federal approval before changing its voting laws. Black wrote that the law, ... by providing that some of the States cannot pass state laws",
"title": "Hugo Black"
},
{
"id": "6537359",
"text": "also written a book about her experiences in San Francisco politics, entitled \"Straight from the Heart\". After serving on the Board of Supervisors, Alioto opened her own law firm, which specializes in civil rights and anti-discrimination law. Alioto has won multiple landmark civil rights cases. In 2001, Alioto won the largest civil rights verdict in the history of the United States, against IBC/Wonder Bread for $135 million. Alioto represented 20 African-American men who endured years of racial slurs, and were wrongfully terminated or passed over for promotions. Her San Francisco employment law office has successfully won litigation against Mary Kay",
"title": "Angela Alioto"
},
{
"id": "20428768",
"text": "an ultimate decision in his particular case by this Court whether certain material comes within the area of 'obscenity' as that term is confused by the Court today.\" One legal scholar likened the result of these three decisions to the Tower of Babel. This state of confusion would persist until the \"Miller v. California\" case in 1973. Ginzburg v. United States Ginzburg v. United States, 383 U.S. 463 (1966), was a decision by the United States Supreme Court involving the application of the First Amendment to Federal obscenity laws. One of a trio of cases (with \"Memoirs v. Massachusetts\" and",
"title": "Ginzburg v. United States"
},
{
"id": "13644811",
"text": "Washington Nationals and Baltimore Orioles to Comcast's programming lineup in the Washington D.C. area. Frederick also represented MASN through three successful Federal Communications Commission (FCC) arbitration rulings against Time Warner Cable. Other noteworthy cases argued by Frederick include: \"South Carolina v. North Carolina\", \"Idaho v. United States\", \"New Jersey v. Delaware\", \"United States v. Locke\", \"Farina v. Nokia, Inc.\", \"Carter v. United States\", and \"California v. Deep Sea Research\". He has argued cases in all of the thirteen U.S. courts of appeals. In 2001, Frederick represented the United States in oral arguments before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the",
"title": "David Frederick"
},
{
"id": "2072619",
"text": "law-enforcement agents on charges of obstructing justice. Bernard Carey, a Republican, defeated him in the next election, in part because of the support of outraged black voters.\" The families of Hampton and Clark filed a US$47.7 million civil suit against the city, state, and federal governments. The case went to trial before Federal Judge J. Sam Perry. After more than 18 months of testimony and at the close of the Plaintiff's case, Judge Perry dismissed the case. The Plaintiffs appealed and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit reversed, ordering the case to be retried. More than a",
"title": "Fred Hampton"
},
{
"id": "8121105",
"text": "of the City of Griffin, and sentenced to punishment of 50 days in jail, as she had not paid her fine of $50. The county court denied Lovell's appeal. The Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment of the lower court, upholding her conviction. The Supreme Court of Georgia denied an application for certiorari. Lovell appealed further, reaching the jurisdiction of the United States Supreme Court. Chief Justice Hughes delivered the opinion of the court. Justice Cardozo did not take part in the proceedings. The Court decided that the city ordinance was unconstitutionally overbroad. Because the ordinance restricted not merely the",
"title": "Lovell v. City of Griffin"
},
{
"id": "1568646",
"text": "and property without due process\". In \"Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States\" (1964), the Supreme Court held that Congress drew its authority from the Constitution's Commerce Clause, rejecting Rolleston's claims. Resistance to the public accommodation clause continued for years on the ground, especially in the South. When local college students in Orangeburg, South Carolina attempted to desegregate a bowling alley in 1968, they were violently attacked, leading to rioting and what became known as the \"Orangeburg massacre.\" Resistance by school boards continued into the next decade, with the most significant declines in black-white school segregation only occurring at the",
"title": "Civil Rights Act of 1964"
},
{
"id": "16959289",
"text": "to decide if either of those issues was preserved, as well as a host of Government challenges to the Court of Federal Claims' fact-findings. The Arkansas Game and Fish Commission's position was supported by the National Association of Home Builders, the American Farm Bureau Federation, and the American Forest Resource Council, among others. The Pacific Legal Foundation also hailed the Court's decision as an important victory for property rights. Carrie Severino, writing for \"National Review\", characterized the decision as \"yet another unanimous defeat\" for the Obama administration before the Supreme Court, which she wrote had \"developed a noted pattern of",
"title": "Arkansas Game & Fish Commission v. United States"
},
{
"id": "4413547",
"text": "same 7-2 majority that struck down a Texas abortion law in \"Roe v. Wade\", invalidated most of the remaining restrictions of the Georgia abortion law, including the medical approval and residency requirements. The Court reiterated the protected \"right to privacy,\" which applied to matters involving marriage, procreation, contraception, family relationships, child rearing, and education. Justice Harry A. Blackmun wrote the majority opinion for the Court, in which he explained \"the sensitive and emotional nature\" of the issue and \"the deep and seemingly absolute convictions\" on both sides. Justice Blackmun went on to conclude that as a constitutional matter, the right",
"title": "Doe v. Bolton"
},
{
"id": "12456768",
"text": "sued the hotel for the difference between what she was paid, and the $14.50 per week of 48 hours established as a minimum wage by the Industrial Welfare Committee and Supervisor of Women in Industry, pursuant to Washington state law. The trial court, using \"Adkins\" as precedent, ruled for the defendant. The Washington Supreme Court, taking the case on a direct appeal, reversed the trial court and found in favor of Parrish. The hotel appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. The Court, in an opinion by Chief Justice Hughes, ruled that the Constitution permitted the restriction of liberty of contract",
"title": "West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish"
},
{
"id": "4413549",
"text": "been aware that the case had been filed on her behalf and that if she had known she would not have supported the litigation. The district court denied her motion, and she appealed. When the appeals court also denied her motion, she requested review by the United States Supreme Court. However, the Supreme Court declined to hear Sandra Cano's suit to overturn the ruling. Sandra Cano died on September 30, 2014. Doe v. Bolton Doe v. Bolton, 410 U.S. 179 (1973), was a decision of the United States Supreme Court overturning the abortion law of Georgia. The Supreme Court's decision",
"title": "Doe v. Bolton"
},
{
"id": "12506882",
"text": "Johnson signed the historic Civil Rights Act of 1964. It invoked the Commerce Clause to outlaw discrimination in public accommodations (privately owned restaurants, hotels, and stores, and in private schools and workplaces). This use of the Commerce Clause was upheld in \"Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States\" 379 US 241 (1964). By 1965, efforts to break the grip of state disenfranchisement by education for voter registration in southern counties had been under way for some time, but had achieved only modest success overall. In some areas of the Deep South, white resistance made these efforts almost entirely ineffectual. The",
"title": "Jim Crow laws"
},
{
"id": "1879751",
"text": "Appeals issued their decision on 17 June 2016. On April 17, 2017, the US Supreme Court denied certiorari for the plaintiff's appeal, clearing the way for the case to be tried. The jury trial for the combined cases against Sánchez de Lozada and Sánchez Berzaín began on March 5, 2018 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. They were both found liable for the civilian deaths by the jury on April 3, 2018. The plaintiffs were awarded $10 million in damages. May 30, 2018, Fort Lauderdale, Florida – Today, a federal judge overturned the verdict of a jury that found the former president",
"title": "Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada"
},
{
"id": "13639231",
"text": "Guardsmen, resulted in unanimous verdicts for all defendants on all claims after an eleven-week trial. The judgment on those verdicts was reversed by the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit on the ground that the federal trial judge had mishandled an out-of-court threat against a juror. On remand, the civil case was settled in return for payment of a total of $675,000 to all plaintiffs by the State of Ohio As per § 707(b) of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 1979, United States passports are required to enter and exit the country, and as per the and",
"title": "Human rights in the United States"
},
{
"id": "14896889",
"text": "continued to refuse to pay. They were held briefly in jail, while claiming violation of First Amendment rights. That night Jones was released by the court. The ACLU had filed an \"amicus brief\" in support of Jones's protest plans. On November 11, 2011, Wayne County Circuit Court Judge Robert Ziolkowski vacated the \"breach of peace\" ruling against Jones and Wayne Sapp on the grounds that they were denied due process. Terry Jones and his organization Stand Up America Now won a victory in court on August 30, 2013 over the City of Dearborn and its Chief of Police, Ronald Haddad.",
"title": "Terry Jones (pastor)"
},
{
"id": "19213578",
"text": "no other state had before refused to recognize an adoption decree from another state. On December 14, 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court stayed the ruling, pending their disposition of the case. The stay allowed V.L. to continue to visit her children while the court considered her petition to review the case. On March 7, 2016, the Supreme Court issued a per curiam summary disposition which reversed the Supreme Court of Alabama, and effectively reinstated V.L.'s rights granted by the Georgia Superior Court. The court's reasoning was based on the Full Faith and Credit Clause of the U.S. Constitution. The Supreme",
"title": "V.L. v. E.L."
},
{
"id": "19307430",
"text": "and died. Judge Logan E. Bleckley filled his vacancy and then refused to hear the case again. Associate justices Samuel Hall and Mark Blanford remained to deliver the ruling regarding if the white relatives would receive a new trial. Ultimately, eight months later on June 13, 1887, Samuel Hall and Mark Blanford of the Georgia Supreme Court also ruled in favor of Amanda America and her two sons, formally settling the dispute of David Dickson's will. Citing the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, the Georgia Supreme Court affirmed the lower court's decision, saying that the rights and privileges of",
"title": "Amanda America Dickson"
},
{
"id": "19213572",
"text": "recognize the adoption judgment, saying that the Georgia court misapplied its own state law. The court voided the recognition of the adoption judgment in Alabama. V.L. petitioned the United States Supreme Court to stay the ruling during her appeal and allow her to see her children. On December 14, 2015, the Supreme Court stayed the ruling pending their action on a petition for a writ of certiorari filed by V.L. On March 7, 2016, the Supreme Court of the United States reversed the decision of the Alabama Supreme Court by per curiam summary disposition. The plaintiff, identified only by initials",
"title": "V.L. v. E.L."
},
{
"id": "10264491",
"text": "Superior Court Judge Richard Williams ruled that because there were \"no limits\" on what Trump could do with the property, the plan to take Coking's property did not meet the test of law. But Williams' ruling did not reject the practice of using eminent domain to take private property from one individual and transferring it to another, which would eventually be upheld by the Supreme Court of the United States in \"Kelo v. City of New London\". Two other properties that prevailed against eminent domain eventually did sell: Sabatini's restaurant received $2.1 million and a pawnshop sold for $1.6 million.",
"title": "Vera Coking"
},
{
"id": "18480250",
"text": "Lawrance Bohm Lawrance A. Bohm (born July 4, 1972) is an American lawyer who is most noted for winning what is believed to be the two largest single-plaintiff employment verdicts in United States history: $185,872,719.52 in \"Juarez v. AutoZone Stores, Inc.\" (2014, United States District Court, Southern District of California) and $167,730,488.00 in \"Chopourian v. Catholic Healthcare West\" (2012, United States District Court, Eastern District of California). Bohm has won several other large verdicts protecting and defending civil and workplace rights. Bohm has represented clients in several high-profile cases. Bohm grew up on Long Island, New York and graduated high",
"title": "Lawrance Bohm"
},
{
"id": "1567758",
"text": "(changes in user privacy settings), Google (roll-out of Google Buzz), Microsoft (Hailstorm log-in), and Choicepoint (sale of personal information to identity thieves). EPIC has also prevailed in significant Freedom of Information Act cases against the CIA, the DHS, the Dept. of Education, the FBI, the NSA, the ODNI, and the TSA. EPIC has also filed many \"friend of the court\" briefs on law and technology, including Riley v. California (U.S. 2014) (concerning cell phone privacy), and litigated important privacy cases, including EPIC v. DHS (D.C. Cir. 2011), which led to the removal of the x-ray body scanners in US airports,",
"title": "Electronic Privacy Information Center"
},
{
"id": "14027284",
"text": "137 S. Ct. 743 (2017), he won a victory for a girl with cerebral palsy who sought to bring her service dog with her to school; the Court reversed a lower-court decision throwing the case out of court. In \"Young v. United Parcel Service\", 135 S. Ct 1338 (2015), the Court established new protections for pregnant workers. In \"United States v. Georgia\", 546 U.S. 151 (2006), the Court upheld the constitutionality of Title II of the \"Americans with Disabilities Act\", as applied in the case of a prisoner who used a wheelchair. And in \"Chevron v. Echazabal\", 536 U.S. 73",
"title": "Samuel Bagenstos"
},
{
"id": "19890356",
"text": "target was its customer. In a unanimous opinion written by Justice Stephen Breyer, the Court held that a scheme to defraud customers also deprives the bank of money in which the bank held a \"property right\", and criminal defendants may therefore be convicted under the federal statute for schemes to defraud bank customers. However, the Supreme Court remanded the case to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit to determine whether the trial court administered an erroneous jury instruction. Shaw v. United States Shaw v. United States, 580 U.S. ___ (2016), was a United States Supreme Court",
"title": "Shaw v. United States"
},
{
"id": "16872851",
"text": "directly to the circumstances of the crime.\" Though South Carolina asserted that such is the case here, the Court disagreed, holding that the content of the cards at issue to be irrelevant to the \"circumstances of the crime.\" Justice O'Connor authored a dissenting opinion, joined by Chief Justice Rehnquist and Justice Kennedy; Justice Scalia also dissented, expressly arguing that \"Booth v. Maryland\" should be overruled. The impact of the case was somewhat short-lived, as two years later the Rehnquist Court decided \"Payne\", which has since had a significant impact in victim's rights, criminology and the lives of the parties involved.",
"title": "South Carolina v. Gathers"
},
{
"id": "5174666",
"text": "a Bowie knife fight in the courtroom of the Circuit Court for the Northern District of California, an altercation between Justice Stephen Johnson Field of the US Supreme Court and David S. Terry, a former Chief Judge of the California Supreme Court and the fatal shooting of Terry by a US Marshal, both in the breakfast room of a California railroad hotel at Lathrop, which culminated in a landmark US Supreme Court decision in the case \"In re Neagle (Cunningham v. Neagle)\", on the supremacy of federal law over state law. 135 U.S. 1; 10 S. Ct. 658; 34 L.",
"title": "William Sharon"
},
{
"id": "1451142",
"text": "Fred M. Vinson, who was joined by Justices Stanley Forman Reed, Sherman Minton, and Harold H. Burton. Separate concurring opinions were delivered by Justices Felix Frankfurter and Robert H. Jackson. Justices Hugo Black and William O. Douglas wrote separate dissenting opinions. Justice Tom C. Clark did not participate in this case. The Court rule affirmed the conviction of the petitioner, a leader of the Communist Party in the United States. Dennis had been convicted of conspiring and organizing for the overthrow and destruction of the United States government by force and violence under provisions of the Smith Act. In affirming",
"title": "Dennis v. United States"
},
{
"id": "18621414",
"text": "test to do so.\" As one professorial commentator noted, \"Because \"DDR Holdings\" is the only post-\"Alice\" Federal Circuit decision so far to uphold a patent against a § 101 challenge, patentees have been quick to cite it and accused infringers have found ways to distinguish it.\" Among the district court cases interpreting and applying \"DDR Holdings\" are: DDR Holdings v. Hotels.com DDR Holdings, LLC v. Hotels.com, L.P., , is the first United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit decision to uphold the validity of computer-implemented patent claims since the Supreme Court's decision in \"Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank",
"title": "DDR Holdings v. Hotels.com"
},
{
"id": "8589090",
"text": "Cahill's litigation practice is one of the more prominent in the United States, handling high-profile securities, antitrust and first amendment litigation. The firm's partners have made frequent appearances before the United States Supreme Court. For instance, \"National Broadcasting Co. v. United States\" helped establish the power and authority of the Federal Communications Commission. Another case, \"Times-Picayune v. United States\", is among the Court's most important antitrust rulings. On behalf of Cahill, Floyd Abrams successfully defended \"The New York Times\" in the landmark \"New York Times Co. v. United States\" case. In that 1971 case the Supreme Court of the United",
"title": "Cahill Gordon & Reindel"
},
{
"id": "16976652",
"text": "not Indian country. Following this ruling, the Fifth Circuit Court came to the same conclusion, and reversed the federal conviction on the grounds that the district court lacked jurisdiction. The United States then appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which granted certiorari to hear the cases. The United States was represented by H. Bartow Farr III. The United States argued that the land the reservation was on, and on which the crime was committed, was undisputedly land purchased by the federal government and held in trust for the Mississippi Choctaw tribe as an Indian reservation. By the plain text of",
"title": "United States v. John (1978)"
},
{
"id": "12833893",
"text": "charts. In each episode, the winning song will be revealed in a performance by a special guest star, some of the hottest singers today. True Entertainment (“The Real Housewives of Atlanta”) developed the reality series for Bravo with Steven Weinstock, Glenda Hersh, Tim Bogart, Evan Bogart, David Quinones and Erika Nuri serving as executive producers. The Writing Camp is also a producer. 3LW - \"Love Don't Cost a Thing - Soundtrack\" Adam Lambert - \"For Your Entertainment\" Ashley Tisdale - \"Headstrong\" B2K - \"Pandemonium!\" Babyface - \"Face2Face\" Namie Amuro - \"FEEL\" Beyoncé - \"I Am... Sasha Fierce\" Big Time Rush",
"title": "The Writing Camp"
},
{
"id": "17515530",
"text": "to most law students as declaring that Indian tribes had the right to occupy the land but only the United States held title to the land by right of discovery. It covers other major cases, including \"Cherokee Nation v. Georgia\" (1831) (the tribe lacked standing to contest Georgia's violation of treaty rights), \"Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock\" (1903) (the U.S. had the right to confiscate Indian lands unilaterally despite treaty provisions); and \"Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States\" (1955) (discovery and conquest doctrines applied even when the Alaskan natives had separate dealings with Russia). The book covers cases involving the adoption of",
"title": "In the Courts of the Conqueror"
},
{
"id": "15750586",
"text": "the \"Life\" magazine staff was aware of the inaccuracy of the article in question, this lack of jury instruction was crucial. Medina said that due to this failure to inform the jury of a requirement to find willful inaccuracy on the part of \"Life\" magazine, \"I still think I am entitled to win.\" In January 1967, the Court determined in a 5-4 decision in favor of Time, Inc. Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. wrote the opinion of the Court. Justice Brennan had previously written the majority opinion in the case of \"New York Times Co. v. Sullivan\" in 1964; that",
"title": "Time, Inc. v. Hill"
},
{
"id": "19336018",
"text": "in the controlling opinion in \"Memoirs.\" Two others, Justice Black and Justice Douglas, concurred on broader grounds in reversing the judgment below. They reiterated their well-known position that the First Amendment provides an absolute shield against governmental action aimed at suppressing obscenity. Justice Stewart also concurred in the judgment, based on his view that only \"hardcore pornography\" may be suppressed. The view of the \"Memoirs\" plurality therefore constituted the holding of the Court and provided the governing standards at the time the alleged crimes were committed. \"Miller\" marked a significant departure from \"Memoirs\" and there can be little doubt that",
"title": "Marks v. United States"
},
{
"id": "11010594",
"text": "United States v. Binion United States v. Binion, 132 F. App'x 89 (8th Cir. 2005), is a case in which the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit applied two recent U.S. Supreme Court decisions, \"United States v. Booker\" and \"United States v. Fanfan\", in uphelding the sentencing decision by the trial court, the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri. Dammeon Binion was arrested for possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. Representing himself, the defendant filed a \"pro se\" motion for a competence-to-stand-trial evaluation in which psychological tests were administered by a",
"title": "United States v. Binion"
},
{
"id": "9560395",
"text": "appeal the decision. Their lawyer Seth Cohen told reporters \"that the organization disagrees with the judge's finding\" and that he was \"confident they will win in the N.C. Court of Appeals\". Cohen went on to say: \"It's a shame that this matter cannot be resolved sooner. All we have ever asked is that people of all faiths be able to put their hands on the holy text of their choice. It's that simple. We don't understand why this is such a big deal.\" Cohen also said that members of Judaism have thrown their support behind the case as they would",
"title": "American Civil Liberties Union of North Carolina v. North Carolina"
},
{
"id": "15741643",
"text": "the former U.S. Solicitor General and the attorney who represented the defendant, said the decision was \"a signal event in Fourth Amendment history.\" He also said the decision made it more risky for law enforcement to use a GPS tracking device without a warrant. FBI director Robert Mueller testified in March 2013 that the \"Jones\" decision had limited the Bureau's surveillance capabilities. Criminal defense attorneys and civil libertarians such as Virginia Sloan of the Constitution Project praised the ruling for protecting Fourth Amendment rights against government intrusion through modern technology. The Electronic Frontier Foundation, which filed an amicus brief arguing",
"title": "United States v. Jones"
},
{
"id": "13103030",
"text": "opinion in several important cases, including \"Boumediene v. Bush\" and \"Citizens United v. FEC\". Kennedy wrote in part the majority opinions in \"Planned Parenthood v. Casey\". He is also known for his majority opinions in each of the Court's landmark gay rights cases: \"Romer v. Evans\", \"Lawrence v. Texas\", \"United States v. Windsor\", and \"Obergefell v. Hodges\". Kennedy was born and raised in an Irish Catholic family in Sacramento, California. He was the son of Anthony J. Kennedy, an attorney with a reputation for influence in the California legislature, and Gladys (née McLeod), who participated in many local civic activities.",
"title": "Anthony Kennedy"
},
{
"id": "4328198",
"text": "under the supervision of a federal judge, would enforce the defendant's rights against the state. The two dissenting justices, Field and Clifford, explained their position in the case of \"Ex Parte Virginia\", decided the same day. In the latter case, Field wrote, with Clifford concurring, \"The equality of the protection secured extends only to civil rights, as distinguished from those which are political or arise from the form of the government and its mode of administration.\" While a victory for the rights of black defendants and an important early civil rights case, \"Strauder v. West Virginia\" upheld the right of",
"title": "Strauder v. West Virginia"
},
{
"id": "16158135",
"text": "statements about civilian awards... [the Act] is a narrow law enacted to address an important problem, and it presents no threat to freedom of expression.\" The decision received praise on constitutional grounds from across the political spectrum. The First Amendment Center called the decision \"a victory for free speech and common sense.\" Several veterans organizations leaders were dismayed by the decision. A spokesperson for the Veterans of Foreign Wars said \"Despite the ruling, the VFW will continue to challenge far-fetched stories, and to publicize these false heroes to the broadest extent possible as a deterrent to others.” Harold A. Fritz,",
"title": "United States v. Alvarez"
},
{
"id": "3653468",
"text": "Davis\" concerned a 63-year-old grandmother, Pearlie Rucker, who was evicted because a member of her family had incurred a drug conviction. The court held that the federal statute that allowed the Oakland Housing Authority to evict Rucker should not be interpreted to allow the eviction of a tenant merely because of the wrongdoing of another. However, the Ninth Circuit's \"en banc\" ruling was overturned in 2002 by the United States Supreme Court in \"HUD v. Rucker\". Chief Justice William Rehnquist, writing for a unanimous Court (with Justice Stephen Breyer having recused himself), held that \"the plain language of [the statute]",
"title": "One strike, you're out"
},
{
"id": "20185365",
"text": "in 1980. Her legal career began with a position as an assistant district attorney in the Dallas County District Attorney's office, where she prosecuted more than 125 criminal trials to verdict and later advanced to the Organized Crime Division. She began specializing in environmental and toxic tort law in 1986 when she joined her husband, Fred Baron, at his law firm Baron & Budd, the largest environmental law firm in the United States. While at Baron & Budd 2001, she won her largest verdict to date, $55.5 million, in the El Paso asbestos case Hernandez v. Kelly-Moore Paints. After selling",
"title": "Lisa Blue Baron"
},
{
"id": "994897",
"text": "challenge the law in court, in a case supported by the NAACP. The law was initially upheld by the US District Court and affirmed by the Appeals Court based in New Orleans. Known as \"Gomillion v. Lightfoot,\" it was decided by the US Supreme Court in 1960, with the ruling implemented in 1961. The court ruled that the gerrymandering of city boundaries was racially motivated and violated the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which states that \"states were not insulated from federal judicial review when they jeopardized federally protected rights.\" The exclusionary gerrymandering was overturned and the city",
"title": "Tuskegee, Alabama"
},
{
"id": "19005075",
"text": "Litigation, which is frequently cited by California appellate courts as non-binding legal authorities. Jeffrey Ehrlich Jeffrey Isaac Ehrlich (born July 10, 1959) is an American lawyer and author, known for handling landmark appeals in the United States Supreme Court and the California Supreme Court. He is co-author of the influential Thomson Reuters treatise on insurance litigation, and Editor-in-Chief of \" Advocate\", the most widely circulated trial-bar magazine in the United States. He and his son, Clinton Ehrlich, are also known for exonerating Sgt. Raymond Lee Jennings, an Iraq War veteran who served 11 years of a life sentence for murdering",
"title": "Jeffrey Ehrlich"
},
{
"id": "19213579",
"text": "Court also ruled that the Superior Court in Georgia did have subject matter jurisdiction to rule on the adoption and that E.L. had expressly consented to the adoption. Furthermore, the court ruled that since no Georgia law was contrary to the Georgia adoption judgment, the Supreme Court of Alabama was incorrect in refusing to recognize the judgment. The court reversed the Supreme Court of Alabama, and remanded the case for further proceedings. V.L. v. E.L. V.L. v. E.L., 577 U.S. ___ (2016), is a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States concerning the adoption rights of same-sex",
"title": "V.L. v. E.L."
},
{
"id": "11411942",
"text": "on behalf of the Florida Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers as amicus curiae. In Justice Anthony Kennedy's unanimous majority opinion, the Court ruled that commentary issued by the United States Sentencing Commission (which promulgates the United States Sentencing Guidelines) that interprets or explains a guideline is authoritative unless it violates the Constitution or a federal statute, or is inconsistent with, or a plainly erroneous reading of, that guideline. The \"Stinson\" decision has had broad influence having been cited in over 1,000 other federal appellate decisions, including both \"Blakely v. Washington\" (2004) and \"United States v. Booker\" (2005) the cases which",
"title": "Stinson v. United States"
},
{
"id": "14722674",
"text": "rung of the hierarchy of First Amendment values.” Justice Rehnquist concurred in the judgment only. Justice Marshall did not take part in consideration or decision of the case. The case was cited by the dissent in \"Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project\" (2010); Justice Stevens, the only remaining member of the Court from \"Claiborne Hardware\", joined the majority. NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Claiborne Hardware Co., 458 U.S. 886 (1982), is a landmark civil rights case in which the United States Supreme Court ruled 8-0 (Marshall did not participate in the decision)",
"title": "NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co."
},
{
"id": "12688516",
"text": "cannot be seen as \"hybrid order\" and the SCA's warrant provisions do not apply extraterritorially. A 4-4 split decision on an en banc rehearing by the full Second Circuit left the panel's decision for the case. The U.S. Department of Justice appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States, which has heard the case. A decision was expected by June 2018, but the CLOUD Act may render the question moot. The case is considered to highlight issues related to the antiquated nature of the SCA compared to modern Internet technologies. At the time of the SCA's creation, social media",
"title": "Stored Communications Act"
},
{
"id": "5012878",
"text": "Amendment, as applied to the states by the Fourteenth, private possession of obscenity was decided to be legal. The Court noted that this does not affect or change \"Roth\" or other cases that deal with public obscenity. Justice Stewart wrote a concurrence, which Justice Brennan and Justice White joined. There was also another issue with the Constitutionality of the case, which was not addressed in the majority decision. The films were seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment as applied to the states by the Fourteenth. The Fourth Amendment prohibits the issuance of general warrants to search a person’s home.",
"title": "Stanley v. Georgia"
},
{
"id": "16976658",
"text": "the Indian Child Welfare Act. That act gave tribal courts exclusive jurisdiction on adoptions where the parents lived on the reservation, but the Mississippi Supreme Court had denied the tribal court's jurisdiction and found for the Holyfields. The tribe took it to the U.S. Supreme Court, probably to resist state encroachment on tribal rights, and won. The decision also has had an effect on other civil issues, such as taxation. In two Supreme Court cases from Oklahoma dealing with state taxation of Indians, the Court referred to its decision in \"John\" to declare trust land as being in Indian country",
"title": "United States v. John (1978)"
},
{
"id": "5012871",
"text": "v. Ohio\" (1990) the Supreme Court upheld a law which criminalized the mere possession of child pornography. Prior to the \"Stanley\" case, the prevailing precedent was that of \"Roth v. United States\", where obscene material was determined to be unprotected by the First Amendment right to speech. In \"Roth\", the defendant sent lewd advertisements by mail and sold \"American Aphrodite\", a magazine containing erotica and pornography. A California court convicted him under state law, and when Roth appealed the decision, the Supreme Court upheld the conviction. In the majority decision, written by Justice Brenann, a new test was created for",
"title": "Stanley v. Georgia"
},
{
"id": "4100835",
"text": "the Melish map was some east of the true 100th meridian and the Red River forked about east of the 100th meridian. Texas claimed the land south of the North Fork and the United States claimed the land north of the South Fork (later called the Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River). The dispute resulted in a lawsuit, which eventually wound up before the Supreme Court—no lower court having jurisdiction. The Court's opinion, in \"United States v. State of Texas\" , issued on March 16, held that the land of some 1.5 million acres (6070 km²/2345 mi²) belonged to the",
"title": "Greer County, Texas"
},
{
"id": "7543594",
"text": "state’s separate and independent existence. Blackmun was later the swing justice who switched sides and helped overturn the case, asserting that the \"traditional government functions\" test he had previously supported had proved \"unworkable.\" Justices Brennan and Stevens wrote separate opinions that were dissenting. National League of Cities v. Usery National League of Cities v. Usery, 426 U.S. 833 (1976), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Fair Labor Standards Act could not constitutionally be applied to state governments. The decision was overruled by the U.S. Supreme Court in \"Garcia v. San Antonio",
"title": "National League of Cities v. Usery"
},
{
"id": "17020323",
"text": "It has been cited as the nation's top litigation boutique law firm in the Vault Rankings every year since 2012. Susman has won some of the largest cases in U.S. history. In Samsung Electronics v. Texas Instruments, Inc., he won a $1.1 billion settlement on behalf of Texas Instruments. He secured a $536 million jury verdict on counterclaim in El Paso Natural Gas Co., et al., v. GHR Energy Corp. and in the Corrugated Container Antitrust case, he won a verdict for the plaintiffs and the case eventually settled for $500 million. An advocate for better management of the trial",
"title": "Stephen Susman"
},
{
"id": "12127826",
"text": "are not entitled to the assumption of truth. While legal conclusions can provide the framework of a complaint, they must be supported by factual allegations. When there are well-pleaded factual allegations, a court should assume their veracity and then determine whether they plausibly give rise to an entitlement to relief. Our decision in \"Twombly\" illustrates the two-pronged approach. The two cases are often jointly referred to as \"Twiqbal\". The case was argued successfully by Michael K. Kellogg of law firm Kellogg, Huber, Hansen, Todd, Evans & Figel and Thomas O. Barnett, Assistant Attorney General of the United States Department of",
"title": "Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly"
},
{
"id": "1451141",
"text": "George W. Crockett, Jr., Abraham J. Isserman and Harry Sacher argued the cause for petitioners. With them on the brief was Richard Gladstein. Solicitor General Philip B. Perlman and Irving S. Shapiro argued the cause for the United States. With them on the brief were U.S. Attorney General James Howard McGrath, U.S. Assistant Attorney General McInerney, Irving H. Saypol, Robert W. Ginnane, Frank H. Gordon, Edward C. Wallace, and Lawrence K. Bailey. Handed down as a 6-2 decision by the Court on June 4, 1951, the judgment and a plurality opinion was delivered by Chief Justice of the United States",
"title": "Dennis v. United States"
}
] | who won heart of atlanta motel v. united states |